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6 


J 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECORD 

/I 

AND 

JOURNAL    OF   VARIATION 

Edited  by 

Richard  S.  BAGNALL,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s.  |    T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  M.D.,r.z.8.,  f.e.s. 


T.  HUDSON   DEAUE, 

h.sc,  f.i!. 8.,  f.h.s.k. 
George  T.  BETUUNE-BAKER, 

r.Z.S.,   F.L.R.,   F.E.S. 

M.  BURR,  D.sc,  F.Z.S.,  F.I..S.,  f.k.s. 
(Rev.)  C.  R.  N.  BURROWS,  f.e.s. 


Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  F.E.S. 

H.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORPE, 

F.7..H.,   F.K.S. 
AlFRKU    SICH,    F.E..S. 

J.  R.  le  B.  TOMLIN,  m.a.,  f.e.s. 
George  WHEELER,  m.a.,  f.e.s. 


and 
Henry  J.   TUENEK,   f.e.s., 
Editorial  Secretary. 


VOL.    XXIV. 
JANUARY    TO    DECEMBER,    1912. 

PRICE    10s.    6d. 

Special  Index  (with  every  reference),  Is.  6d. 


LONDON: 
ELLIOT  STOCK,  62,  Paternoster  Row,  EC. 

BERLIN  : 

R.   FRIEDLANDER  &  SOHN, 
11,  Carlstrasse,  N.W. 


PREFACE. 


In  wishing  our  readers  and  contributors  the  compliments  of  the 
season  we  would  also  like  to  thank  those  who  have  helped  with  the 
varied  matter  which  our  pages  contain.  The  Magazine  continues  to 
hold  its  own  and  the  contributors  are  to  be  heartily  thanked  for  their 
kindly  aid  in  making  the  contents  both  instructive  and  interesting. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  Index,  like  that  of  last  year,  is 
somewhat  different  in  its  plan  to  those  of  previous  years.  We  owe 
this  to  our  colleague  Mr.  J.  R.  le.  B.  Tomlin,  who  most  kindly  took 
this  matter  in  hand  and  considerably  simplified  the  somewhat 
cumbrous  and  redundant  arrangement  of  the  previous  indexes. 

We  would  still  like  to  urge  our  readers  from  little-known  localities 
to  give  us  their  experiences ;  there  are  many  parts  of  the  British  Isles 
from  which  few  or  no  records  of  the  insect  fauna  exist. 

Hy.    J.    TUBNKR. 


tipti^for  1912  (7s.  post  free)  should  be  sent  to  H.  E.  Page,  "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Rd., 

?l'- 


^ 


C 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECOR 


JOURNAL    OF  VARIATIO: 


Edited  by 

Richard  S.  BAGNALL,  f.L.8.,f.e.s.  |    T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  m.c.f.z.s.,  f. 
T.  HUDSON   BEAUE,  "        "" 

George  T.  BETHUNE-BAKERJ 
f.z.s.,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s. 

M.  BURR,  D.80.,  F.Z.S.,  F.t.S.,  F.E.a. 

(Rev.)  C.  R.  N.  BURROWS,  f.e.s. 


Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  f.e.s. 

H.  St.  J.  IC  DONISTHORPE, 

/  F.Z.S.,  F 

Alfred ■  _ 

Jiyfr-le-B,  t»AIM3j:,'Sh»R 

Editotlal  Secfctti-Ti       >      ■-'•^   ■   ' 


JANUAllY 


19-12. 


Price    ONE    SHILLING    &    SIXPENCE  (ni 

(WITH   SPECIAL  INDEX.) 

Subscription  for   Complete  Volume,   post  f 

(Including  all  DOUBLE  NUMBERS,  etc.) 

SEVEM       SHILLINGS. 

to[|]bb  fobwarded  to 

HERBERT   E.   PAGE,   F.E.S., 

"  Beetrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 


LONDON : 
ELLIOT  STOCK,  62,  Pateenostkr  Row,  E.G. 

BERLIN  : 

E.  FEIEDLANDER  &  SOHN, 

11,  Carlstbasse,  N.W. 


OVA,  LARV/E,  AND  PUP/E. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  VS^.  HEAD,  @^ttom0lo0wt, 

Full   List  of  Ova,  Larvae,  and  Pupae,  also  Lepidoptera,  Apparatus,  Cabinets, 

etc,,  sent  on  application. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

r>.    F.    TAYlLiER    &     Co.,    Lta., 

Entomological  Pin  Manufacturers, 

Small  Heads  and  Perfect  Points.     White,  Black,  and  Gilt. 
{As  supplied  to  the  British  Museum.) 

BIRMINGHAM     and     LONDON. 


Can  be  obtained  from  Dealers  throughout  the  World. 
KIKBY'S    SYNONYMIC    CATALOGUES  OF    INSECTS. 

Supplement  to  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  1871-1877.     8s.  6d.  net. 

Lepidoptera  Heterocera,  Sphinges  and  Bombyces  1892,  reduced  to  £1  Is.  Od.  net. 

Neuroptera  Odonata,  1890.     Reduced  to  10s.  6d.  net. 

TAYLOR     &     FRANCIS, 

Red    Lion    Court,    Fleet    St.,    E.C. 

Melat«.-sin    and    Melanochroism    in    British    Lepidoptera 

"  (Demy  8vo.,  bound  in  Cloth.     Price  5/-.) 

Dea^s  exhaustively  with  all  the  views  brought  forward  by  scientists  to  account  for  th« 
forms  of  melanism  and  melanochroism ;  contains  full  data  respecting  the  distribution  of 
melanic  forms  in  Britain,  and  theories  to  account  for  their  origin  ;  the  special  value  of 
"natural  selection,"  "environment,"  "heredity,"  "disease,"  "temperature,"  etc.,  in 
particular  cases.  Lord  Walsingham,  in  his  Presidential  address  to  the  Fellows  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  London,  says,  "  An  especially  interesting  line  of  enquiry  as  con- 
nected with  the  use  and  value  of  colour  in  insects  is  that  which  has  been  followed  up  in 
Mr.  Tutt's  series  of  papers  on  '  Melanism  and  Melanochroism.'  " 

To  be  obtained  from  J.  Herbert  Tutt,  22,  Francemary  Eoad,  Ladywell  Road 
Brockley,  S.E. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LEPIDOPTERA    &    liARV^     A     SPECIALITY. 

Photographed  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c., 

By  same  Colour  Process. 
LANTERN  SLIDES  MADE  TO  ORDER   FROM  ANY  SPECIMEN  OR  COLOURED  DRAWING. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OP  LARY^,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 

For  List  apply  to—  *"^~^^— ^— — ^^— "^ 

jCHARLES    D.   HEAD,    2,    Mount    Yernon,    Dollymount,    DUBLIN. 


JOURNAL  OF  VARIATION 

Vol.  XXIV.     No.  1.  January  15th,  1912. 


Eryx  fairmairei,  Reiche,  a  Beetle  new  to  Britain. 

By  H.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORPE,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

On  July  11th,  1908,  I  found  under  loose  bark  in  Sherwood  Forest 
several  specimens  of  an  Eryx :  three  were  taken  and  one  other  fell  to 
the  ground  and  escaped.  Larvre  also  occurred  under  the  bark.  I 
wanted  one  specimen  of  En/x  ater  to  complete  my  series,  and  when  I 
put  one  of  the  Sherwood  specimens  into  my  cabinet,  I  was  struck  with 
the  difference  in  appearance  it  showed  to  my  other  specimens,  being 
more  parallel,  much  more  shiny,  with  shorter  and  thinner  antennae 
and  legs.  I  always  intended  to  go  into  the  matter,  and  whenever  I 
opened  the  drawer  the  Eryx  was  in  I  always  thought  I  must  settle  that 
Eryx.  I  once  went  to  the  museum,  but  in  the  general  collection  they 
only  had  ater.  At  last  I  sent  my  specimen  to  Captain  Claire  Deville 
and  he  returned  it  as  Eryx  fairmairei,  Reiche.  Rewrites,  that  compared 
with  ater  it  is  a  very  distinct  species,  especially  in  the  structure  of  the 
prosternum  and  the  punctuation.  He  suggests  that  the  Geri**»n  E. 
melanaritis,  Germ.,  may  be  the  same  species.  He  says  that  Sei  litz's 
description  of  fairmairei  is  inaccurate.  ' 

In  the  European  Catalogue  the  synonymy  of  the  three  species  is  : 
ater,  F.  {stibsulcatus,  Fairm.) 
melanariiis,  Germ,  (laeris,  Rosh.) 
fairmairei,  Reiche  (laeria,  Seidl.) 

Seidlitz  {Fauna  Baltica,  1891,  p.  524),  queries  fairmairei,  Reiche, 
as  the  same  species  as  his  E.  laevm. 

Reiche  described  {Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  1860,  p.  731)  fairmairei 
as  follows  :— "  The  collections  of  Paris  contain  a  third  species  of  Eryx 
found  m  the  centre  of  France,  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Landes,  which 
is  shining  like  E.  bellieri,  and  of  the  same  size,  it  differs  by  its 
less  elongate  form,  the  well  marked  striae  of  the  elytra,  and  the  more 
acute  posterior  angles  of  the  thorax." 

Deville  says  E.  fairmairei  occurs  in  France  as  far  north  as  the 
Forest  of  Fontainebleau. 

Mr.  Champion  tells  me  that  all  his  Sherwood  Forest  specimens  of 
Eryx  are  E.  fairmairei,  and  those  from  the  New  Forest  are  E.  ater. 

It  is  very  pleasant  to  be  able  to  introduce  such  a  large  and  distinct 
species  to  our  list. 


2  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 

A  Month  in  Switzerland  and  elsewhere. 

By   GEOEGE   WHEELEE,    M.A.,   F.Z.S.,   F.E.S. 
(Continued  from  vol.  xxiii.,  page  314.) 

(vii.)  The  Meiexthal. — Some  years  ago  Mr.  Fison  took  in  the 
Meieuthal  some  $  specimens  of  BrentJiis  selene  shot  with  purple  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  5  var.  napaea  of  B.  pales,  and  ever  since  I  saw 
these  I  had  desired  to  try  my  luck  in  the  same  direction.  The  entrance 
to  the  Meienthal  is  just  above  the  village  of  Wassen,  the  last  station 
on  the  St.  Gothard  Pass  before  Goschenen,  and  though  it  sounds  easy 
enough  to  get  at,  I  had  never  hitherto  been  able  to  manage  it.  I  found 
however  that  by  sleeping  at  Goldau  on  our  w'ay  eastwards,  it  was 
possible  to  snatch  a  passing  visit,  sending  heavy  luggage  direct  to 
Bergiin,  and  depositing  smaller  things  at  Goldau  on  the  way  through, 
continuing  by  the  same  fast  train  from  Biile  as  far  as  Goschenen, 
getting  lunch  at  the  buffet,  and  immediately  afterwards  taking  the 
slow  train  back  to  Wassen.  As  soon  as  I  emerged  from  the  steep 
gorge  into  the  valley  I  found  a  <?  B.  selene  and  further  on  several 
others,  all  very  dark  and  raising  expectations  of  the  purple-shot  $  s,  but 
I  was  doomed  to  disappointment,  for  not  a  single  ?  was  forthcoming 
during  the  short  time  I  was  able  to  remain  in  the  valley.  On  the  way 
up  Eiebia  eiiryale  and  Parartje  viaera  were  common,  especially  the 
former,  the  numbers  of  which  did  not  diminish  as  one  penetrated  into 
the  valley,  where  it  was  joined  by  E.  sUjgne  also  in  some  numbers,  and 
by  a  few  E.  melanipns.  There  was  nothing  remarkable  about  the 
latter,  nor  about  E.  euri/ale,  but  E.  styifiie  was  of  a  very  pronounced 
valesiaca  form,  the  small  white  pupils  of  the  two  apical  eye-spots  being 
the  only  conspicuous  marking  even  in  the  $  .  Here  again  the  $  s  were 
more  worn  than  the  g  s,  though  most  of  the  latter  were  not  in  first 
class  condition.  The  best  part  of  the  valley  seemed  to  begin  where 
the  path  crosses  the  torrent,  but  1  had  not  time  to  penetrate  much 
further.  Brent/iis  eiipltrosj/ne  was  common  but  worn  ;  unlike  7>.  selene 
it  was  not  as  dark  as  the  mountain  specimens  usually  are.  CJi njsophan  its 
hippotluie,  var.  eitr)jhia,  was  common  and  fresh,  but  Lotteia  sitbalpina 
was  only  represented  by  a  single  o  '■>  there  were  also  a  few  Coenonipiijiha 
arcania  var.  darwiniana,  and  C.  sati/rion  :  and  one  of  the  latest  ^  s  of 
Eiichlo'e  cardamines,  and  one  of  the  earliest  of  Btrnthis  aniatlntsia 
complete  the  list. 

(viii.)  Altmatt. — The  illness  of  my  travelling  companion  altered 
our  plans  next  day,  July  6th,  but  as  Goldau  is  emphatically  not  a  place 
to  be  ill  at,  I  felt  that  by  the  evening  a  push  must  be  made  as  far  as 
Weesen  at  any  rate ;  and  meantime,  finding  that  I  was  of  no  use  where 
I  W'as,  rest  only  being  required,  I  decided  to  put  in  an  hour  and  a  half  at 
Altmatt  below  Einsiedeln,  as  I  had  never  before  had  any  personal 
experience  of  the  peat-bogs.  On  arriving  at  the  station  I  took  the 
first  turn  upwards  across  the  wolds,  and  my  short  expedition  convinced 
me  that  even  in  a  bad  year  there  was  a  good  deal  to  repay  investigation. 
Only  three  species  appeared  to  be  really  common,  and  all  of  them  were 
Coenonymphids — ApJutntopus  hyperanttts,  Coeytonytiipha  typhon  and 
C.  pampJiilns.  The  last  named  was  rather  small  and  dark,  the  other 
two  much  like  those  of  Hinterzarten  ;  but  C.  typhnn  was  on  the  whole 
rather  more  spotted,  especially  on  the  underside  of  the  forewing,  and 
A.  hyperantiis  even  smaller,  the   J    underside  being  of  a  beautiful  light 


A    MONTH    IN    SWITZERLAND    AND    ELSEWHERE.  3 

dead-gold  colour.  Two  other  species  were  in  fair  numbers,  viz., 
Melitaea  ilicti/nna,  much  smaller,  and  the  $  with  much  more  of  the 
ground  colour  showing,  than  those  of  Hinterzarten,  and  Pleheiiis  art/us 
(rt<'//o«),rathersmal],thec?  sof  adusky  grey  ontheunderside,andshowing 
much  greenish-blue  suffusion  extending  almost  half  across  the  hind- 
wing.  Samples  of  several  other  species  turned  up  in  the  very  short 
time  at  my  disposal,  viz.,  Melitaea  athalia,  rather  small,  M.  anrinia,  of 
course  much  dilapidated  at  this  date,  Brenthis  amathtisia,  Fieris 
hrassicae,  Ajioria  crataef/i,  FoUionituatua  icanis,  Lycaena  arioii,  Paravfie 
iiuiera,  Ain/iades  si/lra}tiis  and  a  Hesperia  which  I  failed  to  catch,  and 
therefore  am  unable  (in  such  a  difficult  group)  to  identify.  I  also 
caught  a  magnificent  specimen  of  Plunia  chrtjann,  which  unluckily  (for 
me)  escaped  by  an  unsuspected  hole  in  the  net.  One  wanted  many 
hours,  but  I  was  obliged  to  return  to  Goldau,  from  whence  we  continued 
our  journey  the  same  afternoon  to  Weesen,  to  start  about  3  o'clock 
the  next  day  for  Bergiin  on  the  Albula  Pass. 

(ix.)  FiLZBACH  AND  THE  Thalalp. — Accoi'ding  to  my  original  plans 
we  should  have  gone  from  Goldau  to  Bergiin  in  the  day,  getting  three 
hours  or  so  in  the  Murgthal  between  trains  ;  but  after  sleeping  at 
Weesen  I  found  the  most  available  arrangement  was  to  start  in  the 
afternoon  from  Weesen  after  walking  in  the  morning  across  the  marsh 
and  up  through  Filzbach  to  the  Thalalp,  though  I  knew  it  would  be 
impossible  to  reach  the  summit  of  the  Pass  in  the  time  at  my  disposal. 
I  had  a  special  object  in  this  expedition.  I  had  some  years  ago  taken 
Araschnia  levana  in  the  Murgthal  only  a  little  earlier  than  this,  and 
Mr.  Fison  had  taken  it  in  the  previous  year  above  Filzbach  at  a 
considerably  higher  elevation.  As  my  Samoussy  prorm  were  still 
coming  out  I  was  hoping  for  the  chance  of  crossing  the  two  broods, 
which  seemed  to  me  likely  to  prove  an  interesting,  and  possibly 
important,  experiment  from  more  than  one  point  of  view.  Unfortun- 
ately I  did  not  see  a  single  specimen  of  the  species,  but  I  still  think  it 
might  be  done  in  any  year  when  the  season  was  early  in  northern 
France  and  late  in  the  Alps  (a  not  unusual  combination  of  circum- 
stances), either  by  one  person  going  as  I  did  from  one  place  to  the 
other,  or  by  someone  who  had  been  in  Aisne  sending  pupae  to  some 
other  person  at  Weesen  or  Filzbach. 

I  saw  nothing  on  this  deny  (July  7th)  while  crossing  the  marsh,  and 
the  zig-zags  up  to  Filzbach  being  mercifully  in  complete  shade  in  the 
morning,  I  had  no  occasion  to  put  up  my  net  until  I  reached  the 
village.  Here  I  made  a  mistake  and  took  a  cart-track  to  the  right  too 
soon,  but  quickly  discovering  my  error,  I  thought  to  mend  it  by 
strikmg  into  a  foot  path  bearing  to  my  left.  This  I  followed,  some- 
times almost  losing  it,  but  always  getting  into  it  again,  until  I  thought 
I  must  be  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  Pass,  but  at  last,  finding  some 
men  mowing,  I  was  instructed  that  a  good  path,  nearly  level,  would 
take  me  in  a  few  hundred  yards  into  the  valley  I  had  originally 
intended  to  mount,  though  I  should  be  some  twenty  minutes  or  more 
below  the  summit.  I  spoke  of  this  as  "  a  mistake,"  but  it  is  really  far 
the  best  way  to  go,  reserving  the  direct  (and  very  precipitous)  cart- 
track  for  the  descent.  In  the  meadows  on  the  way  up  I  came  across 
several  species,  mostly  at  the  higher  levels.  Those  lowest  down  were 
L'l/anirift  seii>ia)ytts  and  Erehia  ligea,  both  of  which  were  still  to  be 
found,  though  they  were  not  numerous,  almost  as  high  as  I  went.     In 


4  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 

a  wood  clearing  through  which  the  path,  such  as  it  was,  made  its  way, 
were  a  few  specimens  of  Ar</>/nnu  ot/laia ,[inA  Brenthis  euplirosiine,  and 
one  or  two  Mditaea  atlialia  and  M.  dictynna,  and  on  coming  out  again 
into  the  fields  Krehia  iiwlampiis,  E.  eunjale,  Aporia  crataegi,  I'oli/owmatus 
hylas,  3"  s  only,  nud  C II pido  Hiini inns  were  not  very  uncommon.  On 
reaching  the  steep  cart-track  that  leads  directly  up  to  the  Thalalp  Pass 
a  few  other  species  appeared.  Parnassius  nmemosyne  was  by  no  means 
uncommon,  though  most  of  the  specimens  had  seen  better  days  ;  all 
those  that  I  took  showed  indications  of  a  row  of  white  spots  in  the 
border,  tending  towards  var.  nnbilosn,  but  not  of  the  decided  form  of 
the  Binnenthal.  Dri/as  papliia  was  on  the  wing  as  well  as  Aiyi/nnis 
aglaia  ;  Pararge  ei/eria,  the  J  s  large  and  fresh,  KucJdo'e  cardanunes,  and 
Leptosia  sinapis  appeared  a  little  lower  down,  and  there  were  numerous 
specimens  of  Pieris  napi,  the  $  s,  even  at  the  highest  level,  showing  no 
approach  towards  var.  hryoniae.  On  recrossing  Weesen  marsh  I  saw 
a  few  A.  aylaia,  worn  out  at  this  level,  and  the  first  few  Ayriades  coridon 
of  the  season,  but  there  was  no  sign  of  Lycaena  enpheinna  or  L.  areas, 
or  of  any  of  the  other  marsh  species  which  generally  abound  here. 

{To  be  continued). 


Myrmecophilous  Notes  for  1911. 

By    H.    St.    J.    K.   DONISTHORPE,   F.Z.S.,   F.E.S. 

FoRMiciDiE. — Subfamily  PonerinjE. — Ponera  coarctata,  Latr. — A  ^ 
was  found  in  the  nest  of  Lasins  fuliyinosns  at  Darenth  Wood  on 
May  26th.  A  small  colony  was  taken  in  moss  at  Box  Hill,  in  May, 
which  contained  two  $  s  and  a  few  ^  s.  They  were  placed  in  a  small 
observation  nest,  but  unfortunately  the  glass  did  not  fit  verj'  well,  and 
most  of  them  escaped,  so  the  nest  was  a  failure. 

Subfamily  Myrmicin.e. — Mynnecina  yraininicola,  Latr.  [latreillei, 
Curtis). — One  ^  was  found  in  a  nest  of  Lasins  fJarus  at  Box  Hill  on 
May  7th,  and  three  were  found  in  a  nest  of  Formica  fnsca  in  the  same 
locality  on  April  13th.  On  April  14th  I  introduced  one  of  these 
specimens  into  an  observation  nest  of  F\  fnsca  obtained  at  Hartlepool 
in  October,  1910.  Next  day  I  found  it  had  been  killed  by  the  fnsca  ^  s. 
My  nest  of  this  species  obtained  last  year  is  still  in  very  good  condition. 
I  recorded^  that  on  December  1st,  1910,  a  number  of  fair-sized  larvfe 
were  present.  These  larvfe  passed  the  winter  well,  and  on  May  16th 
a  number  of  pupre  were  observed.  On  May  24th  a  new  bunch  of  eggs 
had  been  laid.  Some  of  the  pupa?  hatched  in  June  and  July,  and 
proved  to  be  ^  s,  but  on  July  5th  a  <?  was  present.  I  find  the  J 
feigns  death  when  alarmed,  in  the  same  way  as  the  $  s  and  ^  s,  by 
rolling  up  in  a  ball.  On  July  23rd  a  further  batch  of  eggs  had  been 
laid,  the  previous  ones  being  now  small  larvii?.  By  July  27th  all  the 
pupa)  had  hatched,  the  rest  being  ^  s.  One  of  the  ?  s  has  the  antennje 
deformed,  being  bent  round  and  hooked.  It  is  a  pugnacious  little 
ant,  and  attacks  a  brush  if  presented  to  it.  It  is  generally  to  be  found 
wandering  about  the  nest  away  from  the  other  ants,  which  all  sit 
together  in  one  corner.  On  September  10th  larva?  of  all  sizes  were 
present,  and  some  pupje.  On  November  20th  the  pupie  had  hatched, 
and  over  50  larva?  were  observed,  while  the  ?  and  all  the  ^  s  were 
well,  and  no  dead  ants  present. 


1  Ent.  Rec,  1911,  p.  13. 


MYRMECOPHILOUS    NOTES    FOR    1911.  5 

Myrmica  sulcinodis,  Nyl. — A  nest  under  a  stone  on  the  mountain 
above  Loch  Rannoch  Hotel  on  June  14th  was  found  to  contain  3" ,  2  , 
and  ^  pupae,  as  did  also  another  nest  under  a  stone  on  the  sandy 
bank  of  the  Nefchy,  at  Nethy  Bridge,  on  June  21st.  I  took  both  nests 
home  and  reared  the  winged  sexes  in  them.  As  I  hope  shortly  to 
publish  the  distribution  of  our  British  ants  as  far  as  it  is  known 
I  mention  any  localities  where  I  may  have  found  species  which,  as  far 
as  I  know,  have  not  been  recorded  before.  Arnold,  Ham,  and  I  have 
all  found  this  species  in  the  New  Forest.  Besides  nests  under  stones, 
I  have  several  times  taken  dealated  $  s  in  sand-pits  there. 

Mijnnica  lacrinodifi,  Nyl. — Colonies  were  found  under  stones  on  a 
small  Island  in  Tobermorey  Bay,  off  Mull,  and  on  the  Isle  of  Eigg  in 
September.  In  two  nests  under  stones  at  Rannoch,  on  the  mountains, 
several  nearly  black  ^  s  were  taken.  On  September  28th,  at  Flaxmere, 
Delamere,  a  few   ^  s  and  a  <?  were  found  in  sphagnum. 

Myrniica  scabrinodis,  Nyl.,  was  found  on  Mull  in  September. 

Mijrniiea  lobicnrnis,  Nyl. — A  ^  was  found  in  sphagnum  on  Mull. 
Two  nests  were  dug  up  at  Weybridge  in  July,  both  being  beneath 
nests  of  Formica  mnfiuinea  :  no  ?  s  could  be  found.  I  have  taken 
this  ant  at  Whitstable  and  on  Wimbledon  Common. 

Leptothovax  acervortoii,  F.— A  5?  was  taken  in  a  nest  of  Formica 
exsecta,  and  a  dealated  J  with  F.  pratensis  at  Rannoch  on  June  12th.  This 
species  is  very  common  at  Rannoch  under  bark.  In  one  nest  under 
the  bark  of  a  log,  lying  in  the  saw-pit,  all  the  ants  were  observed  to  be 
covered  with  a  fungus,  but  were  quite  active.  I  secured  a  number, 
but  most  unfortunately  lost  the  tube.  Wheeler^  records  the  known 
cases  of  ants  infested  with  Laboulbeniaceae,  and  he  has  himself  found 
such  ants.  He  says  there  are  two  known  species,  Rickia  ivasmanni, 
Cavora,  and  Laboulbenia  formicornm,  Thaxter,  which  occur  on  ants.  It 
is  impossible  to  say  now  if  my  ants  presented  a  case  in  point.  L. 
acerroriim  also  occurs  under  stones  on  the  mountains.  I  found  two 
colonies  under  the  same  stone  as  Myrmica  laeviiwdis.  Both  species 
had  larva?  and  pupae,  and  appeared  to  be  quite  friendly.  They  did 
not  attack  each  other  when  disturbed,  and  if  they  picked  up  each  other's 
larvae,  or  pupae,  when  taking  them  into  safety,  they  put  them  down 
again.  The  acercomm  ^  s  were  very  dark  in  colour,  and  ForeP  writes, 
"  The  alpine  variety  of  this  race  is  sometimes  nearly  entirely  of  a 
brown-black,  and  lives  under  stones."  Cameron^  records  an  almost 
black  variety  of  the  ^  at  Kintail.  I  have  found  L.  acervoruin  on  the 
sandhills  at  Camber. 

Leptothnrax  iinifasciata  Latr.— Crawley  and  I  found  a  small  colony 
in  the  cliff  at  St.  Margaret's  Bay  on  August  20th,  we  were  unable  to 
find  g  s,  or  ?  s.  In  1907^  I  found  a  larger  colony  there  and  secured  a 
S  and  dealated  5  . 

Tetramorium  caespitum,  L.- — In  April  Crawley  and  I  visited  St.  Issey, 
in  Cornwall,  and  we  found  many  nests  of  this  ant  under  stones  on  the 
cliffs.  A  number  of  Cardamine  seeds  were  found  in  some  of  the  nests 
on  April  2oth.  .  I  have  before    recorded'^  taking  the  same  seeds,  which 

2.  Psxjche,  xvii.,  1910,  pp.  83-86. 

3.  Fotirmis  de  la  Suisse,  J873,  p.  84. 

\  Proc.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  Glasgow,  II.,  1875,  p.  293. 
'\  Trans.  Leicester,  Lit.,  and  Phil.,  Soc,  1908,  p.  227. 
«.  Ent.  Record,  1910,  p.  17. 


b  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 

are  probably  either  C.  flex\iom  or  C.  hiisuta,  in  many  nests  of  this  same 
ant  at  Whitsand  Bay.  They  are  not  true  Myrmecocorous  seeds,  as 
they  do  not  possess  food  bodies.  White''  records  this  ant  "  at  Brans- 
combe,  S.  Devon,  manifesting  harvesting  instincts"!  It  would  be 
very  interesting  if  they  were  also  Cardaniiiie  seeds  he  observed. 
T.  (■(E<pitHiii  is  abundant  at  Whitsand  Bay,  and  I  always  hope  that 
Ani'i-fiates  atratiiliis  and  Stroiu/i/loi/jiathns  testaci'u^,  two  parasitic  ants, 
which  live  in  the  nests  of  T.cacsiiitiiiii,v>n\\  be  found  there.  We  went  down 
in  July  to  try  and  find  them  and  were  joined  by  Keys.  The  very  dry 
hot  weather  was  unfavourable  for  us.  The  ground  was  baked  up,  and 
the  stones  over  the  nests  were  so  hot  during  the  heat  of  the  day,  that 
they  burned  our  hands  if  held  on  them  long.  Only  a  few  ants  could 
be  seen,  and  we  had  to  dig  up  the  nests  to  find  anything.  A  number 
oi  3  s  and  winged  $  s  were  secured,  and  a  deillated  J  found  in  one  nest, 
in  which  were  no  winged   sexes,  was  brought  home  with  many  of  her 

§  s  as  an  observation  nest.  This  ant  chiefly  occurs  on  or  near  the 
sea-coasts  with  us,  but  the  following  inland  localities  have  been 
recorded,  Hampstead  Heath,  Shirley,  Chobham,  Plumstead  Wood,  and 
Wellington  College.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  the  New  Forest  near 
Beaulieu  Road  Station,  and  I  have  found  it  at  Tubney  near  Oxford. 
Subfamily  DoLinocLERiNyE. — 'Tapi)i()iiin  erraticiun,  Latr. — On  I\Iay 
18th,  I  took  a  small  colony  in  the  ground  at  Woking.  It  consisted  of 
a  deiilated  ?  and  about  25  ^  s.  I  fixed  them  up  in  a  small  plaster 
observation  nest.     The  $   laid  eggs  but  they  were  always  eaten  by  the 

5  s,  in  spite  of  their  being  supplied  with  plenty  of  food.  In  my 
former**  experiment  with  a  queenless  nest,  the  pupae  it  contained  and 
eggs  laid  by  one  of  the   ^  s  were  also  devoured. 

Subfamily  Camponotin.e. — Lasiiin  fiili;/inosiis,  Ltr. — On  July  27th 
3  s  and  winged  $  s  were  found  swarming  on  the  shoots  and  branches 
growing  out  of  a  tree  stump,  which  contamed  a  large  nest  of  this  ant. 
Copulation  took  place  on  the  branches  and  no  marriage  flight  was 
observed.  Crawley  and  I  have  recently'' shown  that  J  s  of  this  species 
must  have  been  fertilized  by  their  brothers  in  the  nest  at  Darenth 
Wood.  It  occurs  in  Harewood  Forest,  the  only  record  I  know  for  N, 
Hants.  Morice  has  taken  it  at  Ilillmorton,  in  Northamptonshire. 
This  is  absolutely  the  only  record  I  know  for  any  ants  from  that 
county. 

Lasiiis  niijer,  L. — On  August  9th  I  made  the  following  notes  on  a 
marriage  flight  of  this  species,  which  took  place  on  that  day  at 
Folkestone.  A  large  colony  occurred  in  one  of  the  pillars  of  a  gate- 
way to  a  house  in  a  street  in  the  town.  The  ants  entered  the  masonry 
by  a  hole  in  the  mortar  at  the  base  of  the  pillar.  At  5  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon  the  ^  s  were  much  excited  running  all  over  the  pavement, 
and  up  and  down  the  pillar.  A  few  winged  ants  wore  out,  and  going 
in  and  out  of  the  entrance  to  the  nest.  At  G  o'clock  thousands  of  J  s 
and  winged  $  s  appeared.  They  emerged  from  the  hole,  swarming  all 
over  the  pillar,  and  climbing  to  the  top,  and  on  the  railings  and  shrubs 
in  the  garden.  A  very  few  couples  were  observed  in  copula  ;  these  flew 
away  together.     Most  of  the  winged  ants  flew  off  separately  ;    they  rose 

1.  Ants  and  Their  Waya,  1895,  p.  242. 

»  Ent.  Jiec,  1909,  p.  '258. 

"  Paper  read  at  the  Meeting  of  the  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.,  Nov.  1.5th,  1911. 


MYRMECOPHILOUS    NOTES    FOE    1911.  7 

straight  into  the  air,  going  up  so  high  that  they  were  lost  to  sight. 
The  ^  s  helped  some  of  them  to  start,  tapping  them  with  their 
antennis,  and  pushing  them  to  the  edge  of  the  top  of  the  pillar.  More 
2  s  than  S  s  occurred.  By  6.25  nearly  every  single  winged  ant  had 
disappeared.  Some  few  5  s  were  already  on  the  ground  without 
wings.  A  marriage  flight  of  this  species  was  observed  by  two  of  my 
friends  the  same  afternoon  at  Margate,  and  Seaview,  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  On  August  28th  I  noticed  a  marriage  flight  at  Dover,  and  on 
my  return  to  Folkestone  the  same  afternoon  another  was  seen  there. 
Hubner  writes^" :  "  It  is  requisite  that  the  temperature  of  the  air 
should  be  at  the  15°  or  16°  Eeaumur  (67°  F.)  to  allow  of  our  witnessing 
the  departure  of  the  males  and  females."  It  is  evident  that  the  ants 
are  affected  by  some  atmospheric  influence,  and  it  would  be  interesting 
to  find  out  over  how  large  an  area  they  are  affected  at  the  same  time. 

Lasius  ni(/er,  L.,  subsp.  alienua,  Forst. — A  nest  was  dug  up  at  Wey- 
bridge  on  July  22nd.  It  contained  plenty  of  ^  s  and  small  cocoons,  and 
some  3  s,  but  no  winged  $  s.  The  ground  was  very  hard  and  dry 
and  no  dealated  $   could  be  found. 

L.  jinibratHs  ^  s  occurred  with  the  L.  alie?itis.  It  is  possible  that  a 
dealated  L.  uinbratas  $  may  have  been  present,  as  Crawley"  has  shown 
that  L.  niger  will  readily  accept  L.  nmbratus   J  s. 

On  August  20th  Crawley  and  I  found  this  subspecies  abundant  in 
the  cliff'  at  St.  Margaret's  Bay.  In  one  colony  many  winged  $  s 
occurred,  but  no  5"  s;   in  another  very  few  winged  $  s,  but  more  S  s. 

Lasiiis  flavus,  Fab. — On  September  15th  many  nests  occurred  under 
stones  on  the  small  Island  in  Tobermorey  Bay.  Winged  J  s  and  rf  s 
were  present,  larvte  and  cocoons.  In  one  nest  a  dealated  5  and  eggs. 
Many  of  the  ^  s  were  large  and  dark.  Similar  nests  were  found  on  the 
Isle  of  Eigg. 

Foniiica  fnsca,  L. — Many  nests  under  stones  occurred  on  the 
Tobermorey  Island,  and  on  Eigg  a  very  small  race  was  found.  All  the 
^  s  were  exceedingly'  small,  the  nest  was  under  a  stone,  but  the  ground 
underneath  was  too  strong  to  dig  it  up  properly,  so  no  $  was  found. 
I  sent  specimens  to  Forel,  and  he  writes — "  (Isle  of  Eigg),  Formica 
fnsca,  Li.  Je  possede  des  exemplaires  aussi  petits  de  la  F.  fnxca.  lis 
sont  frequents  dans  les  lieux  froids.  C'est  I'eftet  de  la  denutrition." 
A  nest  of  F.  fnsca  under  the  bark  of  a  fallen  tree  at  Helensburgh,  on 
September  21st,  contained  winged  2  s  and  g  s. 

Foniiica  fnsca,  L.,  \a,v. /nsco-riifibaybis,  Forel,  Avas  found  at  Box  Hill 
and  Folkestone. 

Formica  rtifa,  L. — I  have  a  little  more  evidence  on  the  founding 
of  colonies  in  F'.  fusca  nests  by  2  s  of  this  species.  On  June  10th  at 
Rannoch,  in  the  Black  Wood,  I  found  a  dead  dealated  i*.  rnfa  2  in  a 
F.  fusca  nest  under  a  stone.  It  had  evidently  entered  the  nest  and  had 
been  killed  by  the  F.  fnsca  ^  s.  On  June  1-lth,  high  up  on  the 
mountain  at  Rannoch  where  no  F.  rnfa  nests  occur,  a  dealated  2  F. 
rnfa  was  observed  walking  round  a  stone  over  a  i* .  fnsca  nest.  She 
eventually  got  under  the  stone  and  entered  the  nest.  It  was  a  small 
colony  of  F.  fnsca.  I  am  unable  to  say  if  she  was  accepted,  as  I  was 
unable  to  stay  any  longer. 

On  May  6th  I  introduced  a  dealated  F.  rnfa   2  from  W'ellington 

M  The  Nat.  Hist,  of  Ants,  Eug.  trans.,  1820,  p.  99. 
"  Ent.  i^lo.  Mag.,  1909,  p.  94. 


8  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 

College  into  my  F.  fnsca  observation  nest  from  Porlock,  She  as 
usual  tried  to  conciliate  the  ^  s  when  attacked  by  them.  On  May  7th 
she  was  still  somewhat  attacl^ed.  On  May  9th  the  same,  and  was 
held  by  the  legs  by  some  of  the  ?  s  at  times.  She  was  not  very 
aggressive,  but  killed  one  of  the  more  persistent  ^  s.  By  May  13th 
she  was  accepted  and  quite  at  home.  She  lived  in  the  nest  till  July, 
when,  unfortunately,  she  died.  This  nest  contains  two  dealated  F. 
fusca  2  s  ;  the  F.  rufa  2  used  to  sit  with  them,  and  I  was  anxious  to 
see  if  she  would  have  eventually  killed  them.  In  my  mixed  ^-^nest^^  of 
F.  fusca  var.  fusco-rufibarbis  ^s  taken  at  Whitsand  Bay,  July  ISith, 
1909,  and  a  F.  rufa  2  taken  at  Nethy  Bridge,  May  16th,  1909,  the 
latter  has  brought  up  three  families  with  the  help  of  the  ^  s.  She 
laid  eggs  last  on  July  27th  and  September  7th,  1911.  On 
August  16th  over  twenty  cocoons  were  present,  and  by  September  25th 
five  small  F.  rufa  callows  had  hatched,  and  over  thirty  cocoons  were 
present.  By  November  1st,  all  the  F.  rufa  cocoons  had  hatched,  and 
they  are  all  perfect,  though  small,  and  alive  to-day,  the  F.  fHsca- 
rufibarbis  ^  s  being  quite  friendly  with  them.  The  2  ,  unfortunately, 
died  on  October  5th,  when  I  had  had  her  for  over  two  years,  but  this 
experiment  has  successfully  proved  this  method  of  colony  founding. 

On  June  15th  I  witnessed,  at  Aviemore,  a  marriage  flight  of 
Formica  rufa  for  the  first  time.  A  number  of  <?  s  and  2  s  were  seen 
flying  about  in  a  timber  yard.  They  were  running  about  on  the  large 
mound  of  sawdust  in  the  hot  sunshine,  flying  off  and  settling  on  it. 
The  $  s  appeared  to  rise  more  easily  than  the  2  s,  and  to  be  hunting 
round  for  the  latter.  Copulation  took  place  on  the  ground  ;  I  never 
saw  a  single  pair  together  in  the  air.  Sometimes  a  2  would  rise  and 
fly  straight  into  the  air,  others  ran  about  on  the  mound.  A  2  when 
found  would  sometimes  refuse  a  <?  .  I  picked  up  one  pair  in  copu- 
lation when  the  2  turned  round  and  bit  the  <?  and  they  separated.  I 
found  this  2  afterwards  refused  any  other  S  that  approached  her. 

An  interesting  observation  was  made  on  a  branch  nest  of  F.  rufa 
in  the  Black  Wood  at  Eannoch  on  June  12th.  Two  nests  were  found  to 
be  in  connection  128  yards  apart,  one  a  large  mound  about  72  in.  across 
by  54  in.  in  height  a  few  yards  below  the  path,  and  the  other  a  small 
hillock  about  the  same  distance  from  the  path  on  the  other  side  of  it. 
The  ants  were  going  backwards  and  forwards  along  the  path  to  the 
two  nests.  P'ood  was  being  carried  to  the  large  nest,  but  the  ants 
were  carrying  their  larvae  from  the  large  nest  to  the  smaller  one.  A 
dealated  2  was  trying  to  get  to  the  smaller  nest ;  though  often  stopped 
by  the  ^  s  she  persisted,  and  gradually  won  her  way  to  it.  Winged  2  s 
were  upon  the  larger  nest. 

At  Nethy  Bridge  nearly  all  the  rufa  nests  examined  contained 
pseudogynes.  In  one  very  large  nest  a  number  of  pseudogyne  callows 
were  present,  and  naked  pupfe,  of  which  there  were  numbers,  appeared 
all  to  be  pseudogynes.  There  were  very  few  myrmecophiles  in  the  nests 
and  it  was  evidently  too  late  to  find  the  Atoueles,^^  the  cause  of  all 
these  pseudogynes. 

Formica  rufa,  L.  var.  alpina,  Santschi  in  litt. — On  June  11th  I 
found  at  Rannoch,  on  the  edge  of  a  moor,  a  small  mound  made  of 

12  See  J5n(.  Rec,  1910,  p.  82. 

13  Tram.  Ent.  Soc.  LoncL,  1911,  p.  176. 
"  Ent.  Rec,  1908,  p.  281. 


MYRMECOPHILOUS    NOTES    FOR    1911.  9 

heather,  etc.  It  was  superficially  very  like  a  nest  of  F.  e.vsecta.  The 
^  s  running  about  on  the  mound,  like  F.  exsecta  does,  were  all  small  in 
size  and  very  red,  and  might  have  easily  been  taken  for  F.  exsecta. 
There  vv^ere  no  tracks  to  and  from  the  nest  like  F.  rufa  makes.  On 
examiring  the  ^  s  I  at  once  found  that  they  were  not  ^.  exsecta. 
The  nest  was  dug  up  and  four  dealated  $  s  were  found.  I  concluded 
they  were  a  form  new  to  us,  and  when  I  had  got  them  home  I  found 
the  legs  were  more  hairy  and  the  scales  had  golden  hairs,  especially  in 
the  $  s,  in  which  characters  they  differ  from  F.  rufa.  I  sent  specimens 
to  Forel  and  he  says  they  are  the  var.  alpina,  Santschi  in  litt.  He 
writes  : — Your  ants  belong  to  a  group  of  varieties  which  I  once  called 
truncicolo-pratensis.  They  are  nearly  the  colour  of  the  var.  dusmeti, 
Emery,  from  Norway  and  Spain.  Eecently  Santschi  has  discovered  and 
distinguished  it  in  our  Alps  under  the  name  of  F.  rufa  var.  alpina  in 
litt.  I  myself  have  received  it  from  Norway  and  the  Black  Forest, 
etc.,  and  have  also  found  it  in  Switzerland.  It  is  distinguished  above 
all  by  the  more  narrow  head,  as  Santschi  has  shown.  It  has  some 
exserted  hairs  on  the  outer  side  of  the  tibiae  (hairs  which  fail  in  true 
F.  rufa)  and  some  spare  hairs  on  the  eyes.  This  variety  is  of  course 
an  addition  to  the  British  List ;  it  is  intermediate  between  the  subspecies 
pratensis  and  truncicola.  The  latter  we  do  not  possess  as  British,  but  it 
is  possible  we  may  yet  find  it  in  the  Highlands. 

Formica  rufa,  L.,  subsp.  pratensis,  De  G. — My  chief  reason  for 
visiting  Rannoch  was  to  try  and  find  this  subspecies.  On  June  lOtb 
I  found  a  small  hillock  of  pine  needles,  etc.,  among  the  fir  trees  near 
the  Loch  inhabited  by  it.  A  number  of  ^  s  were  secured,  and  the 
nest  was  dug  up,  but  no  ?  s  were  found.  On  June  I2t;h  another  nest 
was  found  close  to  the  old  one.  It  consisted  of  a  large  hillock  of  pine 
needles,  etc.,  built  over  a  pine  stump.  I  dug  it  up,  but  with  the  help 
of  a  spade  and  an  axe  I  could  not  get  at  the  bottom,  and  no  $  s  were 
found.  Larvffi  and  cocoons  were  present.  White^'  writes  :  "  This  is 
the  common  wood  ant  at  Bournemouth,"  and  adds  Loch  Rannoch, 
Holnest,  Porlock,  and  Exmouth  (Dale).  It  is  certainly  not  the  common 
wood  ant  at  Bournemouth  now,  and  I  am  inclined  to  doubt  the  last 
three  localities,  Saunders^''  says :  "  The  race  pratensis  is  rare  in 
this  country,  but  has  been  recorded  from  Bournemouth  and  Rannoch." 
i  find  I  took  a  winged  ?  at  Corbridge,  in  Northumberland,  on  June 
3rd,  1906.  The  abdomen  is  dull  and  pubescent,  and  the  scale  has 
hairs,  whereas  in  F.  rufa  the  abdomen  is  smooth  and  very  shining, 
and  there  are  no  hairs  on  the  scale. 

Formica  sanguinea,  Latr. — Dr.  Sharp"  recorded  the  capture  of 
Microdon  egfieri,'MW.,d,i  Rannoch.  Its  known  hosi  i?,  F.  sawiuinea, 
and  r^  pointed  out  that  it  probably  occurred  at  Rannoch,  as  I  had 
discovered  it  at  Aviemore  and  Nethy  Bridge.  I  was  consequently  on 
the  look-out  all  the  time  for  nests  of  F.  sanguinea,  and  on  June  11th 
I  found  a  very  large  colony  under  stones  near  a  wall  on  the  moor. 
Many  F.  fusca  slaves  were  present.  I  took  home  some  F.  sanguinea 
^  s  in  laurel  to  give  away.  Among  them  I  found  large  ^  s  of  the  var. 
alpina  of  F.  rufa.     As  the  F.  sanguinea  colony  was  quite  near  to  where 


15  Ants  and  Their  Ways,  1895,  p.  232. 

16  Hym.  Acal.,  1896,  p.  2. 

"  Ent.  M.  Mag.,  1910,  p.  274. 
18  Ent.  M.  2Iag.,  1911,  p.  43. 


10  THE    ENTOMOLOOISt's    RECORD. 

I  found  the  alpina  nest,  it  is  obvious  the  former  had  executed  a  slave 
raid  on  the  latter.  I  did  not  find  any  larvae  or  pupa-cases  of  Microdon 
in  the  nest. 

My  observation  nest  of  F.  san(/uinea,  which  I  obtained  at  Woking 
on  April  19th,  1910,  is  in  splendid  condition  now.  Their  own  5  died 
on  May  1st,  1911.  On  May  5th  I  introduced  a  dejilated  $  F.mnrniinea 
taken  at  Woking  that  day.  In  digging  her  up  I  had  unfortunately 
cut  off  two  of  her  legs  and  one  antenna.  She  was  at  once  accepted 
by  my  F.  mwiuinca  ^  s  and  their  F.  fusca  slaves,  and  by  May  13th  had 
laid  several  bunches  of  eggs.  In  spite  of  her  crippled  condition  she  is 
alive  and  well  to-day  (November  26th).  The  first  callow  hatched  from 
her  eggs  on  June  29th.  On  May  27th  I  introduced  from  Woking  an 
F.  sanf/ninea  ^  ,  a  slave  F.  fusca  ^  ,  and  another  F.  san<iuinea  $  . 
The  5  and  slave  were  killed  and  the  J  at  first  was  attacked,  but  by  May 
28th  she  was  also  accepted,  and  laid  eggs.  By  September  25th  all 
the  cocoons,  from  eggs  laid  by  the  two  ?  s,  had  hatched,  and  to-day 
all  are  alive  and  well.  One  ^  had  the  antenna  deformed  in  the  same 
way  as  the  one  described  above  in  the  ilijuieciua  nest  and  exhibited 
similar  habits.    It  died  on  November  17th. 

Fortiiica  twsecta,  Nyl.— This  species  was  also  discovered  at  Eannoch, 
a  new  locality  for  it.  On  June  10th  a  small  nest  of  the  usual  type 
was  found  by  the  side  of  a  path  in  the  Black  Wood;  on  June  11th  a 
large  nest  was  observed  near  the  Loch,  and  on  June  12th  two  more 
large  nests  w^ere  found  by  another  path  in  the  Black  Wood. 

{To  be  continued.) 


A  Season's  Collecting  at  Constantinople  in  1911. 

By  P.  P.  GRA.VES,  F.E.S. 
{Concluded  from  vol.  x:tiii.,  page  318.) 

Of  the  Chrysophauids  I  found  Loueia  dorilis  fairly  frequent  in  its 
later  broods.  One  or  two  ab.  purpitreo-punctata  were  taken.  Most  of 
my  Rninicia  pJdaeas  are  of  this  form,  and  from  June  to  the  end  of 
September  all  are  more  or  less  suffused,  though  I  cannot  say  I  came 
across  any  true  g.  a.  elens.  I  found  Chrysnphanus  thersanioji  darker 
and  on  the  whole  larger  than  my  Beirut  specimens.  The  purple  gloss 
on  the  submargiual  area  of  the  hindwings  and  apical  area  of  the 
forewings  (upperside)  of  the  S"  is  often  well  marked.  I  found  one  or 
two  2  s  with  traces  of  bluish  scales  as  in  II.  j)hlaeas  ab.  purpureo- 
punctata,  and  one  5  which  has  the  inner  edges  of  5  of  the  submarginal 
black  spots  on  the  upperside  of  the  forewings  covered  with  iridescent 
purplish  scales.  I  have  never  seen  any  trace  of  these  scales  on  the 
anterior  wings  of  2  s  of  (■.  thersainon.  L.  alciphro7i  was  uncommon 
and  large,  47mm.  to  49mm.  Of  my  2  ?  s  one  seems  to  be  var.  nuiiboensy 
having  the  ground  colour  of  the  central  area  of  the  upperside  of  the 
anterior  wings  dull  orange-red  with  no  trace  of  purple  reflections. 

I  need  say  nothing  of  the  Theclids  save  that  Nordniannia  ilici.'i,  and 
Bit/iya  querciis  were  very  large.  Of  the  Lycfenids,  sens,  stricto, 
Cyaniris  soinaryun,  and  Aricia  anteros  were  the  most  interesting.  The 
former  seemed  to  belong  to  the  var.  intermedia  (Tutt),  being  broadly 
dark  margined,  though  I  took  no  $  s  with  more  than  the  very  faintest 
suggestion  of  blue  scaling  on  the  upperside.  They  varied  in  size,  and 
I  took  among  them  a  few  large  specimens  that  seemed  very  near 
var.  balcanica,  Tutt,  save  that  the   2  s  had  the  faintest  trace  of  orange 


A    season's    collecting    at    CONSTANTINOPLE.  11 

lightening  at  the  anal  angle  of  the  hindwings.  A.  anterus  was  wide 
spread  and  abundant  at  Gyok-Su  and  the  Belgrade  Forest  district, 
otherwise  it  occurred  in  small  numbers.  The  largest  specimens  and 
the  smallest,  the  latter  22mm.,  were  taken  in  spring,  the  summer  and 
autumn  races  being  of  more  even  dimensions.  The  number  of  spots 
at  the  bases  of  the  underside  of  the  forewings  varied  from  nil  to  3, 
and  I  caught  one,  unluckily  imperfect,  specimen  parallel  with  the  ab. 
hasijuncta  of  Agriades  thetis  (figured  in  Tutt's  British  Bntterfiies,  vol. 
iii.,  plate  xlii.).  Polyommatns  icariis,  worn  specimens  of  which  were 
still  to  be  seen  in  sunny  places  yesterday  (November  17th),  was  common 
and  showed  the  usual  aberrations,  r.//.,  icarinus,  which  seemed  almost 
racial  at  Kiitchiik  Tchekmedje  on  August  12th,  candiope,  arcuata,  seuii- 
arcuata,  etc.  Scarcely  any  of  my  $  s  have  any  trace  of  blue  on  the  upper- 
side.  It  will  be  interesting  to  see  if  this  will  hold  good  in  future  years. 
PoljiommatHs  amanda  was  scarce.  Plebeiits  arf/iis  {aeyon)  local  but 
abundant  in  its  haunts  from  May  18th,  to  the  end  of  August.  Aricia 
astrarcJie  was  perhaps  the  commonest  of  the  group.  Glaucopsyche 
ci/Uants  occurred  sparingly  in  May.  Celastrina  arcjioliis  was 
abundant  as  a  rule  in  woods  and  bushy  places.  I  fear  I  neglected 
this  species,  which  appeared  triple-brooded.  I  only  picked  up  one 
decent  Ilaywardia  telicanus  flying  over  heather  at  Kiathane  on  Oct.  7. 
Scolitantides  baton  was  not  at  all  common.  A  damaged  $  taken  near 
Kiathane  on  October  7th  was  my  only  observation  after  mid-May. 

Of  the  Vanessids  none  were  abundant  this  year.  I  only  saw  one 
Aijlaia  urticae,  a  hibernated  specimen,  in  the  whole  season,  and  only 
one  fresh  Eiivanessa  antioiia.  Foli/tjonia  e(jea  seemed  to  be  common 
only  in  the  Constantinople  suburbs  where  one  could  not  pursue  it.  I 
missed  most  of  the  first  brood  of  Liineuitifi  Camilla,  which  seemed 
larger  than  the  July  and  August  emergencies.  The  capture  of  a  fresh 
J  on  September  8th  made  me  wonder  if  there  is  a  partial  third 
emergence. 

I  found  Melitaea  trivia  local,  M.  phoebe  very  rare,  and  no  signs  of  a 
second  brood  of  M.  cin.cia.  M.  didyma,  of  which  I  have  a  series  of 
nearly  100  specimens,  shows  most  interesting  variations.  Some  of 
my  second  brood  specimens  are  hard  to  distinguish  from  Syrian 
examples.  The  2  s  are  particularly  variable,  those  from  the  Belgrade 
Forest  being  sometimes  much  sufl'used  and  of  a  more  orange-brown 
ground  colour.  The  S  s  of  the  first  brood  are  unquestionably  the 
largest  and  most  richly  coloured.  Breuthia  dap/me  abounded  in  the 
Belgrade  Forest  in  June.  It  was  as  large  (55-60mm)  as  many  home 
Aryynnis  adippe.  The  year  or  the  place  was  not  favourable  for 
Dryas  pap/da  and  hsoria  lathonia,  of  which  few  were  seen.  B.  pandora 
occurred  in  most  places,  though  not  abundantly.  y1.  «;/?«/«  was  only 
noted  in  small  numbers.  The  specimens  were  large  and  bright,  the 
?  s  of  the  brown  form.  I  got  only  three  Libythea  celtis,  two  hibernated 
but  very  decent  specimens  in  April  and  one  fresh  <?  June  16th.  Of 
the  Satyrids  there  is  little  to  say.  Satyras  circe  was  abundant  in  the 
Belgrade  Woods  and  particularly  partial  to  chestnut  blossom.  I  was 
unlucky  with  S.  statili)iiis,  which  seemed  to  wear  very  quickly.  Pararge 
ro.celana  was  wide  spread  wherever  there  was  shade  and  cover,  but 
generally  occurred  singly,  and  I  have  only  one  P.  viaera  of  three  seen. 
Coenonyiiipha    arcania    showed    a    tendency    towards    orange-brown 


12  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

suffusion  on  the  hindwings  of  the  9  .  C.  pampkilKs  was  often  of  the 
ab.  maniinata. 

Finally,  of  the  Papilionids  and  Pierids  Iphiclides  podaliriiis  was  as 
rare  this  year  as  it  is  usually  frequent.  The  common  Pierids  were  as 
common  and  as  destructive  as  elsewhere,  but  Picris  napi  was  never 
abundant.  The  g.  a.  napaeae  showed  in  many  cases  remarkably  little 
suft'usion  alongthe  veinsof  the  undersideof  theposteriorwings.  Theab. 
(liniensis  and  the  vernal  ab.  latln/ri  of  Leptosia  sinapis  were  abundant. 
Pontia  dapUdice  was  rare  in  its  spring  brood  g.  v.  hellidice,  but  very 
common  in  late  June,  July,  August,  and  September,  I  only  took  one 
S  Si/ncldo'e  chloridice,  a  very  fresh  specimen  caught  at  Gyok-su  on 
September  8th.  On  the  same  day  I  took  a  chipped  ^  of  Colias  crate 
and  a  worn  white  3  of  the  same  on  ground  where  the  ab.  $  heliee  of 
('.  ednsa  occurred.  In  July  I  took  another  J  ( '.  erate  with  a  couple 
of  lemon-yellow  blotches  within  the  broad  marginal  band  of  the  fore- 
wings.  I  saw  others,  but  they  were  impossible  to  reach,  flying  at 
a  rate  that  even  speedy  C.  ednsa  could  not  equal.  I  did  not  see 
C.  Ji>/ale,  and  wonder  if  it  is  not  a  mountain  species  in  this  part  of  the 
world,  I  have  one  small  worn  chrome-orange  ( '(dias  that  may  be 
C.  chrysotheiiie,  recorded  from  here  by  Staudinger  in  his  brochure  on 
the  Lepidoptera  of  Asia  Minor.  I  thmk  (J.  erate  has  not  been  recorded 
from  Constantinople  before.  It  may  be  an  immigrant.  South  Russia 
is  near  us,  and  north  and  north-east  winds  often  blow  furiously. 
Its  brilliant  lemon-yellow  colour  and  tearing  flight  make  it  easy  to 
recognise  on  the  wing.  Anthncharia  belia  was  locally  common,  but 
I  was  not  able  to  search  its  haunts  for  g.  a.  ausonia,  of  which  I  have 
but  one  specimen.  I  saw  a  few  Knchlo'e  cardamines,  and  have  but  one, 
the  underside  of  which  seems  to  me  to  show  less  green  and  more 
white  than  British  specimens. 

The  following  is  my  list  of  species  observed  and  captured  for  the 
year.  I  am  rather  doubtful  about  my  Urbicolids — my  series  of  Hesperia 
alveus  may  contain  two  species,  and  one  of  my  Knjnnh  altheae  is  very 
yellow — but  I  think  it  advisable  not  to  hazard  uncertain  records  :  — 
A',  taijes,  E.  alceae,  E.  altheae,  H.  sidae,  H.  alveus,  H.  inalvae,  P. 
orbifer,  H.  morpheim,  T.  actacon,  A.  Jiava,  A.  Hi/lvanus,  G.  noxtrodaniuii, 
C.  thersamon,  L.  dorilis,  L.  alciphron,  B.  f)Ida<'as,  C.  riibi,  N.  ilicis, 
N.  acaciae,  B.  qiiercfis,  R.  telicanua  (two  only),  P.  argim  {ae<jon), 
C,  nemian/ns  var.  intermedia,  A.  aatrarciie,  A.  anteros,  P.  icarus, 
P.  aiiianda,  G.  ci/llariia,  S.  baton,  T.  balcauicits  (one  2  ,  Jnly  28th,  at 
Erenkeui),  C.  trochiliis  (one  <?  ,  August  29th,  at  Erenkeui,  very  worn), 
C.  artiioliia,  P.  marltann,  1.  podaliriiia,  A.  rratacni,  /'.  brai^sicae,  P.  rapae, 
P.  napi,  P.  daplidice,  S.  chloridice  (one),  A.  belia,  Fl.  cardamines, 
L.  sinapis,  C.  edusa,  C.  erate,  G.  rhamni,  L.  Camilla,  V.  io,  E.  antiopa, 
E.  pnli/chloros.  A,  urticae  (one),  P.  atalanta  (rare  this  year),  P.  cardiii, 
P.  et/ea,  P.  c-albnm,  M.  cin.via,  M.  phoebc,  M.  trivia,  M.  didi/ma,  B.  dia, 

B.  dahpne,  I.  latonia,  A.  Oijlaia,  D.  papliia,  D.  pandora,  M.  galatea  var. 
procida,  S.  circe,  S.  hernrione,  S.  statilinus,  H.  semele,  E.  jiirtina, 
E.  tithonus  (occura  on  the  Asiatic  side  of  the  Bosphorus  in  July), 
P.  roxelana,    P.  maera   (one),    P.   megaera,   P.  ufieria  and  var.  eijerides, 

C.  arcania,  C.  pamphilus,  and  L.  celtis — a  total  of  79  species,  to  which 
I  hope  to  make  some  additions  next  year,  when  I  will  give  records  of 
the  Heterocera  which  I  have  observed. 


COLEOPTERA    IN    THE    ISLE    OF    EIGG.  18 

Coleoptera  on  the  Isle  of  Eigg. 

By  H.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHOEPE,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

The  only  records  of  Coleoptera  from  the  Island  of  Eigg  that  I  am 
aware  of  are  those  contained  in  a  paper  on  the  Aquatic  Coleoptera  of 
the  North  Ebudes  by  Mr.  F.  Balfour  Browne  {Ann.  Scot.  Xat.  Hist., 
1911,  pp.  149-216),  and  these,  of  course,  only  refer  to  water-beetles. 
Having  spent  a  day  or  two  on  Eigg  in  September  last,  I  thought  it 
might  be  useful  to  publish  a  list  of  all  the  beetles  I  observed  on  the 
island  during  that  time.  Mr.  Bishop  having  very  kindly  asked  Mr. 
Browne  and  me  to  go  with  him  in  his  son-in-law's  yacht,  "  The  Iris," 
to  Mull,  to  look  for  Di/tiscus  lapponicus,  we  joined  the  yacht  at  Oban  on 
September  12th,  and  sailed  for  Mull.  As  we  did  not  find  any  of  the 
Dt/tiscus  on  Mull,  I  decided  to  go  on  to  Eigg.  The  weather  being  too 
rough  for  the  ladies  on  board  for  the  yacht  to  go  there,  I  took  the  steamer 
to  Eigg  on  September  15th,  and  left  again  on  the  19th. 

Eigg  is  a  small  Island  near  Mull  in  the  Inner  Hebrides.  The 
landing  stage  is  on  the  south-east  of  the  island,  and  a  ferry  boat  for 
the  mails  takes  passengers  to  and  from  the  steamer,  as  there  is  no 
harbour.  In  Laig  Bay,  on  the  west  of  the  island,  is  a  farm- 
house which  serves  as  a  hotel,  and  where  one  is  very  comfortable. 
I  landed  on  the  evening  of  the  15th,  and  it  was  quite  dark 
before  the  trap,  which  I  had  wired  for,  got  me  to  Laig  House, 
the  road  being  very  rough  and  roundabout,  and  in  parts  precipitous. 
On  the  16th  I  set  out  for  the  Loch  in  the  N.E.  of  the  Island  to  hunt  for 
Dytiscus  lapponiciift.  The  beetle  occurred  in  great  profusion,  and  as 
noticed  by  Mr.  Balfour  Browne  last  year,  the  females  were  more  numer- 
ous than  the  males,  50  $  s  to  30 1?  s  being  about  the  proportion.  A 
certain  number  of  both  were  immature.  I  did  not  notice  any  larvae.  It 
rained  nearly  the  whole  time  I  was  on  the  Island,  and  a  thick 
white  mist,  in  which  I  got  lost  on  the  17th,  covered  all  the  high  ground, 
the  afternoon  of  the  16th  being  the  only  time  when  it  was  clear 
and  fine  enough  for  me  to  see  the  other  islands  round.  In  fine 
weather  I  should  say  Eigg  would  well  repay  the  coleopterist.  There 
is  a  small  stretch  of  sand  hills  in  Laig  Bay  covered  with  marram 
grass,  and  plenty  of  herbage  and  vegetation  to  sweep,  along  the 
borders  of  the  stream  that  runs  down  into  the  bay  ;  everywhere, 
however  was  too  thoroughly  soaked  with  water  for  me  to  attempt 
any  sweeping  or  searching  at  the  roots  of  herbage.  There  is  plenty 
of  moss  and  sphagnum,  bogs  and  waterfalls,  and  stones  on  the 
higher  ground  to  work. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  all  the  beetles  I  captured  or  observed  : — 
Carabus  (/ranulatns,  L.,  in  the  house  ;  Carabus  catenulatus,  Scop.,  under 
stones  ;  Cychrus  rostratns,  L.,  under  stones  ;  Nehria  (jijllenhali,  Sch.,  under 
stones;  Clivina  fossor, 1j.,  under  stones;  Pterostichiis  vulyaih,  L.,  under 
stones  ;  P.  wad idHs,F .,nnder  stones  ;  Trechits  obtiisiis,'Ei'.,  under  stones  ; 
Hyclroponis  nbsciiriis,  Stm.,  in  sphagnum  pools  ;  At/abus  arcticiis,  Pk., 
in  the  loch  ;  A.  bipuntidatus,  L.,  in  sphagnum  pools,  etc. ;  Dijtisciis 
lapponicua,  Gyll.,  in  the  loch,  under  stones  in  numbers  ;  Anacaena 
globulus,  Pk.,  in  the  loch  ;  Cercyon  uielanocephalus,  L.,  in  sheep  dung  ; 
Hnwalota  oblonyinscula.  Sharp,  on  the  surface  of  a  pool ;  H.  subaenea, 
Sharp,  in  carrion  :  H.  circellaris,  Gr.,  in  moss  ;  H.  atrauientaria, 
Gyll.,  var.  ?  in  carrion  (Dr.  Sharp  remarks  that  this  may  be  a  new 


14  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

species  of  which  he  has  seen  other  specimens)  ;  Tac/n/poriis  clii-i/sniue- 
liiinx,  h.,  in  moss;  Tachinun  laticollis,  Gr.,  in  sheep  dang;  Ociijins 
ciiprens,  Ross.,  in  moss  ;  rhilonthns  prc.viiniis,  Kr.,  in  carrion  ;  Xantho- 
linns  liiwaris,  0\.,  in  moss;  Steam  similiK,  Hbst.,  in  moss;  Lesteva 
lonijebjtrata,  Goez.  var.  inaura,  Er.,  in  moss  in  a  waterfall;  L.  Inctuosa, 
Fauv.,  in  moss  in  a  waterfall  (new  to  Britain) ;  Acidota  crenata,  F.,  in 
moss  at  side  of  Loch  ;  Silp/ia  rw/osa,  L.,  in  carrion  ;  <S'.  sinuata,  F.,  in 
carrion  ;  Bifthiniis  bnlbifer,  Reich.,  in  moss  ;  Aphodius  contaminatus, 
Hbst.,  in  sheep  dung;  and  A.  depiesstis,  ling.,  var.  niiiripes,  Stephens, 
in  sheep  dang.  I  may  mention  that  as  the  16th  was  cahn  enough, 
the  yacht  came  on  to  Eigg,  and  Messrs.  Bishop  and  Browne  landed  for 
an  hour  or  so  in  the  late  afternoon  and  visited  the  Jh/tisciis  locb.  The 
latter  tells  me  he  took  Aijahiis  chalronotiis,  Pz.,  and  CoeUoiib)^ 
9-lineatus,  Steph.,  both  commonly,  and  new  to  his  previous  list. 


Lepidopterology. 

By  Dk.  T.  a.  chapman,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

M.  Oberthiir's  last  volume*  is  largely  occupied  by  a  very  interesting 
biographical  sketch  of  Guenee,  in  connection  with  the  figuring  of  many 
species  of  Geometers  described  by  Guenee,  of  which  the  type  specimens, 
hitherto  unfigared,  adorn  M.  Oberthiir's  collection.  Of  these  there 
are  120  figures  on  11  plates,  nor  need  we  praise  them  beyond  saying 
that  they  are  drawn  and  engraved  by  M.  Culot. 

The  notice  of  Guenee  includes  various  personal  reminiscences  of 
him  by  M.  Oberthiir,  which  add  to  its  value.  There  are  also  reprinted 
from  what  we,  in  England  at  least,  would  regard  as  obscure  "  Recueil 
de  la  Societe  libre  de  I'Eure  "  (1812)  two  humorous  little  papers  from 
Guenee's  delicate  and  amiably  ironical  pen.  They  are  "Entomologists 
depicted  by  themselves"  and  "Names  in  Entomology."  These  were 
well  worth  reproducing,  as,  essentially  amusing  and  humorous,  they 
present  also  no  little  good  sense. 

Then  we  have  some  short  papers  on  Ants  and  Larva?,  life  histories 
and  habits  of  Lycienids,  Hesperids,  etc.,  chiefly  by  Mr.  Powell. 

There  are  also  three  plates  of  genitalia  of  <  'arc/iarodns,  (A'/7/;(»/.s) 
establishing  the  note  on  these  species  in  Fasc.  v.,  pt.  I.,  p.  194,  and  pt.  IL, 
p.  104,  and  in  previous  volumes,  from  photographs  received  from  M.  C. 
Lacreuze,  of  Geneva. 

A  large  portion  of  the  volume  gives  full  page  photographs  of  insects 
and  localities,  mostly  by  Mr.  Powell  9  of  imagines,  22  of  lai-vje,  and  14 
of  insect  localities  and  hunting  grounds  at  Aflou,  others,  apparently 
taken  by  M.  Oberthiir  himself,  in  the  Pyrenees,  14  on  the  north  side, 
chiefly  near  Gavarnie,  and  4  on  the  south.  Also  four  photographs  of 
the  habitats  of  Si/ricJi(hiis  [Hcttperia)  alreits  var.  fonlqnicri  near  St. 
Zacharie-Var.  Some  of  these  photographs  are  excellent  pictures,  all 
are  good,  and  all  present  material  of  much  interest  from  one  or 
other  point  of  view.  In  Fasc.  iv.  bis.,  M.  Oberthiir  gave  British 
Entomologists  the  credit  of  leading  the  way  in  presenting  photographs 
of  localities,  etc.  If  so  we  did  a  good  thing,  and  M.  Oberthiir  has 
made  great  advances  on  our  teaching. 


Etudes  de  l^pidopterologie  compar^e,  Fasc.  V,  (  2*  partie),  1911. 


A    SUMMER    TRIP    IN    FRANCE,    SWITZERLAND,    AND    ITALY.  15 

A  Summer  Trip  in   France,   Switzerland,  and   Italy. 

By  E.   B.   ASHBY,  F.E.S. 

One  feels  it  incumbent  at  the  outset,  for  the  sake  of  anyone  who 
may  read  the  following  account,  in  say,  ten  years'  time,  to  make  the 
observation  that  the  summer  of  1911  having  been  so  extraordinarily 
fine,  and  the  emergence  of  lepidoptera  in  general  so  very  early,  the 
dates  given  for  the  times  of  appearances  of  species  would  not  in  many 
cases'  be  quite  reliable  in  ordinary  seasons. 

I  left  Charing  Cross  at  9  p.m.  on  July  8th,  and  after  a  good 
•crossing  and  a  pleasant  drive  through  Paris  in  the  very  early  hours, 
arrived  the  following  morning  at  Fontainebleau-Avon  station  at 
8.32.  The  day  was  perfect,  but  of  the  various  species  captured  in  the 
forest  all,  with  the  exception  of  two  fine  Pab/f/onia  c-albnm,  two 
perfect  Arascknia  levana,  var.  prorso,  and  two  NordDiaiuiia  (TJieda) 
j'Zu'/s,  could  have  been  captured  in  our  own  New  Forest.  The  day's 
■catch  numbered  70,  in  good  condition.  Arriving  the  following  morning 
at  La  Sarraz  station  beyond  Vallorbe  at  7.8  a.m.,  I  walked  across  to 
Eclepens  station  and  ascended  the  hill  which  Apaturids  love. 
Unfortunately,  the  day  was  very  tempestuous,  and  I  only  saw  ten 
Apaturids  altogether,  some  of  which  I  could  not  approach.  I  caught 
four,  including  a  perfect  female  Apatitra  iii^,  and  one  A.  ilia  var. 
<'h/tie  in  very  fair  condition.  The  marsh  at  Eclepens  was  devoid  of 
anything  worth  naming,  but  under  the  hills  behind  Eclepens  station 
were  many  Paniasdus  apollo  in  perfect  condition,  sheltering,  and  I 
simpl)'  picked  off  what  I  wanted,  and  also  one  specimen  of  Calliworpha 
doiiiinida,  together  with  Coenomjmplia  arcania  in  perfect  condition. 
Arriving  at  Vernayaz  station  in  the  early  morning  of  July  11th,  I 
walked  along  under  the  cliffs  as  far  as  and  round  the  Tour  de  la  Batiaz 
at  Mavtigny  and  spent  a  very  successful  day,  taking  95  specimens, 
including  27  different  species,  amongst  them  being  Hir^utina  dcunon, 
Pontia  dapUdice,  Coliaa  ednsa  (one  of  each),  and  many  Luweia  alciphron, 
Satynis  cdcj/onti,  Satijrus  cordula,  Flnjnnis  laraterae,  Heodes  vin/auraeae, 
Brenthis  daphne  (going  over),  Dri/as  paphia,  and  also  one  lAjcaena 
arion  in  very  good  condition.  The  next  day,  Wednesday  12th,  the 
weather  was  again  perfect,  and  I  set  out  from  the  Hotel  du  Mont 
Blanc  at  Martigny,  which  I  had  made  my  headquarters  for  a  few  days, 
and  walked  to  Martigny  Bourg,  a  short  distance,  and  crossing  the 
River  Drance  at  Martigny  Ville,  turned  to  the  right  and  walked  back 
along  the  vineyards  in  the  Plan  Cerisier,  towards  the  Tour  de  la 
Batiaz.  Here  I  took  one  of  the  most  perfect  Papilio  podalirius  I  have 
ever  seen  on  the  wing,  several  P.  daplidicc,  and  more  S.  alcyonc  and 
S.  cordula.  Afterwards  I  descended  from  the  Tour  and  walked  under 
the  cliffs  as  far  as  the  Gorge  de  Trient,  and  saw  several  Limenitis 
Camilla,  and  took  one  C.  hera,  almost  fresh,  and  also  two  ^  Pobjom- 
matus  meleaiier  and  one  $  of  the  ab.  steeveni.  The  next  day  was 
disappointing.  I  walked  to  Branson,  searching  all  along  the  Rhone 
banks  under  the  Les  Follaterres  for  Glaucopsyclie  iolas,  and  Scolitantides 
orion,  but,  alas,  saw  nothing  of  either,  or  of  Coluthea  arborescens.  I 
made  up  a  day  amongst  Mclanargia  (jalatkea  and  Leptosia  sinapis,  and 
took  one  J  C.  ediisa  in  the  Rhone  meadows  near  Branson,  and  though 
I  wandered  as  far  as  Fully,  got  nothing  different  there  except  one 
B.  dia,  quite  fresh.      It  came  on  to  thunder  and  rain  about  2  p.m., 


16  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 

when  I  returned  to  the  hotel.  My  next  day's  work,  July  14th,  was 
spent  under  the  cliffs,  Vernayaz  to  Martigny,  and  in  a  catch  of  99 
were  three  L.  ario7i,  one  L.  Camilla,  all  fresh,  some  fair  B.  daphne  and 
C.  hijale,  C.  alciphron  in  good  condition,  thunder  threatening  again  by 
by  4  p.m.  and  the  day  being  very  hot.  The  next  morning  I  walked 
to  Martigny  Bourg  station  and  sent  some  luggage  on  to  Orsieres.  On 
the  walk  up  to  Orsieres  through  Sembrancher,  I  took  several 
P.  machaon  and  A.  adippe,  and  one  Issoria  lathonia.  After  a  late 
lunch  at  Orsieres  I  plodded  on  again  to  Bourg- St. -Pierre  on  the  Grand 
St.  Bernard  Road,  but  met  with  very  little  worth  taking  in  this  part 
of  the  journey.  The  Hotel  de  Napoleon  here  is  interesting,  as  you  see 
the  room  which  the  great  general  occupied  when  passing  through 
Bourg-St. -Pierre.  Starting  early  next  morning  I  walked  thence  over 
the  Grand  St.  Bernard  Pass  to  Aosta.  Between  Bourg  St.  Pierre  and 
the  St.  Bernard  Hospice  I  took  several  Pieris  callidice  in  fine 
condition,  also  Melampias  epiphron,  Erebia  tyndanis,  and  Brenthis 
pales.  At  the  Hospice  one  enjoyed  some  rest  and  patted  the 
famous  dogs,  which  seem  rather  spoilt,  but  are  fine  animals,  being 
mostly  now  descendants  of  the  famous  dog  "  Barry."  It  is  interesting 
to  note  that  the  pure  breed  of  these  dogs  is  preserved  in  far-off  Scotland. 
Below  the  Hospice  is  the  Italian  Custom  House,  where  a  gendarme 
satisfies  himself  that  you  have  sufficient  money  on  you  to  be  allowed 
to  enter  Italy.  On  the  way  down  to  the  first  Italian  village  of  St. 
Rhemy  I  took  several  male  P.  callidice,  one  Parnafisit(s  delius,  and  one 
fine  specimen  of  Anthocharis  siniplonia.  I  confess  I  limped  into  Aosta 
after  a  long  day,  but  managed  to  catch  the  5  a.m.  diligence  next 
morning  for  Courmayeur,  arriving  there  at  the  comfortable  Hotel  de 
rUnion,  at  10  a.m.  After  breakfast  I  went  down  into  the  river  Dora 
ravine,  towards  Pre  St.  Didier ;  the  river  Dora  is  ever  a  torrent 
and  its  cold  waters  are  thickened  with  debris,  etc.,  from  the 
grand  Mont  Blanc  Range,  which  towers  above  everything  else  at 
Courmayeur.  Here  I  found  Brenthis  daphne  quite  fresh,  also  L.  avion, 
B.  ino,  and  P.  hijlas,  besides  P.  apollo  and  commoner  insects.  Next 
morning,  July  18th,  I  climbed  Mont  de  la  Saxe,  famed  for  its  flora, 
which  would  have  turned  the  head  of  a  botanist,  I  imagine,  and 
towards  the  summit  I  was  delighted  to  find  Melitaea  cynthia,  fresh, 
and  in  abundance,  males  and  females,  also  high  mountain  forms 
of  B.  pales.  On  the  way  up  I  also  took  Pleheius  an/us,  in 
abundance,  and  on  the  top  a  few  C.  phicomone,  but  there  was  no  sign 
of  ('.  palaeno.  One  enjoyed  one's  lunch  on  the  top  of  Mt.  de  la  Saxe, 
and  gazed  with  glad  rapture  on  the  wonderful  panorama  around.  I 
counted  forty-six  snow-clad  peaks  in  all  directions,  whilst  the  lordly 
Mt.  Blanc  towered  highest  amongst  the  other  peaks  of  his  range, 
"  Primus  inter  pares."  Next  day  I  again  visited  the  Dora  ravine, 
where  I  took  a  total  of  one  hundred  insects,  B.  daphne,  Argynnisaglaia, 
Ai/riades  coridon,  etc.  A  little  rain  came  on  in  the  afternoon,  the  first 
I  had  experienced  since  July  13th,  but  it  cleared  by  the  time  I  reached 
the  Hotel.  After  dinner  a  party  of  French  automobilists  of  the  Auto 
Club  du  Perigord,  a  Perigueux,  Dordogne,  near  Bordeaux,  who  had  been 
"doing"  the  Exhibition  at  Turin,  and  were  eu  ?-o»^e  for  Champery,  most 
hospitably  entertained  me  at  their  musical  evening.  We  had  most 
beautiful  songs  and  music,  and  before  separating  that  evening  we  toasted 
"  England  "  and  "  France,"  "  a  I'entente  cordiale,"  most  heartily. 


LUPERINA    GUENEEI    AS    A    SPECIES.  17 

Next  day,  July  20th,  was  my  last  day's  collecting  at  Courmayeur. 
I  climbed  Mt.  Chefcif  in  good  time.  The  view  from  the  summit  is  not 
so  good  as  from  Mt.  de  la  Saxe,  and  the  climb  is  not  so  arduous,  but 
the  flies  bothered  me  a  great  deal,  more  so  than  the  mosquitoes  in  the 
evenings  at  Martigny,  Near  the  summit,  in  some  damp  alpine 
meadows,  I  found  C'hrijaophaniis  /(//)/>oiAoe  in  great  abundance  and  fresh, 
also  Heocles  virgaureae,  and  at  the  summit  a  few  C.  pldcomone  and 
high  mountain  vars.  of  B.  pales.  Next  morning  I  set  out  at  8.0  a.m.  to 
walk  from  Courmayeur  to  the  Restaurant  du  Col  Ferret.  It  is  a  stiff  walk, 
and  the  hot  sun  beat  down  with  force.  In  the  Val  Ferret  I  only  goD  two 
specimens  of  H.  damon  var.  ferret i,  a  purplish  tinge  taking  the  place  of  the 
ordinary  damon  blue.  Just  where  the  road  ended  and  the  mountain 
track  commenced,  I  was  fortunate  to  meet  with  seven  or  eight  fine 
P.  deliKs  and  a  host  of  B.  pales  (type).  It  is  a  very  stiff  climb  over 
the  Col  Ferret,  and  when  one  tried  to  rest  a  moment,  the  fierce  sun 
made  one's  boots  begin  to  scorch  and  one  was  forced  to  stagger  on 
wearily,  until  one  reached  some  haven  of  shelter  from  the  fierce  heat 
under  the  other  side  of  the  hill.  After  reaching  the  Restaurant  du  Col 
Ferret  that  night,  which  is  eight  miles  from  the  nearest  post  office,  I 
found  one  or  two  French  and  German  guests  staying  at  that  lonely 
inn,  and  I  much  enjoyed  the  cleanest  and  most  comfortable  bed,  I 
think,  I  ever  slept  in.  Next  day,  leaving  the  Restaurant  at  9.0  a.m., 
by  way  of  Praz  de  Fort  to  Orsieres  I  took  en  route  some  nice  E.  lii/ea,  A. 
aijlaia,  E.  aethiops  {blandina),  etc.,  and  between  Orsieres  and  Sem- 
brancher  I  was  pleased  to  take  two  fine  A.  paphia  var.  ralesina,  one 
/'.  machaon,  one  0.  hera,  one  L.  arion,  etc.  Near  the  large  iron 
drawbridge  over  the  Drance  above  Bovernier  is  a  nice  bed  of  thyme, 
beloved  of  L.  arion,  H.  damon  (males  and  females),  and  other  species. 
Next  day,  Sunday,  July  23rd,  after  attending  Martigny  Church  at 
7.30  a.m.,  I  sauntered  quietly  along  under  the  cliffs  towards  Vernayaz, 
not  doing  any  serious  collecting,  but  looking  out  for  anything  good 
that  might  be  about  and  collecting  what  I  could  for  an  entomological 
friend  in  England.  P.  podaliriiis  was  more  abundant,  and  also  a  few 
female  H.  vinjaureae.  I  left  Martigny  for  Lausanne  and  Dijon  that 
afternoon  and  reached  Fontainebleau  -  Avon  Station  again  next 
morning  at  9.80  a.m.  It  was  awfully  hot  here,  and  I  was  told  that 
fires  had  been  raging  in  the  forest  the  previous  day.  After  wandering 
about  the  forest  for  a  few  hours,  where  I  took  P.  machaon,  B.  selene 
(second  brood),  C'  hyale,  Loireia  dorilis  and  two  more  A.  levana  var. 
prorsa,  a  heavy  storm  commenced  at  3.30  p.m.,  and  I  took  the  train 
forthwith  to  Paris  and  caught  the  9.10  p.m.  express  to  Calais  and 
London  on  that  night  from  the  Gare  du  Nord.  The  grand  total  of 
my  catch  during  sixteen  days'  actual  collecting  was  1,128  specimens, 
nearly  all  in  good  condition,  besides  a  few  larvse  of  Pyrameis  cardui, 
etc.,  which  produced  imagines  later. 


Luperina  (?)   (Apamea)  gueneei,  Doubleday,  as  a  species,  and  as 
a  British  species. 

By  Hy.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S. 
At  the  conclusion  of  my  previous  notes  under  the  above  heading  in 
the  last  volume  of  the  Entomologist's  Record,  I  expressed  the  hope  that 
"  during  the  coming  season  some  of  our  continental  workers  will  be 


18  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

on  the  look  out  for  /..  niclieiiii,"  and  also  expressed  the  desirability  of 
obtaining  details  as  to  the  earlier  stages  of  this  group  of  incipient 
species.  With  this  purpose  in  view,  I  distributed  a  nunjber  of  copies 
of  the  reprint  of  my  notes  among  our  leading  students  on  the  continent 
of  Europe.  In  reply  I  have  received  a  most  kind  and  interesting 
letter  from  one,  whose  delight  it  is  to  render  his  best  aid  to  a  fellow 
entomologist  of  whatever  nationality  he  may  be,  M.  Chas.  Oberthiir  of 
Rennes.  He  writes  "  Votre  i/ueneei  est  bien  conforme  a  la  (/raslini, 
Obthr,  (Btdl.  S(k.  ent.  France,  1908)  et  non  a  {/iteneei,  forme  blanchatre 
sans  dessins  apparents,  dont  ma  collection  contient  le  "  typicum 
specimen  Var,  A  "  du  Species  (/eiieral  des  Lepiilopteres,  Noctuelites."  Of 
this  pale  form  of  L.  testacea  he  goes  on  to  say,  "C'est  cette  tcstacea  pale, 
d'un  blanc-jaunjitre,  presque  depourvue  de  dessins,  a  laquelle  nous 
donnons  le  nom  de  (jneneei.  Elle  est  commune  dans  le  midi  de  la 
France  et  en  Algerie,  rare  aRennesou  ffsfaccrtestpourtanttres-abondante 
en  automne,  mais  teatacea  a  Rennes,  est  le  plus  souvent  d'un  brim 
fonce  aux  ailes  superieures,  avec  les  dessins  bien  ecrits.  Il-y-a  d'ailleurs 
une  foule  de  variations,  mais  I'espece  est  generalement  tres- 
reconnaissable." 

Reverting  to  the  consideration  of  i/ueneei  (Doubleday)  he  writes, 
"  Votre  (iiiencei,  en  Franco  and  en  Algerie,  a  les  ailes  superieures  plus 
allongees  and  plus  etroites  que  testacea.  Elle  est  aussi  elle  assez 
variable.  C'est  I'espece  que  de  Graslin  avait  rapportee  iinickerlii,  mais 
que  j'ai  distingue  sous  le  nom  de  iiraslini.  Elle  parait  en  Septembre. 
Elle  est  abondante  dans  les  Pyrenees  Orientales,  surtout."  "G raslini 
{(f Iteneei  Donhl.)  a  le  fond  des  ailes  moins  brun,  moins  '  ochraceous ' 
qua  testacea.  Les  ailes  superieures  de  t/raslini  ont  le  fond  plus  gris  et 
moins  brun-jaunatre." 

In  reply  to  my  request  for  material  for  examination,  M.  Oberthiir, 
with  his  customary  genorosit}',  sent  me  not  only  specimens  of  (jraslini 
from  the  Pyrenees-Orientales,  but  the  various  forms  of  testacea  from 
Rennes,  with  two  of  the  pale  form,  named  ineridionale,  one  from  Hyeres 
and  the  other  from  Orau,  both  of  which  agree  with  the  form  A  of  the 
Species  iieiieral  des  lAiddopthci,  and  which  is  common  in  the  south  and 
rare  in  the  north,  together  with  a  scries  of  the  allied  species  L.  dunieiHii, 
showing  a  parallel  range  of  olive,  brown,  and  pale  forms  as  in  L. 
testacea. 

In  these  notes  I  will  deal  with  the  material  and  information  so 
kindly  given  me  by  j\l.  Oberthiir. 

A  glance  at  the  four  specimens  of  /,.  i/rasUni  was  sufficient  to 
recognise  them  as  L.  ;/iieneei.  The  shape  of  forewing  is  the  same;  the 
general  coloration  of  both  fore-  and  hindwings  is  identical ;  the 
variation,  inter  sc,  is  quite  similar,  except  that  two  of  the  L.  i/raslini 
have  the  reniform  stigma  nearly  as  distinct  as  in  the  typical  forms  of 
fj.  nickerlii ;  and  all  the  markings  are  identical  in  position  with  those 
given  in  ray  previous  notes  as  being  characteristic  of  L.  [/iieneei. 

Those  four  specimens  were  then  handed  to  Dr.  Chapman,  who  at 
once  recognised  them  as  //.  ifuoieei.  However,  we  wore  anxious  to  see 
whether  examination  of  the  genitalia  supported  our  views,  and  Dr. 
Cha|)man  Hul)seqnently  found  that  these  structures  were  practically 
indistinguishable  from  tho.se  of  />.  ijaeneci,  and  that  there  was  no 
hesitation  or  doubt  as  to  the  specific  identity  of  L.  ijueiieei  (Doubl.)  and 
L.  (jraslini  (Obthr.). 


LUPERTNA    GUENEEI    AS    A    SPECIES.  19 

I  have  compared  this  fresh  luaterial  sent  me  by  M.  Oberthiir,  with 
that  in  the  British  Museum.  The  specimen  I  have  referred  to  in  my 
previous  notes  labelled  "Central  France,  Coll.  M.  Hand"  and  classified 
as  ha.rti'ri,  is  identical  with  the  specimens  of  L.  tcstacea  sent  me  from 
Rennes  (Central  France)  and  is  most  certainly  wrongly  placed  as 
ba.vteri.     There  are  no  L.  (/rasUni  in  the  Museum  collections. 

Now  arises  a  difficulty.  M.  Guenee,  in  or  before  18G4,  had  the 
Doubleday  specimen  called  (juencei  in  his  hand  and,  comparing  it  with 
the  specimen  he|^had  called  var.  A  of  L.  tcatacea,  came  to  the  definite 
conclusion  that  they  were  identical.  M.  Oberthiir  has,  at  the  present 
time,  this  actual  specimen  var.  A  of  M.  Guenee  in  his  collection,  and 
states,  as  I  have  mentioned  above,  that  it  agrees  with  the  form  of  testacea 
from  Algeria,  i.e.,  meridionale,  and  with  the  form  from  S.  France,  i.e., 
(jueneci  (of  French  entomologists),  of  each  of  which  forms  he  has  sent  me 
a  specimen.  I  have  not  the  slightest  hesitation  in  calling  them  pale 
forms  of  L.  testaceo.  They  do  not  agree  with  the  Doubleday  specimen 
of  (jueneei  which  M.  Guenee  identified  as  var.  A  of  testacea  of  his  Sjiecies 
fieneral.  This  Doubleday  specimen  is  undoubtedly,  as  I  have  shown 
before,  an  example  of  what  we  now  know  in  Britain  as  /..  (jtieneei. 
Hence  we  are  compelled  to  admit  that  the  identification  of  M.  Guenee 
was  erroneous.  Thus  the  (jueneei  of  French  entomologists  is  L.  testacea 
var.  or  ab.  (jueneei,  while  the  (jueneei  of  Doubleday  has  been  perfectly 
separated  from  L.  testacea. 

From  an  examination  of  the  specimens,  we  turn  to  the  references 
connected  with  L.  (jrasUni.  In  an  article  published  in  the  Ihill.  Soc. 
eiit.  de  France  for  1908,  p.  322,  M.  Oberthiir  makes  a  series  of  historical 
observations  on  a  new  French  species  which  he  names  Luperina 
f/raslini.  It  appears  that  Mr.  Harold  Powell,  w4io  had  been  collecting 
during  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1908  in  the  Pyrenees- Orien tales, 
sent  to  M.  Oberthiir,  more  than  50  specimens  of  a  Noctuid  species, 
which  were  close  to  L.  testacea,  but  absolutely  separable  from  any 
known  forms  of  that  species,  and  extremely  distinct  from  the  form 
indigenous  to  the  Pyrenees-Orientales.  M.  Oberthiir  had  in  his 
collection  under  the  name  L.  nickerlii  a  short  series  of  a  species,  which 
had  been  obtained  from  CoUioure,  Pyr.-Or.,  in  1847  and  1857,  one  of 
which  M.  Guenee  had  called  var.  B.  of  L.  testacea  \n  his  Species  jeneral, 
Noctut'lites,  I.,  p.  183.  This  actual  specimen  with  five  others  were 
obtained  from  the  collection  of  M.  Graslin  and  from  that  of  M.  Pierret 
to  whom  M.  Graslin  had  presented  the  example  subsequently  described 
by  M.  Guenee.  This  last  referred-to  example  bears  a  label  in  minute 
characters  stating  that  the  specimen  was  bred  on  September  5th  from 
a  larva  taken  at  Collioure,  and  in  later  writing  "  I  believe  it  to  be 
distinct,"  with  a  doubt  as  to  its  identification  by  M.  Graslin  with  the 
L.  nickerlii  from  Prague,  being  correct.  On  comparing  the  60  odd 
specimens  obtained  by  M.  Powell  with  those  bred  long  years  before  from 
the  same  district  by  M.  Graslin,  M.  Oberthiir  was  satisfied  that  they 
were  one  and  the  same  species,  and  were  undoubtedly  not  L.  testacea. 
He  also  compared  the  two  series  with  some  four  insects  which  he  had 
obtained  from  Bohemia  under  the  name  L.  nickerlii,  and  having 
concluded  that  his  long  series  were  not  that  species,  named  them 
jraslini  after  M.  Graslin  their  original  discoverer. 

In  the  Ann.  .S'oc.  ent.  de  France,  p.  309,  1863,  M.  Graslin  gives  a 
full  account  of  the  specimens  obtained  by  him  at  Collioure  in  1847  and 


20  THE  entomologist's  record. 

again  in  1857,  under  the  name  of  Luperinanickerlii,  a  perfectly  correct 
determination  as  we  now  know.  But  not  satisfied  with  his  own  judg- 
ment, he  sent  his  specimens  to  Dr.  Nickerl  for  his  opinion,  and  in  reply 
M.  Graslin  was  informed  that  he  (Dr.  Nickerl)  "  etait  siir  ijuc  vHait  la 
iiieiiie  csjiecf."  In  1847,  when  first  obtained,  M.  Graslin  took  these 
specimens  for  southern  forms  of  L.  testacea,  but  on  obtaining  the  larvae 
in  1857,  he  compared  them  with  those  of  f..  tcstacea,  and  found  that 
they  were  abundantly  distinct.  Subsequently,  a  look  at  Herrich- 
Schafter's  figure  5G5  of  L.  uichrrlii  gave  him  a  clue,  and  when  he 
considered  the  material  obtained  by  him  in  the  Pyrenees  he  included 
Lupen'na  nickerlii  as  a  species  new  to  the  French  fauna. 

Graslin's  description  of  the  larva  is  as  follows  : — 

"  EUe  est  assez  courte,  amincie  aux  deux  extremites,  et  ofifre 
I'aspect  d'une  larva  de  Coleoptere.  Lorsqu'elle  est  parvenue  a  la 
derniere  mue,  elle  est  d'une  couleur  de  chair  sale,  jaunatre,  ou  verdatre, 
suivant  les  individus,  un  peu  plus  foncee  sur  le  milieu  des  anneaux, 
luisante  et  sans  autre  dessin  que  le  vaisseau  dorsal,  qui  parait  d'un 
gris  roussiitre  ou  noiratre  a  travers  la  peau.  Quelques  individus  ont 
le  dessus  du  dernier  anneau  lave  de  noiratre.  La  tete  est  petite,  de 
couleur  d'ecaille  blonde  tris  pale,  ainsi  qu'une  plaque  anale  arrondie 
par  derriere  et  formant,  vue  de  profil,  comme  deux  bourrelets  separes 
par  une  depression  circulaire;  cette  conformation  n'est  guere  visible 
qu'au  moyen  de  la  loupe.  Les  stigmates  tres  peu  visibles  ;  meme  vus 
a  la  loupe,  ils  sont  ovales,  d'une  couleur  de  chair  rosee  et  finement 
cercles  de  noir.  Toutes  les  pattes  sont  de  la  couleur  du  ventre,  avec 
la  pointe  des  ecailleuses  et  les  crochets  des  membraneuses  d'un  brun 
noir." 

He  goes  on  to  say  that  the  larvrc  feed  on  grasses  which  grow  in 
sandy  places,  hiding  themselves  about  their  roots.  They  surround 
themselves  as  a  rule,  with  their  excrement,  which  forms  a  kind  of 
chamber  for  them.  They  attain  their  full  size  in  the  month  of  June, 
and  they  fasten  together  with  silk  grains  of  sand,  fibres  of  the  roots  of 
grasses  and  their  excrement  to  form,  what  can  scarcely  be  called  a 
cocoon,  so  frail  is  it. 

The  chrysalis  is  indistinguishable  from  that  of  L.  iextacea. 

The  imago  emerges  at  the  end  of  August  and  in  the  first  fortnight 
of  Septeml)er. 

Coleoptera  taken  at  Uitchling,  Sussex,  during  1911. 

By  HEIIEWARD  C.  DOLLMAN,  F.E.S. 
April,  the  first  ten  days  of  May,  August  and  September  found  me  at 
Ditchling.  I  was  able,  at  various  times,  to  do  a  considerable  amount 
of  collecting,  and  now  record  those  captures  which  seem  of  interest. 
Benihidiinn  ijiiadn'piistnlatioii,  Dj.  One  specimen  of  this  rare  "Bem." 
was  taken  from  thick  pond  moss  on  August  17th.  The  pond  at  that 
date  was  almost  dry,  and  within  a  few  days  was  baked  up  entirely. 
Hi/d>'«l>'>>'i'^  ilixrrctns,  Fair.  A  short  series  was  taken  by  shaking  out 
reeds  from  ditches  and  ponds,  in  April  and  August.  IJelo/ihoiu^ 
tlorsalis,  Marsh.  A  few  of  this  species  were  taken  from  a  running- 
ditch  at  Ditchling  on  May  7th.  Ihjdrnecia  ni;irita,  Germ.,  was  very 
common  in  this  water.  Both  these  species  were  found  again  in  great 
profusion  at  Ilolm  Bush  on  August  IGth.  I  owe  my  grateful  thanks 
to   Dr.  Longstafif  for  motoring  me   over  to   this    one-time   famous 


COLEOPTERA    TAKEN    AT    DITCHLING.  21 

locality.  Here  it  was  that  Dr.  Power  found  Lehia  crux-minor  not 
uncommonly,  O.riilaemwi  rarioloms,  and  other  most  choice 
species.  Ochthebius  e.varatiis,  Muls.  One  example  from  off 
Siiariianiuin  on  September  12th.  Vhloeopora  corticalis,  Gr. 
Occasional  specimens  from  out  of  oak  boughs,  and  under  oak- 
bark  in  April  and  September.  ■■'Caloilera  riparia,  Er.,  by  shaking 
thick  moss  in  a  small  wood  in  May;  very  rare.  -'Calodera  7niibrosa, 
Er.  One  from  a  sand-pit  on  May  12th.  Thcniiiaraea  cinnainoniea, 
Or.,  and  -'T.  hospita,  Miirk,  from  C'o.ss?f,s-infected  oaks  in  August. 
■•'Alianta  incana,  Er.,  was  very  common  in  leaf-axils  of  Typlia  lati- 
folia  throughout  the  late  summer.  '  Homalota  vldoiKjiuacida,  Sbp., 
was  not  uncommon  in  dead  leaves  and  thick  moss  in  the  spring. 
■■'■H.jjar/ana,  Er.,  several  in  "water-traps"  on  the  Downs  in  September. 
H.  nitjella,  Er.,  was  found  in  reeds  ;  not  uncommonly.  H.  aequata, 
Er.,  and  "^ linearis,  Gr.,  were  both  common  in  fallen  oak  boughs  in 
April  and  May.  *//.  innuersa,  Er.,was  also  found  in  these  rotten  oak 
boughs,  though  not  commonly,  -'H.  cnspidata,  Er.,  rarely  under  bark 
of  oaks.  '^H.  intermedia,  Th.,  and  */^.  testndijiea,  Er.,  were  both 
found  somewhat  freely  in  thick  moss  in  a  field  adjoining  the  house. 
'^Tachyusa  atra,  Gr,,  rare,  in  pond  debris.  ■''Mj/riiiecojiora  iirida,  Er. 
I  found  this  species  in  great  profusion  among  sea-weed  at  Shoreham 
on  April  24th.  Fyncephalns  conijdicans,  West.  Some  twenty  specimens 
were  shaken  from  moss  and  out  of  grass  roots  in  April  and  May ;  one 
example  was  found  also  in  late  September.  ^Oijrophaena  stricttila,  Er., 
was  obtained  in  the  greatest  profusion  from  Daedalea  quercina  on  an 
old  stump  on  May  5th.  ■■'Silusa  rid)i;iinosa,  Er.,  somewhat  rarely,  in 
oaks  attacked  by  larva'  of  L'osaus  on  September  10th.  Deinopsis  erom, 
Steph.,  was  first  taken  in  the  Ditchling  district  on  April  13th.  Only  odd 
individuals  have  been  noticed  since,  and  always  on  the  margins  of  small 
ponds  or  ditches.  ^Tachijporus  forinosus,  Mat.,  and  T.  solutus,  Er.  These 
two  species,  although  very  local,  both  occurred  in  moderate  numbers  in 
one  or  two  chosen  haunts.  I  obtained  both  by  shaking  out  large 
tussocks  of  coarse  grass.  ■■Tachyporus  pallidus,  Shp.,  was  very  common 
indeed  among  reed  heaps  at  the  Offham  osier  beds,  near  Lewes. 
Mycetoporus  clavicornis,  Steph.,  was  common  in  the  sand  pit  during 
late  spring.  M.  angidaris,  Rey.,  was  taken  once  only  from  a  hay 
stack  on  August  14th.  ■'Heterotliops  binotata,  Gr.,  was  not  uncommon 
among  seaweed  at  Shoreham  on  April  24th.  ■■QiiediKs  rentralis,  Ahr. 
1  was  very  delighted  to  take  this  tine  insect  at  Ditchling,  it  being  a 
very  interesting  addition  to  my  list  of  the  coleopterous  fauna  of  the 
district.  I  discovered  it  in  its  usual  habitat  in  a  large  beech  copse 
near  Stanmer  Park,  some  800  feet  above  sea  level.  Stap/iylinus 
pubescens,  De  G.  The  first  and  only  specimen  I  have  taken  around 
Ditchling  was  captured  on  April  30th,  in  a  manure  heap.  ■■■  L'hilonthuH 
corruscus,  Gr.  One  fine  male  captured  from  a  dead  rabbit  on 
May  5th.  In  spite  of  much  hard  work,  I  failed  to  turn  up 
any  more  of  this  very  scarce  and  handsome  species.  ■'Actobias 
procerulhs,  Gr.  Three  or  four  from  the  sand-pit  on  May  6th. 
Suniiis  intermedins,  Er.  A  few  from  stack  refuse  in  the  spring,  and 
commonly  therefrom  on  September  29th.  The  genus  Stenns  is 
strongly  represented  around  Ditchling.  I  have  now  a  record  of  just 
40  species  from  the  neighbourhood.  Among  these,  a  few  of  this 
year's  captures  are  of  the  more  scarce  forms  : — incrassatus,  Er.  (not 


22  THE    KNTOMOI.OGIST's    RECORD. 

uncommon  on  pond  miul);  canaliciilatiia,  Gyll. ;  exi)/ ii iix,  Fjr.;  fiisci- 
roniis,  Er.  (from  Holm  J5ush);  vallipea,  Gr.  (common  at  Offham); 
pallitarsia,  Steph. ;  '''soliitns,  Er.,  and  fornicatits,  Hteph.  (a  nice  series); 
'■'  floinaliiifii  planiii)},  Pk.,  was  taken  under  oak  bark,  and  //.  stn'atiini, 
Gr.,  by  sweeping  and  in  refuse.  ProteiiuiH  inamijitcriix,  Gyll.,  I  found 
at  Ditchling  for  the  first  time  on  April  14th,  by  shaking  thick  moss  in 
a  small  wood.  By  sifting  fallen  beech  leaves  in  a  small  hill-side 
copse,  I  came  across  ''■'■  Cholera  cinacina,  Kell.,  and  '■'(.'.  iii(/rita,  Er.,  a 
short  series  of  each.  Neurap/tcs  doni/atnlKft,  ]\fnll.,  frequently  turned 
up  in  moss  and  dead  leaves  in  the  spring,  and  more  rarely  Sri/dinaniits 
scKti'llan's,  Mull.  '■•' Kuthia  scijdnuinuiidi'n,  Stph.,  I  found  in  profusion 
in  a  manure  heap  on  August  7th.  Ih-i/axia  iratcilioiisci,  Rye.,  from 
Shoreham  on  April  24th  ;  taken  rarely  from  seaweed  on  the  salt 
marsh.  Tric/iouj/.v  iniirhrli,  Aub.  This  year  three  specimens  were 
secured,  none  of  them  apparently  in  association  with  ant.s.  On 
April  28rd  and  25th  respectively,  I  shook  one  from  thick  moss 
in  my  grounds  on  the  face  of  the  Beacon  ;  on  May  8th,  a  third 
specimen  was  sifted  out  of  some  rotten  oats  in  a  farmyard  near  by. 
'■■  Kiiplectus  ainbiguun,  Reich.,  a  few  specimens  from  moss,  (rnatlionciis 
liiinctulatiiK,  Th.,  and  -'G.  nidicola,  Joy,  in  and  about  starlings'  nests 
in  the  sand  pit,  and  also  crawling  on  the  sand  away  from  the  nests. 
Cryptarcha  styii/atfi,  F.,  rare,  at  C 'n.s-.s».s-infected  oak  tree  near 
Hassocks  Gate  Station,  September  10th.  '''Diidn/llits  litnafita,  F., 
not  uncommon  in  Sphm'tia  comrntnca  on  ash  trees  near  Lewes. 
On  August  28th,  I  unearthed,  after  terrific  labour,  a  large  nest  of 
Boiiihm  hortoniin  :  this  nest  was  situated  quite  three  feet  down  in  a 
large  complex  rabbit  burrow.  It  yielded  a  nice  series  of  ( 'rj/ptnphai/Ks 
distinijnendus,  Stm.,  a  species  not  usually  associated  with  liovibi,  I 
believe,  a  few  C.  setidomis,  Stm.,  one  Ant/ierophofiiis  pallena,  01.,  and 
a  few  Kpuraea  oestiva,  L.  By  carefully  sifting  a  hay-stack  in  April  I 
procured  a  number  of  Kphistemus  i/lohosus,  Walt.,  and  from  an  old 
ash  stump  took  one  ScaphisoDia  boleti,  Pz.  From  the  Shoreham 
salt-marsh,  out  of  a  wet  clay  bank  on  April  24th,  I  dug  out  Hctcnxrrm 
britaniciis,  Kuw.,  in  some  numbers.  In  early  May  the  Ditchling 
sand  pit  yielded  ApJiodius  iiKiuinatus,  F.,  and  Pla/iiotpmufi  amwrius,  01. 
From  old  "sea-breakers"  near  Shoreham,  whilst  digging  out 
Codiosoma,  I  procured  a  few  I^tinus  (/cnnanuK,  F. 

On  May  3rd  I  found  some  larvse  and  pupjc  of  Canipi/his  linearis, 
Li.,  in  an  old  willow  stump.  The  first  imago  emerged  on  "^lay  12th, 
a  J  .  ■■'■Xijlopliiliix  popidiietis,  Pz.,  introduced  itself  to  me  from  the 
district  for  the  first  time  on  September  9th,  one  specimen  being  taken 
among  some  fouled  straw  in  a  farm  shed. 

A  day  spent  on  the  Newhaven  clifl's,  in  spite  of  the  very  burnt-up 
state  of  the  vegetation,  was  not  unproductive.  Apion  laericudle,  Kirb. 
(a  few  at  roots  of  Lotus  cornindattis  and  other  plants.  I  could  not  decide 
if  the  species  was  really  attached  to  the  I.(diis  or  not)  ;  Sitoues  u-ater- 
/(fM(.s7"/,  Walt.,  common  under  the  Lotus;  Ceiit/ior/n/nrliidins  dairsani, 
liris.,  in  abundance  on  I'lantaip)  roronopiis,  and  ( '.  riifiihis,  I)uf., 
not  uncommonly  l)y  shaking  out  plants  oi  Anneria  nibiaris,  a  hitherto 
unrecorded  foodplant  for  the  species. 

liy  sweeping  (ieuista  aiuilira  on  Ditchling  Common,  Apion  kiesen- 
uetteri,  Desb.,  and  Apion  i)ninnne,  Kirb.,  were  found.  The  latter 
species  is  a  fresh  Apion  record  for  Ditchling,  and  I  think  G.   amjlica 


THE    GENOTYPE    OF    THE    BLATTID    GENUS    STELEOPYGA.  23 

has  not  before  been  brought  forward  as  a  pabulum  for  this  broom- 
frequenting  ^Yeevil. 

(.'i'lithur/njnchus  ewldcai iac,  Gjll.,  was  in  numbers  on  Cardamine 
piatensis  in  the  Spring,  when  also  at  the  Offham  osier  beds,  among 
cut  reeds,  I  took  '■'■'- 0)-cIiestes  saliceti,  F. 

Those  species  marked  with  an  asterisk  are  not  recorded  from  Sussex 
in  Canon  Fowler's  work,  and  have  not  been  noted  by  me  before 
from  that  county. 


The  genotype  of  the  Blattid  genus  Steleopyga. 

By  A.  N.  CAUDELL  (National  Museum,  Washington  U.S.A.). 

Having  started  the  discussion  on  the  above  subject,  T  would  like  to 
make  a  few  additional  remarks.  In  the  September  number  of  this 
magazine,  Mr.  Shelfoi'd  takes  me  to  task  for  my  "  assiduity  in  raking 
up  names  from  the  decent  obscurity  of  synonymy."  I  realize  clearly 
that  changes  of  well-established  names  is  deplorable,  but,  where  general 
usage  does  not  warrant  a  given  treatment,  changes  due  to  correction  are 
ultimately  inevitable,  and  the  sooner  they  are  made  the  better.  Thus 
the  resurrection  of  Steleopyga.  It  may  have  been  Fischer  von  Waldheim's 
intention  to  have  Blatta  orientalU  typical  of  his  genus  Steleop)j;/a,  but 
it  is  facts,  not  intentions,  that  prevail  in  nomenclature.  To  consider 
oricntalis  the  genotype  of  Stdeo/nji/a,  and  at  the  same  time  concede  that 
it  was  previously  the  validly  designated  type  of  an  older  valid  genus,  is 
a  stand  not  in  accord  with  general  usage,  and  one  ultimately  destined, 
I  believe,  to  fall  into  general  disfavour.  The  International  Code  allows 
this  treatment,  but  it  is  against  the  good  judgment  of  the  able  secretary 
of  that  Commission,  as  clearly  set  forth  by  his  personal  rule  No.  12d.^ 

I  am  further  charged  with  skating  over  the  fact  that  it  was  not  till 
1838  that  aiiiericana  was  made  the  type  of  Veriplaneta.  But  this  fact 
is  not  important.  I  admit  that  aiiien'cana  was  eligible  for  selection  as 
the  type  of  Stelcnpi/;/a  from  1833  to  1838,  and  indeed,  so  far  as  I  can 
learn,  until  1890,  when  Kirby  designates  it  as  the  type  of  Veriplaneta. 
If  it  was  designated  as  the  type  of  Feriplaneta  before  1890,  I  have 
failed  to  note  the  reference.  Thus,  for  many  years  americana  was 
available  as  type  of  either  Veriplaneta  or  Steleopipja,  but  was  not 
designated  as  either.  Upon  its  designation  as  the  type  of  Veripdaneta, 
it  ceased  to  be  available  as  the  type  of  Stelenpyf/a,  no  matter  what  the 
date.  TricJioprocta  was  all  the  time  available  as  the  type  of  Steleoptp/a, 
and,  when  a)nerica)ia  was  designated  as  the  type  of  Veriplaneta, 
triclwprocta,  becoming  the  only  available  species,  became  the  type  of 
Steleo]»jifa.  The  fact  that  Brulle  established  his  genus  Vobjphai/a  on 
aeijt/ptiaca  does  not  alter  this  fact,  as  triehnprocta  was  not  mentioned 
in  this  connection  by  Brulle,  indeed,  its  synonymy  with  Brulle's  species 
was  not  recognised  for  some  years. ^  Holding  that  the  inclusion  of  a 
specific  name  in  synonymy  under  one  designated  as  the  type  of  one 
genus  does  not  invalidate  it  as  the  type  of  another  genus,  I  believe 
trirhoprocta  to  be  the  logical  type  of  Steleopi/ga.  This  appears  preferable, 
as  the  sinking  into  synonymy  of  ['(di/p/iaiia  seems  less  of  a  calamity 
than  to  sink  the  more  generally  known  genus  Veriplaneta. 


^Hygcnic  Bulletin  No.  24,  Treasury  Department,  U.S.A.,  p.  27  (1905). 
-Tlie  earliest  reference   for  this  synonymy  known  to  me  is  1865,  Brunner, 
Nouv.,  Syst.,  Blatt.,  p.  354. 


24  THE  entomologist's  record. 

The  claim  is  advanced  that,  according  to  reasonings  put  forth  in 
luy  former  article  in  I'm/rht',  Stdeopi/i/a  would  stand  in  one  subfamily  while 
in  an  emended  form  it  would  sink  into  synonymy  in  another.  This 
conclusion  certainly  seems  unwarranted  as  I  took  especial  pains  to 
show  that  Styhijii/iia  was  but  an  emendation  of  Stelcopi/t/a,  and  not  a 
separate  genus.  Supposing  that  all  students  of  nomenclature  conceded 
that  emendations  were  unallowable,  I  did  not  think  it  necessary  to 
state  that  they  were  to  be  quoted  in  synonymy  under  the  name  as 
originally  spelled. 

In  the  October  number  of  the  journal  Mr.  Bethune-Baker  makes  an 
earnest  attempt  to  solve  this  problem  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
International  Code.  His  conclusion  is  that  cnnericana  is  the  type  of 
Stelcopi/i/a,  thus  giving  to  each  of  the  three  originally  included  species 
of  this  genus  its  advocate  as  genotype.  Mr.  Bethune-Baker  has  not 
followed  the  strict  letter  of  the  International  Code,  as  it  does  not  rule 
that  Fisher  von  Waldheim's  inclusion  of  orientalis  in  his  genus 
Std('0}n/(ja  is  )iltra  vires.  This  is  the  opinion  of  the  secretary  of  the 
International  Committee,  as  stated  above,  but  the  Committee  itself  has 
never,  unfortunately,  ruled  to  this  effect. 

Mr.  Bethune-Baker's  treatment  of  ^ttjlopinia,  the  emended  form  of 
Steleopipja,  as  a  distinct  and  separate  genus  is  certainly  wrong.  Being 
clearly  but  an  emendation  it  is  to  be  quoted  in  synonymy  under  the 
genus  as  originally  spelled. 

Note. — In  my  original  article  in  PnycJie  an  error  occurs.  The  words  :  "2 
Blatt.,  p.  30  (1907)  "  in  the  next  tc  last  line  in  the  second  paragraph  should 
be  referred  to  foot-note  3,  completing  the  reference  given  there,  and  replaced  in 
the  text  by  Mr.  Shelford's  name  and  the  reference  number  3.  I  indicated  this 
error  in  galley  proof  but  the  printer  never  mide  the  correction. 

Note  to  the  above  by  R.  Shelford. 

Mr.  Caudell  gives  his  case  away  in  the  most  delightfully  ingenuous 
manner.  He  states  that  to  regard  orientalis  as  the  genotype  of 
Steleopyga  and  of  Blatta  is  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  the 
International  Code.  I  ask  no  more  than  that,  my  position  is  even 
stronger  than  I  thought  it  was  for  I  have  the  sanction  of  high  authority. 
Mr.  Caudell  may  believe  that  this  or  that  rule  of  the  International 
Code  is  "  ultimately  destined  to  fall  into  general  disfavour,"  but  such 
an  opinion  cannot  bind  those  who  hold  a  diametrically  opposite  one. 
It  would  not  be  very  difficult  to  combat  many  of  the  arguments 
brought  forward  by  Mr.  Caudell,  but  to  slaughter  the  slain  has  never 
been  a  profitable  employment. 


®^OLEOPTERA. 

llYl'OPULUiUS     LINEARIS,     F.,      AT     OxSHOTT,     AND      OTHER     SPECIES     OF 

interest  therefrom  during  1911. — On  July  4th  I  discovered  a  few 
felled  pine  trunks  which  seemed  in  admirable  condition,  and  which, 
moreover,  wore  riddled  throughout  by  Scohjtidae.  The  latter,  on 
examination,  proved  to  be  Myeloji/iilns  pinipvrda,  L.,  Ui/lastvs  palliatus, 
Gyll.,  'I'owicHH  laricis,  F.,  and  riti/<)//encs  bidcntatua,  Ilbst.,  the  former 
three  in  profusion,  and  the  rit>/i)(i('ucs  very  sparingly.  Almost 
immediately  I  found  a  specimen  of  Jli/popldofKx  linearis,  the  beetle  I 
was  in  search  of,  and  settled  down  to  make  the  very  most  of  the 
waning  light.      Ucyiisa  incrassata,  Muls.,  sparingly;    Kpipeda  plana, 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING.  26 

Gyll.,  and  a  few  Epnraea  titoracica,  Tonrn.,  were  taken  before  darkness 
made  further  work  impossible.  In  company  with  my  friend,  Mr. 
Donisthorpe,  another  venture  was  made  on  July  4th,  the  whole  of  the 
workable  material  of  the  logs,  our  patience  and  our  combined  invective 
exhausted,  but  no  Hi/popJdoens  :  our  only  capture  of  interest  being  a  few 
more  Ejinraea  thoracica  by  Mr.  Donisthorpe.  On  October  17th,  from 
thick  wet  moss  by  the  Black  Pond,  I  shook  out  a  nice  series  of  Ocyum 
picina,  Aub.,  and  one  Stilicits  siniilis,  Er.  ;  from  the  sphagnum  in  the 
pond,  in  addition  to  the  customary  species,  such  as  the  (h/innusa  and 
Stenits,  I  secured  a  short  series  of  linjaxis  inipressa,  Pz. — Hereward 
C.  DoLLMAN,  F.E.S.,  Hove  House,  Newton  Grove,  Bedford  Park,  W. 

Mycetoporus  forticornis,  Fauv.,  and  other  Coleoptera  in  the 
New  Forest. — A  few  days  at  the  end  of  July  working  in  the  Forest 
resulted  in  the  capture  of  some  interesting  forms.  Most  of  these 
were  typical  New  Forest  species,  and  though  none  the  less  welcome, 
do  not  call  to  be  recorded.  Mi/cetoporus  forticornis  Avas  my  most 
interesting  capture.  I  shook  one  specimen  from  thick  moss  at  the 
roots  of  ling.  The  larger  size,  much  more  transverse  and  clavate 
antenn;*,  the  different  coloration  (especially  of  the  head)  and  the 
punctuation,  readily  differentiate  the  species  from  its  ally  .1/.  davicomis, 
of  Stephens.  Meffacronus  cingulatus,  Man.,  and  Cacnopsis  fissirostris, 
Walt.,  were  also  shaken  from  the  same  moss.  Sweeping  in  Ramnor 
enclosures  on  the  26th  added  a  new  species  to  my  collection  in 
Flil/tdbius  quadrinodosns,  Gyll.  {denticollis,  Gyll.),  and  a  nice  series  of 
LowjitarsuH  holsaticus,  L.  Sweeping  Inula  dysenterica  outside  Stubby 
copse  produced  Cassida  fastuosa,  Schal.,  one  imago  and  one  larva  ;  the 
latter  I  reared  without  difficulty.  This  beautiful  species  has  not,  I 
think,  been  taken  in  the  Forest  since  its  capture  there  by  Stephens. 
From  a  partly  decayed  beech  tree  many  interesting  beetles  were  taken, 
the  best  of  these  being  Euplectus  bescidicus,  Eeitt.  (a  long  series), 
Batrisus  vemistus,  Reich,  (several),  and  Flei/aderus. — Hereward  C. 
Dollman,  F.E.S.,  14,  Newton  Grove,  Bedford  Park,  W. 


:^OTES      ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

Early  appearances. — I  took  a  J'/n'nalia  pedaria  (pilosaria)  on  a 
gas  lamp  here  on  December  29th,  a  capture  which  I  should  say  is 
somewhat  near  a  record  for  early  emergence,  and  to-day  near  East- 
bourne I  set  up  another  record  by  taking  a  freshly  emerged,  Xylocawpa 
areola  (lithoriza)  on  a  telegraph-pole.  What  is  the  coming  season 
going  to  show  us?  —  A.  E.  Tonge,  F.E.S.,  Aincroft,  Reigate. 
January  5th,  1912. 

ZoNOSOMA    ORBICULARIA    AB.    lANTHINARIUM    IN     BrITAIN.— Mr.     W.    H. 

Harwood  has  had  the  good  fortune  to  breed,  from  larvse,  beautiful  ex- 
treme examples  of  Z.  orbiculana  ab.  iantldnarium  [sic!]  ,  Stichel,  which 
has  not  hitherto  been  recorded  as  British.  The  form  was  described  and 
named  by  Stichel  in  1901  (Berl.  Knt.  Zeit.,  xlvi.,  S.B.  p.  20)  and 
previously  figured  without  a  name  by  Snellen  {Tijd.  Knt.,  xxxviii.,  p. 
58.  tab.  iv.,  fig.  4,  1895),  and  is  parallel  to  Z.pendularia  ab.  subroseata. 
The  ground  colour  is  of  the  same  blackish  grey,  tinged  with  red  in  the 
middle,  as  in  the  extreme  forms  of  that  species,  typically  the  transverse 
pale  lines  and  the  discal  spot  of  both  wings  remain  conspicuous,  but 
Mr.  Harwood  has  shown  me  an  example  so  extreme  as  to  have  even 


26  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

these  (with  the  sole  exception  of  the  tliscal  spot  of  the  hindwing) 
almost  absorbed  in  the  general  darkening.  The  distal  half  of  the 
fringes  remains  white. — Louis  B.Prout,  F.E.S.,62  Graham  Road,  N.E. 
Decewber  Sth,  1911. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Hampshire. — I  have  to  record  the  capture  of 
a  specimen  of  Vanessa  antiopa  in  August  by  a  boy  at  Curdridge,  a  village 
in  South  Hants.  The  specimen  ^yas  taken  to  Lady  Jenkyns,  who 
presented  it  to  the  Rev.  G.  E.  C.  Osborne,  Rector  of  Botley,  in  whose 
collection  it  now  is. — Rev.  J.  E.  Tarbat,  Fareham,  Hants. 


CURRENT      NOTES      AND      SHORT      NOTICES. 

T/ic  Life  and  Love  of  the  Insect,  by  J.  Henri  Fabre,  translated  by 
Alexander  de  Mattos  (Adam  and  Chas.,  Black).  In  reading  this  well 
got  up  book  of  essays  we  are  again  and  again  reminded  of  the  contents 
of  six  portly  volumes  on  our  book-shelves,  on  the  covers  of  which 
is  impressed  the  revered  name  of  that  prince  of  the  observers 
of  nature,  Reaumur.  Fabre  is  the  modern  Reaumur.  But  there  is  a 
circumstantial  difference  in  the  two  men.  The  latter  groped  as  it  were 
in  the  dark,  he  had  no  predecessors  whose  example  he  could  follow,  he 
dealt  only  with  facts  as  he  actually  saw  them,  he  was  influenced  by  no 
more  or  less  nebulous  theories,  and  he  made  few  deductions  of  a 
philosophical  nature,  nor  did  he  ascribe  motives  for  the  actions  and 
habits  he  depicted  so  well.  Fabre,  while  equally  assiduous,  equally 
accurate  and  exhaustive  in  the  detail  of  his  observations,  ascribes 
motives  for  the  varying  habits,  and  makes  inferences  influenced 
more  or  less  by  the  generally  received  conceptions  of  the  theories 
proposed  by  many  a  previous  naturalist.  While  it  is  with  some 
amount  of  reserve  that  we  read  his  deductions,  we  cannot  fail  to  admire 
the  skill  and  ingenuity  with  which  our  present  author  has  compelled 
the  various  living  objects  of  his  study  to  give  up  the  marvellous  secrets 
of  their  life  and  love.  With  some  of  the  creatures,  whose  ways  of  life 
are  so  faithfully  described,  we  have  been  familiar  from  our  childhood. 
The  Typl)aei(s  buried  the  sheep  manure  which  laid  scattered  on  the  hill 
above  our  school.  W^e  were  alwaj's  meeting  the  scavenger  Gentrupes 
with  its  burden  of  parasites,  as  it  slaved  away  on  its  self-imposed  task 
of  burying  excrementitious  matter.  We  have  still  the  Scorpion 
which  we  watched  in  life,  obtained  from  a  box  of  imported  eggs.  The 
charming  essays  given  us  in  this  volume  we  can  read  again  and  again. 
They  are  like  fairy  tales,  only  that  the  little  fairies  are  real  living 
identities,  and  the  happenings  will  be  re-enacted  for  all  those  patient 
observers  who  wish  it.  W^e  would  that  all  Fabre's  essays  could  be 
published  in  this  country,  and  the  publishers  are  to  be  congratulated 
on  this,  may  we  say,  instalment,  both  for  the  get  up  and  illustration, 
and  for  the  moderate  price. 

A  most  enjoyable  evening  w^as  spent  with  the  Entomological  Club 
on  Thursday,  November  16th,  at  the  Savage  Club,  when  Mr.  H. 
Rowland-Brown  was  the  host.  The  members  and  guests  present 
included  Prof.  Selwyn  Image,  Drs.  T.  A.  Chapman  and  F.  A.  Dixey, 
Revs.  F.  D.  MoricG  and  G.  Wheeler,  Messrs.  R.  Adkin,  J.  E.  Collin, 
H.  Donisthorpe,  A.  H.  Jones,  G.  A.  K.  Marshall,  R.  M.  Prideaux,  A. 
Sich  and  R.  South.  Sympathetic  reference  was  made  to  the  death  of 
Mr.  Verrall  by  all  the  members  of  the  club  present,  its  late  prosperity, 


CURRENT    NOTES.  27 

if  not  its  survival,  having  been  in  great  measure  due  to  him  ;  the  out- 
line of  a  scheme  was  also  propounded  for  an  annual  gathering  on  the 
day  before  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Entomological  Society  to  replace 
as  far  as  possible  the  very  enjoyable  meetings  at  which  for  many  years 
Mr.  Verrall  was  so  generous  and  genial  a  host. — G.W. 

In  the  November  number  of  the  Ent.  Mo.  Maif.  Mr.  J.  Hartley 
Durrant  describes  two  species  of  Hh>/acionia  =  Hctina=  Kvetna,  new  to 
the  British  fauna.  They  are  //.  hxjaea,  which  species  will  probably  be 
found  in  collections  under  the  name  of  U.  duplana,  which  latter,  how- 
ever, is  shown  to  be  not  a  British  species,  and  R.  piirdeyi,  an  insect 
taken  sparingly  at  Folkestone  during  the  past  year  by  Mr.  W. 
Purdev. 

Inthe  same  number,  Mr.  J.  E.  Collin  concludes  his  additions  to  the 
British  List  of  Diptera  with  the  following  species  : — Udinia  holetina 
from  fungi  in  the  New  Forest  ;  Auroiinjza  albitarsis  from  Hereford, 
Kent,  Cambs.,  etc. ;  A.  posticata  irom  Herefordshire;  A.  abioin  from 
Orford  ;  A.  carbnnaria  ivomBurtiovd;  A.  laterella,  not  uncommon  ;  A. 
rittv/era  from  Newmarket  and  Bonhill  ;  A.  rerbasci  from  mined 
]'('i-bascn})i  leaves;  A.  afiieivcntris,  not  uncommon  ;  A.  ctnictauf;,  common ; 
A.  iiiaKva,  widely  distributed  ;  A.  sivijdc.r,  sweeping  asparagus  beds  in 
Suffolk  ;  Cerodonta  sj)inicornis  from  Cambs.,  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  ; 
C.  lateralis  in  the  Oxford  Collection  (Dale's)  ;  Xapomi/za  nii/iiceps  from 
Cambs.  and  Suffolk ;  I'liijtoiiii/za  ni;/ritella  from  Chippenham  and 
Bonhill ;  P.  morio  from  Suffolk  ;  P.  fiiscula  from  Newmarket ;  P. 
veronicae  bred  from  leaves  of  Veronica  ;  P.  crassiseta  from  Chippenham 
and  Bonhill ;  P.  am/elicae  from  mined  leaves  of  Anyelica,  Cambs  ;  P. 
ruficornis  from  Kent,  Sussex,  Surrey,  etc.  :  P.ptdlnla  from  Newmarket, 
and  /'.  tridentata,  one  from  Suffolk. 

In  the  December  number  of  the  same  magazine  Mr.  Norman  H. 
Joy  describes  two  species  of  British  Coleoptera  as  new  to  science. 
Bleditis  aecerdendus  is  closely  allied  to  B.  (/renarius,  with  which  it  has 
hitherto  been  mixed.  It  occurs  at  Dovercourt,  Dawlish,  Tresco,  and 
Co.  Kerry.  Rliynchites  harwoodi  has  hitherto  been  mixed  with  R.  nanae 
and  R.  uncinatus,  from  which  Mr.  .Joy  now  separates  it.  It  has 
occurred  in  both  Berks  and  Hants. 

In  the  August  number  of  the  Zeit.  fiir  uiss.  Insektenbiolot/ie,  Count 
Turati  gives  a  short  account  of  Sardinia  and  its  lepidopterous  fauna, 
with  several  figures  of  peculiar  forms. 


SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — Aoveiiiber  1st,  1911. — The 
President  announced  that  the  Council  proposed  Fr.  Eric  Wasmann, 
of  Valkenburg,  Holland,  as  Honorary  Fellow  in  the  place  of  the  late 
Herr  P.  C.  T.  Snellen,  of  Rotterdam,  and  Prof.  J.  H.  Comstock,  of 
Cornell  University,  U.S.A.,  for  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Dr. 
S.  H.  Scudder,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  both  of  whom  were  then 
elected.  The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society 
— Messrs.  T.  J.  Anderson,  Teaninich,  Craig  Millar,  Midlothian ; 
Edward  Bernard  Ashby,  33,  Park  Road,  Whitton,  Middlesex  ;  W.  A. 
Lambourn,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  Omi  Camp,  Lagos,  W.  Africa;  J. 
Jackson  Mounsey,  24,  Glencairn  Crescent,  Edinburgh.  A  Scarce 
Coleopteron. — Dr.     Nicholson     showed    a    specimen    of     Aleochara 


28  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 

(Uscipcnnis,  Muls.  and  Rey,  taken  in  the  early  part  of  this  year  from 
moss  in  a  small  wood  at  Alphington,  Devon.  Teratological  Specimens. 
— Mr.  J.  R.  le  B.  Tomlin  exhibited  a  teratological  specimen  of  the  rare 
beetle  Triartliron  iiioi'rkeli,  swept  in  the  Wellington  College  district 
this  summer.  It  has  the  last  two  joints  of  the  left  antenna  completely 
soldered  together,  making  a  two-jointed  instead  of  a  three-jointed  club. 
Also  a  specimen  of  Lonffitarsiix  melanoceiihalitft  (/)  taken  by  Mr.  J. 
Collins  at  Oxford,  with  legs  and  tarsi  remarkably  thickened.  Northern 
Neuroptera. — Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas  exhibited  five  specimens,  three  J  s 
and  two  $  s  of  Panorpa  (/ennanica,  taken  by  Col.  Yerbury,  four  at 
Dingwall  in  May,  and  one  at  Lockinver  in  July.  One  J  is  practically 
immaculate,  and  the  other  two  nearly  so  ;  the  $  from  Dingwall  is 
sparsely  spotted,  while  the  one  from  Lockinver  is  more  nearly  normal. 
A  Travelled  Insect. — Mr.  C.  J.  Gahan  exhibited  a  living  specimen 
of  Aapidonwrpha  silacea.  Boh.,  an  African  species  of  Cassididae,  which 
had  been  sent  by  Mr.  G.  St.  John  Mildmay  from  Nyali  in  British  East 
Africaon  OctoberTth,  reaching  London  on  October  28th.  Polyctenidae 
VIVIPAROUS. — Dr.  K.  Jordan  announced  that  the  l'oli/ctenid(C  which 
are  parasitic  on  bats  in  the  tropics,  are  viviparous  like  the  parasitic 
Orthopteron  Hetnivieridt.  The  young  are  born  at  a  very  advanced 
stage,  but  yet  differ  considerably  from  the  adult.  Two  of  the  forms 
{iipa>i)iiae  and  talpa)  described  as  distinct  species,  and  lately  placed  in 
two  different  genera,  are  immature  and  adult  examples  of  the  same 
species.  Rare  British  and  Imported  Colfoptera. — Mr.  Harwood 
exhibited  two  specimens  of  MicrKnda  melanocephala  taken  near  Bishop's 
Stortford  by  sweeping  in  the  evening,  which  he  believed  to  be  var. 
brunnea,  Heer.  Also  two  specimens  of  (h-ypits  vyanens  taken  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  Harwood  at  Colchester,  one  in  May  and  the  other  in  June  of 
this  year,  the  first  specimens  taken  in  the  district  for  nineteen  years. 
Also  a  species  of  L'occinella  taken  in  a  case  of  Tasmanian  apples  at 
Colchester.  African  Species  of  Acr^a.  —  Mr.  H.  Eltringham 
exhibited  specimens  of  African  Acrteas,  to  show  that  wide  differences 
of  colour  of  pattern  may  occur  in  a  single  species,  and  conversely  that 
certain  species  which  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  by  their  outward 
appearance  are  nevertheless  very  distinct,  as  shown  by  the  structure 
of  the  male  armature.  Several  new  species  and  forms  were  also  shown. 
including  A.  lofiia,  Eltr.,  ^  and  2  ,  A.  grosreywri,  Eltr.,  (^  ,  A.  aureola 
Eltr.,  (J,  A.  ella,  Eltr.,  <?  ,  A.  cinerea  subsp.,  alberta,  Eltr.,  <?  ,  A. 
periphanes  f.  acritoides,  Eltr.,  ^  ,  and  A.  astric/era  f.  brunnea,  Eltr.,  <y 
and  $  .  Dr.  Jordan  remarked  on  the  extreme  variability  of  the  genus 
and  its  allies,  geographically,  individually,  and  even  in  the  characters 
of  the  genitalia.  Mr.  Bethune-Baker  remarked  on  the  unreliability  of 
the  genitalia  in  certain  Lyctniida:  The  President  stated  that  the  <? 
genitalia  were,  as  a  rule,  reliable  in  the  Aculeata,  but  in  the  Ten- 
tlurdinidtr  the  ^  genitalia  were  quite  useless  for  specific  determination, 
though  the  ?  's  afford  excellent  characters.  The  Hon.  Walter 
Rothschild  remarked  on  the  identity  of  the  ^  genitalia  in  certain 
distinct  species  of  Macroijlofiainae.  Com.  Walker  read  a  paper  on 
"  The  Effect  of  Temperature  on  Animal  (especially  Insect)  Life,"  by 
A.  G.  Butler,  Ph.D.,  F.L.S.  The  following  papers  were  also  com- 
municated—" Parthenogenesis  in  Worker  Ants,  with  special  reference 
to  two  colonies  of  Lasius  nvjer,  Linn.,"  by  W.  C.  Crawley,  B.A.  "  A 
Monograph  of  the  gefiuy  Acraea,"  by  H.  Eltringham,  M.A.,  F.Z.S. 


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Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most  necessary  implements  for  skinning,  10/6. 
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Synopsis  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Western  Europe, 

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Will  he  sent  Post  Free  on  receipt  of  Festal  Order  for  3Sa  to — 

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NOTICE!        NOTICE!        NOTICE! 

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NEWMAN'S  NEW  BREEDING  JARS.— Breeding  made  easy.  Quite  a  new  kind  of 
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larvse  and  small  species.  Sand  and  moss  may  be  placed  in  them  (especially  quart  siz6) 
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li.    W.    NEWMAN,    F.E.S.,    Bexley,    Kent. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Eryx  fairmairei,  Kcich,  a  Beetle  new  to  Britain,   H.  St.  J.  K.   Donisthorpe, 

F.Z.S.,F.E.S 1 

A  Month  in  Switzerland  and  elsewhere,  'George  Wheeler,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

(continued)       . .  . .         . .  . .  . .         . .         . .         . .  . .         . ,  2 

Myrmecophilous  Notes  for  1911,  H.  St.  J.  K.  Donisthorpe,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.  (to  be 

concluded)       . .  . .  . .  ....         . .         . .         . ,         . .         . .  4 

A  Season's  Collecting  at  Constantinople  in  1911,  P.  P.  Graves,  F.E.S.  (concluded)  10 

Coleoptera  on  the  Isle  of  Eigg,  H.  St.  J.  K.  Donisthorpe,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S 13 

LeiMoTptewlogj,  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S 14 

A  Summer  Trip  in  France,  Switzerland  and  Italy,  iJ.  B.  ^s//?)y,  F.E.S.   ..         ..  15 

Luperina  gueneei  as  a  species  and  as  a  British  species,  Htj.  J.  Turner,  F.E.S.   . .  17 

Coleoptera  taken  at  Ditchling,  Sussex,  during  1911,  Hereward  C.  Dolbnan,  F.E.S.  20 

The  genotype  of  the  Blattid  genus  Steleopyga,  A.  N.  Caiidell.    (Note,  R.  Shelford, 

M. A.,  F.E.S.) 23 

Coleoptera  : — Hypophlceus  linearis  at  Oxshott,  and  other  species  therefrom 
during  1911,  Hereward  C.  Dollman,  F.E.S. ;  Mycetoporus  forticornis,  and 
other  Coleoptera  in  the  New  Forest,  Hereward  C.  Dollman,  F.E.S.   . .         . .  24 

Collecting  Notes  : — Early  appearances,  A.  E.  Tonge,  F.E.S.;  Zonosoma  orbicu- 
laria  ab.  ianthinarium  In  Britain,  Louis  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.;  Vanessa  antiopa 
in  Hampshire,  Eev.  J.  E.  Tarbat  . .         . .         . .         . .         . .  . .  . .  24 

Current  Notes  and  Short  Notices     . .  . .         . .  . .         . .         . .  . .  26 

Societies  : — The  Entomological  Society  of  London   . .         . .  . .  . .  . .  27 

Contributions  remain  over  for  want  of  space  from  G.  Wheeler,  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker, 
Douglas  H.  Pearson,  H.  St.  J.  K.  Donisthorpe,  W.  C.  Crawley,  P.  A.  and  D.  A.  J.  Buxton, 
Malcolm  Burr  (plate),  J.  Taylor,  N.  Manders,  H.  Powell,  &c.,  &c.,  numerous  Current 
Notes,  Short  Notices,  and  Reports  of  Societies. 

We  hope  that  those  who  intend  sending  us  an  account  of  their  doings  for  1911  will  do 
so  ere  long,  as  we  should  like  to  know  more  of  what  our  English  workers  are  doing.  Will 
those  who  are  studying  the  Micro-lepidoptera  help  us,  by  sending  in  notes  of  their 
captures  and  observations. 

Rambles  in  Alpine  Valleys. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  with  Map  and  Photographs  of  District. 
Price  3s.  6d. 
This  book  contains  a  series  of  essays  dealing  with  the  colours  of  insects,  and  sugges- 
tions as  to  the  relation  in  past  time  between  the  Alpine  and  British  fauna.     Many  new 
facts  are  brought  forward,  and  entomological  problems  discussed  from  various  standpoints. 

Woodside,  Burnside,  Hillside  and   Marsh. 

(Crown  8vo.,  Illustrated,  224  pp.  and  103  woodcuts  and  full-page  illustrations.     Bound 

in  Cloth.  (Price  2/6). 
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history  localities,  with  description  of  botanical,  geological,  ornithological  as  well  as 
entomological  matters  of  interest  to  be  found  therein.  The  places  dealt  with  include 
Cobham  Woods,  Cuxton  Downs,  the  Western  Highlands,  Cliffe— all  well  known  for  their 
rich  entomological  fauna. 

To  be  obtained  from  J.  Herbert  Tutt,  22,  Franoeraary  Road,  Ladywell  Road, 
Brockley,  S.E. 

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By  J.  W.  TUTT,  F.E.S. 
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c 


THE 

ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECORD 

AND 

JOURNAL    OF  VARIATION 

Edited  by 

llicHARD  S.  BAGNALL,  r.L.s.,  f.e.s.  |    T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  m.d.,f.z.8.,  f.e.s 


T.  HUDSON  BEAUE, 

B.SC,    K.Ii.S.,  K.n.S.K. 

George  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER, 

f.z.s.,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s. 
m.  burr,  d.sc,  f.z.s.,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s. 
(Rev.)  C.  R.  N.  BURROWS,  f.e.s. 


Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  F.E.S. 

H.  St.  J,  K.  DONISTHORPE, 

F.Z.8.,   F.E. 

Alfred  SICH,  f.e.s, 

J.  R.  le  B.  TOMLIN,  m,a.,  f,e,s,    , 

George  WHEELER,  M.A.,  f.e.s. 


Henky   J.   TUENEE,   f.e.s., 
Editorial  Secretary.       »«^' 


o^ 


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FEBRUJBY    15th,    1912. 


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(WITH   ONE   PLATE.) 

iption  for   Complete  Volume,    post  ft! 

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BERLIN  :  I 

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11,  Cari.strasse,  N.W.  I 


OVA,  LARV/E,  AND  PUP/E 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  Vsl.  HEAD,  OKutoutoloiuat, 

BUKNISXON,     Hr.    SeT^iRBOROUGH. 

Full    List  of  Ova,  Larvae,  and   Pupae,  also  LepUoptera,  Apparatus,  Cabinets, 

etc.,  sent  on  application. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

STEVENS'     AUCTION     ROOMS.      (Estd.    1760.) 

Mr.   J.  C.   STEVENS  will   offer   for  sale  by   auction  at   bis  rooms,   38,  King   Street, 
Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.,  on 

TUESDAY,     MARCH     5th,     1912, 

THE  COLLECTION  OF  BRITISH  BUTTERFLIES, 

Formed  during  tbe  last  Twenty  Years  by 

The    Rev.    G.    H.    RAYNOR,    M.A., 

Together  with  the  two  20-drawer  Brady  cabinets  containing  theui. 

Besides  interesting  aberrations  of  many  Butterflies,  there  will  also  be  included  in 
the  Sale  the  best  varieties  of 

ABRAXAS     GROSSULARIATA, 

bred  by  the  vendor  during  1911,  and  a  few  others. 

Catalogues   may   be   had   on   application   about    7    days  prior   to    the     Sale   from 
38,  King  Street. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LiEPIDOPTERA    &    LiARVJE     A     SPECIALITY. 

Photographed  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c., 

By   same   Colour   Process. 
LANTERN  SLIDES  MADE  TO  ORDER   FROM   ANY  SPECIMEN   OR  COLOURED  DRAWING. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OF  LARYiE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 

For  List  apply  to — 

CHARLES    D.    HEAD,    2,    Mount    Yernon,    Dollymount,    DUBLIN. 
"MTANTED:         (NEXT    APRIL    or   MAY.) 

Fresh  caught  living  Females  Vanessa  polychlorus. 
For  particulars  apply  to — 

F.     W.     FROWHAWK, 

Stanley   House, 

Park    Road,   WALLINGTON. 


Vol.  XXIV. 


Plate  I. 


Fig.    1.       HOLOLAMPRA    INFDMATA,    BrUNNER. 

Figs.  2-7.     Platycleis  barretii,  Burr. 


The  Entomologist^ s  Record,  etc.,  1912. 


THE    ORTHOPTERA    OF    MADEIRA.  29 

The  Orthoptera  of  Madeira. 

By  MALCOLM  BURR,  D.Sc,  F.Z.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  F.G.S. 

The  Natural  History  of  Madeira  has  heen  well  studied  by  various 
competent  investigators,  but,  for  some  reason,  the  Orthoptera  have 
been  strangely  neglected.  This  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  this 
order  is  rather  meagrely  represented  in  the  island,  so  that  no  specialist 
has  thought  it  worth  while  to  go  there,  but  all  the  same,  it  is  by  no 
means  lacking  in  special  features,  as  the  following  notes  will  show. 
These  are  based  on  the  results  of  a  week's  collecting  in  the  island  at 
the  end  of  September  last,  supplemented  by  some  material  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Seminario. 

This  Museum  should  be  visited  by  all  travellers  who  are  interested 
in  Natural  History.  Its  creation  is  a  monument  to  the  energy  and 
enthusiasm  of  one  man,  Padre  Ernesto  Schmitz,  who  made  Madeira 
his  home  for  thirty  strenuous  years,  in  which  he  amassed  rich  and 
thoroughly  representative  collections  in  all  branches  of  Natural 
History.  Unfortunately  for  Madeira,  Padre  Schmitz  has  been 
translated  about  two  years  ago  to  Jerusalem,  but  on  his  departure  he 
bequeathed  his  task  to  an  ardent  disciple,  Padre  Jayme  de  Gouvea 
Barreto,  a  Madeiran  born  and  bred,  who  has  thrown  himself  with 
enthusiasm  into  the  task  of  investigating  and  making  thorough 
collections  of  the  Fauna  and  Flora  of  the  Archipelago. 

Before  leaving  Madeira,  Padre  Schmitz  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing 
his  collections  well  housed  in  a  large  room  in  the  Seminario,  an 
ecclesiastical  educational  establishment  of  which  he  was  Prior,  where 
the  Museum  is  well-fitted  and  housed,  at  the  cost  of  the  institution, 
supplemented  by  occasional  contributions  from  visitors. 

The  insects  are  not  so  well  represented,  for  Padre  Barreto  is 
single-handed,  and  in  addition  to  his  normal  duties  in  the  Seminario, 
mounts  and  preserves  all  specimens  himself,  including  the  birds  and 
fish,  as  well  as  collecting  in  every  branch  of  Natural  History.  His 
task  has  been  made  even  harder  since  the  Portugese  Revolution,  which 
incidentally  I  witnessed,  calling  in  Lisbon  two  days  after  leaving 
Madeira,  for  the  Republican  authorities,  in  their  anti-ecclesiastical  zeal, 
removed  Father  Barreto's  colleagues  from  the  educational  section  of  the 
Seminario,  leaving  him  alone  to  do  all  the  good  work,  so  that  he  has 
since  had  little  time  or  energy  for  science.  Not  being  a  lepidopterist, 
I  am  unable  to  say  much  of  the  butterflies,  but  a  case  in  the  Museum 
contained  TJanais  archippufi,  the  beautiful  L>iadema  inaria,  Gonepterijx 
cleopatra,  Colias  ednsa,  with  the  var.  helice,  (Julias  hijale,  Anpjiaiis 
lathmiia  and  Pi/ranieis  atalanta.  The  collection  of  Coleoptera  is  a  good 
one,  as  there  is  an  abundance  of  peculiar  local  forms,  and  the  order  has 
been  well  worked. 

The  spiders  too  have  been  well  studied,  and  there  is  a  fairly  full 
collection,  all  determined  and  worked  out. 

The  Hemiptera  have  not  yet  received  attention,  nor  the 
Hymenoptora,  nor  the  Myriapods,  and  Father  Barreto  is  anxious  to 
enter  into  correspondence  with  specialists  who  will  work  out  material 
in  the  two  latter  groups. 

Madeira  rejoices  in  three  peculiar  species  of  earwigs.  These  are, 
Ferirrhijtiis  edentula,  Wollaston,  which  seems  to  be  rare,  as  I  failed 

February  15th,  1912. 


80  THE  entomologist's  record. 

to  find  it  in  spite  of  careful  search  ;  there  is  the  allied  P.  madeiremls, 
Borelli,  discovered  by  Padre  Schmitz,  in  similar  localities  with 
P.  edenuda,  under  stones,  on  the  lower  levels  ;  finally  there  is  P. 
schvutzii,  Borelli,  discovered  by  Padre  Barreto  near  Poizo,  at  a 
considerable  elevation.  All  these  earwigs  have  been  taken  by  hazard 
only,  and  though  I  spent  very  many  hours  industriously  turning  over 
stones  in  various  localities,  I  failed  to  come  across  any  of  them. 
Indeed,  of  the  two  latter  species,  the  three  or  four  original  specimens 
are  the  only  ones  known  to  exist  in  collections.  Forficula  aurindaria, 
L.,  is  fairly  common,  but  far  less  abundant  than  in  Europe.  I  found 
a  single  male  lying  dead  on  the  path  near  the  Grand  Corral.  There 
are  several  specimens  including  var.  forcipata,  Steph.,  in  the  Museum. 
Lobidiira  riparia  occurs  on  the  coast,  there  are  a  few  specimens  in 
the  Museum,  and  I  possess  some  taken  at  Funchal  in  1884.  The 
common  earwig  of  the  island  is  Anisolabis  annulipes,  Luc,  which 
Father  Barreto  and  I  found  in  numbers  under  stones  in  a  dry  river 
bed  just  outside  Funchal ;  this  was  on  September  30th,  and  they 
generally  occurred  in  pairs,  the  female,  in  three  instances,  sitting  in 
an  apparently  dug-out  depression  in  the  earth,  taking  care  of  a  pile  of 
about  a  dozen  minute  oval  cream-coloured  eggs,  a  little  less  than  1mm. 
in  length. 

In  the  Kdnigsberg  Museum,  there  are  specimens  of  F.  auricnlaria, 
L.  riparia  and  Labia  minor  :  the  last  species  I  did  not  come  across. 
Padre  Barreto  has  found  that  Labia  carvicauda,  Motsch,  occurs  in  numbers 
in  the  Seminario  in  Funchal.  This  little  species  is  probably  of  Oriental 
origin,  but  now  occurs  in  all  tropical  countries. 

On  one  occasion  I  came  across  a  little  procession  of  Tennes 
litcifi(t/us,  Rossi,  under  the  same  stone. 

Various  foreign  cockroaches  find  the  climate  congenial,  and 
Rliyparobia  inaderae,  Fabr.,  is  apparently  long  since  established,  but  it 
is  highly  improbable  that  it  is  indigenous  in  spite  of  its  name,  for  the 
fauna  is  essentially  pabearctic,  and  the  Vancldoridae  are  a  neotropical 
group  ;  B.  maderae  is  now  cosmopolitan. 

There  are  two  indigenous  Blattids  known  :  Lubnptera  decipiciis, 
Germar,  is  common,  but  I  only  saw  a  single  adult  specimen,  though 
nymphs,  larvfe  and  oothecae  were  abundant  under  stones  in  all 
localities.  The  other  species  is  Hololampra  infiDuata,  Br.,  which  is 
rarer.  Padre  Barreto  lent  me  the  three  or  four  specimens  to  submit 
to  Mr.  Shelford  for  determination.  He  has  taken  it  at  Poizo,  on  the 
mountain.  It  remotely  resembles  Ectobius  panzeri,  and  was  recorded 
as  that  species  by  Wollaston,  under  the  name  of  FJ.  cricctorum  (Woll. 
Ann.  Mar/.  N.H.,  1858,  p.  21).  He  found  it  in  pine  woods  from 
4,600  to  5000  ft.  above  the  sea.  It  is  allied  to  the  South  European 
A.  iiian/inata,  Schreb. 

I\Iantis  reliiiiona,  L.,  occurs  ;  I  did  not  see  a  living  one,  but  there 
are  two  or  three  in  the  Museum.  Padre  Barreto  looks  upon  it  as  a 
rarity. 

In  the  Acridiodea  I  found  three  females  of  ChorthipjiKs  pidrinatus, 
Fisch.  de  W.,  on  the  steep  mountain  slopes,  above  the  pines,  in  the 
Grand  Corral  ;  all  three  specimens  had  the  elytra  and  wings  strongly 
abbreviated  ;  the  length  of  these  organs  is  extremely  unstable  in  this 
species,  but  as  a  general  rule,  they  are  longer  in  the  more  southern 
area  of  its  distribution.     Epaeromia  strepenR,  Fabr.,  is  common  in  the 


THE    ORTHOPTERA    OF    MADEIRA.  31 

same  locality.  Epacromia  thalanfiina,  Latr.,  is  the  common  grasshopper 
of  the  island.  It  swarms  everywhere.  I  found  it  in  all  stages  of 
growth  in  the  grass  borders  in  the  Botanic  Gardens,  and  every  ribeira, 
or  dry  torrent,  swarms  with  it,  for  there  are  no  other  uncultivated 
spots  in  the  lower  levels,  all  the  hillsides  being  given  over  to  vineyards, 
sugar-cane,  and  banana  plantations.  Stanronotiis  inaroccanm,  Thunb., 
is  recorded  from  the  island  by  Kirby,  but  I  do  not  know  his  authority. 

The  Oedipodidac  are  represented  by  Pachi/ti/lns  danicns,  L.,  which  is 
common  everywhere,  by  Oedaleiis  vii/rofasciatufi,  De  Geer,  which  occurs 
sparingly  in  the  lower  levels,  but  in  great  number?  in  the  mountains. 
I  did  not  come  across  Sjiliiju/oiiotns  caendonx,  L.,  but  there  are 
specimens  in  the  Museum  ;  it  is  recorded  from  the  island  by  Branner. 
Serville  describes  a  species  which  evidently  resembles  Acrotylns 
insubrlcHS,  Scop.;  he  names  it  OeJipnda  maderae  {(h-th.  p.  730,  1839), 
which  de  Saussure  sinks  as  a  queried  synonym  of  TJuiljiouiena  ahjeriana, 
and  for  this  reason,  Kirby  records  it  under  the  name  of  Thalpouiena 
waderae.  Probably  it  is  Acrotijlus  insnbriciis,  as  this  is  a  common  South 
European  species,  which  extends  as  far  as  the  Canaries,  and  there  is  no 
improbability  in  its  occurring  in  Madeira,  though  I  failed  to  find  it. 

The  Acridiidae  are  represented  by  Caloptenus  italiciis,  L.,  which  is 
common.  The  Madeiran  race  differs  somewhat  from  the  continental 
form  in  the  rather  deeper  crimson  wings.  Once  at  least  Sch  into  cere  a 
peiyi/rina,  Oliv.,  has  struggled  over  from  Africa.  No  other  Acridian 
Ortlioptera  have  been  as  yet  noted. 

In  the  Locustine  groups,  Phaneroptera  nana,  Charp.,  is  very 
common  in  the  ornamental  shrubs  in  the  hotel  gardens;  it  hides 
daring  the  daytime,  but  at  night-fall,  its  presence  is  betrayed  by  an 
intangible  Us  tss  among  the  branches,  very  difficult  to  locate. 
Conncephalas  nitididiis,  Scop.,  is  not  rare  in  some  ribeiras.  Decticiis 
albifrons,  Fabr.,  is  said  by  Padre  Barreto  to  be  common,  but  I  did  not 
chance  to  come  across  it.  It  is  also  recorded  by  Kirby.  Vlattjdeis 
(jvisea,  Fabr.,  occurs  also,  but  is  not  common  ;  I  took  it  sparingly  in 
the  higher  slopes  of  the  Grand  Corral.  It  is  also  recorded  by  Kirby. 
Platijdeis  barntii,  Barr,  is  a  new  species,  described  below,  of  which  I 
took  one  pair  on  the  grassy  slopes  at  an  elevation  of  at  least  5,000  ft. ; 
it  is  related  to  P.  t/risea,  but  its  shortened  wings  and  elytra  give  it  a 
superficial  resemblance  to  Oh/nthoscdis  <jiiseoaptera,  De  Geer. 

In  the  crickets  Bolivar  records  Gnjllns  hispanicua,  and  Lingnjlliis 
biwacnlatns  is  represented  in  the  collection,  and  I  found  several 
immature  specimens,  but  did  not  come  across  an  adult.  After  dusk 
the  chirp  of  the  crickets  may  be  heard,  but  not  so  intense  as  in  the 
Canaries  or  on  the  mainland.  Perhaps  L.  caiiipcstiia  occurs  too,  but 
I  saw  none  of  its  iridescent  larvie  ;  and  I  cannot  distinguish  its 
stridulation  from  that  of  its  more  southern  congener. 

Platycleis  barretii,  sp.n.— Statura  modica ;  griseo-testacea ; 
elytra  fortiter  abbreviata,  grisea,  obtusa ;  pronotum  depressum,  lobis 
defiexis,  margine  postico  et  infero  albo-marginatis ;  cerci  S'  prope 
apicem  dentati ;  ovipositor  vix  incurvus,  pronoto  duplo  longior. 

Long,  corporis   ...          ...  15mm.  ...  iGmm. 

,,      pronoti     5mm.  ...  5mm. 

,,      elytroruni             ...  4. 5mm.  ...  4mm. 

„      femor.  post.         ...  15mm.  ...  16mm. 

„      ovipositoris          ...  —  ...  11mm. 


32  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Size  medium ;  colour  greyish  and  brown,  mottled  :  Antennae  very 
long.  Frons  and  occiput  heavily  marbled  with  brown  and  cream  ;  the 
latter  with  a  median  pale  line  ;  eyes  of  the  same  colour.  Pronotum 
depressed,  the  disc  similarly  marbled,  with  a  pale  median  line  ;  median 
keel  prominent  in  posterior  portion  ;  lateral  flaps  dark  brown,  w^ith  a 
broad  cream  margin  posteriorly  and  anteriorly.  Prosternum  unarmed. 
Legs  gre3'-brown,  mottled  and  marbled  with  darker;  posterior  femora 
with  longitudinal  black  band  on  the  outer  face.  Elytra  abbreviated, 
reaching  the  sixth  abdominal  segment  in  the  $  ,  the  fifth  in  the 
female,  apically  rounded,  grey-brown,  the  veins  darker  and  prominent. 
Abdomen  dull  reddish-brown.  Anal  segment  in  the  3  deeply  roundly 
excavate,  Avith  short,  rounded  lobes.  Cerci  J  surpassing  subgenital 
lamina,  cylindrical,  with  a  small  tooth  near  the  apex  ;  subgenital 
lamina  ^  tricarinate,  with  a  small  round  apical  emargination,  with 
rounded  lobes  and  short  styles.  Anal  segment  $  incised  ;  cerci  2 
shorter  than  in  3  ,  not  toothed  ;  subgenital  lamina  not  keeled  nor 
sulcate,  with  a  rounded  emargination  and  rounded  lobes.  Ovipositor 
very  gently  curved,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  pronotum. 

Madeira. — Grand  Corral,  October  2nd,  1910,  1  ^  ,  1  2  ,  (in  cm.). 

This  is  a  very  distinct  species  ;  its  nearest  relatives  are  perhaps 
P.  mofiesta,  Fieb.  (S.  E.  Europe),  P.  saiissnreana,  Frey-Gessner  (C. 
Europe),  P.  hraclii/ptera,  L.  (C.  Europe),  and  P.  ftisra,  Br.  (Greece). 
The  ovipositor  is  longer  and  straighter  than  in  any  of  these  except  the 
last.  The  cerci  of  the  male  are  shorter  and  the  tooth  much  smaller 
than  in  /'.  saiisftureana,  P.  hracJv/ptera  and  P.  iiindesta,  and  the  lobes  of 
the  supra-anal  plate  are  short  and  rounded,  not  acute. 

The  subgenital  lamina  of  the  female  is  not  sulcate,  though  the 
lobes  and  emargination  are  rounded.  This  suggests  relationship  to 
the  fully  winged  group  of  7'.  (jrisea,  Fabr.,  and  its  allies.  The  long 
ovipositor  at  once  removes  it  from  the  group  of  P.  ti'ssellata,  Charp. 

It  is  probably  restricted  to  thehigher  parts  of  the  island  of  Madeira. 
My  attention  was  attracted  by  the  stridulation,  on  the  steep,  grassy 
and  rocky  slopes  near  the  Grand  Corral,  on  leaving  the  tree  zone.  I 
only  observed  it  in  one  restricted  locality,  and  though  I  saw  several 
specimens  I  was  only  able  to  catch  a  pair. 

It  is  dedicated,  with  real  pleasure,  to  Father  Jayme  de  Gouvea 
Barreto,  the  genial  Curator  of  the  most  interesting  Museum,  founded 
by  Father  Schmitz,  in  the  Seminario  in  Funchal. 

It  is  the  only  know-n  saltatorial  Orthopteron  peculiar  to  the  island. 

List  of  Orthoptera  known  from  Madeira. 

Dermapteba. — Labidni-a  riparia,  Pall.  ;  Anisolabis  annidipes,  Luc.  ; 
Labia  niiuor,  L.;  L.  curvicaiula,  Motsch. ;  Penrrlii/tiis  edentidus,  Woll.  ; 
P.  wadeirensis,  Bor. ;  Pwiidochelidnra  sclnir'tzii,  Bor.  ;  For/iciila 
anriciilaria,  L. 

Blattodea. —  llololaiiipra  infi()nata,Tiv.;  Ldboptcradecipiens,  Germ. ; 
Pi/ii/parohia  viaderae,  Fabr. 

Mantodea. — Mantis  iclitfidna,  L. 

AcRiDioDKA. — CliortliippiiK  pitlvinatiis,  F.  de  W. ;  Kpacromia  stirpens, 
Fabr.;  K.  thalaasina,  Latr.  ;  StaKroimtns  iiuirocranits,  Thunb. ; 
Parlii/tt/liis  da7iin(K,  L.  ;  (^cdaleus  nif/rofasiatiis,  De  Geer.  ;  Siihint/onotits 
caernlans,  L.  ;  .' Thalpmiirna  iiiadcrac,  Serv.  ;  Calcptciuis  italiens,  L.  ;. 
Schistocerca  pereijrina,  Oliv. 


OCCASIONAL    NOTES    ON    THE    GENUS    EUPITHECIA.  83 

LocusTODEA. —  Phaneroptera  nana,  Chavp. ;  Conocephalus  nitifiulus, 
Scop.  ;  PlaUjdeis  grisea,  Fabr.  ;  P.  barretii,  Burr. ;  Decticiis  alhifrons, 
Fabr. 

Gryllodea. — GnjUns   hispaniciis,  Bol. ;    Lio(jnjllus  bi»iaciilatas,  De 

Geer. 

Explanation  of  Plate  I. 

Fig.  1. — Hololampra  iiifumata,  Br.,   9  . 
2. — Platycleis  barretii,  Burr.,   c?  . 

3.  id.  9  . 

4.  id.  subgenital  lamina,   ?  . 

5.  id.  subgenital  lamina,  <?  . 

6.  id.  supra-anal  plate,   ?  . 

7.  id.  supra-anal  plate  and  cerci,  d  . 


Occasional  Notes  on  the  genus  Eupithecia  in  Co.  Fermanagh. 

By  J.  E.  B.  ALLEN,  M.A. 

I  call  this  paper  "  Occasional  Notes  "  because,  from  many  causes, 
my  observations  have  been  far  from  exhaustive.  In  particular,  my 
absence  from  this  locality  every  year  during  August  and  a  great  part 
of  September  may  have  caused  me  to  miss  some  species. 

Fhipit/iecia  palchellata. — Occurs  sparingly  as  an  imago.  I  have  not 
worked  for  the  larva. 

E.  oblorif/ata. — One  specimen  only,  bred  in  1911  from  a  larva  on 
Senecio  jacobaea. 

E.  srabiosata. — Both  larvffi  and  imagines,  but  in  small  numbers. 

E.  pliiinheolata. — Not  common. 

E.  pi/f/iiiaeata. — One  in  1907  and  about  half-a-dozen  in  1911. 

E.  satyrata. — Abundant  on  bogs  and  mountains. 

E.  castif/ata. — Seems  to  be  rather  scarce,  though  I  have  taken  both 
larva  and  imago. 

E.  «/7'.s/V/»rtr/rt.— About  40  larvffi  on  Anqelka  njlvestris'm  September, 
1910. 

E.  virt/a areata. — Very  abundant.  In  May  the  first  brood  is  to  be 
taken  at  dusk  or  beaten  from  hedges.  The  larvae  are  to  be  beaten 
from  the  flowering  branches  of  hawthorn  in  June  and  July.  The 
imago  occurs  again  in  July  and  August,  and  the  larva  again  in  the 
autumn  on  Senecio  jacobaea,  S.  pabistris,  Ani/elica  sijlvestrifi,  Solidago 
virt/aiirea,  and  probably  other  plants.  I  have  taken  it  in  the  garden, 
once  on  a  rosebud,  and  once  on  a  cultivated  form  of  daisy.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1910,  the  larvas  were  very  abundant.  I  took  hundreds  on 
ragwort,  but  a  very  large  proportion  of  these  were  stung.  Golden-rod 
is  not  plentiful  here,  and  I  only  worked  it  in  one  locality,  the  shore  of 
an  island  in  Lower  Lough  Erne.  The  larvae  taken  there  were  much 
less  infested  than  the  larvae  from  ragwort,  and  produced  much  larger 
moths.  Of  the  larvae  taken  in  June  and  July,  some  come  out  as  a 
second  brood  in  July  and  August  of  the  same  summer,  some  appear 
with  the  first  brood  in  the  following  summer,  and  I  bred  one  on  April 
24th,  1909,  which  had  lain  two  winters  in  the  pupa,  from  June  or 
July,  1907.  I  am  unable  to  say  whether  the  autumn  larva?  ever  lie 
over  for  more  than  one  winter.  The  list  of  food-plants  given  above 
is  certainly  incomplete.  For  instance,  the  progeny  of  the  golden-rod 
feeding  larvje  must  find  some  other  food  than  hawthorn,  for  there  is 
very  little  of  it  growing  on  the  island,  where  they  occur.     Similarly 


S4  THE  entomologist's  record. 

the  larvns  on  hawthorn  are  often  abundant  in  places  where  neither 
ragwort,  golden-rod,  nor  angelica  occur  in  any  quantity. 

There  seems  to  be  scarcely  any  difference  between  the  two  brooffs^ 
except  for  the  greater  size,  already  mentioned,  of  the  golden-rod  feeders. 
I  have  one  melanic  specimen,  and  two  or  three  of  a  delicate  grey  tint,, 
but  on  the  whole  there  is  not  much  variation. 

E.  indif/ata. — One  specimen. 

A',  nanata. — Common  on  bogs  and  mountains. 

E.  vulyata. — Common. 

E.  absinthiata.—LiSirxw  common  on  Sourio  jacohaea  and  Scohidna 
Huccisa.  The  moths  from  these  two  food-plants  seem  to  belong  to  the 
same  species,  and  I  can  see  no  reason  for  separating  the  scabious 
feeders  as  minntata  or  knautiata. 

E.  ahhreviata. — Not  very  common. 

E.  dodoneata. — Abundant.  I  beat  the  larvae  from  hawthorn  flowers 
in  June  and  July.     The  pupaB  often  lie  over  two  winters. 

E.  crii/uata. — Fairly  common. 

E.  toijata. — Two  specimens  in  1909.  I  have  not  worked  for  the 
larva. 

E.  piiniilata. — Only  one  specimen,  but  probably  it  only  needs 
searching  for. 

E.  coronata. — Abundant ;  moths  at  dusk  in  May,  though  not 
often  seen  ;  larvae  are  beaten  from  hawthorn  flowers  in  June,  rather 
earlier  than  those  of  E.  virt/aiireata  and  E.  dodoneata.  The  moths 
appear  again  in  June  and  July,  and  larvae  on  Angelica  siilvetitris  (and 
probably  other  flowers)  in  September.  The  June  larva3  emerge  as  the 
second  brood  of  the  same  year  or  the  first  of  the  next  year. 

E.   rectangalata. — A  few    in  gardens,  but    apparently  it    is  not 
common. 


Myrmecophilous  Notes  for  1911. 

By  H.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORPE,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 
{Concluded  from  page  10.) 

CoLEOPTERA. — O.vijiwda  haeiiiorvhoo,  Sahl.,  was  taken  in  nests  of 
Formica  rufa  at  Wellington  College  6.  v.,  and  Nethy  Bridge  17.  vi.,  and 
with  E.  exsecta  at  Rannoch  12.  vi. 

Micrni/lossa  pidla,  Gyll. — Dr.  Joy  sent  me  up  specimens  from  birds' 
nests  at  Bradfield.  These  I  introduced  into  my  Lasius  ftdinhumtn 
nest,  on  May  24th,  but  the  beetles  escaped  under  the  glass  cover  over 
the  j)laster  nest.  They  exhibited  the  usual  defence  of  myrmecophilous 
Staphs,  when  attacked  by  the  ants.     I  must  repeat  the  experiment. 

Dinaida  dentata,  Gr. — Specimens  taken  at  Woking  with  E. 
sanijuinia  in  May,  were  introduced  into  my  E.  sonf/uinea  nest.  Copulation 
took  place,  and  they  lived  in  the  nest  for  months.  On  July  22nd 
several  Dinaida  larvie  were  observed,  ])ut  they  eventually  disappeared. 

Atentelen  enianiinatua,  Pk. — This  species  was  very  abundantat  Porlock 
in  April.  On  2'7th,  Crawley  and  I  found  six  specimens  in  a  nest  of 
Mijrmira  lacvinodis,  and  others  in  nests  of  E.  fnsca,  M.  ni(/inodis  and 
M.  scabiinodix.  On  28tb,  we  found  six  in  one  F.  fusca  nest,  and 
numbers  with  M.  ridjinodis.  The  beetles  were  evidently  just  leaving 
the  Mi/nuica  nests.  Specimens  brought  homo  and  introduced  into  our 
F'.  fusca  nests  lived  there  for  some  time.     Copulation  was  observed  on 


MYRMECOPHILOUS    NOTES    FOR    1911.  35 

May  8rd  and  4th,  and  a  larva  was  subsequently  observed  by  Crawley 
in  one  of  his  nests. 

Drusilla  canalicnlata,  F.,  was  found  in  F.  fnsca  nests  at  Rannoch 
on  June  10th. 

Qiieiiiiis  hreris,  Er. — Larvffi  were  found  in  nests  of  L.  fuliyinosiis  at 
Wellington  College  on  May  6th. 

Conosoma  iwwaculaUwi,  Steph. — This  species  was  several  times 
found  in  nests  of  F.  fnsca  at  Boxhill.  Last  year  I  took  it  on  several 
occasions  in  a  nest  of  L.  fiilii/inosua  at  Darenth  Wood.  These  seem 
curious  localities  for  a  beetle  which  is  often  found  in  fens  and  damp 
places,  in  sedge  refuse,  etc.  On  April  14th  I  introduced  a  specimen 
into  my  F.  fnsca  nest  from  Hartlepool.  It  protected  itself  against  the 
ants  and  lived  in  the  nest  till  20th,  when  it  escaped.  Another  beetle 
{ Med  on  hiiiniwa,  Er.),  an  ant,  and  a  bug  introduced  from  Box  Hill  on 
the  same  day  were  all  killed  by  the  ants  in  a  few  hours. 

Dendrnphilus  p)/(iiiiaeiis,  L. — The  specimen^"  mentioned  in  my  "  Notes 
for  1910,"  which  bred  out  of  my  F.  riifa  nest  on  September  8th,  1910, 
died  on  August  7th  this  year.  On  May  7th  I  put  it  into  my  F\  ruja 
mixed  nest  from  Parkhurst  Forest,  and  on  July  11th  into  my  F.  nifa 
and  i.  fiisco-ri(jibarbis  nest.  It  lived  on  quite  friendly  tei*ms  with  all 
those  ants. 

Cetouia  floricola,  Hbst. — A  number  of  larvaa  were  taken  in  a  hillock 
of  F.  riifa  at  Nethy  Bridge,  on  June  17th.  These  I  introduced  into 
my  F.  nifa  nest  on  June  25th,  when  they  at  once  buried  themselves 
in  the  nest.  A  perfect  insect  hatched  out  on  September  24th.  The  rest 
no  doubt  will  appear  next  year.  I  have  several  times  seen  some  of  the 
larvfe  against  the  glass  sides  of  the  nest. 

DiPTERA. — Microdot  miitahilis,  L. — My  chief  reason  for  going  to 
Porlock  this  year,  was  to  try'  and  find  mote  larvse  of  this  handsome  fly 
in  the  ants'  nests  there,  and  to  endeavour  once  more  to  find  out  what 
the  food  of  the  larva  really  is.  On  April  27th  Crawley  and  I  found 
three  large  larvse,  four  quite  small  young  ones,  and  ten  pupa?  in  nests 
of  F.  fnsca,  and  a  very  young  one  in  a  nest  of  Mynuica  rt(;/inodis. 
This  is  the  first  record  of  a  Microdon  larva  in  the  nest  of  a  Jilijniiica. 
Wasmann'^"  records  the  larva  of  this  fly  with  F.  fnsca,  F.  nifa,  L.  mfibarbis, 
L.  niger,  L.  brnnnens,  and  L.  davns,  and  subsequently^^  with 
F.  sanijninea. — On  April  28th  we  found  nineteen  large  larvae  and  one 
pupa  in  F.  fnsca  nests  in  the  woods  further  away  from  Porlock.  I  took  back 
a  nest  of  F.  fnsca  and  fixed  it  up  in  a  Crawley  nest,  and  introduced  into 
it  all  my  share  of  the  larvae  and  pupre  on  May  3rd.  On  May  4th  two 
of  the  larvje  pupated.  On  May  18th  the  first  fly  hatched  but  its  wings 
never  grew.  The  ants  threatened  it  with  their  jaws,  but  did  not 
otherwise  attack  it.  Other  specimens  hatched  on  May  22nd,  2ith, 
25th,  26th,  27th,  28th,  and  31st.  All  were  perfect,  the  wings 
growing  to  their  full  size  in  a  few  minutes,  excepting  two  besides  the 
one  before  mentioned,  in  which  the  wings  never  grew,  due  I  expect  to 
injuries  received  in  bringing  them  home.  When  the  ants  approached 
a  fly  it  kicked  out  with  its  back  legs,  and  the  ants  appeared  to  be 
frightened.      In  nature  the  flies  would  leave  the  nest  at  once.     Crawley 

19  Ent.  Rec,  1911,  p.  60. 

a>  Krit.  Ver.  d.  Myr.  u.  Ter.  Art.,  1894,  p.  173. 

21  Erst.  Nacht  z.  d.  Ameisen  gciste  v.  Holland  Limbiirg,  1898,  p.  7. 


3G  THE  entomologist's  record. 

kept  the  small  larva  from  the  Mi/miica  nest,  with  these  ants.  It  was 
unfortunately  killed  by  them  and  eaten  when  nearly  full  grown.  The 
smallest  larva  I  had  is  now  full  grown  and  still  alive  to-day,  December 
23rd,  it  having  lived  in  my  nest  for  over  seven  months.  It  is  always 
in  the  chamber  occupied  by  the  ants.  "When  they  move  it  very  slowly 
follows  them.  The  ants  often  sit  on  it  and  walk  over  it,  but  they  never 
feed  it.  In  my  former'''^-'-^''  experiments  I  kept  the  ants  and  larvae  in  a 
bowl  with  earth,  and  as  the  ants  and  the  ^licrudon  larvte  were  always 
beneath  the  earth,  I  could  never  see  them  without  disturbing  the  nest. 
Now  I  have  been  able  constantly  to  observe  them.  It  is  quite  clear 
that  the  food  of  the  larva  consists  of  the  droppings  and  pellets  (Janet's'-^ 
Bmilettes  de  nettoi/of/e)  of  the  ants.  It  has  never  had  any  other 
food  in  the  bare  chamber  in  which  it  lives,  it  has  never  gone  to  the 
honey  which  is  in  the  last  (the  light)  chamber,  the  ants  have  never  fed 
ir.,  and  it  has  grown  to  afull  size  larva  from  a  very  tiny  young  one.  The 
same  thing  took  place  with  Crawley's  larva  which  was  nearly  full 
grown  when  killed.  The  photograph  of  a  live  larva,  etc.,  will  be 
found  in  the  Ent.  Bee.  for  1909,  plate  2. 

Melichia  liidens,  Wahl. — Specimens  were  taken  with  Lasiim 
fidininofiiis  at  Darenth  Wood,  on  May  26th,  and  at  Gxshott  on  June 
6th.  The  latter  is  the  fourth  British  specimen,  and  Oxshott  is  a  new 
locality  for  it. 

P/iora  formicaniw,  Verrall. — On  July  22nd  specimens  of  this  tiny 
fly  were  observed  and  captured,  hovering  over  ants  in  nests  of  Formica 
saiuiia')iea,  Losius  miihratHs,  and  Mijrmica  lobicornis,  at  Weybridge,  a 
new  locality  for  the  Dipteron. 

Fltnra  cnjtfnriiiis,  Wood. — Two  specimens  and  a  species  of  Oscinis 
were  found  in  a  nest  of  Mtjnnica  laen'nodis  under  a  stone  at  Rannoch 
on  June  14th. 

I'/njllnmi/zia  lasiae,  Collin. — Some  small  Dipterous  pups  taken 
in  a  nest  of  L.  fidiniunsiis  at  Wellington  College  on  May  6th,  and 
introduced  into  my  L.  fnlu/inotius  nest,  hatched  out  on  May  16th  and 
28th  and  proved  to  be  this  species.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
I^  bred  P.  forwicae  from  larvas  taken  in  a  nest  of  F.  riifa  var.  rtifo- 
l)ratensis,  at  Nethy  Bridge.  The  larva?  of  these  flies  are  not  true 
parasites  but  live  at  large  in  the  ants'  nests. 

Scatilla  qnadrotix  var.  ? — Collin  has  queried  a  fly  which  I  had  taken 
several  times  last  year  in  the  L.  fnlininosiis  nest  at  Darenth  Wood  as 
above.  I  must  express  my  thanks  to  him  for  naming  these  small 
Diptera  for  me. 

IIeteroptera. —  ricznstctlnts  faruiici'toruiii,  Boh. — This  little  bug 
occurred  in  numbers  in  one  nest  at  Rannoch  on  June  10th,  both 
nymphs  and  perfect  insects  being  secured. 

BRAcoNiDiE. — Fiijihoriift  bistiiimaticK^,  Morley. — A  female  bred  out 
of  my  F.  rnfa  nest  from  Weybridge,  on  July  4th. 

Pachyloinma  biiccata,  Breb. — This  species  was  found  in  numbers 
near  Rame  Head,  Cornwall,  on  July  9th.  A  large  nest  of  [.asius  niper 
occurred  under  a  very  big  heavy  stone,  and  the  Bracons  were  hovering 
over  the  ants  around  the  edges  of  the  stone  where  the  latter  entered  the 

•■«  Ent.  Eec,  1907,  p.  255. 

'•»  Ent.  lice,  1909,  pp.  18  and  19. 

2'  Etxides  siir  Zcs  Fourmix,  etc..  No.  13,  1897,  p.l6. 

M  Ent.  Eec,  1909,  p.  288. 


MYKMECOPHILOUS   NOTES    FOR    1911.  87 

nest.  Crawley  and  Taylor  subsequently  observed  it  over  the  same  ant 
at  Sandown,  I.  of  W. 

PROcroTRUPiDiE. —  IHi'siobaeiis  /lospen,  Kieffer. — This  little  insect  was 
taken  in  nests  of  J'',  fn.sca  at  Box  Hill  on  April  14th  and  20th.  Dr. 
Kieft'er,  who  has  kindly  named  it  for  me,  tells  me  it  is  a  new  species 
and  belongs  to  a  new  genus. 

Lepidoptera. —  Lirachiiiia  ijerroneUa,  Z. — This  little  moth  was  found, 
on  July  27th,  among  the  ants  in  the  nest  of  Laains  fidvjinosus  at 
Wellington  College  mentioned  above.  After  I  had  opened  the  nest 
it  only  flew  up  and  settled  again  with  the  ants.  It  did  not  fly  away 
when  the  ants,  which  were  very  excited,  ran  against  it,  and  I  did  not 
see  it  attacked.  Durrant,  who  kindly  named  it  for  me,  tells  me  that 
nothing  is  known  of  its  life  history. 

Mt/rmecuzela  oclnaceella,  Tgstr.,  occurred  in  numbers  in  nests  of. 
F.  rufa,  at  Rannoch,  on  June  10th. 

Tineula  biselliella,  Hml. — I  found  specimens  in  my  F.  rufa  nest 
from  Weybridge  on  September  25th,  and  one  flew  out  of  it  on  October 
14th.  Their  larvaj  were  probably  feeding  on  the  refuse  of  the  nest, 
and  they  may  have  been  introduced  into  the  nest  from  the  house. 

CocciD.E. — Fiipersia  toiiilini,  Newst. — Occurred  in  nests  of  L.  nujer 
at  Box  Hill,  on  April  14th. 

Fii/iersia  siil)terra)iea,  Newst. — Was  found  with  L.  niyer  at  Box  Hill 
on  April  22nd,  and  in  numbers  with  the  same  ant,  and  also  with  L. 
flavus,  at  St.  Issey,  Cornwall,  on  April  25th. 

Neicsteadia  jioccoaa,  Westw. — Was  taken  in  a  nest  of  F.fusca  at 
Porlock,  on  April  27th.  Newstead-''  records — "  on  one  occasion  I 
found  it  in  the  crowns  of  Heliantlicmuiii  and  grass,  which  were  growing 

in  a  large  ant-hill Mr.  Luff  has  met  a  single  example  in 

Guernsey,  which  he  found  in  an  ant's  nest  together  with  specimens  of 
Hipersia  totnlini." 

Ort/ieziula  vejdovski/i,  Sulc. — I  took  four  examples  of  this  rare  species 
in  a  nest  of  Myrmica  scabrinudis  at  Porlock,  on  April  28th.  Green,  who 
recorded'-^'  these  specimens,  with  notes  on  the  genus,  tells  me  it  has  only 
occurred  at  Prague,  in  Bohemia,  heretofore.  I  am  much  indebted  to 
Mr.  Green  for  kindly  naming  all  my  Coccidae  for  me.  The  specimen 
of  Orthezia  catapJuacta  mentioned  by  him  {lac.  cit.)  was  taken  in  a  nest 
of  F.  rufa  at  Nethy  Bridge,  on  May  14th,  1909. 

CoLLEMBOLA.  —  (JypJtudevus  [Beckui)  albinos,  Nicol. — This  little 
"spring-tail"  was  observed  with  M.  scabrinodis  at  Box  Hill,  April  13th; 
with  F.  rufa  at  Weybridge,  April  20th  and  July  22nd,  and  Porlock, 
April  28th  ;  with  F.  fnsca  at  Boxhill,  April  22nd  and  May  7th,  and 
Porlock,  April  27th  ;  with  L.  niycr  at  St.  Issey,  April  25th  ;  with  T. 
caespitum,  at  St.  Issey,  April  25th,  and  Whitsand  Bay,  July  8th  ;  with  L. 
rlaviis  at  Porlock,  April  27th  ;  with  F.  sanyiiinea  at  Woking,  May  5th 
and  18th,  at  Rannoch,  June  11th,  and  Weybridge,  July  22ud  ;  with 
Ponera  coarctata  at  Box  Hill,  May  7th  ;  and  with  L.  alienns  at  Wey- 
bridge, July  22nd. 

A  little  species,  superficially  like  Beckia,  occurs  at  Kew  in  numbers 
with  Wasmannia  auro-punctata.     I  am  endeavouring  to  gat  it  named. 

Myriapoda. — Poli/xcnns  layunis,  L. — Several  specimens  were  found 


2G  Brit.  Coccidae,  1902,  II.,  p.  245. 
27  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  1911,  p.  179. 


38  THE  entomologist's  record. 

in  a  nest  of  1^ .  fnna  at  Box  Hill,  on  April  4th.    I  have'-''  recorded  it  with 
ants  last  year. 

AcARi. — Trach\jnrnj)oda  laiiiinoaa,  C.  and  B.,  occurred  in  nests  of 
F.  fiisca  at  Poriock,  on  April  28th. 

Trachijiiruiioda  icasinannia iia,  BevL — Several  specimens  (<?  s)  were 
found  in  a  nest  of  L.  miibratiis  at  Wellington  College,  on  May  6th. 
This  is  its  first  record  for  Britain.  Berlese^"  records  it  as  taken  by 
Wasmann  in  Luxemburg  in  nests  of  L.  mixtiis,  and  remarks  that  he 
is  not  acquainted  with  the  male. 

Umpliti'lla  )iiiiiiitissiiiia,  Berl.,  occurred  in  plenty  in  my  L.  uinbyatus 
nest  from  Weybridge. 

VroilisceUa  jihiloctena,  .Janet. — 1  recorded*^  this  new  species  to 
Britainas  rropoilaphiloctena,  Trouessart  (itisonly  a  question  of  synonym 
not  an  error,  see  Berlese  loc.  cit.,  p.  '642),  in  my  L.  nmbratus  nest  from 
Weybridge.  The  specimens  were  fastened  to  the  strigils  of  the  ants  as 
figured  by"^  Janet.  It  also  occurred  at  large  in  the  7>.  tDnbratus  nest 
at  Wellington  College  and  in  my  Weybridge  L.  iiwbratiis  nest. 

Uropotla  oralis,  Kram. — Specimens  were  found  on  ants  in  the 
L.  u))ibratiis  nest  at  Weybridge  on  April  4th,  and  on  the  same  ant  at 
Woking  on  May  10th.  These  mites  are  fastened  to  the  femora  of  the 
ants,  Janet  {loc.  cit.)  only  records  them  on  the  second  leg,  but  I  have- 
found  them  on  all  three. 

Laclaps  )in/niiecopJiiliis,  Berl.,  occurred  at  St.  Issey,  in  Cornwall,  in 
nests  of  F.  fusca  var.  fusco-mfibarbis,  and  with  M.  lacvinndis  on  the 
Isle  of  Eigg,  on  September  17th. 

Laelaps  ciincifcr,  Mich. — In  nests  of  F\  fiiRca  on  April  27th,  at 
Poriock,  and  with  L.  iinibratiis  and  L.  fitli(/inosits  at  Wellington  College, 
on  May  6th. 

Cilihann  comata,  Berl.,  occurred  on  the  small  larvae  in  a  nest  of 
L.  nif/er  and  on  the  large  larvpe  in  nests  of  L.  flavus  at  Box  Hill,  on 
May  7th.  I  also  found  specimens  on  the  abdomen  of  the  ants,  as 
figured  by^^  Janet,  in  L.  lonbratns  nests  at  Woking,  May  10th,  and 
Weybridge,  July  22nd. 

Antennaphonis  uhhimuni,  Hal. — I  found  this  species  (of  which 
only  two  specimens  had  been  taken  in  Britain  before  by  MichaeP*  at 
the  Land's  End)  in  numbers,  on  the  ants  in  nests  of  L.  itnibratns  at 
Woking,  on  May  5fch,  and  Weybridge,  on  July  22nd.  In  Antcunophonis 
ijraniUs,  with  L.  fiiliiiinnsun,  the  mites  are  nearly  always  only  to  be- 
found  on  the  chin  of  the  ant,  but  with  this  species  they  are  frequently 
on  the  abdomen  as  well  as  the  head,  as  figured  by  Janet.*^  In  A.  (jrandis 
the  mite  is  fed  by  scraping  the  mouth  of  the  ant  on  which  it  is  with 
its  front  legs,  when  the  ant  lets  out  a  drop  of  fluid,  which  the  mite 
sucks  up.  In  this  species  the  mite  is  often  fed  by  other  ants  besides 
the  one  on  which  it  may  be.  On  May  11th  I  introduced  ^  s  of  L. 
Kiiihratiis  from  Woking,  which  had  specimens  of  the  AntennopJiorua  on 
them,  into  my  umbratiis  nest  from  Weybridge.      I  expected  that  the 


2«  Eiit.  Rec,  1911,  p.  61. 

2"  liedia,  I.,  1903,  p.  362. 

80  Ent.  liec,  1911,  p.  237. 

8'  Etudcit  sur  les  Fourmin,  13,  1897,  p.  46. 

»2  loc.  cit.,  p.  12. 

88  Ent.  Rec,  1902,  p.  69. 

84  loc.  cit.,  p.  27. 


MYRMECOPHILOUS    NOTES    FOR    1911.  99 

strange  ^  s  would  be  killed  and  the  niites  transfer  themselves  to  my 
old  ^  s  in  the  nest.  To  my  surprise,  however,  the  strange  ants  were 
readily  accepted  by  those  already  in  the  nest.  (I  may  mention  that 
this  also  took  place  with  strange  ^  s  from  the  L.  umhratus  nest  at 
Wellington  College.)  One  of  the  mites  on  a  Woking  ant  solicited  one- 
of  the  Weybridge  ants  for  food,  and  the  latter  immediately  fed  it.  I 
found  the  Antennoplwri  often  transferred  themselves  to  the  young 
callows  soon  after  they  had  been  extricated  from  their  cocoons.  The 
callows  often  tried  to  get  rid  of  the  mites,  falling  on  their  backs  and 
rolling  on  the  ground,  but  eventually  got  reconciled  to  their  fate.  On 
May  22nd  I  took  some  of  my  workers  with  Antennoiihori  on  them  to 
Crawley,  and  we  introduced  them  into  his  L.  niiibratns  nest,  and  again 
his  workers  fed  the  mites  on  my  ants.  When  an  ant  is  feeding  at  the- 
honey  in  the  nest,  and  has  a  mite  on  its  chin,  the  latter  gets  to  one  side 
of  the  ant's  head  to  allow  it  to  feed.  When  two  ants  feed  each  other, 
if  one  has  a  mite  on  it,  the  mite  leans  forward  and  seems  to  share  the 
meal.  I  have  now  found  all  the  four  known  European  species  in 
Britain  ;  Wheeler*^  described  two  new  species,  A.  trasmaiini  and  A. 
donisthorpel  on  ants  in  America,  and  suggests  that  in  this  genus  the  $ 
only  lays  one  egg  at  a  time,  which  she  fixes  to  the  ant  infested  by  her, 

Aphidae. — Famdetes  ciiiiiciforiina,  E.  Heyd. — Crawley  and  I  found 
this  species  in  numbers  in  nests  of  TetrcDiiorittni  caespitioii,  a,t  St.  Issey, 
Cornwall,  on  April  25th.  I  have  previously^"  found  it  with  the  same 
ant  at  Whitsand  Bay.  Crawley'"  records  a  creamy  white  Aphis  with 
long  hind  legs,  which  it  waves  whenever  an  ant  solicits  it,  in  L.  niijer 
nests  near  Oxford,  and  suggests  it  may  be  Paracletes.  This,  however, 
is  not  the  case,  I  have  taken  the  same  Aphis  in  some  numbers  with 
L.  niger  at  Islip  near  Oxford,  on  May  13th  1910.  It  is  one  of  many 
species  of  Myrmecophilous  Aphidae  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  get 
named. 

Araneina. — Micarisoina  nriniinits,  C.L.K. — I  found  this  spider 
again  this  year  with  F.  fusca  at  Box  Hill,  on  April  4th  and  22ud,  and 
in  a  nest  of  M.  scahrinodis  on  the  latter  date.  Randell  Jackson  who 
records*"  it,  with  a  plate,  joined  me  at  Box  Hill  on  May  14th,  and 
took  a  fair  number  of  specimens  under  stones,  etc.  The  day  was  very 
wet  and  the  ants'  nest  a  failure. 

Thi/reosthenins  biovata,  Camb.,  occurred  as  usual  in  most  of  the 
b .  r  11  fa  nests  I  worked,  including  Wellington  College,  on  May  6th. 
On  November  20th,  a  <?  and  on  December  1st,  a  5  ,  bred  out  of 
my  F.  riifa  nest.  I  introduced  them  on  those  dates  into  my  F.  rufa 
and  F.  fusca.  vat.  fuscu-riifibarbis  mixed  nest.  They  walked  about 
amongst  the  ants,  were  not  attacked  and  did  not  attack  the  ants.  They  did 
not  jump  aside  when  they  met  an  ant,  as  I  have  noticed  this  spider  do 
before.  On  December  19th,  both  spiders  were  alive  and  well.  The 
?  made  a  small  web  in  a  corner  of  the  nest  and  sat  in  it,  but  the 
<?  was  generally  among  the  ants.  No  ants  got  intangled  in  the  web 
and  none  have  been  killed.  The  <?  is  dead  to-day,  December  27th, 
possibly  for  want  of  food  as  there  is  nothing  for  them  to  eat ;  it  lived 
however  for  over  a  month  in  this  small  nest. 

35  Psyche.,  xvii.,  1910,  pp.  Sand  5. 

80  Ent.  Rec,  1910,  p.  16. 

37  Ent.  Rec,  1911,  p.  24. 

'>8  Lanes.  Nat.,  1911,  pp.  385-6. 


40  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Cn/phoecia  recisa,  Camb. — A  $  was  taken  with  L.  uiiibratttn  at 
Weybridge,  on  April  20th,  and  two  2  s,  with  the  same  ant  at 
"Wellington  College,  on  May  6th.  The  spiders  were  underground  with 
the  ants.  Another  J  and  two  young  ones  were  found  in  the  galleries 
of  a  F.  rufa  nest  under  a  heavy  stone  at  Porlock,  on  April  28th. 
Kandell  Jackson  tells  me  he  believes  this  spider  to  be  the  J  of  Tetiilus 
arietinus,  Thor.,  of  which  the  ?  is  unknown,  as  is  the  case  with  the 
^  of  C.  recisa. 

Eransia  )nereiis,  Camb. — Was  found  in  nests  of  7*'.  fusca  at  Rannoch 
on  June  10th  and  14th. 

Hahiiia  helvcola,  E.S.— Two  in  a  nest  of  L.  falitjinosus  afc  Oxshott, 
June  1st. 

Micaria  ptilicaria,  Sund.- — Again  with  F.  sanyuinea  at  Woking,  May 
€th. 

Harpactes  Jiomberifi,  Sep. — In  nests  of  F.  fusca  var.  fusco-rnfibarbis 
and  L.  nvjer  at  St.  Issey,  on  April  25th. 

Crustacea. — Plati/arthnis  hoffniansei/i/i,  Brandt. — In  1909  *'Standen 
writes — "  The  nest  of  Fonnica  ftava  appears  to  be  the  principal 
habitat  of  I'latyart/iras,  indeed,  I  can  only  find  one  solitary  record  of 
its  occurring  along  with  any  other  species,  viz.,  in  the  nest  of  Mynnica 
rubra,  where  it  was  observed  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Lowe,  at  Newton  Ferrers 
{Webb  and  Sillem)."  This,  however,  is  by  no  means  the  case;  in  1902^° 
I  record  that  I  have  taken  it  in  Britain  with  F.  rufa,  F./ttsca,  and  F. 
sanyidnea,  L.  iiavns,  L.fidiyinosns,  L.niyer,  L.  )iiiibrati(s,  Ciud  L.  olientts, 
M.  scabrinodis,  M.  lai'vinodis  and  M.  sulci  nod  is.  I  also  mention  the 
seventeen  species  of  ants  with  which  Wasmann"  recorded  ifc.  Hogan,^- 
who  first  discovered  it  in  Britain,  found  it  with  F,  rufa,  L.  fiavus,  and 
L.  niyer,  at  Lulworth  Cove.  This  year  I  have  found  it  with  F.  fusca 
at  Box  Hill,  April  13th  and  22nd  ;  L.  fiarus  at  St.  Issey,  April  25th  ; 
L.  niyer  at  St.  Issey,  April  26th,  and  Porlock,  April  27th ;  Tetrauioriuiu 
caesjntuni  at  St.  Issey,  April  25th;  M.  ruyinodis  at  Porlock,  April  28th; 
L.  uiiibratus,  L.  fuliyiiiosus  and  F.  rufa  at  Wellington  College,  May 
6th  ;  and  M.  scabrinodis  at  Box  Hill,'  May  7th.  In  1910  Crawley^' 
records  it  with  L.  Jiarus  and  L.  niyer  from  Oxfordshire  and  Surrey, 
and  gives  some  interesting  experiments  which  show  the  ants  do  not 
always  treat  the  wood-louse  in  the  same  way.  On  May  8rd  I  introduced 
six  Platyartltrus  from  a  Myrmica  nest  at  Boxhill,  into  my  L.  rJavus  nest. 
The  L.  /larus  '^  s  soon  killed  them  all.  On  April  14th  I  introduced 
specimens  from  Box  Hill  into  my  F.  fusca  nest  from  Hartlepool. 
These  were  not  attacked,  and  bred  in  this  nest,  a  number  of  little  ones 
being  seen.  They  lived  till  September,  when  the  nest  was  destroyed 
by  having  been  kept  too  dry. 

Corrigenda. — p.  5,  1.  29,  for  "  Cavora  "  read  "  Cavara,"  and  (or  "  for mi- 
corum  "  read  '•formicaruvi.'"  p.  6,  1.  2,  for  "  Myrmecocorous  "  read  "  Myrmeco- 
chorous,"  1.  21,  ior  "  Dolidoclerinae  "  read  "  Dolicliodervnie."  p.  7,  1.  10,  for 
"  Hiibner,"  read  "  Hiiber,"  1.  33,  for  "  strong"  read  "  stony."  p.  8,  1.  17,  for 
*'  fusca  "  read  "fusco." 

89  Lanes.  Nat.,  1909,  p.  242. 

■"O  Knt.  Eec,  1902,  p.  70. 

«  Krit.  Ver.  d.  Myr.  n.  Ter.  Arth.,  1894,  p.  201. 

^'^  Nat.  Hist.  Review,  vi.,  1859,  p.  109. 

«  Ent.  Rec,  1910,  p.  129. 


A    MONTH    IN    SWITZERLAND    AND    ELSEWHERE.  41' 

A  Month  in  Switzerland  and  elsewliere. 

By  GEORGE  WHEELER,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 
(Contintied  from  page  4.) 

(x.)  The  Albula  Pass. — A  beautiful  and  interesting  journey  landed 
us  in  the  evening  of  July  7th  at  Bergiin,  the  last  station  but  one  before 
the  Albula  tunnel,  and  as  this  was  our  resting  place  till  we  left 
Switzerland,  it  will  perhaps  be  best  to  take  my  experiences  on  the  Albula 
Pass  next,  although  my  first  day's  hunting  was  in  the  Engadine  and 
the  Rosegthal.  My  Baedeker  being  an  old  one  I  did  not  know  that 
there  was  accommodation  at  Preda,  at  the  entrance  to  the  tunnel,  but 
if  I  am  ever  in  this  neighbourhood  again  (unless  it  were  in  May  or 
early  June)  I  should  choose  the  latter  for  my  headquarters,  as  the  best 
hunting-ground  begins  close  to  the  station,  and  more  than  half  an 
hour  is  wasted  in  getting  there  by  train,  wasted  that  is  except  for  the 
wonderful  beauty  and  interest  of  the  line  with  its  glorious  stone  bridges, 
each  made  exactly  for  its  own  place  and  looking  as  if  it  could  belong 
to  no  other. 

I  made  two  expeditions  to  the  top  of  the  pass.  On  the  first 
occasion,  July  9th,  I  was  delayed  long  at  Preda  by  the  numbers  of 
butterflies  both  on  the  slope  leading  up  from  the  station,  and  in  the 
flat  meadow,  (evidently  at  one  time  the  bed  of  a  small  lake),  on  the 
other  side  of  the  road,  this  being  the  first  time  this  year  that  I  had 
seen  butterflies  in  Switzerland  in  anything  like  abundance.  The  most 
conspicuous  species  was  Brenthis  pales,  the  ^  s,  large,  fresh,  and  very 
brilliant,  var.  uis  one  would  have  said  unhesitatingly,  but  that  the  under- 
sides were  not  very  yellow,  the  5  s  all  being  var.  uapaea,  varying  a 
good  deal  in  the  depth  of  the  ground  colour,  but  universally  boasting  of 
bright  reflections  of  a  pale  but  brilliant  heliotrope  colour,  on  the  whole 
the  most  beautiful  form  I  have  ever  met  with.  Besides  these  there 
were  a  few,  both  3  s  and  ?  s,  of  the  usual  mountain  form  of  B.  pales, 
which  higher  up  became  the  only  form  to  be  seen.  I  should  much 
like  the  opportunity  of  breeding  B.  pales,  var.  his  (with  var.  napaea), 
and  var.  arsilache :  the  three  are  superficially  abundantly  distinct, 
they  differ  in  their  habits,  flight,  and  localities,  though  not  so 
greatly  in  the  last  as  in  their  appearance,  since  his  sometimes 
overlaps  arsilache  on  the  one  hand  and  pales  on  the  other.  In 
speaking  thus,  I  include  under  isis  all  the  large,  square-looking  S  s, 
even  when  they  have  not  a  very  conspicuous  quantity  of  bright 
sulphur  yellow  on  the  underside  of  the  hindwing,  for  they  are 
always  distinctly  yellower  and  less  purplish-red  on  this  wing  than 
the  high- mountain  pales,  and  of  course  differ  still  more  markedly  in 
in  this  respect  from  the  marsh-land  arsilache;  the  2  var.  napaea  of 
course  belongs  to  isis,  and  is  perhaps  the  most  usual  form  of  the  2  of 
that  variety  (or  species).  Krebia  pharte  was  also  common  here  and 
fairly  fresh  ;  by  the  side  of  the  road  were  one  or  two  specimens  of 
Brenthis  ino,  and  on  the  road  itself  Erehia  liijea  var.  aihjte  was  in  some 
numbers  and  continued  to  be  so  for  a  considerable  distance  ;  further  up 
a  few  E.  melawpus  and  E.  tymJarns  were  by  the  road-side  among  the 
grass.  On  this  occasion,  knowing  no  better,  I  followed  the  road,  and 
between  Preda  and  the  little  lake  of  Palpuogna  came  across  Parnassius 
delins  in  a  marshy  place  on  the  right,  and  Ci/aniris  seDiiargtis  in  the 
drier  meadows.     At  this  point  the  sun  went  in,  except  for  occasional 


42  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST' S    RECORD. 

gleams,  and  I  saw  little  but  a  few  typical  Brentkis  pales  of  both  sexes. 
'The  whole  way  up  the  Pass  it  became  duller  and  colder,  and  on 
reaching  the  Teufelsthal  it  would  have  been  impossible  to  find  any 
scene  more  dreary,  lonely,  and  (in  its  strictest  sense),  awful;  I  felt  at 
once  that  if  I  were  an  artist,  instead  of  a  mere  dabbler  in  water-colour 
landscapes,  I  would  choose  this  wild,  desolate  valley,  strewn  with  huge 
boulders  from  the  granite  peak  on  the  right,  and  smaller  debris  from 
the  limestone  crags  on  the  left,  as  the  scene  for  a  picture  of  the 
Temptation  ;  so  far  does  its  obvious  suitability  exceed  any  inaccuracies 
of  detail.  Natiually  it  was  only  just  before  emerging  from  tbis  scene 
of  desolation  that  anything  in  the  way  of  a  butterfly  put  in  an 
appearance,  and  then  it  was  a  single  typical  specimen  of  E.  f/orf/e. 
Just  before  reaching  the  top  of  the  pass  there  is  a  small  depression  in 
the  grassy  slope  to  the  right  which  looks  as  if  it  would  cut  of!"  a  corner, 
and  on  to  which  I  made  my  way  ;  here,  in  spite  of  a  wind  of  piercing 
coldness  and  the  complete  absence  of  sun,  a  small  insect  got  up  under 
my  feet  and  flew  for  a  yard  or  two  close  to  the  ground,  I  placed  my 
net  over  it,  and  instantly  found  it  to  be  the  long  coveted  Melitaea 
<isteria  :  for  an  hour  and  a  half  I  waited  about  in  this  spot,  (where  I 
shortly  took  a  second),  and  beyond  and  below  it,  seeing  one  (Julias  palaeno, 
&  few  Melitaea  inerope,  (I  refrain  intentionally  from  saying  anrinia, 
var.  vierope),  and  Irrenthia  pales,  one  or  tAVO  Erebia  lappona  and 
several  black  and  white  "  skippers,"  all  but  one  of  which  proved  to  be 
Hespeiia  androwedac,  the  one  exception  being  H.  cacaliae.  It  will  save 
farther  reference  to  the  top  of  the  Pass,  if  I  say  at  once  that  on  my 
second  expedition  to  this  point  on  July  13th,  a  bright  sunny  day,  I 
•came  across  the  same  species  with  the  exception  of  (,'.  palaeno,  M.  asteria 
being  common  but  very  local,  confined,  in  fact,  to  the  flowery  dip  in 
which  I  first  found  it,  and  the  "  skippers  "  exactly  changing  places, 
all  but  one  on  the  second  occasion  being  //.  cacaliae.  I  started,  on 
the  9th,  to  go  down  the  Pass  by  a  path  on  my  right,  but  was  stopped 
by  an  assurance  that  it  was  forbidden,  on  the  ground  of  something  or 
somebody  being  "  krank,"  but  the  speaker's  German  and  mine  being 
about  equally  bad,  I  could  only  grasp  the  fact  that  I  must  return  by 
the  road,  a  long  and  very  unprofitable  detour.  However,  the  weather 
became  warmer  and  the  gleams  of  sun  more  frequent  as  I  got  lower, 
and  after  passing  the  Weissenstein  Inn  I  began  to  see  some  butterflies 
again.  The  species  were  not  very  numerous  nor  were  the  specimens, 
but  I  came  across  ('.  phicuiiione,  which  I  also  saw  near  Preda  station, 
Erebia  pharte,  E.  ti/ndarns,  E.  stjppie,  A',  lii/ea  var.  adi/te,  Ac/riades 
-coridon,  Loireia  .siibalpina,  two  small  Jlesperia  alreiis  (I  believe),  one  of 
which  has  a  short  white  streak  on  the  left  hindwing,  upper  side,  and 
one  specimen  of  Hesperia  andromedae.  At  Preda  I  was  too  late  for 
the  train,  and  had  to  continue  the  descent  on  foot  to  Bergiin,  finding 
nothing  on  the  way  except  a  few  K.  stipine. 

The  morning  of  the  10th  was  wet,  but  it  cleared  up  in  the  after- 
noon and  I  confined  my  attentions  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Bergiin. 
This  of  course  is  famous  as  one  of  Zeller's  great  hunting-grounds,  and 
also  attracted  the  attention,  both  of  Frey  and  Riihl,  but  in  July  it 
hardly  seems  a  rich  locality.  I  took  both  Melitaea  athalia  and  ^1/. 
ainelia,  but  if  the  specimen  1  found  of  the  latter  is  to  be  regarded  as 
var.  rhaetica,  Riihl,  then  every  example  from  the  Rhone  Valley  must 
.also  be  considered  to  be  such  ;   as  to  M.  athalia,  though  the  specimens 


A    MONTH    IN    SWITZERLAND    AND    ELSEWHERE.  43 

are  quite  peculiar  in  having  a  very  broad  almost  undivided  and  nearly 
unicolorous  central  light  band  on  the  underside  hindwing,  they  do  not 
approach  var.  helvetica,  Frey,  except  in  the  matter  of  this  band  being 
somewhat  whiter  than  usual.  Near  the  torrent  I  took  single  examples 
of  PaDiansiiis  apollo  and  P.  (lelins  within  a  few  yards  of  each  other, 
each  species  showing  some  approximation  to  the  other.  One  or  two 
fine  dark  Melitaea  dictynna  were  taken  and  a  couple  of  very  fresh  M. 
lUdi/ma,  (J  s ;  Erehia  styijne  was  common  at.  the  roadside,  as  was 
A(jriades  cnridnn,  and  it  was  curious  to  see  obviously  hybernated  Aylaia 
urticae  flying  side  by  side  with  others  evidently  just  emerged.  Two 
typically  mountain  forms  were  also  met  with,  Pieris  napl  var,  bryoniae 
and  Hesperia  andromedae,  one  specimen  only  of  the  latter,  but  that  one 
the  largest  and  finest  in  colour  that  I  have  ever  seen.  Near  the 
torrent  I  saw  a  few  Plebeiiis  aeyon  and  one  or  two  Lycaena  avion,  but 
Lycaenids  were  not  a  strong  point  of  this  locality. 

My  second  expedition  to  the  Albula  Pass  took  place,  as  I  have 
already  mentioned,  on  the  13th.  I  did  not  delay  long  at  Preda  this 
time  and  took  the  short  cut  to  the  beginning  of  the  road  above  the 
lake  of  Palpuogna.  At  the  beginning  of  this  short  cut  I  made  two 
interesting  captures.  Seeing  a  Melitaea  skim  past  me  Avhich  looked 
rather  like  a  $  cynthia,  I  pursued  it  as  well  as  I  could  on  the  broken 
ground,  but  in  vain,  on  returning,  however,  to  the  path  I  netted  a 
similar  specimen,  which  turned  out  to  be  J/,  matuvna  var.  wolfensberyeri 
very  worn,  as  were  a  few  others  I  saw,  but  establishing  this  new 
locality  for  the  species.  The  other  insect  was  a  ?  Brenthis  euphvosyne 
in  fresh  condition,  and  having  in  every  respect  except  size  the 
appearance  of  the  boreal  var.  Hmjal.  Between  Palpuogna  and  the 
Weissenstein  Inn,  I  found  the  same  species  as  on  the  previous 
occasion,  but  they  were  commoner ;  on  reaching  the  latter  place, 
however,  I  made  enquiries  from  some  workmen,  who  assured  me  there 
was  no  reason  whatever  why  I  should  not  go  up  the  Pass  by  the  track 
on  the  left  hand  side,  and  I  did  so,  thereby  coming  across  Evebia 
l/lacialis  in  considerable  numbers  on  the  shaly  slope  shortly  before 
the  Teufelsthal  (in  this  dreary  spot  itself  I  actually  took  one  specimen), 
as  well  as  E.  yoryc,  type  and  ab.  evynnis  chiefly,  though  var.  triopen 
appeared  as  a  scarce  aberration.  In  the  same  way,  although  one  2  E. 
ijlacialis  did  just  show  tiny  white  pupils  to  theeye-spots,thus  approaching 
alecto,  the  rest  were  all  of  the  ylacialis  or  the  pinto  form,  the  3  s 
mostly  of  the  latter.  In  fact  the  Albula  Pass,  on  the  western  side 
at  any  rate,  belongs  typically  to  the  Central  Alps,  whereas  the  Eernina, 
the  next  Pass  eastwards,  belongs  typically  to  the  Eastern  Alps.  On 
returning  by  the  same  track,  after  visiting  the  top,  as  previously 
mentioned,  I  took,  not  far  above  the  Weissenstein  Inn,  a  very  fine 
specimen  of  I'aviiassiaf;  dditis  var.  2  niyvencens,  which,  on  the  wing, 
looked  almost  black.  Lower  down  I  took  a  cart  track  bearing  to  the 
right,  which  gradually  dwindled  to  a  path  through  long  grass,  finally 
rejoining  the  road  at  the  beginning  of  the  short  cut  to  Preda.  This 
is  much  to  be  recommended,  there  were  many  butterflies,  mostly  of 
species  already  noted,  but  including  Vacciniina  optilete;  I  was,  however, 
sadly  hurried,  being  obliged  to  catch  the  train  at  Preda,  as  we  were 
leaving  the  same  afternoon  for  Bale,  on  the  return  journey  to  Paris, 
Havre,  Southampton  (for  Lyndhurst)  and  home. 

{To  he  concluded.) 


44  THE  entomologist's  kkcord. 

je>CIENTIFIC    NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Food  PLANT  of  Hesperia  sid^. — I  notice  that  in  the  December 
number  of  the  Ilecord,  vol.  xxiii.,  p.  318,  Mr.  P.  P.  Graves  asks  if  I 
can  tell  him  what  is  the  food-plant  of  Hesperia  sidae.  I  don't  know 
his  address,  so  I  cannot  write  directly  to  him,  but  perhaps  you  could 
let  him  know  by  means  of  a  note  in  the  Record  that  the  food-plant  of 
nidae  at  Hyeres  is  Potentilla  hiria,  L.  In  all  its  localities  round 
Hyeres  this  plant  is  to  be  found,  but  in  captivity  I  have  been  able  to 
feed  the  larvie  on  other  and  commoner  species  of  rotentilla.  The 
orange-yellow  bands  on  the  underside  of  the  secondaries  are  very  rich 
when  the  specimens  are  fresh,  but  they  pale  rapidly,  and  it  seems  to 
me  probable  that  the  specimens  with  pale  ochre  bands,  which  Mr. 
Graves  mentions,  had  been  on  the  wing  a  few  days,  although  they 
might  not  show  any  other  sign  of  age.  I  think  that  a  paper  i  wrote 
concerning  the  early  stages  of  H.  sidae  will  appear  before  long  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Kntomohx/ical  Society  of  London. — H.  Powell 
(F.E.S.),  7,  Rue  Mireille,  Hyeres,  Var.     January  Atk,  1912. 

Variation  in  Euchloe  euphenoides. — I  can  confirm  Lieut. -Col. 
Mander's  observation  on  E.  euphenoides  from  South-Eastern  France. 
In  Dr.  Siepi's  collection  there  is  a  remarkable  male  specimen  with  a 
splendid  orange-red  border  on  the  secondaries.  It  was  taken  in  the 
Vallon  de  Forbin  at  St.  Marcel,  near  Marseilles,  on  May  10th,  1908. — 
Ibid. 


I^OTES      ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

From  Algiers. — I  returned  from  Aflou,  in  Algeria,  about  a  month 
ago,  fairly  well  satisfied  with  the  result  of  the  expedition.  It  was  a 
very  interesting  locality,  and  I  sent  M.  Oberthiir  some  good  insects. 
Butterflies  were  rather  scarce,  but  there  were  numbers  of  interesting 
moths.  I  (lid  a  good  deal  of  larva  breeding.  The  heat  was  quite 
bearable,  in  fact  it  was  as  cool  there  as  in  Europe  last  summer,  but 
then  Aflou  is  very  high  up,  over  4,500  ft. — ^H.  Powell,  F.E.S.,  7, 
Rue  Mireille,  Hyeres,  Yar.     January  ith,  3  912. 

IssoRiA  LATHONiA. — Ou  .July  29th  last  year,  while  gathering  some 
food- plant  in  the  neighbourhood  of  this  place  (Ilfracombe),  I  saw  a 
$  Issoria  lathonia.  Having  no  net  with  me  at  the  time  I  "  went  for  " 
her  with  my  hat,  and  although  I  managed  to  hold  her  for  a  moment, 
she  eventually  escaped.  I  have  hesitated  to  record  this  heretofore, 
knowing  that  little  credence  is  attached  to  a  statement  of  this  kind 
unless  actual  proof  can  be  produced.  My  friend,  Mr.  C  W.  Colthrup, 
of  East  Duhvich,  however,  thinks  that  it  should  be  jTecordtd.— R. 
Ashton  Nichols,  30,  High  Street,  Ilfracombe.     .January-^nth,  1912. 


CURRENT      NOTES      AND      SHORT      NOTICES. 

For  the  past  twenty  years,  as  many  of  our  readers  know,  Mr.  G.  H. 
Verrall  annually  invited  a  number  of  his  personal  entomological 
friends,  together  with  those  gentlemen  serving  on  the  Councils  of  the 
more  known  Societies,  to  meet  the  Entomological  Club  at  the 
Holborn  Restaurant  in  London  ;  but  with  his  death  it  appeared  that 
this  Meeting  would  also  die  ;  a  strong  feeling,  however,  that  it  would 
be  contrary  to  the  wish  of  the  late  Mr.  Verrall  for  the  gathering  to 


CURRENT  NOTES.  4^ 

lapse,  induced  the  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice  (President  of  the  Entomological 
Society)  and  other  entomologists  to  take  up  the  matter,  and  with  the 
hearty  co-operation  of  Mr.  J.  E.  Collin,  invitations  were  sent  out  to 
a  large  number  of  entomologists  to  meet  them  on  the  evening  of 
January  16th.  More  than  one  hundred  acceptances  were  received, 
and  a  very  pleasant  evening  was  spent.  Tea  and  coffee  were  served 
from  6.30,  and  at  8.30  an  adjournment  was  made  to  the  large  dining- 
room  where  supper  was  served,  and  the  party  broke  up  about  11. 
Among  those  who  were  present  we  noted  the  following  : — ^Messrs,  R. 
Adkin,  H.  W.  Andrews,  E.  A.  Atmore,  E.  E.  Austen,  P.  J.  Barraud, 
M.  F.  Bliss,  Rev.  E.  N.  Bloomfield,  Dr.  Malcolm  Burr,  E.  C. 
Bedwell,  R.  S.  Bagnell,  A.  W.  Bacot,  J.  P.  Barrett,  G.  Bethell, 
K.  G.  Blair,  W.  E.  Butler,  A.  Cant,  J.  Carpenter,  F.  M.  Carr,  G.  C. 
Champion,  H.  G.  Champion,  F.  Noad  Clark,  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman, 
J.  E.  Collin,  M.  Cameron,  H.  Capper,  E.  A.  Cockayne,  C.  W.  Colthrup, 
W.  C.  Crawley,  Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey,  H.  C.  Dollman,  H.  St.  J.  K.  Donisthorpe, 
Hamilton  Druce,  Stanley  Edwards,  E.  A.  Elliott,  H.  M.  Edelsten, 
J.  Edwards,  F.  W.  Edwards,  A.  B.  Earn,  F.  W.  Frohawk,  C.  J. 
Gahan,  A.  E.  Gibbs,  F.  Gilliatt,  T.  W.  Hall,  P.  Harwood,  H. 
Hodge,  Prof.  Selwyn  Image,  0.  E.  Janson,  0.  J.  Janson,  P.  H.  Jackson, 
J.  H.  A.  Jenner,  F.*^B.  Jennings,  F.  Jenkinson,  A.  H.  Jones,  E.  C. 
Joy,  N.  H.  Joy,  Dr.  K.  Jordan,  W.  F.  Kirby,  R.  W.  Lloyd,  W.  J. 
Lucas,  Hugh  Main,  R.  S.  Mitford,  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice,  Claude  Morley, 
H.  Maxwell-Lefroy,  Rev.  A.  M.  Moss,  G.  Meade-Waldo,  W.  E. 
Nicholson,  J.  A.  Nix,  H.  E.  Page,  R.  M.  Prideaux,  Hon.  N.  C. 
Rothschild,  H.  Rowland-Brown,  N.  D.  Riley,  A.  Russell,  H.  A.  Sauze, 
W.  E.  Sharp,  W.  G.  Sheldon,  A.  Sich,  P.  F.  Skinner,  A.  J.  Scollick,  G. 
0.  Sloper,  E.  A.  Smith,  E.  Step,  H.  Scott,  B.  H.  Smith,  Lieut.-Col.  F. 
W.  Sampson,  Rev.  C.  F.  Thornewill,  J.  R.  le  B.  Tomlin,  A.  E.  Tonge, 
Hy.  J.  Turner,  C.  J.  Wainwright,  Com.  J.  J.  Walker,  Rev.  G.  Wheelei-, 
C.  0.  Waterhouse,  E.  A.  Waterhouse,  J.  Wright,  Col.  J.  W.  Yerbury. 
It  is  evident  that  an  annual  social  meeting  of  this  character  is 
much  appreciated  by  entomologists  generally,  and  we  hope  that  it 
will  not  be  allowed  to  drop.  Possibly  it  may  be  continued  in  the 
future  more  directly  under  the  auspices  of  the  Entomological  Club. 
At  any  rate,  we  must  commend  heartily  the  action  of  the  President 
of  the  Entomological  Society,  the  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice,  for  his  suggestion 
of  a  method,  whereby  the  meeting  was  able  to  be  held  on  this  occasion, 
and  we  must  also  thank  those  gentlemen  who  so  ably  supported  him 
in  his  action. 

The  following  is  a  List  of  Officers  and  Council  appointed  by  tha 
Entomological  Society  of  London  for  the  ensuing  year.  President : — 
The  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice,  M.A.  Treasurer : — Albert  H.  Jones. 
Secretaries  : — Commander  James  J.  Walker,  M.A.,  R.N.,  F.L.S,,  and 
the  Rev.  George  Wheeler,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.  Librarian: — George  C. 
Champion,  A.L.S.,  F.Z.S.  Council : — Robert  Adkin  ;  G.  T.  Bethune- 
Baker.F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.;  Malcolm  Burr,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.;  H.  St.  J. 
K.  Donisthorpe,  F.Z.S.;  John  Hartley  Durrant ;  Stanley  Edwards, 
F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.;  A.  E.  Gibbs,  F.L.S.,  F.R.H.S. ;  W.  E.  Sharp;  Alfred 
Sich;  J.  R.  le  B.  Tomlin,  M.A.;  Henry  Jerome  Turner;  and  Colbran 
J.  Wainwright. 

The  list  of  Officers  and  Council  of  the  South  London  Entomological 


-16  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

and  Natural  History  Society  for  the  ensuing  year  is  as  follows  : — 
President :— A.  E.  Tonge,  F.E.S.  Vice-Presidents: — W.  J.  Kaye, 
F.E.S.,  and  B.  H.  Smith,  B.A.,  F.E.S.  Treasurer  :—T.  W.  Hall, 
F.E.S.  Librarian: — A.  W.  Dods.  Curator:— W.  West  (Greenwich). 
Hon.  Secretaries: — Stanley  Edwards,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  and 
Henry  J.  Turner,  F.E.S.  Council:— C.  W.  Colthrup ;  F.  W. 
Cowham;  A.  E.  Gibbs,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.;  R.  A.  R.  Priske,  F.E.S. ; 
A.  Russell,  F.E.S.;  A.  Sich,  F.E.S.;  and  E.  Step,  F.L.S. 

From  the  Aiinual  Ileport  of  theLancaslnre  and  ('/leahire  KntomoUujical 
Societj/iov  1910,  which  has  only  recently  reached  us,  having  been  wrongly 
directed,  we  learn  that  the  Council  of  the  Society  desire  at  an  early 
date  to  publish  their  Local  Lepidoptera  List,  the  MS.  of  which  has 
been  accumulating  for  some  years  past.  An  appeal  is  made  to  all 
members  and  friends  to  subscribe  for  copies,  and  the  Report  itself  has 
been  much  curtailed  so  that  at  the  end  of  the  year  the  balance  may  be 
available  to  swell  the  publication  fund.  We  wish  this  project  success, 
for  such  publications  are  most  useful  and  important. 

In  the  December  number  of  ih.Q.Knto))wloijical  iVcfcs  is  an  account,  with 
portrait,  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  McCook,  the  author  of  that  opm  maijmun, 
American  Spiders  and  their  Spinnim/  Work,  a  Natural  History  of  the 
Orbweaving  Spiders  of  the  United  States  with  special  regard  to  their 
industry  and  habits,  who  passed  away  on  the  last  day  of  October.  "  By  a 
peculiarly  happy  conjunction  of  capacities  Dr.  McCook  was  profoundly 
equipped  as  an  investigator  and  was  also  a  skilful  writer.  His  works, 
therefore,  are  a  happy  combination  of  scientific  accuracy  and  of  the 
charm  which  we  usually  look  for  only  in  romances."  His  later 
writings  have  been  of  a  more  popular  character,  and  we  recall  with 
pleasure  the  perusal  of  that  charmingly  written  work  Ihe  Tenants  of 
an  Old  l^arni,  which  we  obtained  from  a  second-hand  bookstall  for  a 
few  pence,  a  short  time  ago. 

In  the  December  number  of  the  Canadian  Knto)nolot/ist  F.  Alexander 
McDermott,  of  Washington,  contributes  an  article  entitled  "  Some 
further  Observations  on  the  Light-emission  of  American  Lampyridae  : 
The  Photogenic  Function  as  a  Mating-adaptation  in  the  Photinini,'' 
(American  Glow-worms).  Of  the  value  and  interest  of  the  results  of 
this  carefully  organised  series  of  observations  the  two  following 
extracts  will  give  some  idea.  "  The  first  observations  were  made  upon 
I'hotiniis  jn/ralis.  It  was  soon  found  to  be  easy  to  recognize  the  flash 
of  a  female  in  answer  to  that  of  a  male  flying  above  her,  but  it  was 
not  so  readily  determined  that  her  answering  flash  had  any  eftect  upon 
the  actions  of  the  male.  The  flash  of  the  female,  while  of  the  same 
colour  as  that  of  the  male  is  easily  recognised  after  a  little  practice, 
being  slower— or  rather  of  longer  duration  — and  less  intense.  Persis- 
tent watch,  however,  was  rewarded  by  seeing  the  male  drop,  following 
the  answering  flash  of  the  female,  flash  again  and  drop  still  lower 
after  her  second  answer,  alight  a  few  inches  away  from  her,  crawl  to- 
wards her  slowly,  flashing  at  intervals — to  each  of  which  flashes  she 
responded — and  finally  locate  and  copulate  with  her.  The  complete 
mating  process  was  not  followed  until  after  several  failures,  where  the 
male  after  dropping  would  rise  again,  or  would  simply  fail  to  locate 
the  female  definitely,  and  fly  away  ;  but  since  being  observed  once  the 
same  entire  process  has  been  witnessed  a  number  of  times,  and  under 


CURRENT    NOTES.  47 

somewhat  differing  conditions.  .  .  .  The  answering  flash  of  the 
female  does  not  occur  immediately  after  the  flash  of  the  male,  but  at 
a  period — apparently  approximately  constant  for  all  females  of  this 
species — of  about  three  to  four  seconds  after  the  flash  of  the  male. 
This  slight  delay  occurs  in  every  normal  case  of  mating  observed  with 
this  species,  P.  pyralh."  "  To  test  this  matter  further,  and  to  see  if 
the  females  were  sensitive  to  light  in  the  field,  as  had  been  observed 
in  the  laboratory,  a  number  of  safety  matches  were  ignited  at  irregular 
intervals  above  an  area  of  a  field  where  there  were  known  to  be 
a  number  of  females  of  P.  pyralis,  the  match,  during  the  flare  of  the 
chemical  '  head '  being  swung  in  an  arc  in  imitation  of  the  dipping 
flight  and  flash  of  the  male  P.  pyralia,  and  being  extinguished  as  soon 
as  the  head  burned  out.  In  each  instance  the  Jiash  of  the  match  ivaa 
followed,  within  two  to  five  seconds,  by  the  flashes  of  females  of  P.  pyralis 
in  the  surroundiny  yrass  and  weeds.  .  .  .  By  the  use  of  a  small 
electric  bulb  connected  to  a  battery  and  push-button,  a  few  feet  away, 
it  was  found  quite  as  easy  to  deceive  the  male  P.  pyralis." 

Tn  the  same  number  of  this  magazine  is  an  article  by  Henry 
H.  Lyman  of  Montreal,  entitled  "  Notes  on  the  North  American  species 
of  Grapta  {Polyyonia)  in  the  British  Museum."  It  appears  that  Mr. 
Lyman  brought  over  with  him  "  authentic  specimens  of  nearly  all  the 
known  species,"  and  in  the  article  he  criticises  practically  each  specimen 
in  the  national  collection  showing  that  this  group  of  difficult  species 
is  in  an  almost  hopeless  tangle.  Let  us  hope  that  some  attempt  will 
be  made  to  accept  the  results  of  the  work  of  such  a  specialist. 
Unfortunately  the  results  of  modern  investigation  are  often  ignored 
absolutely  by  the  museum  authorities.  Only  within  the  last  few  days 
the  case  of  the  genus  Ilydroccia  was  brought  to  our  notice.  In  the 
last  volume  of  the  Cataloyue  of  the  Noctuidae  now  being  issued  by  the 
Trustees  the  results  of  the  valuable  and  convincing  work  of  the  Rev. 
C.  R.  N.  Burrows  and  Mr.  F.  N.  Pierce  is  discarded,  and 
Hydroecia  nictitans  is  the  only  species  recognised,  although  these 
gentlemen  offered  to  place  the  whole  of  the  evidence  of  the  distinctness 
of  H.  lucens,  H.  palndis,  and  H.  crinanensis  at  the  disposal  of  the 
author.  It  is  a  pity  these  results  are  not  included,  as  in  a  work 
of  world-wide  circulation  one  does  expect  to  find  the  latest  facts 
brought  out  by  new  lines  of  investigation. 


OCIE  TIE  S 


Entomological  Society  of  London. — November  15th,  1911. — The 
Rev.  Samuel  Proudfoot,  6,  Lyme  Grove,  Altrincham,  Cheshire,  was 
elected  a  Fellow.  A  New  Zealand  Weevil.— Commander  Walker 
exhibited  three  specimens  of  PhaedropJnlns  o'connori,  Broun,  a  large 
and  handsome  weevil  from  Mount  Quoin,  Kaitoke,  New  Zealand.  A 
RARE  ToRTRix. — Commauder  Walker  also  exhibited  a  specimen  of  the 
rare  Tortrix,  Phalonia  [Iviipoecilia)  implicitana,  Wocke,  taken  by  Mr. 
H.  G.  Champion  at  Shoreham,  Sussex,  August,  1911.  A  New  British 
Ant. — Mr.  W.  C.  Crawley  exhibited  a  J  and  a  ^  of  Leptothora.r 
tnherntn,  Fabr.,  subspecies  corf/mZ/.s,  Schenk,  new  to  Britain,  found  with 
two  larvie  in  an  empty  beech-nut  at  Pangbourne,  Berks,  April  24th, 
1904.     A  Coccinellid  and  Mimosa  Gum. — Mr.  N.  S.  Sennett  exhibited 


48  THE  entomologist's  record. 

some  Coccinellids  as  found  on  Minmaa  trees  at  Mont  Estoril,  in 
Portugal,  together  with  the  small  exudations  of  gum,  presenting 
what  appeared  to  be  a  remarkable  though  hitherto  unrecorded  case  of 
Protective  Mimicry.  Brep  Pyrameis  cardui. — Mr.  L.  W.  Newman 
showed  along  series  of  I'l/rauieis  canlni,  hved  from  ?  s  captured  at 
Folkestone  on  September  2nd  last.  Ova  were  laid  at  once  and  placed 
in  a  hot-house  kept  at  about  80  degrees  ;  they  hatched  on  September 
7th,  and  the  larvie  fed  up  very  rapidly  on  stinging  nettle,  the  first 
pupating  on  September  30th.  Imagines  started  to  emerge  about  a 
week  later,  and  all  were  out  by  October  16th — some  500  in  all. 
Considerable  variation  occurred.  Rare  Diptrra. — Mr.  H.  W. 
Andrews  exhibited  two  rare  species  of  Diptera  from  north 
Kent,  viz.,  Syrphns  lineola,  Ztt.,  a  g  ,  taken  at  Bexley  on  July 
8th,  and  Scionn/za  aimjilex,  Fin.,  both  sexes,  taken  in  the 
Thames  Marshes  on  June  23rd  and  July  1st,  all  in  1911.  A 
Probable  Specimen  of  Cidaria  concinnata. — Mr.  E.  A.  Cockayne 
exhibited  a  Geometer  taken  at  Tongue,  Sutherland,  July  5bh,  1906, 
closely  resembling  Cidaria  {Di/sstroina)  concinnata,  Steph.,  specimens 
of  which  were  placed  below  for  comparison.  Some  Local  Forms  of 
Melanargia  galathea. — Mr.  J.  Platt  Barrett  exhibited  a  drawer  of 
Melanan/ia  ijalatUea  containing:  English  specimens,  specimens  from 
the  Alps,  from  the  Apennines,  from  Calabria,  and  from  Sicily, 
including  var.  pruciila,  and  var.  si/racnsana.  A  Gigantic  Spider. — 
Mr.  A.  E.  Tonga  exhibited  a  very  tine  Mtji/ale  from  California. 
Rhodesian  Insects  as  Prey. — Professor  E.  B.  Poulton  exhibited  the 
following  specimens  sent  to  hiiu  by  Mr.  C.  F.  M.  Swynnerton,  all  of 
which  had  been  captured  on  the  outskirts  (3,800  ft.)  of  Chirinda 
Forest,  Gazaland,  S.E.  Rhodesia  :  (1)  The  female  form  ////»/«>- 
coon  of  Papilio  dardanus  (cenea),  Stoll,  rescued,  September  8th, 
1911,  by  one  of  his  native  collectors  from  a  M'lanje  Bulbul 
{r/ii/llostroi)hiis  inilanjensis)  ;  (2)  Two  wings  of  Precis  arc/iesia, 
Cr.,  and  the  fragments  of  a  Blattid,  probably  of  the  genus 
DeropL'ltis,  taken  June  25th,  1911,  from  a  spider's  web.  A  new 
African  Lycaenid. — ^Professor  Poulton  exhibited  six  male  examples 
of  a  remarkable  Lycsenid,  all  captured,  November  22nd,  1910,  in 
the  Uhehe  District  (3,000-3,500  ft.)  of  German  East  Africa,  by  Mr. 
S.  A.  Neave,  F.E.S.  The  pattern  and  brilliant  colours,  which  were 
extraordinary  in  a  Lycsenid,  strongly  suggested,  on  both  upper  and 
under  surface,  the  appearance,  although  on  a  smaller  scale,  of  an 
Acraca  of  the  type  of  A.  aneiiiosa,  Hew.  An  abnormal  Coi.koptekon. — 
Mr.  Stanley  lulwards  exbil)ited  a  specimen  of  (h'l/no/itcrn.s  aiidouini, 
a  beetle  from  Borneo,  with  abnormal  antenna^  apparently 
gynandromorphous,  and  explained  that  Mr.  Gahan  had  dissected  it  and 
found  the  gcnitiilia  to  be  entirely  $  .  Scarce  Colkoptkra.— Mr.  H.  C. 
l)()llinan  (  xbihiled  the  following  species  of  Colcoptera  :-— /7j/7<i»//(((.s 
intcnnediii.s,  Bois.,  ab.  donisihn>  jk  i,  I  )olhuan,  described  in  the  I'lnt.  Hcc, 
December,  1910;  Stcnns  forhiicttonnn,  Mann.,  introduced  as  lU'itish  in 
the  Knt.  lice,  April,  1911  ;  neinl)e(liiinujiiadripii,sti(latiiiii,Di.,iiue-s.iimp\e 
from  Ditchling,  Sussex,  August  17th,  1911  ;  I h/pup/ilacns  linearis,  F., 
retaken  at  Oxshott,  in  July  of  this  year,  a  species  hitherto  taken  in 
Great  Britain,  only  in  Surrey,  at  Oxshott  and  Woking;  Mi/cctoporiis 
fiirticornis,  Fauv.  (one  specimen  from  the  New  Forest),  with 
M.  clavicornis,  Steph.,  for  comparison  ;  I'hilonthns  airniscus,  Gr.,  taken 


SOCIETIES.  49 

from  a  dead  rabbit  at  Ditchling  ;  and  Stenim  nwrio,  Gr.,  from  Ditchling, 
taken  in  October,  1910.  Bred  series  of  Ackaea  orestia  and  A. 
HUMiLis. — Mr.  H.  Eltringham  exhibited  a  bred  series  of  Acraea  orestia, 
Hew.,  containing  the  typical  form,  and  also  the  A.  hiwiili.^  of  Miss  E. 
M.  Sharpe,  thus  demonstrating  the  truth  of  the  conclusion  at  which 
he  had  previously  arrived  as  to  the  specific  identity  of  these  two  forms. 
He  also  showed  three  ^  black  and  yellow  Acraeas,  one  of  which  was 
the  A.  circei.s  of  Drury  from  S.  Leone.  The  other  two  while  differing 
in  appearance  from  A.  circeis  were  themselves  exactly  alike,  but  for 
the  fact  that  the  two  tarsal  claws  of  the  second  and  third  pairs  of  feet 
were  equal  and  similar  in  one  specimen,  and  unequal  and  dissimilar  in 
the  other.  A  long  and  interesting  discussion  followed  on  the  question 
of  the  importance  of  the  tarsal  claws  as  a  means  of  specific  distinction, 
and  on  the  possible  correlation  of  uneven  claws  in  the  3-,  and  the 
abdominal  sac  in  the  $  .  Descriptions  of  British  Rhopalocera. — 
Mr.  Champion  called  attention  to  a  paper  by  M.  Roger  Verity  in  the 
"Bulletin  do  la  Societe  entomologique  de  France,"  October  11th, 
1911,  on  new  Scottish  races  of  Eiebia  oet/iiops,  Esp.  (race  calcdonia), 
Sati/rus  se)iiele  (race  seota),  and  I'aran/e  nteyaera  (race  caledunia).  The 
following  papers  were  communicated : — "  Descriptions  of  South 
American  Micro-Lepidoptera,"  by  E.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.R.S.  "New 
Species  of  Hawaiian  Hymenoptera,  with  notes  on  some  previously 
described,"  by  R.  C.  L.  Perkins,  D.Sc,  M.A.,  F.E.S.  "Notes  on 
Hawaiian  Hemiptera,  with  descriptions  of  new  Species,"  by  R.  C.  L. 
Perkins,  D.Sc,  M.A.,  F.E.S.  "Experiments  in  the  Formation  of 
Colonies  bv  Lasins  fiili(/inosiis,  $  s,"  by  Horace  Donisthorpe,  F.Z.S., 
and  W.  C.  Crawley,  F.E.S. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. 
— Annual  K.vliibitiun  of  Varieties,  etc. — Xove)iiber  2Sr(l. — The  Rev.  F. 
D.  Morice,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  was  elected  a  member. — Mr.  South  exhibited 
an  extreme  melanic  aberration  of  llrentltis  selene,  a  dark-banded  Epiu/ra 
linearia,  llniiricia  phlaeas  var.  elens,  Ti,  n/ilaeas  var.  sriuiiidtii,  a  fine  series 
of  varieties  of  Leptofirannna  literana,  etc.  Mr.  R.  Adkin,  two  series  of 
aberrations  of  Abraxas  (/rossitlariata  (a)  trom  wild  larvte,  (b)  from 
inbreeding,  and  a  Zonosoina  orbicidaria  with  the  whole  of  the  wings  of 
a  rich  red-brown,  etc.  Mr.  BJenkarn,  varied  series  of  Ainorplia  popidi 
and  Bupalns  piniaria,  and  a  Brenthis  selene  almost  devoid  of  transverse 
markings.  Mr.  Newman,  a  series  of  Mellinia  ocellaris  including  the 
forms  similar  to  M.  ;/ilra(/o  and  Citria  fulrar/o,  a  large  number  of  the 
more  striking  varieties  from  the  "  Capper  "  collection,  a  lemon-tipped 
ab.  of  Eachlo'e  cardamines,  a  Brenthis  ettplirosijne  with  black  hindwings, 
a  Pijranieis  cardiri  with  apex  of  forewing  largely  black,  fine  abs.  of 
Ai/riailes  roridon,  etc.  Mr.  A.  Quarrington,  a  /'.  cardiii  with 
conspicuous  blue  spots,  a  yellow  I'obpjonia  r-albuw,  A.  coridon  with 
large  confluent  spots,  H.  pidaeas  with  almost  obsolete  marginal  bands, 
etc.  Mr.  Bright,  a  drawer  containing  all  the  finest  extreme  varieties 
from  the  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  A.  Clarke,  and  a  drawer  of 
varieties  of  Anior/dia  popiili  including  a  magnificent  gynandromorph. 
Mr.  Turner,  a  series  of  Krebia  aetliinps  from  Scotland  (var.  Caledonia) 
and  many  continental  localities,  a  long  series  of  L\i]ierina  nickerlii 
including  a  fine  series  of  the  ifiieiteei  race  from  Mr.  Baxter  (St.  Anne's- 
on-Sea),  a  set  of  the  E.  Pyrenean  race  t/raslini  from  M.  Oberthiir,  and 
the  type  from  Bohemia,  many  forms  of  L.  testacea  kindly  sent  him  by 


50  THE  entomologist's  record. 

the  same  gentleman  from  France  and  Algeria,  together  with  a  number 
of  L.  duinerilH  from  the  same  localities.  Mr.  Main,  long  and  fine 
series  of  Boannia  repandata  bred  by  the  late  Mr.  Harrison  and  himself, 
the  results  of  crossing  the  dark  and  conversaria  forms.  The  Rev.  F. 
D.  Morice,  the  smallest  known  bee,  Ceratina  parvida,  and  the  largest 
bee,  Xijlocnpa  sp.  ?,  Gilbert  White's  "  Hoop-shaver  bee  "  Anthulium 
manication,  the  famous  "  Upholsterer  bee  "  Osniia  papaverh,  and  a 
Mediterranean  snail -shell -inhabiting  bee  O.  ferriKjinea,  and  also 
raicrophotographs  of  the  "  saws "  of  the  sawfly  genus  Dolerus. 
The  Rev.  J.  E.  Tarbat,  Gnnplios  ohscurata  from  many  localities, 
including  ochreous  and  almost  black  forms  from  the  same  place, 
Budleigh  Salterton.  Mr.  Barnett,  a  fine  varied  series  of  Apamea 
leucosty/ma  and  var.  fibrosa  from  the  Fen  District.  Mr.  Hchooling,  a 
second  brood  Aictia  caja  with  only  an  imperfect  narrow  fascia  and  a 
few  apical  and  costal  spots  of  cream  colour  on  the  forewings.  Mr. 
Colthrup,  a  very  long  series  of  this  year's  Colias  lujale  from  East  Kent. 
Mr.  B.  H.  Smith,  a  Melanippe  montanata  almost  white,  Catoeala  niipta 
with  smoky  brown  hind  wings,  three  A(jriiis  comolvuli  from 
Warlingham,  with  specimens  of  Phryj'iis  livornica,  Sterrha  aacraria, 
Lap/njf/iiia  e.ci;/tia,  Plusia  ni,  and  series  of  Volia  xanthomhta,  and 
litimicia  pJdoeas,  including  a  partial  var.  sclniiiiltii,  all  from  South 
Cornwall  in  September  last.  Mr.  Sich,  the  Gelechiid,  An/i/ritis 
pktella,  which  used  to  occur  on  Barnes  Common ;  and  for  Mr.  Green, 
Deprt'saaria  pntridella  from  its  North  Kent  habitat.  Mr.  K.  G.  Blair, 
Muiias  t'diae  asymmetrical,  teratological  specimens,  Carabus  caUnidatuf 
with  reflex  margins  of  thorax  excised,  and  Piiiwlia  foniicata  right 
antenna  doubly  branched,  and  for  Mr.  W.  N.  Blair,  examples  of  the 
Medicinal  Leech  from  the  New  Forest.  Mr.  Tonge,  stereoscopic 
slides  of  lepidopterous  ova  in  situ,  wild  laid,  with  specimens  of 
the  imagines  of  the  genera  Tvochilinm  and  .Et/eria,  and  also  varied 
bred  series  of  Cidaria  tnincata  (nissata)  and  Lohopltora  viretata.  Mr. 
Pratt,  an  extreme  dark  margined  form  of  Eplajra  pondidaria.  Mr. 
Baumann,  IJijdrioiiieiia  furcata  {sordidata)  bred  from  Surrey  with  a 
black  series  from  Manchester,  very  pale  Dianthoecia  rarpopliai/a  from 
the  Sussex  coast,  etc.  Mr.  Scorer,  aberrations  of  R.  pidacas  longtailed, 
spotless  underside,  P.  mocliaon  heavily  banded,  EncJdoe  cardamint's  with 
white  streak  through  the  orange  patch,  Port/icsia  siitiilis  with  black  edged 
COsta,  Calliiiiorpha  douiinnla  with  rounded  wings,  /'.  napi  $  heavily 
spotted,  etc.  Mr.  St.  Aubyn,  two  ab.  Jiava  of  A.  fdipcndnlae  from 
Coulsdon.  The  Rev.  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  a  collection  made  in  mid-Wales 
last  June,  including  Plusia  interronationis,  a  fine  varied  series,  Acidalia 
fuiiiata,  Atputis  litcernea,  etc.  Mr.  Andrews,  dwarf  Diptera,  Pxunbijliiix 
viajor,  Kriatalix  pertina.v,  and  C/iri/soc/daiin/s  riiprea,  and  for  Mr.  Barraud, 
a  teratological  specimen  of  Sjrilof/aster  iditiinosa  with  missing  fourth 
longitudinal  vein.  Mr.  Stanley  Edwards,  Papiliojiidac,  P.  poliirves, 
and  allied  /'.  lurliniis  and  P.  ni/assinns  from  Africa  compared  with  /'. 
oy'fl.c  and  /'.  niarciilus  from  America.  Mr.  Piatt  Barrett,  J  and  J  com- 
parisons of  British  and  Sicilian  butterflies,  (i.  i/tanini and  (r.  dcopatra, 
I iipparihia  ficiiii'lcand  var.  ah/iiira,  K.  jitrtina  with  var.  hispuUa  and  var. 
Jortunata,  a  long  series  of  Eiic/dni' damoiti',  sets  of  geographical  forms  of 
Melanan/ia  i/alat/ieo,  ]>ritish,  Alpine,  Apennine,  Calabrian,  Sicilian, 
at  various  elevations,  etc.  Mr.  Barnett,  for  Mr.  Cannot,  a  WheeUria 
spiludavtyla,  Freshwater,  with  no  cleft  in  forewings  and  one  only  in 


SOCIETIES.  51 

hindwings.  Mr,  Kaye,  an  unusually  large  spray  of  the  magnificent 
orchid  Cattlci/a  labiata,  five  flowers.  Mr.  Pickett,  results  of  breeding 
Ani/erona  pDdiaria  under  coloured  muslins,  red,  pink,  orange-yellow, 
and  cream  with  green  pattern,  and  aberrational  series  of  M.  ^/alatltea, 
Agriades  coridnn  {senii-si/ni/raplia,  ohsolcta,  striata,  viinor),  etc.  Mr. 
Sheldon,  European  Dinrni,  taken  by  himself  in  the  Riviera,  south 
Spain,  Digne,  etc.,  including  fine  series  of  Zegris  etiphemc  var. 
meridionalU,  Thais  rinnina,  var.  canteneri,  var.  medesicaste,  and  ab. 
honoratii,  Araschnia  levana,  var.  prorsa,  and  var.  porima,  etc.  Mr. 
Frisby,  nearly  all  the  species  of  British  bees  in  the  genera  Andrena 
and  Cilissa.  Mr.  W.  J.  Kaye,  a  drawer  of  species  of  Syntomidae  he 
had  taken  at  flowers  in  South  Brazil,  and  gave  notes  on  their  habits. 
December  lith,  1911. — Special  Meeting. — It  was  agreed  unanimously 
at  an  usually  large  meeting  to  increase  the  annual  subscription  to  ten 
shillings,  and  the  life  composition  to  six  guineas.  Okdinaky  Meeting. 
—Mr.  R.  G.  Todd,  of  Hadley  Wood,  Mr.  G.  E.  H.  Peskett,  of  Ilford, 
Mr.  A.  Quarrington,  of  Norwood,  and  Mr.  E.  A.  Stowell,  B.A.,  of 
Kingston,  were  elected  members.  Rumicia  phl^eas. — There  was  a  special 
exhibition  of  Rioiiicia  p/daeas  and  its  allies.  Mr.  Tonge,  series  from 
S.E.  counties  and  bred  continental  specimens ;  Mr.  Newman,  on 
behalf  of  Mr.  Quarrington,  ab.  schmidtii  and  striated  forms  ;  the  Rev. 
G.  Wheeler,  series  from  England,  Italy,  S.  France  and  S.  Switzer- 
land, including  suffused  examples,  ab.  caemleopiinctata,  ab.  hipunctata, 
etc. ;  Mr.  R.  Adkin,  representative  series  from  Eastbourne  this  j^ear, 
and  analysed  the  variation  occurring  there ;  Mr.  A.  E.  Gibbs, 
series  from  England,  N.E.  France,  E.  Pyrenees,  Corsica,  Algeria, 
Turkistan  and  Japan,  together  with  many  closely  allied  species 
from  the  Palsearctic  and  Nearctic  Regions ;  Mr.  Turner,  series 
including  his  ab.  alba  from  Brasted ;  Mr.  R.  South,  a  selection 
illustrating  the  ordinary  variation,  including  ab.  schmidtii,  and  pointed 
out  how  the  variation  of  the  American  representative  hypopJdaeas  had 
an  almost  parallel  range  ;  Mr.  Cowham,  ab.  schmidtii  from  Oxshott ; 
Mr.  Frohawk,  a  long  bred  series  of  C.  dispar  var.  rutilns  from 
Continental  ova;  Mr.  C.  P.  Pickett,  long  and  varied  series  of  four 
broods  in  1911,  and  many  aberrations  during  the  past  ten  years;  Mr. 
Edwards,  closely  allied  Central  and  E.  Asian  forms  ;  and  Mr.  Kaye, 
bred  specimens.  In  the  subsequent  remarks  it  was  noted  that  the 
species  had  appeared  in  great  abundance  even  in  gardens  and  streets, 
that  there  were  extremely  few  striking  aberrations,  that  the  later 
broods  were  generally  darker,  that  the  larva  hibernated  in  any  instar, 
and  that  the  species  was  by  no  means  common  in  Switzerland. 
Hymenoptera. — Mr.  West  (Greenwich),  exhibited  a  drawer  of  the 
Society's  cabinet,  in  which  he  had  arranged  the  British  Hymen- 
optera recently  presented  to  the  Society.  Swiss  Lepidoptera. 
— Mr.  Ashdown,  collection  of  Lepidoptera  taken  by  him  in 
Switzerland  and  near  Chamonix  in  June  and  July  last. 
Aberrations. — Mr.  Newman,  a  number  of  well-marked  aberrations 
from  the  collection  of  Mr.  Hills,  of  Folkestone.  Blue  5  P.  icarus. — 
Mr.  Quarrington,  a  fine  blue  $  of  Poli/ommatus  icarus.  E.  atomaria, 
VARs. — Mr.  Buckstone,  a  series  of  variations  of  Ematunja  atomaria. 
Third  generation  of  A.  virgularia. — Mr.  South,  a  long  series  of  three 
generations  of  Acidalia  vin/ularia,  reared  in  1911  from  a  2  taken  at 
Bishop   Auckland   in    1910.     Autumn-bred   A.   iris. — Mr.   Joy,    two 


52  THE  entomologist's  record. 

autumn-bred  specimens  of  Apatura  iris,  the  rest  of  the  brood  going 
over  as  hirva)  as  usual.  Dark  L.  deplana  and  Capture  of  Peripi.aneta 
AUSTRALASIA. — Mr.  Bleukarn,  light  and  dark  examples  of  Lithosia 
deplana,  and  a  specimen  of  the  cockroach  Periplanela  axstralasiae, 
taken  from  a  case  of  oranges  from  Jamaica.  Sexual  dimorphism  of 
E.  halitherses. — Mr.  Edwards,  the  remarkably  sexually  dimorphic 
species  hhiiipus  lialithcracs,  of  which  the  5  mimics  a  Kuploca.  H. 
semele,  var. — Mr.  Pickett,  a  very  richly  marked  aberration  of 
Hipparchia  semele.  The  "  Tugwell  Herbarium." — Mr.  Step,  a  further 
portion  of  the  "  Tugwell  Herbarium,"  which  he  had  been  renovating 
for  the  Society,  and  to  contain  which  Mr.  R.  Adkin  had  most  kindly 
ffiven  a  handsome  cabinet. 


Samuel  James  Capper,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

Samuel  James  Capper,  of  Huyton  Park,  Liverpool,  President  and 
founder  of  the  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society,  passed 
away  at  his  residence  on  the  evening  of  January  21st.,  in  his  eighty- 
seventh  year.  He  was  a  Londoner  by  birth  and  early  came  under  the 
influence  of  natural  history,  for  he  was  sent  to  a  boarding  school  at 
Epping,  where  the  brothers  Doubleday  did  all  they  could  to  induce  the 
young  to  take  an  interest  in  the  local  Lepidoptera.  In  course  of  time 
he  settled  in  Liverpool  and  became  a  partner  in  the  well-known  firm 
of  Thompson  and  Capper,  manufacturing  chemists.  He  soon  met  with 
the  late  Benjamin  Cooke  and  other  Lancashire  collectors,  and  resumed 
his  boyhood's  pursuit,  which  he  continued  to  follow  with  unflagging 
energy  until  a  few  years  ago.  In  1874  he  met  with  an  accident  while 
collecting  in  N.  Wales,  and  was  henceforth  too  lame  to  carry  on  his 
field-work.  Nothing  daunted,  if  he  could  not  go  to  entomology, 
entomology  must  come  to  him.  In  1887  the  Lancashire  and  Cheshire 
Entomological  Society  was  inaugurated  at  his  house  in  Huyton  Park, 
himself  as  first  President,  an  office  he  held  until  his  death. 

His  written  work  has  been  small,  but  his  Annual  Addresses  to  the 
above  Society  show  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  very  wide  and  deep 
reading,  and  one  whose  knowledge  of  entomology,  gained  by  experience 
in  the  field,  was  no  mean  amount.  In  the  Knt.  lleeord,  vol.  x.,  p.  54, 
there  is  reprinted  an  address  given  by  him  on  "  Entomological 
Literature  in  Britain,"  and  a  portrait  of  him  will  be  found  in  the 
l]rit.  Xat.  (continuation  of  )'oiin;i  Nat.)  vol.  ii.,  p.  60.  For  many  years 
he  had  taken  every  opportunity  to  add  to  his  collections,  which 
contained  a  very  large  number  of  interesting  and  unique  varieties.  In 
the  Xatiiralists'  Journal,  vol.  v.,  p.  20,  etc.,  S.  L.  Mosley  gives  a  most 
interesting  account  of  a  visit  he  paid  to  Huyton  Park.  Subsequently, 
a  large  number  of  the  aberrations  of  British  Lepidoptera  in  the 
collection,  were  figured  by  Mosley  in  his  lllustratidns  of  Varieties  of 
Ihitish  Lepidoptera  and  in  the  volumes  of  tlie  Xatnralists'  Journal. 
During  the  last  few  years  Mr.  Capper's  declining  strength  prevented 
his  taking  much  interest  in  his  insects,  and  finally  last  autumn 
he  parted  with  the  whole  of  them  to  Mr.  L.  \V.  Newman,  by 
whom  they  are  being  dispersed.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends.— H.  J.  T. 


WATKINS     &     DONCASTER, 
Naturalists  and  Manufacturers  of  Entomological  Apparatus  and  Cabinets. 

Plain  Bii)g  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  1/3,  2/-,  2/6,  3/-.  Folding  Nets,  3/6, 
4/-,  4/6.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7/-.  Pocket  Boxes  (deal),  6d.,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Zinc 
Collecting  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6,  2/-.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen,  1  gross,  1/6. 
Entomological  Pins,  1/6  per  ounce.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2/6  to  8/-.  Sugaring  Tin,  with 
brush,  1/6,  2/-.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use,  1/9  per  tin.  Store-Boxes,  with  camphor 
cells,  2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  6/-.  Setting-Boards,  flat  or  oval,  lin.,  6d. ;  IJin.,  8d.;  2in.,  lOd.;  2iin., 
1/-;  SJin.,  1/4;  4in.,  1/6;  5in.,  1/10;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10/8.  Set'ting 
Houses,  9/6,  11/6;  corked  back,  14/-.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Breeding  Cage, 
2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  7/6.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube,  1/6,  1/8.  Botanical  Cases, 
japanned  double  tin,  1/6  to  4/6.  Botanical  Paper,  1/1,  1/4,  1/9,  2/2  per  quire.  Insect 
Glazed  Cases,  2/6  to  11/-.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennie  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
1/6,  2/-,  2/6  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3^,  best  quality  1/6  per  dozen  sheets.  Brass 
Chloroform  Bottle,  2/6.  Insect  Lens,  1/-  to  8/-.  Glass-top  and  Glass-bottomed  Boxes, 
from  1/-  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.  to  1/-.  Pupa  Digger,  in  leather  sheath,  1/9. 
Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most  necessary  implements  for  skinning,  10/6. 
Scalpels,  1/3  ;  Scissors,  2/-  per  pair  ;  Eggdrills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d. ;  Blowpipes,  4d. ;  Artificial 
Eyes  for  Birds  and  Animals.  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs, 
2d.,  3d.,  6d.;  ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.   Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  etc. 

SILVER  PINS  for  collectors  of  Micro-Lepidoptera,  etc.,  as  well  as  minute  insects  of 
all  other  families. 

We  stock  various  sizes  and  lengths  of  these  Silver  Pins  which  have  certain  advantages 
over  the  entomological  pins  (whether  enamelled  black  or  silver  or  gilt). 

For  instance,  insects  liable  to  become  greasy  and  to  verdigris  like  Sesiidae,  etc.,  are 
best  pinned  on  Silver  Pins  which  will  last  much  longer  than  ordinary  pins. 

We  shall  be  pleased  to  send  pattern  cards  on  application. 

SHOW    ROOM    FOR    CABINETS 

Of  every  description  of  Insects,  Birds'  Egos,  Coins,  Microscopical  Objects,  Fossils,  &c. 

Catalogue  (100  pages)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

LARGE  STOCK  OP  INSECTS    AND  BIRDS'  EGGS  (British,  European,  and  Exotic). 
Birds,  Mammah,  etc.,  Preserved  and  Mounted  by  First  class   Workmen. 

36,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C.,  ENGLAND. 

Synopsis  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Western  Europe, 

By  MALCOLM   BURR,   D.Sc.,   F.Z.S.,    F.L.S..   F.E.S.,  &c. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  160  pp.,  with  good  Index  (Specific  and  Generic). 

Price    3sm    neim 

A  pocket  handbook  for  the  use  of  collectors  in  the  field.     Covers  all  species  found  west 
of  the  Carpathian  Mts.     Description  of  each  species,  habits,  habitats  and  distribution 

Will  he  sent  Po.'^t  Free  on  receipt  of  Postal  Order  for  3s.  to — 

A.    H.,    41,    Wisteria    Road,    Lewisham,    S.E> 

BARGAINS!       BARGAINS!!       BARGAINS!!! 

Having  bought  several  large  collections  lately  I  can  ofler  many  species  at  low  rates 
to  clear  my  duplicates.  About  500-600  well  assorted  Moths  (many  on  black  pins  and 
labelled)  in  a  large  good  store  box.     Box  and  contents  10/6,  postage  5d. 

The  following  all  good  specimens  at  per  doz.,  not  less  than  half-doz.  of  a  species  sold 
at  these  prices: — Aegeria  1/3,  Artemis  1/6,  Cinxia  1/6,  T.  quercus  1/6,  Adonis  lOd., 
Corydon  lOd.,  Lineola  1/3,  Elpenor  2/0,  Populi  1/-,  Culiciformis  2/-,  Geryon  1/3,  Staticeg 
1/3,  Minos  5/-,  Mehloti  1/6,  Cucullatella  1/  ,  Confusalis  2/-,  EubricoUis  2/-,  Dominula  9d,, 
Fuliginosa  1/5,  Potatoria  1/-,  Falcula  6d.,  Hamula  2/-,  Plumigera  4/-,  Dictaea  2/-,  Ziczag 
1/3,  Curtula  1/3,  Diluta  1/3,  Muralis  1/6,  Coryli  1/3,  Rumicis  1/6,  Impura  9d.,  Pallens  9d., 
Lutosa  2/-,  Flavago  2/-,  Rurea  1/-,  var.  combusta  2/-,  Australis  2/-,  Popularis  1/6, 
Basilinea  1/-,  Gemina  1/-,  Oculea  6d.,  Strigilis  9d.,  Fasciuncula  9d.,  Furuncula  9d., 
Haworthii  l/9,.Trilinea  1/3,  Morpheus  1/6,  Alsines  1/6,  Blanda  1/6,  Ambigua2/-,  Cubicu- 
laris  9d.,  Valligera  1/6,  Suffusa  1/-,  Saucia  1/6,  Corticea  1/3,  Cinerea  j  s  10/-,  Ripse  4/-, 
Cursoria  1/6,  Nigricans  1/3,  Tritici  1/-,  Porphyrea  1/-,  Glareosa  1/6,  Augur  1/-,  C-nigrum 
1/-,  Brunnea  9d.,  Festiva  9d.,  Conflua  1/9,  Bajal/-,  Fimbria  1/6,  Janthina  1/-,  Pyramidea 
1/-,  Typica  9d.,  Piniperda  1/6,  Rubricosa  9d.,  Gothica  9d.  Box  (non  returnable)  and 
postage  4d.  extra. 

Next  Month  many  more  species,  look  out  for  them. 

L.    W.    NEWMAN,    F.E.S.,    Bexley,    Kent. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 


The  Orthoptera  of  the  Madeira,  Malcolm  Burr,   D.Sc,  F.Z.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

(with  plate)        29 

Myrmecophilous  Notes   for   1911,    H.    St.  J.    K.    Donisthorpe,  F.Z.S.,   F.E.S. 

(concluded)        . .         . .  . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .  . .         . .         34 

A  Month  in  Switzerland  and  elsewhere,  George  Wheeler,  M.A.,   F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

(to  be  concluded)  . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         41 

Scientific  Notes  and  Observations  : — Foodplant  of   Hesperia  sidoe,  H.  Powell, 

F.E.S.     Variation  in  Euchloe  euphenoides,  Ibid  . .         . .         ..         . .         . .         44 

Notes  on  Collecting,  etc  : — From  Algiers,  H.  Poicell,  F.E.S.     Issoria  lathonia, 

R.  Ashton  Nichols         . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .         44 

Current  Notes  and  Short  Notices       . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         44 

Societies  : — The  Entomological  Society  of  London.     The  South  London  Entomo- 
logical and  Natural  History  Society  . .  . .         . .  . .         . .         . .  . .         47 

Obituary: — Samuel  James  Capper,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.   H.J.T 52 

Contributions  remain  over  for  want  of  space  from  G.  Wheeler,  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker, 
H.  C.  Dollman  (with  plate),  P.  A.  and  D.  A.  J.  Buxton,  W.  C.  Crawley,  J.  Taylor, 
Douglas  H.  Pearson,  N.  Manders,  E.  A.  Cockayne,  J.  T.  Fountain. 

Seasonal  notes  on  British  Lepidoptera  will  appear  in  due  course  from  C.  W.  Colthrup, 
EusselE.  James,  F.  G.  Whittle,  J.  F.  Bird,  A.  Kussell,  Alf.  Sich,  H.  A.shton  Nichols,  etc. 

We  hope  that  those  who  intend  sending  ua  an  account  of  their  doings  for  1911  will  do 
so  ere  long,  as  we  should  like  to  know  more  of  what  our  English  workers  are  doing.  Will 
those  who  are  studying  the  Micro-lepidoptera  help  us,  by  sending  in  notes  of  their 
captures  and  observations. 


Rambles  in  Alpine  Valleys. 

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THE 

ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECORD 
JOURNAL    OF   VARIATION 

Edited  by 

a    r!^m<^ATT     i.  t   s     FES    I     T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  M.D.,  F-Z-S-i  F.E.8 
EichardS.  BAGNALL.,  F.L.s.,F.E.s.       ^-f"-^  rOLLIN.  f.e.s. 
T.  HUDSON  BEAllE  ^'.%t    J    K    DONISTHOR^ 

B.SO.,   F.l!..i>.,  I'.R.S.l-.  "•    oi.    u.  F!f8.  F.E.I 

GEORGE  T.  BETHUNE.BAKER  ^^^_        "  • 

F.Z.S.,  F.L.S.,  r.t.s,.        f  p   1    g.  TOMLIN,  M.A.,  F.I.s. 
Kyc\"N:'BUBROWS*;F.E^s.    I    SE^Ri^E^WHEELER.M....K...B. 

and 
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Editorial  Secretary;,,,-— "— — ~<;,^ 


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OVA,  LARV^,  AND  PUP/E- 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  W.  HEAD,  mntamoloixi&i, 

BURNISTON,    Nr.    SeT^RBOROUGH. 

Full    List  of  Ova,  Larvae,  and  Pupae,  also  Lepidoptera,  Apparatus,  Cabinets, 

etc.,  sent  on  application. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

STEVENS'     AUCTION     ROOMS.      (Estd.    1760.) 

PRELIMINARY     NOTICE. 

Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  offer  for  Sale  by  Auction  at  his  great  rooms,  38,  King  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.,  on 

TUESDAY,     APRIL    23pd,     1912, 

The  Fourth  Portion  of  the 

COLLECTION  of   LEPIDOPTERA, 

Formed  by  the  Late 

J.    W.    TUTT,    F.E.S. 

Comprising  long  series  in  fine  condition  of  British  Tortrices,  including  long  and 
varied  series  of  Peroneas.  Also  British  Tinea,  good  series  of  the  Psychidse  and 
Nepticulse  (vide  Brit.  Lep.,  vol.  i.),  most  of  the  Elachistidae  and  Gelechidse. 

Also  British  Crambi  in  excellent  condition,  including  siilinellus,  contaminelbis, 
anellus,  etc.,  British  Pterophorids,  and  the  remainder  of  the  British  Geometers  {Cidaria, 
etc.),  together  with  the  cabinets  containing  them. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  on  application  7  days  prior  at  the  Auction  Rooms, 
38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LEPIDOPTERA    &    LARV.S:     A    SPECIALITY. 

Photographed  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c., 

By  same   Colour  Process. 
LANTERN  SLIDES  MADE  TO  ORDER   FROM   ANY  SPECIMEN   OR  COLOURED  DRAWING. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OF  LARYiE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 

For  List  apply  to —   — — — ^— — ^— — ^^^— 

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Latest  issued  parts  are:    Palxarctica,  No.  90;    Exotica,   70. 

THE    PUBLISHING    OFFICE  : 

Stuttgart:    Poststrasse  7.  Verlag  des  Seitz'schen  Werkes. 

(Alfked  Keenen). 


Vol.   XXIV. 


Plate  II. 


Del.  Hereirard  C.  Dollman. 


Mysia  oblongo-odttata,  L.,  ab.  nigro-guttata,  n.  ab. 
(r.  antenna  should  be  exactly  like  l.) 


The  K)itomolo!iii>t's  Record,  etc.,   1912. 


NOTES  FROM  THE  WYE  VALLEY.  53 

Mysia  oblongoguttata,  L,  ab.  nigroguttata,  n.  ab.  {with  plau). 

By  HEREWARD  C.  DOLLMAN,  F.E.S. 
This  is  a  striking  aberration  inasmuch  as  the  elytra,  usuallj'  quite 
unmarked  with  black  in  this  species,  exhibit  six  well-defined  ivory- 
black  spots.  The  two  dark  longitudinal  lines  on  the  thorax  that  are 
sometimes  observable  in  normal  specimens  are  in  this  aberration  very 
strong,  being  unusually  broad  and  black.  The  clubs  of  the  antennae, 
the  femora  wholly,  and  the  tibiae  in  part,  are  also  black. 

In  contoiu-,  sculpture,  and  size,  the  specimen  does  not  depart  from  the 
normal.  The  clypeus,  the  front  of  the  head,  the  eyes,  the  first  joint  and  club  of 
the  antennas,  and  the  apical  portion  of  the  last  joint  of  the  maxillary  palpi  b!ack, 
with  the  base  of  the  head  (narrowly),  and  the  other  joints  of  the  antenna)  and 
maxillary  palpi  reddish-testaceous ;  thorax  with  the  broad  white  borders 
narrowly  margined  with  black  (from  posterior  to  anterior  angles),  and  the  dark 
longitudinal  lines  very  broad  and  black;  elytra  light  testaceous-brown,  with  the 
margins  somewhat  lighter,  with  the  usual  irregular  light  longitudinal  lines  and 
oblong  spots,  but.  each  of  the  latter  marked  within  with  a  large  well-defined  jet 
black  centre  ;  legs,  with  the  except'on  of  the  apical  half  of  the  tibise  and  the 
tarsi,  which  are  dark  reddish-brown,  black. 

The  type  specimen  beaten  from  I'iniis  sylrestris  at  Oxshott,  Surrey, 
on  Julv  4th,  1911. 


Notes  from  the  Wye  Valley:    Lepidoptera  in  191 1. 

By  J.  F.  BIRD. 
The  semi-tropical  summer  last  year  will,  no  doubt,  be  long 
remembered,  and  I  do  not  think  I  need  say  more  than  that  we,  in 
common  with  the  rest  of  England,  sorely  felt  the  want  of  rain.  The 
whole  country  looked  scorched  up,  the  leaves  fell  off'  the  trees,  and  not 
only  did  garden  plants  suffer,  but  many  hardy  wild  floAvers  and  weeds 
of  the  countryside  shrivelled  up  and  gave  up  the  struggle  for  existence. 
The  long  spell  of  fine  and  hot  weather  was  responsible  for  the  second 
appearance  of  a  number  of  species  of  Lepidoptera,  and  also  one  or  two 
cases  of  even  a  third  emergence  occurred.  Some  rather  dwarfed 
individuals  were  noticed,  which  is  hardly  to  be  wondered  at  considering 
the  effects  of  the  weeks  of  drought,  but  on  the  whole  most  appeared  to 
be  of  average  expanse  of  wing. 

Before  referring  to  some  of  the  insects  met  with  during  1911,  I 
may  mention  that  I  recorded  in  the  Wye  Valley  last  year  262  species 
of  Macro-lepidoptera  (counting  larv;p),  or  nearly  one- third  of  those  to 
be  found  in  Britain.  These  notes,  unless  otherwise  specified,  will 
relate  to  the  parish  of  8t.  Briavels  in  Gloucestershire. 

DicRNi. — Pieris  hrassicac,  though  common,  was  not  unusually 
so;  while  the  two  smaller  "whites,"  /'.  ra/iae  and  P.  napi,  were 
exceptionally  abundant,  especially  during  their  second  appearance. 
I  noticed  that  many  of  the  second  brood  of  P.  napi  were  strongly 
marked  and  exhibited  one  or  tw^o  extra  spots  between  the  veins  on 
the  hindwings,  the  result,  as  I  have  previously  noticed  in  the  Wye 
Valley,  of  a  hot  summer.  Kuchloi'  {Antltovliaiis)  cardainines  was  fairly 
common  and  many  larvse  were  found  feeding  on  the  seed-pods  of 
Hesperis  iiiatrnnalis,  which  seems  rather  a  favourite  garden  food-plant 
oi  the  species.  Goneptenjx  rhawni  was  plentiful  in  the  spring  and  also 
after  the  emergence  of  "the  fresh  brood.  Bitlnjs  (jiiercits  was  more 
March  15th,  1912. 


54  THii;  kntomologist's  record. 

abundant  than  I  have  ever  seen  it.  As  I  wished  to  obtain  some  ova  I 
watched  one  of  the  females  which  seemed  to  be  ovipositing  while 
crawling  up  and  down  the  twigs  at  the  end  of  a  low-hanging  branch 
of  an  oak.  She  kept  her  abdomen  curved  so  as  to  feel  along  the  bark, 
and  several  times  appeared  to  lay  an  egg  below  projections  such  as 
buds  or  the  base  of  smaller  twigs.  After  she  had  flown  to  another  part 
of  the  tree  I  picked  the  twigs  she  had  been  on,  bat  was  disappointed  not 
to  find  any  ova,  although  I  carefully  examined  with  a  pocket  lense  each 
spot,  where  I  thought  I  had  seen  one  deposited.  Several  of  these 
butterflies  forsook  the  tree-tops  and  were  to  be  seen  flying  about  and 
settling  on  bracken,  and  a  male  netted  on  August  9th  was  flitting  about 
a  hovel  yard  in  the  manner  of  l\  tear  us  and  alighting  on  nettles  and 
other  weeds.  I  also  noticed  one  on  a  very  hot  day  drinking  on  the  wet 
mud  by  the  river-side.  Ridiiicia  p/daeaa  swarmed  everywhere  and  was 
noticed  on  the  wing  right  into  October.  I  fancy  there  were  three  broods 
during  the  year.  On  September  24th,  1  netted  one  a,h.')adiata  2  going 
to  the  flowers  in  my  garden,  rolyonniiatus  icarnti  was  also  verj-  plentiful, 
and  on  several  evenings  I  searched  for  aberrations  among  those 
asleep  on  the  stems  of  grass,  etc.,  and  the  two  best,  both  taken  on  August 
7th,  were  (i)  a  ?  ab.  arena,  and  (ii)  a  <?  with  forewings  of  ordinary 
colour,  but  bordered  with  a  blue  of  slightly  paler  shade,  and  the  hind- 
wings  with  a  marginal  row  of  black  spots.  Cdastrina  an/ioltis  was 
more  in  evidence  during  the  summer  than  in  the  spring.  In  July  I 
met  with  several  of  the  males  on  the  heather.  A  search  on  ivy  in  the 
autumn  only  produced  one  larva.  A/iatiira  iris. — During  the  summer 
I  believe  I  saw  three  of  these  butterflies  on  the  wing,  but  not  clearly 
enough  to  say  so  for  certain.  However,  I  was  presented  with  one  by 
a  non-entomological  neighbour  of  mine,  who  captured  it  in  August, 
1910,  while  it  was  fluttering  on  a  window  in  her  house.  The  specimen, 
a  female,  is  slightly  asymmetrical,  the  wings  on  the  left  side  being 
rather  smaller  than  those  on  the  right.  Poliii/nnia  c-albuni. — I  did  not 
see  a  single  hybernated  specimen  in  the  spring,  although  I  was  on  the 
look-out  for  a  female  or  two  to  send  a  corresf  ondent,  and,  as  luck 
would  have  it,  when  the  summer  brood  were  on  the  wing  I  only  saw 
females  when  I  was  without  my  net.  (If  my  correspondent  reads  this 
it  will  explain  why  he  received  none  from  me.)  On  August  24th, 
while  paying  a  visit  to  my  father  at  Tintern,  I  noticed  one  of  the 
autumn  brood  just  emerged  and  clinging  to  an  empty  pupa-case,  which 
was  attached  to  a  wire  for  training  creepers  fixed  on  the  side  of  a 
window.  A  search  among  the  hop-plants  growing  close  by  produced 
several  pupa?  and  one  nearly  full-fed  larva.  At/lais  nrticae.—  During 
the  scorching  summer  and  the  early  autumn  this  butterfly  frequently 
entered  the  house  and  settled  in  odd  corners  as  if  to  hybernate,  but 
after  resting  like  this  for  a  few  days  flew  out  again.  One  of  these 
visitors  suddenly  became  lively  one  night  (September  7th)  and  began 
flying  about  our  dining-room,  and  when  it  settled  it  did  so  on  the 
ceiling  immediately  above  the  lamp  with  wings  displayed  as  if  basking 
in  sunshine.  I  did  not  pay  much  attention  to  it  at  first,  but  it 
suddenly  struck  me,  when  glancing  up  at  the  butterfly,  that  there  was 
something  rather  odd  about  it,  so  I  bottled  it.  I  afterwards  found  that 
the  two  black  spots  on  the  forewings  between  veins  2  and  4  were 
almost  imperceptible.  Vaneam  in  was  again  plentiful,  but  only  two  or 
three  specimens  were  seen  of  t'l/rameis  atalanta  and   P.  cardiii.      The 


NOTES  FROM  THE  WYE  VALLEY.  55 

two  early  "  fritillaries,"  Brenthis  eii}>]irosyne  and  B.  selene,  were 
abundant  in  their  usual  haunts,  but  Dnjas  paphia  I  did  not  see  any- 
where except  in  one  spot  by  the  side  of  the  river  where  it  was  not 
scarce.  Pararr/e  ae;/eria  and  P.  meijaera  were  most  plentiful,  especially 
towards  the  end  of  the  summer.  One  of  the  latter  I  saw  lay  an  egg, 
which  she  deposited,  as  I  have  before  noticed  when  observing  this 
insect,  on  a  dead  and  brown  blade  hanging  downwards  from  a  clump 
of  grass  growing  at  the  edge  and  on  the  top  of  a  wall.  On  August 
23rd,  one  specimen  of  /'.  acucria  was  noticed  going  to  the  treacle 
spread  on  a  tree-trunk  the  previous  evening  to  attract  moths.  Both 
Kpinephele  Jurtina  and  Aphantnpua  {Enodia)  Jn/perontus  were  as 
common  as  usual,  but  I  only  saw  one  or  two  Epinephele  tithonus. 
This  last  species  I  have  only  found  common  along  the  hedges  of  one 
lane  in  this  district.  Coenomjwpha  painphilus,  Hesperia  malvae, 
Adnpaea  flaca,  Au;/iades  si/lranns  and  Nisoniades  tar/es  were  rather  more 
plentiful  than  usual. 

Heteeocera. — Aiiiorplia  poptili. — The  ova  and  larvae  were  not  un- 
common on  poplar  and  sallow.  Until  last  year  I  have  only  seen  a 
very  few  each  season.  Kuwnrpha  dpenor. — I  have  not  yet  found  this 
species  here,  but  last  year  my  father  obtained  three  larviB  on  the 
Monmouthshire  side  of  the  river.  Sesia  stellatarnm. — One  only  seen, 
in  August,  hovering  at  Sweet-William  in  my  garden.  Acf/erin  tipnli- 
formis. — My  father  took  one  at  Tintern  in  his  garden  ;  the  only 
specimen  noted  by  us  in  the  Wye  Valley.  Hepiulns  hunnili  was  most 
abundant  in  the  meadows,  and  I  obtained  some  rather  nice  forms, 
including  a  plain  yellow  female  with  practically  no  markings  visible. 
Hylupldla  prasinana. — Metted  at  dusk  and  also  taken  in  the  larval 
stage.  Xola  cucullateUa. — One  at  light  on  July  7th  ;  the  first  I  have 
seen  here.  Neither  have  we  found  it  a  common  species  in  Monmouth- 
shire. X.coiifiisalis. — Only  one  last  year.  Lifhosia  {Cabosia)  viesotiwlla. 
— One  only,  caught  with  my  hand  as  it  flew  past  me  at  early  dusk 
while  I  was  fishing.  Xojh'ophila  jdantaiiinis. — Not  uncommon  at  the 
beginning  of  .June.  I  find  this  moth  is  much  attached  to  patches  of 
bracken.  Arctia  villica. — I  was  pleased  to  see  one  of  these  handsome 
moths  at  Tintern,  but  the  specimen,  a  3  ,  was  too  worn  to  take. 
Spilo><intia  {Phracpitatobia)  fuUijinos^a. — In  the  Spring  I  found  on  one  of 
my  poultry-runs  a  newly-spun  cocoon  containing  a  larva.  Spilosoma 
menilica.—Sexeval  females  were  seen  in  early  summer  flying  in  the 
daytime.  Poithesia  similis. — Two  imagines  only;  the  first  I  have  seen 
on  this  side  of  the  Wye.  Dasychira  pudibimda. —  At  light.  Fumea 
casta. — The  cases  numerous  on  tree  trunks  and  stone  walls. 
The  imagines  of  Drepana  falcataria  were  commoner  than  usual  and 
several  of  both  broods  were  disturbed  from  the  bushes  or 
netted  at  dusk.  I  also  bred  one  on  August  22nd  from 
a  larva  found  on  alder.  Centra  bifida. — I  was  unfortunate  in  only 
finding  empty  eggshells  of  this  insect  on  the  poplar  bushes,  and  I  am 
afraid  the  wood-ants  were  responsible  for  my  want  of  success  in  finding 
the  larvre.  (.'.  n'uida. — Ova  and  larvte  were  seen  on  sallow  and  poplar. 
Notodonta  {Leiocavipa)  dictaea. — I  failed  in  breeding  this  insect  from 
the  ova  obtained  in  1910,  but  hope  I  shall  be  more  successful  this 
season.  Last  year  I  found  a  few  ova  on  the  small  poplar  bushes  and 
now  have  four  pupae.  Larvae  were  found  of  Notodonta  droniedarius, 
Lopliopteryx  catnelina   and    Phalcra   bucephala.      Diloba  caernleocephala 


56  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 

was  common  at  light  in  October.     1  found  one  or  two  of  the  larvae 
feeding  on    Cotnueaster.      Gonophora  derasa   and   Tltyatira  batis    were 
netted  at  dusk,   but  neither   were  very  common.       Anphalia    diliita 
turned  up  at  light,  and  also  at  treacle,  in  August.      The  larvae  of  A. 
jiavicornis  were,  as    usual,  abundant  on    birch  bushes.       Acroni/cta 
lepuiiiia. — Two  fine  specimens   bred.      Jocheaera  alni. — On  July  25th, 
a  full-fed  larva  was  found  crawling  on  the  path  in  a  wood.     It  spun 
up  a  few  days  later   in   a  dried  hollow  parsley  stem.     By  a  curious 
coincidence  I  found  this  caterpillar  while  walking  with  my  father,  and 
our  conversation  at  the  time  was  about  another  of  these  larvfe  which 
he  had  found  a  few  days  previously  on  sloe  in  the  New  Forest,  Hants. 
Tiicuna  tridens. — My  father  bred   a  nice  series,  including  one  from  a 
larva  found  here  in   1910,  the  rest  being  the  oft'spring  of  a  female  he 
took  at  Wicken.     rharetra  niniicis. — I  found  a  number  of  the  larvfe 
on  my  strawberry  plants  at  the  end  of  June,  and  from  those  I  kept, 
bred  specimens  of  the  second  brood  during  the  third  week  of  July. 
Aijrotin  pitta. — One  at  light  and  another  netted   at  dusk.       A<irotis 
{Lijropliotia)  ntri(iida. — The  first  one  netted  was  on  June  9th.      Is  not 
this  rather  an  early  date?     The  earliest  I  have  taken  it  before  in  this 
district  has  been  July   4th.      Xoctiia  festira. — The  males,  as   usual, 
very  common,  but  only  two  females  netted.      Xoctna  tiiaufitdiim. — 
Netted  at  dusk.     Hadena  pisi  is  apparently   rare  in  this  district.     I 
bred  one  from  a  larva  found  here  on   broom,  and  also  a  nice  series 
from  larvic  obtained  on   Barnes  Common,   Surrey,  where  I  noticed 
them  in  hundreds.      My   Gloucestershire  specimen  is  a  much  greyer 
moth  than  the  Surrey  specimens.      Mainestra  hrassicae. — I  only  men- 
tion this  common   insect  because  I  have  never  seen  so  many  of  the 
autumn  brood  before.     They  almost   monopolised  the  treacled  trees  in 
August.       Dianthoecia   eapsinenla   I  captured   at   Sweet-William,   the 
first  time  I  have  taken  it  here.      Polia  chi  and   P.  tlaviti}icta  were 
noticed  on  the  stone  walls,  the  former   being  plentiful.       Auriopia 
aprilina. — A  few  larviT^  were  found  resting  in  crevices  of  the  bark  on 
oak  trunks.      A  new   record   for  us  in  the  Wye  Valley.      Miana  fas- 
ciioinda. — Several  netted  at  dusk.      I  have  only  met  with  it  before  in 
this  district  on  the  Monmouthshire  side  of  the  Wye.     Another  new 
record  for  me  here  was  (jorti/na   orltracea  { jIara;io),  and  I  bred  several 
from  pupte  found   in    foxglove  stems.      Hijdioecia   uiicacea. — A    few 
taken    between     August     7th    and    30th.      Taeniocampa     miniosa. — 
Five  larvae  on  oak    which    fed    up    very    well   until    after  the  last 
moult,  when  for  some  unknown  reason  all  but  one  died.      7'.  mniida 
absolutely   swarmed    in    March    on    the  windows,  and  I  picked  out 
a    nice    variable  series.       The    larvae    were    seen  later  on  oak    and 
pear.      I'arhnohia    rubricosa  was    also    attracted    by    the    lamps    in 
March  and  the  beginning  of  April.     In  the  autumn,  visitors  to  ivy- 
blossom  included    'J'rip/iaena  pronnba,   Miselia  oxtjacanthac,  including 
ab.   capiirina,   Caradrina  (piadvipunctata,  Amathes  (Auchoacclis)  /iclrola 
{nt/ina),    A.   pistarina,    A.    litiira,    A.    lota,    A.    vtacilenta,     ^Jdlinia 
circellaris,  Tiliacca  citrat/a  (common,  but  mostly  worn),   T.  auiai/o  (2), 
(hrhodia  vacciuii,  0.  li;iula   (spailirca)  (the  only  one  I   have  seen  on 
this   side   of  the  river),   Scopelosoma  satellitia,  A';/lina  ornithopus  and 
riitsia   (jaunua.     Citria    davaijo  ab.  ilarcsirns. — One   splendid   example 
netted  at  dusk  in  my  garden  on  September   Hrd.       ('.   fidvaijo    also 
netted  in   the  garden.     Heliaia  tenebrata  and   I'hijtotnetra  aenea  were 


NOTES  FROM  THE  WYE  VALLEY.  57 

not  uncommon  in  the  early  summer.     Bnjophila  perla. — A  frequent 
visitor  into  the  house  attracted  by  the  lamps.     On  September  7th,  a 
very  small  ochreous  specimen  came  to  light.     It  was  so  fresh  that  I 
think  it  must  have  just  left  the  pupa.     Was  this  a  case  of  retarded 
emergence,  or  of  a  partial  double-broodedness  ?      I  am  inclined  to 
thinl<  the  latter.     ScoUopteryx  libatn'.r. — Hybernated  specimens  were 
met  with  until  June  7th,  and  the  1911  brood   began   to  appear  on 
July  30th.      Kiiclidia  f/li/phica   was  common ;    much  more   so    than 
K.  mi.     Plenty  of  Brephns  parthenias  were  seen  in  April,  but  as  they 
kept   well   out   of   reach    I   only   succeeded   in    netting   one   on   the 
13th  of   the  .  month.      Boiiiolocha  fontis,   Henninia    tarsipennalis,    H. 
grUcalia  and    Hypenodes   costaeatriyalis    were    all    met   with    at    dusk. 
Hypena    proboscidalis    was    as    plentiful    as     usual,    and    a    second 
emergence  occurred  in  the  autumn  when   I  netted  a  small,  but  very 
well-marked  specimen  on  September  4th.     Oitraptcry.r  sambncaria  ab. 
ciispidaria. — I  netted  two  specimens  at  dusk  on  June  5i7th  and  July 
8rd.      As  yet  I   have  only  met  with   males  of  this  form.       VeniUa 
iiiacidata. — I  captured  a  curious  specimen  on  June  5th  with  the  left 
forewing  broadly  banded  with  black.     As  the  wings  are  slightly  mal- 
formed, it  is  probable  that  this  asymmetry  was  caused  by  some  injury 
when  in  the  larval  or  pupal  stage.      Macaria  notata  and  M.  litnrata 
were  both  scarce.      Kiiiatnn/a  atoiiiaria  was  in   abundance  about  the 
heath  and  variable.     Between  ]\Iay  12th  and  June  7th  I  selected  a  few 
rather  nice  forms  to  add  to  our  series.     It  may  perhaps  be  interesting 
to  note  that  when  this  species  is  disturbed  in  cop.,  the  female,  although 
the  smaller  of  the  two,  carries  the  male  in  flight.     Xuineria  pulirraria 
was   fairly  common   in  my   garden.      I    captured   two  specimens  of 
Knnnmos  eiosaria  on  July  22nd  and  29th.     Is  not  the  popular  name  of 
the  moth,  i.e.,  "September  Thorn,"  rather  misleading?    E.  ftiscantoria 
was  taken  by  my  father  at  light  in  Tintern.     I  have  not  yet  seen  it  over 
here.      Hiinera  pennaria  was  common  at  light  in  October,  and  more 
variable  than  usual.     Two  specimens  I  took  have  the  basal  portion  of 
the  forewings  suffused  with  blackish  up  to  the  first  line  of  the  median 
band  ;  while  another  specimen  has  all  the  wings  clouded  with  grey 
scales.     It  may  also  be  worth  noting  that  a  fine  female  was  attracted 
by  light  on   October   17th  ;    a  rather  unusual  occurrence  I  believe. 
Pericallia  si/ritu/aria,  Kpione  advenaria  and  K.  apiciaiia  were  netted  at 
dusk.     This  is  the  first  time  I  have  seen  the  last-mentioned  on  this 
side   of  the  Valley.      I'hiyalia  pedaria. — The  larva?   were  extremely 
abundant   on  oak,    beech,  etc.     Gnnphos  dbsciirata. — Netted  at  dusk. 
Tephrosia  crepitsciilaria. — I  obtained  specimens  of  three  broods  during 
the  year  ;  the  first  brood  from   May  1st  to  June  4th;  the  second  in 
July,  when  two  rather  small  females  were  taken,  one  netted  at  dusk 
on  the  13th  of  the  month  and  the  other  at  light  next  day  ;  and  one 
specimen  of  a  third  brood  at  light  on  October  18th,  a  male,  which  is 
quite  as  large  as  any  of  the  first  brood.     Boannia  repandata  was  com- 
mon and  variable.     Some  nice  examples  of  ab.  convermria  were  ob- 
tained, and  also  one  almost  pitch-black  specimen,  perhaps  referable  to 
ab.  niijricata,  which  looked  very  conspicuous  on  a  light  beech  trunk. 
B.  r/ionihoidaria. — I  obtained  larvte  on  Cotoneaster.    Hybernia  defuliaria. 
— Last  autumn  iDoth  my  father,  at  Tintern,  and  I,  here,  obtained  one  or 
two  specimens  of  this  moth  unlike  any  previously  taken  by  us.     They 
are  a  deep  brown  with  strongly  marked  subniarginal  bands.     Has  this 


58  THE  entomologist's  record. 

form  been  taken  after  a  cool  or  wet  summer,  or  is  it  purely  a  hot,  or 
perhaps,  a  dry  season  form  ?     It  would  be  interesting  to  hear  if  others 
like  them  were  taken  elsewhere  last  season.     Genmetra  papilionaria. — 
I  bred  a  few  good  specimens  from  larvfe  found  in  May  on  small  birch 
bushes.     Zouosoiiia  porata  and  Z.  punctaria  both  produced  two  broods. 
Z.  linearia. — I  saw  one  here  last  season,   a  record  for  me  on  this  side 
of  the  river.      On  the  Monmouthshire  side  of  the  valley  it  is  not  un- 
common.    Acidalia  subsericeata. — Netted  at  dusk.     Melanippe  Iiastata. 
— Not  so  scarce  last  year,     M.  subtristata  is  perhaps  the  commonest 
Geometrid  of  the  district.     Both  broods  swarmed.     M.  iniau'/idota  was 
not  so  common  as  usual.    ^J.  fitictuata. — I  am  unable  to  say  how  many 
broods  there  were  last  year,  but  can  record  a  specimen  at  ivy-blossom 
on  October  15th.    M.  montanata  ab.  dejienerata. — I  took  an  exceptionally 
nice  example  at  light  on  ]\Iay  29th,  a  very  white  specimen  with  the 
costal  and  inner-marginal  blotches  much  reduced  in  size.     Melanthia 
ritbiijinata,  M.  ocellata   (two  broods),  M.  albicillata  and  M.  proceUata 
were  all  to  be  obtained  at  dusk.    Coremia  dcainnata. — In  1909  I  netted 
a  specimen  with  an  extremely  narrow  band.     Last  year  I  took  one  in 
which   the  central  fascia  occupies  fully  one-third  of  the  area  of  the 
forewings.      There   were    at    least    two   broods   during   the    season. 
Larentia  )niilti!<trifiayia. — At  light  in  March.     Asthcna  luteata. — Netted 
at  dusk.     A.  candidate!. — Two  broods  as  usual.     A.  si/lcata   was  not 
uncommon  at  dusk  and  also  to  be  found  on  tree-trunks.     A.  blouwri. 
— Several  netted   at  dusk.      Kiipisteria   heparata. — A   few    met   with 
among  alder  bushes  from  June  7th  to  -July  12th.     Minna  niininata. — • 
I  was  shown  a  specimen  of  the  second  brood  captured  at  Tintern  in 
August,  and  I  believe  I  saw  one  or  two  about  the  same  time  over  here, 
but   did    not   succeed    in    netting   them.      Kninielesia    offinitata,    K. 
alcheinillata  and  E.  albidata  were  not  very  common  and  only  one  K. 
decolorata  was  seen,  but  E.   blandiata  was  not  scarce  in  its  particular 
localities.     Cidaria  psittacaia. — My  father  took  one  and  saw  another 
at   ivy-blossom  at  Tintern  ;    the    first    we    have   seen   in    the    Wye 
Valley.     Cidaria  ii)nnanata  was  fairly  common  and  I  took  a  few  nice 
specimens,  including  ab.  viarniorata,  which  is  the  least  common  form 
in  the  district.     ('.  tnincata  is  a  much  more  abundant  species.     Wye 
Valley  specimens  are  mostly  dark  and  ab.  pcrfuscata   might  almost 
be  regarded  as  the  local  variety.     We  have  also  taken  abs.  coituni- 
nutata  and  comma-notata  in    the   district,  the  latter  being    the   least 
common.      C  prnnata  was  a  fresh  visitor  in  my  garden,  and  I  netted 
two  in  July.     It  is  not  uncommon  at  Tintern  in  my  father's  garden. 
Some  other  Geometrids  met  with   were  C.  picata  (on  tree-trunks),  ('. 
siiff'mnata  (at  dusk),  ( '.  silaccata  (both  broods),  C.  fiilrata  (males  only), 
('.  pi/raliata,  Eiicosinia    undtdata,  Phihalaptcri/.r  tersata,    Thera    variata 
(the   second   brood  at    ivy-blossom),   i'Jicitnatnbia  bnreata    (at   light), 
Lobopliora  hcvaptcrata   (fairly  common   on   poplar  trunks),  /..  riretata 
(one   at  rest  on   an    ivy-clad    tree-trunk),   Clicsiax    iMiquaria    (bred), 
Anaitis    pla;iiata    (both    broods    abundant)     and     Eubolia    plitndjaiia 
(unusually  common  about  heath).      Hi/psipctvs  sardidata  was  as  usual 
in  abundance,  and  one  or  two  rather  nice  specimens  were  obtained  at 
dusk.     Kiijdtliccia  centaureata. — One  specimen  was  taken  by  my  father 
at  Tintern  ;  the  first  and  only  specimen  noticed  by  us  in  the   Wye 
Valley.      E.  sati/rata. — I  netted  on   May  21st,  what  I  believe  to  be  a 
dark-greyish  suffused  aberration  of  this  species.      Other  "  pugs  "  met 


GREEK    LEPIDOPTERA    IN    APRIL,    1911.  59 

with  were  /•.'.  pnlcIteUata,  E.  snbfnlrata,  E.  lariciata,  E.  rast.ii/ota, 
E.  abbreviata,  E.  ilebiliata,  E.  coronata  and  E.  piimilata.  P[/raiista 
purpiiralis. — Abundant  about  the  heath  and  is  frequently  attracted  by 
light  into  the  house,  llerbnla  cesjiitalis. — Not  uncommon.  Knnijcltia 
octoiiaculata  was  common  at  the  beginning  of  June,  and  a  second 
emergence  occurred  at  the  end  of  July  when  I  netted  two  (July  2Gth 
and  81st)  and  saw  others.  Pioyiea  strcunentalis. — Plentiful  near 
marshy  places.  Boti/s  paiidalis. — Not  uncommon  in  May  and  June. 
Scopnla  oliralin  and  S.  prunalis. — Common  at  dusk,  especially  the 
former.     Pcrincpliele  lancealis. — Not  common. 


Greek    Lepidoptera    in    April,    191 1. 

By  P.   A.  and  D.  A.  J.  BUXTON. 

The  following  notes  on  Lepidoptera  in  Greece  from  April  11th  to 
29th,  1911,  may  be  of  interest  to  some,  as  Greece  is  largely  unexplored 
by  British  Entomologists.  Many  of  the  butterflies  were  much  worn  ; 
possibly,  a  far  greater  number  of  species  hibernate  out  there,  or  else 
they  must  have  emerged  verj'-  early  in  the  year. 

The  weather  was  usually  fine  ;  we  only  had  one  or  two  wet  days. 
On  most  days  the  sun  was  very  hot  up  to  mid-day,  when  it  went  in  for 
good.  We  should  have  done  much  better  at  Delphi  and  Epidaurus,  if 
the  sun  had  been  out  in  the  afternoon  as  well,  for  as  long  as  it  was  out 
insects  were  swarming.  We  unfortunately  neglected  Pierids  (we  did 
not  know  of  P.  cnjane)  when  there  was  anything  about  that  looked 
more  interesting. 

We  have  to  thank  Mr.  L.  D.  Symington  for  very  kindly  identifying 
some  of  the  butterflies,  except  the  Lycaenids  which  Mr.  G.  L.  Keynes 
was  kind  enough  to  name.  Mr.  A.  F.  Hemming  confirmed  some  of  the 
identifications  which  were  not  certain.  The  few  moths  were  named 
at  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 

On  April  11th  nothing  was  to  be  found  on  the  Acropolis  or  on 
Lycabettus  save  Picris  brassiicae  and  P.  rapae;  also  .SV.sm  stellatannu  in  the 
last  mentioned  locality.  Some  larvjB  in  the  yellow  flowers  and  buds 
of  "  Aspharka"  {P/ilnmh  fruticnsa)  produced  in  May  an  Alncitid  Plume. 
Flowers  in  general  were  already  out,  many  of  them  in  seed.  The  Pierids 
were  in  rags,  many  of  them  at  any  rate. 

On  April  12th  a  drive  to  Eleusis  produced  nothing  but  one  Jc/JrtZ/a 
(near  A.  nisticata),  which  was  subsequently  annihilated  by  a  Greek 
housemaid,  and  two  Tineina.  The  day  Avas  dull,  and  results  so  far 
were  not  very  encouraging,  chiefly  owing  to  the  weather.  A  drive  in 
a  motor  all  through  Central  Attica  to  Sunium  on  April  13th  added 
several  species  to  our  list.  Near  Laurium  we  stopped  to  pick  orchises 
(notably  (^pJtri/s  aranifcra).  Here  a  specimen  of  Anthorharis.  (Eiirhloi') 
belia  was  netted  in  fresh  condition.  This  insect  flies  fast  and  dodges 
over  rough  ground.  It  was  abundant  at  Sunium  and  in  the  pink  of 
condition.  A  chipped  <?  t'olias  rtlasa  was  netted  near  Laurium.  On 
the  little  cape  to  the  east  of  the  Temple  at  Sunium  I'icyis  braasicae 
was  about.  This  species  and  A.  belia  kept  apart  from  each  other, 
though  their  respective  domains  were  apparently  similar,  A.  belia 
occupying  the  land  on  which  the  temple  stands.  One  worn  Pmwicia 
phlaeas  was  taken,  and  a  blue  was  seen!  A.  belia  exhibited  remarkably 
little  sexual  dimorphism.  It  rests  frequently  with  its  wings  almost 
flat,  correctly  oriented,  head  up  and  directed  away  from  the  sun. 


60  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

On  April  14th,  Good  Friday,  v,e  called  on  the  British  School  of 
ArchiPology,  and  decided  that  their  garden  was  worth  a  second  visit. 
Celastriiia  an/ioltis,  Gonejiten/.c  rhainni  and  G.  cleopatra  ^  were  seen. 
April  15th  was  wet,  and  Avas  accordingly  devoted  to  the  Museums. 
April  IGth  Rear  Admiral  E.  Bourke  took  a,  ^  A.  belia,  several  g  P. 
fera.ss/Va*',  and  J  and  $  ( '.  (v//^srt  on  Lycabettus.  In  the  afternoon  $  s  of 
P.  broi^sicae  were  appearing  on  the  Acropolis  among  many  S  s,  Paron/e 
aeyeria  was  about  in  fresh  condition,  and  one  or  two  of  the  early  brood 
of  Acontia  liicido  were  netted.  The  whole  of  the  17th  was  occupied  in 
getting  by  sea  to  Itaea  and  driving  up  to  Delphi. 

The  morning  of  the  18th  was  glorious,  and  the  sun  not  too  hot. 
At  last  we  had  reached  ground  that  would  interest  any  ornithologist  or 
entomologist.  If  you  go  to  Greece  get  move  than  one  day  at  Delphi. 
The  whole  day  was  spent  at  and  about  the  ruins,  which  cover  a  con- 
siderable area.  P.  rapae  was  very  common,  and  was  noted  as  being 
small.  When  we  reached  England  we  were  glad  to  find  among  the 
small  P.  rapae  three  specimens  of  /'.  erijane.  One  or  two  P.  napi  3  s 
were  taken,  the  underside  very  heavily  marked  on  the  hindwing.  /'. 
hrassirae  was,  I  believe,  also  present,  though  we  brought  none  home. 
3  s  of  L'.  ediisa  were  common  but  worn.  G.  rliamni  3  s  were  also  about, 
together  with  some  G.  deojiatra.  The  former  was  badly  chipped,  but 
G.  deopatra  we  failed  to  secure.  A.  belia  was  fresh.  F.Heldv'e 
(jruneri  3  s  were  netted.  The  yellow  ground  colour  of  this 
insect  shows  very  distinctly  when  it  flies.  A  yet  more  beautiful 
species,  of  which  we  only  took  one  3 »  is  E-  damone.  This  insect 
has  a  very  brilliant  "  orange  tip,"  the  rest  of  the  wings  being 
bright  mustard  colour.  One  3  Pontia  daplidice  was  also  captured, 
the  right  fore^ing  having  a  large  apical  asymmetrical  injury. 
Coenonijiiipha  iiamp/iiliiti  was  abundant,  and  variable.  Several 
approached  var.  lylliis.  The  underside  ocellus  was  frequently  strongly 
accentuated  on  the  forewing  upperside.  The  hindwing  margin  was 
occasionally  decorated  with  two  or  three  dark  interneural  spots  on 
the  upperside.  The  underside  of  the  hindwings  showed  some  tendency 
to  be  pale  grey  and  unicolorous.  The  specimens  were  frequently  large. 
Paranje  )iie(jaeia  was  taken  (  3  and  5  )  chipped.  The  lirst  blue  netted  was 
a  $  ('elastrina  an/ioliis  oi  an  exceedingly  brilliant  blue  colour,  brighter 
in  fact  than  any  $  in  Dr.  Hodgson's  cabinet  at  Cambridge.  A  large 
race  of  Aricia  a-strarche  was  abundant,  flitting  just  above  the  daisies  and 
grass  while  the  sun  shone.  It  disappeared  instantly  when  the  sun 
was  not  shining.  Both  sexes  were  taken  ;  the  orange  on  the  upper  side 
was  frequently  very  conspicuous.  One  specimen  of  Sculltantides  baton 
was  taken — a  worn  male.  The  only  Ituinieia  phlaeas  was  a  2  ,  with 
strong  blue  spotting  in  the  hindwing,  and  the  forewing  upperside  spots 
much  reduced.  A;/lais  urticae  was  noted  and  a  J  Kri/iini><  altheae 
taken.  Among  the  moths,  a  specimen  of  Antia  festira  was  brought 
us  in  an  envelope,  freshly  emerged,  the  left  hindwing  imperfectly 
developed.  Acuhtia  liicida  and  A.  lartaosa  were  netted  flying 
in  the  sunshine.  Aspilaies  citraria  of  both  sexes  were  picked  up 
and  single  specimens  of  Lithosteije  fari)iata,  and  (Jnojdids  obsrurata  (?). 
Gh(i}iIi()s  rarieiiata  came  to  light  in  the  Hotel  with  several  specimens 
of  a  Lareiitia  which  appeared  to  be  L.  salkata.  At  any  rate  the 
specimens,  which  are  in  poor  condition,  appear  to  resemble  the  series 
of  this  species  in  South   Kensington  rather  than  that  of  any  other 


GREEK    LEPIDOPTERA    IN    APRIL,    1911.  61 

species.  We  could,  however,  find  no  specimens  whose  data  suggested 
the  occurrence  of  an  early  brood  in  South  Europe.  We  also  took 
during  this  day  several  of  the  Alucitid  which  was  bred  from 
Lycabettus.  These  and  other  micros  are  now  at  South  Kensington. 
8.  stellatariiiii  was  flying  in  worn  condition  ;  almost  always  at  flowers 
of  a  small  species  of  Mi)miltis  (?).  Very  few  butterflies  were  seen 
during  the  afternoon  as  the  sun  was  not  shining.  The  altitude  of 
Delphi  is  about  1,800  ft. 

On  April  19th  we  arose  at  3.45  a.m.  and  went  l)y  boat  to  Corinth. 
We  then  drove  to  Old  Corinth,  across  a  hot  and  dusty  plain.  /'.  brasi<icae 
and  A.  bclia  were  noted,  the  former  very  abundant  among  cruciferous 
plants  about  the  ruins.  A  worn  5  Hdiothis  peltiucia  was  also  taken. 
The  ascent  of  the  Acro-Corinthus  produced  a  worn  I'ldi/i/diiia  ei/ea 
towards  the  top,  Erynnis  altheae  (one  3 ),  abundance  of  chipped 
G.  rhanini  (mostly  J  s),  Aricia  astrarcJte,  Acontia  liicida  and  immense 
numbers  of  8.  stellataridii.  These  last  haunted  the  flowers  of  the  same 
plant  on  which  they  were  noted  at  Delphi.  On  the  very  summit 
Fyraiinis  atalanta  and  ryrcniieis  cardni  were  flying — always  circling 
round  the  actual  top.  It  was  most  striking  that  these  two  species 
were  very  rarely  seen  except  at  the  top  of  some  eminence.  Near  the 
top  a  beautiful  specimen  of  Micra  oatmio  was  taken.  Fortunately  the 
sun  shone  most  of  the  afternoon.  Lareiitia  salicata  ("?)  was  again 
taken.  ^lecyna  }>obiijonaUs,  an  insect  with  an  almost  world-wide 
distribution,  was  several  times  disturbed.  It  tiies  away  swiftly  close  to 
the  ground,  looking  very  orange,  and  darts  into  the  herbnge  in  ten  or 
fifteen  yards. 

April  20th  was  spent  in  a  visit  to  Mycenae,  followed  by  a  drive  on 
through  Argos  to  Nauplia.  At  Mycenae  a  single  I'ajiiUo  specimen 
escaped  us  ;  it  was  not  P.  viachaou. 

On  April  21st  we  drove  to  the  Temple  of  Aesculapius  at  Epidaurus. 
We  secured  a  ?  Pararye  niaera  in  the  cultivated  land  near  Nauplia.  The 
hill  country  through  which  you  pass  for  several  hours  is  not  interesting. 
One  Mditaea  ]ilioehe  J  ,  and  a  very  few  6'.  baton  S  s,  were  all  that  was 
taken.  The  actual  plain  in  which  the  Temple,  Theatre,  and  other 
buildings  lie  was,  however,  more  productive.  A  specimen  of  Popilio 
IKxIaliriiis  ab.  ornata  was  secured,  and  several  more  were  seen.  Several 
F.ucldo'c  irnneri  Avere  noted,  and  we  then  committed  the  fatal 
mistake  of  adjourning  for  lunch.  Instantly  the  sun  was  over-clouded, 
and  we  saw  very  little  of  his  face  for  the  rest  of  that  day.  However, 
we  took  specimens  of  A.  bclia,  (i.  rhannxi  and  Lr.  deopatra  [3  s  and  $  ), 
C.  ediisa,  A.  astrarclie  and  -S'.  bato)i  (^s).  We  also  added  six  new 
species  to  our  list;  P.  iwdaliriiis  has  been  already  mentioned; 
Polyoiiniiatiis  teams  var.  icarinus  was  taken,  two  males.  (This  seems 
to  be  the  normal  form  in  Greece.  Cf.  Tutt,  Brit.  Butt.,  Vol.  W.,  p.  161.) 
The  third  species  new  to  us  was  l^icris  krueperi,  of  which  one  specimen 
was  taken  near  the  Tholos  ;  the  fourth  was  Baranje  macra,  of  which 
both  sexes  were  taken,  the  3  s  most  abundantly.  This  insect  Hies 
equally  in  sunshine  and  when  the  sun  is  over-clouded,  and  frequented 
a  purple  vetch  that  grew  among  the  steps  of  the  Theatre;  the  fifth 
species  was  a  very  small  male  Ciipido  osiris  (sebnis).  The  sixth  species 
was  h' iicJdo'e  cardaDiincs  xsiV.  citronea  3  .  Size,  Aery  large,  orange  tip 
increased  on  underside,  a  lemon  yellow  suft'usion  between  base  of 
wing  and  orange  patch.       Aspilates  citraria  3  s,  and  Anaitix  jdayiata 


62  THE  entomologist's  record. 

were  netted.  We  drove  back  to  Nauplia  in  rain,  the  first  rain  we 
had  had  for  a  week. 

Daring  the  morning  of  April  22nd  a  visit  was  paid  to  Tiryus. 
The  only  buttei'tiy  taken  was  a  S  I',  icanoi  var.  irariniis.  He  "sawed" 
his  hindwings  up  and  down  in  the  chip-box.  What  is  the  object  or 
origin  of  this  habit?     Rain  was  falling  most  of  the  day. 

April  23rd  was  wet.  During  the  afternoon  of  April  24:tb  we  were 
taken  in  a  motor  past  Phalerum  and  the  Peiraeus  to  the  coast  of 
Salamis  Bay.  This  coast  is  very  barren.  Practically  the  only 
vegetation  is  a  small  sea-pine.  A  pair  of  worn  Melitaea  plioebe  were 
secured.  This  insect  sails  slowly  about  quite  near  the  ground.  Your 
net  is  apt  to  pass  right  over  it,  and  then  it  is  very  ready  to  sprint  off. 
The  only  other  butterfly  noted  was  (iUntcojmjche  ojllarna  (one  J  ).  At 
rest  this  insect  sat  with  his  hindwings  strongly  separated  towards  the 
tornus  and  along  the  part  which  should  be  against  the  abdomen.  The 
forewings  were  close  together  as  is  usual  in  Blues  and  butterflies 
generally.  The  hindmargin  of  the  hindwings  was  also  strongly 
crinkled. 

On  the  2oth  we  drove  to  Mendeli  and  climbed  Mount  Pentelicus. 
Mendeli  is  at  about  1,200  ft.,  the  summit  8,640  ft.  This  was  a  most 
enjoyable  day.  The  butterflies  were  not  peculiarly  interesting,  as 
there  was  no  sun  after  we  reached  Mendeli,  and  began  to  walk,  but  the 
flowers  and  the  view  from  the  mountain  through  rifts  in  the  clouds, 
over  Athens  to  Argolis,  and  over  Euboea  and  some  of  the  Cyclades, 
was  delightful.  During  the  drive  to  Mendeli  we  missed  an  insect 
which  was  either  Colias  ediisa  var.  Itelice,  or  else  C.  hijale.  Males  of 
G.  ri/llania  occurred  at  various  points  up  to  the  Monastery,  often  at 
heads  of  ragged  robin,  almost  invariably  near  flowers  of  some  sort. 
At  jMendeli  itself  a  ^  (J.  osiri^  {sehriis)  of  normal  size  was  taken. 
Just  by  the  Monastery  we  secured  a  fresh  Calloii/ui/s  nibi  with  no 
white  on  the  underside.  The  underside  hindwings  were  covered  with 
pollen  all  over  their  bases.  Perhaps  butterflies  are  a  greater  factor  in 
pollen  dispersion  than  is  commonly  supposed.  As  has  probably  been 
frequently  observed  this  insect  sits  with  the  hindwing  tails  twisted  so 
as  to  be  at  right  angles  to  the  plane  of  the  folded  wings.  Two  males 
of  a  small  black  Psychid  were  taken,  one  quite  close  to  the  summit. 
Not  far  from  the  top  we  found  a  small  red  toad  with  green  warts. 
What  did  he  or  she  propose  to  do  with  the  tadpoles  ? 

During  the  afternoon  of  April  26th  we  went  to  Old  Phalerum,  and 
walked  southward  along  the  coast  to  find  some  "craters"  full  of  warm 
sea  water,  of  which  we  had  heard.  This  walk  should  be  avoided  by 
entomologists.  The  track  is  of  deep  sand.  The  land  is  largely  culti- 
vated. The  craters  are  not  to  be  found.  We  took  tea  on  the  only 
rising  ground  in  the  actual  vicinity,  a  little  knoll  25  feet  high.  Of 
course,  it  was  a  centre  of  attraction  to  P.  canliii:  one  or  two  3  S.  baton 
also  met  their  death  at  this  place.  We  found  an  exceedingly  grotesque 
stick  insect,  probably  the  larva  of  Kmjinm  panjierata  ;  its  Greek  name 
is  "  Mellengutschk." 

On  visiting  the  garden  of  the  " British  School"  next  morning  a 
2  Satioiiia  jii/ri — the  largest  European  moth — was  found  asleep 
under  a  little  fir  bush.  She  was  exceedingly  tenacious  of  life  in  the 
cyanide-bottle.  The  following  insects  were  captured,  P.  irants  (not 
var.    irariniis),    }'.   brassicae,   (jr.   rhainni  {3   and    J),  <j.  cleopatra  {2  ) 


LEPTOTHORAX    TUBERUM,    FAE.  63 

^nd  S.  baton  (  ?  ).  A  drive  in  the  afternoon  to  the  royal  woods  at 
Tatoi  produced  one  Cidaria  and  one  lAthocolletis  '. 

On  the  28th  we  attempted  to  scale  Mount  Hymettus.  We 
committed  the  error  of  starting  by  the  Monastery  at  the  north  end 
and  consequently  never  reached  3,000  ft.  This  mountain  is  very 
barren,  though  it  is  not,  as  some  assert,  entirely  composed  of  loose 
scree.  Males  of  G.  ci/llaritu  were  abundant  in  one  spot  below  the 
Monastery  (St.  John) ;  they  also  occurred  on  the  mountain  itself. 
For  the  first  time  we  secured  ?  s ;  one  of  them  was  small  and  had  the 
left  forewing  teratologically  malformed.  With  the  first  colony  of 
(J.  cyllanis  a  few  C.  rnhi  were  flying,  though  the  only  captured 
specimen  was  in  rags,  a  5  .  l\  cardiii  and  1\  atalanta  were  sailing 
round  the  summit  of  the  shoulder.  To-day  we  brought  our  list  of 
different  Orchids  up  to  14. 

On  the  29th  our  last  day,  we  motored  to  Marathon,  through  some 
exceedingly  pleasant  country.  On  the  coast  by  the  battlefield  we  were 
baffled  by  a  Fapilio,  certainly  not  /'.  podaUviits,  it  appeared  to  be  /*. 
macliaon.  A.  citraria  was  also  netted  a  few  miles  from  Marathon.  On 
the  return  journey  we  took  a  pair  of  Leptnsia  sinajii^i.  A.  helia  and 
C.  painjihiltis  were  also  taken  at  various  halts  along  the  road.  The 
list  of  Orchids  had  now  reached  18,  not  bad  for  19  days,  and  no 
member  of  the  party  a  botanist ! 


Leptothorax  tuberum,  Fab.,    subsp.  corticalis,  Schenk,  an  Ant  new 

to  Britain. 

By  W.  C.  CKAWLEY,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

In  a  wood  at  Buckhold  Hill,  near  Pangbourne,  Berks,  on  April 
■24.th,  1904,  I  picked  up  an  empty  beech-nut,  perforated  with  a  small 
hole,  probably  by  some  insect.  Inside  the  nut  were  a  $  ,  one  ^  ,  and 
tw'o  half-grown  larv^  of  a  species  of  Leptothorar.  I  took  these  ants 
to  the  Oxford  Museum,  but  was  unable  to  identify  them.  They  were 
subsequently  published  as  L.  tuhcrum,  Fab.,  race  nijlanderi,  Forst. 
This  year,  however,  ]\Ir.  Donisthorpe  and  I  examined  the  ants,  and 
decided  that  they  did  not  belong  to  this  race.  Dr.  Fore!  has  now 
named  them  as  L.  tuberum,  Fab.,  subsp.  corticalis,  Schenk,  var.  with 
longer  spines. 

I  ajDpend  a  translation  of  Schenk's  original  description  of  this 
subspecies,  (in  which  Mr.  Donisthorpe  kindly  assisted  me),  together 
with  a  translation  of  Forel's  description  of  the  ^  s  of  this  and  the 
other  continental  subspecies,  which  may  be  found  in  Britain,  as  well 
as  that  of  the  two  already  known  as  British. 

.A.  Myrmica  corticaliit,  N.S.  (Schenk,  Ja]n-.  des  ]'e)eins  fiir  Natitrkundc  in  Herzog. 
Nassau,  viii.,  1852,  p.  100.) 
§  .  lJ-1^  1.  Middle  of  body  and  waist  biown-red;  upperside  of  head  and  the 
whole  abdomen,  above  and  below,  black-brown;  the  latter  strongly  shining. 
Mandibles,  back  of  antennse,  underside  of  head,  as  well  as  legs,  brown-red; 
club  of  antenniB  red-brown  ;  femora  brownish,  often  also  the  nodes.  The 
whole  body  furnished  with  scattered  yellowish  hairs.  Antennaj  r2-jointed, 
the  tirst  joint  of  Hagellum  thickened  and  lengthened,  the  following  one  very 
much  shortened,  the  eighth  a  little  longer,  the  ninth  and  tenth  still  more 
lengthened  and  thickened,  the  last  joint  thickest  and  as  long  as  the  three  be- 
fore;  the  four  last  form  a  club.  The  head  is  finely  striated  in  lines;  the 
thorax  shows,  under  the  lens,  weak  unequal  striation  in  lines  ;  the  metathorax 
has  two  very  short,  broad,  three-cornered,  horizontal  spines  ;  on  each  side  of 


64  THE  entomologist's  record. 

the  metatborax,  over  and  under  the  same,  is  a  brown  border.  The  nodes  are 
longitudinally  rugose  ;  the  abdomen  short  and  roundish.  The  legs  are  bare. 
Known  from  the  two  preceding  in  the  5  by  the  red  club  to  the  antennae,  the 
entirely  black-brown  abdomen,  the  bare  legs,  short  spines,  and  1'2-jointed 
ant€nnffi. 
?  (deiilated  only  known).  Nearly  2  1.  Black-brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen 
shining.  Mandibles,  antenniB  and  club,  legs,  brown-red,  the  femora  brownish. 
Head  long,  striated;  thorax  with  coarse  strire,  the  middle  ones  raised  like  a 
keel.  Thorax  broad  and  flat  above ;  mesothorax  and  scutcllum  finely 
striated  longitudinally.  The  metatborax  has  two  short,  nearly  horizontal, 
spines.     Nodes  longitudinally  rugose;  abdomen  broad,  short,  roundish. 

This  species  is  found  rarely  here  under  the  bavk  of  oak  trees  near 
the  Gilnsberg. 

Forel,  Les  toiirmis  de  la  Suisae,  Zurich,  1874,  pp.  84  and  85. 
B.  WoRKEKS. — Antennae  12-jointed.     Legs  without  hairs.      Clypeus  not  concave 
in  the  middle;  it  is  generally  furnished  with  a  small  median  keel,   and  with 
two  or  more  lateral  keels  (or  stria)     .     .    .    2nd  species,  Leptotliora.v  tiiheyuiit. 
A  slight  channel  between  the  mesonotum  and  metanotum.     Club  of  antenniB 
yellow,  like  the  rest  of  the  body  ;  a  black-brown  transverse  band  on  the  first 
segment  of  the  abdomen  ;  the  top  of  the  head  is  often  slightly  brownish-yellow. 
Thorax  finely  rugose.     Spines  of  metanotum  broad  at  their  base,  about  5  as 
long  as  their  basal  width.     L.,  2-3mm.-3mm. 
a.       ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..         1st  race.     L.  vijlanderi,  Foist. 

(7?i  all  the  following  races  there  is  no  channel  between  the  niesonotiun  and 

metanotum  ;  the  hack  of  the  thorax  is  unbroken). 
Spines  of  metanotum  very  broad  at  their  base,  extremely  short,  hardly  J  as 
long  as  their  basal  width  ;  their  upperside  is  almost  horizontal  (forming 
an  unbroken  line  with  the  back  of  the  thorax),  and  their  lowerside  vertical. 
Antennffi  entirely  red-yellow,  as  well  as  the  mandibles,  tarsi,  and  joints 
of  the  legs.     The  rest  brown-red  ;  the  top  of  the  head  and  abdomen  black- 
brown.     Thorax  more  coarsely  rugose  than  in  the  preceding.     L.,  2-5mm.- 
-3-2mm. 
/'.       . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .     2nd  race.     /..  corticalis,  Schenk. 

Spines  of  metanotum  narrow,  straight,  about  half  as  long  as  their  basal 
width.     Thorax  more  coarsely  rugose  than  in  tuberum  i.  sp.,  more  finely 
than  in  allinis.     lieddish.     Head,  abdomen  except  a  yellowish  spot  at  the 
base,  femora  and  club  of  antenna?  deep  brown.     L.,  2-6mm.-3mm. 
c.       . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  3rd  race.     L.  ni/triceps,  Mayr. 

Spines  of  metanotum   more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  their  basal  width, 
slightly  curved  at  the  end,  and  extremely  narrow,  hardly  wider  at  the 
base  than  at  the  point.      Thorax  coarsely  rugose  longitudinally.      Yellow 
with  a  slight  tinge  of  red.     Middle  of  femora,  forehead,  vertex,  and  top  of 
abdomen,  except  the  front  of  the  first  segment,  brownish  ;  club  of  antenna3 
most  often  brownish,  sometimes  almost  red-yellow.     L.,  2-6nim.-3"3mm. 
</.       . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  4th  race.     L.  u[linis,  Mayr. 

Spines  of  metanotum  variable,  generally  half  as  long  as  their  basal  width, 
or  a    little  longer.      Thorax  finely  rugose.      Yellow  or  reddish-yellow  ; 
club  of  antennce,    top  of  the  head  (especially  the  vertex),  and  middle  of 
the  top  of  the  abdomen,  brown,  more  or  less  deep.      This  race  is  very 
badly  defined.      Colonies  that  inhabit  bark  often  merge  into  L.  a[)inis, 
and   those  that  live  under  stones,   into  L.   ni(iriceps  or   L.  interruptus. 
L.,  2-4mm.-3mm. 
e.       ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  5th  race.     L.  /((/^c/khj,  i.  sp.,  Fabr. 

Spines  of  metanotum  fairly  narrow,  upright,  short,  a  third,  or,  at  most,  half 
as  long  as  their  basal  width.      Thorax  finely  rugose.      Yellow:    club  of 
antennic,  front  of  head  (never  the  vertex),  and  often  an  indistinct  band, 
broken  in   the  middle,   on  the  first  segment  of  the  abdomen,  blackish- 
brown.     L.,  2-2mm.-2-5mm. 
;.        . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  Gth  race.     L.  interruptus,  Schenk. 

Like   the  former,  but  larger.      Band  on   first  segment  of  abdomen  clearly 
defined,    unbroken,    black-brown  ;    front    of  head   and  club  of  antennaj 
reddish  or  brownish.     Spines  of  metanotum  halt  as  long  as  their  basal 
width,  or  a  little  longer.     L.,  2omm.-3-5mm. 
g.       ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..     7th  race.     [,.  nnifascititus,  hn.tr. 

Entirely  yellow ;    club  of   antenna)    and  front  of   head    perhaps  slightly 


SOME    COI.EOPTERA    AND    AN    ANT.  65 

reddish.  Thorax  finely  rugose.  Spines  of  metanotura  fairly  broad  at 
their  base,  two-thirds  as  long  as  their  basal  width,  slightly  curved  at  their 
extremities.  The  back  of  the  thorax,  which  is  unbroken  like  that  of 
the  six  preceding  races,  distinguishes  it  from  L.  nylaiuleri.  L.,  2-5mra., 
about. 

..    8th  race.     L.  luteii^,  n.  st. 


Some  Coleoptera  and  an  Ant,  additions  to  the  Isle  of  Wight  Lists. 

By    J.    TAYLOR. 

The  hot,  dry  weather  of  last  summer  miide  collecting  tr3-ing  work, 
and  much  less  productive  in  some  ways  than  usual  here.  Even  in  the 
spring,  things  were  much  too  dr}',  and  except  during  a  few  showery 
days  in  May,  the  only  collecting  that  seemed  to  pay  at  all  well  was 
that  done  in  the  marshes.  However,  there  are  a  few  beetles  not  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight  list  to  record,  as  follows  : — 

"^'Aciipalpns  conspittiiti,  Duft. — In  brickfield,  Sandown,  May.  ■■'Ainara 
continaa,  Th. — In  flood  refuse,  Sandown,  November.  '■'■  Deronectes 
depressiis,  F.,  and  ■■' Berosiis  alfinis,  Brul. — In  a  ditch,  Sandown,  October, 
■''Giirophaena  nana,  Pk. — In  sedge  refuse,  Alverstone.  '^I'Jiilonilnts 
carbonariits,  Gyll. — Sandown.  ■'P.  varius,  Gyll.  var.  bitnaciilatits,  Gr. 
• — On  pavement,  Sandown.  ■■'Gabriiis  trossulas,  Nord.  (as  now  under- 
stood).— Sandown.         O.  stipes,    Sharp. — -Whitefield    Woods,  August 

1909,  Donisthorpe  ;  I  have  since  taken  this  species  in  a  heap  of 
vegetable  refuse  at  Sandown,  April.  ■■'G.  pennatus,  Sharp. — Sandown, 
common.  Dr.  Sharp  kindly  named  my  Gabrii.  ■■'Olophrum  picetDii,  Gyll. 
— In  sedge  refuse,  Alverstone.  ''HDmalium  concinnuw,  Marsh. — In 
dried  currants,  Sandown.  '''■MciiartJivKs  (Ituticollis,  Beck. — In  sedge 
refuse,  Alverstone.  ■■'Jnisotnina  calrarata,  Er.  ab.  nit/rescens,  Fleischer. 
— A  form  new  to  Britain.     Sweeping,  Parkhurst  Forest,  August  21st 

1910,  Donisthorpe.  ■■'Cltolcra  ftdit/inusa,  Er.,  and  ''■'•C.  inurio,  F. 
(named  by  Dr.  Nicholson). — In  sedge  refuse,  Alverstone.  ■■'Sci/mnus 
testaceas,  Mots.  var.  scntellarifi,  Muls.,  and  ■■'Micropcplns  waniaritae, 
Duv. — In  haystack  refuse,  Newchurch.  "Cruptopliacius  pilosus,  Gyll. — 
Sandown,  Februarv  7th.  ■'•L\  pnnctij>ennis,  Bris. — Swept  in 
Parkhurst  Forest,  Donisthorpe.  ■''('.  sar/inatits,  Stm. — In  numbers 
in  currants,  Sandown.  ^'(Kvijonnis  porcatus,  F. — In  stercore,  Blackgang. 
■■'Necrobins  rufipes,  De.  G. — On  cheese  in  a  shop,  Sandown. 
'^•Anobiuut  paniceimi,  L. — In  henbane  seeds  in  chemist's  shop,  Sandown. 
'■''Chnjfiowela  Jn/perici,  Forst. — On  a  basket,  Sandown. 

One  specimen  of  Philimthits  corrituciis,  Gr.,  was  taken  in  stercore  at 
Sandown  in  July  (I  believe  this  is  only  the  second  record  for  the 
island),  and  a  few  more  Crypto})Iia(nis  siibfniiiatiis,  Kr.,  in  currants. 

In  vol.  xxii.,  1910,  p.  271  of  this  magazine  I  stated  that  a  specimen 
of  Lesteva  pubescens,  Mann.,  bad  been  taken  by  Mr.  Donisthorpe  at 
Luccombe  Chine  ;  this  turns  out  to  be  a  fresh  and  pubescent  L. 
fontinalis,  Kies.  Mr.  Donisthorpe  gave  me  the  specimen,  and, 
unfortunately,  I  did  not  send  it  to  him  for  verification  before 
recording  it. 

On  August  21st,  1910, 1  took  some  of  the  ant  '■■Leptothora.v  a<rrruriiin 
F.,  from  a  fallen  bough  in  Parkhurst  Forest ;  this  is  an  addition  to 
the  Isle  of  Wight  ants.  Mr.  Donisthorpe,  who  was  with  me,  and  I 
were  both  under  the  impression  that  this  species  had  been  taken  in 
the  island  before,  hence  the  delay  in  recording  it.  Mr.  Donisthorpe 
has  seen  the  ants  again  recently,  and  has  kindly  looked  at  the 
coleoptera  mentioned  above. 


66  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

Nonsense  Names. 

By  GEORGE  WHEELER,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

In  the  Iuitomolo(/int's  Mnnthhi  Maijazine  for  February,  is  a  paper  by 
Mr.  Meyrick  on  the  nomenclature  adopted  for  certain  Tortricina  by 
Mr.  W.  D.  Kearfott,  which  must,  I  should  imagine,  be  rather  stagger- 
ing to  the  rigid  supporters  of  priority  at  all  costs,  and  should  open  the 
eyes  of  all  but  the  most  hardened  among  them  to  the  utter  hopelessness 
of  their  position  ;  unless  they  are  prepared  to  provide  an  asylum  in 
which  systematic  entomologists  (and  indeed  systematic  zoologists  and 
botanists)  are  destined  sooner  or  later  to  be  immured,  in  consequence 
of  the  brain-fag  which  such  nomenclature  as  Mr.  Kearfott's  (which 
their  principles  would  bind  them  to  accept)  must  necessarily  super- 
induce. It  is  so  rarely  that  I  find  myself  in  accord  with  the  author  of 
the  paper  on  systematic  questions,  that  it  is  with  special  pleasure  that 
I  offer  humble  thanks  and  congratulations  on  this  occasion.  His 
personal  acquaintance  with  the  author  of  these  amazing  barbarisms 
no  doubt  somewhat  impedes  his  utterance,  but  I,  w^ho  am  not  so 
hampered,  do  not  hesitate  to  describe  the  list  which  he  rejects  as  an 
insult  to  the  common  sense  of  scientists  in  every  branch  of  zoology  or 
botany,  and  an  insult  none  the  less  to  be  resented  (and  rejected) 
because  it  is  doubtless  due  only  to  thoughtlessness  and  not  to  contempt. 

As  some  letters  seem  to  be  omitted  as  initials  in  forming  such  a  series 
of  names  as  hana,  dana,  fana,  .  .  .  vana,  nana,  and  such  like,  the 
only  possible  method  of  remembering  them  seems  to  have  been  taken 
away ;  otherwise  an  opportunity  might  have  been  given  to  some 
entomological  wag  to  exercise  his  talents  (!)  on  "  nonsense  alphabets," 
in  which  each  line  should  give  a  doggerel  description  of  some 
peculiarity  of  the  creature  referred  to,  such  as  : — 

"  A  is  for  ana  with  three  bands  of  blue  ; 
B  is  for  bana  which  only  has  two  ;  "  etc. 

I  make  no  apology  for  this  levity,  for  from  this  point  of  view  it 
seems  to  me  impossible  to  take  the  matter  seriously.  There  are 
however  other  questions  connected  with  it,  which  seem  to  call  for 
graver  comment,  and  here  I  feel  the  necessity  of  walking  warily,  since 
I  am  criticizing  a  great  Society  and  an  admirable  Periodical  ; 
for  these  names  were  published  under  the  irgis  of  the  American 
Entomological  Society  in  most  instances,  and  in  the  rest  under 
that  of  the  Canadian  Entomolof/ist.  It  would  be  unfair  to  infer 
that  either  the  one  or  the  other  approves  of  such  a  system  of  nomen- 
clature, but  would  it  not  be  possible  for  the  Council  of  the  Society 
and  for  the  Editor  of  the  Magazine  alike,  to  avoid  the  appearance  of 
countenancing  such  monstrosities  by  refusing  point-blank  to  give  them 
to  the  world  ?  Speaking  as  a  responsible  member  of  the  Editorial 
Staff  of  the  Mnt.  lieruxl,  I  would  unhesitatingly  insist  on  the  rejection 
of  such  a  paper,  and  if  through  any  inadvertence  such  a  one  were  read 
before  the  Entomological  Society  of  London,  I  would,  as  Secretary, 
decline  to  include  it  in  the  Proceedings — and  take  the  consequences, 
which  however  would,  I  am  confident,  be  the  almost  unanimous 
approval  of  the  Society. 

But  this  appalling  list  having  once  been  launched  on  the  world, 
the  method  of  its  rejection  becomes  a  question  of  moment.  I  have 
every  personal  sympathy  with  the  courage  of   Mr.  Meyrick  in  trying 


THE    FIRST    FORTNIGHT    IN    JULY,    1911,    AT    DIGNE.  67 

to  do  this  on  his  own  initiative,  but  he  knows,  even  better  than  I  do, 
the  forces  against  which  he  will  have  to  contend — forces  founded  on  a 
principle,  which,  however  ludicrous  it  may  appear  both  to  him  and  to 
me,  has  behind  it  the  weight  and  authority  of  many  names  which  we 
all  hold  in  high  honour,  and  the  owners  of  some  of  which  are  (I  tear) 
prepared  to  go  to  any  lengths  in  its  support,  even  perhaps  to  the 
length  of  accepting  Mr.  Kearfott's  "nonsense  names."  Never  was 
there  a  stronger  argument  in  favour  of  an  International  Council,  such 
as  was  suggested  lately  by  Mr.  Turner  at  a  meeting  of  the  Entomological 
Society  of  London,  to  which  all  new  names  should  be  submitted,  none 
of  which  names  should  be  regarded  as  valid  until  they  had  been 
accepted  by  the  Council.  Surely  this  is  a  point  which  might  well  be 
threshed  out  by  the  coming  International  Congress  of  Entomology. 

Another  point  on  which  I  have  every  sympathy  with  ]\Ir.  ]\Ieyrick's 
position  is  his  rejection  of  the  illiterate  names  idandana  and  elilerona^ 
but  in  this  I  fear  he  will  meet  with  insuperable  opposition.  Such 
mis-spellings  as  ^'coridon,"  "niacra,"  ''aef/eria,"  etc.,  such  grammatical 
anomolies  as  Pohjonniiatus  atitamla,  of  which  there  are  many  scores, 
and,  as  a  set  off',  such  deplorable  ignorances  as  Hadena  jnotea  (as  if 
Proteus  were  an  adjective — one  of  the  horrors  arising  from  not 
capitalizing  specific  names) — these,  and  others  in  similar  categories^ 
are  hopeless  of  correction  at  the  hands  of  individuals,  but  are  well 
within  the  powers  of  such  a  Council,  if  it  were  composed  of  fairly  well- 
educated  men. 

Two  slight  criticisms  on  Mr.  Meyrick's  paper  I  must  make.  The 
first  is  that  much  more  excuse  must  be  found  before  abandoning  the 
three  names  of  Busck  which  he  rejects  at  the  end  of  his  paper.  The}' 
are  prior  to  Mr.  Kearfott's  nonsense  alphabets,  and  cannot  therefore 
be  regarded  as  part  of  the  series.  Secondly,  I  would  remind  him  that 
n.  sp.  refers  not  to  a  newly-created,  but  still  to  a  newly  discovered,  or 
newly- recognised  species,  and  that  it  does  not  mean  a  new  specific 
name,  which  would  require  to  be  written  n.n.sp.,  and  that  the  use  of 
these  letters  which  he  advocates  and  adopts  is  really  quite  incorrect  as 
well  as  being  out  of  accordance  with  general  practice,  which  latter  I 
quite  hold  with  him  should  be  disregarded  when  it  is  ungrammatical 
or  otherwise  illiterate. 

(It  will  of  course  be  understood,  that  the  above  expressions  of 
opinion  are  my  own,  and  do  not  in  any  way  compromise  any  other 
member  of  the  Editorial  Staff.) 


The  first  fortnight  in  July,  1911,  at  Digne. 

By  G.  T.  BETHUNE-BAKEE,  F.L.S.,  F.E.y. 
Thirty-four  hours  seems  a  long  time  to  take  over  the  journey  from 
here  to  Digne  {i.e.,  from  door  to  door- — home  and  hotel),  and  yet  I 
travelled  by  the  quickest  trains  possible,  and  had  only  two  stoppages  of 
any  length  of  time,  viz.,  at  Paris  and  at  a  small  junction  on  the  other 
side  of  Grenoble,  in  both  of  which  places  the  time  was  well  used  in 
partaking  of  a  substantial  meal.  At  last,  however,  the  "  important  " 
town  of  Digne— important  it  really  was  in  old  days— was  reached,  the 
Hotel  Boyer-Mistre  again  opened  its  hospitable  doors  to  the  British 
stranger,  and  it  was  soon  quite  evident  that  the  entente  canliale  was  no 
misnomer.     It  w-as  5  o'clock  in  the  evening  ere  I  reached  the  hotel,  so 


68  THE    entomologist's    EECOIID. 

I  was  only  able  to  quietly  enjoy  the  main  boulevai'd  with  its  beautiful 
avenue  of  plane  trees  just  beginning  to  well  recover  from  a  very 
severe  pruning — to  use  no  stronger  phrase.  I  hoped  for  a  good 
night's  sleep,  for  that  rarely  fails  me,  but  alas!  the  noise  of  the 
cafe  below  my  bedroom  window  effectually  prevented  real  rest, 
though  the  weariness  of  the  flesh  did  manage  to  assert  itself  a 
little,  but  at  midnight  the  cafe  doors  were  banged  to,  and  the  great 
iron- gates  of  the  hotel  were  closed  with  a  clash  sufficiently  loud  to 
*awake  the  seven  sleepers.  After  this  peace  reigned  tor  four  blessed 
hours,  but  alas  !  at  4  a.m.  the  country  carts  came  gaily  along,  with 
shouts,  we  will  not  say  yells,  from  lungs  that  were  evidently  accustomed 
to  open  air  addresses.  Whether  to  men  or  beasts  no  matter — to  me 
the  effect  was  the  same,  but  I  suppose  if  one  were  there  long  enough, 
one  would  get  accustomed  to  the  regularity  of  this  routine.  As  for 
me,  I  could  rejoice  that  at  least  I  obtained  four  hours  of  peaceful  sleep 
each  night.  The  next  day  I  was  up  in  fairly  good  time,  and  set  out 
for  the  valley  through  which  runs  the  Torrent  des  Eaux-Chaudes. 
Going  the  short  cut  across  the  town,  hardly  had  I  emerged  on  to  the 
main  road  leading  to  my  destination,  than  Satyrits  ciire  settled 
provokingly  a  yard  in  front  of  me,  but  I  had  not  mounted  my 
net.  There  she  sat  sunning  herself  in  lovely  condition,  whilst  I  prepared 
for  her  capture,  and  just  as  I  was  ready  she  raised  herself  with  scarcely  a 
motion  of  her  wings  and  sailed  over  the  wall  with  such  grace,  that  the 
sight  was  quite  worth  the  escape.  Ere  long  I  espied  a  vast  bush  of  wild 
clematis  on  the  roadside  edge,  with  a  smaller  bhiek  butterfly  on  it, 
and  this  time,  being  prepared,  I  was  more  successful,  for  a  beautiful 
Liiiienitis  caniilla  was  secured.  Passing  the  Dourbes  road  on  the  left, 
I  came  to  a  wide  expanse  of  stones  with  small  patches  of  grass, 
rushes,  and  flowers  interspersed  (the  bed  of  the  stream  that  has  been 
evidently  of  larger  dimensions  than  now).  The  roadside  here  is 
bordered  with  elm  trees  and  some  ash  trees.  Here  I  spent  possibly  an 
hour.  Culias  editsa  was  not  uncommon,  with  one  or  two  var.  helice. 
MfUtaea  dith/iiia  was  plentiful,  all  males,  but  very  brilliant  they  looked 
flying  in  the  unclouded  sun.  Jj/caoiidae  were  not  plentiful,  I'lebeins 
ari/iia  (aei/on)  being  the  commonest;  one  or  two  very  worn  Pidijom- 
vuitiis  icantswere  also  seen,  and  a  few  Strj/mon  {Klii;iia)  ^pini  in  beauti- 
ful condition  were  regaling  themselves  on  some  rather  stunted  thyme 
beneath  the  roadside  trees,  and  were  secured.  At  this  spot  ?\ord- 
viannia  ili<-is  ab.  cciri  did  not  occur  at  all,  though  further  up  the 
valley  it  became  a  little  later  on  so  plentiful,  that  I  got  tired  of  netting 
it.  Proceeding  up  the  valley  At/riades  coridon  was  taken  singly  here 
and  there,  whilst  Sati/rim  actaea  var.  eorditla,  became  abundant  and 
was  magnificently  black  and  fresh.  It  is  curious,  as  well  as  interesting, 
to  find  that  the  same  species  has  different  habits  in  different  localities. 
In  Switzerland  my  experience  of  S.  cordnla  is  that  it  has  a  very 
uncertain  and  deceptive  flight,  is  by  no  means  an  easy  species  to  catch, 
and  has  a  wonderful  knack  of  doubling  back  downwards  or  upwards, 
generally  the  former,  and  so  avoiding  capture.  At  Digne  it  had  none 
of  these  methods,  and  was  an  insect  very  easily  taken.  Another  very 
common  and  pretty  little  species  found  everywhere  was  Coenoni/midta 
donis :  it  was  another  species  one  wearied  of  after  the  first  day  or  two, 
and  now  having  got  all  that  I  took  set,  I  find  I  was  not  careful  enough 
in  selecting  them,  and  could  do  with  a  better  series,  especially  of  the 


THE    FIRST    FORTNIGHT    IN    JULY,    1911,    AT    DIGNE.  69 

females,  of  which  I  only  took  two  or  three.  At  last  I  came  to  the 
modest  "Establissement  Thermal,"  not  that  it  is  far  away,  only  the  first 
walk  in  a  new  district  has  so  many  attractions,  that  it  often  takes  two  or 
three  hours  to  do  what  ordinarily  would  take  under  one.  Here  S.  cordida 
was  very  abundant  and  the  first  BJri/nnis  lavatera:  fell  a  captive  to  me,  to 
be  followed  by  a  Li/cacna  arion  somewhat  paatic.  This  was  a  male  of  the 
form  ab.  unicolor,  without  any  spots  on  the  upper  surface,  as  were  all 
the  males  I  took.  The  species  was  however  rapidly  going  over.  The 
only  other  Lyca^nid  I  saw  this  first  day  was  Cupido  viinivms,  also  in  the 
last  stages  of  decay.  I  was  now  anxious  to  push  on,  having  seen 
Painlin  (ile.rannr,  as  I  imagined,  down  below  me  once  or  twice,  and 
soon  I  cams  to  a  likely  ground,  where  Nnnhitannia  ilieis  ab.  cerri,  with 
beautifully  bright,  and  large  orange  areas,  disported  themselves  over 
abundant  clusters  of  thyme.  Argynnids  also  occupied  one's  legs  and 
arms,  Brentltis  daphne  being  fairly  common,  and  in  its  early  emergence, 
Aniijnnis  adippe  also  frequently  displaced  other  less  violent  species  on 
the  thistle  heads,  and  an  occasional  specimen  of  var.  cleodoxa  was  also 
captured.  Soon  a  Papiliu  was  sighted  on  another  thistle  at  the  other 
end  of  the  ground  entailing  a  rapid  run,  and  a  quick  stroke,  just  as  she 
was  lifting  herself  off  the  flowers,  secured  my  first  /'.  ale.vanor,  a  beautiful 
female.  After  this  others  came  along,  and  I  thus  was  able  to  take  some 
three  or  four  as  my  first  day's  capture.  Ere  long,  however,  another 
welcome  sight  greeted  my  eyes,  for  surely  that  brilliant  coloured  strong 
flighted  thing  must  be  (Toncpteri/.r  deopatra.  Another  sharp  run 
brought  me  within  good  view,  but  alas!  before  I  got  within  striking  dis- 
tance he  scented  danger,  and  sailed  far  away  up  the  side  of  the  hill. 
Directly  after  this  a  fine  male  G.  r/uunni  gave  me  a  chance,  which  I 
took,  and  ere  long  another  G.  deopatra — if  it  was  not  the  same — came 
along,  and  this  thne  I  was  successful.  But  what  is  this  little 
Argynnid  ?  Brenthii^  pale^i  it  cannot  be  at  this  low  level.  As  soon, 
however,  as  I  had  boxed  it,  I  saw  at  once  that  I  had  my  first  B.  dia. 
Then  Farnassitts  a  polio  put  in  an  appearance,  very  large  and  fine,  the 
males  very  white  but  with  large  black  patches,  and  the  females  darker 
than  usual.  It  was  well  after  lunch  time,  and  I  therefore  crossed  the 
stream  for  the  sake  of  the  shade  of  the  trees,  for  by  this  hour  I  had 
gone  far  up  the  valley,  and  was  by  no  means  sorry  of  an  hour's  rest. 
I  had  not  been  seated  long  before  a  Leptosia  [Leucophada)  dodged 
about  around  me,  and  impelled  me  to  secure  what  turned  out  to  be  L. 
sinapis  var.  diniensis  :  several  others  came  by  and  shared  a  like  fate, 
for  they  were  fine  fresh  specimens.  The  ground  further  up  the  valley 
did  not  look  very  promising,  and  it  was  getting  towards  3  p.m.,  so  1 
thought  it  wise  to  retrace  my  steps,  but  added  nothing  fresh  to  my  list 
except  a  rather  worn  Aporia  cratae(ji. 

The  next  day  I  took  my  way  for  the  hill  La  Cullette,  but  instead 
of  going  by  the  usual  track  (as  I  found  it  to  be  later  on)  I  took — by 
mistake — a  much  harder  climb,  which  brought  me  direct  on  to  the 
highest  point  of  the  hill — a  small  level  area  surrounded  on  three  sides 
by  precipitous  rocks  around  which  Papilio  and  Parnassius  loved  to 
disport  themselves  just  out  of  reach.  But  to  return  to  the  roadside. 
The  cemetery  proved  no  good,  the  only  insects  there  being  Adopaea 
lineola,  Aitiiiaden  ftylvanax  and  a  few  Plebeius  argufi.  As  I  came  near 
the  turning,  where  we  leave  the  main  road,  a  fine  Satijnis  circe  flew 
along  the  top  of  the  wall  that  was  covered  with  the  small  wild  clematis, 


70  THE  entomologist's  record. 

and  provokingl)^  dipped  whenever  I  came  up  to  it,  but  it  led  me  mto 
the  field  on  my  way  to  La  Collete,  and  I  was  able  to  catch  several 
specimens  all  beautifully  fresh.  Here,  also,  two  more  fine  J  G. 
cleopatra,  with  one  nice  ?  ,  fell  to  my  net.  As  I  made  my  way  up  the 
old  bed  of  a  stream,  N.  iluis  var.  cerri  was  again  oi  evidence,  and  P. 
escheri  was  not  uncommon  with  occasional  specimens  of  A.  coridon, 
and  Lvncnitis  caiiiilla  also  sailed  gracefully  over  various  flowers  and 
seemed  especially  fond  of  the  little  clematis  that  grows  on  everything. 
The  lavender,  however,  that  covers  so  plentifully  the  sides  of  this  hill, 
attracted  the  Lijcaenidae  greatly.  One  large  pale  blue  suddenly 
descended  on  to  a  head  of  it  near  me;  a  glance  was  enough,  a  rush 
even  though  at  an  angle  nearer  70''  than  45'',  and  a  stroke,  and  my 
first  S  Pnli/nwwatus  meleai/er  was  safely  transferred  to  a  box,  being 
the  first  specimen  of  this  insect  I  had  seen  on  the  wing.  Then  Pob/- 
ovunatus  In/loa  came  within  range  and  was  also  secured,  whilst  later  on 
the  beautiful  blue  female  of  P.  melecujer  was  likewise  captured.  As- 
cending still,  Sati/rns  cordula  was  abundant  everywhere,  biit  the 
gradient  became  so  steep,  having  gone  the  wrong  way,  that  much 
collecting  was  impossible,  though  one  or  two  unusually  large  P.  apollo 
could  not  be  resisted.  At  last,  however,  I  emerged  on  to  the  top 
plateau  already  referred  to,  and  after  a  minute's  breathing  space,  a 
white  butterfly,  new  to  me  in  this  locality,  flew  hj,  and  I  discovered  that 
I  had  Anthocharis  belia  var.  auannia  in  my  net,  whilst  a  second  one 
soon  followed  it.  Then  P.  wachaon  hurtled  wildly  by,  but  was  stopped 
in  his  onward  course  by  a  timely  stroke.  A  beautiful  specimen  of  P. 
pndaliriiis  had,  however,  been  engaging  my  attention  as  he  hovered 
out  of  reach  over  the  precipice,  I  was  hoping  it  might  prove  to 
be  the  southern  var.  feixthamelii.  At  last  it  came  over  the  plateau 
and  I  succeeded  in  my  quest.  It  turned  out  to  be  about  midway 
between  the  parent  form  and  its  variety,  it  being  decidedly  whiter 
than  more  northern  specimens,  but  the  anal  spot  was  not  quite  red. 
Then  a  P.  ale.ranor  was  captured,  and  ere  I  left,  a  second  "transit 
ad  var.  feist/ianielii  "  shared  a  like  fate.  A  little  below  this,  on  a 
later  date,  a  single  Laeosopis  roharin  fell  to  my  lot,  a  species  for  which  I  was 
specially  on  the  look  out,  but  it  was  the  only  one,  and  is  evidently  rare 
around  Digne.  On  another  day  I  came  across  a  meadow-like  hollow 
just  below  the  ridge  of  the  Collette  en  route  for  the  Dourbes  valley, 
absolutely  full  of  flowers,  lavender,  valerian,  clematis,  thistles  and 
many  others — a  wonderful  sight.  The  colour  of  the  flowers,  the  rich 
green  of  the  grass  and  the  butterflies,  the  rich  dark  black  (as  it  looked) 
of  «S'.  cordula  in  abundance,  with  the  lovely  grey  undersides  of  the 
females  of  the  same  species,  P.  apollo  and  L.  sihi/lla  determined  not 
to  be  caught,  various  blues  already  named  ;  every  head  of  flowers  was 
occupied  by  something.  Melitaea  didi/ma  was  in  profusion  with 
several  females,  one  or  two  being  very  black.  It  was  a  sight  not 
easily  forgotten.  Here  also  I  took  my  first  M.  phoebe  for  this  locality, 
a  fine  red  specimen,  a  single  ('alias  In/ale,  absolutely  fresh 
also  fell  a  victim  to  my  attentions,  as  well  as  a  fine  female 
A.  af/laia.  Loweia  alri/drron  var.  i/ordius  also  spread  its  wings 
to  the  sun  attracted  by  the  sweet-scented  lavender  and  found  a 
temporary  home  in  one  of  my  boxes.  This  species  was  rare  (probably 
over)  for  I  only  took  three  during  my  visit.  On  the  other  side  of  the 
hill  M.  athalia  was  not  rare,  the  females  being  large,  fine  specimens, 


CATOPS    MONTIVAGUS,    HEEE,    A    BRITISH    INSECT.  71 

whilst  the  males  were  dark  and  handsome,  the  tawny  colour  being 
very  bright.  I  took  two  or  three  males,  however,  m  which  the  black 
markings  were  much  reduced,  thus  giving  them  quite  a  peculiar 
appearance.  Lower  down  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  secure  two  more  beau- 
tifully blue  females  of  P.  nieleatjer  flying  over  the  white  flowers  of  one 
of  the  saxifrages.  I  was  soon  almost  in  the  side  valley  leading  to  the 
main  road  to  the  Dourbes,  when  an  Arctiid  I  did  not  recognise  flew 
past,  soon  followed  by  a  second,  the  latter  of  which  I  caught,  and 
found  I  had  boxed  Coscinia  striata,  and  a  very  nice  white  female  she 
proved  to  be.  Another  day,  further  on  in  the  Dourbes  valley,  I  found 
this  species  very  common,  they  were  flying  about  (both  sexes)  in  the 
hot  sun  over  a  grassy,  if  somewhat  dried  grass,  land,  that  was  much 
interspersed  with  a  small  rush,  and  I  took  a  nice  little  series,  among 
them  being  a  magnificent  specimen  of  the  form  nuianopteia,  Brahm., 
in  which  the  black  of  the  nervui'es  was  much  wider  than  usual, 
making  the  primaries  also  very  dark.  Anthrocera  {Zi/iiaena)  lunicerae 
was  not  uncommon,  as  was  also  A.  achilleae,  and  among  them  was 
one  in  which  all  the  basal  and  median  spots  were  confluent. 
Returning  along  the  main  road,  nothing  of  special  interest  was  taken 
until  I  came  nearly  to  its  junction  with  the  Eaux-Chaudes  road, 
where,  sunning  itself  on  the  sunburnt  rocks  on  the  right,  I  suddenly 
saw  a  lovely  specimen  of  Pobj(ionia  (Grapta)  e(jea  :  an  equally  sudden 
sweep  secured  it,  and  it  was  scarcely  in  a  box  before  it  was  followed 
by  a  second,  which  was  likewise  captured  ;  scarcely,  however,  was  this 
in  my  pocket  before  a  third  came  along  and  shared  a  like  fate.  I 
was  therefore  well  pleased  with  the  result  of  that  day's  work. 

(To  be  concluded.) 


Catops  montivagus,  Heer,  a  British  Insect. 

By  H.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORPE,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

Oblongo-ovatus,  niger  ;  antennis  basi,  tibiis  tarsisque  rufo-testaceis,  pronoto 
subtransverso,  basi  apiceque  latitudine  sub-aequali,  angulis  posticis  rectis,  acutis  ; 
elytris  obsoletissime  striatis  ;  antennis  abrupte  clavatis,  articulo  ultimo  penultimo 
vix  longiore.     Long.  1|  lin. 

Very  similar  to  C  tristis ;  chiefly  to  be  distinguished  by  its  thorax 
being  a  little  longer,  but  narrower.  The  first  five  joints  of  the 
antennae  are  rufo-testaceous,  the  eighth  the  smallest,  much  shorter  and 
narrower  than  those  that  follow,  the  last  shortly  ovate,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  preceeding  ;  the  thorax  much  narrower  than  the  elytra,  a 
little  broader  than  long,  with  the  sides  slightly  rounded,  behind 
subsinuate,  very  densely  punctulated,  clothed  with  a  dense  yellow 
pubescence  ;  elytra  oblong-ovate,  very  closel}^  punctate,  but  evidently 
impressed  with  a  sutural  stria,  thighs  pitchy  black.  Very  rare  in  the 
Alps.     (Heer)  Faun.  Col.  lielv.,  i.,  381. 

I  took  an  insect  at  Nethy  Bridge  on  June  27th  last,  under  a  dead 
squirrel,  which  is  undoubtedly  Heer's  species,  and  Captain  Deville  has 
sent  me  a  number  of  specimens  from  Soissons,  and  one  he  took  at 
Mont-Dore,  which  are  evidently  the  same. 

My  specimen  is  a  male  with  tuberculate  anterior  femora,  and 
comes  next  to  tihtis  and  coracina,  but  does  not  agree  wuth  either.  It 
is  darker  than  trisfis  in  colour,  and  has  a  markedly  longer  and  narrower 
thorax,  which  is  bisinuate  at  the  base,  and  the  elytra  are  also  longer. 


72  THE  entomologist's  record. 

In  the  European  catalogue  montiranHs  is  treated  as  a  synonym  of 
tri:itis,  which  is  of  course  incorrect.  Murray,  in  his  monograph  on 
the  genus  Catops,  considered  it  to  be  a  var.  of  tristis  (although  he  also 
called  lonijulus  and  (/landicollis  vars.  of  the  same,  which  are  now 
regarded  as  good  species),  it  may  be  as  well  to  introduce  it  into  onr 
list  as  a  var.  at  present.  Mr.  Bishop  and  I  took  a  number  of  species 
of  Catops  under  this  squirrel  and  he  is  noAv  looking  through  his  speci- 
mens to  see  if  there  are  more  C.  )iiontica(/iis. 


SCIENTIFIC    NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Stray  notes  from  Java. — The  following  notes  may  be  of  interest 
to  those  studying  mimicry  : — (1)  DnDif/d  and  Atlas  Moth,  April  30th, 
1911,  at  Buitenzorg. —  When  in  the  gaidens  one  morning  one  of  the 
gardeners  brought  me  a  live  Atlas  moth,  which  was  quite  a  foot  in 
expanse.  I  persuaded  him  to  let  it  go,  as  I  did  not  want  it,  and  it 
went  oli"  with  a  slow  Happing  flight  for  a  few  yards,  when  there  was  a 
rush  of  wings  directly  behind  me,  and  I  saw  it  being  carried  oft'  by  a 
drongo.  The  bird  carried  the  moth  in  its  claws  to  a  high  tree  and  tore 
oft"  portions  of  the  wings  preparatory  to  eating  it ;  but  this  took  such  a 
time  that  I  did  not  stay  to  witness  the  end  of  the  tragedy.  (2)  Drvntjo 
and  />»^?t'/7///,  May  26th,  1911,  at  Tjibodas. — When  in  the  thick  primeval 
forest  on  the  way  to  the  Tjiborewa  waterfall  I  was  stalking  a  Zen.ridia 
sp.  ?,  a  large  butterfly  with  a  pale  blue  subapical  band  on  the  fore- 
Aving.  It  flew  oft"  the  underside  of  the  leaf  on  which  it  was  settled 
and  was  immediately  darted  at  by  a  drongo,  which  seemed  to  come 
from  nowhere  !  The  bird  did  not  capture  it,  and  did  not  repeat  the 
attack.  In  this  thick  forest  the  butterfly  was  almost  invisible,  except 
for  the  blue  bar,  which  is  bluish  white  in  the  female.  The  wings  of 
the  fresh  male  are  of  a  deep  indigo  blue,  a  lovely  colour,  which,  like 
that  of  the  nisco/i/tora  celinde,  will  probably  fade  ;  the  female  is  deep 
brown,  with  large  bluish  eye-like  spots  on  the  hindwings ;  these  are 
smaller  and  more  obscure  in  the  male.  Some  would  consider  this 
blue  band  a  directing  mark.  It  always  settles  on  the  underside  of  a 
leaf,  about  five  feet  from  the  ground,  but  frequently  high  up  out  of 
reach  and  always  with  widely  expanded  wings.  (3)  Clcromc  arcesilaus. 
This  obscure,  uniformly-coloured,  brownish-yellow  butterfly  was  very 
common  in  this  forest,  it  is  in  fact,  in  every  thick  forest;  it  settles  on 
the  path,  and  when  disturbed  flutters  into  the  jungle.  It  is  difficult  to 
see  in  such  deep  shade,  but  is  easy  to  capture,  as  it  has  a  very  weak 
flight.  Out  of  the  numbers  I  have  seen,  none  had  pieces  taken  out 
of  their  wings,  though  many  were  very  ragged.  (4)  Piioneris 
resembling  Delias,  May  24th,  1911,  Poentjah  Pass,  West  Java. 
— Captured  a  male /V/()»(;/.s ///(«7o?k;»/<',  Bsd.,  which  closely  resembles 
a  hclias  by  its  yellow  hindwing  and  red  costa  ;  but  the  flight  is  quite 
different,  being  less  floating  and  more  rapid  and  darting.  It  is  rare  in 
Java,  but  />.  bdisaina,  which  would  be  considered  its  model  is  very 
abundant.  This  is  a  similar  ca.se  to  /*.  sita  and  P.  nicltaris  in  South 
India  and  Ceylon.  (f))  Mrlanitis  isnifnr,  October  27th,  1911,  Padang 
(on  the  equator),  Sumatra. — T  found  one  specimen,  which  was  inter- 
mediate between  the  wet  and  dry  season  form  ;  a  few  days  afterwards 
at  Buitenzorg  the  wet  forms  were  common  but  very  worn,   and  the 


SCIENTIFIC    NOTES.  73 

very  few  dry  forms  about  were  in  first  rate  condition.  At  this  place 
there  are  two  hundred  and  nineteen  days  of  the  year  on  which  more 
or  less  rain  falls.  In  North-east  Sumatra,  as  pointed  out  many  years 
ago  by  Dr.  Martin,  the  wet  and  dry  forms  occur  indiscriminately  all 
the  year  round,  though  rain  falls  nearly  every  week  in  the  year.  In 
Ceylon  they  also  occur  thus,  but  to  a  much  less  marked  extent,  there 
is  a  more  gradual  substitution  of  one  form  by  the  other ;  this  is  also 
the  case  in  Bombay.  In  India  generally  the  changes  are  more  abrupt, 
and  in  Mauritius  this  is  even  more  so,  as  I  have  elsewhere  indicated. 
The  seasonal  forms  of  this  and  many  other  tropical  butterflies  have 
hitherto  been  considered  as  some  form  of  cryptic  defence  against  the 
attacks  of  birds,  reptiles,  and  predatory  insects  ;  but  inasmuch  as  the 
forms  of  this  butterfly  and  many  others  I  could  mention  occur  thus 
indiscriminately  without  detriment  to  the  species,  if  one  may  judge  by 
their  numbers,  it  would  seem  that  this  explanation,  though  perhaps 
partly  true,  is  inadequate,  and  the  whole  subject  of  these  seasonal 
changes  may  have  eventually  to  be  written  from  another  standpoint. 

(6)  J'iipiiio  Hieiinwn,  Resting  habit  of. — This  butterfly  rests  on  the  end 
of  a  leaf  or  spray  with  expanded  wings  at  about  ten  feet  from  the 
ground,  it  is  quite  conspicuous.  P.  pnlytes  and  P.  tainoiajta  (a  local 
race  of  P.  paris)  do  the  same,  but  in  these  latter  the  forewings  droop 
sufficiently  to  cover  the  conspicuous  eye-like  spots  on  the  hindwings. 

(7)  Telicada  nijsens,  Resting  habit  of. — This  settles  for  the  night  three 
or  four  together  head  downwards  and  concentrically  on  the  top  of  a 
seeded  dandelion  or  similar  plant,  the  mottled  black  and  white  under- 
side of  the  hindwings  with  their  black  hind  border  make  a  very  close 
resemblance  to  a  seeding  flower-head. — Lt.  Col.  N.  Manders,  R.A.M.C, 
F.E.S.,  London.     FebrHcirij  1st,  1912. 

HyrRCEciA  ckinanensis,  Burrows,  in  the  Tutt  collection. — 
Amongst  the  Hydroecias,  which  I  purchased  at  the  sale  of  the  first 
part  of  the  "  Tutt  "  Collection,  and  consisting  of  a  portion  only  of  his 
series,  were  31  labelled  llijdruecia  Incens,  Fr.,  and  88  labelled  H. 
palndis,  Tutt.  The  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows  has  been  kind  enough  to 
examine  the  genitalia  of  all  the  II.  Incena,  and  tells  me  that  they 
consist  of  18  H.  crina7U'nsis,  Burrows,  and  13  H.  litcens,  Fr.  Six  of  the 
H.  crinanensis  (four  ^  s,  two  $  s)  are  from  Wicklow,  and  were  taken 
in  1890,  earlier  than  any  recorded  up  to  the  present,  though  no  doubt 
still  earlier  specimens  will  be  discovered  when  some  of  the  older 
collections  are  systematically  examined.  Eleven  (ten  ^  s,  one  5  )  are 
labelled  "  Ben  Beulah,  1893."  Ben  Beulah,  or  Bheula,  is  on  the 
south  side  of  Loch  Fyne,  at  the  head  of  Loch  Eck,  in  Argyleshire,  and 
not  very  far  from  the  Crinan  Canal.  The  remaining  specimen,  a 
male,  is  labelled  "  Morpeth,  1895,"  and  is,  I  believe,  the  oldest 
recorded  English  specimen.  In  no  case  was  the  name  of  the  captor 
given.  Morpeth,  in  Northumberland,  and  Wicklow  are  both  new 
localities  for  this  species,  and  the  former  is  especially  interesting  as  it 
is  a  good  deal  nearer  the  east  coast  of  Great  Britain  than  any  other 
known  hitherto.  Of  the  specimens  labelled  IJ.  /lalinli^,  Tutt,  33  are 
from  the  South  of  England,  and  have  not  been  examined,  but  five 
specimens  from  Sligo  (one  3  var.  paludis-fiam,  one  ?  var.  iiriaea- 
flam,  one  J  and  two  2  s  var.  inteniudia-flarn),  caught  between  1880 
and  1885,  have  all  been  pronounced  by  Mr.  Burrows  to  be  //.  Ikcchs, 
Fr.     A  very  pale  male  is  probably  one  of  those  referred  to  in  the 


-74  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Ihitish  Xoctiiae  and  tlicir  Varieties,  vol.  i.,  p.  63,  where  the  following 
sentence  occurs  in  a  discussion  of  the  species  H.  ludndis.  "  The  palest 
I  have  ever  seen  were  captured  by  Mr.  Percy  Russ  at  Sligo,  in  Ireland, 
but  others  captured  by  Mr.  Ovenden  and  myself  at  Strood,  Mr. 
Coverdale  at  Hhoeburyness,  and  by  myself  at  Deal,  are  but  little 
darker  than  the  Irish  specimens."  These  pale  Sligo  forms  are 
probably  all  referable  to  hi.  Iikl'hs,  Ft.  That  Tutt  himself,  the 
acknowledged  authority  on  this  genus,  should  have  had  in  his  ©wn 
cabinet  II.  lucoi.'i,  Fr.,  and  H.  crinanensis,  Burrows,  mixed  together  for 
many  years  under  the  name  of  H.  Iticens,  and  H.  htcenn  and  H.  palndis 
under  that  of  tl.  paliidis,  shows  how  impossible  it  is  to  distinguish 
between  these  three  species  by  a  superficial  examination. — E.  A. 
Cockayne,  F.E.S.,  16,  Cambridge  Square,  W. 

[I  find  that  the  "  Ben  Beulah  "  specimens  of  H.  crinanensis  were 
captured  by  Tutt  himself,  on  loir  i/iuioul  near  Ben  Bheulah,  shown  to 
him  bv  Dr.  Chapman.  No  doubt  this  species  was  the  one  captured  in 
previous  years  in  this  locality  by  Dr.  Chapman.— E. A. C] 


J^OTES      ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

Phigalia  pedaria  in  December.^ — I  have  an  earlier  record  for 
I'hit/alia  pedaria  than  that  recorded  by  Mr.  Tonge  (p.  25),  as  I  took  a 
freshly  emerged  male  on  a  fence  bordering  Highgate  Woods  on 
December  17th  last.  It  was  slightly  crippled.  L'/ieimatohia  hruniata 
was  still  abundant  and  many  quite  freshly  emerged  in  the  woods  in 
the  same  afternoon. — Russell  E.  James,  "  Brockenhurst,"  Bloom- 
field  Road,  Highgate.     Febrnanj  dtli,  1912. 

Correction. — In  the  Eiit.  Record  for  January,  1912,  p.  12,  line  13, 
read  $  for  J  .  I  may  add  that  lines  36  and  37  on  p.  11  are  not 
sufficiently  clearly  expressed.  The  Belgrade  Forest  $  s  of  M.  didi/nia, 
are  much  suffused  as  a  rule  in  the  first  generation.  Those  of  the 
second  brood  are  of  a  more  orange-brown  ground  colour.  As  regards  C. 
erate,  it  may  be  said  in  criticism  of  my  suggestion  as  to  the  possible 
causes  of  its  presence  on  the  Bosphorus,  that  butterflies  do  not  move 
when  North  and  North-East  winds  blow.  Very  true,  but  what  about 
sudden  changes  of  wind  which  are  one  of  the  features  of  the  Euxine? 
I  have  seen  C.  eiluKa  flying  over  the  Bosphorous  in  war)n  weather  more 
than  once.  Given  a  sudden  change  of  wind,  especially  of  a  violent 
nature,  and  an  insect  may  be  carried  a  long  distance  by  a  wind  in 
which  it  would  not  ordinarily  fly. — Phjlip  P.  Graves,  F.E.d.,  Club  de 
Constantinople,  Constantinople.     Febniari/  24f//,  1912. 


CURRENT      NOTES      AND      SHORT      NOTICES. 

The  Rev.  G.  M.  Smith  and  Mr.  C.  Granville  Clutterbuck,  F.E.S., 
as  Members  of  the  Museum  Committee,  are  engaged  in  arranging  a 
collection  of  the  Gloucestershire  Lepidoptera  for  the  Gloucester 
Museum.  Collectors  willing  to  supply  specimens  are  invited  to 
communicate  with  the  latter  gentleman  at  "  Heathside,"  Heathville 
Road,  Gloucester. 

The  National  Trust  for  Places  of  Historic  Interest  or  Naiui'al 
Beauty,  are  at  the  present  time  making  an  appeal  to  preserve  to  the 
nation  some  sixty  acres  of  the  North  Downs,  i/;.,  CoUey  Hill  near 


CURRENT    NOTES.  75 

Eeigate,  and  to  assist  them  a  shilling  fund  has  been  arranged  for 
which  Mr.  T.  H.  Grosvenor,  F.E.S.,  8,  Gloucester  Road,  Red  Hill,  is 
acting  as  Hon.  Secretary.  It  will  be  remembered  that  in  the  past 
entomologists  have  had  much  reason  to  thank  the  Trust  for  the 
benefits  they  have  conferred  on  us  by  preserving  in  perpetuity  such 
localities  as  Burwell  Fen,  30  acres,  Wicken  Fen,  4  acres,  Hindhead, 
1,412  acres.  East  Sheen  Common,  30  acres,  Leigh  Woods,  Bristol, 
80  acres,  in  addition  to  about  18  other  properties  in  the  most 
interesting  parts  of  Great  Britain.  Colley  Hill  is  annually  visited  by 
entomologists,  who  visit  it  for  the  many  local  species  of  Lepidoptera 
that  occur  there.  There  have  been  some  very  generous  donations, 
and  collections  were  made  at  recent  meetings  of  the  Entomological 
and  South  London  Entomological  Societies  with  very  gratifying 
results.  The  need  is  great,  and  there  only  remain  a  few  weeks  to 
raise  a  considerable  sum. 

In  No.  18  of  the  Jyull.  Soe.  ent.  ile  France,  recently  received,  there 
is  a  series  of  biological  notes  on  the  larva  of  Mj/elois  cribrella  by  M. 
Etienne  Raband.  He  describes  in  interesting  detail  the  feeding  of  the 
larvfe  in  the  heads  of  flowers  of  thistles,  etc.,  their  migration  from 
head  to  head,  and  their  final  penetration  into  the  stem  for  pupation 
with  the  construction  of  an  operculum  backed  by  a  "cork"  of  debris 
and  excrement.  M.  Raband  states  that  he  has  actually  seen  the  larva 
migrate  from  capitulum  to  capitulum,and  again  finally  from  capitulum 
to  stem  for  pupation. 

"  To  the  making  of  books  there  is  no  end  "  is  a  statement  of  fact 
with  which  the  man  in  the  street  is  only  too  famihar.  The 
lepidopterist  is  inclined  to  parody  this  phrase  and  say  "To  the  naming 
of  varieties  there  is  no  end."  We  scarcely  open  a  magazine,  a  bulletin, 
a  transactions,  etc.,  without  immediately  meeting  with  a  new-named 
form  of  some  well  known  species.  In  a  separatum  entitled  Lepidoptera 
of  the  Zoolocfical  Museum  of  the  I  nirersitij  of  Naplex  just  received  from 
Conte  Emilo  Turati,  the  author  lists  the  forms  of  J'arnassius  a  polio  to 
the  amazing  number  of  84  named  forms,  of  which  53  are  local  races 
or  subspecies  and  31  are  aberrations.  In  a  supplementary  note  some 
11  more  racial  and  aberrational  forms  are  mentioned,  so  that  of  this 
one  well-known  species  we  have  nearly  one  hundred  named  forms. 
Verily  nomenclature  is  proving  its  suggested  reputation  to  the  hilt. 
Count  Turati  has  gone  carefully  through  the  Naples  collection  of 
Lepidoptera,  described  all  the  distinctive  forms  especially  of  the 
Rhopalocera,  and  added  numerous  valuable  critical  notes. 

The  entomological  work  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experimental 
Station  at  Geneva  is  always  highly  commendable  for  its  thoroughness. 
We  have  received  a  copy  of  a  PreliiDinanj  Report  of  Grape  Insects, 
consisting  of  about  100  pages  with  15  photographic  plates  and 
numerous  diagrams  and  tables,  containing  an  account  of  five  insect 
pests  from  the  depredations  of  which  the  grape  area  in  the  Chautauqua 
belt  had  gradually  declined  in  productiveness.  The  grape  flea-beetle 
{Haltica  chab/bea),  the  rose-chafer  (Macrodacti/liis  subspinosiis),  and  the 
grape-root  worm  {Fidia  riticida),  are  Coleoptera,  the  grape- blossom 
midge  {Contarinia  johnsoni)  is  a  Dipteron,  and  the  grape  leaf-hopper 
{Typldocijba  comes),  is  a  Hemipteron.  These  are  each  dealt  with  from 
an  economic  and  historical  standpoint,  the  areas  of  their  distribution 
and  references  to  the  literature  concerning  them  are  given.  The 
various  plants  they  attack,  the  character  and  extent  of  the  injuries 


76  THE  entomologist's  record. 

they  inflict,  descriptions  of  the  insects  in  all  their  stages,  their  habits 
of  life,  the  times  of  their  appearance,  an  account  of  the  experiments 
made  to  destroy  by  spraying,  cultivation,  etc.,  and  the  various  control 
measures  likely  to  be  successful,  are  all  discussed  at  length. 

In  a  notice  of  the  books  just  recently  published  we  read  that 
Messrs.  Longmans  have  brought  out  a  book  entitled  Jhittnjh/  Ihtntintj 
in  Maui/  Lands,  by  Dr.  George  Longstaflf.  The  book  is  illustrated 
by  plates  in  colour.  Dr.  Longstaff  is,  we  know,  a  great  traveller  and 
wielder  of  the  net,  and  his  book  therefore  should  be  of  much  interest 
to  entomologists,  as  well  as  entertaining  to  the  general  reader. — A.  S. 

Among  the  contents  of  the  Jieiiimr  h'ntniiiolni/isrhc  Zeitsdirift  for 
the  past  year,  we  note  the  following  articles  which  may  be  of  more  or 
less  general  interest.  (1)  "  The  Entomological  Results  of  a  journey 
through  lipper  Italy  and  the  South  Tyrol  in  1910,"  giving  notes  on 
the  various  captures  in  the  orders  Neuroptera,  Odonata,  Orthoptera, 
Lepidoptera,  Diptera,  Hymenoptera  and  Ehynchota  from  the  middle 
of  May  to  the  beginning  of  August,  with  plates,  on  one  of  which  is  a 
figure  of  a  teratological  specimen  of  lUapH  imicronata  with  a  bifid  left 
antenna.  The  paper  is  by  Herr  Willy  Ramme.  (2)  "  A  Second 
Contribution  to  the  Lepidopterous  Fauna  of  the  North  with  critical 
remarks,"  by  Herr  H.  Stichel.  One  of  the  most  useful  portions  of 
this  lengthy  article  is  a  bibliographical  list  of  no  less  than  131  books 
or  articles  in  which  the  same  northern  areas  are  dealt  with  more  or 
less  at  length,  and  which  he  has  consulted.  As  to  new  names,  the  cry 
is  "  Still  they  come,"  ej/.,  ('crura  bifida  saltcnsix  iovma  pofrilia,  which 
we  presume  means  Centra  hijida  subsp.  saltcnsis  ab.  pnccilia.  There 
is  one  plate  of  newly  named  forms.  (3)  "  A  Contribution  to  the 
Orthopterous  Fauna  of  the  Mark  Brandenburg,"  (The  Berlin  area),  by 
Herr  Willy  Ramme,  with  one  plate. 

The  Naturalist  for  December  contains  the  reproduction  of  a  capital 
photograph  of  three  specimens  of  I'olia  c/ii  resting  in  proximity  to  one 
another  on  a  wall.  This  picture  gives  one  the  idea  that  this  species  is 
not  protectively  coloured  for  resting  on  a  wall,  a  fact  which  is  in 
accord  with  the  experience  of  many  of  our  personal  friends.  We  have 
always  been  told  that  sitting  on  a  wall  it  is  a  most  conspicuous  insect. 
One  of  the  moths  is  the  dark  form  oliracea,  but  it  appears  to  be  almost 
equally  distinct  as  do  the  other  two.  Is  this  the  universal  experience 
of  observers  ? 

In  the  Kntomohxjist  for  December,  Mr.  H.  Donisthorpe,  F.Z.S., 
F.E.S.,  contributes  a  "  Revised  list  of  the  British  Ants." 

In  the  November  number  of  the  Kntomnhxiiral  Xeirs  Dr.  Philip  P. 
Calvert  of  Philadelphia  continues  the  account  of  his  investigation  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  water  and  debris  which  collects  between  the  bases 
of  the  leaves  of  the  epiphytic  Bromdiaccae  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Juan  Vinas,  Costa  Rica.  He  was  particularly  investigating  the 
habits  of  the  larva  of  one  of  the  Odonata,  Mecistoiiastcr  vwdestas,  Selys, 
which  he  knew  lived  in  such  situations.  From  the  most  interesting 
account  given  in  his  paper  we  extract  the  following  paragraph 
giving  the  list  of  inhabitants  of  one  clump  only  of  the  Bromeliads. 
He  writes,  "  This  clump  of  Ijromeliads  was  tenanted,  in  addition  to 
the  Odonate  larva',  by  a  young  scorpion  {(^entrurus  iiiar<iaritatiis)  two 
inches  long,  which  had  just  moulted,  the  exuvite  also  found  ;  two 
species  of   Phalangids    [^leteryitvus    sn/natus   and    t'ynorti   sp '?) ;    a 


CURRENT    NOTES.  77 

Pseudoscorpion  [l.'helanops  sp  ?)  ;  Coleoptera,  both  adults  {Metawasius 
dimidiatipennh,  Alerioria  dilatata,  Cri/ptobiutn  sp  ?,  an  Endomychid 
genus,  new,  near  Trochoideus,  Cercyon  or  Phacnonotum  sp  ?,  and 
Phaenonotuw  tarsale)  and  larvae  (Elaterids,  probably  of  the  genus 
Seuiiotxs  and  others  allied  to  what  is  considered  the  larvoe  of  Dolopins, 
a  Lampyrid  of  an  unknown  genus,  but  apparently  related  to  Pkoturis, 
a  Sphjeridid,  possibly  Phacnonotum  tarsale) ;  a  Dipterous  larva 
(Stratiomyiid)  with  a  circle  of  set^e  at  its  hind  end  ;  two  Heteroptera, 
the  subglobular  shiny  Chlaerocoris  dinsimUis  and  a  flat  nymph  of 
(probably)  Belminns  riujnloms  :  a  Hepialid  caterpillar  ;  a  small  earwig 
("  too  immature  to  be  determinable,  probably  it  is  a  Labia,  possibly 
L.  annulata,"  Burr)  ;  ants  of  an  undescribed  species  of  Apterostiijma. 
The  weevil,  Metamasins  diniidiatipennis,  bore  many  Acari  (a  species  of 
Uropoda)  on  its  legs,  and  another  large  Acarine  was  present  between 
the  leaves.  Finally  in  the  mud  between  some  of  the  leaves  was  a  fair 
sized  earthworm  (an  immature  Andiodrilus  biollei/i)."  The  author 
continues:  "  The  list  here  given  ....  does  not  include  by  any 
means  all  the  bromeliadicoU  which  we  met  with  in  Costa  Rica,  but  is 
interesting  as  giving  a  glimpse  of  the  organic  environment  of  the  special 
subject  of  the  paper  "  the  "  Habits  of  the  Plant -dwelliii;/  [.arva  of 
Mecistor/aster  viodestus." 

We  have  received  a  long  paper  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  London,  for  September,  1911,  by  Lieut. -Col. 
Manders,  R.A.M.C.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  entitled  "  An  Investigation  into 
the  Validity  of  Miillerian  and  other  forms  of  Mimicry  with  special 
reference  to  the  Islands  of  Bourbon,  Mauritius,  and  Ceylon."  The 
author  takes  each  island  in  turn  and  enumerates  the  reptiles  and  birds 
which  are  known  to  attack  insects ;  he  has  collected  as  many  data  of 
observations  as  were  possible  and  in  addition  made  experiments  as 
opportunity  offered.  In  conclusion,  he  shows  that  neither  the 
Miillerian  nor  the  Batesian  forms  of  mimicry  are  illustrated  in  the 
insect  economy  of  these  islands,  as  in  Bourbon  and  Mauritius  there 
are  no  butterfly-eating  birds  or  reptiles,  while  in  Ceylon  the  butterfly- 
eating  reptiles  are  impartial  feeders  and  no  bird  known  to  eat  butter- 
flies discriminates  between  one  species  and  another. 

In  the  Ent.  Mo.  May.  for  January,  the  Rev.  A.  E.  Eaton  describes 
a  species  of  Diptera  new  to  science,  Telniatoscopus  rothscldldii,  of  which 
the  Hon.  N.  C.  Rothschild  has  taken  specimens  off  a  tree  trunk  near 
the  Serpentine  in  Hyde  Park. 

In  the  same  number  Mr.  .J.  E.  Collin  edits  a  new  series  of  notes 
on  species  of  Diptera  new  to  Britain,  by  the  late  G.  H.  Verrall,  F.E.S. 
They  are  Sciara  lonyirentris,  from  Sutton  Park  ;  Ijeia  terminalis,  from 
Herefordshire  ;  Boletina  basalis,  from  Ivybridge,  Bettws-y-Coed,  etc. ; 
Platyura  niyricauda,  from  Llangollen  and  Bewdley  ;  P.  modesta,  from 
Dorset;  P.  niyriccps,  P.  hiuneralis,  from  Nairn  and  St.  Albans; 
Scatopse  talpae,  from  Reigate,  Cambridgeshire  and  Suftolk  (this  species 
is  new  to  science) ;  S.  co.vendix,  from  Lewes,  Chippenham,  Lyndhurst, 
etc.  (new  to  science)  ;  Cricotopus  ptdchripes,  from  Snowdon  (new  to 
science);  Ceratopoyon  pallidus,  from  Handcross,  Sussex;  C.  nubeculosiis, 
from  Worms  Hd.,  Aldeburgh,  Wareham,  etc.  ;  C.  forcipatus,  from 
Penzance  ;  C.  versicolor,  from  Newmarket ;  C.  iiobilis,  from  Studland, 
Dorset;  Di.va  niyra,  from  Nairn;  Limnobia  decemmaculata,  from 
Tarrington  ;  Psiloconopa  pnsilla,ivoxa  S.Herefordshire;  Bhamphomyia 


78  THE    EN'TOJIOLOGISt's    RECORD. 

culicina,  ivom  Nairn  and  Porthcawl ;  J 'ac/n/)iic)ia  erberi,  (vom  Biitley, 
Suffolk;  Hilara  ai'ionciha,  ivom.  Leith  Hill  and  Tunbridge  Wells; 
//.  hiinibria,  from  Stanford,  Norfolk  ;  and  H.  diceinipes,  from  Nairn. 

The  Kntonioloi/ischc  MitteiltiiH/cn  is  the  new  monthly  periodical 
which  has  taken  the  place  of  the  bimonthly  Deutsche  Entowoloi/ische 
Xational  Bibliotliek  as  the  organ  of  the  German  Entomological 
Museum,  Berlin-Duhlem.  The  get-up  and  general  contents  of  the 
first  number  are  a  great  advance  upon  its  predecessor.  It  is  illustrated 
by  plates  and  diagrams,  and  is  printed  on  good  paper.  Among  the 
contents  are  a  "  Sketch  of  the  history  of  the  German  Entomological 
Museum,"  by  its  Curator  Herr  W.  Horn,  "  Entomological  Nomen- 
clature," by  Herr  S.  Schenkling,  and  a  "  Bibliographical  Study  of 
Panzer's  Fauna  Injector uvi  Germanica"  by  Herr  Roeschke. 


Yngve  Sjostedt's  Zoologische  Kilimandjaro-Meru  Expedition  1905=6. 

{Ahthcilungen  1-22.  loh.  I-III.  4to  Stodihohu  1910.) 
By  MALCOLM  BUEE,  D.Sc,  F.Z.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  F.G.S. 

Professor  Sjostedt  left  Stockholm  on  April  20th,  1905,  and  landed 
again  on  Swedish  soil  on  August  2nd,  1906,  bringing  back  with  him 
three  and  a  half  tons  of  baggage  Avhich  contained  his  zoological 
collections,  consisting  of  over  59,000  specimens,  representing  upwards 
of  4,800  species  of  animals  ;  of  these,  over  1,400  were  new  to  science. 

The  working  out  of  this  extensive  material  was  delegated  to  a 
number  of  leading  specialists,  the  results  of  whose  studies  are  published 
in  three  sumptuous  quarto  tomes,  consisting  altogether  of  2328  pages, 
illustrated  by  87  plates. 

The  country  which  was  thus  scientifically  explored  consists  of  the 
plateaus  of  the  Kilimandjaro-Meru  district.  The  former  is  the  loftiest 
mountain  in  Africa,  attaining  an  altitude  of  6,010  metres  or  19,718ft., 
and  its  neighbour,  Meru,  reaches  4,680  metres  or  18,124ft.  Kilimand- 
jaro  is  an  eruptive  mass,  consisting  mainly  of  granite,  and  gneiss  of 
Tertiary  Age.  So  lofty  a  mountain,  situated  on  the  Equator,  naturally 
presents  a  great  variety  of  conditions  :  Sjostedt  enumerates  the  zones 
as  follows  : — 

First,  the  Steppes,  between  2,000  and  8,000  ft.  ;  secondly,  the 
cultivated  zone,  lying  between  8,000  and  6,000  ft. ;  thirdly,  the  humid 
forest  zone,  between  6,000 and  10,000  ft.;  fourthly,  the  Alpine  belt,  of 
grass  and  scrub,  up  to  18,000  ft.  ;  and  finally  the  peak  itself  or  High 
Alpine  zone,  from  18,000  to  the  apex. 

The  P'auna  and  conditions  of  these  belts  is  discussed  by  the  author 
in  the  first  80  pages,  which  are  most  interesting  reading,  illustrated 
by  eighteen  plates  of  really  fine  photographs  of  the  people  and  the 
scenery. 

The  Vertebrata  and  Molluscs  occupy  a  relatively  small  space,  for  it 
is  the  insects  which  take  up  the  bulk  of  vols.  i.  and  iii.,  and  the 
whole  of  vol.  ii.  The  Coleoptera  are  worked  out  by  no  less  than 
twenty-three  specialists ;  the  Hymenoptera  are  well  treated,  but  the 
Lepidoptera  take  up  much  less  space.  They  are  dealt  with  by  Professor 
Aurivillius,  who  enumerates  202  species  of  Rhopalocera  and  885  of 
Heterocera.  It  is  pleasant  to  see  the  so-called  neglected  orders  dealt 
with  in  such  detail.      The  Diptera,  partly  by  Sjostedt  himself  and 


SOCIETIES. 


79 


partly  by  Speiser,  occupy  206  pages,  or  about  foui-  times  as  much 
space  as  the  Lepidoptera,  thus  reversing  the  usual  order  of  things. 
The  Siphonaptera,  by  the  Hon.  Charles  Rothschild,  are  interesting  ; 
there  were  250  specimens,  representing  six  species  of  which  three  were 
new,  one  requiring  a  new  genus.  The  Anoplura  are  treated  by 
Enderlein,  and  the  Neuroptera,  Pseudo-neuroptera  and  Hemiptera  by 
various  authors ;  of  the  latter  order,  the  Goridae,  ('ori.iidae  and 
Notonectidae  were  worked  out  by  the  late  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  who  enjoyed 
an  unrivalled  knowledge  of  these  groups,  his  etirly  favourites. 

The  Orthoptera  are  discussed  by  Sjostedt  himself,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Blattodea  by  Shelford  and  the  earwigs  by  Burr. 

The  Corrodentia,  Collembola  and  Tlujmnura  are  also  well  treated. 
Leaving  the  insects  we  find  the  Mijiiapnda,  Arachnoideo,  lkca}>()da, 
Isopoda  and  Vermes  treated  in  detail  by  various  specialists. 

It  is  a  great  work  and  a  splendid  monument  to  the  -energy  of 
Professor  Sjostedt  and  to  the  public  spirit  and  generosity  of  his 
country  and  countrymen,  who  are  always  ready  and  willing  to  come 
forward  in  the  support  of  Science. 


SOCIETIES. 

City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
Noveviber  1th,  1911. — Orthosia  lota  from  France. — Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman 
exhibited  three  specimens  bred  from  larvae  taken  at  Amelie-les-Bains, 
South  France,  and  fed  on  Coriana  iiiijrti folia  ;  the  three  imagines  (all 
that  emerged)  were  of  three  different  forms,  leaden,  dark  red,  and 
fulvous,  pointing  to  the  existence  of  much  more  variation  than  is 
found  in  the  British  race.  Melanic  Acidalia  virgularia. — Mr.  G.  H. 
Heath,  a  specimen  taken  atBrockley,  September,  1911,  of  aunicolorous 
dark  grey  with  white  cilia.  Cerastis  vaccinii  ab.  suffusa.- — Mr.  B.  S. 
Williams,  two  examples  taken  at  Finchley,  September,  1911.  Ematurga 
atomaria  5  with  J  coloration. — Mr.  H.  B.  Williams  exhibited  a  $ 
with  tawny  ground  colour  of  J  ,  taken  at  Oxshott,  July,  1911. — 
November  2lst,  1911. — Lepidoptera  from  Mucking. — Rev.  C.  R.  N. 
Burrows  exhibited  a  number  of  lepidoptera  taken  in  his  garden  at 
sugar  during  September,  including  one  Mellinia  ocellaris,  Calamia 
lutosa,  Lencania  co)iima  (presumably  a  second  brood),  a  melanic  Thera 
variata  and  Melanippe  fluctiiata  var.  costorata.  Pyrameis  cardui  and 
High  Temperature. — Mr.  L.  W.  Newman,  a  long  series  bred  ab  ovo 
from  a  Folkestone  2  taken  on  Septemoer  2nd  ;  the  larvje  were  fed  up 
in  a  temperature  of  about  80",  and  all  the  imagines  had  emerged  by 
October  16th.  In  a  few  specimens  the  inner  large  white  apical  blotch 
was  almost  entirely  obscured  by  black  scaling,  while  many  others 
showed  the  same  peculiarity  in  a  less  accentuated  degree.  Vanessa  io 
AB.  cYANosTicTA. — Mr.  H.  B.  WiUiauis,  a  series  including  an  example 
of  this  aberration  bred  from  larvje  taken  at  Chalfont  in  July. 
Variation  in  Chesias  spartiata. — Mr.  A.  J.  Willsdon,  a  series  from  the 
Wanstead  district,  including  pale  gre}^  brownish,  reddish-fawn,  and 
melanic  forms.  ^Egeria  myop.eformis. — Mr.  Willsdon  also  exhibited 
a  series  of  this  clearwing,  and  stated  that  it  had  been  secured  by 
searching  the  grass  at  the  foot  of  apple  trees  early  in  the  morning. 
Celastrina  argiolus,  third  brood. — Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows  reported 
the  appearance  of  a  third  brood  at  Mucking  late  in  September. 


80  THE  entomologist's  record, 

Lancashire    and    Cheshire     Entomological    Society. —  Noveinber 
20tlt,    1911,    Dr.   John    Cotton   in   the  chair.     Lecture. — Dr.   F.  F. 
Tinne  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Application  of  the  Lumiere  Process  of 
Colour  Photography  to  Entomolog}-,"   and  in  the  course  of  a  most 
interesting  address  exhibited  a  number  of  colour  portraits  of  lepidoptera 
in  their  native  haunts,  as  well  as  pictures  of  places  he  had  visited 
when  in  the  pursuit  of  insects.     It  is  quite  evident  that  there  is  a  great 
future  for  this  class  of  work,  as  soon  as  coloured  prints  can  be  taken 
direct   from   the  negatives.     Scotch  Lepidoptera. — Mr.  Robert  Tait, 
Junr.,  exhibited  a  fine  lot  of  insects  from  Braemar,  the  results  of  his 
summer  holiday,  which  was  spent  in  that  locality.      These  included 
a    very    fine    series    of     Pliisia    interrogationis,    Daai/dia    ohfiiscaria, 
Coenonymplia  tiplion,  Anthrocera   e.vidans,  Xenienphila  })lanta;iinitt,  and 
var.   Iio.tpita,   the   last   being  obtained  as  a  partial  second   brood  in 
October.     Varied  but  smaller  series  of  the  following  were  also  shown  : 
— Cidaria  poptilata,   C.  vi}}iianata,  Cureiiiia  iiniuitata,  Larentia  caesiata 
and  Halia   hrnnneata  :    Mr.   Tait   further  contributed  an    interesting 
account  of  his  holiday  with  remarks  upon  the  variation,  etc.,  of  the 
insects  captured.     Polia  chi. — Mr.  Wm.  Mansbridge  exhibited  a  series 
of  Polia  (ill  taken  in  the  Huddersfield  district  on  August  Bank  Holiday 
comprising  themelanic  forms  for  which  that  neighbourhood  is  famous.^ 
The  Annual  Meeting  was  held  in  the  Royal  Institution,  Colquit  Street, 
Liverpool,   on  December  18th  :  Mr.  William  Webster  in  the  chair. — 
As  Mr.   W.  J.   Lucas,  the  retiring  vice-president,  was  unable  to   be 
present  to  read  his  address  "  On  the  Present  State  of  our  own  Know- 
ledge of  the  Pre-imaginal  Stages  of  the  British  Dragontlies,"  this  was 
done  by  the  secretary.     Mr.  Lucas  dealt  lucidly  and  in  detail  with  the 
various   methods  of  oviposition  obtaining  in  the   Odonata,  drawing 
particular  attention  to  the  habit  Ischniira  elei/ans  possesses  of  descending 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  water  for  this  purpose,  and  to  the  two  types 
of  Dragonfly  eggs  :— the  elongate,  cylindrical  type,  such  as  is  met  with 
in   .Kuchna  and  the  more  or  less  oval  or  pear-shaped  type  found  in 
Si/mpetnnii   and   LibcUida.     The  development  of  the   nymphs,    their 
form,  habits  and  food,  the  duration  of  the  nymphal  existence  and  other 
features  of  Dragonfly  bionomics   were    then  dealt  with  in  an  equally 
interesting   and  exhaustive  manner,  the  fact  being  emphasised  that 
although  of  recent  years  a  considerable  amount  of  work  had  been  done, 
and  our  knowledge  of  the  life  history  of  these  beautiful  creatures  had 
been  greatly  increased,  there  yet  remained  a  vast  amount  to  be  done 
in  the  future.     The  latter  part  of  the  address  consisted  of  a  review  of 
the   progress   of  our  knowledge  of    the   earlier  stages   of   Dragonfly 
existence,  commencing  with  Thomas  Moufet's  "  Insectorum  Theatrum  " 
and  bringmg  the  subject  down  to  the  present  day.     The  address  and 
the  excellent  lantern  slides  with  which  it  was  illustrated,  were  greatly 
appreciated  l)y  all  who  were  present.     Mr.  C.  B.  Williams  exhibited  a 
box  of  Lepidoptera,  collected  during  the  past  season  in  various  localities 
and  including  the  following: — Taeniocampa  viioida,  A'l/lino  socio,  X. 
oniitopm,  Xtflocampo  areola,  and  Oporina  croceago  from  the  Conway 
Valley  ;     lirenthis  aelene,    Ci/clnpides  palaewon    and    Xoneobius   lucina 
from    Northamptonshire;     Baarmia    roboraria,    Crnophria    rubricollis, 
Diacriaia   aamiio  {rusxiila),   Heniaris  fuciforuiiH,  Plebeim  arqm  (aegon) 
and  Brcnthin  eupliroxi/jic  from  the  New  Forest. 


WATKINS     8c     DONCASTER, 
Naturalists  and  Manufacturers  of  Entomological  Apparatus  and  Cabinets. 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  1/3,  2/-,  2/6,  3/-.  Folding  Nets,  3/6, 
4/-,  4/6.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7/-.  Pocket  Boxes  (deal),  6d.,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Zinc 
Collecting  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6,  2/-.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen,  1  gross,  1/6. 
Entomological  Pins,  1/6  per  ounce.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2/6  to  8/-.  Sugaring  Tin,  with 
brush,  1/6,  2/-.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use,  1/9  per  tin.  Store-Boxes,  with  camphor 
cells,  2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  6/-.  Setting-Boards,  flat  or  oval,  lin.,  6d. ;  IJin.,  8d.;  2in.,  lOd.;  2^in., 
1/-;  3Jin.,  1/4;  4in.,  1/6;  5in.,  1/10;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10/6.  Setting 
Houses,  9/6,  11/6 ;  corked  back,  14/-.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Breeding  Cage, 
2/6,  4/-,  .5/-,  7/6.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube,  1/6,  1/8.  Botanical  Cases, 
japanned  double  tin,  1/6  to  4/6.  Botanical  Paper,  1/1,  1/4,  1/9,  2/2  per  quire.  Insect 
Glazed  Cases,  2/6  to  11/-.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
1/6,  2/-,  2/6  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3^,  best  quality  1/6  per  dozen  sheets.  Brass 
Chloroform  Bottle,  2/6.  Insect  Lens,  1/-  to" 8/-.  Glass-top  and  Glass-bottomed  Boxes, 
from  1/-  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.  to  1/-.  Pupa  Digger,  in  leather  sheath,  1/9. 
Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most  necessary  implements  for  skinning,  10/6. 
Scalpels,  1/3  ;  Scissors,  2/-  per  pair  ;  Eggdrills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d. ;  Blowpipes,  4d.  ;  Artificial 
Eyes  for  Birds  and  Animals.  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs, 
2d.,  3d.,  6d.;  ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.   Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  etc. 

SILVER  PINS  for  collectors  of  Micro-Lepidoptera,  etc.,  as  well  as  minute  insects  of 
all  other  families. 

We  stock  various  sizes  and  lengths  of  these  Silver  Pins  which  have  certain  advantages 
over  the  entomological  pins  (whether  enamelled  black  or  silver  or  gilt). 

For  instance,  insects  liable  to  become  greasy  and  to  verdigris  like  Sesiidae,  etc.,  are 
best  pinned  on  Silver  Pins  which  will  last  much  longer  than  ordinary  pins. 

We  shall  be  pleased  to  send  pattern  cards  on  application. 

SHOW    EOOM    FOR    CABINETS 

Of  every  description  of  Insects,  Birds'  Eggs,  Coins,  Microscopical  Ob.teci.s,  Fossils,  &c. 

Catalogue  (100  pages)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  INSECTS   AND  BIRDS*  EGGS  (Brilish,  European,  and  Exotic). 
Birds,  MammaU,  etc.,  Preseived  and  Mounted  by  First  cla.ss   IVorkmoi. 

36,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C,  ENGLAND. 

Synopsis  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Western  Europe, 

By  MALCOLM   BURR,    D.Sc,,    F.Z.S.,    F.L.S.,   F.E.S.,  &c. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  160  pp.,  with  good  Index  (Specific  and  Generic). 

Price    3sm    net» 

A  pocket  handbook  for  the  use  of  collectors  in  the  field.     Covers  all  species  found  west 
of  the  Carpathian  Mts.     Description  of  each  species,  habits,  habitats  and  distribution 

Will  he  sent  Post  Free  on  receipt  of  Postal  Order  for  3s*  to — 

A.    H.,    41 ,    Wisteria    Road,    Lewisham,    S>E. 

BARGAINS!       BARGAINS!!       BARGAINS!!! 

Excellent  44  drawer  Mahogany  Cabinet  price  on  application. 

Fine  set  insects  not  less  than  half-dozen  of  a  species  sent.   Box  and  postage  4d.  extra. 

Price  per  dozen  : — Imbutata  3s.,  Lineolata  Is.  6d.,  Prunata  Is.  6d.,  Silaceata  Is.  6d., 
Immanata  lOd.,  Russata  lOd.,  Corylata  Is.,  Picata  3s.,  Psiticata  Is.  9d.,  Undulata  Is.  6d., 
Dubitata  Is.  6d,,  Lignata  Is.  6d.,  Testata  lOd.,  Fluviata  2s.,  Unidentaria  lOd.,  Ferrugata 
lOd.,  Berberata  Is.  6d.,  Eubidata  Is.  6d.,  Fluctuata  (Shetlands)  2s.,  Galiata  Is.  3d.,  Mon- 
tanata  lOd.,  Sociata  9d.,  Unangulata  2s.,  Procellata  Is.  3d.,  Tristata  Is.  6d.,  Albicillata 
Is.  3d.,  Eubiginata  Is.  3d.,  Elutata  9d.,  Impluviata  9d.,  Euberata  5s.,  P'irmata  2s.,  Variata 
9d.,  Polycommata  Is.  9d.,  Lobulata  Is.  3d.,  Hexapterata  Is.  9d,,  Eectangulata  Is.,  Togata 
3s.  6d.,  Sobrinata  Is.  6d.,  Dodoneata  4s.,  Abbreviata  Is.  6d.,  Tenuiata  Is.  6d.,  Assimilata 
Is.  6d.,  Absinthiata  Is.,  Subnotata  lid.,  Nanata  lid.,  Satyrata  var.  Callunaria  2s.  6d., 
Curzoni  Shetlands  4s.,  Extensaria  9s.,  Jasioneata  10s.,  Succentauriata  4s.,  CentauriatB 
lid.,  Consignata  20s.,  Venosata  Is.  6d.,  do.  Shetlands  3s.,  Blandiata  2s.  6d.,  Ericetata 
2s.  6d.,  Unifasciata  Is.  9d.,  Albulata  lid.,  Caesiata  lid.,  Didymata  lid.,  Multistrigaria 
lOd.,  Filigrammaria,  Is.,  Aurantiaria  lid.,  Leucophearia  lOd.,  Selected  vars.  2s.  9d., 
Marginata  lOd.,  Ulmata  lid.,  Grossulariata  nice  vars.  5s.,  Gilvaria  is.  6d. 

Next  Month  many  more  species,  look  out  for  them. 

L.    Yl.    NEWMAN,    F.E.S.,    Bexley,    Kent. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Mysia  oblongo-guttata,  L.,  ab.  nigro-guttata,  n.  ab.,  Hereward  C.  Dollman,  F.E.S. 

(with  plate)         53 

Notes  from  the  Wye  Valley  :   Lepidoptera  in  1911,  J.  F.  Bird  . .  . .         . .         53' 

Greek  Lepidoptera  in  April,  1911,  P.  A.  d-  D.  A.  J.  Buxton    . .  . .  . .         59 

Leptothorax  tuberum,  Fab.,  subsp.  corticalis,  Schenk,  an  ant  new  to  Britain,  If. 

C.  Crawley,  B. A.,  F.E.S ..  ..         63 

Some  Coleoptera  and  an  Ant,  additions  to  the  Isle  of  Wight  Lists,  J.  Taylor        . .         65 

liionsense  Names,  George  Wheeler,  BI. A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S 66 

The  first  fortnight  in  July,  1911,  in  Digne,  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S...         07 
Catops  montivagus,  Heer,  a  British  Insect,  H.  St.  J.   K.  Donistliorpe,  F.Z.S., 

F.E.S 71 

Scientific  Notes  and  Observations: — Stray  Notes  from  Java,  Lt.Col.  N.  Manders, 
R.A.M.O.,  F.E.S.       Hydroecia  crinanensis,  Burrows,  in  the  Tutt  collection, 

E.  A.  Cockayne,  F.E.S 72 

Notes  on  Collecting,  etc.  : — Phigalia  pedaria  in  December,  Russell  E.  James. 

Coxreetion,  Philip  P.  Graves,  F.E.S.  74 

Current  Notes  and  Short  Notices        . .         . .  . .  . .         . .         . .         . .         74 

Review: — Yngve  Sjostedt's   Zoologische   Kilimandjaro-Meru  Expedition,  1905-6, 

Malcolm  Burr,  D.Sc,  F.Z.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  F.G.S 78 

Societies  : — City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.     Lanca- 
shire and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society  . .  . .  . .         . .         . .  . .         79 

Contributions  remain  over  for  want  of  space  from  G.  Wheeler,  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker, 
A.  S.  Tetley,  G.  W.  Nicholson,  Douglas  H.  Pearson,  J.  T.  Fountain,  etc. 

Seasonal  notes  on  British  Lepidoptera  will  appear  in  due  course  from  C.  W.  Colthrup, 
F.  G.  Whittle,  A.  Eussell,  Alf.  Sich,  H.  Ashton  Nichols,  etc. 

We  hope  that  those  who  intend  sending  us  an  account  of  their  doings  for  1911  will  do 
so  ere  long,  as  we  should  like  to  know  more  of  what  our  English  workers  are  doing.  Will 
those  who  are  studying  the  Micro-lepidoptera  help  us,  by  sending  in  notes  of  their 
captures  and  observations. 

All  MS.  and  editorial  matter  should  be  sent  and  all  proofs  returned  to  Hy.  J.  Turner, 
98,  Drakefell  Koad,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

Rambles  in  Alpine  Valleys. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  with  Map  and  Photographs  of  District. 
Price  3s.  6d. 
This  book  contains  a  series  of  essays  dealing  with  the  colours  of  insects,  and  sugges- 
tions as  to  the  relation  in  past  time  between  the  Alpine  and  British  fauna.     Many  new 
facts  are  brought  forward,  and  entomological  problems  discussed  from  various  standpoints. 

Woodside,  Burnside,  Hillside  and    Marsh. 

(Crown  8vo.,  Illustrated,  224  pp.  and  103  woodcuts  and  full-page  illustrations.     Bound 

in  Cloth.  (Price  2/6). 
Another  series  of  collecting  expeditions  into  well-known  entomological  and  natural 
history  localities,  with  description  of  botanical,  geological,  ornithological  as  well  as 
entomological  matters  of  interest  to  be  found  therein.  The  places  dealt  with  include 
Cobham  Woods,  Cuxton  Downs,  the  Western  Highlands,  Clilfe— all  well  known  for  their 
rich  entomological  fauna. 

To  be  obtained  from  J.  Herbert  Tutt,  22,  Francemary  Road,  Ladyvvell  Road, 
Brockley,  S.E. 

Random   Recollections   of  Woodland,  Fen,   and    Hill. 

By  J.  W.  TUTT,  F.E.S. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  Crown  8vo.     Price  Three  Shillings  net. 

A  detailed  account  of  the  fauna  and  flora  of  some  well-known  British  natural  history 
localities  : — Wicken,  Deal,  Chattenden,  the  Medway  Marshes,  Isle  of  Wight,  etc. 

Postal  Orders  to — 

Mr.  J.  HERBERT  TUTT,  22,  Francemary  Road,  Ladywell  Road,  Brockley,  S.E 


Subscriptions   for   Vol.    XXIV.    are    no>v    overdue 


THE 

ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECOF 

AND 

JOURNAL    OF  VARIATIC 

Edited  hv 

Richard  S.  BAGNALL.,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s.  1    T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  m.d.,f.z.s., 


T.  HUDSON  BE  ARE, 

B.SC,   F.E.8.,  I'.a.S.K. 

George  T.  BETHUNB-BAKER, 

p.z.s.,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s. 
m.  burr,  d.sc,  f.z.s.,  f.i..s.,  f.k.s. 
(Rbv.)  C.  R.  N.  BURROWS,  f.e.s. 


Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  F.K.s. 
H.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORP] 
F.z.a., 
Alfred  SICH,  f.e.s. 
J.  R.  le  B.  TOMLIN,  M.A.,  F.B 
George  WHEELER,  M.A.,  F 


and 


Hknry    J.    T 
Etliti 


Al'BIL    Sflh,    1912. 
Price    SIXPENCE  (mt). 


ription   for    Complete  Volume,    post 

(Iiicliuliiig  nil  DOUBLE  NUMBERS,  etc.) 
SEVEN       SHILLINGS. 

TO    UK    lOliWARDEl)    TO 

HERBERT   E.   PAGE,   F.E.S, 

"  Bebtrose,"  Geli.atlv  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 


LONDON : 

ELI-IOT  STOCK,  (J2,  PAiKKNosriat  Row,  E.( 

BERLIN  : 

K.  FWEDLANDER  *  SOHN, 

11,  CAnrsTKAssE,  N.W. 


OVA,  LARV/E,  AND  PUP/E. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  W.  HEAD,  ©ittttmaloaist, 

BURNISTON,     Nr.    SCT^KBOKOUGH. 

F')ill    List  of  Ora,  Larvae,  ami    Vupae,  aUo  LepiiJoptera,  Apparatus,  Cahiuets, 

etc.,  sent  on  application. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

STEVENS'     AUCTION     ROOMS.      (Estd.    1760.) 


Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  offer  for  Sale  by  Auction  at  his  great  rooms,  38,  King  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.,  on 

TUESDAY,     APRIL    23pd,     1912, 

The  Fourth  Portion  of  the 

COLLECTION  of  LEPIDOPTERA, 

Formed  by  the  Late 

J.    W.    TUTT,    F.E.S. 

Comprising  long  series  in  fine  condition  of  British  Tortrices,  including  long  and 
varied  series  of  Peroneas.  Also  British  Tinea,  good  series  of  the  Psychidae  and 
Nepticulae  (vide  Brit.  Lep.,  vol.  i.),  most  of  the  Elachistidae  and  Gelechidse. 

Also  British  Grambi  in  excellent  condition,  including  sialinelluK,  coniaininelhis, 
anellus,  etc.,  British  Pterophorids,  and  the  remainder  of  the  British  Geometers  {Cidaria, 
etc.),  together  with  the  cabinets  containing  them. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  on  application  7  days  prior  at  the  Auction  Eooms, 
38.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LEPIDOPTERA    &    LARViE     A    SPECIALITY. 

Photographed  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c.. 

By   same   Colour   Process. 
LANTERN   SLIDES  MADE  TO  ORDER   FROM   ANY  SPECIMEN   OR  COLOURED  DRAWING. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OF  LARYiE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 


For  List  apply  to — 

CHARLES    D.    HEAD,    2,    Mount    Yernon,    Dollymount,    DUBLIN. 

Subscribers  to  Seitz  Macrolepidoptera  of  the  World 

are  leciuested  to  write  immediately 

to  the   Publishing  Office  if  they   wish   to  receive  the 
published  parts  without  delay. 

Latest  issued  parts  are :    Palaearctica,   No.  97 ;    Exotica,    86. 

THE    PUBLISHING    OFFICE  : 

Stuttgart:    Poststrasse  7.  Yerlag  des  Seitz'schen  Werkes. 

(Alfred  Kernen). 


A    WEEK    AT    BRAEMAR.  81 

A  Week  at  Braemar. 

By  EUSSELL  E.  JAMES. 

In  a  summer  of  almost  unbroken  sunshine  circumstances  have 
prevented  me  from  doing  more  than  a  very  moderate  amount  of 
collecting.  Nevertheless  I  have  managed  to  fulfil  a  longstanding 
promise  to  myself  of  a  visit  to  Braemar — the  British  home  of  Anthrucera 
exidam.  What  Braemar  could  be  under  bad  conditions  I  can  well 
imagine,  but  as  we  saw  it,  it  was  to  a  Southerner,  an  Entomological 
Paradise.  The  very  conditions  which  made  the  holiday  so  ideal 
frustrated  our  designs  upon  the  two  species  for  which  we  had 
specially  planned  the  trip,  and  when  I  arrived  on  July  7th  I  found 
my  companion — -Mr.  Galpin,  of  Oxford — most  disconsolate.  I  must 
admit  that  he  had  a  case.  In  the  first  place  he  had  come  at 
great  inconvenience,  and  only  after  I  had  painted  our  prospects  in 
glowing  colours,  figuratively  dangling  long  series  of  A.  e.vnlans  and 
Psoclos  trepiclaria  before  his  eyes,  and  then  I  turned  up  a  day  late.  I 
arrived  on  the  day  on  which  I  had  all  along  intended  to  arrive,  but  he 
insisted  that  I  had  mentioned  the  day  before,  and  unfortunately  for  me, 
had  documentary  evidence  to  prove  it ;  I  had  undertaken  to  make  all 
the  enquiries  as  to  the  best  ground  to  work,  so  until  I  arrived  he  was 
at  a  disadvantage.  Add  to  this  that  the  day  had  been  dull  and 
inclined  to  rain,  I  had  sent  no  word  of  my  movements,  and  the 
railway  motor  breaking  down  had  again  made  me  two  hours  late,  and 
it  will  be  realised  that  the  situation  facing  me  was  a  delicate  one. 
Mr.  Galpin  had  further  gathered  the  information  that  owing  to  an 
abnormal  June  both  A.  cxidans  and  P.  trepiclaria  had  been  well  over 
for  a  week  past.  We  had  poor  success  that  night  and  the  gloom 
reached  its  lowest  ebb,  bat  the  next  morning  the  hot  spell  commenced. 
We  henceforward  had  a  great  time,  and  in  the  end  were  more  than 
repaid  for  missing  A.  e.vulans  and  P.  trepidaria. 

We  had  obtained  special  permission  to  work  the  Invercauld  deer 
forest  on  the  further  side  of  the  Dee,  and  it  was  there  we  spent  most 
of  our  days.  The  morning  of  the  8th  was  an  ideal  one,  and  in  spite 
of  discouragement  from  Messrs.  Tait,  Mutch  and  Home,  who  had  all 
been  at  Braemar  for  some  time,  and  evidently  spoke  with  knowledge, 
we  deemed  it  our  "duty  "  to  at  least  see  the  e.odans  ground.  We 
pushed  on  up  to  about  2,500  feet  and  found  their  tale  only  too  true ; 
no  sign  of  anything  at  the  higher  levels  except  one  or  two  Scoptda 
alpinalis.  However,  the  view  was  glorious,  we  had  a  fine  sight  of  some 
red  deer,  and  moreover  on  the  way  down  got  a  good  general  knowledge  of 
this  part  of  our  ground.  We  subsequently  learnt  from  the  head-keeper 
that  A.  exulana  bad  been  out  in  early  June,  and  that  P.  trepidaria  was 
swarming  on  all  the  heights  three  weeks  before  our  arrival.  The 
keeper's  information  is  probably  reliable,  as  he  has  had  considerable 
training  at  the  hands  of  Mr.  Percy  Bright  and  others,  and  all  the 
hints  he  gave  us  as  to  "  Obeliscatas  "  (his  version  of  D.  obfuscata)  and 
other  species  proved  to  be  very  accurate. 

A.  exidans  seems  to  be  confined  to  one,  or  at  most  two,  of  the 

mountains,   but  occurs  over  a  considerable  area,  and  apparently  in 

spite  of  continued  onslaughts  is  in  great  numbers.      P.  trepidaria  on 

the  other  hand  seems  to  occur  abundantly  on  most  of   the   higher 

April  15th,  1912. 


82  THE  kntomologist's  record. 

mountains  around,  resting  on  and  flying  over  the  short  turf  on  the 
extreme  tops.  We  did  actuall}'  see  A.  exiilans  alive,  as  Mr.  Mutch 
still  had  some  living  females  for  breeding  purposes,  and  one  of  these 
I  brought  away  as  a  type,  until  another  visit  enables  me  to  take  my 
own  series. 

The  insect  of  the  visit  was  Daxi/ilia  ohfuscata,  and  here  of  course 
the  forward  season  helped  us.  Nevertheless,  I  should  gather  that  it 
was  far  more  plentiful  than  usual,  and  although  the  slopes  of  the 
Invercauld  estate  were  its  headqunrter.-^,  it  also  occurred  sparingly  on 
the  hillside  behind  the  town,  and  by  the  llth  was  just  commencing  to 
emerge  up  Glen  Callater. 

Glen  Callater  (to  the  south)  was  another  of  our  favourite  grounds, 
and  was  distinctly  useful  in  being  a  week  or  ten  days  more  backward 
than  the  Invercauld  Estate.  It  enabled  us  to  crowd  the  advantages  of 
a  fortnight's  collecting  into  six  days,  and  thereby  we  both  obtained 
fine  series  of  CociKDu/mpha  ti/phoii,  which  was  practically  over  every- 
where else.  The  Glen  is  very  fascinating,  the  bare  and  steep  boulder- 
strewn  slopes  to  the  east,  and  the  utter  absence  of  tree  or  shrub  giving 
it  a  wildness  of  aspect  quite  diflerent  from  the  pine  and  birch-clad 
slopes  of  the  Dee  side.  15ut  the  most  curious  thing  about  the  glen  is 
that  the  burn  appears  to  be  flowing  up-hill.  Entering  it  at  its 
narrowest  part,  it  stea.dily  broadens  out  as  one  ascends,  and  it  must 
be  this  ellect  of  broadening  instead  of  narrowing  that  conveys  the 
irresistible  impression  that  one  is  descending  instead  of  ascending,  and 
nothing  but  the  evidence  of  flowing  water  would  have  convinced  me 
to  the  contrary.  Here,  more  than  anywhere  else,  one  had  evidence  of 
the  drought,  a  large  expanse  below  the  loch,  which  must  usually  be 
a  peat  bog,  being  bard-baked  and  cracked. 

All  our  evening  work  was  done  in  the  upper  glade  of  the  birch- 
wood  behind  the  town  and  on  the  hillside  above.  We  treacled  every 
night  in  this  top  glade,  but  only  on  the  8th  did  any  numbers  come, 
all  the  nights  but  this  one  being  clear  and  somewhat  chilly. 

One  does  not  find  />.  ohfnsrata  easily  at  first,  but  on  getting  to  know 
their  hal)its  they  proved  to  be  in  astonishing  numbers.  They  sit 
head  downwards  on  ro3ks,  always  in  the  shade,  always  low  down,  and 
are  specially  fond  of  overhanging  surfaces.  They  prefer  small  boulders 
to  sit  on,  even  small  stones  in  the  pathways,  and  are  quite  conspicuous 
when  once  one's  eye  gets  in.  They  were  very  restless  owing  to  the 
unusual  heat  (we  had  85''  in  the  shade  even  at  Braemar),  but  the 
considerable  number  seen  flying  were,  I  believe,  only  seeking  fresh 
resting  places  as  their  own  became  exposed  to  the  sun.  Mr.  Galpin 
preferred  striking  the  stones  to  searching,  and  by  this  means 
obtained  nearly  as  many  as  myself.  This  method,  however,  has 
the  disadvantage  that  the  older  specimens  fly  off  more  readily  than 
the  quite  fresh  ones.  Moreover,  every  specimen  has  to  be  netted, 
and  generally  after  a  chase,  as  the  species  is  no  mean  flyer.  It  is 
an  extraordinarily  difficult  insect  to  get  home  in  quite  perfect 
condition,  and  although  I  inuigined  I  had  taken  ample  for  supplying 
my  own  wants  and  those  of  my  friends,  I  found  in  the  end  that  I  had 
dillrtcuUy  in  picking  out  even  one  full  cabinet  row  quite  without 
reproach.  Probably  the  extreme  heat  helped  to  make  them  restless, 
but  the  number  that  proved  to  have  in  some  degree  damaged  their 
thoraces  and  fringes  was  appalling.      They  were  distinctly  scarce  on 


A    WEEK    IN    BRAEMAR,  83 

the  ground  we  worked  at  night,  but  one  or  two  were  netted  on  the 
wing  after  dark.  These  were  the  only  ones  seen  in  natural  flight,  and 
we  saw  nothing  to  confirm  a  report  I  had  heard  of  a  late  afternoon 
flight. 

Plm^ia  i)iterr<>(/atinnis,  a  genuine  day-flyer,  was  also  in  great  numbers, 
but  wanted  much  catching  and  more  getting  home  in  condition.  By 
using  the  largest  size  boxes,  however,  a  very  fine  lot  were  eventually 
obtained.  This  species  also  frequently  rests  on  the  rocks,  but  unlike 
]>.  obfio^rata  chooses  the  large  and  lichen-covered  boulders,  and  rests  high 
up  frequently  even  on  top.  A  fair  number  were  found  thus,  in  the 
late  afternoon,  but  they  also  settle  down  for  a  time  at  mid-day,  then 
always  ni  the  shade.  Even  during  the  time  of  flight,  they  rest  quite 
as  frequently  on  the  rocks  as  on  the  heather,  and  they  are  always  far 
more  difficult  to  see  than  1).  abfnacata.  In  fact  when  actuall}'  resting 
on  lichen,  the  colouring,  aided  by  the  irregular  outline  of  crested  thorax 
and  fine  forewing  fringes,  aft'ords  such  marvellous  protection  that  I 
probably  overlooked  many  more  than  1  found.  On  a  number  of 
occasions,  after  boxing  a  specimen,  a  second  was  discovered  within  a 
few  inches,  and  until  then  quite  unnoticed.  This  species  also  was 
only  just  coming  out  up  Glen  Callater  on  the  last  d;lJ^  We  only  saw 
one  specimen  on  the  wing  after  dark  and  none  were  attracted  by  the 
Kfdlnbiiiui.  flowers  mentioned  later  on,  so  I  shoi^ld  imagine  that  if  there 
is  a  night  flight  it  is  only  a  verj^  partial  one. 

iMventia  caesiata  in  verj'  great  variety  was  every  where,  but  nowhere 
so  abundant  as  in  the  pinewoods  on  the  hillsides  over  the  river.  Here 
as  one  walked  through  they  rose  from  the  trunks  and  ground  in 
countless  numbers,  but  the  best  specimens  were  picked  oft'  the  rocks, 
quite  freshly  emerged.  L.  salirata  was  practically  over,  a  few 
worn  specimens  being  netted  at  early  dusk.  Even  at  dusk  it  is  easily 
distinguished  on  the  wing  from  />.  caesiata  by  its  very  feeble  flight. 

Another  species  of  which  a  long  series  was  taken  was  Ki)iiiieLesia 
tiiinniata  (ericctata).  It  was  not  nearly  so  abundant  as  any  of  the 
foregoing  species  (except  L.  salicata),  and  the  only  time  it  occurred  in 
any  numbers  was  in  Glen  Callater  on  the  12th,  when  it  flew  freely  all 
the  afternoon.  On  the  Invercauld  ground  I  should  imagine  it  was 
over,  as  only  a  few  were  seen,  and  these  all  at  the  higher  levels,  where  on 
the  8th  a  moderate  number  were  on  the  wing  at  and  before  midday. 
Seeing  that  it  was  flying  from  before  dusk  until  long  after  on  the 
hillside  we  worked  at  night,  it  seems  to  have  a  very  protracted  time  of 
flight,  as  all  the  flights  that  we  observed  were  perfectly  natural  ones. 
Although  so  tiny,  it  is  a  robust  little  species,  well  adapted  to  the  rough 
conditions  of  its  mountain  home,  quite  strong  on  the  wing  and  scarcely 
ever  shewing  any  wear. 

In  the  late  afternoon,  and  until  nearly  sunset,  Halia  hninncata  flew 
over  the  junipers  in  the  birch  wood  in  great  numbers.  It  w^as  very 
local  and  frequented  the  more  open  parts,  especially  just  below  the  top 
glade,  where  we  treacled  at  night.  Here  we  could  frequently  net 
several  at  a  single  stroke,  but  until  flight  commenced  not  a  specimen 
could  be  found,  or  even  thrashed  out.  Many  were  getting  worn,  but 
they  were  so  plentiful  that  any  number  of  good  ones  could  have  been 
taken.  EnboUa  plKinbana  occurred  on  the  ohfimrata  ground,  very 
ordinary  forms,  common  but  quite  local,  and  on  the  rocks  and  pine 
trunks    were    a    few    beautiful    Boannia    repandata    var.    xodoreutiinn. 


84  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Nearly  all  the  females  were  sacrificed  for  ova,  but  in  vain,  as  they 
could  not  be  induced  to  lay. 

A  few  Acidalia  fiaiiata  were  walked  up  in  the  heather,  but  were 
almost  over,  and  among  the  pines  were  a  number  of  Thera  variata, 
occasional  Kllni>ia  prosa/iiaria  {fasciaria)  on  the  trunks,  and  a  few 
liiipalas  piniarin  on  the  wing.  rob/oiinnatiis  icarus  was  common, 
and  probably  would  have  paid  for  working,  but  we  never  got  time.  A 
few  lUi'nt/iis  selene  were  about  and  Arm/nnis  ai/laia  already  well  out, 
a  few  very  fine  dark  females  falling  to  each  of  us.  The  males  on 
the  contrary  seem  to  show  no  difi'erenee  from  the  southern  type. 

The  only  other  species  taken  on  this  north  side  of  the  river  were 
occasional  Coreniia  inunitata,  Melant/iia  ocdlnta,  and  Men  i/ieldia 
tiidartijla  {tetradacti/la),  a  single  FjKpithccia  pnlc/iellata,  and  a  very 
short  series  of  Scoparia  alpina.  Mr.  Mutch  took  Crainbus  nn/ellns  one 
evening,  but  we  never  worked  the  ground  at  night.  For  one  thing, 
night  work  scarcely  commences  before  10  or  10.15  p.m.,  so  light  are 
the  evenings,  and  the  head  keeper,  who  looked  after  us  well,  and  always 
rowed  us  across  the  Dee,  rose  very  early  in  the  morning,  and  we 
suspected  him  of  keeping  equally  early  hours  at  night.  He  added 
greatly  to  the  pleasure  of  the  days,  with  his  many  anecdotes  and 
experiences.  Invercauld  being  the  next  estate  to  Balmoral,  his 
knowledge  of  Royalty  is  as  local  and  peculiar  as  his  entomology.  He 
would  say  for  example  "  He  is  a  nice  young  chap,  the  young  Prince 
of  Wales  ;  have  you  ever  met  him  to  speak  to  ?  "  as  if  one  might  meet 
him  casually  in  town.  His  discretion  on  such  subjects  however  is 
beyond  reproach. 

Each  evening,  as  I  said  before,  we  spent  on  the  hillside,  behind  the 
town,  working  up  through  the  wood  and  getting  treacle  on  in  time  for 
the  earliest  dusking.  One  of  the  first  species  to  fiy  was  Scopula 
alpiiialis,  then  Larentia  caesiata  and  a  few  //.  salicata,  followed  by 
tJcpialxs  velleda,  Lycopltotia  striiiiila,  and  h/iipitlievia  nanata,  the  first 
of  the  three  already  worn  to  rags.  It  was  almost  dark  before  Coronia 
iiniiiitata  flew,  and  a  very  fine  series  was  taken  of  this  species,  about 
20%  being  of  a  yellowish  form.  They  flew  and  rested  on  the  heather 
for  short  intervals  and  flew  again,  right  on  till  we  gave  up  about  12.0 
or  12.30. 

Mrhoit/iia  ocellata  occurred  occasionally  in  the  wood,  with  several 
familiar  southern  species  such  as  Miianip}n'  innntanata,  Cabcra  piiNoria, 
Mt'trocaiiipa  tnanjaritaria,  and  Larentia  viridaria  [pectinitaria). 

Cidan'a  {tnincata)  riissata  was  also  common  in  the  wood,  coming 
freely  to  treacle,  and  was  a  fine  strongly-marked  race  of  varying 
forms.     The  white-banded  form  was,  I  think,  the  finest. 

Round  a  cottage,  high  up  on  the  hillside,  was  a  magnificent  lot  of 
willow  herb  (a  garden  variety),  unfortunately  not  discovered  until  the 
last  evening — a  very  chilly  one.  Judging  by  the  numbers  of  moths 
attracted  on  this  cold  night,  I  regretted  missing  it  earlier.  There 
were  plenty  of  Larentia  eaeniata,  (J.  truncata,  and  Xortiia  festiva,  a  fair 
lot  of  (J.  inunitata,  three  fine  I'lnsia  pnlr/irina,  and  an  odd  /'.  e/tri/sitis. 

A  single  Carsia  inihntata  was  seen  by  Mr.  Tait  on  the  last  night, 
and  walking  home  through  the  wood,  quite  late,  a  fine  J'^tijrithma 
tn;iata  was  netted.  We  were  expecting  Thera  empiata  [sinnilata),  but 
although  we  closely  watched  the  juniper  clumps  it  was  evidently  not 
yet  out. 


A    WEEK    IN    BRAEMAR.  85 

Oidaria  populata  occurred  on  the  last  two  nights,  and  was 
commonest  on  the  edge  of  the  wood.  I  should  have  liked  another 
week  at  this  species,  as  the  short  series  obtained  showed  remarkable 
variation.  Some  of  them  were  a  deep  unicolorous  chocolate,  with  all 
grades  between  this  and  the  tjpe.  I  never  worked  this  ground  by  day 
myself,  except  running  up  in  the  early  evening  after  //.  hrmimata,  but 
on  one  afternoon  when  I  was  up  Glen  Callater,  Mr.  (jalpin  took  a  few 
Aricia  medun  (astrarchc)  var.  artaxerxes  and  saw  some  Xeineoii/iila  planta- 
(linis.  Acidalia  fninata  was  also  rather  commoner  here  than  over  the 
other  side,  probably  because  everything  this  side  was  a  little  more 
backward.  A.  medon  var.  attaxerxen  was  occasionally  found  at  rest  on 
the  heather  at  night,  the  white-spotted  underside  showing  up  very 
clearly  in  the  lamplight.  Larvae  of  Safiirnia  pamnio  {rar}iini)  and 
Noctiia  nei/lecta  were  also  frequently  found  in  the  same  way,  and  one 
larva  of  Asphalia  t^aricnrms  was  noticed  on  a  small  birch. 

We  should  have  done  much  better  with  treacle  a  fortnight  earlier, 
as  nearly  everything  was  worn.  I  can  imagine  great  work  might  be 
done  with  Xoctna  festira  alone,  some  of  the  forms  being  very  fine. 
Two  of  the  finest  are  a  clear  French-grey  form,  and  another  of  the 
same  colour  banded  with  chestnut.  Both  these  forms  were  represented 
only  by  bad  and  indifferent  specimens,  but  I  saw  enough  to  make  me 
regret  having  missed  this  species  even  more  than  A.  exidans.  lladcna 
(Hijppa)  rectilinea  was  also  over,  only  three  specimens  (two  fair  and 
one  poor)  occurring  on  the  8th,  and  no  others.  The  best  series  taken 
at  treacle  were  a  fine  dark  lot  of  Hadena  adiiUa,  in  good  condition, 
and  there  were  also  a  few  very  rich  Xi/lopJiasia  rurea  var.  cniid)ii>ita, 
but  only  a  single  specimen  of  the  type.  Few  other  Noctnae  were  seen  ; 
Xi/lop/iasia  pnh/odoii  was  strictly  typical — not  the  faintest  sign  of 
darkening — and  a  few  worn  Nocfna  ridti,  X.  ain/io-,  Apanwa  (/eiiiiiia, 
and  Caradrina  cubindaris  complete  the  list — not  even  the  ubiquitous 
Triphaena  pronnha.  The  common  Geometers  M.  iiKintaiuita  and  C. 
pusaria,  with  an  occasional  C  nninitata,  were  frequently  attracted,  and 
Cidaria  triincata  was  commoner  on  treacle  than  anywhere  else. 

A  long  day  spent  up  Glen  Callater  on  the  12th,  was  planned 
mainly  to  work  for  Larentia  nificinctata,  but  as  a  thorough  search  over 
its  special  ground  up  by  the  loch  proved  that  it  was  not  yet  out,  we 
devoted  ourselves  to  Coeiionynipha  ti/p/ion  and  other  things.  A  very  fine 
lot  were  taken,  but  they  wanted  picking  over,  and  a  few  more  nice  dark 
C.  populata  and  occasional  Cnreiuia  iniinitata  were  walked  up.  This 
was  the  one  day  when  /'7.  minorata  (ericetata)  was  taken  plentifully, 
and  Scopida  alpi)ialh  was  commoner  here  than  elsewhere.  It  affects 
the  grassy  patches  among  the  heather,  and  seems  to  be  quite  confined 
to  such  spots.  Several  oddments,  such  as  A.  vwdon  var.  artaxerxe^, 
Anarta  )injrfilli,  Craiiibus  niart/aritelliis,  a  strongh^  marked  Melanippe 
sitbtristata,  occasional  Dasijdia  nbfuscata  and  Plusia  interro(jationis 
and  a  lot  of  P/njcis  carbnnariella  made  up  a  very  big  day's  bag,  and 
every  box  I  had  was  filled — many  of  them  twice  over.  I  found  C. 
typhon  and  E.  minorata  {ericetata)  travelled  quite  well  two  in  a  box. 

P.  carbonariella  is  an  extraordinary  insect.  It  swarmed  on  a  burnt 
patch  of  heather,  where  it  was  quite  invisible  at  rest,  and  with  the 
exception  of  one  or  two  on  a  similar  patch  over  the  Dee,  not  a  specimen 
was  seen  elsewhere.  How  do  the}'  find  out  these  patches,  and  what 
happens  to  them  when  the  heather  grows  again  and  no  more  patches 


86  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

are  burnt  ?  They  rose  in  twos  and  threes  at  every  step  on  the  burnt 
part,  and  there  was  not  a  specimen  ten  yards  away.  Yet  it  appeared 
to  be  only  recently  burned,  and  there  were  no  other  patches  anywhere 
near — no  others  at  all  in  fact  that  I  could  see.  On  this  day  I  netted 
three  female  JJ<i>iali(s  rdleda  on  the  wing  at  mid-day,  apparently 
ovipositing.  This  is  the  first  time  I  have  ever  seen  a  "  Swift"  on  the 
wing  by  day. 

Auaitis  jihu/iata  occurred  occasionally  by  day  and  night  all  over  the 
ground,  and  a  few  Euholia  )iirnfiiiiaria  also.  I  took  some  fine  dark 
forms  of  the  latter  species  at  Pitlocbrie  twenty  years  ago,  and  was 
disappointed  to  find  them  here  all  strictly  typical.  Boti/s  fitticalix  and 
Pyraiista  purpiiralis  turned  up  here  and  there,  but  Crarnhus  pascucUioi 
and  Scopitla  (onbiniialis  were  respectively  the  only  really  common 
CraDibns  and  Pyrale  met  with. 

Tanof/ra  atrata  [c/iaerophyUata)  rather  surprised  me  by  appearing 
each  day  in  the  meadow  on  the  river  bank,  just  opposite  to  the  keeper's 
cottage,  and  this  completes  the  list  of  moths  seen. 

The  only  remaining  butterflies  were  the  three  common  I'ierh  which 
occurred  round  the  town,  A;ilais  inticac  just  coming  out  (although 
young  larvje  were  still  on  the  nettles)  and  Cocnouynipha  pawpJdliifi  which 
occurred  all  over  the  hillsides. 

It  was  a  great  holiday,  and  for  the  five  and  a  half  days  we  each  of 
us  brought  away  nearly  a  thousand  specimens.  Needless  to  say,  we 
made  no  attempt  at  setting  or  even  pinning,  but  killed  with 
ammonia  and  packed  in  Newman's  relaxing  tins.  With  the  fine  weather 
and  long  clear  evenings  it  is  arduous  work,  as  every'thing  has  to  be 
done  so  much  later  than  down  south.  We  never  looked  at  our  treacle 
till  after  eleven  o'clock,  and  when  getting  home  about  1  a.m.  one  could 
still  read  the  paper  in  the  open  quite  easily,  and  that  without  any  moon. 
Our  plan  of  campaign  was  to  leave  home  after  early  breakfast,  get 
over  the  Dee  and  work  through  the  wood  on  to  our  ground  by  about 
9  o'clock.  We  took  lunch  with  us,  getting  drink  from  the  burns  (and 
generally  a  bathe),  returning  about  5  p.m.  for  a  big  meal.  We  would 
then  kill  our  captures,  slip  up  to  the  wood  for  //.  brunneata,  etc.  ; 
back  to  tea  ;  pack  up  the  specimens  in  relaxing  boxes,  and  then  off 
again  for  the  evening  about  eight,  finishing  with  a  bread  and  cheese 
supper  upon  our  return  in  the  small  hours.  Had  we  had  more  time 
we  should  not  have  kept  up  this  pace,  and  as  it  was,  on  the  last 
morning  Mr.  Galpin  showed  signs  of  crying  "enough."  While  I 
was  having  a  last  turn  with  D.  oh/Kucata,  and  as  it  proved  my  most 
successful  (fifty  picked  specimens  in  an  hour  and  a  half),  I  found  he 
had  been  sitting  chatting  with  the  keeper  and  watching  the  flight  of  a 
golden  eagle.  It  was  certainly  a  grand  bird  and  well  worth  watching 
— poised  in  mid-air,  perhaps  half  a  mile  above  our  heads. 

We  have  seen  the  locality  at  its  best,  but  I  can  imagine  the  two 
lines  of  the  Nursery  Rhyme  referring  to  the  little  girl 

"  When  she's  good,  she's  very  very  good. 
But  when  she  is  bad,  she  is  horrid." 

might  well  apply  to  Braemar.  Braemar  I  imagine  could  be  very 
"horrid."  Taking  this  risk  and  the  long  journey  into  consideration, 
it  will  probably  never  be  over-run,  but  we  both  came  away  feeling  that 
with  such  conditions  as  we  bad  had,  Braemar  is  hard  to  beat. 


A    MONTH    IN    SWITZERLAND    AND    ELSEWHERE.  87 

Luperina  (?)  (Apamea)  gueneei,  Doubleday,  as  a  species,  and  as  a 

British  species. 

By  Hy.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S. 
(Concluded  from  page  20). 

The  Synonymy  of  this  species  now  stands  as  follows  : — 
Nickerlii,  Fr.,  1845  (Niccerli,  Hamps.,  1908). 
var.  Gueneei,  Dblcl.,  1864. 

=  Testacea  var.  Incerta,  Tutt,  1891. 
[nee  Testacea  var.  A.,  Guen.,  1852.] 
ab.  Baxteri,  South,  1909. 
ab.  Murray!,  Turner,  1911. 
ab.  Fusca,  Turner,  1911. 
ab.  Minor,  Turner,  1911. 
ab.  Iota.  Turner,  1911. 
var.  Graslini,  Obthr.,  1908. 

=  Testacea  var.  B.,  Guen.,  1852. 

The  Synonymy  of  L.  testacea  so  far  as  it  bears  on  L.  nickerlii  is  as 
follows  : — 

Testacea,  Hb. 

var.  et  ab.  Gueneei,  Staud.  et  Auct.,  1871,  etc.  (nee  Dbld.). 
=  Testacea  var.  A.,  Guen.,  1852. 

The  Bibliography  is  as  follows  :  — 

1845.     Freyer,  Nen.  Beit.  Schmett.,  v.,  140,  pi.  466,  tig.  4. — nickerlii. 
1845?    Herrich-Schaffer,  pi.  cxi.,  fig.  565. — nickerlii. 
(1852.     Guen^e,  Sp.  Gen.  Up.  Noct.,  i(v).,  182. — testacea,  var.  A). 
1852.     Guenee,  Sp.  Gen.  Lep.  Noct.,  i(v).,  183. — testacea,  var.  B. 
1861.     Staudinger,  Cat.  L^p.  Eur.,  ed.  i..  .332. — nickerlii,  and  testacea  var. 
gueneei. 

1863.  Gr'a=lin,  Ann.  Soc.  ent.  Fr.,  p.  309,  pi.  8,  fig.  S.—7iickerlii. 

1864.  Doubleday,  Eiit.  Aim.,  x.,  123-4. — gueneei. 
1871.     Newman,  N.  H.  Brit.  ])Ioths,  p.  ^'Jl.— gueneei. 

1871.     Staudintcer,  Cut.  Lip.  Eur.,  ed.  ii.,  p.  98. — nickerlii,  and  testacea 

var.  gueneei. 
1885.     Hodgkinson,  Ent.,  xviii.,  54. — gueneei. 
1889.     Tutt,  Ent..,  xxii.,  206-7. — testacea  var.  gueneei. 
1889.     South,  Ent.,  xxii.,  271-2. — testacea  var.  nickerlii. 
1891.     Tutt,  Ent.  Rec,  ii.,  21-22.— testacea  var.  nickerlii  (?). 
1891.     Tutt,  Brit.  Noc.  and   Var.,  i.,  138-140. — testacea  var.  gueneei,  and 

var.  incerta. 
1897.     Barrett,  Brit.  Lep.,  iv.,  335  etc.,  pi.  173,  fig.  Ih.— gueneei. 
1901.     Staudinger,   Cat.  Pal.  Lep.,  ed.  iii.,  pi.  i.,  168. — nickerlii,  and  var. 

gueneei. 

1908.  Oberthiir,  Bull.  Soc.  ent.  Fr.,  322,  etc. — graslini. 

1909.  South,  Ent.,  xlii.,  269-70.— nickerlii,  ab.' 

1909.  South,  Ent.,  xlii.,  289-92. — gueneei  ab.  baxteri. 

1910.  Banks,  Knt.,  xliii.,  75-78  —gueneei. 

1911.  Turner,  Ent.  Record,  xxiii.,  53,  etc. — gueneei.   89,  etc. — var.  niurrayi, 

va,r.fusca,  and  var.  minor,  171,  etc. — var.  iota.    201,  etc.,  pis.  iii., 
iv.,  vii.,  viii.  and  ix. 
1911.     Porritt,  Ent.  Month  Mag.,  xlvii.,  204,  pi.  iii.,  fig.  4. — gueneei. 

1911.  Pearce,  Ent.  Record,  xxiii.,  269-70. — gueneei. 

1912.  Turner,  Ent.  Record,  xxiv.,  17,  etc.,  87. — nickerlii  vat.  gueneei  and 

var.  graslini. 


A    Month    in    Switzerland    and    elsewliere. 

By  GEORGE  WHEELER,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

(Concluded  from  page  43.) 

(xi.)  St.  Moritz  and  the  Bernina  Pass. — During  my  sojourn  at 

Bergiin  1  made  two  expeditious  to  thefarsideof  the  Albula  Pass ;  the  first 

of  these  was  on  the  8Lh  of  July,  when  my  special  destination  was  the  lake 


88  THE  entomologist's  record. 

of  St.  Moritz,  and  possibly  on  to  that  of  Campfer,  and  my  special 
object  the  acquisition  of  Brenthis  arsilarhe,  which  I  had  been  given  to 
understand  occurred  at  the  edges  of  these  lakes.  As  I  was  travelling 
with  friends  who  were  going  to  Pontresina  I  changed  at  Saraaden  and 
went  on  with  them,  and  starting  off  from  Pontresina  station  by  the 
wood  path,  made  my  way  as  far  as  the  little  Statzersee  without  meeting 
with  any  species  of  butterfly  except  Erebia  Ivjea  var.  adijte.  I  had 
hoped  to  find  B.  arsilache  at  the  edge  of  this  little  lake,  but  found  no 
butterflies  at  all  on  the  lake  side  of  the  road.  On  the  bank  sloping  up 
to  the  right  of  the  road  Coenoninnplia  paniphiliis  and  (J.  sati/rion, — of 
course  in  this  district  var.  unicolor, — were  abundant,  and  I  saw  a 
specimen  or  two  of  Brenthis  eiiphrosi/ne,  but  in  poor  condition  ;  a  little 
farther  on  Vacciniina  optih'tc  was  to  be  found  on  the  same  side  of  the 
road,  together  with  Poli/onunatiis  In/las,  P.  icarus  and  Aricia  medon 
{astrarche),  as  well  as  the  three  species  previously  mentioned,  and  after 
passing  the  Restaurant  just  above  the  end  of  the  Lake  of  St.  Moritz, 
in  a  hollow  to  the  right  of  the  road  Alhulina  pheretes  was  not  uncommon 
on  the  thjane  blossoms,  where  Plebeius  ar(ii/ro(/nomon  and  A(jriades 
thetiH  were  also  to  be  seen.  Almost  immediately  below  this,  in  the 
meadow  leading  down  to  the  lake,  I  came  across  Brenthis  pales  var. 
isis,  $  s  only  in  considerable  numbers,  some  of  the  black  spots  from 
the  upperside  forewings  of  which  showed  through  on  the  underside,  so 
I  concluded  that  it  was  useless  to  go  on  farther  and  had  made  up  my 
mind  that  a  mistake  had  arisen  between  this  form  and  B.  arsilache. 
On  examining  IVJr.  A.  H.  Jones's  specimens  from  this  neighbourhood 
after  my  return  home  I  find  that  the  mistake  was  my  own,  as  he  has 
both  isis  and  arsilache  from  these  parts,  the  former  occurring  in  the 
meadows,  the  latter  only  in  the  swamps  on  the  edge  of  the  lakes,  where 
one  must  be  prepared  for  a  good  wetting  if  one  determines  to  take  it. 
It  is  some  consolation  that  he  assures  me  that  had  I  penetrated  the 
marshes  I  should  almost  certainly  have  been  too  early,  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  isis  was  so  fresh  and  that  only  J  s  of  this  latter  were  to  be 
seen.  I  still  think  it  probable  however  that  the  confusion  between 
B.  pales  and  B.  arsilache  may  have  been  caused,  in  part  at  any  rate,  by 
those  specimens  of  the  former  which  show  some  black  spots  on  the 
underside  forewing.  The  corresponding  spotting  in  B.  arsilache  is 
altogether  different.  It  is  far  blacker,  strong  and  very  pronounced, 
and  does  not  in  any  degree  give  the  idea  of  showing  through  from  the 
other  side.  The  upper  side  of  the  same  wing  is  again  far  more 
strongly  marked  especially  in  its  basal  half ;  the  transverse  line 
nearest  to  the  base  is  in  B.  arsilache  so  much  further  removed  from  the 
root  of  the  wing  as  often  to  join  the  next  transverse  line,  and  to  make 
an  intricate  black  pattern  with  it  and  the  half  line  starting  from  the 
COsta  which  lies  between  the  two  ;  almost  always  on  the  upper  side, 
and  often  on  the  under,  the  inner  margin  displays  the  curious  .r  mark 
BO  familiar  in  Mclitaea  deione  var.  herisalensis,  and  which  sometimes 
appears  in  the  type  deione  also.  The  general  appearance  of  the  under- 
side hindwing  is  also  very  different;  the  long  yellow  streak  from  near 
the  middle  of  the  outer  margin  which  is  so  very  conspicuous  in  all 
forms  of  isis,  and  always  in  the  ?  and  generally  in  the  <?  of  the  type 
B.  pales  also,  and  which  even  when  not  very  conspicuous  is  always 
easily  traceable,  is,  when  visible  at  all,  represented  in  arsilache,  even  in 
the  2  ,  by  a  slight  enlargement  of  the  orange-brown  inside  the  lunule, 


A    MONTH    IN    SWITZEKLAND    AND    ELSEWHERE.  89 

not  in  any  way  interfering  with  the  silver-centred  spot  which  in  isis  is 
often  absorbed  ;  the  general  colouring  also  of  the  wing  in  arsilache  is 
much  more  purple-red  than  in  either  of  the  forms  pales  or  isis.  It  is 
moreover  confined  to  marshy  ground  and  where  it  occurs  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  isis  appears  somewhat  later ;  this  however  rarely 
occurs,  for  arsilache  is  as  a  rule  to  be  found  at  much  lower  elevations; 
the  fact  moreover  that  when  it  is  found  at  high  levels,  such  as  the 
Engadine,  it  still  retains  the  characteristics  of  the  lower  altitudes  and 
•does  not  approximate  towards  the  usual  high  level  forms  of  pales,  is 
rather  a  strong  argument  in  favour  of  its  fixity  as  a  species.  Nothing 
however  but  breeding  experiments  can  absolutely  determine  the 
question. 

On  returning  to  Pontresina  station  I  picked  up  a  pair  of  B.  pales, 
3-  and  5  ,  of  the  isis  form  though  rather  smaller  than  usual,  and 
then  proceeded  along  the  road  leading  to  the  Koseg  glacier,  the 
species  met  with  here  being  Polyoiuniatns  eras,  Albnlina  plieretes, 
Afp'iades  coridon,  A.  thetis,  Plebeiiis  arfji/roi/nouion,  PaDiassias  delins  and 
Oeneis  a'ello.  I  crossed  over  later  to  the  other  side  of  the  torrent  in 
hopes  of  finding  Brenthis  tJiore  snad  ]\lelitaea  inatiirna  wa^r.  ivolfensberf/eri, 
but  it  was  getting  late  in  the  day  which  probably  accounted  for  my 
failure,  as  I  heard  a  day  or  two  later  that  both  species  were  out  and 
not  uncommon. 

My  second  expedition  in  this  direction  took  me  on  the  11th  to  the 
top  of  the  Bernina  Pass  direct.  There  was  still  a  good  deal  of  melting, 
but  as  yet  unmelted,  snow  about,  and  near  the  station  I  found  nothing 
but  large  numbers  of  Hesperia  cacaliae :  I  netted  a  great  number  in 
hopes  of  finding  H.  andtowedae  among  them  but  amongst  all  I  saw 
there  was  not  a  single  exception.  On  starting  to  walk  down  to  the 
Heuthal,  but  still  on  the  top  of  the  pass,  and  overlooking  that 
astounding  contrast  of  lakelets  the  Lej  Alv  and  the  Lej  Ner,  I  came 
across  several  other  species ;  Erebia  i/orne,  (always  of  the  var,  triopes, 
showing  that  this  really  was  the  eastern  alpine  region  at  last),  E. 
lappnna  and  E.  tyndarus  were  common,  Brentkis  pales  was  not  scarce, 
there  were  a  few  Pontia  callidice  and  Melitaea  varia,  and  I  took  one 
example  of  each  sex  of  M.  ci/nt/tia,  the  3'  being  a  very  handsome 
aberration  in  which  the  white  extends  to  the  base  of  the  forewing, 
broken  only  by  a  large  round  black  spot,  the  hindwing  also  showing 
much  more  than  its  due  proportion  of  white.  I  saw  but  little  as  I 
walked  down  to  the  Heuthal,  and  butterflies  even  there,  though  fairly 
abundant,  were  by  no  means  in  such  profusion  as  I  have  seen  them 
there  later  in  the  month.  B.  pales,  and  more  especially  the  isis  form 
with  the  ?  napaea,  was  as  usual  extremely  common,  Cyaniris  seiiii- 
aryiis,  Albnlina  pheretes,  Melitaea  vierope,  Coenonyinpha  satyrion  var. 
vnicolor  and  Erebia  tyndarus  were  by  no  means  scarce,  Latiorina 
orbitnlns  and  Melitaea  varia  appeared,  but  no  doubt  became  much 
commoner  later,  Parnassins  delins  and  Pontia  callidice  were  decidedly 
scarce,  and  there  was  a  profusion  of  black-and-white  skippers,  those 
netted  consisting  almost  entirely  of  Hesperia  cacaliae  and  H.  serratnlae, 
but  giving  one  example  which  I  think  may  be  safely  regarded  as  the 
mountain  form  of  H.  alvens.  I  had  expected  on  approaching  the 
Bernina-Haus  station  to  have  found  Erebia  pharte  again,  but  the 
railway  has  considerably  altered  the  aspect  of  the  ground  and  there 
was  not  time  to  hunt  for  its  old  locality  under  changed  conditions. 


90  THE  entomologist's  record. 

If  I  was  a  trifle  too  early  for  the  butterflies  of  the  Heuthal,  the  flowers 
at  any  rate  were  in  perfection,  even  the  scarce  Daphne  reppim,  which  is 
abundant  here,  having  hardly  passed  its  prime,  and  the  little  Niyritella 
being  in  profusion,  and  of  every  shade,  from  blood-red  to  nearly  black, 
together  with  a  perfect  carpet  of  other  brilliant  species. 

(xii.)  Lyndhurst. — I  had  determined  to  cross  from  Havre  to 
Southampton  in  order  to  get  a  day  and  a  half  at  Lyndhurst  on  the  way 
back,  and  succeeded  in  doing  so  after  the  most  fearful  crush  at  the  Gare 
St.  Lazare  through  which  I  have  ever  fought  my  way,  although  my 
experiences  in  this  line  include  getting  oft'  from  Birmingham  station  by 
the  last  train  on  the  Saturday  before  an  August  Bank  Holiday.  But 
this  was  the  eve  of  a  three  days  "  Bank  Holiday  "  and  font  Paris  was 
off  to  the  sea,  and  a  free  fight  ensued  before  it  was  possible  to  obtain 
even  standing  room  in  the  corridor.  However,  we  did  arrive  at  Lynd- 
hurst by  about  10.80,  and  arranging  for  a  late  lunch  I  went  off  into  the 
Forest,  which,  as  I  was  not  wanting  to  sugar  on  this  occasion,  seemed 
wonderfully  little  changed  since  I  last  saw  it  some  15  years  ago.  There 
was  however  uncommonly  little  on  the  wing.  Gonepteryx  rhamni  was 
fresh  and  abundant,  Drijaa  paphia  fairly  common  but  not  very  fresh, 
and  the  same  may  be  said  of  Aphantopns  hi/pcrantns  and  Kpmephele 
jurtina ;  Plebeiiis  aei/on  on  the  other  hand  was  fresh  but  not  abundant. 
Limenitis  dhijlla  was  so  completely  worn  out  at  this  early  date  that  I 
am  not  surprised  at  seeing  notices  of  a  partial  second  brood  this  year, 
though  I  have  never  met  with  a  case  on  the  Continent.  I  saw^  one  or 
two  Iliiwicia  pldacafi,  not  more  than  3  or  4  ('oenoni/iiijiha  pamphilua,  a 
dozen  or  so  of  Pioh  napi,  and  a  single  specimen  of  Anii/)i>iis  ailippe. 
Nor  was  the  next  day  much  better,  though  a  rather  worn  specimen 
of  Brenthh  adenp  came  somewhat  as  a  surprise,  as  it  was  so  very  late 
for  a  first  brood  specimen  and  so  old-looking  as  well  as  so  early  for 
one  of  a  second  brood.  On  this  day  I  saw  two  or  three  7).  paphia  var. 
ralesina  and  captured  one  in  excellent  condition.  On  the  whole 
Lyndhurst  was  disappointing,  but  I  was  glad  to  have  visited  it  again 
and  thus  rounded  off  a  month,  which,  though  spent  chiefly  in  Switzer- 
land, had  also  included  days  in  France,  Germany,  Italy  and  England. 


Notes  on  Collecting  in  191 L 

By  C.  W.  COLTHRUP. 

In  response  to  a  recpiest  for  collecting  notes  on  the  Season  1911, 
the  following  may  be  of  interest.  My  notes  in  the  Spring  are  rather 
meagre  owing  to  photography  in  connection  with  Ornithology  and 
Oology  claiming  nearly  all  my  attention.  On  January  22nd  I  brought 
Mactothi/lacia  ritbi  larvfu  indoors  to  force.  After  wandering  about  the 
box  all  the  week  they  started  spinning  up  on  the  28th,  pupated  on  the 
31st  and  began  emerging  on  February  19th. 

On  March  4th,  near  Bromley,  Kent,  I  took  lliilwinia  IcKtophcaria, 
some  were  fresh  including  one  melanic  specimen,  but  the  majority 
seen  were  worn. 

On  March  29th  a  visit  to  the  New  Forest  for  three  days  with  Mr. 
Tonge,  where  we  were  joined  by  Mr.  Lyle,  proved  most  successful.  It 
was  the  sixth  annual  attempt  to  get  a  good  nig'ht  at  the  sallows. 
Usually  we  had  experienced  the  worst  weather  possible,  very  cold  and 
very  few  insects  about.     On  this  occasion  we  had  three  good  nights. 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING    IN    1911.  91 

with  light  N.E.  wind,  and  warm.  The  usnal  sallow  insects  were  in 
abundance  and  very  variable,  with  the  exception  of  Tauiocampa 
t/racilifi  and  Pachnuhia  rxhricoaa,  neither  of  which  put  in  an  appearance 
at  all,  but  we  were  probably  too  early  for  them.  The  insects  taken  at 
sallow  were  T.  tiiitiiom,  T.  )iiii)tda,  very  plentiful  and  variable,  T. 
instabilis,  T.  cnida,  T.  ijothica,  Xi/loca^i/ia  Utliuiiza,  Panolis  piniperda, 
X.  aocia  {pctri/icata)  (twelve  in  excellent  condition  considering  their 
having  hibernated),  A',  uynithopm^  {rhizolitlia),  also  plentiful  and  in  good 
condition,  but  Srupdosoma  scitellitia  and  Cerastis  raccinii  were  almost 
unrecognisable.  Hi/beniia  procjennnaria  and  Lobophora  lobidata  were 
netted,  and  one  Animptery.v  (eticidaria  was  taken  at  rest  on  a  street 
lamp. 

The  weather  on  the  30th  was  glorious,  and  a  visit  was  paid  to 
Queen's  Bower,  where  we  found  Teplnosia  bistortata  fairly  plentiful  on 
tree  trunks,  and  a  specimen  of  L.  lobulata  was  discovered  just  emerged 
and  drying  its  wings  on  a  birch  trunk,  the  green  bloom  on  the  wings 
looking  very  beautiful,  but  like  most  of  the  greens  it  soon  fades.  A 
number  of  Gonejiteryx  rhaiiini  were  seen,  and  three  Vuni'saa  io  were 
netted  in  the  hopes  of  getting  ova,  but  they  all  proved  to  be  males  ; 
one  specimen  had  hardly  any  hindwings  left.  Bir/iluis  parthcnias  was 
fairly  plentiful  but  almost  impossible  of  capture,  flying  so  high,  and  a 
pair  of  stonechats  had  much  the  best  of  the  fun,  frequently  proving 
successful. 

On  April  16th  Biston  hiitaria  were  taken  on  tree  trunks  in  East 
Dulwich,  on  the  17th  a  5  Diantlnecia  cucubali  (from  Walmer  larva) 
emerged  in  a  breeding  cage,  and  on  the  19th  Satnmia  varpini  (from 
Eastbourne  larv*)  started  emerging.  On  the  20th  a  J  B.  hirtaria 
laid  ova  in  cotton  wool,  these  eventually  hatched  on  May  13th. 

Tiliacea  (ttna(/o  ova,  from  a  New  Forest  J  ,  started  hatching  on  the 
21st.  In  the  previous  autumn  I  noticed  that  the  $  ,  after  laying  the 
first  batch  of  fertile  ova,  laid  infertile  and  fertile  ova  intermittently,  as 
do  also   2  s  of  Bastjcainpa  riibi(ii)iea  and  I 'alia  cIiL 

On  April  21th,  at  Christchurch,  Hants,  I',  io  was  seen,  also  the  first 
Pieris  rapae  of  the  year,  on  the  28th  DasijcJiira  pudibunda  started 
emerging  in  my  cages,  and  on  May  5th  Hadcna  pisi  followed  suit. 

On  May  8th  L'elaatriita  ar;iiuliis  were  seen  in  some  numbers  in  East 
Dulwich,  and  on  the  9th  were  plentiful  at  Winchester,  Hants.  On  the 
10th  a  flying  visit  was  paid  to  the  New  Forest  for  Boannia  ciitctaria, 
when  I  was  fortunate  in  having  the  company  of  Mr.  Lyle,  who  never 
tires  of  helping  brother  entomologists.  The  day  was  excessively  hot, 
and  as  firing  was  going  on  in  the  usual  habitat  of  PJ.  ciitrtayia,  we  had 
to  seek  them  elsewhere.  Arriving  on  the  ground  it  was  not  long  before 
a  worn  ^  was  discovered  at  rest  on  a  pine  trunk,  and  soon  after  a  J 
in  perfect  condition,  which  was  duly  photographed.  I  had  just  finished 
the  exposure,  when  to  our  surprise  spots  of  rain  began  to  fall,  dark 
clouds  gathered  all  round,  and  we  were  soon  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the 
worst  storms  I  ever  remember,  which  lasted  for  over  four  hours. 
However,  I  suppose  I  must  reckon  myself  lucky  as  we  managed  to  get 
back  to  Brockenhurst  comparatively  dry,  and  the  B.  rinrtan'a  $  laid 
me  a  nice  batch  of  ova  in  the  pill-box.  These  hatched  on  May  25th, 
the  larvfe  fed  up  very  quickly,  pupated  on  June  20th,  and  are  now 
going  over  the  winter  in  that  state,  there  being  no  attempt  at  a  second 
brood,  notwithstanding  the  abnormal  weather. 


92  THE  entomologist's  record. 

On  May  12th  I  visited  a  Hampshire  uiarsh,  chiefly  for  camera 
work.  The  outstanding  feature  of  the  day  was  the  extraordinary 
abundance  of  P.  napi.  Thcra  variata  was  found  at  rest  on  pine  trunks 
and  several  <?  G.  rhamni  and  C.  rt>v//oZ».s  were  seen,  also  one  <?  M.  riibi 
careering  madly  in  the  afternoon  sunshine. 

On  the  15th,  at  Rye,  Sussex,  C.  anfioliis  was  flying  freely  in  the 
streets,  and  on  the  same  day  my  first  IHantluecia  carpopha;ja  emerged 
in  the  cage  from  an  Eastbourne  pupa.  They  continued  to  emerge 
through  May  and  June,  producing  some  very  nice  white  forms. 

On  the  16tb,  on  the  Downs  near  Lewes,  Mesoti/pe  vin/ata  [lineolata) 
was  kicked  up  on  a  non-entomological  trip,  and  C.  anfiolns  was  the 
reverse  of  scarce  in  the  streets  of  the  town,  and  I  voted  it  at  the  time 
as  being  veiy  plentiful  this  spring.  On  the  17th  I  took  at  Brighton 
a  number  of  Ahrad-as  i/rossnlariata  larvse  from  eunonj^mus  bushes  in  the 
hopes  of  breeding  a  stray  variety,  but  the  sight  of  two  of  the  larvji?  on 
the  wall  with  a  mass  of  yellow  ichneumon  cocoons  on  both  sides  of  them, 
gave  little  hope  of  getting  a  ifnmulariata  imago  at  all.  On  my  return 
home  on  the  18th  I  found  a  <?  Miiiian  tiliae  and  a  3  Aiiijihidasis  betnlaria 
emerged  in  a  cage,  the  former  from  Margate  and  the  latter  from  East 
Dulwich  pupa\  T.  ainai/o  larvte  had  now  finished  feeding  and  were 
spinning  up  between  maple  leaves,  where  they  remained  till  they 
pupated  in  the  first  and  second  week  of  August.  On  the  19th  a  S 
Truma  /<.s-/,  of  the  dark  London  form,  was  seen  on  a  lime  trunk  at  East 
Dulwich  freshly  emerged  (the  last  two  specimens  of  this  species 
emerged  in  my  cage  on  July  3rd),  and  a  $  Heinerop/u'la  abntptaria  of 
the  dark  ^  coloration  was  taken  from  a  fence  at  Norwood.  On  the 
22nd,  at  Rye,  Sussex,  ('.  artjiolit^  was  still  flying  freel}^  and  I  found 
them  equally  plentiful  at  Folkestone  on  the  24th.  At  Deal  sandhills, 
on  the  25th,  )>l.  ririidta  [linenlata)  was  common  at  dusk,  and  two  g 
Aspiiatt's  citiaria  were  taken,  while  two  J  SpUosonia  nientliastri  came 
to  light.  On  May  27th  the  first  Apatela  aceris  (East  Dulwich  pupa) 
emerged  in  my  cage,  and  another  $  H.  abrtiptaria  with  dark  g  colour- 
ing, was  taken  at  rest  on  a  lime  trunk  at  East  Dulwich,  and  laid  ova 
on  the  28th.  These  hatched  on  June  4th  and  fed  up  very  slowly  (as 
compared  with  />'.  cinctaria  larv;u),one  larva  pupated  on  July  81st  and 
the  last  on  August  25th,  producing  a  partial  second  brood,  two  <?  s 
emerging  on  September  2Brd  and  five  ?  s  in  November.  The  remain- 
ing pupie  going  over  the  winter.'" 

On  May  28th  the  first  (hispidia  niciiacephala  (East  Dulwich) 
emerged,  and  the  last  on  July  14th.  Vianthncia  consjieisa  (Eastbourne 
larvjo)  also  started  emerging  on  the  28th,  on  the  same  day  on  a  Surrey 
heath  Anarta  iinjrtilli  Avas  fairly  plentiful,  fiying  in  the  morning  sun- 
shine, and  Tt'plirosia  pnnctularia  was  noted  at  rest  on  birch  trunks,  some 
worn,  others  quite  fresh.  On  June  2nd  a  visit  was  paid  with  Mr. 
Tonge  to  the  locality  for  Pachetra  lencophia,  and  we  were  successful 
in  getting  a  short  series  each.  Some  were  badly  worn,  others  in  the 
best  condition.  One  was  found  at  rest  on  a  tree  trunk  by  day- 
searching,  also  several  Xola  m'stiilalis,  and  one  Ilabrostola  triplasio  at 
rest  in  the  bathroom  where  we  stayed. 

*  Since  writing  the  above,  I  had  a  ?  H.  ahruptaria  emerge  on  Feb.  10th,  another 
on  the  17th,  and  a  J'  on  the  2.5th,  ?  s  on  February  28th  and  29th,  and  a  further 
?   on  March  11th,  1912. 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING    IN    1911.  93 

Day  work  produced  Scoria  lineata  [dealbata),  just  emerging, 
Ematiiri/a  atoniaria,  verj^  bright  yellow  J  s,  Eiiclidia  mi,  K.  f/bjp/iica, 
Nisomades  tagea,  Hesperia  malvte,  P.  rapw,  I',  napi,  Kiicldoi'  rardaiiiines, 
Brenthiit  euplirosyne,  Aj/rioden  tJietis  (bellaif/Hs),  Poli/oiiiinatiis  icariis, 
Ciipido  niinitims,  Aricia  medon  {aatrarche) ,  Anthrocera  trifolii,  Cidaria 
trimrata  (nissata),  S.  inenthastri,  and  M.  rithi. 

We  had  great  sport  with  the  M.  ntbi.  Mr.  Tonge  had  brought  a 
$  which  he  carried  in  a  bag,  and  which  we  had  quite  forgotten.  At 
4.80  p.m.,  however,  I  spotted  a  3  flying  round,  and  on  putting  the  ? 
down  in  the  grass,  we  soon  netted  eighteen  3  s  in  good  condition,  but 
were  forced  to  leave  just  as  things  were  getting  lively  in  order  to 
prepare  for  night  work,  and  get  some  tea.  Returning  again  to  the 
ground  at  6.30  p.m.,  we  found  the  J  s  still  plentiful,  and  we  soon  had 
a  good  series  in  splendid  condition,  the  last  one  came  at  8.80  p.m. 
While  waiting  for  this  last  J  to  turn  up,  a  loud  buzzing  noise  was 
heard  in  the  grass,  and  on  following  it  up,  I  found  a  large  5  M.  ntbi 
busily  ovipositing,  which  I  transferred  to  a  pill  box,  where  she  laid  a 
large  number  of  ova  during  the  night.  Most  of  these  ova  duly 
hatched,  bat  a  number  produced  a  small  fly,  which  emerged  from  a 
small  hole  bored  through  the  micropyle.  Might  work  only  produced 
(Traiiniiesia  triip-aiinnica  [trilinea)  and  Apaiiiea  hasilinca  besides  P. 
leucnplma. 

On  the  evening  of  June  6th,  while  strolling  across  a  sunny  heath 
watching  birds,  I  kicked  up  K.  atoniaria  3  s,  which  wex'e  very  dark, 
hardly  any  yellow  showing,  and  also  a  few  ^.  mijrtilli  in  good  condition. 
Both  flew  a  short  distance,  settled  on  heather,  slid  head  downward 
to  the  earth,  where  they  lay  quite  still  on  their  backs,  and  were 
difficult  to  see  and  more  so  to  pillbox. 

On  June  12th  another  visit  was  paid  to  the  locality,  for  P. 
leucophiea  with  a  friend,  when,  to  our  surprise,  we  found  that  A. 
trifolii  was  quite  over  and  *S'.  lineata  {dcalbata)  nearly  so.  E.  atoniaria 
3  s  and  $  s  were  still  in  the  best  condition,  and  some  nice  forms  were 
taken,  also  one  freshly  emerged  A.  lilipendnhr,  and  several  3 
Diacrinia  sannio  [rnsKida)  and  a  9  M.  nibi  were  walked  up  in  the 
long  grass.  In  the  evening  sugar  was  duly  applied  to  posts  and  trees, 
and  a  sheet  erected.  Just  as  we  had  finished  our  preparations  two 
bulls  and  some  cows  appeared  on  the  scene.  The  former  came  for  us 
in  an  ugly  way,  and  we  felt  somewhat  easier  when  on  the  other  side  of 
the  fence.  After  a  short  wait,  I  had  a  most  exciting  time  recovering 
the  sheet,  and  on  our  making  an  attempt  to  visit  the  sugar,  the  attack 
was  renewed,  and  as  the  bulls  were  making  desperate  efforts  to  get 
through  the  fence,  we  thought  "  discretion  the  better  part  of  valour," 
left  them  to  it,  and  contented  ourselves  with  a  few  trees  sugared  out- 
side the  field,  but  the  only  insects  that  came  were  Iliixina  tcnebro.sa, 
Noctiia  festira  and  Apainea  (/eniina. 

On  June  14th,  at  Folkestone,  sugar  was  again  tried,  when  Trip/iana 
proniiba,  A.  basiiinea,  /i'.  tenebrosa,  A.  ijeiiiina,  Hadena  dcntina,  Aijrotis 
rortieca,  and  A.  exdamationis  put  in  an  appearance.  On  the  following 
evening  sugar  on  a  small  sandhill  on  Eomney  Marsh  produced  only 
Maniefitra  albicolon,  A.  (jeiiiina,  A.  corticea,  A.  e.rrlainationis,  Leticania 
palle)ifi,  and  T.  proniiba. 

On  the  28rd  full  fed  B.  hirtaria  larvae  were  resting  on  lime  trunks 
at  East  Dulwich,  preparatory  to  going  to  earth,  and  on  the  28th  full 


94  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

fed  larva'  of  the  same  species,  about  twice  the  size  were  taken  off  lime 
trees  in  North  Kent.  In  both  cases  the  larvtB  went  to  earth  on  the 
following  day.  The  first  Antia  raja  emerged  on  June  30th,  and 
Hccatera  screna  was  taken  in  a  Nunhead  garden  at  dusk,  at  the  flowers 
of  stocks. 

On  July  bth,  near  Croydon,  ('uspidia  niej/areii/Ktla,  Ijoannia 
rciianiiatix,  and  A'.  Utho.vylea,  and  pups  of  A.  t/russulariata  were  taken 
off"  fences,  and  by  searching  flowers  and  seedheads  of  Silciie  injlota, 
larvfB  of  l>iaitt/ifi'cia  conspersa,  J).  ci(ci(hali,  /).  ca/isincolo  and  l>. 
/■arjio/i/iaiia  were  taken,  mostly  half  grown,  but  some  of  the  last  species 
were  full  fed. 

On  'luly  lltli  Mania  inaiira  came  to  light  at  East  Dulwich,  and  on 
the  15th  I  went  for  a  three  weeks'  stay  at  Eastbourne.  During  my  visit  I 
found  liii/o/iliila  iiniralis  Q/laiulifera)  decidedly  scarce,  and  other 
entomologists  I  met  had  the  same  experience.  On  July  16th  I  took 
larvje  of  /'.  cdiixper.sa,  D.  capsincula  and  D.  carpoji/ia(/a  in  seedheads  of 
S.  iii/lata.  On  the  17th,  sugar  was  tried  but  owing  to  the  high  wind 
very  few  insects  came,  those  noted  were  Xi/lojihasia  jioli/odDn,  Aijrdtis 
liniiaera,  Lciicaiiia  raniiiera,  X.  lithoxi/lca,  X.  xiihlNslrix  and  ('aradrina 
tara.vici.  Cocoons  of  A.  tilipcndiihe  were  plentiful,  but  no  imagnies 
were  seen.  Sugar  was  again  tried  on  the  18th  when  only  T.  pnniiiba 
X.  jioli/odDii,  Apaiiiea  didi/nia  [ociilea),  Miaiia  literosa  and  />.  pollens 
turned  up.  A  number  of  Mclanippe  f/aliata  were  netted  or  taken  i)i 
rop.  on  the  grass  stems  after  dark,  also  a  J  Cosinotrirhe  piitutoria. 
J),  carpop/iat/a  ova  were  found  freely,  on  flowers  of  the  Sea  Campion 
{Silene  maritinia)  ;  one  flower  had  eight  and  another  five  ova.  While 
going  the  rounds  of  the  sugar  a  great  buzzing  of  wings  was  heard. 
Turning  our  lamps  in  the  direction  of  the  sound,  a  cloud  of  moths 
about  the  size  of  X.  jKdtjodnn  were  seen  hovering  about  two  feet  from 
the  ground,  their  bright  eyes  gleaming.  They  were  no  doubt 
assembling,  but  we  quite  failed  to  discover  the  females. 

A  ?  T.  psi,  taken  earlier  in  the  evening  at  rest  on  a  telegraph 
pole,  suggested  a  very  extended  emergence,  as  my  first  specimen  of 
this  species  was  taken  at  rest  on  May  19th. 

On  July  IDth,  at  Beachy  Head,  only  one  imago  of  A.  jilipendnhf 
was  seen,  three  or  four  A.  rori/don  <?  s,  one  llippaicJiia  semclc,  one 
Seaia  stellataiKiii,  one  An/i/nnis  ai/laia,  and  four  ^  and  one  $  Portlwaia 
(■hri/son/ma,  the  latter  at  rest  on  blackthorn.  In  the  evening  I  was 
surprised  to  note  the  extraordinarily  strong  flight  of  the  last  named. 

On  the  20th  some  nice  forms  of  A.  ;/rossiilariata  were  taken,  also  a 
y  Amorplia  popiiU  at  rest  on  a  poplar  tree,  and  on  the  following  day  a 
pair  of  the  latter  were  found  in  cop.  on  another  poplar  tree,  at 
10.45  a.m.  A  nice  batch  of  ova  were  obtained  on  the  22nd,  which 
hatched  on  the  29th  and  resulted  in  a  number  of  pup;p,  but  no  second 
brood  emerged.  Homo  of  the  newly  hatched  larvre  were  very  restless 
and  refused  to  feed  at  all.  I'lpinephelc  tU/mniis,  K.  /antra,  P.  icarns, 
and  Aiflais  aitinr  were  flying  along  the  hedges,  and  a  pair  of  P.  rapa- 
were  noted  ///  cop.,  the  3  carried  the  2  when  disturbed.  Mr.  Sharp 
had  nine  IK  ntcnhali  emerge  as  a  second  brood  on  this  date.  After 
dark  Mania  manra  and  ^1/.  tj/pira  only  came  to  sugar.  /. .  pollens, 
L.  iinpnra,  L.  straininea,  and  C  phraipnatidis  were  netted,  and  a  full- 
fed  Uicrannra  rinula  larva  was  taken  off  a  poplar.  On  the  28rd  I  took 
my  first  and  only    />'.   mnralis  ((ilandifcra)  during   my   stay,  it  was  the 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING    IN    1911.  95 

var.  virhlis,  Tutt.  On  the  24fch  Kremobia  ocliroleuca,  Pluxia  chrysitin, 
P.  f/aiiDiia,  P.  iota,  L.  conii/era,  and  D.  cucnbctli  $  s  were  taken  by 
dusking,  the  latter  were  ovipositing  on  S.  inflata.  The  ova  were  laid 
where  the  leaf  joins  the  stalk,  and  not  on  the  flowers  as  is  the  case 
with  D.  carpophaiia  and  IK  capsiurola.  The  only  insects  at  sugar  were 
T.  orhona,  T.  jiruniiba,  and  A.  lUdijiiia  {(icnlea).  One  (Jrocctllis  elnujuaria 
was  found  drying  its  wings  at  dusk. 

On  the  25th,  near  the  Downs,  two  pairs  of   /'.   icarits  and  one  pair 

of  /'.  ra/iip,  were  observed  flying  in  cop. ;   in  all  cases  the  3"  carried  the 

2  .       K.   tithojiiis,    liniiiicia   fi/tldiis,    II.    fiava    [liiiea),    A.   coyi/don,    /'. 

brossicd',  P.  i/aiiniia  and    /V.  otniiiaria   $  s  were  also  seen,  and  a  white 

variety  of  K.  tithonns  was  taken  in  a  very  worn  condition. 

On  July  26th,  at  Portslade,  I  found  a  number  of  fullfed  larvjc  of 
D.  capdncola  in  ripe  seedheads  of  the  White  Campion  (Lijcituis  rcKpei- 
tina),  also  very  small  larva?  in  unripe  seedheads,  and  a  number  of  ova 
of  the  same  species  on  the  petals  of  the  flowers.  One  Hower  had  five 
ova  in  a  batch,  and  two  flowers  which  I  opened  had  ova  which  had 
been  dropped  inside.  Seeing  that  this  insect  has  such  a  long  ovipositor, 
one  wonders  why  most  of  the  ova  were  laid  on  the  petals,  instead  of 
inside  the  flower,  for  which  purpose  it  appears  so  admirably  adapted. 
Most  of  the  ova  were  freshly  laid,  white,  but  others  had  turned  to  a 
delicate  pink.  It  was  therefore  possible  to  take  the  species  in  all  stages 
at  the  same  time. 

On  July  28th  A',  ochrolenca  was  taken  at  rest  on  dead  knapweed 
heads  and  two  9  Alelanorifia  (/alatlwa,  rather  worn,  were  seen.  Just 
before  dusk  Triphaua  interjecta  were  very  plentiful  around  bramble  and 
other  bushes,  flying  madly  about,  probably  searching  for  freshly 
emerged  5  s  after  the  manner  of  M.  rnbi.  Soon  after,  /..  couiijera 
came  to  flowers  of  the  large  knapweed,  where  it  was  shortly  after 
joined  by  L.  jiallois,  A.  didyma  (^oculea),  P.  (/niiiina  and  two  (loitnptero 
libatri.v.  Four  more  E.  ochrolenca  were  also  taken,  but  a  thunder- 
storm coming  up  from  the  sea  I  was  obliged  to  retreat.  The  after- 
noon and  evening  had  been  very  still  and  oppressively  hot,  which 
appeared  to  make  insects  very  lively. 

On  the  29th  larvfe  of  D.  conspersa  were  taken  from  the  seedheads  of 
JS.  injlata,  and  Hecateia  serena  larvae  were  found  feeding  on  flower 
heads  of  Hawksbeard  Crepia  vireiis. 

On  July  31st  ova,  small  larvi'e  and  half  grown  larvte  of  IJ. 
carpophaija,  were  taken  from  flowers  of  Silene  uiaritinia,  also  one  full  fed 
larva  spun  up  for  pupation,  and  one  pupa.  The  imago  was  netted 
after  dark,  so  that  this  species  was  taken  in  all  stages  in  one  day. 
We  had  a  good  time  with  J'J.  ochroleuca,  three  of  us  bagging  43 
specimens.  Other  insects  taken  or  seen  were  T.  interjecta  (common), 
T.  orbona,  A.  didyma  (ocnlea),  P.  festiicw,,  P.  yannna  (a  pest),  L.  pallens, 
Aapilates  yilvaria,  Cliairras  lyraiiiinis  and  L.  coniyera,  the  last  nearly 
over. 

On  August  5th,  my  visit  to  Eastbourne  came  to  an  end,  and  on 
my  return  home  I  found  that  all  the  T.  aitrayo  larvte  had  now  pupated. 
On  the  6th  a  friend  sent  me  from  East  Kent  eight  full-fed  Sphin.r 
liyuatri  larvas,  which  went  to  earth  at  once,  a  rather  early  date  I  think. 
On  the  9th  one  Colias  ednsa  was  seen  flying  on  a  railway  bank  near 
Maidstone,  and  on  the  10th  a  freshly  emerged  Pyrameis  atalanta  put 
in  an  appearance  in  my  garden  at  East  Dulwich,  and  two  />.  capdncola 


96  THE  entomologist's  record. 

emerged  from  pupae  of  larvse  collected  at  Eastbourne  in  July.  On 
August  11th  I  left  for  fourteen  days  at  Paignton,  S.  Devon,  where, 
however,  entomology  had  to  take  second  place,  but  I  managed  to  get  a 
few  insects.  On  the  12th  the  second  broods  of  D.  capsinrola  and 
D.  carpophaija  commenced  to  emerge  from  pupse  of  larva?  collected  on 
8th  July  near  Croydon,  and  continued  to  do  so  throughout  August  and 
September.  My  first  T.  anrai/o  (New  Forest)  also  emerged,  and  I  took 
ray  first  />'.  muralia  {ulaiulifera)  in  Devon,  a  nice  dark  form  at  rest  on 
a  stone  bridge.  I  also  saw  a  freshly  emerged  P.  atalanta,  one  or  tw^o 
C  an/ioliis,  and  one  1>.  perla.  On  the  15th  I  discovered  a  large  mass 
of  «S'.  niaritinia  overhanging  the  rocks  on  the  shore.  There  were  still 
plenty  of  flowers  and  buds,  and  on  visiting  it  again  at  dusk  I  netted 
five  />.  cucithali  one  7>.  capsincnla,  and  a  few  7'.  f/iviiiiia.  The 
two  former  were  all  females  rather  worn  and  very  busy  ovipositing. 
1  also  found  full-fed  larvte  of  both,  some  of  which  were  ichneumoned. 
One  larva  of  D.  ciiciibali  produced  a  brood  of  15  M.  tn'stis,  on  August 
28th,  and  two  others  produced  12  and  19  of  the  same  parasite  on  Sep- 
tember 6th.  These  were  bred  out  and  identified  for  me  by  Mr.  G.  T. 
Lyle,  to  whom  T  sent  the  stung  larvfe,  and  to  whom  my  thanks  are 
due. 

Strange  to  say  during  the  whole  of  my  stay  this  clump  of 
S.  in  a  tit  i  ma  did  not  produce  D.  carpopliaija  in  any  stage.  On  the  16th, 
however,  on  a  roadside  flower  of  .S.  injlata,  I  found  five  ova  of 
D.  carpaphafia,  which  unfortunately  hatched  while  I  was  away  for  a 
day,  and  died. 

{To  be  continued.) 


The    Dauphine    Alps. 

By   DOUGLA.S   H.    PEARSON,    F.E.S. 

Before  deciding  upon  a  holiday  this  year  in  the  Dauphine  Alps,  I 
looked  up  past  notes  in  the  luroid,  but  could  find  very  little  information 
beyond  Mr.  Tutt's  articles  in  1898,  and  Mr.  Rowland- Brown's  in  1899, 
so  that  the  district  does  not  seem  to  have  been  overrun  by 
entomologists. 

Mr.  Rowland  Brown  very  kindly  gave  me  some  information  about 
the  insects  to  be  found  in  the  Susa  valley,  and  thus  armed  we  left 
home  on  June  20th  for  Grenoble,  and  thence  to  Bourg  d'Oisans,  a 
pretty  spot  with  a  small  but  comfortable  hotel  near  the  station.  The 
weather  was  not  good  and  the  only  insects  taken  were,  ( 'ontonynipha 
arcania,  Satyrus  /iertiii<i)U',  Lycaena  avion,  and  Mrlitaca  didyina. 

In  the  woods  near  Puy  the  beautiful  orange  lily,  Lilimn  crocenni^ 
was  blooming  with  other  interesting  flowers.  A  very  comfortable 
service  of  motors  has  replaced  the  old  diligences  m  this  district,  and 
greatly  adds  to  the  pleasure  of  travelling,  although  the  pace  at  which 
they  take  "hair  pin"  corners  is  apt  to  add  to  one's  stock  of  grey  hairs. 
On  June  26th  wo  motored  up  the  beautiful  road  to  La  Grave,  where 
we  hoped  to  take  F.rebia  neoridas,  Melitaea  deione  and  other  good 
things — hopes  which  were  doomed  to  disappointment  as  a  bitterly  cold 
wind  persisted  while  we  were  there,  and  indeed  throughout  most  of  our 
holiday,  so  that  in  spite  of  a  blazing  sun,  insects  were  very  loth  to 
appear.      On   the  ground  behind   the  hotel,  we  took  (',  //*///.s,  Erebia 


THE    DAUPHINE    ALPS.  97 

ceto — a  form  with  very  small  and  obscure  markings,  ab.  obscura, 
Polyoiiiiiiatiis  eroa,  and  L.  avion  ab.  obscura. 

On  the  way  up  to  the  glacier  P.  eros  was  not  uncommon,  but  close 
searching  failed  to  produce  more  than  one  ?  ,  which  was  deep  slaty- 
blue  in  colour,  instead  of  blackish-brown.  After  crossing  the  glacier 
we  ascended  a  very  rough  and  steep  moraine,  and  here  took  two  Erebia 
alecto  ab.  pinto,  and  saw  others,  but  the  nature  of  the  ground  made 
catching  a  very  difficult  matter,  and  they  would  not  stay  to  be 
reasoned  with.  The  flowers  in  the  meadows  lower  down  were  wonder- 
ful, and  Aqnileiiia  alpina,  Atragene  alfyina,  Star  of  Bethlehem,  Astei' 
alpiniis,  and  Campanula  tht/rsoida  were  among  the  many  things  noted. 
The  next  morning  we  took  the  path  up  to  an  old  chapel,  and  here 
found  Kluijia  spini,  P.  escheri  J  and  J  ,  Culias  edusa,  and  Erebia  stiji/ne. 

In  the  afternoon  we  motored  up  to  Le  Lauteret,  but  butterflies 
were  conspicuous  by  their  absence,  solitary  specimens  of  Melitaea 
aurinia  and  Pontia  callidice  being  the  only  things  seen.  Good  flowers, 
such  as  Primula  f/ravi-olens,  Dianthus  ner/lectus,  Atragene  alpina,  sheets 
of  Narcissus,  and  Anemone  alpina  with  blooms  three-and-a-half  inches 
across,  were  to  be  found  close  to  the  hotel,  but  not  finding  comfortable 
accommodation  we  moved  on  to  Briancjon  and  here  found  such 
excellent  quarters  at  the  Hotel  Terminus  that  we  were  tempted  to 
stay  longer  than  we  had  intended.  On  a  bare  hillside  near  the  Pont 
de  Baldry  we  had  good  sport,  for  EucJdoe  eu/jhenoides  were  flying,  but 
in  such  a  wind  that  it  required  t'wo  or  three  days  of  hard  work  to  get 
together  half-a-dozen  specimens,  while  two  females  were  taken  by 
watching  plants  of  Biscntella  on  which  the  larvae  feed.  On  the  same 
hill-side  we  met  with  Coenonympha  dorus  for  the  first  time,  both  ^  s 
and  $  s  being  in  good  condition,  and  devoted  some  time  to  them.  The 
insect  flies  very  close  to  the  ground  and  when  settled  is  not  easj^  to 
see.  Satyr  us  cordula,  C.  edusa  and  C.  hyale  were  also  flying  freely, 
and  K.  spun,  V.  hylas,  P.  eros,  one  Albulina  plwretes,  G.  rhamni,  P. 
podalirius,  M.  cin.ria,  M.  didyma,  M.  dictynna,  ]\1.  pJioebe,  Issoria  lathonia 
and  one  c?  ^E  deione  were  also  taken.  On  the  rocky  road  beyond  the 
bridge  a  fine  form  of  Erebia  stygne  was  met  with,  the  <?  s  with  a  black 
ground  colour  on  the  underside,  and  the  females  with  very  large  and 
clear  markings  on  the  upper  side.  We  also  took  C.  alcijjluon  var. 
gordius  with  rich  purple  suffusions,  C'.  dorilis,  A.  niobe,  and  saw  M. 
galatliea  in  abundance,  many  tending  to  the  var.  procida. 

On  July  3rd  we  left  Brian9on  at  5  a.m.  and  motored  to  Oulx,  a 
lovely  run  in  the  fresh  morning  air,  and  took  train  to  Susa,  upheld  by 
visions  of  Eibyt/wa  celtis,  Polygonia  egea,  Polyouniiatus  iiieleager,  and 
other  good  things  to  be  taken  there.  My  mind  had  been  somewhat 
prepared  for  the  Albergo  del  Sole,  which  is  the  only  hotel  one  can 
stay  at,  but  the  half  was  not  told  me,  and  it  might  be  safely  affirmed 
that  the  bedroom  floor  had  not  been  swept  for  at  least  twelve  months, 
while  the  waiter  had  a  cheerful  method  of  disposing  of  corks,  dirty 
napkins,  bread,  or  other  sundries  which  happened  to  fall,  by  kicking 
them  under  the  sideboard.  Before  lunch  I  set  out  through  the  vine- 
yards to  find  P.  egea,  but  found  nothing  better  than  C.  arcania  and  L. 
alcon.  After  lunch  the  obliging  landlord  tramped  with  us  in  the 
intense  heat  to  find  the  Sta.  Maria  de  la  Losa  road,  where  L.  celtis 
was  said  to  be  common,  but  although  one  doubtful  P.  egea  was  seen, 


98  THE  entomologist's  record. 

L.  celtis  could  not  be  turned  up,  and  nothing  worthy  of  record  was 
taken. 

The  next  morning  we  motored  up  to  Mont  Cenis,  where  we  had 
arranged  to  stay  at  the  Hotel  de  la  Poste,  and  to  anyone  else  proposing 
to  do  so,  I  would  give  Punch's  advice  to  those  about  to  marry, 
"  don't,"  as  we  found  it  dear,  dirty,  and  uncomfortable,  with  poor 
food  and  worse  attendance.  The  hospice  appeared  to  be  better,  but  it 
was  too  late  to  change  our  quarters.  The  country  is  beautiful,  with  a 
very  rich  flora,  and  though  buttei'flies  were  very  scarce,  we  left  a  place 
where  "only  man  is  vile  "  with  great  reluctance.  There  is  most 
interesting  botanical  ground  close  to  the  hotel,  between  it  and  the 
lake,  where  pits  similar  to  the  Yorkshire  "  swallow  holes  "  have  been 
formed,  which  are  veritable  treasure  houses  of  good  things.  On 
the  opposite  side  of  the  lake  we  found  in  the  woods  the  rare  Cortum 
inattenli  (which  is  pink,  and  not  coral  red,  as  shown  in  Correvon),  and 
I  hunted  over  the  marshy  ground  near  the  outlet  of  the  lake  for  7*. 
amonda,  but  without  success.  The  only  good  thing  taken  at  Mont 
Cenis  was  a  very  line  ab.  of  Krcbia  lappona,  taken  on  the  way  to  the 
Lac  Clair,  where  the  species  was  flying  freel}'.  The  underside  of  the 
upperwings  shows  no  trace  of  the  usual  ante-marginal  patch,  but  the 
spots  are  represented  by  elongated  splashes.  The  lower  wings  have 
no  trace  of  a  band,  but  about  where  the  outer  edge  of  it  would  be,  are 
a  series  of  splashes  like  those  in  the  upperwings,  producing  a  strking 
effect. 

On  July  8th  we  walked  down  from  Mont  Cenis  to  Lanslebourg, 
and  on  the  way  took  two  M.  )naturna  var.  irolfensbenjcri,  one  with 
curiously  bleached  lower  wings,  P.  eras,  C.  iphis,  ir.  rhamni,  K. 
ti/n<lari(s,  E.  epiphron  var.  cassiope,  Latiorina  orbitnlns,  Ilirsiitiua  dainon, 
and  Urbicola  comma.  By  the  way,  has  there  been  a  special  tendency  in 
]911  towards  bleaching?  as  I  took  three  different  species  bleached 
in  France,  and  on  my  return  home  took  a  Rumicia  plilaca^t  in  my 
garden  with  one  wing  bleached  silver  like  var.  schmidtii. 

The  next  day  we  walked  to  Termignon  and  back  through  the  woods, 
taking  one  M.  niattinia  var.  n'olfenshenieri,  one  KliKiia  spi)ii,  L.  arioii, 
P.  /n/lax,  P.  esclieri,  Plebeiim  arifus  with  brown  females,  /'.  aiyi/- 
rnijmmwn,  H.  daman  in  swarms,  M.  didyma,  M.  at/ialia,  M.  parthenie 
var.  raria,  Erebia  sti/i/ne,  K.  eiiri/ale,  {md  one  ('/iri/sophantis  /lippothdi' 
var.  curi/hia. 

On  July  10th  we  motored  to  Modane  and  stayed  there  in  moderate 
comfort  until  the  16th,  and  as  the  place  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
worked  much,  a  list  of  captures  may  be  of  interest.  On  the  south  side 
of  the  valley  one  An'cia  donzelii  was  taken,  Erebia  liijca,  lirenthis 
amot/iusia,  B.  ino,  Heodes  rirf/aitfeae  <?  s  and  one  $,  M.  at/ialia,  M. 
difll/iiia,  M.  phnehp,  M.  parthenie,  M.  deione,  the  ^  s  hopelessly  worn 
and  the  2  s  past  their  best,  Anthocharis  simjdonia,  ('alias  pliivamanc 
(dark)  and  (_'.  edima.  The  best  ground  was  across  the  river,  and  either 
following  the  path  to  the  next  village  and  beyond,  or  taking  the  zig- 
zag path  up  to  the  fort.  S.  corditla  was  in  the  greatest  profusion,  and 
instead  of  the  usual  chasing  over  stony  ground,  could  be  netted  with 
the  greatest  ease  as  they  settled  on  the  Valerian  Howers.  The  males 
were  vaiiable,  some  with  four  spots  on  the  upper  wings  and  one  or 
two  with  a  white  spot  on  the  lower  wings.  The  $  s  were  scarce  but 
were   very   dark   in   colour   and   with  large  spots.      ^'.  alcyone  was 


THE    FIRST    FORTNIGHT    IN    JULY,    1911,    AT    DIGNE.  99 

also  plentiful  but  not  so  easy  to  net,  and  with  them  what  I  take  to  be 
S.  herminne,  though  I  am  never  quite  clear  as  to  the  distinction  be- 
tween these  two  species.  Near  the  fort  the  scarce  round-headed  thistle, 
Echinoijs  litro  was  to  be  found,  and  on  this  and  on  another  thistle  were 
numbers  of  A.  adippe.  Other  captures  were  Hippan-hia  seinele,  E/iinophele 
lycaon,  P.  escheri,  An'cia  niedon  (astrarche),  A(/riades  coiydon,  Hirsittina 
dainon,  Plebeius  anjm,  K.  fijiini,  Leptosia  sinapis,  PoUjijonia  c-albtini,  and 
one  Parnassiiis  mneiinmjne.  On  the  thyme  near  the  river  were  very 
large  and  fine  Powellia  mo  and  L.  alciphron  var.  (jordias  $  s,  with  very 
rich  purple  suffusion,  and  $  s  with  strong  black  markings  and  varying 
in  size  from  Slmm.  to  43mm.  One  ?  has  the  outer  row  of  spots  in 
the  lower  wings  dashed  with  purple,  and  two  others  show  this  more 
faintly.  Mr.  Wheeler  does  not  appear  to  have  noted  this  form,  and 
I  have  not  met  with  it  from  any  other  locality. 

Before  leaving  Modane  I  made  another  attempt  to  work  the  Susa 
valley  by  taking  an  early  morning  train  through  the  tunnel  to  Meana 
and  walked  up  the  road  to  the  Chapel  of  St.  M.  de  la  Losa  in  the  vain 
hope  of  turning  up  P.  eijea  and  L.  celtis.  The  day  was  beautiful  and  the 
view  from  the  Chapel  charming,  but  none  of  the  desired  insects  were 
bagged.  Some  very  finely  marked  J  Krehia  Ivjca  were  taken,  one 
peculiar  variegated  form  of  M.  aurelia,  K.  melawpus,  P.  escheri,  Dnjas 
paphia,  C.  arcania  and  other  sundries,  but  these  were  a  poor  result  for 
a  good  day's  work.  We  were  pleased  with  our  trip  as  a  whole,  but  the 
hotel  accommodation  leaves  something  to  be  desired,  when  compared 
with  Switzerland,  and  sanitation  is  a  thing  but  vaguely  understood  or 
quite  ignored,  in  most  of  the  hotels. 


The  first  fortnight  in  July,  1911,  at  Digne. 

By  G.  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 
{Concluded  from  page  71.) 
Perhaps  the  most  interesting  of  all  my  excursions  were  two  days  in 
the  Dourbes  Mountains  and  valley,  the  latter  with  my  friends 
Dr.  Reverdin  and  Prof.  Blachier  of  Geneva,  together  with  a  party  of 
six  students  who  were  with  them,  but  of  this  we  will  speak  later.  I 
was  very  anxious  to  get  on  to  the  screes  of  the  Dourbes.  With  this 
object  in  view  I  thought  I  would  get  the  assistance  of  Monsieur  Cotte, 
and  we  took  this  excursion  together.  So  as  not  to  lose  time  I  obtained 
the  loan  of  a  bicycle,  whilst  M.  Cotte  used  his,  and  so  starting  at  6  a.m. 
we  were  at  the  mountain  path  almost  as  soon  as  the  sun  was  over  the 
ridge.  Having  deposited  our  machines  in  a  broken  down  cottage  a 
little  way  up  the  hill,  we  were  soon  on  our  way,  and  most  delightful 
it  was  bathed  in  the  early  morning  sunlight.  It  was  not  very  long, 
certainly  not  after  7  to  7.15  a.m.  before  we  came  across  a  flowery  area 
on  the  mountain  side,  and  almost  immediately  I  espied  Poli/ominatiis 
escheri  creeping  up  to  the  head  of  a  flower.  It  was  a  quite  fresh 
female,  and  she  was  soon  boxed  without  any  trouble  off  the  stem. 
The  incident  put  me  on  the  "  giii  vice  "  with  the  most  happy  results, 
for  without  using  my  net  at  all  I  was  able  to  bag  over  a  dozen  beautiful 
female  I',  escheri,  that  had  evidently  crept  up  to  the  heads  of  the  grass  or 
the  flower  for  the  sake  of  the  welcome  warmth  of  the  sun,  for  though 
the  sun  was  well  over  the  mountain  tops,  the  air  was  still  quite  fresh. 
It  was  specially  interesting,  however,  to  note  that  practically  all  were 


100  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

females,  only  one  or  two  males  being  seen.  Among  them  I  also  took 
one  female  A.  coridon.  A  little  later  on  I  took  a  single  Lmreia  durilis 
and  one  Rumicia  pidaeas,  which  latter  was  exceptionally  bright  for 
the  second  generation  var.  eleus.  Coenonynipha  arcania  was  not 
uncommon,  but  generally  was  getting  passe,  and  Adopaea  lineola  and 
A.  fiava  {tJiatimas)  also  occurred.  As  we  ascended,  the  Zi/;iaenidae 
began  to  put  in  an  appearance,  Anthrocera  hippocrepidis  var.  alpina 
being  by  no  means  rare.  A.  achilleae  also  was  obtained,  seven  or  eight 
falling  to  my  net ;  then  A.  rhadamanthus  gave  me  a  chance,  and  I 
succeeded  in  getting  quite  a  nice  series  of  this  species,  the  form  var. 
ijrisea  (Oberthur)  being  the  usual  form,  among  which  was  a  good 
sprinkling  of  its  ab.  ciwjidata,  but  of  the  type  form  itself  [rhadcuiian- 
thus)  I  only  took  three  specimens.  On  the  same  ground,  only  lower 
down,  also  occurred  Anthrocera  {Zyuaena)  hilaris,  of  which  I  obtained 
a  nice  little  lot,  six  or  seven  falling  to  my  net.  We  had  to  push  on 
now  so  as  to  get  to  the  screes,  and  as  we  were  nearing  them  a  fresh 
Anthrocera  [Zygaena)  turned  up,  for  I  caught  another  red-banded 
species,  which  I  saw  as  soon  as  he  was  boxed  to  be  A.  sarpedon,  and  of 
this  we  eventually  secured  six  or  eight  nice  fresh  specimens.  At  last 
we  reached  the  screes,  and  ere  long  an  Krehia  flew  rapidly  over  a  little 
ridge  on  the  other  side  of  a  stream  in  a  quite  inaccessible  position. 
There  it  flew  from  stone  to  stone,  spreading  its  velvety  wings  to  the 
sun ;  of  course,  it  was  E.  scipio,  the  object  of  my  search,  and  it  might 
have  known  the  fact  from  the  distance  it  kept.  At  last  another  came 
by,  and  it  was  secured,  and  by  dint  of  two  or  three  hours'  hard  grind 
we  secured  five,  three  males  and  two  females.  Then  we  made  our 
way  down,  adding  nothing  to  our  list,  until  we  came  to  nearly  the 
foot  of  the  hillside,  where  I  succeeded  in  taking  several  nice  Hirsntina 
aduietiis  var.  ripartii,  another  insect  new  to  me  here.  So  ended  a 
delightful  day. 

Another  excursion  in  the  Eaux-Chaudes  valley  produced  the  same 
result  as  already  stated,  but  in  addition  a  single  Anthrocera  {Zyijaena) 
lavandidae  fell  to  my  net,  and  an  Adscita  (Procris)  anrpelo])ha<ia  as  also 
a  few  Anthrocera  {Zyyaena)  scahiosae  and  a  specimen  of  A.  punctum. 
As  I  was  examining  a  bush  of  clematis,  I  saw  at  rest  on  one  of  the 
leaves  a  quite  uniuistakeable  Naclia  ancilla.  I  had  already  seen  one 
on  La  CoUette  and  had  attempted  to  take  it,  a  perfectly  simple  matter 
as  I  thought,  but  in  some  mysterious  way  it  eluded  me.  I  was  there- 
fore determined  to  get  this,  and  as  I  could  not  get  my  net  below  it,  I 
made  a  rapid  hard  stroke,  obtained  plenty  of  leaves  but  no  ancilla.  A 
little  later  on  I  saw  another  again  on  a  clematis  leaf,  sitting  on  the 
upperside,  as  each  of  the  others  had  been  doing,  with  folded  wings,  this 
time  I  determined  to  be  safe  and  put  my  net  below  it  for  an  upward 
stroke,  I  saw  it  in  the  net  distinctly,  but  it  got  out,  how  I  cannot 
imagine,  it  escaped  nevertheless,  and  if  ever  I  felt  inclined  to  use 
a  naughty  word  it  was  then.  That  day  I  took  a  large  A.  lonicerae  in 
which  the  lower  wings  are  almost  orange  with  patches  of  red, 
and  also  flying  about  the  dusty  road  a  single  precocious  specimen  of 
Tarucus  {Uayiiardia)  telicanus,  which  ought  to  have  been  flying  in 
August  instead  of  the  fiist  week  in  July. 

My  last  day  was  one  that  I  shall  long  remember,  spent  up  the 
Dourbes  Valley  with  my  Geneva  friends  as  already  intimated 
(Dr.  Reverdin,  Professor  Blachier  and   the   six  younger  men),  and 


THE    FIRST    FORTNIGHT    IN    JULY,    1911,    AT    DIGNE.  101 

a  very  delightful  day  it  was  in  the  brilliant  sunshine.  Dr.  Reverdin, 
as  if  years  were  nothing  to  him,  brim  full  of  spirits,  ever  ready 
whether  with  his  net  or  his  repartee,  never  put  out,  always  jovial, 
always  kind,  Professor  Blachier  equally  kind  and  delightful,  only  in  a 
quieter  way.  We  made  a  fairly  early  start  staying  in  one  place  or 
another,  taking  much  the  same  as  I  had  done  before,  but  in  one  field 
on  the  left  of  the  valley,  I  saw  a  moth  that  I  had  not  seen  before,  and 
soon  it  was  boxed  turning  out  to  be  Heliotlm  dipsacea,  differing 
slightly  from  the  type  towards  var.  )iiariti)iia.  Later  on  another  A. 
punctiun  fell  to  my  lot,  and  two  or  three  A.  carniolica,  and  also 
another  half  dozen  of  A.  hilaris.  Again  another  field  on  the  same 
side  produced  several  more  H.  adnietufi  var.  ripartii,  and  one  or  two 
male  /■•.  escheri.  As  the  valley  became  narrower.  Prof.  Blachier  and  I 
being  together  ahead  of  the  others,  saw  a  most  likely  spot  over  the 
stream  on  the  right  of  the  valley,  but  we  had  to  go  further  on 
to  get  over  and  come  back  to  the  selected  spot,  having  to 
climb  over  two  or  three  low  hills  of  loose  slaty  shale.  At 
last  we  reached  the  desired  spot  and  soon  more  var.  ripartii  were 
captured,  whilst  among  the  long  grass  a  Phycid  was  flying  fairly 
commonly.  This  I  found  to  be  Nephopteryx  alpi(/eneUQ,  Dup.  As  I 
continued  my  ascent,  still  among  the  grass,  I  espied  a  dark  butterfly, 
evidently  not  an  Krebia  from  its  flight,  yet  equally  dark.  Naturally 
I  made  for  it,  and  had  no  difficulty  in  taking  it.  When  in  the  box  I 
could  just  trace  the  faintest  markings  of  Melanargia  galatJiea,  but  I  had 
never  seen  so  extraordinary  an  aberration.  As  soon,  however,  as 
Professor  Blachier  saw  it,  he  immediately  recognised  it  as  precisely 
similar  to  one  Dr.  Reverdin  had  taken  near  Geneva,  and  which  he  had 
called  var.  Itigens.  This,  I  suppose,  may  be  considered  the  piece  de 
resititance  for  that  day.  The  time  having  come  to  retrace  our  steps, 
I  made  my  way  back  over  La  CoUette,  and  took  there  another 
Pohpionia  egea,  and  also  a  single  specimen  of  P.  c-album,  by  no 
means  so  dark  as  our  later  specimens  often  are.  The  females  of 
Plebeitis  arr/iis  [aegon)  were  not  infrequent,  and  I  took  a  nice  little 
series  in  which  the  orange  margmal  border  in  both  wings  is 
very  pronounced,  especially  in  the  secondaries,  where  it  is 
very  broad  indeed.  Here  also  I  took  three  quite  fresh  females 
of  Cyaniris  seiniargus,  whilst  two  c?  s  of  T/iyiiidicus  acteon  were  boxed 
both  in  excellent  condition,  and  two  or  three  more  K.  lavatherae,  I 
should  also  have  recorded  that  I  took  here,  previously,  a  few  specimens 
of  Ciipido  asiris  (sebrun),  and  L  omitted  to  mention  that  the  (?  s  of 
Heterogynis  penella  were  very  common,  flying  in  the  hot  sun  in 
the  Dourbes  valley,  whilst  of  other  Heterocera  I  took  a  single  newly 
emerged  $  of  the  cinnabar  moth,  one  Euclidia  glyphica,  and  one  $ 
of  Plitsia  ni.  Malacosoina  neiistria  was  taken  at  rest,  and  a  single 
specimen  of  Sedna  irrorella  var.  fiavicans  on  the  wing.  My  stay  at 
Digne  ended  with  a  delightful  dinner  with  my  Swiss  friends,  at  which 
the  ready  wit  and  speech  of  Dr.  Reverdin  again  signalised  themselves, 
leaving  behind  the  impression  that  the  renowned  specialist,  not  only 
medically  but  entomologically  also — is  impervious  to  all  things  that 
tend  to  care,  being  at  all  times  in  the  happiest  condition  both  of  mind 
and  body.  After  dinner  it  was  a  great  pleasure  to  have  a  long  talk 
with  both  the  Professors  on  many  points,  and  especially  on  the  genitalia 
of  insects,  when  I  learnt  that  we  were  all  three  of  one  mind  on  the 


102 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 


preparation  of  these  parts,  viz.,  that  they  should  never  be  cut  and  that 
they  should  be  mounted  in  profile  as  the  natural  and  most  effectual 
method  of  both  dealing  with  and  seeing  them.  Thus  ended  a  most 
happy  sojourn  the  reminiscence  of  Avhich  will  always  be  a  pleasure. 
The  next  morning  I  was  off  at  5.30  a.m.  to  meet  Mr.  A.  H.  Jones 
at  Mende  in  the  Cevennes,  where  we  hoped  to  obtain  a  series  of 
HirsHtina  dolus. 


Nonsense   Names. 

By  T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  F.Z.S. 

As  an  uncompromising  supporter  of  priority  in  nomenclature,  I 
realise  that  a  diflficult  point  has  been  raised  by  Mr.  Kearfott's  escapade. 
I  accept  the  doctrine  of  priority  to  this  extent,  that  a  name  once  given 
stands  good,  that  tbere  must  be  no  correction  to  it  of  any  sort,  and  that 
we  must  assume  it  to  be  good  latin.  If  on  the  face  of  it  or  in  view  of 
the  derivation  given  by  the  author,  it  appears  to  be  vile  or  impossible 
latin,  we  must  make  believe  that  it  has  some  derivation  unknown  to 
us  that  makes  it  possible.  That  this  view  is  largely  accepted,  is  proved 
by  the  abundance  of  k.  and  w.  in  various  specific  names.  If  a  name 
is  absurd  as  meaning,  say,  a  blue  butterfly  with  black  spots,  we  may 
suppose,  if  we  like,  that  it  is  the  name  of  a  chieftain  somewhere  in 
remote  Asia  or  Polynesia.  The  point  is  that  any  pronounceable  com- 
bination of  letters  stands  good  and  unalterable.  I  would  uphold  this 
so  far,  that  if,  to  one  single  species  in  a  genus,  Mr.  Kearfott  had 
chosen  to  give  one  of  his  nonsense  names,  I  should  accept  and 
uphold  it. 

The  key  to  the  position  seems  to  me  to  be  in  these  nonsense  names 
being  grouped  together  in  such  a  way  that  we  are  compelled  to  extend 
the  condition  against  unpronounceability,  and  add  to  it  the  condition 
not  only  that  an  ordinary  man  can  pronounce  the  name,  but  that  he 
can  reach  the  preceding  stage  of  remembering  it. 

I  agree  therefore  in  result  with  Mr.  Meyrick  and  Mr.  Wheeler,  but 
I  do  not  arrive  at  it  by  the  same  route.  I  absolutely  accept  a  nonsense 
name,  on  the  ground  that,  once  given,  it  is  no  longer  nonsense,  but 
means  the  thing  to  which  it  is  given.  But  I  cannot  accept  a  series  of 
nonsense  (or  any  other)  names  whose  meanings  cannot  be  remembered, 
I  should  equally  object  to  a  series  of  names  in  one  genus,  meaning 
say,  first-blue,  second-blue,  third-blue,  and  so  on  to  hundredth-blue, 
no  matter  how  good  the  latin  in  which  this  was  expressed.  It  would 
be  as  difficult  to  remember  which  two,  and  which  of  the  two  was 
eleventh-blue  and  twelfth-blue  as  to  remember  which  was  bana  and 
which  was  inana. 


i^OLEOPTERA. 

Atheta  eremita,  Rye,  in  the  south  of  England. — On  March  22nd, 
1911,  I  took  a  specimen  of  this  insect  in  Epping  Forest,  Essex,  from 
sphagnum  at  the  edge  of  a  small  pond.  On  February  18th,  1912,  two 
individuals  were  secured  at  Burnham  Beeches,  Bucks,  under  identical 
conditions.  This  species  is  common  in  Scotland.  There  are,  how- 
ever, but  few  English  records.  Fowler  gives  Northumberland,  Man- 
chester, Birmingham,  Cannock  Chase,  Forest  of  Dean.     Mr.  Keys  has 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING.  103 

recorded  it  from  the  Plymouth  district  {Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  1904)  and  Mr. 
Champion  from  Chobham,  in  Surrey  (Ibid.,  1907).  In  Ireland, 
according  to  Johnson  and  Halbert,  it  has  been  found  in  Donegal, 
Down,  Armagh,  and  Wicklow — all  mountainous  districts.  It  would 
be  of  interest  to  know  if  the  specimens  captured  in  low-lying  countries 
occurred  in  woods,  as  mine  did. — G.  W.  Nicholson,  M.A.,  M.D., 
F.E.S.,  University  College  Hospital,  W.C. 


SCIENTIFIC    NOTES   AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Ova  AND  LAKV.E  OF  PiERis  NAPi. — Ova  of  this  species  hatched  on 
Saturday  March  2nd  with  me,  but  those  of  my  friend  Mr.  Littlewood, 
of  Kendal  hatched  on  February  14th,  I  believe.  My  larvae  are  feeding 
well  on  fine  grass  (Fefitncn  ociiia).  When  sitting  at  rest,  their  attitude 
is  very  sphinx-like,  the  head  being  tucked  right  under.  The  larva, 
when  walking,  is  just  like  a  small  green  Geometer.  All  my  ova 
hatched  within  a  period  of  three  hours. — H.  Mallinson,  Oakland, 
Windermere.     March  i2tli. 


J510TES      ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

Collecting  in  frost. — A  few  months  ago  I  sent  to  the  P^nt. 
Record  an  account  of  my  collecting  during  a  sharp  frost,  thinking  it 
might  be  of  some  use  to  my  brother  entomologists.  That,  however, 
was  in  the  daytime  and  in  sunlight.  I  have  since  had  a  more  vivid 
experience,  the  knowledge  of  which  may  save  someone  else  coming 
home  empty-handed,  as  I  nearly  did.  On  October  28th,  1911,  I  went 
to  Earlswood,  a  few  miles  from  Birmingham,  just  after  mid-day.  I 
noticed  how  quickly  it  seemed  to  be  getting  cold,  but  it  was  no  use 
turning  back.  The  woods  were  reached  about  3  o'clock,  and  I  began 
to  beat  along  the  western  edge,  where,  as  a  rule,  0/iorabia  dilutata  is 
very  common  and  in  much  variety.  The  sun  was  shining,  but  through 
a  glittering  mist,  and  I  only  succeeded  in  knocking  out  a  solitary 
example.  The  air  had,  by  this  time,  become  so  cold  that  the  insect 
was  too  lethargic  to  fly,  and  fell  on  the  grass.  As  it  was  only  a  very 
ordinary  form,  I  left  it  on  the  ground.  Thinking  that  it  would  be  better 
in  the  wood,  1  searched  for  some  time,  but  the  result  was  nil.  By  this 
time  it  was  getting  dark  and  I  put  on  the  sugar,  with  the  same  result 
as  before,  and  after  three  turns  round  my  sugar  patches  I  made  up  my 
mind  to  return  home,  especially  as  the  frost  had  become  so  keen  that 
I  was  glad  to  keep  my  hands  tight  to  my  lantern.  That  it  was  really 
cold  may  be  assured  as  14  degrees  of  frost  were  registered  during  the 
night.  Just  as  I  was  leaving  the  wood  I  thuught  I  saw  something 
flutter,  and  after  a  close  search  a  specimen  of  Ilibernia  aurantiaria 
was  met  with.  This  suggested  searching  the  twigs.  At  first  the 
search  was  unsuccessful,  but  finally,  by  working  on  the  leeward  side  of 
bushes,  etc.,  and  getting  down  on  to  the  withered  and  brown  grasses, 
I  began  to  take  insects  with  their  wings  folded  over  their  backs,  so 
that  I  could  not  be  quite  sure  as  to  species  until  the  next  morning. 
Just  before  leaving,  among  the  grass,  I  saw,  what  for  a  moment 
I  did  not  understand,  something  like  a  couple  of  miniature  ferns, 
I  soon  however  found  them  to  be  the  antennae  of  Himera  pennaria,  a 


104  THE  entomologist's  record. 

grand  form  having  the  strongest  bars  I  have  ever  seen  in  this  species. 
In  the  morning  I  found  that  I  had  fifteen  Hibernia  defoliaria,  all  small, 
well-marked  forms,  but  differing  from  the  former  species,  in  that  six 
were  more  or  less  crippled  and  two  slightly  cut,  no  doubt  evidence  of 
a  less  hardy  type.  The  surprise  to  me  was  that  on  such  a  bitterly  cold 
night,  they  were  not  all  cripples. — J.  T.  Fountain,  109,  Darwin  Street, 
Birmingham.     Fehruanj,  1912. 

Thk  Eiffelalp  and  Chamonix  in  .July,  1911. — The  following  is  a 
record  of  some  of  my  captures  of  butterflies  around  the  Riffelalp 
during  the  week  beginning  on  July  15th.  The  best  ground  was  above 
the  path  leading  to  the  Findelen  Glacier,  and  the  walk  from  the 
Riffelalp  to  the  fSchwartzee  was  also  good.  The  weather  was  gloriously 
fine.  Species: — Pieris  napi  var.  bnjoniae,  Pontia  callidice,  Polyoniniatns 
eros,  Latiurina  orbitulus,  ]'acciniino  optilete,  Aricia  eumedon,  Plebeius 
argyrognomon,  Melitaea  aurinia  var.  vierope,  M.  cijntliia,  Colias 
phicomone,  C.  palaeno,  Erebia  lappnna  ab.  st/iennyo,  fC.  tyndarun,  E. 
innestra,  E.  uielampits,  E.  prono'e,  Coenonympha  satyrion,  Painphila 
coiinna,  and  Hrenthis  pales  and  var.  napaea. 

On  July  22nd  I  started  a  week's  collecting  at  Chamonix.  The 
best  results  were  obtained  up  the  Brevent.  The  following  are  the 
Erebias  caught : — Erebia  uielainpns,  E.  gorge.  E.  stygne,  E.  goante,  E. 
enryale  and  ab.  euryaloides,  and  fJ.  epiphron. — E.  E.  Bentall,  F.E.S., 
The  Towers,  Heybridge,  Essex. 


CURRENT      NOTES      AND      SHORT      NOTICES. 

Another  portion  of  the  Collections  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt  will 
be  sold  at  Stevens'  Auction  Rooms  on  Tuesday,  April  23rd.  The  first 
cabinet  contains  the  remaining  species  of  the  Geometers,  including 
long  and  varied  series  of  the  genus  Cidaria,  the  genus  Perunea,  and 
several  drawers  of  the  British  Plumes.  A  second  cabinet  contains  the 
whole  of  the  Tortrices  and  Tineina,  many  of  the  sets  being  in  capital 
condition,  having  been  carefully  gone  over  and  added  to  quite  recently. 
A  series  of  Tortri.v  teucriana  (see  Ent.  Itccurd,  L,  31)  is  included. 
The  British  Crambi,  Phycids,  etc.,  are  in  the  same  cabinet  and  are 
also  in  excellent  condition.  Another  cabinet  contains  sets  of  captures 
from  particular  localities  in  the  Alps,  etc.,  selected  from  the  various 
collecting  boxes  of  the  late  Mr.  Tutt,  each  containing  many  useful 
series  of  butterflies,  with  several  drawers  of  Geometers,  etc. 

The  Entomological  Club  held  another  of  its  pleasant  meetings,  at 
"  Wellfield,"  Lingard's  Road,  Lewisham,  on  March  12th,  with  Mr.  R. 
Adkin,  F.E.S.,  as  host.  After  the  kindly  welcome  from  Mrs.  and  Miss 
Adkin,  tea  was  taken,  and  subsequently  a  considerable  time  was  spent 
in  our  genial  host's  study  enjoying  his  very  complete  and  beautifully 
arranged  collections,  turning  over  the  leaves  of  bis  valuable  entomo- 
logical books,  and  discussing  varied  and  knotty  points  which  have 
recentl}'  cropped  up  in  our  cult.  Later  on  the  guests  partook  of 
supper.  Among  those  present  were  Messrs.  R.  Adkin,  G.  C.  Cham- 
pion, J.  E.  Collin,  H.  St.  J.  K.  Donisthorpe,  A.  E.  Gibbs,  A.H.Jones, 
Rev.  P.  D.  Morice,  A.  Sich,  R.  South,  W.  E.  Sharp,  J.  R.  le  B. 
Tomlin,  Hy.  J.  Turner,  and  Rev.  G.  Wheeler. 


SOCIETIES. 

The     South     London     Entomological     and     Natural     History 
Society.— Janwarj/  11th,  1912. — Messrs.  C.  J.  Gahan,  M.A.,  F.E.S., 


SOCIETIES. 


105 


of  the  British  Museum  (N.H.)  and  Mr.  N.  S.  Sennett,  F.E.iS.,  of 
South  Kensington,  were  elected  members. — Inckease  of  Yakiation. — 
Mr.  A.  W.  Buckstone  exhibited  series  of  Hi/hfrnia  (Ufnliaria  from 
several  localities,  and  stated  that  variation  had  considerably  increased 
in  the  last  80  years,  and  that  around  London  the  type  form  was  much 
less  frequent.  Protective  resemblance  in  a  Tree-cricket. — Mr.  H. 
Moore,  a  huge  Tree-cricket,  EiuneiialiKlon  hlancliardi,  from  Borneo, 
whose  tegmina  resemble  leaves.  Fauna  of  a  London  (jarden. — ^Ir.  R. 
Adkin  gave  additional  notes  on  the  "  Lepidoptera  of  a  London  Garden," 
exhibiting  Phobia  moneta,  Monoids  riixticella,  Gracilaiia  .syrinnella, 
Ai(jnresthia  i/oeilartclla,  and  Gelechia  malreUa.  Aberration  of  P. 
atalanta. — Mr.  A.  E.  Gibbs,  an  aberration  of  Pyraiveh  atalaitta  bred 
from  Vizzavona,  Corsica,  in  which  the  diagonal  red  bands  of  the 
forewings  and  the  marginal  band  of  the  hindwings  are  more  or  less 
pink,  and  some  areas  very  much  paler  than  usual.  Variation  in  A. 
TRiFOLii. — Mr.  Blenkarn,  five  specimens  of  Anthrocera  trifulii  var. 
ronjiiiens,  from  Withycombe  and  Horsley,  and  various  species  of 
Coieoptera,  including  lUctliits  severdendux,  recently  announced  as  new  to 
Britain  by  Dr.  Joy.  Glowworm  larv^. — Mr.  H.  Main,  larvii^  of  the 
Glow-worm  reared  from  eggs  and  also  a  larva  of  Oci/piiK  alem. 
Keports  OF  OUTDOOR  MEETINGS — The  Reports  of  the  Society's  Field 
Meetings  during  the  past  year  were  communicated  by  Messrs. 
Edwards,  Gibbs,  Kaye,  Priske,  Tonge  and  Turner.  Annual  general 
meeting. — Januarij  ^bt/i,  1912. — The  Reports  of  the  Council  and 
Officers  for  the  past  year  were  received  and  adopted.  The  Council  and 
Officers  for  the  ensuing  year,  were  elected  (see  page  45).  Mr.  W.  J.  Kaye 
read  his  annual  address.  Votes  of  thanks  were  passed  to  the  Ti'easurer, 
Secretaries,  and  other  officers.  —  Ordinary  meeting. — Mr.  A.  E. 
Tonge,  F.E.S.,  President,  took  the  chair. — Messrs.  A.  E.  Morris,  of 
Upper  Norwood,  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Frohawk,  of  Wallington,  were  elected 
members.  Lepisma  saccharina. — Mr.  Edwards  exhibited  the  so  called 
"silver  fish"  lA'pisina  sacc/iariiia.  The  "Narcissus-fly"  pest. — 
Mr.  Main,  a  narcissus  bulb,  sent  him  by  Mr.  Winkworth,  which  had 
been  attacked  by  the  larva  of  the  Dipteron,  Merodon  eijiiestris,  a 
fly  often  extremely  injurious  in  nurseries.  Curious  method  of 
packing  insects. —  Mr.  Moore,  a  number  of  butterflies  from  the 
interior  of  Borneo,  including  Pajiilio  ereiinm  var.,  P.  itanipiiii,  Tcnaa 
(/radioifi,  Hextia  ioiiani  var.  vinjo,  Doni^epa  Imrii,  Teriaa  tilaJtu.  They 
were  sent  home  to  him  packed  in  fragments  of  the  flannel  shirt  of  his 
friend,  who  collected  them,  a  successful  method  of  combating  the 
excessive  superabundance  of  moisture  in  the  atmosphere  of  the  locality. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Jaiuianj  i5th. 
— A  large  number  of  interesting  lantern  slides  were  exhibited  by  Dr. 
Cotton,  Dr.  Tinne  and  Mr.  O.  Whittaker.  Dr.  Tinne's  slides  included 
many  beautiful  coloured  examples  taken  by  the  Lumiere  and  other 
colour  processes.  Variation  in  P.  chi. — Mr.  Mansbridge  exhibited 
a  series  of  J^olia  r/;/ shewing  the  usual  range  of  melanic  variation  from 
the  Huddersfield  district,  and  also,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  A.  W.  Boyd,  a  case 
of  micro-lepidoptera  from  various  localities  in  Cheshire,  among  them 
being  Mixodia  Hchnhiano,  Sria}i/iila  hybridana,  Sophronia  ]>arenthi'scU(t, 
t'hclaria  hulmerella,  Arrpjrcsthia  pyifniaeella,  Peronea  nmiarimia,  etc. 

The  Entomological  Society  of  London.  —  Deccnihcr  Qtit,  1911.^ — 
The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society  : — Dr. 
Beckwith  Whitehouse,  52,  Newhall  Street,  Birmingham  :    Messrs.  F. 


106  THK     KNTOMOUXilSl's     UhU'ORI). 

W.  Edwards,  Kingswear,  Cornwall  Koad,  Harrow  ;  Douglas  Pearson, 
Chilwell  House,  Chilwell,  Notts;  B.  H.  Smith,  B.A.,  Edgehill, 
Warlingham,  Surrey  ;  C.  F.  M.  Swynnerton,  Mt.  Chirinda,  Melsetter, 
S.  Rhodesia.  A  Phasmid,  new  to  Science. — -Mr.  C.  J.  Gahan  exhibited 
an  insect  recently  brought  to  the  British  Museum,  and  recognized  by 
him  as  belonging  to  rn'so/ms,  a  remarkable  and  specially  interesting 
genus  of  r/iaainidaf.  The  one  now  exhibited  was  new,  and  he  proposed 
to  name  it  I'n'sopus  fhheri  in  honour  of  its  discoverer.  Leucama 
PAfj^KNs  AND  L.  FAVicoLOR. — Mr.  South  exhibited  a  drawer  of  Leucanid 
moths  captured  and  reared  by  the  Rev.  W.  P.  Waller  in  the  Wood- 
bridge  district  of  Suffolk.  He  observed  that  seeing  that  Mr.  Waller 
had  reared  faricolor  from  eggs  laid  by  a  })a  liens -like  female,  and 
obtained  ])allens  from  the  ova  of  a  female  favivolor,  the  obvious 
inference  was  that  there  was  cross-pairing  in  each  case;  he  understood 
that  faricolor  cannot  be  separated  from  //aliens  by  any  difterence  in  the 
genitalia,  and  was  informed  that  cross-pairings  of  pallens  and  fan'rolor 
are  not  uncommon  in  the  habitat  of  the  latter.  lie  was,  therefore, 
inclined  to  suppose  that  fan'ndor  is  a  salt-marsh  development  of 
jtallens.  A  Coi.eopteron  new  to  Britain. — Mr.  Donisthorpe  exhibited 
a  specimen  of  /'/;//.(■  fainnairei,  Reiche,  taken  by  him  in  Sherwood 
Forest  on  July  11th,  1908.  He  also  showed  a  French  specimen  of  the 
same  species,  and  examples  of  Knj.v  aira,  F.,  the  other  known  British 
species,  for  comparison.  Rhopalocera  from  Lapland. — Mr.  W.  G. 
Sheldon  showed  a  collection  of  Rhopalocera  made  by  him  in  Jenitland 
and  Swedish  Lapland  in  -Tune  and  July,  1911.  Luperina  nickerlii 
and  allies. — Mr.  Henry  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  large  number  of 
specimens  of  fjuperina  nirkeiiii,  of  which  the  British  form  or  race  has 
l)een  hitherto  known  as  Lufjiriua  i/iifneci,  together  with  series  of  other 
races  from  the  Continent.  Erebia  -bthiops. — Mr.  Turner  also 
exhibited  a  long  series  of  Krebia  artln'ops  from  many  contin- 
ental localities  and  also  from  Aviemore,  Scotland.  Contrasts 
IN  colouring  between  certain  species  of  butterflies  from 
THE  Lagos  district  and  their  ckographical  races  at  Entebbe. 
— Prof.  Poulton  exhibited  a  series  of  specimens  tending  to  refute  the 
view,  again  recently  advanced,  that  changes  of  colour  and  pattern  in 
allied  forms  are  due  to  climate,  and  especially  to  moisture.     Pseuda- 

CR<«AS     OF    THE     lIoBLKYI     GhoUP    ON     DaMBA     [sLAND     AS    COMPARED    WITH 

THOSE  FROM  THE  Entebbk  DISTRICT. — Prof.  Poultoii  exhibited  a  set  of 
the  mimetic  Pseudacneas  and  their  models  collected  by  Mr.  C.  A. 
Wiggins  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Entebbe,  which  contrasted  remark- 
ably with  a  set  of  17  Pseudacraeas  collected  by  Dr.  G.  D.  H.  Carpenter 
on  Damba  Island,  on  the  l<]quator,  in  the  Victoria  Nyanza,  about  20 
miles  south-east  of  Entebbe.  Observation  on  the  courtship  of 
Planema  alcinok,  Feld. — ^Prof.  Poulton  exhibited  four  males  and  one 
female  of  I'lanema  alviuoe,  captured  August  10th,  1911,  in  the  forest 
one  mile  east  of  Oni,  near  Lagos,  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Lamborn,  "in  a 
confused  mass."  The  cocoons  and  kgcjs  of  the  Bombycid  Moth, 
Norasuma  koloa,  Druck. — Prof.  Poulton  exhibited  the  cocoon  of  A'. 
Itolja  together  with  the  moth  which  had  emerged  from  it.  The 
compact  cocoon  itself  was  reddish,  with  an  outer  imperfect  covering  of 
yellow  silk.  In  some  cocoons,  including  the  one  exhibited,  the  silk  of 
this  loose  and  open  network  formed  dense  little  masses  here  and  there 
which,  being  bright  yellow  in  colour,  much  resembled  the  cocoons  of 


REVIEWS    AND    NOTICES    OF    BOOKS.  107 

Braconid  parasites.  Prof.  Poulton  said  that  he  had  also  been  shown, 
by  Mr.  J.  H.  Durrant,  similar  spherical  bodies  scattered  over  the 
cocoon   of   the   Tineid  moth  Mannaro   aalirtella.      The   food   of   the 

CARNIVOROUS       LyC^NID       LARVA,       SpALGIS       LEMOLEA,      H.       H.        DrUCE 

(S.  sktNata,  Holland). — Prof.  Poulton  exhibited  specimens  and  gave 
an  account  of  observations  sent  by  Mr.  Lamborn,  which  threw  further 
light  on  the  letter  written  January,  1891,  by  the  Rev.  A.  C.  Good, 
Ph.D.,  from  West  Africa,  from  which  ])v.  W.  J.  Holland  had  inferred 
that  the  larvae  of  S.  letnolea  are  aphidivorous ;  extracts  from  Mr. 
Laraborn's  letters,  together  with  an  investigation  of  his  material, 
indicate  that  their  food  consists  of  ('i)ccidae.  Brazilian  Syntomids. — 
Mr.  W.  J.  Kaye  exhibited  a  drawer  full  of  Syntomidac  that  had  been 
collected  by  himself  in  south  Brazil  in  the  early  part  of  1910.  The 
following  papers  were  read  :  — "  On  the  yirtitan>i  Group  of  the  genus 
Hi/t(roecia,  Gn.,"  by  the  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows,  and  "On  the  Dates  of 
the  Publications  of  the  Entomological  Society,"  by  the  Rev.  G. 
Wheeler,  M.A.,  F.Z.H. 


:^EYIEWS    AND    NOTICES    OF    BOOKS. 

Social  Life  in  the  Insect  World. — By  J.  H.  Fabre  (Illustrated). 
Price  10s.  6d.  Published  by  T.  Fisher  Unwin,  1,  Adelphi  Terrace, 
London,  W.C. 

To  those  acquainted  with  Mons.  J.  H.  Fabre's  previous  writings 
there  is  no  need  to  recommend  this,  his  latest  achievement.  In  other 
words  "  good  wine  needs  no  bush."  Mons.  Fabre  has  the  singular 
felicity  of  being  able  to  write  about  his  observations  with  literary  skill 
combined  with  scientific  accuracy.  His  experiments  (vide  Chaps.  14 
and  15)  show  that  he  has  lost  none  of  his  skill  as  an  investigator  of  a 
high  order,  at  once  tenacious  of  purpose  and  fertile  in  resource. 
This  work  is  simply  a  confirmation  of  his  well-known  aptitude. 
Where  Reaumur  failed,  Fabre  succeeded  {vide  pp.  55  ct  aeq.).  We  can 
conceive  of  no  book  better  calculated  to  convert  a  mere  collector  into  a 
real  student  of  nature.  All  entomologists  will,  we  hope  and  expect, 
read  the  book  with  delight  and  profit.  Mons.  Fabre  refuses  to  confine 
his  observations  within  the  ring  fence  of  a  single  Order  of  insects. 
He  prefers  to  roam  tbe  Insect  World  at  large.  Hence  he  gives  us 
many  new  and  interesting  records  relating  to  The  Mantis  {Mantin 
reliijiosa,  Iwnn.),  The  Field  Cricket,  The  Sisyphus  Beetle,  The  Great 
Peacock  or  Emperor  Moth,  The  Oak  Eggar,  The  Pine  Chafer 
{MeUdontha  Julio,  Linn.),  etc. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  translator  has  failed  to  differentiate  a 
"moth"  from  a  "butterfly,"  and  further  renders  the  "Golden  Carabus" 
as  the  "  Golden  Scarabeus."  Whilst  these  lapses  do  not  detract  from 
the  absorbing  interest  of  the  book,  they  tend  to  give  the  reader 
purposeless  mental  shocks.  -  (H.E. P.) 

Butterfly-hunting  in  many  Lands.  —  Bv  Geo.  B.  Longstatt",  M.A,, 
M.D.,  Oxon  ;  F.R.C.P.,  F.S.A.,  F.G.S.,  late  Vice-Pres.  Entomological 
Society  of  London,  etc.  (with  16  plates,  7  coloured).  Price  21s. 
Published  by  Longmans,  Green  and  Co.,  39,  Paternoster  Row,  London. 

The  author  in  his  Preface  says  his  work  appeals  only  to  entomo- 
logists.    We  opine  that  he  will  find  it  appeal  very  strongly. 

All  entomologists  are  of  necessity  travellers.  But  among  his  peers 
Dr.  Longstaflf  is  facile  piiiici'ps,  inasmuch  as  there  are  none  that  we 


lOH  THE    entomologist's    KECOKI). 

know  of  who  have  collected  and  observed  insects  in  all  parts  of  the 
worlJ,  with  possibly  the  sole  exception  of  Commander  J.  J.  W^alker, 
R.N.,  F.E.S.  Certainly  nobody  has  given  the  entomological  world 
the  results  of  his  observations  spread  over  so  many  years  and  relating 
to  so  many  countries. 

The  book,  for  the  most  part,  consists  of  the  contents  of  the  author's 
notebooks,  interspersed  with  the  relation  of  such  episodes  as  came 
under  his  notice  from  time  to  time.  It  is  altogether  delightful  reading 
from  cover  to  cover.  An  account  of  a  trip  to  Eannoch  is  told  so 
simply,  yet  vividly,  that  it  will  recall  happy  memories  to  the  reader 
who  has  likewise  visited  this  famous  "  ground." 

After  taking  us  from  Wimbledon  and  Rannoch  to  Australia  and 
New  Zealand — meantime  treating  of  India,  China,  Japan,  Algeria, 
South  Africa,  South  America,  etc.- -the  author  {vide  Chap.  X.)  ceases 
to  become  the  interesting  traveller,  and  shows  that  he  is  no  mean 
student  of  various  scientific  problems.  Here  are  discussed  such  items 
as  "  Scents,"  Tenacity  of  Life,  Experiments  of  Palatability,  Successful 
Mimicry,  Selection  of  Coloured  Resting  Places,  Heliotropism,  etc. 

The  authentic  details  therein  noted  are  rightly  placed  on  permanent 
record,  as  it  is  not  too  much  to  hope  that  in  the  future  a  new  Darwin 
will  arise  and  utilise  them  by  giving  us  inferences  of  lasting  value. 

Finally  our  best  thanks  are  due  to  Dr.  Longstaft' — or  shall  we  say 
to  his  friend  the  well-known  student  Dr.  E.  B.  Poulton,  F.R.S.  ? — for 
placing  before  us  excellent  translations  (by  E.  A.  Elliott,  F.Z.S., 
F.E.S.)  of  a  series  of  papers  by  Dr.  Fritz  Miiller  dealing  with  the 
Scent-organs  of  Lepidoptera.  It  should  be  added  that  these  important 
papers  are  accompanied  bj'  excellent  plates  illustrating  the  points 
dealt  with. — (Id.) 

Repokt  of  the  Agricultukal  Research  Institute  and  College^ 
PusA,  1910-11.  Superintendent  Government  Printing,  Calcutta, 
India. 

A  perusual  of  this  Government  publication  extending  to 
102  pp.  of  closely  printed  matter  (quarto)  makes  one  proud  of  his 
fellow  countrymen.  From  the  Director's  (E.  .1.  Butler,  M.B.,  F.L.S.) 
Report  we  note  that  the  Institute  is  organised  in  seven  scientific 
sections :  Agricultural,  Chemical,  Botanical,  Mycological,  Entomo- 
logical, Second  Entomological,  and  Bacteriological,  and  that  the  work 
for  the  year  was  executed  by  only  eight  European  officers  of  the  Pusa 
statr,  and  of  these  two  were  engaged  in  Baluchistan  developing  the 
fruil  industry  of  that  province. 

To  readers  of  The  Record,  etc.,  the  chief  interest  will  centre  round 
the  Report  of  the  Imperial  Entomologist,  known  to  us  at  home  as 
T.  ]5ainbrigge  Fletcher,  R.N.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.  He  says  that  having  in 
view  the  enormous  areas  dealt  with  and  the  general  ignorance  of  the 
cultivating  classes  regarding  insect  pests  and  their  control,  the  number 
of  assistants  employed  in  Entomological  work  in  the  Provincial 
Agricultural  Departments  is  quite  inadequate.  Reference  is  made  to 
the  steady  progress  made  in  investigating  the  insect-pests  of  crops  in 
Madnis,  to  the  experiments  against  Termites  at  Hoshangabad,  to  the 
work  against  Potato  Moth  and  Cane  Grasshopper,  and  also  to  the 
Uice  Grasshopper  and  the  Semiaquatic  Rice  Caterpillar.  Altogether 
it  is  very  interesting  to  read  of  the  never  wearying,  unostentatious, 
yet  forceful  and  fit;itful  work  of  our  confreres  in  other  lands.     (In.) 


WATKINS     8l     DONCASTER, 
Naturalists  and  Mamifactiirers  of  Entomological  Apparatus  and  Cabinets. 

Plain  King  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  incliulin<,'  Stick,  1/3,  2/-,  2/6,  3/-.  Folding  Nets,  3/(3, 
4/-,  4/6.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7/-.  Tocket  Boxes  (deal),  6d.,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Zinc 
Collecting  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6,  2/-.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen,  1  gross,  ]/0. 
Entomological  Pins,  1/6  per  ounce.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2/6  to  8/-.  Sugaring  Tin,  with 
brush,  1/6,  2/-.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use,  1/9  per  tin.  Store-Boxes,  with  camphor 
cells,  2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  6/-.  Setting-Boards,  flat  or  oval,  lin..  6d. ;  liiii.,  8d.;  2in.,  lOd.;  2^in., 
1/- ;  3^in.,  1/4;  4in.,  1/6;  5in.,  1/10;  Complete  Set  of  fourte'en  Boards,  10/6.  Setting 
Houses,  9/6,  11/6  ;  corked  back,  14/-.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Breeding  Cage, 
2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  7/6.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube,  1/6,  1/8.  Botanical  Cases, 
japanned  double  tin,  1/6  to  4/6.  Botanical  Paper,  1/1,  1/4,  1/9,  2/2  per  quire.  Insect 
Glazed  Cases,  2/6  to  1]/-.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennne  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
1/6,  2/-,  2/6  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3J,  best  quality  1/6  per  dozen  sheets.  Brass 
Chloroform  Bottle,  2/6.  Insect  Lens,  ]/-to8/-.  Glass-top  and  Glass-bottomed  Boxes, 
from  1/-  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.  to  1/-.  Pupa  Digger,  in  leather  sheuth,  1/9. 
Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most  necessary  implements  for  skinning,  10/6. 
Scalpels,  1/3  ;  Scissors,  2/- per  pair;  Eggdrills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d. ;  Blowpipes,  4d.  ;  Artificial 
Eyes  for  Birds  and  Animals.  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs, 
2d.,  3d.,  6d.;  ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.    Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  etc. 

SILVER  PINS  for  collectors  of  Micro-Lepidoptera,  etc.,  as  well  as  minute  insects  of 
all  other  families. 

We  stock  various  sizes  and  lengths  of  these  Silver  Pins  which  have  certain  advantages 
over  the  entomological  pins  (whether  enamelled  black  or  silver  or  gilt). 

For  instance,  insects  liable  to  become  greasy  and  to  verdigris  like  Se^iiihte,  etc.,  are 
best  pinned  on  Silver  Pins  which  will  last  much  longer  than  ordinary  pins. 

We  shall  be  pleased  to  send  pattern  cards  on  application. 

SHOW    ROOM    FOR    CABINETS 

Of  every  description  of  Insects,  Biuds'  Etuis,  Coins,  MicitoscopiCAr.  Objects,  I'.issir.s,  Ac. 

Catalogue  (100  pages)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

L.ARQE  STOCK  OF  INSECTS   AND  BIRDS'  EGGS  (Biilsh,  European,  and  K.xolie). 
Birds,  Mammals,  etc.,  Preserved  and  Mounted  b'l  first  class   IVorkuicn. 

36,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C,  ENGLAND. 

Synopsis  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Western  Europe, 

By  MALCOLM   BURR.    D.Sc.   F.Z.S.,   F.L.S..  F.E.S.,  &c. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  160  pp.,  with  good  Index  (Specific  and  Generic). 

Price    3sm    netm 

A  pocket  handbook  for  the  use  of  collectors  in  the  field.     Covers  all  species  found  west 
of  the  Carpathian  Mts.     Description  of  each  species,  habits,  habitats  and  distributiou 

Will  he  sent  Pout  Free  on  receipt  of  Postal  Order  for  3s.  to — 

A.    H.,    41,    Wisteria    Road,    Lewisham,    S.E. 

BARGAINS!       BARGAINS!!       BARGAINS!!! 

Excellent  44  drawer  Mahogany  Cabinet  price  on  application. 

Fine  set  insects  not  less  than  half-dozen  of  a  species  sent.   Box  and  postage  4d.  extra. 

Price  per  dozen: — Citraria  Is.  4d.,  Strigillaria  Is.  6d.,  Dealbata  2s.,  Piniaria  Is., 
Atomaria  9d.,  Carbonaria  3s.  6d.,  Pulveraria  Is.  6d.,  Clathrata  6d.,  Alternata  2s.  6d., 
Taminata  Is.  3d.,  Temerata  Is.  3d.,  Exanthemaria  9d.,  Pusaria  6d.,  Inornata  2s., 
Aversata  9d.,  Emutaria  2s.,  Fuinata  2s.,  Remutata  9d.,  Lnmutata  Is.  6d.,  Subsericeata 
Is.  6d.,  Straminata  5s.,  Promutata  Is.,  Ornata  Is.  8d.,  Incanaria  lid.,  Bisetata  lid., 
Ochrata  4s.,  Cambricata  Is.  6d.,  Blomeri  3s.,  Auroraria  3s.  6d.,  Orbicularia  '2s.  6d., 
Omicronaria  Is.  3d.,  (var.  Obsoieta  is.  each  or  10s.  doz.).  Trilinearia  lOd.,  Punctaria 
lOd.,  Porata  lOd.,  Smaragdaria  6s.  6d.,  Papilionaria  4s.,  Trepidaria  4s.,  Obscuraria 
varied  Is.  6d.,  Biundularia  lid.,  Crcpuscularia  lid.,  Consortaria  Is.  6d.,  Eoboraria  3s.  6d., 
Cinctaria  Is.  9d.,  Kepandata  varied  Is.,  Abruptaria  lid.,  fine  Melanic  10s,,  Betularia 
Black  var.  Is.  6d.,  Prodromaria  2s.,  Hirtaria  lid.,  Zonaria  Is.  9d.,  Pilosaria  lid., 
Angularia  Is.,  Erosaria  3s.,  Fuscantaria  "is.,  Tiliaria  Is.  9d.,  Autumnaria  Is.  Wd.. 
Illustraria  lid.,  Bidentata  lid.,  Syringaria  Is.  9d.,  Dolobraria  '2s.,  Prunaria2s.,  Maeulata 
6d.,  Crataegata  Od.,  Sambueata  6d.,  Parthenias  Is.  '2d.,  Craccae  Is.,  Pastinum  '2s.  3d. 

Next  Month  many  more  species,  look  out  for  them. 

L.    W.     NEWMAN,     F.E.S.,     Bexley,     Kent. 


CONTENTS. 

A  Week  at  Braemar,  Russell  K.  James    . .         . .  . .         . .  . .  . .  . .         §1 

Luperina  gueneei,  Doubleday,  as  a  species,  and  as  a  British  species,  Hi/.  J.  Turner, 

i''.£..S'.  (concluded)        ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  _         gy 

A  Month  in   Switzerland  and  elsewhere,   George   Wheeler,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

(concluded)         ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  _,  _  __  gy 

Notes  on  Collecting;  in  1911,  ('.  /I'.  CoJ(/(r»/)  (to  be  continued)  ..         ..         ..         90 

The  Dauphlnv  Wps,  Douglas  II.  Pearson,  F.K.S.         ..  ..  ..  ..  ..         yg 

The  first  fortni^^ht  in  July,  1911,  in  Digne,  G.  T.  Bethunc-Baher,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

(concluded)         . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  _  _         99 

Nonsense  Names,  Dr.  T.  A.  Chnpman,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. ^  ..       102 

CoLKOPTERA  :— Atheta  erimita,  Kye,  in  the  S.  of  England,  G.  W.  Nicholson,  M.A., 

M.D.,  F.E.S ..102 

Scientific  Notes  and  Observations:— Ova  and  Larvre  of  Pieris  napi,  H.  Mallinson  103 
Notes  on  Collecting  :— Collecting  in  Frost,  J.  T.  Fountain.     The  Kittiealp  and 

Ch&momx  in  Ja\y,  1911,  K.  E.  Bentall,  F.F.S.     ..  103 

Current  Notes  and  Short  Notices        . .  . .  . .         . .         . .  . .         . .       i04 

Societies  :— The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.     The 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society.      The  Entomological  Society 

of  London  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . ,  . ,  _  _  104 

Reviews  and  Notices  oe  Books  :— Social  Life  in  the  Insect  World  (J.  H.  Fabre)'; 

Butterfly-hunting  in   many  Ijands  (Geo.  B.  Longstaff,  M.A.,  M.D.,  F.E.S.)  ; 

and  Ileport  of  the  Agricultural  Kesearch  Insiitute  and  College,  Pusa,  1910-11 

(H.E.P.) ;         

Contributions  remain  over  for  want  of  space  from  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  A.  S.  Tetley, 
G.  W.  Nicholson,  W.  Bait  Smith,  etc.,  and  Reports  of  Societies. 

Seasonal  notes  on  British  Lepidoptera  will  appear  in  due  course  from  C.  W.  Colthrup, 
F.  G.  Whittle,  A.  Russell,  Alf.  Sieh,  H.  Ashton  Nichols,  etc. 

We  hope  that  those  who  intend  sending  us  an  account  of  their  doings  for  1911  will  do 
so  ere  long,  as  we  should  like  to  know  more  of  what  our  English  workers  are  doing.  Will 
those  who  are  studying  the  Micro-lepidoptera  help  us,  by  sending  in  notes  of  their 
captures  and  observations  ? 

All  MS.  and  editorial  matter  should  be  sent  and  all  proofs  returned  to  Hv.  J.  Turner, 
98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 


Rambles   in   Alpine   Valleys. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  with  Map  and  Photographs  of  District. 
Price  8s.  Od. 
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tions as  to  the  relation  in  past  time  between  the  Alpine  and  British  fauna.     Many  new 
facts  arc  lirought  forward,  and  entomological  problems  discussed  from  various  standpoints. 


Woodside,   Burnside,   Hillside   and    Marsh. 

(Cr.nvn  «vo..  Illustrated,  •224  pp.  and  103  woodcuts  and  full-page  illustrations.     Bound 

in  Cloth.  (Price  2/6). 
Anothei  .series  of  collecting  expeditions  into  well-known  entomological  and  natural 
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Cobhani  Woods,  Cuxton  Downs,  the  Western  Highlands,  Clift'e-all  well  known  for  their 
rich  entomological  fauna. 

To  be   obtained    from    J.    Herhert   Tutt,  22,  Francemarv  Road,  Lady  well  Road, 
Brockley,  S.E. 

Random    Recollections   of  Woodland,   Fen,   and    Hill. 

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THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECORI 

AND 

JOURNAL    OF   VARIATION 

Edited  bv 

Richard  S.  BAGNALL,  f.l.8.,f.e.s.  |    T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  m.d.,f.z.s.,  f.k 


T.  HUDSON  BEAHE 

b.sc,  i'.k.s.,  i'-.r.s.e 
George  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER, 
f.z.s.,  f.i..s.,  f.e.s 

M.  BURR,  D.SC,  F.Z.S.,  F.T..S.,  F.K.a. 

(Rev.)  C.  R.  N.  BURROWS,  f.e.s. 


Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  F.E.S. 

H.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORPE, 

F.z.a.,  F.J 
Alfred  SIGH,  f.e.s. 
J.  R.  le  B.  TOMLIN,  ji.a.,  f.k.s, 
George  WHEELER,  m.a.,  f.e.e 


V 


MAR  r>^  1913 

'SO  Nl  AM 


Henry  J.   TUE^^N>^.9!?"  ^^^ 
EditoriaySe*Blelar7.  '^^^ 


•"s 


\ 


MAY    1) 


Price    SIXPENCE  (net). 

(WITH    ONE    PLATE.) 

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"  Beetrose,"  Gellatlv  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 
LONDON : 

ELLIOT  STOCK,  62,  Paternostkr  Row,  E.C.| 

BERLIN  : 

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11,  Cabistrassk,  N.W. 


READ  THE   BACK  Nos.  OF   THE 

Entomologist's  Record  &  Journal  of  Variation 

(Practical  Hints,  Field  Work,  etc.,  useful  for  every  year's  collecting). 
VOL.    VI. 

The  TITLES  of  some  of  the  articles  are  as  follows  : — Notes  on  Butterfly  Pupse,  with  some  remarks 
on  the  Phylogenesis  of  the  Rhopalocera."— Dr.  T.  A.  Cliapmnn,  F.E.S.,  "  Phytophagic  Species." — 
Pro/.  A.  Radelife  Orote,  M.A.  "  Varieties  and  aberrations  of  Noctuaj  from  Doncaster."— If.  H. 
Corbett,  M.JR.C.'S.  "The  frenulum  of  the  British  species  of  Snievinthus."— G.  C.  Orifitht,  F.Z.S., 
F.E.S.  "  Eudryas  stoe-johannis./— -4.  Radelife  Grote,  M.A.  "Parthenogenesis  or  Agamogenesis." — 
J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Larvffi."— iJei".  G.  M.  A'.  Heicitf,  M.A.  "  Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1894." 
— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Generic  Names  in  the  Noctuidse. "—Pcor.  A.  It.  Orote,  M.A.  "  Pupa  hunting  in 
October."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  " Polvgamv  and  Polyandry  in  Moths."  "The  nature  of  certain 
insect  colours."— ir.S.  Itidhiy,  M.D.,  R. Freer, M.S.,  J.  w'.TiM,'F.E.S.,  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows,  J.  Anderson, 
Jun.  "The  Lepidoptera  of  Swansea." — Major  R.  B.  Robertson.  "  Caradrina  ambigua  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight."— .4.  J.  Hodr/es.  "The  insects  of' Bourg  St.  Maurice."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Orrhodia 
erythrocephala  ab.  glabra  from  Devonshire  and  comparison  with  O.  vaccinii." — Dr.  W.  S.  Riding, 
F.E.S.  "Notes  on  Caradrina  ambigua  and  C.  superstes."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Entomology  and 
Entomologists,  being  the  Annual  Address  to  the  c;ity  of  London  Entoui.  Society."  Notes  on 
Aphoniia  sociella  "  (with  plate). — W.  P.  BIpckburne  Maze,  F.E.S.  "Apterous  females  and  Winter 
Emergence  "~E.  F.  Studd,  M.A.,  B.C.L.,  F.E.S.,  L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  "  Collecting  Noctuidae  by  Lake 
Erie."— .4.  RudcUJe  Grote,  M.A.  "  Coleoptera  at-  Ip&vfich."— Claude  Morleu,  F.E.S.  "Notes  on 
Bombus  visurgire."  "  Synonymic  Notes  on  Acidalia  humilata  and  A.  dilutaria." — L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S. 
"The  Lepidoptera  of  (ir(§sy-sur-Aix."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Apatura  iris." — Rer.  G.  M.  A.  Hetvett' 
"  Scheme  of  Classification  of  the  Rhopalocera  founded  on  the  structure  of  the  Pupae." — T,  A. 
Chapman,  M.D.,  F.E.S.  "  Glimpses  of  American  Entomology."— J.  TF.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  The  Genus 
Smerinthus." — A.  Bacot.  "  Variation  considered  biologically  :  Some  notes  suggested  by  the  Romanes 
Lecture  of  1894."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Wing  structure."— >.  Alstou  Moftatt.  "On  the  development 
of  sex  in  social  insects."—./.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  The  British  representatives  of  the  Genus  Caradrina." — 
L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  "  Habits  and  variation  of  Lithosia  lutarella  and  its  variety  pygmaeola." — 
J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  On  the  gradual  disappearance  of  Lepidoptera  from  South-Eastern  London  and 
its  neighbourhood. "—C.  Feiiu,  F.E.S.  "  A  hunt  for  Neuroterus  aprilinus."— T.  A.  Chapman.  M.  D.,  F.E.S. 
"On  the  development  of  pigment  in  Nemeobius  lucina." — F.  J  Buckell,  M.B.  "The  Macro-Lepi- 
doptera  of  Keswick." — H.  A.  Beadle.  "  Varieties  of  Argynnis  selene  "  (with  plate).— S.  G.  G.  Rvssell, 
F.E.S.  "  Hadenoid  genera  with  hairy  eyes." — Prof.  A.  R.  Gro'e,  M.A.  "  Zygaena  minos  and  its 
varieties."— J.  II'.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Notes  on  the  pupse  of  Castnia  and  Anthocharis."— T.  A.  Chapman, 
M.D.,  F.E.S.  Besides  these  articles,  a  large  number  of  short  notes  are  contained  in  every  number  under 
the  foUewin?  titles:  "  Scientific  Notes  and  Observations,"  "  Variation,"  "  Notes  on  Larvae  and  Life- 
histories,"  "  Notes  on  Collecting,"  "  Current  Notes."  The  reports  of  Societies  are  very  carefully  edited, 
and  only  scientific  paragraplif^published.  The  "  Practical  Hints  "  and  "  Field  work  "  for  each  month 
are  quite  unique. 

The  entomologist  who  will  read  carefully  through  the  back  numbers  of  The  Entomologist's  Record 
will  find  himself  better  e()uippcd  for  the  further  study  of  his  subject  than  by  any  other  means. 

Price  7/6  per  volume,  of  Mr.  H.  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose."  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

OVA,  LARV/E,  AND  PUP/E. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  W.  HEAD,  ©iitmualm-jiet, 

Full    Tjitit  of  Ova,  Larvae,  and    Pui^ae,  also  Lepidojitera,  Apparatus,  Cabinets, 

etc.,  se)it  on  ajiplication. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LEPIDOPTERA    &    LARV.S:     A    SPECIALITY. 

riiologniplied  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c., 

By  same   Colour  Process. 
LANTERN  SLIDES  M.\DE  TO  ORDER   FROM   ANY  SPECIMEN   OR  COLOURED  DRAVi^ING. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OF  LARYiE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 


For  List  apply  to — 

CHARLES    D.    HEAD,    2,    Mount    Yernon,    Dollymount,   DUBLIN. 


Vol.  XXIV. 


Platk  III. 


^.^^^ 


'iiiSE^gasa.  ~- ' 


Photo.  F,  N.  Clarl-. 


HyDIUECIA    )iURltO\V8I   X    I'i^.  H.    PAI.UDIS    (axiiltl)    X    I'i^. 


1  he  E7itu}iiolo()iiit's  Becoxl,  1912. 


ON    HYDROECIA    JBUKKOWSl,    N.    SP.  109 

On  Hydroecia  burrows!,  n.  sp.     {With  Plate.) 

By  T.  A.  CHAPMAN,    M.D. 

Mr.  Burrows  has  recently  given  us,  in  the  Tramactiom  of  the 
Entomological  Society/'-  a  complete  account  of  his  researches  so  far  in 
the  nictitanst  group  of  the  genus  Hi/ilmrrio.  He  had  at  various  times 
told  us  something  about  them  before,  but  now  we  have  the  results  of 
his  work  clearly  set  forth. 

I  had  the  pleasure  of  supplying  him  with  various  examples  of  this 
group  from  a  good  many  localities,  and  amongst  some  Asiatic  examples 
he  found  a  species  he  had  not  previously  met  with,  and  which  he  has 
named  asiatica  :  of  this  he  only  found  one  example.  I  have  since 
obtained  Asiatic  material  from  Staudinger  and  others,  and  amongst 
these  some  eight  or  ten  more  asiatica  tiirned  up,  all  of  them  labelled 
Juldus  Kuldscha,  a  locality  different  from  that  of  the  first  specimen, 
but  no  example  was  found  amongst  "  nictitans"  from  any  other 
locality.  The  great  mass  of  the  specimens  belonged  to  one  species 
which  I  will  call  palndis,  though  Mr.  Burrows  has  not  yet  condescen- 
ded to  name  it.  I  thus  obviously  run  the  risks  that  befal  those  that 
"  rush  in  where,  etc."  I  have  no  authority  to  quote  Mr.  Burrows  on 
this  matter,  but  I  believe  he  is  still  investigating  the  relations  (if  any) 
between  lucens  and  palialis  in  Britain,  and  till  he  has  satisfied  himself 
on  various  points,  will  not  commit  himself  as  to  non-British  forms. 
My  own  opinion,  which  must  be  taken  as  very  provisional,  is  that 
these  two  forms  are  distinct  species  in  Britain,  but  that  these  Asiatic 
specimens  are  not  too  distinctly  the  one  or  the  other.  However,  I  do 
not  profess  to  have,  nor  desire  to  express,  any  decided  opinion  as  to 
these  being  palndis,  I  only  want  provisionally  to  use  a  name  for  these 
forms,  my  only  present  concern  is  with  //.  hnrroivsi. 

The  genitalia  of  all  the  forms  dilierentiated  by  Mr.  Burrows  are 
most  abundantly  distinct,  asiatica  might  indeed  belong  to  a  different 
genus,  and  only  litcciis  and  palndis  at  all  closely  resemble  each  other. 

Amongst  those  paludis  received  from  Staudinger  was  one  very 
large  specimen  from  Vladivostock,  which,  on  examination  of  the 
appendages,  turns  out  to  be  a  new  and  very  distinct  form.  Not  only 
is  the  specimen  itself  large,  but  the  appendages  also  are  very  large  and 
bold.  Unfortunately  there  is  only  the  one  specimen.  Another, 
looking  very  like  it  and  about  as  large,  from  Manchuria,  is  only 
paludis. 

I  propose  to  gratify  my  regard  for  Mr.  Burrows  and  to  honour  him 
for  his  work  on  this  group  by  naming  this  fine  form  burrowsi. 

Hydroecia  burronsi,  n.sp.  The  specimen  is  very  large,  39mm. 
amongst  all  the  Asiatic  specimens  Qialndis)  few  approach  it,  one  from 
Manchuria  37mm.,  and  one  or  two  labelled  Amur  nearly  the  same, 
but  the  majority  are  only  32-34  mm.  in  expanse.  In  colour  it  is  a 
deep  rich  red-brown,  with  brighter  red  stigmata,  a  coloration  quite 
the  same  as  several  of  the  paludis.  We  may  expect  that  a  series  would 
shew  variations  of  colour  similar  to  those  in  the  other  species  of  this 
group  of  the  genus  Hydnccia. 

In  markings  there  is  one  difference  from  the  paludis.  Beyond  the 
stigmata  are  two  nearly  parallel  lines,  and  the  space  between  the  outer 
one  and  the  margin   is  divided  into  two  by  an  angulated  line.     In 

ngii,  p.  738. 
May  15th,  1912. 


no 


TUK    ENTOMOLO(iIST  S    RECORD. 


hurraiisi  this  line  is  proportionally  nearer  the  outer  of  the  two  lines 

referred  to,  than  in  any  specimen  of  paliidis. 

The  hind-wings  in  paliidin  vary  very  much,  sometimes  of  a  nearly 

uniform  tint,  usually  shading  to  a  good  deal  darker  towards  the  margin. 

Sometimes  this   darker  margin   is  marked  off  from  the  paler  base, 

forming  a  pale  wing  with   a  broad  darker  marginal  band,  and  not 

seldom  the  pale  base  has  a  darker  line  parallel  to  the  inner  edge  of  the 
ilark  margin.       This  is  the  character  of  the  hind-wings  in  burroivsi,  in 

which  this  inner  line  and  the  inner  edge  of  the  marginal  band  are 
more  definitely  parallel  to  each  other  throughout  than  in  any  of  the 
specimens  of  palutlis,  and  the  two  tints  do  not  shade  into  each  other.  I 
think  I  have  seen  this  clear  definition  however  in  other  species  of  this 
group  of  llyilnicia.  The  photograph  of  the  specimen  by  Mr.  Tonge 
happens  to  show  these  two  points,  the  marginal  lines  of  the  forewings, 
and  the  clear  definition  in  the  hind-wings,  although  it  shows  nothing 
of  the  centre  of  the  forewings,  where  however  I  detect  no  difference 
from  the  usual  type  in  the  group.  Those  differences  that  I  have 
described  are  so  slight,  that  they  may  be  merely  individual  to  this 
specimen,  and  I  am  quite  prepared  to  be  told  that  they  hardly  exist. 


Photo.  A.  E.  Tongi-. 
HYnKfKCIA    nURROWSI   X    2. 

Note. — The  body  of  the  specimen  having  been  mounted,  one  was 
borrowed  from  a  paludis  for  the  purpose  of  the  photograph.  To 
this  extent  the  photograph  is  deceptive. 

The  genitalia  are,  however,  extremely  distinct,  they  are  of  the 
same  type  as  /laludis,  but  besides  remarkable  structural  differences,  are 
much  larger,  the  length  of  the  clasps,  for  instance,  being  as  5mm.  to 
4mm.     They  may  be  compared  in  Figs.  1  and  2  on  Plate  III. 

The  most  striking  difference  is  the  great  length  of  the  transverse 
process  of  the  harpes  (in  the  figure  the  inner  bi-anch  is  fractured  on 
the  left  side)  with  its  long  sweeping  curve  and  sharp  point.  The  anal 
angle  of  the  cucullus  is  produced  into  a  sharp  point,  as  compared  with 
the  rounded  angle  in  the  other  species.  The  clavus  is  larger  than  in 
paludis,  and  is  thicker  just  before  the  apex,  and  then  ends  by  rapidly 


gEASOKAL    NOTES    ON    TINEINA.  Ill 

narrowing.  This  is  to  some  extent  (in  the  photograph)  due  to  the 
orientation  of  the  process.  The  cornuti  in  the  larger  aedceagus  are 
smaller  than  those  of  palndis,  except  that  they  include  one  very  large 
broad  spine  very  different  from  the  rest. 

In  the  plate  the  upper  figure  is  bunuasi,  the  lower,  one  of  the 
Asiatic  paludis  from  Sajan,  for  comparison.  On  comparing  these 
figures  with  those  in  Mr.  Burrow's  paper  in  the  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  it 
must  be  remembered  that  the  cedreagus  is  pi-esent  in  these,  but 
removed  in  the  preparations  from  which  Mr.  Burrows'  photographs 
are  taken.     My  photographs  are  by  Mr.  F.  N.  Clark. 

I  propose  to  place  the  specimen  in  the  British  Museum. 


Seasonal  notes  on  Tineina. 

By  ALFRED  SICH,  F.E.S. 

Being  absent  from  England  till  July  4th,  in  1911,  I  missed  all  the 
delightful  species  of  Micro-lepidoptera  which   one  sees,  or  hopes  to 
see,  in  the  spring  and  early  summer.      I  arrived  home  just  in  time  to 
secure  two  imagines  of  Coleoplwra  jiotentillae,  which  had  emerged  in 
one  of  my  breeding  pots.      I  had  found  the  larvae  on  Fotentilla  tor- 
tnentilla,  near  Richmond,  in    July,   1910.       In   another  pot  one   C. 
therinella  had   emerged.       The   larva   of    this   was  taken  off   Cnicus 
arvensia,  in  Chiswick,  the  previous  autumn.      On  the  other  hand,  the 
eleven  larv«  of  ' '.  niveieostella,  from  eggs  laid  on  thyme  by  a  female 
from  Eastbourne  (August   l-lth,  1910),  had  unfortunately  all  perished 
owing    to    the   drying    up   of    the    plant.     July   15th    was   spent  at 
Clandon   in   the  pleasant  company  of  other  members  of    the  South 
London   Society.      The   junipers  yielded   Artjijresthia   abduminulis,  as 
they  did  on  the  same  date  in  1905.     Swaininerdammiacaesiella  occurred 
amongst  hawthorn,    and   it   pleased   me   to  find   larvae  of    Antisfnla 
pfeifferella   mining  m  the  leaves  of  dogwood.      The  holes  they  had 
made  in   the  leaves  when  they  cut  out  their  cases  were  quite  con- 
spicuous, as  also  were  the  large  brownish  mines,  which  still  contained 
larvffi.      On  an  oak  trunk  at  Richmond,  July  19th,  I  found  a  moth  I 
could  not  recognise.     It  was  PsoricupUra  tjibbosella.      So  the  next  day 
I  revisited  the  locality  and  came  back   with   four  more.      Four  days 
later,   also  at   Richmand,   when    searching    the   trunks  of    some  old 
hawthorns,  I  found  two  specimens  of  t'erustonta  scabrella.      Of  this 
insect,  one  might  say  that  it  is  exceedingly  inconspicuous   until  one 
does  see  it.      On  the  same  afternoon,  among  weeds,  in  a  sunny  spot, 
one  quite  fresh   IJta   niaciUiferella  was  taken.      I  searched  for  further 
examples,    but  in   vain.       Perhaps    the   species    was   not   fully   out. 
During  this  month  I  found  'Tinea  corticella  less  scarce  than  in  other 
years.      It  rests  just  like    1\  cloacella    on  the  bark  of    trees.    •  On 
August  8th  I  took   a  little  white  moth  which  did  not  fly  quite  like 
Elachista  argentella.      When  caught  its  large  eyecaps  proved  it  to  be 
an  Uposte(fa,  and  it  was  salaciella.     From   time  to  time  I  take  solitary 
individuals  of  this  species  without   being  able   to  get  any  clue  to  the 
larval  habits.      It  would  be  of  very  great  interest  to  obtain  the  larva 
and  pupa ;   the  latter  would  possess  very  large  pupal  eyecaps,  and 
might  thus  be  recognised  if  found  accidentally.      Towards  the  end  of 
August  Sttniilechia  geminella  was  common  hiding  in  the  crevices  of  the 
bark  of  oaks.     In  September  I  took  two  mines  of  Lipmetia  derkella  off' 


112  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

birch  ;  they  both  yielded  the  dark  fuscous  form.  {Several  cases  of 
Culeuphora  alticulella  were  gathered  from  rush  heads ;  both  C.  ijlanci- 
colella  and  (J.  caesjntitiella  occur  on  the  same  ground  at  Richmond. 

In  August  LithocuUetis  cDniparella  haunted  the  trunks  of  abele 
poplars  at  Barnes  in  some  numbers.  It  is  very  common  all  over  the 
district  in  most  years,  but  appears  to  be  somewhat  local  generally. 
The  larva  mmes  m  all  the  common  kinds  of  poplar.  From  honey- 
suckle on  Putney  Heath  I  bred  Lithuculletis  trifasciella  in  late 
September,  and  was  much  interested  to  find  mines  on  SalLv  repens 
about  the  same  time,  which  I  hoped  would  produce  L.  quimjueiinttella. 
None  emerged  in  the  autumn,  but  two  specimens  of  this  species  have 
already  been  bred  from  these  mines.  At  Ealing  at  the  end  of  July 
the  larva  of  Nepticida  pUujicolella  was  common  in  plum  leaves.  The 
following  species  came  into  the  house  at  Chiswick  : — Two  Sitotroga 
cerealella,  Tinea  ijallescentella,  and  a  dark  form  of  (jriacilaria  stiyiiia- 
telLa.  My  last  catch  of  the  year  was  a  nice  specimen  of  Oinophila 
v-jiavuui,  on  November  17th,  on  a  window  frame. 


The  Rhone  Valley  and  Italian  Lakes  in  Spring. 

By  A.  S.  TETLEY,  M.A.,  F.E.S. 

1  spent  a  fortnight  in  May,  1910,  and  another  in  June  1911,  in  the 
Rhone  Valley  and  on  the  soutli  side  of  the  Simplon,  and  possibly  a  few 
notes  on  the  butterflies  observed  may  be  interesting,  even  for  such 
well- worked  ground,  as  my  visits  were  rather  earlier  than  those  of 
most  of  our  English  butterfly  hunters  in  Switzerland.  My  head- 
quarters in  1910  were  St.  Maurice  in  the  Valais  and  Baveno  on  Lake 
Maggiore,  and  Bex  in  lyil,  with  a  short  tour  to  Iselle  and  back  over  the 
Pass.  We  had  good  weather  in  1910,  but  everything  seemed  back- 
ward, and  butterflies  very  scarce  south  of  the  Alps.  Last  year  we 
encountered  the  one  bad  patch  of  weather  in  the  summer,  and  except 
in  a  few  places  found  butterflies  few  in  number  compared  even  with 
the  preceding  year. 

In  1910,  from  May  15th  to  29th  we  had  only  two  wet  days.  Erebia 
medusa  was  one  of  the  few  common  butterflies  near  St.  Maurice  and  at 
St.  Tnphon,  all  more  or  less  typical.  Cupido  osiris  [sebrus)  was  much 
scarcer  at  the  latter  place  than  in  May,  1907.  In  fact  the  only  insect  at 
all  common  there  was  Anthrocera  acliiUeae.  A  dozen  Melitaea  parthenif 
were  all  I  took,  and  this  meant  practically  all  I  saw,  as  I  wanted  them 
for  my  friends.  At  Martigny,  on  May  28th,  there  were  a  good  number 
of  common  butterflies,  but  no  Melitaeas  except  M.  cinxia.  Erebia  eiias 
was  under  the  clitis,  the  only  other  noteworthy  captures  being  single 
specimens  of  JUxmansiim  iinieiiiosijni:  and  Eieiia  napi  var.  bryoniac. 

We  were  at  Baveno  from  May  17th  to  22nd.  The  woods  and 
meadows  on  the  slopes  of  Monte  Matterone  were  full  of  spring  flowers, 
but  almost  devoid  of  insect  life.  We  were  told  that  the  cold  weather  had 
come  to  an  end  only  a  day  or  two  before  we  arrived.  It  was  dishearten- 
in"  to  traverse  the  most  attractive  localities  and  see  nothing  but  odd 
specimens  of  llesjieria  iiialvae,  Uavtearis  {Neiiie(jbias)liicina,  (oenonyinpka 
lianijiliUKs  and  the  like.  On  May  19th  and  21st  we  crossed  the  lake  to 
Laveno  and  found  butterflies  commoner  than  at  Baveno.  The  most 
noteworthy  were  Miiitaea  phoebe  and  Scdlitantidcs  orion.  Of  the 
former  1  took  nine  males.      They  were  a  much  duller  insect  than  the 


THE    RHONE    VALLEY    AND    ITALIAN    LAKES    IN    SPRING.  113 

forms  I  have  taken  in  the  Rhone  Valley  and  at  Vernet,  with  nearly 
unicolorous  ground  colour,  and  the  black  markings  not  so  well  defined. 
They  are  identical  with  some  I  took  near  Lugano  in  August,  1905. 
I  caught  them  nearly  all  at  flowers  of  Trifolitoii  pratense.  The  S.  orion 
were  small  and  with  not  much  blue  on  the  wing  bases  ;  they  looked 
very  black  on  the  wing  and  did  not  seem  to  visit  flowers. 

On  our  return  to  the  Rhone  Valley  we  paid  a  visit  to  Glion  and 
Sonzier  on  May  26th,  and  found  Melitaea  aurinia  {artemU)  abundant  near 
the  latter  place  and  not  so  worn  as  on  the  same  date  in  1907.  I  should 
add  that  we  crossed  the  Simplon  on  May  22nd  and  23rd  from  Varzo  to 
Brig,  and  except  a  few  common  butterflies  between  Varzo  and  Gondo 
saw  nothing  lepidopterous  all  the  way.  The  snow  was  very  deep  for 
two  miles  or  so  on  each  side  of  the  summit.  Berisal  was  open  only  to 
painters  and  carpenters,  and  on  our  downward  tramp  it  snowed  and 
rained  all  the  day. 

In  1911  we  were  at  Bex  from  June  12th  to  24th,  when  incessant 
rain  at  last  drove  us  homewards.  A  few  notes  on  some  of  the  more 
interesting  butterflies  will  be  all  I  need  say  about  so  well-known  a 
district.  Melanaryia  i/alathea  was  extraordinarily  abundant.  At  St. 
Triphon,  in  the  meadows  on  each  side  of  the  Gryonne,  Coenoni/tiipha 
iphis  was  nearly  as  common,  males  worn,  females  in  fine  order.  There 
were  numerous  species  besides,  but  none  really  plentiful  there. 
Farart/e  achine  occurred  at  Vernayaz,  between  Aigie  and  Sepey,  at  St. 
Triphon  and  Bex,  and  commonly  near  Ollon,  where  I  knocked  it  out 
of  trees  during  a  heavy  thunderstorm.  It  was  perfectly  fresh.  On 
June  20th  I  found  Chattendenia  [Theda)  w-albiim  on  the  banks  of  the 
Gryonne.  Aiieia  eumedon  swarmed  in  the  meadows  below  Villars-sur- 
Bex.  The  males  were  going  over,  but  one  could  take  any  number  of 
both  sexes  from  the  geraniums  whose  purple  flowers  were  a  conspicuous 
feature  on  all  the  slopes  above  Bex.  A  few  Erehia  oeme  were  the  only 
other  butterfly  of  note  there.  On  June  18th,  between  Vernayaz  and 
Martigny,  I  saw  or  took  54  species,  including  every  one  of  the  butter- 
flies to  be  found  there  in  mid- June ;  yet  1  do  not  think  they  were  so 
common  as  in  June,  1908.  Two  Heodes  vinjanreae  g  are  perhaps 
worth  recording  for  the  date.  On  June  21st-23rd  we  crossed  the 
Simplon  from  Iselle  to  Brig.  Again  I  found  Pamassius  mnemosi/ne 
below  Gondo,  very  worn.  Loweia  alciphron  var.  {/ordius  was  just  out, 
and  Melitaea  plioebe  and  M.  athalia  gave  some  fine  forms. 

At  Berisal  there  were  plenty  of  Pamasslus  mnemmyne,  and  one  or 
two  Colias  phicomone,  but  little  else.  Krebia  evias  and  Paratge  hiera 
were  worn  out.  Between  there  and  Brig  Pleheius  aryua  (aegon)  was  in 
thousands.  At  the  second  Refuge  Plebeius  zephyrits  var.  lycidas  was 
scarce  and  worn,  while  L'oLyoinitiatus  escheri,  equally  scarce,  was  very 
fresh.  That  butterfly  captured  on  the  afternoon  of  the  23rd  proved  to 
be  the  last  we  were  to  take  in  Switzerland  in  1911. 

I  append  a  list  of  butterflies  taken  at  Laveno  on  Lake  Maggiore 
on  May  19th  and  21st,  1910  :— 

Hesperia  alveus,  tl.  inalvae,  Nisoniad.es  tayes,  Auyiades  sylvanus, 
Loueia  dorilis,  EiDiiicia  phlaeas,  Cupido  ininiiiiKS,  Ayriades  thetis,  I'uly- 
0)nmatHs  icarus,  Alicia  iiiedon  (astrarche),  Scolitantides  orion,  Callophrys 
riibi,  Hawearis  Iticina,  Iphiclides  podalirius,  Fieris  brassicae,  P.  napi,  P. 
rapae,  Eiichloe  cardauiines,  Leptosia  sinapis,  Colias  hyale,  Gonepteryx 
rhamni,  Brenthis  dia,  Melitaea  didyma,  M.  phoebe,  M.  athalia,  Vanessa  io, 


114  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Euvanessa    antiopa,    Pararije.    ei/eria,     I',    niegaera,    and     ( 'oennminifilni 
pamphilus. 


Retrospect  of  a  Coleopterist  for  1911. 

By  Prof.  T.  HUDSON  BEARE,  B.Sc,  F.R.S.E..  F.E.S. 

Many  of  the  additions  to  our  list,  which  I  have  to  record  this  year, 
were  introduced  in  the  course  of  length}'  articles  dealing  with  certain 
difficult  groups  of  our  coleopterous  fauna.  I  propose,  therefore,  in  the 
first  instance  to  give  a  short  list  of  all  the  new  species  and  varieties 
brought  forward  during  1911,  and,  later  on,  to  refer  more  fully  to  some 
of  these  additions  when  I  discuss  the  notes  in  which  they  were  first 
brought  forward. 

New  Species. — (1)  Haliplus  fulvicoUis,  Er.,  introduced  by  Mr.  J. 
Edwards  {Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  vol.  xlvii.,  p.  1). 

(2)  Baliplns  heytleni,  Wehncke,  introduced  by  Mr.  J.  Edwards 
(loc.  cit.) 

(3)  Haliplus  irehnckei,  Gerh.,  introduced  by  Mr.  J.  Edwards 
{Inc.  cit.) 

(4)  Haliplna  nomax,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Mr.  Balfour  Browne 
{loc.  cit.,  p.  153).  This  insect  occurs  throughout  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  in  lakes,  canals,  and  large  drains  of  clear  water.  It  belongs 
to  the  difficult  nt/icollis  group. 

(6)  Hoinalota  {Atketa)  inhabilis,  Kraatz.,  {loc.  cit.,  p.  ill).  The 
insect  introduced  by  Dr.  Joy  as  Epipeda  nigricanH,  Thorns,  {loc  rit., 
vol.  xlv.,  p.  268),  turns  out  to  be  the  above  insect,  the  original 
identification  having  been  incorrect. 

(6)  Hoinalota  {Atheta)  iiliputana,  Bris.,  introduced  by  Dr.  Cameron 
{loc  cit.,  p.  223)  on  five  specimens  taken  in  small  carcases  near 
J3rockenhurst,  in  May  and  June,  1911.  Dr.  Cameron  gives  a  table  for 
separating  this  insect  from  its  allies. 

(7)  Homalota  inniri,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Dr.  Sharp  {loc.  cit.,  p.  227) 
on  specimens  taken  in  shingle  in  a  stream  in  the  New  Forest.  It  is 
said  to  be  closely  allied  to  longnla,  Heer. 

(8)  Taclujponts  fasciatus,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Dr.  Nicholson  {Ent. 
Record,  vol.  xxiii.,  p.  24)  on  two  specimens  taken  at  Wicken  Fen  in 
1910,  in  sedge  refuse.  In  size  and  shape  it  resembles  most  closely 
T.  solutus,  Er. 

(9)  Quedius  haiiiiidanHn,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Dr.  Sharp  {Ent.  Mo. 
Mag.,  vol.  xlvii.,  p.  67).  This  is  apparently  a  coast  insect,  and  has 
hitherto  been  confused  with  Q.  moldciiiniix,  Gr.  It  has  been  taken  at 
Deal,  Lymington,  Sheppy,  etc. 

(10)  Bled  ins  annae,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Dr.  Sharp  (loc.  cit.,  p.  31) 
on  specimens  taken  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Nith,  near  Thornhill,  as 
far  back  as  1867,  and  also  in  1910. 

(11)  Blediiis  iilipea,  sp.  n,,  described  by  Dr.  Sharp  {loc.  cit.,  p.  32) 
on  specimens  taken  by  Mr.  Elliman,  near  Cromer,  in  1897. 

(12)  Blediiis  terebrans,  Schiodte,  introduced  by  Dr.  Sharp  {loc.  cit., 
p.  33)  on  specimens  taken  near  Carstairs,  and  on  the  banks  of  the 
Truim,  near  Newtonmore. 

(13)  Blediiis  /linniiliis,  Er.  {  =  diota,  Schiodte),  introduced  by  Dr. 
Sharp  (loc.  cit.,  p.  34)  on  specimens  taken  at  Wells,  Norfolk,  as  far 
back  as  1867.     It  has  been  taken  more  recently  in  the  same  locality 


RETROSPECT    OK    A    OOI.EOPTERIST    FOR    1911.  115 

by  Dr.  .Toy,  Mr.  Donisthorpe,  and  the  author.     It  was  confused  with 
hk-nmis,  Germ.,  but  is  abundantly  distinct  from  that  species. 

(14)  Bledim  laetiov,  Muls.  and  Rey,  introduced  by  Dr.  Sharp  on 
specimens  found  at  Scarborough  and  at  Hammersmith  (loc.cit.,  p.  58). 
It  is  superficially  similar  to  fracticornis,  Er. 

(15)  Bledim  secerdendus,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Dr.  Joy  {loc.  cit., 
p.  269).  Dr.  Joy  says  that  this  insect  has  hitherto  been  confused  with 
B.  arenarius,  Payk.  It  has  been  taken  at  Dovercourt,  Dawlish,  Tresco, 
and  in  Ireland  (Co.  Kerry). 

(16)  Thinobiiin  bicolnr,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Dr.  Joy  {Inc.  cit.,  p.  10) 
on  three  specimens  captured  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Truim, 
Inverness-shire,  on  May  1st,  1910.  It  is  a  broader  insect,  and  has 
longer  antennsp  than  T.  Uneans,  Kr. 

(17)  Lesteva  liictnoso,  Fauv.,  introduced  by  Mr.  Donisthorpe  on  a 
specimen  taken  in  the  Isle  of  Eigg,  in  moss  in  a  waterfall,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1911  {Knt.  Record,  vol.  xxiii.,  p.  301). 

(18)  Anisotonia  ahjirica,  Rye,  introduced  by  Mr.  Donisthorpe  {loc. 
cit.,  p.  44)  on  a  specimen  taken  in  a  sandpit  near  Oxford,  on  July  Brd, 
1910.  It  was  named  by  Dr.  Fleischer.  Rye  described  this  species  on 
specimens  from  Algiers  {Ent.  Mo.  Mcuj.,  vol.  xii.,  p.  151). 

(19)  Anisotoma  {Liodes)  stenocoryphe,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Dr.  Joy 
{FJnt.  Mo.  Ma;i.,  vol.  xlvii.,  p.  173)  from  two  specimens  taken  by  Mr. 
W.  E.  Sharp,  at  Forres,  Inverness-shire,  in  September,  1910.  Dr. 
Fleischer  was  of  opinion  that  the  insect  was  L.  calcarata,  Er.,  var. 
niiirescens. 

(20)  Cholera  fidiyinoxo,  Er.,  introduced  by  Dr.  Nicholson  {Knt. 
Record,  vol.  xxiii.,  p.  67)  on  specimens  taken  in  dead  leaves  in  North 
Devon.  Taken  also  by  Mr.  Dollman  in  moles'  nests,  at  Harrow,  and 
by  Mr.  Donisthorpe  at  Hartlepool,  in  carrion.  It  is  probably  widely 
distributed,  and  is  confused  in  collections  with  other  species. 

(21)  Colon  inicrops,  Czwal.  This  species  must  be  reintroduced  into 
our  list,  as  Mr.  Champion  has  taken  it  at  Cobham,  Kent  {F^it.  Mo. 
Ma;/.,  vol.  xlvii.,  p.  65).  Dr.  Joy  {loc.  cit.,  vol.  xlvi.,  p.  268)  suggested 
that  it  should  be  deleted  from  the  British  list. 

(22)  EryiV  fairniairei.  Reiche,  introduced  by  Mr.  Donisthorpe  on 
specimens  taken  in  Sherw^ood  Forest  {F.nt.  Record,  vol.  xxiii.,  p.  325). 

(23)  Rhynchites  hariroodi,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Dr.  Joy  {kjit.  Mo. 
Mar/.,  vol.  xlvii.,  p.  270) ;  hitherto  confused  with  u)icinatiis,  Th.  All 
the  specimens  which  Dr.  Joy  had  seen  had  been  taken  in  Berkshire 
and  Hampshire.  It  differs  from  nncivatKs  in  having  no  tooth  at  the 
apex  of  the  anterior  tibiae. 

(24)  Barypithes  diiplicatKs,  sp.  n.,  described  by  Mr.  Keys  {loc.  cit., 
p.  128).     Previously  it  had  been  confused  with  B.  pellucidHn,  Boh. 

(25)  Cet(thorlii/ncliusi  niiilleri,  Thoins.  (=  rntiindatiis,  Bris.).  Canon 
Fowler  considered  this  to  be  a  doubtful  species  {Col.  Brit,  hi.,  vol.  v., 
p.  34-1),  but  Mr.  J.  Edwards  shows  {Ent.  Mo.  May.,  vol.  xlvii.,  p.  208) 
that  it  is  a  perfectly  distinct  species,  and  can  be  readily  separated  from 
iiiaryiuatKs,  Pk.,  and  pnnctiyer,  Gyll. 

New  Varieties  and  Aberrations. — (1)  Aniwtonia  calcarata  ab. 
iiiyreacens,  Pleisch.,  introduced  by  Mr.  Donisthorpe  on  a  specimen 
swept  up  in  Parkhurst  Forest,  on  August  21st,  1910  [Ent.  Record,  vol. 
xxiii.,  p.  44). 

(2)  A)ii^ntonifi   carta,   Fair.,  var.  donii^thorpei.  n.  var.,  described  by 


116  .  THE  kntomologist's  kecord. 

Dr.   A.  Fleischer  (loc.  cit.,  p.  43) ;  it  was  taken  at  Hartlepool  by  Mr. 
Gardner,  Mr.  Donisthorpe,  and  the  author. 

(3)  Ankotoma  dubia,  Kug.,  var.  daridiana,  n.  var.  This  variety 
was  described  by  Dr.  Joy  [Ent.  Mo.  Ma<j.,  vol.  xlvii.,  p.  11)  as  a  new 
species,  distinct  from  dubia.  A  few  months  later  [loc.  cit.,  p.  167)  Dr. 
Joy  came  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  only  a  variety  of  dubia.  It 
seems  to  be  generally  distributed  throughout  England. 

(4)  Telepliorus  thoracicus,  Oliv.,  var.  suturalis,  Schilsky,  introduced 
by  Mr.  Champion  {loc.  cit.,  p.  17)  on  specimens  taken  at  Gosport  by 
Mr.  Pool,  and  at  Woking  by  Mr.  Champion. 

(5)  liryaxifi  iinpressa,  Panz.,  var.  nnicolor,  n.  var.  This  variety 
was  described  by  Mr.  J.  Collins  {he.  cit.,  p.  276)  from  specimens  taken 
in  Cheshire,  and  at  Yarnton,  Oxford. 

Changes  in  Synonymy. — (1)  Haliplun  conjiyns,  Steph.,  var.  pallens, 
Fow.  Mr.  Edwards  {loc.  cit.,  p.  1)  was  of  opinion  that  this  variety  is 
an  authentic  species,  and  should  be  known  as  H.  pallens:,  Fow. 

(2)  Halipliifi  cineretis,  Aube.  According  to  Mr.  Edwards  {he.  cit.) 
this  ingect  should  be  known  as  H.  laminatus,  Schall. 

(3)  Laccobim  ncutellaris,  Mots.  Dr.  Sharp  appears  now  to  be  of 
opinion  that  the  insects  he  recently  introduced  under  this  name  are 
more  correctly  known  as  L.  rei/ularis,  Rey.  {he.  cit.,  p.  22). 

(4)  Homahta  basicornix,  Muls.  Dr.  Sharp  states  {he.  cit.,  p.  257) 
that  our  exponents  of  U.  autnm7iali!i,  Er.,  are  really  basicornis,  Muls., 
but  he  also  expresses  the  opinion  that  there  is  no  reason  why  the  true 
autHmnalis  should  not  occur  in  Great  Britain. 

(5)  Stenns  crassus,  Steph.,  var.  littoralis,  Th.  This  variety  is 
Stenux  formicetorum,  Mann.  Mr.  Dollman,  who  took  a  specimen  at 
Ditchling,  in  August  1910,  introduced  his  capture  as  a  species  new  to 
our  fauna  {F/nt.  Record,  vol.  xxiii.,  p.  95).  Mr.  Newbery,  however, 
rightly  points  out  {F.nt.  Mo.  Mai/.,  vol.  xlviii.,  p.  11)  that  there  is  only 
a  change  of  synonymy  in  the  matter,  the  var.  littoralis  becoming  the 
species  fornncetorum.'''- 

(6)  Quediiis  vexans,  Epp.,  should  be  known  as  Q.  heidenreichi, 
Bernh.  The  author  pointed  out  {he.  cit.,  p.  140)  that  the  insect  found 
in  moles'  nests  and  known  amongst  British  coleopterists  as  Q.  vexans 
was  an  insect  new  to  science,  which  had  recently  been  described  by 
Dr.  Bernhauer.  Capt.  Deville  has  also  described  the  same  insect  as 
Q.  talparniii. 

(7)  Aniaototna  {Liodes)  nigrita,  Schmidt.  The  insects  which  we 
have  called  by  this  name  really  belong  to  the  species  A.  seita,  Er.,  as 
pointed  out  by  Dr.  Joy  {toe.  cit.,  p.  168)  and  therefore  nijfrita 
disappears  from  our  list. 

(8)  Anisntoma  {Liodes)  obesa,  Schm.  Dr.  Joy  was  of  opinion 
{he.  cit.)  that  this  species  is  only  a  variety  of  A.  dubia,  Kug. 

(9)  Anisotoina  {Liodes)  simihta,  Rye.  Dr.  Joy  was  of  opinion 
{he.  cit.)  that  this  insect  is  only  a  variety  of  A.  badia,  Stni. 

(10)  Lonyitarsus  pnle.i,  Schrank,  should,  according  to  Messrs. 
Tomlin  and  Sharp,  be  known  as  /y.  obliteratm,  Rosehn.  {he.  cit., 
p.  245). 

(11)  Longitarms  ater,  P.,  should  be  known  as  /..  parntliis,  Payk. 
{he.  cit.,  p.  246). 

Messrs.  Tomlin  and  Sharp  are  of  opinion  that  1  jongitarsus  niger, 

*  I  understand  Mr.  Dollman  maintains  that  bis  original  determination  is 
right.— (H.J.  T.) 


TEN  DAYS  IN  THE  OEVENNES.  117 

Koch,  must   be  dropped  out  of   our  list  altogether,   as  it  has  never 
occurred  in  this  country  (loc.  cit.,  p.  274). 

(12)  Ceuthorhynchidiii^  distinctux,  Bris.  This  species  will  have  to 
be  omitted  from  our  list,  and  m  place  of  it  two  new  abs.  introduced, 
viz.,  Ceuthorhynchm  mari/inatns,  Paj^k.,  ab.  distinctiis,  Bris.,  and 
Ceuthorhynchns  iiiarf/inatus,  Payk.,  ab.  inaeqaalis,  ab.  n.  [loc.  cit., 
p.  208).  ■ 

Records  of  the  Capture  of  Rare  Species. — During  the  year 
there  has  been  a  fair  number  of  records  of  the  capture  of  rare  species. 
Mr.  Donisthorpe  records  : — Mt/cetu/jonis  forticurnu,  Fauv.,  from 
Tubney ;  Drojirius  aw/ustatKs,  Brulle,  Af/athidiutii  badiuin,  Er.  (also 
taken  by  Dr.  Nicholson),  and  Athous  imdidatKs,  De  G.  (also  taken  by 
the  author),  fromRannoch;  Homaliunt  brevicolle,  Thorns,  and  D[/sc/drii(s 
anyustatus,  Ahr.,  from  Nethy  Bridge ;  he  also  states  that  he  has  bred 
2  forms  of  Anaspis  liudwni,  Donis.,  from  fir  bark  brought  home  from 
Nethy  Bridge.  Commander  Walker  has  taken  Pleijaderus  dissectus, 
Er.,  Medon  apicalis,  Kr.,  Oli(jota  apicata,  Er.  and  (K  gniiiaria,  Er., 
at  Oxford ;  and  Malachius  vnlneratHs,  Ab.,  near  Sheerness.  Dr. 
Sharp  records  Aleochara  discipennia,  Muls.,  and  Lonyitarsus  niyerrimus, 
Gyll.,  from  the  New  Forest ;  Dr.  Nicholson  has  taken  the  former  in 
Devonshire,  Mr.  Bagnall  took  Xeumphes  rubicnndKn,  Schm.,  and 
Pseudopsh  sulcata,  New.,  at  Gibside.  Mr.  G.  A.  Brown  records 
Hclophorus  tuberculatus,  Gyll.,  in  some  numbers ;  and  Mycetophagna 
quadriyuttatns,  Miill.,  from  Coatbridge.  Homalota  picipennh,  Mannb, 
is  recorded  from  Little  Marlow  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Sharp,  and  from  the 
New  Forest  by  Dr.  Cameron.  Biedius  rrasdcollis,  Lac,  was  taken  at 
Wicken  Fen  by  the  author,  and  latter  on  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Sharp.  Mr. 
Jennings  records  (Tnorlmtis  nobiiia,  L.,  and  EpuroM  angustida,  Er., 
from  Epping  Forest.  Mr.  Champion  notes  that  Criocephalus  term, 
Muls.,  is  spreading  in  the  South  of  England,  and  has  now  been  found 
at  Guildford.  The  author  has  recorded  Megacronus  inclinans,  Grav., 
Lamprinus  saginatHs,  Heer,  from  Nethy  Bridge ;  and  Bryoporns 
nigipennis,  Pand.,  from  the  Cairngorms. 

{I'd  be  continued.) 


Ten  Days  in  the  Cevennes. 

By  G.  T.  BETHUNE-BAKEK,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

I  left  Digne  by  the  train  leaving  at  six  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
for  Mende,  where  I  had  arranged  to  meet  my  friend  Mr.  A.  H.  Jones. 
My  quickest  route,  not  however  the  shortest,  was  to  go  down  to  Mar- 
seilles and  back  up  to  La  Bastide,  where  I  had  to  sleep,  as  I  could  not 
get  through  the  same  day,  there  being  no  night  trains.  It  took  me 
fifteen  hours  and  a  half  to  cover  under  300  miles,  but  I  thoroughly 
enjoyed  the  lovely  country  through  which  we  passed.  The  views  of 
the  Bay  of  Marseilles  were  very  tine,  and  were  seen  to  perfection,  for 
entering  on  the  east  and  going  all  round  and  out  on  the  west,  we  half 
encircled  the  bay.  Having  had  a  comfortable  night's  rest  I  was  up 
betimes  on  the  morning  of  July  15th  (the  great  National  Fete  day), 
and  having  completed  my  "petit  dejeuner"  soon  after  7  a.m.,  I  took  a 
walk  on  to  the  high  table  land.  It  was,  however,  too  early  and  too 
high,  considering  the  hour,  for  anything  to  be  on  the  wing,  and  as  I 


118  THE    KNTOMOI.OGISt's    KEOORL). 

returned   to  catch   my  train   at   10  a.m.   the  only  butterflies  I  saw, 
except  a  few  Pieti^  rapae,  were  several  Krebia  sti/i/ne. 

Mende  was  reached  by  about  12.30,  and  I  confess  to  a  feeling  of 
satisfaction  that  for  at  least  ten  days  another  day  would  not  be  spent 
inside  a  railway  carriage ;  it  seems  such  a  waste  of  time  when  you 
are  going  through  beautiful  country  to  be  penned  up  thus.  After  a 
good  "  dejeuner  "  I  made  my  way  up  to  the  ridge  of  the  Causse,  but 
did  not  reach  the  top,  as  I  struck  a  blind  path,  blind,  that  is  to  say, 
on  the  side  I  had  taken.  The  path  was  mostly  through  woods, 
though  here  and  there  a  nice  open  green  space  was  met  with,  where  1 
took  Anthroccia  hijipocrepidis,  a  single  J.  punctuiii  var.  contamineoides, 
A.  hilana,  and  a  single  A.  fansta.  This  latter  became  more  abundant 
later  on.  Satyrns  alcijone  was  by  no  means  uncommon,  and  I  also 
took  one  S.  dree.  As  I  descended  along  the  St.  Privat  path,  Krebia 
'^tyipie  occurred  on  the  screes  to  the  left,  but  the  few  specimens  I  took 
were  generally  allowed  their  freedom,  as  they  were  very  worn  indeed. 
I  returned  to  the  hotel  to  find  my  friend  come  back  from  his  day's 
excursion,  rejoicing  in  the  fact  that  Hirsutina  dolus  was  just  coming 
out,  and  that  he  had  taken  several  that  day.  This  species  was  really 
the  object  of  our  visit ;  for  it  we  worked  every  day,  and  in  the  end 
we  were  rewarded  fairly  satisfactorily.  Mr.  Jones  knew  a  couple  of 
localities,  where  we  found  it  sparingly  each  day.  One  was  a  stony 
valley  or  gully  about  half  a  mile  long,  between  more  or  less  cultivated 
fields,  and  leading  up  into  the  beautiful  woods  that  clothe  the  hillsides 
all  around.  Another  was  an  open  stony  bend  beside  the  river.  In 
each  of  these  places  we  were,  on  the  whole,  not  unsuccessful,  but  the 
success  was  only  obtained  by  hard  plodding,  at  times,  indeed,  a  real 
and  severe  grind,  as  we  paced  up  and  down  the  stony  places  without 
much  green  to  refresh  the  eyes,  the  sun  being  cloudless  the  whole 
time.  Up  and  down  our  respective  quarters  we  went,  sometimes 
passing  each  other,  changing  places,  or  comparing  notes,  with  the 
intense  heat  reflected  from  the  ground  around,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
sun's  rays  themselves,  which  ever  and  anon  were  so  strong  as 
to  compel  a  resort  to  the  shade  of  some  tine  trees  that  fortu- 
nately edged  one  side  of  the  little  valley.  We  were  both  of  us, 
however,  determined  not  to  return  empty-handed.  The  first 
day  we  each  took  two  or  three  specimens,  and  many  an  Ayriades 
coriduii  was  caught  and  released  in  mistake  for  tl.  dnliis,  whilst,  im- 
possible as  it  may  seem,  more  than  once  I  took  Melanartjia  (jalathea  by 
mistake  in  like  manner,  it  was  a  very  small  form  that  1  obtained 
there,  and  I  record  it  simply  because  it  seems  to  be  such  an  extra- 
ordinary thing,  but  I  find  that  others  on  the  same  quest  have  also 
done  the  same  thing.  Hirsntiiut  damon  was  equally  common  with 
A.  coridon,  and  many  females  did  we  take  in  the  hope  of  their  turning 
out  to  be  female  11.  dolus;  at  times,  of  course,  we  were  not  disappointed. 
I'lilyunniiatKs  esrheri  in  both  sexes  was  not  uncommon,  whilst  I'lfbeius 
arrjKs  [aeijun)  and  Foli/onnnatHs  icarua  occurred  sparingly.  Lutveia 
alci)iltr<i)t  var.  f/ordius  was  fairly  abundant,  the  females  being  in 
magnificent  condition.  I  also  took  on  the  same  ground  a  single  L. 
dorilis  and  a  few  I',  /lylas,  the  latter,  however,  were  becoming  passr. 
One  day,  as  we  were  going  from  our  hunting  ground  to  the  small 
wayside  inn  to  quench  a  consuming  thirst,  we  knocked  oft'  some 
clematis    bushes  one  or  two  Celantrina   (Lycaenopsis)   arf/ialns  of  the 


TKN    DAYS    IN    THE    (JJiVKNNBS.  119 

second  brood,  here  also  ( 'allimorpha  hera  was  taken  several  times.  In 
our  stony  valley,  whilst  waiting  for  our  special  quest,  I  took  a  long  and 
splendid  series  of  Anthmrera  aarpednn,  this  species  being  quite  the 
commonest  of  the  genus  at  this  time.  Among  those  taken  are  several 
handsome  aberrations,  mostly  in  the  way  of  increased  size  and  con- 
fluence of  spots.  A.  hippocrepidis  was  taken  here  sparingly.  Among 
the  Melanarifia  (jalathea  var.  Iriiroinflas  was  occasionally  seen,  Mr. 
•Tones  taking  several.  I,  however,  had  to  be  content  with  but  two. 
Along  one  side  of  the  ground  were  some  fine  large  trees,  around  which 
Satynis  alcf/uuf  loved  to  disport  themselves,  but  they  were  excessively 
wary.  They,  as  usual,  delighted  to  rest  on  the  main  trunks,  and  unless 
you  saw  them  settle  it  was  very  difficult  to  find  them,  and  at  the  least 
sign  of  the  net  oft"  they  flew  among  the  leaves  above.  Li-jitosia  miaijia 
was  not  uncommon,  and  we  secured  several  beautiful  sj^ecimens  of 
var.  dinieiisis. 

Our  experience  of  H.  dohif.  may  be  of  some  interest.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  European  blues,  and  as  such  they  behave.  It 
was  a  most  unusual  thing  to  see  them  before  12  o'clock  in  the  day, 
most  were  taken  on  the  wing,  their  flight  being  decidedly  rapid, 
occasionally  we  saw  them  settle.  I  do  not  think  I  saw  one  toying 
with  other  species  of  the  group,  they  appeared  to  he  generally  very 
exclusive.  In  another  locality  where  a  streamlet  crossed  the  path, 
and  where  croAvds  of  other  blues  were  drinking,  we  only  saw  two 
doing  so,  though  the  sun  was  so  intensely  hot  that  we  avoided  standing 
still  in  it  as  much  as  possible.  Their  habits  differ  according  to 
locality,  on  the  Causse  we  found  them  frequenting  a  grassy  field  with 
much  very  long  grass  in  it,  here  they  were  entirely  in  stony  quarters. 
About  a  quarter  of  an  hour's  walk  from  this  spot  was  a  very  narrow 
valley  with  the  hillsides  somewhat  precipitous  and  a  small  stream 
running  quietly  along  the  centre.  Here  was  a  profusion  of  valerian, 
clematis,  bramble  and  many  herbaceous  flowers  that  I  did  not 
recognise,  and  at  a  certain  bend  there  was  a  perfect  cmharras  de  richetise 
of  these  flowers  and  shrubs,  which  were  the  delight  of  Argynnids, 
of  Limenitu  Camilla,  of  Paran/c  iiiaera,  etc.  At  one  moment  we  saw 
several  Arnynnis  ninhe  var.  crh  sucking  the  nectar  of  honeysuckle, 
Dryus  paphia  by  the  half  dozen,  l>renthis  daphne  sluA  I),  dia,  whilst  over 
all  swung  and  hovered  in  its  lovely  flight  L.  Camilla  in  abundance, 
it  was  a  sight  that  neither  my  friend  nor  I  will  forget  for  its  perfect 
beauty  of  life  and  colour  and  situation.  In  addition  to  the  insects 
already  named,  I^arnaxfiiiia  apolln  was  there  and  several  Hesperids  as 
well.  As  we  entered  this  lovely  spot  from  the  road  a  large  insect 
flew  by,  which  I  at  once  recognised  as  an  Apatura,  fortunately  for  me 
It  doubled  back  wnth  the  result  that  it  found  its  onward  course 
suddenly  stopped  by  the  folds  of  my  net.  It  turned  out  to  be  a  perfect 
specimen  of  A.  ilia  var.  clytic  Previously  to  this  we  had  met  with 
the  species  on  the  main  road  much  nearer  Mende,  when  a  beautiful 
specimen  fell  to  Mr.  -Tones'  hand.  Whilst  in  this  neighbourhood  we 
took  several  others  of  both  A.  ilia  and  var.  rb/tir.  Here  also  I  took 
Riiyonia  jiolychlorns  in  nice  condition. 

We  also  spent  one  or  two  days  on  the  top  of  the  Causse,  well  over 
1,000  ft.  higher  than  where  we  had  been  working  for  H.  dolus.  Our 
first  day  there  produced  several  species  not  seen  at  all  at  the  lower 
altitude.      Ascending  by  way  of  the  Ermitage  de  St.  Privat,  we  saw 


120  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

but  little  new  to  begin  with,  but  as  we  ascended  higher,  insects  became 
abundant.  Paniamiiuii  apollo  was  not  infrequent,  the  females  being 
large  and  very  dark,  the  males  rather  white.  Mr.  Jones  took  a  single 
H.  tinlits,  whilst  P.  escheri  was  not  uncommon.  Pararife  maera  var. 
ndrasta  was  also  fairlj'  plentiful  and  fine,  Adopaea  Jlava  (t/taumas)  was 
likewise  plentiful,  whilst  a  few  Thymelicus  actenn  fell  to  our  nets, 
('oenonympha  arcania  was  taken  at  the  lower  levels,  the  specimens 
being,  however,  small,  but  up  near  the  Causse,  var.  darwiniana  was 
obtained.  Here  also,  before  we  reached  the  top,  Anthrocera  fausta  was 
fairly  common,  and  we  took  one  or  two  both  of  A.  carniolica  and  its 
var.  (linicnsis,  whilst  I  also  secured  a  single  A.  trifolii  very  close  to  its 
ab.  iiiinoideii.  On  the  top  of  the  Causse,  which  reminded  one  strongly 
of  the  high  Yorkshire  moors  in  some  of  its  details,  Melitaea  didijma 
was  very  common,  and  the  females  fairly  abundant,  very  dark  and  grey, 
and  I  secured  some  beautiful  specimens  scarcely  differing  at  all  from 
var.  weridioyialis,  the  males  also  being  very  brilliant  in  tone  of  colour. 
Melitopa  phoebe  was  not  rare,  but  past  its  best.  M.  atlialia  was  obtained 
rarely,  but  only  a  single  specimen  of  M.  dictynna.  The  commoner 
blues  were  plentiful  so  that  we  made  a  fair  "  bag,"  though  its  quality 
may  not  have  been  as  good  as  elsewhere.  Our  last  day  had  now  come 
and  we  decided  we  would  work  the  horizontal  path  along  the  sides 
of  the  mountains  southwards.  Circumstances,  however,  sometimes 
alter  cases,  and  when  Mr.  Jones  came  down  in  tlie  morning  he  said, 
as  we  were  having  our  coffee  and  rolls,  "  Let  us  go  on  to  the  top  of  the 
Causse  again.  I  had  a  peculiar  dream.  You  remember  that  field 
where  you  joined  me  the  other  day  ?  I  dreamt  that  in  that  field  I  was 
taking  H.  dolus  by  the  dozen."  I  knew  exactly  the  spot  he  referred  to, 
some  considerable  way  along  one  of  the  moor  paths,  and  readily  agreed 
to  go  again.  As  before  we  soon  parted  to  somewhat  different  grounds, 
and  I  was  again  busy  with  insects  of  one  kind  or  another.  Satyrm 
rirce,  fine  and  large,  was  everywhere  flapping  about  in  all  directions  ; 
.S.  alcyiyue,  also  in  fewer  numbers  ;  Colias  hyale,  with  beautiful  fine 
white  females,  were  not  uncommon  ;  C.  ediim  being  nearly  over  ; 
whilst  of  doneptery.r  rhaiiini  I  took  a  single  male  ;  P.  escheri  and  //. 
ilamon  were  very  common.  At  last  I  came  to  the  field  of  the  night 
vision,  to  which  my  friend  had  repaired  earlier  than  I,  and  as  I  came 
in  sight  I  heard  his  well-known  voice  say  "  Come,  come  along, 
here  is  H.  dolus  in  plenty."  When  I  came  up  to  him  I  found  he  had 
taken  twelve  to  fifteen  and  several  females  in  quite  a  short  time,  so  I 
was  soon  at  work  and  did  not  finish  until  I  had  secured  ten  or  a  dozen 
also.  This  was  our  closing  excursion  in  the  Cevennes  country,  and 
we  were  both  pleased  with  our  success. 

Of  Heterocera  we  saw  comparatively  few.  I  have  no  doubt  we 
missed  other  llhopalocera,  as  our  minds  were  specially  bent  on  one 
insect,  and  I  am  quite  conscious  that  I  allowed  several  species  to  pass 
that  otherwise  I  should  have  taken.  Kuiydia  crihnnn  in  two  of  its 
forms,  var.  punctiiient  and  var.  mndidci  was  not  uncommon  ;  i'oscinia 
striata  (yramwira)  was  less  common  in  this  district.  iMsiocainpa 
ifnerciis  was  stopped  once  or  twice  in  its  wild  flight  across  the  high 
ground,  whilst  Heliothis  dipsacea  and  Acontia  Inrtnnsa  were  taken  at  lower 
levels.  Thus  ended  a  very  pleasant  trip,  and  the  following  day  we 
went  on  to  Toulouse  en  route  for  the  Pyrenees,  though  Mr.  Jones  made 
up  his  mind  to  come  back  here  again   for  Krehia  nenridas  on  our  final 


NOTKS    ON    (X)LLKCTIN(t.  121 

return  home.  After  spending  between  a  fortnight  and  three  weeks  in 
the  Pyrenees,  my  friend  visited  Mende  again  for  a  few  days,  and  he 
has  asked  me  to  incorporate  his  notes  in  this  paper. 

He  arrived  at  Mende  on  August  9th,  and  the  following  morning 
being  hot  and  sultry  wended  his  way  up  the  Ermitage  de  St.  Privat, 
and  found  the  males  of  Erebia  neoridas  extremely  numerous  along  the 
path,  but  very  deft  in  evading  capture,  whilst  the  females  obtained  on 
the  grassy  slopes  were  not  uncommon,  and  a  long  and  beautiful  series 
of  both  sexes  was  obtained.  Among  other  insects  Mr.  Jones  mentions 
that  IsHoria  lathonia  was  very  abundant,  two  or  three  feasting  on  a 
single  head  of  lavender  at  one  moment ;  Satyrux  setuele  was  common, 
but  worn;  -S.  circe  being  still  plentiful  and  in  the  pink  of  condition. 
This  shows  that  the  latter  species  is  on  the  wing  in  good  condition  for 
a  month,  s'.  actaea  was  also  still  on  the  wing,  a  single  male  being 
taken.  The  two  following  days  were  spent  on  the  Causse  de  Mende 
(3475  feet)  and  my  friend  writes  as  follows  relating  his  experience : — 

"  During  my  absence  of  nearly  three  weeks  a  complete  change  had 
come  over  the  butterfly  life  on  the  Causse.  Plehfius  afion,  Aricia 
iiiedon  (astrarche)  PolifouiniatKs  icarna,  P.  hylaa,  Ayriades  coridon, 
Hirsiitina  dolus,  H.  daman  and  P.  esclieri,  were  there  it  is  true,  but  in 
a  most  dilapidated  condition.  There  was,  however,  one  addition  to  the 
Blues  to  enliven  the  somewhat  disappointing  scene,  viz.,  Ayriades  thetu 
{hdlaryus).  Not  all  the  butterflies  were  in  "  rags  and  tatters  " — by  no 
means.  Numbers  of  ('alias  kyale  and  ('.  edusa  were  flying  about  in 
every  direction,  ab.  hrlicc  being  by  no  means  uncommon  and  all  in 
lovely  condition — Satyr  us  statilinus  and  -S.  arethusa,  of  which  I  took 
a  beautiful  but  short  series,  were  by  no  means  rare  ;  indeed  the  former 
seemed  to  be  only  just  emerging,  being  so  perfect.  Fjijinephele  lycaou 
was  in  great  abundance  but  very  worn  !  In  a  solitary  freshly  emerged 
female  of  E.  tithonus,  I  was  surprised  to  take  a  species  I  had  met 
with  in  England  five  weeks  previously.  The  Hesperida>  I  took  were 
interesting  but  require  identification.  The  abundance  of  Anthrocera 
(Zyyaena)  carniolica  was  a  great  feature  at  rest  on  lavender 
blossom.  At  the  top  of  the  Causse,  and  about  a  mile  from  its  northern 
pdge  there  is  a  slight  depression  or  ravine  extending  some  miles 
southward  and  it  was  only  here  in  this  sheltered  spot  that  butterfly 
life  was  abundant.  On  the  exposed  Causse  itself  there  was  a  singular 
absence  of  insect  life." 

Mr.  .Tones  sent  me  a  couple  of  S.  statilinus  for  examination,  and 
they  are  typical  of  all  be  took.  1  have  never  seen  so  beautiful  a  form, 
they  are  all  deep  sooty  black  above,  whilst  below  they  are  in  general 
tone  much  the  same  colour.  I  have  never  seen  anything  to  compare 
with  the  depth  of  colour.  I  have  a  fair  series  from  Brussa,  but  the 
specimens,  though  in  good  condition,  are  quite  brown  compared  with 
these  Cevennes  specimens. 

P.S. — On  reading  the  proof  of  the  foregoing  lines  I  find  1  have 
omitted  one  or  two  things.  I  took  one  beautiful,  though  small 
specimen  of  Satynis  hriseis  on  the  Causse.  where  also  Pararye  lycaon 
was  plentiful.  The  head-quarters  of  the  former  species  was  lower 
<lown  in  more  wooded  country.  One  day  as  we  were  sitting  by  the 
river  near  the  dolus  ground  we  noticed  an  incident  that  I  have  seen 
recorded  from  the  tropics,  but  have  never  witnessed  or  seen  recorded 
from  Europe.      Both  Melanaryia  ynlathea  and  one  of  the  Pierids  were 


122  THE    entomologist's    RKt'ORD. 

enjoying  the  sunshine,  flying  over  the  water,  and  several  times  we  dis- 
tinctly saw  them  make  a  rapid  descent  and  plunge  their  bodies  into  the 
stream.  We  were  close  enough  to  see  the  process  quite  clearly.  The 
heat  was  very  great  and  it  was  evidently  a  pleasure,  and  possibly  a  relief 
to  them,  to  come  in  contact  with  the  cool  water. — G.  T.  B.-B. 


^OTES     ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

Note  on  the  abundance  of  Biston  hirtaria  in  1912,  and  on 
Insect  Periodicity. — On  April  6th  1  paid  a  visit  to  some  friends  near 
Leytonstone,  where  I  found  B.  hirtaria  in  extraordinary  abundance. 
In  two  roads  which  I  visited,  each  about  half  a  mile  long,  the  front 
gardens  on  both  sides  were  lined  with  lime  trees,  and  each  tree  had  its 
moths,  some  from  20  to  30,  and  on  one  side  of  a  six  inch  diameter 
trunk  I  counted  70  specimens. 

My  friend  tells  me  the  caterpillars  were  a  perfect  pest  last  year,  the 
paths  being  covered  with  their  trodden  remains.  The  moths  varied 
from  pale  fawn  to  very  dark  brown,  and  grey,  and  quite  a  number  were 
as  large  as  those  illustrated  on  the  frontispiece  plate  in  Series  2  of 
South's  British  Moths.  Having  no  pillboxes  I  endeavoured  to  bring 
some  of  the  best  forms  home  in  a  large  cardboard  box,  the  only  avail- 
able receptacle.  Unfortunately  one  of  the  females  had  the  audacity 
to  start  laying  her  ova  under  the  wings  of  another  inmate,  which 
resulted  in  a  general  scrimmage.  On  reaching  home  I  set  a  number 
of  the  males  free  to  the  evident  delight  of  the  local  sparrows,  who 
soon  made  short  work  of  them,  catching  them  as  they  flew.  I  put 
some  of  the  less  lively  males  on  an  oak  trunk  in  my  garden,  and  some 
females  on  lime  trunks.  On  visiting  the  trees  next  morning  I  found 
that  two  males  had  been  seized  bj'  spiders  and  dragged  into  their 
snares  in  holes  in  the  bark.  The  females  were  still  in  the  same 
position  seven  days  afterwards,  having  in  the  meantime  laid  their  green 
ova  in  chinks  in  the  bark.  I  may  mention  that  a  female  laid  in  a 
a  pillbox  a  batch  of  cream-coloured  ova. 

What  is  the  cause  of  this  periodical  abundance  of  a  species  ?  One 
season  it  is  Phalera  hiicephala  that  infests  lime  trees,  rose  bushes  in 
gardens,  and  anything  else  it  can  feed  on,  in  districts  as  far  apart  as 
Dulwich  and  Dartford,  another  season  MalacosoHia  {Boinhi/.v)  nrnstria 
devastates  the  fruit  trees  on  the  South  Const,  when  bracelets  of  ova 
can  be  found  by  the  score  on  a  small  bush,  another  year  Porthesia 
rhrysorrhoea  is  stripping  the  hawthorn  hedges  on  the  South-East  Coast, 
or  else  its  place  is  taken  by  one  of  the  small  ermine  moth  larvffi  which 
cover  the  hedges  with  their  webs  in  every  direction.  Larvae  of  B. 
hirtaria  were  also  plentiful  in  North  Kent  and  East  Dulwich  last  year, 
but  the  emergence  in  the  latter  place  has  only  been  normal. 

It  is  quite  evident  that  the  fine  weather  last  Spring  and  early 
Summer  suited  the  larvse,  and  that  the  warm  wet  winter  has  favoured 
the  emergence  of  the  imagines,  but  one  is  tempted  to  ask  why  we 
did  not  get  an  abundance  of  /'.  huccjthala  larvse  as  well,  which  also 
feed  on  lime  trees. — C.  W.  Colthriip,  141,  East  Dulwich  Grove,  S.E. 
April  15th,  1912. 

NoTF,  ON  THE  EARLY  Skason. — I  have  just  found  (April  16th),  at 
Margate,  two  full  fed  Abraj-as  (/mssidariata  larva?,  spinning  up  for 
pupation,  and  three  others  practically  full  fed  on   Emtniinnis.      I  also 


NOTES    OK    COLLECTING.  123 

saw  Uela.strina  argiulim  flying  at  East  Dulwich  on  April  7th,  which 
date  struck  me  as  being  early. — Id. 

Xylina  ornitopus,  Rutt. — In  the  April,  1911,  number  of  the 
Ivnt.  Record,  vol.  xxiii.,  p.  97,  Mr.  Dadd  proposes  the  name  var. 
lactipennLs  for  the  pale  form  of  the  above  species,  which  is  taken 
in  the  New  Forest.  As  however  Mr.  Warren  in  "  Seitz'  Palearctic 
Lepidopt'era  "  (published  April  25tb,  1910),  on  page  25  of  the  Noctuae 
letterpress,  says,  "  the  whiter  forms  are  separated  as  ab.  iialiida, 
Spul.,"  Mr.  Dadd's  name  would  appear  to  fall.  Although  the  figure 
on  plate  30/<,  of  Seitz  is  not  so  pale  as  our  New  Forest  specimens, 
probably  due  to  the  printing,  the  above  description  and  name  of 
Spuler's  would  cover  them.  In  conclusion  I  should  like  to  mention, 
that  the  blue-grey  form  occurs  rarely  in  the  New  Forest.  I  took  one 
in  October,  1906,  two  in  October,  1909,  and  one  in  October,  1910. — 
Id. 

Phryxus  LivoBNicA. — A  friend  of  mine,  Mr.  8treeter,  of  Pet  worth, 
Sussex,  had  a  specimen  of  P.  livoniica  (The  Striped  Hawk  Moth) 
brought  to  him  on  July  2nd,  1911,  by  a  boy,  who  took  it  the  day 
before  at  rest  on  some  grass.  He  had  kept  it  in  a  box  overnight,  and 
from  its  condition  I  should  say  it  was  freshly  emerged  when  taken. — Id. 

The  Cleansing  of  Greasy  Insects. — A  New  Solvent. — I  have  at 
last  discovered  a  simple  and  absolutely  effective  system  of  treating 
greased  lepidoptera  which  I  venture  to  publish,  hoping  that  it  may 
prove  as  great  a  boon  to  others  as  it  has  to  me.  I  have  tried  so  many 
things  with  such  indifferent  success  that  I  have  often  felt  inclined 
to  throw  away  badly  greased  moths.  Toluol  has  been  a  revelation  to 
me.  Procure  from  your  druggist  a  quart  of  toluol — C  H®  is  the  formula 
I  believe — it  is  cheap  and  will  get  rid  of  the  grease  in  a  very  large 
collection.  This  is  how  you  should  apply  the  cure;  take  three  vessels, 
size  according  to  your  needs,  pour  a  certain  quantity  of  toluol  into  the 
first  and  put  one  or  two  butterflies  or  moths  into  the  same.  Leave 
them  there  for  24  hours  and  then  pass  them  on  to  a  second  bath  in 
the  second  vessel  for  another  24  hours,  and  place  new  subjects  in  the  first 
bath.  On  the  third  day  remove  insects  from  the  second  into  the  third 
bath  and  from  first  into  second.  Thus  each  has  three  full  days  of 
the  cleaning  process  and  comes  out  of  his  bath  spick  and  span  and 
wonderfully  rejuvenated.  1  need  hardly  add  that  no  resetting  is 
required  as  the  bath  does  not  in  the  least  relax  the  patient.  The  first 
bath  takes  out  the  worst  of  the  fat,  the  second  removes  what  is  left 
and  the  third  puts  on  the  final  touch  of  grace.  Even  the  oiliest  of  my 
Cossids  tias  yielded  to  the  persuasions  of  this  bath.  To  try  it  is  to  use 
it,  as  the  advertisements  say.  Those  who  despair  of  effecting  a  radical 
grease  cure  and  who  refuse  to  give  this  method  a  trial  are  humbly 
requested  to  make  me  a  present  of  their  greasy  treasures.  Don't 
forget  to  cover  up  your  vessels  with  pieces  of  glass  to  prevent 
evaporation  of  the  toluol. — P.  A.  H.  Muschamp,  F.E.S.,  Stafa, 
Zurichersee. 

Second  Broods  in  1911. — Having  obtained  ova  last  year  from 
two  females  of  Aifji/nnin  tKjlaia,  which  I  had  sleeved  over  a  large  clump 
of  garden  pansy  planted  in  a  box,  I  placed  them  outdoors,  expecting 
them  to  hatch  and  proceed  to  hibernate  in  due  course.  In  late  autumn 
I  had  occasion  to  look  at  the  box,  and  to  my  surprise  found  that  the 
food-plant  had  been  completely  devoured  and  the  larvae,  which  were 
all  more  than  half -grown,  had  succumbed  for  want  of  food. 


124  THE  kntomologist's  record. 

In  late  August  last  year  a  second  generation  of  Brenthis  seleiw 
occurred  here,  of  which  more  than  thirty  specimens  were  seen.  A  few 
days  after,  in  a  field  about  two  miles  from  the  first  locality,  1  saw  two 
males.  None  of  these  diflered  from  ordinary  typical  specimens  except 
that  they  were  all  rather  small. 

On  September  20th  a  single  specimen  of  Xylocampa  areola  J 
{litlioriza)  was  seen,  and  a  few  days  later  an  example  of  Odontopera 
bidentata  $  occurred. — R.  Ashton  Nichols,  30,  High  Street, 
Ilfracombe. 

Micro- Lepidoptera  oj?  Canvey  Island,  Essex. — I  had  the  pleasure 
on  Tuesday  last  of  spending  an  hour  or  two  on  Canvey  Island.  My 
special  quest  was  larvae  or  pupae  of  our  local  Psychid  Whittlela  retiella. 
I  considered  myself  very  fortunate  in  finding  larv«  feeding  as  well  as 
cases  fixed  for  pupation,  eight  in  all.  1  also  got  larvae  of  Gnnu>do}iiu 
limoniella  in  old  stems  of  Statice  a,s  well  as  Adacti/lufi  bennettii  larv;e  on 
the  new  growth.  ElachUta  anjentella  occurred  in  numbers  and  one 
pupa,  as  well  as  liHccnlatrix  niaritinia,  both  larvte  and  pupae  on  Poa 
iiiaritiina. — F.  G.  Whittle,  7,  Marine  Parade,  Southend.  Mai/  Qtli, 
1912. 


jg^ClENTIFIC    NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Folia  chi  and  Protective  Resemblance. — With  reference  to  the 
query  in  the  March  number  of  the  F^nt.  Record,  p.  76,  on  I'olia  chi,  I 
came  across  the  species  when  in  South  Devon  last  year.  Specimens 
were  found  at  rest  on  lichen-covered  oak  trees  in  a  wood,  and  on 
boulders  on  a  moorland,  where  they  were  not  easily  seen.  On  out- 
cropping and  broken  rocks  along  the  roadside  they  were  fairly  easily 
detected,  and  on  railway  arches  made  of  brown  stone  they  were  very 
conspicuous.  On  a  grey  lichen-covered  wall,  on  one  side  of  a  main 
road,  they  were  as  difficult  to  discover  as  the  most  difficult  Briiophila 
itnnalis  [ylandifera),  whereas  on  the  other  side  of  the  road,  where  the 
wall  was  dark  brown,  with  here  and  there  a  dark  green  lichen,  they 
were  quite  easily  seen.  When  once  discovered  on  the  grey  lichen - 
covered  wall,  it  was  apparent  that  the  insect  was  much  darker  than  its 
surroundings,  and  had  the  appearance  of  being  greenish-blue  in  colour. 
Unfortunately  I  did  not  take  my  camera  on  this  trip,  but  am  quite 
sure  a  half-plate  photograph  would  have  made  the  insect  appear  quite 
conspicuous,  whereas  the  reverse  was  the  case.  It  is  a  difficult  matter 
in  an  ordinary  photograph  to  convey  a  true  idea  of  how  well  a  moth  is 
concealed.  Notwithstanding  the  conspicuous  position  in  which  this 
species  was  at  rest  on  the  opposite  dark  wall,  which  I  left  for  observa- 
tion, they  were  as  free  from  attacks  by  birds  and  other  enemies  by  day 
as  their  •'/>roffcf/«v"  resemblance  brethren  on  the  light  grey  wall.  1 
also  found  others  of  this  species  at  rest  on  pine  trunks,  where  they 
were  soon  discovered  by  the  practised  eye,  which  is  on  the  lookout  for 
a  pattern  and  anything  approaching  a  triangle,  but  the  casual  observer 
would  probably  pass  them  by  as  patches  of  lichen.  The  term  "  pro- 
tective resemblance,"  as  applied  to  butterflies  and  moths  at  rest,  does 
not  strike  me  as  a  very  happy  one.  To  be  "  protective,"  it  seems  to 
me  there  must  be  evidence  that  these  insects  are  subject  to  the  attacks 
of  birds  or  other  enemies  when  at  rest  in  the  day  time.  As  far  as  I 
can  see  this  has  not  been   proved.     I  quite  admit  that  moths  at  rest 


CURRENT  NOTES.  125 

often  bear  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  their  surroundings,  or  to  the 
surface  on  which  they  rest;  on  the  other  hand  there  are  many  moths 
which  are  most  conspicuous  when  at  rest.  For  splendid  examples  of 
resemblance  to  surroundings,  couimend  me  to  the  collar  stud  lost  on 
the  carpet,  or  a  pair  of  forceps  lost  on  the  beach.  I  have  spent  many 
illuminating  moments  in  search  of  both.  I  have  been  an  observer  of 
birds  for  years,  and  some  years  ago  I  started  on  a  campaign  to  prove 
that  birds  did  prey  on  moths  and  butterflies,  but  I  have  found  it  quite 
the  exception  for  birds  to  attack  either.  The  exceptions  I  have 
recorded  in  the  Knt.  Record,  from  time  to  time,  and  in  almost  all  these 
instances  the  insects  have  been  taken  when  flying.  Granted  that  Tits 
may  take  some  moths  at  rest  on  the  trunks  (I  have  never  actually  seen 
them  do  so),  I  doubt  if  they  look  for  wings  at  all,  but  rather  the  body, 
eyes,  etc.,  of  the  insect,  they  probably  also  rely  on  their  beaks.  I 
should  say  that  it  is  at  dusk  and  at  night,  when  butterflies  and  moths 
are  most  open  to  the  attacks  of  enemies,  such  as  owls,  bats,  spiders, 
earwigs  and  other  creeping  things,  when  their  colours  and  markings 
can  have  no  protective  value  whatever.  It  seems  to  me  the  human 
collector  is  practically  the  only  species  against  which  they  need  protec- 
tion in  the  daytime.  Why  is  it  that  F.nbitUa  bipnnctaria  and  (rnophos 
nbscuraria  (which  are  so  much  like  the  ground  on  which  they  rest)  do 
not  rely  on  their  "protective"  colouring,  but  fly  ott'  repeatedly  at  one's 
approach  '?  We  are  told  that  all  things  in  nature  have  a  use.  Lobo- 
phora  rarpbiata  {lubidata),  when  freshly  emerged,  has  a  beautiful  pale- 
green  bloom  on  it,  resembling  the  green  lichen  on  the  birch  trunk,  yet 
in  a  day  this  is  completely  bleached  by  exposure  to  the  light,  the  moth 
then  resembling  the  silver  birch  trunk  on  which  it  rests.  Now  what 
causes  this  green  bloom  and  of  what  use  is  it,  when  the  moth,  without 
it,  is  so  like  its  resting  place  '?  In  speaking  of  moths  at  rest  on  old 
grey  fences  being  conspicuous,  I  have  been  met  with  the  remark  that 
fences  must  not  be  taken  into  account  as  these  moths  were  evolved 
before  fences  were  in  existence.  To  this  I  would  reply  that  according 
to  those  who  believe  in  "  protective  resemblance,"  these  moths  ought 
to  have  been  eaten  oft"  by  birds,  as  pale  Amphidasis  betularia  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  where  var.  donbledat/a)  ia  is  now  predominant.  The 
latter,  by  the  way,  has  occurred  since  fences  have  been  in  existence. — 
C.  W.  CoLTHRUP,  141,  East  Pulwich  Grove,  S.E. 


(CURRENT      NOTES      AND      SHORT      NOTICES. 

The  Birmingham  Photographic  Society  held  its  27th  Annual 
Exhibition  from  February  24th  to  March  9th,  when  a  Scientific 
Section  was  again  included.  Mr.  H.  Main  secured  a  plaque,  with  a 
series  of  photographs  showing  "  Nest-making  of  I'tilj/desmux  ainiidaii- 
rttMs,"  and  Mr.  A.  H.  Hamm  a  similar  award  with  a  *' Set  of  24 
photographs  of  Butterflies  showing  Resting  Habits,"  while  certificates 
were  awarded  to  Mr.  A.  E.  Tonge  (2)  for  '-Life  Cycle  of  Purple 
Emperor  Butterfly "  and  "  Photomicrographs  of  Eggs  of  British 
Butterflies  and  Moths,"  to  Dr.  T.  Gray  Duncanson  "  The  Birth  of  the 
Dragonfly,"  to  Mr.  A.  W.  Dennis  for  "  Common  Walnut,"  and  to  Mr. 
C.  W.  Colthrup  for  "  Set  of  25  Photographs  showing  Resting  Attitudes 
of  Moths." 

The  Terebrai'  of  the  (  haUistoiicistra   (saws,  so  called,  of  sawflies)   is 


126  THK    KNT().M()l,()(ilST's    RECORD. 

the  title  of  the  main  topic  in  the  Address  read  to  the  Entomological 
Society  of  London  by  the  President,  the  Rev.  Francis  David  Morice, 
M.A.  At  considerable  length,  and  with  minute  detail  and  precision, 
the  author  describes  the  complex  actions  carried  on  in  the  use  of 
these  highly  developed  organs,  giving  a  full  account  of  his  own 
original  observations.  He  gives  two  plates  of  figures  of  these  wonder- 
ful organs,  and  also  five  other  plates  to  illustrate  his  historical 
summary  of  our  previous  knowledge  of  this  group,  as  given  in  the 
works  of  Vallisnieri  and  Reaumur. 

The  Entonioloijiiik  Tidskijt  of  Stockholm,  for  1911,  contains  a 
considerable  amount  of  Lepidopterous  matter  concerning  the  Fauna  of 
the  Scandinavian  area.  Torsten  Largerberg  gives  a  long  series  of 
notes  on  the  Swedish  Macro-lepidoptera,  J.  Werner-Nielson  summarises 
the  distribution  of  the  Macro-lepidoptera  of  Norway,  -lohn  Peyron 
furnishes  a  series  of  notes  on  the  life-histones  of  various  species, 
Ossian  Dalgren  describes  the  pupation  of  '  nssus  cossks,  Erik  Uretland 
discusses  and  figures  Kriuf^aster  la)ifiitris  var.  arhiisridac  from  Norway, 
etc.  One  of  the  most  important  papers  published  is  that  by  the  ex- 
plorer Yngve  Sjostedt  on  the  Termites  of  the  Congo  State.  With  the 
TUhlnift  for  the  year  has  also  been  published  a  general  index  of  this 
periodical  for  the  past  twenty  years.  We  can  only  use  W'ords  of  praise 
for  such  efiorts.  Without  a  periodical  Index  of  Indexes  it  is  an 
Huormous  labour  to  wade  through  volume  after  volume  of  our 
magazines  only  to  find  probably  that  one  has  missed  an  important 
item  through  the  mere  fag  of  the  trouble. 

The  Annals  of  Srottisit  Xatinal  UiHtori/  has  ceased  to  appear  as 
siicb,  but  with  the  omission  of  botany  it  is  resuscitated  under  the  title 
of  T/n'  Scottisli  XatKralist,  and  is  apparently  still  to  be  carried  on 
under  the  auspices  of  the  personnel  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Museum. 
Instead  of  being  issued  quarterly  it  now  appears  monthly.  In  the 
January  number  Mr.  W.  Evans  has  an  article  on  the  appearance  of 
the  handsome  dragonfly  SijuipetriDn  fonxcolonibii  as  new  to  the  Scottish 
list. 

In  the  Iviit.  Mu.  May.  for  February  Mr.  J.  E.  Collin  gives  a 
further  section  of  the  notes  on  new  Diptera  by  the  late  G.  H.  Verrall. 
Hilaia  beclieri  from  Aviemoie  and  Brodie  ;  U.  carintliiaca  from  many 
localities;  H.  brain'rl  horn  the  late  W.  Wilson  Saunder's  collection; 
H.  Itinera)  mi  canii  from  various  localities;  //.  Iietcnn/astra  from 
Wormsley;  //.  ciiitiidata  from  Ringwood,  Porthcawl,  etc.;  iEdalea 
i/fjicalia  from  the  New  Forest;  Trichiiia  upara  from  Nairn  and  Wicken ; 
Lept()f>eza  sji/wnojitcrn  from  Portbcawl,  Ivybridge,  etc.  ;  iHinocera 
wesinaelii  from  Hereford;  Aidoptera  ocellatu  from  the  Isle  of  Wight ; 
Tachista  tnbi'iridatd  from  Herefordshire ;  I'nilopKs  loeiri  from  Scotland 
Fen,  Suli'olk;  Ihduhoputi  rilift'»iuiattis  from  Porthcawl  ;  and  I'aerilti- 
bdtlinis  roiiiitialis  from  Seaford  and  Walton-on-Naze.  For  many  of 
these  records  we  note  that  Mr.  Verrall  was  indebted  to  the  assiduous 
work  of  that  keen  student  of  this  Order,  Colonel  J.  W.  Yerbury. 

In  the  I'int.  Ma.  Mofi.  for  February,  Mr.  Eustace  R.  Bankes  con- 
tributes an  article,  with  a  plate  of  comparative  genitalia,  on  Munufiis 
rrocivajiitella  {  fcnitfiinella,  in  part,  luriiun,  hi/alimila,  and  linnbardico) 
and  ,1/.  f't-rnii/intllii.  He  points  out  that  the  former  species  is 
essentially  a  coast  insect  and  very  local,  while  the  latter  is  generally 
distributed  inland. 


CURRENT    NOTES.  127 

We  have  received  a  copy  of  Bihliniira/thia  ('(ilco/itcroldiiico,  a  list  of 
voluTTies  and  separata  on  Coleoptera  from  W.  Junk,  of  Berlin.  That  it 
is  comprehensive  will  be  understood  when  we  say  that  it  consists  of 
the  titles  of  more  than  4,000  separate  publications,  with  an  intro- 
duction (14  pp.)  on  the  literature  of  Coleopterology,  and  a  plate  of 
portraits  of  a  number  of  living  authors. 

In  an  article  on  the  recently  established  species  Efit/an'onia  [Retima) 
f)iirdei/i  and  //.  Ini/itro,  Mr.  R.  South,  in  the  February  number  of  the 
I  iitmiKilnffist,  makes  the  following  remarks  which  we  think  worthy  of 
reprinting  and  reprinting.  "  Frequent  name-changing,  whether 
generic  or  specific,  is  of  course  troublesome,  not  to  say  perplexing,  but 
it  appears  to  be  inevitable.  The  modern  trend  of  entomological  action 
has  been  not  only  to  uphold  priority  but  to  enforce  it,  so  that  in  the 
present  day  the  "  law  "  is  almost  universally  recognised  by  systematists. 
Some  there  are  certainly  who  advocate  exceptions  and  restrictions,  but 
//'  ire  are  ever  to  hare  cimithinij  apfroachincf  Jinalit;/  i)i  ntuiienchtture, 
strict  prioriti/  iritliniit  any  qnalifi cation  irliaterer  )inist  /ircrail.  There 
can  be  no  question  that  the  only  method  of  securing  even  approximate 
stability  is  to  ascertain  with  certainty  not  only  the  earliest  legitimate 
names  of  species  but  the  truegeneric  position  of  species  in  classification." 
The  italics  are  ours.  Will  the  International  Congress  of  Entomo 
logists  take  u;)  ihis  question  and  not  leave  naming  to  the  untram- 
melled aberrant  idiosyncrasies  of  the  individual  ? 

In  the  J\ntom,oUi(jisrhfi  Mitteihitujen  for  the  current  year  a  serie.s  of 
useful  bibliographical  studies  has  been  commenced  by  Dr.  H. 
Roescbke.  The  books  dealt  with  so  far  are  Panzei^'s  h'ainia  I nsi'i-tormn 
(jrennanicae  and  Sturm's  Deiitsr/ilands  Fauna. 

It  is  interesting  to  find  from  an  article  by  L.  H.  Bonaparte- Wyse 
in  the  Jrish  yatnrali^t,  that  Antlnorera  /mriinralis  still  strongly  holds 
its  own  in  co.  Galway,  while  Vanesfta  /o  was  in  absolute  abundance  ; 
the  beautiful  form  of  ?  Pnlyonnnatus  icarns  was  noted  ;  Afpotis 
Inrcrnea  flew  in  some  numbers  locally  in  the  sunshine,  and  Aryyvm's 
at/laia  occurred  rather  freely. 

The  Ballet  in  de  la  Societe  lejiiilopteriddifiqae  ilr  deneri'  for  1911  has 
recently  come  to  hand.  We  have  nothing  but  praise  for  this  admirable 
periodical.  Whether  one  regards  the  general  get-up  and  production  of 
the  magazine  itself,  or  considers  only  the  value  of  the  matter  containefl 
in  its  pages,  the  opinion  must  be  the  same.  That  Prof.  Charles 
Blachier  is  the  general  Editor  speaks  for  itself,  while  Dr.  Reverdin. 
Mr.  Arnold  Pictet,  and  M.  J.  Culot  are  among  the  contributors,  a 
guarantee  of  the  quality  of  the  matter.  There  are  four  beautifully 
coloured  plates,  and  to  say  that  they  are  the  production  of  M.  Culot, 
stands  for  their  excellence.  It  is  rarely  that  one  gets  such  a  galaxy  of 
talent  as  form  the  active  and  productive  members  of  this  small  Society. 
Turning  to  the  matter,  we  have  first  a  long  article  discussmg  critically 
the  characteristics  of  the  three  Hesperid  species,  which  have  hitherto 
been  so  much  confused,  r/c,  Hesperia  malvac,  H.  nialroidea  (fritillntn), 
and  H.  melotis.  This  paper  is  illustrated  by  an  extremely  successful 
coloured  plate,  a  plate  of  the  genitalia,  an  enlarged  comparison  of 
nialrae  and  nialroides,  and  a  map  of  the  species  distribution.  In  the 
second  article  Dr.  Arnold  Pictet  describes  his  breeding  experiments 
with  Laaincanipa  qnerras.  especially  discussing  the  number  of  moults 
undergone   by    the   larvae.     Under    the   title,    ihir  Sn-ias  Parnamids, 


128  THK    KNTOMOLOGIST  S    RK(;OKD. 

M.  Euj<.  von  Biiren-von-Salis  gives  an  account  and  summary  of  all 
the  forms  of  the  three  European  species  of  the  genus  Parnassius, 
pointing  out  the  lines  of  variation  and  illustrating  his  notes  by  two 
admirable  plates  of  M.  Culot's.  In  the  last  article  M.  Culot  diagnoses 
and  figures  a  number  of  new  forms  of  lepidoptera  from  Syria,  and  also 
a  new  form  of  Melaiianjia  ijalatliea. 

Among  the  chief  items  in  the  last  few  numbers  of  the  Berue 
Mensiielle  de  la  Societe  Ento)nolo()iqne  Namumise  we  note  the  follow- 
ing articles  of  interest.  (1)  "A  Coleopteron  {Aleochara  hilineata) 
whose  larvje  live  as  Parasites  in  the  pupae  of  a  Dipteron 
{Anthoiiniia  brassirae),"  by  M.  C.  Cabeau  ;  (2)  "  A  Synopsis  of 
the  Neiiroptera  of  Belgium,"  by  M.  R.  P.  Longin  Noras,  S.J.  ; 
and  (3)  The  regular  monthly  article  specially  devoted  to  "  Aberrations 
of  Lepidoptera,"  contributed  by  Baron  de  Crombrugghe  de  Picquendaele, 
in  which  he  records  all  the  forms  which  he  meets  with  for  the  first 
time  in  Belgium  and  bestows  names  on  those  he  considers  to  be  new 
to  science.  Unfortunately  to  these  latter  we  have  to  say  "  Still  they 
come." 

"Current  Notes"  are  as  a  rule  contributed  by  the  Acting  Editor, 
who  is  responsible  for  them.  Tbose  contributed  by  the  other  Editors 
or  by  correspondents  have  initials  attached. 


S^  0  C  I  E  T  I  E  S . 

Thk  Entomological  Society  ok  London. — Fchnianj  1th. — The 
Rev.  F.  D.  Morice.  M.A.,  President,  in  the  chair.  The  President 
announced  that  he  had  nominated  as  Vice-Presidents  for  the 
present  session  Mr.  A.  H.  Jones,  Dr.  Malcolm  Burr,  and  Mr.  J. 
H.  Dui-rant.  Rark  Coleoptera. — Mr.  W.  E.  Sharp  exhibited 
specimens  of  '  'aijiophilna  Q-/ii(Ktiilati(x,  F.,  and  C.  nbs(}h'tus,  Er., 
taken  under  bark  of  beech  trees  near  Doncaster  in  October,  1912. 
Cteomet):id  Moths  of  the  genus  Aletis,  and  their  mimics  from  the 
NEiGHBouKHoor  OF  Entebbe. — Prof.  Poultou  exhibited  a  large  but  not 
quite  complete  series  of  the  members  of  this  important  combination, 
collected,  between  May  23rd,  1909  and  September  14th,  1910,  by  Mr. 
A.  Wiggins,  D.P.M.O.  of  the  Uganda  Protectorate.  Hypolimnas 
(Euralia)  dubius,  Beauv.,  and  H.  (E)  anthedon,  Boisd. — Prof. 
Poulton  exhibited  part  of  an  a.]\-a)it!ie(lt)n  family  recently  bred  by  Mr. 
Lamborn  at  Oni  Camp  seventy  miles  east  of  Lagos,  from  jin 
(iitth<'(l<in  female  parent,  and  part  of  an  all-'/"6/(/.s  family  also  bred 
from  an  antlieihni  female.  Butterflies  a  Natural  Food  of  Monkeys. 
-  -Prof.  Poult()n  I'ead  the  following  note  received  in  a  letter  from  Mr. 
W.  A.  Lamborn,  November  17th,  1911  :— •"  Our  District  Commissioner, 
Captain  Neal,  who  occasionally  spends  a  few  days  with  us  [at  Oni 
Camp]  tells  me  that  he  has  several  times  seen  '  dog-faced  monkeys  ' 
(not  baboons  but  probably  mangabeys),  squatting  beside  mudholes, 
such  as  butterflies  of  some  kinds  resort  to  in  large  numbers  in  the 
dry  season,  and  catching  them  one  after  the  other  and  eating  them." 
The  anal  tufts  <if  the  female  Glutophrissa  protruded  durin*; 
courtship. ^ — Prof.  Poulton  drew  attention  to  the  following  observation 
recently  made  by  Mr.  Lamborn  at  Oni  :  "  On  December  27th,  I  saw 
a  male  (ilntoj'/irissa  saha  courting  a  female.  She  was  resting  on  a  leaf 
with  wings  expanded.     Her  abdomen  was  raised  to  an  angle  of  rather 


sociBrriKs.  lSi9 

more  than  4o°  to  the  thoi-ax  and  two  little  tufts  very  similar  to  those 
possessed  by  male  Danuiiuu  protruJed  from  the  anal  extremity.  A 
NEW  SPECIES  OF  Vesperus. — Dr.  Malcolm  Cameron  exhibited  a  new 
species  of  W'xpenis,  V.  reittcri,  from  Lagos,  Portugal,  and  for 
comparison  a  specimen  of  I',  bulicari,  Rtt.  Hybrid  Oporabias. — Mr. 
E.  A.  Cockayne  exhibited  the  following  specimens  of  this  genus :  O. 
rhrisUji  from  Ireland  and  Scotland,  hybrid  0.  rhiistyi  g  x  O.  dilntata 
$  ,  and  (K  dilntata  J  X  0.  chiistyi  $  ;  ().  dilntata  from  Scotland  and 
Epping  Forest,  hybrid  O.  dilntata  ^  x  O.  autumnona  ?  ,  and  larva  ; 
O.  aiittnnnaria,  hybrid  (K  antnninaria  $  x  O.  tilvjra\nmaria  J  ,  and  (K 
f}liciiatinnaiia  ^  x  (K  aiitinnnaria  ?  ;  (>.  filii/raniniaria  from  Yorkshire 
and  Scotland.  The  following  papers  were  read  : — "  On  some  hitherto 
imperfectly  known  South  African  Lepidoptera,"  by  Roland  Trimen, 
M.A.,  F.R.S.  "On  the  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  Genital  tube  in 
3  Coleoptera,"  by  Dr.  D.  Sharp,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  and  F.  Muir,  F.E.S. 
'•  Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Lepidoptera-Heterocera  from  south- 
east Brazil,"  by  F.  Dukinfield  Jones,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.  "  The  Efiect  of 
Oil  of  Citronella  on  two  species  of  DacKn,"  by  F.  M.  Hewlett,  B.A., 
F.E.S.  "  On  the  Genera  IJothrips  and  Hoodia,"  by  Dr.  H.  Karny,  of 
Elbogen,  Austria ;  translated  by  E.  A.  Elliott,  F.E.S.,  and  com- 
municated by  R.  S.  Bagnall,  F.L.S.  "  On  the  Early  Stages  of 
Albidina  pherete>i,  a  myrmecophilous  Plebeiid  butterfl}^"  by  T.  A. 
Chapman,  F.Z.S.  "The  food-plant  of  Callophrys  avifi,"  by  T.  A. 
Chapman,  F.Z.S.  '  An  experiment  on  the  development  of  the  male 
appendages  in  Lepidoptera,"  by  T.  A.  Chapman,  F.Z.S.  "  The 
Study  of  Mimicry  (i>atesian  and  Miillerian)  by  Temperature  Experi- 
ments on  two  Tropical  Butterflies,"  by  Lieut-col.  N.  Manders, 
K.-A.M.C.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.  A  long  and  important  discussion  arose  on 
many  points  in  connection  with  the  last  paper,  in  which  several 
Fellows  took  part. — March  6t/i,  1910. — The  following  gentlemen  were 
elected  Fellows  of  the  Society: — Messrs.  Harold  Hodge,  Chapel 
Place  Mansion,  322,  Oxford  Street,  W.  ;  Samarenda  Maulik,  c/o 
Messrs.  T.  Cook  &  Son,  Ludgate  Circus,  E.C. ;  Roland  T.  Smith,  54, 
Osbaldeston  Road,  Stoke  Newiugton,  N.  A  Coleoptkron  new  to 
Britain. — Mr.  Donisthorpe  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Catops  iiKnitivaqus, 
Heer,  new  to  the  British  list,  taken  at  Nethy  Bridge,  on  -Tune  27th  last, 
under  a  dead  squirrel.  Also  C  tristis,  Panz,  for  comparison,  the 
nearest  species  previously  known  as  British.     Three  families  of  P. 

DAKDANUS,     BroWN,     BRKD     FROM     HIPPOCOON,     F.,    FEMALES    IN    THK    LaGOS 

DISTRICT  BY  W.  A.  Lambokn. — Professor  Poulton  exhibited  the  first  of 
these  families  and  a  part  of  the  second.  He  stated  that  these  three 
families  were  the  first  successful  attempt,  outside  Natal,  to  breed  /'. 
ifardoiiiis  from  a  know'n  female  parent.  Monkeys  eating  P>uttekflies. 
—  Prof.  Poulton  drew  attention  to  the  following  letter,  received  by 
Mr.  W.  A.  Lamborn  from  Captain  H.  V.  Neal.  "  You  have  asked  me 
about  monkeys  eating  butterflies.  This  is  very  common  as  every 
native  will  tell  you.  I  have  seen  it  myself.  The  monkey  runs  along 
a  path,  sees  some  butterflies  fluttering  round  some  filth,  goes  very 
quietly,  and  seizes  one  by  the  wings,  puts  the  solid  part  [body]  into 
his  mouth,  and  then  pulls  the  wings  oft".  The  poor  butterfly  goes 
down  like  an  oyster."  Determination  of  the  Coccid  Food  of  the 
Larva  of  Spalgis  lemolka. — Professor.  Poulton  said  that  he  had 
now  submitted  to  Professor  R.  Newstead  some  of  the  Coccids  which 


IHO  THE     KNTOMOUXilSX's     RKCORH. 

formed  the  food  of  s\  lemoUa,  H.  H.  Druce.  They  had  been  sent  in 
spirits  by  Mr.  \V.  A.  Lamborn  and,  althoutrh  unfortunately  badly 
attacked  by  fungus,  had  been  placed  without  hesitation  in  the  genus 
Dactj/lnpiiis    by    Professor    Newstead.      Eurypkla    drtope,    Cramer, 

SHOWN  TO  BK    DISTINCT    FROM  E.    HIARBAS,    DrUKY,    BY   \V.    A.  LaMBORN.^ 

Professor  Ponlton  exhibited  examples  of  the  above-named  species, 
bred  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Lamborn  in  the  Lagos  district.  Mr.  Lamborn 
had  bred  considerable  families  of  ({ri/o/ir  three  times,  and  hiarbnn  once 
from  known  female  parents.  The  dri/ope  parents  produced  nothing 
but  dtyiipe,  the  hiarhax  nothing  but  liiarlxis.  It  was  therefore  almost 
certain  that  the  two  forms  were  distinct  species,  at  any  rate  in  the 
Lagos  district.  Further  Captures  of  Pseudacr.eas,  etc.,  on  Damba 
Island,  near  Entebbe,  by  Dr.  G.  D.  A.  Carpenter. — Professor 
Poulton  exhibited  specimens  captured  on  December  8rd,  10th  and 
17th,  1911,  by  Dr.  Carpenter,  in  the  primitive  forest  which  still  exists 
in  the  centre  of  Damba  Island.  Baronia  brevicornis. — Mr.  A.  E. 
Gibbs  exhibited  two  specimens  of  this  scarce  butterfly  from  Mexico. 
Aberrations  of  Central  European  Rhopalocera. — Mr.  Douglas 
Pearson  exhibited  aberrations  of  the  genera  Melitaea  and  Erebia, 
amongst  which  were  some  striking  forms  of  K.  ittt/gnr,  K.  ceto  and 
3/.  raria,  and  a  remarkably  variegated  $  of  M.  aiirdia,  generally  the 
most  constant  of  the  group.  A  new  suborder  of  Dermaptera. — Dr. 
Jordan  exhibited  on  behalf  of  Dr.  Malcolm  Burr  a  pair  of  Arixenia, 
n.  sp.,  found  in  vast  numbers  in  Java,  for  which  it  has  been  necessary 
to  erect  a  new  suborder.  Difference  of  Food  and  Habit  in  closely 
related  8awflies. — The  Rev.  F,  D.  Morice  drew  attention  to  a  note 
in  the  Zeitxchrift  fur  wisseuschaftliche  Insekten-biolniiie,  by  Dr.  E, 
Enslin,  on  closely  related  species  of  sawflies,  one  of  which  was 
parthenogenetic  and  the  other  not.  He  said  that  i:rnesus  varus  and 
tttti/x'n  have  very  similar  yet  distinguishable  imagines,  but  quite 
different  larvae,  and  live  on  difi'erent  plants ;  the  larva  of  cari(s  is 
green  and  lives  on  alder,  that  of  lap'pex  is  black  and  lives  on  birch. 
Von  Rossum  reared  varus  imagines  (all  $  s)  from  alder,  which 
produced  a  parthenogenetic  next  brood  of  larva\  These  were  fed  on 
birch  and  became  brown,  and  the  resulting  imagines  showed  a 
tendency  to  the  coloration  of  latipes.  The  J  of  varus  is  almost  if  not 
quite  unknown,  that  of  latipes  is  not  rare.  Von  Rossum  suggests 
that  varus  and  latipes  may  be  races  of  one  species  varying  in  characters 
according  to  their  diet  in  the  larval  stage.  It  is  curious  that  very 
many  sawfly  larvae  feeding  on  alder  are  almost  exclusivel)^  known  in 
the  ?  sex,  while  closely  similar  species  living  on  birch  (when  bred 
artificially)  always  produce  numerous  males.  A  discussion  on  the 
effects  of  food  arose,  in  which  Messrs.  Waterhouse,  Cockayne  and 
l*"'enn  took  part.  Dr.  Chapman  observed  that  among  the  Psychids 
there  are  seveial  cases  of  closely  related  forms,  perhaps  of  the  same 
species,  of  which  one  is  pai'theiiogenetic  and  the  other  (generally  the 
more  southern)  is  not  so. 

The  City  of  London  Entomolouioal  Society.  —  Ifercmber  19^/t, 
1911. — The  breeding  of  M.  atropos  from  the  eoo, — Rev.  C.  R.  N. 
Burrows  exhibited  a  Manduca  atropos  $  taken  at  Mucking,  Essex, 
June  19th,  1911,  with  some  of  the  unlaid  ova,  of  which  he  had 
abstracted  218.  Only  one  ovum  was  laid,  and  this  was  reared. 
Aberration    of    E.    caudamines. — Mr,    H.    B.    Williams   exhibited   a 


SOCIETIES.  131 

(?  specimen  of  Kucldoe  caniaminefi  from  Abridge,  Essex,  with  the  black 
apical  blotch  continued  as  a  narrow  line  along  the  outer  margin. 
Variation  shown  by  Anchocelis  pistacina. — Messrs  V.  E.  Shaw, 
J.  Douglas,  and  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  their  series  of  this  species 
arranged  to  show  its  great  variation.  The  named  vars.  were  Keriiiu, 
absoleta,  ffrrca,  linri)la,  nibctra,  bnnuu'u,  iiniculor-briinnea,  reiiosa,  palliila, 
canaria,  and  sphaeridatina,  the  last-named  being  much  commoner  than 
the  type,  and  var.  canaria  much  the  rarest.  The  specimens  shown 
came  from  Finchley,  Bexley,  Epping  Forest,  New  Forest,  and 
Hunstanton.  Agrotis  nigricans  var.  marshallina.— Shown  from 
Wicken,  July,  1911,  by  Mr.  13.  IS.  Williams.  Paper. — Pupa^  and 
cocoons  of  Tapinostdla  helliiianiii  and  2\  concolor  were  exhibited  with 
photographs  of  anal  appendages  of  the  female  moths  to  illustrate  the 
notes  read  on  them,  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Edelsten. — January  2ntl,  1912. — 
Messrs.  J.  Douglas  and  F.  H.  Southgate  were  elected  to  membership 
of  the  Society. — The  meeting  was  devoted  to  the  exhibition  and  dis- 
cussion of  Uumiria  phlaeas — Mr.  A.  J.  Willsdon,  specimens  from  Deal. 
September,  including  two  ab.  obsoleta  and  a  few  ab.  caenih'opttnrtata. 
Mr.  W.  E.  King,  abs.  alba,  sclnuidtii,  ubliterata,  infra -ejtenna  and  an 
aberration  combining  abs.  obaolcta,  caerideopHuctata,  -And  mo f/jii/nincta 
all  from  Chingford  district,  where  he  had  noticed  a  partial  fifth  brood 
last  season,  and  found  some  numbers  of  the  larvag  in  October.  Mr.  H.  B. 
Williams,  some  171  specimens  from  Missenden  and  district,  including 
abs.  alba,  eleua,  addenda,  candata,  mifi'iina,  caerideupniictata,  parvipunctn. 
niaiinipuncta,  basilipioicta,  radiata,  major,  and  i)ifra-euiensa,  and  said  that 
in  comparing  results  of  the  record  of  the  1911  season  with  those  of  other 
years  he  was  struck  with  the  number  of  tailed  and  suffused  forms  which 
he  attributed  to  the  heat.  Of  213  specimens  taken  in  1911,  24  had 
pronounced  tails  and  most  of  those  captured  in  August  showed  a  trace 
of  tails,  the  September  specimens  being  less  remarkable.  As  to 
suffusion,  only  one  specimen  slightly  suffused  was  from  the  September 
captures,  while  23  were  among  the  August,  of  which  20  were  ab.  initio. 
Mr,  A.  W.  Mera,  24  specimens  taken  at  Three  Bridges,  Sussex,  early 
in  August,  all  of  a  somewhat  dull  colour  approaching  ab.  initia.  Mr. 
V.  E.  Shaw,  ab.  obsoleta  from  Darenth,  ab.  radiata,  from  Finchley,  and 
abs.  elens,  snif'iisa  and  caerideopnnytata  from  Bexley.  Mr.  C.  Nicholson, 
three  larva?  reared  ah  nco  of  an  ab.  caendeopimctata,  and  he  mentioned 
how  easily  females  were  induced  to  oviposit,  in  confinement,  by 
placing  them  in  a  large  glass  cylinder  over  growing  food  plant,  and 
covering  the  top  with  mosquito  netting.  The  showy  stone  crop 
Sednni  sjiertabile  was  noticed  to  be  very  attractive,  as  many  as  nine 
specimens  of  B.  pldaeas  being  seen  on  one  plant  in  his  garden  at  Hale 
End.— Jfl«(/rt/7/  IQth,  1912. —  Mr.  A,  L.  Mera  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Society.  Annual  "  Pocket-box  "  Exhibition. — Melanic  E. 
bipunctaria. — Mr.  L.  B.  Prout,  specimens  of  a  dark  race  of  Jutbolia 
hipunctaria  from  North  Devon,  taken  on  a  dark  soil,  and  approaching 
the  Continental  var.  ijarhtaria,  Frr.,  also  a  J  from  Sandown,  Isle  of 
Wight,  with  the  bands  edging  the  central  area  strongly  darkened. 
Anosia  erippus  var.  archippus,  etc. — Mr.  G.  H.  Heath,  a  specimen 
of  Anosia  cripfuis  var.  an-hippiis  found  dead  in  the  grass  at  Sandown, 
Isle  of  Wight,  on  the  night  of  September  13th,  1908;  Xi/Unnii/ex 
conspicillaris  var.  indaleuca  bred  from  a  pupa  dug  in  Worcestershire, 
September,  1897 ;  and  an  Acidalia  incanaria  var.  bischof/'aria  taken 
at    Brockley,    London,    September    23rd,    1911,    the    first    recorded 


182 


THE    KNTOMOLO&IST  S    RECORD. 


specimen  of  this  nielanic  form  taken  in  this  country.  DRAWiNcis. 
Mr.  L.  W.  Newman,  coloured  drawings  of  many  tine  varieties  and 
aberrations  of  Lepidoptera  bred,  captured  and  acquired  by  him  duriny 
the  past  few  years.  Varieties  of  A.  grossulariata. — Mr.  C.  H. 
Williams,  Abraxaa  ffrussnluridta,  abs.  including  miieijata,  niijrnsparmta, 
and  lacticolor,  Rajnior.  Mr.  V.  E.  Shaw  drew  attention  to  the  fact 
that  this  latter  aberration  should  be  known  as  ab.  deleta,  it  having 
been  named  so  by  Mr.  Coekerell  in  1889,  see  Entouiologiat,  vol.  xxii., 
p.  99.  This  is  the  first  ab.  figured  in  Edward  Newsman's  British  Mot/i.s, 
p.  99.  T.  BONDii  AND  B.  MTjRALis. — Mr.  A.  J.  Willsdon,  a  fine  series  of 
Tapinostola  bnndii  collected  at  Folkestone  in  the  grass,  the  specimens 
being  in  condition  equal  to  bred  ones  ;  also  a  long  and  variable  series 
of  Bri/ophila  inKialis  from  Torquay.  Lioht  D.  carpophaoa,  etc. — Mr. 
F.  B.  Cross,  a  bred  series  of  IHanthoecia  rariHip/uKja  from  Lewes,  all 
having  a  very  light  ground  colour,  and  Melitaea  anriuia  from  Ireland, 
two  specimens  of  a  brick-red  ground  colour,  the  usual  straw  coloured 
area  being  absent  on  uppersides,  and  on  undersides  the  usual  pale  spots 
also  absent.  Dark  N.  cucullatella. — Mr.  J.  Douglas  Xalit  cucidlatello 
bred  from  Chingford,  some  showing  a  tendency  towards  melanism. 
Variation  in  P.  napi  and  in  P.  rap^e. — Mr.  T.  H.  L.  Grosvenor 
exhibited  IHeria  napi  from  first  brood  showing  the  following  variation, 
(1)  (?  with  2  markings,  (2)  gynandromorph,  (3)  J  with  entire 
absence  of  black  markings,  (4)  neural  markings  at  base  forming 
a  green  margin  to  secondaries,  (5)  ?  with  failure  of  black  pigment,  and 
(6)  a  $  specimen  from  the  second  brood  with  black  discal  spots  in 
secondaries;  and  /'.  rapa>',  (1)  a  J*  absolutely  white,  (2)  ?  of  yellow 
coloration,  (3)  J  with  black  spots  connected  with  black  markings,  (4) 
2  ?s  with  black  spots  only  just  discernable.  He  also  exhibited 
Aniifiinis  citp/irosi/ne,  a  black  banded  $  ,  a  ?  underside  with  pearl  spots 
much  enlarged,  and  a  S  with  pearl  spots  greatly  reduced.  S.  lubricipeda 
AB.  radiata,  etc. — Mr.  A.  W.  Mera,  Spilosania  liihricipcila  ab.  radiatu 
and  intermediate  forms  from  Yorkshire;  specimens  of  type  and  var. 
radiata  from  larv;e  collected  on  Lincolnshire  coast,  and  specimens  from 
London  district  taken  over  a  number  of  years,  some  very  lightly 
marked,  and  others  approaching  var.  fasciata,  with  Triphaena  cnmes 
var.  (iarkii,  var.  iiiyrescots  and  intermediates  from  Forres.  D.  bifida 
and  C.  hyale. — Mr.  T.  H.  Stallman  showed  lUrranura  bijida  taken  at 
light  at  Beulah  Hill,  London,  S.E.,  July  4th,  1911,  I'olias  hyalc,  ?  . 
Margate,  August  10th,  1911,  Celaxtrina  ari/iolns  c?  having  a  row  of 
well-marked  spots  on  the  underside  margins  of  all  four  wings,  from 
Holmwood,  Surrey,  and  Spfiiu.r  conrolriili  found  at  rest  near  North 
Foreland  light-house,  August  23rd,  1911.  L.  favicolor  and  tkrato- 
LoGicAL  A.  FIL1PENDUL.E.-  Mr.  W.  Crockcr,  a  variable  series  oi 
Leucania  fariailor  from  North  Kent  Marshes,  also  a  pair  of  dwarf  /.. 
favicolor  he  had  reared  from  ova  in  October,  1909,  the  remaining  larva' 
dying  after  hybernation,  together  with  Anthmcera  lilipendulae,  specimens 
with  a  dark  vein  intersecting  the  upper  median  and  sixth  spots,  and 
fairly  broad  borders  to  hindwings,  also  two  yellow  aberrations,  and  a 
teratological  specimen  having  an  underwing  on  left  side  in  place  of  the 
usual  forewing,  the  right  side  being  normal,  bred  July,  1910.  Pup/t. 
OF  E.  ai.hulata  var.  thules  going  OVER. — Mr.  V.  E.  Shaw,  pupte  of 
Eupithccia  cAtensaria  from  larviB  found  on  Norfolk  Coast,  series  of 
Hiinnelesia  albnlata  and  its  var. //t/f/c.s  bred  from  Unst  pupfP,  1911,  more 
than  half  the  pupjr  going  over  another  winter. 


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Collecting  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6,  2/-.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen,  1  gross,  1/6, 
Entomological  Pins,  1/6  per  ounce.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2/6  to  8/-.  Sugaring  Tin,  with 
brush,  1/6,  2/-.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use,  1/9  per  tin.  Store-Boxes,  with  camphor 
cells,  2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  6/-.  Setting-Boards,  flat  or  oval,  lin.,  6d. ;  li^in.,  8d.;  2in.,  lOd.;  2Jin., 
1/-;  3|in.,  1/4;  4in.,  1/6;  5in.,  1/10;  Complete  Set  of  fourte'en  Boards,  10/6.  Setting 
Houses,  9/6,  11/6  ;  corked  back,  14/-.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Breeding  Cage, 
2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  7/6.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube,  1/6,  1/8.  Botanical  Cases, 
japanned  double  tin,  1/6  to  4/6.  Botanical  Paper,  1/1,  1/4,  1/9,  2/2  per  quire.  Insect 
Glazed  Cases,  2/6  to  11/-.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
1/6,  2/-,  2/6  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3J,  best  quality  1/6  per  dozen  sheets.  Brass 
Chloroform  Bottle,  2/6.  Insect  Lens,  1/-  to  8/-.  Glass-top  and  Glass-bottomed  Boxes, 
from  1/-  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.  to  1/-.  Pupa  Digger,  in  leather  sheath,  1/9. 
Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most  necessary  implements  for  skinning,  10/6. 
Scalpels,  1/3  ;  Scissors,  2/-  per  pair  ;  Eggdrills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d. ;  Blowpipes,  4d. ;  Artificial 
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2d.,  3d.,  6d.;  ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.   Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  etc, 

SILVER  PINS  for  collectors  of  Micro-Lepidoptera,  etc.,  as  well  as  minute  insects  of 
all  other  families. 

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over  the  entomological  pins  (whether  enamelled  black  or  silver  or  gilt). 

For  instance,  insects  liable  to  become  greasy  and  to  verdigris  like  Sesiidae,  etc.,  are 
best  pinned  on  Silver  Pins  which  will  last  much  longer  than  ordinary  pins. 

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36,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C,  ENGLAND. 

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By  MALCOLM   BURR.    D.Sc,,    F.Z.S..    F.LS.,   F.E.S..  &g. 

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A  pocket  handbook  for  the  use  of  collectors  in  the  field.     Covers  all  species  found  west 
of  the  Carpathian  Mts.     Description  of  each  species,  habits,  habitats  and  distribution 

Will  he  sent  Post  Free  on  receipt  of  Postal  Order  for  3si  to — 

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Fine  set  insects  not  less  than  half-dozen  of  a  species  sent.  Box  and  postage  4d.  extra. 
Price  per  dozen: — Anomala  (males  only)  Is.  9d.,  Sponsa  3s.,  Promisa  4s.  6d., 
Glyphica  Is.,  Mi  6d.,  Aenea  9d.,  Unca  Is.  9d.,  Argentula  Is.  9d.,  Fuscula  is.  9d., 
Luctuosa  Is.  9d.,  SulphuralisSs.,  Peltigera  25s.,  Arbuti  Is.  3d.,  Myrtilli  Is.  3d.,  Cordigera 
5s.,  Melanopa  4s.,  Interrogationis  10s.,  Gamma  6d.,  Orichalcea  10s.  6d.,  Moneta  2s.  6d., 
Triplasia  Is.  3d.,  Urticae  Is.  3d.,  Libatrix  lid.,  Chamomillse  4s.,  Absinthii  4s.,  Asteris 
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lid.,  Adusta  Is.  6d.,  Advena  5s.,  Tincta  4s.,  Occulta  7s.,  Herbida  Is.  6d.,  Meticulosa  6d., 
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3s.,  Xanthomista  253.,  Flavicincta  Is.  3d.,  Chi  lid.,  var.  Olivacea  2d.,  Serena  Is.  3d., 
Dysodea  7s.,  Capsophila  3s.,  Carpophaga  Is.  3d.,  Cucubali  Is.  4d.,  Capsincola  lid., 
Albimacula  21s.,  Conspersa  3s.,  do.  Grand  Melanic  Shetland  18s.,  Caesia  20s.,  Affinis 
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Next  Month  many  more  species,  look  out  for  them. 

L.    W.    NEWMAN,     F.E.S.,    Bexley,    Kent. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

On  Hydioecia  burrowsi,  n.  sp.,  T.  A.  Chapman,  M.D.  (plate  and  fig.)  ..         ..       109 

Seasonal  Notes  on  Tineina,  Alfred  Sich,  F.Fy.S.  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .       Ill 

The  Rhone  Valley  and  Italian  Lakes  in  Spring,  A.  S.  Tetle;/,  M.A.,  F.E.S.  . .       112 

Retrospect  of  a  Coleopterist  for  1911,  Prof.  T.  Hudson- Beare,  B.Sc,  F.R.S.E., 

F.E.S.  (to  be  concluded)         . .  . .   " 114 

Ten  days  in  the  Cevennes,  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.  . .       117 

Notes  on  Collecting  :— Notes  on  the  Abundance  of  Biston  hirtaria  in  1912,  and 
on  Insect  Periodicity,  G.  W.  Golthrup.  Notes  on  the  Early  Season,  /(/. 
Xylina  ornithopus,  Eott.,  Id.  Phryxus  livornica.  Id.  The  Cleansing  of 
Greasy  Insects,  P.  A.  H.  Muschump,  F.E.S.  Second  Broods  in  1911,  R.  Ashton 
NicJtoi.^.     Micro-Lepidoptera  of  Canvey  Island,  Essex,  jF.  G.  Whittle    . .         . .       122 

Scientific    Notes    and    Observations  : — Polia  chi   and  Protective  Piesemblance, 

C.  ir.  Golthrup 124 

Current  Notes  and  Shout  Notices        . .  . .  . .         . .         . .  . .         . .       125 

Societies  : — The  Entomological  Society  of  London.     The  City  of  London  Entomo- 

gical  Society       . .  . .  . .         . .         . .         . .         . .  . .  . .         . .       128 


Contributions  remain  over  for  want  of  space  from  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  G.  W. 
Nicholson,  W.  Rait  Smith,  etc.,  and  Reports  of  Societies. 

Seasonal  notes  on  British  Lepidoptera  will  appear  in  due  course  from  C.  W.  Colthrup, 
F.  G.  Whittle,  A.  Russell,  Alf.  Sich,  H.  Ashton  Nichols,  etc. 

We  hope  that  those  who  intend  sending  us  an  account  of  their  doings  for  1911  will  do 
so  ere  long,  as  we  should  like  to  know  more  of  what  our  English  workers  are  doing.  Will 
those  who  are  studying  the  Micro-lepidoptera  help  us,  by  sending  in  notes  of  their 
captures  and  observations  ? 

All  MS.  and  editorial  matter  should  be  sent  and  all  proofs  returned  to  Hy.  J.  Turner, 
98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 


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facts  are  brought  forward,  and  entomological  problems  discussed  from  various  standpoints. 


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Cobham  Woods,  Cuxton  Downs,  the  Western  Highlands,  Cliflfe— all  well  known  for  their 
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Supscniptions   for   Vol.    XXIV.    are    nov\f    overdue 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECOR 


JOURNAL    OF   VARIATIO 


Richards.  BAGNALL,F.L.8.,F.E.s.  |  T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  m.d.,f.z.s.,  f. 
Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  F.E.s. 

H.  St.  J.  If.  DONISTHORPE, 
.Z.S.,  F 

Alfred  SICH,  f.e.s. 

J.  R.  le  B.  TOMLIN.  m.a..  f.e.s 

Geokge  WiiSrPT^SKT'M'^i--,  f.e, 


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READ   THE   BACK   Nos.  OF  THE 

Entomologist's  Record  &  Journal  of  Variation 

(Practical  Hints,  Field  Work,  etc.,  useful  for  every  year's  collecting). 
VOL.    VI. 

The  TITLES  of  some  of  the  articles  are  as  follows  :— Notes  on  Butterfly  Pupse,  with  some  remarks 
on  the  Phylogenesis  of  the  Rhopalocera."— Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  F.E.S.,  "  Phytophagic  Species."— 
Prof.  A.  Radclifle  Grote,  M.A.  "  Varieties  and  aberrations  of  Noctuae  from  Doncaster."- -If.  H. 
Gorbett,  M.B.C.S.  "The  frenulum  of  the  British  species  of  Smerinthus."— G.  G.  Griffiths,  F.Z.S., 
F.E.S.  "Eudryas  stee-johannis..' — A.  HaUclife  Grote,  M.A.  "Parthenogenesis  or  Agamogenesis." — 
J.  W.  Tutt,  F.K.S.  "  Larvfe. "—«<■!-.  G.  M.  A.  Hewitt,  M.A.  "Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1894." 
—J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Generic  Names  in  the  Noctuidse."  — Pjot.  A.  U.  Orote,  M.A.  "  Pupa  hunting  in 
October."— J.  Tl^  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Polygamy  and  Polyandry  in  Moths."  "The  nature  of  certain 
insect  colours."— ir.S.  RitUny,  M.D.,  R.  Freer,  M.B.,  J.  W.  Tutt,'F.  E.S.,  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burroios,  J.  Anderson, 
Jiin.  "The  Lepi.loptera  of  Swansea."— Jlfrtjor  R.  B.  Robertson.  "  Caradrina  ambigua  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight."— vl.  J.  Hodges.  "The  insects  of  Bourg  St.  Maurice."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Orrhodia 
erythrocephala  ab.  glabra  from  Devonshire  and  comparison  with  C).  vaccinii."— Dr.  W.  S.  Riding, 
F.E.S.  "Notes  on  Caradrina  ambigua  and  C.  superstes."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Entomology  and 
Entomologists,  being  the  Annual  Address  to  the  City  of  London  Entom.  Society."  Notes  on 
Aphomia  socieila  "  (with  plate).— TT.  P.  BIpckburne  Mazr,  F.E.S.  "Apterous  females  and  Winter 
Emergence  "—E.  F.  Studd,  M.A.,  B.C.L.,  F.E.S.,  L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  "  Collecting  Noctuida?  by  Lake 
Erie."— .-f.  Radcli^e  Grote,  M.A.  "  Coleoptera  at  Ipswich."— Claude  Morlei/,  F.E.S.  "  Notes  on 
Bombus  visurgiaj."  "  Synonymic  Notes  on  Acidalia  humilata  and  A.  dilutaria."— i.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S. 
"  The  Lepidoptera  of  dresy-sur-Aix."— J.  IF.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Apatura  ir\s."—Rer.  G.  M.  A.  Hewett- 
"  Scheme  of  (.Classification  of  the  Rhopalocera  founded  on  the  structure  of  the  Pupa>."— r.  A, 
Chapman,  M.D.,  F.E.S.  "  Glimpses  of  American  Entomology."— J.  TF.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  The  Genus 
Smerinthus." — .4.  Bacot.  "  Variation  considered  biologically  :  Some  notes  suggested  by  the  Romanes 
Lecture  of  1894."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Wing  structure."— J.  Alston  Moffatt.  "On  the  development 
of  sex  in  social  insects."—,/.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "The  British  reiiresentatives of  the  Genus  Caradrina."— 
L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  "  Habits  and  variation  of  Lithosia  luCarella  and  its  variety  pygmaeola." — 
J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  On  the  gradual  disappearance  of  Lepidoptera  from  South-Eastern  London  and 
its  neighbourhood."— C.  Fcnn,  F.E.S.  "  A  hunt  for  Neuroterus  aprilinus."— T.  A.  GhapmaH.  M.  D.,  F.E.S. 
"On  the  development  of  pigment  in  Nemeobius  lucina."— F.  .T  Buckell,  M.B.  "The  M.acro-Lepi- 
doptera  of  Keswick."— H. -J.  iJ«(((f;c.  "  Varieties  of  Argynnis  selene  "  (with  plate).— S.  G.  C.  Rvssell, 
F.E.S.  "  Hadenoid  genera  with  hairy  eyes." — Prof.' A.  R.  Ore  e,  M.A.  "  Zygisna  minos  and  its 
varieties."— J".  IF.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Notes  on' the  pupte  of  Castnia  and  Anthocharis."— T.  A.  Ch&pman, 
M.D.,  F.E.S.  Besides  these  articles,  a  large  number  of  short  notes  are  cont.ained  in  every  number  under 
the  follewing  titles:  "Scientific  Notes  and  Observations,"  "Variation,"  "Notes  on  Larvte  and  Life- 
histories,"  "Notes  on  Collecting,"  "Current  Notes."  Thereportsof  Societies  are  very  carefully  edited, 
and  only  scientific  paragraphs  published.  The  "  Practical  Hints  "  and  "  Field  work  "  for  each  month 
are  quite  unique. 

The  entomologist  who  will  read  carefully  throvagh  the  back  numbers  of  The  Entomnloiiist's  Record 
will  find  himself  better  equipped  for  the  further  study  of  his  subject  than  by  any  other  means. 

Price  7/6  per  volume,  of  Hr.  H.  E.  Page,  "  Bsrtrose."  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  8.G. 

OVA,  LARV/E,  AND  PUP/E. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  w:  HEAD,  ©iitoimtkniiat, 

BUrNISXON,    Nr.    SCTJ^RBOROUGH. 

h'i(U    Lint  of  Ova,  Tjariae,  and   Pupae,  aha  Lepidoptera,  Apparatita,  Cabinets, 

etc.,  sent  o)i  application. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LEPIDOPTERA    &    LrARV^     A    SPECIALITY. 

Photograplietl  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c., 

By  same   Colour  Process. 
LANTERN  SLIOES  MADE  TO  ORDER    FROM   ANY  SPECIMEN   OR  COLOURED  DRAWING. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OP  LARYiE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 


For  List  apply  to — 

CHARLES    D.    HEAD,    2,    Mount    Vernon,    Dollyraount,    DUBLIN. 


Vol    XXIV 


Plate  VI. 


.vT'        '^ 


I'hoto.  F.  N.  Clark. 


ASIORPHA    POPDLI,      ?    AND    ^  ,    X    12J. 

The  Kntomoloriist's  Record,  1912. 


THE    SEASON    OF    1911.  138 

The  Season  of  1911  in  the  Abertillery   District  of  Monmouthshire. 

By  W.  KAIT  SMITH. 

A  few  notes  on  collecting  during  the  extraordinary  season  of  1911, 
in  the  Western  Valleys  of  Monmouthshire,  which  are  practically  terra 
incognita  entomologically,  may  be  of  some  interest  to  entomologists. 
Up  till  August  I  shall,  unfortunately,  only  be  able  to  give  approximate 
dates,  as  on  August  15th  I  had  a  gladstone  bag,  containing  the  whole 
of  my  entomological  outfit  and  my  note  books,  with  all  my  notes  for 
the  last  seven  years,  stolen  at  Paddington,  whilst  on  my  way  to  Kent 
for  my  summer  holidays.  I  can  only  hope  the  thief  found  my  notes 
of  sufficient  interest  to  compensate  him  for  the  various  articles  of 
clothing  which  he  no  doubt  expected  to  get. 

During  January  and  February  insects,  of  course,  were  scarce,  and 
nothing  of  much  interest  was  taken.  A  few  Phifjalia  pedaria  g  s  were 
found  at  rest  on  tree  trunks,  principally  beech,  specimens  approaching 
ab.  monacharia  were  not  uncommon.  One  or  two  Hybernia  rupica- 
praria  J  s  were  taken  on  gas  lamps  at  Gilwern.  This  generally  abun- 
dant species  is  by  no  means  common  in  this  district,  probably  owing 
to  the  comparative  scarcity  of  its  food  plant,  the  whitethorn.  It  will 
be  as  well  to  mention  that  these  Monmouthshire  valleys  are  only 
cultivated  to  a  very  small  extent,  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  ground 
is  left  to  nature,  and  is  covered  with  bracken,  bilberry,  and  heather. 
A  few  years  ago  there  were  extensive  woods  in  this  district,  but  they 
have  nearly  all  been  cut  down  now  ;  the  few  woods  that  are  left  are 
composed  chiefly  of  larch  and  birch,  with  a  few  scattered  oaks  and 
beeches.  There  are  extensive  patches  of  oak  scrub  on  the  sites  of  former 
woods,  but  these  are  not  productive  collecting  grounds,  and  produce 
little  except  swarms  of  Tortrix  viridana,  which  occur  in  countless 
thousands.  Similar  patches  of  birch  produce  Adela  viridella  in  almost 
equal  numbers. 

During  February  and  March  a  close  search  was  made  for  Apo- 
cheinia  liispidaria,  but  without  success.  Hybernia  leucophaaria,  mostly 
typical,  but  with  a  fair  percentage  of  ab.  marmorinaria,  were  common 
at  rest  on  tree-trunks  and  fence-posts.  Hybernia  marginaria  and 
Anisopteryx  aescidaria  were  decidedly  scarce  this  year,  not  more  than 
three  or  four  of  each  species  were  seen.  Anisopteryx  aescidaria  six  or 
seven  years  ago  was  exceedingly  abundant  in  this  district,  but  has  been 
getting  scarcer  each  year,  and  has  now  almost  entirely  disappeared. 
A  single  specimen  of  Anticlea  nigrofasciaria,  the  first  I  have  seen  here, 
was  taken  at  light  at  Gilwern,  towards  the  end  of  March.  I  have  not 
as  yet  found  the  allied  A.  badiata  in  these  valleys.  The  <?  s  of  Tortrix 
hyiiienana  were  common  in  woods  flying  in  the  sunshine. 

During  April  insects  became  much  more  plentiful,  Pieris  napi,  the 
common  "white"  of  the  district,  put  in  an  appearanje.  A  few  fine 
Pieris  brassicae  were  bred  from  larvtie  found  in  my  own  small  garden. 
A  search  was  made  at  Pen-y-van  and  other  places,  where  the  holly 
flourishes,  for  Cclastrina  argiolns,  but  not  a  single  specimen  was  seen. 
This  species  occurs  here  but  is  rare,  not  more  than  half-a-dozen 
examples  have  been  taken  during  the  last  seven  years.  A  few 
Polyploca  {Asphalia)  Jiavicornis  were  seen  at  rest  on  birch  trunks  ;  this 
is  another  species  which  is  getting  rarer  each  year.     In  the  last  week 

June  15th,  1912. 


184  THE  entomologist's  record. 

of  April  the  first  Saturnia  pavonia,  a  ^  ,  appeared.  "The  Eiuperor 
Moth  "  is  very  common  on  the  heather-covered  tops  of  the  hills.  I 
took  a  tine  series  of  J  s,  last  year,  by  "  assembling  "  with  a  bred  $  . 
Some  of  the  J  s  are  very  dark,  and  these  dark  specimens  are  smaller 
than  typical  examples.  Tcphrosia  crepuacHiatia  was  fairly  commonly 
found  at  rest  on  tree  trunks,  principall}'  larch  ;  this  species  is  not  so 
common  here  as  it  used  to  be ;  a  blackish  form  simihir  to  the  example 
figured  in  South's  Moths  of  the  British  Isles,  vol.  ii.,  plate  13G.,  tig  8, 
used  to  occur,  not  uncommonly,  in  the  Ha'fod  Van  Woods.  These 
woods  were  cut  down  about  three  years  ago,  and  I  have  not  since  seen 
this  variety  in  the  district.  Malenijdris  [Larentia)  nndtistiiiiaria  was 
common  amongst  bedstraw  ;  before  3  p.m.  this  species  is  veiy  difficult 
to  find,  but  after  this  time  they  crawl  out  of  the  undergrowth  and  sit 
about  the  top  of  the  bedstraw  and  on  clumps  of  grass,  etc.  A  fine 
and  varied  series  was  taken  ranging  from  pale  examples  do  the  blackish 
form  ab.  nnbilata,  Tutt,  the  ab.  i-iryata,  Tutt,  was  fairly  common,  but 
ab.  nnbilata  was  decidedly  rare,  and  only  three  examples  were  taken. 
A  few  Kuijithecia  ciih/ata  at  rest  on  fence-posts,  represented  the  "pugs." 
I  was  unable  to  do  much  "sallowing"  this  spring,  but  on  the  few 
occasions  I  was  able  to  pay  a  visit  to  the  few  scattered  sallow  bushes 
we  have  here,  I  found  Taeniocainpa  ijothica,  T,  stahilis,  T.  pnlvendenta 
and  I'achnobia  rabricosa  were  common  enough,  more  especially  the 
first  species.  Strangely  enough  Taeniocainpa  instabilis  is  decidedly 
scarce  in  this  district  for  I  have  only  come  across  three  or  four 
examples.  A  few  lirephos  parthenias  were  seen,  on  sunny  days,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  month.  Hying  high  over  the  birches. 

From  the  beginning  of  May  a  long  spell  of  tine,  hot  weather  set 
in,  which  lasted,  almost  without  a  break,  until  October.  Every 
available  moment  was  seized  for  collecting,  with,  on  the  whole, 
satisfactory  results.  Sugar,  until  September,  was  an  absolute  failure, 
night  after  night  producing  nothing  except  a  few  Ai/lophasia  inono- 
ijlypha,  Noctiia  festiva,  liadena  olcracea,  Tripliaena  pronttba,  and  a  few 
other  common  yoctuae.  Amongst  the  butterflies  i'ieris  brassicae,  b*. 
lapae,  and  y.  napi,  especially  the  last  species,  were  common  every- 
where, a  few  Brenthis  euphrosyne  were  taken  in  the  Llanock  Woods  at 
Crumlin,  Coenomjnipha  painphilns  was  abundant  everywhere  and 
especially  so  at  Peu-y-van.  t'allophrys  rnbi  and  yisoniades  tat/es  were 
fairly  common.  Hesperia  inalvae  is  a  very  rare  insect  in  this  district. 
I  have  only  seen  one  specimen,  at  Pont-llan-fraith,  in  1909.  A 
journey  to  this  place  in  search  of  H.  mahae  and  Hemaiis  titi/us,  a 
specimen  of  which  was  taken  in  1909,  was  fruitless.  Amongst  the 
(ieometers  Cabera  pusaria  and  C.  e.tanthentata,  Lozot/rannna  [Panayra) 
petraria,  Kinaturya  atoniaria,  Berizoina  (Kinnielesia)  albulata,  Kupithecia 
culijata  and  K.  nanata,  Xanthoihoe  montanata  and  A',  finctnata, 
Cureiuia  f'erruyata,  C.  ilesii/nata,  ('iilaiia  conjlata,  C.  trnncata,  and 
Opisthoifraptis  lutculata  were  abundant  in  the  woods  and  on  the  hill- 
sides, A  few  Gonodontis  bidentata  were  found  at  rest  on  grassy  banks 
after  dark.  I'jniatnnia  atoniaria  is  exceedingly  abundant  on  the  hills 
here,  some  of  the  ?  s  are  very  dark  and  the  <jf  s  range  from  light 
tawny  to  almost  black  examples.  Lozotjranuna  petraria  occurs  in  the 
greatest  profusion  amongst  bracken.  During  this  and  the  following 
month  the  larvie  of  Lasiocampa  quercus  were  very  common  amongst 
heather,  some  50  or  60  were  collected,  but  for  some  unaccountable 


NOTRS    ON    THE    SEASON    1911.  185 

reason  all,  except  four,  died  when  full  fed.  Two  or  three  afternoons 
spent  in  searching  for  Dii/nionia  chaonia,  which  occurs  sparingly  here 
on  oak  trunks,  were  fruitless.  Mainestra  {Hadena)  thalasnina,  H.  mntiffiia 
and  H.  (Jentina  were  taken,  fairly  commonly,  at  rest  on  tree  trunks  and 
stone  walls.  A  number  of  larvae  of  Arronycta  rKmcu,  collected  on 
sallows  last  year,  produced  some  fine  imagines  this  month,  which  is 
rather  early  for  this  species,  including  two  or  three  of  the  form  salicis. 
Beating  bushes  in  the  Llanock  Woods  at  Crumlin  for  "hooktips" 
produced  Drepana  falcataria  in  fair  numbers,  but  I  did  not  find  the 
allied  />.  lacertinaria  this  year.  The  open  spaces  in  most  of  the  woods 
gave  I'liicUilia  (jbijihica  and  K.  mi.  Prothijmnia  {Phytoiiietra)  vindaria 
and  Heliara  tenehrata,  especially  the  last  species,  were  abundant  on 
railway  banks  and  other  grassy  places. 

A  visit  was  paid  to  Kewstoke  Woods,  near  Weston-super-Mare  in 
the  middle  of  May.  I  found  the  first  brood  of  Paranfe  aeijeria  were 
common  but  mostly  rather  passe,  Brentim  euphrasync  was  in  the  same 
condition.  On  some  spindle  bushes  near  the  beach  at  Kewstoke  Bay  I 
found  a  batch  of  young  Mol'icoso>iia  neustria  larvae,  which  eventually 
produced  a  few  imagines  of  a  small  reddish-brown  type;  these  same 
bushes  were  covered  with  the  webs  of  Yponnnieiita  coynatcllus  larvae, 
two  or  three  of  these  webs  were  brought  home  and  an  abundance  of 
the  perfect  insects  were  bred  in  due  course.  Nenmphora  sira)iimer- 
daiiimella  was  very  common  in  the  woods.  A  few  larvfe  of  Cos)nntricl>e 
pntatoria  were  found  in  ditches,  and  a  variety  of  larvte  were  beaten  out 
of  bushes  in  the  woods.  The  day  was  dull  and  cloudy  with  occasional 
showers,  so  insects  were  scarce  in  consequence. 

In  June  the  first  brood  of  the  Pierids  were  going  over,  and  by  the 
middle  of  the  month  Brenthh  selene  had  taken  the  place  of 
B.  eaphroHyne.  Brenthis  selene  is  a  very  common  insect  in  these  valleys, 
and,  I  should  say,  outnumbers  B.  euphroayne  by  at  least  six  to  one.  I 
have  examined  some  hundreds  of  specimens  but  have  not  yet  found 
anything  in  the  way  of  aberrations.  In  a  small  marshy  field  near 
Pont-llan-fraith  Melitaea  aioiitia  still  occurs,  but  in  sadly  diminished 
numbers.  I  am  afraid  it  will  not  be  long  before  this  local  species  is 
no  longer  found  here.  It  occurred  in  abundance  up  till  1907,  when  I 
took  a  good  series,  but  has  rapidly  diminished  in  numbers  since.  I 
cannot  account  for  this.  It  certainly  is  not  due  to  over  collecting  for, 
as  far  as  I  am  aware,  no  one  knows  of  the  existence  of  this  colony 
except  myself,  and  I  have  purposely  left  the  species  severely  alone  since 
1907.  I  bred  a  large  wasp-like  parasite  from  a  pupa  of  this  species  in 
1906.  I  was  pleased  to  find  half-a-dozen  more  examples  of  this  insect 
on  a  piece  of  swampy  ground,  near  Abertillery,  at  the  end  of  this 
month.  I  have  not  previously  seen  M.  aurinia  anywhere  except  at 
Pont-llan-fraith,  and  I  am  hoping  that  this  beautiful  insect  will  succeed 
in  establishing  itself  in  this  new  spot. 

A  few  worn  Enchloe  cardamines  were  still  about  at  the  beginning  of 
the  month.  The  Satyrinteweve  represented  by  the  two  commonest  species 
Epinephele  jnrtina  (jaiiira)  and  Coenonympha  paniphili(s.  Very  passe 
Callophrya  rubi  were  keeping  company  with  fine  fresh  Ruinicia  phlaeas 
and  Polyoiiimatus  icariix,  some  of  the  ?  s  of  the  latter  were  very  large 
and  heavily  marked  with  orange  spots  on  the  upper  surface  ;  one  or 
two  ab.  caeridea  were  taken.  Hapialus  huinuli  was  abundant  on  all 
grassy  places.     I  have  not  as  yet  seen  the  common  H.  luvulina  in  this 


186  THE  entomologist's  record. 

district.  Hepialus  hecta  swarmed  in  most  of  the  woods.  A  few  heavily 
marked  Hepialus  fusconebulosa  {relleda)  were  taken  at  rest  on  grassy 
banks  towards  the  end  of  the  month.  A  small  secluded  valley  near 
Abertillery  gave  Adscita  staticcn,  mostly  of  the  liridis  form,  in  plenty, 
this  species  is  exceeding  local  here,  1  only  know  of  two  spots  where 
it  occurs.  Anthroccra  filipenilnlae  and  A.  trifolii  were  in  great 
numbers  in  two  or  three  flourishing  colonies.  Specimens  with 
confluent  blotches  were  not  uncommon,  two  or  three  A.  trifolii  ab. 
minoides  were  taken  as  were  several  examples  of  the  Idppocrepidis  form 
of  A.Jilipendidae.  Hippocrita  jacobacv  was  fairly  common  in  gardens, 
but  it  is  not  a  generally  common  insect  in  the  district.  On  one 
hillside  Farasemia  plantaf/inis  was  very  common,  dashing  madly  about 
in  the  hot  sunshine.  This  is  an  exceedingly  difficult  insect  to  take  on 
the  wing  in  such  situations  ;  about  4  p.m.,  however,  they  begin  to  settle 
down  for  the  night,  and  the  flight  then  is  not  nearly  so  rapid,  so  a 
good  series  was  taken  with  comparatively  little  trouble.  iJiacrisia 
aannio  {russula)  appears  to  be  a  scarce  insect  here,  a  pair,  <?  and  $  , 
were  beaten  out  of  a  clump  of  rushes  in  a  small  dingle  within  a  few 
yards  of  where  I  took  a  pair  last  year.  These  four  specimens  are  all 
I  have  seen  of  this  species  in  these  valleys.  I  have  not  seen  anything 
of  Phragmatobia  fidiginosa  this  year,  in  spite  of  close  searching  for  the 
larvae  on  sunny  days  in  the  Spring.  One  larva  was  found,  last  year, 
crawling  over  heather,  which  ultimately  gave  a  fine  S  •  Spilusnma 
nienthastri  and  S.  lubricipeda  were  taken  commonly  enough  at  rest  on 
railway  banks  and  amongst  rough  herbage,  as  well  as  in  flight  at  dusk. 
A  single  $  Diaphora  mendica  was  beaten  out  of  a  patch  of  nettles  in 
the  Llanock  Wood,  Crumlin.  This  $  laid  about  sixty  ova  on  the 
sides  of  the  chip  box  in  which  she  was  confined.  The  larvfe  fed  up 
well  and  rapidly  on  dock  and  I  have  now  about  forty  pupae.  This  is 
the  first  example  of  D.  mendica  I  have  seen  in  this  neighbourhood.  On 
the  slopes  and  on  the  heather  covered  tops  of  the  hills  the  J  s  of 
La&iocampa  quercm  and  Macrothidacia  ritbi  were  dashing  about  in 
considerable  numbers,  in  their  wild  erratic  flight ;  the  latter  being  by 
far  the  commoner  of  the  two  species.  About  8.30  p.m.  the  ?  s  of 
Macruthylacia  rubi  put  in  an  appearance,  flying  low  down  over  the 
heather,  they  are  much  more  easily  taken  on  the  wing  than  the  S  s. 

With  the  Noctuae  comparatively  little  was  done,  sugar,  as  I  have 
mentioned  before,  was  a  complete  failure.  All  my  captures  were  taken 
either  at  rest  or  in  flight  at  dusk.  A  solitary  pupa,  collected  at  the  foot 
of  a  Lombardy  poplar,  near  Wellingborough,  Northants,  in  December, 
1910,  produced  a  fine  Paliuipsestis  uctotjeaima  at  the  beginning  of  June. 
A  word  of  warning  to  those  who  are  fortunate  enough  to  breed  this 
species.  At  9  a.m.,  when  I  first  saw  my  specimen,  it  was  in  perfect 
condition  and  appeared  to  be  resting  quietly  on  the  side  of  a  breeding 
cage  ;  thinking  it  would  be  advisable  to  leave  it  alone  for  an  hour  or 
two  I  did  not  look  at  it  again  till  1  o'clock;  to  my  dismay  I  found  that 
it  had,  between  9  a.m.  and  1  p.m.,  managed  to  knock  itself  about 
rather  badly,  so  1  have  now  come  to  the  conclusion  that  bred  examples 
of  this  species  should  be  killed  as  soon  as  possible  after  the  wings  are 
thoroughly  dry. 

Sugaring  for  IJabnmjne  derasa  and  Thyatira  batis  was  a  failure, 
both  species  are  rather  rare  in  this  locality.  Acronycta  psi  was 
common  at  rest  on  tree  trunks,  this  species  appears  to  prefer  the 


NOTES    ON    THE    SEASON    1911.  137 

trunks  of  large  beeches  to  any  other  resting  place.  Acronycta 
menyanthidis  was  taken  in  fair  numbers  at  rest  on  stone  walls,  it  has 
not  been  nearly  so  common  this  year  as  it  is  in  some  seasons. 
Acronycta  ruwicis  was  very  common  everywhere.  Amongst  the 
"  wainscots  "  Leucania  iwpura  was  very  common  at  dusk  over  swampy 
ground,  L.  pallena  decidedly  scarce  in  comparison.  Only  one  example  of 
Leitcania  litharyyria  was  seen  this  year,  a  very  fine  fresh  $  at  rest  on 
a  clump  of  rushes.  Xylophasia  rurea  and  var.  alnpecums,  X.  hepatica 
and  A',  monoylypha  were  all  more  or  less  common  at  rest  on  fence-posts. 
The  last  named  species  and  Triphana  pronuba  were  the  only  two 
insects  which  occurred  in  any  numbers  at  sugar.  Barathra  {Mamestra) 
brassicae  as  usual  w^as  common  everywhere.  A  fine  series  of  Naenia 
typica  was  bred  this  month  from  a  batch  of  ova,  accidentally  collected 
with  some  dock  leaves  last  year.  The  larvae  were  kept  indoors  and 
fed  throughout  the  winter  on  cabbage  leaves.  They  are  very 
hardy  and  easy  to  rear.  Apaniea  yemina,  A.  badUnea  and  A.  secalis 
[didyiiia,  oculea)  were  taken  in  fair  numbers  on  waste  places  overgrown 
with  rank  herbage,  in  company  with  numerous  Miana  striyUis,  M. 
fasciiincida,  M.  literosa  and  M.  bicoloria.  One  or  two  Petilampa 
arcHosa  were  found  at  rest  on  the  rushes  after  dark.  The  Agrotids 
were  decidedly  scarce,  the  only  species  occurring  in  any  numbers  was 
A.  exclamationis.  T  did  not  see  a  single  specimen  of  the  usually 
common  Ayrotis  aeyetiim  this  month.  Triphaena  proiutba,  Noctua 
auyur,  N.  plecta,  N,  primiilae  (festiva)  and  N.  ruhi,  Caradrina  quadri- 
piinctata  and  a  few  others  were  all  common,  but  net  so  numerous  in 
individuals  as  they  are  in  some  years.  A  few  examples  of  Dianthoecia 
capsincola  were  taken  at  rest  on  stone  walls.  Phloyophora  meticulosa  as 
usual  was  abundant,  but  Euplexia  lucipara  was  decidedly  scarce,  not 
more  than  two  or  three  examples  were  seen.  I  did  not  see  a  single 
specimen  of  either  Aplecta  nebulosa  or  A.  tincta  this  year,  the  former 
species,  as  a  rule,  occurs  in  the  district  in  fair  numbers,  but  A.  tincta 
is  rare,  the  only  examples  I  have  seen  were  three  specimens  I  took 
last  year  at  rest  on  larcb  and  birch.  At  the  beginning  of  the  month 
Mamestra  [Hadena)  ylauca  was  taken  in  fair  numbers  at  rest  on  stone 
walls,  in  company  with  a  few  worn  Mamestra  [Hadena)  tJtalasshia  and 
M.  contiyna.  A  single  Matnestra  [Hadena)  trifulii  was  taken,  flying 
at  dusk  over  rough  herbage.  Mamestra  oleracea  was  abundant  every- 
where. I  did  not  notice  Cucullia  umbratica  this  year,  as  a  rule  a  few 
are  taken  each  year  at  rest  on  fence-posts  and  at  the  flowers  of  ragged 
robin  at  dusk.  The  same  remarks  apply  to  Abrostola  triplasia  and  A. 
tripartita.  Plusia  chrysitis  was  fairly  common  at  the  bramble  blossoms 
at  dusk,  and  Plusia  festacae,  as  usual,  was  the  common  Plusia  of  the 
district,  and  was  to  be  taken  at  every  patch  of  ragged  robin.  This 
beautiful  insect  is  common  throughout  the  district,  whilst  curiously 
enough  the,  in  most  districts,  abundant  P.  gamma  is  quite  scarce.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  month  the  large  cocoons  of  Plusia  festucae  are  to 
be  found,  commonly  enough,  attached  to  rushes,  nearly  everywhere 
throughout  the  district.  A  few  Plusia  pulchrina  were  taken  at  bramble 
blossom  at  dusk.  I  have  not  as  yet  seen  P.  iota  in  these  valleys.  A 
few  worn  Euclidia  ylyphica  and  E.  mi  were  still  to  be  found  up  to  the 
middle  of  the  month. 

Opisthograptis   luteolata     was   common   everywhere.      Metrocampa 
margaritaria  was  to  be  beaten  out  of  bushes  in  all  our  woods.    Roarmia 


138  THE  entomologist's  record. 

repandota  and  B.  gemmaria  were  both  fairly  common.  I  took  a 
beautiful  melanic  variety  of  B.  repandata  at  rest  on  the  trunk  of  a 
large  whitethorn ;  it  was  coal  black,  the  only  markings  being  the  clear 
white  sub-marginal  lines.  A  few  worn  Psettdoterjma  pruinata  and  a 
single  Tephroiiia  punctularia  were  beaten  out  of  long,  rank  grass  in  the 
Llanock  Wood.  Acidalia  imitaria,  A.  remutaria  and  A.  averxata  were 
common  enough  in  the  woods,  whilst  Acidalia  fumata  positively 
swarmed  amongst  bilberry  and  heather  on  every  hillside.  Kuchueva 
obliterata  were  common  in  the  shady  parts  of  the  Llanock  Wood,  they 
were  in  perfect  condition  at  the  beginning  of  June ;  this  is  a  species 
which  very  soon  gets  paaae  and  really  good  specimens  are  not  often 
taken.  Cabera  pusaria  and  C.  exanthe»tata  were  very  abundant. 
Semiothisa  liturata  was  taken  freely  at  rest  on  beech  trunks,  this 
is  a  very  wary  insect  and  readily  takes  to  flight  at  one's  approach. 
Lozograinvia  petraria,  Ematurija  atoniaria  and  Melciiydris  didyinata 
swarmed  amongst  the  bilberry  and  heather,  the  last  species  was  a 
regular  nuisance  at  dusk,  some  of  the  J  s  were  very  dark  and  heavily 
marked.  Ortholitha  pliuiibaria  was  common  in  most  places.  Typical 
Abraxas  ;irossulariata  occurred  in  every  garden.  A  search,  at  the  end 
of  the  month  and  during  July,  for  Entep/iria  caeaiata  was  unproductive. 
I  have  only  taken  two  specimens  of  this  insect  in  these  valleys,  in  both 
cases  at  rest  on  rocks  at  the  tops  of  the  hills.  Eupithecia  lariciata 
was  very  common  amongst  larch  and  E.  nanata  amongst  heather. 
Hydrioiiiena  furcata  (elutata)  and  J-J .  iinpliiviata  were  very  common 
amongst  sallow  and  alder.  A  few  Mesoleiiea  ocdlata  and  \L  ulbiciilata 
were  beaten  out  of  bushes,  the  former  being  by  far  the  commoner  of 
the  two  insects.  Eidype  hastata  has  been  decidedly  scarce  this  season, 
as  a  rule  a  fair  number  of  specimens  are  taken  each  year  by  beating 
the  birches  in  marshy  places.  XanthorhiJe  tristata,  as  usual,  swarmed 
nearly  everywhere,  this  somewhat  local  species  is  probably,  with  the 
exception  of  Mdenydris  didyinata,  the  most  common  Geometer  in  this 
district.  Xanthorhoe  montanata  was  abundant  everywhere.  Coremia 
ferrugata  and  Amoebe  viridaria  were  abundant  in  every  wood,  Coreinia 
denignata  occurred  in  most  wooded  places,  (Jainptogrannna  bilineata  was 
very  common  everywhere,  Cidaria  ftdvata  and  C.  corylata  were  to  be 
beaten  out  of  hedges  and  bushes  in  most  places  but  were  taken  more 
commonly  at  dusk,  Anaitis  plagiata  was  not  so  common  as  usual  this 
year,  Odezia  atrata  swarmed  in  one  spot  at  Crumlin  and  in  another 
near  Abertillery.  This  species  is  exceedingly  local  but  very  abundant 
where  it  occurs. 

[To  he  concluded.) 


Retrospect  of  a  Coleopterist  for  191 1. 

By  Prof.  T.  HUDSON  BEAKE,  B.Sc,  F.K.S.E.,  F.E.S. 

{Concluded  from  page  117.) 

Articles  and  Notes. — A  number  of  extremely  interesting  articles 

and  notes  have  been  published  in  the  columns  of  the   Eiit.  Mo.  Mag. 

and  the  Ent.  Record  during  the  past  year,  and  I  now  propose  to  discuss 

briefly  these  articles  and  notes. 

Mr.  J.  Edwards  has  contributed  two  articles,  one  entitled  "  A 
Revision  of  the  British  Species  of  Haliplua,  Jjiiive'Ale  "  {Ent.  Mo.  Mag., 
vol.  xlvii.,  p.  1),  and  the  other  "On  Centhorhyiultiis  inargittatiis,  Payk., 


RETROSPECT  OF  A  COLEOPTERIST  FOR  1911.  189 

and  Some  Allied  Species"  {loe.  cit.,  p.  208).  In  the  first  of  these  two 
articles  Mr.  Edwards  refers  to  the  advantage  of  using  as  a  differential 
character  a  certain  extremely  fine  irrorate  punctulation  found  on  the 
elytra  of  many  of  the  females  of  this  genus,  a  character  first  pointed 
out  by  Gerhardt  in  1877.  Mr.  Edwards  also  makes  use,  to  a  certain 
extent,  of  the  male  genitalia  as  a  specific  character.  He  gives  a  diagram 
showing  the  male  genitalia  of  three  species — xtn'atu^,  ivehnckei,  and 
imwacHlatiix.  A  comparative  table  of  all  the  British  species  of  the 
genus  is  given,  and  details  of  each  of  the  species.  Mr.  Edwards 
has  elevated  to  specific  rank  certain  varieties,  and  gives  a 
reason  why  he  has  adopted  this  course.  I  confess  I  cannot  quite 
see  my  way  to  accept  his  conclusions.  How  difficult  the  whole 
problem  is  will  be  realised  from  the  following  facts.  Mr. 
Newbery  introduced  immaculatus,  Gerh.,  into  our  list  a  short  time 
ago  ;  Mr.  Edwards  points  out  that  the  insects  supposed  to  represent 
this  species  were  as  a  matter  of  fact  nehnckei :  then  again  in  the  latest 
European  catalogue  two  of  Mr.  Edwards'  species  are  considered  to  be 
varieties  only,  heydeni,  Wehncke,  is  a  variety  of  riijicollis,  and 
welinckei ,  Gerh.,  is  a  variety  of  ininmcidatiis,  Gerh.  Herr  Ganglbauer 
on  the  other  hand,  though  he  agrees  with  the  European  catalogue 
as  regards  hei/daii,  considers  both  viiinaciilatus  and  urJinckei  to  be 
merely  varieties  of  flKviatilis.  All  this  disagreement  clearly 
points  to  the  fact  that  the  characters,  relied  upon  for  separating  the 
allied  species  in  this  troublesome  little  group,  are  very  unstable. 
Mr.  Balfour  Browne,  who  has  been  working  at  the  genus,  and  has 
introduced  a  species  new  to  science^ — Halipliis  nnuiax  {loc.  cit.,  p.  153), 
apparently  also  disagrees  with  some  of  the  conclusions  to  which 
Mr.  Edwards  has  come,  and  states  that  he  intends  to  write  a  paper 
upon  this  group  of  the  genus.  In  discussing  fuhiadliH,  Mr.  Edwards 
says  that  both  Gerhardt  and  Wehncke  state  that  in  this  species  the 
elytra  of  the  female  are  without  punctulation  (I  have  Erichson's 
original  description  before  me  and  there  is  no  reference  to  this 
punctulation),  but  that  his,  Mr.  Edwards',  English  specimens  do  have 
the  apical  portion  of  the  elytra  punctulate.  The  whole  evidence  as 
to  the  correct  identification  of  these  specimens  is  I  must  say 
somewhat  doubtful.  It  appears  to  me  very  undesirable  to  take  a 
description  of  a  species  and  make  it  agree  with  a  particular  insect 
by  simply  asserting  that  the  original  describer  omitted  to  notice 
certain  important  structural  difterences,  especially  when  a  continental 
specimen,  received  from  a  dealer,  is  taken  as  a  type,  though  there 
is  no  evidence  that  the  specimen  was  a  type  at  all. 

In  his  second  paper,  Mr.  Edwards  deals  with  a  group  of  the  genus 
Ceuthor/n/nchiis,  which  has  always  been  troublesome  to  workers  at  this 
genus.  He  discusses  the  value  of  the  secondary  sexual  characters  and 
their  use  in  separating  these  closely  allied  species.  He  gives  a  table 
showing  how  the  four  species  of  the  group  may  be  separated,  and  is  of 
opinion  that  three  species  occur  in  Great  Britain,  riz.,  iiiariiinatna, 
Payk.  ;  pnuctiiier,  Gyll.  ;  and  mulleri,  Thoms.  {=  rottoulatus,  Bris.). 
Canon  Fowler  in  his  Cul.  Brit.  Id.  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  last  of 
these  three  insects  was  a  doubtful  species.  Mr.  Edwards  also  shows 
conclusively  that  Ceuthorhipichidiiis  diatinctus,  Bris.,  is  merely  a  form 
of  )nartii)tatii>>,  having  the  funiculus  of  the  antennas  six-jointed,  and 
that  occasionally  an  aberration  is  met  with  having  the  funiculus  of  one 


140  THE  entomologist's  record. 

antenna  six-jointed  and  the  other  seven-jointed  (Bye  many  years  ago 
came  to  the  same  conclusion)  ;  this  latter  form  he  proposes  to  call  ab. 
inaequalis.  Whatever  opinion  one  may  hold  in  regard  to  Mr.  Edwards' 
views  on  specific  and  varietal  distinctions,  one  can  but  congratulate 
him  v/armly  on  two  admirable  papers. 

Dr.  Joy  contributed  to  the  F^nt.  Mo.  Ma;/,  two  important  notes — 
(1)  "  A  Note  on  Dr.  Sharp's  New  Species  of  Gabrius  "  [loc.  cit.,  p.  80)|; 
and  (2)  "  A  Revision  of  the  British  Species  of  Liodefi,  Latreille 
[Anisotoma,  Brit.  Cat.),"  {loc.  cit.,  p.  166).  In  the  first  of  these  two 
notes,  Dr.  Joy  gives  a  table  for  separating  these  eight  species  without 
reference  to  the  male  genitalia,  and  in  addition  he  gives  a  short  des- 
cription of  each  species,  and  notes  as  to  the  localities  in  which  these 
species  occur.  I  should  like  to  ask  Dr.  Sharp  and  Dr.  Joy  how  it  has 
been  determined  which  of  these  species  is  the  original  trossulns,  Nordm. 
It  is  curious  that  Dr.  Joy  says  that  the  species  he  calls  trossuliis  is  by 
no  means  common,  and  is  very  local,  while  on  the  other  hand  the 
insect  which  is  called  iw/ritulus,  Grav.,  and  which  we  have  hitherto 
considered  to  be  very  rare,  is  on  the  contrary  the  commonest  of  the 
group,  at  any  rate  in  England.  It  is  surely  impossible  to  decide  from 
the  original  description  of  trossulus,  which  was  drawn  up  from  a 
mixture  of  several  of  these  species,  which  insect  should  be  called 
trosmlus.  Under  these  circumstances  it  would  surely  have  been  better 
to  have  given  the  name  trossulus  to  the  more  common  form.  There  is 
one  point  in  Dr.  Joy's  table,  which  seems  a  most  untrustworthy 
character,  namely,  the  extrusion  of  the  male  organ.  Surely  this  is 
merely  an  accidental  result,  due  to  shock  at  the  instant  of  death,  and 
is  not  a  state  of  things  which  can  exist  in  life  as  the  normal  condition. 

In  the  second  paper  Dr.  Joy  says  that  he  has  been  specially  inte- 
rested for  some  years  in  the  genus  generally  called  in  this  country 
Anisotowa,  and  that  he  has  felt  the  need  of  a  revision  of  the  table 
which  has  hitherto  been  used  for  separating  the  species.  Unfortu- 
nately Dr.  Joy  has  not  been  a'ole  to  come  to  an  agreement  with  Dr. 
Fleischer,  the  recognised  authority  for  this  genus,  in  regard  to  several 
doubtful  specimens,  and  some  of  the  points  must,  therefore,  be  considered 
to  be  still  unsettled.  Dr.  Joy  sent  four  specimens  to  Dr.  Fleischer,  which 
the  latter  returned  as  brunnea,  Sturm.;  Dr.  Joy,  however,  is  of  opinion 
that  only  two  of  thesefour  specimens  are  true  brunnea,  and  that  the  other 
two  are  ahjirica.  Rye,  and  that  the  specimen  taken  by  Mr.  Donisthorpe 
at  Oxford,  and  named  algirica  by  Dr.  Fleischer,  is  only  a  small  diibia. 
Mr.  Donisthorpe  criticised  this  conclusion  of  Dr.  Joy  {loc.  cit.,  p.  256), 
and  pointed  out  that  Dr.  Joy's  brunnea  possessed  characters  which 
were  not  consonant  with  the  original  description  of  Sturm.  Dr.  Joy, 
in  reply  to  this  note,  maintains  his  original  contention  {loc.  cit.,  p.  276). 
In  this  article  Dr.  Joy  describes  an  entirely  new  species  stenocorypke 
(loc.  cit.,  p.  167),  on  the  strength  of  two  specimens  taken  by  Mr.  W. 
E.  Sharp  near  Forres.  He  deletes  obesa ,  Schm.,  and  siniilata.  Rye;  he 
considers  the  former  is  merely  a  variety  of  the  very  variable  dubia, 
Kug.,  and  that  the  latter  is  only  a  variety  of  badia,  Stm.  It  may  be 
mentioned  that  in  an  earlier  note  [loc.  cit.,  p.  10)  Dr.  Joy  described  a 
new  species  of  Anisotoma  under  the  name  davidiana,  which  he  stated 
at  the  time  was  closely  allied  to  dubia,  and  that  he  had  specimens  of  it 
from  Southport  and  Deal.  In  the  article  at  present  under  consideration, 
however,  he  said  that  he  had  modified  his  views,  and  considered  this  in- 


RETROSPECT  OF  A  COLEOPTERIST  FOR  1911.  141 

sect  was  merely  another  variety  of  dubia,  Kug.  Two  other  changes  of 
synonymy  are  made  by  Dr.  Joy.  He  expresses  the  opinion  that  the 
insects  we  have  hitherto  called  Anisotonia  scita,  Er.,  taken  by  Dr. 
Sharp  in  Scotland,  and  named  by  Rye,  were  merely  forms  of  dubia, 
Kug.  On  the  other  hand  the  insect  we  have  hitherto  called  Anisotnma 
niifrita,  Schm.,  is  what  is  now  known  on  the  Continent  as  A.  scita,  Er. 
The  name  ni;/rita,  therefore,  disappears  from  our  list.  It  may  be 
pointed  out  to  prevent  confusion  that  the  insect  known  on  the  Con- 
tinent under  the  name  of  similata.  Rye,  is,  as  Dr.  Joy  points  out  {loc. 
cit..  p.  110),  a  totally  different  insect  from  our  similata,  and  that  this 
continental  insect  will  have  to  be  renamed.  Dr.  Joy  suggests  y/mcAm 
as  a  suitable  name.  In  addition  to  giving  an  exceedingly  good  table 
of  the  British  species,  Dr.  Joy  gives  detailed  descriptions  of  several 
species  of  the  genus,  and  notes  as  to  the  localities  in  which  these 
have  been  taken.  The  paper  is  an  extremely  good  one,  and  will  cer- 
tainly prove  of  great  help  to  many  collectors  who  have  hitherto  found 
this  genus  a  stumbling-block,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  Dr.  Joy's 
work  will  lead  to  more  attention  being  paid  to  this  genus,  so  that  the 
distribution  of  the  species  may  be  more  accurately  determined. 

Another  short  note  by  Dr.  Joy  (loc.  cit.,  p.  132)  deals  with  the  var. 
picipennis,  Heer,  of  Qitedins  attenuatun,  Gyll.  Dr  Joy  gives  a  useful 
table  for  separating  the  allied  species  of  this  group  of  the  genus 
Quediiis. 

Dr.  Sharp  has  contributed  a  series  of  valuable  articles  during  the 
past  year  to  the  pages  of  the  Ent.  Mo.  Macf.  In  his  first  paper, 
entitled  "  Bledins  pallipes  and  its  Allies  in  Britain  "  {loc.  cit.,  p.  31), 
Dr,  Sharp  says  that  much  confusion  has  arisen  owing  to  the  fact  that 
Gravenhorst  included  several  species  under  the  name  of  pallipes.  In 
this  country  we  have  five  allied  species,  viz.,  pallipes,  Grav  ;  fuscipes, 
Rye  (which  is  synonymous  with  the  later  described  rastellus,  Schiodte); 
terebrans,  Schiodte ;  and,  lastly,  two  species  new  to  science,  and  now 
described  for  the  first  time  by  Dr.  Sharp,  anuae  and  filipes.  Full 
notes  are  given  as  to  the  localities,  and  as  to  the  characters  which 
separate  these  allied  species. 

In  his  second  note,  entitled  "  Bledins  hinnulus,  Er.  (or  diota, 
Schiodte),  in  Britain,"  Dr.  Sharp  draws  attention  to  the  fact  that  in 
this  country  we  have  hitherto  confused  hinnulus  with  bicornis.  Germ. 
{loc.  cit.,  p.  34).  Hinnulus  has  been  found  in  abundance  at  Wells,  by 
Mr.  Brewer,  Dr.  Joy,  Mr.  Donisthorpe,  and  the  author.  Dr.  Sharp 
also  deals  with  the  point  as  to  whether  hinnulus,  Er.,  is  the  same 
insect  as  diota,  Schiodte,  and  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  it  is. 

In  the  third  paper  {loc.  cit.,  p.  57),  entitled  "  Bledius  fracticornis, 
and  its  British  Allies,"  Dr.  Sharp  says  that  he  can  assert  that 
certainly  three  species  of  this  group  occur  in  Great  Britain,  viz., 
fracticornis,  Er.,  which  is  an  uncommon  species ;  laetior,  Muls.  and 
Rey,  also  apparently  a  rare  species  ;  and  femoralis,  Gyll.,  which  is 
fairly  common  in  the  south  of  England.  In  addition  Dr,  Sharp  says 
that  he  has  seen  a  male  specimen  in  Mr.  Champion's  collection,  and 
that  he  has  a  female  specimen  in  his  own  collection,  which  he  cannot 
reconcile  with  the  descriptions  of  any  of  the  above  three  species,  and 
he  thinks  it  possible,  therefore,  that  we  may  have  a  fourth  undescribed 
species  of  this  group  occurring  in  Great  Britain. 

Mr.  G.  C.  Champion  has  contributed  several  interesting  articles 


142  THE  entomologist's  record. 

and  notes  to  the  Ent.  Mo.  Maij.  In  his  first  note  {loc.  cit.,  p.  16), 
on  the  Meloid-genus  Honiia  and  its  allies,  he  deals  with  a  remarkable 
Sitarid,  bred  Irom  pupa?  found  in  the  cells  of  an  Anthnphora  at 
Mogador,  IMorocco,  belonging  to  a  newly  described  genus  Allciiclesa- 
lazaria,  Escalera,  which  is  apparently  closely  allied  to  the  American 
genus  Hornia,  Riley. 

In  a  second  note,  entitled  "  Note  on  the  Methods  used  to  obtain 
minute  blind  Stai'hi/linidae"  {Inc.  cit.,  p.  138),  Mr.  Champion  gives  a 
description  of  the  methods  employed  by  Signor  Dodero  to  obtain  the 
minute  blind  Staphylinidae  which  live  in  the  dry  earth  at  the  foot  of 
old  tree  trunks,  or  beneath  deeply  embedded  boulders. 

In  a  third  note  {loc.  cit.,  p.  214)  Mr.  Champion  states  that  he  has 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  foodplant  of  Xauoji/n/cs  i/racilis,  Redt., 
is  water  purslane  {Pe/dis  portula). 

In  an  article  entitled  "  A  Trip  to  Sardinia  in  1910 "  {loc.  cit., 
p.  219),  Mr.  Champion  gives  a  strikingly  interesting  account  of  a 
collecting  tiip  in  Sardinia  with  MM.  Dodero  and  Solari,  which  ex- 
tended from  May  27th  to  June  19th.  A  number  of  interesting  species 
of  Coleoptera  were  taken.     The  whole  article  is  one  of  great  interest. 

Lastly,  in  a  note  entitled  "Note  on  the  Forms  of  Galeruca  tanaceii 
L.,  occurring  in  Britain  "  {loc.  cit.,  p.  258),  Mr.  Champion  says  that 
there  is  a  possibility  that  G.  pomonae.  Scop.,  which  has  a  black  aber- 
ration anthracina,  Weise,  may  occur  in  this  country,  its  foodplants 
being  Centanrea  jacea  and  its  allies,  and  Knautia  arvotsis. 

In  the  October  issue  of  the  Knt.  Mo.  Maij.,  p.  241,  Mr.  J.  R.  le  B. 
Tomlin  and  Mr.  W.  E.  Sharp  began  a  series  of  notes  on  the  British 
species  of  Lo»///7fl/'.s;/.s,  Latr.  The  authors  point  out  that  this  genus 
remains  to  coleopterists  perhaps  the  most  confused  in  synonymy  and 
bewildering  in  specific  differentiation  of  all  the  genera  of  the  Coleop- 
tera. They  discuss  the  reasons  for  this  state  of  things,  and  point  out 
how  characters  which  are  usually  so  valuable  in  Coleoptera  are  in  this 
genus  quite  unreliable.  To  assist  in  the  discrimination  of  the  species, 
they  divide  the  genus  into  six  sections.  Two  of  these  sections,  viz., 
those  which  contain  («)  unicolorous  black  species,  and  {b)  black  species 
with  distinct  testaceous  or  reddish  markings  are  dealt  with  in  the 
paper  as  far  as  it  was  published  at  the  close  of  the  year.  Two  changes 
in  synonymy  are  made  : — Loivjitan^ns  pide.r,  Schr.,  should  be  known 
as  L.  oblitcraUdi,  Rosenh. ;  and  L.  ater,  F.,  should  be  known 
as  L.  panudiis,  Payk.  The  species  L.  ni(ier,  Koch,  is  dropped  entirely. 
If  one  may  form  a  judgment  from  the  portion  of  these  notes  which  has 
so  far  been  published,  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  genus  LoniiitarsKn, 
which  has  hitherto  been  much  neglected  by  coleopterists,  owing  to  the 
difficulty  of  identifying  species,  will  in  the  future  prove  a  much  more 
interesting  genus  for  the  field  worker.  Though  no  amount  of  descrip- 
tion will  make  this  puzzling  genus  an  easy  one,  still  the  removal  from 
our  lists  of  mere  names  will  go  a  long  way  towards  reducing  the  diffi- 
culties which  have  hitherto  beset  the  coleopterist  who  has  attempted  to 
work  out  the  names  of  his  captures. 

Mr.  Tomlin  has  published  a  further  instalment  of  his  "  List 
of  Coleoptera  found  in  Herefordshire,"  No.  4  {loc.  cit.,  p.  271).  The 
new  list  includes  a  considerable  number  of  species  new  to  the 
county. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Keys  in  an  article  entitled  "  Jiarypithes  dupUcatas,  n.  sp., 


RETROSPECT    OF    A    COLEOPTERIST    FOR    1911.  •  143 

and  Notes  on  other  British  Members  of  the  Genus  "  {loc.  cit.,  p.  128), 
gives  a  history  of  the  discovery  of  this  new  species,  with  particulars  of 
its  capture,  and  a  description  of  the  characters  which  separate  it  from 
pellucid  us,  Boh.  The  article  is  illustrated  by  a  plate,  which  gives 
representations  of  both  male  and  female  forms,  and  detail  drawings  of 
the  legs.  In  concluding  his  article  Mr.  Keys  gives  a  table  for 
separating  the  five  species  of  this  genus  now  found  in  this  country, 
with  some  notes  as  to  their  general  distribution.  Commander 
Walker  has  recently  taken  B.  pellKcidiis,  Boh.,  at  Oxford.  Mr.  Keys 
is  to  be  congratulated  on  disentangling  this  troublesome  little  problem. 

Several  interesting  notes  with  regard  to  life-histories  have  appeared 
during  the  year.  Mr.  J.  Collins  {loc.  cit.,  p.  248)  published  some  notes 
on  the  earlj'  stages  of  Hamiionia  appendicidata,  Panz.,  with  illustra- 
tions of  the  larvse  and  pupa^.  In  August,  1911,  while  working  for 
this  insect  in  a  tributary  of  the  river  Cherwell,  he  discovered  both 
larvse  and  pupae,  which  he  eventually  bred  out.  They  occurred 
chiefly  on  Fotanwgeton  pectiitatus. 

Mr.  C.  F.  Selous  pubHshed  {loc.  cit.,  p.  86)  an  interesting  article 
entitled  "  A  Preliminary  Note  on  the  so-called  Carrion-feeding 
Coleoptera,"  in  which  he  gave  a  record  of  observations  made  whilst 
watching  small  carcases  placed  out  in  a  field  on  open  ground,  and 
noting  the  visits  paid  to  them  by  various  species  of  Coleoptera.  He 
states  that  he  is  not  convinced  that  the  burying  of  the  carcases  is 
due  only  to  the  Necro])Iiori,  or  that  it  is  a  purposive  act.  I  may 
mention  that  about  fifteen  years  ago,  when  living  at  Richmond,  I 
made  a  series  of  experiments  with  the  bodies  of  mice.  These  were 
placed  out  early  in  the  morning  on  a  fairly  hard  patch  of  ground  in 
my  garden,  before  I  left  for  my  duties  at  the  University  ;  on  my 
return  in  the  evening,  I  always  found  that  the  carcases  had  been 
entirely  buried,  and  that  they  were  lying  in  a  hole  shaped  very  much 
like  a  miniature  grave,  with  loose  soil  on  the  top,  and  that  the  loose 
earth  covering  was  never  less  than  about  half  an  inch  in  depth.  I 
found  male  and  female  Necrophon  in  each  case  with  the  body  which 
had  been  buried.  Certainly,  therefore,  in  these  cases  the  burial  was 
the  work  of  the  insect,  and  the  disappearance  of  the  corpse  below  the 
ground  was  not  in  any  way  facilitated  by  decomposition. 

Mr.  H.  Britten  gives  a  list  of  the  Coleoptera  which  he  has  cap- 
tured in  underground  wasps'  nests  during  the  last  two  or  three  years 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Salkeld  Dykes  {loc.  cit.,  p.  89).  Qnedius 
puncticollis,  Th.,  seemed  to  be  a  regular  inhabitant  of  all  these  nests. 

Mr.  Donisthorpe  adduced  evidence,  which  seems  very  conclusive, 
to  show  that  Tn'chonijx  sulcicollis,  Reich.,  is  in  part  myrmecophilous, 
and  that  2\  iiuirkeli,  Aube,  is  a  true  myrmecophilous  insect  {loc.  cit., 
p.  67). 

Mr.  E.  G.  Bayford  in  an  article  entitled  "  Electric  Light  as  an 
Attraction  for  Beetles  and  other  Insects"  {loc.  cit.,  p.  157),  gives  a  des- 
cription of  the  captures  he  has  made  at  electric  light  street  lamps  at 
Barnsley,  Yorks.  Curiously  enough,  species  of  Necrophori  are  much  in 
evidence,  showing  that  these  insects  fly  readily  at  night  when  seeking 
for  food. 

In  the  Ent.  Record,  Mr.  Donisthorpe,  in  his  "Myrmecophilous  Notes 
for  1910"  (pp.  10,  58,  and  169),  deals  with  the  various  species  of 
Coleoptera  and  other  insects,  etc.,  taken  in  ants'  nests  during  1910. 


144  THE  entomologist's  record. 

He  describes  a  number  of  valuable  experiments  he  had  made  with 
certain  of  these  insects  in  his  observation  nests.  These  notes  are  a 
further  testimony  to  the  thorough  and  praiseworthy  manner  in  which 
Mr.  Donisthorpe  is  tackling  this  important  problem  as  to  the  relation 
between  ants  and  the  dwellers  in  their  nests. 

The  only  other  article  to  which  I  need  refer  is  Dr.  Longstafi's 
account  of  three  weeks  in  the  Sudan  (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  xlvii.,  pp.  119 
and  194).  Though  Dr.  Longsta£f  paid  but  little  attention  to  the 
Coleoptera,  he  has  given  some  interesting  notes  as  to  some  of  the 
more  striking  species  which  occur  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Khartum 
and  the  surrounding  country.  Mr.  G.  A.  K.  Marshall  has  described 
{J,oc.  cit.,  p.  207)  a  new  species  of  Baris  under  the  name  of  lorata,  from 
the  Sudan. 

Two  parts  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Entoiiwhuiical  Society  of  London 
for  1911  have  been  issued  up  to  the  close  of  the  year.  In  Part  II. 
there  are  two  papers  dealing  with  Coleoptera.  The  first,  illustrated  by 
two  plates,  one  of  them  coloured,  is  by  M.  Henri  Boileau  ;  it  contains 
descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  Lucanidae  in  the  British  Museum 
collections.  Tv/o  species  oi  Sphenof/nathus  from  Bolivia;  two  species 
of  Lncaniis  from  Burmah  and  Assam  respectively;  one  species  of 
Rhaetidiis  from  Siam  ;  two  species  of  Hemisodorcas  from  Perak  and 
Burmah  respectively ;  one  species  of  Gnaphaloryx  from  Sumatra ;  and 
two  species  of  Niyidius  from  Rangoon  and  East  Africa  respectively  are 
described.  Both  the  species  of  Sphenonnathua  and  of  Lucanus  as  well 
as  the  species  of  Rhaetuliis  are  well  figured  in  the  two  plates. 

The  second  paper  is  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Elliott  and  Mr.  C.  Morley  and  is 
entitled  "  On  the  Hymenopterous  Parasites  of  Coleoptera.  First 
Supplement."  Since  the  publication  of  their  original  paper  in  the 
'Tramactions  in  1907,  much  additional  matter  has  come  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  authors  ;  this  paper  contains  this  additional  matter. 
It  should  be  read  in  conjunction  with  the  original  paper,  with  which 
it  is  uniform  and  concurrently  numbered.  The  paper  embodies  the 
results  of  most  painstaking  investigations  through  the  works  of  a 
number  of  well-known  entomologists,  and  brings  together  mto  a 
convenient  form  for  reference  a  mass  of  field  and  other  records  hitherto 
scattered  throughout  the  pages  of  the  numerous  works  which  the 
authors  have  consulted.  The  thanks  of  all  entomologists  are  due  to 
the  authors  for  their  labours,  and  for  the  clear  and  admirable  way  in 
which  they  have  arranged  the  records  so  as  to  facilitate  future  reference. 

Excellent  progress  continues  to  be  made  with  the  Coleopterormn 
Cataloyiis  edited  by  Schenkling,  and  published  by  Herr  Junk.  Parts 
25-38  were  issued  during  the  year,  and  Part  39  has  just  come  to  hand. 
The  following  families  amongst  others  have  been  dealt  with : — 
Pselaphidae ;  Tenebrionidac,  3rd  and  4th  sections ;  Staphijlinidae,  2 
sections;  Ciasidae  ;  (Virysomelidae-IJispinae  :  Anthicidae  :  IScarabeidae- 
Coprinae,  1  ;   Cera})ib]icidae-Cera)nhiicinae. 

Professor  Blatchley,  of  Indianopolis,  U.S.A.,  has  published  what  he 
calls  An  illustrated  descriptive  cataloi/iie  of  the  Coleoptera  or  beetles 
[exclusive  of  the  lUnjucofthora)  known  to  occur  in  Indiana:  it  is,  however, 
a  treatise  extending  to  138H  pages,  illustrated  with  590  figures  of  the 
more  important  species  (2535  are  dealt  with),  and  with  many  diagrams 
of  structural  details ;  this  volume  is  another  illustration  of  the 
thorough  way  in  which  our  American  cousins  are  dealing  with  the 
Natural  History  of  their  great  country. 


COLLECTING    NOTES    FOR    1911.  146 

In  the  Annals  of  Scuttit<h  Xatural  Histuri/,  July  and  October,  1911, 
appeared  a  paper  by  Mr.  F.  Balfour-Browne,  "  On  the  Aquatic 
Coleoptera  of  the  North  Ebudes."  In  September  1910,  Mr.  Balfour- 
Browne  spent  a  week  collecting  in  Skye,  near  Broadford,  and  in  the 
island  of  Eigg,  and  this  paper  gives  an  account  of  the  results  of  his 
work  in  the  field,  and  of  the  investigations  he  has  made  into  other 
records  of  similar  work  carried  out  in  the  North  Ebudes.  The  paper 
is  characterised  by  the  thoroughness  -for  which  the  author  is  so  well 
known,  and  is  an  invaluable  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
fauna  of  this  group  of  islands  lying  off  the  west  coast  of  Scotland. 

I  think  we  may  congratulate  ourselves  that  1911  was  a  year 
fruitful  of  good  work  in  all  branches  of  the  subject. 


Collecting    Notes    for    1911. 

By  A.  KUSSELL,  F.E.S. 
In  concluding  my  notes  for  the  season  1910  I  remarked  that  if  all 
went  well  I  should  have  a  fairly  busy  time  when  the  spring  of  1911 
arrived,  and  in  this  expectation  I  was  not  disappointed,  a  succession 
of  insects  emerging  from  my  breeding  cages  from  the  middle  of 
February  to  the  end  of  June.  In  February  a  nice  series  of  Pachnobia 
rubricosa  emerged,  and  in  March  a  long  and  somewhat  variable  series  of 
Selenia  bilunana,  both  species  from  ova  obtained  from  Oxted  females. 
At  the  end  of  March  a  visit  to  sallows  at  Chislehurst  was  disappointing, 
owing  to  scarcity  of  insects.  The  only  Taeniocampids  to  put  in  an 
appearance  were  Taeniocampa  incerta  and  T.  stabilis.  Hijbernia  pro- 
(/einniaria  was  found  at  rest  on  the  fences,  and  Asphalia  fiavicomis  was 
taken,  but  both  were  a  trifle  worn.  A  few  Scopelosoiiia  satellitia  and 
Orrhodia  (Cerastis)  vaccinii  were  also  met  with.  A  visit  to  Bagshot  on 
Easter  Monday  for  Brephos  parthenias  resulted  in  several  males  and 
one  female  being  taken,  the  former  in  fair  condition  only.  A  male 
Lobophora  lobulata  was  also  secured.  During  April  a  good  series  of 
Tephrosia  panctularia  was  bred  from  ova  obtained  from  a  Berkshire 
female,  and  a  short,  but  nice  series  of  Celastrina  arcjiolus  from  ova 
and  young  larvae  found  the  previous  September  on  ivy  at  Cuxton. 
In  all  twenty-nine  pupje  were  obtained,  of  these  sixteen  produced 
imagines  and  the  remainder  ichneumons,  rather  a  disappointing  result. 
During  April  also  two  Lohophora  viretata  were  bred  from  wild  larvae, 
one  found  at  Cuxton  and  the  other  at  Boxhill.  Following  upon  these 
came  a  very  satisfactory  series  of  Aplecta  prasina  (lierbida),  from  ova 
obtained  from  a  female  taken  at  Polegate  ;  some  tine  Notodonta  ziczac 
from  Hampshire  and  Berkshire  larvae ;  Demas  coryli  from  Netley 
Heath  larvae,  and  a  long  series  of  Clostera  reclusa  from  ova  obtained 
from  a  Polegate  parent.  During  the  first  fortnight  in  May  the 
following  amongst  other  insects  were  bred,  Amorpha  popnli,  Mimas 
tili(e,  Gnnphria  ritbricollis,  Dasyehira  pudibiinda,  Ihepana  lacertinaria, 
IK  falcataria,  Oduntopera  bidentata,  Zonosoma  pendularia,  Hydriomena 
(Hypsipetes)  implnviata,  Melanippe  sociata,  Coremia  ferrugata, 
C.  unide7}taria,  Phibalaptery.c  vitalbata  and  Cidaria  corylata.  A  visit  to 
woods  in  Hampshire,  on  13th  May,  found  Brenthis  euplirosyne  just  out 
and  Euchlo'e  cardamines,  Hesperia  (Syrichthiis)  mahct  {alveolus),  and 
Tephrosia  punctularia  in  good  condition.  Between  the  middle  and  end 
of    May    the  breeding    cages    yielded   Svierinthus    ocellatus,    Hemaris 


146  THE  entomologist's  record, 

fuciformis,  Euchelia  jacobivcp,  Arctia  villica,  Stauropus  fatji,  Notodonta 
droniedarius,  C'yinatop/wra  ocularis,  Maiiiestra  penicaria,  Caradrina 
morpheus,  Noctiia  plecta,  Dianthoecia  conspersa,  D.  capsincola,  D.  cucu- 
bali,  D.  carpopha<ja  (some  variable  forms),  Mamestra  {Hadena)  thalas- 
sina,  M.  contijfua,  Anarta  niyrtilli,  Amphidanh  betiilaria,  Xemnria 
viridata,  Kmatnrga  atomaria  (one  female  of  male  coloration),  Biipalns 
piniaria,  Kupithecia  venosata,  K.  nanata,  and  Eucoxmia  undidata.  A 
day  in  Sussex  at  the  end  of  May  disclosed  Brentliis  eiiphrosi/ne  and 
NhoniadeH  tat/es  going  over,  Coenonj/nipha  pnwphilnx  and  [{uwicia 
phlaeas  just  out,  H.  malvae,  P/ii/tometra  aenea,  Kxrlidia  mi,  Venilia 
macularia  and  E.  atomaria  in  good  condition,  while  Panai/ra  petraria 
was  worn.  A  visit  to  Northampton  Woods  in  early  June  was  unsuc- 
cessful as  far  as  Ci/dopidcs  palaeinou  and  Strt/mon  priini  were  con- 
cerned, but  Abraxas  si/lrata  [idinata]  was  met  with  in  fair  numbers 
and  in  excellent  condition.  Larvse  of  Rnralis  betulae  were  obtained 
by  beating  the  blackthorn,  and  part  of  a  nest  of  Lachneis  lanestris 
larvae  was  secured.  During  the  first  fortnight  in  June  insects 
continued  to  emerge  from  the  breeding  cages,  including  a  few 
Melitaea  cinxia,  a  short  but  nice  series  of  (Jidaria  pijraliata 
[dotata),  and  half  a  dozen  or  so  Pliisia  moneta,  the  larvae  of 
which  were  obtained  from  delphinium  growing  in  the  garden. 
The  third  week  in  June  I  left  town  for  Shanklin  for  the  annual 
holiday.  The  weather  at  the  time  was  somewhat  broken,  but 
very  soon  settled  down  for  a  long  spell  of  extreme  heat.  Shortly 
after  arrival  the  downs  above  Shanklin  were  visited.  Cncnonyinpha 
pamphilns,  Folyomuiatus  icarus  and  Aiiyiadea  sylvanns  were  all  found 
worn,  but  Epinephele  jurtina  was  in  fair  condition.  On  the  heather  on 
Boniface  Down,  part  of  a  nest  of  Satumia  carpini  larvae  was  obtained 
and  also  some  larvae  of  Lyyris  {Cidario)  testata.  The  thistles  seemed 
to  suggest  larvae  of  Pyra)neiK  cardui  but  despite  a  careful  search  not 
one  was  met  with.  My  opportunities  for  collecting  at  night  time  were 
very  limited,  but  an  occasional  visit  to  the  lamps  showed  that  insects 
were  fairly  in  evidence,  though  principally  of  the  commoner  kinds. 
Two  or  three  visits  were  made  to  the  America  Woods  at  the  back  of 
the  town  where  Epinephele  jnrtina  was  found  in  abundance,  Adopaea 
[Thyineliciis)  Jiatm  (linea)  in  fair  quantity  with  Mdauari/ia  ijalathea  and 
Aphantopus  hyperanthun  in  limited  numbers.  The  landslip  near 
Bonchurch  yielded  larvte  of  Theretra  porcellus  and  Xanthorhn'e  [Mrlan- 
ippe)  (jaliata  on  the  bedstraw  and  cocoons  of  Anthrocera  jilipendidae. 
The  weather  became  hotter  and  hotter,  and  "an  open  confession  being 
good  for  the  soul,"  I  must  say  I  became  slacker  and  slacker,  until  I 
practically  ceased  to  do  any  collecting  at  all,  I  did  however  buckle  to 
before  leaving  the  Island  and  get  to  the  Melitaea  cinxia  ground,  where 
I  secured  a  nest  of  the  larvae. 

On  my  return  to  Purley,  in  the  middle  of  July,  I  found  several  of 
the  Lachneis  lanestris  larvjB  still  feeding  and  looking  exceedingly 
healthy  ;  they  promised  to  make  fine  moths,  and  have  since  done  so, 
that  is  to  say,  all  those  that  emerged  this  Spring.  On  my  way  to  the 
station  on  two  or  three  occasions,  J'ieris  rapae  was  seen  swarming  in  the 
Godstone  Road,  seeking  the  moisture  produced  by  the  watering,  the 
large  number  of  butterflies  seen  on  the  wing  at  one  time  attracted 
general  attention  from  the  passer-by.  The  weather  continued  very 
hot,  and  after  a  day  in  town  and  a  stifling  railway  journey  home,  one 


ON    A    GYNANDROMORPHOUS    AMORPHA     POPULI.  147 

felt  inclined  to  do  little  moi-e  than  reat  on  reaching  the  cool  of  the 
garden.  On  the  evening  of  August  8rd,  however,  my  dormant  energy 
was  immediately  aroused  hy  friend  Joy  dashing  in  with  a  Phr>/xits 
Uvornica,  which  he  had  just  netted  in  his  garden  a  little  way  down  the 
road.  The  net  was  once  more  requisitioned,  and  for  several  evenings 
watch  was  kept  in  the  neighbourhood  for  other  P.  Uvornica,  hut  none 
were  met  with.  The  specimen  taken  was  caught  hovering  over  white 
phlox;  it  was  in  fairly  good  condition,  one  wing  being  slightly 
chipped.  Rnmicia  phlaeas  now  made  its  appearance,  and,  as  was  the 
case  elsewhere,  was  common  in  the  district.  During  August  some 
nice  imagines  were  bred  from  the  Rnralis  befiilae,  and  A',  r/a/mto  larvne 
obtained  earlier  in  the  year.  A  visit  to  Oxted  on  the  August  Bank- 
holiday  resulted  in  Vanessa  io  being  seen  and  taken.  On  August  24th 
Oxshott  was  visited  for  A<irotis  af/atkina  and  two  were  obtained 
in  fair  condition.  A  trip  to  Richmond  Park  at  the  end  of  the 
month  resulted  in  HcUnphohus  popiilaris,  Characas  (jraininis,  Noctiia 
(jlareosa,  Citiia  reraf/o,  and  other  species  being  taken.  A  flying  visit 
to  Haslemere  at  the  beginning  of  [September  was  not  very  productive, 
but  a  few  papsB  of  Ai/riopis  aprilina  were  dug  from  under  oak.  My 
season  practically  concluded  with  a  short  holiday  at  Lowestoft  at  the 
end  of  September.  Here  Ruinicia  pldacaa  was  again  in  evidence, 
Pijrameis  atalanta  was  seen  at  the  ivy  blossoms  in  fine  condition,  and 
P.  card  III  and  Paranie  inet/aera  (second  brood)  were  met  with,  worn. 
Atiriiis  conrolviili  was  reported  to  be  in  the  district,  but  I  failed  to  meet 
with  it.  Pupa  digging  was  resorted  to,  but  nothing  very  special  was 
taken  in  this  way,  nine-tenths  of  those  dug  being  Taeniocampa  incerta. 


On  a  Gynandromorphous  Amorpha  populi.     {With  2  plates.) 

By  T.  A.  CHAPMAN,    M.D. 

The  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows  has  mounted  the  head  and  genitalia 
of  a  gynandromorphous  A.  populi,  given  to  him  by  Mr.  L.  W. 
Newman,  and  has  permitted  me  to  examine  the  specimen.  Amorpha 
populi  appears  to  afford  moKe  gynandromorphs  than  any  other 
Lepidopteron.  Herr  Bartel  collected  records  of  73  in  1900,  Tutt  in 
1902  refers  to  records  of  79  specimens,  and  hardly  a  year  passes  with- 
out a  record  of  one  or  more  examples.  It  does  not,  however,  happen 
that  I  have  found  any  detailed  account,  or  figure,  of  the  genitalia  of  a 
specimen. 

In  Mr.  Burrows'  specimen  the  left  side  is  male  the  right  side 
female.     The  head  shows  a  left  <?  antenna  and  a  right  $   one.     The 


Camera  outlines  of    (1)  left  (  j  )  palpus,    (2)  right  (  ?  ), 

(3)  Two  joints  of  left  (i)  antenna,  about  joints  13  or 

14.      (4)  Two  joints  from  right  (  ?  )  from  about  same 

position.      X  15. 


148  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

labial  palpi  differ  largely  in  size,  the  left  being  4-8mm,  long,  the  right 
only  2-6mm.  The  left  is  even  wider  in  proportion,  but  measurement 
would  be  misleading  as  the  2nd  joint  has  been  torn  in  mounting. 

The  structure  of  the  genitalia  will  be  better  understood  by  reference 
to  the  photographs  (by  Mr.  F.  N.  Clark)  of  Mr.  Burrows'  specimen, 
and  of  the  normal  ^  and  2  structures  of  normal  specimens,  which 
are  presented  herewith  x  12J.  I  have  numbered  the  parts  so  as  to 
show  the  correspondences. 

It  is  curious  that  whilst  there  appears  to  be  a  complete  $  side 
deft),  there  is  not  only  the  other  (right)  side  (completely)  3  ,  but  male 
structures  of  the  left  (or  female)  side  are  also  represented.  This  is  as 
in  photograph,  which  happens  to  reverse  the  specimen. 

Thus  there  are  both  branches  of  the  uncus  marked  (1),  and  I  have 
chosen  as  a  normal  (?)  male  for  comparison,  one  with  two  branches 
unequal,  which  is  not  common.  There  are  also  the  clasps  of  both 
sides,  both  valve  (3)  and  harpe  (4)  being  of  fairly  normal  development 
in  both  cases.  The  aedoeagus  is  not  perfect,  but  its  deficiency  is  not 
on  one  side.  The  distal  portion  (5)  seems  fairly  normal  (both  right 
and  left  sides),  but  the  basal  portion  (6)  is  shrunk  and  connected  with 
the  distal  end  by  a  very  narrow  neck.  The  female  side  is  represented 
by  the  terminal  flap  of  the  ovipositor  (2)  with  its  rod  (7),  and  by  the 
portion  of  the  plate  of  the  9th  segment,  which  (see  PI.  VI)  is  always  a 
slight  structure,  but  the  rod  (9)  belonging  to  it  is  fairly  normal.  The 
vaginal  structures  (8),  being  only  those  of  one  side,  are  twisted  out  of 
very  recognisable  form. 

It  would  perhaps  have  been  even  more  interesting  had  the  inner 
structure,  ovaries,  tubes,  etc.,  been  preserved,  but  they  became  no 
doubt  injured  and  lost  in  the  process  of  maceration. 

Description  or  Plates  V.  and  VI. 

Plate  V. — Appendages  of  gynandromorphous  .-J »(0)'^/ia  po/)i(Zi  x  12^. 

Plate  VI. — Upper  ?  ,  lower  i  ,  appendages  of  Amorpha  populi  x  1'2J.  The 
two  divisions  of  the  uncus  (1)  are  unequal  in  the  cT  specimen,  an  interesting  ab- 
normality, otherwise  the  specimens  are  normal,  and  suitable  for  comparison  with 
the  specimen  on  PI.  V. 


Leptosia  duponcheli  var.  aestiva  at  Digne. 

By  W.  G.  SHELDON,  F.E.S. 
It  was  in  the  early  days  of  August,  1906,  I  had  landed  at  Nice  in 
the  morning,  after  a  rough  crossing  from  Ajaccio,  and  having  travelled 
all  day  up  the  beautiful  but  stiilingly  hot  Gorge  of  the  Var  and  across 
the  Col  de  Vergons,  had  welcomed  with  relief  the  hospitable  doors  of 
the  "  Boyer-Mistre,"  at  Digne.  Dinner  was  being  served  on  my 
arrival,  and  after  a  hasty  wash  I  took  the  only  vacant  seat,  about  half 
way  down  the  long  table  in  the  "  Salle-a-manger."  ]  was  tired,  and  my 
powers  of  observation  were  dulled,  and  beyond  noticing  that  my  right 
hand  neighbour  was  one  of  the  largest  men  I  had  ever  seen,  1  did  not 
inspect  my  fellow  diners.  I  was  a  course  or  two  behind  the  others, 
and  just  as  the  dessert  was  reached  my  right  hand  neighbour  retired. 
I  turned  towards  the  vacant  seat  to  annex  a  peach  from  a  dish  on  the 
table,  when  an  expression  burst  forth  from  the  occupant  of  the  next 
chair,  "  Hallo,  what  on  earth  are  you  doing  here  ? "  and,  looking 
towards  him,  I  found  I  was  addressed  by  the  late  Editor  of  this  maga- 


LEPTOSIA    DUPONCHELI    VAR.    ^ESTIVA    AT    DIGNE.  149 

zine,  Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt,  who  was  coming  south  as  I  was  going  north. 
It  was  a  dramatic  method  of  meeting,  and  a  very  welcome  one  to  me, 
for  Tutt's  personality  was  to  every  one,  at  all  times,  an  interesting 
one,  and  it  was  doubly  interesting  to  me  just  then,  for  I  had  not  heard 
a  word  of  my  mother  tongue  for  several  weeks. 

This  meeting  led  to  a  day's  collecting  together  and  much  talk ; 
amongst  other  matters  we  discussed  the  genus  Leptosia  that  we  found 
everywhere  common.  Tutt  maintained  that  some  of  them,  which  were 
without  dark  markings  on  the  underside,  were  L.  dnponcheli  var. 
aestica,  Stgr. 

The  next  day,  my  friend  having  gone  still  further  south,  I  enlisted 
the  services  of  the  local  professional  entomologist  Victor  Cotte,  and  asked 
him  in  the  course  of  our  wanderings,  what  the  summer  brood  of  L. 
duponcheli  was  like.  Cotte  said  it  was  scarce  at  Digne,  but  that  he  had 
taken  a  specimen  a  few  weeks  before.  This  I  subsequently  purchased 
and  have  now.  It  is  indistinguishable  from  the  spring  form.  I 
therefore  concluded  that  Tutt  was  wrong,  for  Cotte  knows  the  species 
to  be  found  at  Digue  well,  and  is  UoL.ally  to  be  relied  upon. 

There  the  matter  rested  until  last  month,  when  happening  to 
pick  up  Wheeler's  Butter/lies  of  the  Alps,  1  found  that  the  author 
describes  var.  aestica  as  "  with  yellowish  undersides."  This  shook  my 
faith  in  Cotte's  specimen,  and  after  thinking  the  matter  over,  I  took 
from  my  continental  series  of  L.  sinapis  all  the  specimens  collected  at 
Digne  during  four  visits  I  had  made  to  that  town,  placed  them  in 
another  drawer  and  studied  them  carefully.  Almost  at  once  I  found 
a  male  that  in  the  shape  of  the  front  wings  agreed  exactly  with  spring 
L.  duponcheli,  but  which  was  entirely  without  dark  markings  beneath, 
and  a  further  search  showed  that  I  had  seven  more  specimens,  five 
males  and  two  females  of  this  form,  all  these  examples  were  taken 
from  between  July  11th  and  16th,  1904,  and  were,  I  now  feel  pretty 
sure,  L.  duponcheli  var.  aestira.  I  accordingly  took  them,  with  all 
the  other  hitherto  supposed  L.  sinapis  to  the  British  Museum,  and 
compared  them  with  the  series  of  both  species  in  the  National  Collection. 
Amongst  the  L.  duponcheli  there  I  found  eight  examples  which  were 
without  dark  markings  beneath,  but  these  were  not  labelled  var.  aestira. 
I  also  found  amongst  the  L.  sinapis,  which  were  in  another  drawer, 
two  more  of  this  form  of  L.  duponcheli,  which  were  labelled  var. 
aestim.  All  these  ten  specimens  were  from  Asia  Minor.  After  com- 
paring them  with  my  examples  captured  at  Digne  I  could  only  conclude 
that  these  were  identical. 

L.  duponcheli  var.  aestiva  is  evidently  common  and  well  distributed 
at  Digne,  my  examples  coming — three  from  the  Eaux  Chaudes  valley, 
one  from  La  Collete,  and  four  from  the  right  bank  of  the  Bleone, 
above  the  bridge  leading  to  the  railway  station,  which  I  have  always 
found  one  of  the  most  prolific  localities  for  the  spring  emergence. 
Presumably,  it  was  more  abundant  than  L.  sinapis  in  July,  1904,  for 
I  find  I  only  brought  back  three  males  and  two  females  of  the  latter 
species,  which  were  respectively  var.  diniensis  and  var.  enjsiini,  both  of 
which  forms  were  more  attractive  to  the  eye  than  the  specimens  I  have 
since  found  to  be  var.  aestiva. 

The  chief  distinction  between  var.  aestiva  and  L.  sinapis  var. 
diniensis,  and  which  serves  to  distinguish  them  at  a  glance,  is  the  shape 
of  the  front  wings,  which  exactly  resembles,  in  this  respect,  examples 


160  THE  entomologist's  record. 

of  the  spring  brood  in  both  sexes,  with  the  comparatively  straight 
costa  and  square  apex,  as  compared  with  the  much  more  rounded  costa 
and  apex  of  L.  sinapis  var.  (liniensis. 

In  the  males  the  apical  spots  are  as  pronounced  as  in  the  spring 
brood,  but  they  are  not  so  large.  Underneath,  five  of  my  examples 
are  entirely  without  dark  markings,  though  the  other  has  a  slight 
indication  of  a  transverse  band  in  the  centre  of  the  hindwings.  The 
area  at  the  apex  of  the  front  wings,  which  on  the  upperside  is 
represented  by  the  dark  blotch,  is  of  a  pale  lemon  yellow,  and  the  same 
colour  obtains  on  the  base  of  all  the  wings  below  and  above. 

The  two  females  have  the  dark  apical  blotch  showing  very  slightly 
on  the  upper  surface,  much  more  slightly  than  is  the  case  in  the 
spring  brood.  On  the  underside  they  have  the  central  band  on  the 
hindwings  showing  rather  prominently,  otherwise  they  exactly  re- 
semble the  males. 

A  good  point  of  distinction  between  these  two  species  is  the 
antennae  ;  in  L.  sinapi>i  the  base  of  the  club-head  is  white  in  front, 
this  white  patch  is  wanting  in  L.  dupnnclieli. 

Staudinger,  who  named  var.  aestica  from  specimens  taken  by  him 
at  Amasia  in  Asia  Minor — where  he  states  that  it  was  abundant — 
described  it  in  Home  Socii'tatis  Kntumologicae  Romcae,  vol.  iv.,  p.  222. 
His  description  of  the  Amasia  specimens,  and  the  examples  in  the 
National  Collection,  agree  pretty  closely  Vv'ith  my  Digne  captures, 
except  that  the  surface  of  the  wings,  both  above  and  below,  is  a  little 
more  yellow  in  the  aestira  form. 

Obviously  the  example  I  purchased  from  Cotte  was  a  belated  spring 
emergence. 

tSince  writing  the  above  my  friend  Mr.  P.  W.  Abbott,  who 
accompanied  me  to  Digne,  in  July,  1904,  informs  me  that  he  brought 
back  eight  examples  of  Leptusia,  and  that  after  seeing  my  var.  aestiva, 
he  finds  seven  are  that  form,  and  only  one  is  L.  sinapis. 


A    Fortnight    at    Gavarnie.      Hautes-Pyreiiees. 

By  G.  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 
A  twelve  hours'  journey  brought  us  from  Mende  to  Toulouse, 
where  we  arrived  at  about  8  o'clock  in  the  evening,  and  as  w-e  had  to 
be  up  betimes  in  the  morning  we  were  glad  to  go  straight  to  bed  after 
dinner.  No  doubt  it  was  a  very  bad  thing  to  do,  but  it  did  not  seem 
to  have  had  any  ill  effects  in  our  case.  We  were  down  at  5.30  for  our 
petit  dejeuner,  which  was  enjoyed  greatly  in  the  street  before  people 
generally  were  astir,  and  whilst  the  air  was  delightfully  fresh.  Our 
first  change  was  at  Lourdes,  where  we  had  two  and  a  half  hours  to 
wait.  Half  an  hour  of  this  sufficed  for  a  good  meal,  after  which  I  left 
my  friend  (Mr.  A.  H.  Jones)  to  have  a  needed  siesta,  whilst  I  went 
through  the  small  town  to  see  the  far  famed  grotto  with  its  church 
above  it.  It  happened  to  be  a  quiet  day  with  but  few  pilgrims,  and  of 
this  I  was  glad,  as  I  made  my  way  through  the  winding  street,  the 
Boulevard  de  la  Grotte.  On  the  one  side  the  Boulevard  was  lined 
with  shops  of  all  descriptions,  for  the  great  part,  however,  with  but  one 
object  in  view,  r/c,  the  sale  of  mementos  of  "  my  Lady  of  Lourdes"  and 
of  all  the  cures  wrought  by  her  marvellous  efficacy.  The  shops  end  at  a 
small  bridge  beneath  which  flows  the  river,  the  Gave  du  Pau,  beyond 


A  FORTNIGHT  AT  GAVARNIE.  151 

which  the  ground  is  all  beautifully  laid  out  as  a  spacious  garden, 
mostly  consisting  of  lawns  very  carefully  kept,  up  to  the  ascent  to  the 
church,  beneath  which  is  the  grotto.  It  was  with  mingled  feelings 
and  conflicting  thoughts  that  one  gazed  on  the  scene,  a  scene  that 
now  almost  brought  tears  to  one's  eyes  and  anon  produced  a  sense 
akin  to  indignation.  Hundreds  of  people  were  about,  none  apparently 
seriously  ill,  and  a  few  cripples  still  using  their  crutches.  As  they  sat 
or  stood  m  front  of  the  grotto,  all  were  reverently  intent  on  the  shrine, 
some  counted  their  beads,  others  were  saying  "  sotto  voce "  their 
"  aves,"  others  again  were  lost  in  contemplation  :  but  as  one  watched 
and  attempted  to  read  the  faces  around  the  wonder  grew,  how  ?  how 
could  such  a  thing  exist,  and  not  only  exist,  but  be  a  force  in  this 
twentieth  century  ?  and  "  still  the  wonder  grew."  Lost  in  reverie, 
the  hours  had  sped,  and  I  barely  allowed  myself  sufficient  time  to  get 
back  to  the  station,  where  I  found  my  friend  beginning  to  get  anxious 
lest  I  should  mics  the  train.  A  pleasant  ride  brought  us  to  Luz,  and 
another  change  on  jO  the  electric  tram  brought  us  through  lonely  and 
romantic  scenery  to  St.  Sauveur,  from  whence  the  journey  to  Gavarnie 
was  completed  by  carriage.  We  had  scarcely  got  into  the  hotel,  when 
a  well  known  voice  saluted  us,  and  we  found  ourselves  face  to  face 
with  Mr.  Rowland-Brown,  who  had  already  spent  a  fortnight  in  the 
locality.     So  we  arrived  at  the  "  haven  where  we  would  be." 

Our  first  day  was  spent  on  the  way  to  the  "Port  de  Gavarnie,"  i.e., 
the  Pass  over  into  Spain,  in  the  hope  of  taking  Erehia  lefehvrei,  and  in 
this  we  were  not  disappointed,  two  or  three  falling  to  each  of  us.  E. 
styf/ne  also  was  not  uncommon  and  in  beautiful  condition,  the  most 
plentiful  of  the  genus  was,  however,  E.  tijndari(s,  which  occurred  both 
in  its  type  form  and  its  var.  dromus.  Among  the  blues  I'lebeiiis  artiun 
[aegon,  Auct.),  was  common  and  shared  honours  as  to  which  was  the 
commoner  with  A(jiiades  coridon,  this  latter  being  generally  of  the 
Pyrenean  form  with  very  pale  creamy  underside,  sometimes  almost 
white.  Hendes  virijanreae  was  taken,  and  I  took  a  single  specimen  of 
the  much  coveted  Latiorina  pyrenaica.  Urbicola  comma  was  the  only 
Hesperid  seen  this  day,  the  Argynnids  were  few  and  far  between,  the 
one  species  taken  being  Arf/ynnis  aglaia,  whilst  Fararye  maera  var. 
adrasta  was  also  the  only  one  of  its  genus  that  put  in  an  appearance. 

Our  next  day  was  spent  on  the  slopes  below  the  Pimene  in  search 
of  Erebia  yoryone.  The  path  up  after  quitting  the  river  bed  is  by  a 
series  of  steep  zig-zags  and  very  few  insects  cheered  our  eyes  as  we 
ascended  bend  after  bend.  Erebia  styyne  appeared  now  and  then,  and 
a  single  Melitaea  dictynna  fell  to  my  net,  and  when  we  got  on  to  the 
grassy  slopes,  already  so  closely  cropped  by  the  cattle  that  they  were 
poor  hunting  grounds  for  us,  I  took  one  Cncnonymplia  pauiphilufi,  which 
in  the  end  turned  out  to  be  the  only  one  I  took,  though  this  does  not 
mean  that  we  did  not  see  it  again.  At  last  we  got  on  to  the  special 
slopes  of  which  Mr.  Rowland-Brown  had  told  us,  and  by  dint  of 
working  hard  we  captured  a  nice  little  lot  of  E.  yoryone.  We  were  by 
no  means  satisfied,  however,  for  as  this  species  occurs  only  in  the 
Pyrenees  we  were  naturally  anxious  to  get  a  good  series,  so  we 
decided  to  come  again  after  the  arrival  of  my  friend  Mr.  C.  J.  Wain- 
wright.  As  we  descended,  a  nice  P(>lyo)iniiati(s  ei^cheri  was  enticed  into 
my  net,  and  also  a  single  Aricia  medon  {astrarche).  I  think  I  omitted 
to  say  that  E.  tyndarHsva.v.  dromus  occurred  everywhere,  and  also  that 


152  THE  entomologist's  record. 

we  took  a  nice  little  series  of  Erebia  epiphron  with  its  var.  camape,  the 
latter  species  flying  high  up  with  E.  tjorgono. 

Our  next  trip,  after  having  had  another  day  in  search  of  E. 
lefehvrei,  wag  up  the  Val  d'Ossoue,  where  E.  niantD  var.  ctrrilia  was  to 
be  found.  In  this  valley  insects  were  more  plentiful  than  anywhere 
else.  As  we  wended  our  way  among  the  rocks  in  the  early  part  of  the 
path,  we  were  much  struck  by  several  very  small  specimens  of  what  we 
thought  must  be  Satyrus  alcynne,  but  here  it  was  far  away  from  all 
trees,  disporting  and  sunning  itself  on  the  roads.  Several  evaded  our 
endeavours  at  first,  but  finally  we  were  both  successful,  and  found  it 
was  <S.  alcyone,  as  we  had  at  first  surmised,  but  with  the  underside 
strongly  yellowish.  Monsieur  C.  Oberthur,w^ho  was  also  staying  at 
Gavarnie,  and  whom  we  had  the  great  pleasure  of  meeting,  told  us 
that  this  was  the  Pyrenean  form,  but  the  difference  in  habit  w^as  also 
remarkable.  Polyonniiatua  escheri  in  both  sexes  greeted  us,  and  when 
we  came  to  the  bridge,  over  which  we  had  to  go,  we  again  had  the 
pleasure  of  taking  Latiorhia  pijreuaica,  with  A.  coiidon,  P.  arfinx,  and 
Polyonnnatn^  icariis.  After  crossing  the  bridge  we  came  into  quite 
another  lie  of  country,  we  first  passed  through  some  meadow  land 
covered  with  flowers,  among  which  the  commoner  of  the  "blues"  dis- 
ported themselves,  I  hoped  to  have  taken  some  Zy<iienid(f,  but  they 
were  conspicuous  by  their  entire  absence.  Then  we  had  to  ascend 
through  a  wide  belt  of  trees  of  all  kinds,  and  in  some  of  the  small 
clearings  I  took  a  Holias  edusa  and  a  single  Pontia  dapUdice.  Erebia 
euryale  soon  appeared  commonly,  but  quite  passe,  so  much  so  that  it 
was  difficult  to  find  a  decent  specimen.  All  the  way  along  Paniasaim 
apollo  had  been  in  evidence,  a  fine  large  form  with  very  black  large 
spots.  At  last  we  came  to  the  E.  nuxnto  ground,  along  which  we 
wandered  to  and  fro  with  a  fair  amount  of  success,  and  were  able  to 
secure  a  nice,  if  short,  series  of  var,  cacilia.  This  ueing  done  we  con- 
sidered we  had  earned  our  lunch,  only  the  difficulty  was  to  find  a  spot 
close  to  the  river  and  at  the  same  time  to  be  sheltered  from  the  brilliant 
sun.  Our  repast  being  over,  I  went  further  up  the  valley,  whilst  Mr, 
Jones  continued  his  search  on  the  ground  near  by,  for  var,  aicilia,  of 
which  a  few  more  specimens  fell  to  each  of  us,  I  came  shortly  to  a 
flowery  bank,  where  dozens  of  Aryyiinis  pales  were  tasting  the  sweets 
of  many  a  flower,  I  soon  went  down  and  made  their  acquaintance 
and  took  what  I  thought  was  a  good  series,  but  when  set  many  turned 
out  to  have  seen  their  best  days,  A  little  further  on  the  bed  of  the 
stream  widened  out  greatly  and  was  partly  overgrown  with  thistles 
and  other  plants.  Here  I  took  a  lovely  large  female  specimen  of 
Aryi/nnin  adippe  var,  r^^'o^/ara,  with  the  basal  and  median  areas  suffused 
with  a  beautiful  purplish  smoky  black,  Culiaa  edusa  was  not  uncommon 
with  Aryynnis  aylaia,  only  when  the  two  came  in  conflict  on  a  thistle 
head  the  former  always  had  to  give  way,  for  one  flower  could  contain 
no  more  than  one  ^.  a//^«/fl,  which  was  always  quite  oblivious  of  every- 
thing but  its  own  needs, 

(To  he  continued.) 


;:^OTES      ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

A  Pathological  Specimen  of  Callophrys  kubi, — I  took  a  curious 
specimen  of  this  species  at  Brasted  Chart  on  April  27th  last.     It  was, 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING.  153 

of  course,  quite  fresh  at  this  date,  but  almost  the  whole  lower  half  of 
the  right  forewing  is  of  a  pale  shade  of  "dead  gold." — George 
Wheeler,  37,  Gloucester  Place,  W.     May  SOt/i. 

Lycaknidi,  etc.,  on  the  North  Downs. — I  have  spent  part  of 
three  days  this  month  on  the  downs  at  Gomshall,  viz.,  the  14th,  21st 
and  28th.  On  the  first  occasion  the  sun  went  in  just  as  I  arrived,  and 
I  saw  only  one  Poli/o)n>iiatiis  icanis  $  ,  and  one  Haiiicaris  luciua  J  . 
On  the  second  day  I  had  about  half  an  hour's  sunshine  and  found  P. 
icarus  very  abundant,  the  majority  of  the  2  s  being  much  suffused 
with  blue ;  the  proportion  of  those  which  were  blue  to  the  edge  of  the 
wings,  the  orange  lunules  being  placed  directly  on  the  blue,  was  un- 
usually large,  the  shades  of  blue  were  also  very  varied.  One  Ai/nades 
theiis,  3  ,  was  taken  on  this  occasion  (the  14th).  Nixoniades  tages, 
Coenonympha  pamphilus,  and  the  two  species  of  Eiididia  were  abundant. 
On  the  27th  blue  ?  sof  P.  icarus  were  as  common  as  before,  and  on  that 
day  and  the  following,  when  I  walked  along  the  downs  from  Gomshall 
to  Dorking,  A.  thetis  was  in  great  abundance,  many  of  the  ^  s,  especi- 
ally in  Denbies,  were  of  the  form  puncta,  Tutt,  and  most  of  the  ?  s 
were  suffused,  many  of  them  broadly,  with  blue.  Both  at  Gomshall  and 
Dorking  I  took  examples  with  blue  disc  and  the  rest  of  the  wings  as 
black  as  in  ab.  urania,  Gerh.,  but  differing  from  this  form  by  the 
presence  of  small  orange  lunules  on  the  hindwing,  which  are  absent  in 
Gerhard's  figure.  I  also  took  both  J  and  $  A.  thetis  without  basal 
spots  on  the  forewing,  and  a  $  of  the  ab.  addenda,  Tutt.  One  of  the 
blue  2  s  of  P.  icarus  was  pronouncedly  of  the  tnelanoto.ra  form,  and  of 
two  3  s  which  I  casually  took,  one  was  completely  and  the  other 
almost  of  the  icarimis  form.  On  each  of  the  other  days  I  had  walked 
over  the  downs  from  Horsley,  and  on  the  14th  I  took  on  the  north 
side  of  the  downs  Brentlns  euphmsyne,  Hainearis  Incina,  Eiicldoe  carda- 
mines,  Pieris  napi,  P.  rapae,  liionicia  pJdaeas  and  Celastrina  argiolits. 
Both  on  the  21st  and  the  28th  I  took  a  single  specimen  of  Aricia 
medon  at  Gomshall,  and  on  each  occasion  specimens  of  Callophrys  rubi 
were  noted,  as  also  of  N.  tayes,  whilst  Hesperia  malvae  appeared  for  the 
first  time  on  the  28th,  though  I  had  taken  it  at  Brasted  as  early  as 
April  27th.— Id. 


e^ClENTIFIC    NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Stray  Notes  from  Ceylon. — Variation  of  Delias  eucharis. — 
This  is  believed  to  be  very  constant  in  colouring ;  on  the  upperside  it 
is  plain  white  in  the  male  and  blackish-white  in  the  female,  the  under 
surface  of  the  hindwing  is  very  handsome,  being  brilliant  chrome- 
yellow  on  the  disc  and  with  crimson  marginal  spots.  It  is  universally 
esteemed  as  a  typical  unpalatable  insect,  and  certainly  in  many  of  its 
habits  has  the  characteristics  of  one.  It  is  very  abundant,  is  seldom, 
so  far  as  my  observations  go,  attacked  by  birds,  and  it  frequently  rests 
for  long  periods  on  the  upper  surface  of  a  broad  green  leaf,  such  as 
Calladiion,  where  its  striking  under  surface  makes  it  very  conspicuous. 
The  larva  feeds  on  the  tulip  tree  {sitriya)  which  has  yellow  fiowers, 
which  become  tipped  with  red  when  fading,  and  the  butterfly  is  very 
difficult  to  detect  when  settled  on  the  leaves  of  this  tree.  When 
studying  Mimicry  I  collected  a  considerable  number  to  note  if  there  was 
any  variation  in  a  protected  butterfly,  the  results  somewhat  surprised 


154  THE  entomologist's  record. 

me.  On  Januuiy  28tli,  1911,  it  was  particularly  numerous  round 
three  or  four  suriya  trees,  they  were  freshly  emerged  and  quite  possibly 
belonged  to  one  or  two  broods.  I  noticed  that  the  amount  of  j'ellow 
was  not  always  constant,  it  fills  a  variable  number  of  interspaces,  the 
upper  ones  being  those  most  liable  to  vary  ;  the  spaces  are  easily 
counted  as  the  veins  are  well  marked  with  black.  I  found  the 
following  variation  in  the  thirty-seven  males  captured: — 

Forewing,  apex  underside  tinged  with  yellow  (usually  white),  9  ; 
cell  entirely  or  almost  entirely  yellow,  26  ;  cell  upper  part  white,  10  ; 
Gth  interspace  tinged  yellow  (usually  white),  5  ;  7th  interspace  tinged 
white  (usually  yellow),  13  ;  with  eight  red  post-discal  spots,  27  ;  with 
seven  red  post-discal  spots  (upper  spot  white  or  pink),  9.  Females,  5  : 
No  variation  ;  apex  yellow,  all  interspaces  yellow,  and  eight  red  post- 
discal  spots. 

There  is  therefore  more  variation  than  is  generally  thought,  and 
it  would  seem  that  if  any  change  occurred  in  its  environment  it 
would  be  ready  to  suit  itself  to  its  changed  conditions.  Assuming 
that  as  an  unpalatable  butterfly  it  is  endeavouring  to  form  an 
unpalatable  group  with  other  somewhat  similarly  coloured  butterflies, 
it  is  fairly  obvious  that  such  slight  variations  (assuming  that  they  are 
the  ones  needed)  would  scarcely  be  taken  account  of  by  an  enemy 
making  an  attack.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  only  specimen  I  have 
seen  captured  was  seized  on  the  wing  by  a  lizard,  which  made  quite 
a  respectable  jump  at  it. 

There  is  little  doubt  that  if  this  insect  occurred  in  England  the 
variations  noted  above  would  receive  distinctive  names.  There  is  a 
fine  field  open  to  collectors  and  "  aberrationists  "  among  the  butterflies 
of  the  tropics,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  surprise  to  me  that  they  have 
hitherto  in  a  large  measure  escaped,  when  for  a  few  shillings  a  large 
number  could  be  purchased  and  the  "  aberrationist  "  make  himself 
happy  during  the  winter  months  in  naming  their  infinite  variety.  If 
he  did  so  it  would  perhaps  relieve  the  pressure  on  our  own  small 
numbers  of  persecuted  butterflies.  I  have  always  experienced  a 
difficulty  in  understanding  the  standard  by  which  these  small 
aberrations  are  estimated.  To  ordinary  eyesight  one  specimen  may 
appear  precisely  like  its  neighbour,  yet  a  pocket  lens  will  show  a 
difference,  and  others  which  seem  alike  under  these  conditions  are 
obviously  dift'erent  under  a  microscope  and  so  on  ;  where  is  the  line  to 
be  drawn  ?  Take  the  case  of  Teracolits  liinhaiKs — a  white  butterfly' 
with  an  orange  tip  to  the  forewing — I  find  the  following  aberrations 
in  the  cell  of  hindwing  underside  only: — -Ab.  1.  Cell  pure  white, 
unspotted.  Ab.  2.  Small  brown  spot  at  apex  of  cell.  Ab.  3.  This 
spot  is  green.  Ab.  4.  Frequently  yellow.  Ab.  5.  Sometimes  orange. 
Ab.  6.  By  no  means  seldom  this  yellow  spot  is  surroucded  with  brown. 
Ab.  7.  Often  again  with  green.  Ab  8.  Under  a  hand  lens  the  scales 
are  mixed  brown  and  green.  Ab.  9.  Under  h"  objective  the  scales  are 
seen  to  be  orange  at  the  apex  and  yellow  at  the  base  ;  and  so  on 
ad  in/i)iiti()ii.  And  may  I  ask,  can  absurdity  go  further  ?  T.  linibatns 
may  congratulate  itself  on  not  being  an  English  butterfly  ! 

Resting  Habit  of  Cupha  placida  at  Night. — In  the  depth  of 
the  jungle,  on  the  underside  of  a  dark  green  leaf,  about  fifteen  feet 
from  the  ground,  fairly  conspicuous. 

Resting  Habit  of  Precis  lemonias  at  Night. — On  upperside  of 
leaf  close  to  a  clay  bank  ;  most  conspicuous  with  this  background. 


reviews  and  notices  of  books.  155 

Butterflies  observed  to  be  more  or  less  mutilated  on  the 
ROAD  between  Haldumulle,  4,000  ft.,  and  Pelmadulle,  800  FT., 
from  27.  XII.  10  TO  30.  XII.  10. — Letke  nilgiriemh,  badly;  Precis 
lemonias,  h?i^\y ;  P.  nritlti/ia:  P.  iphita:  Parfhenns  cijaneiis;  Teriaa 
silhetana  ;  Hiipnl'oiinns  holina,  $  ,  found  a  forewing  of  this  species  on 
the  ground,  and  a  Paradise  fly-catcher  was  not  far  off.  Though  I 
kept  a  sharp  lookout,  I  did  not  see  a  single  capture  of  a  butterfly  by 
a  bird,  though  Drongos  were  numerous  ;  there  were  a  few  Paradise 
fly-catchers  and  about  half-a-dozen  Philippine  bee-eaters.  These 
latter  were  very  partial  to  the  telegraph  wires,  where  they  passed 
across  the  paddy  fields,  and  though  butterflies,  Catopsilia  especially, 
were  congregated  in  crowds  at  frequent  intervals,  the  birds  took  no 
notice  of  them,  but  hawked  flies  over  the  marshes  in  preference. — N. 
Manders  (Lieut.-Col.,  R.A.M.C,  F.E.S.),  The  Curragh,  Co.  Kildare. 


;g^EYIEWS    AND    NOTICES    OF    BOOKS. 

Wytsman  :  Genera  Insectorum.  —  Fascicule  Dermaptera.  By 
Malcolm  Burr,  D.Sc. — This  epoch-making  work  continues  to  make 
steady  progress,  the  various  sections  being  produced  with  the  aid  of 
the  best  present  day  authorities  on  each,  and  in  addition  artists  of  the 
first  rank  in  depicting  natural  histery  character  are  employed  to 
illustrate  the  text. 

The  latest  fascicule  deals  with  the  Dermaptera,  and  the  author  is 
Dr.  Malcolm  Burr.  It  is  well  known  that  Dr.  Burr  takes  the  keenest 
interest  in  this  particular  group  and  has  been  for  many  years  engaged 
upon  a  monographic  revision  of  the  Earwigs  of  the  world,  and°at 
frequent  intervals  numerous  small  instalments  have  appeared  from 
his  pen  in  various  English  and  Continental  publications. 

Earwigs  have  never  been  a  popular  group  with  Entomologists, 
possibly  owing  to  the  poverty  of  material  generally  obtainable,  so  that 
Dr.  Burr  has  had  practically  an  open  field,  and  has  consequently  made 
the  study  of  this  group  particularly  his  own. 

Last  year,  he  gave  us  a  very  detailed  account  of  the  Earwigs  of 
India  in  the  Fauna  of  British  India  series,  in  which  we  find  a 
suggestion  of  the  new  scheme  of  classification,  which  is  elaborated  in 
this  fascicule.  The  progress  in  our  knowledge  of  the  group  especially 
during  the  last  ten  years  is  truly  remarkable.  In  1869,  Dohrn  knew 
19  genera  and  156  species;  in  1900,  31  years  later,  de  Bormans 
described  323  species  distributed  through  32  genera,  while  in  1911, 
Burr  gives  us  no  less  than  706  species,  distributed  through  132  genera,' 
the  majority  of  which  are  erected  by  himself. 

Few  other  authors  have  ventured  in  the  field.  Borelli,  a  most 
careful  worker,  with  a  fine  knowledge  of  the  group,  has  chiefiy 
confined  himself  to  faunistic  papers  and  the  description  of  numerous 
species.  Semenoff,  a  most  talented  Eussian  entomologist,  whose 
works  are  too  little  appreciated  in  this  country,  has  scarcely  ventured 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  fauna  of  the  Russian  Empire.  Two 
German  authors,  however,  have  made  notable  contributions.  In 
1901-2  Yerhoeff  issued  a  few  papers  which  startled  his  limited  public 
by  the  originality  of  his  methods  and  his  views.  The  really  sound 
and  valuable  part  of  his  work  was  eclipsed  by  his  neglect  of  the 
elenientary  principles  of  systematic  entomologv,  and  it  was  left  to 
Zacher  in  1910-11  to  amplify  it  and  carry  it  towards  a  logical  con- 


156  THE  entomologist's  record. 

elusion.  This  last  author's  work  has  all  the  virtues,  all  the  views,  of 
the  German  school  of  philosophy,  originality,  patience,  and  profound 
research,  but  yet  a  too  big  superstructure  is  reared  upon  insufficient 
foundations.  The  gifted  young  author,  however,  is  continuing  his 
observations,  and  further  work  from  his  laborious  pen  is  looked  for 
with  interest.  Since  he  practically  confines  himself  to  the  morphology 
of  the  genital  armature,  internal  and  external,  while  Burr's  system  is 
built  up  exclusively  on  general  external  morphology,  it  is  most 
satisfactory  to  learn  that  the  results  of  these  two  authors  do  not  clash 
in  any  essential  point,  but  differ  only  in  a  few  trifling  details.  We 
are  therefore  justified  in  hoping  that  the  collaboration  of  these  two 
industrious  workers  will  give  us  a  really  natural  classification  of  this 
difficult  group. 

It  is  the  Germans  who  first  classified  the  earwigs  into  major 
groups,  but  it  is  in  the  present  work  that  we  for  the  first  time  find 
the  whole  section  treated  comprehensively.  Burr  ranks  the  earwigs 
not  as  a  family  of  the  Orthoptera,  but  as  an  independent  Order,  a 
natural  result  of  the  increase  of  modern  knowledge.  He  divides  it 
into  three  Sub-orders.  The  first,  the  Ari.ienina,  includes  the  curious 
parasitic  larval  forms  recently  described  by  Dr.  Jordan  in  Xocitates 
Zooloijiccr,.  The  second,  the  llemiinerina,  includes  only  the  much- 
discussed  Hemiinerits,  undoubtedly  a  relative  of  the  earwigs,  with  a 
strong  superficial  resemblance  to  a  cockroach,  and  originally  placed 
by  Walker,  with  his  usual  fatuity,  among  the  mole-crickets.  The 
third  suborder,  Forficulina,  contains  the  true  earwigs.  Burr  follows 
Zacher  in  dividing  them  into  three  Superfamilies,  in  descending  order 
of  phylogenetic  relationship,  which  is  expressed  by  the  gradual 
reduction  of  the  telson.  The  smaller  details  and  divisions  are  beyond 
the  scope  of  this  review,  but  in  the  main,  Burr  follows  Zacher  in  an 
arrangement  of  the  Protodeniiaptera.  The  curious,  flattened 
subcorticinous  Ajiachyidae  have  a  superfamily  to  themselves,  but  they 
are  regarded  as  a  highly  specialised  offshoot  of  the  Labiduridae.  The 
Euderwaptera,  containing  the  three  families  of  higher  earwigs,  have 
been  treated  solely  on  external  morphological  grounds,  which  only  the 
specialist  is  competent  to  criticise,  but  the  point  which  appears  most 
striking,  is  the  multiplication  of  small  genera,  many  being 
monomorphic,  although  Labia,  much  reduced  as  it  is,  still  contains 
forty-two  species,  and  Foi/icida  forty-three. 

An  exceedingly  valuable  portion  of  the  paper  is  the  illustration. 
The  fine  standard  set  in  the  half-volume  on  Dermaptera  in  the  Fauna 
of  British  India  series,  with  nine  half-tone  and  one  coloured  plate,  is 
even  surpassed  ;  we  have  here  eight  coloured  and  one  plain  quarto 
plates  ;  with  numerous  outline  drawings  mingled  with  the  coloured 
figures.  If  Dr.  Burr  had  never  written  a  line  upon  the  earwigs, 
Entomology  would  owe  him  a  great  debt  for  the  production  of  these 
admirable  plates. 

The  really  beautiful  and  accurate  drawings  are  by  Mr.  Edwin 
Wilson.  Mr.  Wilson  has  long  since  made  his  reputation  as  an 
unrivalled  scientific  draughtsman;  in  these  plates  he  has  indeed 
surpassed  himself ;  his  knowledge  of  the  groups  must  by  now  be  by 
no  means  contemptible  ;  the  drawings  have  been  admirably  reproduced, 
with  no  loss  of  delicacy  nor  accuracy,  and  author,  publisher  and 
engraver,  as  well  as  artist,  are  to  be  heartily  congratulated  upon  the 
beautiful  and  valuable  result. 


WATKINS     &     DONCASTER, 
Naturalists  and  Manufacturers  of  Entomological  Apparatus  and  Cabinets. 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  1/3,  2/-,  2/6,  3/-.  Folding  Nets,  3/6, 
4/-,  4/6.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7/-.  Pocket  Boxes  (deal),  6d.,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Zinc 
Collecting  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6,  2/-.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen,  1  gross,  1/6. 
Entomological  Pins,  1/6  per  ounce.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2/6  to  8/-.  Sugaring  Tin,  with 
brush,  1/6,  2/-..  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use,  1/9  per  tin.  Store-Boxes,  with  camphor 
cells,  2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  6/-.  Setting-Boards,  flat  or  oval,  lin.,  6d. ;  IJin.,  8d.;  2in.,  lOd.;  2|in., 
1/-;  3Jin.,  1/4;  4in.,  1/6;  5in.,  1/10;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10/6.  Setting 
Houses,  9/6,  11/6  ;  corked  back,  14/-.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Breeding  Cage, 
2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  7/6.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube,  1/6,  1/8.  Botanical  Cases, 
japanned  double  tin,  1/6  to  4/6.  Botanical  Paper,  1/1,  1/4,  1/9,  2/2  per  quire.  Insect 
Glazed  Cases,  2/6  to  11/-.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
1/6,  2/-,  2/6  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3J,  best  quality  1/6  per  dozen  sheets.  Brass 
Chloroform  Bottle,  2/6.  Insect  Lens,  1/-  to  8/-.  Glass-top  and  Glass-bottomed  Boxes, 
from  1/-  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.  to  1/-.  Pupa  Digger,  in  leather  sheath,  1/9. 
Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most  necessary  implements  for  skinning,  10/6. 
Scalpels,  1/3  ;  Scissors,  2/- per  pair;  Eggdrills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d.  ;  Blowpipes,  4d. ;  Artificial 
Eyes  for  Birds  and  Animals.  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs, 
2d.,  3d.,  6d.;  ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.    Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  etc. 

SILVER  PINS  for  collectors  of  Micro-Lepidoptera,  etc.,  as  well  as  minute  insects  of 
all  other  families. 

We  stock  various  sizes  and  lengths  of  these  Silver  Pins  which  have  certain  advantages 
over  the  entomological  pins  (whether  enamelled  black  or  silver  or  gilt). 

For  instance,  insects  liable  to  become  greasy  and  to  verdigris  like  Sesiidae,  etc.,  are 
best  pinned  on  Silver  Pins  which  will  last  much  longer  than  ordinary  pins. 

We  shall  be  pleased  to  send  pattern  cards  on  application. 

SHOW    ROOM    FOR    CABINETS     ' 

Of  every  description  of  Insects,  Bikds'  Eggs,  Coins,  Microscopical  Objects,  Fossils,  &c. 

Catalogue  (100  pages)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  INSECTS   AND  BIRDS'  EGGS  (British,  European,  and  Exotic). 
Birds,  Mammals,  etc..  Preserved  and  Slonnted  by  Fit-nt  clans   ii'orkmcn, 

36,  STRAND,  LONDON,  ^fl.C.,    ENGLAND. 

Synopsis  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Western  Europe, 

By  MALCOLM   BURR.   D.Sc,,   F.Z.S.,    F.L.S.,   F.E.S.,  &c. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  160  pp.,  with  good  Index  (Specific  and  Generic). 

Price    3sm    net. 

A  pocket  handbook  for  the  use  of  collectors  in  the  field.     Covers  all  species  found  west 
of  the  Carpathian  Mts.     Description  of  each  species,  habits,  habitats  and  distribution 

WiU  be  sent  Post  Free  on  receipt  of  Postal  Order  for  3s<  to — 

A.    H.,    41 ,    Wisteria    Road,    Lewisham,    S.E. 

NEWMAN'S  RELAXING  TINS, 

You  can't  do  without  these,  they  keep  your  insects  in  fine  setting  condition  for 
weeks  if  you  are  too  busy  to  set  them  at  once  ;  they  relax  old  specimens  to  perfection. 
Hundreds  sold  yearly,  and  testimonials  always  being  received.  Prices,  2s.  4d.  and 
3s.  lid.,  post  free. 

If  you  have  not  yet  received  any  price  lists  of  Ova,  L.vrv.e,  and  Pup^,  also  Skt 
Insects,  write  at  once  for  them  ;  many  Bargains. 

Larvae  per  dozen  :  C.  edusa,  4s.  ;  V.  cardui,  Is.  ;  V.  atalanta.  Is. ;  Hybrid,  Ocel- 
latus  X  Populi,  30s.  ;  Hyhrii),  Pendulariax  Omieronaria,  30s.  ;  Zonaria  <f  xHirtaria  ?, 
5s.  ;  Zonaria  9  xHirtaria  c?  ,  5s. ;  Cucullina,  4s. ;  Trepida,  3s.  ;  Prodromaria,  Is.  ;  and 
mady  others. 


L.    W.     NEWMAN,    F.E.S.,    Bexley,    Kent. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

The  Season  of  1911  in  the  Abertillery  District  of  Monmouthshire,  W.  Rait  Smith..       1'6'd 

Retrospect  of  a  Coleopterist  for  1911,  Prof.  T.  Hudson-Bearc,  B.Sc,  F.R.S.E., 

F.E.S •      ..       138 

CoUectinglSiotes  tov  1911,  A.  Russell,  F.K.S 145 

On  a  Gynandroniorphous  Amorpha  populi,  T.  A.  Chapman,  M.D.,  F.E.S.  . .       147 

Leptosia  duponcholi  var.  aestiva  at  Digne,  IF.  G.  Sheldon,  F.E.S.    . .         . .         . .       148 

A  Fortnight  at  Gavarnie,   Haute-Pyrenees,  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S., 

F.E.S 150 

Notes  on  Collecting: — A  Pathological  Specimen  of  Callophrys  rubi,  G.  Wheeler, 

F.E.S.,  F.Z.S.  ;  Lycoenidi,  etc.,  on  the  North  Downs,  Id 152 

Scientific  Notes  and  Observations  : — Stray  Notes  from  Ceylon  ;  Variation  of 
Delias  eucharis  ;  Resting  Habit  of  Cupha  placida  at  Night ;  Resting  Habit  of 
Precis  lemonias  at  Night ;  Butterflies  observed  to  be  more  or  less  mutilated  on 
the  road  between  Haldumulle  and  Pelmadulle,  Lieut.-Col.  N.  Manders, 
R.A.M.C.,  F.E.S 153 

Reviews  : — Wytsmann  :  Genera  Insectorum.     Fascicule  Dermaptera  . .  . .       155 

Contributions  remain  over  for  want  of  space  from  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  G.  W. 
Nicholson,  W.  Rait  Smith,  C.  W.  Colthrup,  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  F.  N.  Pierce,  R.  S. 
Bagnall,  etc.,  and  Reports  of  Societies. 

Seasonal  notes  on  British  Lepidoptera  will  appear  in  due  course  from  C.  W.  Colthrup, 
F.  G.  Whittle,  A.  Russell,  Alf.  Sich,  H.  A.shton  Nichols,  etc. 

We  hope  that  those  who  intend  sending  us  an  account  of  their  doings  for  1911  will  do 
so  ere  long,  as  we  should  like  to  know  more  of  what  our  English  workers  are  doing.  Will 
those  who  are  studying  the  Micro-lepidoptera  help  us,  by  sending  in  notes  of  their 
captures  and  observations  ? 

All  MS.  and  editorial  matter  should  be  sent  and  all  proofs  returned  to  Hy.  J.  Turner, 
98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

Our  Subscribers  are  herewith  notified  that  the  May  issue  was  ready  for  publication 
on  the  15th  of  the  month,  as  usual.  Mr.  J.  H.  Tutt  will  answer  any  inquiries  as  to  delay 
in  posting,  or  non-receipt. 

Rambles  in  Alpine  Valleys. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  with  Map  and  Photographs  of  District. 
Price  3s.  6d. 
This  book  contains  a  series  of  essays  dealing  with  the  colours  of  insects,  and  sugges- 
tions as  to  the  relation  in  past  time  between  the  Alpine  and  British  fauna.     Many  new 
facts  are  brought  forward,  and  entomological  problems  discussed  from  various  standpoints. 

Woodside,   Burnside,  Hillside  and    Marsh. 

(Crown  8vo.,  Illustrated,  224  pp.  and  103  woodcuts  and  full-page  illustrations.     Bound 

in  Cloth.     (Price  2/6).    • 

Another  series  of  collecting  expeditions  into  well-known  entomological  and  natural 
history  localities,  with  description  of  botanical,  geological,  ornithological  as  well  as 
entomological  matters  of  interest  to  be  found  therein.  The  places  dealt  with  include 
Cobham  Woods,  Cuxton  Downs,  the  Western  Highlands,  Cliffe— all  well  known  for  their 
rich  entomological  fauna. 

To  be  obtained  from  J.  Herbert  Tutt,  22,  Francemary  Road,  Ladywell  Road, 
Brockley,  S.E. 

Random    Reoolleotions  of  Woodland,  Fen,   and   Hill. 

By  J.  W.  TUTT,  F.E.S. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  Crown  8vo.     Price  Three  Shillings  net. 

A  detailed  account  of  the  fauna  and  flora  of  some  well-known  British  natural  history 
localities  : — Wicken,  Deal,  Chattenden,  the  Medway  Marshes,  Isle  of  Wight,  etc. 

Postal  Orders  to — 
Mr.  J.  HERBERT  TUTT,  22,  Francemary  Road,  Ladywell  Road,  Brockley,  S.E 


e^Viext    Part   will    be   issued  on    September   15th. 


\\ 


\- 


V 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECORD 

AND 

JOURNAL    OF   VARIATION 

blmTlil)    l'.Y 

HiOHAKi.  b.  BACiNALU,  K..,.s.,  F.E.S.  |    T.  A.  UHAPM AN,  ..1.1^., i ./..«.,  F.«.s 


'I'.   HUDSON   bKAKE 

B.SC,    F.K.S.,  I'.H.S.Ii 

(iEOROB  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER, 

J  'F.Z.S.,  F.t.S.,  F.E.9 
M,   BURR,  D.SC,  F.7-.S.,  F.T,.S.,  F.K.S 


Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  F.E.8. 

H.  St.  ,I.  K.  DONIS'I'HORPE, 

F.Z.S.,   F.K>I 

Alkhku  SICH,  F.fc.s. 

J.  R.  le  B.  TO^ILJNrii.A.,  f.k.b. 


Rev.)  C.  B.  N.  BURROWS,  f.b.s.        Gf.oror  \V^-KLlSUf^MvA  ,  r.B.g. 
and  r    y^\\S0UI4n 

Hknry   J.    TURNlKR^<^.F.s.,  ^ 

l.ilitorial  S»-,re.tai-y  A  tift  _^' 


JlL)-AHrl'ilST 


M 


OF 


'^%Ptice    ONt    SHILLING  &  SIXPENCE  Jnbt) 

MAR  .^9     1913       '       '^  (WITH    POUR    PLATES.)  ^ 


SiAsfripMuii   for    Complete   Volume,    post  f» 

iln.huliiigall  UOUBLK  NUMBERS,  etc.) 
S  K  V  E  N       S  H  1  L.  L.  1  N  G  S  . 

Ill     UK     llJltWAllUKD      lO 

HERBERT   E.   PAGE,   F.E.S,, 

"  Hk.rtfosb,"  GvM.A'ixv  Road,  Nfw  Cross,  S.E. 

LONDON : 

Kl  ).H>r  STOCK,  tj2,  Paternostkk  Kow,  E.G. 

BKRIilN  : 

li    FKIEDLANDEK  &  BOHN, 

11      riiTir  ennisiRR-     N.W. 


STEVENS'     AUCTION     ROOMS.      (Estd.    1760.) 


PRELIMINARY  NOTICE. 

Mr.    J.    C.    STKVKNS  wiil  offer  for  Sale  by  Auction  at  his  Rooms,  38.  King  Street, 
Covent  (xavdcn,  London,  W.C.,  on 

TUESDAY,    SEPTEMBER    24th,     1912. 

I'he   Keniaining  l^ortion  of  the 

COLLECTION  OF  LEPIDOPTERA, 

formed  by  the  late 

jr.     W.     TXJTT,     F.£:.S. 

Couipi'ising  the  Sphingids,  several  hybrids  (galii,  bred  hy  Tiigwell), 
(Egeriids  (in  good  condition),  whole  of  Bombyces,  Nolidoe,  etc.  Also 
long  and  varied  series  of  British  and  Continental  Anthroceridse,  in 
course  of  re-arrangement  {vide  "  Brit.  Lep.,"  vol.  i.),  Continental 
Lithosiids.  Pterophoridce  and   L.  Gorydon   from  very  many  localities. 


Oatalo^ues  may  be  had  on  application  seven  days  prior  to  the  sale. 

OVA,  LARV/E,  AND  PUP/E- 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  its 

H.  W.  HEAD,  OBntomolo0i»t, 

SURNISTON,     Nr.     SeT^RSOROUGH. 

h'lill     List    <>i    (h'o.   I ,anvt(\  and    Pitpar,  aim  Li-pidoptfra,   Apparntns.   ('ahinftx^ 

etc.,  sfut  0)1  tipplication. 
Many   Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LEPIDOPTERA    &     LARV.S:     A     SPECIALITY. 

r'hoto};rfipl)ed  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c.. 

By    same    Colour    Process. 
IjANTEHN   tSblJU-Ja  MAIJE   JO  ORDKK    FROM    ANY  SPECIMEN    OK  CUL.OUJ{KD  DRAVVlNii. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OF  LARYiE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 


I'or  Jjist  iipply  to- 

CHARLES    D.    HEAD,    2,    Mount    Vernon.    Dollymount.    DUBLIN. 


■'  t^. 


^< 


i  i 


YoL.  XXIV. 


PLiTK    VII. 


/'•  «-.  >.  ,\,  }^i( 

Hyi)IlcK(  U    l'\l.ri>I.S,    MAM  OI'.MAIION. 


The  Kiitomoloifist'it  y.Vcon/,   19] -J. 


Yul..  XXIV 


Platk  viir. 


An  A.MisiNii  Incidknt. 


J'hi.to.  a.  T.  Belliiiiie-Boker. 


H.  Ko\m,an'[i-Bko\vn.  a.  H.  .Tones. 

C.    .J.    WAINWEKiHT.  G.    T.    BETHlNE-BAKia;, 


i  '   ■ 


Whf.rk  E]!i;f.iA   i.M'iiiv  ini   ri,!i 
The  EntimoUxiist's  Record,  1912. 


/'/,.. ^..  G.  r.  i:,  11,1111, -ftiikf 


Vol.  XXIV 


Plate  IX. 


H^^^r 

> 

M 

^■^ 

^fe^    ■" 

« 

l>h«l,K  C,    T.  Bethiiiii-Bah-, 
LooKINi;    TO\VARI>S    THE    ClRC.iUE    FROM    THE    PoRT    HE    (tAVARXIE. 


■-::.- f:m 


Pholii.  a.  T.  lUthiine-Bakii: 
Sl'AIN    I  KO.M     THK    "  Coi,  "    .rVST    ISEYONI"     THE     PdItT    DE    GaVARXIE,    WHERE    WE     TOOK 
LaMPIDES    BOETK'US    and    HEPIALrs    PYRENAICCS    VAi:.    ALTICOLA. 

Tlie  l':iitomoloiii.ii's  Record,   l!)l"2. 


A    FORTNIGHT    AT    GAVARMK.  157 

A  Fortnight  at  Gavarnie,  Hautes-Pyrenees.    {Witli  tno  jdates.) 

By  G.  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 
{Concluded  from  pai/e  152.) 

After  this  Mr.  Wainwright  joined  us,  and  we  had  a  glorious  walk 
to  the  Port  d'Espagne,  taking  the  bridle-path  on  the  north  side  of  the 
mountains.     Some  parts  of  the  way  were  very  steep,  but  very  delight- 
ful, and  as  we  dispersed  more  or  less  a  flock  of  sheep  sheltering  from 
the  broiling  sun  beneath  a  vast  rock,  we  realised  something  of  its 
steepness  for  a  short  distance,  where  we  had  to  cling  to  any  herbage  or 
tyifts  of  grass  that  were  strong  enough  to  hold  us.     Ere  long,  however, 
we  found  ourselves  on  a  lovely  soft  green   pasture,   and  smooth  as 
velvet,  along  which  we  wandered  until  my  attention  was  attracted  by 
a  pair  of   Urhicola  comnia,  that  were  evidently  courting.      They  flew 
rapidly  together  for  a  few  yards  and  then  settled,   the  female  in  front 
of  the  male.     After  a  moment  or  two  of  antennal  agitation,  the  male 
slowly  walked  up  beside  the  female  with  much  waving  of  the  antenna;, 
until  he  was  fully  alongside  of  her,  when  they  remained  quite  motionless, 
except  for  their  antennae,  for  quite  a  couple  of  minutes,  when  another 
sudden  short  flight  occurred,  the  female  taking  the  lead  and  being 
closely  followed  by  the  male.      This  was  followed,  on   alighting,  by 
another  performance  exactly  like  that  just  described  ;    over  and  over 
again  this  occurred  for  quite   ten  minutes,  when  I  dropped  on  to  my 
knees  to  see  if  there  was  any  flexion  of  the  male's  abdomen,      in  this 
position   T  got  quite  close,  but  apparently   there  was  no  attempt  at 
copulation.     Being  so  near,  however.  I  saw  what  I  had  not  seen  before, 
viz.,  that  the  male  was  a  specimen  of  that  pretty  aberration  with  all 
the  white  spots  confluent  on  the  underside,  named   by  Oberthur  ab. 
fannula.      This  discovery,  1   fear,  put  an  end  to  my  observations  on 
mating,   as  I  thereupon  enclosed  them  both  in  my  net.      Somewhat 
beyond  this  a  small  colony  of  jackdaws  attracted  our  attention,  they 
were  very  wary,  unaccustomed  to  the  presence  of  the  human  biped. 
One  or  two  chats  that  I  did  not  know,  and  the  wheatear,   also  put  in 
an  appearance,  and  enlivened  a  scene  that,  though  lovely  indeed,  was 
nevertheless  almost  devoid  of  life.  As  weascended,  l\  rehi  a  noniiDU'  occavveA 
not  uncommonly,  and  hL  epiphron,  and  I  think  it  was  here  also  that  1 
took  the  only  specimen  of  K.  (i<»-<ie  that  we  saw  at  Gavarnie.      One 
Heaperia  sac  likewise  fell  a  captive  to  me,   with  the  upperside   very 
black  and  the  underside  beautifully  rosy.      At  last  we  emerged  on   to 
the  high  bridle  path  near  to  the  top  of  the  pass,  a  path  largely  dug  out 
of  the  shaly  side  of  the  mountain,  which   appeared  to  be  given  up  to 
cattle,  who  were  very  unwilling  to  let  us  pass,  until  in  the  end  we  found 
ourselves  driving  scores  of  heads  before  us,  the  foremost  of  which  were 
by   no   means   easily   forced  along  by  the  pressure  of  those  behind. 
After  a  time,  however,  we  had  the  opportunity  of  a  sudden  rush  along 
the  side  of  the  mountain,  and  finally  succeeded  in  turning  them  and  in 
having  the  rest  of  the  way  to  ourselves.     I  had  previously  noticed  on 
the  shaly  screes  above  and  below  the  path  that  the  cattle  had  disturbed 
some  black  butterflies,  which  I  had  no  doubt  were  K.  lefehi-rci,  and  so 
it  turned  out  to  be,  for  I  took  a  couple  a  little  later  on.    Soon  after  this 
I  saw  a  dark  coloured  blue  that  I  could  not  quite  make  out,  and  ere 
long  another  came,  but  this  time  the  opportunity  was  not  lost,  and  I 

•iTTLY-AuausT,   1912. 


158  THE  entomologist's  record. 

found  I  had  secured  my  first  Lampides  boeticim  from  this  locality.  A 
few  minutes  more  brought  us  to  the  Port  de  Gavaruie  or  the  Port 
d'Espagne  as  it  is  sometimes  called.  In  front  of  us  lay  Spain  with  its 
many  and  deeply  interesting  associations,  its  checkered  history,  its 
beautiful  country — poor  Spain  from  nearly  every  point  of  view — behind 
us  lay  "  la  belle  France "  with  her  marvellous  history  and  lovely 
country,  filled  with  life,  and  so  internally  and  financially  strong  that 
when  she  wanted  twelve  millions  the  other  day  for  one  of  her  western 
railways,  over  thirty  times  the  amount  was  subscribed  for  in  a  single 
day,  the  larger  portion  of  this  coming  from  her  peasant  proprietors. 
But  the  time  had  come  to  cease  from  reveries  and  to  find  a  place  for 
lunch,  the  sun  was  hot,  the  wind  cool.  Water?  Where  was  water? 
The  only  visible  sign  was  a  trickle  across  the  path  100  yards  away. 
We  therefore  "followed  the  gleam"  and  made  our  way  thither.  Just 
about  fifty  yards  up  the  hill  side  we  found  its  source,  a  little  under- 
ground stream  bubbling  up  into  a  wee  well  about  eighteen  inches  in 
diameter  surrounded  by  soft  verdure  as  green  and  fresh  as  could  be 
desired.  Here  we  had  our  repast  and  promised  ourselves  to  return  to 
Spain  at  some  other  time,  having  pleasant  memories  of  our  lunch  there 
on  this  day.  Just  as  we  had  finished,  a  white  butterfly  caused  me  a  run, 
only  to  find  that  I  had  secured  a  specimen  of  our  common  Pier  in  rapae. 
Again  another  "  white,"  this  time  however  it  was  Pontia  daplidice.  Then 
a  large  Cramhus  was  hurled  along  by  the  strong  wind,  which  turned  out 
to  be  the  Pyrenean  (hambus  diiiitdlus^  a  species  at  present  I  believe 
only  recorded  from  southern  France,  I  took  a  male  and  two  females. 
C.  radiellns  also  occurred  here.  Flying  about  in  the  sunshine  were 
several  Pltisia  which  I  chased,  the  first  proved  to  be  the  ubiquitous 
P.  gamma,  but  the  second  was  what  I  had  hoped  for,  viz.,  P.  ni.  One 
or  two  Lampides  boeticiis  were  occupying  my  attention  on  the  "  col  " 
of  the  pass  when  my  friend  (Mr.  Wainwright)  shouted  "Here!  Quick!" 
and  I  saw  him  make  two  rapid  strokes  with  his  net.  As  I  came  up  he 
said,  "  Here  you  are,  I  don't  know  what  they  are,"  and  as  I  boxed 
them,  judge  my  delight  when  I  found  he  had  taken  two  specimens  of 
Hepialiis  pi/renaiciis  var.  alticolor,  Obth.  I  was  not,  however,  fortunate 
enough  to  find  the  apterous  female.  On  our  return  along  the  usual 
road  we  stayed  on  the  hhebia  U'febvrei  ground  and  I  succeeded  in  taking 
another  couple  of  specimens,  and  also  just  before  reaching  those  screes 
the  only  Zygienid  seen  at  Gavarnie,  viz.,  Adscita  statices  var.  crassiconiis, 
at  least  I  conclude  it  must  be  this,  though  I  see  no  difterence  between 
it  and  var.  heydenreichii.  To  go  back  to  lefebrrei  for  a  moment.  This 
species  will  lly  quite  late  in  the  afternoon  in  the  sunshine,  but  directly 
a  cloud  hides  the  sun  /•'.  lefcbvrei  hide  themselves.  The  gradient  of 
the  screes  is  so  steep  and  the  stones  so  loose  that  it  is  quite  impossible 
to  chase  the  insects,  the  only  plan  is  to  have  a  fishing-rod  net  and  to 
stand  and  seize  the  opportunity  when  it  occurs. 

Another  walk  up  the  slopes  below  the  Pimene  produced  a  very 
nice  series  of  K.  i/on/onc,  with  a  number  of  fine  females,  more  /'A 
epiplimn  and  one  or  two  var.  rassiope.  Setina  irvonila  was  not  un- 
common, and  I  took  a  single  specimen  each  of  lAtluma  lurideola  and 
of  L.  complana.  Crambxs  radielliin  and  C.  vonchdlua  were  the  only  two 
species  of  that  genus  that  I  saw.  A  couple  of  days  later  Mr.  Wain- 
wright and  I  decided  on  a  short  expedition  to  Cauterets,  via  the 
Vignemal  Pass  and  the  Lac  de  Gaube,  as  I  much  wanted  to  try  the 


A    FORTNIGHT    AT    GAVARNIE.  159 

latter  locality.     Our  way  was  through  the  Val  d'Ossoue ;  we  had  seen 
on  a  guide  post  that  it  took  eight  hours  from  Gavarnie  to  Cauterets, 
and  without  reference  to  our  guide  books  we  determined  to  do  as  much 
collecting  en  route  as  possible,  and  to  stay  one  night  if  not  two  at  the 
Chalet  Hotel,  by  the  Lac  de  Gaube.     We  went  happily  along,  one  of 
my  early  catches  being  a  magnificent  example  of  an  entirely  black 
Coscina  crihnim  var.  rippertii,  only  with  black  hind-  as  well  as  fore- 
wings.     I  believe  this  has  been  named  var.  melanoptera,  but  I  cannot 
turn  up  the  reference.     Another  fine  capture  was  a  lovely  female  E. 
sti/fine,  smoky- brown,  with  the  bands  wherein  are  the  ocellations  of  a 
very  pale  straw  colour  suffused  with  smoky-grey,  the  underside  being 
sooty- grey  with  bands  of  the  same  colour,  as  above  in  the  forewings. 
Several  specimens  of  Carcharodits  lavather<r  fell  to   my  lot,  and  more 
very  fine    D.  cnnniia.     I  took  also  this  day  two  additional  Lycaenids, 
viz.,  one  specimen  of  Luweia  dorills,  and  three  of  Chnjfsoplianus  hipjio- 
tho'e.     TJii/welicns  actann  occurred  sparingly  and  the  usual  blues,  and  I 
captured  a  couple  of  HeUothh  peltif/era.     As  the  time  wore  away  it 
became  evident  that  not  only  should  we  not  arrive  at  the  Lac  de 
Gaube  that  night,  but  that  it  would  be  all  we  should  do  to  reach  the 
Refuge  d'Ossoue  before  dark,  so  we  had  to  push  on,  passing  meadows 
that  I  longed  to  spend  an  hour  in,  until  at  last  the  Kefuge  was  sighted 
between  half-past  eight  and  nuie,  and  then  we  learnt  from  the  guide 
that  it  was  a  good  five  hours'  walk  to  that  spot  and  another  six  to 
Cauterets.     It  was  along  this  route  that  we  came  across  one  of  the 
most  lovely  scenes  I  have  ever  witnessed.     As  we  rounded  one  of  the 
mountain  sides,  suddenly  we  had  laid  open  just  in  front  of  us  on  our 
right,  the  whole  side  of  two  mountains  closely  carpeted  with   most 
magnificent   examples   of   the   large  purple   iris,   a  perfect  blaze   of 
intensest  colour  in   the  brilliant   sunlight.     There  must  have   been 
acres  and  acres  one  mass  of  colour — we  could  but  stand  and  gaze,  lost 
in  wonder  and  admiration.     The  whole  setting  was  perfect,  words  fail 
to  express  one's  thoughts,  the  two  expressions  that  rose  to  our  lips 
were,  "  marvellous,"  "  glorious  " — certainly  that   sight  will  ever  live 
in  my  memory.     We  were  very  thankful  for  the  hospitality  of  the 
Refuge  of  the  French  Alpine  Club,  and  were  up  at  four  o'clock  in  the 
morning  in  time  to  see  another  view  of  great  beauty — shall  I  call  it 
the  "  Passing  of  the  Night?"    The  sky  was  just  changing  from  the 
darkness  of  night  to  that  wonderful  steely-blue  that  is  only  to  be  seen 
high  up  in   the  mountains.     We  were  then  8,900  feet  high,  the  stars 
were  still  visible,  the  silence  was  to  be  felt,  and  a  sort  of  adoration 
came  over  one  as  gradually  the  dark  blue  softened,   and  yet  more 
softened  into  that  indescribable  colour  that  occurs  just  before  dawn. 
Then  the  sun  lit  up  first  one  peak  then  another,   gently  creeping 
throughout  the  whole  circle  as  the  orange  tinge  warmed  up,  first  this 
one  and  then  its  neighbour.     Gradually  this  hue  changed  into  palest 
yellow,  until  at  last  the  sun  showed  himself  in  his  strength,  and  life 
was  renewed  for  another  day.     Having  partaken  of  our  iwtit  dejeuner 
we  passed  on  our  way  up  to   the  Col  de  Vignemale,  and  then  down 
over  the  snow,  guided  by  the  footsteps  of  someone  who  had  recently 
come  up  from  that  side — probably  two   French   climbers  who   had 
passed  the  night  at  the  Refuge  as  we  had  done.     The  snow  was  in 
greater  abundance  than   usual,  and  it  was  at  least  an  hour  to  two 
hours  before  we  left  it  quite  behind  us.     As  we  passed  downwards  an 


160  JIIK     KNT()M()I.()(;IST's     KKCttllli. 

h'rebia  foiled  a  hasty  and  ill-directed  stroke,  but  it  pat  me  on  the  ijui  riff, 
and  so  later  on  several  /V.  iiotij''  were  made  captives,  line  large  specimens 
too,  decidedly  larger  than  any  Swiss  ones.  A  little  further  along  a 
quite  fresh  /','. //o/v/o/n^  allowed  me  to  box  him  ;  and  whilst  doing  this 
a  Zyg:enid  flew  past  at  a  great  rate,  and  1  followed.  Having  tracked 
him  down  1  found  I  had  a  species  new  to  me,  with  a  very  hairy  body 
and  a  central  red  band,  it  was  of  course  Auf/imnro  (uitlnjlUdis,  but  1 
only  succeeded  in  taking  one  more  of  the  species.  Soon  another  l-'.rebia 
tempted  me  to  a  run  ;  this  time  it  was  a  nice  female  /'.'.  epiji/noii  with 
very  pale  taAvny  bands ;  previous  to  this,  soon  after  we  had  left  the 
snow,  a  few  specimens  of  the  genus  IJeiri/na  were  noted  sunning 
themselves  on  the  stones  in  the  path.  Two  that  I  caught  turned  out 
to  be  IJ.  phii/j/ialis.  Lower  down,  nearer  to  the  Lac,  two  specimens 
of  Erebia  lajipona  were  netted,  one  of  them  being  quite  fresh.  This 
was  on  August  6th.  We  were  now  nearing  our  goal,  but  w^ere  yet  in 
the  undulating  pastures  of  the  valley  before  reaching  the  far  end  of 
the  lake.  Here  R.  t/anione  was  not  uncommon,  several  of  the  speci- 
mens being  without  the  white  pupil  to  the  eye  spot  on  the  upperside. 
/'/'.  nun/e  also  occurred  sparingly.  Endmsa  iirorella  likewise  occurred 
here,  and  among  them  I  took  one  quite  good  var.  frinjeri,  and  also  one 
transition  to  it.  We  reached  the  hotel,  if  we  may  dignify  it  by  the 
name,  in  time  for  lunch,  which  we  enjoyed  in  the  covered  place  at  the 
head  of  the  mountain  lake.  We  stayed  here  the  night,  and  I  hunted 
all  round  with  very  little  result,  only  taking  one  Brent/iis  jiales  and  one 
/•'.  cHplirosi/iic.  The  next  morning  we  started  early  for  Cauterets, 
Avhere  we  had  to  wait  till  three  o'clock  for  the  train.  We,  however, 
used  the  time  to  the  best  advantage,  in  lunching  and  in  getting  photo- 
graphic mementoes  of  the  neighbourhood.  The  only  insects  I  took 
were  one  Soti/nis  alcijuuf,  a  fine  i'aranir  at'iiiTia,  and  one  Aiitlirnreiti 
irnnmljiina.  The  waterfalls  were  many  all  along  the  entire  path,  with 
large  volumes  of  watei-,  and  set  in  the  midst  of  lovely  surroundings. 
The  fall  half  way  froui  the  Lac  de  Gaube  to  Cauterets  (Cascade  de 
Cerisey)  was  one  of  the  finest  I  have  seen  outside  Norway.  When  we 
arrived  back  at  the  hotel  we  found  the  proprietor  had  been  quite 
disturbed  at  our  two  nights'  absence,  and  was  only  persuaded  not  to 
send  a  relief  party  after  us  by  Mr.  Jones,  who  said  that  we  had  spoken 
to  him  of  the  possibility  of  a  two  nights'  absence. 

The  next  day  was  Sunday,  and  we  were  glad  to  be  present  in  the 
morning  at  the  dedication  of  a  new  little  English  church  for  Gavarnie. 
It  was  especially  interesting  as  the  foundations  were  laid  and  all  was 
built  during  the  fortnight  we  stayed  at  the  village-  -of  course  the 
upper  portion  was  all  of  wood.  The  afternoon  of  that  Sunday  will  be 
memorable  in  our  annals,  for  at  ilricnitcr  a  hail  storm  of  unusual 
violence  began.  In  the  middle  of  the  meal,  the  heavens  having 
become  lilack  with  clouds,  the  storm  suddenly  broke  with  a  torrent  of 
hail  stones  bigger  than  marbles;  the  noise  was  so  great  that  everyone 
rose  from  the  tables  to  look,  in  live  minutes  the  road  began  to  flood, 
the  gradient  in  front  of  the  hotel  being  great,  the  water  and  stones 
ran  down  the  hill  to  the  stables  in  great  volumes.  The  top  lights  of 
the  hotel  in  the  roof  were  perfectly  riddled  by  the  force  of  the  hail, 
every  animal  fled  for  shelter,  but  it  was  not  until  later  on  that  we 
realised  the  full  potency  of  what  proved  to  be  a  record-breaking  storm. 
It  lasted  at  (lavarnie  about  two  hours.      We  had   arranged   to   take  a 


A    FOKTNItiHT    AT    (iAVAKNIK. 


lUl 


Sabbath-da_y's  journey  into  the  Cirque  and  at  about  4.30  p.m.  it 
cleared  sufficiently  for  us  to  do  so.  As  we  approached  nearer  our  goal 
we  began  to  have  some  idea  of  what  had  happened.  Across  the  path 
were  rivulets  that  ordinarily  would  not  have  necessitated  even  lengthen- 
ing our  usual  tread  to  pass  over,  but  that  had  become  streams  to  be 
jumped,  and  once  or  twice  to  be  taken  at  more  than  one  jump,  whilst 
one  stream  bad  become  so  violent  and  deep,  that  it  took  us  a  quarter 
of  an  hour  to  find  a  ford,  and  even  then  we  suffered  more  or  less  in 
taking  it.  Hail-stones  as  large  as  good-si/ed  hen's  eggs  were  lying 
about  by  the  humlred.  The  grassy  declivities  and  unevenness  of  the 
ground  had  become  most  lovely  mosaics,  the  hollows  of  the  ground 
having  become  filled  with  water,  partly  vain,  partly  melted  hail,  the 
surface  of  the  water  being  completely  packed  with  hail-stones  that  had 
melted  vertically  but  not  circumferencially.  The  centre  of  the  stones 
was  opaque  and  snowy,  the  circumference  being  narrowly  of  the  same 
texture  and  colour,  whilst  the  whole  of  the  intervening  area  was 
broadly  perfectly  clear  ice.  The  effect  produced  was  that  of  most 
lovely  and  most  wonderful  mosaics,  in  every  hollow,  some  of  a  con- 
siderable area.  It  was  indeed  a  beautiful  sight,  but  the  force  of  the 
storm  was  visible  all  round  in  shorn  off  boughs  and  broken  branches 
that  lay  about,  whilst  the  nearer  we  approached  the  Cirque,  the  more 
severe  must  the  storm  have  been,  until  in  the  magic  circle  itself,  1 
picked  up  a  hail-stone  o\er  3^  inches  long  by  3  inches  broad  and  11 
inches  thick,  and  when  it  is  remembered  that  I  did  not  find  it  until 
after  two  hours  from  the  time  it  had  fallen  a.nd  that  it  had  melted 
greatly,  again  in  the  vertical  line,  we  realised  that  originally  that  stone 
must  have  been  larger  than  a  cricket  ball,  or  at  least  fully  as  large. 
Had  such  a  stone  struck  a  human  being  on  the  head  it  must  have  been 
death.  Mr.  -Jones  sent  a  model  of  this  to  the  Koyal  Meterological 
Society  whose  Secretary  informed  him  that  it  was  a  ■'  record."  On 
the  Spanish  side  the  storm  M^as  much  worse,  the  stones  being  described 
by  Mr.  Wheeler,  of  Eastbourne,  as  usually  the  size  of  golf  balls,  whilst 
a  very  large  percentage  were  as  large  as  cricket  l)alls,  causing  the 
death  of  many  scores  of  sheep,  and  of  lietween  twenty  and  thirty 
cattle. 

We  bad  arranged  to  go  to  Argeles-Gazost  the  next  day  fit  route  for 
iiome  and  we  were  not  sorry  to  do  so.  There  our  pleasant  party  broke 
up,  Mr.  .Jones  went  back  to  Mende  to  take  Krchia  tieoriilas  (an  account 
of  which  has  already  appeared  nnte  p.  121),  after  staying  on  a  couple 
of  days  1  returned  direct  home,  whilst  Mr.  Wainwright  stayed  a  day 
or  two  longer  to  "  dipterise."  It  may  be  well  to  briefly  enumerate  my 
captures  in  the  two  days.  The  first  day  I  made  my  way  into  the 
main  valley  and  went  up  a  side  valley  and  returned  direct  over  the 
hills  to  Argeles,  en  route,  really  it  was  on  the  main  road,  I  took  a  fine 
/-".  ixnlaliriiis,  something  between  the  type  and  var.  fiesthanielii,  and  in 
the  hills  a  perfectly  fresh  /'.  iiiachami  fell  to  my  net.  (.'alias  edtt.sa  was 
not  uncommon,  and  Uryus  pafthiu  also,  but  this  latter  species  had  seen 
its  best  days.  Le/itosia  sinai>is  was  fairly  plentiful,  as  was  also  both  /'. 
iiiei/aera  and  /'.  aetjeria.  I  also  took  one  /'.  iiiaera  and  a  single  ab. 
(itlrasia  the  worse  for  wear.  f'.Jnrtiiui  was  quite  fresh,  and  I  netted 
several  nice  females  but  not  of  the  /lisindla  form,  at  least  onl}-  one  is 
inclined  in  that  direction.  Two  nice  specimens  of  Sahhrin  {LodJat/iia) 
seniinibeLlu   fell  Captives  to  me  among  some  long  grass,  and  fi-om  the 


162  THE  entomologist's  record. 

bordering  hedge  near  by  I  dislodged  two  fine  CalUviorpha  hera. 
Among  the  blues,  A.  coridon  was  common,  and  P.  icariis  was 
likewise  fairly  common.  Of  A.  medon  (astrarche)  I  only  took  two, 
whilst  Lampides  boeticiis  frequented  some  flowering  vetches  that  climbed 
over  a  hedge,  they  were,  however,  rare  and  had  seen  better  days.  Two 
rather  poor  Lou-eia  dorilis  were  also  captured.  Hesperiids  were  few 
and  far  between,  a  single  Adopaea  flava  (thaumua),  a  pair  of  worn 
Aiit/iadea  xijlvanus,  and  Hesperia  carthami,  and  one  Niso7uades  tafjes 
being  all  that  put  in  an  appearance.  The  next  morning  we 
repaired  to  an  old  tower  in  the  valley,  and  along  the  road  under  an 
avenue  of  trees,  Satyrus  alcyone  was  not  uncommon,  but  was 
uncommonly  difficult  to  catch,  of  Pyrmneis  cardiii  a  single  specimen 
was  taken,  and  a  beautiful  specimen  of  Eiivanessa  antinpa.  Here  also 
I  succeeded  in  taking  a  quite  fresh  Bliodocera  cleopotra.  I  have  been 
unable  to  find  a  record  of  this  species  from  the  Pyrenees,  and  I  do  not 
know  whether  this  is  a  new  occurrence  or  not  from  this  district. 
Melanavfjia  (jalathea  also  occurred,  but  was  going  over.  The  only 
Zygaenid  I  saw  or  took  is  a  form  of  Anthrocera  filipendiilae,  which  is 
evidently  var.  ochsenheinieri.  Aphantopm  Iiyperantiis  also  occurred, 
but  its  condition  was  far  from  good.  Thus  ended  a  very  pleasant 
holiday,  and  one  that  made  me  desire  to  try  the  Pyrenees  again, 
nearer  perhaps  to  the  Mediterranean. 


The  Season  of  1911  in   the  Abertillery  District  of    Monmouthshire. 

By  W.  BAIT  SMITH. 
{Concluded  from  page  238.) 
On  June  6th  I  had  a  day's  collecting  at  Teignmouth  and  Dawlish. 
1  was  disappointed  at  the  results,  as  I  had  hoped  to  do  fairly  well. 
Pieris  brassicae  and  P.  rapac  were  common  enough,  and  one  or  two 
examples  of  P.  napi  were  seen.  A  few  worn  $  s  of  Harhlof  carda- 
inines  were  seen,  in  company  with  equally  dilapidated  examples  of 
Brenthis  eiiphrosyne  and  Pararye  ineyaera  on  the  cliffs  near  "  The 
Ness."  The  same  place  gave  a  few  large  bright  Brent/u's  selene  in 
perfect  condition.  The  only  other  butterflies  seen  were  P'pivephele 
jurtina  [ianira),  CoennnympJia  panipliilux,  Ihimicia  pldaeas,  and 
Polyotmiiatus  icarnn,  which  were  all  common.  My  principal  object  in 
visiting  this  locality  was  to  try  to  obtain  some  larvtv  of  JUtliys  iiueiriis, 
but  in  spite  of  much  beating  of  oak,  not  a  single  larvte  of  this  species 
rewarded  ray  efforts.  A  worn  ?  Avidalia  imitaria,  beaten  out  of 
rough  grass  near  "The  Ness,"  obligingly  laid  about  fifty  ova  in  a 
chip  box  during  this  and  the  following  day.  The  larva^  fed  up 
rapidly  on  dock,  and  produced  imagines  in  August.  Unfortunately 
most  of  these  insects  emerged  whilst  I  was  away  from  home,  and  had 
battered  themselves  about  and  died  before  I  returned.  Antivlea 
rubidata  was  common  amongst  rough  herbage  and  in  thick  hedges. 
Coremia  ferriiyata  and  Xanthorho'e  sonata  were  fairly  common,  and 
single  examples  of  lodin  lartcaria  and  Mesoleiica  ocellata  were  beaten 
out  of  hedges.  A  beautifully  fresh  Botyx  ammlia  was  beaten  out  of 
ivy  growing  over  a  low  stone  wall  ;  Tortri.r  forsterana  and  several 
other  species  of  Tortrix  not  yet  identified  were  beaten  out  of  rough 
herbage.      Scoparia   dubitalis  was   abundant  and    CixnnbuH  pratellus, 


NOTES    ON    THE    SEASON    1911.  163 

C.  pascuellus,  C.  selasellus  and  C.  perlellus  were  common  in  grassy 
places.  A  short  series  of  Platytes  cernsellus,  in  fine  condition,  were 
beaten  out  of  rough  herbage  growing  on  the  cliffs  near  "  The  Ness," 

On  June  17th  I  paid  a  second  visit  to  the  Kewstoke  Woods 
at  Weston-super-Mare.  The  three  "  whites  "  were  common  enough. 
A  few  Brent  his  selene  were  seen.  Worn  examples  of  Paranje  (Ft/eria 
were  seen  in  company  with  beautifully  fresh  examples  of  the  second 
brood.  This  butterfly  is  very  common  in  these  woods.  Epinephele 
jnrtina  [ianira),  doiomjinpha  vanipliilus,  Riimicia  phlaeas  and 
Polijommatus  icarus  were  all  fairly  common.  Beating  oak  for  the 
larvae  of  Bithys  quorcm  was  again  a  failure.  Two  or  three  examples  of 
Auijiades  sylvanas  represented  the  "  skippers."  A  fine  ?  Daftychira 
pudihunda  was  taken  at  rest  on  red  dead-nettle.  Opisthoyraptis 
luteolata  and  Metrocampa  maryaritana  were  beaten  out  of  bushes  in  fair 
numbers.  By  far  the  commonest  insect  seen  was  Abraxas  sylvata, 
which  was  beaten  out  of  bushes  in  large  numbers,  scores  were  seen 
ranging  from  very  light  to  fairly  heavily  marked  examples,  but  nothing 
which  could  be  called  a  variety.  This  species  does  not  occur  in  the 
Abertillery  district  at  all.  The  common  A.  yrosstilariata  appeared 
quite  scarce  in  comparison  with  the  much  more  abundant  A.  sylvata. 
The  sight  of  a  fine  fresh  Asthena  bluineri,  at  rest  on  the  trunk  of 
a  wych  elm,  encouraged  me  to  further  efforts  in  this  direction. 
The  rest  of  the  day  was  principally  spent  in  searching  for  this  beautiful 
little  geometer.  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  take  a  dozen  examples 
altogether,  mostly  in  good  condition.  From  11  a.m.  till  3  p.m.,  A. 
bloineri  was  found  to  be  resting  quietly  on  the  tree  trunks,  in  every  case 
a  wych-elm,  after  3  p.m.  they  were  taken  at  rest  on  ground  ivy  and 
other  low  growing  plants,  or  were  beaten  out  of  bushes,  they  were  then 
decidedly  skittish  and  had  to  be  captured  with  the  net.  Acidalia 
aversata  and  A.  iminutata,  Cabera  pusaria  and  C.  exanthemata  were 
beaten  out  of  bushes  in  fair  numbers,  together  with  a  few  Hydriomena 
furcata  [elutata)  and  Mesoleuca  ocellata  with  swarms  of  Xanthorho'e 
viontanata,  and  Ca>nptoyraiiima  bilineata.  Tortrix  viridana  swarmed 
round  every  oak,  and  Tortrix  ministrana  and  a  few  other  species  were 
beaten  out  of  bushes.  A  single  Cryptoblabes  bistriya  was  beaten  out  of 
oak.  The  weather  was  glorious  on  this  day  and  I  have  no  doubt  a 
great  many  more  species  would  have  been  taken  had  I  not  devoted  the 
greater  part  of  the  day  to  searching  for  Asthena  bloineri. 

In  July  most  of  our  common  insects  were  seen  or  taken  in  fair 
numbers.  Aryynnis  adippe  was  commoner  than  usual  this  year. 
Dry  as  paphia  and  A.  aylaia  were  not  noticed  at  all,  both  are  rare 
insects  in  these  valleys.  Aylais  urticae  was  common  everywhere  and 
Vanessa  io  was  plentiful  enough  in  most  places.  Satyrns  setnele,  for 
some  unaccountable  reason,  has  sadly  decreased  in  numbers,  a  few 
were  seen  at  Tri-nant,  where  they  were  abundant  five  years  ago. 
Coenonyinidia  paiiiphilas  and  Rainicia  phlaeas  livened  up  every  grassy 
slope.  Adopaea  jlava  {thaiunas)  were  common  at  Crumlin  and  a  few 
other  places.  This  species  is  inclined  to  be  somewhat  local  with  us. 
A  nice  series  of  Crucallis  elinyuaria  were  bred  from  larvfx?  collected 
from  heather  last  month.  A  fine  and  varied  series  of  Ilydriumena 
furcata  (elutata)  was  taken  at  dusk  flying  round  the  stunted  sallows. 
A  few  Mesoleuca  bicolorata  were  beaten  out  of  ash  and  alder  in  the 
Llanock  W^ood,  and  the  same  wood  gave  Lomasjiilis  niaryinata  in  fair 


164  THK    ENTOMOI,()(iIST's    RECORD. 

numbers.  Xanthorlwe  montanuta,  A.  jitirtuata,  X.  rivata  and  A. 
wviata  were  common  everywhere.  I  have  not  noticed  Xanthorho'e 
Ijcdiata  here  this  year.  This  insect  is  by  no  means  uncommon  with 
us  as  a  rule.  A  few  Triphuaa  dubitata  were  taken  in  flight  at  dusk. 
Thamnonniua  vauaria  was  common  at  light.  Lyi/ru  asaociata  and 
Cidaria  pyialiata  swarmed  after  dusk  on  rushes,  whilst  Lyijria  testata 
was  not  uncommon.  A  single  worn  ('ili.r  (jlancata  a  rather  scarce 
insect  in  this  district,  was  taken  in  flight  at  dusk.  Bryophila  jmia  was 
fairly  common,  at  rest  on  stone  walls,  as  were  Nndaria  ninndana  and 
Triceiia  (Acroiiyeta)  }>si.  Sugar  was  a  failure,  nothing  but  the  very 
commonest  species  were  attracted.  Searching  rushes  after  dark,  which 
was  so  successful  last  year,  was  also  a  failure,  only  yielding  such 
common  species  as  Xylup/iasia  rtirca  and  A'.  )nonof/lyp/ia,  Barathra 
hrassuae,  Miana  striyilis  and  M.  faacinncula,  Hmina  tniehroso  in  fair 
numbers,  and  several  Ayrotis  exchnnationis,  'fn'p/iaeua  prnnuba,  Xoctiia 
aiiyiir,  X.  briomca,  X.  primidae  ffcstira),  X.  rnhi,  X,  jdecta  and  .V. 
.canthuyrapha.  J  was  not  fortunate  enough  to  take  Xoctna  ditrapeziinn 
this  3'ear,  a  single  example  was  taken  at  flowering  rushes  last  year. 
('alyninia  trapezina  and  Phloyophora  Dieticidofta  were  common  every- 
where, but  even  they  were  far  outnumbered  by  (  haracaa  yrainhiix, 
which  simply  swarmed  on  the  hills.  A  fine  and  varied  series  of 
Hepialiis  sylvina  was  taken  at  rest  on  grass  stems  in  wood  clearings, 
some  of  the  5  s  were  very  small,  hardly  larger  than  Ht'picdns  lirrta, 
but  the  majority  of  the   J  s  were  very  large  and  well  marked. 

Amongst  the  smaller  fry  Hypcna  piobosridalis  swarmed  amongst 
nettles  in  company  with  lUitys  fuavidis,  Ebidea  crorcalis  and  /','.  sainbit- 
calis,  I'innca  fariindis,  Scnpida  liitealis,  S.  pniiudis  and  S.  niiccdin. 
( 'kilo  jihrayiiiitelltix  was  fairly  common.  ( 'iambus  pnitellns,  (  '.  falaellua, 
('.  pasciidliis,  ('.  pi'iielliis  and  its  var.  iran inytoinilKs,  and  L'.  sclaselliis 
were  abundant  in  their  haunts.  A  few  Cratubiis  lianielliis  and  ( '. 
l((tif<triiis  were  taken,  as  well  as  two  or  three  Ciainbns  pinelliiR.  I  take 
this  last  species  every  season  in  these  valleys,  but  never  more  than 
two  or  thi'ee  examples  each  year.  It  appears  to  haunt  swampy  localities. 
1  have  only  taken  them  at  night,  as  a  rule  in  flowering  rushes.  A 
single  example  of  I'liycis  J'im-u  was  found  at  rest  on  a  stone  wall. 
Sniparia  dubitalin  and  N.  ineiciirMa  were  very  common  everywhere. 

Daring  -luly  1  paid  two  visits  to  the  Forest  of  Dean,  a  district 
which  was  new  to  me.  The  Speech  House  section  of  the  forest  was 
chosen.  Leaving  Abertillery  at  7.40  a.m.  on  the  morning  of  July  1st, 
1  arrived  at  Speech  House,  which  is  in  the  heart  of  the  forest,  about 
12.B0  p.m.  The  day  was  very  fine  and  hot  and  insect  life  was  very 
abundant.  By  far  the  commonest  butterfly  was  Apliontopiis  hyper- 
(tntiis,  which  was  flitting  about  every  glade  and  open  space  in  scores. 
They  were  in  fail-  condition  and  a  nice  series  was  taken.  I  netted  and 
examined  a  large  number  in  the  hope  of  taking  var.  lancrolata,  but 
was  not  fortunate  enough  to  take  this  or  any  other  variety.  Aiyynnix 
adippfWAfi  very  common  and  in  splendid  condition.  Two  or  three  very 
fine  Dryas  papliia  were  netted,  one  5  is  the  finest  example  I  have 
ever  seen  of  this  species.  Aryynnia  ayloia  appeared  to  be  rare,  I  only 
saw  a  single  damaged  J  ,  which  was  not  taken.  A  few  worn  Brenthis 
selcnc  were  noticed.  Aylais  nrtirae  was  common,  but  I'awssa  in  seemed 
to  be  rather  scarce.  Kpinephelc  jntthut  {itiiiira)  was  quite  a  rarity  in 
comparison  with  the  swaiins  of  A,  liypi'iuntun,     ( 'iwiKniyiiifdia  pamp/iiliix, 


N'OTES    ON    THE    SEASON    lilU.  165 

lluiiiicia  p/daeus  and  Adupaca  flaoa  (thannias)  were  all  couimou.  A 
fine  $  Boarniia  roboraria  was  t'ound  resting  at  the  foot  of  an  oak.  I 
spent  a  considerable  time  in  further  search  for  this  fine  Geometer,  but 
only  succeeded  in  finding  two  more,  both  at  rest  low  down  on  the 
trunks  of  oak,  one  was  a  worn  J  and  the  other  a  fine  $  .  I  kept  this 
2  for  ova  in  a  large  chip  box  for  three  days,  during  which  time  about 
sixty  ova  were  laid  in  batches  of  15  or  20.  The  larvu-  hatched  out  in 
about  10  days,  but  unfortunately  in  spite  of  all  the  care  I  could  bestow 
on  them  they  all  died.  Beating  bushes  produced  most  of  the  common 
Geometers  in  numbers  and  single  examples  of  (retmietru  rernaria  and 
I li'init/ica  striifata.  Several  Tortrices  were  beaten  out  of  bushes  and 
rough  herbage.  Xondo;/nat/ia  t/risealis  was  fairly  common.  A  fe^\' 
I'l/raiista  purpuicdis  in  fine  condition  were  netted  as  they  fiew  swiftly 
about  in  the  hot  sunshine.  On  the  whole,  this,  my  first  visit  to  this 
promising  locality  was  a  disappointment,  insects  were  very  numerous 
in  individuals,  but  scarce  in  the  variety  of  species,  but  this  has  always 
lieen  my  experience,  a  first  visit  to  any  locality  is  seldom  productive. 

The  second  visit  was  paid  to  Speech  House  on  the  18th.  1  hoped 
to  get  Apatitra  irin,  which  is  said  to  occur  in  this  district,  and  HWnjs 
ilKeiriis.  I  devoted  practically  the  whole  day  to  searching  for  these 
two  butterflies,  but  did  not  so  much  as  get  a  glimpse  of  either. 
.ip/iaut(ipiis  luiperantuH  and  ArijynniH  adippr  were  as  abundant  as  on 
my  former  visit,  but  the  majority  were  now  decidedly  passe.  Nothing 
fresh  was  noticed  except  a  single  Nola  cuvidlatcliu  at  rest  on  the  trunk 
of  an  old  apple  tree.  I  hope  to  have  a  few  days  collecting  in  tht; 
I'orest  of  Dean  during  the  coming  season,  with  better  results. 

Ouriiig  the  first  fortnight  in  August  I  was  very  busy  arranging  my 
work,  preparatory  to  going  on  my  summer  holidays,  so  1  was  unable 
to  do  much  collecting.  A  little  collecting  at  dusk  was  done,  but  that 
was  all.  On  August  8th,  I  had  the  pleasure  of  taking  an  insect  I  have 
specially  searchtd  for  every  season  up  till  now,  but  failed  to  obtain, 
viz.,  Srilbio  anoiiuda.  I  have  always  felt  that  this  species  ought  to 
occur  in  these  valleys.  On  the  8th  1  went  to  a  small  valley  about 
three  miles  from  Abeitillery,  arriving  there  at  7  p.m.  The  very  first 
insect  1  took  w^as  a  fine  S  of  the  much  sought  for  N.  anoniala.  In 
a  few  minutes  half-a-dozen  more  males  were  taken,  as  they  flew 
up  and  down  a  steep  hillside  in  their  somewhat  geometer-like  flight. 
Further  visits  on  the  9th,  10th,  and  12th  gave  several  more  J  s,  but 
not  a  single  ?  .  On  the  18th  I  took  the  first  ?  ,  about  8  p.m.  as  it 
flew  past  me  close  to  the  ground.  Three  more  ?  s  were  netted  in  the 
same  manner.  Searching  for  the  5  s.  with  the  aid  of  a  lantern,  in 
the  heather,  was  a  total  failure,  not  a  single  specimen  was  seen.  The 
rtight  of  the  two  sexes  is  totally  dift'erent.  The  flight  of  the  males, 
which  takes  place  from  about  7  to  8  p.m.,  is  practically  over  before 
the  first  ?  puts  in  an  appearance.  It  is  almost  too  dark  to  distinguish 
anything  by  8  p.m.  at  this  time  of  the  year,  so  the  lack  of  light, 
combined  with  the  dark  colour  and  low  swift  flight  of  the  ?  ,  may 
account  for  the  comparative  scarcity  of  ?  Stilhia  anomala.  This 
species  appears  to  be  exceedingly  local,  and  my  specimens  were  taken 
within  a  radius  of  50  yards,  not  a  single  example  was  seen  outside 
this  restricted  area.  Most  of  the  common  Xorrnae  were  abundant 
during  the  first  fortnight  in  August,  Xortna  .rant/mifrap/ia  was  a 
ifgular  nuisance,  three  out  of  four  insects  netted  were  of  this  species. 


166  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

Splitting  the  stems  of  the  tall  marsh  thistles  for  pupse,  was  a  nasty  job 
and  not  at  all  successful,  a  single  pupa  of  (Jchria  ochracea,  rather  a 
scarce  insect  in   this  neighbourhood,  was  all  that  rewarded  my  efforts. 

On  August  15th  I  left  Abertillery  for  my  summer  holidays,  going 
to  my  home  at  Bickley,  in  Kent,  whore  I  stayed  until  September  2nd. 
I  did  not  attempt  to  do  any  sugaring,  as  it  had  been  such  a  failure  at 
Abertillery  and  confined  myself  to  searching  fences  and  tree  trunks 
during  the  day  and  going  round  the  lamps  at  night.  Amongst  the 
butterflies  Pieris  biassicae,  1'.  rapae  and  P.  napi,  Goneptenjx  rhamnl, 
Vanessa  io,  Coenonywpha  pa)i)philus,  Rumicia  phlaeas  and  Polyovnnatus 
icarus  were  all  common,  a  few  Pi/rameis  cardni,  Parartje  vteyaera  and 
Awjiades  sylvanas  were  seen.  I  did  not  see  a  single  example  of  the 
second  brood  of  Celastrhia  argiolus,  which  is  generally  common  here  in 
August. 

Searching  fences  and  tree-trunks  gave  Ilcpialus  sylcina,  Oyjijia 
antiqiia  (?s  at  rest  on  their  cocoons),  OpistJioyraptis  Ititeolata 
(common),  Knnomus  (jiiercinaria,  K.  alniaria,  K.  fuscantaria  and  K. 
erosaria,  Eupithecia  vulyata  (common),  Xanthorho'e  finctitata  (in 
abundance),  Coremia  ferrngata,  Canipt(i(/ramina  bilineata,  Acidalia 
vinjularia  (common),  Ortholitha  bipunctaria,  Thera  variata,  Drepana 
falcataria,  Lophoptenjx  camelina,  Asphalia  diluta,  Bryophila  perla, 
Xylophasia  monoylypha,  Charaeas  (jrawmis,  Luperina  testacea  (common), 
Barathra  biassicae,  Triphaena  pionuba,  Xoctita  plecta  and  X.  xantho- 
(jrapha  (common),  Tiliacea  {Cirrliia)  citrago,  Calyinnia  trape^ina,  Phlo- 
(fuphura  iiieticnlosa,  Plusia  yamma,  Ampldpyra  trayupoyonis,  Catocala 
■niipta,  Cratnbus  pratelliis,  C.  perlellKs,  and  C.  yenicnleits  (abundant). 

Insects  were  very  common  on  most  nights  round  the  gas  lamps. 
Can  any  entomologist  explain  why  light  pays  in  some  districts  and 
not  in  others  ?  I  have  gone  round  the  lamps,  m  the  Abertillery 
district,  night  after  night,  in  the  middle  of  the  season,  without  seeing 
a  single  moth.  By  far  the  commonest  insect  round  the  gas  lamps  at 
Bickley,  during  the  last  fortnight  in  August,  was  Cratnbiis  yeniculeus, 
every  lamp  gave  three  or  four  specimens,  and  on  one  lamp  no  less 
than  15  were  counted.  Xoctaa  xanthoyrapha  came  a  good  second. 
This  insect  swarmed  on  one  or  two  sultry  nights.  The  following 
insects  were  taken  at  light  between  August  16th  and  September  1st. 
Onrapteryx  sambiicaria,  Opisthoyraptis  luleulata  (common),  Ennunios 
quercinaria  and  K.  alinaria,  Pcrizoina  iiiiifasciata,  Acidalia  viryularia 
and  A.  iiiaryine]iit)ictata,  Kupitliecia  obloityata  (common).  A',  albipiinc- 
tata,  K.  absinthiata,  K.  sobrinata,  l\.  linariata,  E.  pnlchellata,  Corcniia 
iDiidentaria  and  ('.  fcrniyata,  Xmitliorluie jiuctuata  (common),  ('ainjtto- 
yraiiniia  bilineata  (common),  Mesolenca  occllata,  Anaitis  playiata, 
Piepana  binaiia,  i'iiix  ylaiicata,  Lencania  pallens,  Hydroecia  inicacea 
and  IL  nictitans  (common),  Xylophasia  monoylypha,  Epineuronia 
popularis  (the  J  s  were  very  common,  3  $  s  were  found  at  rest  on 
fences  near  lamps),  Charaeas  yraminis,  Luperina  testacea,  Barathra 
brassicae  (common),  Ayrotis  pnta,  Xoctua  plecta,  X.  c-niyrum,  X. 
xanthiiyrapha  and  A',  rnbi,  L'irrhia  citraya,  I'hluyaphora  meticiilosa, 
I'liisia  yainina,  Ani]ihipyra  trayopuyunis  (common)  and  Catucala  nnpta. 
Amongst  the  "micros"  were  Crainbns  yenicnlens  (abundant),  C. 
pratelliis  and  C.  selasellns,  Pimiea  furjicalis  (connnon),  I'yraiista 
pnrpiiralis  (common)  and  /'.  ostrinalis,  IJerbiila  cespitalis  (common), 
Endotricha  /lamniealis,  Scopida  ulirulis,  S.    lutealis  (common)   and   S. 


NOTES    ON    THE    SEASON    1911.  167 

pninalis,    Boti/s    ruralis  and    Ebnlea    crocealh   (common),    Nomophila 
noctiiella,  I'latijptila  f/onodactyla  and  Pterophorns  tuonodacUjlm^. 

On  three  or  four  nights  insects  swarmed  at  "  honeydew  "  on  the 
trunks  of  a  small  clump  of  Wych-elms,  no  less  than  seven  (Jatocala 
ni())ta  were  counted  on  one  small  tree.  All  the  common  Noctiiae  found 
at  light  were  seen  at  this  "  honeydew  "  with  the  addition  of  Cahjmnia 
dijfinis  and  Triphaena  iantJiina. 

I  had  a  day's  collecting  on  Folkestone  Warren  on  August  24th  and 
another  day  at  the  same  famous  spot  on  the  31st.  My  principal  object 
was  to  get  a  good  series  of  At/riades  thetis  {adoiiu).  I  was  very 
successful,  a  fine  series  of  this  brilliant  blue,  in  perfect  condition, 
was  taken.  On  the  24th  they  were  just  coming  out,  a  few  S  s  and 
a  single  2  was  all  I  could  get,  but  on  the  31st  the  insect  was 
fully  out  and  very  plentiful.  I  examined  some  scores  for  aberrations, 
but  failed  to  find  anything  out  of  the  ordinary.  This  species  was  by 
far  the  commonest  blue  on  the  Warren.  Several  I'oli/iDiuiiatiis  icariis, 
Ruinicia  phlaeas,  Af/lais  itrticae,  V.  io,  Gonopteryx  rhamni,  Fijrameh 
cardui,  Coenomjmpha  paniphilus,  Pararge  meijaera  (worn),  and  Epinephele 
tit/ionns  were  seen.  Beating  bushes  gave  Acidalia  oniata,  and  A. 
marginepitnctata,  Xanthor/io'e  miangnlata,  Melanthia  procellata,  ( htholitha 
Iwntata  and  a  few  other  common  Geometers.  A  single  worn  Aspilates 
ffUvana  was  kicked  out  of  long  grass.  Pi/mnsta  pto-puralis  and 
Herbula  cespitalis  were  common,  one  or  two  P.  aurata  were  taken,  and 
also  a  Pijramta  I  could  not  identify.  I  sent  this  insect  to  Mr.  Bethune- 
Baker,  who  very  kindly  identified  it  for  me,  as  a  melanitic  variety  of 
Pijrausta  aurata.  Several  "  micros"  were  taken.  A  search  which  was 
made  at  dusk  for  "  plumes"  was  not  very  successful.  I  took  a  few 
Stenoptilia  pterodactijla  and  a  single  Ainbb/ptilia  cosuiodactyla  (acantho- 
dactijla.)  Several  of  the  commoner  species  of  Cranibus  were  very  much 
in  evidence.     Two  or  three  Crainbtts  inquinatellus  were  taken. 

On  August  29th  I  paid  a  visit  to  the  Deal  sandhills. 
Unfortunately  the  day  was  very  windy  and  insects  were  scarce. 
Amongst  the  butterflies  Pieris  bramcae  and  P.  rapci,  Gonepteryx 
rhamni,  Pyrameis  atalanta,  Vanessa  io,  Aglais  urtictr,,  Coenonympha 
pamphilus,  Runiicia  phlaeas  and  Polyommatus  icariis  were  noticed,  but 
none  were  common  except  the  last  two  species.  A  few  very  large  and 
bright  examples  of  H.  phlaeas  were  taken.  I  had  hoped  to  get  a  few 
Colias  edu.m  and  possibly  (\  Iiyale  but  did  not  see  a  single  example  of 
either  species.  In  the  sheltered  hollows  Mesotype  viryata  was  common 
and  in  good  condition.  In  spite  of  the  high  wind  which  made 
capturing  this  little  moth  somewhat  difficult  I  managed  to  get  a  nice 
series.  Under  a  gorse  bush  I  found  a  large,  but  very  dilapidated  2 
S/)/tinx  conrolntli.  I  might  mention  here  that  on  my  return  to 
Abertillery  I  had  a  S  "^p/dnx  convulruli,  which  had  been  attracted  to 
light  at  a  window,  brought  to  me.  This  insect  was  taken  about 
August  20th  and  must  have  been  in  almost  perfect  condition  when 
captured.  Unfortunately  it  had  been  kept  alive  in  a  small  cardboard 
box  and  allowed  to  batter  itself  to  pieces.  I  have  never  seen  or  heard 
of  this  species  occurring  in  these  valleys  before,  but  this  appears  to 
have  been  a  "  co»roZr»T/ "-year,  which  may  account  for  a  straggler  of 
the  species  turning  up  at  this  out  of  the  way  spot.  I  spent  a  considerable 
time   in  searching  what  appeared  to  be   suitable  spots  for  Lithosia 


16H  THK    ENTOMOLCKHST's     UKCOHIi. 

lutarella,  my  principal  object  in  making  the  pilgrimage  to  Deal,  but  I 
was  not  fortunate  enough  to  tind  this  local  little  moth. 

During  September  practically  all  my  collecting  with  the  exception 
of  two  or  three  afternoons  spent  in  fruitless  searching  for  Lithomoia 
Holidai/i)iis,  an  insect  which  ought  to  occur  in  this  district,  was  done  on 
heather.  To  make  up  for  its  failure  during  the  summer,  ''sugar"  now 
attracted  insects  in  great  numbers,  Auiatlies  helnda  and  A.  Utura, 
Orrhodia  laccinii  and  Miselia  u.ti/acanthae  were  very  common  and  in 
hrst  rate  condition.  Half  a  dozen  perfect  examples  of  var.  rujiHcina 
were  taken.  Several  Aijrotis  se(/efuiii  of  a  second  brood  put  in  an  appear- 
ance. 1  was  surprised  to  take  a  very  fresh  Ajiiotis  ijclmnationia  on  Sep- 
tember 16th.  Aniatlti's  (Mfllinia)  cirrtilaris  and  (  ara(lri)u(  ifiiadripn)!!- 
tata  occurred  in  fair  numbers,  together  with  a  few  in'ijltacna  comes  and 
l.  pnDiiibd,  Kuidi'.ria  iKcipara,  Aiii/iliiiJi/ia  traiiopoi/oitis,  Xoctiui  (/lan'oxa, 
Aijrotis  i/psilo)i,  A»i<tt/u's  lota,  A.  iiioiilciita  and  A.  Ii/chiii'lis  (^pistaci)i(i), 
Orrhodia  lit/iila,  (Jalocaiiipa  ratasta  and  Kmiiichtis  prntca.  I'ldoiioplidra 
uietiriilosa  was  a  perfect  nuisance,  every  patch  had  three  or  four  of  this 
very  beautiful  but  common  moth  on  it.  On  September  16ta  a 
very  large  and  fresh  EnnneLina  luoiioiiacti/la  was  taken  at  sugar,  and 
several  other  "micros"  were  taken  in  the  same  way  during  September. 

On  September  9th,  I  took  a  run  down  to  W  eymouth,  hoping  to 
take  Colias  cditsa  and  ( '.  Iiijale.  I  was  again  disappointed  not  a  single 
example  of  either  species  was  seen.  The  intense  heat  of  the  summer 
had  burnt  up  all  vegetation  and  insects  were  scai-ce.  A  few  worn 
Anriades  t/n'tis  /  ado)iis)  J  s,  /'.  icariis  and  11.  /ihlanis  were  noticed. 
IHiisia  iiaiiniiu  was  very  connnon.  A  few  J'l/ransta  pnrpmalis  wei'e 
collected  from  the  rough  broken  ground  at  Preston  clitl's,  and  the 
same  spot  gave  me  a  couple  of  Xoinophilu  noctaclla.  A  very  large  and 
bright  Lyi/ris  tcstata  was  beaten  out  of  a  clump  of  sallows.  A  few 
wore  Pyraweis  atalanta  and  two  or  three  tine  /'.  ranhii  were  also 
noticed. 

After  the  first  week  in  October  the  weather  broke  up  completely, 
a,  few  nights  were  spent  at  "sugar"  and  at  what  little  ivy  we  have  in 
this  neighbourhood,  but  nothing  beyond  tbe  common  autunmal  insects 
were  seen.  Two  oi'  three  afternoons  were  spent  in  collecting  Oporabia 
diliitata  and  Ih/beruia  aiiraiitiaria,  long  and  varied  series  were  taken 
of  each  species. 

After  the  middle  of  October  the  weather  became  so  bad  that  further 
collecting  was  impossible.  The  total  results  of  the  season's  work  has 
not  perhaps  been  great,  1  have  probably  done  no  better  than  the 
majority  of  entomologists,  but  the  season  of  1911  will  always  he  a 
memorable  one  for  me  on  account  of  Stilbia  aitomala,  an  insect  I  have 
at  last  taken  after  seven  years  persistently  searching  for  it. 


Records  of  Local  Coleoptera.     1.  Geodephaga. 

By  G.  W.  NICHOLSON,  M.A.,  M.D.,  F.E.S. 

As  1  ha\e  been  taken  to  task  for  not  having  recorded  the  more 
interesting  beetles  I  have,  from  time  to  time,  had  the  good  fortune  to 
capture,  I  now  propose  to  make  up  for  lost  time,  and  hope  that  the 
new  localities  may  be  of  sonic  interest  and  use  to  other  entomologists. 
For  the  sake  of  completeness  reterences  will  be  given  to  the  few  records 
that  I  have  already  published,  which  will  be  included  in  the  present 


:\I.\I,l-OKM  ATION     OF     HYDKOKCIA     I'AF.I'DIS.  169 

list.  Most  of  my  Irish  captui-es  will  be  found  in  the  Irish  Natiiralisi 
for  1910  and  1911.  As  Mr.  Donisthorpe  has  already  given  a  list  of 
the  species  we  found  together  last  June  in  Scotland,  these  Avill  be 
omitted.  1  find  that  there  are  many  insects  I  must  mention,  and 
therefore  propose  to  deal  with  the  various  groups  separately.  I  will 
begin  with  the  (reodepltcKja. 

CicindcUt  inaritinia,  Dej.,  Sandwich,  Kent,  on  sandy  coast  in 
numbers.  ('i/cJims  rostratiis,  L.,  its  occurrence  in  Richmond  Park  is, 
perhaps,  worth  mentioning.  Pelopltila  bnrealis,  Pk.,  Lough  Ramoz, 
Co.  Cavan,  in  profusion.  t'liviiia  collaru,  Hbst.,  Reigate,  Surrey. 
Dyschiriio!  aiu/Kstatioi,  Ahr.,  Littlestone,  Kent,  one  on  sand  by  sea- 
shore. Bewhid'nnn  hru.vdlcnxe,  Wesm., common  at  Balrath,  Co.  Heath; 
one  in  the  middle  of  the  town  of  Cambridge.  l>.  deconim,  Pz., 
i>urford  Bi'idge,  Surrey  (one).  B.  aftine,  Steph.,  Cromer,  Norfolk. 
/?.  /-pitstiilatiiiii,  Dej.,  Pulborougb,  Sussex  (h^iit.  Mo.  Ma;/.  1909.) 
/>'.  ftdiiii/atinn,  Duft.,  Gravesend,  not  common.  H.  darki,  Dawson, 
Pulborough.  B.  aeneiim,  Germ.,  Cloverhill,  Co.  Cavan,  common. 
B.  o-striatum,  Gyll.,  common  in  an  old  stone  wall  at  Balrath. 
(Ullenus  lateralis,  Sam.,  Strood,  Kent,  common  in  stones  on  bank 
of  Medway.  Trechns  micros,  Hbst.,  Burwell  Fen,  Cambs,  one  in  mole's 
nest;  Alphington,  Devon,  on  two  occasions  in  moles's  nests,  once  in 
numbers.  T.  rindaris,  Gyll,  five  by  treading  mud  on  Wicken  Fen. 
August  21st,  1910.  The  light  was  failing  as  I  reached  the  spot,  and  1 
had  to  leave  early  the  next  morning ;  otherwise  I  am  certain  I  should 
tiave  got  a  long  series.  T.  secalis,  Pk.,  Golder's  Green,  Middlesex,  and 
Leatherhead.  Surrey.  Panai/aetts  mix-inajor,  L.,  not  uncommon  on 
Burwell  Fen.  /'.  4-/)t(stidatiis,  Stm.,  Alphington,  running  on  roads  in 
some  numbers  on  May  15th,  1910.  Badister  peltatus,  Pz;.,  not 
uncommon  at  edges  of  a  pond  at  Pulborough.  IJcinns  silplwides,  F., 
occasionally  abundant  under  lumps  of  chalk  near  Gravesend.  L. 
di'fires.siis,  Pk.,  Brighton.  Harjialns  /laralldns,  Dj.,  Gravesend. 
ArupalpKs  brunnipes,  Stm.,  Wintney  Heath,  Hants.  Aniwdactybis 
atricornis,  Steph.,  one  at  top  of  clift's  at  Cromer.  Ainara  constdaris, 
Duft.,  Burwell  Fen.  I'terostichns  aethiops,  Pz.,  four  specimens  under 
bark  of  a  dead  Scotch  fir  at  Crowcombe,  Somerset.  Plati/dents  mri- 
rollis,  Marsh.,  Gravesend,  Strood,  Wimbledon  Common.  Anc/iouieniis 
rrrsiitus,  Gyll.,  common  in  a  reedbed  by  the  canal  at  Woking,  in  1906, 
but  has  not  occurred  to  me  there  since.  Metahletns  truncatdltis,  L., 
common  on  Burwell  Fen.  J)roiiiiits  atjilis,  F.,  Epping  Forest.  I>.  4- 
si(/natiis,  Dj.,  one  under  the  bark  of  an  old  pole  in  a  brickfield  at 
Maddingley,  Cambs.,  February  24:th,  1907.  Aetopkoms  iinperialis, 
Germ.,  occasionally  in  profusion  in  a  bed  of  reeds  at  Gravesend  {Ent. 
M".  Mo;/.,  1906).     Boli/stir/iiis  rittatiis,  Brul.,  Gravesend  and  Strood. 

{To  he  continued.) 


On  a  IVlalformation  of  Hydroecia  paludis.     {With  I 'late.) 

By  T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  M.D. 

The  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows  has  handed  to  me  for  examination 
a  specimen  of  Hi/droecia  palxdis  taken  at  Mucking,  that  he  came 
across  in  mounting  examples  of  the  genitalia  of  Hydroecia,  in 
making  his  classical  researches  inio  the  nictitans  group.  With  his 
customary  caution  he  does  not  make  any  assertion  as  to  what  it  is,  or 


170  THE  entomologist's  record. 

how  it  came  to  exist,  though  he  thinks  that  it  may  have  some  gynan- 
dromorphous  characters. 

The  specimen  is  extremely  puzzling,  and  I  don't  feel  at  all  sure 
that  I  have  fully  succeeded  in  understanding  it.  I  cannot  detect  in  it 
any  distinctly  female  structures.  I  incline  to  believe  that  it  belongs 
to  the  same  class  of  abnormalities  as  those  that  I  showed''  resulted 
from  producing  a  small  cicatrix  between  the  9th  and  10th  abdominal 
segments  medio-ventrally  in  the  larval  state.  The  result  was  that 
structures  developed  fromHerold's  corpuscle  never  came  to  the  surface. 
In  the  specimen  before  us  PI.  IV,  fig.  1.  (Fig.  2  shows  normal  appen- 
dages of  /ududis  3  )  the  greater  part  of  the  clasps  and  the  aedceagus 
are  still  in  the  interior,  but  there  is  some  confusion  of  parts,  that  I  can 
only  explain  by  supposing  that  not  only  was  the  exit  for  these  parts 
blocked  in  some  way,  but  that  the  organ  of  Herold,  or  perhaps  before 
it  was  formed,  the  tissue  going  to  its  formation,  was  in  some  way 
injured  or  torn,  or  some  portions  lost.  Thus  we  find  the  tegumen  and 
ring  present,  a  little  distorted,  but  practically  complete.  Comparing 
figs.  1  and  2,  we  find  (1)  the  uncus,  (2)  the  scaphium,  (3)  the  peniculus 
(Pierce),  and  (4)  a  portion  that  I  am  not  familiar  with,  and  for  which 
I  do  not  think  Pierce  has  provided  us  with  a  name.  The  saccus  is 
also  present,  though  obscured  in  the  photograph  by  the  density  of 
superimposed  parts.  As  regards  parts  from  the  interior  (Herold's 
corpuscle),  we  have  (9)  a  somewhat  confused  and  dense  mass,  that 
certainly  contains  the  greater  part  of  two  clasps,  and  probably  the 
pupal  covers  of  these  and  some  irregularly  developed  portions,  whose 
eccentricities  I  ascribe  to  the  original  injury,  whatever  it  was.  Further 
proof  of  this  injury  is  found  in  there  being  only  one  clavus  (5),  the 
other  being  absent,  unless  it  is  included  in  the  confused  mass  of  the 
clasps,  but  if  so  it  is  quite  undeveloped;  I  think  there  is  little  doubt  it 
is  absent.  The  aedaagus  is  present  (7),  of  almost  normal  develop- 
ment, and  the  cornuti  are  within  it  in  quite  normal  condition. 

The  piece  8  pu/zled  me  very  much,  and  I  am  not  yet  very  positive 
about  it,  but  I  believe  it  is  a  portion  of  the  clasp,  of  what  I  think 
Pierce  calls  the  sacculus,  at  any  rate  the  portion  marked  8  in  fig.  2.  It  is 
not  a  torn  portion  of  a  developed  clasp,  but  must  have  arisen  from  a 
portion  of  the  clasp  separated  whilst  still  hardly  developed,  as  it  has  a 
complete  uninjured  surface  all  over.  The  two  curious  organs  (6)  are 
also  difficult  to  understand.  They  are  symmetrical  and  well  developed, 
yet  there  is  nothing  very  like  them  in  fig.  2.  They  seem  to  be  portions 
belonging  to  the  ring,  and  not  to  any  of  the  involuted  portions  forming 
Herold's  corpuscle.  My  experiments,  already  referred  to,  were  made 
in  L.  diapar,  where  the  parts  are  simple  as  compared  with  Noctuac,  so 
that  they  do  not  help  us  here.  I  imagine  they  are  parts  not  belonging 
to  Herold's  corpuscle,  but,  remaining  external,  on  the  return  of  the 
clasp  to  the  surface  become  part  of  it.  They  are  very  close  to  8  that 
is  probably  part  of  a  mutilated  clasp,  but  whether  they  represent  either 
of  the  portions  of  the  clasps,  to  which  I  have  put  a  6  in  fig.  2, 1  cannot 
say. 

I  add  as  fig.  3  a  figure  of  the  $  structures,  none  of  which  appear 
to  be  present  in  fig.  1. 


Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.,  1912. 


MALFORMATION    OF    THE    GENITALIA    OF    HYDRCECIA    PALUDIS.  171 

Description  of  Plate  IV. 
1.  MajUormed  a.]}T[)endsiges  oi  Hydroecia  paludis  x  12^. 
2  and  3.     Normal  t?  and   ?  appendages,  x  12J,  for  comparison. 


The  Malformation  of  the  Genitalia  of  Hydroecia  paludis.      {With 

one  plate). 
By  F.  N.  PIERCE,  F.E.S. 

The  rudimentary  organs  of  The  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows'  wonder- 
fully malformed  specimen  of  Hydroecia  paludis  go  a  long  way  to 
confirm  the  opinion  I  have  previously  held,  that  the  various  parts  of 
the  genitalia  are  originally  separate  and  distinct  organs  in  the  various 
species,  but  are  often  fused  together,  and  in  many  cases  this  fusion 
sinks  the  identity  of  the  organ  to  such  an  extent  as  to  make  the 
student  consider  the  parts  as  additional  organs,  whereas  they  are 
either  more  highly  developed  or  are  thrown  back  to  their  original  form. 

In  the  specimen  under  consideration  the  uncus  No.  1  is  normal ; 
tho  anus  No.  2  (called  by  Dr.  Chapman  the  scaphium)  is  normal ;  the 
peniculus  No.  3  is  normal ;  Dr.  Chapman's  No.  4,  which  in  the  photo- 
graph appears  to  be  a  separate  arm,  is  merely  the  thickening  of  the 
edge  of  the  tegumen,  from  which  springs  the  peniculus.  Below  these 
parts  we  enter  into  difficulties,  because  the  remainder  of  the  organs 
are  in  a  rudimentary  or  partially  formed  condition. 

The  valva  is  usually  considered  to  be  a  single  organ,  and  I  have 
been  criticised  in  giving  names  to  the  parts ;  for  example  sacculus, 
harpe  (  =  clasper),  etc.  This  is  more  apparent  than  real.  The  valvae 
are,  in  fact,  composite  structures  made  up  of  a  number  of  distinct  and 
separate  organs  springing  from  separate  bases,  as  the  specimen  under 
notice  well  illustrates.  And  in  order  to  piece  together  the  valvje  we 
must  collect  the  parts.  It  is  curious  to  notice  in  the  mount  these 
parts  are  largely  reversed,  that  is,  they  point  towards  the  head  instead 
of  the  tail  of  the  moth  as  normally. 

The  paired  organs,  No.  6  of  Dr.  Chapman's  Fig.  2,  are  the 
sacculus  ;  this  is  often  quite  separate  from  the  valvae  in  other  species, 
and  evidently  is  a  separate  organ  previous  to  fusion  ;  below  this  is  the 
left  hand  valva  proper.  No.  8  (without  the  cucullus,  which  is  evidently 
normally  attached  to  the  costal  arm).  It  will  be  noticed  there  is 
only  one  valva  developed,  that  of  the  left  side ;  in  the  mount  the 
inner  margin  is  above,  not  below,  the  spines  from  the  edge  being 
quite  normal  and  identical  with  those  of  paludis.  The  saccus 
(vinculum)  is  normal. 

We  now  come  to  the  organs  that  are  contained  inside  the  body. 
In  respect  to  the  valva,  so  far  the  parts  identified  are  the  valva  proper, 
and  the  sacculus.  Of  the  missing  parts  the  cucullus  is  enclosed  in  its 
sac,  and  in  the  photograph  is  immediately  under  the  saccus  and 
extends  downwards,  projecting  from  the  costal  arm.  Towards  the 
base  of  this  sac  is  the  editus.  The  harpe  (clasper)  is  very  rudimentary, 
but  the  shape  is  plainly  visible  with  its  short  heel  and  long  pointed 
toe.  There  is,  as  Dr.  Chapman  states,  only  one  Clavus  No.  5,  and 
the  ^Edoeagus  No.  7  is  practically  normal,  with  its  vesica  and  cornuti 
of  paludis  form,  and  connected  therewith  is  the  fairly  normal  juxta, 
the  front  plate  as  well  as  the  scobinated  membrane  behind  the 
.iEdceagus  being  well  developed.     The  remaining  structures  consist  of 


172  THK    KNTOMOLOtHSX's    RECORD. 

an  almost,  round  ball  joined  to  an  irregularly  shaped  sac.  It  is  this 
structure  and  the  absence  of  largely  one  side  of  the  male  genitalia, 
rii.,  the  clavns.  valva,  etc.,  that  evidently  led  Mr.  Burrows  to  believe 
that  this  was  a  gynandromorphous  specimen,  and  I  incline  to  the 
same  belief.  In  the  upper  sac  there  are  apparently  the  rudimentary 
valves  of  the  ovipositor.  I  have  usually  found  these  inside  the  bodies 
of  gynandromorphous  specimens  I  have  previously  examined,  and 
attached  to  this  is  an  aperture  that  might  be  the  genital  opening  with 
its  tube  leading  to  the  bursa,  but  this  part  is  too  obscui-e  for  me  to 
rlecide.  If  these  are  not  the  female  organs  the  question  arises  what 
are  they  '?  as  one  half  of  the  male  organs  are  accounted  for  and  they 
are  certainly  not  the  other  half. 


Notes  on  the  Lepidoptera  in  and  around  Gibraltar,  191 1  and  1912. 

Uy  Lieut.  G.  C.  WOODWARD,  K.N. 

On  October  15th,  1911,  I  went  over  to  Cauipomento,  a  place  in 
Spain  about  three  miles  from  the  gates  of  Gibraltar.  There  I  found 
('nliaa  edusa  in  good  condition  and  very  common,  and  Pijraiiu'iR  cardiii 
was  very  common,  indeed  was  seen  everywhere,  but  rather  worn.  1 
took  two  specimens  of  Pieris  daplidice  in  good  condition,  but  did  not 
meet  with  any  more.  Aricia  luedoit  (astrarrhe)  was  common,  but 
badly  worn,  and  one  very  large  specimen  of  Lamijides  hoetirim  was 
captured.  Two  very  line  examples  of  Hi(uru-ia  phlaeas  var.  idvKs  were 
netted,  as  well  as  two  rather  worn  Hesperia  proto.  On  visiting  this 
locality  a  week  later  I  found  very  little  insect  life  about,  probably 
owing  to  the  weather  having  become  much  colder,  succeeding  a  sum- 
mer which  had  been  exceptionally  hot  with  hardly  any  rain. 

Two  specimens  of  Stenhu  sarraria  were  taken  settled  on  the  ship's 
awning,  no  doubt  attracted  by  the  light,  and  on  December  Uth  a 
specimen  of  Hippation  ceU'viu  was  also  found  at  rest  on  the  awning. 

The  little  moth  hJnconista  {Selidospina)  iiniculnraria  is  extremely 
common  at  Campomento,  where  it  can  be  beaten  in  numbers  from  the 
undergrowth.  On  February  22nd  I  again  went  to  this  locality  and 
took  several  Aiithoc/uii is  helcinia,  of  which  both  males  and  females 
were  common,  but  seemed  to  be  getting  a  little  worn.  One  specimen 
of  ('alias  I'diisa  was  taken,  a  very  small  and  very  dark  example,  with 
the  hindwings  almost  black.  In  some  cultivated  ground  I  noticed 
I'l/ianifiis  cardui,  I',  atolanta,  and  r^nran/e  aeijefia,  typical  forms,  but 
it  seemed  a  little  early  for  this  last  species  as  yet. 

On  March  1st,  on  the  ilock  of  Gibraltar,  I  saw  several  male  (iniic/i- 
ti-ri/.v  (dcd/iatra  flying  very  sluggishly.  I  did  not  have  any  net  with  \ui' 
but  managed  to  catch  one  in  my  hat.  Unfortunately  I  lost  it  in  the 
attempt  to  box  it.  Thais  riit)ii)ia,  Pieris  hrassicae,  Paraii/c  iiierfai'ia, 
<  'nlias  I'diisa,  Pijraiueis  cardid,  P.  atalanta,  and  Pieris  napi  were  all 
'common,  as  well  as  Sesia  stellatarum,  which  last  species  appears  to  be 
common  here  all  the  year  round. 

On  March  21st,  on  another  visit  to  the  Rock,  I  took  three  examples 
of  Gom'iitenpr  cleopatru,  two  males  and  one  female  and  several  hUtchlor 
I'lipheiioides,  all  males.  At  the  same  time  I  observed  Pijranieis  cardui, 
l^ararije  acijeria,  P.  Dietjaera,  Pijratneis  atalanta,  Pieris  brassirae,  P.  napi 
and  Thais  riimina. 

On  March  22nd  i  caught  the  b.lO  boat  to  Algeciras  and  went  by 


LEPIDOPTERA    IN    AND    AROUND    GIBRALTAR.  173 

train  to  Castillar,  about  an  hour's  run,  situated  at  the  far  end  of  the 
cork  woods  and  about  20  miles  from  Gibraltar,  and  walked  back  to 
Campomento.  Tlieator  balliis,  both  males  and  females,  were  in  great 
profusion  in  a  meadow  about  half  a  mile  from  the  station,  all  in  good 
condition.  Further  on  in  the  cork  woods  I  took  Goneptcryx  cleopatra, 
both  males  and  females,  but  the  former  sex  predominating.  This 
species  appeared  to  be  very  common  in  the  woods,  but  difficult  to 
capture.  It  was  very  fond  of  the  flower  of  the  Greater  Periwinkle 
{Vinca  major),  which  grows  in  these  woods  in  great  profusion.  Only 
two  specimens  of  Leptosia  sinapis  were  met  with.  This  species 
appears  to  be  very  local  here,  only  frequenting  certain  spots 
in  the  woods,  but  at  this  date  it  was  not  properly  out  yet. 
Further  on  I  took  two  Hesperiids,  which  I  think  are  Krunnis  alceae, 
they  were  flitting  about  on  the  sandy  patches  in  the  hot  sun.  Kucldo'e 
eup/unwiiles  was  in  great  profusion,  the  males  predominating,  indeed  the 
?  s  were  rather  scarce  as  I  only  took  three  specimens.  I  met  with  one 
specimen  of  the  Arctiid,  Arctia  latrcillei,  resting  on  bracken  ;  it  was  a 
fresh  specimen,  and  the  only  one  I  have  ever  seen  here.  A  light 
coloured  example  of  Ramicia  pJdaeas  was  met  with  evidently  just  out 
of  pupa.  We  now  came  to  a  piece  of  moorland  country,  where  insect 
life  did  not  seem  very  abundant,  but  lizards  were  plentiful,  especially 
the  green  species,  iiird  life  was  also  very  abundant.  Towards  San 
Roque,  a  town  about  six  miles  from  Gibraltar,  insect  life  was  again  in 
evidence,  and  I  took  two  specimens  of  Anthocharis  [Kuchloe)  helia  var. 
aiiHonia  ab.  eaperi  and  observed  several  more,  but  this  species  is  difficult 
to  capture  owing  to  its  rapid  flight  over  broken  ground.  After  passing 
San  Roque  nothing  was  observed,  as  we  were  traversing  rather  barren 
ground,  and  we  arrived  at  Campomento  about  4.30  p.m.,  having 
covered  about  18  miles.  Among  other  species  noted  during  the  day 
were  Thais  rtiiiiina,  Callophri/s  riibi,  common,  Pieris  hrassicae,  P.  rapae, 
Pyrameis  atalanta,  P.  cardtii,  Paran/e  iiiej/aera,  and  P.  aeijcria,  typical 
form,  all  very  abundant.  The  day  was  cloudy  with  bursts  of  brilliant 
sunshine,  but  not  so  hot  as  to  make  walking  tedious. 

On  March  24th,  while  the  ship  was  at  anchor  at  Gibraltar,  I  took 
two  specimens  of  Phryxiis  livoniica  which  had  flown  on  board. 

On  April  6th  I  again  went  out  to  Castillar  by  train  and  walked 
back  to  Gibraltar,  and  did  not  go  straight  through  the  cork  woods  as 
before,  but  kept  more  to  the  open  country.  The  day  was  cloudless 
but  with  a  strong  wind  blowing,  which  tempered  the  heat  somewhat. 
I  took  two  specimens  of  Papilio  podalirins  and  one  of  P.  machann,  all 
three  large  specimens  and  apparently  only  just  emerged.  These  were 
the  only  examples  of  the  genus  Papilio  I  have  seen.  Thais  rumina 
was  common,  but  very  much  worn,  and  of  Leptosia  sinapis  I  took  a 
good  series  of  both  sexes.  Eitchloe  ca)-da)iiines,  males  and  females, 
were  common  and  just  out,  and  both  sexes  of  E.  euphenoides  were  also 
common.  I  observed  one  or  two  Goneptery.v  rhamni,  G.  cleopatra, 
both  sexes  common,  Pyraineis  cardui,  and  P.  atalanta,  both  common, 
Paranje  aeyeria,  P.  nieyaera,  and  Ruinicia  phlaeas,  all  common,  Thestor 
balbis,  both  sexes  common  locally,  Callophrys  ritbi  was  very  common, 
Polyoiiimatiis  icariis  and  Aricia  niedon  {astrarche),  not  very  common. 

On  April  17th  I  captured  a  specimen  of  the  large  Saturniid, 
Sattirnia  ])avonia-)iiajor,  which  flew  to  the  electric  light  on  board. 

On  April  20th  T  again  took  the  train  to  Castillar  and  walked  back 


THK   l■;^T()^f()^()(;lsT  s   kkcohii. 


to  Algiciras  ;  about  half  the  distance  was  ihrough  the  coik  ■woods  over 
level  gi'ound,  some  part  of  it  marshy  and  the  other  half  over  cultivated 
country.  This  was  a  most  disappointing  day,  as  it  was  bright  and 
sunshiny,  warm  without  being  too  hot,  but  there  was  hardly  an  insect 
to  be  seen  anywhere.  1  took  two  specimens  of  Hiiinicia  p/ilaeas  var. 
cletis,  just  out  in  perfect  condition,  a  specimen  of  AbrarKs  /lantaria 
caught  in  a  spider's  web.  an  example  of  Ant/imrcra  hoi'lira  and  one 
FafU  iocompa  xtohilis. 


The  Value  of  Protective  Resemblance  in  Moths. 

By  LiicuT.-Coi,.  N.   MANDERS,  K.A.M.C,  F.E.S. 

Mr.  Colthrup,  in  the  May  number  of  the  Knt.  Hcvonf,  has  raised  an 
important  question  by  his  article  on  "  /'alia  c/ii  and  Protective  Resem- 
blance." For  many  years  past  a  controversy  has  been  carried  on 
regarding  the  edibility  of  butterflies  and  the  attacks  of  birds,  and  the 
assumption  that  these  occur,  and  to  such  an  extent  as  to  produce  a 
serious  struggle  for  existence,  has  been  the  cause  of  the  founding  of 
two  most  interesting  and  important  theories  of  mimicrv  bv  Bates  and 
Muller. 

A  serious  objection  to  them  has  been  the  assertion,  often  vigorous, 
that  bird.s  seldom  attack  butterflies,  and  in  view  of  this  Mr.  Guy 
Marshall,  a  well  known  suppoi'ter  of  both  theories,  collected  all  avail- 
able evidence  and  published  it  in  '/'ranx.  Hut.  Sec.  LmuL,  1909,  p.  329. 

Gonflning  ourselves  to  the  English  l)utterflies,  some  sixty  in  num- 
ber, he  ascertained  that  fifty  per  cent,  were  known  to  be  attacked,  and 
there  is  little  .doubt  that  in  the  other  fifty  their  rarity  was  the  cause  of 
no  observations  being  made.  The  interesting  point  was  that  no  selec- 
tion in  the  choice  of  victims  was  apparent,  and  there  was  no  record 
that  any  species  of  bird,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  Kestrel, 
systematically  feeds  on  liutterflies.  For  my  own  part  I  confess  I  am 
of  the  opinion,  that  if  any  bird  fed  on  butterflies  to  such  an  extent  as 
to  produce,  through  natural  selection,  a  change  of  pattern  or  colour, 
such  would  ])('  known  to  some  of  our  entomologictil  oi-  ornithological 
students. 

Mr.  Gollhru})  now  goes  a  step  further,  and  throws  a  doubt  upon 
the  protective  colouring  of  moths  being  produced  by  such  attacks. 
Certain  it  is  that  the  human  eye  can  be  trained  to  .see  moths  and  other 
insects  at  rest  which  are  quite  unnoticed  by  the  untrained  eye,  and  if 
a.  human  being,  for  his  own  instruction  or  amusement,  can  detect  these 
insects  in  their  chosen  environment  without  particular  difficulty,  they 
can  have  little  chance  of  escaping  notice  from  the  keen  eye  of  a  bird. 
I  am  very  much  inclined  to  think,  however,  that  birds  do  not  observe 
moths  when  at  rest,  and  that  so  long  as  a  moth  remains  absolutely 
still,  whatever  its  environment,  it  is  not  noticed  by  birds  or  reptiles. 
The  same  thing  occurs  among  animals,  even  large  animals  such  as 
elephants  and  Itison,  as  1  can  testify,  arc  extremely  difficult  to  see, 
when  they  keep  absolutely  immovable,  as  they  usually  do  when 
conscious  of  dangei.  It  is  movement  which  is  as  fatal  to  them  as  to 
the  moths. 

Most  entomologists  have  personal  experience  of  swallows  and  other 
l)irds  snapping  up  moths,  when  they  are  beating  the  hedges,  and  that 
moths  are  largely  eaten  l»y  many  birds  cannot  I  think  be  doubted  ;   but 


PROTKt;TI\'K    RKSKMBLANt;K    fN    Mo  I'HS.  176 

the  evidence  we  require  is  whether  they  systematically  search  for  them 
when  settled  on  walls,  tree-trunks,  and  the  like.  Mr.  Coltbrup  doubts 
that  they  do,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  the  Tits;  T  am  inclined  to 
agree  with  him,  but  my  experience  of  English  moths  is  limited.  If  a 
moth  with  closed  wings  resembling  a  lichen  is  as  free  from  attack  on  a 
brown  plank  as  it  is  on  a  lichen  covered  tree-trunk  (a  somewhat  bold 
assertion)  of  what  use  is  its  protective  pattern  and  how  did  it  become 
evolved  ?  That  it  obtains  some  protection  is  hard  to  deny,  but  how 
much  is  a  difficult  matter  to  estimate. 

The  acknowledgment  that  even  a,  slight  variation  in  colour  or 
pattern  is  advantageous  is  sufficient  in  the  minds  of  many  to  eonfirui 
them  in  their  belief  in  natural  selection,  particularly  when  they 
remember  the  infinitely  slow  methods  of  Nature,  and  the  unlimited 
time  at  her  disposal.  The  case  has  been  well  put  by  Wallace.*  "In 
every  department  of  Nature  colour  is  one  of  the  most  variable  of  all 
characters,  and  it  is  this  variability,  together  with  the  enormous  im- 
portance to  all  insects  of  concealment  from,  or  protection  against,  their 
innumerable  enemies,  especially  in  tropical  countries,  that  has  enabled 
those  minute  and  striking  resemblances  to  be  brought  about  that  were 
long  the  greatest  puzzle  to  those  naturalists  who  had  the  opportunity 
of  observing  them  in  their  native  haunts.  The  facts  already  given 
with  regard  to  the  universality  of  variation,  enormous  powers  of 
multiplication  and  incessant  weeding  out  of  the  unfit,  afford  a  com- 
plete explanation  of  the  phenomena  of  colour,  in  all  their  variety  and 
beauty,  which  no  other  adequate  explanation  has  ever  been  set  forth, 
or  even  attempted."  If  there  is  one  thing  more  than  another  which 
has  impressed  me,  durmg  my  twenty  years'  wandering  in  the  tropics, 
it  is  the  haphazard  way  in  which  death  comes  to  the  animal  world. 
From  the  elephant  downwards  it  has  always  seemed  to  me  an  entire 
matter  of  chance;  though  it  might  be  mathematically  proved  that  in 
the  long  run  an  animal  most  fitted  to  its  environment  would  have  an 
advantage,  yet,  life  in  the  jungle  is  such  a  lottery,  that,  so  far  as  1 
have  observed  it,  it  is  merely  a  toss  up  as  to  what  lives  or  what  dies. 
It  is  true  that  a  tiger,  acting  alone,  will  avoid  attacking  a  full  grown 
bull  bison,  and  will  take  a  calf  in  preference,  but  what  calf  is  taken  is 
a  matter  of  chance  ;  so  also  two  tigers  acting  together  will  pull  down 
a  bull  bison  but  it  is  a  matter  of  chance  as  to  what  bull  they  first 
happen  to  come  across. 

My  own  experience  of  birds  eating  moths  in  large  numbers  is 
confined  to  Ceylon,  but  the  conditions  were  entirely  artificial.  It  was 
at  the  time  of  the  internment  of  the  Boer  prisoners  in  1901-2.  Their 
camp  was  in  a  fold  of  the  hills  at  an  elevation  of  4,000  feet  in  an 
open  country.  The  barbed  wire  entanglement  was  lighted  up  by 
large  arc  lamps  on  posts  twenty  feet  high  at  intervals  of  about  fifty 
yards,  and  gave  a  very  fine  illumination.  For  some  reason  they  failed 
to  attract  any  large  number  of  moths  except  in  late  October  and  early 
November;  with  the  setting  in  of  the  North-East  Monsoon,  towards 
the  end  of  this  month,  a  dense  fog  arose  every  evening,  which  blotted 
out  everything.  Fortunately  for  the  moth  population  the  attractive 
season  was  remarkably  short,  but  while  it  lasted  the  state  of  affairs 


*  The    World   of  Life,  a.i   Vistialiicd  attd   Interpreted  bij   Darwinism,   A.   K. 
Wallace,  Fortnightly  Review,  March,  1909. 


176  THE    entomologist's    RECORD. 

baffles  description.  In  no  part  of  the  world  have  I  seen  such  a 
wonderful  sight !  the  moths  swarmed  in  millions  round  the  lamps  ; 
Boers  and  Britons  forgot  their  differences  and  sti'uggled  good 
humouredly  on  either  side  of  the  entanglement  for  specimens.  To 
such  an  extent  was  moth  catching  indulged  in  that  it  had  to  be 
stopped  as  there  was  a  distinct  danger  of  some  of  the  prisoners 
escaping  in  the  confusion.  In  consequence  no  one  was  allowed  round 
the  lamps  from  8  p.m.  to  6  a.m.  It  is  difficult  to  give  any  idea  of 
their  numbers  ;  sometimes  the  huts  were  covered  with  white  moths 
which  gave  the  appearance  of  a  snow  storm,  at  others  carts  and  other 
vehicles  seemed  to  be  covered  with  highly  variegated  turkey  carpets 
composed  of  innumerable  moths.  On  one  lamp  post  I  counted  sixteen 
specimens  of  a  Death's  Head  {A.  lachem's)  in  a  space  five  feet  high  by 
six  inches  broad,  and  they  were  almost  equally  numerous  on  each  of 
the  fifty  or  sixty  lamp  posts.  The  sentries'  beats  were  a  churned  up 
mass  of  wet  mud  and  crushed  bodies  and  the  ground  was  strewn  for 
yards  round  with  the  dismembered  wings  of  the  bats'  victims.  Large 
numbers  of  birds  including  crows  appeared  at  the  first  streak  of  dawn 
and  when  I  arrived  at  six  o'clock  the  smaller  birds  were  already 
gorged.  I  was  much  interested  in  watching  the  swallows  and 
sparrows,  which  flew  against  the  lamp  posts  flapping  their  wings 
vigorously,  thereby  causing  the  moths  to  fly  off,  when  they  were 
promptly  caught. 

It  was  remarkable  that  whereas  birds  of  all  sorts  came  in  numbers 
to  this  moth  feast,  yet,  in  the  same  place  and  at  the  same  time  during 
the  annual  migrations  of  butterflies,  which  passed  over  the  country 
in  crowds,  I  never  saw  a  bird  attempt  to  catch  one.  This,  no  doubt, 
was  partly  due  to  the  rapidity  of  the  butterfly's  flight,  but  nevertheless 
when  settling  for  the  night  they  were  equally  free  from  molestation. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  moths  are  more  frequently  captured  than 
butterflies,  and  this  because  of  their  larger  bodies  making  a  more 
satisfactory  meal.  The  point  one  more  particularly  wishes  to 
emphasize  is  that  the  capture  of  an  odd  specimen  here  and  there  by  a 
sparrow  or  other  bird,  though  a  matter  of  almost  daily  observation 
during  the  summer  months,  can  have  little  or  no  eft'ect  on  the  general 
moth  population,  and  certainly  none  in  the  production  of  a  protective 
colouring  by  means  of  natural  selection.  What  is  required  is  a  hunt 
for  some  bird  or  birds,  which  make  moths  a  speciality  in  their 
dietary,  and  which  show  under  natural  conditions  a  marked  prefer- 
ence for  certain  species.  No  doubt  the  task  is  a  laborious  and 
difficult  one,  but  it  has  to  be  done  if  we  wish  to  get  a  sure  basis  on 
which  to  build  a  theory  likely  to  be  true. 


Notes  on  Collecting  in  1911. 

By  C.  W.  COLTHKUP. 
(Concluded  from  page  96). 
On  August  20tb  two  Mclanippe  (jaliata  ^  dark  form),  two  Acidalia 
niari/iucpiinrtata  and  one  Polia  chi  were  found  at  rest  on  a  railway 
bridge,  and  At/lais  iirticae  emerged  from  pupiu  taken  at  Brixham  under 
copings  of  walls.  In  the  evening  the  following  species  turned  up  at 
sugar  :—iVf;f^/<a  nibi,  Lencania  pallenx,  A'.  jiUrta,  X.  itnihrosa,  Maiiiestra 
brassicae,  Caradihia  ainbiijua,  IJadena  dissimUis,  Ayrutis  puta,  Bryophila 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING    IN    1911.  177 

muralis,  A.  secietum,  Triphaena  orhona,  T.  pronuba,  N.  xanthof/rapha, 
A.  e.vclamatiouis,  N.  c-nif/riim,  H.  oleracea  and  PJdui/ophora  weticulosa. 
Dianthoecia  carpophaf/a  continued  to  emerge  through  August  and 
September,  from  Eastbourne  and  Croydon  pupae. 

On  August  23rd  and  subsequent  days  I'olia  chi  was  taken  as 
already  reported  (antea  p.  124). 

On  September  2nd  I  journeyed  to  Margate  for  a  three  weeks'  visit, 
where  a  good  series  of  C^o^m.s////rtZ<' were  taken(anteavol.xxiii.,p.276j.  On 
the  evening  of  the  3rd  I  visited  the  field  where  I  found  freshly  emerged 
Lnperina  testacea  so  variable  and  plentiful  in  1910.  Three  female  Luperina 
testacea  and  a  pair  of  Hepialus  si/lvana  were  the  result,  and  subsequent 
visits  proved  equally  disappointing.  One  wonders  at  the  scarcity  of 
this  usually  common  insect.  Had  the  exceptionally  dry  season  baked 
the  earth  so  that  the  imagines  were  unabla  to  force  their  way  out  of  the 
ground  ?  On  September  6th  I  experienced  the  great  disappointment 
of  the  trip.  Cycling  along  a  road  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Dover,  I 
observed  a  lovely  freshly  emerged  aberration  of  A(jlais  urticae  sunning 
itself  on  a  wayside  flower.  Nearly  the  whole  of  the  fore-  and  hind- 
wings  were  suffused  with  blacit,  by  the  shape,  however,  and  the 
blue  spots,  I  was  able  to  identify  it.  I  dismounted  and  had  a 
splendid  view  of  it,  but  had  no  net.  My  feelings  may  be  better 
imagined  than  described.  I  had  a  shot  at  it  with  my  hat  and 
missed,  of  course.  It  rose  and  sailed  on  to  the  top  of  a  bank  where 
I  followed  it.  A  second  attempt  was  more  disastrous  tban  the 
first,  as  the  insect,  now  thoroughly  scared,  flew  across  a  field  of 
stubble  with  the  writer  in  close  attendance,  and  then  over  the 
only  iron  fence  and  house  top  for  miles  round.  A  big  detour 
was  made  to  get  to  the  other  side  of  the  house  but  to  no  purpose.  I 
returned  to  the  spot  on  the  following  day  and  netted  every  A.  urticcE  I 
saw  on  the  wing,  but  nothing  approaching  a  variety  was  seen.  I  took, 
however,  a  nice  series  of  the  third  brood  of  Ruiincia  pJdaeas,  all  very 
typical  except  one  specimen  having  large  blue  spots  on  the  hindwing. 
On  September  8th  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  take  a  male  aberration 
of  (.'.  hi/ale  in  which  the  discoidal  spots  on  both  fore-  and  hindwing 
undersides  were  radiated.  On  September  12th  both  ^  and  $  Xeioonia 
popidaris  and  a  J  C.  cubicularis  were  taken  at  light.  The  latter  laid 
ova  on  the  following  day,  which  hatched  on  the  20th.  The  larvct  fed 
up  rapidly  on  dandelion  and  groundsel,  went  to  earth  and  spun 
cocoons  or  cubicles  and  passed  the  winter  as  larvas  pupating  on 
April  20th,  1912.  On  September  19th  sugar  was  tried  on  Deal 
sandhills  on  what  should  have  been  an  ideal  evening  with  a  fair  south- 
west wind,  but  the  result  left  much  to  be  desired.  A  most  cosmo- 
politan crowd  came  to  the  sweets,  which  included  red  ants,  a  species  of 
Tipiila,  wood-lice,  earwigs,  the  large  green  grasshopper,  frogs,  large 
bodied  spiders,  hunting  spiders,  and  I  think  all  the  most  common 
moths  to  be  taken  during  a  season  with  the  exception  of  Xylopliasia 
inoninjhiplia  {pnli/ndoji).  The  following  were  the  moths  taken  or  seen  : — 
Xoctiia  xanthniiraplia,  worn  and  fresh,  X  c-ni(/niiii,  H.  oleracea,  fresh, 
Mamestra  brassieae,  Tiiphaena  pronuba,  fresh,  P.  iiieticulosa,  Caradrina 
cKbicularis,  Anchucelia  liinoi<a,  Mellinia  rircellaris  [fernujinea), 
L.  pallens,  Ayrotis  se(/etitiii,  A.  suff'um  {ijpnilon),  A.  piita,  A.  traiinpo- 
f/onis,  three  A.  anstralis,  one  worn,  and  two  freshly  emerged  C. 
vetusta.     On  September  21st   Epunda  Uclienca  started  emerging  from 


178  THE    ENTOMOLOfilST's    RBCOKD. 

Ilfracombe  pupte  and  continued  to  do  so  till  October  9th.  On 
October  7th  a  specimen  of  Dianthoecia  cucnbali  emerged  from  a  South 
Devon  pupa,  the  larva  being  obtained  in  August,  so  that  this  looks 
remarkably  like  a  third  brood.  On  October  26th,  I  met  Mr.  Tonge 
at  Brockenhurst,  where  we  were  joined  by  Mr.  Lyle.  Sugar 
in  Hollands  Wood  gave  very  poor  results.  Only  a  few  Aoriopis 
ciprilina,  Srnpelosmna  satellitia,  ('.  vacchiii,  Miselia  oxi/acanthae 
including  two  var.  capucina  came,  not  a  single  specimen  of  Xylina 
Kocia  {petrifirata)  or  A',  nrnit/iopua  (rliizolit/ia)  put  in  an  appearance. 
The  evening  was  very  cold  and  ivy  bloom  was  also  a  failure,  only 
a  few  common  Noctuae,  three  Oporahia  (lilutata  and  six  Cidaria 
nterata  (psittacota)  were  netted  or  fell  into  the  beating  tray.  Two 
Hinina  peiDiaria,  J  s  were  netted  and  a  ?  F.nnnnioK  eroaario  was 
discovered  at  rest  on  a  stem  of  bracken  and  duly  obliged  with  ova, 
which  were  Ijright  green  when  first  laid,  afterwards  tui-ning  to  a  dark 
olive-green.  On  the  morning  of  the  27th,  a  visit  was  made  to  New 
C^opse,  but  as  soon  as  it  was  reached  a  heavy  rain  came  on  and  we 
spent  the  morning  under  a  Douglas  pine,  being  eventually  driven  to 
seek  shelter  in  an  old  shed.  By  the  evening  the  rain  had  eased  a  little 
and  we  sugared  in  Hollands  Wood.  The  rain,  however,  washed  the 
sugar  off,  but  in  some  cases  where  the  trunks  were  sheltered  S'. 
satellitia.  < '.  racrinii  and  ^f.  o.rj/acaiit/Ki' cabxne  in  some  numbers  with  one 
( '.  e.roleta.  On  November  28th,  another  visit  was  paid  to  Brockenhurst, 
when  I  again  had  the  pleasure  of  ^Ir.  Lyle's  company.  We  sugared 
in  Hollands  Wood,  but  only  a  few  S'.  mtdlitia  and  r.  rarcinii  came. 
CheinKttnhia  hrinnata  was  exceedingly  abundant  swarming  on  every  tree 
trunk.  Only  one  Hi/bcrnia  defoliaria  (freshly  emerged  and  crippled) 
and  four  H.  anrantiioia,  worn,  were  seen.  I  found  (ionrpterii.r  r/ianiiii 
hibernating  in  ivy  about  8  feet  from  the  ground,  and  Mr.  Lyle  showed 
me  another,  also  in  ivy,  about  30  feet  from  the  ground.  On  November 
29th  six  Sarrotliripa  iiniiiilnniis  [rcraijana)  and  three  ('.  aitcrata 
(imttacato)  were  beaten  out.  On  the  evening  of  November  20th,  we 
walked  to  Lady  Cross  but  not  a  single  Geometer  was  seen.  Four 
freshly  emerged  Poeritorampa  pupiili  were  taken  on  street  lamps,  and 
two  S'.  aatcllitia  were  discovered  feeding  on  broken  hips  of  the  Wild 
Rose.  On  December  1st  1  entered  the  train  at  Southampton  tor  home, 
and  on  the  cushion  sat  a  perfectly  fresh  Hi/brniia  (Ictnliaria,  which  was 
soon  made  comfortable  in  a  pillbox.  This  was  my  last  capture  foi- 
the  year. 

Nomenclature. 

By  Hy.  .T.  turner,  F.E.S. 
In  view  of  the  forthcoming  Liternational  Congress  of  Entomology, 
to  be  held  at  Oxford  in  the  early  part  of  August,  it  may  not  be 
inadvisable  to  make  various  suggestions,  which  might  be  borne  in 
mind  in  the  proposeil  consideration  of  the  "  vexed  question,"  Nomen- 
clature. The  specialists  who  will  meet  there  will  no  doubt  look  at  the 
question  more  or  less  from  their  own  prejudged  position,  induced  by 
their  constant  contact  with  the  intricacies  and  absurdities  which  are 
continually  arising  in  their  daily  work.  Possibly  a  few  suggestions 
from  a  broader  point  of  view  may  be  of   use   in    bringing   in   points 


NOMRNCLATI'HK 


179 


which  appeal  to  the  j^eueral  worker,  and  to  one  outside,  shall  we  say, 
the  official  circle. 

At  the  present  time  it  is  practically  a  truism  to  state  that  authors 
bestow  names  at  their  own  sweet  will,  without  let  or  hindrance,  and 
with  no  guide  hut  their  own  prejudices,  or  even  aberrant  idiosyncrasies, 
with  the  result  we  often  get  small  groups  of  letters,  we  cannot  call 
them  words,  which  convey  no  indication  of  the  object  they  were 
intended  to  represent,  and  are  so  difficult  to  memorise  that  they  are  a 
grave  detriment  to  the  progress  of  science  on  account  of  the  delays 
they  cause  in  searching  out  their  originally  intended  signification,  if 
they  had  one.  It  is  true  there  ai-e  codes  of  so-called  rules,  some 
intended  to  be  of  general  application  in  all  branches  of  Zoology,  such 
as  those  issued  by  the  International  Zoological  Congress,  and  others 
like  the  Merton  Rules,  compiled  by  Lord  Walsingham  and  John 
Hartley  Durrant,  intended  as  a  guide  for  Nomenclature  to  their  own 
particular  branch  of  Zoology,  the  Micro-Lepidoptera.  All  these  rules 
are  complicated,  many  of  them  made  with  the  intention  of  altering, 
so-called  correcting,  rectifying,  improving,  names  which  have  been 
thought  to  be  wrongly  constructed  or  even  misapplied.  Not  a  few  of  these 
rules  it  is  difficult  to  interpret,  and  scarcely  two  independent  workers 
translate  them  into  practice  in  the  same  way  ;  even  when  appeals  are 
made  to  the  existing  Committee  of  the  International  Zoological 
Congress,  the  ignorance  of  the  full  siunilicance  of  a  rule  is  often 
apparent  l)y  an  award  obviously  not  in  accord  with  some  other  rule, 
which  partly  covers  the  ca.se.  This  was  well  shown  in  a  recent  appeal 
made  in  the  Order  Diptera.  Individual  workers  use  these  rules  or  not, 
as  they  think  fit,  interpret  them  according  to  their  own  views,  and 
appeals  to  authority  are  rarely  made,  while  decisions  are  frequently 
not  adhered  to  when  given. 

To  us,  as  entomologists,  it  would  seem  advisable  to  have  a  separate 
Committee  of  Appeal  composed  of  entomologists  pure  and  simple, 
since  the  objects  dealt  with  in  the  study  of  insects  so  vastly  outnumber 
those  in  nil  other  branches  of  Zoology,  as  a  well-known  worker,  tersely 
put  it  the  other  day,  "The  part  is  greater  than  the  whole."  The 
present  time  seems  most  opportune.  The  International  Congress  of 
Rntomology  has  now  become  an  established  body.  All  countries  have 
given  in  their  adherence  to  it,  it  is  meeting  in  this  country  where  the 
consideration  of  nomenclature  has  always  been  to  the  fore,  and  all  our 
own  great  workers  and  specialists,  as  well  as  the  foremost  men  from 
the  continent  and  from  America,  are  among  the  recognised  delegates. 

From  what  has  occurred  during  the  past  few  years  in  the  long  list 
of  absurd,  puerile,  inappropriate,  and  in  a  few  instances  discreditable 
names  which  have  been  bestowed,  it  is  quite  apparent  that  there  should 
exist  a  supreme  Committee  of  Appeal,  to  whom  any  new  names  could 
be  submitted  if  there  were  any  doubt  as  to  their  impropriety,  either 
from  a  structural  (philological)  defect,  an  offensive  (social,  moral, 
political,  personal,  etc.)  signification,  or  from  a  synonymic  point  of 
view,  etc.  This  should  be  the  primary  object  of  the  appointment  of 
this  Committee,  */:.,  to  deal  with  the  Nomenclature  of  the  future  with 
a  view  to  the  simplification  and  reduction  of  the  synonymy,  and  in  no 
way  to  hamper  or  restrict  the  present  methods  of  individual  work. 
Workers  will  bestow  names  in  the  future,  as  they  have  done  in  the 
past,  and  in  ninety-nine  cases  out  of  a  hundred  the  names  will  be  as 


180  THE  entomologist's  record. 

now,  appropriate  and  inoffensive,  and  will  become  valid.  It  is  the  one 
odd  name  which  gives  the  trouble  and  which  we  have  to  legislate  for. 
The  Committee  must  not  act  in  the  nature  of  restriction.  At  the 
present  time  it  appears  hardly  advisable  to  give  the  Committe  any 
instruction  to  deal  with  the  names  of  the  past  in  a  wholesale  way, 
although  it  seems  that  something  should  be  done.  Each  case  might 
be  discussed  on  its  merits  for  a  time  as  it  comes  up,  until  this  proposed 
Committee  gets  a  recognised  standing,  when  at  a  subsequent  Congress 
its  powers  might  be  increased.  At  present  it  seems  advisable  to  get 
the  committee  appointed  and  to  limit  the  reference  to  it  as  stated  above, 
that  it  should  be  simply  a  court  of  appeal.  Its  decisions  will  be  given 
by  entomologists  to  entomologists,  and  will  carry  more  weight  and 
receive  more  recognition  than  would  the  decisions  of  any  outside  body. 

It  should  be  competent  for  any  one  to  lodge  an  appeal,  but  it  must 
be  on  one  or  more  definite  points  and  the  decision  of  the  Committee 
must  be  absolute,  even  if  a  slight  error  in  their  collective  judgment 
should  creep  in.  What  is  wanted  for  the  future  is  absolute  finality  as 
regards  the  application,  structure,  etc.,  of  any  one  name.  The  Com- 
mittee are  not  to  consider  all  names,  and  a  majority  decision  in  case  of 
dispute  to  be  final.  It  would  be  advisable  for  the  awards,  when  made, 
to  be  distributed  to  the  chief  magazines  of  each  country,  but  it  need 
not  to  be  the  duty  of  the  committee  to  do  or  to  see  that  this  is  done. 

It  might  be  referred  to  the  Committee,  if  established,  that  they 
should  consider  the  advisability  of  compiling  a  code  of  nomenclatorial 
rules  for  the  general  guidance  and  information  of  entomologists,  and 
to  report  at  the  next  Congress. 

A  general  instruction  as  to  the  work  of  the  Committee  on  any 
question  might  be  indicated  at  the  Congress.  When  an  appeal  is  made 
it  should  be  the  duty  of  the  Committee  to  ascertain  all  available  facts 
and  details,  to  confer  with  one  another,  to  make  various  suggestions  to 
both  the  appellant  and  the  author,  but  only  in  extreme  cases  should  it 
be  the  duty  of  the  committee  to  alter  or  rename,  and  then  only  after 
all  reasonable  suggestions  or  alternatives  had  been  ignored.  In 
such  extreme  cases  the  decision  should  be  sent  to  at  least  one  of  the 
chief  magazines  in  each  country  by  the  committee.  Of  course  all 
members  of  the  Committee  when  a  decision  has  been  arrived  at  will 
agree  loyally  to  support  it,  even  against  their  own  individual  opinion. 

It  must  be  generally  recognised  that  there  are  several  inherent 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  working  of  this  Committee  besides  the 
question  of  language.  The  members  could  only  meet  at  the  Congress 
once  in  three  years,  and  communication,  necessarily  slow,  niust  be  by 
correspondence,  and  some  plan  would  have  to  be  devised  for  the  work- 
ing of  this.  Say  a  secretary,  who  would  send  on  a  duplicate  of  each 
appeal  to  one  member,  who  would  register  his  opinion  and  pass  the 
appeal  with  his  opinion  to  the  next  member,  and  so  on.  The  order  of 
the  communications  might  be  determined  by  arrangement.  The 
secretary  would  then  collate  the  opinions  and  summarise  the  result, 
which  he  would  at  once  send  to  each  member  for  his  approval  or 
further  suggestion.  In  the  mean  time  the  secretary  and  each  member 
of  the  Committee  would  ascertain  all  the  facts  bearing  on  the  case, 
which  would  be  incorporated  with  the  secretary's  summary.  Finally, 
the  secretary  would  communicate  the  decision  both  to  the  Appellant 
and  to  the  Author  concerned. 


MOTHS  ON  APPLE  TRUNKS.  181 

As  to  the  composition  of  the  Committee.  There  should  be  repre- 
sentatives of  all  the  chief  countries  of  the  world,  wherever  Entomology 
is  taken  as  a  serious  branch  of  studj%  and  from  whence  delegates  are 
elected  to  the  Congrf  ss.  Probal)]y  one  representative  from  each  would 
be  sufficient,  with  the  addition  of  a  secretary  who  would  voluntarily 
undertake  the  necessary  correspondence.  He  must  be  a  good  linguist, 
or  have  opportunities  of  getting  translations,  etc.,  done  for  him  with 
precision  and  accuracy.  An  endeavour  should  be  made  to  get  one  or 
more  of  the  chief  workers  of  the  world  in  each  of  the  orders  most 
generally  studied,  to  be  a  member  of  the  Committee.  There  should 
also  be  a  strong  representative  or  two  among  museum  workers  and 
editors  of  responsible  journals. 

Another  difficulty  arises,  and  a  rather  big  and  important  one,  that 
is,  ways  and  means.  There  will  be  a  certain  amount  of  secretarial 
expenses.  The  cost  to  the  individual  members  of  the  Committee  will 
be  merely  an  occasional  letter,  but  the  secretary  will  have  a  consider- 
able amount,  not  only  of  postage,  but  of  other  expenses,  such  as  typing 
or  copying,  and  this  will  have  to  be  met.  Probably  a  small  grant 
might  be  made  from  the  funds  of  the  Congress  or  the  Secretary  might 
be  recognised  as  one  of  the  Officers  of  the  Congress  and  his  expenses 
covered,  as  are  those  of  other  secretaries. 

There  is  one  other  point  which  appeals  strongly  for  a  decision,  and 
that  is  the  limitation  of  any  further  research  into  Nomenclature.  It 
has  become  a  thoroughly  established  rule  that  no  name  given  previously 
to  Linne's  10th  Edition  of  the  Si/stenia  Natiira,  1858,  shall  be  accepted. 
Research  has  now  been  going  on  for  many  years  and  all  the  important 
faunistic  papers  and  works  since  that  date  have  been  ransacked,  or  are 
in  process  of  being  examined,  so  that  there  only  remains  a  number  of 
less  important  contributions  in  obscure  magazines  to  be  consulted  by 
some  future  entomological  bookworm  with  a  desire  to  become  notorious 
as  a  nomenclatorial  revolutionist.  If  some  authoritative  limitation 
could  be  made  to  further  research,  or  at  least  to  the  terrible  wholesale 
changes  which  are  now  just  beginning  to  be  made  in  some  orders,  a 
great  drawback  to  scientific  advance  would  be  minimised. 

This  is  really  an  appeal  for  simplicity.  Let  us  build  the  house 
first  and  see  how  it  suits,  afterwards  furnish  it  in  a  becoming  way. 
Get  the  Committee  appointed  and  limit  the  references  to  it  to  see  how  it 
works  the  simple  duties  put  upon  it.  Then  when  found  to  be  reliable, 
and  when  organised  (a  body  so  composed  will  want  organising,  and  well 
organising)  and  recognised  generally  as  a  thoroughly  responsible  body, 
more  duties  can  gradually  be  put  upon  it,  and  we  shall  possess  a 
permanent  organisation  which  all,  except  an  odd  crank  or  two,  will 
recognise  in  whatever  nomenclatorial  work  they  may  have  in  hand. 


Moths  on  trunks  of  apple  trees. 

By  ALFRED  SICH,  F.E.S. 

A  few  years  ago  I  used  to  visit  very  frequently  one  of  those 
entomological  paradises,  a  rather  neglected  garden.  There  wild 
flowers,  commonly  called  weeds,  used  to  flourish  in  all  the  odd  corners 
and  there  the  leaves  of  the  apple,  pear,  whitethorn,  and  other  trees, 
having  served  their  normal  functions  and  fallen  to  the  earth,  were 
allowed  to  remain  undisturbed   through  the  winter  and  spring.     This 


182 


THK     ENT():\H)LOGIST  S     RKCOKD. 


was  of  course  an  arrangement  most  suitable  to  those  lovely  little 
creatures,  the  Lithocolletids,  for  they  could  lie  cosily  all  the  winter,  and 
^vhen  in  the  spring,  they  had  left  their  cocoons  and  expanded  their 
wings,  they  could  fly  on  to  the  tree  trunks  and  rest  in  comfort.  The 
first  of  these  to  appear  in  spring  was  Litlwrolletis  concuniiteUa,  Bankes, 
which  I  have  sometimes  found  as  early  as  the  middle  of  April. 
Following  hard  on  this  boldly  marked  species,  would  come  the  more 
evenly  coloured  L.  rori/lifolidla.  This  latter  is  rather  an  omnivorouf^ 
feeder.  It  mines  in  hawthorn,  apple,  pear,  aud  I  believe  in  cherry. 
This  year  I  have  bred  it  from  quince,  from  mines  taken  last  autumn. 

When  May  set  in  the  apple  trunks  became  quite  interesting. 
Sometimes  moths  would  rest  on  the  stems  of  the  pear  trees,  but  for 
some  reason  they  greatly  preferred  the  smoother  apple  bark.  Under 
ordinary  conditions  the  north  and  east  sides  of  the  trunks  were  the 
more  favoured.  Lithocolletids  are  usually  quiet  enough  to  allow  one 
to  examine  them  with  a  lense  and  leave  them  in  peace,  if  not  required. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  that  harbinger  of  Spring,  •Sirannneniaminio 
jiyrella.  By  the  way  one  has  to  remember  the  virtues  of  the  great 
Dutch  naturalist  before  reconciling  such  a  name  with  this  agreeable 
little  insect.  On  the  other  hand,  the  two  Tortrices,  which  haunted 
these  trees  at  the  same  time  of  year  were  very  wide  awake.  If  the 
weather  was  at  all  warm,  they  had  to  be  boxed  on  sight  or  lost.  1 
think  (Jocvy.r  ari/ip-ana  was  the  most  active,  but  I'l/milcs  ritecdiella 
was  also  very  quickly  on  the  wing.  There  must  be  some  special  pene- 
trating rays  or  refractions  of  light  which  jiroceed  from  the  human  eye, 
for  I  have  often  noticed  that  one  may  V)e  aware  of  a  moth  at  rest  on 
the  bark  of  a  tree,  where  it  will  remain  still  till  one  directs  the  sight 
on  it  to  determine  the  species,  it  then  becomes  restless,  and  if  one  of 
the  active  species  it  will  sometimes  tly  oft'  at  once.  The  destructive 
(.'arpocapsa  potnnncUa  is  usually  quickly  out  of  the  way,  as  if  it  knew 
it  was  not  welcome.  About  the  middle  of  'S[\\  ( >,  ulr  f/nttra  would 
appear,  but  never  in  any  numbers.  Soon  after  this  the  glorious  burst 
of  spring  would  be  over,  and  even  the  larvae  of  Kiipithecia  irrtanynlata. 
which  bad  been  feeding  in  the  apple  blossoms,  would  all  be  spun  up. 
There  would  still  be  a  few  worn  specimens  of  Lithocolletids  on  the 
trunks,  and  occasionally,  half  hidden  in  a  cranny  of  the  bark, 
a  specimen  of  the  ubiquitous,  white-headed  I'^ndrosi.s  lactedla. 
During  this  lull  the  apple  trunks  were  hardly  worth  seai'ch- 
ing.  One  might  intercept  a  larva  of  Bccnrraria  nanella  on  its 
way  down  the  trunk  to  find  a  convenient  niche  in  which  to  spin  its 
cocoon.  Towards  midsuujmer  An/i/n'itt/iitt  connila  with  its  head 
against  the  bark  and  its  tail  in  air,  would  gladden  the  eye,  and  one 
was  tempted  to  awaken  it,  in  order  to  witness  how  carefully  it  laid  its 
head  again  on  the  bark  after  balancing  its  body  on  its  legs  like  a  .see- 
saw. As  the  most  beautiful  month  of  the  year  gave  way  to  July, 
these  tree  trunks  became  again  vei-y  attractive  to  the  Tineist.  Hryo- 
' tvopha  (Innx'stica,  bred  on  the  neighbouring  mossy  walls,  and  wandering 
thence  in  search  of  honied  blossoms,  would  take  up  a  day's  lodging  on 
the  bark,  and  Htrmrdiia  naiuila,  escapiiig  from  its  cocoon,  would 
rest  there  after  its  strenuous  efforts  to  free  itself  from  its  pupal 
shell.  The  Gelechias,  to  which  tribe  these  two  last  mentioned 
lielong,  1  look  on  as  the  most  acute  of  the  Tineids.  ilelechia 
ihoinbelUi    is  certainly    not    the  least   gifted    in  cleverness.       I  have, 


NOTES    (»N    THE    GENUS    COLEOPHORA.  1  8l> 

no  doubt,  passed  this  species  over  many  times,  and  but  for  the  black 
quadrate  mark  at  the  base  of  each  forewing,  I  should  have  missed 
seeing  it  on  many  more  occasions.  One  of  its  favourite  resting  places 
is  just  where  a  flake  of  bark  is  partly  separated  from  the  surface. 
Under  this  flake  the  moth  will  push  its  wings  and  body,  just  leaving 
its  head  and  shoulders  visible.  Rut  probably  all  unknown  to  the 
insect  itself,  the  black  basal  marks  betray  its  presence  to  the  practised 
eye.  When  alarmed  it  sometimes  attempted  to  withdraw  further  into 
its  retreat.  At  other  times  it  would  make  a  rapid  run  of  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  and  take  wing  like  a  miniature  aeroplane,  except  that  all  was 
done  in  perfect  silence.  When  July  was  well  advanced,  Blastodacva 
atra,  Hw.  {rijiolentella,  H.S.),  might  sometiiiies  be  seen  as  a  dark 
object  on  the  stems  of  the  apples.  B.  hellcrella  occurred  earlier  in  the 
year  on  hawthorn  stems,  close  by.  In  August  I  never  found  very 
much  on  these  stems  except  the  Heniipteron,  I'luitocoiin  tiliae,  then 
in  the  perfect  state.  I  have  my  suspicions  that  this  insect  may 
sometimes  make  a  meal  off  a  moth,  if  it  happens  to  capture  one  at 
rest.  Among  the  moths  noticed,  there  were  a  few  common  Geometers 
and  one  or  two  Noctuae,  such  as  might  be  seen  in  any  suburban 
garden,  but  they  were  not  in  sufficient  abundance  to  warrant  any 
notes  on  their  habits.  Perhaps  the  only  exception  was  Kiijiithecia 
irctoniiulatn  var.  iiii/roxericeata.  I  noticed  that  this  moth  usually 
preferred  to  rest,  not  on  the  tree  trunk,  but  on  the  lower  surface  of  one 
of  the  horizontal  branches,  where  it  was  very  well  hidden. 


Notes  on  the  Various  Species  of  the  Genus  Coleophora. 

B.y  Hy.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S. 
During  the  years  1904-5-6-7  I  paid  considerable  attention  to  the 
genus  Cnlenphnro  and  made  a  large  number  of  obsei-vations  on  the 
larval  habits,  etc.  Notes  on  some  of  the  species  were  from  time  to 
time  conti'ibuted  to  the  pages  of  this  magazine,  but  for  some  reason  or 
another  they  were  discontinued.  I  now  propose  to  put  my  notes  in 
order  and  publish  them  as  opportunity  offers.  Of  the  ova  I  have 
detailed  notes  in  nine  species,  and  as  they  were  photographed  most 
successfully  by  my  friend  Mr.  F.  Noad-Clark,  plates  can  be  given  as 
well  as  descriptions.  Mr.  Sich  will  no  doubt  add  any  notes  of  his  own 
on  the  species  I  have  observed.  The  observations  thus  collected  will 
be  at  the  service  of  some  monographer  of  the  future,  who  may  wish  to 
add  to  the  volumes  of  Tutt's  British  Lepidoptera  series. 

Coleophora    therinella. 

For  my  first  introduction  to  the  larvae  and  cases  of  thif? 
species  I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Eustace  Bankes, 
They  were  obtained  near  Dartmouth  and  were  feeding  on  the 
common  thistle,  ('ardniis  armisis.  They  reached  me  on  Sep- 
tember 23rd,  1904.  The  cases  were  long  and  thin,  cylindrical 
in  shape,  tapering  somewhat,  but  very  gradually,  towards  the  anal 
extremity.  Normally  the  cases  are  three  valved  at  the  anal  end. 
but  most  of  them  at  the  time  they  reached  me  were  very  indefinite  in 
the  valve  structure.  Apparently  they  had  only  just  been  enlarged,  as 
the  extremity  was  very  thin  and  scarcely  lined  with  the  internal  layer 
of  closely  woven  silk,  which  forms  a  strengthening  and  definitely  edges 


184  THE  entomologist's  record. 

the  valves.  The  cases  being  clean  and  white  would  support  the 
contention  that  they  were  not  fully  complete,  as  in  this  species  I  have 
found  the  white  colour  rapidly  becomes  a  dirty  brown.  On  these  cases 
it  was  interesting  to  note  the  vestigial  remains  of  the  earlier  stage  of 
case-growth.  On  each  side  of  the  "  mouth  "  end  somewhat  behind  the 
"  neck  "  of  the  case  were  the  two  halves  of  this  early  case,  very  small, 
but  very  distinct,  noticeable  by  their  dirty  brown  colour  contrasting 
with  the  clean  Avhite  of  the  new  material.  The  earlier  case  had 
apparently  been  split  down  the  ventral  side,  and  partly  down  the  back, 
the  two  "  wings  "  as  it  were  being  incorporated  in  the  new  tube,  which 
the  larva  had  made,  and  subsequently  new  rings  of  tube-wall  substance 
added  in  front  to  form  a  suitable  mouth-opening  for  the  case.  In  an 
older  weathered  case  one  does  not  easily  recognise  this  early  remnant. 
This  sized  case  was  apparently  that  in  which  the  larva  was  to  pass  its 
last  stage,  and  in  which  it  was  to  pupate.  The  mouth  opening  turns 
down  considerably  so  tha't  the  normal  position  of  the  case  is  20°  or 
less  to  the  plain  of  attachment  when  the  larva  is  at  rest.  The  "  neck  " 
of  the  case  has  a  more  graceful  curve  than  in  many  species  and  the 
margin  of  the  mouth  opening  is  turned  outwards.  As  the  neck  is 
longer  than  in  most  species,  the  case  appears  to  be  at  a  greater  angle  to 
the  plain  of  attachment  more  than  it  really  is.  Although  the  food 
plant  of  this  species  is  abundant  everywhere  the  insects  are  extremely 
local,  but  when  found  one  can,  as  a  rule,  depend  upon  finding  a 
considerable  number.  The  larvae  feed  on  the  undersides  of  the  leaves, 
and  since  these  are  very  thick  one  does  not  easily  see  the  blotches  they 
make  unless  one  searches  on  hands  and  knees  and  braves  the  stout 
defensive  weapons  of  the  plant. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  a  larva,  taken  on  September  29th, 
1904,  when  it  was  presumably  in  its  final  instar. 

"  The  head,  brown  not  black,  very  shiny,  much  more  so  than  the 
plate  on  the  first  thoracic  segment. 

First  thoracic  segment,  with  a  large  dorsal  plate,  very  dark  in 
colour,  almost  black,  with  a  very  fine  suture  up  the  middle,  which 
gradually  becomes  finer,  almost  vanishing  at  the  front  margin  of  the 
plate. 

The  second  thoracic  segment  has  four  small  plates  arranged  in  an 
almost  straight  line  transversely  to  the  body  of  the  larva,  the  front 
margins  of  the  four  forming  a  very  slight  curve,  concave  towards  the 
first  segment.  These  four  plates  are,  to  speak  very  roughly,  of  a 
general  right-angled  triangle  shape,  the  two  centre  plates  with  their 
right-angles  approximating  towards  the  rear,  and  each  with  one  acute 
angle  at  the  front  margin,  while  the  two  outer  ones  have  their  right- 
angle  nearest  the  sides  of  the  segment  in  front,  hence  most  of  the 
front  margin  of  the  plates  is  formed  by  these  two.  The  central  suture 
is  somewhat  apparent,  while  the  two  oblique  sutures,  flankeil  by  the 
approximating  hypotenuses  of  the  two  triangles  are  scarcely  observable 
when  th(!  larva  is  at  rest,  but  become  easily  visible  when  the  larva  is 
active  and  the  segments  are  extended  in  movement. 

The  third  thoracic  segment  has  two  small  elliptical  plates  lying  at 
right  angles  to  the  longitudinal  line  of  the  body,  and  in  line  with  tho 
side-margins  and  rear  angle  of  the  outer  triangular  plates  of  the 
second  segment,  consequently  they  are  very  wide  apart,  and  lie  about 
midway  between  the  fore  and  aft  margins  of  the  larval  segment. 


NOTES    ON    THE    GENUS    COLEOPHORA.  186 

The  anal  segment  has  a  large  black  plate  covering  the  whole  of  the 
dorsum,  and  the  anal  claspers  have  each  a  small  round  black  plate  at 
the  base  of  the  outside  towards  the  rear,  separated  above  from  the 
anal  dorsal  plate  by  a  narrow  suture. 

The  sides  of  the  three  thoracic  segments  are  furnished  each  with  a 
side  plate,  uniformly  round  and  approximately  of  the  same  size,  except 
that,  if  anything  that  on  segment  two  is  the  largest. 

There  are  four  pairs  of  abdominal  claspers,  comparatively  well 
developed. 

The  thoracic  legs  are  furnished  with  a  black  plate  quite  at  the  base 
of  the  front,  so  much  so  that  it  is  only  apparent  when  the  larva  is  in 
active  movement.  The  first  pair  of  legs  are  black  tipped,  and  each 
leg  is  protected  by  a  very  small  black  plate  on  its  outer,  more  exposed 
surface.  These  plates  do  not  exactly  cover  the  legs  but  leave  lighter 
inter-joint  spaces. 

On  the  underside  towards  the  back  of  thoracic  segment  three,  there 
are  two  longitudinal  black  plates  separated  in  the  middle  by  a  space 
somewhat  less  than  the  length  of  one  of  the  plates. 

The  general  coloration  of  the  body  of  the  larva  is  light  clay-brown 
without  a  trace  of  yellow,  very  uniform,  except  in  the  thoracic  inter- 
segmental spaces  where  it  is  still  paler." 

The  case  is  cylindrical,  but  not  of  uniform  diameter.  The  largest 
diameter  is  about  one-third  of  the  distance  from  the  mouth  end,  from 
which  the  taper  is  very  gradual  near  the  anal  end,  where  there  is  a 
slight  constriction  jwst  before  the  valve  pieces  project  out  at  their 
closely  adpressed  edges.  There  is  a  very  slightly  raised  sutural  ridge 
along  the  ventral  side  of  the  case,  not  always  apparent.  All  the  sutures 
of  the  three  valved  anal  opening  are  strongly  marked  when  fully  com- 
pleted, bowing  outwards  and  turning  round  abruptly  towards  a  very 
blunt  apex,  the  meeting  place  of  the  termination  of  the  three  sutural 
ridges.  The  surfaces  of  all  the  three  valves  are  very  concave.  On  the 
inside  the  silken  lining  is  very  dark,  probably  stained  by  a  larval 
secretion,  as  the  case  is  clear  white  during  construction  and  for  a  short 
time  after  it  has  been  completed. 

The  slightly  turned-out  edge  of  the  mouth  opening  is  margined  with 
a  very  fine,  very  dark  line,  more  intense  than  the  colour  of  the  lining  of 
the  interior  of  the  case.  The  outer  surface  of  the  case  becomes  a  very 
dirt^'  whitish-brown  or  actually  a  dingy  earthy  colour.  Close  observa- 
tion shows  numerous  more  or  less  obscure  longitudinal  parallel  ridges 
from  head  to  tail,  more  distinct  on  the  underside,  converging  towards 
the  ends,  and,  of  course,  more  rapidly  to  the  head  than  to  the  tail,  as 
the  major  diameter  is  nearer  the  head.  These  are  not  apparent  at  all 
on  the  back.  Presumably  these  are  the  lines  of  cleavage  and  insertion 
of  new  material  at  the  different  periods  of  enlargement  of  the  case. 

I  have  had  no  chance  of  observing  the  young  larval  case  of  this 
species,  but  judging  from  the  remains  noted  on  numbers  of  cases,  it 
would  appear  that  the  primary  case  of  the  larva  of  this  species  has 
only  a  two  valved  anal  aperture. 

Since  the  imagines  of  this  species  fly  in  July  and  August,  and 
the  larvae  are  practically  fullfed  by  mid- September,  it  does  not  seem 
probable  that  the  larvte  of  one  year  are  the  offspring  of  the  imagines 
of  the  same  year.  This  view  is  supported  by  the  evidence  of  the 
remains  of  the  primary  (?)  larval  cases  in  a  very  weatherworn  condi- 


186  THK    kntomologist's   RECORIi. 

fcion,  when  the  full-sized  case  is  quite  fresh.  Hence,  it  seems  apparent 
that  the  species  is  a  biennial  one,  the  larv*  going  over  two  winters 
before  the  imagines  emerge.  There  are  thus  two  races  attaining,  in 
normal  conditions  of  climate,  the  imaginal  stage  in  alternate  years. 

On  the  following  day,  after  makinj^-  the  above  notes,  i.e.,  on 
September  28th,  I  examined  other  larv;e,  taking  them  from  their 
cases.  The  first  one  examined  had  been  out  of  its  case  for  some  days 
when  it  was  described.  1  found  all  these  others  examined  were  lighter 
in  ground  colour,  their  head  and  jaws  were  darker,  almost  as  dark  as 
the  plate  on  the  dorsum  of  the  first  thoracic  segment,  the  two  outside 
plates  on  the  second  segment  were  better  separated  from  the  other 
two  by  themselves,  and  the  intersegmental  membrane  was  not  so 
distinct  from  the  ground-colour  as  in  the  first  one  examined.  The 
suggestion  is  that  the  first  larva  examined  had  darkened  from  the 
exposure  of  several  days'  duration,  and  had  contracted  in  size  owing 
to  want  of  food  and  evaporation  from  being  not  protected  by  the 
impervious  nature  of  the  material  of  the  case. 

Comparison  of  the  various  cases  at  this  date  showed  a  few  to  be 
more  slender,  of  less  diameter,  to  have  a  strong  ventral  ridge,  or  keel, 
lighter  than  the  rest  of  the  tube,  to  be  uniformly  curved  from  front  to 
back,  and  with  the  anal  opening  very  indefinite  and  ill-constructed, 
but  apparently  only  two  valved.  Possibly  these  were  cases  made  by 
younger  larvje,  or  by  larvae  which  had  been  parasitized  or  in  some  way 
unable  to  construct  a  normal  case.  It  was  subsequently  found  that 
the  larva  of  all  these  last  cases  died  sooner  or  later  without  further 
completing  their  dwellings. 

On  October  2nd,  1904,  1  found  three  cases  of  this  species,  one  ol 
which  was  an  apparently  unfinished  case,  slender  and  tapering  to  the 
indefinite  anal  extremity.  One  of  the  normal  full-sized  cases  showed 
three  dark  longitudinal  lines  on  the  ventral  side,  extending  from  near 
the  mouth  opening  to  neai"  the  valves  of  the  anal  end.  One  line  was 
quite  central,  the  others  equidistant  on  each  side,  a  rather  curious 
arrangement,  as  apparently  one  suture  had  been  reopened,  and  served 
as  the  suture  for  the  second  inserted  portion.  All  three  cases  showed 
the  remains  of  the  young-time  case,  i.e.,  the  two  halves  near  the  neck 
of  the  more  mature  case. 

The  blotches  caused  by  these  larva^  on  the  undersides  of  the  thistle 
leaves  were  very  numerous,  nearly  circular,  and  of  small  diameter. 
The  larva  only  protrudes  its  head  and  thorax  into  the  mine  for  a  short 
distance  around  the  hole.  In  this  instance,  the  leaves  of  the  thistle 
being  luxuriant  and  very  fleshy,  and  the  mines  being  very  numerous, 
it  was  easy  to  see  the  indications  of  the  presence  of  larvae  without 
much  trouble.  Probably  the  reason  that  only  three  larvae  were  found, 
although  the  traces  of  them  were  most  apparent,  was  that  the  date  was 
late  in  the  year,  and  most  had  retired  into  winter  quarters,  the  younger 
ones  to  await  the  spring  growth  to  give  renewed  life  and  energies,  the 
older  ones  to  await  the  time  for  pupation  in  late  spring  or  early 
summer. 

All  these  larvie  were  placed  on  living  plants  out-of-doors,  but  only 
two  or  three  imagines  appeared  in  the  July  of  1905.  The  plants  died 
and  the  cases  were  ealen  by  various  predatory  beasts,  which  had 
inadvertently  been  enclosed  in  the  cage  with  the  earth  and  the  growing 
plants. 


NOTKS    UN    THK    (iKNUS    COLEOPHORA.  187 

A  case  received  from  Mv.  Sich,  and  taken  at  Chiswick,  was 
opened  on  June  18th,  1901,  and  found  to  contain  a  pupa.  Unfor- 
tunately it  was  damaged  in  the  process. 

At  the  present  time,  June  2bth,  I  have  a  few  cases  of  this  species 
j^iven  me  by  Mr.  R.  A.  H.  Priske.  who  found  them  a  week  or  so  ago 
near  the  shore  at  Sidmouth,  S.  Dorset,  on  bramble  and  Hemp 
Agrimony,  but  he  saw  no  thistles  near.  The  Hemp  Agrimony  had 
l)een  well  blotched,  apparently  by  many  larv«,  but  he  was  only  able  to 
find  seven  cases.  The  bramble  had  only  served  as  a  perch  either  for 
pupation  or  for  ecdysis. 

CoLKOPHORA    NIGRICELLA    (V)     (a    FURTHER    NOTE). 

On  May  yth,  1904,  at  Catford,  I  met  with  a  case  on  hawthorn  with 
which  I  was  unacquainted.  It  was  a  small,  straight,  delicate  case, 
clean  brown  in  colour,  with  a  mouth  so  oblique  as  to  bring  the  case  almost 
prone  on  the  leaf.  The  anal  end  had  three  valves,  and  there  was  a  keel 
on  the  lower  side  of  the  case  moderately  well  developed  at  the  anal  end. 
The  larva  fastened  up  its  case  on  May  10th,  probably  for  change  of 
skin,  as  on  May  14th  it  was  feeding  again,  and  fed  on  slowly  till  May 
Wth,  but  did  not  enlarge  its  case,  and  as  no  imago  emerged  I  was 
unable  to  identify  the  species.  I  did  not  think  it  was  an  aberrant  case 
of  ( '.  iii(/ricella,  from  the  great  obliquity  of  the  mouth,  the  smooth 
texture,  the  light  colour,  and  the  general  form  and  shape. 

From  a  case  found  in  May,  1906,  among  a  number  of  C  iiiiiriceUu 
of  i)lder  growth,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  above  was  only  a  case 
of  that  species,  probably  a  belated  young  case,  the  first  possibly  after 
the  winter  curved  case,  with  the  mouth-opening  much  more  oblique 
than  normallv. 


Longitarsns  plantajfo=niaritimus,  sp.  nov.     A   Coleopteron    new   to 

Science. 

By  HEKEWAHD  C.  DOLLMAN.  F.E.S. 

Typj:  si'Eci.MEN  :  ~  Oblong-ovate,  strongly  convex,  deep  black,  shining; 
antennnp  long,  thickened  towards  apex,  penultimate  joints  fully  twice  as  long  as 
broad,  black,  with  the  basal  joints  (1-5)  deep  red-brown;  thorax  moderately 
.shining,  entirely  deep-black,  punctured  closely  with  a  coarse  and  somewhat  con- 
Huent  punctuation  ;  winged  ;  elytra  at  bases  wider  than  thorax,  plainly  widened 
behind,  convex,  deep-black,  the  liunieral  callosity  well  developed  and  very  shining, 
ve)'y  strongly,  coarsely  and  closely  punctured;  pygidium  exposed,  deeply  punc- 
tured ;  legs  deep  brown  ;  femora  nearly  black  (posterior  femora  quite  black), 
anterior  and  intermediate  knees,  and  all  the  tarsi  red-brown.     Length,  '2|  mm. 

The  Type  spciciraen  taken  at  Gravesend  on  I'lantaijo  nian'tima, 
May  5th,  1912. 

This  species  is  most  closely  allied  to  /-.  nu^er,  Koch,  but  is  abun- 
dantly distinct  therefrom.  I  have  taken  considerable  trouble  to  satisfy 
myself  that  it  was  not  Koch's  species,  referring  to  the  original 
description  (/-w/f.  Heft.  II.,  p.  57,  1803),  to  the  full  account  and  key 
of  Weise  in  Imcctev  DenUcldands,  vi.,  p.  939  (1893),  and  other  works, 
besides  having  at  my  disposal  continental  exponents  of  L.  ni(jcy,  Koch, 
which  latter  fully  agree  with  the  various  descriptions  of  the  species. 

The  most  easily  observed  difterentia  are  its  considerably  larger 
size,  and  the  much  darker  coloration  of  the  legs  (those  of  T.. 
nifirr  being,  with  the  exception   of  the  femora,   light   testaceous- red). 


188  THE  entomologist's  record. 

But  by  far  the  best  character  is  found  in  the  thoracic  punctuation. 
In  L.  plantar/o-iiiaritiinim  the  punctuation  is  coarse,  confluent  and 
close,  in  L.  niffer,  shallow,  isolated  and  diffuse.  This  gives  to  nir/rr  a 
a  much  more  shining  thorax,  most  easily  seen  if  both  species  are 
examined  side  by  side  under  a  low  objective.  The  shallow,  isolated 
nature  of  the  punctuation  of  the  thorax  in  ni</er  is  mentioned  by 
Weise  and  other  authors.  The  L.  ni(/er  of  Redtenbacher  is  considered 
by  both  Foudras  and  Weise  as  a  synonym  of  Koch's  species. 

Subsequent  expeditions  to  Gravesend  resulted  in  the  accumulation 
of  more  material  to  work  upon,  a  nice  series  of  the  beetle  being  taken  off 
the  leaves  of  sea-plantain.  The  majority  of  these  were  quite  dark  like 
the  first  specimen,  but  some  were  pitchy-brown  and  others  testaceous- 
red.  The  coloration  of  the  legs  and  the  basal  joints  of  the  antennte  in 
these  latter  specimens  was  in  harmony  with  their  general  pigmentation, 
in  the  pitchy  specimens  being  pitchy  (a  little  lighter  than  the  type- 
form),  and  in  the  light  ones,  testaceous-red,  with  the  exception  of  the 
posterior  femora,  which  in  all  my  specimens  are  black,  or  nearly  so. 
For  this  extreme  light  form  I  propose  the  name  of  pcrpleu-us,  ab.  nov. 

Similar  to  normal  specimens  of  plaiitano-niorilinius  in  size  and  sculpture,  but 
with  the  thorax  and  elytra  (except  the  sutural  margin)  testaceous  red  ;  antenna 
with  the  first  six  joints,  and  the  base  of  the  seventh,  clear  light  red-brown  ;  anterior 
and  intermediate  legs  entirely  testaceous-red,  posterior  legs  with  the  femora  black, 
tibiae  dark  brown,  and  tarsi  testaceous. 

The  "  var  a"  of  L.  nuicr,  Koch,  mentioned  by  Weise,  would  seem 
to  show  a  parallel  case  of  colour  variation  in  that  species. 

I  may  say  that  all  my  specimens  were  taken  oft'  I'lantaijn  itiaritima, 
to  which  plant  the  species  is  undoubtedly  attached.  Being  a  very 
active  Ijinnitarsus,  it  is  not  a  matter  for  surprise  that  perhaps  as  many 
examples  were  missed  as  secured. 

In  conclusion  I  am  glad  to  have  the  opportunity  to  thank  Mr.  H. 
St.  J.  K.  Donisthorpe  for  having  very  kindly  translated  for  me  the 
German  descriptions  of  Koch  and  .Weise. 


:^OTES      ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

Types  of  Lepidoptera. — In  a  note  to  the  l^ntomoliHiist  in  May, 
1911,  p.  185,  Mr.  R.  Adkin  queries  why  so  little  interest  was  mani- 
fested by  the  numerous  gentlemen  assembled  at  Steven's  Sale  Rooms 
when  the  main  portion  of  the  Xoctnac  contained  in  the  "  Tutt"  collec- 
tion, and  upon  which  the  book  British  Noctiiae  and  their  ^'arieties  was 
based,  were  sold.  In  the  June  number  of  the  same  magazine  Mr.  G. 
T.  Porritt  answers  this  query  with  the  statement  that  except  some 
half-a-dozen  British  lepidopterists,  who  are  interested,  no  one  uses 
such  varietal  names,  as  were  attached  to  the  various  series,  or  cares 
anything  about  them.  May  I  be  allowed  to  suggest  another  reason  ? 
One  sought  in  vain  among  Mr.  Tutt's  insects  for  the  "type 
specimen  "  of  a  variety.  The  varietal  names  given  by  him  were 
given,  not  to  a  single  specimen,  but  to  a  set  or  series  characteristic  of 
a  certain  geographical  area,  and  to  that  set  were  his  labels  put ;  he 
did  not,  as  a  rule,  pick  out  an  individual  and  bestow  a  name  upon  it, 
and  it  alone.  He  saw  the  general  facies  in  a  set  of  specimens  from 
one  or  more  localities  as  distinct  from  a  set  from  other  localities  where 
the  species  occurred,  and  distinguished  each  set  by  a  distinctive  name. 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING,  189 

Turn  fco  any  page  of  his  work  on  the  group,  and  this  fact  can  be 
verified.  If  there  had  been  •'  type  specimens  "  with  the  label  attached 
to  the  specimen  giving  the  information  that  it  was  the  specimen,  the 
whole  practically  of  the  unique  collection  of  series  of  Aijrotis  tritici 
would  not  have  been  sold  for  some  18s.  Was  it  not  a  fact  that  in  the 
sale  room,  and  during  the  previous  view,  collectors  were  asking 
"Which  is  the  type?"  of  this  or  that  form  and  "  Why  is  not  the 
type  marked?"  "We  cannot  tell  which  is  the  type."  There  are 
entomologists  and  entomologists.  The  man  who  recognises  that  a 
thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  for  ever  puts  a  money  value  on  precision,  the 
man  who  goes  deeper  than  the  recognition  of  beauty  and  the  feeling 
of  joy  at  the  superficial  perception  of  beauty  knows  intuitively  that 
precision  in  similarity  is  a  myth,  and  acts  accordingly,  with  the  result 
that  the  value  of  his  work  in  £  s.  d.  is  often  ruefully  incommen- 
surable with  its  deserts,  and  we  wonder  why. — Hy.  J.  Turner. 

Occurrence  of  Triogma  trisulcata,  Schumji. — In  1893-4-5  a  dozen 
specimens  of  a  Tipulid  were  taken  by  me  in  Sutton  Park,  Warwick- 
shire, and  were  then  placed  in  my  collection  under  Plialacrocera 
repiicata.  A  specimen  was  sent  to  the  Rev.  E.  N.  Bloomfield  and 
remained  in  his  possession  some  years,  when  it  was  forwarded  to  Mr. 
Carter,  of  Blairgowrie,  with  other  insects.  Mr.  Carter  found  it  did 
not  agree  with  P.  repiicata,  and  brought  it  forward  {Knt.  Mo.  Ma;/., 
April,  1912)  as  a  species  and  genus  new  to  Britain.  Mr.  Bloomfield 
then  communicated  with  rue,  and  as  there  appeared  to  be  some  doubt 
in  the  matter,  I  forwarded  a  specimen  to  Mr.  -J.  E.  Collin,  who  com- 
pared it  with  continental  types  (Kowarz''s  C!ol].)  in  his  possession,  and 
confirms  it  as  Trioipna  trisulcata.  It  is  well  represented  in  my  col- 
lection by  seven  3  s  and  three  ?  s. — R.  C.  Bradley,  26,  Alcester 
Road,   Moseley,  Birmingham. 

Spring  Notes. — I  have  been  out  to-day  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Farningham,  and  have  never  seen  so  many  Kuc/doe  vardaimnes  before 
in  my  life,  and  a  week  ago  ('elastri)ia  anjiolua  males  were  everywhere 
m  the  same  locality.  To-day  I  searched  for  the  females,  but  could 
not  find  one.  (\dlojihnis  riihi  was  fairly  plentiful,  and  the  first  brood 
of  Potijoiiiniatii.s  icant!^  was  well  out  and  abundant.  1  hear  that 
Brenthis  selene  has  already  been  taken  in  Surrey  this  year.-  H.  Moore 
(F.E.S.),  12,  Lower  Road,  Rotherhithe.     May  l^th. 

Phryxus  livornica  at  Coventry. — I  beg  to  record  the  capture  of  a 
specimen  of  /'.  lirurnica  at  light  last  evening.  I  was  passing  near  an 
electric  arc  standard  by  St.  John's  Church,  when  I  noticed  a  hawk- 
moth  circling  around  it.  I  had  no  kind  of  a  net  with  me, but  after- 
soaring  around  for  a  time,  it  came  within  reach,  and  I  struck  it  down 
with  my  umbrella.  I  was  much  surprised  to  find  that  1  had  secured  a 
specimen  of  P.  livornica,  minus  an  antenna,  but  otherwise  in  fair 
condition. — E.  H.  Sills,  84,  Earl  Street,  Coventry.     .Mai/  18M,  1912. 

Phryxus  livornica  at  Cromer. — On  May  22nd  a  nice  specimen  of 
P.  lirornica  was  taken  at  rest  on  a  shop  window  ni  this  town.  It  is 
the  first  I  have  heard  of  from  this  locality,  and  is  now  in  my  posses- 
sion. 1  see  in  The  Field  that  another  specimen  has  lately  been  taken 
neai"  Flax  Bourton.  I  have  seen  several  specimens  of  I'ljratneis  cardui 
about  lately  in  this  district.— F.  H.  Barclay  (F.G.S.,  F.E.S.),  The 
Warren,  Cromer. 

Larvae  of  Coleophora  discordella. — When  at  Folkestone  I  found, 


190  THE  entomologist's  record. 

on  June  8th,  a  colony  of  Coleupliord  iliscordella,  feeding  on  a  plant  of 
Lotus  corniculatus,  growing  on  the  cliff  opposite  the  sea.  Many  larvae 
of  this  genus  prefer  to  feed  on  the  lower  leaves  where  they  can  remain 
hidden,  but  these  larvae  by  preference  attacked  the  upper  leaves  of  the 
shoots,  mining  them  out  completely,  so  that  the  plant  assumed  a 
variegated  aspect.  Most  of  the  lai'vie  fastened  their  case*  on  to  the 
stems  of  the  Lotus  for  pupation,  though  some  of  them  spun  up  on 
neighbouring  grass  bents,  but  all  those  I  found  spun  up  had  previously 
crept  down  to  the  lower  parts  of  the  plant. — Alfrkd  High  (F.E.S.), 
Ghiswick.     July  %ul,  1912. 

White  ovum  of  Dicranuka  vinula. — On  June  26th,  my  brother,  H. 
Leonard  Sich,  found  an  almost  pure  white  egg  of  this  species,  which 
had  been  laid  on  a  leaf  of  aspen,  at  East  lioathly,  in  Sussex.  He  sent 
It  to  me,  and  the  larva  hatched  on  June  80th.  It  is  quite  black  with 
red  filaments,  and  appears  therefore  perfectly  normal  in  coloration. 
The  egg,  compared  with  white  paper,  has  a  slight  creamy  tint  and  is 
brownish  below  the  periphery.  1  have  often  found  the  eggs  of  this 
species  of  a  pale  buff  colour  but  have  never  before  seen  a  white 
specimen. — Id. 

Notes  on  Lyc^na  sephyrus  vak.  uhryki,  Kebel,. — Dr.  H.  Rebel 
recently  described  a  new  local  race  of  Lycaena  aephyrus,  Fnv.,  under 
the  name  of  uhryki.-  At  the  time  of  the  description  only  a  few 
specimens  of  this  form  were  known,  taken  with  one  exception  near 
Flamunda  in  the  Deliblat,  a  large  sandy  plain  in  Temes  Comitat  in 
the  extreme  South  of  Hungary.  The  single  other  specimen  was 
secured  last  year  near  Buza  in  'I'ransylvania.f  The  older  Hungarian 
collectors  had  already  recorded  true  ^epliyrus  trom  Transylvania,  but 
the  record  was  looked  upon  as  doubtful.  Shortly  after  Dr.  Rebel's 
publication  a  specimen  was  brought  to  him  stated  to  have  been  caught 
many  years  ago  in  the  mountains  round  Ofen  (Budapest). 

This  year  my  sister-in-law,  Miss  Charlotte  de  Wertheimstein,  took 
me  to  Flamunda  to  see  this  interesting  species  in  its  native  haunts, 
and  I  had  the  pleasure  of  observing  quite  a  number  of  specimens  of 
this  tine  insect.  The  butterflies  only  occur  where  the  rare  and 
beautiful  Eastern  plant  Aatrui/alus  dasyanthus,  Ev.,  occurs,  and  the 
females  fly  round  this  plant  and  sit  upon  it.  Unfortunately,  owing 
to  the  very  short  time  at  our  disposal,  and  the  bad  weather,  we  did  not 
observe  the  actual  act  of  depositing  the  ovum,  but  there  is  no  doubt 
that  this  plant  is  the  food  of  the  larva  in  the  Deliblat,  and  as  it  also 
occurs,  though  rarely,  in  Transylvania,  the  butterfly  doubtless  deposits 
on  this  plant  there,  too.  Astrai/alus  exscaiuis,  L.,  the  food  plant  in 
Switzerland,  is  also  found  in  Hungary,  and  probably  the  food  of  the  larva 
of  this  insect  in  Western  and  Central  Hungary,  such  as  in  the  Ofen 
Mountains,  is  this  plant.— (Hon.)  N.  Charles  Rothschild  (F.Z.S., 
F.E.S.),  A^'undel  House,  Kensington  Palace  Gardens,  \\ .     July  '2,nd. 

An    easy    method    of    getting    full    fed    CoSSUS    LIGNIPERDA    LARViE 

from  the  trunks  of  infected  trees. — In  the  Autumn  full  fed  larvae 
of  the  above  species  may  often  be  seen  near  the  entrance  of  their 
burrows  in  an  old  tree  preparatory  to  starting  their  wandering  in  search 
of  a  suitable  place  to  spin  their  cocoon  in  which  to  pass  the  Winter. 
If  a  piece  of  tough  grass  is  bent  in  two,  and  the  bent  part  presented 

•  Ent   Zeit.,  xxv.,  p.  191  (1911). 

1^    Verb.  n.  Mitt.  Sii'bevhurg  Ver  Naturwiss.,  vol.  Ixii.,  p.  6  (191*2). 


VOTES    ON    COLLECTING^  191 

to  the  larvae,  it  will  seize  it  with  its  mandibles,  hold  on,  and  allow 
itself  to  be  drawn  gently  out  like  a  cork  from  a  bottle.  All  other 
devices  I  have  tried  only  serve  to  send  the  larvfP  farther  into  their 
burrows. — C.  ^Y.  Colthrup,  141,  East  Dulwich  Grove.     .June  llth. 

Notes  in  late  May  or  karly  June  : — When  crossing  a  wood- 
clearing  at  Hadleigh  on  the  morning  of  May  19th  NuiiioiihUa  noctKella 
flew  from  an  oak  trunk.  One  does  not  associate  this  species  with 
tree-trunks  and  it  is  certainly  unusual  to  find  it  in  a  wood.  I  was  at 
Chattenden  on  May  26th  and  found  (Jone/iylU  inacidosana  plentiful  and 
in  good  condition.  I  also  found  Acrolit/ia  {Hcdija)  ^erviUana,  and  on 
bloom  of  Veronica  chamaedri/s  several  examples  of  Adela  tibiddla.  On 
May  *20th  I  visited  Cuxton  and  obtained  AcuUdia  oniata,  h^Kpitliecia 
exi(jiiata,  and  Aijiiades  theth  (only  one  male,  line),  Nimniades  tcu/es  in 
plenty,  Kudidia  ijlijidiica,  blnnychia  (Pi/rannta)  niijrata  {antiiiinalis), 
P.  oxtrinalis  and  Gelechia  arteinisiella.  At  Mailing,  on  June  1st,  flymg 
in  the  afternoon  along  a  wood  path  on  the  top  of  the  down,  were 
Laiiipronia  Inzella,  Scardia  [I'inia)  arcella  an'd  N.  fiarasiteUa.  Lower 
down  I  found  Botijs  pandalis  and  (Iriffttilns  pairidactt/la. 
F.  G.  Whittle,  7,  Marine  Avenue,  tSouthend.     Jitne  bth. 

Hylecoetus  dermestoides,  L.,  from  Loch  Lomond. — -I  recently 
spent  a  day  at  Ardlui  at  the  head  of  Loch  Lomond,  my  chief  object 
being  the  ascent  of  Ben  Vorlich.  This  satisfactorily  accomplished, 
and  the  evening  being  beautifully  fine,  a  friend  rowed  me  to  a  small 
wood  of  Scotch  tir  on  the  other  side  of  the  loch,  where  I  spent  some 
time  searching  for  Tnllbcn/ia  {CoUeinbola)  acolopendrella  and  other 
small  fry.  Just  before  returning  to  the  Hotel  for  dinner  I  noticed  a 
log  of  Scotch  fir  riddled  by  a  beetle,  tiijlecoKtus  dernieatuides,  many  of 
which  were  just  emerging.  I  took  sixteen  specimens  ranging  from 
7mm.  to  13-5mm,  in  length,  five  of  these  were  females  ranging  from 
10mm.  to  12-5mm.,  and  the  rest  males  ranging  from  7mm.  to  ly-5mm. 
The  males  are  referable  to  two  named  varieties,  marci,  L.,  and  uiorin, 
F.,  and  as  such  should  be  recognised  in  our  British  Catalogue.  The 
var.  marci,  L.,  is  the  form  with  brown  or  ferrugmous  elytra,  tipped 
with  black,  of  v/hich  I  took  two  examples  measuring  7mm.  and 
11-5  mm.  respectively,  whilst  the  var.  niorio,  ¥.,  has  the  head,  thorax 
and  elytra  entirely  black,  my  examples  ranging  from  8mm.  to  18-omm. 
My  friend  Prof.  T.  Hudson  Beare  visited  the  spot  a  few  days  later, 
finding  the  beetle,  but  only  in  the  one  log. — tiicHARD  S.  Bagnall, 
(F.E.S.),  Penshaw.     June  Ath,  1912. 

Easibourne  Notes. — The  weather  is  not  very  grand  here  and 
little  doing  entomologically.  Sugar  has  attracted  plenty  of  common 
moths  and  a  few  Aplecta  pra.sina  [herbida).  I  have  just  found  two 
larva  of  Pyraineis  atalanta.  If  the  wind  drops  I  hope  to  meet  with 
more,  as  things  seem  quite  forward.  I  have  found  no  Ai/riopis  aprilina 
larva;  and  those  of  Psilnra  nionac/w  are  nearly  fuUfed,  but  scarce. 
Brenthis  selene  is  still  flying,  and  on  Beachy  Head  Ai/riades  t/tetis 
(adunis)  is  out.— Hugh  Main  (B.Sc,  F.E.S.).     June  20</<,  1912. 


«>C1ENTIFIC    NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Pupation  of  Bkenthis  eupiirosyne. — About  3  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon on  April  21th,  I  came  across  a  larva  of  Brenthis  eit/i/irosi/iie 
suspended  from  a  small  silken  pad  spun  on  the  slightly  inclined  side 
of  a    rock,    placed   with  others,   ijordering  some  stone    steps    in    my 


192  THE    ESTOMOL()(tISt's    RECOKIi. 

yai'den.  Not  luorc  than  ii  quarter  of  an  hour  later  i  again  looked  for 
the  larva  to  make  sure  1  had  correctly  determined  the  species  and,  to 
my  surprise,  found  that  it  had  almost  completed  the  process  of  pupa- 
tion, with  the  exception  of  finally  attaching  its  cremaster  to  the  silken 
pad.  Hy  a  series  of  efforts,  in  which  the  pupa  hunched  itself  up  and 
then  extended  its  still  soft  and  pliant  body  towards  the  pad,  it  mounted 
upwards  and,  of  course,  tail- foremost  over  its  lately  doffed  larval  skin 
which  was  all  bunched  up  and,  in  some  manner,  held  firmly  close 
under  the  silken  pad.  At  each  of  these  efforts,  four  or  five  in  number, 
I  noticed  that  the  anal  claspers  (still  clearly  discernable)  opened  and 
closed  as  the  body  stretched  out  and  curved  in  the  dii-eetion  of  the 
pad,  towards  which  the  pupa  gradually  progressed.  How  it  managed 
to  hold  on  during  this  operation  I  failed  to  observe.  On  reaching  its 
goal,  the  anal  claspers  opened  and  closed  for  the  last  time  and  gripped 
hold  of  the  cone-shaped  pad  and  then  the  pupa  started  a  wriggling 
motion  from  side  to  side  and  in  this  way  firmly  attached  itself  to  the 
silk.  This  side-to-side  movement  was  continued  until  the  discarded 
larval  skin  was  dislodged  and  had  fallen  to  the  ground.  The  pupa 
was  slightly  malformed,  one  wing-case  being  rather  undersized,  and. 
as  I  expected,  the  imago  which  emerged  on  May  26th  had  small 
misshapen  wings  on  one  side.  This  species  has  been  on  the  wing  in 
the  Wye  Valley  district  since  May  9th. — .1.  F.  Bird,  Sylvan  View, 
Brockwell,  nr.  Chepstow.     .Inuf  10?//,  1912. 


C^URRENT      NOTES      AND      SHORT      NOTICES. 

The  late  Mr.  •).  W.  Tutt,  having  directed  his  Executors  to  complete 
the  partly  published  volume  of  J>ritls/i  HHtterjUev  so  far  as  the  MSS. 
extended,  the  Executors  wish  to  record  their  indebtedness  to  the  Rev. 
Geo.  Wheeler,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.  (author  of  ":6utterflies  of 
Switzerland  and  the  Alps  of  Central  Europe  "),  who  has  most  kindly, 
consented  to  arrange  these  in  conformity  with  the  rest  of  the 
volume  and  to  see  them  through  the  press.  Part  xi.  has  now  been  issued 
consisting  of  three  plates,  the  completion  of  the  section  devoted  to 
Poliioiiiinatuii  icanifi  and  a  portion  of  the  synonymy  of  Aricia  tuedtm 
{astro  re  he).  The  succeeding  parts  will  be  issued  from  time  to  time  as 
the  MSS.  are  prepared  for  printing.  : 

The  ('(iitadidii  Kntoniiilixiist  for  May  contains  a  very  useful  up-io- 
date  map,  illustrating  the  Faunal  Zones  of  North  America.  This  is 
particularly  useful  at  the  iiresent  time  to  those  who  are  actively 
engaged  in  collecting  and  collating  the  material  for  the  "Catalogue  of 
the  Insects  of  Canada  and  Newfoundland,"  to  which  reference  was 
made  in  these  pages  some  months  ago. 

In  an  article  in  Fascicule  10  of  the  liidl.  Soc.  h'.nt.  dc  France,  M. 
F.  le  Cerf  endeavours  to  clear  up  the  confusion  hitherto  existing  be- 
tween the  different  local  races  of  F.pinephele  Jitrtina  and  H.  tebneasia, 
basing  his  results  largely  upon  an  investigation  of  the  genitalia.  He 
recognises  the  following  local  forms:  /•-'.  jnrtina:  I''.,  jiirtina  var. 
/W/•^(»ot<f  (Algeria) ;  K.  jiirtina  var.  /wrsica  (Persia);  F.  jnrtina  <rexi. 
JUS.  Idaindla  (S.  Europe);  A',  telniesaia  :  l\.  telincssia  var.  oreas  (Persia); 
K.  teliiiessia  var.  Icnrdistana  (Kurdistan);  and  A,',  tehnessia  var.  uianioloides 
(Persia) ;  he  gives  six  diagrams  in  illustration  of  his  remarks. 

We  have  received  the  l-'urtn-Sccond  Aimiial  Ht'/iort  of  the  Kntniini- 
Idt/iral  Soclcti/  oi'  Ontario,   1911.      The  Report  is  mainly  an  account  of 


(MIRRKNT    NOTKS.  198 

the  Annual  Meetin.u'  which  this  year  took  place  at  Guelph,  in  the 
Ontario  Agricultural  College.  Reports  from  the  various  local  branches 
and  numerous  papers  read  or  contributed  are  given  at  length,  occupy- 
ing some  114  large  pages  with  many  illustrations,  some  of  which  Ave 
fancy  we  have  seen  more  than  once  before.  Among  the  papers  are 
'•  Insect  Scourges  of  Mankind,"  by  Dr.  Hewitt ;  "  Injurious  Insects  of 
the  Year,"  by  -T.  M.  Swaine  ;  "  The  Blister  Beetles,"  with  a  plate  by 
Arthur  Gibson  ;  "  Insect  Migration  at  Aweme,  in  Manitoba,"  by  N. 
Oriddle ;  etc.  An  account  of  the  proposals  for  the  Catalogue  of 
(Janadian  Insects  is  also  given,  and  the  report  oi  the  s\ibsequent  dis- 
cussion which  took  place  at  the  meeting  is  included. 

Three  years  have  elapsed  since  the  publication  of  the  first  volume 
of  the  'I  ransactinns  of  tlw  Carlisle  Xafiiral  llii^torti  Socirti/.  The 
hearty  support  accorded  to  vol.  i.  encourages  the  Society  to  continue 
publication,  and  vol.  ii.,  is  now  in  the  press.  This  volume  will  contain 
the  continuation  of  several  papers  commenced  in  vol.  i.,  and  additional 
ones  on  subjects  relative  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  Lake  District 
and  Cumberland.  The  contents  of  vol.  ii.  will  include  "The  Arach- 
nidie  (Spiders,  Sec.)  of  Cumberland,"  by  H.  Britten,  F.E.S.  ;  "The 
Lepidoptera  of  Cumberland,  Pt.  II.,  Moths,"  by  Geo.  B.  Koutledge, 
K.i'i.S.,  and  ''  The  Coleoptera  of  Cumberland,  Part  II.,"  by  F.  H.  Day, 
i''.R.S.,  and  five  memoirs  in  other  branches  of  Natural  History. 

In  the  March  number  of  the  /'!vt.  Mo.  Mot/.  Mr.  Eustace  R.  Bankes 
established  Coh'ophora  tr'KicininMa  as  a  Lepidopteron  new  to  Britain,  on 
live  examples  bred  by  Mr.  Alfred  Sich  from  larva^  found  on  hawthorn 
at  lirentfoi'd  and  Putney.  At  the  same  time  the  claims  of  the  three 
supposed  species,  which  are  known  as  ( '.  hadiipoineUa  are  discussed  at 
considerable  length,  riz.,  ( '.  ha dii prunella  of  Duponchel  ;  ( '.  badiipenuella 
of  Zeller  [Liu.  Knt.,  iv.,  401-103),  of  H.-S.  (680,  v.,  p.  235),  and  of 
Prey  [Tin.  Pter.  Srliwei-.,  225)  ;  and  ( '.  hailiipennella  of  Stainton  {In. 
lirit.  Lep.  Tin.,  224). 

We  fire  pleased  to  know  that  the  misunderstandings  which  have  so 
long  existed  to  prevent  the  obtaining  of  Seitz  Maero- Lepidoptera  of  the 
World  through  the  ordinary  channels  in  this  country  have  been  at  last 
settled.  The  parts  so  far  published  in  English  are  now  obtainable. 
'Rhe  following  volumes  are  rapidly  approaching  completion,  /■/>..■ — 
I'alaeorrtic  hiotnbi/res  and  Sp/u'niiids,  I'alaearefie  Soctiiifoniies,  Indo- 
Australian  tlhopalocera  and  American  Lihopalorera,  while  the  following- 
volumes  are  also  in  progress,  viz.  : — Palaearetir  (ieofnetrae,  Indo- 
Auatralian  Ijomhi/ces  and  Sp/iini/es,  I ndo- Australian  Xorfiiifonnes  and 
African  Rhqpalncera.  One  of  the  occasional  contributors  to  our  pages, 
Mr.  L.  B.  Prout,  is  the  author  responsible  for  the  four  volumes  in 
which  the  (reometrae  will  be  dealt  with. 

At  the  Annual  Congress  of  the  South  Eastern  Union  of  Scientific 
Societies  held  at  Folkestone  during  the  first  week  in  -Tune  Mr.  Alfred 
Sich,  read  the  only  entomological  paper,  one  entitled  "  Lepidopterous 
Case- bearers."  At  the  meeting  of  the  Delegates  on  the  last  day  of  the 
Congress  Messrs.  A.  Yj.  Gibbs.  E.  Step  and  H.  .1.  Turner  were  elected 
members  of  the  Council.  The  next  Congi-ess  will  take  place  at  Hamp- 
stead  in  1913  at  the  invitation  of  the  Hampstead  Scientific  Society. 

In  the  F.nto)nolo(jical  Xeirs  for  March  last  is  an  interesting  article 
entitled  "  At  the  Ceannt/nts  in  Virgmia."  It  is  a  vivid  account  of  the 
attractive  powers  of  the  Ceannthus  plant  and  a  list  of  all  the  species, 
90  far  identified,  which  come  to  the  feast.      One  can  judge  of  the 


194  THE    ENTOMOI>OGIST's    RECORD. 

plant's  power  from  the  summary  of  species  in  which  42  Heuiiptera, 
58  Coleoptera,  165  Hymenoptera  and  117  Diptera,  a  total  of  382 
species  are  recorded.  In  addition  to  this  a  number  of  species  were  not 
identified  and  a  few  Lepidoptera  have  been  omitted.  Truly  a  formid- 
able number  when  one  is  told  that  the  flowering  period  lasts  but  three 
weeks  at  the  utmost. 

In  the  I'hit.  Neils  for  April  is  a  very  interestinp;  account  of  the 
hybernating  habit  of  Cicuvli'la  sieinliR  in  California.  Little  piles  of 
earth  were  noticed  around  the  edges  of  large  pieces  of  rock  lying  on 
the  ground.  One  of  these  rocks  was  raised  and  numerous  burrows 
were  found,  each  containing  a  beetle  at  its  inner  extremity  and  blocked 
at  its  mouth  by  the  removed  earth.  Under  three  such  rocks  as  many 
as  64  specimens  in  all  were  obtained. 

In  the  Knt.  Mo.  Mar/,  for  March,  Mr.  E.  A.  Butler  adds  a  new 
species  of  Hemiptera  to  the  British  List  in  the  Capsid,  Psallna  ritellinus, 
of  which  six  specimens  were  taken  in  a  plantation  at  Colesbourne  in 
July,  1911. 

In  the  same  number  Mr.  James  Edwards  records  another  addition 
to  the  British  List,  viz.,  the  Hemipteron,  Psi/lUi  alhipes,  taken  by  Mr. 
W.  West,  at  Box  Hill. 

The  Hon.  N.  C.  Rothschild,  in  the  same  number,  recorded  a  new 
British  Flea,  Pahienpsi/lla  kolianti,  of  which  three  specimens  were 
taken  from  a  mole  captured  in  March,  1911,  at  Ballindalloch. 

In  the  April  number  of  the  Knt.  Mo.  Maij.  Mr.  A.  E.  J.  Carter 
announces  a  Dipteron  new  to  Britain,  ri::.,  Triotnna  trisiilrota,  taken 
in  1899  at  Sutton  Coldfield  and  only  recently  rightly  identified. 

Mr.  Porrit,  I'/nt.  Mo.  Ma;/,  for  April,  names  the  very  distinct  local 
form  of  IJybrrnio  anrcnitiaria  from  S.W.  Yorkshire,  as  vsiv.  fin^ca.  It 
is  of  a  uniform  fuscous-brown  without  trace  of  the  usual  markings, 
and  has  occurred  regularly  for  some  years  past. 

In  the  May  number  of  the  Fnt.  Mn.  Maij.,  Commander  J.  J. 
Walker  announces  Claviijer  loiKjicortih  as  a  Coleopteron  new  to  Britain, 
taken  in  the  Oxford  district. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Collins  describes,  in  the  Knt.  Mo.  Ma;/,  for  May,  three 
species  of  the  Dipterous  genus  IJetcroiicnra  as  new  to  science  and  to 
Britain,  tiz.,  H.  calcdonica,  from  Nethy  Bridge,  H.  iientili^,  from 
Lyndhnrst,  etc.,  and  H.  rerticalis,  from  Dolgelly,  Nairn,  Studland  and 
Bridgend. 

In  the  May  number  of  the  Knt.  Mo.  Mcuj.  Mr.  Norman  H.  Joy 
describes  a  new  form  of  the  Coleopteron  Microiiloasa  i»ar;iinalis  as  var. 
ob.<iciira.     It  was  obtained  at  Strathfieldsaye,  Hants,  in  1909. 

To  those  interested  in  '"Alternation  of  Generations"  we  would 
suggest  a  glance  at  the  diagram  given  in  the  May  number  of  the  Knt. 
Neus,  illustrating  the  life-cycle  of  the  malaria  parasite.  The  infection 
takes  place  through  the  biting  of  the  human  victim  and  the  injection 
of  the  "  sporozoite"  with  the  salivary  secretion  of  the  mosquito.  In 
the  human  blood  this  "  sporozoite  "  develops  into  an  active  amoeboid 
"  schizont  "  which  enters  and  feeds  upon  the  blood  corpuscles.  These 
parasites  multiply  asexually  and  intensify  the  attack  and  its  results  on 
the  human  victim.  Some  of  the  parasites  are  subsequently  sucked  up 
by  other  mosquitoes  while  biting  the  malarial  patient,  and  undergo  their 
sexual  generation  in  the  blood  of  the  insect,  producing  in  turn  fresh 
"  sporozoites  "  which  infect  other  victims. 

In    a   recent  number  of  the    Canadian    Kntomutu^ist  a  summary 


CURRENT    NOTES.  196 

is  piven  of  the  results  obtained  by  the  experiments  and  observations 
of  Dr.  T.  Goldberp[er  and  Dr.  T.  F.  Anderson  on  the  transmission 
of  the  virus  of  typhus  fever  by  lice  [Pedicuhia  refttiwcnti  and 
P.  copitix).  The  details  of  this  new  discovery  may  be  found  in 
the  Public  Health  Reports  of  the  U.S.  Marine  Hospital  Service, 
Washington.  "One  by  one  our  most  common  insects  affecting  man 
have  been  shown  to  be  important  factors  in  the  transmission  of 
disease ;  the  house  fly  carries  typhoid  and  certain  other  infectious 
diseases;  the  flea  carries  the  plague  bacillus;  the  bed-bug  has  been 
shown  to  be  the  transmitting  agent  of  the  causative  organisms  of  the 
serious  tropical  Black  Fever,  and  the  louse  transmits  typhus  fever." 

In  the  June  number  of  the  Evt.  Mo.  Mori.  Dr.  David  Sharp 
describes  a  new  species  of  Coleoptera  of  the  genus  OUrinta,  obtained 
from  seaweed  at  Lymington.  as  O.  i/tenfin>i)s.  Tt  has  also  been  obtained 
at  Edinburgh. 

In  the  same  number  Mr.  E.  A.  Newberry  recognises  Lathrobinm 
npienla  as  a  species  of  Coleoptera  new  to  the  British  List.  Tt  has 
occurred  at  Tottenham,  Woking,  Putney,  Carlisle,  etc. 

Dr.  E.  Bergroth  describes  a  new  British  species  of  Tipulid  in  the 
June  number  of  the  Knt.  Mo.  Mat/,  as  Ep/wlia  rerraUi  from  specimens 
obtained  in  Warwickshire  (Bradley)  and  Derbyshire  (Verrall)  ;  and 
Mr.  F.  W.  Edwards  describes  two  further  additions  to  the  Diptera 
new  to  Britain,  rh.,  Olifiotrophns  rcvfn'colKs,  a  Cecidomyiid  bred  from 
galls  found  on  Molinia  coendea  near  Oldham,  and  I .n^todi ploni^  tenids. 
another  Cecidomyiid  from  Hertfordshire,  from  the  Pifl'ard  collection. 

In  the  IVritnraliHt  for  March  last  Mr.  C.  Chas.  Hoi-rell  records  the 
occurrence  of  C'liaetncncma  i-onduvta,  a  Coleoptei'on  new  to  the  British 
List.  Two  specimens  were  taken  by  him  among  herbage  near 
Scarborough  in  May  1911 

The  Tldrtij-Fifth  Ann.  Hep.  nml  Prrceed.  of  the  Lanra!<hii(>  ami 
<  'lii'siliire  Entonioloiiiral  ^ocieti/  has  recently  come  to  hand.  This 
Society  has  among  its  members  most  of  the  well-known  workers  of 
the  N.E.  of  England,  together  with  a  number  of  entomologists  from 
more  distant  areas,  who  at  some  time  or  other  have  rendered  their 
good  services  as  an  aid  to  the  capital  work  and  influence  of  the  local 
Officers  and  Council.  Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas.  B.A..  F.E.S..  one  of  the  Vice- 
Presidents,  contributed  the  Annual  Address,  taking  as  his  subject, 
"  The  Early  Stages  of  our  Dragonflies."  Mr.  Geo.  Arnold,  M.Sc, 
read  a  paper  on  "  Ants,"  in  February  ;  Mr.  J.  H.  Watson  read  a  paper 
in  March,  on  "  The  Wild  Silk-moths  of  the  World,"  a  subject  which 
he  has  made  particularly  his  own  ;  Dr.  P.  F.  Tinne  read  a  paper  on 
•'  The  Application  of  Colour  Photography  to  Entomology,"  in 
November,  and  a  capital  pocket-box  exhibition  meetine  was  held  in 
October. 


PREVIEWS    AND    NOTICES    OF    BOOKS. 

Proceedings  of  the  South  London  ENTOitoLoriiCAi,  .\nd  Natural 
History  Society,  1911-12.  With  four  Plates.  Price  3s. — It  was 
hardly  to  be  expected  that  this  Society  could  issue  such  a  large  volume 
as  last  year.  The  cost  of  the  annual  vohime  is  a  drain  on  the  resources 
of  a  Society  and  it  is  only  with  the  generous  financial  aid  of  some  of 
the  more  enthusiastic  members  that  the  necessary  record  can  be 
regularly  published.     For  many  years  this  Society  has  been  fortunate 


196  THE    KNTOMOLOftlRT's    RECORD. 

in  having  a  long  tale  of  such  helpers,  and  the  series  of  annual  volumes 
for  the  past  thirty  years  is  a  lasting  testimony  of  the  fact.  In  spite  of 
the  size  of  the  volume  being  less,  the  plates  not  so  numerous  and  less 
papers  published,  the  present  annual  volume  is  by  no  means  wanting 
in  interest  and  usefulness.  The  year  has  been  marked  by  one  of  the 
finest  and  largest  pocket-box  exhibitions  ever  held  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Society.  One  hundred  and  three  members  and  friends  were 
present,  of  whom  more  than  thirty-five  brought  exhibits.  Anothei' 
strong  feature  of  the  year  was  the  special  exhibition  of  Ituniirio  jjldaeos 
and  its  allies  held  in  December  at  the  suggestion  of  the  President, 
Mr.  W.  J.  Kaye.  The  result  was  most  satisfactory,  a  very  fine  and 
unique  exhibition  was  arranged  to  which  most  of  the  well-known 
entomologists  within  reach  of  London  contributed  of  their  best.  On 
other  occasions  most  educative  and  comprehensive  exhibits  were  made, 
('.//.,  Geographical  races  and  comparative  series  of  Mfhoiarfiia  ualathea 
by  Mr.  J.  Piatt  Barrett,  the  unravelling  of  the  tangle  concerning  the 
correct  determination  of  lAipeiina  iiiiciieei  by  Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner,  the 
comparison  of  the  island  forms  of  Rhopalocera  from  Corsica  with 
British  forms  of  the  same  species  byMr.  A.  E.Gibbs,  the  range  of  variation 
produced  by  Pieria  napi  during  the  year  1911,  by  Mr.  T.  H.  L. 
Grosvenor,  the  hybrids  produced  by  the  crossings  of  Xyssia  and  Bisto)! 
by  Mr.  R.  Adkin,  the  breeding  of  Aidcrta  nebidoso  from  a  Mendelian 
standpoint  by  Messrs.  A.  Harrison  and  H.  Main,  etc.  The  Annual 
Address,  read  by  Mr.  ^V.  .J.  Kaye,  deals  in  the  first  place  with  the 
influence  which  the  remarkably  high  temperature  and  continuous  sun- 
shine during  the  year  1911  has  had  upon  the  abundance  oi  otherwise 
of  the  Lepidoptera,  and  in  the  second  place  with  the  vexed  subject 
"  Mimicry,"  which  he  was  able  to  illustrate  very  lucidly  from  his  own 
experiences  gained  during  his  entomological  trip  to  S.  Brazil  in  1910. 
A  glance  round  the  room  at  one  of  the  ordinary  meetings  of  the  Ento- 
mological Society  of  London  reveals  to  one  that  no  small  proportion 
of  the  Fellows  present  "matriculated  "  in  the  South  London  Entomo- 
logical Society,  a  substantial  and  lasting  testimony  to  the  early 
training,  and  the  permanent  interest  aroused  in  biological  science  by 
the  associations  induced  under  the  auspices  of  this  Society. — H.J.T. 

Lepidoptoru.m  CataloctUS  :  edited  by  Chr.  Aurivillius  and  H. 
Wagner.  W.  Junk,  Bkrlin,  W. — If  one  may  judge  from  the  first 
six  parts,  which  have  so  far  appeared,  this  most  comprehensive  work 
bids  fair  to  be  of  the  utmost  use  to  the  syst'.'matist  and  student  of  the 
order  Lepidoptera.  It  will  take  the  place  of  all  such  valuable  sectional 
works  as  Kirby  s  St/nonj/inir  (!ataln(/iic  of  Rhopaloceia,  Staiidimjcr  and 
RebeVa  Cataloijiie  of  the  Palaearctic  lietiion,  Menf/eVs  Catalogue  of  the 
Eriicinidae,  etc.,  bringing  everything  up-to-date,  and  will  mark  a 
standpoint  from  which  all  future  work  must  be  commenced  and 
constitute  a  volume  which  workers  in  everj'  branch  of  Lepidopterology 
will  have  to  consult  for  most  of  their  references  whether  systemic  or 
biological. 

The  Catalogue  will  contain  the  names,  synonyms,  varieties,  the 
chief  refei'ences,  and  the  geographical  distribution  of  all  the  species  of 
Lepidoptera  of  the  whole  world,  known  up  to  the  date  of  publication 
of  the  various  sections.  For  each  of  the  families  the  leading  specialist  is 
chosen,  and  each  part  embracing  one  family  or  group  is  a  complete  work 
in  itself,  with  its  own  independent  title  page  and  index.     Already  six 


KKVIRWS.  l9' 

sections  have  been  published,  of  which  that  on  the  llepialxlae  by  H. 
Wagner  and  R.  Pfitzner  consists  of  26  pages.  To  the  genns  Hepialus, 
of  Fabricius  there  are  no  less  than  thirty-two  references  in 
the  standard  works  of  all  countries  as  well  as  a  large  number  of 
furthei-  references  to  the  Hepialidae  as  a  family.  Turning  to 
the  well-known  species  H.  Innindi  and  its  forms,  we  have  more 
than  a  complete  page  of  references,  not  only  to  standard  works  [in 
many  languages,  but  to  many  important  biological  contributions  to 
inaaazine  literature.  In  fact  those  who  are  acquainted  with  cheexhaustive 
paragraphs  of  references  at  the  head  of  each  chapter  in  Tutt's  British 
LepitJoptera  will  have  some  idea  of  the  comprehensiveness  with  which 
(^ach  species  has  been  here  dealt  with.  Still  dealing  with  //.  JnnmiU, 
we  have  "  Biology :  Law.  Lep.  Jjomh.  3,  Tered.  C.a,f.a-c,  1802.— 
Schwarz.,  Raup/kalmd.,  2,  p.  7,  26,  106,  583.  701,  761;  1791.— 
Wallengr.,  Scand.  Het.  Fjaril.,  p.  12.  1869.— Chapman,  Kiit.  Mo.  Ma;!., 
18,  p.  63,  1876-77.— Gregson,  Naturalist  Lnn,L,  1,  p.  78,  1865.— 
Brandt,  Bpv.  d.  V].  Vn:  lluaa.  yatiirf.,  Teil.  2,  p.  70,  1880.— Packard, 
X.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  8,  t.  3u.  4,  1895.— Hofra.,  Haiip.  (ir.-Schmett.  Km., 
p.  48,  t.  14,  f.  5,  1893.— Berge-Reb.,  SrhmettprL,  p.  474,  t.  52,  f.  16a 
(Raupe),  b  (Puppe).  1910.— Peyron,  hil.  Srcnsk.  Vet.  Ak.  Handl.,  44, 
Nr.  1,  p.  294,  1909."  This  is  supplementary  to  all  the  ordinary 
references  given  to  this  species,  and  the  whole  should  form  the  basis 
of  the  complete  life-history  from  all  points  of  view  such  as  are  demanded 
in  modern  lepidopterological  work.  Of  course,  a  great  deal  of  the 
usefulness  of  a  work  of  this  description  depends  upon  the  absolute 
correctness  of  the  references.  So  far  as  we  have  investigated  and  tested 
we  find  them  correct.  The  names  of  the  various  leading  specialists 
responsible  for  these  details  should  be  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  reliance. 
The  sections  dealing  with  the  so-called  Micro-lepidoptera  are  dealt 
with  in  an  equally  thorough  and  exhaustive  manner.  Section  6, 
dealing  with  the  Addidff,  Mirrnptrryi/idfr,  and  (iracilariadir  by  E. 
Meyrick,  is  a  proof  of  this.  These  families  occupy  68  pages  of  the 
Catalogue,  Adda  croeaella  {mdzella)  has  nearly  half  a  page  of  references, 
Gracilaria  pha.v'avippnndla  a  third  of  a  page,  etc.  An  occasional 
idiosyncrasy  of  spelling  creeps  in.  We  get  f.Tranlariad/r  instead  of  the 
prior  and  customary  (jrarilariidd .  This,  no  doubt,  is  called  a 
"  correction."  We  can  only  say  that  if  an  alteration  is  allowed 
to  be  made  in  one  case  by  an  individual  worker,  every  individual 
can  with  equal  justice  and  reason  be  permitted  to  alter  or  amend 
(.s?V)  every  name  he  pleases.  This  calls  to  mind  an  example  of 
this  met  with  some  months  ago,  and  met  with,  too,  in  no  less  a  place 
than  in  the  National  Collection.  Lnprriua  nicked ii  was  named  in 
honour  of  Dr.  Nickerl,  a  well-known  entomological  worker  and  author 
of  Bohemia,  but  what  on  earth  /..  nicredi  was  did  not  seem  apparent 
for  some  time.  Surely  such  individual  idiosyncrasies  should  be 
avoided,  and  by  all  means  kept  out  of  work  on  which  public  money  is 
being  spent.  One  almost  feels  inclined  to  class  this  with  the  now 
notorious  pif/ichiawi,  polip-liixmi,  etc.,  series.  The  subscription  price  of 
the  work  is  one  shilling  for  16  pages,  and  it  is  hoped  to  have  the 
whole  work  completed  in  about  four  years.  L.  B.  Prout  will  be  the 
author  of  the  various  sections  of  the  Genwctrae,  H.  Eltringham  and  K. 
•Jordan  are  responsible  for  the  Arraridae,  H.  G.  Dyar  for  the  fJina- 
codidae,  A.  Pagenstecher  for  the  lAbythddae,  etc. — H.J.T. 


198  THE    entomologist's    RKCUKD. 

i^  0  C  1  E  T  I  E  S . 

The  Entomologicai,  Society  of  London. — March  20lli. — The 
following  weie  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society: — Messrs.  T.  W.  Alien, 
M.A.,  30,  Blenheim  Gardens,  Cricklewood.  N.W.;  Edward  S.  A.  Baynes, 
120,  Warwick  Street,  Eccleston  Square,  S.W.  ;  Gerald  Bedford, 
EntomoloGrist  to  the  Union  of  South  Africa  Dept.  of  Veterinary 
Science,  Oudestepoort,  Transvaal;  Capt.  Kenneth  A.  C.  Doig,  R. A.M. C, 
M.R.C.S.,  F.R.C.P.,  Villa  Sorrento,  York  Road,  Woking;  Messrs. 
Herbert  L.  Earl,  35,  Leicester  Street,  Southport,  Lanes.;  C.  Jenimett, 
Ashford,  Kent,  and  South-Eastern  Airricultural  College,  Wve,  Kent ; 
R.  D'A.  Morrell,  Authors'  Club,  1.  Whitehall  Court,  S.W.';  Charles 
A.  Schunk,  Ewelme,  Wallingford.  The  death  was  announced  of  Mr. 
H.  J.  Adams,  of  Roseneath,  Enfield.  A  Coleopteron  new  to 
Britain. — Commander  J.  J.  Walker  exhibited  specimens  of  Clavitier 
loni/irontis,  Miill.  (with  ('.  festaceiift,  Preyssl.,  for  comparison),  a  species 
of  Colenptern  new  to  the  British  list.  Ants  and  Dipterous  Larvae. — 
Mr.  Donisthorpe  exhibited  specimens  of  Micmdun  mntahilix,  bred  in  his 
observation  nest  of  Formica  fi(.<<ra,  from  Porlock,  also  the  nest  itself 
with  the  ants  and  a  live  larva  of  Microclon  taken  at  Porlock,  April 
27th,  1911,  and  pupa  cases  and  larvae  of  the  Hy  in  spirit.  Mr.  W.  C. 
Crawley  said  that  he  had  found  one  larva  in  a  nest  of  Mifnnica 
riif/inndis  instead  of  the  usual  host   Formica  /W.sca.      Lepidoptera  with 

the    "  NePTIS  "    pattern,    t'OLIiE(;TED    BY    C.    A.     WkJGINS    NEAR    EnTEBBK 

IN  1909. — Professor  Poulton  exhibited  the  insects  in  the  following 
list ;  all  the  specimens  had  been  captured  in  forests  within  a  few 
miles  of  Entebbe,  between  May  23rd  and  July  25th,  1909.  Xe/ititloi'i^is 
ophione,  Cram.,  Xeptin  ineliccrta,  Drury,  A',  m/at/ia,  Stoll.,  X.  nietella. 
Dbl.-Hew.,  xV.  nianiiedes,  Hew.,  var.  qiiintilla,  Mab.,  .V.  neuietes,  Hew., 
N.  mclara,  Boisd.,  A\  nyaiadea,  Hew.,  ab.  cimtinuata,  Holl.,  .V.  pucllu, 
Auriv.,  Deilemera  lenconoe,  Hopff.,  D.  tranaitella,  Strand.  Two  African 
Species  of  the  Danaine  genus  Tirumala  (Melinda)  as  Models,  and 
ONE  AS  a  Mimic— Professor  Poulton  exhibited  T.  j'i)rmosa,  Godman, 
and  its  mimic  Papiiio  rcr,  Oberth.,  from  the  Kikngu  Escarpment,  near 
Nairobi,  British  East  Africa:  the  same  Danaine,  and  the  transitional 
Papiiio  coiiniii.vta,  Auriv.,  from  Nyangori,  at  the  N.E.  corner  of  the 
Victoria  Nyanza;  /'.  merccdonia,  Karsch,  and  Papiiio  niimeticici, 
Rothsch.,  from  Buddu  on  the  W.  shore  of  the  lake  :  and  T.  inorf/cni, 
Plonrath,  with  three  of  its  Amatnis.  models — pai/ftalca,  Plotz,  hecate, 
Butler,  and  an  undetermined  species,  probably  new,  from  the 
Cameroons.  Neptis  swynnkrtoni,  a  new  species  from  S.E.  Rhodesia. 
— Professor  Poulton  exhibited  the  male  and  female  types,  described  by 
Mr.  Rowland  Trimen,  P.R.S.,  together  with  a  specimen  captured  in 
the  garden  at  Chirinda  (3800  ft.)  on  March  28th,  1911,  by  Mr.  C.  F. 
Swynnerton.  Two  W.  African  Lycenid.e  of  thk  genera  Epitola 
and  Hewitsonia. — Professor  Poulton  exhibited  the  three  largest 
L//cfl^;i/'/rt*' captured  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Lamborn,  and  suggested  that  an 
undetermined  pupae  in  the  nest  of  OecoplnjUa  might  possibly  belong  to 
one  of  them.  The  three  large  species  were  Fjiittda  honor iitu,  F.,  male 
and  female,  /*,'.  postliKiims,  F.,  male,  and  Hcnitaonia  hoisdnrali.  Hew., 
male  and  female.  .\mauris  eijialea  stroking  the  brands  of  the 
HiNDwiNGs  WITH  ITS  AN'AL  TUFTS. — Professor  Poultou  exhibited  a  male 
Aiiiaaris  et/ialeo.  Cram.,  recently  received  from   Mr.   W.  A.  Lamborn. 


SOCIETIES.  199 

The  "paper"  enclosing  the  speciuiea  boi-e  the  following  note: — 
"  8  a.m.  Half  mile  [from  Oni  clearing];  January  80th,  1912. 
Observed  flying  up  and  down.  It  then  settled  on  upper  surface  of  leaf 
and  started  to  pass  its  brushes  to  and  i'ro  over  its  scent  patches,  exactly 
as  Aiiiauris  niaciim  did.  Wings  were  rather  over-flexed."  Dr.  F.  A. 
Dixey  and  Professor  Kellogg,  of  California,  commented  on  this  exhibit. 
A/iril  Srtl. — The  following  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society  : — Mr. 
Henry  Hacker,  Queensland  Museum,  Bowen  Bridge  Road,  Brisbane, 
Queensland  ;  Mr.  Cyril  Engelhart  Latour,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad, 
British  West  Indies  ;  Signor  Omzio  Querci,  Macerata,  Marche,  Italy. 
The  Council  having  been  invited  to  elect  Delegates  to  represent  the 
Society  at  various  functions,  the  following  bad  been  elected  : — for  the 
Centenary  Celebration  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Professor  Comstock  and  Dr.  Holland  ;  Professor  Fernald, 
who  had  also  been  elected,  was  unable  to  attend;  for  the  First  Eugenic 
Congress,  in  July,  Professor  Bateson  ;  for  the  250th  Anniversary  of 
the  Royal  Society,  in  July,  the  President;  for  the  International 
Congress  of  Entomology,  in  August,  the  President,  the  Rev.  G. 
Wheeler,  Secretary,  and  Messrs.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  H.  Rowland- 
BroAvn,  and  the  Hon.  W.  Rothschild.  Parasites  on  a  Parasite. — Mr. 
G.  T.  Bethune-Baker  exhibited  a  specimen  oiCi/clo/wdia  hnpei,  Westw., 
a  parasite  on  the  Indian  Flying-fox  ;  this  was  itself  parasitized  by  an 
Aranoi  of  the  Genus  GainaKSKs,  there  being  no  less  than  seventeen  of 
this  small  species  on  one  specimen  of  f.  hopei.  There  being  no  other 
exhibits  and  no  papers  to  be  read,  the  President  said  that  he  thought 
it  would  be  a  good  opportunity  to  discuss  the  important  subject  of 
Nomenclature,  and  a  long  discussion  took  place,  in  which  many  of  the 
Fellows  present  took  part.  Eventually  Mr.  H.  J.  Turner  proposed  that  a 
small  Committee  be  appointed  to  consider  the  subject  of  Nomenclature 
and  report  to  the  June  meeting,  with  a  view  to  the  coming  Interna- 
tional Congress.  This  was  seconded  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Gibbs,  and  carried 
neui.  con.  The  following  Fellows  were  proposed  as  forming  the 
Committee,  and  the  names  being  put  from  the  Chair  were  unanimously 
accepted  : — Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker.  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  Messrs. 
J.  H.  Durrant,  H.  J.  Turner,  C.  0.  Waterhouse  and  Rev.  G.  Wheeler, 
with  power  to  add  to  their  number.  (Subsequently  ]\Ir.  L.  B.  Prout 
was  asked  to  join  this  Committee.) 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. 
—Febniari/  8t/i. — Aberration  of  P.  atalanta.— Mr.  R.  Adkin  ex- 
hibited an  aberration  of  Pijranieis  atalanta  with  a  flesh  coloured  band 
on  the  forewing.  Aberration  of  E.  annulata.— Mr.  Newman,  a  series 
of  Ephyra  annulata  var.  ohsoleta,  in  which  the  discoidal  rings  on  the 
forewings  were  absent.  Microscopic  slides.  —  Messrs.  Mitford, 
Edwards,  Coxhead  and  West  (Ashtead)  exhibited  slides  under  the 
microscope.  Febnianj  22n(l. — Diptera  from  ^Milford. — Mr.  Andrews, 
a  number  of  species  of  the  Tri/iielidae  family  of  the  Diptera,  all  from 
near  Milford  Haven.  Dwarf  C.  edusa. — Mr.  Turner,  a  dwarf  example 
of  Colias  ediisa  from  Villeneuve,  measuring  32mm.  in  expanse.  Lap- 
land Brenthids. — Mr.  Sheldon,  the  Brenthids  he  took  last  year  in 
Lapland,  B.  friijfja,  B.  freija,  B.  polarifi,  &c.,  and  gave  full  notes  on 
their  characteristics  and  habits.  Lantern  slides. — Lantern  slides 
were  exhibited  by  Messrs.  West  (Ashtead),  Dennis,  Tonge  and  Main. 
March  14/A.— Wm.  Bateson,  Esq.,  M.A..  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.,  and  Prof.  E. 


200  THE    KNTO.\[()T,oaiST's    RKrORO. 

B.  Poulton,  D.Sc,  M.A.,  F.R.S..  were  elected  Honorai-y  Members. 
Parasitic  Diptera. — -Mr.  Andrews  exhibited  three  species  of  Si/rphidae 
parasitic  in  their  larval  stage  upon  lepidoptera,  viz..  <  'otnbombo  pi/raxtn, 
XanthandriiR  ci»ntii.<<  and  Melannntowa  mdlinnm.  Aberration  of  N. 
xanthographa. — Mr.  Adkin,  an  extreme  melanic  specimen  of  Xoctiia 
.rantfwfirapha,  taken  in  his  garden  at  Lewisham  in  1911.  Forcei> 
larv^,  etc. — Mr.  Newman,  living  fullfed  larviP  of  Mrlitaco  anrinia, 
fed  on  in  a  temperature  of  60°-70'^,  and  a  pair  of  Satuniio  rar/n'iii  with 
all  the  usual  reddish  markings  of  a  cleai'  yellow.  It  was  bred  from  a 
yellow  3  and  a  red  9  .  New  species  of  Coi.koptera. — j\Ir.  P>lenkarn, 
the  Coleopteron  fJnlipliifi  iwmax,  from  Coatbridge,  recently  new  to 
science.  Larv.t:  of  C.  ediisa. — Mr.  B.  H.  Smith,  a  living  larva  of  ( 'nlias 
ednm,  from  ova  laid  in  October  last,  one  larva  had  already  pupated. 
March  2Sth. — Mr.  C.  P.  Lloyd,  of  Ashford  Common,  Middlesex,  was 
elected  a  member.  Ova. — Mr.  B.  H.  Smith  exhibited  ova  of  Amph-i- 
(lai^iR  strataria,  laid  by  a  9  with  which  he  had  assembled  five  ^  s. 
A  NEW  species  of  Hemiptera. — Mr.  West,  the  specimen  of  Paylla 
albipe.t,  found  by  him  at  Box  Hill  in  October  last,  and  new  to  the 
British  List  of  Hemiptera.  Forced  larv^,  etc. — Mr.  Newman, 
living  examples  of  Melitaea  nunnia  bred  at  a  temperature  of  60°-70°, 
and  full-fed  larvse  of  Dri/ns  pnphia  fed  under  similar  conditions.  He 
called  attention  to  the  extreme  scarcity  of  larva?  of  Arctia  raja  and  of 
Abra.ra.^  iimssiilariata.  Summer  broods  of  Lkptosia. — Mr.  W.  G 
Sheldon,  specimens  of  Lepfrm'a  .tiiiapia  and  //.  ihipnncheli  with  the 
summer  broods  of  the  same,  var.  flhu'ensiH  and  var.  aestira  respectively, 
and  pointed  out  that  the  British  summer  form  of  the  former  species 
was  an  intermediate  form.  Hadena  porphyrea  (satura). — Mr.  R. 
Adkin,  a  specimen  of  Hadena  porphyrea  [satirra),  and  read  a  series  of 
historical  and  critical  notes  on  the  species.  Diptera. — Mr.  Andrews, 
the  Syrphid,  N.  arctieitx,  taken  at  Chattenden  on  March  12th.  New 
aberration  of  M.  oblongoouttata. — Mr.  Aslidnwn.  a  specimen  of 
Mysia  ohlnntioyiittata  ah.  niyrninittata,  from  Oxshott.  in  May,  1911, 
and  recently  described  as  new.  Melanic  D.  applana. — Mr.  Sich,  for 
Mr.  G.  1>.  Routledge,  a  melanic  example  of  lh'prp!<.'<aria  applana  from 
Carlisle.  Callophrys  avis.— Mr.  A.  E.  Tonge,  a  living  specimen  of 
(Jallophrys  ari.t,  bred  ab.  am.  Ornithoptera. — Mr.  Fjdwards,  examples 
of  the  closely  allied  Ornithoptera,  (>.  lyilinx  and  O.  rrorsKs.  Larva  of 
SiALis  i.utaria. — Mr.  H.  Main,  the  larva  of  the  alder-Hy,  Siali:<  hitaria. 
April  llfh, — Races,  etc.,  of  P.  napi. — Mr.  Gibbs,  long  series  and  speci- 
mens of  Pierix  napi  from  various  British  localities,  and  pointed  out 
their  racial  characters  with  reference  to  various  continental  races  and 
forms.  Hybrids  and  aberrations  of  Lepidoptera. — Mr.  Cowham, 
hybrid  Xyssia  r.nnaria  and  Hi^iton  kirtaria,  varied  series  of  Hybernia 
lencopliaearia  and  H.  marfiinaria,  small  forms  of  Ijcncania  pallrns 
probalily  of  the  2nd  brood,  and  bred  specimens  of  Xnnoaoma 
pendularia  from  O.Kshott,  referable  to  the  rosy  form  var.  Kid)rnxeata. 
Races  of  M.  aukinia. — Mrs.  Hemming,  bred  series  of  Melitaea  anrinia; 
the  Carlisle  series  included  a  melanic  form  and  var.  viryata,  the  Welsh 
series  included  forms  with  very  red  ground  colour,  and  the  Oxford 
series  contained  very  pale  specimens  as  well  as  a  specimen  closely 
resembling  .1/.  rinj-ia.  Larv.'e  of  R.  phi.^as.  —  Mr.  Quarrington, 
living  larvfe  of  Rimiiria  phla-'as  taken  wild  on  April  7th  and  10th. 
Larvae    of    Lepiooptera. — Mr.   Newman,   full-fed    larviw    of    Abraxas 


SOCIETIES.  201 

iirossulariatti,  kepL  in  sleeves  out-doors,  and  living  pupae  of  Dryay 
jiaphia  and  M.  at^ialhi.  Dr.  Chapman,  living  larvEB  of  Leioptilvs 
tephradactyld.  H.  andrknaeformis  larvae. — Mr.  Tonge,  a  branch  of 
Viburnnin  from  Tilgafce  with  four  larv*  of  .Eijeria  andrencufaruiis. 
Abundance  of  B.  hirtaria. — Mr.  Coltbrup,  noted  the  abundance  of 
liistun  liirtaiiu,  this  season  especially  around  London.  Paper  on 
Variktal,  Names. — Mr.  R.  Adkin,  many  examples  of  named  varieties  of 
British  Lepidoptera  to  illu.strate  his  paper  entitled,  "  Varietal 
names  as  applied  to  British  Lepidoptera."  April  25tk. — 
Stereoscope. — Mr.  Dennis  exhibited  a  stereoscope  fitted  up  so 
as  to  show  diminution  and  intensification  of  the  stereoscopic 
effect.  BoRNEAN  Lepidoptera. — Mr.  H.  Moore,  Lepidoptera  from 
Karang,  N.  Borneo  including  Papilio  paraduxna  var.  telesides,  Hestia 
/lypcnnnestra  and  var.  beliiui,  Heatia  b/ncciis,  a  large  species  of  }\ijctale- 
nion,  etc.  The  genus  Char.axes. — Mr.  Edwards,  several  species  of  the 
genus  Charaxex  from  Central  and  South  America,  and  a  Cucullia 
rerbanci  which  had  been  two  years  in  pupa.  Early  emergence. — Mr. 
Lucas  reported  that  Boannia  cinctaria  was  out  on  April  5th.  Lantern 
SLIDES. — The  rest  of  the  evening  was  given  ap  to  the  exhibition  of 
lantern  slides  by  Messrs.  Dennis,  Lucas  and  Edwards,  the  last  named 
showing  slides  illustrative  of  the  anomalous  animal  the  Peripatm. 
Muij  9th. — -Mr.  J.  E.  Gardner,  of  Upper  Clapton,  was  elected  a  member. 
Local  race  of  H.  leucoph/i:aria. — Mr.  Jitger,  for  Miss  Edwards,  a 
series  of  Hybemia  lcnr«pli(miia,  from  E.  Grinstead,  with  which  a  large 
percentage  of  var.  uniniKirinaria  had  occurred  this  year.  D.  luteago 
variation. — Mr.  R.  Adkin,  specimens  of  Diant/ioi'cia  lateagu,  and  read 
notes  on  the  two  varietal  forms  barrettii  and  Jicklini.  Labelling 
Insects. — W.  E.  Adkin  then  read  a  paper  entitled  "  Labelling 
Entomological  Specimens,"  after  which  a  considerable  discussion  took 
place.  May  23rd. — Diptera. — Mr.  H.  W.  Andrews  exhibited  specimens 
of  the  Dipteron  Brachyupa  bicolor  a  Syrphid  from  Bexley,  with  the 
Anthomyiid  Hyctodeda  scatellariti,  which  it  closely  resembled.  Rapid 
Development  of  P.  lecheana.— W.  Alfred  Sich,  specimens  of 
I'tycliulunia  icclieana,  bred  on  May  2Brd,  from  larvfe  taken  at  Richmond 
on  May  11th.  D.  bifida  Cocoon. — Mr.  Cowham,  a  cocoon  of 
IHcranitra  bifida  from  which  he  had  observed  the  imago  emerge  after 
softening  a  portion  with  a  fluid  which  it  had  secreted.  S.  orion  Larva 
a  Miner. -  Dr.  Chapman,  a  larva  of  Scuiitantides  orion  in  its  first 
instar  mining  between  the  cuticles  of  a  leaf  of  Sedtini  telepkium.  The 
GENUS  Co'^nonympha. — Mr.  A.  E.  Gibbs,  a  large  number  of  species  of 
the  genus  ('oenonymjiha  and  read  notes  on  the  variation, characteristics 
iind  distribution  of  the  various  species  in  the  Pahearctic  and  Nearctic 
areas.  Mr.  Kaye,  the  genus  Coenonyinp/ia,  referring  particularly  to 
the  large  size  and  minute  ocelli  of  the  undersides  in  Irish  specimens  of 
' '.  tiphon.  Mr.  R.  Adkin,  ('.  tiphim  from  English,  Scotch  and  Irish 
localities  and  remarked  on  their  general  local  characteristics,  and  (.'. 
paniphilns,  referring  to  the  varied  development  of  the  eye-spots.  Mr. 
Sheldon,  tine  series  of  the  rarer  species,  <'.  hero,  C.  oedippas  and  (•. 
iphioidcs  and  remarked  on  the  unaccountable  absence  from  Britain  of 
the  extremely  common  European  species  (.'.  arcania.  Mr.  Curwen, 
long  and  varied  series  of  C.  pa)iiphilns  and  ( '.  duras  and  called  attention 
to  the  occasional  development  of  a  row  of  sub-marginal  spots  on  the 
forcwing.     Mr.  Edwards,  series  of  several  species  including  dark  ('. 


202  tHE  entomolooist's  record. 

arcania  and  species  of  the  allied  genus  Hi/pocistina  from  Australia. 
Ml'.  Turner,  series  of  various  Paliearctic  and  Nearctic  species,  including 
C  elko  from  Vancouver.  ,fiiue  'i'drd. — A  Rark  Orthopteron,  etc.— 
Mr.  West  (Greenwich)  exhibited  the  very  scarce  Orthopteron,  Plnti/deis 
roeselii  iwm  Greenwich,  with  1'.  i/risca,  1'.  braclti/ptera,  and  Tkanniotrizon 
clnereiis,  closely  allied  species,  for  comparison,  and  also  the  destructive 
Dipteron,  Mciedon  eiinestris,  bred  from  daffodil  l)ulbs.  Mr.  Lucas,  P. 
roeselii  from  N.  Essex.  Local  Species  from  the  Isle  of  Wight. — 
Mr.  Blenkarn,  Anthiocera  trifoUi  ab.  inuioides  from  Bembridge,  a  form 
new  to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  Sinloauina  nrttcat  from  Sandown 
marshes,  with  an  example  of  Colzas  edusa.  Of  Odonata  he  showed 
Caloptenjx  apLendenn  from  Brading;  of  Coleoptera.  Dichirottichus 
pubeacem  from  Bembridge,  with  four  perfect  legs  on  the  left  side ; 
Opillio  iiiolis,  a  local  species  from  W.  Wickham,  on  oak;  and  Bcmbidinm 
ephippiiiiii.  from  Culver  Cliffs,  a  rare  record  for  the  Isle  of  Wight.  A 
Gynandrojiorph. — Mr.  L.  W.  Newman,  a  gynandromorph  of  Amorpha 
popiili  bred,  the  left  $  a  vivid  pink  and  large,  the  right  S  normal  and 
small,  the  antennae  both  $  .  Also  living  pupa  of  Pochnubia  lujperborea 
and  a  stump  of  birch  from  which  sixteen  pupa  cases  of  Aeneria  cnlici- 
formu  were  projecting.  Early  stage  of  a  Wasp's  Nest. — Mr.  A.  E. 
Tonge,  the  commencement  of  the  nest  of  the  Common  Wasp,  Vespa 
vnliiaria,  and  wild  laid  ova  of  Aeijeria  tipidi/orniis  on  the  twig  of  a  cur- 
rant-bush mid-way  between  the  nodes.  Immigrant  butterflies. — Mrs. 
Hemming  communicated  a  note  on  the  occurrence  of  L'olias  on  the  8. 
Downs,  the  obtaining  of  ova  from  a  captured  ?  ,  and  the  habits  of 
the  young  larvte.  Many  Pi/rameis  cardui  were  seen  at  the  same  time. 
A  Local  Coleophora. — Mr.  Sich,  larval  cases  of  Culeophora  discordella 
from  Folkestone  Leas.  A  "  Walking  Stick." — Mr.  Hall,  the  Orthop- 
teron known  as  Dixippm  uwrosns  {Linchudes  sp.).  Tortrix  teucriana. 
— Mr.  Adkin,  the  series  of  Tortrix  teucriana  from  the  "Tutt"  collection 
and  read  notes  on  the  species. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — b ebniary  \Qtk. 
— Mendelian  and  other  results  of  Breeding. — Mr.  Wm.  Mansbridge 
contributed  notes  on  "  Breeding  experiments  with  the  black  race  of 
lioariiiia  repandata  var.  nii/ra,"  and  summarised  the  results  as 
follows: — In  1909  (a)  a  wild  $  of  the  local  type  form  gave  all  var. 
niijra  ;  (b)  a  wild  $  var.  }ii(fra  gave  all  black  moths  ;  (c)  a  pairing  of 
nigra  J  and  type  $  gave  all  types.  In  1910  (a)  type  x  type  gave 
66'6%  type  and  83-3%  var.  ni;ira  ;  [b)  nigra  x  nigra  gave  92%  niiira  and 
8%  type  ;  and  {c)  nigra  x  nigra  gave  96%  nigra  and  4%  type.  While 
in  1911  (a)  type  x  type  gave  all  type;  (6)  nigra  <J  X  type  J  gave  all 
nigra;  (c)  nigra  x  nigra  gave  95-7%,  nigra  and  4-3%  type;  and  ('/)  a 
second  experiment  of  the  same  gave  70-5%  nigra  and  29'5';o  type.  In 
1910  moihs  from  the  broods  (a)  and  (c)  were  used  for  the  cross 
pairings  of  type  and  variety,  the  others  being  inbred,  and  in  1911  all 
were  inbred.  Irish  P.  icarus. — Dr.  Tinne  exhibited  Pulgonimatns  icarnn 
from  North  Ireland,  including  very  blue  females.  March  ISlh. — The 
Leaf  Insect.  —  Mr.  H.  S.  Leigh  read  a  paper  dealing  with  a  few 
points  connected  with  the  life  history  and  habits  of  the  Leaf  Insect, 
Pulchrip/igLliiiia  cnirif'olium,  Serv.,  and  the  Praying  Insect,  Sphndro- 
mantis  guttata,  Thunb.  After  remarking  that  the  metamorphosis  of 
the  Leaf  Insect  and  Praying  Insect  is  slight — young  individuals  being 
very  similar  to  the  adults  in  general  appearance — some  of  the  results 


OBITUAEV.  20S 

of  breeding  experiments  with  these  insects  were  briefly  described. 
The  wonderful  similarity,  both  in  form  and  habits  of  the  Leaf  Insect 
to  various  plant  structures  was  remarked  upon,  and  it  was  pointed  out 
that  development  is  slow  and  requires  considerable  heat  and  moisture 
for  it^  continuance,  restricting  the  geographical  distribution  of  these 
creatares  to  some  of  the  islands  of  the  Tropical  Zone.  Sexual 
dimorphism  is  very  pronounced,  the  females  being  large  and 
foliaceous,  whilst  the  males  are  much  more  elongate  and  are 
not,  therefore,  so  leaf-like  in  appearance.  The  feeding  habits 
of  S.  iinttata  were  described  in  some  detail,  as  were  also  the 
methods  of  oviposition  obtaining  in  the  two  families  under  considera- 
tion. The  Mcuititlae  possess  some  strange  modifications  in  structure, 
resulting  from  their  carnivorous  habits.  Thus,  the  front  legs, 
which  are  modified  for  the  seizure  of  prey,  are  developed  to  an 
extent  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  same  limbs  in  other  insects. 
The  Mantidae  enjoy  a  wider  distribution  than  the  Phasmidae, 
being  abundantly  represented  in  all  the  warmer  regions  of  the 
world,  including  South  Europe.  P.  argus  (iEGON). — Dr.  P.  F. 
Tinne  exhibited  I'lebcim  anjits  (aeyoii),  from  the  Mew  Forest  and  other 
localities.  April  lot/i.  —  Lepidopteiia  of  Wickkn.  —  The  Rev,  S. 
Proudfoot,  of  Altrincham,  communicated  a  paper,  "  Collecting  in 
Wicken  and  District,"  in  which  he  gave  a  most  interesting  resume  of 
his  experiences  in  the  district  among  the  Lepidoptera,  describing  the 
various  methods  of  collecting  practised,  and  enumerating  the  special 
msects  peculiar  to  Fenland.  Madeiran  butterflies. — Dr.  Tinne 
exhibited  a  drawer  of  Madeiran  Rhopalocera,  comprising  rijmincis 
utalanta  and  var.  Cidlirue,  L'yranieii^  cardtii,  hsuria  lathonia,  doiias 
eilima,  a>nd  ^iatyius  aentele.  Neuroptera. — Mr.  Leonard  West  brought 
live  specimens  of  Taenioi>teri/.v  nebtdom  and  yainoura  inconspicua  from 
Heapy,  near  Chorley.  Aberrations  of  Lepidoptera. — Mr.  Wm. 
Mansbridge  showed  a  fine  intermediate  variety  oi  Anii'lddads  betularia, 
bred  from  a  wild  larva  taken  at  Simon's  Wood,  Lanes.,  and  a  uni- 
colorous  fuscous-grey  aberration  of  Scvparia  ambi(iualis,  from 
Burnley.  Saturniid.e. — Mr.  Oscar  Whitaker  exhibited  a  pair  of  Attacus 
orizu/ia  bred  on  Willow. 


<D  B  I  T  U  AR  Y. 

Professor  John  Bernard  Smith. 

Two  books  on  our  Library  shelves  recall  the  above  name  to  us, 
one  is  Economic  Kntoinoloiji/,  an  example  of  those  admirable  summaries 
of  Entomological  Science,  serving  the  double  purpose  of  an  introduction 
to  Entomology  in  general  and  as  a  book  of  reference  for  those  interested 
in  economic  Agriculture,  etc.,  the  other  book  is  A  Catalogue  nf  the 
Lepidopteroiifi  SHpcrj'aiiiilij  yoctiiidae  found  in  Boreal  America,  a  useful 
book  of  reference  for  systematists  and  students. 

.John  Bernard  Smith  was  born  in  New  York  in  1858,  and  was 
brought  up  to  the  practice  of  law.  But  in  1884  the  uncongenial 
nature  of  this  profession  conquered  him  and  he  accepted  an  appoint- 
ment in  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  going  as  Curator  in  1886  to 
the  U.S.  National  Museum  at  Washington.  During  the  three  years  of 
his  work  in  that  institution  he  published  some  excellent  works 
mcluding  a   Monouraph  of  the  Sphinyidtp  of  America  north  of  Mexico,  A 


204  THE  kntomologist's  record. 

Preliininani  (  ataLoiiae  of  the  Arctiidae  of  Tetnperati'  Xorth  America,  A 
Revision  ot  the  Lejiidofitennis  f'\i)nily  >iatuttiiidae,  and  commenced  his 
various  contributions  to  a  knowledge  of  the  Family  Xvctuidae  in  which 
he  later  on  became  a  reco,t(nised  authority.  In  1889  he  hecanif 
Professor  of  Entomology  at  Rutger's  College  and  entomologist  to  the 
New  Jersey  Agricultural  l^xperiraental  Station  at  New  Brunswick, 
positions  which  he  held  to  the  time  of  his  death.  Of 
course  much  of  his  work  was  on  the  lines  of  official  economic 
research  and  the  preparation  of  reports,  bulletins,  etc.,  of  which  many 
admirable  issues  were  given  forth.  Still  he  found  time  to  work  hard 
at  his  favourite  group  the  X(ictiiid(c,  to  set  forth  some  startling  views 
on  the  homologies  of  the  mouth  organs  in  his  ( 'ontribntion  tuu-ard  o 
l.-nowledge  of'  the  Mouth  Parts  of  the  Diptera,  to  take  an  intense 
practical  interests  in  the  question  of  the  extermination  of  the 
mosquito,  concerning  which  his  suggestions  of  ditching  the  marshes, 
has  proved  eminently  successful,  and  also  to  write  articles  and  books 
on  the  popular  side  of  the  study  of  insects.  He  was  a  strong  supporter 
of  Societies,  fully  recognising  that  they  were  indispensable  both  for 
keeping  up  the  public  interest  in  Entomology  and  for  bringing  students 
of  insect  economy  together  for  their  mutual  benefit  and  advancement. 
His  views  on  this  were  practical,  for  he  was  not  only  a  member,  but 
an  active  member,  in  all  the  societies  he  could  get  in  touch  with,  at 
one  tnue  or  another  serving  as  president,  secretary,  or  editor  of 
transactions  and  proceedings,  or  giving  his  services  to  read  papers  and 
to  lecture.  There  is  a  portrait  of  him  in  the  Kiit.  Xeirs  for  May  to 
wliich  magazine  we  are  indebted  for  the  above  details. — H.J.T. 


Robert  Walter  Campbell   Shelford. 

By  the  death,  on  June  22nd,  of  Robert  Walter  Campbell  Shelford, 
the  science  of  entomology  has  lost  an  indefatigable  worker.  It  will 
be  long  before  his  place  can  be  filled.  Although  his  mature  work  was 
chiefly  concerned  with  the  Hlattltlae,  Shelford's  interests  as  a  naturalist 
covered  an  unusually  wide  field.  He  had  written  upon  anthropo 
logical  subjects,  flying  snakes,  and  insect  mimicry,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  preparing  a  natural  history  of  Borneo. 

Shelford  was  born  at  Singapore,  August  8rd,  1872.  He  was  educated 
at  King's  College  School  and  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  a  second  class  in  both  parts  of  the  Natural  Science  Tripos.  In 
1895  he  became  a  demonstrator  in  biology  under  Prof.''  L.  C  Miall 
at  the  Yorkshire  College,  Leeds.  In  1897  he  became  Curator  of  Rajah 
lU'ooke's  Sarawak  Museum  at  Kuching,  a  position  which  he  retained 
for  seven  years.  The  excellent  work  he  did  in  the  museum  and  his 
bright,  energetic  ])ers()nality  will  long  l)e  remembered  by  the  iMiropean 
colony.  After  travelling  for  seveial  iiionths  in  the  Malay  Archipelago 
Shelford  came  to  Oxford  in  the  autunni  o(  1905  as  .Assistant  Curatoi' 
of  the  Hope  Collections.  Heat  once  began  his  important  study  of  the 
Ulattidae,  in  the  course  of  which  he  worked  out  all  the  important 
European  collections  and  wrote  a  long  series  of  admirable  memoirs. 

Shelford  had,  as  a  child,  contracted  tubercular  disease  of  the  hip- 
joint  as  the  result  of  a  fall  downstairs.  A  fall  from  a  rickshaw  in 
Jiorneo  was  followed  by  a  reappearance  of  the  old  trouble,  but  he 
made  a  good  recovery.  An  accidental  slip  caused  the  disease  to  break 
out  again  in  April,  1909,  and  led  to  the  terrible  suffering  of  his  last 
illness. — E.  H.  Poulton. 


WATKINS     &     DONCASTER, 
Naturalists  and  Maiiiifactiirers  of  Entomological  Apparatus  and  Cabinets. 

Plain  lliiig  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  1/b,  2/-,  2/0,  8/-.  l-'olding  Nff-^.  ;-i/6, 
4/-,  4/6.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7/-.  Pocket  JJoxes  (deal),  Gd.,  ltd..  1/-,  1/(5.  Zinc 
Collecting  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-.  1/ti,  2/-.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen,  1  gross,  1/6. 
Entomological  Pins,  1/6  per  ounce.  Pocket  Lanlerns,  2/6  to  8/-.  Sugaring  Tin,  with 
brush,  1/6,  2/-.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use,  1/9  per  tin.  Store-Bo.xes,  with  camphor 
cells,  2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  6/-.  Setting-Boards,  fiat  or  oval,  lin..  6d. ;  iiin..  8d.;  2in.,  lOd.;  2^in.. 
1/-;  3^in..  1/4;  4in..  1/6;  Sin. .  1/10;  Complete  Set  of  fourte'en  Boards.  10/6.  Setting 
Houses,  9/6,  11/6;  corked  back,  14/  .  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d..  1/-,  1/6.  Breeding  Cage, 
2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  7/6.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube,  1/6.  1/8.  Botanical  Cases, 
japanned  double  tin.  1/6  to  4/6.  Botanical  Paper.  1/1.  1/4.  1/9,  2/2  per  quire.  Insect 
Glazed  Cases,  2/6  to  11/-.  Cement  for  replacing  Antenna2  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
1/6,  2/-,  2/6  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  '6^,  best  quality-  1/6  per  ctozen  sheets.  Brass 
Chloroforni  Bottle.  2/6.  Insect  Lens,  1/-  to  8/-.  Glass-top  and  Glass-bottomed  Boxes, 
from  1/-  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.  to  1/-.  Pupa  Digger,  in  leather  sheath,  1/9. 
Taxidermist's  Conipanion,  containing  most  necessary  implements  for  skinning.  10/6. 
Scalpels,  1/3  ;  Scissors,  2/- per  pair;  Eggdrills,  2d.,  Hd.,  9d. ;  Blowpipes.  4d. ;  Artificial 
Eyes  for  Birds  and  Animals.  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies.  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs, 
2d.,  3d.,  6d.;  ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  '2d.    Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs.  etc. 

SILVER  PINS  for  collectors  of  Microljepidoptera.  etc..  as  w-ell  as  minute  insects  of 
all  other  families. 

We  stock  various  sizes  and  lengths  of  these  Silver  Pins  which  have  certain  adviinlHge.s. 
over  the  entomological  pins  (whether  enamelled  black  or  silver  or  gilt). 

For  instance,  insects  liable  to  become  greasy  and  to  verdigris  like  Sefiiilne.  Hi-.,  ar* 
best  pinned  on  Silver  Pins  which  will  last  much  longer  than  ordinary  pins. 

We  shall  be  pleased  to  send  pattern  cards  on  application. 

SHOW    ROOM    FOR    CABINETS 

Of  a\f.i\   description  ot  Insects,  Bikds'  I'ioiis,  Coins,  Mititoscopic.^i.  Ob.iecis,   l''...ssii.-i,  .tr 

Catalogue  (100  pages)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

I.AHOK  STOCK  OF  INSECTS   AND  RIRDS'  EGGS  (Bril^sVi,  European,  and   Kxoti.). 
Birds,  Mamiiiah,  etc.,  Preserred  nitd  Moimtetl  hji  Firxt  rlaKS   H'orkmeit. 

36,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C.,  ENGLAND. 

Synopsis  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Western  Europe, 

By   MALCOLM   BURR,    O.Sc,,    F.Z.8.,    F.LS..   F.E.8.,  &c. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  160  pp.,  with  good  Index  (Specific  and  Generic). 

Price    3sm    net. 

A  pocket  handbook  for  the  use  of  collectors  in  the   held.     Covers  all  .spec'es  lourul  \\e&{ 
of  the  Carpathian   Mts.     Description  of  each  species,  habits,  habitats  and  distribution 

Mill  hf  sent  /'(».</  l-'rrr  an  rrccipt  of  Postal  Order  for  3s.  to 

A.    H.,    41,    Wisteria    Road,     Lewisham,    S.E. 

NEWMAN'S  RELAXING  TINS. 

You  can't  do  without  these,  they  keep  your  insects  in  fine  setting  condition  for 
weeks  if  you  are  too  busy  to  set  them  tii,  once;  they  relax  old  specimens  to  perfection . 
Hundreds  sold  yearly,  and  testimonials  always  being  received.  Prices,  2s.  4d.  and 
3s.  lid.,  post  free. 

If  you  have  not  yet  received  any  price  lists  of  Ova.  I,m{v.t,.  and  Prii;.  also  .Sh  r 
Insects,  write  at  once  for  them  :  many  Bakoaixs 

Larvae  per  dozen  :  C.  edusa,  4s.  :  \'.  cardui.  U.  ;  V.  ataiania.  Is.  ;  Hyuku-.  Ocei 
lalusxPopuli.  30s.  ;  Hybrii'.  Pendularia  x  Oniicronaria,  30s. ;  Zonaria  j  x  Hirtaria  ?, 
5s.;  Zonaria  9  vHirtaria  <j.^<.:  Cucullin;i.  ts,  :  Trf-jiid;.  :i-  ■  l'.v..lr,,<M...ri'.  U  :  .,nri 
madv  others. 


L.     W.     NEWMAN,     F.E.S.,     Bexley.     Kent. 


CONTENTS. 

fAOB. 

A  Foriuigbt  at  Gavaiuie.   Haute-Pyroni'es,   d.  I .  lietltime-Jiaknr,   F.Jj.S.,  F.Z.S., 

F.E.S.     (Concluded!)     With  2  plates  157 

The  Season   of  1911   in  the  Abertillery  District  of  Monmouthshire.  IV.  RfH  Smith. 

(Concluded.)       ' ..       162 

Record^;  of  Local  Coleoptera.  1.  (ieodephaga,  G.  ))'.  Nicholson,  M.A.,  M.D.,  F.E.S.  168 
On  a  Malfoimation  of  Hydrcecia  paludis,  T.  A.  ChaiJiiiau,  M.l).  With  1  plate  ..  169 
The  Maltovmation  of  the  Genitalia  of  Hydnecia  paludis,  F.  N.  Pierce,  F.E.S.    With 

I  plate     . .  . .  •         . .      ■  . .  171 

Notes  on  the  JiCpidoptera  in  and  around  Gibraltai.    1911   and   19r2,   Lieut.   G.  G. 

Wood  wind,  Ji.  N 172 

Thi-  Value  of  I'lotectivt;  lieseniblanee  in  Motlis.  Lieut. -Col.  N.  M<nider>:,  Ix.A.M.C., 

F.E.S ' 174 

Notes  on  Collecting  in  1911,  f.  IF.  C'oif/(/-«7J.     (Concluded.)..  176 

Nomenclature.  Hy.  ;/.  Turner,  E.F..S.     ..  ..  ..  ..  178 

Moths  on  trunks  of  Apple  Trees,  Alfred  Sich,  F.E.S 181 

Notes  on  the  Various  Species  of  the  Genus  Coleophora,  Hy.  J.  Turner,  F.E.S.  . .  183 
NoTUfi  ON  Coij.KCTiNo,  KTc. : — Types  of  Lepidoptera,  U.  J.  Turner,  F.E.S.:  Occur- 
rence of  Triogma  trisulcata.  Schunim,  R.  V.  Bradley :  Spring  Notes, 
//.  Moore,  F.E.S.;  Phryxns  livornica  at  Coventry,  E.  H.  Sills;  Phryxus 
livornica  at  Cromer,  F.  H.  Hmxluy.  F.G.S.,  F.P\S. ;  Larviu  of  Coleophora 
(liscordeila.  .1.  Sich.  F.F..S.;  White  ovum  of  Dicranura  vinula.  Id.  ;  Notes  on 
Lycrt'iiii  zcphyius  var.  uhryki,  Hebel,  Hon.  X.  ('.  liotlisclrild,  F.X.S.,  F.E.S.; 
\n  easy  method  of  getting  full-fed  larva;  of  Cossus  ligniperda  larvae  from  the 
trunks  of  infected  trees,  C  W.  Colthrnp :  Notes  in  late  May  and  early  June, 
F.   G.    Whittle:    Hylocoetus   dermestoides  from    Loch    Lomond,    Richard    S. 

fiayuaU,  F.E.S.:   F^^astbourne  Notes,  IJuyh  Main,  B.Sc,  F.F.S 189 

Scikntifk;  Notks  .\n'i>  Obseuv.vtionK":  -  Pupation  of  TUenthis  euphiosyne,  •/.  F.  liird       192 

CUKRKNT    NoiKS  '.NNli    SuORT    NoTICES  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  193 

Rfvikvvs  .vm)  Nottcks  of  Books:  Proceedings  of  the  S.  London  Entomological 
and  Natural  History  Society,  1911  12;  Lepidoptorum  Catalogns :  edited  by 
Chr.  Aurivillius  and  H.  Wagner       . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .        19.t 

Hkj'orts  01  Societies  ;-  The  Entomological  Society  of  London;  the  South  London 
Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  ;  The  Lancashire  and  Cheshire 
Entomological  Society. .  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..       198 

Ohituary  :-    Profe.ssor  John   liernard   Smith.    H.    1 .  7'..     Uobert  Walter  Campbell 

Shelford,  E.  B.  Poulton  203 


Seasonal  notes  on  British  Lepidoptera  will  appear  in  due  nouvse  from  C.  W.  Colthrup, 
K.  G.  Whittle,  A.  Eussell,  Alf.  Sich,  H.  Ashton  Nichols,  etc. 

All  MS.  and  editorial  matter  should  be  sent  and  all  proofs  returned  to  H\.  J.  Tdrnek, 
1<H,  Drakefell  Koad,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

Rambles   in    Alpine   Valleys. 

linmid  in  C'lotli.  with  Map  and  Pliologiaphs  of  District. 

Price  3s.  lid. 

I  ni.s  i.Miuiv  luntainN  ii  ,si;iies  ol  es.says  dealing  with  the  colours  of  insects,  anu  suyges 

lions  as  to  the  relation   in   past  time  between  the  Alpine  and  British  fauna.     Many  new 

inKit^  lire  liroiiKlit  fovwjird,  Huri  cntomologicsil  problems  discussed  from  various  standpoints. 

Woodside,    Burnside,   Hillside   and    Marsh. 

(Crown  Hvo..  lllnsiriite<i,  '1'1\   pp.  and   1(13  vvot^icut^^  and   full-page  illustrations.     Bound 

in  Cloth.  (Price  2/61. 
.\nolher  .«,t'ii<'s  of  collecting  expeditions  into  well-known  entomological  and  natural 
histor\  localities,  with  description  of  botanical,  geological,  ornithological  as  well  as 
♦■ntomological  matters  of  interest  to  be  found  therein.  The  places  dealt  with  include 
Cobham  Woods,  Cuxton  Dow)is.  the  Western  Highlands,  ClitTe  all  well  known  for  their 
rich  ent'imological  fauna. 

To  lif  obtained  from  .1.  HKiutKHi  Tiitt,  22,  Krant'emiirx  Hond,  Ladywell  Hoad, 
Bruckley,   S.R. 

Random    Recollections   of  Woodland,   Fen,    and    Hill. 

i;.v   .1.    W.  TliTT,   K.K.S. 

Iioinui  in  Cloth,  Crown  Svo.     Price  Three  Shillings  net. 

A  detailed  account  of  the  fauna  and   flora  of  some   well-known   British  natural  liistory 
localities  :  -  Wicken,  Deal,  Chattenden,  the  Medway  Marshes,  isle  of  Wight,  etc. 

I'ostal  Ordei>  to 
Mr    J.  HERBERT  TUTT,    22.  Franceniary   Road,    Ladywell  Road,  Biockle.y.  8.E 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECOF 

AND 

JOURNAL    OF   VARIATIC 

Edited  by 

Richard  S.  BAGNALL,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s.  |    T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  m.d.,f.z.8., 


T.  HUDSON  BEARE, 

li.SC,    F.K.H.,  F.R.S.K. 

George  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER, 

f.z.s.,  f.l.s. ,  f.e.s. 
m.  burr,  d.sc,  f.z.s.,  f.l.s.,  f.k.s. 
(Rev.)  C.  R.  N.  BURROWS,  f.e.s. 


Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  F.E.S. 

H.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORP] 

F.7..S., 

Alfred  SICH,  f.e.s. 

J.  R.  le  B.  TOMLIN,  M.A.,  F.l 

George  WHEELER,  m.a.,  f 


Heney   J.   TURNER,   f.e.s., 
Editorial  Secretary. 


SEPTEMBER    Idth,    1912. 


Price    SIXPENCE  (net). 

(WITH    PLATE.) 

scription  for   Complete  Volume,    post 

(Inchidiiig  all  DOUBLE  NUIMBERS,  elc.i 
SEVEM      SH1L,L.  IMGS. 

TO    HE    I'OllWAllDED    TO 

HERBERT   E.   PAGE,   F.E.S, 

"  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E 


Yf^ 


(?V 


LONDON : 

ELLIOT  STOCK,  62,  Patkknostkr  Row,  E.( 

BERLIN  : 

E.  FRIEDLANDER  &  SOHN, 

11,  Cahlstkasse,  N.W. 


STEVENS'     AUCTION     ROOMS.      (Estd.    1760.) 


Mr.   J.   C.    STEVENS  will  offer  for  Sale  by  Auction  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  on 

TUESDAY,    SEPTEMBER    24th,    1912. 

The  Remaining  Portion  of  the 

COLLECTION  OF  LEPIOOPTERA, 

formed  by  the  late 

J.     \Rr.    TXJTT,    F.E.S. 

Comprising  the  Sphingids,  several  hybrids,  galii,  bred  by  Tugwell, 
(Egeriids  (in  good  condition),  whole  of  Bombyces,  Nolidae,  etc.  Also 
long  and  varied  series  of  British  and  Continental  Anthrocerid8e,  in 
course  of  re-arrangeraent  [vuh  "  Brit.  Lep.,"  vol.  i.),  Continental 
Lithosiids,  Pterophoridae    and  L.  Goridon   from  very  many  localities. 


Catalogues  may  be  had  on  application  seven  days  prior  to  the  sale. 

OVA,  LARV/E,  AND  PUP/E. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  W.  HEAD,  ©tttomolcratst, 

3URNISXON,    Nr.    SeT^RBOROUGH. 

/*'u//    Lint  of  Ova,  Larrae,  and    Pupae,  also  Lepidoptera,  Apparatus,  Cabinets, 

etc.,  aent  on  application. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LEPIDOPTERA    &    LARV^     A    SPECIALITY. 

Photographed  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c., 

By  same   Colour  Process. 
LANTERN  SfiinES  MADE  TO  ORDER    PROM   ANY  SPECIMEN   OR  COLOUREDIDRAWING. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OF  LARVAE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET.  . 

For  List  apply  to — 

CHARLES    D.    HEAD,    2,    Mount    Vernon,    Dollymount,    DUBLIN. 


Vol.  XXIV. 


Plate  X. 


"M.  e^ 


The  EntomologisV 8  Record,  1912. 


ROBERT    SHBLFORD.  205 

Robert  Shelford. 

By  MALCOLM  BURK,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

Entomology  has  indeed  suffered  a  severe  loss  in  the  distressing 
death  of  Robert  Shelford. 

He  was  born  in  Singapore  on  August  3rd,  1872,  and  thus  was  cut 
off  before  completing  his  fortieth  year.  Educated  at  first  privately, 
and  then  at  King's  College,  London,  he  went  to  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  passed  second  in  the  Science  schools.  He  thus 
entered  upon  his  career  with  a  wide  and  thorough  scientific  education. 

His  first  appointment,  as  a  teacher  of  Physiology  at  Leeds,  was 
abandoned  comparatively  early  for  the  Curatorship  of  Kajah  Brook's 
Museum  at  Kuching  in  Sarawak.  Here  he  spent  seven  years,  which 
must  have  been  a  continual  source  of  delight  to  a  man  of  his  tastes, 
education  and  powers  of  observation. 

Returning  to  England  he  took  up  his  abode  at  Oxford,  where  he 
undertook  the  re-arrangement  of  the  rich  collection  of  Orthoptera  in 
the  Hope  Department  of  the  University  Museum  of  Zoology. 

He  found  the  Blattidac  in  great  need  of  revision,  and  proceeded  to 
revise  the  group.  Ho  set  himself  to  do  this  task  with  characteristic 
energy  and  thoroughness.  He  entered  into  correspondence  with 
entomologists  in  every  part  of  the  globe,  and  in  spite  of  ill-health, 
visited  a  number  of  continental  museums.  He  was  thus  able  to 
examine  a  large  number  of  types  and  to  work  out  the  collections 
brought  home  by  numerous  scientific  travellers.  His  results  were 
published  in  a  large  number  of  papers  containing  revisions  of  several 
groups  and  many  specially  faunistic  papers.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
he  was  engaged  upon  the  volume  dealing  with  the  Dicti/optera  or 
Blattidae,  for  the  series  of  volumes  published  by  the  Indian  Govern- 
ment on  the  Fauna  of  British  India ;  his  preliminary  notes  are 
suflficiently  ample  to  afford  a  valuable  foundation  for  the  next  student 
to  undertake  the  task.  He  acquired  a  splendid  knowledge  of  the 
group,  and  it  cannot  be  too  greatly  regretted  that  he  was  not 
permitted  to  complete  that  monograph,  which  was  the  aim  and  object 
of  his  scientific  ambitions.  He  had  the  command  of  vigorous  and 
clear  language,  and  the  introductory  remarks  to  his  various  papers 
are  a  model  of  terse  and  crisp  expression. 

His  wide  knowledge  and  the  experience  of  seven  years  in  the 
tropics  forbad  him  to  be  a  narrow-minded  specialist.  His  contribu- 
tion to  the  knowledge  of  Mimicry  in  Bornean  Insects,  published  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Ento)nolo<iical  Suciety,  are  well  known,  but  his 
papers  of  Malayan  Anthropology  are  perhaps  less  well  known, 
admirable  though  they  are. 

His  work  at  Oxford  was  often  interrupted  by  failing  health,  and  in 
1909  he  was  obliged  to  abandon  it.  Under  medical  advice  he  went  to 
Margate,  where  it  was  hoped  that  the  strong  air  and  his  constitution 
would  restore  him  to  activity.  He  patiently  waited  till  the  end  of 
1910,  when  he  returned  to  Oxford  ;  but  it  was  of  no  avail ;  he  was 
soon  compelled  to  go  back  to  Margate.  He  was  a  prisoner  on  a  spinal 
carriage,  which  made  it  almost  impossible  for  him  to  handle 
specimens,  and  he  had  the  mortification  of  knowing  that  his 
systematic  work  was  to  remain  uncompleted.  His  ever  active  brain 
September  15th,  1912. 


206  THE  entomologist's  record. 

made  intellectual  lethargy  impossible,  and  his  energy  found  vent  in  a 
number  of  notes  on  general  subjects  that  lie,  alas,  unfinished,  as  also 
the  manuscript  of  a  book  upon  Nature  in  Borneo,  that  he  did  not 
despair  of  completing.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  much  of  this  posthumous 
work  may  yet  see  the  light. 

In  1908  he  married  Audrey  Gurney  Richardson,  of  Corfe  Down 
Vicarage,  Bath,  but  their  happiness  was  quickly  marred  by  his  break- 
down. During  the  last  two  years  at  Margate  it  was  the  devotion  of 
his  wife  and  his  intellectual  vigour  which  kept  him  alive  and  sane 
through  the  monotony  of  suffering.  He  underwent  several  operations, 
but  pain  became  more  and  more  frequent,  till  it  developed  into  almost 
unbroken  agony,  and  though  his  end,  when  at  last  it  came,  was  most 
distressing,  his  friends  can  but  be  glad  that  he  is  at  rest. 

Entomologists  the  world  over  will  offer  their  most  respectful  and 
sincere  sympathy  to  his  widow  ;  but  all  will  exclaim,  "  Oh,  the  pity 
of  it  !  " 


Nomenclature. 


At  the  April  meeting  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  London  a 
Committee  was  appointed  to  consider  the  question  of  Nomenclature, 
with  a  view  to  the  coming  International  Congress.  The  following 
Fellows  were  chosen  to  form  the  Committee,  with  power  to  add  to 
their  number:— Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  Messrs. 
J.  H.  Durrant,  H.  J.  Turner,  C.  0.  Waterhouse,  and  Rev.  G.  Wheeler. 
Mr.  L.  B.  Prout  was  afterwards  co-opted.  The  Committee,  which 
probably  represented  every  divergent  form  of  opinion  on  the  subject, 
was  nevertheless  unanimous  in  drawing  up  the  following  report, 
which  was  adopted  as  a  resolution  by  the  Entomological  Society  of 
London  at  their  Meeting  on  Wednesday,  June  5th,  1912,  for  presenta- 
tion to  the  International  Congress  of  Entomology  in  August. 

"  The  present  independent  and  irresponsible  methods  of  giving  and 
adopting  names  having  resulted  in  much  unnecessary  synonymy,  and 
even  graver  abuses,  the  Entomological  Society  of  London  feels  that 
the  time  has  arrived  when  some  check  should  be  placed  upon  the 
practice,  of  more  weight  than  that  which  can  be  exercised  by  any 
single  individual,  society,  or  publication,  and  would  urge  upon  the 
International  Congress  the  establishment  of  a  permanent  International 
Committee  to  deal  with  questions  of  nomenclature  as  affecting 
Entomology  ;  to  consider  what  elucidations,  extensions  or  emendations, 
if  any,  are  required  in  the  International  Code,  and  to  confer  with  the 
International  Commission  of  Zoological  Nomenclature.  The  Entomo- 
logical Society  of  London  recommends  that  the  International  Entomo- 
logical Committee,  when  formed,  shall  take  such  action  as  to  ensure 
the  adequate  representation  of  I'.ntomology  on  the  International 
Zoological  Commission.  The  Society  also  recommends  that,  consider- 
ing the  difficulty  of  fi'e(]nent  International  meetings,  the  leading 
Entomological  Society  of  each  country  be  invited  to  appoint  a 
Committee  whose  duty  it  shall  l)e  to  deal  with  all  questions  arising  in 
their  own  country,  subject  to  reference  to  the  International  Committee; 
and  suggests  that  the  international  Committee  be  composed  of  two,  or 
three,  members  of  each  of  the  National  Committees,  elected  either  by 
the  Committees,  or  directly  by  the  electing  Societies." 


•'  NOMENOLATUKE,   ETC.,  AT  THE  CONGRESS.  207 

This  Resolution  was  presented  in  due  course  at  the  International 
Congress  with  the  results  shown  in  our  Reports  from  various 
contributors. 


"Nomenclature,"  etc.,  at  the  Congress. 

By  G.  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 
The  second  International  Congress  of  Entomology  has  come  and 
gone,  and  we  believe  that  the  universal  verdict  of  all  present  will  be 
that  it  was  an  unqualified  success,  both  from  the  scientific  as  well  as 
from  the  social  point  of  view.  The  arrangements  for  the  meetings 
and  for  recreation  were  all  that  could  be  desired,  the  only  drawback 
being  the  fact  that  Zeus  must  have  thought  we  were  getting  too  god- 
like in  our  depth  of  knowledge  and  that  therefore  he  would  open  the 
windows  of  heaven  in  an  attempt  to  drown  us  ;  fortunately  Mother 
Earth  came  to  the  rescue  of  her  sons  and  swallowed  up  the  floods  as 
they  descended.  The  resolution  of  the  Entomological  Society  of 
London  and  the  paper  by  the  Rev.  G.  Wheeler  were  taken  with 
Monsieur  Oberthur's  and  Mr.  Prout's  papers  at  the  sectional  meeting 
on  the  Tuesday  afternoon,  instead  of  in  the  morning  of  that  day  at  the 
general  meeting.  The  alteration  was  a  wise  one,  for  it  focussed  the 
more  controversial  aspects  of  Nomenclature  into  a  definite  point  and 
all  the  advocates  of  the  subject  heard  each  other.  The  resolution  from 
our  London  Society  was  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee  to 
report  on  at  the  General  Meeting.  Mr.  Wheeler's  paper  followed,  but 
time  forbad  discussion  on  it,  although  afterwards  several  of  our 
colleagues  from  across  the  water  expressed  themselves  entirely 
sympathetic  with  many  of  the  suggestions  contained  therein — this 
being  especially  the  case  with  the  delegates  from  the  other  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  Monsieur  Charles  Oberthur  came  next,  on  the  subject  he  has 
made  his  own,  "  Pas  de  bonne  figure  <i  I'appui  d'une  description,  pas 
de  nom  valable."  We  fail  to  find  words  to  describe  the  delightful 
oratory  of  our  revered  French  "  Father  in  Entomology."  A  page  of 
notes  (not  long  ones)  lay  before  him  but  were  rarely  referred  to  as  the 
eloquent  scientist  poured  forth  in  most  graceful  and  beautiful  language 
the  theme  so  dear  to  his  heart.  The  speech  (I  might  describe  it  with- 
out fear  of  dissent  as  the  speech  of  the  Congress)  was  a  long  one,  but 
not  a  moment  too  long,  as  was  shown  by  the  long  continued  round  of 
applause  that  greeted  him  as  he  resumed  his  seat.  Mr.  Prout's  paper, 
read  by  the  Rev.  K.  St.  Aubyn  Rogers,  followed,  taking  the  other  side 
of  the  question,  but  when  this  was  finished  there  was  only  time  to 
discuss  the  Entomological  Society's  resolution  with  the  result  already 
stated.  The  discussion  on  the  other  papers  was  unfortunately  cut 
short  by  that  most  rigid  of  all  timekeepers — the  clock — and  no  action 
was  taken  by  the  meeting  ;  this  no  doubt  partly  arose  from  the  feeling 
that  all  matters  of  detail  had  better  be  left  to  the  International 
Committee  to  deal  with. 

On  the  Thursday  afternoon  Monsieur  Olivier  presided  over  the 
second  meeting  devoted  to  "  Nomenclature,"  the  first  paper  being  that 
by  Dr.  Horn  of  Berlin,  a  protest  against  making  any  exceptions  to  the 
law  of  Priority.  Dr.  Horn  also  spoke  as  a  master  of  his  subject  and  one 
wished  one  could  follow  him  in  the  details  of  the  matter,  but  one's 
knowledge  of  German,  alas !    only  enabled  one  to  grasp   the   main 


208  THE  entomologist's  record. 

outline  of  the  argument,  with  which  the  writer  is  almost  entirely  in 
accord.  Capt.  Kerremans'  paper  followed  on  the  necessity  of 
restraining  varietal  names  and  replacing  them  by  a  letter  or  number. 
We  felt  strongly  with  the  speaker  as  to  the  need  of  restraining  the 
naming  of  aberrations — mere  individual  aberrations — but  we  cannot 
see  what  object  would  be  gained  by  cataloguing  them  with  a  letter  of 
the  alphabet  or  a  number.  If  that  method  is  to  be  admitted  there  is 
no  reason  why  a  name  should  be  refused.  From  our  point  of  view 
the  need  is  to  induce  all  editors  of  our  magazines  and  Transactions  to 
decline  to  accept  a  name  of  a  mere  occasional  aberration.  Monsieur 
Olivier  then  read  his  short  paper  on  the  "  Necessity  of  the  Latin 
tongue  for  Entomological  De?criptions,"  and  so  closed  a  very 
interesting  session. 

The  final  word  of  the  Congress  on  "  Nomenclature  "  took  place  at 
the  closing  meeting  on  Friday  afternoon  when  the  Executive 
Committee  reported  their  deliberations  on  the  one  Eesolution  that  had 
been  referred  to  them,  and  it  was  a  great  satisfaction  to  learn  that  for 
all  practical  purposes  they  adopted  our  Entomological  Society's 
suggestion,  viz.,  that  National  Committees  should  be  formed  to  assist 
the  International  Committee  on  Nomenclature  for  Entomology,  and 
that  these  Committees  should  be  formed  by  the  different  countries 
themselves.  Some  little  discussion  followed,  during  which  the 
President  of  the  London  Society  referred  to  some  criticisms  of  his  in 
certain  secret  places  and  was  so  good  as  to  withdraw  them  all.  One 
of  the  American  delegates  (we  believe  but  we  are  not  certain)  also 
asked  what  would  happen  if  the  Entomological  International 
Committee  came  into  definite  conflict  with  the  Zoological  Commission 
on  Nomenclature.  This  seemed  almost  a  "  poser,"  but  Dr.  Jordan 
stood  to  his  guns  and  expressed  the  opinion  that  in  such  a  case  the 
Entomological  Committee  would  be  able  to,  and  would,  stand  alone,  a 
reply  which  drew  forth  a  round  of  applause.  The  report  of  the 
Executive  Committee  was  then  voted  on  and  carried  unanimously. 

In  the  Bionomic  and  Mimicry  Sections  many  interesting  exhibits 
took  place,  but  among  them  all  Dr.  Perkins'  small  box  of  Hawaian 
wasps  was  perhaps  the  most  impressive.  In  these  islands  the  primitive 
wasps  were  black,  later  on  the  yellow  banded  form  came  in  anci 
became  more  or  less  dominant,  with  the  result  of  evolving  a  yellow 
banded  form  among  the  indigenous  species;  this  occurred  in  all  the 
islands  but  one,  situated  far  out  in  an  isolated  position.  To  this  one 
island  the  yellow  banded  species  also  made  their  way,  but  have  not 
become  dominant,  and  the  interesting  result  has  been  brought  about 
that  the  indigenous  black  species  have  so  influenced  the  younger  yellow 
banded  ones,  that  they  are  producing  varieties  that  are  entirely  black 
on  the  dorsum. 

Professor  Wheeler's  observations  on  the  Acacia  Ants  of  Central 
America  were  most  instructive  and  elicited  many  queries  from  those 
present,  whilst  Mr.  Donisthorpe's  and  I\Ir.  Crawley's  papers  also  gave 
one  food  for  thought.  On  the  last  day  Dr.  Seitz  read  in  English  his 
experiments  on  the  eye  and  how  insects  see  the  world.  These 
experiments  showed  that  he  could  attract  butterflies  with  paper  models, 
which  he  showed,  together  with  a  box  of  Antlunharis  c/iaiionia,  many 
of  which  had  been  caught  toying  with  the  coloured  models  that  had 
been  pinned  on  to  a  board  ;  this  tended  to  show  that  the  eye  was  the 


THE    SECOND    INTERNATIONAL    CONGRESS    OF    ENTOMOLOGY.  209 

paramount  organ  in  this  case.  He  had  also  conducted  some 
experiments  with  ultra-violet  rays,  which  seemed  to  indicate  that  these 
rays  had  a  very  strong  effect  on  insect  life.  Time  again  prevented  a 
discussion  on  this  interesting  theme,  which  certainly  would  otherwise 
have  taken  place.  The  concluding  ceremony  was  a  Banquet  in 
Wadham  Hall,  and  many  interesting  and  more  or  less  impromptu 
speeches  were  delivered  after  the  toasts,  the  speech  that  took  one  by 
surprise  most  of  all  being  the  response  to  the  health  of  the  ladies  and 
the  science  of  entomology,  Avhen  Miss  Rowland-Brown  was  called  to 
her  feet  to  perform  this  little  duty.  Needless  to  say  a  most  graceful 
and  entertaining  speech  fell  from  her  lips,  which  quite  charmed  the 
assembled  guests.  The  final  day  was  spent  at  the  Tring  Museum  by 
the  kind  invitation  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild,  and  many  will 
never  forget  the  sight  of  the  treasures  there  exhibited. 

We  mast  not  close  without  a  word  on  the  private  cafe  in  the  garden 
of  the  Warden  of  Wadham,  which  without  doubt  added  very  largely  to 
the  social  success  of  the  Congress ;  most  of  the  visitors  partook  of 
their  luncheons  and  teas  there,  and  it  soon  became  the  meeting  place 
for  all.  It  was  a  great  pleasure  to  the  writer  to  make  the  personal 
acquaintance  of  many  entomologists  from  different  parts  of  the  world, 
with  whom  he  had  corresponded  for  years,  and  also  with  others  whose 
names  had  been  known  for  long.  The  memory  of  this  Oxford  Congress 
will  not  soon  fade  and  will  we  hope  be  refreshed  in  1915  at  Vienna, 
under  the  presidency  of  the  well  known  entomologist  Dr.  Antoine 
Handlirsch. 


The  Second  International  Congress  of  Entomology. 

By  Kev.  G.  WHEELER,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 
It  would  have  been  difficult  to  choose  a  more  appropriate  place 
than  Oxford  for  an  International  Congress,  or  a  more  appropriate 
building  for  its  meetings  than  the  University  Museum,  containing  as 
it  does  the  Hope  Department  of  Entomology,  one  of  the  finest,  and 
probably  the  best  arranged  Insect  collection  in  the  world.  The 
Colleges  and  other  University  Buildings  too,  are  those  most  calculated 
in  this  Country  to  impress  our  foreign  Visitors,  and  they  cannot  be 
said  to  have  failed  in  this  particular.  Several  of  the  Colleges  had 
undertaken  to  put  up  members  of  the  Congress,  and  others  were  ready 
to  do  so  had  more  space  been  required.  The  large  marquee  put  up  in 
the  private  garden  of  the  Warden  of  Wadham,  w^ho  had  generously 
placed  this  delightful  retreat  at  the  disposal  of  the  members,  added 
greatly  to  their  enjoyment  and  to  the  opportunities  of  social  intercourse 
among  them,  for  most  of  them  availed  themselves  of  this  for  lunch  and 
tea,  and  many  also  for  the  evening  hours.  Indeed,  it  would  hardly  be 
too  much  to  say  that  a  larger  proportion  of  the  important  work  of  the 
Congress  was  carried  on  informally  in  the  tent,  than  officially  in  the 
Lecture-rooms  at  the  Museum.  Illness,  now  happily  a  thing  of  the 
past,  prevented  the  attendance  of  the  General  Secretary,  Dr.  Malcolm 
Burr,  till  near  the  end  of  the  Congress,  but  his  place  was  most 
efficiently  supplied  by  the  Secretaries  of  the  Reception  Committee,  Mr. 
Eltringham  and  Mr.  Grosvenor,  especially  the  former,  whose  work  was 
invaluable,  and  Dr.  Burr's  Secretary,  Mr.  Loesch,  though  not  himself 
an  entomologist,  also  rendered  great  assistance. 


210  THE  entomologist's  record. 

The  Congress  opened  informally  with  a  meeting  in  New  College 
Hall,  at  8.30,  on  Sunday  evening,  August  4th,  when  badges  and 
programmes  were  distributed  and  arrangements  made  known,  old 
acquaintances  renewed,  and  new  ones  made,  and  a  general  atmosphere 
of  "  feeling  at  homo  "  created.  The  formal  opening  took  place  at 
10.80  on  Monday  morning,  the  President,  Professor  Poulton,  being  in 
the  Chair,  with  Professor  Horvath  as  Vice-Chairman,  and  Mr. 
Eltringham,  as  at  the  other  General  meetings,  as  Secretarj\  After 
welcoming  the  Congress  the  President  gave  a  most  interesting 
Address,  illustrated  by  many  drawers  of  specimens,  tracing  the  mimetic 
changes  of  the  5  of  Papilio  dardanus  across  Africa,  from  Madagascar 
to  the  west  coast.  The  Professor  is  singularly  well  placed  for 
investigations  of  this  kind,  being  in  constant  touch  with  Fellows  of 
the  Entomological  Society  of  London,  who,  for  various  reasons,  are 
settled  across  Africa,  and  who  are  working  (entomologically  speaking), 
under  his  direction.  The  Hon.  N.  C.  Rothschild  then  read  a  paper  on 
"  National  Reserves,"  urging  the  preservation  in  different  parts  of  the 
Kingdom  of  suitable  areas,  in  which  the  native  flora  and  fauna  may  be 
preserved  for  the  enjoyment  of  the  student  and  the  public.  A  society 
has  been  formed  with  this  object,  and  its  prospectus  will  be  issued 
shortly. 

In  the  afternoon  there  were  two  sectional  meetings,  one  "  Economic 
and  Pathological,"  presided  over  by  Dr.  Howard,  with  Dr.  Newstead 
as  Vice-President  and  Mr.  Scott  as  Secretary,  at  which  Sir  D.  Morris 
read  an  important  paper  on  behalf  of  Mr.  W.  A.  Ballou,  entitled  "  Some 
Entomological  Problems  in  the  West  Indies,"  dealing  with  the  attacks 
of  insect  pests  on  sugar-cane  and  cotton  plants,  and  the  control  of 
certain  insects  by  their  natural  enemies.  Two  other  papers  were  read 
on  behalf  of  Messrs.  J.  Dewitz  and  R.  S.  MacDougall,  that  by  the 
latter  author  being  entitled  "  Heteroptera  and  Thripida?  as  apple 
enemies."  At  the  other  sectional  meeting  on  "  Systematics  and 
Distribution,"  as  Mons.  Oberthiir  had  not  yet  arrived,  and  the  Vice- 
President,  Dr.  Sharp,  could  not  be  found,  the  Chair  was  taken  by  the 
Hon.  N.  C.  Rothschild,  the  Rev.  G.  Wheeler  being  Secretary.  Two 
papers  were  read,  one,  by  Prof.  Kolbe,  on  "  The  unequal  Value  of  the 
Zoogeographical  Elements  in  the  different  Zones  of  each  Continent,  as 
the  Result  of  varying  Geological  Periods,"  the  other,  a  short  paper  by 
Dr.  Horn  on  "  The  Importance  of  Junk's  Coleoptororum  Catalogus." 

The  General  Meeting  on  Tuesday  morning,  under  the  Presidency 
of  Prof.  A.  Lameere,  with  Prof,  van  Bemmelen  as  Vice-President,  was 
given  up  to  a  most  interesting  paper,  illustrated  by  lantern  slides, 
entitled  "  The  Silk  of  Spiders  and  its  Uses,"  dealing  with  the  dift'erent 
forms  of  silk  spun  by  spiders  and  the  different  uses  to  which  they  put 
them,  by  Prof.  Comstock.  This  was  followed  by  a  meeting  on 
"  Evolution,  Bionomics  and  Mimicry,"  with  Herr  Sjostedt  in  the 
Chair,  Dr.  Skinner  as  Vice-President,  and  Mr.  Doncaster  as  Secretary, 
in  which  three  papers,  (or  more  correctly  speaking  addresses]  were 
given,  all  illustrated  by  specimens,  by  Prof.  Poulton,  Dr.  Perkins,  and 
the  Rev.  K.  St.  Aubyn  Rogers,  their  subjects  being  respectively  :  "  Mr. 
Wiggins'  and  Dr.  Carpenter's  researches  in  Mimicry  in  the  forest 
butterflies  of  Uganda,"  "  The  colour-groups  of  the  Hawaiian  Wasps," 
and  "  Mimicry  in  the  two  sexes  of  the  East  African  Lycaenid  Alaena 
picata." 


THE    SECOND    INTERNATIONAL    CONGRESS    OF   ENTOMOLOGY,  211 

In  the  afternoon  there  were  two  sectional  meetings  the  clashing  of 
which  was  somewhat  unfortunate.  At  that  on  "Nomenclature"  Prof. 
Poulton  was  presiding,  the  Vice-President  being  Dr.  Kertesz,  and  Dr. 
Jordan  acting  as  Secretary.  The  Resolution  of  the  Entomological 
Society  of  London"  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Bethune-Baker,  and 
supported  by  the  Rev.  G.  Wheeler  in  a  paper  of  "  Suggestions  for 
securing  simplification  and  permanency  in  Nomenclature."  Mons. 
Oberthiir  followed  with  a  paper  (not  read,  however,  but  most 
eloquently  delivered  without  MS.)  on  the  absence  of  a  good  figure 
invalidating  a  name,  and  the  Rev.  K.  St.  A,  Rogers  read  Mr.  Prout's 
paper  on  "  The  place  of  figures  in  Descriptive  Entomology."  On  the 
proposal  of  Dr.  Howard,  seconded  by  Dr.  Skinner,  the  Resolution  of 
the  Entomological  Society  was  referred  for  consideration,  and  report  at 
the  General  Meeting  on  Friday,  to  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Con- 
gress. Over  the  other  section,  "Morphology  and  Anatomy  "  Prof.  Calvert 
presided,  with  Prof.  Maijere  as  Vice-President  and  Mr.  R.  S.  Bagnall 
as  Secretary  ;  here  Dr.  Dixey  gave  a  paper  on  "  Scent-organs  in  the 
Lepidoptera,"  Prof.  Carpenter  on  "  The  presence  of  Maxillulte  in 
Beetle  Larv.e,"  Dr.  Hovrath  on  the  "  Construction  of  the  Elytra  of 
the  Cicadides  "  and  Fr.  Navas,  S.J.,  on  "  Some  organs  of  the  wings  of 
Insects,"  the  last  paper,  we  hear,  was  illustrated,  not  only  by  the 
Lecturer,  and  an  amicable  contest  took  place  on  the  black  board, 
which  ended  in  Fr.  Navas  being  master  of  the  field,  owing  to  the 
collapse  of  the  other  draughtsman's  chalk ! 

At  Wednesday  morning's  General  Meeting  Prof.  Comstock  took 
the  chair,  the  Hon.  W.  Rothschild  being  Vice-Chairman.  Prof,  van 
Bemmelen  gave,  in  admirable  English,  a  paper,  illustrated  by 
diagrams,  on  "  The  Phylogenetic  significance  of  the  Development  of 
the  Butterfly  Wing,"  and  Mr.  Doncaster  a  paper  on  "  Sex-limited 
inheritance  in  Insects,"  illustrated  by  series  of  Abraxas  grossulariata, 
and  Drosophila  ampelophila.  Much  further  investigation  would  seem 
desirable,  since  present  appearances  suggest  the  unexpected  division  of 
Humanity  and  Diptera  on  the  one  side  against  Birds  and  Lepidoptera 
on  the  other  ! 

There  were  two  sectional  meetings,  the  one  "Economic  and  Patho- 
logical," presided  over  by  Herr  Jablonowski,  with  Dr.  Perkins  in  the 
Vice-Chair  and  Mr.  Moulton  as  Secretary,  at  which  the  following 
important  papers  were  read  :  "  On  the  destruction  of  i^tauronotux 
viaroccaniin  in  Hungary,"  with  lantern  illustrations,  and  "On  the 
destruction  of  Cochijlis  and  Kudemia  in  the  vineyards,"  by  Herr 
Jablonowski ;  "  The  necessary  investigation  with  relation  to  Insect 
and  Fungus  enemies  of  plants  preliminary  to  Legislation,"  by  Mr.  A. 
G.  L.  Rogers,  and  Prof.  Theobald's  on  "Aphides  attacking  cultivated 
Peas."  The  other  sectional  meeting  on  "  Systematics  and  Distribu- 
tion "  was  held  under  the  Presidency  of  Capt.  Kerremans,  Father 
Navas  being  Vice-President  and  Mr.  Blair  Secretary.  At  this  the 
Rev.  J.  Waterston  read  a  paper  on  "  A  new  Scottish  parasite  on  Pro- 
cellaria,'"  the  other  papers  having  been  withdrawn  or  transferred. 

On  Wednesday  evening  Mr.  Neave's  most  interesting  lecture,  with 
beautiful  lantern  illustrations,  on  the  "  Travels  of  an  Entomologist 
in  Eastern  Africa  "  was  given,  having  been  transferred  from  Thursday 

*  See  page  206. 


212  THE  entomologist's  record. 

morning  ;  this  followed  the  precedent  of  Tuesday  evening  to  which 
Dr.  .Jordan's  papers  "  On  the  new  sub-ordei  Ari.renia,"  and  "  The 
Viviparity  of  Poh/ctenidae,"  had  been  transferred. 

Consequent  upon  this  arrangement  it  resulted  that  on  Thursday 
morning  at  the  General  Meeting  under  Dr.  Everts,  with  Dr.  Hand- 
lirsch  as  his  Vice-President,  the  only  paper  left  to  be  read  was  that  of 
the  latter  on  "  The  Geographical  Distribution  of  Insects  in  its  relation 
to  Phylogeny  and  Palaeontology,"  but  an  unannounced  paper  by  Prof. 
Osborne  on  "  Lake  Shore  Insects,"  was  also  given.  After  this  there  were 
three  meetings  occurring  simultaneously,  as  the  meeting  on  Tuesday  even- 
ing had  been  adjourned.  The  other  two  were  (1)  on  "Bionomics, Evolu- 
tion and  Mimicry  "  and  (2)  on  "  Morphology."  At  the  first,  presided 
over  by  the  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice  (President  of  the  Entomological  Society 
of  London),  with  Prof.  Wheeler  of  Harvard  as  Vice-President  and  Mr. 
Bethune-Baker  as  Secretary,  two  papers  were  read ;  the  first  by 
Messrs.  Donisthorpe  and  Crawley,  "  On  the  Founding  of  Colonies  by 
Ants,"  was  illustrated  by  several  Observation  Nests  with  their  living 
inhabitants,  and  the  second,  by  Prof.  Wheeler,  "  Observations  on  the 
Central  American  Acacia  Ants,"  by  diagrams  on  the  black-board.  In 
the  section  devoted  to  "  Morphology,"  where  M.  Bouvier  presided,  Dr. 
Speiser  being  Vice-President  and  Mr.  Meade-Waldo  Secretary,  Papers 
were  read  on  "  The  Devolution  of  Wing-structures  as  shown  in  the 
Blattidae"  by  Mr.  Lowe,  and  on  the  "Regeneration  of  the  legs  in 
Liniantria  dhpar,"  by  Dr.  Chapman, 

In  the  afternoon  two  Sectional  Meetings  took  place  ;  at  that  on 
"  Nomenclature,"  in  the  absence  of  Dr.  Dixey  the  chair  was  taken  by 
the  Vice-President,  Dr.  Olivier,  Dr.  Jordan  acting  as  Secretary. 
Dr.  Horn's  paper,  nominally  a  "  Protest  against  the  admission  of 
exceptions  to  the  Law  of  Priority,"  was  really  a  protest  against 
individual  judgment  in  the  matter;  Capt.  Kerremans'  on  "The 
necessity  for  restricting  names  given  to  varieties  and  for  replacing 
them  by  letters  or  numerals,"  only  considered  the  first  of  these  points  ; 
the  other  was  a  short  paper  from  Dr.  Olivier  on  "  The  necessity  of  the 
Latin  tongue  in  Entomological  Descriptions."  Over  the  "  Economic 
and  Pathologic  "  section  Dr.  Gordon  Hewitt  presided.  Dr.  Ferrant  being 
Vice-President  and  Mr.  Rowland-Brown  Secretary.  Here  an  important 
paper  was  read  Ijy  Prof.  Forbes  on  ^'  Simuliinii  and  Pellagra  in  Illinois," 
the  other  being  by  Mr.  Lowe  called  "  How  to  kill  that  fly,"  which  does 
not  seem  as  yet  to  have  been  satisfactorily  determined. 

On  Friday  morning  there  was  no  General  Meeting;  the  Sectional 
Meeting  on  "  Evolution,  Bionomics,  and  Mimicry,"  was  under  the 
Presidency  of  Prof.  Kellogg,  with  M.  Grouvelle  as  Vice-President, 
and  Mr.  Hamilton  Drucc  as  Secretary,  that  on  "  Systematics  "  under 
Prof.  Banks,  Dr.  Von  Schulthess  being  Vice-President,  and  Mr. 
Collin  Secretary.  At  the  first  two  papers  were  read',  one  on  "  The 
polymorphism  of  Papilio  /loli/tes,"  by  Prof.  Punnett  on  behalf  of 
Mr.  Fryer,  the  other  by  Prof.  Poulton  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Swynnerton  on 
"  Pellets  ejected  by  insect-eating  birds  after  a  meal  of  butterflies." 
This  meeting  ended  with  an  exhibition  of  lantern  slides  by  Mr.  Hamm 
of  "Insects  in  resting  attitudes  in  their  natural  surroundings,"  from 
photographs  taken  by  himself,  which  were  in  every  way  beyond  praise. 
At  the  other  meeting  Baron  von  Rosen  gave  a  paper  on  "  Fossil 
Termites,"  Dr.  Speiser,  two  papers  on  *'  The  Geographical  Distribution 


THE    SEASON    1912.  213 

of  some  blood-suckin»  Insects,"  and  "  The  Geographical  Variation  of 
African  Bombylidae,''  Prof.  Calvert  on  "  Progress  of  Knowledge  of  the 
Odonata  fit)m  1895  to  1912,"  and  Mr.  Bagnall  on  "The  Order 
Thysanoptera,"  "  The  British  Fiotiira,"  and  "  A  synopsis  of  the 
Family  Aeolothripidae,'"  together  with  exhibitions  of  new  British 
TIn/sanura,  Cnllemhola,  Thysanoptera,  MallopluKja,  and  Miiriapoda,  and 
of  Hawaiian  Thysanoptera.  These  were  the  last  Sectional  Meetings, 
and  in  the  afternoon  Prof.  Poulton  presided,  with  Prof.  Kolbe  as  Vice- 
President,  over  the  last  General  Meeting,  at  which  two  papers  were 
read ;  the  first  was  given,  in  English,  by  Dr.  Seitz,  on  "  The  Sight  of 
Butterflies,"  and  was  an  excellent  example  of  the  humour  with  which 
a  scientific  investigation  may  be  treated,  enhancing,  and  not  decreasing, 
its  value,  the  other  was  by  Prof.  Kellogg  on  "Distribution  and  Species- 
forming  among  Ectoparasites."  After  this.  General  Business  was 
taken  in  hand.  Invitations  for  the  Congress  of  1915  had  been  received 
from  America,  from  the  American  Association  of  Economic  "Entomo- 
logists, and  from  the  Entomological  Society  of  America,  but  it  was 
thought  best  to  have  one  more  meeting  in  Europe  before  crossing  the 
Atlantic,  and  the  invitation  of  Vienna  was  accepted.  Prof.  Handlirsch 
being  elected  President.  Dr.  Jordan,  Secretary  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee presented  his  Report,  which  embodied  the  greater  part  of  the 
Entomological  Society's  Resolution  in  a  series  of  short  Resolutions, 
which  were  all  adopted,  and  the  President  then  closed  a  most  success- 
ful Congress  with  an  Address  of  thanks  and  farewell. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  in  a  magazine  article  more  than  the 
merest  outline  of  the  proceedings  of  such  a  Congress  as  this,  and  the 
discussions  on  the  papers — often  the  most  important  and  useful  part — 
have  not  even  been  touched  upon.  Nor,  in  this  paper,  has  any  attempt 
been  made  to  enlarge  upon  the  Social  and  lighter  side  of  the  assembly  ; 
yet  this  is  by  no  means  without  its  value,  both  internationally  and 
individually.  As  a  very  well-known  German  entomologist  observed  to 
the  writer  ;  "  You  have  certainly  shown  us  how  friendly  Entomologists 
can  be  together,  now  ire  can  hardly  get  two  together  without  their 
quarrelling."  This  was  no  doubt  a  facon  de  purler,  but  it  may  be  taken 
as  showing  one  useful  object-lesson  that  the  Congress  provided.  Even 
in  the  discussions  on  the  thorny  subject  of  Nomenclature  there  were  no 
"  wigs  on  the  green,"  and  certainly  the  more  quietly  and  amicably 
thorny  questions  are  discussed  the  more  liklihood  there  is  of  an  (com- 
paratively) early  settlement.  In  the  present  case  the  International 
Committee  on  this  subject  has  actually  been  nominated,  and  is  composed 
as  follows: — Nathan  Banks  (U.S.A.),  C.  J.  Gahan  (Gt.  Britain),  F. 
Ris  (Switzerland),  K.  Kertesz  (Hungary),  S.  Schenkling  (Germany), 
Y.  Sjostedt  (Sweden),  H.  Schouteden  (Belgium)  and  Dr.  Karl  Jordan  as 
Honorary  Secretary. 


The  Season  1912. 

By  T.  H.  L.  GROSVENOE. 
In  writing  a  few  notes  on  the  current  season,  from  an  entomologi- 
cal point  of  view,  one  cannot  help  thinking,  that  in  many  respects,  it 
is  as  remarkable,  or  perhaps  more  remarkable,  than  that  annus 
mirabilis  (meteorologically)  1911.  In  the  latter  year  the  unusual 
abundance  of  Rumicia  phlaeas   was,  to   my   mind,   the   outstanding 


214  THE  entomologist's  record. 

feature,  closely  followed  by  the  prevalence  of  variation  in  the  majority 
of  species  in  the  lihopalocera.  In  addition  the  migratory  species  were 
very  few  and  far  between,  riz.,  a  few  odd  ( 'altas  hyale  tow&rds  the  end 
of  August  and  the  beginning  of  September,  and  a  few  C.  edusa,  which 
was  much  the  rarer  species  of  the  two  during  the  first  fortnight  of 
October.  Another  strong  characteristic  was  the  third  emergence  of 
those  species  that  produce  in  a  normal  season  second,  or  partial  second 
emergences,  the  characteristic  of  such  third  emergences  of  those 
species  that  are  subject  to  seasonal  dimorphism  being,  that  the 
imagines  produced  were  practically  identical  with  those  of  the  typical 
second  emergence. 

After  such  a  hot  dry  season  as  1911,  one  would  have  expected  to 
see  some  eft'ect  on  the  progeny  in  the  following  year,  but  this  from  my 
own  observation  only,  is  apparently  not  the  case  ;  for  during  the 
whole  of  my  entomological  experience  I  have  never  known  a  season  so 
devoid  of  anything  even  tending  to  variation.  The  only  instance  that 
has  shown  the  slightest  effect  of  last  season's  drought  was  in  the  first 
emergence  of  Pieris  napi,  which  this  year  was  very  scarce.  Practically 
ever}'  example  examined  was  very  considerably  undersized.  The 
cause  of  this  is  perhaps  not  difficult  to  discover.  This  species  feeding 
in  its  larval  state  on  various  ('ruci ferae,  had  to  undergo  partial 
starvation  last  autumn,  for  the  majority  of  the  food  plants  of  the 
species  being  biennials,  the  heat  caused  the  rapid  ripening  of  the  fruit, 
and  consequent  withering  of  the  leaves.  I  noted  last  year  several  of 
the  larviB  of  /'.  najii  feeding,  or  more  correctly  trying  to  feed,  on  the 
nearly  ripe  seed  pods  of  Alliaria,  the  leaves  of  which  were  quite  brown 
and  dry.  I  experienced  a  considerable  difficulty  m  providing  food  for 
the  4,000  to  5,000  larvse  of  this  species  which  I  had,  and  the 
resulting  imagines  all  tended,  but  in  a  lesser  degree  than  the  wild 
specimens,  to  be  considerably  smaller  than  typical. 

The  season  of  1912  commenced  in  a  most  promising  fashion,  many 
insects  appearing  at  least  a  month  earlier  than  normal.  On  March 
31st  I  saw  the  first  Celastrina  artfiolits,  and  from  this  date  onward  it 
was  in  fair  numbers.  On  April  5th  a  male  P.  napi  was  seen  at  rest 
on  a  bloom  of  Arahis,  and  on  the  following  day  P.  rapae  was  seen  in 
fair  numbers.  Although  this  was  the  earliest  date  on  which  I  saw  the 
species,  my  brother  saw  one  on  March  16th.  By  April  25th  the 
Pierids  and  ('.  ari/iolns  were  fully  out,  but  with  the  exception  of  the 
latter,  very  scarce  for  such  generally  common  insects.  On  this  date  I 
first  noted  Kuchlo'e  cardamines,  a  female  ;  but  here  again  I  was  late,  as 
a  Reigate  entomologist  informed  me  that  he  saw  a  male  during  the 
first  week  in  April.  On  May  Gth  I  visited  Tilgate  Forest,  and  found 
Brenthis  euphrosi/ne  fully  out ;  even  at  this  early  date  it  had  evidently 
been  out  several  days  as  a  few  males  were  beginning  to  get  wasted. 
This  species  was  far  more  abundant  than  I  have  ever  before  seen  it  in 
Tilgate  ;  during  the  afternoon  in  question,  which  was  very  dull  after  a 
bright  morning,  the  imagines  were  most  conspicuous  sitting  on  the 
dried  bracken,  the  females  being  generally  far  better  hidden  than  the 
males.  I  was  enabled  to  examine  over  500  without  chloroforming 
them,  but  in  common  with  every  species  I  have  worked  this  season 
there  was  no  tendency  to  variation,  except  that  there  was  a  far  greater 
percentage  (at  least  20%)  of  the  lightly  marked  males.  After  this  date 
I  paid  several  visits  to  the  Forest  for  B.  eiiphrosyne,  which  continued 


THE    SEASON    1912,  215 

in  fair  condition  until  May  27th,  but  without  finding  any  trace  of 
variation.  Although  B.  eitphrosijnc  put  in  an  appearance  so  early,  B. 
selenc  did  not  commence  to  emerge  until  an  unusually  late  date,  viz., 
June  3rd,  and  was  rather  less  common  at  Tilgate  than  usual.  I 
visited  the  locality  several  times  and  examined  some  hundreds  but 
with  the  same  result  as  with  B.  cuphrosi/ne,  variation  nil. 

The  first  week  in  July  produced  Pi/raweis  cardui  in  the  greatest 
profusion,  all  in  a  most  advanced  state  of  senile  decay,  in  many 
instances  it  was  wonderful  how  the  insect  could  manage  to  fly.  Whilst 
cycling  between  Horley  and  Balcombe,  a  distance  of  about  nine  miles, 
I  counted  no  less  than  63,  together  with  fair  numbers  of  Vanesssa  id 
and  P.  atalanta,  but  A(/lois  Krticae  was  conspicuous  by  its  absence, 
indeed  I  have  only  seen  three  imagines  during  the  whole  season. 
Although  P.  carditi  was  so  abundant  it  has  apparently  failed  to  breed 
in  this  part  of  the  country,  as  I  have  only  seen  a  single  freshly 
emerged  imago,  but  V.  io  and  P.  atalanta,  which  were  much  scarcer 
earlier  in  the  year,  are  to  be  met  with  in  considerable  numbers. 

Having  heard  that  ('alias  edusa  had  appeared,  I  made  an  excursion 
to  Guildford  in  the  hopes  of  getting  a  female,  as  I  had  previously 
noted  several  extensive  clover  and  lucerne  fields  in  the  neighbourhood. 
During  the  day  I  saw  and  netted  six  males,  which  I  liberated  in  a 
field  nearer  home.  I  also  saw  a  seventh  specimen,  a  female,  which, 
of  course,  I  failed  to  net.  Between  early  June  and  mid-July  I  was 
continually  seeing  odd  males,  and  on  July  17th  I  netted  a  female, 
which  laid  22  infertile  ova.  On  July  18th  I  netted  a  male  50  recently 
emerged  that  it  was  unable  to  fly  properly.  Since  this  date  I  have 
seen  about  two  dozen,  and  have  taken  three  females  in  very  worn  con- 
dition whose  ova,  like  those  of  the  first,  proved  to  be  infertile.  On 
July  25th  commenced  the  second  emergence  of  C.  aniiolns,  and  I  have 
never  previously  seen  this  species  in  such  abundance.  It  occurred  in 
hundreds  on  the  Reigate  Hills  flying  round  and  settling  on  bramble 
and  clematis  blooms.  As  regards  the  Lycaenids  Ai/riades  thetis,  A. 
coridon,  and  Polyomniatus  icariis,  the  same  remarks  apply  as  to  the 
species  previously  mentioned,  viz.,  variation  practically  nil.  Even  of 
such  common  aberrational  forms  as  ab.  arciiata,  ab.  icarinus,  etc., 
I  have  not  seen  a  single  example  ;  and  my  old  favourite  Coennnijniplia 
pamphilna,  which  has  previously  always  well  repaid  a  thorough 
investigation,  has  entirely  failed  me  this  year,  and  although  I  have 
examined  many  hundreds  during  the  season,  I  have  not  had  to  add  a 
single  specimen  to  my  series. 

Although  I  have  given  more  time  than  usual  to  other  families  of 
the  Lepidoptera,  my  knowledge  of  them  is  so  rudimentary,  that  I  will 
refrain  from  mentioning  them,  with  the  exception  of  the  Sesiids  and 
Anthrocerids,  about  which  my  remarks  may  be  summed  up  in  a  few 
words.  Aeijeria  andrenaefornm  appeared  to  be  very  scarce,  as  far 
as  Surrey  is  concerned,  for  I  only  managed  to  find  a  single  boring. 
The  larvfe  of  .E.  apheciformia  were  more  abundant,  but  after  finding- 
fifteen,  I  only  managed  to  breed  a  single  male  on  May  19th,  surely  a 
most  unusual  date.  All  the  remaining  sticks  contained  full  fed  larvse, 
but  they  had  gone  mouldy.  Mr.  A.  Tonge,  who  accompanied  me 
several  times  in  search  of  this  species,  and  obtained  about  the  same 
number,  failed  to  breed  a  single  specimen,  and  one  of  the  Forest 
keepers,  who  generally  finds  and  breeds  a  fair  number,  complained  of 


216  THE  entomologist's  record. 

the  same  occurrence.  .-7','.  culici/onnis  and  .K.  ci/nipiforinis  were  both 
fairly  abundant,  the  latter  commencing  to  emerge  in  a  wild  state  on 
May  18th,  although  at  the  same  time  there  were  pupre  and  small 
larvcT.  These  species  continued  to  emerge  at  intervals,  the  last 
appearing  on  July  30th.  The  emergence  was  thus  spread  over  a 
period  of  nearly  11  weeks.  Whereas  .TL  ctilicifonnia  appears  to  make 
an  almost  simultaneous  appearance  in  the  wild  state,  and  is  most 
regular  in  emerging  (I  have  always  fo'xnd  the  empty  cases  within  a 
day  or  two  of  May  17th),  in  captivity  the  emergence  is  rather  more 
protracted,  generally  spreading  over  a  period  of  about  a  fortnight. 

The  Anthrocerids,  which  I  always  work  thoroughly,  have  been  very 
scarce  in  each  of  the  several  localities  visited.  Antlnoccra  trifnlii  was 
perhaps  the  most  abundant,  A.  hipporrefiiilis  entirely  failed  to  put  in 
an  appearance,  and  A.  fdipendidae  has  been  most  remarkably  scarce  on 
the  North  Downs,  for  I  have  not  noticed  more  than  half-a-doxen 
imagines.  The  pupte  of  this  last  were  slightly  more  abundant,  but 
were  attacked  again  this  year  in  a  manner  that  I  have  not  observed 
since  1909.  I  refer  to  the  cocoons  having  the  lower  end  roughly  torn 
off  and  the  pupa  extracted,  and  although  having  given  considerable 
time  to  trying  to  find  the  cause  of  this,  I  am  as  far  from  finding  the 
solution  as  when  I  started.  From  all  appearances  it  cannot  be  mice, 
as  the  cocoons  are  generally  high  up  on  a  dried  grass  culm,  and  the 
strength  of  this  is  such  that  it  will  not  stand  the  strain  of  even  such  a 
small  weight  as  a  mouse  without  a  fracture.  From  experiment  I 
found  that  a  weight  of  considerably  under  one  ounce  will  cause  the 
stem  to  bend  in  such  a  manner  that  it  will  not  subsequently  recover 
its  vertical  position.  For  the  same  reason  one  must  exonerate  birds ; 
even  supposing  the  culm  would  stand  the  weight  without  breaking, 
one  would  expect  to  see  the  stem  bend  to  the  ground,  and  find  the  top 
of  the  cocoon  destroyed,  as  being  nearest  to  the  ground,  whereas  it  is 
extremely  difficult  to  find  a  culm  with  a  destroyed  cocoon  other  than 
in  a  vertical  position,  and  even  when  one  is  found,  it  can  usually  be 
traced  to  human  agency.  I  should  be  very  glad  to  hear  if  any 
entomologist  can  give  a  solution  to  a  problem  that  has  often  exercised 
my  mind. 

To  sum  up,  it  appears  to  me  that  a  very  hot  summer  does  not  tend 
to  produce  the  same  amount  of  variation  in  the  following  summer  as 
a  wet  season  does.  To  take  the  last  four  years  ;  the  1908  average 
summer  produced,  in  1909,  an  average  amount  of  variation,  not  very 
obvious,  but  average  working  at  a  species  would  produce  fair  results. 
The  1909-10  wet  and  cold  summer  produced  considerable  variation  in 
1910  and  1911 ;  this  was  especially  noticeable  in  the  latter.  1911  had 
a  record  summer  as  regards  drought  and  heat,  with  1912  variation 
practically  nil.  I  may  be  premature  in  making  this  statement,  but  it 
has  always  been  a  theory  which  seemed  probable,  that  variation 
fluctuates  according  to  the  climatic  conditions  to  which  the  insects 
are  exposed  during  the  early  part  of  their  existence. 

In  conclusion  I  can  only  say  that  1912  has  been  most  disappointing 
so  far  as  variation  is  concerned,  although  I  have  given  considerable 
attention  to  my  favourite  species.  I  will  give  the  season  justice, 
however,  by  saying  that  perhaps  I  have  not  given  entomology  the  full 
benefit  of  spare  time  at  my  disposal,  as  the  scheme  for  preserving 
Colley  Hill  as  an  open  space  took  up  some  of  it.     It  has  been  prin- 


J 


COSMOPOLITAN  COCKROACHES.  217 

cipally  night  work  that  has  suffered,  as  this  work  was  done  by- 
burning  the  midnight  oil,  the  Rhopalocera  would  not  be  greatly 
neglected. 

As  the  Colley  Hill  (perhaps  better  known  as  Reigate  Hill)  scheme 
has  been  warmly  supported  by  entomologists,  I  may  be  pardoned  for 
introducing  the  subject.  I  am  pleased  to  be  in  a  position  to  state  that 
this  favourite  hunting  ground  of  London  entomologists  has  been 
secured  by  the  National  Trust  for  Places  of  Historic  Interest  or 
Natural  Beauty,  but  unfortunately  there  still  remains  a  debt  of  £700. 
Another  feature  of  1912  is  that  the  same  body  have  taken  control, 
under  the  bequest  of  the  late  Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall,  of  239  acres  of 
Wicken  Fen.  Owing  to  the  heavy  succession  duties  payable  on  the 
bequest  the  Trust  felt  some  difficulty  about  assuming  the  guardianship 
of  the  property.  However,  through  the  generosity  of  an  anonymous 
donor  (whom  one  suspects  to  be  an  entomologist)  they  have  been  able 
to  accept  the  gift,  by  means  of  which  they  will  have  the  control  of  the 
greater  part  of  this  happy  hunting  ground  (about  250  acres),  and  as 
it  is  their  ambition  to  keep  all  property  under  their  control  in  its 
natural  condition,  one  cannot  but  think  that  the  National  Trust 
should  have  the  good  wishes,  or  more  substantial  support  of  all  field 
workers.  Long  may  Colley  Hill,  Wicken  Fen,  and  the  other 
properties  of  the  National  Trust  continue  to  give  pleasure  and  increase 
of  knowledge  to  the  fraternity  of  the  green  net. 


Cosmopolitan  Cockroaches. 

By  the  late  K.  8HELF0RD,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 
It  is  not  always  an  easy  matter  to  determine  the  centre  of  origin  of 
any  given  species  Avhich  has  spread  over  the  greater  part  of  the  globe. 
If  a  species  is  found  all  over  the  world  in  a  more  or  less  domesticated 
state,  but  exists  in  a  feral  condition  in  a  limited  area  the  matter  is 
simple  enough.  But  the  cosmopolitan  cockroaches  are  such  very 
domesticated  insects,  that  throughout  the  entire  area  of  their 
distribution  they  are  found,  for  the  most  part,  only  in  association  with 
man  and  his  works,  houses,  ships,  factories,  plantations,  etc.  If  it 
should  happen  that  any  of  these  domesticated  species  exist  outside  the 
radius  of  man's  influence  in  a  truly  feral  condition  in  neigbouring 
jungle  or  forest,  it  is  rather  an  open  question  whether  or  no  the  species 
is  truly  indigenous  to  that  area.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  non- 
domesticated  congeners  of  a  domesticated  species  occur  in  a  given  area, 
let  us  say,  the  Ethiopian  region,  it  is  quite  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
the  domesticated  species  originated  in  the  same  region  as  its  feral 
congeners.  An  overwhelming  abundance  of  a  species  in  any  given 
area  is  often  strong  presumptive  evidence  that  the  species  is  not 
indigenous  to  that  area.  This,  at  first  sight  may  appear  paradoxical, 
but  a  moment's  reflection  supplies  the  explanation  ;  the  natural 
enemies  of  the  abundant  species  were  not  imported  with  it.  The 
occurrence  of  the  rabbit  in  Australia  and  of  ]'asser  inontaiiiis  in 
Singapore  are  two  cases  in  point,  out  of  several  others.  With  these 
preliminary  remarks  let  us  pass  on  to  a  discussion  of  our  cosmopolitan 
cockroaches. 

The  truly  cosmopolitan  species  are  : — 

Blattella  yermanica,  L.     (Sub-fam.  Pseudomopinae.) 


218  THE  entomologist's  record. 

r,    ■  1      .         .     /     •      r^  1    I  (bub-fam.  Blattmae.) 
Henplaneta  australasiae,  rab.  I  ^  ' 

Rhiparobia  maderae,  Fab.      ]  /a   i   r  /,       ; »     •        \ 

r,  "^^        ,  .  ■     T      (bub-fam.  Panchlorinae.) 

t-'i/ciioscelus  surniamensis,  Ju.J  ^  ' 

but  the  following  have  an  extremely  wide  distribution  and  will  also  be 

considered  : — '•■ 

Supella  sapellectilinm,  Serv.     (Sub-fam.  Pseiidomopinae.) 

Xeo.ftylopi/ya  rho»ibi folia,  Stoll.  ] 

Blatta  orientalis,  L.  -  (Sub-iam.  Blattinae.) 

Periplaneta  brnnnea,  Burm.  (truncata,  Kr.)j 

Xauplioeta  cinerea,  Oliv.     (Sub-fam.  Panchlorinae.) 

Enthijrrhapha  pacifica,  Coq.     (Sub-fam.  ( 'orijdiinae.) 

All  of   the  above,  with    the   exception  of    IJ.  orientali!>,    L.,   are 

essentially  tropical  insects,  occasionally  ranging  into  temperate  zones 

but  unable  apparently  to  establish  themselves  permanently  there. 

[*'  These  posthumous  papers   of  my  old  friend   are  rough  notes 

drafted  during    his  long   illness,   in    preparation   of  some  essays  on 

various  interesting  subjects  in  which   he  was  eminently  qualified  to 

write.      Though  rough   and  incomplete,  I  cannot  help  thinking  that 

these  are  worth   publishing,  as   they  are    useful  and  interesting  in 

themselves. — M.  B."l 


Anergates   atratulus,  Schenk.,   a    British  Ant,  and   tlie  acceptance 
of  a    $    by  Tetramorium  caespitum,  L 

By  W.  C.  CRAWLEY,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

On  July  23rd  of  this  year  my  friend  Mr.  Donistborp'e  and  I  were 
collecting  ants  in  the  New  Forest  near  Lyndhurst,  where  Tetrainoritdii 
caespitiDii  is  abundant,  Avhen  I  was  attracted  by  the  large  size  and 
deep  black  colour  of  some  ^  s  ol  Tetrainorimn  that  were  coming  out  of 
some  galleries  on  the  side  of  a  small  mound.  On  removing  the  earth 
covering  these  galleries  1  found  numbers  of  a  small  black  winged 
5  ant  among  the  Tetrataoriam.  Mr.  Donisthorpe  then  coming  up, 
we  carefully  excavated  the  nest,  which  nowhere  descended  more  than 
two  or  three  inches  into  the  sandy  soil.  The  colony  consisted  of  an 
obese  queen,  20-30  winged  J  s,  and  three  (?  s  of  Anerijates  atratulus, 
with  a  fair  number  (several  hundreds)  of  -Tetramurinm  caespitani  ^  s. 
The  only  pupa?  and  larv.e  were  those  of  Anen/atcs,  and  there  were,  of 
course,  no  J  s  or  $  s  of  Tetrainorinin.  I  established  this  colony  in  a 
terra-cotta  Janet  nest,  where  it  is  doing  well.  The  queen  lays  an 
enormous  quantity  of  eggs,  most  of  which  are  devoured  by  the  ?  s, 
the  Anenjatcs  queen  thus  being  an  important  source  of  food-supply. 
The  Tetramorium  ^  s  readily  received  and  hatched  out  strange  larvte 
and  pupa'  of  their  own  species. 

This  curious  parasitic  ant,  with  an  apterous  pupoid  J  a»d  no  ^ 
caste,  now  established  as  British,  was  first  discovered  by  Schenk,  at 
Weilburg  in  1852.  C.  W.  Dale  in  1897,  speaking  of  T.  caespitum, 
mentions  Anen^ates  atratiila,  Sch.,  as  occurring  with  it,  and  says  it  is 

•  Kirby  in  his  Syvonyinic  Catalogue  of  the  Orthoptera,  vol.  i.,  quotes  a  wide 
distribution  for  Isclnioptera  rufcscoi.t,  Beiiuv.,  to  which  name  he  appends 
numerous  synonyms.  I  am  by  no  means  satisfied  that  this  synonymy  can  be 
estabhshed  entirely,  and  until  that  is  done  the  exact  geographical  distribution  of 
the  species  remains  in  doubt.     I  therefore  omit  all  further  reference  to  it. 


ANERGATES    ATRATULUS,    SCHBNK.  2l9 

the  ant  standing  in  Curtis'  guide  as  Myrmica  maciilipes,  Curt.,  which 
was  taken  by  his  father  at  Charmouth  in  1835  {i.e.,  17  years  before  its 
description  by  Schenk).  No  trace,  however,  of  this  ant  can  be  found, 
this  synonomy  being  given  neither  in  Forel,  Smith,  nor  Dalla  Torre, 
and  the  matter  therefore  must  be  considered  as  very  doubtful. 

As  the  S  of  Aner<jates  is  apterous  and  can  only  walk  with 
difficulty,  mating  (which  I  have  repeatedly  observed)  must  necessarily 
take  place  inside  the  nest,  and  assume  the  form  of  adelphogamy.  In 
my  nest  the  ?  s  removed  their  wings  soon  after  copulation  and 
made  no  attempt  to  leave  the  nest.  In  every  case  also  each  dealated 
5  seized  a  Tetrainonuni  ^  by  the  antenna,  and  kept  hold  for  hours 
and  sometimes  days.  In  nature  this  would  probably  have  occurred 
outside  a  strange  nest  to  which  the  ?  was  trying  to  gain  admission, 
and  may  have  for  its  object  the  acquisition  of  the  odour  of  the 
Tetrainorinin,  or  may  cause  the  strange  ^  s  to  drag  her  more  readily 
into  their  nest.  Neither  of  these  explanations  seems  quite  satisfactory 
however. 

It  is  important  here  to  emphasise  the  complete  adoption  of  a  newly 
fertilised  Anen/ates  2  as  queen  by  a  large  colony  of  7'.  caespitiim 
(recorded  elsewhere),  as  it  solves  the  problem  of  the  elimination  of  the 
host  2  !^-  In  this  case  the  Tetramorinm  killed  off  all  their  own  ^  s  and 
5  s,  including  two  dealated  $  s,  two  days  after  accepting  the  Ancn/ates. 
The  latter  is  now  distended  to  about  half  the  size  she  should  eventually 
reach.  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  a  similar  slaughter  takes  place  in 
colonies  with  queens  of  Ladus  niijer  and  L.  alienus,  after  the  accept- 
ance of  the  parasitic  2  s  of  Lasius  iiinbratus  and  L.  niLvtus.  Mr. 
Donisthorpe  has  repeatedly  expressed  his  opinion  that  Anertjates  would 
be  found  in  Britain,  and  last  year  we  actually  made  a  special  visit  to 
Whitsand  Bay,  where  Tetianiorium  abounds,  in  the  hope  of  discovering 
it.  Our  search,  however,  was  very  much  hampered  by  the  extreme 
drought,  which  caused  the  ants  to  retire  deep  into  the  earth. 

The  3  of  the  British  Anert/ates  possesses  no  strigil,  and  therefore 
corresponds  to  the  form  found  in  Holland  rather  than  to  that  found 
further  south.  The  2  ,  one  of  which  I  sent  to  Forel,  is  the  typical  A. 
atratitlus. 


J^OTES     ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

Collecting  Notes  1912. — I  had  the  pleasure  of  taking  I'ho.vuiiteri/x 
npvpana  in  a  wood  near  here  on  May  19th,  after  havmg  worked  for  it 
for  some  years.  At  Hailsham,  on  June  6th,  at  the  entrance  to  a  wood 
where  BnuiKiii  jlexuosum  (the  common  earth-nut  now  known  as  Cono- 
podium  denudatmii. — H.  •).  T.)  is  the  the  commonest  flowering  plant, 
Odezia  atrata  was  plentiful.  Adscita  statices,  too,  in  lovely  condition, 
was  found  in  an  open  space  in  the  same  wood.  The  specimens  netted 
included  the  blue-green  type  form.  1  visited  Hindhead  Common  on 
June  lOfch,  a  very  unfavourable  day,  and  found  it  difficult  to  get  any- 
thing to  Hy.  The  only  moth  at  all  interesting  to  me  was  J'/io.roptcn/.r 
{Ancluflopera)  iin/rtillana  one  or  two  examples  of  which  I  knocked  out 
of  the  \'(icci)iiinii.  I  was  at  Lyndhurst  for  a  few  days  in  the  middle  oi 
June  but  had  a  disappointing  time.  Rliyaciona  {Lietinia)  pinivorana, 
and  L'oleophora  ahenella,  as  also  larvfe  of  Sarrothripa  nndulamix 
{revayana)  occurred.     There  was  very  little  butterfly  life.      I  did  see 


220  THE  entomologist's  record. 

and  take  one  male  Dnjas  paphia  on  June  16th — a  rather  early  date. 
Paran/e  aef/eria  was  not  uncommon,  and  a  few  Brenthis  selene  and 
Pleheins  ar(ius  were  also  observed.  At  Hailing,  on  July  13th,  I  found 
Phu.mpteri/.v  cnmptana  abundant,  Coleophora  onoxmella,  C.  niveicostella, 
FAachista  mai/nificcUa,  and  lUth\jia  aennruhella.  At  the  same  place  on 
July  21st  I  found  Gelechia  seqnax,  Peronea  aspersana,  in  plenty, 
(hluutia  dentalia  and  Sericoris  riviilana  [conchana).  Sesia  (Macrof/loasa) 
stellotantin  was  at  flowers  of  Viper's  Bugloss,  but  was  off  like  a  flash, 
and  Colias  cditm  was  seen  but  was  too  wary  to  allow  of  my  getting 
within  striking  distance.  An  unexpected  visitor  in  the  shape  of 
Diari/rtria  abietella  turned  up  here  (Southend)  at  our  electric  light  on 
July  17th.  Just  now  I  am  getting  a  few  larvfe  of  Tortrix  jironubana 
and  of  Corisciinn  cuculipennrUKni  on  privet  in  this  neighbourhood. — 
F.  G.  Whittle,  7,  Marine  Avenue,  Southend.     Ain/itst.  litli. 

Notes  from  the  Broads,  1912.— I  spent  from  July  22nd  to  27th 
near  Stalham,  Norfolk,  and  had  very  fair  weather  and  sport.  This 
was  my  third  visit  in  successive  seasons  to  the  same  place,  and  I 
succeeded  this  year  in  timing  my  visit  so  as  to  get  Lencania  hrevilinea 
in  good  condition,  they  were,  however,  not  so  common  as  last  year. 
I  also  took  three  Lit/tosia  (Pelosia)  vntacerda  round  the  same  small 
clump  of  sallows,  alders,  etc.,  that  has  produced  it  each  year ; 
this  must  be  a  very  retiring  and  local  insect,  or  else  it  is  that  I  do  not 
work  for  it  in  the  right  way,  but  my  record  '•  bag"  for  one  evening  is 
two  !  Other  captures  included  Ayrotis  obelisca  and  A.  niiiricans  at 
honeydew  on  sallow  leaves,  also  Apainea  {Helotroplia)  leiicostit/ina, 
while  Cornohia  rtifa,  Calamia  phrafiniitidix,  Niidaria  neiie.r,  FAt/iosia 
(jriaenla  with  the  var.  liava  {strainhwolo),  Kinonc  ajiiciaria  and  Acidalia 
iinnnitata  were  common  at  dusk.  Lencania  Htraiuinea  seemed  to  be 
over,  only  a  few  worn  females  being  noted,  and  the  same  remark 
applies  to  Hi/drelia  iiuciila  and  Senta  iiiaritinia.  I  took,  however,  one 
very  fair  ab.  bipunctata  of  the  latter  species.  I  rather  regret  that  I 
did  not  try  sugar,  but  it  would  have  meant  applying  it  to  reeds,  leaves, 
etc.,  which  is  a  messy  job,  and  often  a  failure.  My  plan  was  to  row 
out  in  the  evening  to  a  spot  on  Stalham  Dyke  sacred  to  musverda  and 
breriiinea,  work  there  till  9.30  or  so,  and  then  return  and  try  light  on 
the  balcony  of  the  cottage,  which  overlooks  a  fine  expanse  of  marsh- 
land. The  results  of  this  illumination  were  most  disappointing, 
though  we  had  several  supposedly  perfect  nights.  The  best  of  the 
insects  that  did  come  were  one  Kntrkha  ijnercifolia,  one  Apainea 
ophiorirainnia,  and  a  few  P/iraiiinatabia  fali(jinusa,  Avhile  />.  (jriseola,  L. 
liiridcola,  and  common  Gcometrae  like  Peliin/a  couiitata,  Abraxas 
(irons  alar  lata,  etc.,  Avere  only  fairly  numerous.  A  few  worn  pAipithecia 
snbnotata  also  came.  Carrying  the  sheet  (on  poles),  lamps,  etc.,  with 
much  labour  out  to  the  afore-mentioned  spot  at  Stalham  Dyke  was 
attended  by  no  greater  success.  A  few  J  "drinkers"  and  one  L. 
hrevilinea  bcmg  all  that  turned  up  by  11.30  p.m.  on  the  night  I  tried 
it.  By  day  I  found  larva'  of  Papilin  inarhami  in  abundance,  locally,  of 
all  sizes  from  full-fed  downwards,  and  a  few  of  the  largest  are  now 
spinning  up  in  my  cages.  Larva?  of  Nonaiiria  vannae  and  A',  ti/phae 
were  also  common,  with  a  few  pup;v  of  the  same  species.  With  regard 
to  .V.  vannae  the  authorities  generally  mention  the  two  species  oiTi/p/ia 
as  the  chief  foodplant,  in  fact  Newman  and  Barrett  mention  Tiipha 
alone,  but  my  experience  has  been  that  it  generally  inhabits  Scirpu.s 


CUBRENT    NOTES.  221 

lacHstris,  the  only  other  plant  in  which  I  have  found  it  being 
Sparyaniiun  ramosum,  while  I  have  never  found  anything  but  N.  typhae 
in  stems  of  Tijplm.  In  any  case  I  can  strongly  recommend  the  Scirpun 
to  anyone  working  for  cannae,  and  when  working  for  it  to  cut  the  stems 
as  low  as  possible  under  water,  especially  if  the  weather  is  hot,  as  the 
larvae  often  go  down  far  below  the  waterline,  almost  to  the  roots  of 
the  reed.  Until  I  discovered  this  habit  I  used  to  cut  just  on  the 
waterline,  where  I  saw  holes,  and  must  have  missed  many  larvae. — 
(Capt.)  C.  a.  Cardew,  50,  Melbury  Gardens,  Wimbledon.     Awjust  6th. 


SCIENTIFIC    NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

EUCHLOE    CAKDAMTNES     OVIPOSITING     ON     CaPSELLA     BURSA-PASTORIS. 

When  near  Hailsham,  in  the  middle  of  May  last,  I  noticed  the  very 
fine  condition  of  many  plants  of  the  common  weed.  Shepherd's  Purse. 
Many  of  them  were  over  a  foot  high  and  free  from  the  usual  road 
dust.  Euchlo'e  cardamines  was  abundant,  and  I  was  surprised  one 
morning  to  see  a  female  butterfly  walking  over  a  Shepherd's  Purse 
and  laying  her  eggs  on  a  plant  growing  just  at  my  feet.  My  brother, 
H.  Leonard  Sich,  already  had  larvae  on  the  same  species  of  plant  and 
when,  in  one  of  the  lanes,  we  gathered  a  fresh  supply,  he  found  eggs 
had  also  been  laid  on  the  pieces  he  had  gathered.  Most  of  the  eggs  I 
have  previously  found  were  deposited  on  Alliaria  oificinalis,  and  I 
never  remember  reading  of  C.  bitrsa-pastoris  as  a  food-plant  of  E. 
cardamines. — Alfred  Sich,  (F.E.S.),  Chiswick.     Auymt  27th,  1912. 


CURRENT      NOTES      AND      SHORT      NOTICES. 

The  final  portion  of  the  Collection  of  the  late  J.  W.  Tutt  will  be 
sold  at  Steven's  sale  rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  on 
September  24th,  1912.  It  comprises  the  sections  which  were  under- 
going re-arrangement  at  the  time  of  Mr.  Tutt's  death.  The  whole  of 
the  Sphingids,  the  Bombyces,  the  Nolidae  and  the  Anthrocerids  had  been 
largely  arranged  in  accordance  with  the  text  of  "British  Lepidoptera." 
There  are  also  long  series  of  many  Continental  species  of  the 
Lithosiidae,  AntJiroceridae,  Pterophuridae,  etc. 

The  Editorial  Staff  of  our  Magazine  seem  to  have  been  well  to  the 
fore  at  the  International  Congress  at  Oxford.  Dr.  Burr  was  General 
Secretary  to  the  Congress.  Messrs.  Bagnall,  Bethune-Baker,  J.  E. 
Collin  and  G.  Wheeler  acted  as  Secretaries  to  some  of  the  sectional 
meetings.  Mr.  Bagnall,  Dr.  Chapman,  Mr.  Donisthorpe  and  Rev.  G. 
Wheeler  read  papers.  Mr.  Bethune-Baker  introduced  the  Resolution 
on  Nomenclature,  on  behalf  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  London, 
and  Mr.  Sich  took  part  in  the  discussions. 

Volume  II.  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Carlisle  Natural  History 
Society  has  just  come  to  hand,  and  we  are  pleased  to  see  that  what 
was  said  in  the  notice  of  the  previous  volume  can  be  repeated,  viz., 
"  That  the  Carlisle  Natural  History  Society  is  to  be  congratulated  on 
the  issue  ....  and  deserves  praise  not  only  for  the  excellence 
of  the  contents,  but  for  the  first-class  style  and  get-up  of  the  part  as  a 
whole,  the  printing  being  exceptionally  well  done."  The  contents  of 
the  present  volume  are  comprised  in  256  pages,  of  which  146  pages 
are  devoted  to  (1)  The  Lepidoptera  of  Cumberland,  Part  II.  (Moths), 


222  THE  entomologist's  record. 

by  our  old  friend  Geo.  B.  Routledge,  t'.E.S.,  and  (2)  The  Coleoptera 
of  Cumberland,  Part  II.,  by  our  old  correspondent,  Frank  II.  Day, 
F.E.S.  Both  these  contributions  are  continuations  of  what  was 
begun  in  the  previous  volume  in  1909,  and  comprise  not  only  the 
results  of  many  years'  personal  work,  but  a  summary  of  all  records 
hitherto  published,  as  well  as  many  items  of  general  biological  interest. 
Mr.  H.  Britten,  F.E.S. ,  contributes  an  article  on  the  "  Spiders  of 
Cumberland,"  and  T.  S.  Johnstone  one  on  "  Plant  Life  around 
Carlisle,"  while  a  very  sympatLetic  memoir  of  the  late  Rev.  H.  A. 
Macphcrson,  M.B.O.U.,  who  by  his  enthusiasm  for  Natural  History 
helped  to  place  this  Society  in  the  forefront  of  local  organisations,  is 
added  by  Linnteus  E.  Hope. 

We  hear  that  our  old  contributor,  T.  Bainbrigge-Fletcher,  who  for 
some  time  has  been  Officiating  Imperial  Entomologist  at  Pusa,  under 
the  Agricultural  Department  of  India,  in  place  of  Professor  H. 
Maxwell-Lefroy,  who  has  been  away  on  leave,  has  recently  been  trans- 
ferred to  Coimbatore  as  Entomologist  to  the  Government  of  Madras, 
and  Professor  of  Entomology  in  the  Agricultural  College  and  Research 
Institute. 

We  also  hear  that  Professor  Maxwell-Lefroy  has  been  offered  and 
has  accepted  a  post  of  Professor  of  Entomology  in  England, 
and  will  be  leaving  India  at  the  end  of  the  present  year.  This  will 
presumablv  mean  a  return  of  Professor  Bainbrigge-Fletcher,  to  Pusa, 
as  Imperial  Entomologist,  a  post  to  which  his  conspicuous  ability  and 
experience  recommend  him. 

Many  insects,  which  we  in  this  country  look  upon  with  much  toler- 
ance and  which  only  at  intervals  are  inimical  to  our  agriculturists,  when 
transferred  to  other  climes  where  their  struggle  for  existence  is  an  easy 
one  and  where  the  balance  is  strongly  in  their  favour,  become  a  very 
serious  item  for  economical  consideration.  Of  such  are  Pieris  brassicae, 
(j-alleria  mellonella  and  Calandraorijzae.  All  these  three  British  insects 
find  a  congenial  clime  in  India  and  multiply  apace  to  such  an  extent 
as  often  to  be  a  serious  menace  to  the  crops  of  the  needy  native 
agriculturists.  The  authorities  of  the  government  of  India  have  long 
tried  to  cope  with  the  insect  trouble,  and  numerous  colleges  and 
experimental  stations  have  been  established,  with  the  object  of 
disseminating  knowledge  of  the  life-historits  of  the  various  pests,  and 
to  suggest  adequate  means  of  attacking  these  minute  enemies  at  the 
most  vulnerable  period  of  their  existence.  We  have  just  received  some 
half  a  dozen  pamphlets  from  the  pen  of  Professor  Bainbrigge-Fletcher, 
reprinted  from  the  Agricultural  Journal  of  India.  (1)  "  The  Cabbage- 
white  Butterfly  {Pii'ris  hramcac),"  (2)  "  The  Wax-moth  {GalUria 
ludlonclla) "  and  (3)  "  The  Rice  Weevil  {i\tllandraorijzae)  "  treat  of  these 
three  insects  in  detail  as  to  their  life-history  and  give  various  methods 
of  dealing  with  them  in  bulk.  The  pamphlets  are  illustrated  by  very 
well  executed  coloured  plates.  Two  other  pamphlets  deal  with  (1)  "  The 
Moth-borer  {Chilo  Hiw/dex),"  one  of  the  smaller  moths,  the  larvte  of 
which  bore  into  the  living  stems  of  the  sugar-cane,  maize,  eic,  and 
often  cause  enormous  damage ;  (2)  "  The  Cane  and  Rice  Grasshopper 
{IJin-o'jli/iiliiiti  banian),"  which  in  its  young  stage  feeds  on  the  tender 
shoots  of  the  young  growth  of  millet,  sugar-cane,  rice,  etc. ;  and 
[S)  "The  Potato-moth  [I'thoriinaea  [Lita)  opcrcnlclla  {nolanella)  ] ," 
which  appears  to  be  a  recent  arrival  in  India,  although  only  too  well 


SOCIETIES. 


228 


known  in  America,  some  parts  of  Europe,  and  Australia.  The  contents 
of  all  these  publications  intimate,  that  it  is  now  well  recognised,  that 
only  by  a  thorough  detailed  knowledge  of  the  life-history  of  the  posts 
is  it  at  all  j)ossible  to  work  out  adequate  methods  of  dealing  with  and 
controlling  their  depredations  with  a  minimum  of  loss  of  the  crops 
concerned. 

In  the  Bulletin  of  the  State  TlniverHitij  of  loira  is  an  account  of 
"  Some  Recent  Collections  of  Fossil  Coleoptera  from  the  Miocene 
Shales  of  Florissant,"  by  H.  F.  Wickham.  The  district  of  Florissant 
is  quite  a  historic  locality  for  the  discovery  of  so  many  examples  of 
the  invertebrates  of  an  earlier  age.  Professor  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  who 
long  ago  was  an  active  member  in  the  South  London  Entomological 
and  Natural  History  Society,  has  during  the  past  five  or  six  years 
organised  parties  of  exploration  for  the  express  purpose  of  getting  fresh 
material.  These  efforts  have  been  so  far  successful  that  this 
preliminary  report  has  been  written  describing  and  figuring  a  number 
of  new  forms,  and  an  intimation  is  given  that  the  United  States 
Museum  have  in  hand  a  detailed  and  comprehensive  report  upon  the 
whole  of  the  coleopterous  material  from  the  Florissant  area  in  their 
collections. 

In  the  last  part  of  the  Verhanillun(jen  der  k.k.  zoo.  hot.  Getiell.  in 
Wieu,  in  the  report  of  the  meeting  on  January  12th,  Dr.  Rebel 
describes  a  new  species  of  Coleop/iora,  0.  meridionella.  The  new 
species  comes  nearer  C.  tro(flo(h/tella,  and  was  bred  from  cases  found  in 
Dalmatia,  1893,  and  near  Riva  in  1911.  Subsequently  Dr.  Rebel  has 
detected  several  in  the  "  Mann  "  collection  in  the  Hofmuseum  under 
the  name  therinella,  Tengstr. 


OCIE  TIE  S 


The  Entomological  Society  of  London. — May  l.sf,  1912. — The 
Rev.  E.  Adrian  Woodruffe-Peacock,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  Cadney  Vicarage, 
Brigg,  Lincolnshire,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society. — Aberkations 
in  Aglais  urticae,  var.  ichnusa. — Mr.  A.  H.  Jones  exhibited  three 
examples  of  Aylah  urticae,  var.  ichnni^a,  showing  the  absence  of  scales 
in  the  centre  of  the  wings,  where  the  central  spots  are  present  in  the 
type.  Variation  in  Euchloe  damone.^ — Mr.  Jones  also  exhibited 
examples  of  Euchloe  dawone,  from  Asia  Minor  and  Sicily,  showing 
difference  in  the  depth  of  colour  of  the  transverse  black  streak  on 
forewings,  and  in  the  tone  of  colour  of  undersides.  A  very  scarce 
Egyptian  Pierid. — Dr.  G.  B.  Longstaff  exhibited  a  series  of  twelve 
specimens  (five  males  and  seven  females)  of  the  rare  white  butterfly, 
Pinacopteri/x  do.vo.  Scarce  Coleophorids. — Mr.  Alfred  Sich  exhibited 
two  specimens,  with  their  cases,  of  Coleophora  tritjeuiinella,  Fuchs,  and 
one  specimen  of  C.  badiipeuneUa,  Dup.,  with  its  case  for  comparison. 
Brazilian  Ithomiines. — Mr.  W.  J.  K&je  exhibited  three  small  groups 
of  Ithomiine  butterflies  that  had  been  taken  by  himself  in  S.  Brazil. 
New  Mimacr.eas. — -Mr.  Hamilton  H.  Druce  exhibited  J  and  $  of  the 
new  Miuiacraea  eltriufihanii,  captured  by  Mr.  S.  A.  Neave  in  the 
Bugoma  Forest,  Unyoro,  Uganda,  and  another  new  Miwacraea  which 
he  proposed  to  name  costle>/i,  after  its  discoverer  Mr.  Costley  White  at 
Mlanji,  Nyassaland,  which  appeared  to  be  allied  to  M.  marshalU, 
Trimen,  a  specimen  of  which  was  also  shown  for  comparison,      Mr.  S. 


224  THE  entomologist's  record. 

A.  Neave  described  the  capture  of  these  specimens.  This  species  in 
common  with  several  others  flics  very  high,  and  he  said  it  was  often 
necessary  to  employ  small  native  boys  perched  at  the  tops  of  the  trees  and 
armed  with  nets.  Butterflies  from  British  Honduras  and  Guatemala. 
— Mr.  A.  E.  Gibbs  exhibited  a  drawer  of  butterflies  from  these  localities 
recently  received  from  Dr.  Davis,  of  Belize.  A  scarce  Plecopteron. — 
Mr.  G.  T.  Porritt  exhibited  specimens  of  Nemnnra  duhitans,  Morton, 
taken  by  Colonel  Nurse  at  West  Stow,  Suffolk,  in  June  last,  and  for 
comparison  specimens  of  Nonoura  incnm^piciia,  Pict.,  from  Aviemore. 
Life  History  of  Nonagria  nexa. — Mr.  H.  M.  Edelsten,  exhibited 
stems  of  Care.v  riparia  (received  from  the  Hon.  N.  C.  Rothschild  from 
Berlin)  to  illustrate  the  life  history  of  Nonagria  nc.ra,  Hb.  A  scarce 
Thrips. — Mr.  C.  B.  Williams  exhibited  a  specimen  of  the  male 
Menalothrip^  nohilh,  Bagnall,  from  Wicken  Fen,  taken  April  11th, 
1912.  This  is  the  largest  European  species  and,  since  first  taken  by 
Dr.  Sharp  in  1894,  has  not  been  recorded.  East  African  Tabanid^e, 
with  many  hitherto  unknown  Males. — Mr.  S.  A.  Neave  exhibited 
some  of  the  Tahanidae  collected  during  his  recent  tour  in  East  Africa, 
on  behalf  of  the  Entomological  Research  Committee  of  the  Colonial 
Office.  He  called  attention  to  the  male  individuals  exhibited,  and 
expressed  the  opinion  that  their  rarity  in  collections  was  perhaps  due  to 
the  fact  that  they  were  short-lived.  Mr.  G.  A.  K.  Marshall  observed 
that  probably  many  of  the  Fellows  present  would  hardly  realise  the 
importance  of  Mr.  Neave's  exhibit.  Even  amongst  the  English 
Tahanidae  by  no  means  all  the  males  were  known,  and  this  sex  was 
hitherto  unknown  in  the  large  majority  of  the  species  then  exhibited. 
A  Cluster  of  Ova  of  Gonepteryx  rhamni. — Mr.  R.  M.  Prideaux 
brought  for  exhibition  seventeen  ova  of  6^.  rlmmni  found  at  Brasted 
Chart,  on  April  28th,  on  a  shoot  of  Bhamnint  fran<mla.  Mimicry  in 
the  Tropics  chiefly  characteristic  of  Forest  Areas. — Professor 
Poulton  said  that  he  had  long  been  struck,  especia.]ly  in  the  collections 
of  butterflies  received  from  Uganda  and  British  East  Africa,  with  the 
immense  development  of  mimicry  in  Lepidoptera  from  the  forest  as 
compared  with  the  open  country.  He  read  notes  bearing  on  this  point 
from  Messrs.  C.  A.  Wiggins,  F.  J.  Jackson  and  C.  F.  M.  Swynnerton. 
Mr.  S.  A.  Neave  said  that  he  had  recently  had  an  interesting 
experience  of  insectivorous  birds,  near  Entebbe.  On  January  12th, 
1912,  at  Gabunga's,  near  Entebbe,  he  had  watched  a  wagtail,  most 
probably  Motacilla  capcnsis,  catching  butterflies  on  a  small  patch  of 
damp  sand  in  the  bed  of  a  forest  stream.  The  bird  was  so  tame  that 
he  stood  within  3  or  4  yards  of  it.  In  less  than  balf-an-hour  this  bird 
captured  and  ate  19  butterflies  and  failed  to  catch  many  others.  The 
butterflies  eaten  were  nearly  all  small  Li/raenidae.  The  Power  of 
Sight  in  Birds. — Professor  Poulton  called  attention  to  a  few  observa- 
tions which  supported  the  conclusion  that  birds  possessed  the  extra- 
ordinarily acute  and  far-reaching  vision  required  by  the  Batesian  and 
Mullerian  theories  of  Mimicry.  The  following  Paper  was  read  : — "On 
the  CoIourCIroupsof  the  Hawaiian  Wasps, "by  Dr.  H.  C.L.Perkins,  M.  A., 
D.Sc.,F.Z.S.,F.E.8.  In  illustration  of  the  paper, Prof.  Poulton  exhibited 
the  specimens  referred  to  by  Dr.  Perkins.  The  Colour-groups  were 
arranged  in  order  of  the  islands,  from  Kauai  in  the  N.W.  to  Hawaii  in 
the  ?).E.  —  .finic5th,  1912.— Mr.  Henry  Francis  Carter,  Liverpool  School 
of  Tropical  Medicine,  University  of  Liverpool,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 


SOCIETIES.  225 

Society.  The  Rev.  G.  Wheeler  read  the  Report  of  the  Committee  on 
Nomenclature,  which  was  adopted  (see  p.  206).  A  scarce  Diptekon. — 
Mr.  J.  E.  Collin  exhibited  a  series  of  thirteen  specimens  of  rin/soceji/iala 
nifp-a,  De  G.,  the  largest  British  species  of  the  Conopidae,  caught  on 
Studland  Heath  (Dorsetshire),  during  the  last  week  in  May,  when 
Colonel  Yerbury,  Mr.  C.  J.  Wainwright  and  himself  took  24  speci- 
mens ;  though  widely  distributed,  the  species  was  always  considered 
a  great  rarity,  and  its  occurrence  in  such  numbers  had  never  before 
been  recorded.  A  new  Hydroecia. — Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman  exhibited  a 
specimen  of  Hydroecia  biirroivni,  Chpn.,  a  new  species  that  has  turned 
up  (from  Vladivostock)  since  Mr.  Burrows's  paper  on  the  group.  A 
bred  Albulina  pheketes. — Dr.  Chapman  also  showed  a  specimen  of 
Allndina  pheretes,  $  ,  bred  at  Reigate  from  the  egg,  supposed  to  be  the 
first  (and  only)  bred  specimen  of  the  species.  Two  uncommon  Sudanese 
Butterflies. — Dr.  G.  B.  Longstaff  exhibited  Calopieris  eulimene  and 
Teracolus  pleione,  and  read  notes  upon  them.  East  African  Asilids 
and  Rhopalocera. — Mr.  S.  A.  Neave  exhibited  some  specimens  of  the 
Asilid  genas  Hi/perechia,  representing  three,  perhaps  four,  species,  all 
taken  during  his  recent  tour  in  East  Africa.  He  also  showed  for  com- 
parison four  common  species  of  Xylocopa,  bees  to  which  the  flies  bore  a 
marked  superficial  resemblance.  He  also  exhibited  a  remarkable  new 
Nymphalinebutterfly,  probably  belonging  to  tbegenusPs6'»r/«c7-rt6'rt,  taken 
on  Mt.  Mlanji,  Nyassaland.  He  pointed  out  that  it  bore  a  marvellous 
superficial  resemblance  to  Amauris  loben(/iilo  var.  ivhytei,  Butler,  the 
Danaine  which  occurred  in  the  same  place.  He  further  exhibited 
a  number  of  unnamed  Lycaenidae,  principally  from  Uganda.  Pieris 
napi  and  var.  bryoniae. — Mr.  H.  Main  exhibited  series  of  P.  napi  and 
var.  bryoniae,  and  pointed  out  that  the  latter,  reared  from  ova  sent 
both  from  Lapland  and  Switzerland,  had  produced  a  partial  second 
brood.  Coleopterous  larv^. — Mr,  K.  G.  Blair  exhibited  larvae 
of  Cebrio  sp.  (?  gigaa)  from  Sicily,  received  from  Mr.  J.  P.  Barrett. 
Heredity  in  the  female  forms  of  Hypolimnas  misippus. — Prof. 
Poulton  exhibited  females  of  two  families,  reared  in  1911,  from 
female  parents  of  the  type  form,  by  Rev.  K.  St.  Aubyn  Rogers,  M.A., 
F.E.S.,  which  confirmed  the  conclusions  drawn  from  his  earlier  work, 
that  misippus  was  dominant  and  inaria  recessive.  The  Tsetse-fly 
Glossina  caliginea,  Austen,  rejected  by  a  Monkey. — Prof.  Poulton 
exhibited  the  fragments  of  a  Glossina  identified  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Austen 
as  a  female  of  (t.  caliyinea,  Aust.  The  specimen  had  been  bitten  and 
rejected  by  a  monkey.  Families  of  Butterflies  bred  by  Mr.  W. 
A.  Lamborn  in  the  Lagos  District.  —  Prof.  Poulton  exhibited 
several  of  these  families,  and  referred  to  the  strong  light  which  was 
thrown  by  them  upon  different  biological  problems.  The  Irritating 
hairs  of  the  Moth  Anaphe  infracta,  Walsingham. — Prof.  Poulton 
exhibited  a  specimen  of  the  Eupterotid,  or,  as  Aurivillius  considers,  the 
Notodontid  moth  Anaphe  infracta,  concerning  which  Mr.  ^V.  A. 
Lamborn  had  written  from  Oni  Camp,  April  22nd,  1912  : — "  The  moths 
undoubtedly  possess  urticating  hairs.  The  female  (monkey)  Mona 
was  allowed  to  steal  one.  She  smelt  it,  rubbed  off  the  hairs  and  scales, 
then  dropped  it,  and  in  a  few  minutes  was  rubbing  all  four  feet  on  the 
ground.  I  made  some  sympathising  remarks  with  the  result  that  she 
suddenly  sprang  on  to  my  bare  neck,  and  I  have  been  troubled  with 
skin  irritation  all  the  evening."      Prof.  Poulton  said  that  Mr.  A,  H. 


226  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Hamm  had  found  hairs  from  the  anal  tuft  of  the  exhibited  specimen 
produced  irritation  on  his  hands  and  face.  ]\[r.  Eltrin,Q;ham  had  found 
that  the  hairs  of  the  female,  but  not  of  the  male  tuft,  were  covered 
with  minute  excessively  fine  spicule-like  teeth.  The  cocoons  of  the 
African  Lasiocampid  moth  Chrysopsyche  varia,  Walk. — Prof.  Poulton 
exhibited  the  imagines  and  cocoons  of  C.  varia  sent  to  him  by  Dr.  G. 
D.  H.  Carpenter  from  Damba  Island,  20  miles  south-east  of  Entebbe. 
The  larval  skin  was  still  projecting  from  some  of  the  cocoons  and 
showing  its  blue  spots.  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman  remarked  that  the  hairs 
covering  the  eggs  of  Pnrthetria  ilispar  are  also  urticating.  He  also 
observed  that  there  are  other  species  of  moths  which  extrude  the  larval 
skin,  but  in  these  cases  it  was  from  flimsy  cocoons.      The  warning 

COLOURS     OF     THE     HyPSID    MOTH    "  CaLLIOKATIS  "    PACTOLICUS,    BuTL.,    IN 

ALL  ITS  STAGES. — Pi'of.  Poulton  exhibited  the  larvae,  pupfe,  and 
imagines  of  pactoliciis,  sent  by  Dr.  G.  D.  H.  Carpenter.  The  two  black- 
and-white-ringed  larvae  and  the  two  orange-black-marked  pupn3  had 
been  collected  on  April  17th,  1912,  by  Dr.  Carpenter  on  the  shore  of 
Bugalla,  Sesse  Islands  ;  the  32  imagines  had  been  bred  (June  1st, 
1911)  from  scattered  larvag  found  on  Damba  Island.     Pseudacr^eas  of 

THE    HoBLEYI    group     ON    THE    SeSSE    IsLANDS    IN    THE    ViCTORIA    NyANZA. 

— Prof.  Poulton  said  that  Dr.  G.  D.  H.  Carpenter  had  left  Damba  in 
December,  1911,  and  had  gone  in  January  to  Bugalla  Island  in  the  Sesse 
Archipelago,  and  had  found  there  representatives  of  all  the  Plauema- 
Psetulacraea  associations.  The  disproportion  between  Planewa  and 
Psc'udacraea  is  even  greater  there,  so  much  so  that  Sesse  confirms  the 
Damba  records,  the  results  being  still  more  striking.  The  following 
papers  were  read: — "Studies  in  the  Blattidae,"  by  R.  Shelford,  M.A., 
F.E.S. ;  "  Pohjommatus  alexins,  Freyer,  a  good  Species,"  by  T.  A. 
Chapman,  M.D.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 


JliEYIEWS    AND    NOTICES    OF    BOOKS. 

A  Monograph  of  the  African  species  of  the  genus  AcrjEa,  by 
Harry  Eltringham,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.  (Transactions  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society  of  London,  Part  I.,  with  sixteen  plates). — How 
different  is  the  description  of  a  genus  now  in  comparison  with  that 
thought  necessary  a  hundred  years  ago.  The  description  of  Acraea 
given  by  Fabricius  in  1807  is  "  Taster  zwei,  lang,  gefranzt,  dreiliedig; 
drittes  Gliedklein,  nackt.  Fiihler  geknopft  (Putzfiisse)."  To-day  the 
description  occupies  a  page  and  a  half  without  detailing  the  neuration, 
a  figure  being  given  of  this  instead.  The  whole  monograph  shows 
what  we  should  expect  from  a  former  student  at  the  Hope  Museum,  a 
research  into  detail,  an  accuracy  of  observation  coupled  with  the  power 
of  the  application  of  the  knowledge  thus  gained  that  brings  the  author 
into  the  front  rank  of  systematists. 

It  is  most  interesting  to  learn  that  the  male  armature  of  Acraea 
iijati  from  Madagascar  resembles  that  of  the  Australian  A.  amhoniar/ie 
rathoi'  than  that  of  its  own  allies  ;  whilst  it  is  equally  curious  to  find 
that  the  armature  of  A.  tnirijira  has  a  closer  superficial  resemblance  to 
that  characteristic  of  the  South  American  genus  Artinotc  than  that  of 
its  African  neighbours. 

Again  the  author  brings  out  the  fact  that  it  was  the  able  explorer 
S.  A.  Neave,  who  discovered  that  crystallina  described  originally  as  a 


REVIEWS.  227 

^ ,  is  the  $  of  A.  cliilo — showing  what  excellent  use  the  field 
naturalist  makes  of  his  trained  eye,  when  he  comes  to  work  in  the 
Museum. 

Many  of  the  species  of  the  genus  show  extreme  variability,  and  it 
is  a  pleasure  to  note  the  careful  judgment  shown  in  dealing  with  such 
species.  We  are  accustomed  to  consider  all  Acraeae  as  unpalatable  in 
all  their  stages,  but  the  author  records  that  some  of  their  larva)  are 
subject  to  attacks  from  Dipterous  parasites  in  spite  of  that  fact.  In 
dealing  with  the  species  A.  acrita  the  author  draws  attention  to  the 
variability  of  the  genital  armature.  This  is  exceedingly  interesting 
and  helps  to  confirm  his  view  that  it  is  "  on  the  verge  of  becoming 
divided  into  several  different  species."  The  fact  that  the  armature 
is  highly  complicated,  as  stated,  no  doubt  opens  the  door  to  slight 
modifications,  but  ai  the  same  time  proves  that  the  species  is  going 
through  a  critical  period  in  its  evolution,  especially  when  we  consider 
its  very  numerous  forms  and  geographical  races.  We  understand  that 
the  whole  of  the  genital  preparations  and  all  the  coloured  figures,  many 
of  which  we  have  had  the  pleasure  of  examining,  are  the  work  of  Mr. 
Eltringham's  own  hands.  The  beauty  of  the  preparations  and  the 
equal  beauty  of  the  drawings,  both  prove  the  author  to  be  as  able  a 
microscopist  as  he  is  an  artist,  a  combination  by  no  means  always  met 
with.  We  admit  a  feeling  of  relief  and  satisfaction  that  the  genus 
Arraca  has  not  been  split  up  into  sub-genera,  for  reading  between  the 
lines  we  are  inclined  to  imagine  that  a  temptation  was  laid  in  the  way 
to  induce  this  action,  and  we  congratulate  the  author  that  he  resisted 
it.  When  a  large  group  like  this  falls  entirely  naturally  into  one 
genus,  so  that  even  a  "  tyro  "  can  recognise  it  at  a  glance,  it  is  worse 
than  waste  of  time  to  sub-divide  it  into  colour  sections  or  otherwise, 
simply  for  the  sake  of  reducing  the  size  of  the  genus,  and  we  are  glad 
that  this  was  not  done.  We  are  equally  relieved  at  another  point 
made.  It  is  stated  under  the  species  A.  servona,  that  "  the  naming  of 
forms  on  the  variation  of  black  spots  is  carrying  nomenclature  to 
excess."  We  heartily  agree  with  this  sentiment  and  would  like  to 
underscore  it  many  times,  but,  as  it  is,  a  large  number  of  forms  and 
variations  have  been  named  by  the  author,  and  if  he  had  acted 
contrary  to  the  paragraph  just  quoted  the  monograph  would  certainly 
have  been  half  as  large  again  and  might  have  been  perhaps  discounted 
in  its  value  in  proportion. 

The  list  of  types  with  their  location,  the  bibliography  and  the  index 
of  specific  names,  all  add  to  the  value  of  the  work  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  systematist. 

The  chromo-lithography  of  the  plates  is  careful  and  good,  though 
it  by  no  means  brings  out  the  delicacy  of  touch  and  colour  of  the 
artist's  original  figures  ;  we  are  glad  to  have  drawings  of  some  closely- 
allied  species,  and  especially  are  we  pleased  to  see  a  good  figure  of 
donbledai/i  a^hout  which  there  has  been  much  uncertainty,  but  we  should 
have  liked  to  have  seen  oncaea  beside  it  for  comparison.  The  figures 
o[  the  genital  armature  are  models  of  clearness,  and  if  mere  definition 
of  outline  and  shape  are  the  points  aimed  at,  are  certamly  better  than 
photography,  though,  for  other  reasons,  we  prefer  the  latter.  Mr. 
Lamborn's  figures  of  the  larvae  of  certain  species  are  a  welcome 
addition  to  our  knowledge  of  the  early  stages  of  the  group,  and  we  look 
for  much  more  from  that  accurate  and  gifted  observer. 


228  THE    entomologist's    TviiCORD. 

In  conclusion  we  cannot  do  otherwise  than  warmly  congratulate 
the  author  for  his  valuable  and  most  painstaking  work,  and  also  the 
Entomological  Society  for  the  publication  of  it,  the  value  of  this  year's 
transactions  will  be  much  enhanced  by  Mr.  Eltringham's  able 
monograph. — G.T.B.-B. 


A  CoKRECTioN. — My  friend,  Mr.  A.  H.  Jones,  has  pointed  out  a 
little  mistake  in  my  paper  "  Ten  days  in  the  Cevennes,"  ante  pp.  117- 
121.  I  there  speak  of  Hinutina  dolus.  I  should  have  said  Hirsntina 
dolus  var.  vittata.  The  type  form  dolus  does  not  apparently  obtain 
there,  all  our  captures  were  of  the  form  vittata. 

I  might  also  here  explain  that  I  use  the  generic  name  Hirsutina 
only  to  conform  to  the  general  usage  of  our  magazine.  I  cannot 
accept  for  myself  this  and  other  names  created  in  recent  years  for  this 
group  of  butterflies,  but  until  I  have  brought  out  my  generic  revision 
of  the  Lycaenidae  I  am  content  to  fall  in  line  with  our  assiduous 
editorial  secretary. — G.  T.  Bethune-Baker. 


<DBITUARY/ 

Edward  Arthur  Fitch. 

In  the  early  volumes  of  the  "  Entomologist"  from  about  1874,  one 
of  the  most  oft  recurring  names  of  contributors  to  its  pages  is  that  of 
Edward  Arthur  Fitch.  Born  in  Chelsea,  in  1854,  he  passed  through 
his  school  days  with  considerable  honour  and  success,  and  in  1874  took 
up  his  residence  at  the  Brick  House,  Maldon,  where  he  lived  until  his 
death  on  June  28th  last.  His  life  from  beginning  to  end  was  a 
strenuous  one,  and  his  interests  varied  and  engrossing.  To  whatever 
he  put  his  hand  to  that  he  gave  his  earnest  energy,  whether  it  was  to 
his  business  as  a  farmer,  to  local  affairs  either  of  his  town  or  his 
county,  to  the  study  of  nature,  or  to  Archasoiogy.  His  keen  intellect, 
his  fluency  of  speech,  his  love  of  fair-play,  made  him  honoured  and 
respected  by  all,  even  by  those  opposed  to  him  in  thought  and  politics. 
His  aid  was  a  si)ie  qua  non  in  aught  that  was  done  in  the  county  as 
well  as  in  the  town  of  his  adoption.  He  was  a  Fellow  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society,  since  1874,  served  on  the  Council  and  was  Secretary 
from  1881-5  ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society  ;  a  Fellow  of  the 
Zoological  Society  ;  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Essex  Field  Club,  and 
on  the  Council  of  the  Essex  Archteological  Society.  Six  times  he  was 
Mayor  of  Maldon,  he  was  an  original  member  of  the  Essex  County 
Council  and  one  of  its  Aldermen,  and  for  20  years  he  served  on  the  Board 
of  Guardians  as  Chairman  and  Vice-chairman.  A  keen  politician,  he 
prided  himself  on  doing  naught  to  create  strife  and  ill-feeling  among 
those  who  thought  other  than  he  did.  In  1902  his  ability  as  a  linguist 
helped  him  much  in  leading  a  party  of  some  50  Essex  farmers  to 
Hungary  to  study  agricultural  methods  in  that  country. 

During  thu  last  quarter  of  a  century  he  had  done  uut  little  active 
entomology,  although  his  love  for  the  study  led  him  to  aid  societies 
and  individuals  whenever  opportunity  was  afforded  him.  The  pioneer 
work  which  he  did  in  "  other  orders  "  than  Lepidoptera  and  Coleoptera, 
from  the  beginning  of  his  entomological  work,  will  be  a  lasting 
memorial. 


WATKINS     &     DONCASTER, 
Naturalists  and  Manufacturers  of  Entomological  Apparatus  and  Cabinets. 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  1/3,  2/-,  2/6,  3/-.  Folding  Nets,  3/6, 
4/-,  4/6.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7/-.  Pocket  Boxes  (deal),  6d.,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Zinc 
Collecting  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6,  2/-.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen,  1  gross,  1/6. 
Entomological  Pins,  1/6  per  ounce.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2/6  to  8/-.  Sugaring  Tin,  with 
brush,  1/6,  2/-.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use,  1/9  per  tin.  Store-Boxes,  with  camphor 
cells,  2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  6/-.  Setting-Boards,  flat  or  oval,  lin.,  6d. ;  l^in.,  8d.;  2in.,  lOd.;  2^in., 
1/-;  3^in.,  1/4;  4in.,  1/6 ;  Sin. ,  1/10;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10/6.  Setting 
Houses,  9/6,  11/6  ;  corked  back,  14/-.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Breeding  Cage, 
2/6,  4/-,  .5/-,  7/6.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube,  1/6,  1/8.  Botanical  Cases' 
japanned  double  tin,  1/6  to  4/6.  Botanical  PaiDer,  1/1,  1/4,  1/9,  2/2  per  quire.  Insect 
Glazed  Cases,  2/6  to  11/-.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennre  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
1/6,  2/-,  2/6  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3J,  best  quality  1/6  per  dozen  sheets.  Brass 
Chloroform  Bottle,  2/6.  Insect  Lens,  1/-  to  8/-.  Glass-top  and  Glass-bottomed  Boxes, 
from  1/-  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.  to  1/-.  Pupa  Digger,  in  leather  sheatb,  1/9^ 
Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most  necessary  implements  for  skinning,  10/6. 
Scalpels,  1/3  ;  Scissors,  2/-  per  pair  ;  Eggdrills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d.  ;  Blowpipes,  4d.  ;  Artificial 
Eyes  for  Birds  and  Animals.  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs, 
2d.,  3d.,  6d.;  ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.    Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  etc. 

SILVER  PINS  for  collectors  of  Micro-Lepidoptera,  etc.,  as  well  as  minute  insecta  of 
all  other  families. 

We  stock  various  sizes  and  lengths  of  these  Silver  Pins  which  have  certain  advantages 
over  the  entomological  pins  (whether  enamelled  black  or  silver  or  gilt). 

For  instance,  insects  liable  to  become  greasy  and  to  verdigris  like  Sesiiilae,  etc.,  are 
best  pinned  on  Silver  Pins  which  will  last  much  longer  than  ordinary  pins. 

We  shall  be  pleased  to  send  pattern  cards  on  application. 

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DARGE  STOCK  OF  INSECTS   AND  BIRDS'  EGGS  (Biil  sh,  European,  and  Exotic). 
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36,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C,  ENGLAND. 

Synopsis  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Western  Europe, 

By  MALCOLM   BURR,   D.Sc,    F.Z.S.,    F.L.S..   F.E.S..  &c. 

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A  pocket  handbook  for  the  use  of  collectors  in  the  field.     Covers  all  species  found  west 
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Will  })e  sent  Post  Free  on  receipt  of  Postal  Order  for  3s.  to — 

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NEWMAN'S  RELAXING  TINS. 

You  can't  do  without  these,  they  keep  your  insects  in  fine  setting  condition  for 
weeks  if  you  are  too  busy  to  set  them  at  once ;  they  relax  old  specimens  to  perfection. 
Hundreds  sold  yearly,  and  testimonials  always  being  received.  Prices,  2s.  4d.  and 
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li.    W.     NEWMAN,     F.E.S.,     Bexley,     Kent. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Kobert  Shelford,  Malcolm  Biiir,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  (with  plate) 205 

Nomenciature  . .         . .  . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .  206 

■"  Nomenclature,"  etc.,  at  the  Congress,   G.  T.  Bethime- Baker,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S., 

F.E.S 207 

The  Second  International  Congress  of  Entomology,  Rev.   George  Wheeler,  M.A., 

F.Z.S.,  F.E.S 209 

The  Season  1912,  T.  H.  L.  Gro>!venor 213 

Cosmopolitan  Cockroaches,  the  late  R.  Shelford,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S 217 

Anergates  atratulus,  Schenk.,  a  British  Ant,  and  the  acceptance  of  a  ?  by  Tetra- 

moriam  cses-gitum,!!.,  W.  C.  Crawley,  B. A.,  F.E.S.        ..         ..         ..         ..  218 

Notes  on  Collecting,  etc.: — Collecting  Notes  1912,  F.  G.  Wldttle;  Notes  from 

theBvonds,  1912,  CajJt.  C.  A.  Cardew         219 

Scientific  Notes  and  Observations  : — Euchloe  cardamines  ovipositing  on  Capsella 

hmsa.--p&storis,  Alfred  Sich,  F.E.S 221 

Current  Notes  and  Short  Notices       . .         . .         . .  . .         . .         . .         . .  221 

Societies: — The  Entomological  Society  of  London,  G. IF.      ..         ..         ..  ..  223 

Keviews  and  Notices  of  Books  : — A  Monograph  of  the  African  species  of  the  genus 

Acr»a  by  Harry  Eltringham,  G.r.jB.-B 226 

A  Correction.  G.r.B.-B 228 

Obituary:— Edward  Arthur  Fitch,  If  .J.  r 228 

Communications  are  unavoidably  held  over  from  M.  Burr,  A.  Eussell,  Parkinson 
Curtis,  G.  Wheeler,  the  late  E.  Shelford,  H.  E.  Page,  J.  T.  Fountains,  E.  A.  Cockayne, 
Eussell  E.  James,  T.  Baxter,  H.  J.  Turner,  etc.,  with  Eeports  of  Societies. 

All  MS.  and  editorial  matter  should  be  sent  and  all  proofs  returned  to  Hy.  J.  Turner, 
98,  Drakefell  Eoad,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 


STEVENS'  AUCTION  ROOMS  d^lo) 

BRITISH  &  EXOTIC  LEPIDOPTERA. 

TUESDAY,    OCTOBER    8th,    1912, 

AT    ONE    O'CLOCK. 


Mr.    J.    C.    STEVENS    has  received  instructions  to  offer  for  SALE 

at  his  Rooms, 

38,  KING  STREET,  COYENT  GARDEN,  LONDON,  W.C, 

BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA,  including  many  rarities.     EXOTIC 
LEPIDOPTERA,  including   spendid    series  of  Omithoptera  and 
Morphos.      Also  the  well  made  Cabinets  in  which  ^he  various  Col- 
lections are  arranged. 


Catalogues  in  course  of  preparation. 


On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  Sale. 


c 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECORE 

AN]) 

JOURNAL    OF   VARIATIOI^ 

Epitki)  ijy 

RiCHAHD  S.  BAGNALL,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s.  |    T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  M.D.,i.y..H.,  F.E.i 


T.   HUDSON   BEAllE, 

u.sc,  I'Jc.s.,  K.u.s.i!;. 
Geobge  T.  BETHUNE-BAKEB, 

f.z.s.,  f.l.s. ,  f.e.s. 
m.  burr,  d.sc,  f.z.s.,  f.l.s.,  f.k.s. 
(Rev.)  C.  R.  N.  BURROWS,  f.e.s. 


Jas.  E.  COLIjIN,  F.E.S. 

TC.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORPE, 

F.7..R.,   F.E, 

Alfred  SICH,  f.e.s. 

.T.  R.  le  B.  TOMLIN,  m.a.,  f.e.s. 

George  \V HEELER,  m.a.,  f.e.s. 


Henky   J.   TURNER,   f.e.s., 
Editorial  Secretary. 


)BER    15th,    1912. 


K^' 


.^N 


$~0?~C0 


V 


m 


^ns\  Mu5fAi.^^cc    SIXPENCE  (net). 

(WITH    PLATE.) 

CO^^^^^bsciiption  for   Complete  Volume,    post  fr* 

(li.cludiiig  all  DOUBLE  NUMBERS,  etc.) 

l9   1913  )|         SEVEN      SHILLINGS. 

10    11 JC    I'OllWAUDED    TO 


Dt?Q 


,<b\ 


^♦ 


HERBERT   E.   PAGE,   F.E.S., 

"  BEETROfi.,"  Gellailv  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E 

LONDON : 

ELI-IOT  S'JOCK,  62,  Patkknosteb  Row,  E.C. 

BERLIN  : 

R.  IRIEDLANDER  &  SOHN, 

11,  Cablstraske,  N.W. 


STEVENS'    AUCTION     ROOMS.      (Estd.    1760.) 

THE  COLLECTION  OF    BRITISH  LEPIDOPTER& 

Formed    by   ALBERT   J.    HODGES,    Esq. 

TUESDAY,    NOVEMBER    12th,   at   I   o'clock. 


Mr.   J.   C.    STEVENS  will   Sell  by   Auction  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent 

Garden,  London,  W.C. 

The  Collection  of  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  formed  by  Albert  J.  Hodges,  Esq., 

containing  many  rarities  and  some  fine  varieties,  including  the  two  magnificent  Grossu- 

lariata  figured  in    "The  Entomologist's  Record,"  Vol.  IV.,   plate  C,  very  fine  dark 

Aglaia,  etc.,  every  single  specimen  labelled  and  in  the  finest  possible  condition,  together 

with  the  Cabinets  in  which  they  are  arranged. 

On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  sale.     Catalogues  on  application. 

TUESDAY,    NOVEMBER    1 2th,   at   1   o'clock. 


Mr.    J.'   C.    STEVENS  will   Sell  by   Auction  at  his   Rooms,   38,  King   Street,    Covent 

Garden,  London,  W.C. 

THE   COLLECTION   OF  BRITISH   LEPIDOPTERA 

formed  by  the  late 

A.  HARRISON,   Esq.,  F.Z.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  etc. 

of   South  Woodford,   and   H.    MAIN,    Esq., 

arranged  in  fine  cabinets  (172  drawers)  comprising  extensive  series  in  fine  condition  of 

interesting  melanic  and  local  forms,  varieties  and  rare  species,  a  large  proportion  having 

been  bred  from  Delamere  Forest,  etc. 


On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  sale.     Catalogues  on  application. 

OVA,  LARV.^,  AND  PUP/E. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  W.  HEAD,  @ntmncrlo0t»t, 

BURNISXON,    Nr.    SeT^KBOROUGH. 

Full    List  of  Ova,  Larvae,  and  Pupae,  also  Lepidoptera,  Apparatus,  Cabinets 

etc.,  sent  on  application. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

liEPIDOPTERA    &    LARViG     A    SPECIALITY. 

Photographed  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c., 

By  same  Colour  Process. 

LANTERN  SLIDES  MADE  TO  ORDEU    FROM   ANY  SPECIMEN  OR  C0L0URED:DRAWING. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OF  LARYiE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 


For  List  apply  to — 

CHARLES    D.    HEAD,    2,    Mount    Vernon,    Dollymount,    DUBLIN. 


Vol.   XXIV. 


Plate  XI. 


Photo.  L.  Tatchell. 


GyNANDHosiouPHors  Amokpha  populi,  L.,  bred  by  Leonard  tatchell. 


The  EutoinologisVn  Record,   1912. 


ABERRATIONAL    NAMES.  229 

A  Gynandromorphous  Specimen  of  Amorpha  populi,  L.  {ndth  plate). 

By  W.  PARKINSON  CUETIS,  F.E.S. 
An  interesting  gynandromorphous  specimen  of  Amorpha  populi  has 
been  handed  to  me  by  Mr.  Leonard  Tatchell  of  Bournemouth,  with  a 
request  that  I  would  note  its  principal  features.  Unfortunately  the 
line  was  drawn  at  making  a  preparation  of  the  abdomen,  which  would 
no  doubt  display  many  interesting  characters.  At  first  glance  the  most 
noticeable  peculiai'ity  of  the  insect  is  the  dissimilarity  in  shape  and 
colour  of  the  respective  parameres  of  the  fore-wings.  Besides,  the  female 
side  looks  smaller  than  the  male  side,  though  measurements  prove  this 
to  be  an  optical  illusion.  The  right  male  paramere  is  ample,  and  hence 
appears  larger  than  the  left ;  it  is  of  normal  coloration  (if  such  there 
be  in  the  species  !)  The  left  female  paramere  is  flushed  all  over  with 
a  rosy  pink  (being  near  ab.  mirahile,  Aust.),  and  the  margins  are 
strongly  crenulate.  The  development  of  the  markings  is  not 
materially  different  on  either  side  of  the  median  line,  but  the  pre- 
marginal  suffusion  in  the  left  female  hindwing  is  obsolescent,  and  the 
rufous  tornal  patch  is  more  restricted  and  of  a  yellower  shade  of 
terra-cotta  (unless  my  eye  deceives  me,  but  owing  to  the  pinkness  of 
the  surrounding  area  it  is  a  little  difficult  to  judge  accurately  the  exact 
line).  The  most  interesting  feature  is  undoubtedly  the  exactness  with 
which  the  characters  are  arranged  on  either  side  of  the  median  line.  The 
entire  left  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen  being  pinkish  and  the  right 
grey,  the  pink  only  trespassing  on  to  the  grey  side  at  the  4th,  5th  and 
6th  segmental  divisions.  This  peculiarity  is  equally  marked  above 
and  below,  and  so  far  as  one  can  see  from  the  exterior,  the  genitalia 
are  in  the  same  interesting  condition.  The  antenna,  palpi,  and  legs 
retain  their  diverse  sexual  characters  precisely.  The  posterior  right 
male  leg  has  the  tarsi  missing,  and  apparently  this  is  not  the  result  of 
an  accident  after  emergence.  The  length  of  the  male  costal  margin 
of  the  forewing  is  28mm.  and  of  the  female  30mm.  The  specimen  is 
one  of  a  partial  second-brood  bred  by  Mr.  Tatchell  from  larvte  collected 
at  Swanage,  and  like  most  second-brood  Sphhujithc  undersized. 


Aberrational    Names. 

By  Eev.  GEORGE  WHEELER,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 
The  -June  number  of  the  Ent.  Record  contained  some  observations 
on  aberrational  names,  introduced  incidentally  in  a  paper  by  Col. 
Manders,  to  which,  (especially  since  they  seem  to  echo  certain  semi- 
official editorial  outcries),  a  reply  seems  to  be  needed.  With  regard  to 
Collectors  (with  a  big  C)  there  is  not  the  slightest  need  for  them 
to  overload  their  minds  or  their  cabinets  with  a  number  of 
aberrational  names  in  which  they  take  no  interest,  and  for  them  it 
still  appears  to  me,  as  I  said  some  time  back  in  the  pages  of  the 
Entomologist,  that  the  best  plan  is  to  take  the  names  of  extreme 
aberrational  forms  only,  and  to  call  intermediate  specimens  "  trans,  to 
ab."  SO-&-SO.  But  Col.  Manders  is  not  so  much  a  collector  (even 
with  a  small  c),  as  a  Scientist  (with  a  big  S),  and  a  Biologist 
(with  a  big  B),  and  it  is  to  the  scientific  student  of  Variation  and  to 
the  biologist  that  these  names  are  of  value ;  they  serve  to  register 
minute  differences,  and  "  these  minute  differences  will  sometimes 
October  15th,  1912. 


230  THE  entomologist's  recoed. 

serve  (as  I  have  lately  been  pleading  before  the  International 
Congress)  to  show  the  directions  of  variation  in  a  species, 
and  those  variations  occasionally  point  out  quite  unexpected 
affinities  " ;  it  is  usele^^s  to  name  some  and  intentionally  leave  out 
others,  for  we  may  omit  just  those  that  will  eventually  prove  to  be 
of  scientific  value.  Hundreds  will  be  lost,  probably  thousands  will 
only  occasionally  recur,  it  may  not  be  one  in  a  thousand  that  will 
eventually  prevail,  but  this  makes  it  all  the  more  important  to  register 
such  variation  as  has  actually  taken  place,  as  helping  to  define  the 
range  within  which  variation  in  a  species  is  possible  and  the  directions 
in  which  new  species  may  (because  it  has  been  shown  that  they  tnii/Itt) 
eventually  rise.  Unless  they  are  in  some  way  registered,  the  facts 
themselves  will  certainly  pass  into  oblivion,  and  a  name  is  the  simplest 
fnd  easiest  form  of  registration.  That  the  naming  of  aberrations 
might  be  much  simplified  and  put  on  a  far  sounder  basis  I  readily 
admit,  and  I  have  suggested  that  a  name  once  given  to  a  certain  form 
of  aberration  should  be  applied  automatically  to  the  same  form  of 
variation  occurring  in  other  (or  at  least  in  related)  species. 

But  Col.  Manders  had  in  store  a  much  greater  surprise  even  than 
an  onslaught  (coming  from  such  a  quarter)  on  aberrational  names,  and 
that  is  his  failure  to  grasp  the  great  interest  and  importance  of  the 
particular  example  which  he  has  chosen  to  hold  up  to  ridicule.  Every 
one  of  his  first  seven  "  abs."  of  Teracoliis  li)iibatu!<  not  only  ))ii;iht  but 
oiiilht  to  be  named.  (Not  that  abs.  8  and  9  are  unimportant,  but  they 
could  only  be  dealt  with  in  a  work  containing  microscopical  research, 
and  it  would  be  time  enough  to  name  them,  if  frequently  referred 
to,  when  used  in  such  a  work.)  It  is  almost  impossible  to  over-estimate 
the  phylogenetic  importance  of  these  colour-changes  ;  and  as  to  ab.  1  : 
— Is  this  absence  of  the  spot  the  original  form  ?  Has  the  spot  been 
acquired  ?  Has  it  been  lost  ?  Are  lost  characters  liable  to  re-appear  ? 
What  is  the  condition  in  this  respect  of  the  most  nearly  related 
species  ?  etc.  Every  reader  of  the  Transactinna  of  the  Kntowoloi/ical 
Sdcieti/  knows  that  Col.  Manders  has  not  only  a  scientific  but  an 
unusually  judicial  mind,  and  I  am  more  than  ready  to  admit  that  on 
any  scientific  question  whatever  he  could  "  give  me  points  and  beat 
me  hollow  ;  "  so  I  shall  be  not  only  satisfied  but  proud  if  I  can,  like 
the  mouse  in  the  fable,  nibble  through  some  of  the  knots  in  the  net  of 
prejudice  by  which  in  this  matter  he  seems  to  have  become  entangled, 
so  that  he  may  be  free  to  pursue  scientific  investigations  on  the  very 
data  which  have  seemed  to  him  not  only  useless  but  ridiculous. 


Some  Captures  in   Norfolk,   with   special   reference  to   Lithostege 

griseata. 

By  the  Rev.  C.  THOIINEWILL,  M.A. 
Some  years  ago  I  spent  about  ten  days  during  June  at  Thetford, 
and  came  away  very  much  struck  with  the  possibilities  of  the  district 
from  an  entomological  point  of  view.  It  was  a  good  season,  and  I 
had  generally  the  assistance  of  my  son,  who  was  then  living  there  ; 
and  during  those  ten  days  I  succeeded  in  taking  specimens  of  several 
good  local  insects  —  some  of  them  in  considerable  numbers — viz., 
Dianthoecia  irm/ularis,  At/rophila  trabealis  (sulj)huralis),  Acontia 
luctuosa,  Acidalia  rubiijinata  [rubricata),  Lithosteye  griseata,  and  Spilodes 


SOME    CAPTURES    IN    NORFOLK.  231 

sticticalis — not  to  speak  of   other  less   coveted  species.      I  promptly 
made  up  my  mind,  if  the  opportunity   should   occur,    to   visit   the 
neighbourhood  again  ;  and  this  intention  was  carried  out  during  the 
present  year,  when  I  spent  a  period  of  five  weeks,  from  May  14th  to 
June  20th,  in  a  locality  about  half-way  between  Thetford  and  Ely.     I 
may  say  at  once  that — owing  partly  to  the  circumstance  that  I  was  a 
little  too  early — I  was  not  nearly  so  successful  as  on  my  previous  visit. 
In  fact,  several  of  the  species  I  have  mentioned  above  never  turned  up 
at  all ;  of  ^.  ruhiijinata  {nibn'rata)  I  took  only   one  specimen,  though 
that  was  certainly  a  very  fine  one;  and  of  A.  trabcalifi  [sulpliinalis),  of 
which  I  had  before  obtained  as  many  as  I  cared  to  take,  not  a  solitary 
specimen  was  to  be  seen,  though  I  made  several  journeys  to  both  Thet- 
ford and  Brandon  in  search  of  it.     My  attention,  however,  was  mainly 
devoted  to  L.  i/rhcata,  of  which  I  obtained   13  specimens,  nearly  all 
being  in  first-rate  condition  ;    and  about  this  species  I  should  like  to 
speak  more  particularly,  as  it  seems  not  to  be  generally  known,  and 
my  observations  as  to  its  habits  do  not  entirely  coincide  with  the 
information  given  in  the  books.     I  found  myself  seriously  hindered  at 
the  outset  by  my  want  of  acquaintance  with  the  food-plant  of  the 
insect,  Sisi/nibriuin  sophia,  a  plant  belonging  to  the  order  (Jruciferae, 
the  English  name  of  which  is  "  Flixweed,"  though  it  is  locally  known 
by  the  title   of   "  Tarrify  "   or   "  Terrify."     This  plant  grows   chiefly 
among  the  corn,  which  is  largely  grown  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  it 
possesses  a  number  of  long  sharp-pointed  seed-vessels,  which  are  apt 
to  penetrate  into  the  arms  of  the  reapers  as  they  cut  the  corn,  and 
unless  promptly  taken  out  frequently  lead  to  inflammation,  so  that  the 
name  "  Tarrify  "  is  only  too  appropriate.     In  the  earlier  stages  of  its 
growth,  the  plant  is  very  far  from  conspicuous  ;    and  it  was  not  till  a 
fortnight  after  my  arrival  that  I  was  at  length  able  to  identify  it. 
After  a  prolonged  search,  however,  I  came  across  it  in  the  corner  of  a 
wheat-field ;  and  almost  at  the  very  moment  of  doing  so,  I  caught 
sight  of  and  promptl/  netted  my  first  specimen  of  the  insect.     It  is 
easy  enough  to  take,  not  only  on  account  of  its  conspicuous  colour, 
but  because  it  flies  very  sluggishly,  and  rarely  seems  to  travel  more 
than  twenty  yards  from  the  spot  where  it  first  gets  up.     I  think,  in 
fact,  that  I  only  missed  one  specimen,   which  flew  across  a  light- 
coloured  road,  out  of  the  whole  number  seen  during  my  visit.     It  is 
very  easy,  too,  to  identify  at  the  time  of  capture,  for  two  reasons  : 
first,  because  of  its    colour,  which  is  an  uniform  silvery-grey,  with 
hardly  any  markings  ;    and  secondly,  because  of  the  attitude  it  takes 
up  in  the  net — that  of  a  fairly  broad  triangular  sloping  roof,  resembling 
the  tops  of  an  old-fashioned  dormer  window — somewhat  like,  too,  to 
the  resting  position  of  Nisoniades  {Thanaos)  tar/es,  but  rather  flatter, 
and  of  course  much  more  pointed  at  the  tips  of  the  wings.     I  regret 
to  say  that  I  am  quite  unable  to  give  any  directions  as  to  the  best 
method  of  obtaining  L.  (/riseata  :  it  seems  to  fly  almost  at  any  time  of 
the  day,  and  without  any  indications  which  would  lead  one  to  expect 
its  appearance.     The  abundance  of  the  food-plant  at  any  given  spot 
seems  to  be  no  criterion  whatsoever  as  to  a  corresponding  abundance 
of  the  insect ;  I  several  times  took   it  in   places  where  not  a  single 
plant  of  the  flixweed  v/as  to  be  seen  ;    and  contrariwise,  in  the  place 
where  the  largest  quantity  of  the  plant  was  growing  I  did  not  take,  or 
even  see,  a  single  specimen.     A  considerable  amount  of  corn  is  grown 


232  THE  entomologist's  record. 

in  the  district,  and  it  is  at  the  edges  of  the  corn  fields  that  the 
Sisynihrinm  is  chiefly  to  be  found.  But  the  insect,  far  from  being 
confined  to  such  places  as  these,  is  to  be  met  with  quite  as  frequently 
among  the  clovers  and  trefoils  which  also  grow  in  the  district,  and 
which  form,  on  the  whole,  the  most  productive  hunting-ground  for  the 
entomologist.  It  is  in  these,  almost  exclusively,  that  A.  mbiiiinata 
(nihricata)  and  N.  stieticalis  are  to  be  found,  and  it  is  generally  here 
too  that  A.  tralwalis  (stdjJuo-alix)  occurs.  But,  if  my  limited  experience 
is  worth  anything,  I  should  characterise  L.  t/rixeata  as  a  scarcer  insect 
than  either  of  these,  inasmuch  as  it  never  seems  to  occur  in  any 
quantity.  I  took  five  specimens  during  my  twelve  days'  visit  to 
Thetford,  when  I  netted  it  among  the  rest  just  as  it  came;  but  this 
year,  when  I  devoted  special  attention  to  obtaining  it,  I  only  got 
thirteen,  and  on  no  single  day  did  I  meet  with  more  than  three.  I 
was  indeed  told  by  an  inhabitant  of  the  place  that  the  food -plant  was 
far  more  abundant  in  the  fenny  parts  of  the  district  than  in  the  corn 
fields  of  the  higher  levels,  but  this  is  a  statement  which  I  had  no 
opportunity  of  putting  to  the  proof.  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the 
best  way  of  obtaining  L.  (jriseata  in  any  numbers  would  be  to 
rear  it  from  the  larva,  of  which  there  is  an  excellent  account  in 
Buckler's  great  book,  published  by  the  Ray  Society.  It  undoubtedly 
feeds  on  the  seed-vessels  of  the  Si^t/inbriuni,  and  would  probably  be 
best  found  at  night,  by  the  help  of  a  lantern.  But  on  this  point  the 
local  entomologists  must  needs  know  far  more  than  I  do.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  the  larva  is  specially  subject  to  the  attacks  of  ichneumons, 
or  that  a  large  proportion  are  destroyed  every  year  when  the  corn  is 
reaped,  though  I  imagine  that  many  come  to  maturity  before  that 
time.  At  all  events,  I  feel  pretty  well  convinced  that  the  perfect 
insect  is  far  from  common,  even  in  its  rather  restricted  localities. 
One  thing  which  I  noticed  was,  that  the  female  was  far  commoner  than 
the  male ;  and  this  is  by  no  means  the  usual  state  of  things  among 
the  Lepidoptera.  It  would  be  a  great  boon  to  entomological  science 
if  soine  one  with  leisure,  and  with  the  great  advantage  of  constant 
residence  in  the  district,  would  make  it  his  business  to  become  more 
perfectly  acquainted  with  L.  (/riseata,  and  would  thoroughly  work  out 
its  life-history. 

About  the  other  species  taken  during  my  visit,  speaking  generally, 
the  less  said  the  better.  One  very  good  insect  I  did  indeed  obtain,  a 
lovely  specimen  of  Orobena  {Pionea)  c.rtimalis  [iiiarnaritalis),  which 
started  up  just  in  front  of  me  in  a  clover-field,  and  whose  identity  I 
did  not  at  first  recognise,  having  never  seen  the  species  alive  before. 
I  need  scarcely  say  that  it  was  a  welcome  addition  to  my  collection,  or 
that  I  eagerly  searched  the  locality  for  more,  but  unfortunately  in  vain. 
In  the  clover-fields,  too,  Axpilatcs  ritraria  and  Sjiilodes  vcrticalix 
occurred  occasionally,  though  neither  of  them  was  abundant;  and  I 
took  fourgpecimens  of  llapta  {Conjcia)  biinaciilata  (tainhutta)  in  one 
corner  of  a  cornfield,  where  they  must  have  been  reared  on  hawthorn, 
as  not  a  vestige  of  bird-cherry  was  to  be  found  anywhere  near  them. 
I  also  got  three  specimens  of  Dianthoecia  carpaphiKja  at  Valerian 
flowers,  one  of  which  was  a  nice  pale  form ;  but  flowers  in  general 
were  singularly  unproductive,  the  only  exception  being  Viper's 
Bugloss,  which  grows  in  profusion  in  some  of  the  clover-fields,  and  at 
which  a  few  of  the  commonest  Nuctuae  were  to  be  found  enjoying 


THE    GENUS    PSEUDACRAEA.  233 

themselves  in  the  evening.  I  did  not  try  "  sugar,"  but  from  various 
indications  I  don't  think  it  would  have  produced  much  result.  It  was 
partly  because  of  the  dearth  of  other  species  that  I  was  led  to  pay  so 
much  attention  to  Lithostq/e  i/riseata :  and  it  is  to  tell  the  readers  of 
the  Entomoluiiist's  Record  what  little  I  know  about  that  insect  that  I 
have  chiefly  been  moved  to  write  these  notes. 


The  genus  Pseudacraea— an  extraordinary  example  of  mimetic 
polymorphism. 

By  T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  M.D.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

At  the  Oxford  Congress  Prof.  Poulton  produced  quite  a  dramatic 
efiect  in  giving  the  present  views  as  to  certain  species  of  this  genus, 
which  only  failed  of  a  sensational  climax,  because  a  crucial  specimen 
would  not  emerge  from  the  pupa  quite  in  time  for  Dr.  G.  D.  H. 
Carpenter  to  send  a  telegram  anent  it  from  Bugalla  on  the  Nyanza. 

Prof.  Poulton  announces,  in  Nature  of  September  12th,  that  the 
telegram  has  since  arrived,  and  the  expected  specimen  settles,  not 
absolutely,  but  with  reasonable  certainty,  that  some  dozen  recognized 
species  of  the  genus  Pseudacraea  are  all  forms  of  Pseudacraea  euri/tus,  L., 
a  conclusion  arrived  at  some  years  ago  by  Dr.  K.  .Jordan"  from  an 
examination  of  the  male  appendages,  but  not  positively  asserted  till 
some  breeding  experiments  should  support  so  startling  a  fact.  Space 
will  not  allow  of  even  a  sketch  of  the  mimicry  by  the  various  forms, 
each  of  a  different  species  of  Plancwa,  spread  over  a  great  part  of 
tropical  and  South  Africa.  It  would  seem  that  the  mimic  in  this  way 
secures  a  much  wider  distribution  than  any  one  of  its  models. 

It  is  of  interest,  by  the  way,  to  note  that  the  first  definite  step  to 
the  recognition  of  this  unity  of  many  supposed  distinct  species  was 
taken  by  Dr.  Jordan  as  a  result  of  examinations  of  the  male  genitalia. 
He  refrained  from  asserting  the  result  as  proved,  since  though 
differences  in  the  genitalia  show  species  to  be  distinct,  identity  does 
not  prove  specific  identity  unless  there  is  some  other  ground  for  such 
a  deduction.  In  the  case  of  these  Pseudacraeae,  the  presumption  and 
general  opinion  was  in  favour  of  their  being  distinct.  Now  we 
have  proof  that  some  at  least  of  these  supposed  "  good"  species  are 
not  distinct,  and  the  presumption  is  in  favour  of  their  being  all  one 
species;  Dr.  Jordan's  results  are  therefore  decisive  on  this  subject. 

The  literature  bearing  on  the  subject  is  already  considerable,  we 
may  quote  from  Prof.  Poulton's  letter  to  Nature : — 

"  The  conclusion  was  a  very  startling  one.  If  each  mimetic 
Pseudacraea  had  been  confined  to  a  single  area  and  had  interbred  on  its 
margin  with  the  Psendacraeae  of  surrounding  areas  with  different 
mimetic  patterns,  we  should  have  been  confronted  with  a  more 
remarkable  and  complex  example  than  any  as  yet  known  (except 
perhaps  Papilio  ilardanns),  but  one  that  raised  no  special  difficulty. 
Di.  Jordan's  discovery,  however,  involved  far  more  than  this  :  it  led 
to  the  remarkable  conclusion  that  the  sexually  dimorphic  P.  Iioblei/i, 
mimicking  the  sexually  dimorphic  Planema  )iiacarisfa  in  the  Entebbe 
district,  was  the  same  species  as  the  two  monomorphic  Pseudacr»as 
flying   in   the   same   forests   with   it,   viz.,   P.  terra  and  P.  ohscura, 

*  ler  Congr^s  international  d'Entomologie,  Vol.  II.,  p.  398. 


234  THE  entomoi.ogist's  kecoud. 

mimicking  respectively  the  sexually  mononiorphic  Plamwia  telln.^  and 
P.  paraf/ea. 

"  Dr.  Jordan  communicated  his  discovery  to  the  First  International 
Entomological  Congress,  meeting  at  Brussels  in  1910." 

He  continues  with  a  relation  of  various  confirmatory  facts  and  of 
efforts  to  obtain  successful  breeding  experiments,  by  some  of  the 
numerous  observers  in  Africa,  who  have  in  the  Hope  Professor  a 
source  of  inspiration  for  their  researches  and  an  authority  who  gives 
these  most  of  their  value,  by  combining  them  in  support  of  many 
valuable  conclusions.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  these  is 
certainly  this  confirmation  of  the  conclusions  pointed  to  by 
Dr.  Jordan's  work. 

Prof.  Poultou  thus  records  the  result  of  Dr.  Carpenter's  first 
crucial  observations.  "  Dr.  Carpenter  first  succeeded  in  finding  and 
rearing  the  larvae  of  /'.  Incretia,  and  then  made  many  attempts  to 
obtain  eggs  from  captured  females  of  the  hobleyi  group.  Discouraged 
by  many  failures,  he  was  beginning  to  despair  when,  some  weeks  past, 
he  observed  in  the  Bugalla  forest  a  female  obscura  "with  a  touch  of 
hobleyi"  settling  in  an  unusual  position  on  a  leaf  of  the  food^plant  of 
Incretia — almost  certainly  a  Sapotaceous  plant.  The  butterfly  escaped, 
but  Dr.  Carpenter  found  the  egg  on  the  leaf,  and  hoped  to  rear  the 
perfect  insect  before  or  during  the  meeting  of  the  Second  International 
Congress  at  Oxford  (August  6th  to  10th),  and  he  promised  that  if  the 
offspring  turned  out  to  be  ?t')-/-rt  or  hobleyi,  he  would  cable  the  result. 
He  wrote  that  he  anticipated  terra,  because  this  form  is  much  the 
commonest  in  Bugalla. 

Unfortunately  the  eagerly-expected  butterfly  did  not  emerge  until 
after  the  meeting,  but  on  August  19th  I  received  a  cable  from  Entebbe 
with  the  word  '  terra.'  " 

We  may  expect  further  observations  and  experiments  to  more 
completely  confirm  the  position  advanced  by  Dr.  Jordan,  but  it  is 
already  on  a  firm  foundation. 


Random  Notes  on  1912. 

By  E.  A.  COCKAYNE,  M.D.,  F.E.S. 

My  first  day's  collecting  this  year,  February  27th,  was  at  Chingford, 
where  I  took  a  few  dark  forms  of  Ilibernia  lencojihacaria,  a  female  of 
//.  proyeiinnaria  and  a  fine  male  of  Apocheima  hispidaria.  Next  day,  in 
addition  to  the  first  two  species,  I  saw  one  Al.wphila  [Ani.soptery.r) 
aesciilaria  on  a  hornbeam  and  three  or  four  lying  dead  on  the  surface 
of  a  small  pond  in  company  with  one  i'erastis  vaccinii,  one  Taeiii()ca)iipa 
crnda,  and  several  Jl.  leucojihaearia  and  H.  proyeiiniiaria.  11.  leiu-o- 
))haearia  was  unusually  abundant  at  the  end  of  the  week  (March  2nd  and 
3rd),  and  the  days  being  warm  and  sunny,  the  insect  fiew  readily,  giving 
an  exceptionally  good  opportunity  of  estimating  the  relative  numbers 
of  the  light  and  dark  forms.  Many  were  found  on  the  surface  of  some 
small  ponds,  and  the  percentage  of  dark  and  light  forms  seen  in  this 
way  agreed  fairly  well  with  that  of  the  captured  specimens,  and  served 
as  a  valuable  control.  1  examined  290,  and  estimate  the  percentage  of 
the  different  forms  as  follows: — Light  forms  70  per  cent.,  and  melanic 
80  per  cent. 

The  ab.  marmurinaria  was  found  to  form  three  or  lour  per  cent,  of 


RANDOM    NOTES    ON    1912.  235 

the  total  nnmber.  Melanic  specimens  can  be  divided  into  smooth 
dark  forms  with  no  irroratiou  with  pale  scales,  and  those  with  pale 
scales  in  more  or  less  abundance ;  the  first-named  form  about  teil  per 
cent,  of  all  specimens.  Some  of  the  most  extreme  show  a  tendency 
to  have  fringes  paler  than  the  ground  colour  of  the  wings,  and  three 
or  four  exhibit  a  segregation  of  the  darkest  scales  into  the  basal  and 
marginal  areas,  and  perhaps  should  be  regarded  as  the  extreme  melanic 
form  of  the  ab.  marnwrinaria. 

Amongst  my  series  I  found  one  with  yellow  ground  colour  and 
markings  indistinct,  and  another,  a  very  large  specimen,  with  basal 
area  suffused  with  dark  scales  as  far  as  the  central  line.  This  is,  as 
far  as  I  am  aware,  unique.  Only  one  female,  a  melanic  one,  was 
found.  On  March  25th  I  obtained  a  pairing  between  the  male  of 
Aiuphidcmfi  strataria  {prodronmria)  and  the  female  of  Biston  hirtaria, 
but  the  ova  were  infertile,  and  all  attempts  to  obtain  the  reverse  cross 
were  fruitless.  April  6th  and  7th,  bright  sunny  days,  were  spent 
in  the  New  Forest,  but  no  effort  was  made  to  collect.  Numbers 
of  hybernated  Gonepteryx  rhwivni  were  seen,  and  a  few  Vanessa  io 
and  Eni/onia  polycldoros.  A  fine  female  of  Pararge  aeyeria  was 
also  noticed.  Eupithccia  ahbreviata  was  fairly  common  on  tree 
trunks,  and  four  Tephrosias  were  found  on  some  larches.  They  are 
quite  as  pale  as  Tephrosia  crepuscidaria,  but  must  be  T,  bistortata,  since 
a  typical  second  brood  male  emerged  on  June  24th,  actually  darker 
than  its  parent.  During  April  I  took  some  pupjB  of  Aeyeria 
{Trochiliiim)  andrenaeforitm,  and  bred  from  them  fifteen  imagines,  but 
the  only  parasite  was  the  too  common  Meniscus  pimplator.  Most  of  the 
other  parasites  are  rather  scarce,  and  the  majority  seem  to  attack  half- 
grown  larvje. 

Celastrina  aryiolns  w^as  abundant  wherever  I  went  for  the  Clearwing, 
in  Surrey,  Essex,  Kent  and  Hertford,  and  hybernated  specimens  of 
Aylais  urticae  and  V.  io  were  unusually  common.  At  Shackleford,  in 
Surrey,  a  fresh  but  small  female  Evpithecia  coronata  was  seen  on  April 
28th  on  a  small  sapling.  May  5th  was  spent  at  Box  Hill,  where 
several  Celastrina  argiolus  were  flying  round  the  beeches !  Low  down 
on  larch  trunks  I  took  two  Tephrosia  consonaria  ;  one  was  a  female, 
but  unfortunately  it  laid  no  eggs.  Two  Drepana  ciiltraria  {unyuicala) 
were  seen  flying  round  the  beeches. 

On  May  11th  I  went  to  the  Chalfont  Road  district  to  try  and  get 
another  female  of  Tephrosia  consonaria,  but  found  none,  and  though  I 
took  a  male  Lithosia  sororcula  (aureola)  on  a  beech  trunk,  moths 
seemed  rather  scarce.  A  fine  female  of  this  insect  was  taken  on  the 
wing  at  Box  Hill  on  the  18th. 

On  May  12th  I  walked  from  Brookwood  to  Farnborough,  and  on 
the  bank  of  the  Basingstoke  Canal  Pararye  meyaera  and  Celastrina 
aryiolus  were  common,  and  Pieris  napi,  EucJdo'e  cardamines,  Gonepteryx 
rhamni,  Rinnicia  phlaeas,  Polyommatus  icarus,  and  one  Brenthis 
euphrosyne  were  seen.  Heliaca  tenebrata  [arbuti)  was  caught  near 
Brookwood,  and  Tephrosia  punctularia  was  abundant  at  rest  on  the 
alders.  At  Farnborough  I  took  two  Dasycliira  pudibunda,  one  Drepana 
binaria{liamnla)  (female),  one  Diaphora  niendica  (female),  one  Spilosoiiia 
vienthastri,  one  Clostera  curtula  (male),  U ipocrita  jacobaeae,  and  several 
Macaria  liturata  were  seen  near  the  pine  trees. 

May  18th  was  cold  and  showery,  but  larvs  of  Lithosia  deplana  were 


236  THE  entomot^ogist's  record. 

beaten  from  yew  at  Box  Hill,  but  no  larvte  of  Boarmia  ahietaria  were 
seen.  I  noticed  Nisoniades  tat/es,  Drepana  cultraria,  Hepialus  lupuUna, 
Hadena  dentina,  Bapta  temerata,  OpisthoipajHis  [Rnwia)  luteolata 
(crataegata),  Phihalapteri/x  vitalbata,  (Joreniia  desi;/nata,  C.  ferrut/ata, 
Eupithecia  indir/ata  and  Anaitis  plarfiata. 

On  May  21st  I  went  for  the  evening  to  Oxshott  to  try  and  get  a 
female  of  Kucosmia  undidata  for  ova,  but  saw  none,  though  imagines 
were  emerging  in  my  cages  from  larvae  taken  there  last  year.  Drepana 
falcataria,  D.  lacertinaria,  Ciiix  r/laucata  {spinnla),  Teplirosia  punctii- 
laria,  Boarmia  consnrtaria,  from  which  I  had  more  than  100  full-fed  larvae 
(about  f  dark  brown  and  i  green),  and  now  have  a  fine  lot  of  pupae, 
bhipiateria  obliterata  {/leparata),  Loinaspilis  viari/inata,  Cabcra  e.vanthe- 
maria,  C.  pnsaria,  Coremia  ferriit/ata,  C.  miidentaria,  Kupithecia  vitlgata 
(melauic),  and  Tkera  obeliscata  {variata  auc). 

On  May  25th,  26th,  and  27th,  I  collected  with  Mr.  F.  W.  J. 
Jackson,  near  Oxford.  On  some  ploughed  land  a  good  many  Pyrameis 
card  id  in  poor  condition  were  put  up.  In  glades  in  the  wood,  Vanessa 
io,  Brentltis  euphrosyne,  Hawcaris  liicina,  and  Callophrys  riibi  were 
caught  but  only  one  Heinaris  bonibyliforwis  was  seen. 

On  the  more  marshy  ground  Euclidia  ylyphica  and  E.  mi  were 
common,  Prothymnia  (P/iytometra)  viridaria,  Adscita  statices,  and 
Ematurya  atomaria  were  flying.  E.  atnmaria  here  is  rather  large, 
pale,  and  clearly  marked.  In  the  oak  woods  Drepana  binaria  (hamula) 
was  common,  but  very  difficult  to  catch.  We  were  too  late  for 
Eupithecia  piisillata,  and  only  one  worn  female  was  captured,  but  a 
very  pale  Gonodontis  (Odontopera)  bidentata  was  shaken  from  a  spruce 
tree  and  later  on  7>.  falcataria  was  disturbed  from  a  birch.  At  dusk, 
amongst  other  moths,  we  netted  Liydia  adustata,  Bapta  temerata, 
Melanippe  nnanyulata,  and  Emmelesia  decolorata. 

By  searching  aspens  we  found  larvae  of  Taeniocampa  populeti  and 
Brephos  notha,  both  nearly  full-fed,  hidden  between  two  leaves,  and  one 
or  two  worn  Lobophora  he.vapterata  on  the  trunks.  One  of  the  last- 
named  was  also  found  on  the  trunk  of  an  old  white  poplar  far  from 
any  aspen,  and  at  the  base  of  the  trunk  were  some  old  emergence  holes 
of  Trochiliion  apiformis.  Larvae  of  Pliisia  moneta  were  found  on 
Delpldninm  in  a  garden,  where  we  had  tea. 

In  the  evening  we  found  males  of  ilepiahis  liecta  abundant.  At 
first  they  were  hovering  backwards  and  forwards,  and  sometimes  two 
or  three  would  fly  so  close  together  that  they  actually  bumped  up 
against  one  another.  Some  hovered  for  a  long  time,  others  quickly 
settled  down  on  plants,  in  some  instances  only  to  start  oft"  again 
swinging  backwards  and  forwards  in  the  air.  Finally  all  were  at  rest 
with  forewing  half  expanded,  the  glandular  structure  on  the  hind  legs 
very  visible,  and  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  extended. 

Closely  as  we  watched,  we  saw  no  female  approach  and  touch  a 
male  in  flight,  as  I  have  noticed  in  //.  hiniiidi,  and  as  Mr.  Robson 
describes  in  this  species  in  the  Ent.  liecnrd,  vol.  iii.,  p.  55,  though  a 
female  had  been  caught  before  any  males  were  on  the  wing.  By  care- 
fully marking  down  a  number  of  males  on  soiTie  comfroy  plants,  and 
looking  from  time  to  time,  we  found  that  pairing  took  place  without 
the  male  changing  his  position,  and  actually  saw  it  happen  twice.  It 
was  over  very  quickly,  and  the  female  at  once  let  go  and  hung  head 
downwards  with  legs  and  wings  tightly  held  to  the  abdomen.     An 


RANDOM    NOTES    ON    1912.  237 

hour  later  most  of  the  males  were  in  an  attitude  of  rest,  though  one  or 
two  appeared  still  to  be  calling. 

When  H.  hecta  had  settled  down,  H.  hipuUna  began  to  fly,  the 
males  dashing  wildly  in  search  of  the  females  over  the  damper  patches 
of  ground.  Both  of  us  took  a  few  beautiful  specimens  almost  uni- 
formly cream  coloured,  and  Mr.  Jackson  took  one  with  normal  ground 
colour,  but  greatly  extended  white  markings.  The  strange  contrast  in 
the  habits  of  these  two  Hepialids  suggests  that  their  relationship  is  not 
very  close,  in  spite  of  their  somewhat  similar  appearance. 

On  June  9th,  less  than  two  hours  larva-beating  produced  45  larvae 
of  Panolis  jnniperda,  some  very  small,  others  fullfed,  a  very  small  larva 
of  Bupalua  piniaria,  and  four  rather  larger  ones  of  Thera  firmata. 
One  of  the  T.  firmata  larvae  fed  up  fairly  quickly,  and  pupating  on 
July  8th,  produced  a  rather  dark  imago  on  July  26th,  but  the  others, 
on  October  1st,  are  not  yet  fullfed.  The  first  brood  of  the  insect 
must  have  been  out  in  early  May,  and  if  others  emerged  as  early  as 
July  26th,  there  may  be  a  third  brood  this  year.  The  larvae  invariably 
rest  so  that  the  red-brown  head  is  near  the  similarly  coloured  base  of 
the  pine  needles,  and  this,  together  with  their  habit  of  eating  almost 
the  whole  of  the  needle  attacked,  makes  them  very  difficult  indeed  to 
see  even  in  captivity. 

On  June  23rd  there  were  many  Sesia  stellatarum,  rather  worn, 
hovering  over  the  beach  between  Dover  and  Folkestone,  and  looking 
like  recent  immigrants. 

On  July  7th  I  journeyed  to  Bristol,  and  although  Acidalia  liolo- 
sericeata  was  out  as  early  as  June  20th,  I  obtained  a  fine  series  of  both 
sexes.  Variation  is  very  slight,  and  in  the  direction  of  the  formation 
of  a  more  distinct  basal  or  submarginal  band.  From  ova  laid  loose 
in  the  box,  and  not  on  the  HeliantJtemum  provided,  I  now  have  larvs 
in  their  third  instar  feeding  on  knotgrass.  A.  bisetata,  A.  iviitaria, 
and  A.  niari/inepioictata,  with  a  very  fresh  female  of  Ligdia  adustata 
(2nd  brood),  were  also  taken. 

On  July  13th  I  joined  Mr.  Jackson  at  Marlborough,  and  we  walked 
through  the  magnificent  beech  avenues  of  Savernake  Forest  to 
Savernake,  where  we  stayed  for  the  week  end.  Melanargia  fjalathea 
was  abundant,  and  several  T'.  io  and  P.  atalanta  were  seen  ;  Argynnis 
adippe,  A.  aglaia,  and  Drr/as  paphia  were  all  in  fine  condition,  the  first 
being  the  commonest.  Aphantnpns  hyperantus  was  very  plentiful,  and 
I  was  fortunate  to  take  two  ab.  arete  without  much  trouble.  Two 
Epinephele  tithonits,  a  male  C.  argiolus,  one  Bithys  [Thecla)  qnercus 
and  three  Chattendenia  w-albmn  were  seen,  with  a  few  Odezia  atrata. 

At  dusk  in  a  narrow  lane  we  caught  Opisthograptis  luteolata 
(crataegata),  Boarmia  repandata,  B.  gemmaria,  Mesnleuca  ocellata, 
Melantliia  bicolorata  [ritbiginata),  Cidaria  pyraliata,  Melenydris 
didyniata,  Hydriomena  furcata,  Pldbalapteryx  tersata,  PJupithecia 
hogramwata^  Agrotis  ravida,  A.  e.rdainationis,  Hadena  oleracea, 
Caradrina  blanda,  Apamea  oculea,  and  Lencania  pollens,  while  along 
the  canal  bank  L.  iinpura  was  abundant,  and  one  Hydrilla  arcnosa 
was  seen.  In  the  woods  ray  friend  captured  a  fine  Kuc/iloris  pustidata 
and  a  very  fresh  Aridolia  inornata. 

At  Box  Hill  on  July  20th  T  caught  a  fresh  Eupithecia  coronata  (2nd 
brood),  one  Urbicola  comma,  and  two  Argynnis  aglaia. 

In  spite  of  threatening  weather,  I  went  on  July  28th  to  try  and 


238  THE  entomologist's  record. 

take  Af/rtades  coridnn  ab.  setnii^i/niirapha  in  South  Cambridgeshire,  and 
saw  one  ahnost  at  once,  but  failed  to  catch  it  owing  to  high  wind. 
Later  I  caught  three  perfect  and  one  battered  specimen.  Many  males 
and.  several  females  of  A.  coridon  were  found  just  emerged,  and 
amongst  them  a  number  of  crippled  specimens  were  noticed,  and  a 
crippled  female  of  E.  jiirtina.  Freshly  emerged  P.  cardni  and  P. 
atalanta  were  also  seen,  and  in  addition  some  larvje  of  the  latter.  I 
determined  to  try  again  the  next  week,  and  left  on  Saturday  evening, 
joining  Mr.  Jackson,  who  had  come  down  earlier  in  the  day,  but, 
owing  to  dull  weather,  had  only  caught  three  of  the  variety. 

Sunday  started  with  torrents  of  rain,  but  about  11.30  the  sky 
cleared  and  we  had  a  fairly  sunny  day.  A.  coridon  flew  well,  and  we 
both  got  a  good  many  fine  ab.  se»iisi/)u/rap/ia,  though  there  were  a  good 
many  more  or  less  damaged. 

I  stayed  on  till  Monday  evening,  and  altogether  caught  more  than 
thirty,  from  which  I  shall  be  able  to  pick  out  a  fine  series.  One 
example  has  a  border  of  pale  spots  to  the  forewings,  and  pale 
radiations  running  out  from  the  base  and  nearly  reaching  them  and 
with  blue  markings  replaced  by  green  ;  two  others  have  the  blue  area 
on  the  fore- wings  extending  considerably  beyond  the  the  central  spot. 
Vanessa  io,  in  fine  condition,  was  common,  but  not  many  P.  cardni 
were  seen,  and  E.  titlionns  was  becoming  scarcer.  A  few  Polyommatus 
icarus,  with  blue  females,  Aricia  medon  ( astrarche),  and  several  Urbicula 
comma  were  seen.  Two  Chattendenia  iv.-album  were  caught  on  umbel- 
liferous plants.  The  following  Noctnac  were  noticed  Hying  in  the 
sunshine  or  feeding  on  knapweed  between  12  a.m.  and  3  p.m. 
Charaeas  f/rauiinis,  Hi/droccia  nictitans,  Leucania  comgera,  L.  pallens, 
Caradrina  blanda  and  Dianthoecia  cncnhali. 

Already  the  year  has  been  remarkable  for  the  abundance  of  the 
Vanessids,  of  Celastrina  ari/iolas  and  Vrcpana  binaria  (liamnla)  in  the 
Spring.  Of  the  second  broods  of  these  insects,  I  have  seen  a  good 
many  V.  io,  a  few  P.  cardni  and  A.  nrticae,  but  only  a  solitary  C.  anjio- 
Ins.  Larvfe  of  P.  atalanta  are  common  even  in  the  Hampstead  garden 
suburb,  and  if  the  weather  improves  there  is  still  hope  of  an  unusual 
number  of  these  lovely  butterflies  in  our  gardens.  The  brilliant 
weather  of  the  spring  caused  the  early  appearance  of  many  insects 
and  greatly  favoured  them,  but  I  fear  the  continous  wet  weather  of  the 
last  few  weeks  will  have  a  disastrous  effect  on  many  species. 


Notes  on  the  Distribution  of  the  Blattidas. 

By  the  late  R.  HHELFOUD,  M.A.,  F.Z.«.,  F.E.S. 
Edited  by  MALCOLM  BUllK,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

Genera  peculiar  to  the  Palaearctic  Region  : — 

Sub-fam.  Blattin^e,  Sluifordella. 

Snbfam.  Corydiin.e,  Anisofjamia,  Ni/)iij)hijtria. 

Total  =  3. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Oriental  Region  :  — 

Sub-fam.  I'jctobmn.t:,  J'scndectobia  (s.  str.). 

Sub-fam.   PsEUJ)0!\ioi>iNyi',    I'scntlotln/rsoccra,    I'achncjitcri/x,    Diiri/o- 
dana,  Dcsniosia. 

Sub-fam.   Ei'ilampkin,?;,    Thora.v,    I'hlcbonotits,   Apsiilopis,    Coinpso- 
lainpra,  Mor/)/i)ia,  Opisthoplatia,  L'scndophoraspis. 


NOTES    ON    THE    DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE    BLATTID.T:.  239 

Sub-fam.  Blattin^e,    Tliyrsocera,  Mirublatta,    Catara,    rrotagnhta, 

ArcJiiblatta,  Nocticola,  Sjidaeohlatta. 
Sub-fam.  Banchlorin.e,  Pycnoscelus  (excluding  P.  surinaniensis,  L.). 
Sub:fam.  CoRYDiiN.E,  Corydia,  Ploinopteroidea,  Caradax''-,  Kryaula. 
Sub-faui.  OxYHALOiN.ii:,  Areolaria. 

Sub-fam.  Perisph.eriinje,  (jlyijlopdtis,  Perisphacria,  Pseudoylotiieris^ 
Stilpnoblatta,  Trichoblatta. 
•  Sub-fam.   Panesthiin;e,   2licrodina,   Caesparia,   Miopanesthia,    My- 
lacrina. 
Total  =  34. 

The  Japanese  genus  Ktirolda,  Shiraki,  is  omitted  from  this  analysis 
as  the  description  of  it  is  too  imperfect  to  be  of  any  diagnostic  value. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Australian  Region  : — 
Sub-fam.  Ectobiin.=e,  Plscala. 

Sub-fam.  Pseudomopin/E,  Eliipsidion,  Paratemnopteryx. 
Sub-fam.  Epilajiprin^,  JMulytria,  Ata.riyaiiiia,  Verocardia. 
Sub-fam.  Blattin.^;;,  Polyzostcrio,  PUizosteria,  Leptoznsteria,   Zonio- 
ploca,     Cosinozosteria,     Anaiiieda,     Besmozosteria,     Temnelytra, 
Scahina. 
Sub-fam.  Panchlorin.e,  Oniscosotna. 
Sub-fam.  Oxyhaloin.e,  Choristiiua,  Ectoneura. 
Sub-fam.  PERisPH.ERiiNiE,  lepperia. 
Sub-fam.  Panesthiin.e,   Hemipanesthia,    tlctcroplana,   Gcoscapheus, 

MacropanestJno. 
Total  =  23. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Ethiopian  Region  : — 

Sub-fam.  Ectobin.'e,  Theyanoptery.v,  Mallatohlatta. 

Sub-fam.  Pseudomopin.e,   Chrastublatta,  Pirublatta,  Anallacta,  Ap- 

tevoblatta. 
Sub-fam.  EpiLAMPRiNiE,  Lli'daia,  Ensteyasta. 
Sub-fam.    Blattin.e,    Paramethana,    Cartoblatta,    Pseudoderopeltis, 

Deropcltis. 
Sub-fam.  Panchlorin.e,  Phenacisma,  Pseudogyna,  Gyna,  Bliyparobia 

(excluding  PL  maderae,  Fab.),  Pronauphoeta,  Heuiinaiiphoeta. 
Sub-fam.  Corydiin.e,  Ipisonia,  Tivia,  Anacompsa. 
Sub-fam.  Oxyhaloin.i;,  Peraplecta,  Griffinidla,  Anareolaria,  Plvea. 
Sub-fam.  Perisph.eriin.i:,  Gynopeltis,  Aptera,  Ellipska,  Elliptoblatta, 
Gytnnonyx,  Pronaonota,  P ileum,  Cyitotria,  PJantna,  Platysilpha, 
Derocalyvniia,    Isonisciis,    Melaiioblaita,    Hostilia,     Foeciloblatta, 
IJypospJiaciia  {MeliDiodljiha),  Iluiiiahiblatta,  Blepharodera,  Thlip- 
toblatta,   Karnya,    Thunicopyya,  Attiublatta,    Groniphadorrhina, 
Aelaropoda. 
Total  =  49. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Nearctic  Region  : — 

None. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Neotropical  Region  : — 
Sub-fam.  Ectobiin.e,  Phurticolea. 
Sub-fam.  PseudomopiNjE,  Caloblatta,    PscitdiscJnwptcra,  Macrophyl- 

Uidro)iiia,  I'araccrafinojitera,  Aiihopyyia. 
Sub-fam.  Nyctiborin^,  Nyrtibora,  Kunyctibi)ra,   L'aratrojH's,  llciiii- 
nyctobora,  Meyaloblatta. 

*  Nom.  nov.  for  Cardax,  Shelford  (pre-occ). 


240  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Sub-fam.  Epilamprin.e,  Phora.ipin,  Notolawpra,  Pinacnnota,  Tri- 
bonulea,  Phoetcdia. 

Sub-fam.  Panchlorin/E,  Pellnblatta,  Anchohlatta,  Achroblatto, 
'Triconiinn,  Tribonidiinn,  Zetobora,  Phortiaeca,  Schiznpilia, 
Capricina,  Stenoblatta,  Ciilama. 

Sub-fam.  Blaberin.e,  Monaclwda,  Petasodes,  Monistria,  Blaptica, 
Ih/rftotria,  Archimandrita,  Blaberus,  hlewiblabera,  Cacoblatta. 

Sub-fam.  Corydiin.e,  Melestora,  Latindia,  Paralat India,  Hyper- 
coinpsa,  P>ioUeija. 

Sub-fam.  Oxyhaloin^,  Plectnptera  {Ana})t>jcta),  Atticola,  Heniip- 
terota,  Hijpnorna,  Cal/njpnorna. 

Sub-fam.  Perisphaeriinae,  Proscratea,  Paiaaphaeria,  O.vycerciis, 
Mioblatta,  BracJn/cola,  Horinetica,  Parahormetica,  Dasyposoina. 

Total  =  54. 
Genera  peculiar  to  tbe  Palsearctic  and  Nearctic  Regions  (Holarctic): — 

Sub-fam.  PANESTHYiiNiE,  Cryptocercus. 

Total  =  1. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Palfearctic  and  Ethiopian  Regions : — 

Sub-fam.  Ectobiin^,  PJctobius,  Hololainpra. 

Total  =  2. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Palfearctic,  Oriental,  and  Ethiopian  Regions  : — 

Sub-fam.  Corydiin^,  Poh/phar/a. 

Total  =  1. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Oriental  and  Australian  Regions  : — 

Sub-fam.  Ectobiin^,  Anaplectoidca. 

Sub-fam.  Pseodomopin.e,  Allacta. 

Sub-fam.  Blattin^,  Plati/znsteria,  Cittilia,  Methana,  Eroblatta. 

Sub-fam.  Oxyhaloin^,  IHploptera,  Prosoplecta. 

Sub-fam.  Perisph^riin^t:,  PeranatipJtoeta. 

Sub-fam.  Panesthiin^,  Salganea,  Panesthia,  Direllonntiis. 

Total  =  12. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Oriental  and  Ethiopian  Regions  : — 

Sub-fam.  Blattin^.,  HonialosilpJia,  Durylaea. 

Sub-fam.  Corydiin^e,  Di/scolo'iamia,  Allnandella. 

Total  =  4. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Oriental  and  Neotropical  Regions : — 

Sub-fam.  Pseudomopin^.,  Pseudophyllodroima, 

Sub-fam.  Epilamprina,  llhabdoblatta. 

Total  =  2. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Ethiopian  and  Neotropical  Regions  : — 

Sub-fam.  Pseudomopin,^,  Paraloboptera. 

Sub-fam.  Panchlorin.e,  Xauphocta. 

Sub-fam.  Corydiin.'e,  Sphecophila. 

Sub-fam.  Oxyhaloin.e,  Oxyhaloa. 

Total  =  5. 
Genera  peculiar  to  the  Nearctic  and  Neotropical  Regions  : — 

Sub-fam.  Pseudomopin.Is,  Psenilnumps,  AttapJiila. 

Sub-fam.  I^lattin.t;,  Kiii-ycoth. 

Sub-fam.  Corydiin.e,  Uoniacoyawia. 

Sub-fam.  OxYHALOiWiE,  Plectnptera. 

Total  =  5. 


NOTES    ON    THE    GENUS    COLEOPHORA.  241 

Notes  on  the  various  species  of  tlie  genus  Coleophora. 

By  Hy.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S. 
Coleophora  maeniacella. 

Another  species  which  occurs  in  the  saltings  very  freely  in  the 
larval  stage  is  a  member  of  a  very  obscure  group,  all  the  species  of 
which  are  attached  to  plants  belonging  to  the  Clienopodiaceae.  This  is 
C.  iiioeniaeella,  and  the  larva3  can  be  obtained  in  large  numbers  by 
sweeping  among  the  abundant  growths  of  Atriple.v  portnlacoides,  Siiaeda 
maritima,  etc.,  in  the  marshes  on  the  north  side  of  the  Thames 
estuary.  Those  I  had  were  obtained  at  Fobbing  on  September  11th 
and  18th,  1904.  The  cases  were  cylindrical,  tapering  about  equally  to 
both  ends,  stouter  and  more  substantial  looking  than  any  other  of  the 
species  feeding  on  the  marshes.  As  to  colour  it  was  indefinite  ;  dirty 
looking  shades  of  brown,  ochreous  or  even  black,  and  covered  by 
debris,  of  various  sorts,  grains  of  dirt,  sand,  etc.  Some,  which  were 
found  on  plants  covered  by  each  high  tide,  were  sodden  by  water, 
but  still  contained  apparently  healthy  larvse.  These  latter  cases  were 
difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  dirty  succulent  leaves  of  the  Suaeda, 
which  were  of  a  similar  shape  to  the  cases.  The  larvae  feed  preferably 
on  the  buds,  flowers  and  seeds  of  the  food  plants,  boring  holes,  which 
were  very  conspicuous  when  the  larva  had  eaten  out  the  central  part 
and  left  for  a  neighbouring  seed  vessel  or  bud.  All  the  cases  showed 
streaks,  irregular  in  width  from  end  to  end,  and  of  a  lighter  shade, 
being  the  pieces  inserted  at  the  time  of  enlargement  and  consequently 
from  being  newer,  were  lighter  in  colour,  i.e.,  cleaner,  and  less  covered 
by  grains  of  dirt,  etc.  These  insertions  seem  to  be  made  anywhere 
and  not  especially  along  the  lower  side  as  in  many  species ;  always  of 
course  longitudinally.     The  anal  opening  is  three  valved. 

"  The  general  body  colour  of  the  larva  is  a  dirty  white.  The  head 
is  of  a  light  brown,  slightly  lighter  than  the  plate  of  the  first  thoracic 
segment,  but  the  brown  is  not  so  light  as  in  C.  arteniisiella.  The 
plate  on  the  first  thoracic  segment  is  of  a  dull  light  brown,  slightly 
glossy,  and  somewhat  larger  than  is  usual.  There  are  a  few  small 
clouds  of  darker  colour  on  this  plate,  and  a  white  suture  runs  three- 
quarters  of  the  way  up  the  centre  from  the  back,  ending  in  one  of 
these  dark  clouds.  The  second  thoracic  segment  has  four  small 
plates  in  a  semicircle  with  the  concavity  in  front,  and  with  the  space 
between  the  two  centre  plates  slightly  more  than  between  the  side 
plates  and  the  centre  plates ;  these  are  darker,  more  black-brown  than 
those  on  the  preceding  segment.  The  third  thoracic  segment  has 
four  plates  exactly  behind  those  on  the  preceding  segment,  and  of  the 
same  colour,  except  that  in  some  specimens  the  two  exterior  plates 
are  larger,  much  fainter,  and  only  perceived  with  difficulty.  The  side 
plates  of  these  three  segments  are  small,  uniform  in  size,  and  not 
quite  so  dark  as  the  plates  on  the  back.  The  anal  segment  has  a 
deep  brown  plate  on  the  back,  nearly  covering  the  whole  of  the 
segment.  The  larva  has  four  pairs  of  abdominal  legs.  The  inner 
side  of  the  bases  of  all  the  thoracic  legs  have  small  black-brown  plates, 
which  often  disappear  from  view  with  the  retractile  movements  of 
these  limbs.     The  tips  of  the  jaws  are  of  the  same  dark  colour." 

The  larvae  I  had  did  very  badly,  and  although  very  healthy  when 
obtained,  gradually  deteriorated,  became  more  and  more  wandering. 


242  THE  entomologist's  record. 

and  finally  died.  Did  they  want  periodic  watering  or  the  proximity 
of  water  twice  a  day  as  they  would  in  nature  with  the  advent  of  the 
tide  ?  was  the  question  which  arose  in  my  mind.  I  did  not  succeed  in 
breeding  one,  nor  did  I  have  any  better  success  with  the  1905  larvre 
which  I  kept  out  of  doors  from  the  time  of  obtaining  them.  Not  one 
survived  the  winter. 

On  October  25th,  1904,  I  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  a  larva  enlarge 
its  case,  and  a  most  remarkable  process  it  was.     It  was  my  custom  to 
have  a  few  larvfe  of  each  species  under  very  frequent  observation,  even 
cari'ying  them  with  me  to  my  daily  duties.      About  11  p.m.  I  was 
giving  a  final  glance  at  my  larvix'  for  the  night,  when  I  found  a  case 
fixed  longitudinally  on  a  stem  ot  the  food  plant,  with  an  irregular 
slightly  zigzag  slit  extending  •&  the  length  of  the  case  from  the  anal 
end.     The  fore  end  of  the  slit  was  partly  filled  with  loose  threads  of^ 
silk,  either  remnants  of  the  ruptured  inner  silk  lining  of  the  case,  or 
the  commencement  of  the  new  gusset.     The  larva  had  its  head  and 
about  A  of  its  body  inside  the  case  and  was  with  its  mouth  fastening 
threads  across  the  gap  and  near  the  anal  extremity.     The  remaining  f 
of  its  body  was  protruding  from  the  case  as  a  kind  of  Avedge  about 
half  way  down  the  slit  in  the  tube,  and  lying  obliquely  towards  the 
fore   end.      The   body   was   gripped    by   the   edges    of   the  slit   and 
apparently  well  gripped  as  it  was  more  bloated  and  swollen  than  the 
rest  of  the  body  observable  in  the  tube.     After  a  number  of  threads 
were  placed  in  position  in  the  anal  part  of  the  fissure  (for  about  J  of 
the  tube)  obviously  to  regulate  the  new  diameter  of  the  case  and  to 
prevent  the  too  wide  yawning  of  the  sides,  the  larva  turned  its  head 
and  that  portion  (i)  of  its  body  within  the  tube,  in  the  direction  of  the 
mouth  opening.     Then  with  difficulty  and  after  considerable  eftbrt  it 
dragged  the  hanging  out  (f)  portion  of  its  body  into  the  case,  which 
slightly  closed  as  the  "  wedge"  was  withdrawn.     Now  the  larva  lay 
in  its  normal  position.     Not  long,  however,  did  it  rest.     In  a  second 
or  two  I  had  the  further  pleasure  of  seeing  it  reverse  its  position, 
doubling  back  its  very  flexible  body,  both  ends  moving  at  about  an 
equal  rate,  until  its  head  was  towards  the  anal  end  and  the  tail  towai'ds 
the  mouth  end.     Then  the  process  of  closing  up  the  gap  went  rapidly 
on  and  by  midnight  scarcely  a  trace  of  the  larva  could  be  seen  through 
the  rapidly  growing  layer  of  gray,  not  white,  silk.     In  the  morning  the 
larva  had  moved  and  was  feeding  merrily  in  its  enlarged  residence, 

I  noted  that  the  larviT)  I  obtained  in  1905  aflixed  themselves  in  late 
autumn  on  the  sides  of  the  flower  pot,  on  dead  stems  or  on  dried  heads 
of  the  food  plant,  and  did  not  subsequently  move.     None  were  bred, 

COLEOPHOKA    ARTEMISIELLA, 

The  larvre  of  this  species  were  found  in  large  numbers  on  every 
plant  of  Artemisia  maritima  on  the  seawalls  near  Fobbing,  on  Septem- 
ber 11th,  1904.  They  feed  on  the  flowers,  stems,  loaves,  and  seeds, 
and  in  confinement  arc  one  of  the  most  uneasy  and  restless  species 
I  know.  The  cases  are  mealy,  very  soft,  and  delicate  looking,  and 
appear  much  like  small  portions  of  the  growing,  healthy  plant. 
They  are  longitudinally  striped  with  darker,  less  mealy  stripes,  so  that 
the  surface  is  about  equally  divided  between  the  mealy  stripes  and  the 
non-mealy  inter-stripcs.  Although  I  have  watched  for  weeks,  I  have 
never  yet  been  able  to  see.  the  larva  of  this  species  enlarge  its  case, 


ADALIA    OBLITERATA    IN    SURREY.  243 

but  think  it  probable  that  one  set  of  stripes  are  the  pieces  inserted  at 
the  time  of  enlargement,  but  whether  the  mealy  stripes  or  the  non- 
mealy  are  the  inserted  ones  I  have  failed  to  observe.  These  cases  are 
contracted  considerably  towards  both  ends,  and  the  anal  end  has  three 
inconspicuous  valves.  In  confinement  the  mealiness  rapidly  dis- 
appears, as  a  fact  it  is  eaten  by  other  larvfe,  which  have  the  habit  of 
crawling  over  each  other  and  getting  into  bunches. 

"The  general  body  colour  of  the  larva  is  dirty,  dingy,  pale  yellow, 
vitreous  at  the  fore  end  of  the  body,  but  greenish  on  the  back  from  the 
contents  of  the  abdominal  canal  shining  through  the  semi-transparent 
skin,  which  appears  to  be  more  transparent  on  the  forward  halt  than 
on  the  hinder  half  of  the  larva.  The  head  is  shining  light  brown- 
yellow,  glossy.  The  first  thoracic  segment  is  completely  covered  by  a 
very  large  plate,  the  suture  of  which  partly  divides  it  down  the  middle, 
being  only  seen  with  difficulty,  with  the  light  in  a  particular  direction, 
and  the  sides  reach  almost  down  to  the  spiracular  plates.  The  colour 
is  but  very  slightly  darker  than  the  ground  colour,  which  renders 
the  plates  very  obscure.  The  second  thoracic  segment  has  two  plates 
on  the  back,  the  front  edges  forming  a  curve  with  the  concave  part 
towards  the  head.  The  third  thoracic  segment  has  two  dot-plates  (?), 
but  they  are  very  obscure,  as  also  are  the  spiracular  plates  of  the  three 
thoracic  segments.  The  anal  plate  is  large  and  black,  and  the  outside 
bases  of  the  anal  claspers  have  a  fair-sized  round  black  dot-plate 
on  each.     There  are  four  pairs  of  abdominal  claspers." 

This  species  seems  very  prone  to  the  attacks  of  a  Dipteron,  for  on 
every  occasion  when  I  have  had  the  larvn?  I  have  only  bred  an  odd 
imago  or  none  at  all.  In  a  month  or  two  after  obtaining  the  larvae 
I  invariably  find  a  multitude  of  the  black  puparia  of  the  fly  at 
the  bottom  of  the  pot  or  larval  cage.  I  have  tried  to  feed  this 
species  on  the  garden  wormwood  and  for  a  time  some  seemed  to  feed 
well,  mining  into  the  soft  green  stems,  leaving  only  the  outer  cuticle, 
but  they  soon  tired  of  it  and  wandered  and  wandered  after  the  manner 
of  their  kind.  I  have  never  been  succesful  in  breeding  many  of  this 
species.  They  do  not  survive  the  winter  in  our  suburban  conditions. 
The  loss  of  life  among  the  larvje  must  be  enormous,  as  one  never  finds 
the  imagines  in  any  numbers  in  the  early  summer,  so  far  as  my 
experience  goes.  Possibly  Mr.  Whittle  might  be  able  to  give  us  some 
details  of  how  to  successfully  hybernate  the  larva?,  as  he  lives  in  the 
near  neighbourhood  of  the  local  habitat  of  this  species. 


Adalia  obliterata,  L.,  ab.  sublineata,  Weise,  in  Surrey. 

By  G.  W.  NICHOLSON,  M.D.,  F.E.S. 
On  September  22nd  I  swept  three  specimens  of  this  aberration  in 
a  larch  plantation  on  Boxhill,  in  Surrey.  As  it  has,  apparently,  not  as 
yet  been  recorded  from  Britain,  and  as  it  forms  a  connecting  link 
between  the  typo  form  of  this — for  a  Coccinellid — extremely  stable 
species  and  its  ab.  feneatrata,  Weise,  its  capture  should  certainly  be 
mentioned.  Ganglbauer  gives  the  following  aberrations,  or  varieties 
as  he  calls  them,  of  this  insect : — (1)  ab.  sublineata,  Weise,  in  which 
the  elytra  are  marked  with  one  or  two  longitudinal  black  stripes. 
(2)  ab.  sexnotata,  Thunb.,  in  which  they  are  mottled  with  black  or 
show  three  or  four  sharply  defined  black  marks.     (3)  ab,  fenestrata, 


244  THE    entomologist's    FvECORD. 

Weise,  has  the  elytra  black,  with  an  ill-defined,  usually'  irregular 
brownish-yellow  transverse  band  at  the  base,  and  one  or  two  light 
spots  behind  the  middle.  (It  has  been  taken  in  this  country  on  one 
or  two  occasions.)  (4)  ab.  illii/eri,  Weise,  with  black  elytra,  which  are 
lighter  only  at  the  base.  (5)  ab.  funiata,  Weise,  in  which  they  are 
uniformly  black  or  brownish-black.  In  the  latter  forms  the  thorax 
may  be  black,  except  for  a  narrow  border  at  the  sides.  My  specimens 
all  differ  somewhat  from  each  other.  The  first,  which  approaches 
most  closely  to  the  type-form,  has  an  elongated  black  dash  on  the 
posterior  third  of  each  elytron,  which  is  nearer  to  the  margin  than  to 
the  suture.  In  the  second  this  dash,  which  occupies  the  same  position, 
is  more  developed  ;  in  front  of  it,  in  the  anterior  half  of  each  elytron, 
there  is  a  minute  black  spot,  occupying  the  same  position  relatively  to 
the  margin.  In  the  third  specimen  the  posterior  black  line  is  longer 
and  more  curved  and  the  anterior  spots  are  much  larger.  On  looking 
over  my  series  of  A.  ohliterata  I  find  one  specimen,  also  from  Boxhill, 
in  which  there  is  a  small  oblong  black  mark  near  the  apex  of  each 
elytron.  This  is  therefore  an  intermediate  form.  I  would  add  that 
these  spots  should  not  be  confounded  with  the  blackish  or  brownish 
discoloration,  usually  asymmetrical,  which  are  not  infrequently  found 
on  the  elytra  of  this,  as  well  as  of  most  other  species  of  Coccinellidae, 
and  which  are  clearly  due  to  some  mechanical  cause. 


je^CIENTIFIC    NOTES   AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Various  Bionomical  Notes. — There  is  probably  nothing  new  in 
what  is  here  recorded.  May  I  humbly  suggest  that  British  lepidop- 
terists,  with  one  or  two  laudable  exceptions,  are  too  much  afraid  of 
publishing  notes  on  rest  attitudes,  etc.  ?  We  are  apt  to  forget  that 
facts,  which  we  observe  every  day,  must  be  recorded  in  print,  before 
others  can  compare  their  observations  with  ours.  We  fail  to 
remember  how  much  of  Darwin's  work  was  founded  on  minute 
observations  and  accurate  records  on  living  nature. 

Papilio  machaon,  August  3rd,  1912,  Stalham  Broad. — Two  full- 
grown  larvffi.  One  willingly  protruded  the  well-known  fleshy 
tubercles.  The  scent  of  pine  apples,  but  with  a  "  bitter  background," 
was  distinctly  perceptible,  as  usual.  The  other  larva  refused  to  show 
the  tubercles,  even  when  pinched.  It  appeared  to  be  absolutely 
scentless. 

Gonepteryx  rhamni,  May  9th,  Wicken  Fen,  3.35  p.m. — The  day 
had  been  heavy,  and  thunder  was  about.  Just  at  the  time  the  sun 
was  shining.  I  watched  a  mtAe  Brimstone  settle  down  for  the  night 
under  a  leaf  of  meadow-sweet  (Sfiraea  i(liiioria).  The  disc  of  the 
forewing  was  not  completely  covered  by  the  hindwing.  The  insect 
was  sitting  back  downward,  holding  to  one  midrib  of  the  leaf.  The 
white  undersides  of  the  tips  of  the  antenme  were  strikingly  con- 
spicuous. They  suggested  the  two  eyes  of  some  unknown  beast, 
whose  body  was  outlined  by  the  stalks  of  the  antennae  The  antennae 
were,  of  course,  porrected,  and  the  tips  bent  ventrally  {i.e.,  upwards). 

Pleheiua  aiffns  {aeijon),  June  27th,  Ashdown  Forest ;  July  2nd, 
Matley  and  Denny  Bogs,  New  Forest. — Abundant  on  both  occasions. 
In  sunlight  the  males  generally  orientated,  but  not  always.  Some- 
times they  orientate,  head    downwards,  with  wings  nearly  flat,  and 


SCIENTIFIC    NOTES.  245 

forewings  very  much  advanced.  But  they  appear  to  be  careless,  even 
when  fully  awake,  tending  on  the  whole  to  be  correctly  orientated, 
and  certainly  preferring  to  be  head  downwards.  Quite  frequently  they 
spread  the  hindwings  completely,  and  the  forewings  partially.  They 
sit  on  fences,  heather,  ling,  gorse,  and  perhaps  other  plants.  A  ^ 
with  closed  wings  seen  from  above  really  does  suggest  a  gorse  pod. 
He  has  the  same  woolly,  blue-white  appearance.  The  forewing  is 
always  sunk  as  completely  as  possible  behind  the  hindwing,  and  this 
as  soon  as  the  wings  are  closed.  One  3  "  sawed  "  his  hindwings,  as 
blues  so  often  do.  i  hope  to  cut  sections  of  him  and  see  if  he  was 
troubled  by  internal  parasites. 

Ai/riades  thetis,  June  13th,  North  Downs,  Kent. — Sunny  at 
intervals,  windy,  no  rain.  Males  are  always  correctly  orientated,  if 
the  sun  is  shining.  The  insect  always  settles  on  flowers  of  Hippo- 
crejns  (once  on  Myosotis).  The  insect  is  distinctly  wary,  and  you 
must  exercise  care  if  you  would  approach  within  a  yard  of  it.  The 
?   is  perhaps  less  careful  about  orientation. 

Aiujiades  (Hesperia)  si/lvanus,  June  29th,  Rhinefields,  New  Forest. 
— Both  sexes,  settling  mostly  on  Erica,  also  on  Orchis  maculata. 

Anthrocera  meliloti,  July  1st,  New  Forest. — A  male  was  taken  with 
two  stamens  of  Orchis  macidata  adhering  to  its  face.  The  day 
following  was  sunless,  stuffy,  and  thundery.  The  insects  were  flying 
all  the  same.     Surely  this  is  unusual  in  a  Burnet  ? 

Miltochrista  viiniata. — From  observations  made  in  early  July  in 
the  New  Forest  by  Mr.  G.  Storey  and  myself  we  concluded  that  the 
S'  flies  at  early  dusk,  and  not  later ;  one  $  not  till  it  is  time  for 
entomologists  to  "  light  up."  Mr.  Storey  and  myself  took  five  ?  s 
while  we  were  lighting  our  lamps  one  night.  They  all  flew  in  towards 
two  yards  of  ditch  from  different  direction.  Can  they  possibly  have 
been  flying  to  a  (?  ? 

JS'octtia  primulae  {f estiva),  June  18th,  Fairhill,  Tonbridge,  etc. — 
This  species  is  more  shy  at  sugar  than  most  other  Noctuae.  It  does 
not  get  decently  drunk  till  after  10  p.m. 

N.  bntmica  and  N.  triangulum,  June  30th,  New  Forest. — Sugaring 
notes  for  June  30th  say  "  warmer  and  cloudier  than  last  night. 
Brunnea  more  abundant,  triam/ulitm  less  so."  If  this  happens  regu- 
larly, and  is  not  accidental,  it  must  mean  something ! 

Plusia  chrijsitis  (g),  June  12th,  Fairhill. — At  light.  This 
specimen  had  two  orchidaceous  stamens  attached  by  their  sticky  discs 
to  the  ventral  surface  of  its  eye,  one  on  each  side.  I  identified  the 
stamens  with  practical  certainty  as  those  of  Habenaria  bifolia. 

Geometra  papilionaria. — I  bred  a  good  many  specimens  this  year 
from  near  Rugby,  and  noted  the  time  of  emergence  fairly  accurately 
for  several  specimens. 


Date. 
June  22nd 
June  23rd 
June  26th 
June  28th 
June  29th 

?. 
8.15  p.m. 

<?. 

2  speciraeng 

6.15  p.m. 

9.45  cfe  12  noon 

10  a.m. 

June  30th 
July  2nd 

12  midnight 
5  p.m. 

12  noon. 

8.15  a.m. 

5  p.m. 

These  results  are  not  very  full,  but  I  think  they  do  point  to  the  $ 


246  THE  entomologist's  record. 

emerging  in  the  evening,  the  ^  in  the  forenoon.  This  conclusion  was 
borne  out  by  many  other  specimens,  whose  time  of  emergence  was 
not  accurately  noted. 

Ephyra  annidata,  June  29th,  New  Forest. — One  specimen  at 
sugar ! 

Cidaria  jnjraliata  (  ?  ),  July  15th,  Fairhill. — -The  rest  attitude  is 
not  by  any  means  easy  to  describe.  The  forewings  are  held  flat,  well 
advanced.  The  hindwings  are  completely  covered  by  the  forewings, 
except  their  costa,  which  curls  up  and  over  costa  of  forewings.  The 
antennae  lie  along  the  disc  of  the  forewings. 

Pachj/thelia  {Psyche)  villosella. — A  few  cases  collected  in  the  New 
Forest  (July  8rd)  by  Mr.  Storey  and  myself.  Larvje  emerged  from 
one  of  my  cases  on  July  16th.  They  numbered  about  400.  I  first 
noticed  them  as  a  long  line  of  small  insects  proceeding  rapidly  along 
my  mantlepiece  towards  the  light.  They  had  squeezed  out  of  their 
box,  and  their  phototropic  instinct  was  exceedingly  accurate.  Arrived 
at  the  corner  of  the  mantlepiece  nearest  the  window,  they  had  the 
wits  to  lower  themselves  by  threads  to  the  ground.  At  this  point  I 
captured  them,  or  they  would  have  been  lost  in  the  carpet.  The 
whole  brood  kept  to  one  narrow  line  of  march  with  remarkable 
accuracy.  They  settled  down  quite  soon  to  the  duty  of  case-making. 
In  each  instance  the  case  was  commenced  as  a  girdle  round  the  2nd 
and  3rd  abdominal  segments. 

Kpichnopteryx  pidla  (^s),  June  13th,  Wrotham  Down,  Kent. — 
The  insect  normally  rests  with  the  wings  "  roofed  "  and  the  antennae 
beneath  the  costa  of  the  forewings.  When  thoroughly  awake  the 
wings  are  more  spread,  and  the  antenna3  are  held  forward  in  an 
"  ordinary  "  position  ;  they  are  perpetually  quivering.  I  should  like 
to  investigate  the  anatomy  and  histology  of  these  antennae.  The 
muscles,  and  more  particularly  the  nerve-endings,  should  prove  very 
interesting. 

Micropteryx  thnnheryella,  May  2nd,  Hardwick  Wood,  Cambs. — 
Buzzing  round  privet  bushes. 

Micropteryx  ealthella. — Various  localities.  I  have  frequently 
noticed  that  a  blossom,  whether  of  Caltha,  Cardaniine,  or  other  flower, 
either  contains  no,  ealthella  at  all,  or  else  that  it  contains  at  least  half- 
a-dozen.  It  may  be  that  in  only  a  few  flowers  is  the  pollen  in  a 
suitable  state  of  ripeness ;  but  I  incline  to  the  view  that  the  species  is 
sociable.— P.  A.  Buxton,  Fairhill,  Tonbridge. 


OLEOPTERA. 

Capture  of  Aleochara  brunneipennis  near  Leicester. — I  have 
taken  the  above  species  at  Sutton-inthe-Elms,  near  Leicester,  on 
three  different  occasions  ;  five  specimens  altogether.  They  were  taken 
in  haystack  refuse,  and  have  been  confirmed  by  Dr.  Sharpe ;  I  ought 
rather  to  say  named  by  him,  as  I  did  not  know  what  species  they 
were.  Two  specimens  of  A.  ruficornis  and  a  nice  set  of  J^scKdopsis 
sidcata  were  captured  under  the  same  stack.^ — W.  H.  Barrow,  4, 
Saxe-Coburg  Street,  Leicester.     August  12f/(,  1912. 


Jg^OTES      ONCOLLECTING,     Etc. 

The  Season  1912. — I  should  like  to  know  if  my  experiences  this 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING.  247 

season  are  shared  by  other  entomologists,  as  I  personally  never  had 
such  a  poor  one.  A  week  at  Towyn  with  two  of  my  sons  only  brought 
us  half-a-dozen  of  each  of  Charaeas  graminis,  Agrotis  tritici,  and 
Brgophila  perla,  with  specimens  of  a  few  other  species.  This  result 
after  the  early,  unexpectedly  early,  start  of  the  season  has  made  it  doubly 
disappointing.  An  outing  to  Earlswood,  on  February  11th,  gave  us 
our  start  with  Plug  alia  pcdaria,  and  also  with  a  Syntomid  on  the  last 
day  of  the  frost,  from  Messrs.  Cadbury's  Cocoa  Manufactory,  that  had 
just  emerged  and  been  knocked  down  with  a  sugar-bag.  It  was  sup- 
posed to  be  a  species  from  San  Thome.  (The  species  is  Ceramidia 
butleri,  and  is  a  native  of  Central  Africa,  G.  T.  B.-B.)  The  following 
week  P.  pedaria  were  again  in  evidence,  but  a  visit  to  the  woods  on 
February  25th,  with  no  net  and,  from  habit  at  this  time  of  the  j^ear, 
with  only  a  few  pill-boxes,  found  the  wood  literally  alive  with  Hibernia 
leiicophaearia,  a  sharp  shout  causing  them  to  fall  from  the  tree  trunks 
like  the  leaves  in  an  autumn  wind  after  a  night's  frost.  We  took  a 
few  picked  specimens  and  added  to  them  P.  pedaria,  H.  bnonata, 
Hibernia  progeminaria,  and  one  A^pJialia  jiavicornis.  March  3rd  added 
Alwphila  [Anisoptenjx)  aescularia  and  repeated  the  above  list.  The  A. 
fiavicornis  of  this  date  was  resting  on  a  loop  in  the  railway-paling  wires, 
but,  unfortunately,  was  a  spent  female.  March  24th  found  all  the  above 
species  still  about,  but  Hibernia  leucophaearia  had  given  way  to  Panolis 
piniperda,  while  March  31st  gave  us  a  fine  female  Paclujfi  (Amphidasis) 
strataria.  The  Easter  week  gave  us  Lobophora  carpinata  (lubiilata)  and 
Tephrosia  crepnscularia,  the  latter  nearly  all  of  the  dark  form.  Later 
on  Maleiiydris  multristigaria  was  seen.  I  had  forgotten  to  say 
that  on  March  21st  I  was  delighted  to  see  both  sexes  of 
Gonepteryx  rhamni  flying  well  in  the  woods,  and  following  much  the 
same  round  were  male  F.ncldo'e  cardamines.  Was  not  this  very 
nearly  the  earliest  date  for  the  latter  species  ?  Now  began  a  close 
hunt  for  Tricoptery.v  riretata,  which  was  fairly  successful.  The  first 
specimen  came  on  April  24th,  one  only,  and  also  our  first  Callophrys 
rubi,  a  few  Celastrina  argiolus  and  T.  crepiixcidaria.  April  28th,  added 
Satitrnia  carpini  to  this  list,  with  another  T.  viretata.  May  opened 
with  seven  Lasiocampa  qiierctis  larvfe,  apparently  part  of  a  brood  on 
the  edge  of  a  golf  green.  Two  of  these  emerged  on  June  15th,  one 
came  out  later,  and  the  others  are  lying  over  presumably  to  become 
var.  callmiae.  On  the  same  date  we  added  to  our  takings  Mamestra 
(Hadena)  glauca  and  Lampropteryx  auffumata,  while  seven  T.  viretata 
were  captured.  May  12th  added  Dicranura  rinida,  male,  Notodonta 
phoebe  (dictaea),  Gonodontii^  bidcntata  and  Diipalus  piniaria,  and  T. 
riretata  was  at  its  highest.  The  next  week,  May  19th,  repeated  all 
but  D.  vinula  and  A^  phoebe  (dictaea),  and  added  Cidaria  corylata, 
Epirrita  (Oporabia)  dilutata,  and  a  batch  of  unknown  ova.  May  27th 
gave  us  Leptosia  sinapis,  Ma))iestra  (Hadena)  genistae,  Anaitis  plagiata, 
Polygonia  c-album,  Ligdia  adastata,  C.  temerata,  Eidype  (Melanippe) 
liastata,  and  the  usual  common  species  of  May.  Brentliis  selene  had 
also  just  emerged,  and,  last  but  not  least,  we  took  six  Arctia  rillica  and 
a  batch  of  ova  laid  on  the  leaves  of  a  young  lime  tree  disclosed  to  us 
during  a  rough  wind.  This  date  was  spent  around  Lydney  and 
district.  After  May  our  captures  have  decreased  week  by  week  till 
lately  we  get  little  or  nothing  from  our  outings.  I  have  given  the 
dates  above  as  they  may  be  useful  for  comparison  with  the  experiences 


248  THE  entomologist's  record. 

of  others. — F.  Fountain,  191,  Darwin  Street,  Birmingham.     Auqust 
Mth,  1912. 

Seasonal  Notes,  1912. — I  don't  know  how  other  collectors  fared 
at  the  sallows  this  year,  but  on   the  two  occasions  when  I  visited 
them  at  Woldingham  I  found  insects  scarce.     My  first  evening,  on 
March  16th,  seemed  in  every  way  a  suitable  one,  warm  and  moist,  but 
only  a  few  Taeniocampa  stabilis,  T.  incerta  and  T.  (jothica  put  in  an 
appearance.     My  second  venture,  on  March  30th,  a  very  cold  bright 
night,  resulted  in  two  T.  niacilis  being  taken  in  good  condition,  the 
only  other  species  seen  being   T.  r/otliica,  worn.      A  visit  to    Tilgate 
Forest,  on  April  6th,  a  fine  bright  day,  found  Brephos  parthenias  on 
the  wing  in  fair  condition,  and  a  couple  of  Vanessa  io  were  observed. 
Although  the  tree  trunks  and  fences  were  well  scrutinized  not   a.n 
insect  was  seen  at  rest.     Easter  Monday,  April  8th,  was  a  bleak  day 
but  a  walk  from  Walton  Heath  to  Dorking  was  taken,  cia  Headley 
and  Ranmore  Common  ;    although  many  likely  spots  were  searched 
for  Arctia  caja  and  other  larvre,  none  were  met  with,  nor  was  any 
insect  observed  at  rest  throughout  the  whole  walk.     The  same  state  of 
affairs   prevailed  on   the  following  day  during  a  walk  across  country 
from  Caterham  to  Oxted.     The  hot  summer  of  1911  must  have  had 
an  adverse  effect  on  A.  caja  :   perhaps  a  second  brood  was  attempted 
with  fatal  results.     I  usually  come  across  a  fair  number  of  the  larvae 
every  spring,  this  year  I  saw  one  only.     A  trip  to  Wiltshire  on  April 
18th,  for  Melitaea  anrinia,  was  quite  successful  and  a  nice  series  was  bred 
from  the  larvae  obtained.     On  April  28th,  a  day's  run  was  made  to  the 
New  Forest  for  Boarmia  cinctaria  and  from  captured  females  a  good 
supply  of  ova  was  obtained.     Sleeved  out  on  sallow  the  larvae  seemed 
to  do  remarkably  well.     Limenitis  sibijlla  larvffi  were  also  taken,  but 
the  particular  spot  searched  had  been,  I  should  imagine,  well  over- 
looked   previously.      On    May    14th    a   few    Scodonia    hehiiaria   were 
captured  at  Oxshott ;    more  would  have  been  got  but  for  my  lamp 
proving  fractious.     At  dusk  a  female  Cidaria  silaceata  was  taken,  and 
from  ova  obtained  a  few  fine  imagines  were  bred.      Ova  of  Euchlo'e 
cardaniines  were  fairly  common  in  the  lanes  round  Purley  during  May, 
but  comparatively  few  of  the  larvae  were  got  into  pupfe,  owing,  I 
consider,  to  their  cannibalistic  habits   in    their  earlier  stages.      On 
Whit  Monday  (May  27th)  a  visit  was  paid  to  Abbot's  wood,  where 
Brenthis  sdene,  Adscita  statices,   and    Tanagra  atrata   {cliaerophijllata) 
were  taken  in  good  condition,  and  larvae  of  Bitln/s  (Zephi/nts)  (jucrcm 
beaten.     On  June  1st  I  attended  the  South  London  field  meeting  at 
Brentwood,  and  although  not  successful  in  obtaining  one  of  the  three 
Notol<)])Iuis   (/ondstiiinia    larvae  that  were   beaten,   I   was  fortunate  in 
securing  at  dusk  two  Erastria  renitstida,  one  in  fine  condition.    During 
June  I  succeeded  in  breeding  a  fine  series  of  JSlelitaea  cinxia  from 
larvae  obtained  the  previous  July.     At  the  time  when  the  larvae  were 
feeding  there  was  plenty  of  sunshine,  and  full  advantage  was  taken  of 
this.     At  the  end  of  June  a  three  days'  trip  was  made  to  Witherslack, 
a  locality  I  had  long  wished  to  visit.      On  the  mosses  Coenoni/mpha 
dams  {tijphon)  was  well  in  evidence,  but  going  over ;    by  selection  a 
short  but  fairly  satisfactory  series  was  taken.       Other  species  seen  or 
taken  on  the  mosses  were  hiacrisia  sa)W),  (PJutliononia  riissida)  just  out, 
Lasiacaiiipa    (jiierciis,    Hijria    iniiricata    {auroraria),     Acidalia    fioiiata, 
Fidonia  atomana  and  Aspilates  strigillaria.      In  the  meadows  Arieia 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING.  249 

medon  (astrarche)  and  var.  salmacn,  and  some  fine  P.  teams  were  taken  ; 
two  nests  of  Vanessa  io  were  noted.  Dusking  proved  very  disappoint- 
ing after  all  I  had  heard  of  the  locality,  but  this  was  probably  owing 
to  the  cold  and  damp  nights  that  prevailed.  The  visit  altogether  was 
a  most  interesting  one,  and  I  hope  to  repeat  it  another  year.  On  July 
7th  larvffi  of  Celastrina  arijiolns  (this  species  appears  to  have  been  most 
abundant  this  year)  and  Callophrijs  riibi  were  taken  on  the  berries  of 
dogwood  at  Reigate,  but  many  of  the  former  proved  to  be  stung. 
On  Sunday,  July  7th,  an  excursion  was  made  to  Deal,  the  objective 
being  larva  of  Pi/rameu  cardui.  A  few  were  obtained,  also  ova  and  a 
male  just  out.  Full  fed  larvae  of  /'.  atalanta  were  common  on  one  big 
bank  of  nettles  and  with  them  were  taken  larva?  of  P.  cardui.  The 
latter  seem  to  choose  thistle  for  their  food  plant,  but  appear  to  be  quite 
content  with  nettle  ;  in  my  opinion  those  larva?  brought  up  on  nettle 
produce  finer  pupa?  than  those  reared  on  thistle,  and  I  believe  this 
opinion  to  be  shared  by  other  entomologists.  Mesotype  lineolata 
[viryata)  was  on  the  wing  on  the  sandhills,  but  was  getting  worn,  and 
a  female  Sesia  (Macroylussa)  stellatarum  was  observed  ovipositing  on 
lady's  bedstraw.  A  trip  to  Margate,  on  July  21st,  gave  barren  results, 
it  was  apparently  too  soon  for  Colias  edusa  and  things  generally  were 
scarce.  A  search  for  ova  of  Celastrina  aryiolus,  at  Reigate,  on  July 
27th,  resulted  in  two  or  three  being  discovered  deposited  on  the  un- 
opened flower  buds  of  bramble,  but  I  doubt  if  they  were  so  deposited 
from  choice.  There  is  no  ivy  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the 
spot  where  the  species  occurs,  and  the  question  is  upon  what  foodplant 
does  it  deposit  its  ova.  In  a  flowery  field  at  Caterham,  on  August 
ILth,  the  following  butterflies  were  observed  in  the  condition  noted : — 
Pieris  rapae  (good),  Vanessa  to  and  Pyranieis  atalanta  (fine),  P.  cardui, 
Epinephele  jurtina,  Coenonywpha  pamphilus  (worn),  Rumicia  {f'hryso- 
phanus)  phlaeas  (tine),  Aricia  medon  [astrarche)  (good),  P.icarus,  Ayriades 
coridon,  and  Adopaea  jiava  {linea)  (worn).  My  only  Colias  edusa  was  seen 
on  August  16th  on  waste  ground  in  Kingsway  within  a  hundred  yards  of 
Holborn,  surely  a  strange  locality  to  find  it  in .  The  insect  was  busy  visiting 
the  willow  herb  and  other  wild  plants  growing  on  the  spot ;  it  was,  I 
think,  a  female,  but  a  high  fence  prevented  close  inspection.  Are  the 
larvje  of  Polia  jlavicincta  cannibalistic?  I  had  a  fine  brood  of  them 
from  Cornish  stock,  but  upon  searching  for  the  pupae  where  there  should 
have  been  a  dozen,  only  one  or  two  were  found,  the  remainder  had 
disappeared  without  leaving  a  trace  behind.  I  found  the  early  part  of 
the  year  favorable  for  collecting,  but  upon  the  weather  becoming  bad 
lepidoptera  seemed  to  get  scarce,  and  the  wet  weather  which  has 
prevailed  throughout  the  present  month  (August)  has  put  a  thorough 
damper  on  everything.  I  have  only  tried  sugaring  once  or  twice  and 
then  have  met  with  no  success.  I  am  now  hoping  for  a  fine  September 
and  October  with  which  to  finish  the  season.  I  shall  be  glad  to  learn 
the  experience  of  other  collectors  during  the  year. — A.  Russell  (F.E.S.), 
"  Wilverley,"  Dale  Road,  Purley,  Surrey.     Auyust  27th. 


CURRENT      NOTES      AND      SHORT      NOTICES. 

The  Collections  of  Insects  in  the  Natural  History  Section  of  the 
British  Museum  are  no  doubt  far  and  away  the  richest  in  the  world  in 
species  and  specimens  of  all  orders.     Huge  additions  are  constantly 


250  THE  entomologist's  record. 

being  made  by  gift  and  bequest,  while  lesser  donations  of  type 
specimens  and  sets  of  special  forms  help  to  fill  the  smaller  gaps  and 
render  consultation  of  the  Museum's  store  a  necessity  to  every  serious 
student.  Quite  recently,  by  the  will  of  the  late  Mr.  H.  J.  Adams,  of 
Enfield,  the  Museum  has  acquired  some  150,000  exotic  butterflies  and 
moths,  most  of  them  in  very  perfect  condition.  The  68  cabinets  and 
the  large  number  of  store-boxes  in  which  the  collection  is  contained 
are  already  in  the  Museum  and  no  doubt  ere  long  will  be  available  for 
consultation.  It  was  not  very  long  ago  that  the  rich  and  unique 
collection  of  the  smaller  Lepidoptera  made  by  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord  Walsingham  was  most  generously  given  to  the  Museum,  and 
now  it  is  rumoured  that  another  extremely  fine  micro-collection  will 
ere  long  find  the  same  final  destination. 

In  the  April  and  following  numbers  of  the  Knt.  Mo.  Marf.  Dr.  J. 
H.  Wood  contributes  notes  on  the  various  British  species  of  the 
Dipterous  family  P/ioruhte  and  describes  the  following  species  as  new 
to  science: — Hypocera  rrrer/idarin,  from  Stoke  Wood;  Aphiochaeta 
siniulans;  A.  breviseta,  from  Mainswood  ;  A.  atrimana,  from  Middle 
Park  and  Westhide  ;  A.  viajor,  from  Weybridge,  from  Mr.  Collin  ;  A. 
arv/ustifrons,  from  Mainswood  ;  A.  hyalipennis,  from  Stoke  Park  and 
Wood  ;  A.  rnbeuYm^,  from  Hereford,  in  the  house ;  and  A.  loiKjicostalis, 
from  the  nest  of  Ladm  fuUf/ino.ws,  at  Darenth,  found  by  Mr. 
Donisthorpe.  On  page  173  Dr.  Wood  commenced  a  tabular 
analytical  scheme  of  the  numerous  species  so  far  identified  as 
belonging  to  the  large  genus  Aphiochaeta. 

In  the  July  number  of  the  Knt.  Mo.  May.  Mr.  Norman  H.  Joy  gives 
an  analytical  table  of  the  Coleopterous  genus  Gyropliacna  and  describes 
a  new  species,  G.  cunve.ricollis,  and  also  adds  another  species,  (i.  hihamata 
to  the  British  list.  The  former  is  very  near  G.  liicidida  and  the  latter 
will  probably  be  found  in  collections  mixed  with  G.  laevipemtia. 
Dr.  David  Sharp  adds  two  new  species  to  the  British  list  of  Coleoptera, 
Strophosomiis  cnrvipes,  which  he  found  near  Bournemouth,  and 
Planemtomua  flavicolUs,  which  his  daughter  obtained  in  flood  refuse 
near  Brockenhurst. 

In  the  August  number  of  the  Knt.  Mo.  May.  Mr.  Bagnall 
announces  L'ej)halothrips  nionilicornis  as  an  addition  to  the  British 
Thysanoptera.  It  was  taken  by  him  in  the  New  Forest  in 
August,  1911. 

In  recent  numbers  of  the  Ent.  Mo.  May.  further  instalments  of 
new  British  species  of  Diptera  are  given  from  the  notes  of  the  late 
Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall.  The  species  are  llcrcoatotiius  subsiwplicijx's,  taken 
at  Porthcawl,  Bridgend  and  Port  Talbot  in  July  1906  and  1908; 
GymnopternuH  brevicornis,  taken  at  Nethy  Bridge,  June  15th,  1905;  G. 
anyusti/romt,  taken  by  Dr.  Wood  at  Moccas  Pool,  September,  1910  ; 
Chnjsotiissnaris,  taken  by  Col.  Yerburyat  Porthcawl  and  in  Glamorgan- 
shire ;  C.  nielampoilim,  from  Brockenhurst,  Porthcawl,  etc.;  ( '.  varians, 
from  Lyndhurst,  Rannoch,  &c. ;  Aryyra  yrata,  taken  by  Dr.  Wood  in 
Herefordshire;  I'orpliyrojia  fracta,  from  Nethy  Bridge,  by  Col.  Yerbury 
in  June,  1905;  Syntnnnon  spicatKx,  taken  near  Tarrington  by  Dr.  Wood 
in  1906;  S.  I'diyer  {rK/ipcs),  taken  by  Col.  Yerbury  at  Walton-on-Naze, 
Chi-istchurch,  &c.;  Achalcus  inclanotrichiis,  bred  from  Snailwell,  Cambs.; 
'J'hrypticKs  dirisKs,  from  Nairn  and  Weybridge;  T.  lactiis,  from 
Weybridge  and  Porthcawl ;    T.  pollinoms,    taken  in  July,  1905,  at 


CURRENT    NOTES.  251 

Aviemore,  by  Colonel  Yerbury;  Medeterus  infrnnatu!^,  from  Nethy 
Bridge,  taken  by  Col.  Yerbury,  June  and  July,  1905;  M.  nitidxs, 
bred  by  Mr.  Donisthorpe  in  1910 ;  31.  excellens,  taken  sparingly 
at  Netby  Bridge  in  1905,  by  C.  G.  Lamb ;  Telmaturiius  tiuiiidulus, 
on  the  margins  of  a  Pond  at  Rempstone,  Dorset,  by  Col.  Yerbury 
in  August,  1909  ;  Cawpsicnemus  compeditus,  in  June,  1907,  at  Stud- 
land,  by  Col.  Yerbury ;  C.  mar<iinatus,  odd  specimens  taken  by 
Dr.  Wood  ;  Teuchophorus  calcaratus,  Monnow  Valley,  Herefordshire, 
by  Dr.  Wood;  Aphrofiijlus  initis,  abundant  at  Woodbridge,  Suffolk,  etc., 
in  1907  and  1908 ;  (Jallimyia  eleiiana,  taken  by  Col.  Yerbury,  at  Porth- 
cawl ;  A(/atJiot)ujia  zetterstcdti,  sent  from  Hereford,  September,  1907, 
by  Dr.  Wood  ;  Pipiincidus  incDj/ititus,  taken  by  Col.  Yerbury,  at  Nairn, 
in  1905  ;  Chilosia  velntina,  taken  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  at  W.  Runton, 
in  1900  ;  Sphaerop/ioria  loeivii,  taken  by  Col.  Yerbury,  at  Gravesend,  in 
June,  1908;  Hannnerschmidtia  ferruijinea,  taken  by  Col.  Yerbury,  at 
Spey  Bridge,  in  June,  1905  ;  Kudoromyia  viagniconiis,  taken  at  Lynd- 
hurst  Road,  in  July,  1897 ;  Vibrissina  turrita,  from  Tangham  Wood, 
Suflfolk,  in  August,  1907;  Ptyc/wniyia  selecta,  from  Lyndhurst,  Swansea, 
Hereford,  etc. ;  Bothria  subalpina,  taken  by  Mr.  Wainwright  near 
Birmingham;  Germaria  anyustata,  taken  at  Martham,  Norfolk,  in  June, 
1888  ;  Onesia  yentilis,  from  Lewes,  Folkestone,  Chippenham  Fen,  etc. ; 
Syntonwy aster  e.riyua,  in  Herefordshire,  by  Dr.  Wood;  S.  fasciata,  taken 
at  Lyndhurst  in  May,  1897,  and  by  Mr.  Atmore,  at  King's  Lynn,  in  1910; 
Ciniichira  atra,  from  Woodbridge  in  Suffolk,  in  July.  1908,  by  Mr.  J.  E. 
Collin ;  Sarco/i/iaya  shuiata,  taken  at  Mildenhall,in  Suffolk,  in  May,  1909, 
by  Col.  Yerbury  ;  S.  pidiiila,  at  Barton  Mills,  Suffolk,  in  May,  1909  ; 
Fyrellia  aenea,  very  common  at  Wicken  Fen  (formerly  known  as 
P.  cadaverina)  ;  Spiloyaster  platyptera,  taken  at  Lyndhurst,  in  June, 
1872,  and  at  Penzance  in  1871 ;  S.  halterata,  from  Bridge,  Kent,  in 
June,  1886  ;  Limnophora  maritima,  taken  by  Col.  Yerbury,  at  Walton - 
on-Naze,  in  August,  1907  ;  Homalowyia  fucivorax,  taken  by  Dr.  Wood 
in  the  Monnow  Valley  ;  H.  lineata,  bred  from  rotten  debris  in  a  hollow 
tree  near  Newmarket ;  Pegomyia  rujina,  from  Dawlish  ;  P.  sq  nam  if  era, 
in  the  garden  at  Newmarket,  in  June,  1904  ;  P.  interruptella,  taken  at 
Soham  and  Wicken,  in  May,  1892  ;  P.  femorata,  a  common  species ; 
Anthomyia  procellaris,  a  widely  distributed  species  ;  A.  inibrida,  also 
widely  spread ;  Chortophila  latipennis,  taken  at  Lyndhurst,  in  June,  1874  ; 
Chirosia  crassiseta,  taken  at  Porthcawl,  in  June,  1906  ;  C.  parvicornis, 
very  widely  distributed  ;  Lif<pa  pyymaea  {tenuijialpis),  taken  at  Bourne- 
mouth, in  August,  1874,  and  elsewhere  since  ;  L.  hydroniyzina,  probably 
collected  by  the  late  Rev.  T.  A.  Marshall ;  Caricea  erythrocera,  taken 
near  Hay,  in  Herefordshire,  in  July,  1901-2,  by  Dr.  Wood  ;  C.  brachialis 
taken  by  Dr.  Wood,  in  April,  1903  ;  Liiimospila  albifrons,  common 
near  Aldeburgh  and  Woodbridge,  in  August ;  Coenoda  dorsalis,  a  rather 
common  species  ;  C.  albatella,  taken  at  Porthcawl,  in  June,  1906 ;  C. 
atra,  from  Wicken  Fen  and  Barton  Mills ;  C.  bilineella,  taken  by  Col. 
Yerbury,  at  Nairn,  in  May,  1905  ;  C.  lineatipes,  taken  by  Dr.  Wood  near 
Farrington,  in  1897 ;  C. pttmila,  has  occurred  at  Wicken  Fen,  Aldeburgh, 
etc.  ;  C.  steini,  taken  at  Porthcawl,  in  May,  1908,  by  Col.  Yerbury  ; 
C.  pyymaea,  from  Aldeburgh  and  Woodbridge  ;  C.  salinarum,  common 
at  Butley,  Suffolk  ;  C.  trilineella,  common  atRannoch,  in  June,  1870; 
and  C.  lonyicauda,  taken  in  the  Lake  District,  in  July,  1876. 

In  the  August  issue  of  the  Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomoloyiqiie  de 
Belgique,  M.  Ball  discusses  the  various  forms  of  Colias  palaeno,  which 


252  THE  entomologist's  record. 

species  is  met  with  sparingly  in  some  restricted  areas  of  Belgium.  lie 
says  that  an  examination  of  the  genital  organs  gave  him  no  con- 
clusive results  on  the  observation  of  external  characters  only.  He 
gives  a  table  of  the  various  named  forms  of  C.  palaeno,  their 
distinguishing  characteristics  and  the  areas  over  which  each  form 
extends.  The  large  form  with  very  yellow  ^  named  europome  is  the 
one  taken  in  Belgium. 

In  the  Irhh  Naturalist  for  July  the  Kev.  W.  T.  Johnson  reports 
the  occurrence  near  Belfast  of  Piiiiialia  pedaria  9  (pilosaria),  about 
February  27th,  and  on  March  17th  of  Ahophila  aesciilaria  at 
Poyntypass,  It  appeared  to  us  that  these  dates,  compared  with  those 
for  the  present  year  in  England,  were  very  late.  In  the  August  number 
G.  H.  Pentland  discusses  the  "  Increase  and  Decrease  of  some  Insects 
in  the  County  of  Louth  during  the  last  fifty  years."  He  says  that, 
"  Ten  or  twelve  years  ago  we  were  invaded  by  Sirex  giijas.  This 
formidable  looking  creature  increased  very  fast  and  soon  ever}^  fallen 
silver  fir  or  gate  post  of  that  timber  was  riddled  with  them."  He 
goes  on  to  say,  "  Hard  on  the  heels  of  the  Great  Wood- Wasp  came  his 
enemy.  Four  years  ago  I  got  my  first  specimen  of  Ehijssa  persnasoria, 
the  ichneumon-fly  that  preys  on  the  grub  of  the  wood-wasp.  Since 
then  it  has  increased  wonderfully."  One  would  like  to  know  in 
what  way  the  ichneumon  found  out  the  colony  of  wood-wasps  after 
the  six  or  eight  years  of  immunity  from  attack  which  the  latter  had 
apparently  enjoyed. 


George  Herbert  Grosvenor,  M.A.,  F.E.S. 

By  the  death  of  George  Herbert  Grosvenor,  who  was  drowned  at 
Polzeath  on  September  4th  whilst  heroically  endeavouring  to  save  the 
life  of  a  friend,  the  Science  of  Entomology  has  lost  one  of  the  most 
promising  of  her  younger  workers.  Entering  Harrow  as  a  classical 
scholar  he  was  equally  distinguished  for  his  mathematical  ability. 
From  Harrow  he  took  a  Biological  Exhibition  at  New  College,  Oxford, 
and  after  taking  first  class  honours  in  the  final  Science  School  of 
Natural  Science,  he  was  elected  to  the  Oxford  Table  at  the  Naples 
Marine  Biological  Laboratory.  Here  he  carried  out  a  remarkable 
piece  of  research  on  the  origin  of  the  nematocysts  in  Aeolids.  His 
paper  on  the  subject  was  read  before  the  Royal  Society  and  he  was 
awarded  the  Rolleston  Prize  in  1904.  On  his  return  to  Oxford  he 
undertook  the  organisation  of  the  School  of  Economic  Entomology, 
and  having  been  awarded  a  Carnegie  Scholarship  had  recently  visited 
the  principal  Entomological  Research  Laboratories  in  the  United 
States.  Of  a  singularly  modest  and  retiring  disposition,  his  great 
ability  and  remarkable  clearness  of  thought  were  perhaps  best 
appreciated  by  those  whose  good  fortune  it  was  to  be  his  intimates. 
His  great  success  as  a  teacher  was  due  not  only  to  his  com- 
prehensive knowledge  but  also  to  his  power  of  imparting  to  his 
pupils  much  of  his  own  enthusiasm  and  love  of  the  subject.  Those 
who  were  present  at  the  second  International  Congress  of  Entomology 
will  recall  the. efficiency  and  courtesy  with  which,  as  joint  secretary, 
he  assisted  in  the  organisation  of  the  meeting.  His  name  will  be  held 
in  high  honour  no  less  for  his  life  than  for  the  manner  of  his 
death.— H.E. 


WATKINS     8c     DONCASTER, 
Naturalists  and  Manufacturers  of  Entomological  Apparatus  and  Cabinets. 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  1/3,  2/-,  2/6,  3/-,  Folding  Nets,  3/6, 
4/-,  4/6.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7/-.  Pocket  Boxes  (deal),  6d.,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Zinc 
Collecting  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6,  2/-.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen,  1  gross,  1/6. 
Entomological  Pins,  1/6  per  ounce.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2/6  to  8/-.  Sugaring  Tin,  with 
brush,  1/6,  2/-.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use,  1/9  per  tin.  Store-Boxes,  with  camphor 
cells,  2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  6/-.  Setting-Boards,  flat  or  oval,  lin.,  6d. ;  IJin.,  8d.;  2in.,  lOd.;  2^in., 
1/-;  3Jin.,  1/4;  4in.,  1/6;  5in.,  1/10;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10/6.  Setting 
Houses,  9/6,  11/6  ;  corked  back,  14/-.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  1/-,  1/6.  Breeding  Cage, 
2/6,  4/-,  5/-,  7/6.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube,  1/6,  1/8.  Botanical  Cases', 
japanned  double  tin,  1/6  to  4/6.  Botanical  Paper,  1/1,  1/4,  1/9,  2/2  per  quire.  Insect 
Glazed  Cases,  2/6  to  11/-.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
1/6,  2/-,  2/6  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3^,  best  quality  1/6  per  dozen  sheets.  Brass 
Chloroform  Bottle,  2/6.  Insect  Lens,  1/-  to  8/-.  Glass-top  and  Glass-bottomed  Boxes, 
from  1/-  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.  to  1/-.  Pupa  Digger,  in  leather  sheath,  1/9. 
Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most  necessary  implements  for  skinning,  10/6. 
Scalpels,  1/3  ;  Scissors,  2/-  per  pair  ;  Eggdrills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d. ;  Blowpipes,  4d. ;  Artificial 
Eyes  for  Birds  and  Animals.  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs, 
2d.,  3d.,  6d.;  ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.   Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  etc. 

SILVER  PINS  for  collectors  of  Micro-Lepidoptera,  etc.,  as  well  as  minute  insects  of 
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We  stock  various  sizes  and  lengths  of  these  Silver  Pins  which  have  certain  advantages 
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Birds,  Mammals,  etc..  Preserved  and  Mounted  hy  First  class   tVorkinen. 

36,  STRAND,  LONDON,  W.C,  ENGLAND. 


Synopsis  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Western  Europe, 

By  MALCOLM   BURR.    D.Sc,    F.Z.S.,    F.L.S.,   F.E.S.,  &g. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  160  pp.,  with  good  Index  (Specific  and  Generic). 

Price    3sm    neim 

A  pocket  handbook  for  the  use  of  collectors  in  the  field.     Covers  all  species  found  west 
of  the  Carpathian  Mts.     Description  of  each  species,  habits,  habitats  and  distribution 

Will  he  sent  Post  Free  on  receipt  of  Postal  Order  for  3s.  to — 

A.    H.,    41,    Wisteria    Road,    Lewisham,    S.E. 

NEWMAN'S  RELAXING  TINS, 

You  can't  do  without  these,  they  keep  your  insects  in  fine  setting  condition  for 
weeks  if  you  are  too  busy  to  set  them  at  once  ;  they  relax  old  specimens  to  perfection. 
Hundreds  sold  yearly,  and  testimonials  always  being  received.  Prices,  2s.  4d.  and 
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Is.  ;  Pendularia,  9d.;  Omicronaria,  Is.  ;  Occulta,  Is.  3d.  ;  Hybrid,  Pendularia  x  Omicro- 
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L.    W.    NEWMAN,    F.E.S.,    Bexley,    Kent. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

A  Gynandromorphous  Specimen  of  Amorpha  populi,  L.,   IF.  Parkinson  Curtis, 

i^'.i?.^.  (with  plate) 229 

Ahevrsitionfd  ^ames,  Rev.  George  Wheeler,  M. A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.     ..         ..         ..       229 

Some  Captures  in  Norfolk,  with  special  reference  to  Lithostege  griseata,  Rev.  C. 

Thornewill,  M.A 230 

The  genus  Pseudacraea — an  extraordinary  example  of  Mimetic  Polymorphism,  T. 

Chapman,  M.D.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S 233 

'Random  tiotes  on  1912,  E.  A.  Cockayne,  M.D.,  F.E.S 234 

Notes  on  the  Distribution  of  the  Blattidse,  the  late  R.  Shelford.  M.A.,  F.Z.S., 

E.E.S 238 

Notes  on  the  various  species  of  the  genus  Coleophora,  Hi/.  J.  Turner,  F.E.S.      . .       241 

Adalia  obliterata,  L.,  ab.   sublineata,   Weiss,   in    Surrey,   G.   W.  Nicholson,  M.D., 

F.E.S. 243 

Scientific  Notes  and  Observations  : — Various  Bionomical  Notes,   P.   A.  Buxton, 

F.E.S 244 

CoLEOPTERA  : — Capturc  of  Aleochara  brunneipennis  near  Leicester,  W.  H.  Barrow      246 

Notes  on  Cotxecting.  etc.: — The  Season,  1912,  F.Fountain;    Seasonal  Notes, 

1912,  A.  Russell,  F.E.S.         ..         246 

Current  Notes  and  Short  Notices       . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .       249 

Obituary: — George  Herbert  Grosvenor,  il.iB.   ..         ..         ..         ..         ..         ..       252 

Numerous  communications  are  unavoidably  held  over  from  Messrs.  Burr,  W.  Parkinson 
Curtis,  G.  Wheeler,  the  late  E.  Shelford,  H.  E.  Page,  J.  T.  Fountaine,  T.  Baxter,  Hy. 
J.  Turner,  Eussell  E.  James,  Rev.  A.  T.  Stiff,  D.  H.  Pearson,  etc.,  and  Reports  of 
Societies. 

All  MS.  and  editorial  matter  should  be  sent  and  all  proofs  returned  to  Hy.  J.  Turner, 
98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

FOR      SALE. 

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1386  pp.,  600  figs.;  keys  to  Families,  Genera,  and  Species.  Full  descriptions 
of  2535  species,  79  of  which  are  new  ;  Keys  to  777  others  ;  bibliography  and 
glossary,  full  notes  on  habits,  etc.         14*50  net.     Postage  to  England  60c. 

•'A   Nature   Wooing  at   Ormond    by  the  Sea" — Blatchley. 

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Ormond,  Florida,  in  March  and  April,  with  many  notes  on  birds,  insects, 
reptiles,  shell  mounds,  etc.         $1*10  postpaid. 

"The   Dragonflies   of   Indiana" — Williamson. 

104  pp.,  7  pis.     Keys  and  full  descriptions,  notes  on  habits,  etc. 

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Rambles    in    Alpine    Valleys. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  with  Map  and  Photographs  of  District. 
Price  3s.  Gd. 

This  book  contains  a  scries  of  essays  dealing  with  the  colours  of  insects,  and  sugges- 
tions as  to  the  relation  in  past  time  between  the  Alpine  and  British  fauna.  Many  new 
facts  are  brought  forward,  and  entomological  problems  discussed  from  various  standpoints. 

To  be  obtained  from  J.  Herbert  Tutt,  22,  Francemary  Road,  Ladywell  Road, 
Brockley,  S.E. 

FOR    SALE. PRICE    £40  :  0  :  0. 

A  superior  mahogany  Entomological  Cabinet  of  40  interchangeable  drawers;  size 
18  ins.  X  16  ins.  ;  camphor  cell  all  round  ;  ebony  knobs  ;  sunk  panelled  sides  to  carcase  ; 
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T.     GURNEY, 

50,    The    Broadway,    London    Fields,    N.E. 


No.  11. 


•vX 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECORD 

AND 

JOURNAL    OF  VARIATION 


Editkd  ijy 


Richard  S.  BAGNALL,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s. 
T.  HUDSON   BKAllK, 

U.SC,   I'MO.H.,  F.n.S.Ii. 

George  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER, 

r.Z.S.,   F.L.S. ,   F.E.S. 
M.  BURR,  D.SC,  F.Z.R.,  F.I..S.,  F.E.S. 

(Rev.)  C.  R.  N.  BURROWS,  f.e.s. 


T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  m.d.,f.z.s.,  F.E.s. 

Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  F.E.s. 

n.  St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORPE, 

F.Z.8.,  F.E.S. 

Alfred  SICH,  f.e.s. 

J.  R.  le  B.  TOMLIN,  m.A.,  f.e.s. 

George  WHEELER,  m.a.,  f.e.s. 


Henry   J.   TUENEE,   f.e.s., 
Eclitoiial  Secretary. 


XOVEHIBEIt    loth,    1912. 


<^(m^^  Of  Co/Ve^ 


Price    SIXPENCE  (nki) 


''"-^^onm  ot^^ 


MAY  31  1913 

^  SuliSMl^ion  for    Complete  Volume,    post  free 

(Including  all  DOUBLE  NUMBERS,  etc.) 

SEVEN       SHILLIMGS. 

TO    BE    lOnWARMiD    TO 

HERBERT   E.   PAGE,   F.E.S., 

"  Eerteose,"  GELLAiLy  RoAi>,  New  Cecss,  S.E 


LONDON : 
ELLIOT  STOCK,  62,  rA-riciiNosaKU  Eow,  E.G. 

BERLIN  : 
E.  FEIEDLANDEE  &  SOHN, 

11,    CAIilSTItAS&E,    N.W. 


READ   THE   BACK   Nos.  OF   THE 

Entomologist's  Record  &  Journal  of  Variation 

(Practical  Hints,  Field  Work,  etc.,  useful  for  every  year's  collecting). 
VOL.    VI. 

The  TITLES  of  some  of  the  articles  are  as  follows: — Notes  on  Butterfly  Pupa?,  with  some  remarks 
on  the  Phylogenesis  of  the  Rhopalocera."— Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  F.E.S.,  "  Phytophagic  Species."— 
Prof.  A.  liadclife  Orote,  M.A.  "  Varieties  and  aberrations  of  Noctuse  from  Doncaster." — H.  H. 
Corbett,  M.R.C.'s.  "The  frenulum  of  the  British  species  of  Smerinthus."— G.  C.  Griffithf,  F.Z.S., 
F.E.S.  "Eudryas  stte-johannis.,' — A.  Radelijte'Grote,  M.A.  "Parthenogenesis  or  Agaiiiogenesis." — 
J.  W.  Tiitt,  F.  B.S.  "  LarvEe."— Ber.  G.  M.  A'.  Hervitt,  M.A.  "  Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1894." 
—J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Generic  Names  in  the  Noctuidoe."— Prof.  A.  E.  Grote,  M.A.  "  Pupa  hunting  in 
October."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Polygamy  and  Polyandry  in  Moths."  "The  nature  of  certain 
insect  colours."— IT.S.  Ridiny,  M.D.,  R.  Freer,  M.B.,  J.  W.'Tutt,'F. B.S.,  Rer.  C.  R.  N.  Bitrrowg,  J.  Anderson, 
Jim.  "The  Lepiioptera  of  Swansea."— Jlinjor  R.  B.  Robertson.  "  Caradrina  ambigua  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight."— .4.  .7.  Hodfies.  "The  insects  of  Bourg  St.  Maurice."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Orrhodia 
erythrocephala  ab.  glabra  from  Devonshire  and  comparison  with  O.  vaccinii." — Dr.  W.  S.  Riding, 
F.E.S.  "Notes  on  Caradrina  ambigua  and  C.  superstes."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Entomology  and 
Entomologists,  being  the  Annual  Addrpss  to  the  City  of  London  Entom.  Society."  Notes  on 
Aphomia  sociella  "  (with  plate).— IF.  P.  Blpckhurne  Maze,  F.E.S.  "Apterous  females  and  Winter 
Emergence  "—E.  F.  Studd,  M.A.,  B.C.L.,  F.E.S.,  L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  "  Collecting  Noctuidoe  by  Lake 
Erie."— .-f.  RadcUjIe  Grote,  M.A.  "  Coleoptera  at  Ipswich."— Claude  Morleij,  F.E.S.  "Notes  on 
Bonibus  visurgiofi."  "  Synonymic  Notes  on  Acidalia  humilata  and  A.  dilutaria."— L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S. 
"The  Lepidoptera  of  Gr6sy-sur-Aix."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Apatura  iris."— i?fr.  G.  M.  A.  Hewett- 
"  Scheme  of  Classification  of  the  Rhopalocera  founded  on  the  structure  of  the  Pup£8." — T,  A. 
Chapman,  M.D.,  F.E.S.  "Glimpses  of  American  Entomology."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "The  Genus 
Smerinthus." — A.  Bacot.  "  Variation  considered  biologically  :  Some  notes  suggested  by  the  Romanes 
Lecture  of  1894."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Wing  structure."— J.  Alston  Mofatt.  "On  the  development 
of  sex  in  social  insects."—,/.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "The  British  representatives  of  the  Genus  Caradrina."— 
L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  "  Habits  and  variation  of  Lithosia  lutarella  and  its  variety  pygmaeola." — 
J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  On  the  gradual  disappearance  of  Lepidoptera  from  South-Eastern  London  and 
its  neighbourhood."— C.  Fenii,  F.E.S.  "  A  hunt  for  Neuroterus  aprilinus."— T.  A.  Chapman.  M.D.,  F.E.S. 
"On  the  development  of  pigment  in  Nemeohius  lucina." — F.  J.  BuckeU,  M.B.  "The  Macro-Lepi- 
doptera  of  Keswick." — H.  A.  Beadle.  "  Varieties  of  Argynnis  selene  "  (with  plate). — S.  G.  C.  Evssell, 
F.E.S.  "  Hadenoid  genera  with  hairy  eyes." — Prof.  A.  R.  Gro'e,  M.A.  '•  Zygeena  minos  and  its 
varieties."— J.  IV.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Notes  on  the  pupre  of  Castnia  and  Anthocharis."— T.  A.  Chapman, 
M.D.,  F.E.S.  Besides  these  articles,  a  large  number  of  short  notes  are  contained  in  every  number  under 
the  follewina;  titles:  "Scientific  Notes  and  Observations,"  "  Variation,"  "  Notes  on  Larvfe  and  Life- 
histories,"  "Notes  on  Collecting,"  "  Current  Notes."  The  reports  of  Societies  are  very  carefully  edited, 
and  only  scientific  paragraphs  published.  The  "  Practical  Hints  "  and  "  Field  work  "  for  each  month 
are  quite  unique. 

The  entomologist  who  will  read  carefully  through  the  back  numbers  of  The  Entomologist's  Record 
will  find  himself  better  equipped  for  the  further  study  of  his  subject  than  by  any  other  means. 

Price  7  6  per  volmne,  of  Mr.  H.  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose."  Oellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

OVA,  LARV/C,  AND  PUP.^. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  W.  HEAD,  ©ittainoknTtet, 

BURNISXON,     Nr.    SeT^RBOROUGH. 

h'lill    List  of  Ora,  Larcae,  and  Fitpac,  also  Lepidoi>te)a,  Apparatus,  Cabinets 

etc.,  sent  on  application. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LEPIDOPTERA    &    L.ARVJE    A    SPECIALITY. 

riiotograplied  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c.. 

By   same   Colour   Process. 
LANTERN  SLIDES  MADE  TO  ORDER   FROM   ANY  SPECIMEN  OR  COLOURED^DRAWING. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OF  LARYiE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 

For  List  apply  to — 

CHARLES    D.    HEAD,    2,    Mount    Yernon,    Dollymount,    DUBLIN. 


SUPPLEMENTARY    NOTES    FROM    BRAEMAR.  253 

Supplementary  Notes  from  Braemar. 

By  RUSSELL  E.  JAMES. 

Having  failed  utterly  last  year  in  obtaining  Anthrocera  cxidana — the 
chief  object  of  my  visit  to  Braemar — I  determined  to  devote  my  summer 
holiday  this  year  to  another  and  more  prolonged  visit.  Correspondence 
beforehand  with  Rattray,  the  Invercauld  keeper  informed  me  that  the 
season  there  was  fairly  normal,  and  so  in  order  to  make  no  mistake  I 
fixed  the  time  of  my  visit  from  June  29th  to  July  17th,  thus  allowing 
a  good  margin  for  error  either  end.  As  events  proved  I  could  not  have 
hit  the  time  more  exactly,  and  the  shortcomings  of  my  1911  visit  in 
respect  to  this  one  species  were  amply  atoned  for ;  in  fact  I  found  the 
larva  and  pupa  as  well  as  seeing  the  whole  rise  and  fall  of  the  perfect 
insect's  life — apparently  a  very  short  one. 

Unlike  last  year,  I  had  the  whole  place  to  myself — entoraologically 
speaking.  Mr.  Home  of  Aberdeen  was  staying  lower  down  the  Dee 
at  Glen  Gairn,  and  spent  some  days  at  Braemar  for  A.  e.vidans,  but 
otherwise  I  was  quite  alone.  This  being  a  family  holiday,  the  pace 
was  not  quite  so  hot  as  last  year,  but  somehow  or  other  time  was  found 
for  a  very  considerable  amount  of  work,  the  beauties  of  Callater  Glen 
and  the  e.vidans  hill  being  judiciously  impressed  upon  my  wife  and  the 
non-entomological  friends  who  were  with  us.  But  indeed  their 
charms  need  no  urging  and  speak  for  themselves.  Back  in  the  dirty 
city,  it  is  best  for  one's  peace  of  mind  not  to  let  the  imagination  run 
riot.  One  dares  not  think  of  the  lunch  of  bread  and  cheese  and  cold 
mountain  water  (not  "  mountain  dew  ")  consumed  at  2,500  feet  up; 
the  wonderful  prospect  of  mountains  with  their  snow  patches  ;  the 
ten  minutes  lounge  afterwards  with  a  pipe,  while  e.iidans  booms  round 
undisturbed — Well !  perhaps  if  one  had  these  things  always  they 
would  not  bring  the  same  sense  of  the  joy  of  life,  but  for  my  part  I 
could  stand  a  good  lot  of  them. 

On  June  29th  the  long  night  journey  and  the  morning  motor  ride 
up  the  Dee-side  over,  a  hasty  lunch  and  change,  and  1  was  oft"  to  the 
hills.  While  rowing  me  over  the  Dee  the  keeper  said  that  they  had 
had  three  weeks'  rain  and  he  feared  exulans  would  not  be  out  for  at 
least  a  week.  As  I  proceeded  up  the  hill,  insects  that  were  quite  over 
last  year  were  in  plenty  and  this  fact,  combined  with  the  utter  absence 
as  yet  of  Larentia  caesiata,  so  far  confirmed  the  keeper's  view,  that 
when  I  walked  up  and  netted  two  fine  Farasemia  [Xeitieophila)  (ilanta- 
f/inis  var.  hospita  I  was  tempted  to  stay.  However,  the  sun  was  out 
on  the  hill,  so  I  pushed  on,  arriving  on  the  ground  by  3  o'clock. 

I  sought  for  a  long  time,  in  vain,  for  A.  e.vidam,  only  finding  one 
larva  and  three  or  four  pupie.  At  last,  however,  one  male  appeared  in 
a  sheltered  corner,  apparently  just  out.  This  was  all  for  that  day,  and 
on  the  following  three  days,  although  fine,  the  hills  were  in  the  clouds. 

The  morning  of  Wednesday,  July  3rd,  however,  was  very  different, 
and  I  was  off' early  and  on  to  the  ground  before  11  o'clock.  As  yet 
cxulaHH  was  only  just  coming  out  and  was  restricted  to  the  more  sheltered 
spots.  By  persistent  w^ork  for  some  hours,  seventy  were  taken,  but 
another  visit  on  the  following  day  found  them  much  more  plentiful. 
The  first  female  was  taken  on  this  day — only  one — but  had  not  the  sun 
clouded  over  almost  at  once  after  my  arrival,  the  males  would  have 
been  in  plenty.     The  great  day  was  on  the  7th.     This  time  Mr.  Home 

November  15th,  1912. 


254  THE  entomologist's  kecokd. 

joined  forces  with  me  and  we  were  on  the  ground  early.  There  were 
still  a  few  unemerged  pup?e,  but  the  abundance  of  the  imago  was 
beyond  belief.  They  were  everywhere  on  the  mountain- top,  flying 
when  the  sun  shone  and  crawling  about  when  the  clouds  obscured  it. 
They  were  so  abundant  that  we  welcomed  the  cloudy  spells,  so  as  to 
save  the  labour  of  netting.  Had  numbers  been  my  object,  the  quantity 
would  simply  have  been  limited  by  the  supply  of  boxes,  as  one  could 
fill  boxes  as  quickly  as  on  a  good  night  at  treacle.  Mr.  Home 
admitted  that  with  his  big  experience  of  the  species  he  had  never  seen 
quite  such  numbers,  nor  struck  them  in  such  good  condition.  There 
were  a  fair  number  of  females  now,  but  practically  all  were  sitting 
about  paired  on  the  grass,  generally  with  some  half-dozen  males  in 
close  attendance.  I  found  one  emerging  from  a  cocoon,  and  although 
only  just  the  head  was  shewing,  already  quite  a  number  of  males  were 
buzzing  round  her.  The  insect  was  everywhere  over  an  area  of  some 
miles,  but  not  in  equal  quantities.  It  occurred  from  the  highest  point 
of  the  hill,  which  is  2,821ft.  down  to  about  2,100ft.  It  swarmed  in 
small  colonies,  especially  in  spots  where  grass  and  bilberry  predominated, 
with  many  stragglers  in  between,  and  on  some  of  the  small  grassy 
patches  of  only  a  few  yards  extent,  one  seemed  able  to  pick  them  up 
almost  without  limit.  With  such  numbers  it  is  inconceivable  why 
there  is  no  migration  to  neighbouring  hills,  which  all  seem  to  be  alike, 
but  yet  have  no  cxulans.  The  larva  I  found  was  feeding  on  grass,  and 
the  pupfe  were  spun  up  indiscriminately  on  grass,  heather,  bilberry  and 
whortleberry,  and  one  on  a  rock. 

I  only  paid  one  more  visit  to  the  ground — on  the  11th — not  from 
lack  of  inclination,  but  because  the  keeper  thought  it  was  quite  near 
enough  to  the  shooting  season  not  to  risk  further  disturbance  of  thegrouse 
and  deer.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  on  this  last  day  I  got  quite  near  to  a 
herd  of  red  deer,  counting  38  stags,  and  there  were  many  others 
probably,  just  over  the  edge  of  the  sky-line.  On  this  day  also  I  saw 
some  ptarmigan,  a  fox  and  several  hares,  besides  a  lot  of  grouse.  A. 
exulans  was  already  getting  over,  and  I  contented  myself  with  picking 
specimens  here  and  there.  The  wind  was  high  and  they  were  still  in 
vast  numbers,  but  many  were  very  worn.  The  small  colonies  seemed 
now  to  be  broken  up  and  the  moths  were  fairly  distributed  over  the 
whole  ground,  bilberry,  grass,  heather  and  whortleberry  all  being 
equally  attractive.  The  sexes  are  strikingly  different,  the  yellow  legs 
and  yellowish  streaks  and  outlines  of  the  spots  on  the  forewings  con- 
spicuously distinguishing  the  females,  but  apart  from  this  there  seems 
little  variety  except  in  size  and,  to  a  less  degree,  in  the  density  of  the 
scaling.  Moreover  these  yellowish  markings  to  a  great  extent  fade 
after  death,  and  are  not  nearly  so  conspicuous  when  the  moth  comes 
ofT  the  setting  boards  as  when  alive.  Some  incline  more  to  green  and 
others  more  to  blue,  but  I  believe  the  variation  in  colour  of  the  spots 
and  hindwings  towards  whitish,  described  by  Barrett,  is  entirely  due 
to  fading.  These  forms  were  quite  absent  on  the  3rd  and  4th,  but 
plentiful  enough  on  the  11th.  A  number  of  the  females  had  the  wings 
distended  with  fluid,  but  no  males.  One  of  each  sex  was  taken  with 
only  three  wings.  A  right  hindwing  was  missing  in  each  case,  but 
otherwise  the  specimens  were  fully  developed  and  well  scaled. 

But  of  I'soilos  tn'i)iilaiia,  which  I  also  missed  last  year,  I  have  a 
different  tale  to  tell.      I  had  always  been  inclined  to  discredit  the 


SUPPLEMENTARY    NOTES    FROM    BRAEMAR.  255 

alternate  year  theory,  but  when  one  is  led  to  expect  it  in  the  same 
numbers  as  A.  cculam,  and  is  told  that  by  holding  the  net  near  the 
ground  they  blow  in  in  dozens,  and  then  by  very  diligent  work  only 
obtains  three  specimens,  the  theory  is  strongly  confirmed.  Rattray, 
the  keeper,  gives  further  confirmation.  He  says  that  last  year  it  was 
flying  in  thousands  on  Ben  Abord  and  Ben  Avon  and  this  year  he 
scarcely  saw  a  specimen.  So  I  have  nothing  to  tell  of  this  species, 
beyond  the  fact  that  the  three  I  took  were  walked  up  on  the  extreme 
top  of  the  hill  from  the  shortest  of  the  heather.  Some  time  was 
spent  here  also  scratching  up  the  lichen  and  moss,  in  the  hopes  of 
finding  Fachiwbia  alpina  pupae,  but  two  empty  cases  and  a  number  of 
ancient  and  empty  ones  of  Psodos  trepidaria,  probably  dating  back  to 
past  years,  were  all  I  found.  It  is  very  destructive  work  for  the  nails 
and  finger  tips,  and  I  should  think  that  every  F.  alpina  pupa  is  well 
earned. 

After  A.  exulans  the  insect  of  the  year  was  Parasemia  {Ne))ieojjhila) 
planta<jini^  and  its  var.  hospita.  This  variety  also  surprised  Mr.  Home 
by  its  numbers,  as  he  looks  upon  it  as  a  rarity  in  the  district  and 
actually  has  not  a  local  series — his  coming  from  the  English  Lake 
district.  Seeing  plenty,  however,  is  a  different  thing  from  catching 
plenty,  and  the  total  capture  of  39  specimens  of  the  variety  and  rather 
more  of  the  type,  represented  a  great  deal  of  hard  work  and  not 
a  few  tumbles.  A  few  were  walked  up  each  day,  but  the  great  majority 
were  taken  in  the  afternoon  on  the  way  down  from  the  e.vulans  ground. 
By  this  time  they  were  flying  wildly  over  the  hillside,  and  could  only 
be  caught  by  sheer  hard  running,  as  they  rarely  settled.  Var.  hospita, 
from  its  colour,  was  far  the  easier  to  watch,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
generally  had  a  longer  start,  as  it  could  be  seen  so  much  further  oft'. 
The  proportion  of  the  variety  was  roughly  about  one  to  four  or  five  of 
the  type.  The  best  day  was  the  7th,  when  I  took  three  in  the  morning 
and  eleven  more  on  my  svay  down  in  the  afternoon,  as  well  as  about 
twenty  of  the  type,  by  which  time  I  felt  I  had  done  enough,  and  was 
ready  for  a  long  drink  at  the  nearest  stream.  The  type  varied  con- 
siderably in  the  amount  of  black  on  the  hind-wings,  one  or  two  nice 
varieties  occurring,  both  pale  and  dark.  From  six  females  taken  (all 
typical)  three  batches  of  ova  were  obtained,  and  I  am  anxious  to  see 
if  these  produce  the  hospita  form  as  well  as  the  type.  Two  of  these 
females  have  hindwings  distinctly  inclining  to  red. 

^Jcle^u/dr^s  [Larentia)  salicata  was  another  species  that  I  practically 
missed  last  year,  the  few  I  took  being  the  merest  wrecks.  They  were 
already  well  out  this  year  from  the  beginning,  but  were  not  generally 
abundant.  I  took  a  few  each  day  right  on  top  of  the  (wulans  hill  and 
a  few  more  at  dusk.  But  its  great  locality  I  did  not  find  until 
July  15th,  and  by  that  time  they  wanted  a  lot  of  picking  over.  The 
place  in  question  is  a  group  of  rocks  up  in  the  hills,  about  two  miles 
west  of  Loch  Callater.  Here  they  swarmed,  often  as  many  as  a  dozen 
on  a  rock.  On  the  grassy  slopes  here  Sropida  alpinalis  and  Pijrausta 
ostriualis  were  in  great  abundance,  and  also  some  Kiidoria  (Scnparia) 
alpina,  which,  however,  was  getting  over.  L'rainbus  fiirratelltis  should 
also  occur  here,  but  I  failed  to  find  it. 

On  my  way  back  down  Callater  Glen  1  disturbed  my  first  fMrentia 
/iacicinctata  {rxticinctata),  and  a  long  search  near  the  spot  on  the  17th 
produced  one  more  specimen.     It  was  of  course  early  for  the  species, 


256  THE  entomologist's  record. 

and  I  expect  another  week  would  have  given  me  plenty.  On  the  whole, 
compared  with  last  year,  things  were  very  late.  For  example,  of 
Larcntia  caesiata,  Avhich  was  out  and  getting  worn  upon  my  arrival  on 
July  7th,  last  year,  I  only  saw  one  the  first  day,  and  it  was  quite  scarce 
for  at  least  ten  days.  Gnophos  viyrtillata  [ohfuscata)  did  not  appear 
until  July  11th,  when  it  rapidly  became  common,  and  Plusia  intevro- 
t/ationis  not  until  the  14th. 

Other  first  dates  were  Acidalia  funiata  on  the  3rd,  Coennnympha 
typhon  on  the  4th,  Cidaria  trimrata  [rt(fitiata)  on  the  Gth,  L'oroina  mioii- 
tata  and  Scapula  alpinalin  on  the  7th,  Noctua  prinudae  (fcstira),  Artpjnnis 
aylaia,  and  Emmeleda  vnnnrata  var.  ericetata  on  the  9th,  Boannia 
repandata  on  the  11th,  Cidaria  popiilata  on  the  13th,  and  Metrocampa 
maryaritaria,  Ellopia  fasciaria,  and  Halia  bninneata  on  the  14th.  All 
these  species  were  well  out  last  year  when  I  arrived,  with  the  exception 
of  C.  populata,  and  mostly  required  picking  over,  so  of  course  their 
lateness  this  year  gave  me  the  opportiinity  of  getting  them  in  the  best 
possible  condition. 

Of  Noctua  primulae  {icstivo)  I  had  hoped  great  things,  but  treacle 
was  a  disappointment  and  consequently  I  only  took  very  few.  Why 
treacle  did  not  pay  I  am  at  a  loss  to  understand.  The  more  one  tries 
to  analyse  the  causes  of  its  success  and  failure  the  more  difficult  it 
seems  to  explain.  I  always  have  been  inclined  to  expect  success  when 
Aphides  and  honeydew  are  absent,  but  the  wet  before  my  arrival  had 
very  fairly  cleaned  off  both  of  those  hindrances,  and  several  nights 
seemed  perfect  in  the  atmospherical  conditions.  Yet  the  best  night 
only  produced  40  or  50  moths  all  told.  Of  these  quite  half  the  total 
number  were  Jlyppa  rectilinea  and  so  persistent  work  resulted  in  a  fine 
series  of  this  species.  Treacle  still  further  declined  after  the  first  few 
nights  until  by  the  12th  it  was  so  hopeless  that  I  gave  it  up  for  the 
rest  of  the  time.  The  few  species  attracted  besides  //.  rectilinea 
included  a  nice  lot  of  rather  dark  lladcna  adiista,  two  Cyiuatop/tora  or, 
some  worn  C.  duplaris^,  two  black  Xylophasia  jiolyodon,  X.  rurca  and 
var.  coiiibusta,  very  ordinary  Uadoia  dentina,  and  one  or  two  nice 
forms  of  N.  prinmlae  {festira). 

The  willow-herb  blossom,  which  in  1911  I  only  discovered  on  the 
last  night,  was  not  fully  out  until  the  last  few  days  and,  to  my 
surprise,  also  proved  quite  unattractive.  Thus  night  work  was 
reduced  to  dusking  and  searching  for  larvre.  Of  these  latter  I  got  a 
fine  lot  of  Noctua  neylecta,  some  Cidaria  tcstata,  C.  truncata  (russata) 
and  Dasycliira  fascelina  from  heather,  a  lot  of  ('.  populata  from 
bilberry  and  quantities  of  Thera  juniperata  from  juniper.  Anarta 
niyrtilli  and  Aricia  niedon  var.  arta.verxes  were  frequently  found  by  the 
lamp  at  rest  on  heather  and  all  the  Geometers  showed  a  much  greater 
inclination  to  sit  about  than  to  lly.  One  notable  species  in  this 
respect  was  Larcntia  riridaria  (pectinitaria).  It  was  very  plentiful  and 
so  exquisitely  coloured  that  I  could  not  resist  taking  a  fresh  series. 

Besides  finding  them  at  night  Anarta  niyrtilli  were  very  plentiful 
by  day,  flying  in  company  with  Phytonictra  viridaria  (aenea),  which 
species  1  found  right  up  to  the  tops  of  the  mountains.  The  only  other 
Noctuid  of  interest  was  a  single  Acronycta  incnyant/iidis,  which  was 
found  at  rest  on  a  pine  trunk.  I  might  also  mention  an  instance  of 
lladcna  dentina  Hying  wildly  in  the  sunshine  and  looking  just  like 
I'lusia  interruyatiunis. 


SUPPLEMENTARY   NOTES    FROM    BRAEMAR.  257 

All  along  Callater  Glen,  on  July  15th,  Coenonympha  tj/phon  was  in 
immense  numbers  and  mostly  in  perfect  condition,  and  again,  as  last 
year,  I'lu/cis  fiisra  {carhiniariella)  was  abundant  on  some  burnt  patches 
of  heather.  Apparently  they  always  have  these  burnt  patches  to 
disport  themselves  on,  as  I  learn  from  the  keeper  that  the  annual 
burning  of  a  portion  of  the  heather  dates  back  indefinitely.  The  young 
grass  and  heather  that  springs  up  afterwards  forms  the  best  possible 
food  for  the  deer,  as  they  cannot  tackle  the  old  heather  properly. 
Whether  C.  typhnn  was  out  when  I  visited  the  glen  on  the  Sth  I  can- 
not say,  as  the  weather  was  too  dull  and  gusty  for  it  to  fly.  The  only 
vivid  recollection  I  retain  of  that  day,  is  a  six-mile  grind  on  a  bicycle, 
up  the  broken  road,  with  wind  and  hill  against  me,  buoyed  up  by  the 
thought  of  free-wheeling  back ;  and  then  a  bad  tyre-burst  immediately 
upon  starting  home.  My  companion,  who  had  repairing  tackle  and 
knew  how  to  use  it,  had  gone  on  ahead,  so  there  was  nothing  left  for 
it  but  to  tramp  and  wheel  the  machine.  In  spite  of  this  mishap  it 
says  a  great  deal  for  the  Glen  that  it  still  retained  its  peculiar  fascina- 
tion for  me,  and  its  remoteness  seemed  to  be  emphasised  by  the  sight 
of  two  shepherds  with  several  collies  on  the  mountain  side,  bringing 
an  immense  flock  of  sheep  down  to  the  lower  pastures.  They  were 
perhaps  a  quarter  of  a  mile  apart  and  shouted  to  each  other  and  to  the 
dogs  in  a  language  that  I  presume  was  Gaelic.  Anyway,  it  was 
totally  unintelligible  to  me,  but  of  course  the  dogs  understood  and 
obeyed  every  word. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  visit  Jhipaliis  piniaria  was  very  abundant 
among  the  pines.  Both  sexes  are  strikingly  different  from  those  of 
our  southern  woods — the  male  ground  colour  being  almost  pure  white 
and  the  female  a  dull  shade  of  bufi',  with  no  trace  of  the  bright  orange 
colour  of  our  southern  form.  These  rapidly  became  worn,  but 
Eupithecia  sat y rata  var.  calhinaria  of  which  I  took  a  nice  lot  on  the 
first  afternoon,  lasted  most  of  the  time.  They  were  very  plentiful 
in  the  more  sheltered  spots  of  the  exulans  hill,  preferring  the  parts 
where  the  heather  was  long,  but  lower  down  only  an  occasional 
specimen  was  seen.  E.  nanata  was  plentiful  everywhere,  and  odd 
E.  lariciata  and  E.  pulchellata  also  occurred. 

With  more  time  at  my  disposal,  I  tried  over  more  ground  than  last 
year,  but  except  at  Aberarder,  I  found  no  places  equal  to  those  I  had 
already  worked.  I  tried  the  country  round  the  Linn  of  Dee,  but  it 
was  not  at  all  prolific.  The  only  observation  of  interest  made  was  the 
behaviour  of  a  couple  of  wagtails  just  below  the  falls.  All  round  on 
the  rocks  Larentia  caesiata  was  sitting  and  when  at  rest  they  were 
apparently  quite  safe,  but  each  time  one  started  oft"  it  was  pursued  and 
captured  by  a  wagtail.  I  saw  this  happen  three  or  four  times  in  a 
quarter-of-an-hour,  so  these  two  birds  at  this  rate  must  have  disposed 
of  a  good  many  caesiata  in  their  time. 

Aberarder  is  some  seven  miles  down  the  Dee-side  and  close  to 
Balmoral,  and  on  one  of  my  visits  the  rest  of  the  party  left  me,  while 
they  went  over  the  Balmoral  grounds.  They  could  not  get  over  the 
castle,  as  they  had  not  acted  on  Eattray's  advice.  He  said  in  all 
seriousness  "  There  is  only  one  person  who  can  give  you  permission. 
You  write  to  the  King  and  he'll  do  it  like  a  shot."  However  as  we  did 
not  write  to  the  King,  they  went  over  the  grounds  while  I  worked  at 
Aberarder,  where  probably  most  of   the  Braemar  insects  occur.      I 


258  THE  entomologist's  record. 

spent  two  or  three  mornings  there,  more  especially  as  there  are  some 
good  rough  corners  of  meadow  land,  suitable  for  working  A.  medon 
var.  artaxer.vcs.  Each  time  the  sky  was  partially  overcast,  or  else  the 
butterfly  would  have  been  in  abundance.  As  it  was  I  got  a  nice  long 
series,  including  one  beautiful  obsolete  underside  variety.  Besides  the 
marginal  spots,  it  has  no  trace  of  any  others,  except  one  very  large  one 
in  the  centre  of  each  wing.  It  was  quite  noticeable,  even  in  flight,  and 
happily  was  in  perfect  condition.  A  fine  lot  of  Pohiommatus  icanta 
were  also  taken  here,  the  race  being  as  usual  in  Scotland,  very  large  and 
brilliant.  Arfiynnis^  ai/laia  was  abundant  and  both  Brenthis  selene 
and  B.  eitpJimsi/ne  still  in  good  condition,  while  to  my  surprise  I  came 
across  a  colony  of  Cupido  miniwa.  I  did  not  expect  to  find  it  so  far 
North,  but  Mr.  Home  assures  me  that  it  is  abundant  in  other  places 
in  the  county.  G.  myrtillata  [ohfuacata)  also  occurred  here,  but  I  really 
scarcely  worked  the  hills  at  all.  A  male  Lciocampa  dictacoidea  was 
found  on  a  rock,  and  several'  Kimuelesia  niinorata  var.  ericetata 
seen  on  the  wing.  In  fact,  as  regards  numbers,  Lepidoptera 
were  as  plentiful  here  as  anywhere  in  the  district,  two  very  abundant 
species  being  Tancujra  atrata  {cJuH'rn}iJu/llata)  and  Kxbnlia  limitata 
(mem-uraria),  the  latter  disappointingly  typical.  Its  near  neighbour, 
E.  pliunbaria,  seemed  to  have  a  double  emergence.  On  my  first  day 
or  two  at  Braemar  they  were  plentiful,  but  the  males  worn  to  shreds 
and  the  females  needing  picking  over.  By  the  end,  all  this  early 
emergence  seemed  to  have  vanished,  and  a  fresh  lot  of  both  sexes 
appeared.  These  last  were  very  strongly  coloured  and  of  considerably 
larger  size  than  the  early  ones,  many  of  which  were  almost  pigmies. 
Another  late  species  to  appear  was  Anaitia  playiata,  which  did  not 
occur  until  the  14th,  and  then  only  two  specimens.  It  is  a  very  nice 
form,  much  bluer  in  tone  than  the  southern  one,  and  I  was  sorry  not 
to  take  more.  I  don't  know  what  happened  to  Hcpialm  fusconehulosa 
(celleda).  As  it  was  worn  last  year,  I  had  hoped  to  take  plenty,  but 
it  was  only  seen  twice,  both  times  in  the  village  when  I  had  no  net. 

Besides  the  species  already  mentioned  in  these  somewhat  random 
notes,  a  number  of  common  species  were  seen  or  taken,  which  call  for 
no  special  comment.  So  as  to  make  this  record  as  complete  as  possible, 
however,  I  append  the  following  list  of  them.  Z'/Vm  hmmcae,  P.  rapae, 
r.  napi,  hybernated  Ai/laift  itrticae,  Coenonympha  paniphilus  (very 
common),  liionicia  phlaeas,  Laaiocampa  quercm  var.  callunae  (one  larva), 
Drcpana  lacertula  (two  at  dusk),  Apaiiiea  yemma,  Caradrina  cubicularis, 
Runhia  tenebrosa,  Ayroth  {Lycop/wtia)  stn'yula,  Triphaena  pronnba, 
Iladena  pint,  Acidalia  dimidiata  {scittiilata),  Cabeia  pnaaria,  Macaria  litti- 
rata,  Einaturya  atomaria,  Eininclesiaalhiilata  (Aberarder),  Thera  obelhcata 
(ran'ata),  Memleiica  [Miiantlna)  occllata,  Xanthor/ioe  {Mclam'ppr)  sociata, 
X.  (M.)  innntanata,  X.  {}f.)jliietiiata,  Corewia  ferruyata,  (^amptnyrawma 
bilnwata,  Cidaria  corylata,  h^xdoria  (Scoparia)  iniiraiia,  Botyfi  J'liscalis, 
('iambus  pasnidliis,  ('.  cuhiuihix,  and  a  single  late  larva  of  Ilydriowena 
(JJypsipi'trs)  fiircata  {cliitata)  on  juniper,  which  produced  an  almost  black 
imago.  The  actual  number  of  species,  perhaps,  would  not  compare 
favoural)ly  with  lists  compiled  from  many  southern  localities,  but 
when  the  conditions  are  good,  many  of  them  occur  in  such  numbers 
that  the  quantity  atone  for  the  lack  of  variety.  A  great  charm  of  the 
collecting,  moreover,  is  the  amount  of  work  that  can  be  done  by  day, 
as  when  conditions  are  otherwise  impossible,  there  is  always  such  good 


NOTE  ON  CERTAIN  BRITISH  SPECIES  OF  THE  GENUS  I.ATHROBIUM.        259 

rock  and  trunk  searching.  For  the  second  time,  however,  I  have  had 
remarkably  good  fortune  in  Aveather.  During  the  whole  eighteen  days, 
only  one  was  wet  and  on  only  two  other  days  did  we  have  any  rain 
at  all.  It  is  true  that  on  several  more  days  the  low  clouds  made  it 
impossible  to  work  the  hills,  but  on  the  other  hand,  most  of  the  sunny 
days  were  also  still — the  best  possible  conditions  for  mountain  work. 

We  left  on  the  afternoon  of  the  17th,  breaking  our  journay  at 
Newcastle  and  then  putting  in  a  couple  of  days'  collecting  at  York  on 
the  way  back,  and  after  this  second  experience,  I  eventually  arrived 
home  more  than  ever  in  love  with  Highland  collecting. 


A    Note   on    certain    British    species   of   the    Coleopterous    genus 
Lathrobium,  Grav. 

By  W.  E.  SHARP,  F.E.S. 

It  may  be  within  the  recollection  of  such  readers  of  this  Journal  as 
are  Coleopterists,  that  some  years  ago  Mr.  Donisthorpe  published  in 
its  pages  a  paper  on  some  of  the  black  species  of  our  Lathobia, 
correcting  thereby  errors  of  nomenclature  then  prevalent  among 
British  students.  {Ent.  Bee.,  xv.,  p.  180.)  Recent  investigation  into 
the  subject,  and  correspondence  with  foreign  authorities  on  the  group, 
have  induced  me  to  believe  that  Mr.  Donisthorpe's  note  requires  some 
slight  modification  to  bring  our  nomenclature  into  accordance  with 
that  now  generally  accepted  on  the  continent. 

Thus,  in  the  note  referred  to,  Mr.  Donisthorpe  rightly  showed  that 
L.  punctatinn,  Zett.,  given  in  Fowler's  British  Coleoptcra  (Vol.  II.,  p. 
301)  as  a  synonym  of  L.  fonduDi,  Steph.,  is  really  entirely  distinct 
from  that  species,  but  his  further  conclusion  that  L.  atripalpe,  Scriba, 
should  be  deleted  from  the  British  list,  all  supposed  examples  of  it 
being  referable  to  L.  punctatnm,  Zett.,  further  research  has  shown  to 
be  erroneous. 

To  completely  satisfy  ourselves  as  to  L.  fovidum,  Steph.,  Mr. 
Donisthorpe  and  myself  have  together  recently  examined  the  type  of 
that  species  in  the  Stephensian  cabinet  in  the  British  Museum,  and  we 
are  left  without  a  doubt  but  that  the  species  described  by  Fowler  as  L. 
punctatum,  Zett.,  and  previously  known  to  British  collectors  under 
that  name  is  really  the  L.  fondion  of  Stephens. 

To  make  the  matter  clearer,  a  short  tabular  abstract  of  the  salient 
differences  between  the  species  under  discussion  may  not  be  out  of 
place. 

1.  Thoracic  punctuation  strong,  remote,  and  subseriate, 

with  broad  smooth  space  in  centre   . .         . .         ..    L.  fovulian,  Steph. 

2.  Thoracic  punctuation  weaker,  uniform,  confused  and 

close,  with  narrow  smooth  space  in  centre. 

i.  Elytra  much  longer  than  thorax,  legs  always 

dark         ..  ..  ..  ..  ,.  ..     L.  qiiadratinn,F&yk. 

ii.  Elytra  only  slightly  longer  than  thorax,  elytral 
punctuation  weak,  legs  variable  in  colour 

A.  Elytra    with    apical    testaceous    spot, 

legs  lighter        . .         . .         . .         . .    L.  terminatum,  Grav. 

B.  Elytra  immaculate,  legs  darker  ..  \a,r.  atripalpe,  Scriha. 
iii.  Elyti-a  hardly  as  long  as  thorax,  elytral  punc- 
tuation strong,  legs  pitchy     ..          ..  ..     L.  punctatum,  Zett. 

L.  fovnlum,  Steph.,  besides  the  very  characteristic  punctuation  of 
the  thorax,  has  a  peculiar  greenish  sheen  on  the  elytra,  which  the 


260 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 


others  lack,  and  its  range  appears  to  be  soirthern.  I  have  taken  it 
not  uncommonly  in  dead  leaves  near  Brockenhurst  and  seen  specimens 
from  Wicken,  the  Isle  of  Wight  and  other  southern  localities. 

L.  quadrat  Kill,  Payk.,  is  the  largest  and  stoutest  of  the  species  under 
discussion  and  its  comparatively  very  long  elytra  readily  separate  it 
from  any  of  them.  It  is  not  a  very  common  species,  but  is  widely 
distributed,  and  I  have  taken  it  as  far  north  as  Glasgow. 

L.  ti'nninatinii,  Grav.,  is  certainly  the  commonest  of  these  species 
and  the  more  or  less  distinct  apical  light  spots  on  the  elytra  easily 
distinguish  it,  the  legs  are  rather  variable  in -colour  but  are  usualty  of 
a  clear  reddish  testaceous.  It  appears  to  be  distributed  over  the  entire 
kingdom,  and  I  have  taken  it  as  far  north  asflnverness-shire  and  afe  far 
west  as  Co.  Clare.  "^ 

var.  atripalpe,  Scriba.  This  form,  although  originally  described  as 
a  species,  is  now  generally,  and  one  cannot  but  doubt  rightly,  regarded 
as  merely  a  melanic  form  of  L.  tenmnatum.  The  colour  of  the  palpi, 
from  which  it  takes  its  name,  is  in  no  sense  distinctive,  and  except  in 
the  absence  of  the  elytral  spot  and  the  general  darker  colour  of  the 
legs  it  differed  in  no  respect  from  the  type.  The  var.  immaciilatiim 
of  Fowler  is  virtually  synomjaiiic  with  it,  but  if  it  be  desired  to  retain 
the  Fowlerian  name,  var.  inniiandatinii,  Fowler,  might  be  reserved  for 
the  form  with  clear  testaceous  legs  such  as  the  type  usually  possesses 
and  which  is  more  prevalent  in  the  south  and  midlands  of  England, 
and  var.  atrijialpc,  Scriba,  for  that  with  darker,  sometimes  almost  black, 
legs,  which  is  frequent  in  Ireland,  Wales,  the  North  of  England,  and 
abundant  in  many  localities  in  Scotland. 

L.  piinctatiwi,  Zett.,  can  be  recognised  by  its  very  short,  coarsely 
and  closely  punctured  elytra  and  broad  thorax ;  the  legs  are  always 
dark.  It  appears  to  be  the  rarest  of  this  group,  and  confined  to 
northern  and  mountainous  districts.  I  have  taken  it  on  Ben  Lomond, 
and  Mr.  E.  C.  Bedwell  has  a  specimen  from  the  same  mountain.  Mr. 
F.  H.  Day  takes  it  sparingly  on  the  mountains  of  Cumberland,  and  I 
have  seen  a  few  other  specimens  in  Scotland,  but  I  know  of  no  English 
record  south  of  Westmoreland. 

In  conclusion  I  must  acknowledge  in  the  preparation  of  the  above 
notes  the  valuable  assistance  of  the  late  Herr  Ganglbauer,  of  Herr  J. 
Breit,  and  of  Captain  St.  Claire  Deville. 


Notes  on  some  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  "  Breck  "  District. 

By  Lieut.-Col.  C.  G.  NURSE,  F.E.S. 
The  paper  by  the  Rev.  C.  Thornewill  in  the  October  number  of 
the  Kntoiiiolixjist's  Uecnrd  tempts  me  to  take  up  my  pen  and  write  what 
I  know  of  some  of  the  species  mentioned  by  him.  Many  of  them  I 
have  known  from  boyhood,  now,  alas,  over  30  years  ago,  and  as  I  have 
been  for  the  past  six  or  seven  years  living  on  the  edge  of  the  "  Breck" 
country,  my  knowledge  of  some  of  the  insects  is  "extensive  and 
peculiar."  I  believe  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  species  referred  to  by  Mr. 
Thornewill  are  somewhat  periodic  in  their  appearance,  more  so  than 
is  the  case  with  the  majority  of  the  Lepidoptera.  I  shall  give  instances 
that  have  come  under  my  notice  as  regards  this  when  I  refer  to  each 
species. 


NOTES  ON  SOME  LEPIDOPTERA  OP  THE  "  BRECK  "  DISTRICT.  261 

To  take  the  insects  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  mentioned  by 
Mr,  Thornewill.  Pianthoceia  irrei/tilaris  occurs  over  a  fairly  wide  area, 
but  its  presence  is,  of  course,  dependent  upon  its  food-plant,  Silenc 
otites,  being-  able  to  flower  and  seed.  This  plant  grows  in  certain 
places  by  the  roadside,  on  waste  ground,  and  on  sheep  runs  at  wide 
intervals  over  part  of  the  district,  but  in  order  to  obtain  the  larvre  of 
D.  irrei/iilans  it  is  necessary  to  find  a  place  where  the  plant  has  not 
been  grazed  off  during  its  flowering  stage  by  sheep  or  cattle.  When 
such  a  place  is  found,  larvfB  may  be  obtained  in  numbers  by  sweeping, 
but  nearly  all  are  small,  and  m  my  experience  about  90  per  cent,  are 
ichneumoned.  Occasionally  large  larva;  may  be  seen  or  swept,  or 
found  underground  at  the  roots  of  the  plant,  and  these,  though  few  in 
number,  are  not  difficult  to  rear,  as  they  will  eat  almost  any  kind  of 
S'dene  or  Lychnifi.  I  have  never  tried  working  for  the  imago,  but  it 
may  be  taken  occasionally  at  rest,  or  flying  over  the  food  plant  at  night, 
and  it  is  said  to  come  to  light.  D.  irregularis  is  less  uncommon  in 
some  seasons  than  in  others;  last  year  (1911)  was  an  unusually  good 
year  for  the  larvae,  though  from  over  200  I  only  got  two  dozen  pupae, 
and  from  them  I  bred  a  little  over  a  dozen  moths.  Some  of  the 
remaining  pupte  may  be  still  alive,  and  the  moths  may  emerge  next 
year.  The  first  fortnight  in  July  is  the  best  time  to  obtain  the  larvse  ; 
late  larvfB  are  almost  all  ichneumoned. 

Aiirophila  trabealis  {stdphiiralis)  is  perhaps  the  most  periodic  of  any 
of  the  local  species  known  to  me.  In  some  seasons  it  is  quite  abundant 
in  suitable  spots,  while  in  others,  on  the  same  ground,  it  is  almost 
entirely  absent.  About  five  years  ago  I  came  across  the  insect  in  con- 
siderable numbers,  and  might  have  taken  dozens,  but  since  then  I 
have  never  taken  more  than  half-a-dozen  in  a  season,  and  during  the 
present  year  (1912)  I  came  across  only  one  worn  specimen.  Barrett 
says  it  is  double-brooded,  but  I  very  much  doubt  the  correctness  of 
this.  It  occurs  usually  from  about  June  20th  to  July  10th,  though  an 
occasional  specimen  may  appear  earlier  or  later.  I  may  mention  that 
I  have  taken  the  species  in  some  numbers  in  Baluchistan,  and  the 
specimens  obtained  there  are  much  more  variable  than  is  the  case  with 
British  specimens. 

Acontia  luctuosa  occurs  all  over  the  district,  but  not  usually  in 
numbers.  There  is  a  spot  near  my  house  where  I  found  it  five  years 
ago  ;  for  three  years  I  looked  for  it  in  vain,  but  this  year  it  again 
appeared  in  some  numbers  in  the  same  place.  It  is  double-brooded, 
and  I  think  that  both  broods  appear  in  about  equal  numbers. 

Acidalia  rabii/inata  {nibricata)  is  another  double-brooded  species, 
but  I  have  always  found  it  more  numerous  in  the  second  brood  than 
in  the  first.  Although  T  know  several  spots  where  it  is  to  be  obtained 
at  the  right  season  with  more  or  less  certainty,  I  had  been  collecting 
constantly  in  the  district  for  six  years  before  I  found,  in  August  1912, 
a  spot  where  it  was  in  considerable  numbers.  The  difficulty  was  not 
to  capture  specimens,  but  to  obtain  them  in  a  fair  condition  for  the 
cabinet,  as  the  great  majority  were  either  worn  or  faded.  I  believe 
this  species  fades  at  once  when  exposed  to  the  sun  ;  on  a  cloudy  day  a 
fair  proportion  of  those  obtained,  if  freshly  emerged,  show  less  signs 
of  fading  than  if  taken  on  a  sunny  day.  The  specimens  do  not  fade 
when  in  the  cabinet,  and  I  have  one  taken  in  1896  which  retains  its 
beautiful  fresh  colour.     I  strongly  suspect  that  its  food-plant  in  this 


262  THE  entomologist's  record. 

country  is  Kritjeron  canadensis,  as  I  have  never  found  it  on  ground 
from  which  this  plant  was  absent.  It  was  entirely  owing  to  my 
noticing  the  abundance  of  this  plant  that  I  hit  upon  a  spot  where  the 
insect  was  in  good  numbers  this  year.  I  hope  to  make  further 
investigations  with  regard  to  this  another  year.  I  have  always  found 
the  best  time  for  A.  rubujinata  to  be  the  first  fortnight  in  August, 
though  I  have  taken  occasional  specimens  from  early  in  June  to  the 
end  of  August. 

As  regards  Lithostege  f/riseata,  I  am  sorry  I  did  not  know  that  a 
brother  entomologist  was  in  the  neighbourhood  this  year,  or  I  could 
have  shown  him  a  place  where  he  could  have  obtained  as  many  in  a 
day  as  he  seems  to  have  captured  in  five  weeks.  The  best  time  to  get 
the  insect  in  good  condition  is  from  about  May  25th  to  June  10th. 
The  foodplant,  Sisi/mbrium  sophia,  occurs  everywhere  in  this  district, 
but  not  so  the  insect.  I  was  some  time  before  I  hit  upon  a  spot,  but 
I  have  usually  found  the  insect  in  some  numbers  where  it  does  occur. 
The  difficulty  with  this  species  is  to  obtain  it  without  doing  damage  to 
crops,  as  it  is  chiefly  to  be  found  among  the  growing  corn.  I  am  always 
very  careful  to  avoid  doing  damage,  from  a  sense  of  justice  to  the  farmer, 
with  the  result  that  I  am  able  to  go  anywhere  without  being  "  warned 
off,"  My  specimens  are  usually  obtained  by  walking  along  the  edge 
of  a  cornfield,  or  in  a  clover  field  where  the  foodplant  occurs.  In 
some  seasons  the  larv*  may  be  obtained  in  good  numbers,  but  it  is 
not  a  very  easy  insect  to  rear,  a  large  proportion  of  the  pups  drying  up. 
Moreover,  it  frequently,  perhaps  usually,  lies  over  two  winters.  From 
nearly  two  dozen  larvte  obtained  in  1910  I  only  bred  two  imagines,  and 
they  emerged  in  1912.  Like  Mr.  Thornewill,  I  have  found  that  among 
captured  specimens,  females  usually  predominate.  I  have  not  bred 
sufficient  to  judge  whether  more  females  emerge  than  males,  but  I 
believe  this  to  be  the  case  with  many  species.  However,  that  is 
another  story,  and  I  hope  some  day  to  place  on  record  my  experience 
regarding  the  proportion  of  the  sexes  obtained  by  breeding. 

Of  Spilodes  sticticalh  I  know  less  than  of  the  species  enumerated 
above,  but  I  have  taken  it  occasionally,  chiefly  in  August.  It  occurs 
on  the  same  ground  as  A.  ruhujinata:  the  foodplant  is  given  as  various 
species  of  Artetnhia,  but  I  never  worked  for  the  larvre.  ArtonUia 
vulgaris  occurs  freely  on  the  edges  of  some  of  the  fields  where  I  have 
obtained  the  insect. 

Orohena  extintalh  (Pionea  inargaritalis)  seems  to  be  rare  in  the 
district,  as  I  have  only  taken  a  couple  of  specimens,  excluding  a  worn 
example  that  I  released.  One  of  them  I  captured  within  half  a  mile 
of  my  house  ;  there  was  plenty  of  wild  mustard  where  I  found  it,  but, 
though  I  tried  for  the  larva?  later,  I  entirely  failed  to  find  any.  The 
remaining  species  mentioned  by  Mr.  Thornewill  can  scarcely  be  con- 
sidered among  the  specialities  of  our  district,  as  they  occur  in  many 
other  places,  and  though  I  have  taken  them,  I  have  not  given  them  any 
special  attention. 


The  Value  of  Protective  Resemblance  ia  Moths. 

By  the  Rev.  A.  T.  STIFF,  M.A. 

In  the  July-August  number  of  the  Knt.  IleconI  there  was  a  most 
nteresting  article,  under  the  above  title,  from  the  pen  of  Lieut.-Col. 


THE  VALUE  OP  PROTECTIVE  RESEMBLANCE  IN  MOTHS.  263 

N,  Manders.  The  questions  specially  discussed  by  the  writer  were 
how  far  moths  are  liable  to  the  attacks  of  birds  ;  and  whether,  if  such 
attacks  produce  a  serious  struggle  for  existence,  the  value  to  the  moth 
of  protective  resemblance  is  such  as  to  account,  through  natural 
selection,  for  such  changes  of  pattern  or  colour  as  may  have  produced, 
in  the  course  of  generations,  a  harmonisation  of  the  moth  to  its 
normal  surroundings. 

Now  I  think  there  cannot  be  the  smallest  doubt  that  many 
species  of  birds  do  prey  upon  both  moths  and  butterflies.  The  fact 
must  surely  be  sufficiently  familiar  to  the  most  casual  student  of 
nature.  I  have  repeatedly  seen  Sparrows  chase  and  capture  the 
"  Whites,"  and  Swallows  stoop  at  the  same  butterflies,  and  also  at 
Goneptertjx  rhanini.  Only  this  summer  I  watched  three  Swallows,  one 
after  the  other,  capture  and  drop  again  a  specimen  of  Spilosoma 
Inhricipcda,  which  I  had  disturbed  during  the  daytime.  Ultimately  it 
made  its  escape  into  some  ivy,  and  I  concluded  that  either  it  was  too 
large  for  the  bird's  gape,  or  else  distasteful  to  their  palate  for  some 
reason.  Nightjars  and  Flycatchers  catch  moths  by  night  and  day 
respectively,  and  I  have  found  the  wings  of  butterflies  in  the  castings 
of  Kestrels,  and  of  moths  in  those  of  Owls.  Similar  instances  might 
be  multiplied  ad  infimtitin. 

But  all  this,  though  without  doubt  it  has  its  bearing  on  the  problem 
of  mimicry,  has  none  at  all  on  that  of  protective  resemblance.  To 
have  any  Ijearing  on  the  latter  it  must  be  shown  that  birds  and  reptiles 
capture  moths  or  butterflies  at  rest,  and  not  during  flight.  To  quote 
Lieut. -Col.  Manders,  "  The  capture  of  an  odd  specimen  here  and  there 
by  a  sparrow  or  other  bird,  though  a  matter  of  almost  daily  observation 
during  the  summer  months,  can  have  little  or  no  effect  on  the  general 
moth  population,  and  certainly  none  in  the  production  of  a  protective 
colouring  by  means  of  natural  selection.  What  is  required  is  a  hunt 
for  some  bird  or  birds  which  make  moths  a  speciality  in  their  dietary, 
and  which  show  under  natural  conditions  a  marked  preference  for 
certain  species."  I  am  not  quite  sure  that  too  much  importance  ought 
to  be  attached  to  the  last  condition,  as  when  one  considers  the  large 
number  of  insectivorous  birds,  and  the  enormous  quantities  of  insects 
each  pair  brings  to  its  nestlings  during  the  breeding  season,  one  can 
easily  believe  that  the  fact  that  any  of  them  preyed  habitually  on 
moths  at  rest  might  tend,  in  the  course  of  ages,  to  promote,  by  natural 
selection,  protective  resemblance  in  several  different  species. 

Now  it  is  my  firm  conviction  that  some  birds  do  prey  on  moths 
and  butterflies,  even  when  at  rest.  1  have  frequently  seen  and 
captured  both  moths  and  butterflies  with  a  clean-cut,  triangular 
fissure  in  one  or  more  of  the  wings,  quite  dift'erent  from  the  irregular 
frayed  tearing  which  is  produced  by  contact  with  brambles  or  thistles 
in  windy  weather ;  and  I  have  always  been  inclined  to  attribute  such 
gaps  in  their  wings  to  their  having  been  seized  by  birds,  and  having 
made  good  their  escape  with  the  loss  of  that  portion  of  the  wing 
actually  laid  hold  of  by  the  beaks  of  their  would-be  devourers.  So 
far,  of  course,  there  is  nothing  to  show  whether  the  injury  was 
inflicted  upon  the  insects  when  in  flight,  or  at  rest.  But  I  have  also 
frequently  come  across  cases  in  butterflies,  and  among  the  Geometers, 
where  gaps  exactly  corresponding  both  in  size,  shape,  and  position, 
existed  in  the  wings  on  both  sides.      Now  assuming  the  injuries  to 


264  THE  entomologist's  record. 

have  been  caused  by  a  bird's  beak,  they  could  only  conceivably  have 
been  caused  by  the  insect  having  been  seized  in  its  natural  position 
when  at  rest,  i.e.,  with  its  wings  held  together  vertically  over  the  back. 

I  do  not  imagine,  however,  that  the  question  will  ever  be  decided 
by  the  work  of  one  individual.  Life  is  too  short,  and  the  opportunities 
of  observation  too  limited.  It  will,  I  believe,  only  be  by  the  united 
observations  and  records  of  many  workers,  carefully  pieced  together, 
that  a  full  solution  of  the  prolDlem  will  ultimately  be  arrived  at. 
And  it  is  with  the  object  of  contributing  my  mite  of  evidence,  and  in  the 
hope  of  provoking  further  discussion,  that  I  should  like  to  record  one 
or  two  facts  which  have  actually  come  under  my  own  observation. 

Upon  one  occasion  in  Cornwall  I  managed  to  cultivate  such 
friendly  relations  with  a  pair  of  Blue  Tits  {Parus  caendeus),  that  they 
continued  to  feed  their  young  ones  undisturbed  by  the  fact  that  I  was 
sitting  within  a  couple  of  yards  of  the  hole  in  a  stone  wall  wherein 
was  their  nest.  I  remained  watching  them  for  at  least  an  hour,  during 
which  time  the  male  bird  visited  the  nest  with  food  on  an  average 
once  every  two  minutes.  The  hen  Vv^as  rather  shy  at  first,  and  would 
not  come  nearer  than  the  boughs  of  an  oak  tree  above  my  head,  but 
ultimately  she  gained  sufficient  confidence  to  take  her  share  in  the 
task  of  feeding  her  nestlings.  Their  happy  hunting-ground  seemed  to 
be  this  oak,  and  one  or  two  others  which  grew  near  by,  and  the  chief 
food  they  brought  was  small  green  caterpillars— probably  the  larvii*  of 
CJieiiuatohia  brnmata — but  they  also  brought  a  good  many  imagines  of 
the  green  Tortrix,  T.  viridana.  Now  these  must  undoubtedly  have 
been  secured  when  at  rest,  and  undoubtedly,  also,  their  close  agree- 
ment in  colour  with  the  oak-leaves  would  be  of  service  to  them  for 
purposes  of  concealment. 

Again,  during  July  and  the  first  week  of  August,  1905,  when 
staying  in  a  bungalow  in  the  middle  of  Dartmoor,  I  used  frequently 
to  watch  the  doings  of  two  young  Cuckoos,  and  their  attendant  foster- 
parents,  which  were  in  both  cases  Titlarks  or  Meadow  Pipits  [Anthus 
prateims).  One  of  the  young  Cuckoos,  though  so  late  in  the  year,  was 
still  quite  unfiedged,  but  the  other  seemed  to  be  nearly  full-feathered, 
and  frequently  settled  on  the  fence  around  the  bungalow,  and  on  a 
tall  forked  stick  which  stood  up  in  the  field  behind.  It  used  to  settle 
on  the  very  top  of  the  longer  side  of  the  fork,  and  the  foster-parents, 
having  vainly  tried  to  feed  it  from  the  other  extremity,  which 
was  much  shorter,  at  last  adopted  the  plan  of  perching  on  the  young 
Cuckoo's  shoulders,  and  feeding  it  from  thence.  The  Cuckoo  would 
bend  its  head  back  between  its  shoulders,  and  the  Titlark  would  reach 
over  and  put  the  morsel  in  its  open  beak.  It  was  a  sweetly  pretty 
sight,  and  I  frequently  regretted  the  absence  of  a  camera,  as  I  should 
have  much  liked  to  photograph  it.  But  the  point  of  special  interest  is 
this,  that  on  two  occasions  when  I  was  watching,  owing  to  some  mis- 
management on  the  part  of  the  birds,  the  prey  escaped  and  flattered 
away,  though  the  Titlark  in  both  instances  pursued  it  in  the  air,  and 
ultimately  captured  it.  In  both  cases  the  insect  was  a  moth,  and  in 
one  case  when  I  was  quite  close  to  the  birds  and  watching  through 
my  field-glasses,  I  was  able  to  identify  the  species  with  absolute 
certainty.  It  was  Melenydis  didi/wata,  as  I  am  nearly  certain  it  was 
on  the  other  occasion  also.  Now  M.  didymata  simply  swarms  at  dusk 
over  the  heather  near  the  bungalow  during  the  last  week  in  July  and 


SWITZERLAND  AND  THE  BLACK  FOKEST.  265 

the  beginning  of  August.  I  have  seen  it  flying  in  thousands  at  dusk, 
but  never  on  the  wing  by  day.  A  few  may  be  found  settled  on  the 
stone  walls,  but  the  greater  number  seem  to  rest  with  wings  partially 
outspread  among  the  stems  of  the  heather,  where  they  are  very  difficult 
to  see.  They  generally  drop  when  disturbed,  but  may  occasionally  be 
beaten  out  of  the  heather  by  day.  I  think,  therefore,  that  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  the  moths  in  question  must  have  been  captured  by 
the  Pipits  when  at  rest,  and  also  that  their  resemblance  to  the  brown 
interlacing  stems  of  the  heather  must  be  of  great  service  in  evading 
discovery.  Of  course,  the  point  which  remains  to  be  cleared  up  is 
whether  the  young  Meadow  Pipits  would  have  accepted  il/.  didi/mata 
as  an  article  of  diet,  as  one  can  scarcely  imagine  that  the  number  of 
Pipits  with  Cuckoos  as  foster-children  would  be  sufficiently  numerous 
to  cause  any  struggle  for  existance  to  so  common  a  moth  as  M.  didy- 
inata,  though,  on  the  other  hand,  protective  resemblance  may  to  some 
extent  account  for  its  numbers. 

I  think  that  these  two  instances  go  to  prove  that  certain  birds  do 
search  for,  and  prey  upon,  moths  when  at  rest,  though  I  agree  with 
Lieut. -Col.  Manders  that  movement  is  more  immediately  fatal  to  them. 
But  even  in  the  case  of  an  insect  which  first  attracts  the  attention  of 
a  bird  or  reptile  by  movement,  it  is  at  least  conceivable  that  protective 
resemblance  might  still  be  of  service  to  it.  In  the  spring  of  1901, 
while  waiting  for  a  steamer  at  Argegno,  on  the  Lago  di  Como,  my 
attention  was  attracted  to  three  large  brown  lizards  which  were  abso- 
lutely motionless  on  the  trunk  of  a  tree.  So  well  did  they  harmonise 
with  their  environment  that  I  only  discovered  the  first  by  accident, 
and  the  other  two  by  very  careful  scrutiny.  (By-the-bye,  I  should 
certainly  imagine  that  this  was  a  case  of  aggressive  resemblance,  as 
the  little  lizards  so  common  among  the  leafy  walls  on  the  lake-side 
were  green  and  grey,  and  the  larger  hedge  lizards  a  vivid  green.) 
While  I  was  watching  them  a  large  bluebottle-fly  alighted  on  the 
trunk  about  eighteen  inches  from  one  of  them.  The  reptile  immediately 
became  convulsively  active  ;  there  was  what  I  can  only  describe  as  a 
wriggly  brown  flash,  and  the  fly  was  gone — doubtless  to  the  entire 
satisfaction  of  the  lizard !  Now  the  fly  was  absolutely  distinct  on  the 
bark  of  the  tree,  but  is  it  not  at  least  possible  that  in  the  case  of  an 
insect  which,  upon  alighting,  so  harmonised  with  its  environment  as 
to  become  practically  indistinguishable  from  it,  the  lizard  might  have 
so  miscalculated  a  rush  of  eighteen  inches  as  to  have  alarmed  the 
insect  without  actually  capturing  it  ? 


Switzerland  and  the  Black  Forest. 

By  DOUGLAS  H.  PEARSON,  F.E.S. 
There  will  no  doubt  be  wails  from  disappointed  butterfly  hunters 
this  year,  owing  to  the  wet  and  sunless  season,  so  a  few  notes  from  one 
who  was  more  fortunate  may  be  cheering.  Stirred  up  by  Mr.  Warren's 
description  of  Freiburg  in  Breisgau,  we  found  ourselves  there  on  the 
morning  of  June  27th,  having  gone  straight  through  from  London,  and 
in  the  afternoon  set  out  for  the  Moss  Wald,  with  visions  of  l^^mperors 
galore.  We  saw  very  few,  but  were  more  fortunate  on  the  next  day, 
and  managed  to  take  a  short  series  of  Apatara  iris,   A.  ilia  and  var. 


266 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECOED. 


clytie,  though  none  of  them  were  abundant  and  no  females  were 
seen.  Pob/t/onia  c-albnm  was  fairly  plentiful  and  Lwiriiitis  ,sihi/Ua 
not  uncommon,  but,  as  usual,  difficult  to  catch,  and  we  took  one  worn 
specimen  of  Nordmaimia  (Thcda)  acaciae.  The  thistles  by  the  road- 
side were  swarming  with  insects,  among  which  were  some  fine  Dryas 
papJiia  and  a  few  ISIelitaca  maturna,  but  even  the  females  of  the  latter 
were  in  a  hopelessly  worn  condition.  In  a  field  some  very  yellow 
forms  of  Fjpinepliele  jurtina  were  taken,  but  we  failed  to  turn  up  either 
Limenitis  popnli  or  Parar'je  aclnne. 

The  next  day  we  took  train  to  Hinterzarten  and  were  soon  at  work 
on  the  mosses.  Coinioni/mpha  ti/phon  was  not  common  and  was  slightly 
past  its  best,  but  Colias  palaenu  va.v.  c'iiiopu)iie  w&s  in  fine  condition  and, 
as  though  the  lowland  air  had  sapped  its  energies,  was  absurdly  easy 
to  catch  compared  with  its  high  dwelling  brethren.  Btentliis  selcne 
was  fairly  common,  but  we  did  not  find  B.  pales  var.  arsilac/ie  and 
were  probably  too  early  for  it.  We  picked  up  stray  specimens  of 
M.  dicti/nna,  M.  atJialia,  Chrynuphaniis  hipputhne — with  very  rich  purple 
suffusion — Aphantopus  Jtyperantt(s,  so  small  and  dark  that  we  thought 
we  had  lighted  upon  that  treasure,  Coenoui/wpha  hero,  and  some  very 
richly  marked  Erebia  sty<pu\  We  should  probably  have  done  well  had 
not  rain  set  in  about  mid-day  and  spoilt  the  hunting.  At  night  the 
rain  came  down  in  torrents  and  we  moved  on  next  day  to  Weesen  on 
lake  Walensee,  and  stayed  for  a  week  at  the  comfortable  little  Hotel 
Speer  near  the  station. 

For  the  next  three  or  four  days  the  sun  hardly  appeared,  but  when 
it  was  not  actually  raining,  we  picked  up  odd  insects  from  the  grass 
and  filled  in  our  time  with  botanizing. 

On  July  5th  we  managed  at  last  to  get  a  sunny  day  and  made  the 
most  of  it  in  the  marsh,  our  principal  quarry  being  Lycaena  areas  and 
L.  euphetnua  for  which  the  marsh  is  famous,  but  neither  species  was 
really  plentiful,  and  it  required  hard  work  to  get  together  a  decent 
series.  A  few  L.  arion  were  flying  with  them  and  some  resembled  the 
L.  eupliemas  so  closely  that  they  are  difficult  to  distinguish  except  by 
the  undersides.  The  males  of  C.  typhon  were  mostly  worn,  but  the 
females  were  in  good  condition  and  showed  a  nice  variation  in  colour 
and  spotting.  Leptosia  sinajtin  was  plentiful  and  in  good  condition, 
and  we  picked  up  a  few  Loweia  dorilis,  Ivrynnis  althrac,  riebeiiis  aryua, 
and  other  small  fry,  and  one  Hyloicus  [Sphind-]  pinastri,  from  a  tree 
trunk  in  the  marsh.  A  visit  to  Obersee  did  not  produce  much  except 
a  specimen  of  the  fine  Tiger,  Pericallia  matronula  and  a  few  very  well 
marked  Erebia  liyea. 

On  July  7th  we  moved  on  to  Pontresina  and  stayed  there  until  the 
20th.  Our  best  capture  here  was  Brentim  thvre  of  which  we  took 
three  specimens  in  the  wood  leading  to  Muottas  Pontresina,  and  saw 
others,  but  the  ground  was  so  exceedingly  difficult  that  we  failed  to 
take  them.  On  the  open  ground  above,  ( 'olias  palaeno  was  fiying 
freely  and  we  took  a  bleached  form  of  Erebia  lappoiia,  which  looked 
very  ghostlike  on  the  wing.  On  the  way  up  the  Piz  Languard — 
which  is  a  glorious  point  of  view — Ave  took  a  good  series  of  Erebia 
yorye  var.  triapes,  and  a  few  of  the  type  with  them,  while  on  the  same 
rough  ground  were  E.  ylacialis  with  its  ab.  pluto  and  a  few  Mditaea 
eynt/iia,  male  and  female.  Near  the  Morteratsch  glacier  we  took  a  few 
Vaccmiina  optilete,  but  failed  to  find  Aricia  donzelii  though  we  carefully 


NOTES    ON    THE    SEASON.       RHOPALOCERA.  267 

worked  likely  spots  for  it.  Coenonympha  satyrion  swarmed  everywhere 
and  on  the  Muottas  Muraigl  Pontia  callMice  was  abundant  and  in 
good  condition.  On  marshy  ground  near  the  Val  del  Fain,  B.  pales 
was  plentiful  and  variable,  one  very  richly  marked  specimen 
approaching  var.  arsilache  being  taken  and  a  few  of  the  purple-shot  var. 
napaea.  Polyommatiis  eros,  AlbHli7ia  pheretes  and  Latiorino  orbitulus  were 
not  uncommon.  The  Roseg  Valley  produced  Parnassim  delius,  E. 
tnnestra,  JSlelitaea  parthenie  var.  varia  with  a  nice  form  of  the  5  ,  and  a 
few  il/.  niatiirna  var.  wolfensberyeri. 

We  made  two  excursions  to  Campfer  in  the  hope  of  finding  B. 
thnre,  but  were  disappointed,  and  on  our  second  visit  were  caught  in  a 
drenching  storm,  which  put  an  end  to  collecting.  The  ground  here 
seemed  exceptionally  rich,  and  insects  swarmed  to  such  an  extent  that 
it  was  difficult  to  select  and  follow  the  one  wanted.  We  took  Hirsutina 
damon  var.  ferreti  with  undersides  coloured  like  A.  donzelii,  B. 
ino,  Erebia  evias,  E.  (joante,  E.  mnestra,  P.  c-album,  Chrysophanns 
viryanreae,  C.  hippothoe  and  var.  enrybia,  and  other  things,  but  failed 
to  find  B.  pales  var.  arsilache  in  the  marshy  ground  near  the  lake. 

A  huge  new  hotel  is  in  course  of  erection,  and  the  ground  is  noted 
as  being  worth  another  visit. 

We  met  with  a  number  of  Parasemia  plantayinis,  and  curiously 
enough  most  of  those  netted  were  of  the  var.  hospita,  with  white 
ground  instead  of  yellow. 

The  weather  was  glorious  during  most  of  the  time  we  spent  at 
Pontresina,  the  few  storms  we  had  in  the  evenings  only  serving  to  lay  the 
dust  and  cool  the  air,  and  we  came  home  with  well  packed  store  boxes  and 
the  impression  that  1912  was  a  good  entomological  yeai',  but  heard 
that  the  day  after  we  left  Pontresina  there  was  a  fall  of  snow  and  a 
general  break-up  of  the  weather. 


Notes  on  the  Season.    Rhopalocera. 

By  S.  G.  CASTLE  RUSSELL. 

I  cannot  say  that  I  have  experienced  a  successful  season  this  year, 
as  owing  to  the  want  of  sunshine  my  opportunities  for  field  collection 
were  few,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  I  had  arranged  to  devote  three 
full  days  per  week  for  outdoor  work  during  the  season,  and  a  whole 
month  in  August.  After  the  middle  of  July  and  up  to  the  end  of 
August  the  days  I  selected  for  excursions  were  without  exception 
either  wet  or  sunless  and  very  windy.  The  absence  of  butterflies  on 
the  wing  was  quite  remarkable,  and  one  wonders  what  the  effect  will 
be  as  regards  next  season,  as  opportunities  for  copulation  must  have 
been  greatly  curtailed,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  the  season  very  heavy 
rains  must  have  occasioned  great  mortality  even  among  freshly 
emerged  specimens. 

The  following  weather  record  made  by  Mr.  Edwards  of  Salisbury, 
and  applying  to  that  district,  is  interesting,  and  shows  that  the  summer 
of  1912  was  not  much  worse  than  several  years  preceding  it,  so  far 
as  the  rainfall  is  concerned,  but  as  regards  consistent  absence  of  sun- 
shine I  certainly  think  that  1912  excelled  all  previous  years  that  I 
can  remember. 


268  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Mr.  Edwards'  rain  guage  reads  thus  : — 

June.  July.  August. 

1909.  5-80  ...  1909.  3-13  ...  1909.  3-09 

1910.  5-84  ...  1910.  2-21  ...  1910.  2-03 

1911.  1-50  ...  1911.  -05  ...  1911.  -05 

1912.  4-61  ...  1912.  1-50  ...  1912.  6-94 

I  remember  that  in  1910  nearly  all  the  summer  week-ehds  were 
wet  or  dull,  occasionally  we  did  get  a  sunny  day  during  the  week,  but 
this  year,  after  Ascot  week,  I  do  not  recollect  even  one  real  hot 
summer  day.  The  only  summer  that  compared  with  1911,  so  far  as 
my  notes  show,  were  in  1887,  1893,  1895  and  1897.  I  shall  never 
forget  1893,  as  the  sunshine  was  practically  continuous  from  March, 
until  the  end  of  August,  1895  rivalled  it  and  was  said  to  have  created 
a  record  for  sunshine. 

These  remarks  and  weather  records,  although  not  of  entomological 
interest,  may  be  of  use  as  shewing  the  effect  of  a  cycle  of  wet  summers 
upon  butterfly  life,  and  we  older  entomologists  are  always  remarking 
upon  the  scarcity  of  the  Rhopalocera  in  recent  years.  That  there 
is  a  scarcity  I  think  it  is  generally  agreed,  but  the  cause  is  difficult  to 
explain.  To  return,  however,  to  matters  entomological,  in  late  April 
and  during  May  the  weather  was  all  that  could  be  desired,  and  having 
determined  to  devote  the  season  to  renewing  the  somewhat  old  series 
of  "  blues "  in  my  cabinet,  I  made  excursions  to  the  various  chalk 
downs. 

A  journey  to  Surrey  for  larvte  of  Ai/riades  thetis  on  April  22nd, 
proved  too  late,  five  only  could  be  found,  the  majority  having 
apparently  gone  down  for  pupation.  On  this  occasion  a  few  Kncldoe 
cardcvnines  and  Cdaatrina  an/ioliis  were  seen  on  the  wing,  and  signs 
generally  showed  that  the  season  was  more  than  a  week  in  advance. 
A  visit  on  April  28th  to  Horsley,  found  Nisoniades  tali's,  IJesperia 
iiialcir,  E.  cardaiiiiucs,  Callojihnjs  nibi,  and  C.  an/iolns  plentiful, 
and  a  few  larva  of  Volijo)ini>atns  karus  were  taken  off'  Lotus  cornicnlatKs 
in  full-fed  condition.  On  May  11th,  a  visit  to  Monk's  Wood  with 
my  brother,  Mr.  A.  Russell,  for  larva  of  Stnj^ion  pruni  was  quite 
unproductive,  but  I  was  rewarded  by  taking  a  pair  of  Paran/e  wcf/aera 
in  cop.,  the  result  of  which  enabled  me  to  renew  my  series  of  that 
species  to  great  advantage.  S.  pnini  seems  to  have  almost  disappeared 
from  Monk's  Wood,  either  from  the  efforts  of  beaters,  or  from  some 
other  causes,  and  this  is  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  wood  is  much  more 
rigidly  preserved  than  formerly,  and  access  is  not  readily  given.  The 
blackthorn  plantations  that  produced  the  larva  so  plentifully  some 
years  ago  have  become  an  impenetrable  forest.  I  have  found  the  same 
scarcity  in  other  localities  for  this  species,  and  personally  I  ascribe  the 
cause  to  ichneumons.  The  species  like  all  the  other  lluralidae  {Thcclidac) 
seem  to  be  either  very  common  or  very  scarce.  On  May  19th,  a  visit 
to  Horsley  produced  many  beautiful  "  blue  "  forms  of  l\  icanis,  one 
taken  by  Mr.  Frohawk  being  particularly  striking  in  colour  and 
brightness.  We  both  remarked  that  we  had  never  previously  seen 
snch  an  abundance  of  defined  "  blue  "  forms,  but  they  were  confined 
to  one  field. 

With  Mr.  Frohawk  a  visit  was  next  made  to  Ranmoro  in  the  after- 
noon, when  /'.  icanis  were  found  to  be  well  out,  the  "  blue  "  female 


NOTES    ON    THE    SEASON.       RHOPALOCERA.  269 

forms  not,  however,  being  so  marked  or  plentiful,  and  A.  thetis  was 
just  appearing.  A  further  visit  on  the  21st  found  A.  t/wtis  common, 
the  females  being  distinguished  by  the  large  proportion  of  specimens  shot 
with  blue.  Again  these  blue  forms  were  confined  to  one  field,  and  I 
found  them  much  less  plentiful  in  other  spots  of  the  Dorking  range. 
In  the  afternoon  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  capture  a  freshly  emerged 
male  of  a  pale  lilac-blue  colour,  which  I  assume  is  the  aberration  known 
as  pallida  and  is  a  hybrid  between  P.  icarm^  and  A.  tltetis.-''  In  every 
point  except  the  colour  the  specimen  has  the  characteristics  oi  A.  thetifi, 
the  colour,  however,  approaches  more  the  shade  of  Ai/riades  coridon 
than  of  P.  icanis.  As  regards  the  females  of  A.  thetis,  I  found  that  in 
all  other  localities  that  I  visited  in  Kent  and  Surrey,  the  brown  form 
predominated,  few  being  of  the  shot-blue  form  and  none  well  defined. 
A  visit  to  the  Denbies  on  May  25th  showed  A.  thetis  well  out  and 
fairly  plentiful,  but  the  females  were  of  ordinary  type,  "  blue  "  forms 
not  being  striking  and  scarce. 

The  next  three  excursions  were  devoted  to  the  Surrey  downs  in 
search  of  common  forms  of  A.  thetis,  but  without  success.  Generally 
I  found  that  this  species  was  not  so  common  as  in  former  seasons, 
and  the  wind  was  now  beginning  to  become  violent  and  the  sun  shy. 
A  hunt  was  made  for  larvte  of  A-  coridon,  but  only  in  one  locality  was 
it  found  at  all,  and  here  it  was  extremely  abundant.  A  fine  series 
were  bred  from  these  larva,  one  or  two  underside  varieties  being 
obtained.  Visits  were  next  paid  to  various  Kent  localities,  more 
especially  around  the  Maidstone  range  of  Chalk  hills,  but  the  weather 
conditions  were  unfavourable,  and  all  the  "blues"  except  Cari/iidiis 
were  very  scarce.  A  visit  was  paid  to  Horsley  with  Mr.  Frohawk  in 
search  of  Cupido  viinivitis,  which  was  found  plentifully  on  June  9th, 
together  with  P.  icanis,  but  a  keeper  interfered  with  our  business  and 
we  had  to  find  other  pastures.  Mr.  Frohawk  had  a  scientific 
argument  with  the  keeper,  but  it  was  ineffective,  even  when  he  gave 
forth  of  his  great  knowledge  on  birds. 

From  June  28th  to  July  1st  was  spent  at  Witherslack  in  company 
with  Mr.  Frohawk  and  my  brother.  Here  again  we  had  to  put  up 
with  very  indifferent  weather.  Coenonyinpha  ti/phon  [davns)  were 
common,  but  mostly  worn,  on  the  mosses,  but  we  each  managed  to 
get  a  very  fair  series  of  perfect  specimens,  and  on  the  one  morning 
when  the  sun  gave  evidence  of  its  existence,  Aricia  vwdon  var. 
salmacis  were  seen  and  obtained  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  pink 
of  condition.  We  had  arranged  for  a  carriage  to  convey  us  to  Grange 
Station  on  the  Monday  in  time  to  catch  the  fast  train  to  London,  but 
the  driver  turned  up  over  half  an  hour  late,  and  we  had  to  put  up  with 
the  next  best  train,  entailing  a  long  wait  at  Carnforth.  During  the 
whole  day  heavy  rain  came  down  without  intermission,  and  we  had 
the  consolation  of  knowing  that  we  had  not  erred  in  deciding  not  to 
stay  another  day  at  Witherslack,  which  we  had  thought  of  doing  when 
the  trap  arrived  too  late.  /'.  icanis,  male  and  female,  were  out,  but 
scarce  ;  the  males  were  large  and  of  a  very  bright  blue,  but  I  noticed 
nothing  very  remarkable  about  the  females  ;  the  undersides  of  both 
sexes  were  well  defined,  much  more  so  than  in   the  southern   form. 


*  Most  unlikely.  The  blue  colour  o£  nearly  all  the  Lycanids  is  subject  to  very 
wide  variation.  To  what  form  of  hybridisation  could  the  leaden  coloured 
specimens  found  in  several  species  be  attributed  ? — G.W. 


270  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Mr.  Frohawk  took  an  unusual  form  of  Coenonympha  pamphilns,  the 
interesting  feature  being  two  well-defined  dark  Jbars  on  the  underside. 
On  July  7th  a  visit  to  Newland's  Corner  was  paid,  the  day  being  a 
very  fine  one ;  Argynnis  ivjlaia,  A.  adippe  and  Kpinephele  Jitrtina 
(ianira),  Aphantopns  hi/perantus,  etc.,  were  in  evidence,  and  I  saw  one 
Colias  edusa. 

On  July  11th  an  excursion  was  made  into  Kent  for  Aporia  crataegi, 
but  without  success,  although  the  day  was  hot  and  sunny.  On 
July  14th  a  journey  was  made  into  north  Hampshire  for  Plebeiua 
argus  [aegon)  and  Hipparc/iia  seiitele  :  the  former  was  fairly  plentiful 
(although  not  so  common  as  usual),  but  paxx^,  fresh  examples  being 
scarce.  H.  senwle  had  not  yet  appeared  except  in  singles,  nor,  in  fact, 
did  this  species,  which  is  usually  very  abundant  in  this  district,  occur 
in  any  plenty  when  later  visits  were  paid.  E.  jurtina  was  very 
common,  and  I  took  two  freshly-emerged  bleached  forms,  one  having 
the  greater  portion  of  the  left  primary  wing  quite  white,  and  the  other 
having  part  of  the  left  secondary  white. 

In  early  August  visits  were  paid  to  various  Surrey  and  Hertford- 
shire localities  for  A.  c(yridon,  which  generally  were  not  so  abundant 
as  I  have  usually  found  them.  Shortly  after  this  the  weather  broke 
up,  and  a  visit  to  Swanage  on  the  28th  met  with  unfavourable  weather, 
a  regular  gale  of  wind  and  absence  of  sun  being  in  evidence.  In  the 
sheltered  parts  of  the  Downs,  when  a  few  sunny  intervals  occurred, 
Mclanargia  galatea,  Tligmelicns  acteon,  and  E.  jurtina  were  abundant 
and  in  good  condition,  A.  aglaia  were  fairly  plentiful,  but  in  bad 
condition.  A  few  A.  medon  (agestis)  were  seen,  together  with  F.  icanis, 
but  A.  condon  was  represented  by  only  two  specimens.  From  Swanage 
I  journeyed  on  to  various  localities  on  the  Wiltshire  Downs,  but 
butterflies  were  scarce,  and  A.  coridon,  which  I  expected  to  find  in 
some  abundance,  was  very  uncommon,  and  not  yet  in  full  emergence. 
Another  visit  was  paid  to  the  same  localities  later  in  the  month,  but 
with  no  better  result. 

On  August  25th  a  visit  was  paid  to  the  Ranmore  slope,  and  A. 
thetis  was  found  in  fair  numbers,  together  with  E.  jurtina  and  a  very 
few  P.  icarus,  but  as  usual  I  suffered  from  want  of  sunshine.  This 
was  practically  my  last  excursion,  as  the  continual  bad  weather  began 
to  get  discouraging.  The  autumn  brood  of  P.  icarus  I  found  very 
scarce,  and  A.  inedon  {agestis)  almost  non-existent.  My  special  quest 
of  the  "  blues  "  confined  my  work  largely  to  the  Chalk  downs,  and  I 
did  not  get  much  experience  of  the  wooded  districts,  but  such  as  I  did 
have,  gave  very  poor  results  after  early  June,  and  apparently  most 
species  of  butterflies  were  scarcer  than  usual.  Mr.  Grosvenor,  in  his 
very  interesting  notes  to  the  Ent.  Record,  remarks  that  he  found  varia- 
tion in  butterflies  this  season  remarkable  by  its  absence,  and  my 
experience  was  practically  the  same,  with  the  sole  exception  of  the  blue 
females  of  /'.  icarus  and  A.  thetis,  which,  as  noted,  occurred  in  a 
restricted  locality.  As  regards  variety,  it  will  be  very  interesting  to 
note  the  result  of  this  bad  summer  on  the  butterflies  of  next  season, 
but  the  season  has  been  remarkable,  more  for  absence  of  sun  than 
rain,  I  think. 


SCIENTIFIC    NOTES.  271 

OLEOPTERA. 

The  Food-plants  of  Apion  annulipes  and  sundry  other  Beetles. 
— In  August,  last  year,  I  swept  a  few  isolated  specimens  of  Ajxion 
annulipes,  Wenck,  off  Thyme  on  Ditchling  Beacon.  Later  in  the  year 
one  or  two  more  were  brushed  from  herbage  in  the  field  adjoining  the 
garden.  In  the  latter  locality  there  was  apparently  no  Thyme.  In  the 
immediate  district  of  the  Beacon  there  is  no  Orif/anion  vulgare,  but  it 
may  be  found  in  profusion  a  mile  or  two  off  at  Pyecombe.  Knowing 
this  to  be  the  plant  which  A.  annulipes  has  of  late  years  been  found  on, 
I  gave  up  many  hours  to  working  it  most  thoroughly.  No  Apion, 
however,  rewarded  my  efforts,  but  I  discovered  Lonf/itarsus  pulex, 
Schrank,  a  typical  thyme  species  very  much  at  home  on  the  Marjoram 
as  was  Chrysoniela  polita,  L. 

This  August  on  again  sweeping  stray  A.  annulipes  in  our  garden 
field,  I  made  a  determined  effort  to  localize  it  to  some  particular  plant. 
Having  given  careful  attention  to  various  Labiatae,  I  ultimately  found 
that  the  Apion  was  attached  to  Prunella  vuljaris.  By  carefully 
tapping  the  plants  over  paper  a  nice  series  of  males  and  females  was 
taken.  That  this  very  rare  weevil  should  have  as  one  of  its  food 
plants  such  a  prolific  and  wide- spread  meadow- weed  as  Jhunella  is 
particularly  interesting. 

In  early  September,  by  beating  the  capitula  of  Centaurea  nigra,  I 
found  both  Apion  onopordi,  Kirby,  and  Orchestes  pratensis,  Germ.,  not 
uncommonly.  These  seem  notes  of  confirmatory  importance,  particu- 
larly the  latter.  Orchestes  salicis,  L.,  was  seen  on  the  Dwarf  Sallow, 
Salix  repens,  at  Tilgate  Forest  in  late  September,  Longitarsus  atricillus, 
L.,  in  great  abundance,  and  L.  ochroleucus,  Marsh,  rarely,  were  swept 
from  a  field  of  Sainfoin,  Unobrychis  sativa.  In  reference  to  the  last 
species,  Mr.  J.  R.  le  B.  Tomlin's  note  in  the  November  number  of  the 
Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  was  of  much  interest  to  me.  On  September  19th  I 
swept  this  Halticiid  in  small  numbers  from  Senecio  vulgaris  near 
Brighton. — Hereward  C.  Dollman  (F.E.S.),  Hove  House,  Newton 
Grove,  Bedford  Park,  W. 


SCIENTIFIC    NOTES   AND    OBSERVATIONS. 


Notes  on  Luperina  nickerlii  var.  gueneei. — The  female  of  this 
species  lays  its  eggs  in  small  patches  on  the  Sea  Hard  Grass,  Lepturus 
incurvatus.  The  young  larvse  emerge  in  about  twenty  days,  and  are 
then  of  a  dark  flesh  colour  with  large  black  heads.  They  bore  a  hole 
in  the  stem,  but  wander  a  little  before  doing  so,  and  therefore  do  not 
all  get  into  the  same  stem.  They  stay  in  the  stems  until  about  February, 
when  they  have  grown  too  large.  A  sort  of  loose  cocoon  is  then 
formed  on  the  roots,  and  within  its  shelter  the  young  larvn3  eat  away, 
go  a  little  farther  and  do  the  same,  until  they  are  full  fed,  when  they 
make  a  long  flimsy  cocoon  of  silk  and  sand  grains,  often  over  two 
inches  in  length.  The  cocoon  is  always  mixed  up  with  grass,  probably 
for  strength.  As  the  larvre  grow  larger  they  become  lighter  in  colour, 
but  keeping  quite  a  flesh  colour  until  near  the  time  for  pupation, 
when  they  go  yellowish  to  dirty  white,  with  sometimes  a  tinge  of 
green.     No  doubt  the  early  season  of  this  year  has  made  the  larvae 


272  THE  entomologist's  record. 

pupate  earlier,  for  on  July  9th,  when  I  expected  to  get  half-fed  larvae, 
I  could  only  find  some  half  a  dozen  full  fed  ones  and  two  cocoons 
with  contained  pupfe.  Apparently  they  have  been  nothing  like  as 
common  this  year  as  they  were  last,  when  I  could  have  obtained  six 
times  as  many  in  the  same  time  that  it  took  me  to  find  these  nine. — 
T.  A.  Baxter,  St.  Anne's-on-Sea.     July  dth. 

Habits  of  Tricopteryx  viretata. — In  our  searchings  for  T.  viretata 
we  several  times  came  across  a  green  form.  The  species  is  a  somewhat 
unsatisfactory  insect  for  several  reasons.  When  its  wings  are  closed 
and  it  is  resting  on  a  holly-trunk,  which  in  our  experience  is  its  usual 
resting-place,  the  specimens  look  in  good  condition,  but  when  you  set 
them  without  the  hind-wings  to  back  them  up  they  do  not  look  nearly 
as  well.  Again  some  of  them,  more  especially  the  green  form,  as  soon 
as  you  look  at  them  (and  they  are  instantly  lost  in  the  changing 
shadow)  slide  sideways  off  the  trunk,  others  sit  till  boxed  as  quiet  as 
need  be,  while  some  will  even  sham  death.  There  are  hardly  enough 
specimens  seen  to  teach  one  what  to  expect,  so  different  is  the  behaviour 
of  different  individuals.  In  the  cabinet  drawers  the  green  form  turns 
much  blacker  as  time  goes  on,  till  it  has  made  me  wonder  if  melanism 
is  taking  place  with  them  as  with  other  species. — F.  Fountain,  191, 
Darwin  Street,  Birmingham. 


:^OTES      ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

CoLEOPHORA  artemisiella.^ — With  regard  to  this  species,  it  is  a 
good  many  years  since  I  paid  any  attention  to  it.  My  experience  quite 
confirms  the  statement  as  to  the  difficulty  of  rearing  the  insect  away 
from  the  saltings  and  the  great  mortality  among  the  larvas.  I  find 
that  in  1891  (my  best  year)  I  bred  fifteen  specimens,  and  have  little 
doubt  but  that  the  larva)  were  wintered  in  a  large  flower-pot  fully 
exposed  to  the  weather.^ — F.  G.  Whittle,  7,  Marine  Arcade,  Southend. 
October  20th. 

Notes  of  the  Season. — At  Hailing,  on  August  18th,  among  a 
scattered  growth  of  Uelianthemnm,  Rock-rose,  I  obtained  a  few  speci- 
mens of  Mompha  ('I'inea)  iiiiscdla.  The  best  example  of  this  insect  had 
settled  on  my  boot,  while  I  was  busy  with  a  sandwich  and  enjoying 
the  fine  view  of  the  Medway,  to  be  had  from  this  favourite  hunting- 
ground  of  our  late  Editor,  whose  death  we  all  so  sincerely  deplore. 
ArtujreHthia  i^einitestacella  was  very  common  among  beech  on  the  top  of 
the  down.  Larvae  of  Coleophora  nutani'lla  (infiatae)  crept  up  from 
flowers  of  Silene  mjlata,  Bladder  Campion,  gathered  on  this  occasion. 
I  was  again  at  Hailing  on  August  25th,  and  found  larvfe  of  Aealla 
{Pero7ieo)  h>t/iana  on  Viburniuii  lantcnio.  The  moths  appeared  in  mid 
October.  On  September  15th  I  had  a  very  poor  day  at  the  same 
locality,  but  I  did  find,  quite  exposed  at  the  road  side,  among  Bladder 
Campion,  the  larv:c  of  IHantUoecia  nana  (roiis/u'isa).  Salcbria  (^li/nxlo- 
phaea)  foniKim  is,  in  my  experience,  so  uncommon  in  this  part  (South- 
end) of  Essex,  that  the  occurrence  of  one  larva  on  September  22nd, 
caused  me  to  work  hard  for  more,  but  I  could  not  find  a  second 
example.  Tortri.r  pronubana,  which  was  discovered  here  last  year  by 
my  poor  friend  the  late  Mr.  Conquest,  is  quite  the  moth  of  the  moment. 
I  have  bred  it  pretty  freely,  the  first  emergence  taking  place  on  August 


NOTES    ON    COLLECTING.  278 

31sfc  last,  and  at  the  present  date  (October  20th)  it  is  still  emerging. 
On  a  fence  this  morning,  at  9.15,  I  found  a  freshly  emerged  specimen. 
On  the  13th  inst.,  I  took  one  flying  over  Kuoiii/inus  at  12.30  p.m. 
Evidently  a  strong  colony  of  this  insect  has  taken  possession  of  South- 
end.— Id.  [In  Proceed.  S.  Lund.  Knt.  and  X.  II.  Soc,  1911-12,  p.  61, 
Mr.  R.  Adkin  stated  of  T.  pronubana  that  "the  second  emergence, 
which  usually  takes  place  about  the  beginning  of  September,  appeared 
to  be  practically  over  early  in  August  (1911),  but  stragglers  met  with 
during  the  latter  part  of  September  appeared  to  indicate  a  third  genera- 
tion." Possibly  the  specimens  captured  in  October,  in  the  open,  were 
examples  of  a  third  brood,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  this  species 
is  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean  littoral,  and  is  practically  continuous 
brooded  under  southern  conditions. — H.  J.  T.] 

Second  brood  of  Smeeinthus  ocellata. — On  September  3rd  I 
bred  a  specimen  of  S.  ocellata  from  a  this  year's  larva. — L.  W.  Newman 
(F.E.S.),  Bexley. 

Leucania  albipuncta  at  Deal. — On  August  27th  I  had  the  pleasure 
of  taking  two  specimens  of  the  above  rarity  at  sugar  on  the  Deal  sand- 
hills.— A.  E.  Tonge  (F.E.S.),  Aincroft,  Grammar  School  Hill,  Reigate. 

Polia  CHI  IN  the  South.— On  September  3rd,  while  going  through 
the  neighbourhood  of  Winslow,  Bucks,  I  obtained  two  specimens  of  l\ 
cJi'i  on  brick  walls.  It  is  I  believe  most  unusual  to  take  this  species  so 
near  London,  though  it  occurs  not  infrequently  in  Devonshire. — Id. 

CoLiAs  edusa  at  Reading. — On  August  28th  one  of  my  sons 
captured  a  J  of  the  above  species,  and  on  August  29th  saw  a  ?  .  I 
only  know  of  one  other  having  been  seen  this  autumn  in  this  district. 
— W.  E.  Butler  (F.E.S.),  Hayling  House,  Oxford  Road,  Reading. 
October  1th. 

Larva  of  Manduca  (Acherontia)  atropos  at  Chichester. — A  full- 
fed  larva  of  Manduca  {Acherontia)  atropos  was  brought  to  me  on 
September  18th  last.  It  was  of  exceptionally  small  size,  but  the 
colour  indicated  imminent  change  to  the  pupa,  and  it  went  to  earth  as 
soon  as  it  was  placed  in  the  flower-pot.  This  is  the  only  instance  I 
know  of  the  occurrence  of  the  insect  here  this  season  in  any  stage.  In 
some  years  the  larvfe  are  by  no  means  uncommon  on  potato  leaves. — 
Joseph  Anderson,  Chichester. 

Recollections  of  the  Eastern  Counties. — I  have  read  with 
interest  the  notes  by  the  Rev.  C.  Thornewill  (p.  230)  on  his  captures  in 
Norfolk,  as  1  have  from  time  to  time  collected  in  the  district  he  refers 
to — the  interesting  "  breck"  country,  bordering  the  counties  of  Norfolk, 
Suffolk,  and  Cambridgeshire.  Having  been  successful  in  finding  most 
of  the  insects  and  plants  peculiar  to  the  district,  a  few  supplementary 
remarks  may  be  of  interest.  With  regard  to  Lithosti'i/e  tjrifieata,  to 
which  3'onr  correspondent  makes  special  reference,  I  well  remember 
finding  this  species  for  the  first  time  amongst  a  patch  of  Sisyinbrium 
Sophia  growing,  as  noted  by  your  correspondent,  at  the  edge  of  a  corn- 
field, when  a  nice  series  of  freshly  emerged  specimens  was  taken.  A 
visit  during  a  subsequent  year,  in  the  month  of  August,  was  productive 
of  the  larvne  of  this  species  in  considerable  abundance,  feeding  on  the 
seed  pods  ot  Sisijuibriton  sophia,  to  which  it  bears  a  close  mimetic 
resemblance.  It  is  not  necessary  to  search  for  the  larvte  by  night, 
once  the  eye  is  accustomed  to  them  they  may  be  seen  quite  readily, 
and,  when  one  is  found,  more  are  to  be  expected  on  the  same  plant  or 


274 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 


clump.  They  are  not  difficult  to  rear  if  a  good  depth  of  their  native 
sand,  or  something  approximating  to  it,  be  provided,  as  they  pupate  deep 
down.  A  proportion  of  them  lie  over  to  a  second  or  even  a  third  year; 
this  obviously  helps  the  species  to  maintain  itself  in  the  event  of  larvae 
being  destroyed  when  the  plants  are  cut  down  with  the  corn,  as  there 
may  be  at  the  same  time  pupaj  below  ground  from  a  previous  season's 
larvse.  Furthermore,  I  have  noticed  that  the  plants  frequently  grow 
beside  the  cart  tracks  and  at  the  edges  and  corners  of  the  fields,  where 
they  escape  the  ravages  of  the  reaper.  Sisi/mbrium  aophia  is  certainly 
a  local  plant  in  the  "  breck  "  district  and  elsewhere,  but  Lithostege 
griseata  is  still  more  local ;  large  patches  of  the  plants  occur  without  a 
sign  of  the  moth.  I  believe  the  larva  is  strictly  confined  to  the  one 
food  plant ;  when  specimens  are  found  amongst  the  clovers  and  trefoils 
they  have  doubtless  been  blown  there  by  the  breeze,  which  is  so  preva- 
lent in  the  open  "  breck  "  country,  and  which,  with  their  feeble  flight, 
they  would  be  unable  to  withstand,  I  agree  with  your  correspondent's 
remarks  as  to  the  scarcity  of  Lit/iostei/e  (/riseata,  it  seems  to  be  one  of 
the  rarest  of  the  insects  peculiar  to  the  "  breck,"  but  I  think  Dian- 
thoecia  irregularis  is  probably  even  scarcer.  However,  larvte  of  the 
latter  may  be  found  abundantly,  when  it  is  known  where  and  how  to 
look  for  them.  This  insect  again  is  much  more  local  than  its  foodplant 
— Silene  otites.  With  reference  to  Agrophila  trabealis  {sulphtiralis),  there 
is  certainly  a  partial  second  brood  in  August.  I  once  found  (h-ohena 
{Pionea)  extiinalis  common  in  a  clover  field,  and  it  was  with  consider 
able  interest  that  I  subsequently  took  a  specimen  in  Hampshire^the 
only  one  I  have  seen  elsewhere.  No  doubt  the  abundance  of  difierent 
species  varies  according  to  the  season  here,  as  elsewhere.  One  year  I 
found  large  numbers  of  the  pretty  yellow-striped  larvne  of  Antidea 
siniiata  feeding  on  the  flowers  of  Galium  verum  in  a  locality  where  a 
few  years  before  hardly  any  could  be  found,  and  where  a  few  seasons 
later  it  seemed  to  be  absent.  Geologically,  botauically  and  entomo- 
logically  this  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  areas  in  the  British  Islands. 
I  am  not  aware  that  the  geologists  have  entirely  accounted  for  the 
physical  formation,  but  there  seem  to  be  indications  of  an  ancient  coast 
line ;  the  fauna  certainly  has  littoral  affinities  and  may  be  an  ancient 
survival.  Insect  life  is  less  abundant  than  in  our  southern  counties, 
but  there  are  quite  a  number  of  forms  peculiar  to  the  region.  Bird  life 
is  noticeable  in  the  abundance  of  Stone  Curlews,  and  in  the  occurrence 
of  Ringed  Plovers  inland  and  away  from  water. — Herbert  Ashby 
(F.E.S.),  Broadway  House,  Brookdale  Road,  Southampton.     October 

nth. 


@^URRENT   NOTES   AND   SHORT   NOTICES. 

We  should  like  to  call  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the  Annual 
Exhibition  of  Varieties,  etc.,  to  be  held  by  the  South  London  Entomo- 
logical Society,  at  their  commodious  rooms,  Hibernia  Chambers, 
London  Bridge,  which  takes  place  on  November  28th,  at  7.30.  Visitors 
are  cordially  welcomed  and  are  invited  to  bring  exhibits. 

The  rich  collection  of  Orthoptera  made  in  past  years  at  Geok- 
Tapa,  in  the  Transcaucasus,  by  that  good  all-round  naturalist  A.  B. 
Shelkovnikofif,  is  being  determined  by  Professor  Y,  P.  Shtchel- 
kanovtsefif,  of  Warsaw  University,  who  has  already  published  two  or 


CURRENT    NOTES.  275 

three  very  useful  papers  on  the  Orthoptera-Fauna  of  the  Caucasus, 
which  is  exceedingly  interesting,  as  northern,  Alpine,  meridional,  and 
Asiatic  forms  meet  in  this  highly  diversified  district. — M.B. 

P.  A.  Zaitseff,  former  editor  of  the  licvue  russe  d'Entomolouie,  has 
been  appointed  to  the  post  of  Entomologist  of  the  Botanic  Gardens 
at  Tiflis.— M.B. 

B.  P.  UverofT,  at  the  Entomological  Bureau  of  Stavropol,  in  the 
Northern  Caucasus,  is  a  valued  recruit  to  the  gradually  increasing 
array  of  Russian  entomologists,  and  has  already  done  good  work  on 
the  Orthoptera  of  the  Caucasus,  Turkestan,  and  the  Transcaspian 
district.— M.B. 

The  Orthoptera-Fauna  of  Russia  is  so  varied  that  this  group  has 
attracted  more  students  in  Russia  than  in  any  other  country. 
Excellent  work  is  being  done  and  has  been  done  by  A.  P.  Semenoff- 
Tian-Schansky,  N.  Adelung,  N.  Zubowsky,  Y.  P.  Shtschelkanovtseft", 
N.  Ikonnikoff,  B.  P.  Uvaroff,  Retowski,  the  late  A.  M.  Shaguroff,  J. 
Ingenitsky,  Stsherbakov,  and  others. — M.B. 

In  the  Scottish  N^atiiraliftt  for  August,  Mr.  W.  -J.  Lucas  gives  a 
report  of  a  considerable  number  of  species  of  Odonata,  taken  by  Col. 
J.  W.  Yerbury  in  the  North  of  Scotland  from  localities  of  which  but 
little  has  been  known  hitherto.  The  account  includes  the  reference 
to  a  presumably  new  species  of  Sywpetntni,  described  by  Mr.  Lucas, 
Ent.,  xlv.  (1912),  p.  171,  as  .S.  nifp-escens,  and  distinguished  as  being 
intermediate  between  S.  striolattim  and  S.  scoticum. 

We  have  heard  with  regret  of  the  death  of  another  of  the  older 
entomologists.  Dr.  Sequiera,  well  known  for  so  many  years  as  a 
constant  attendant  at  the  fortnightly  meetings  of  the  City  of  London 
Entomological  Society.  He  was  the  life  long-friend  of  the  late  J.  A. 
Clarke  whose  collections  contained  so  large  a  number  of  extreme 
varieties  of  our  native  species  of  Lepidoptera.  For  some  years  past 
Dr.  Sequiera  had  been  totally  blind,  but  up  to  a  few  months  before 
his  death  he  kept  up  a  most  lively  interest  in  everything  that  was  said 
at  the  City  of  London  meetings  and  also  in  the  exhibits,  which  had  to 
be  explained  to  him.  He  was  a  man  of  unusually  buoyant  spirits  and 
even  the  great  affliction  of  his  later  years  never  altered  his  cheerful 
and  hearty  manner.     He  was  within  a  few  days  of  84  years  of  age. 

Mr.  H.  H.  Brindley,  M.A.,  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  is 
pursuing  an  investigation  into  the  Proportions  of  the  Sexes  in  For/icula 
nnricularia.  From  observations  made  in  many  localities  upon  thou- 
sands of  specimens  there  seems  to  be  a  preponderance  of  the  female 
sex  in  most  places,  although  the  percentage  of  males  has  been  found  to 
vary  (1)  in  different  localities,  (2)  in  the  same  locality  in  different  years, 
(3)  before  or  after  hybernation,  etc.  But  the  evidence  as  yet  is  con- 
sidered to  be  insufficient  to  suggest  any  very  definite  statement  of 
result. 

In  the  August  number  of  the  Revue  Mensuelle  of  the  Societe  Ento- 
mologique  Namuroise,  Dr.  Goetghebuer  records  the  capture  of  examples 
of  a  new  aberration  of  Melanan/ia  aalathea,  in  which  the  ground  colour 
of  the  wings  is  of  a  very  light  yellowish,  very  much  lighter  than  in  the 
ab.  citrana,  Lamb.  The  undersides  of  the  hindwings  are  quite  without 
traces  of  the  usual  black  design.  Dr.  Goetghebuer  has  named  it  ab. 
Jlavesceus. 

In  the  September  part  of  the  Revue  M.  Lambilliou  announces  the 


276  THE  entomologist's  record. 

capture  of  a  remarkable  aberration  of  Ajiatura  ilia  by  M.  I'abbe  Cabeau. 
The  right  side  wings  are  perfectly  normal  in  colour  and  marking,  but 
the  left  wings  are  of  a  rich  fawn  ground  as  in  the  ab.  silvia,  Cab.,  and 
the  spots  on  the  upper  wings  are  changed  from  white  to  a  pale  fawn 
colour,  except  that  the  three  apical  spots  remain  white.  The  specimen 
is  a  male.  Unfortunately  it  is  in  a  damaged  condition,  having  l)een 
apparently  attacked  by  a  bird. 

In  a  recent  Bidlctin  de  la  Socii'te  entoDioloj/iijiie  do  France  some 
valuable  notes  are  given  by  M.  P.  Chetien  on  the  early  stages  of  the 
three  species  of  Kuvhln'e  [Antltocharis)  from  Morocco,  E.  helewia,  E. 
fallniii,  and  E.  cliarhmia.  The  larvfe  of  all  three  species  feed  in  the 
spring.  E.  belemia  feeds  on  the  flowers  chiefly  of  Moricandia  suff'ruti- 
cosa,  M.  teretifoUa  and  Brassica  tonrneforti.  E.  falloni  feeds  on  the 
flowers  of  the  first  named  Crucifer  only.  While  E.  chaiionia  feeds  on 
the  leaves  chiefly  of  another  Crucifer,  Diplota.ds  pejidida. 

We  would  like  to  call  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the  exchange 
column,  and  to  ask  all  those,  who  make  the  use  of  it,  to  indicate  in 
their  covering  letter,  or  to  give  us  due  notice,  when  they  wish  their 
lists  to  be  withdrawn,  or  to  be  modified.  As  a  rule  Duplicates  are  not 
all  disposed  of  at  once,  nor  are  all  Desiderata  obtained  at  once,  hence 
it  has  been  our  custom  to  continue  to  publish  the  Exchange  Lists  for 
a  longer  period  than  the  one  month  for  which  they  are  first  inserted. 
It  is  disappointing  to  correspondents  to  find  that  they  have  applied  for 
duplicates  already  disposed  of. 


SOCIETIES. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. 
— June  21th. — Mr.  Sothern  Dekter,  of  Lee,  was  elected  a  member. — 
Jumping  cases  of  Sawfly  Larv.e. — Mr.  Gahan  exhibited  some 
sycamore  leaves  showing  the  mines  of  larvaB  of  the  saw-fly 
Phyllotoma  aceiin,  and  the  remarkable  cases,  in  the  form  of  little 
circular  discs,  constructed  by  the  larvfc.  These  cases  become 
detached  and  move  on  the  ground  by  little  hops  somewhat  like 
the  Mexican  jumping  bean.  Coleophora  agramella. — Mr.  A.  Sich, 
specimens  of  the  rare  Micro-lepidopteron,  Coleophora  a;ira)iiella, 
from  Hailsham.  Pup.e  of  B.  hirtaria  lying  over  four  years. — 
Mr.  R.  Adkin,  a  short  series  of  Biston  hirtaria  bred  from 
Aviemore  larvre  which  fed  up  in  1908.  The  imagines  exhibited 
emerged  in  March  and  April  of  this  year.  Exotic  Butterflies. — Mr. 
Edwards,  a  pair  of  the  beautiful  Lycicnid,  Eniiwens  debora  from 
Mexico  and  a  fine  specimen  of  the  rare  Epiphcle  eriopsin  from  Bogota. 
Variety  of  A.  grossulariata. — Mr.  Cowham,  a  fine  symmetrical 
variety  of  Ahra.vaa  (/rassidariata  taken  in  his  garden,  the  usual  yellow 
markings  were  almost  absent,  and  the  black  markings  were  of  smaller 
area  and  very  symmetrical.  Aberrant  cocoon  of  P.  cecropia. — Mr. 
Dods,  a  cocoon  of  I'latjjsatnia  cecropia  from  which  the  imago  had 
emerged  by  the  wrong  end.  Dark  B.  eupiirosyne. — Mr.  Goff",  some- 
what heavily  marked  specimens  of  Brcnthis  ciiphrtini/)ir  from  Kent  and 
Surrey.  Report. — Mr.  Step  I'ead  the  Report  of  the  Delegates  to  the 
Congress  of  the  South-Eastcrn  Union  of  Scientific  Societies  held  at 
Folkestone  in  June. — Jidi/  11th. — Galls  on  Poplar-trees. — Mr.  Dennis 
exhibited  the  pyriform-petiole  gall  of  Byrsocrypta  pyriformis  and  the 


SOCIETIES.  277 

spiral-petiole  gall'  of  P.  spirothecae  from  poplar  trees.    The  genus  Calli- 
DRYAS  AND  THE  GENUS  GoNEPTERYX. — Miss  Fountaine,  examples  of  the  W. 
Indian  and  S.  African  species  of  the  genus  Callidnjas  and  of  the  large 
species  of  the  genus  Gonepteryx  from  America;  the  specimens  were  mostly 
bred  by  herself.    Living  larvae  of  Pyrameis  cardui  and  the  results  of 
THE  crossing  OF  PiERis  NAPi  AND  VAR.  BRYONi.E. — Mr.  Main,  larvfB  of  p. 
cardui  from  Eastbourne,  and  long  series  of  P.  napi  and  var.  bri/oniae, 
the  results  of  recent  breeding  experiments.    Sicilian  Lepidoptera. — Mr. 
Piatt  Barrett,  a  bred  specimen  of  Charaxes  jasius  from  a  Sicilian  larva 
and  made  remarks  on  the  spring  and  early  summer  of  the  present  year 
in  Sicily.     The  Saw-fly  Phyllotoma  aceris. — Mr.  Step,  photographs 
of  the  cases  of   P.  aceris  on  the  leaves  of  maple  and  sycamore  from 
Ashtead  and  Oxshott.     Several  members  had  met  with  the  species  in 
their  own  districts.      Aberrant  cocoon  of  Platysamia  cecropia. — Mr. 
Adkin,   the  cut-open   cocoon  of  the  above  species,   which  had  been 
previously  exhibited,  and  pointed  out  that  the  inner  envelope  of  the 
cocoon  was  reversed,  hence  the  imago  had  to  emerge  from  the  wrong 
end  of  the  outer  envelope.      Local  variation  in  Coremia  ferrugata. — 
Mr.  Adkin  read  notes  on  several  bred  series  of  C.  ferrugata.      Curious 
Variation  of  Papilio  phorcas. — Mr.  Moore,  P.  phorcas  from  Africa,  in 
which  the  veins  in  the  green  areas  of  the  wings  were  widely  margined 
with  white.     Pupal  Habit  of  Libythea  celtis.— Mr.   Sich,  pupa  cases 
of  L.  celtis  suspended  in  a  horizontal  position  beneath  a  leaf  without  a 
girdle  for  support.     White  eggs  of  Cerura  vinula.— Mr.  Sich,  the  egg 
shells  of  C.  vinida  of  a  creamy-white  colour  found  in  Sussex.     Eastern 
Satyrid.e. — Mr.  Edwards,  specimens  of  Neorina  hilda  and  A^.  crishna 
from    the   Indian    area. — July  25th.— Oya    of  Chrysopa. — Mr.  West 
(Ashtead)  exhibited  ova  of  a  Chrysopa  on  the  leaves  of  the  garden 
Ox-eye   Daisy.        Exotic    Butterflies. — -Mr.    Edwards,    the    butter- 
flies   Ennica    eitrota    from    Brazil,    Smyrna    hloiufeldii    from    Mexico, 
and    .S.    karwinskii   from    Brazil.      Living  Larvae  of   C.   edusa. — Mr. 
J.    Piatt   Barrett,    a   full    fed   larva   of   Saturnia    pyri,    from    Sicily, 
young   larvae  of    Colias  edusa    from   ova    of   an   English    caught   $  , 
and  a  large  number  of  butterflies  from   S.  Africa.     Varieties  of  P. 
lecheana. — Mr.  R.  Adkin,  Ptycholouia  lecheana  from  Brentwood,  one 
almost  unicolorous  buff  colour  and  unusually  pale,  the  other  a  rich 
deep  brown  with  very  distinct  silvery  markings.     The  Season  of  1912. 
— Remarks  were  made  on  the  abundance  of  Celastrina  aryiolus,  and 
the   occurrence   of  Sesia   stellatarum   and   Colias  edusa   this  season. — 
August  8th. — Pupation  position  of  P.  machaon. — Capt.  Cardew,  larvas 
of  Papilio  uiachaon,  from  Stalham  Dyke,  spun  up  for  pupation.    Larv^ 
of  p.  alexanor. — Mr.  Hugh  Main,   larvae  of    Papilio  alexanor,  from 
the  S.  of  France.     C.  edusa  at  Dieppe. — -Mr.  H.  Moore,  a  short  series 
of    Colias   edusa  taken  in  the  Forest  of  Arques,  Dieppe,  in  August. 
Ootheca    of   p.  orientalis. — Mr.  Priske,  a    2   cockroach    Psriplaneta 
orientalis  with  the  ootheca  still  attached  to  her.      Responsiveness  of 
Pup^  to  Surroundings. — Mr.  F.  D.  Cooke,  the  pup^e  of  Pyrameis  cardui 
to  show  the  difl'erence  between  those  spun  up  on  white  muslin  and 
those  on  darker  material.      Varied  series  of  British  Moths. — Mr. 
Newman,   long   series   of    Pianthoecia    carpopliaga,    specimens   of  \P). 
capsincnla,  and  D.  capsophila,  and  Kentish  Dianthoecia  identical  with 
I.    of   Man    D.    capsophila.      Aberrant    and   rare    Coleoptera. — Mr. 
Blenkarn,   Haliplus  icehncki  with  aberrant  agdoeagus,  a  specimen   of 


278  THE  entomologist's  recoed. 

Clytus  arietis  with  the  first  yellow  belt  reduced  to  a  minute  spot,  an 
unusually  small  example  of  Philontlws  puella,  and  specimens  of  the 
very  rare  Coleopteron  PentartJtniii)  liKttoni  from  the  cellars  of  Messrs. 
Moet  and  Chandon. — Ain/ust  22nd. — Exotic  Butterflies. — Mr. 
Edwards  exhibited  the  exotic  butterflies  Tlianmantis  diores  from  Assam^ 
Discophora  lepida  from  Ceylon,  Tmaris  selene  from  the  Malay,  and  T. 
honratldi  from  Madagascar,  all  belonging  to  the  Asiatic  section  of  the 
Morphinae :  and  specimens  of  Opsiphanes  hoisdnvcdii  from  Mexico,, 
referring  to  their  conspicuous  tuft  of  scent  hairs.  Shetland  Lepi- 
DOPTERA. — Mr.  Newman,  a  very  long  series  of  Pachnobia  hyperborea 
from  Rannoch,  showing  much  variation,  a  short,  very  uniform  series 
from  Shetland,  where  the  species  was  fast  disappearing,  it  is  supposed 
owing  to  the  attacks  of  ichneumons,  a  few  Crymodes  exulis  from  Shet- 
land, including  a  very  pale  specimen,  and  a  long  series  of  his  inbred 
yellow  form  of  Callimorpha  domimda,  with  the  only  intermediate  he 
had  obtained.  Lapland  Collecting. — Mr.  Sheldon  gave  a  very  in- 
teresting account  of  his  holiday  near  the  N.  Cape  in  search  of  butter- 
flies and  bird's  eggs.  A  rare  Coleophorid. — Mr.  Sich,  specimens  of 
Coleophora  apicella  taken  at  Byfleet  in  June,  where  its  food-plant, 
Stellaria  yraminea,  grows  abundantly.  Ova  of  Chrysopa. — Mr.  Adkin, 
the  ova  of  a  Clirywpa,  which  were  on  unusually  short  stalks.  Col- 
lecting Notes. — Reports  were  made  that  larvse  were  very  scarce  this 
season,  especially  in  the  New  Forest.  Bryophila  perla  was  noted  as 
very  scarce.  Ayriades  coridon  was  still  common  in  Hertfordshire,  and 
several  var.  seiui-synf/rapha  had  been  taken,  while  the  5  s  varied  from 
very  deep  black  to  khaki  coloured  ground.  Captain  Cardew  noted  the 
curious  fact  that  B.  vniralis -was  common  at  Folkestone  but  completely 
absent  from  Dover,  where  apparently  conditions  were  most  favourable. 
— iSepteiiiber  1.2th. — An  Ephestia. — Mr.  Tonge  exhibited  an  Ephestia  sp. 
bred  from  an  Egyptian  date.  Galls. — Mr.  Moore,  galls  found  on  the 
wild  rose.  Variety  of  R.  phl.eas. — Mr.  Gibbs,  a  Rionicia  phlaeas 
from  Woburn,  a  combination  "of  ab.  radiata  and  ab.  coeruleopuuctata. 
Varieties  of  British  Butterflies. — Capt.  Cardew,  an  Apatura  iris 
with  much  fulvous  shading  on  the  hindwings,  a  series  of  Eupithecia 
subfulvata  bred  from  Northumberland,  a  living  larva  of  Acidalia 
imi)iHtata.  Varieties  of  Continental  Butterflies. — Mr.  Curwen,  a 
large  summer  form  of  Pieris  napi  with  rays  evanescent,  Polyommatus 
icariis  ab.  aroiata,  Ayriades  coridon,  with  aberrant  markings  on  the 
undersides,  and  an  Aryynnis  niobe  var.  eris  with  an  extremely  deep 
green  ground  on  the  undersides  of  the  hindwings.  A.  alexius  and  P. 
ICARUS  AB.  icarinus. — Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  specimens  of  Ayriades  ale.vius 
and  of  Polyoiiimatiis  icariis  ab.  icarinus  and  gave  a  detailed  account  of 
the  former  species  which  Freyer  put  forward  as  far  back  as  1858.  L. 
albipuncta.- — Mr.  Tonge  reported  Leucania  alhipuncta  at  sugar  at 
Deal,  and  specimens  of  I'olia  chi  at  Winslow  in  Bucks.  Report. — 
Mr.  Sich  read  his  Report  as  delegate  to  the  International  Congress  of 
Entomology  in  early  August. 


OBITUARY. 

A.  M.  Shuguroff. 

A  promising  young  Russian  Orthopterist,  A.  M.  Shuguroff,  died 
at  Kutais,  in  the  Caucasus.     He  had  been  stationed  at  Odessa,  and 


OBITUAEY.  279 

Simferopol,  and  was  recently  appointed  to  an  entomological  post  at 
Kutais,  in  the  Western  Caucasus,  where  unfortunately  he  met  a  tragic 
end  during  the  past  summer,  before  he  had  attained  his  thirtieth  year. 
He  had  published  several  papers  on  the  Orthoptera  of  the  Eussian 
Fauna,  mostly  in  Russian  :  we  know  of  the  following  "  Orthoptero- 
logical  Notes,"  {Rev.  russe  d'Ent.,  1905,  p.  33),  "  Note  on  the  Species 
of  Genus  Callimenus,  F.  de  W.,"  [Bev.  russe  d'Ent.,  1906,  p.  176), 
translated  into  English  in  the  Entomologist,  1907,  p.  248,  "A  Revision 
of  the  Genus  Gampsocleis,''  {Zap.  Xovuross.  Obsch.  Estest.,  xxxi., 
1907),  "  A  sketch  of  the  Fauna  of  the  Government  of  Cherson,"  {Hor. 
Boss.  Ent.  Soc,  xxxviii.,  p.  109,  1907),  and  "Kurze  Notizen  zur 
geschichte  der  Krym'schen  Fauna."  {Mitth.  der  Kaiikas.  Mits., 
1908).— M.B. 

William   Rickman  Jeffrey. 

Again  we  regret  to  have  to  record  the  death  of  a  veteran  entomolo- 
gist. William  Rickman  Jeffrey  was  one  of  those  ardent  field-workers 
whom  the  father  of  our  modern  entomology,  the  late  H.  T.  Stainton, 
gathered  around  him  in  the  mid- Victorian  period.  In  the  first  list  of 
entomologists  ever  collected,  which  was  compiled  by  the  last-named 
gentleman,  and  published  in  the  Entomologist's  Annual  in  1857,  we 
read  the  name  W.  R.  Jeffrey,  High  Street,  Reigate,  we  find  his  name 
among  the  contributors  to  the  pages  of  the  Entomologist's  WeeJdy 
Intelligencer,  and  he  was  a  constant  contributor  to  the  Entomologist's 
Monthly  Magazine,  to  which  he  contributed  field-notes  as  recently  as 
1909.  Mr.  Jeffrey  was  a  native  of  Ashford  in  Kent,  where  he  was 
born  in  1836.  Owing  to  delicate  health  he  was  taken  from  school  at 
the  early  age  of  twelve,  and  for  three  years  spent  an  outdoor  life  at 
Folkestone,  where  the  famous  Warren  was  his  constant  resort.  It 
was  during  this  period  of  his  life  that  he  not  only  gained  health  and 
strength,  but  he  acquired  that  taste  for  the  study  of  nature  in  the 
field,  which  he  retained  throughout  his  long  life.  At  the  age  of 
fifteen  he  was  apprenticed  to  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Nichols,  watch- 
maker of  Reigate,  a  very  rich  entomological  locality  much  worked  in 
the  early  fifties  by  H.  T.  Stainton.  A  friendship  sprang  up  between 
young  Jeffrey  and  Stainton,  which  lasted  unbroken  until  the  death  of 
the  latter  in  1892.  Unlike  most  entomologists  he  early  took  up  the 
study  of  the  so-called  Micro-lepidoptera,  and  much  information 
was  obtained  by  him  for  the  various  works  brought  out  by  his 
friend.  After  leaving  Reigate  he  lived  for  some  time  at  Scarborough, 
and  there  met  those  two  enthusiastic  and  ardent  workers  in 
entomology,  the  late  John  Scott  and  the  late  Thomas  Wilkinson, 
and  to  the  latter's  famous  work  on  the  British  Tortrices  he  gave 
or  substantiated  much  detailed  information.  In  the  late  sixties 
he  returned  to  his  native  town  of  Ashford,  where  he  remained  till  his 
death.  At  Ashford  his  entomological  work  was  largely  done  to  assist 
the  late  William  Buckler  in  his  great  work,  The  Larvm  of  the  British 
Lepidoptera,  in  which  work  his  name  frequently  occurs.  He  could  not 
be  a  worker  at  life-histories  without  an  intimate  knowledge  of  wild 
plants,  and  that  he  had  this  we  are  assured,  since  he  was  in  close 
correspondence  with  Mr.  Fred.  J.  Hanbury,  the  author  of  the  Kentish 


280  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Flora,  and  further,  we  note  that  one  of  his  sons  is  at  present  curator 
of  the  herbarium  of  the  Royal  Botanical  Gardens,  Edinburgh.  Latterly 
he  had  turned  some  of  his  attention  to  the  Cryptogams,  and  he  was 
studying  the  Mosses  and  Fungi  of  the  Ashford  district.  At  his  death 
he  was  in  his  seventy-sixth  year. — H.J.T. 

Albert  James   Fison. 

English  Lepidopterists  who  have  hunted  in  the  Rhone  Valley 
during  their  expeditions  in  Switzerland  will  hear  with  keen  regret  of 
the  death  of  Mr.  Fison  of  Charpigny,  who  has  proved  himself  for 
many  years  so  good  a  guide  and  so  kind  a  friend  to  all  of  those  with 
whom  he  came  in  contact.  His  death  took  place  at  Bex,  after  a  few 
days'  illness,  on  October  6th,  and  he  was  buried  in  the  Clarens 
cemetery  on  the  following  Tuesday.  Albert  James  Fison  was  the 
younger  son  of  the  late  Cornell  Fison,  of  Thetford,  Norfolk,  and  was 
born  March  13th,  1840,  and  was  consequently  well  advanced  in  his 
73rd  year.  He  first  came  out  to  Switzerland  at  the  age  of  fifteen  on 
account  of  his  health,  at  a  time  when  the  railway  went  no  further  than 
Besancon,  and  resided  at  the  house  of  the  late  Dr.  Taylor  of  Charpigny. 
His  life-long  affection  for  Switzerland,  and  his  interest  in  its  plants  and 
butterflies,  and  to  some  extent  also  in  its  geology,  began  so 
long  ago  as  this.  His  collection  of  Swiss  butterflies  was 
most  interesting  and  complete,  and  for  many  years  past  he 
carefully  labelled  every  specimen  with  date  and  locality.  Even  those 
taken  previous  to  this  time  have  a  certain  degree  of  local  distinctive- 
ness, for  all  were  taken  in  Switzerland,  almost  every  specimen  by 
himself,  and  those  taken  on  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Alps  are 
distinguished  from  the  others  by  black  pins.  This  collection,  which 
remains  at  Charpigny,  is  now  the  property  of  his  nephew,  Mr.  G.  H. 
Fison,  of  Southcote,  Castle  Hill,  Guildford,  who  kindly  supplied  the 
details  of  his  early  life,  and  who  states  that  he  will  gladly  give  an 
order  to  see  the  insects  to  any  bona-fide  entomologist  who  applies 
to  him  at  the  above  address.  The  collection  contains,  among  many 
other  very  interesting  examples,  the  type  specimen  of  Brenthis  pales, 
ab.  cinctata,  Favre,  the  only  known  Western  European  specimen  of 
Parartie  meijaera,  ab.  transcaspica,  and  a  natural  hybrid  between  Colias 
falaeno  and  C.  phicomone. 

This  is  not  the  place  to  enlarge  on  the  religious  side  of  Mr.  Fison's 
life,  but  in  this  respect  also  he  will  be  greatly  missed  at  Clarens.  The 
school  of  thought  to  which  he  belonged  has  often  been  accused  of 
narrowness,  but  in  him,  at  any  rate,  there  was  no  touch  of  such  a 
quality,  and  his  friendship  with  the  late  Chanoine  Favre  and  with  the 
writer  of  this  notice,  with  neither  of  whom  can  he  have  had  much  in 
common,  was  never  marred  by  the  slightest  jar,  such  as  with  one  who 
had  less  of  tact  or  of  charity  might  so  easily  have  arisen.  Among  the 
Entomologists  who  resided  in,  or  visited,  the  Rhone  Valley  he  had 
many  friends,  to  whom  his  memory  will  bring  back  many  happy  days 
and  numberless  acts  of  kindness. — G.  W. 


Corrections.  —  p.  244,  I.  20,  add  "  s  "  to  "  discoloration  " ;  1.  22, 
delete  "cause"  and  insert  "insult"  (G.W.N.).  p.  246,  1.  9,  delete 
"costa"  (twice)  and  insert  "inner  margin"  (twice). 


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early  in  1913.  Order  at  once  Price  3/6  postage  4d.  This  work  is  what  everv 
Collector  has  been  waiting  for.  It  contains  valuable  hints  on  collecting  and  breeding 
from  my  own  personal  experience,  best  food  plants  and  substitutes  (English  and  scientific 
names)  for  all  Larvre,  description  of  prominent  varieties,  mode  of  pupation, 
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month.  Index  perfection,  no  matter  by  what  English  or  scientific  name  you 
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L.    W.     NEWMAN,     F.E.S.,     Bexley,    Kent. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 


Supplementary  Notes  from  Braemar,  liussell  E.  James  . .  . .   "^"^  . .  . .       253 

Notes  on  certain  British  Species  of  the  Genus  Lathrobium,  IF.  E.  Sharp,  F.E.S.       259 
Notes  on  some  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  "  Breck  "  District,  Lieut.-Col.  C.  G.  Nurse, 

F.E.S 260 

The  Value  of  Protective  Kesemblance  in  Moths,  Rev.  A.  T.  Siift',  M.A 262 

Switzerland  and  the  Black  Forest,  Douglas  H.  Pearson,  F.E.S.        . .  . .         . .       265 

Notes  on  the  Season.     Rhopaloeera,  S.  G.  Castle-Russell       . .  , ,  . .  . .       267 

CoLEOPTERA : — The  Food-plants   of  Apion   annulipes   and   sundry  other   Beetles, 

Hereu'ard  C.  Dollman,  F.E.S 271 

Scientific  Notes  and  Observations: — Notes  on  Luperina  nickeriii  var.  giieneei, 

T.  A.  Baxter ;  Habits  of  Tricopteryx  viretata,  F.  Fountain         . .  . .  . .       271 

Notes  on  Collecting,  etc.  :— Coleophora  artemisiella,  F.  G.  Whittle;  Notes  of 
the  Season,  Id.  :  Second  brood  of  Smerinthusocellata,  L.  W.  Newman,  F.E.S; 
Leucania  albipuncta  at  Deal,  A.  E.  Tonge,  F.E.S.  ;  Polia  chi  in  the  South, 
Id. ;  Colias  ednsa  at  Reading,  IF.  E.  Butler,  F.E.S.  ;  Larva  of  Manduca 
atropos  at  Chichester,  Joseph  Anderson  ,-  Recollections  of  the  Eastern  Counties, 

Herbert  Ashby,  F.E.S.  272 

Current  Notes  and  Short  Notices       . .  . .  . .  . .  . .         . .         . .       274 

Societies  : — The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society         . .       276 
Obituary:— A.  M.  Shuguroff,  31. B,  :  W.  Riekman- Jeffrey,  H.J.T. ;  Albert  James 

Fison,  G.IF.       ..  278 

Corrections  . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         • .         . •       280 

Communications  are  unavoidably  held  over  or  promised  from  Messrs.  Burr,  Parkinson 
Curtis,  Dr.  Chapman,  H.  E.  Page,  T.  Baxter,  Hy.  J.  Turner,  G.  Wheeler,  H.  Powell, 
H.  Donisthorpe,  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  Rev.  G.  H.  Rayoor,  B.  G.  Curwen,  R.  Smith, 
Rev.  F.  E.  Lowe,  Dr.  E.  A.  Cockayne,  etc.,  with  Reviews  and  Reports  of  Societies. 

All  MS.  and  editorial  matter  should  be  sent  and  all  proofs  returned  to  Hy.  J.  Turner, 
98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

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Vol.   XXIV. 


No,  12. 


./^ 


l\  1 


A 

V 

THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S  RECORD 

ANP 

JOURNAL    OF   VARIATION 


Edit K I)  hy 


Richard  S.  BAGNALL,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s. 
T.  HUDSON   BKARK, 

TJ.SC,    F.E.S.,  F.U.S.E. 

George  T.  BETHUNE-BAKER, 
f.z.s.,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s. 

M.   BURR,  V.BC;  F.Z.S.,  F.I..S.,  F.E.S. 

"    -i^N.  BURROWS,  F.E.S. 

and 
Ienry   J.    TURNER,   f.e.s., 
iTcfp  '^  Editorial  Secietaiy 


T   A.  CHAPMAN,  m.d.,f.z.8.,  f.k. 

Jas.  E.  COLLIN,  F.E.S. 

H    St.  J.  K.  DONISTHORPE, 

F.Z.9.,  F.E 

Alfred  SIGH,  f.e.s. 

J   B  le  B.  TOMLIN,  M.A.,  F.B.s. 

George  WHEELER,  M.A.,  F.E.S, 


o. 


^?S  OF  cciv; 
11913 


7'o 


0^'IAN 


.<b\ 


^nCEMBEE    loth,    1912. 


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V        <^\>^^%>ice  ONE  SHILLING  &  SIXPENCE  (net 

1A4P^Q     IQI''^  I  (With  FIVE  PLATES  and  INDEX). 

>f^^  y  8ul.iriptiou   for    Complete  Volume,    post  t 


'C-sl  y-;^»;^^ 


(Inclu.lii.s;  all  DOUBLE  NUMBERS,  etc.) 
SEVEN       SHILLINGS. 

■iO    liK    I'OIUVAUDKD    TO 

HERBERT   E.   PAGE,   F.E.S., 

"  Bkeikose,"  Gf.llaii.'s:  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E 

LONDON : 
ELLIOT  STOCK,  G2,  Patkhnostek  Row,  E.G. 

BERLIN  : 
R    FRIEDLANDER  &  SOHN, 


READ  THE      BACK  Nos.  OF  THE 

Entomologist's  Record  &  Journal  of  Variation 

(Practical  Hints,  Field  Work,  etc.,  useful  for  every  year's  collecting). 
VOL.    Vl. 

The  TITLES  of  some  of  the  articles  are  as  follows  :— Notes  on  Butterfly  Pupje,  with  some  remarks 
on  the  Phylogenesis  of  the  Rhopalocera."— Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  F.E.S.,  "  Phytophagic  Species."  — 
Prof.  A.  RadcKfe  Qrote,  M.A.  "  Varieties  and  aberrations  of  Nocture  from"  Doncaster."— if  H. 
Corhetl,  M.E.C.S.  "The  frenulum  of  the  British  species  of  Smerinthus."— G.  C.  Giijnths,  F.Z.S., 
F.B..S.  "Eudryas  stje-johannis..'— ^.  Raaelife  Grote,  M.A.  "Parthenogenesis  or  Agamogenesis."— 
J.  «'.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Larvfe."— iJ<T.  O.  M.  A.  Hewitt,  M.A.  "  Retrospect  of  a  Lepidnpterist  for  1894." 
—J.  W.  Ttitt,  F.E.S.  "  Generic  Names  in  the  Noctuidse."— Pior.  A.  R.  Qrote,  M.A.  "  Pupa  hunting  in 
October."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Polygamy  and  Polyandry  in  Moths."  "The  nature  of  certain 
insect  colours."— IF.S.  Ridiny,  M.D.,  R.  Freer,  M.B.,  J.  W.  Tutt, F.E.S.,  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burroivx,  J.  Anderson, 
Jun.  ?'The  Lepidoptera  of  Swansea."— 3iajo?-  R.  B.  Robertson.  "  Caradrina  ambigua  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight."— ^.  ./.  Hodfies.  "The  insects  of  Bourg  St.  Maurice."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Orrhodia 
erythiocephala  ab.  glabra  from  Devonshire  and  comparison  with  O.  vaccinii."— Dr.  W.  S.  Riding, 
F.E.S.  "Notes  on  Caradrina  ambigua  and  C.  superstes."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Entomology  and 
Entomologists,  being  the  Annual  Address  to  the  City  of  London  Entom.  Society."  Notes  on 
Aphomia  sociella  "  (with  plate).— TF.  P.  Blpckhurne  Maze,  F.E.S.  "Apterous  females  and  Winter 
Emergence  "—E.  F.  Studd,  M.A.,  B.C.L.,  F.E.S.,  L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  "  Collecting  Noctuidre  by  Lake 
Erie."— .4.  RadcUffe  Grote,  M.A.  "  Coleoptera  at  Ipswich."— Claude  Morlev,  F.E.S.  "  Notes  on 
Boinbus  visurgige."  "  Synonymic  Notes  on  Acidalia  humilata  and  A.  dilutaria."— L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S. 
"The  Lepidoptera  of  Gresy-sur-Aix."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "  Apatura  iris."— i?f!-.  G.  M.  A.  Hewett- 
"  Scheme  of  Classification  of  the  Rhopalocera  founded  on  the  structure  of  the  Pupse."— r.  A, 
Chapman,  M.D.,  F.E.S.  "Glimpses  of  American  Entomology."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "The  Genus 
Smerinthus."—^.  Bacot.  "  Variation  considered  biologically  :  Some  notes  suggested  by  the  Romanes 
Lecture  of  1894."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Wing  structure."— J.  Alston  Moffatt.  "On  the  development 
of  sex  in  social  insects."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "The  British  representatives  of  the  Genus  Caradrina."— 
L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  "  Habits  and  variation  of  Lithosia  lutarella  and  its  variety  pygmaeola."— 
./■.  ^y.  Tutt,  F.E.S.     On  the  gradual  disappearance  of  Lepidoptera  from  South-Eastern  London  and 


F.E.S.  "  Hadenoid  genera  with  hairy  eyes."— Pcof.  A.  R.  Gro'e,  M.A.  '•  Zygaena  minos  and  its 
varieties."— J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  "Notes  on  the  pupae  of  Castnia  and  Anthocharis."— T.  J.  Cha,pmnn, 
M.D.,  F.E.S.  Besides  these  articles,  a  large  number  of  short  notes  are  contained  in  every  number  under 
the  foUewing  titles:  "  Scientific  Notes  and  Observations,"  "  Variation,"  "  Notes  on  Larvee  and  Life- 
histories,"  "  Notes  on  Collecting,"  "  Current  Notes."  The  reports  of  Societies  are  very  carefully  edited, 
and  only  scientific  paragraphs  published.  The  "  Practical  Hints  "  and  "  Field  work  "  for  each  month 
are  quite  unique. 

The  entomologist  who  will  read  carefully  through  the  back  numbers  of  The  EntomoJogiet's  Record 
will  find  himself  better  equipped  for  the  further  study  of  his  subject  than  by  any  other  means. 

Price  7/6  per  volume,  of  Mr.  H.  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose."  Gellatly  Road,  Hew  Cross,  S.E. 

OVA,  LARV/E,  AND  PUP/E. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  British  Isles  is 

H.  W.  HEAD,  ©ittoutoUHTiet, 

BURNISTON,    Nr.    SCT^RBOROUGH. 

h'till    Lifit  of  Ova,  TjOrrae,  and    Ptipae,  also  Tjepidojitfra,  Ajiparatus,  Cahivets 

etc.,  sent  on  application. 
Many  Rare  British  Species  and  Good  Varieties  for  Sale. 

Lantern  Slides  in  Natural  Colours. 

LEPIDOPTERA    &     LARV^     A    SPECIALITY. 

Photographed  from  life  and  true  to  Nature  in  every  detail. 

SLIDES  OF    BIRDS,    WILD    FLOWERS,  &c.. 

By   same   Colour   Process. 
LANTERN  SLIDES  MADE  TO  ORDER    FROM    ANY  SPECIMEN   OR  C0L0URED;DRAWIN0. 

PHOTOS  IN  COLOUR  OF  LARYiE,  LIFE  SIZE,  ON  lYORINE 
TABLETS  TO  PIN  IN  THE  CABINET. 


For  List  apply  to — 

CHARLES    D.    HEAD,    2,    Mount    Vernon,    DoUymount,    DUBLIN. 


Vol.  XXIV. 


Pl.\tk  XII. 


Photo.  F.  Noaii  Claik. 
0\.\    OF    CoLKOrHOKA    VIMINKTELt.A, 

Fig.   1.— Mi(rop¥LEX'2.50.  Fio.  2.— Ova  in   siTrx20. 


The  l<Uitoinoloiii>iV>i  Record,  1912. 


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Vol..  XXIV 


Plate  XYI. 


Coii!iri;ilil. 


I'hof).  hii    ];u„hik, 

•'.'/",  liiicliiiiihiiiit    I'ahice  Uonil. 
Wii.i-iAM    FoiisKr.i,    KiHi-.v. 


Tlic   l'',iil<iiii<ilo(jist'fi  lieconi.  etc..   lid'i. 


NOTES    ON    THE    GENUS    COLEOPHORA.  281 

Notes  on  the  various  species  of  the  genus  Coleophora.    ( fry7/t  idate.) 

By  H,  J.  TUENEK,  F.E.S. 
Coleophora  ochrea. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  E.  Bankes,  of  Corfe  Castle,  I  first 
came  to  know  this  local  species  in  the  larval  stage.  On  May  12th, 
1904,  I  received  a  few  cases  containing  living  larvfe,  taken  by  him  in 
the  Isle  of  Purbeck.  In  his  covering  letter  he  stated  that  he  had 
known  of  this  colony  for  some  years,  but  that  he  had  been  unable  to 
get  more  larvas  than  he  was  forwarding  in  spite  of  a  long  search.  He 
stated  that  Heliantheimim  vid(/are,  upon  which  the  larvae  feed  is,  in  this 
place,  in  a  very  exposed  situation.  The  cases  sent  were  at  this  date 
small,  and  appeared  very  similar  to  those  of  C.  f/enistae,  although  not 
so  variegated  m  colour.  The  winter  case  persists  and  forms  the  anal 
portion  of  the  enlarged  case,  and  of  course  is  less  in  calibre.  The 
spring  addition  to  the  case  is  made  from  the  cuticle  of  a  leaflet,  and  is 
not  attached  quite  symmetrically  to  the  first  case,  hence  the  tube 
appears  outwardly  to  be  not  quite  a  straight  one,  but  still  the  two 
portions  are  more  in  line  apparently  than  in  the  case  of  C.  (jenistae. 
The  colour  of  the  case  is  somewhat  dark,  consisting  of  shades  of  green 
and  straw  colour,  becoming  with  age  more  uniform.  In  order  to 
satisfy  the  larvte  of  this  species  one  should  have  growing  plants  to  go 
to,  as  they  are  particularly  prone  to  wander,  and  if  the  foodplant  be 
not  absolutely  fresh  will  come  out  of  their  cases,  refuse  food  and  die. 
From  May  14th  to  May  17th  two  of  the  above  larvc'e  were  quiescent  in 
a  fixed  position,  apparently  for  change  of  skin,  as  on  the  latter  date 
they  began  to  feed  again. 

On  June  10th,  Mr.  Bankes  again  visited  the  Purbeck  locality  for 
this  species  and  found  the  larva  more  plentiful,  although  by  no  means 
as  common  as  in  previous  years.  Some  two  dozen  larvaj  reached  me 
on  June  18th,  most  of  them  being  nearly  full  grown.  The  following 
is  a  description  of  one  of  these  in  its  last  skin. 

"Head  paler  than  rest  of  body.  Thoracic  segments  paler  than 
abdominal  segments,  but  not  so  pale  as  the  head.  The  black  spiracu- 
lar  plates  on  the  three  thoracic  segments  of  moderate  size.  The  dorsal 
plate  on  the  first  segment  divided  into  six  irregularly  shaped  portions 
by  somewhat  wide  sutures  between  them.  Two  of  these  lie  on  each 
side  of  the  middle  line  (suture),  and  one  outside  on  each  side  nearly  in 
line  with  the  two  anterior  portions.  Segment  2  has  two  largish  black 
plates.  Segment  3  has  two  smaller  ones.  The  dorsal  suture  in  both 
segments  is  wide.  The  width  of  this  dorsal  suture  is  the  smallest  in 
segment  1  and  the  widest  in  segment  3.  The  anal  plate  is  only  very 
slightly  darkened.  All  these  plates  are  not  strongly  defined  at  their 
edges,  there  is  a  tendency  for  them  all  to  pale  outwardly  and  to  shade 
into  the  general  colour  of  the  body.  The  general  body  colour  is  a  rich 
dark  brown  with  lighter  shades." 

It  was  a  difficulty  for  me  to  get  food  plant  and  the  larvae  did  badly, 
and  although  they  enlarged  their  cases  again,  by  June  30th  most  of 
them  had  come  out  of  their  cases,  often  dismembering  them,  and  died. 

I  did  not  meet  with  this  species  in  the  larval  stage  again  until  June 
23rd,  1907,  when  in  company  with  Mr.  J.  Ovenden,  of  Strood,  I  spent 
a  most  pleasant  day  at  Cuxton  and  visited  the  spot,  where  some  years 

December  16th,  1912. 


282  tHE  entomologist's  recok13. 

before  the  late  Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt  had  taken  the  imagines  in  abundance. 
In  a  somewhat  sheltered  spot  on  the  chalk  slopes  facing  east,  where 
the  Ih'lianthonHiii  was  very  luxuriant  and  well  in  flower,  I  found  the 
larvse  in  abundance  and  practically  full  fed.  In  a  very  short  time  I 
had  annexed  several  dozens,  but  they  were  extremely  local,  being  met  with 
ill  an  area  of  only  a  few  square  yards,  and  not  one  was  to  be  found  on 
the  food  plant  elsewhere.  The  cases  were  now  very  large  and  very 
easy  to  see,  as  they  hung  from  leaves,  stems,  flowers,  flower- buds  and 
seed-vessels.     The  larva?  seemed  specially  fond  of  the  flower-buds. 

The  results  from  the  larvfe  taken  were  quite  satisfactory,  most  of 
the  larv*  pupated  at  once,  and  a  very  nice  series  was  bred. 

CoLEOPHORA    VIMINETELLA. 

On  the  leaves  and  buds  of  Salix  caprea,  in  Pollards  Wood,  Chalfont 
Road,  Buckinghamshire,  I  found  about  a  dozen  of  the  woolly  cases  of 
this  species  on  May  23rd,  1904.  Among  them  was  one  very  small, 
very  dark  case,  presumably  the  winter  case  of  a  larva  which  was  late 
in  its  spring  awakening,  or  feeble  from  the  attacks  of  a  parasite.  The 
rest  were  of  all  sizes,  and  one  was  partly  green  with  a  lichen-covered 
appearance.  By  June  20th  several  had  fed  up,  and  on  June  30th  the 
first  imago  emerged.  Thus  the  pupal  stage  in  this  species  appears  to 
be  about  ten  days. 

On  May  27th,  1906,  1  again  met  with  this  species  in  some  numbers 
on  some  small  willows  (osiers?),  around  the  smaller  of  the  two  ponds 
at  Wisley,  in  Surrey.  The  following  is  a  short  description  of  the  larva 
and  its  armatures  : —  » 

"  There  were  three  pair  of  abdominal  claspers.  The  plates  were 
quite  black  and  shining.  The  anal  plate  was  a  small  one,  as  also  were 
tbe  spiracular  ones,  in  fact  those  on  segments  2  and  3  were  mere  dots, 
that  on  the  3rd  being  smallest  of  all.  The  dorsal  plate  on  the  1st 
segment  was  divided  by  a  very  fine  suture,  scarcely  perceptible  at  the 
anterior  edge,  but  wide  posteriorly.  The  plate  on  the  2nd  segment 
was  divided  by  a  broad  suture,  so  that  two  nearly  equilateral  triangles 
were  formed,  with  their  bases  towards  each  other.  They  were  of  fairly 
moderate  area  and  well  defined." 

Of  the  imagines  bred  from  this  set  of  larvte  I  was  successful  in 
getting  ova.  The  eggs  were  very  like  those  of  ('oleojiluna  lai icella  and 
quite  comparable  to  the  general  type  of  egg  usual  among  the  Xoctidda. 
They  were  upright  and  deposited  singly,  but  not  far  apart,  both  on  the 
upper  and  under  surfaces  of  the  leaves  of  Sali.r  caprea,  among  the 
woolly  hairs.  The  following  is  a  short  description  of  the  ovum  taken 
at  the  time. 

'•  The  surface  of  the  ovum  is  strongly  ribbed  with  deep  furrows 
between.  There  are  from  15  to  18  of  these  ribs.  The  base  of  the  egg 
is  flattened  and  the  ribs  are  not  continued  on  it.  These  ribs  are  not 
very  regularly  placed,  and  half  of  them  (alternate  ones)  disappear  at 
uneven  distances  from  the  others  near  the  micropylar  area.  The 
remaining  ribs  become  less  pronounced  near  the  micropyle,  but  end 
abruptly,  forming  an  irregular,  slight  micropylar  depression  on  the 
vertex  of  the  ovum.  The  colour  of  the  egg  is  white  with  a  tinge  of 
pale  yellow,  but  in  a  few  days  it  turns  to  a  darker  yellow." 

The  photographs  on  Plate  xii,  very  kindly  taken  by  Mr.  F.  Noad 
Clarke,  show  the  eggs  /;/  situ,  with  one  placed  on  edge  to  show  the 


THE    OOTHECiE    OF    BLATTID^.  288 

flattened  base,  enlarged  x  20,  and  the  micropyle  enlarged  x  250. 
The  irregular  stopping  of  the  ribs  of  the  ovum  and  the  somewhat  ill- 
defined  micropyle,  are  very  apparent  in  the  latter. 


The  Oothecae  of  Blattidae. 

By  the  late  R.  SHELFOIJD,  M.A.,  F.E.S. 
Edited  by  MALCOLM  BURR,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

The  egg-capsule  or  ootheca  of  the  common  pest  of  our  kitchens 
Blatta  orientalis,  is  a  familiar  enough  object,  which  requires  no  detailed 
description  here.  Enough  to  say  that  it  is  composed  of  hard,  brown 
chitin,  and  in  cross-section  is  rather  pear-shaped,  the  thin  end  of  the 
section  corresponding  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  capsule.  The  upper 
edge  is  marked  by  a  notched  crest  and  the  crest  itself  shows  the  line  of 
dehiscence  of  the  ootheca,  this  line  extending  about  half-way  down 
the  two  ends  of  the  capsule.  The  notches  in  the  sutural  crest  are  said 
to  indicate  the  number  of  embryos  contained  in  the  ootheca,  but  this 
is  not  really  true.  The  embryos  lie  head  uppermost  in  a  double  row, 
and  their  position  and  number  is  shown  by  grooves  and  bulgings  of 
the  sides  of  the  capsule,  beneath  the  sutural  crest.  This  is  clearly 
shown  in  the  ootheca  of  Periplaneta  americana,  which  is  closely 
similar  to  that  of  Blatta  orientalia :  in  this  specimen  the  notches 
number  thirteen,  which  would  indicate  twenty-six  embryos,  whereas 
really  the  number  of  embryos  is  sixteen,  there  being  eight  on  each 
side  of  the  ootheca,  as  shown  by  the  slight  excrescences  below  the 
sutural  crest.  The  lips  of  the  suture  are  not  soldered  together  in 
any  way,  but  remain  closely  appressed  by  virtue  of  the  elasticity  of 
the  chitinous  walls,  whilst  the  sculpturing  and  puckaring  of  the 
crest  doubtless  play  a  sort  of  interlocking  action. 

It  has  been  stated  that  the  young  larvte  escape  from  the  capsule 
by  exuding  a  fluid  which  dissolves  the  material  soldering  together  the 
lips  of  the  suture.  This  is  very  doubtful ;  the  young  larvre  are 
provided  with  a  pair  of  frontal  vesicles  which,  by  means  of  an  altera- 
tion of  blood  pressure,  can  be  enormously  dilated,  thus  rupturing  any 
covering,  membrane,  or  egg-case.  This  method  of  escape  from  egg  or 
eggcase  is  practically  universal  in  the  insect  kingdom,  though  the 
position  of  the  vesicle  or  vesicles  varies  ;  in  the  cockroach  the  so-called 
ocelli  mark  the  position  of  these  vesicles  in  the  young  larvfe. 

Very  similar  to  the  Blattine  type  is  the  little  ootheca,  which 
belongs  to  an  unknown  Ceylon  species,  probably  of  the  sub- 
family Pseudomopinae :  it  is  attached  to  the  upper  surface  of  a  leaf 
and  the  actual  specimen,  which  is  white  mottled  with  brown,  looks 
singularly  like  a  drop  of  bird's  excrement.  Quite  different  is  the 
really  elegant  egg-capsule  of  J\Le;/alnhlatta  iiijipes,  one  of  the  Nycti- 
borinae,  a  subfamily  confined  entirely  to  the  New  World.  The  sutural 
crest  is  toothed  and  the  sides  of  the  capsule  are  beautifully  striated  ; 
the  number  of  contained  eggs  appears  to  be  forty,  judging  by  the 
grooving  of  the  sides.  The  capsule  is  much  flattened  from  side  to 
side  and  is  carried  with  the  suture  directed  to  one  side,  thus  dift'ering 
markedly  from  the  Blattine  position.  The  very  similar  ootheca  of 
Paratropes  bilunata  which  1  found  in  the  British  Museum  collection 
confirmed  an  opinion  previously  formed,  r/c,  that  this  genus  should 
be  removed  from  the  Kpilamprinae  and  placed  in  the  Nyctihorinae. 


284  THE  entomologist's  record. 

The  egg-case  of  Pahjphaga  aegyptiaca  (sub-family  Conjdiinae)  has 
been  figured  byBrunner  von  Wattenwyl  in  his  Frodruinus  Knropaiscketi 
Ort/iojitcrfH  (pi.  i.,  fig.  12  C.)  ;  it  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  being 
furnished  with  a  peculiar  flange  or  spur  at  the  posterior  end  of  the 
sutural  crest,  which  is  deeply  notched;  it  is  not  so  rotund  as  the 
typical  Blattine  ootheca,  but  is  rather  intermediate  in  shape  between 
such  an  one  and  that  of  Me(jalnblatta.  There  is  no  information  as  to 
the  way  in  which  the  ootheca  is  carried,  i.e.,  with  the  suture  upper- 
most or  directed  to  one  side. 

The  corresponding  Neotropical  genus  Honweor/aniia  has  a  very 
peculiar  ootheca,  if  one  may  take  that  of  H.  azteca  as  an  example.  In 
shape  it  is  not  unlike  that  of  Parotnijies  hilunata,  but  along  the  lower 
border  on  each  side  runs  a  thin  flange,  leaving  between  them_a  deep 
groove.    The  capsule  is  carried  in  the  same  way  as  in  the  Ni/ctiborinae. 

On  account  of  the  egg-laying  habits  of  the  Blattidae  and  Mantidae, 
Handlirsch,  the  learned  Viennese  entomologist,  has  brigaded  together 
these  two  families  of  Orthoptera,  christening  them  the  lUattacfoDiiia 
Oot/ieraria  and  regarding  them  as  the  most  primitive  of  all  the 
families.  From  an  anatomical  point  of  view  this  opinion  may 
be  correct,  but  it  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  all  Blattidae  form 
an  ootheca.  The  case  is  far  otherwise,  and  I  can  state  with 
confidence  that  about  one-third  of  the  genera  form  no  ootheca  at 
all,  or  only  a  most  imperfect  one,  the  young  larva?  emerging  alive 
from  the  brood-sac  of  the  mother.  The  viviparous  habit  amongst 
cockroaches  was  first  discovered  by  Riley  in  Panchlora  riridis,  and 
numerous  other  examples  have  come  to  light  since  then.  In  most  of 
these  viviparous  species  the  embryos  are  carried  in  the  brood-sac  of 
the  mother  enveloped  in  a  thin  membrane,  which  ruptures  to  let  the 
embryos  escape.  But  yet  another  method  has  been  observed  by 
Holmgren  of  species  belonging  to  three  subfamilies,  riz.,  O.rijkaloa 
saiissnrei  {( Knjhaloinae) ,  Kiintega^ta  niicans  (^Kpilaiiiprinae),  and  Blahera 
sp.  [lUaherinae).  In  the  last  species  a  chitinous,  sculptured  capsule 
is  formed  and  is  retained  in  the  brood-sac  until  the  young  are  ready  to 
emerge,  when  apparently  it  is  deposited.  In  Euntenaata  on  the  other 
hand  the  capsule  splits  open  inside  the  brood-sac  allowing  the  young 
to  escape  before  the  ootheca  itself  is  actually  got  rid  of.  This  type  of 
viviparity  is  evidently  secondary  to  the  formation  of  a  chitinous  ootheca, 
or  in  other  words,  is  derived  from  it,  for  it  is  not  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  an  elaborate  structure  like  the  ootheca  of  Mef/alobUitta  nijipes 
should  have  been  developed  if  it  was  never  to  be  exposed  to  view.  It 
is  far  more  likely  that  the  I-'Jiistetjasta  and  JUabera  type  of  egg-laying  is 
a  secondary  device  to  secure  still  greater  immunity  from  the  attacks  of 
parasites,  and  it  is  no  wild  supposition  that  in  course  of  time  the 
chitinous  ootheca,  being  in  these  species  a  work  of  supererogation,  will 
disappear.  The  viviparity  of  I'anchloia  and  I'anesthia  is  another 
matter ;  it  may  be  primitive,  it  may  be  derived  from  the  Kustegaata 
type  or  from  yet  another  type  of  ootheca,  eiz.,  that  shown  by  Blattella 
fiennanica  and  other  B.seitduiiiopinae.  The  ootheca  of  B.  (jermanica  is  a 
thin  leather  sac,  and  carried  with  the  suture,  which  is  not  marked  with 
any  crest,  directed  to  one  side,  the  number  of  contained  eggs  is  rather 
large  and  therefore  the  length  of  the  sac  is  considerable.  The  sutural 
line  is  marked  by  a  series  of  puckers  and  the  number  of  eggs  is  about 
fifty.     This  structure  is  carried  in  a  brood-sac  and  protruding  from 


THE    OOTHECvE    OF    THE    BLATTID.E. 


285 


the  apex  of  the  abdomen  until  the  embryos  are  just  about  ready  to 
emerge,  when  it  is  deposited  in  a  casual  manner  anywhere.  It  is 
obvious  that  this  type  of  ootheca  is  not  derived  from  the  chitinous 
type  but  is  merely  an  advanced  development  of  the  thin  membrane 
surrounding  the  egg-masses  of  Fancatliia,  Pancldora,  etc. 

Now,  which  is  the  more  primitive  habit  in  the  Blattidae,  viviparity 
or  the  ootheca-forming  habit  ?  This  is  a  problem  which  cannot  be 
solved  with  certainty,  but  I  believe  that  viviparity  has  in  this  family 
a  two-fold  origin.  In  Blahera  and  Kiister/asta  it  is  secondarily  derived 
from  the  ootheca-forming  habit,  as  shown  by  the  presence  of  a  more 
or  less  junctionless  ootheca  in  these  genera ;  in  Blattella  it  may  well 
be  derived  from  an  ancestral  type,  which  deposited  an  egg-mass  at  the 
beginning  of  the  embryonic  period.  The  Blattine  ootheca,  elaborate  as 
it  is  in  structure,  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  truly  primitive,  and  the 
fact  that  it  attains  its  highest  development  in  the  Nyctibnrinae  and 
lUattinae,  two  highly  evolved  subfamilies,  is  further  confirmation  of 
the  opinion  that  this  structure  came  into  being  at  a  period  com- 
paratively late  in  the  cockroach  genealogical  histoi-y.  The  following 
diagram  may  make  matters  a  little  more  clear. 
Viviparous 


species,  no  q 
ootheca. I 
e.g.,    Fan-  \ 
chlora. 


Length  of  embryonic 
period  spent  inside 
brood-sac  gradually 
prolonged. 


0  Blattella-ty^^e  of 
I  ootheca.  Ovo- 
I  viviparous  species. 


Viviparous      species. 

0  Ootheca  formed,   but 

I  retained  in  brood-sac 

;  and   f unctionless. 

e.g.,  Blahera. 


0 


Blatta -type   of 
ootheca. 


Hypothetical  ancestor 

depositing  eggs  singly 

or  in  egg-masses. 

Whether  there  is  a  grain  of  truth  in  this  diagram  or  not,  one  thing 
is  clear  and  that  is,  that  the  various  adaptations  of  habit  and  oothecal 
structure  are  designed  with  the  object  of  securing  protection  from  the 
attacks  of  external  parasites.  The  appearance  of  these  enemies 
would  soon  render  the  position  of  unprotected  eggs  untenable  and  two 
methods  of  protection  could  be  adopted,  either  the  eggs  must  be 
retained  inside  the  mother  as  long  as  possible,  or  they  must  be 
concealed  in  a  horny  chitinous  covering ;  both  methods  have  met  with 
success,  but  of  the  two  the  former  seems  to  be  the  more  successful, 
seeing  that  the  lllabera  type  of  viviparity  is  secondarily  derived  from 
the  habit  of  forming  a  true  and  functional  ootheca,  and  presumably  is 
so  derived  because  of  its  greater  value  to  the  species. 

It  only  remains  to  give  now  a  list  of  the  sub-families  and  genera 
in  which  the  egg-laying  habit  is  known.  The  Blattidae  are  divided 
into  sub-families,  and  the  egg-laying  habits  are  known  in  a  certain 
proportion  of  genera  in  each  sub-family,  except  the  Peiisphaeriinae 
concernmg  which  we  are  almost  quite  ignorant.  The  following  are 
the  sub-families  and  genera  about  which  we  have  some  information : — 


286  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Sub-family  Ectobiin^. — Ootheca  chitinous,  of  Blattine  type. 
Known  in  the  following  genera  : — Ectohiiis,  Thegannpteryx,  Hololampra. 

SuB-EAMiLY  PsEUDOMOPiN^. — Ootheca  either  of  Blattine  type,  or 
leathery  and  carried  with  the  suture  directed  to  one  side.  Known  in 
the  following  genera  : — 

1.  Blattine  type,  FAlipddion,  Mareta. 

2.  Leathery  form,  Hemithyrsocera,  Blatella,  Ischnoptera,  Loboptera. 
Sub-family   NYCTiBORiNiE.  —  Chitinous   ootheca  of    peculiar   type. 

Known  in  the  following  genera  : — Megaloblatta,  Paratropes. 

Sub-family  Epilamprin^. — Viviparous,  ootheca  represented  by  a 
membrane,  which  may,  or  may  not,  be  retained  in  the  brood-sac. 
Known  in  the  following  genera: — PhlebonntKs,  Molytria,  Paendo- 
phoraaph,  Epjlaiiipra,  Kuateriosta. 

Sub-family  Blattine. — Chitinous  ootheca  carried  with  suture 
uppermost.  Known  in  the  following  genera: — Polyzoateria,  Blatta, 
Periplaneta,  Paeudoderopeltis,  Deropeltis. 

Sub-family  Panchlorin^.  —  As  in  EpiLAMPRiNiE.  Known  in 
following  genera: — Gyna,  Bliyparohia,  Leucophaea,  Panchlnra, 
Naiiphoeta. 

Sub-family  Blaberin^. — Chitinous  ootheca  formed,  but  never 
extruded,  practically  functionless.  Known  in  following  genus : — 
Blabera. 

Sub-family  Corydiin^. — Chitinous  ootheca  of  modified  Blattine 
type.     Known  in  following  genera  : — Polyphaya,  Honweoffamia. 

Sub-family  Oxyhaloin^. — Viviparous  or  with  chitinous  ootheca. 
Known  in  following  genera  : — 

(i.)  Viviparous.     Oxyhaloa,  Diploptera. 

(ii.)  Chitinous  ootheca.     Chorhoneura,  Ectonenra. 

Sub-family  Perisphaeriin^. — The  only  evidence  that  we  have  about 
the  egg-laying  habit  of  this  sub-family,  and  that  but  indirect,  is  that 
supplied  by  Mr.  Distant  in  his  "  Jnsccta  Tranfivaalienxm  "  concerning 
Cyrtotria  {Stenopilemo).  A  female  of  the  species  was  found  living  in  a 
burrow  in  the  ground  surrounded  by  its  young ;  this  is  slight 
evidence  in  favour  of  a  viviparous  habit,  for  the  necessity  of  forming 
a  horny  capsule  is  obviated  by  the  cryptic  habit,  and  no  trace  of  such  a 
capsule  empty  seems  to  have  been  found,  and  it  is  highly  unlikely  that 
a  cockroach  should  lay  eggs,  like  the  earwig  and  mole-cricket,  entirely 
unprotected  by  an  ootheca  of  some  sort. 

Sub-fam.  Panesthiin^. — Viviparous.  Ootheca  a  mere  membrane. 
Known  in  the  following  genera: — Panesthia,  Sahjanea. 

It  is  quite  evident  that  the  egg-laying  habits  can  be  of  considerable 
use  in  any  scheme  of  classification  of  the  Blattidae.  The  discovery 
of  the  ootheca  of  Paratropes  was  definitive  evidence  in  favour  of  the 
inclusion  of  this  genus  in  the  Nyctiborinae,  and  the  oscillations  of 
Heinithyrsocera  between  the  Ectobiinae  and  Paeudomopinae  are  brought 
to  an  end  by  the  discovery  that  its  ootheca  is  similar  to  that  of 
Blattella.  It  will  be  noted  that  so  far  as  our  present  knowledge  goes, 
the  egg-laying  habit  is  diverse  in  only  two  sub  families,  the  Pwudo- 
mopinae,  in  which  a  leathery  capsule  and  a  chitinous  capsule  is  formed, 
and  the  (h-ylialoinae,  whichexhibit  viviparity  and  the  chitinous  ootheca; 
certainly  the  latter  sub-family  is  no  natural  one,  and  could  well  be 
split  into  two,  but  whether  the  Vaeudowopinae  lend  themselves  to  the 
same  treatment  cannot  be  decided. 


NOTES    ON    A    JULY    TEIP    IN    SWITZERLAND.  287 

Occasionally  a  female  cockroach  may  be  captured  with  an  ootheca 
protruding  from  the  apex  of  the  abdomen  and  it  will  be  noticed  that 
the  position  of  the  capsule  between  the  lips  of  the  valvular  subgenital 
lamina  (last  ventral  plate)  is  such  that  the  suture  of  the  capsule  is 
uppermost.  The  female  carries  the  c;ipsule  thus  protruding  from  the 
end  of  her  body  for  seven  or  eight  days,  and  then  deposits  it  in  some 
secure  nook  or  cranny,  either  wedging  it  into  a  crack  or  else  with  a 
drop  of  some  glutinous  material  making  it  adhere  slightly  to  some 
foreign  substance. 

The  most  important  cockroach-parasites  are  the  species  of  the 
Hymenopterous  genus  Kvania,  curious  looking  insects  with  the 
abdomen  small,  triangular,  much  flattened  from  side  to  side,  and 
slung  to  the  thorax  by  a  slender  pedicel.  The  inodiis  operandi  of  the 
parasite  has,  so  far  as  I  know,  not  been  observed,  but  it  is  tempting 
iS  suppose  that  the  female  can  slip  her  cleaver-like  abdomen  between 
the  lips  of  the  oothecal  suture,  and  so  right  into  the  ootheca  itself;  so 
hard  and  horny  is  the  capsule  that  the  suture  appears  to  be  the  only 
part  susceptible  to  attack. 

The  egg-cases  of  Pen'planeta  americana,  the  well-known  "  ship's 
cockroach,"  and  P.  anstralasiae  are  very  similar  to  that  of  />'.  orientalh. 
Both  are  abundant  housshold  pests  in  the  tropics.  It  is  concerning 
certainly  one  of  these  two  species  that  the  following  observations  were 
made  in  West  Africa  by  Col.  Wynn  Sampson  : — "  Ootheca  is  similar 
to  the  English  one,  but  apparently  the  female  is  not  satisfied  with  the 
protection  it  affords  to  the  egg,  and  she  therefore  not  only  covers  it 
over,  but  also  uses  the  material  of  the  substance  to  which  the  ootheca 
is  attached  for  this  purpose.  One  specimen,  for  instance,  was  half 
embedded  in  the  top  of  a  cork,  and  chips  of  cork  completely  covered 
the  capsule  ;  another  was  stuck  on  the  edges  of  the  leaves  of  a  book 
and  was  covered  with  fragments  of  paper ;  another  on  the  leather 
binding  of  a  book  was  covered  with  fragments  of  leather ;  whilst  a 
fourth  example  was  fastened  to  some  mortar  between  two  bricks,  and 
was  actually  covered  with  mortar."  It  is  not  without  interest  to  note 
that  De  Geer,  quoting  Madame  Merian  on  the  habits  of  I'eriplaneta 
atiin-icoua,  says  that  they  cover  their  egg-cases  with  a  "  toile  fine  "  ; 
De  Geer  doubts  the  accuracy  of  his  informant's  observations,  but  it  is 
quite  possible  that  Madame  Merian  was  attempting  to  describe  a  habit 
which  has  not  been  observed  again  for  over  a  century. 

The  egg-case  of  Deropeltis  autraniana  protrudes  from  the  abdomen 
of  the  female.  The  distortion,  due  to  drying,  shows  that  the  ootheca  is 
more  of  a  leathery  consistency,  and  in  this  feature,  together  with  its 
greater  length,  it  differs  from  those  already  described.  It  may  be  noted 
here  that  the  formation  of  the  ootheca  is  gradual,  proceeding  from 
backwards  before,  and  the  more  advanced  it  is  in  development  the 
further  it  extrudes. 


Notes  on  a  July  trip  to  Switzerland. 

By  B.  S.  CURWEN. 
On  July  5th  I  started  for  a  twenty-five  days'  tour  in  Switzerland  , 
and  as  the  weather  was  very  fair,  compared  with  the  subsequent  weird 
meteorological  happenings  in  August,  and  as  butterflies  were  found  to 
be  comparatively  plentiful,  a  short  account  of  my  captures  may  prove 
of  interest.     With  me  were  a  friend  and  my  brother,  neither  of  whom, 


288  THE  entomologist's  record. 

however,  were  actively  interested  in  entomology.  We  travelled 
straight  through  to  Interlaken  arriving  there  in  rain,  which  only 
ceased  two  days  later,  on  our  departure  for  Miirren  on  July  8th.  On 
this  day  walking  up  the  Lauterbrunnen  Valley  from  Zweilutschinen, 
the  sun  was  barely  visible  and  everything  was  dripping.  Epinephele 
jitrtina  and  Aphantopus  hyperantus  were,  however,  on  the  wing,  and  soon 
Pararge  viaera  in  plenty  was  set  moving.  This  last  species  was  in 
perfect  condition  as  was  Melitaea  dictynna,  which  was  also  only  just 
emerging.  Other  things  taken  during  the  walk  were  Fieri?,  napi  and 
var.  hryoniae,  Aporia  crataeyi,  <  'olias  Jiyale,  Kuchlo'e  canlouiines,  Auyiades 
.fi/lriini(.t,  and  Cupidn  mhiivms. 

On  July  9th,  we  walked  up  into  the  lovely  Bliimenthal  from 
Miirren  ;  the  flowers  were  beautiful,  but  there  was  still  some  snow  in 
isolated  patches.  The  day  was  very  fine  and  hot,  and  insects  were  jn 
considerable  numbers.  Parnasfiius  apollo,  I',  najd  var.  bryoniae,  P. 
hrasfiicae,  E.  cordomines,  Colia>i  phicomone,  ('.  hyale  and  Aylais  iirticae 
with  suffused  hindwings  and  no  blue  marginal  spots,  were  taken,  as  also 
were  Melitaea  dictynna,  Brenthis  enphrosyue,  B.  pales,  Coenonyinpha 
arcania,  C.  satyrion,  Chrysnp/ianiis  hippothoe  var.  enryhia,  Loweia 
dorilis  var.  subalpina,  Lycaena  avion,  C.  minimus,  Cyaniris  semiaryus, 
Aricia  eiouedon,  ]'acci)iiina  optilete  and  Polyoniiiiatus  icariis. 

The  next  day  was  spent  in  the  Sefinen-thal,  which  was  swarmine: 
with  insects.  All  the  butterflies  met  with  on  the  previous  day  were 
taken,  and  in  addition  Papilio  machaon,  Leptosia  sinapis,  Ayriades 
corido7i,  Polyomiiiatiis  hylas  and  Aricia  )iiedon  (astrarche). 

On  July  11th  we  turned  our  attention  towards  the  Griitsch  Alp; 
here  Erehia  aethiops  was  plentiful  and  of  such  a  confiding  nature  that 
one  specimen  which  perched  on  my  finger  allowed  itself  not  only  to 
be  photographed  but  to  be  carried  for  quite  a  considerable  distance 
before  flying  away.  Other  captures  on  this  day  were  P.  machaon,  P. 
apollo,  Pnntia  daplidice,  C.  pliiconione,  Melitaea  athalia,  M.  dictynna, 
Brenthis  euphrosync,  B.  a)natJnisia,  Aryynnis  aylaia,  P.  niaera,  A. 
coridon  (just  emerging),  P.  icarus,  P.  hylas,  C.  semiaryus,  A.  medon 
[astrarche),   Adopaea  lincola,  A.  sylvanus,  C.  hippothoe  and  Erehia  liyea. 

A  move  was  made  to  Grindelwald  on  July  12th.  The  walk  from 
the  Wengern  Alp  to  Grindelwald,  although  in  bright  sunshine,  did  not 
prove  very  productive.  The  species  met  with  were  evidently  just 
emerging,  with  the  exception  of  P.  machaon,  and  Melitaea  cynthia. 
Poniia  calUdice,  Colias  palaeno  and  (J.  phicoiuone  were,  however,  taken, 
as  also  were  Brenthis  pales  in  abundance,  B.  euphrosyne,  E.  cardamines, 
C.  semiaryus,  Erehia  epiphron,  and  E.  pharte. 

On  July  13th  and  15th  a  little  climbing  on  the  two  Grindelwald 
glaciers  and  the  Alps  round  the  Baregg  Hut  and  Milchbach  Chalet 
produced  the  following  species : — Pieris  napi,  Euchlo'e  cardauiine.s, 
Colias  pliicomone,  Brentliis  pales,  B.aiuathusia,  Erehia  pharte,  E,  aet/iiops, 
K.  tyndarus,  Loweia  dorilis  var.  subalpina,  (htpido  minimus,  Latiorina 
orbit ulus,  Ayriades  coridon,  Albulina  pheretes  (plentiful),  Polyommatus 
eros,  Cyaniris  semiaryus,  Cupido  miniums,  Coeno)iy)upJia  arcania, 
Melitaea  dictynna,  M.  athalia,  etc. 

July  14th  was  devoted  to  the  valley  between  Grindelwald  and 
Burglauenen,  and  among  other  things  C.  arcania,  Erehia  manto,  E. 
styyne,  Chrysophanus  hippothae,  P.  Jiylas,  Lycaena  arion,  and  Aricia 
eumedoji  were  taken.  Brentlds  amatlnida  were  swarming  in  a  field 
just  above  Burglauenen  station. 


I 


NOTES    ON    A    JULY    TRIP    TO    SWITZERLAND.  289 

On  July  16th  the  weather  was  all  that  could  be  desired,  and  an 
exceptionally  good  day's  collecting  was  obtained  at  Hertenbiihl  on  the 
slopes  of  the  Faulhorn.  Near  Grindelwald  the  following  species  were 
taken  : — Aporia  crataef/i,  Pyranieis  atalanta,  Issoria  lathonia,  Ar(ji/nnis 
ai/laia,  Melanari/ia  (lalathea,  and  FJpinephele  Jurtina,  the  last  four  being 
very  plentiful.  Higher  up  in  the  peaty  meadows  Fritillaries  were 
swarming,  Melitaea  athalia,  Arciijnnis  adippe,  A.  niobe  var.  eris, 
Brenthis  ainathtisia,  and  B.  dia,  with  Colias  phicomone,  Erebia 
epiphron,  C.  arcania,  and  Poicellia  sao. 

.July  17th  was  devoted  to  climbing.  The  18th  and  19th  were 
spent  at  Weissenburg  in  the  Simmenthal,  which  although  quite 
unknown  to  the  writer  was  thought  worth  a  visit  owing  to  the  large 
number  of  times  it  is  mentioned  in  Rev.  G.  Wheeler's  Handbook  to  the 
Butterflies  of  Siritzeiiand.  The  weather  was,  however,  hopeless,  and 
beyond  a  few  Melanari/ia  ijalatca,  K.  jurtina,  A.  niooe  var.  eris,  Adopaea 
flava,  Aijriades  coridon,  and  a  freshly  emerged  tlirsutina  damon,  all 
taken  in  a  few  minutes  interval  between  two  rain  storms,  with  a  pupa 
of  Polygonia  c-albnm  from  the  gate  post  of  the  chalet  at  which  I  stayed, 
nothing  was  obtainable.  The  main  road  at  the  side  of  the  Simme  and 
the  meadows  above  the  Sanatoria  should  undoubtedly  prove  very  pro- 
ductive in  good  weather. 

At  Meiringen,  on  July  21st,  the  weather  was  still  unsettled  ;  a 
walk  in  the  environs,  however,  produced  P.  rapae,  Leptosia  sinapis,  M. 
athalia,  B.  amathusia,  M.  (jalatJiea,  A.  iiiedon  {astrarche),  ('.  semiargus, 
Plebeiiis  ar(/i/ro(/no)non  and  Loireia  dorilis. 

The  next  day  was  hopeless,  but  the  23rd  dawned  gloriously,  and  a 
fairly  early  start  was  made  as  we  intended  to  walk  from  Meiringen  up 
the  Hasli-Thal  to  Handeck.  The  day  proved  highly  remunerative 
entomologically.  Practically  all  the  species  previously  taken,  with 
but  few  exceptions,  were  again  in  evidence  at  some  stage  of  the  walk, 
and  many,  which  on  previous  days  were  found  singly,  now  occurred  in 
profusion.  The  additional  species  met  with  were  Dryas  paphia, 
Hipparchia  semele,  and  IJeodes  viryaureae,  all  the  last  being  <J  s,  fresh 
and  very  abundant.  A  pretty  clay  coloured  aberration  of  Pararye 
iiiaera  was  also  taken. 

The  night  was  spent  at  the  Handeck  Hotel,  a  most  comfortable 
and  inexpensive  place.  The  next  day  between  Handeck  and  the 
Grimsel  Hospice  the  following  species  were  taken  -.—C.  phicomone,  C. 
hyale,  K.  pharte,  K.  mnestra,  E.  gorye,  E.  tyndarus  and  Vacciniina 
optilete.  Except  for  a  yellow  Geometer,  which  was  in  profusion,  there 
were  few  insects  about.  This  was  not  to  be  wondered  at  as  two  days 
previously  there  had  been  over  a  foot  of  snow.  We  arrived  at  the 
Hospice  about  midday  and  then  proceeded  to  the  Hotel  Belvedere 
Furka  over  Nageli's  Graetli  and  the  Rhone  Glacier.  Many  Aglais 
iirticac  were  seen  even  on  the  snow-fields  at  the  summit,  with 
occasionally  an  Erebia  lappona. 

The  morning  of  July  25th  was  spent  in  the  diligence  between 
Gletsch  and  Brigue.  A  gentle  drizzle  nearly  all  the  way  prevented 
any  entomological  observations.  In  the  afternoon  at  Brigue,  the  sun 
emerged,  and  in  the  fields  near  the  town  many  insects  were  taken 
amongst  which  may  be  mentioned  Satyrus  herinione,  E.  jurtina  var.  his- 
pidla,  Piuinicia  phlaeas  var. ^^^».s,  and  Polyomiiiatiis  escheri,  which  was  very 
plentiful.     After  about  an  hour's  collecting  a  thunderstorm  put  a  stop 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD, 

to  further  proceedings  for  that  day.  The  next  day  was  devoted  to  the 
Simplon  Pass  between  Brigue  and  Berisal.  The  weather  was  perfect 
and  the  collecting  the  finest  in  my  limited  experience.  The  following 
is  a  list  of  my  captures  in  this  rich  and  well  known  spot : — Papilio 
podaliriiis,  P.  )))ac/tann,  Paniassius  a/iollo,  LeptoKia  sinapix,  Melitwa 
athalia,  M.  didyma,  in  swarms  both  male  and  female,  M.  phnebe,  also 
very  plentiful  and  many  var.  occitanica''-,  B.  dia,  Issoria  lathonia, 
Argynnis  adippe,  Melanaryia  yalathca,  Krebia  euryale,  E.  liyea, 
K.aethiopsi,  SatyrusJiernrinne,  S.cnrdiila,  Enodiadryas,  Hipparchia  ^ewelc, 
E.  jurtina,  Lniteia  dorilis,  Lycaena  avion,  Hirsntina  dainon,  abundant, 
A.coridon,  Pleheius  «?y///.s  and  P.  aryyroynouion.  Practically  everything 
taken  was  in  fresh  condition  with  the  exception  of  L.  avion. 

The  next  and  last  day,  July  27th,  was  spent  near  Martigny  in  the 
direction  of  Vernayez,  and  proved  rather  disappointing,  as  indeed  did  a 
day  spent  in  the  same  locality  in  August  last  year.  The  only  things 
taken  which  were  not  seen  on  the  previous  day  and  in  greater 
profusion  were  Liiiwnitis  caiiiilla,  Prenthis  daphne,  Dryas  papliia, 
Bitwicia  p/ilaeati,  Nisoniaden  tayes  and  Polyoinwatus  icariis.  As  was  to 
be  expected,  the  general  condition  of  the  butterflies  was  not  so  good  as 
of  those  near  Berisal. 

Altogether  about  80  species  were  taken  during  the  25  days,  and, 
apart  from  the  mere  collecting,  the  fascination  of  being  able  to  observe 
the  habits  of  many  of  our  rarer  British  species  would  in  itself  make 
such  a  holiday  very  enjoyable. 


An  Old   Essex  Collection. 

By  the  Bev.  G.  H.  RAYNOR,  M.A. 
My  friend,  Mr.  E.  E.  Bentall,  of  The  Towers,  Heybridge,  acquired 
about  a  year  ago  a  collection  of  British  Lepidoptera  undoubtedly 
formed  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Chelmsford,  but  containing  insects 
obtained  from  other  sources.  The  collection  was  formed  between  the 
years  1842  and  1846  by  an  unknown  collector,  whose  initials  areA.G., 
and  was  preserved  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Andrew  Marriage.  It  is 
contained  in  a  cabinet  of  26  drawers,  and  is  in  excellent  condition.  As 
it  is  only  rarely  that  a  complete  collection  of  this  sort  survives  to  the 
present  day,  I  think  your  readers  will  be  interested  to  have  an  account 
of  the  species  represented,  with  comments  on  the  specimens  and 
localities,  where  needed.  In  making  this  catalogue  I  adopt  the  names 
and  the  order  in  which  the  species  are  arranged  in  the  original  cabinet. 
Papilio  machaon. — There  are  8  specimens,    8  of  which    are   labelled 

Whittlesea,  Seaman,  1846. 
Gonepteryx  rhavini. — 5.     Not  labelled. 
Colias  edum. — 7.     One  labelled  Baddow,  1845.     Another  Chelmsford, 

October  Brd,  1846. 
CiiliaR  hyale. — 11.      The  Essex    specimens    are   from   Southend   and 

Chelmsford,  one  of  the  latter  being  taken  in   1843.      The 

other  specimens  are  from  Ipswich  and  Dover. 
Pieris  braasicae. — 7. 
Pieris  rapae. — 11.     2  being  the  variety  mctra,  taken  in  May,  1845. 


*  Probably  the  somewhat  variegated  alpine  form  which  is  really  the  type  form 
figured  by  Knoch  (see  Ent.  Rec,  xx.,  p.  170).  Var.  occitanica  is  very  rare  in  Swit- 
zerland and  is  only  known  from  Varen  and  between  Soustie  and  Pfyn. — G.W. 


AN    OLD    KSSEX    COLLECTION.  291 

PieriH  napi. — 6. 

Euchlo'e   cardaminea. — 10.      All    rather    under-sized,    but   one    male 

having  the  apices  beautifully  clouded. 
Leucnphasia  sinapn. — 6.     1  of  which  was  taken  at  Chelmsford  by  the 

owner  of  the  collection,  in  1844,  2  by  Seaman  at  Ipswich, 

1846,  and  3  by  Heppenstall  at  Sheffield,  in   1846.      It  is 

particularly  interesting  to  think  that  these  specimens,  of  a 

species   now   so   very   local,    should   have   occurred  at  two 

localities  so  far   removed   as  Chelmsford  and  Sheffield,  in 

which  neighbourhoods  it  would  now  be  quite  in  vain  to  seek 

for  the  insect. 
Aporia  crataegi. — 5.      The  only  Essex  one  was  taken  at  Epping  by 

Eddleston,  in    1844,  2  were  taken   in  Huntingdonshire  by 

Seaman,  in  1846,  1  was  sent  by  Stainton  from  Cambridge, 

and  the  fifth  is  labelled  Whitwell,  1844. 
NenieohiuH  lucina. — ^6.     Unfortunately  without  labels. 
Melitaea  athalia.—\i.     1844  and  1846.     Two  of  them  were  taken  by 

the  owner  at  Bromley  Thicket  (this  is  probably  the  Essex 

Bromley,  near  Manningtree),  in  1844. 
Melitaea  artemis. — 7.     1  specimen  from  Manchester,  July,  1846,  taken 

by  Eddleston,  another  at  Carlisle  by  Hodgkinson,  1846,  the 

third  being  sent  from  Winchester  by  Stainton,  in  1846. 
Melitaea  cinria. — 11.      The  only  labelled  specimen  were  from  Coombe 

Wood,  captured  by  Leplastrier,  in  1846. 
Ari/ynnis  selene. — 7.     None  labelled. 
Ar<iynnis  euphrosyne. — 14.     Without  labels,  but  containing  2  heavily 

blotched. 
Aripjunis  lathonia. — 2.     The  upperside  is  in  fair  condition,  but  slightly 

damaged  at  the  right  apex.     Underside  in  good  order.     One 

of  these  was  taken  by  A.  G.  at  Dover  in  August,  1846,  the 

other  is  labelled  Dover  only, 
Ariiynnis  adippe. — 10.     5  being  from  Danbury,  A.  G.  1846,  and  5  from 

Hartley  Wood  (which  is  near  Colchester),  in  1844. 
Aryynms  aglaia. — 5.     2  from  Bath,  1843,  1  from  Dover  by  Leplastrier, 

1846,  and  2  caught  at  Ipswich  by  Seaman. 
Arfiy7inis  paphia.—9.     All  taken  at  Hartley  Wood  between  1844  and 

1846. 
Grapta  c-album. — 3.      1    from    Catchpool,    Colchester,   and    2    from 

G.  Whitwell  of  Peterborough. 
Grapta  polychloms. — 7.     2  labelled  specimens  being  Hartley  Wood, 

1846,  A.  G. 
Grapta  urticae. — 10. 
Grapta  io. — 4. 
Grapta  atalanta. — 9. 
Cynthia  cardid. — 10.       2     Chelmsford     specimens     being     labelled 

October  3rd,  1846,  2  others  being  from  Dover,  1846,  A.  G. 
Apatura  iris. — 8.     The  owner's  captures  are  8  in  number,  made  at 

Hartley  Wood   in  1843,  1844  and  1846.     The  other  5  were 

taken  by  Seaman  between  Ipswich  and  Colchester  in  1846. 

The  8  males  are  apparently  bred,  the  4  upperside  females 

seem  to  have  been  caught,  and  there  is  a  lovely  underside 

female  of  large  dimensions. 


292  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Llnieyiitix  Camilla   {  =  sibi/lla). — 7.      1    being   labelled   simply    "from 

Seaman." 
Uipparcliia  aeijeria. — 6. 
Hipparchia  mei/aera. — 12. 

Hipparchia  semele. — 11.     Dover,  1846,  A.G.,  being  the  only  label. 
Hipparchia  (/alathea.— 12.      All  labelled  Hartley  Wood,   Essex,   1844 

to' 1846,  A.G. 
Hipparchia  titltonus. — 5. 
Hipparchia  janira. — 9.     One  is  very  pallid. 
Hipparchia  h;/peranthHs. — 7. 
Hipparchia  hlandina. — 5.     2  labelled  Scotland,  from  Walford,  1846, 

2    others    Scotland,    from    Seaman,    1846,    and    the    fifth 

Hodgkinson,  1846. 
Hipparchia  caasiope. — 8.     4  from  Perthshire,   Weaver,   1846,  1   from 

Cumberland,    Weaver,    1846,    another    from     Cumberland 

Mountains,  Eddleston,  1846,  another  from  Carlisle,  Hodgkin- 
son, 1846,  the  eightti  from  Borrowdale,  Hodgkinson,  June, 

1846. 
Hipparchia   ilacus. — 11.      All  were    taken  by  Eddleston,    1844-1846, 

except  one  caught  in  the  North  by  Seaman  m  the  latter  year. 
Hipparchia    ti/phon. — 2.      Perthshire,    Weaver,   July,    1846.      And  2. 

Perthshire,  H.  Doubleday,  1846. 
Hippa rchia  pa mphiltis. — ^1 2 . 
Theclu  hctnlae. — 3.     1  Roxwell,  1842,  A.G.,  1   Galleywood  Common, 

1843,  A.  G.,  1  Little  Baddow,  1845,  A.G. 
Thecla  ijiierciis. — 14.     All  but  2  being  from  Chantrey  Wood,  1844  to 

1846,  A.G. 
Thecla  priini. — 1.     Monks'  Wood,   Hodgkinson,   1846.      A  female  in 

rather  poor  condition. 
Thecla  w-albiim. — 8.     4  being  Witham,  from  Walford,  1846,  2  Ipswich, 

from  Seaman,  1846,  and  2  from  Eddleston,  1844. 
Thecla  riibi. — 10.     1   being  Ipswich,  Seaman,  1846,  and  all  the  others 

from  Bromley  Thicket,  1844  to  1846. 
Lijcaena  phlaeas. — 15.     All  quite  typical  and  without  labels. 
Lijcaena  dispar. — 2    glorious    specimens,    the   male,    of   most    radiant 

lustre,  labelled  "from  Cambridgeshire  or  Hunts.      Bought 

in  London,  1843."      Female,  equally  superb,  "  from  Argent 

of  London.     Fens  of  Huntingdon.     Bought  1846." 
PidijiniDnatns  anjioliis. — 3  from  Seaman  of  Ipswich,  1846.      1   Milton 

Park,  near  Peterborough,  Whitwell. 
i'oli/onniiatus  ahufi.— 10.     8  from  Dover,  1   taken  by  A.G.,  the  others 

by  Leplastrier.      The  ninth  is  "  from  Stainton,  1846,"  and 

the  tenth  "  Hitchin,  1844." 
I'uli/uiinnatnn  acix. — 2.     The  male  in  fine  condition,  labelled  "Sheffield 

Heppenstall,  1846."      The  female,  quite  perfect,  "  Heppen- 

stall,  1846." 
Polyommatns  cnnplnn. — 5  males,  5  females,  and  5  undersides.     Dover, 

August,  1846,  A.G. 
Pi)lip))iimutuH  adoniH. — 8  males  in  most  perfect  condition  and  looking 

as   though    they    were    born    yesterday,    2   equally   brilliant 

females  and  6  undersides.     All  Dover,  August  1846,  A.G. 
I'uli/niiniiatiin  alcris. — 6  males,  5  females,  6  undersides.      Not  in  any 

way  remarkable. 


NOTES  ON  THE  SEASON  1912  AT  CONSTANTINOPLE.         293 

Pulijowniatus  an/us  {aetjon). — 6  males,  5  females,  8  undersides.  2 
Dover,  Leplastrier,  3  from  Eddleston,  1844.  The  rest  "from 
Penzance,  Noye,  1846." 

Polyommatus  agestis. — 6  uppersides,  4  undersides.  One  from  Chelms- 
ford, "1844,  1  from  Southend,  1843,  the  rest  Dover,  1846,  A.G. 

Poli/ommatns  Haliiiacis. — 2  poor  males,  both  from  Whitwell,  1844,  one 
of  the  labels  being,  "  This  seems  to  be  ai/eMis." 

Polijnnnnatus  arta.irr.vcs. — 7.  3  From  Scotland.  Seaman,  1846.  4, 
Perthshire,  Weaver,  1846. 

Thyiiiele  taiies. — 1  Eddleston,  1844.  2  Heppenstall,  1843.  2  Ipswich, 
Seaman.     1  Carlisle,  Hodgkinson,  1846. 

Pamiiliila  alreolui>. — 9.  1  Eddleston,  Manchester,  2  Whitwell,  Peter- 
borough, 1845. 

Paiiiphila  linea. — 6.  4  Males  and  2  females,  one  of  the  latter  being 
really  the  Essex  Skipper,  11.  lineula.  Unfortunately  none 
have  labels. 

I'a)>ipliila  sj/lvajiiis. — 9. 

Paiiiphila    cniiinia. — 7.       4    "  Dover,    Leplastrier,"    1846,   2    "  Lewes, 
Thomson,  1846,"  and  1  "  Seaman,  Ipswich,  1845." 
Although   66  years  have  elapsed  since  this  collection  was  fo'-med 

there  may  still  be  surviving  some  members  of  the  ancient  brigade  who 

can  identify  for  us  the  enterprising  "  A.  G." 

He   certainly   succeeded   in   getting    a    most  interesting   lot   of 

Lepidoptera    within    a   very   limited    period    of   time.      The   moths 

contained  in  his  cabinet  I  propose  to  describe  in  a  continuation  of  this 

article  next  month. 

(To  be  continued.) 


Notes  of  the  Season  1912  at  Constantinople. 

By  P.  P.  GRAVES,  F.E.S. 
I  had  very  little  time  for  collecting  during  the  present  year  and  the 
following  notes  are  therefore  somewhat  meagre.  Butterflies  were 
distinctly  less  numerous  than  in  1911,  and  the  year  itself  was  unfavour- 
able. An  early  spring  which  brought  out  Callophrt/x  ritbi,  Ftunricia 
pldaean,  Pararije  ae<jeria,  Pontia  daplidice  and  the  common  Pierids  in 
the  last  fortnight  of  March,  was  followed  by  a  cold  snap  which  lasted  till 
the  end  of  April.  July  was  unsettled  and  the  weather  broke  early  in 
September  and  remained  broken  till  the  end  of  the  autumn.  In  May 
and  June  I  tried  Kiathane,  where  I  found  nothing  new,  and  the  Gyok-su 
ground,  where  I  found  new  localities  for  Hesperia  sidae  and  Polj/om- 
iiiatits  aiiianda  on  June  6th,  on  which  date  I  also  took  not  a  few  fresh 
Melitaea  triria  ?  s  and  plenty  of  Xurdinannia  ilicis,  these  latter  rather 
smaller  than  my  specimens  from  the  Belgrade  forest.  One  A  ordnumnia 
araciae  $  was  taken  here.  From  July  18th  to  22nd  I  stayed  at  Kuri- 
Yalova,  a  very  pretty  "  station  thermale,"  on  the  Asiatic  side  of  the 
sea  of  Marmora,  about  10  miles  from  the  shore.  The  valley  in  which 
the  baths  and  hot  springs  lie  is  well  wooded  ;  the  geological  formation 
is  limestone  and  vegetation  was  rich  and  varied.  Results  were,  how- 
ever, disappointing.  Kceres  alcetan,  one  J  was  my  only  new  species, 
though  I  took  Ariiynnis  adippe,  a  large  form,  which  I  had  not  found 
near  Constantinople,  and  found  what  seems  to  be  a  form  of  Melitaea 
phoebe  (unless  it  be  the  elusive  Melitaea  ardninna)  much  more  common 


294  THE  entomologist's  becord. 

than  at  Constantinople,  as  was  Dry  as  paphia,  Dryas  pandora,  Satyr  us 
hermione  (worn),  Polyunuuatus  icariis,  Aricia  medon  (aslrarche),  Aricia 
anteros  and  Aiujiades  sylvanus,  were  the  commonest  species.  I  only  took 
two  5  s  of  Pararge  roxelana,  both  in  good  condition.  One  flew  into  our 
corner  of  the  hotel  at  night  ((•/'.  Staudinger's  remarks  respecting  Satyrus 
fatua  at  Amasia,  Lepidopteren  Fauna  Kleinasiens  part  I.).  Thymelicus 
actaeon  was  represented  by  one  or  two  worn  specimens,  as  was  Raywardia 
telicanus.  Epinephele  tithonus  was  rare,  as  were  Leptosia  siftapis  and,  for 
a  wonder,  Melitaea  didyma.  Nisoniades  tayes  of  the  second  brood  was  just 
emerging  and  I  took  but  one  Tarucus  halcanicus.  This  was,  however, 
a  perfect  specimen.  The  Heterocera  were  apparently  well  represented. 
Ainphidasys  betularia,  in  fresh  condition,  surprised  me  in  July,  unless  it 
is  double  brooded  in  the  South.  Here  may  I  note  having  found  the 
black  and  yellow  larva  of  Apopestes  spectrum  on  broom-rape  on  June 
6th,  at  Gyok-su.  In  August  I  came  across  worn  Pararge  roxelana  near 
Constantinople  on  several  occasions,  the  latest  being  on  August  24th. 
I  missed  Pontia  chloridice  and  Colias  erate,  but  found  Pontia  daplidice 
exceptionally  common,  as  were  Chrysophanus  thersamon  and  Aricia 
medon  (astrarche).  The  latter  and  Plebeius  aryus  {aeyon)  are  certainly 
at  least  partially  triple- brooded  here,  as  I  took  freshly  emerged  speci- 
mens of  both  on  September  7th  and  8th  at  the  Belgrade  Forest.  On 
the  same  date  I  took  third-brood  examples  of  Brentim  dia  which  I 
found  in  1911  worn  in  early  May  and  very  fresh  at  the  end  of  June. 
I  again  found  Raywardia  telicanus,  but  in  bad  condition.  I  hear, 
however,  from  an  Austrian  fellow  collector,  that  this  species  is  not 
uncommon  in  gardens  on  the  Bosphorus  in  October.  These  are 
meagre  results,  but  one  has  had  to  think  of  other  things  besides 
collecting  in  Turkey  in  1912. 


A  Summer  Holiday  in  Belgium,  Germany  and  Switzerland,  1912. 

By  E.  B.  ASHBY,  F.E.S. 
Leaving  Charing  Cross  on  the  afternoon  of  July  5th,  and  after  a 
pleasant  crossing  from  Dover  to  Ostend,  I  reached  Virion  in  the 
extreme  south-east  corner  of  Belgium  early  the  next  morning,  having 
passed  through  Brussels,  Namur  and  Marbehan  Junction.  The  branch 
line  from  Marbehan  to  Virton  is  very  pretty,  and  from  r^the  to  Virton 
has  the  appearance  of  being  a  very  good  collecting  ground  all  the  way, 
and  although  I  stayed  at  Virton,  I  think  one  would  in  all  probability 
do  quite  as  well  at  Ethe.  The  only  possible  hotel  at  Virton  is  the 
"  Hotel  du  Cheval  Blanc,"  corresponding  to  a  village  inn  at  home,  but 
not  as  clean  as  many  English  inns  of  its  class.  After  breakfast  I 
walked  out  to  the  Bois  du  Saint  Mard,  a  distance  of  about  four 
kilometres,  passing  through  the  village  of  Saint  Mard,  which  adjoins 
Virton.  This  wood  reminds  me  very  much  of  the  well-known  wood 
at  Eclepens,  above  Lake  Geneva,  which  Apaturids  love  so  much.  The 
weather  on  this  day,  July  6th,  was  tempestuous,  and  I  was  only  able 
to  get  three  Apatura  iris  and  one  A.  ilia  ab.  clytie,  although  more  were 
seen.  Aphantopus  hyperantus  and  Melitaea  athalia  were  the  only  other 
species  1  took,  although  I  saw  Melanan/ia  yalathea,  Coenonympha 
pamphilus,  Limenitis  sibylla,  Polyyonia  c-albuui,  Pieris  rapae,  Pieris 
napi,  Epinephele  jurtina,  Volyommatus  icarus,  Auyiades  sylvanus,  Aylais 
urticae   and  freshly   emerged  Dryas  paphia.      Nearly  all  the  species 


A  SUMMER  HOLIDAY  IN  BELGIUM,  GERMANY  AND  SWITZERLAND.        295 

seemed  in  first  rate  condition.  In  the  afternoon  a  terrific  thunder- 
storm wetted  me  to  the  skin,  although  standing  under  the  thickly  leaved 
trees  of  the  wood,  and  drove  me  back  to  the  hotel  at  Virton  to  change. 

Though  a  little  rain  fell  early,  July  7th  was  quite  a  nice  day.  I 
walked  some  distance  along  the  road  towards  St.  Leger  to  the  well- 
known  Vallee  des  Rabais,  which  is  several  kilometres  in  extent.  In 
the  woods  to  the  left  of  the  main  road  through  the  Vallee  I  took  a 
number  of  male  Chrysuphanus  vinjanreae,  as  well  as  Nordiiiannia  ilicis, 
Brenthis  dia,  Anfi/nnis  paplda,  A.  ajilaia,  Melitaea  athalia, a,nd  C'ljaniris 
seiiiiaiyiis  (acis),  besides  being  unable  to  capture  Pvli/tjonia  c-album, 
Apatura  iris,  A.  ilia  and  Liinenitis  sibijlla.  Later  in  the  day  in  the 
same  valley  I  took  both  sexes  of  C.  hippotlw'e,  a  fine  just-emerged 
specimen  of  Hesperia  carthami,  and  an  interesting  fritillary  which  I 
have  not  yet  identified.  I  think  that  this  valley  would  prove  a  very 
good  collecting  ground  to  anyone  with  plenty  of  patience,  in  fact  the 
whole  district  between  St.  Leger  and  Ecouviez  on  the  French  frontier 
would  probably  repay  any  one  who  wanted  to  have  an  economical 
holiday,  and  who  did  not  mind  roughing  it  a  bit.  Between  these  two 
places  no  less  than  78  species  of  the  European  Ehopalocera  are  to  be 
taken,  the  best  stations  to  work  from  being  Ethe,  Virton  and 
Lamorteau,  as  well  as  Habay  on  the  mainline  near  Marbehan,  for  the 
Foret  d'Aulier.  The  Vallee  des  Kabais,  however,  is  rather  an  exhaust- 
ing place  to  work  in  a  single  day  on  account  of  the  very  damp  parts, 
which  border  the  various  natural  streams  flowing  down  it.  To  a 
botanist  this  valley  would  no  doubt  prove  a  "happy  hunting-ground." 

After  spending  a  comfortable  night  in  the  train,  early  on  the 
morning  of  July  8th,  I  reached  Freiburg  in  Baden  in  time  for 
breakfast.  To  any  one  who  wishes  to  work  the  Black  Forest  district 
with  Freiburg  as  a  centre  I  can  thoroughly  recommend  the  Hotel 
Pension  Bellevue  in  the  Gunterstall  Strasse.  As  soon  as  possible  I 
caught  a  train  from  the  Freiburg  Wierhe  Station  for  Hinterzarten 
which  was  reached  after  about  an  hour's  run.  When  I  entered  the 
well-known  ground  to  the  north  of  the  railway,  I  found  Colias  palaeno 
var.  eurupoine,  both  sexes,  and  Coenonyuipha  tijphon  {danm)  in  abundance, 
as  well  as  Brenthis  selene  (2nd  brood  I  presume),  and  Diacrisia  sanio 
{ntssula}  in  splendid  condition.  Unfortunately  it  came  on  to  rain 
persistently  about  the  middle  of  the  day,  and  although  it  cleared 
later  it  spoilt  the  day.  Owing  to  the  previous  heavy  rains  the  "  moss  " 
was  like  a  quagmire  except  along  the  regular  path  across  it.  This 
-made  the  day's  work  very  exhausting,  as  one  walked  up  to  one's  boot- 
tops  in  water  most  of  the  time,  and  I  was  glad  to  return  to  Freiburg 
for  dinner  feeling  very  tired  though  very  contented  with  the  day's 
work. 

On  the  next  day,  July  9th,  I  collected  in  the  Mooswald,  an  extensive 
and  fine  wood,  three  miles  out  from  Freiburg  in  a  westerly  direction, 
and  which  must  be  reached  on  foot,  though  one  does  not  regret  the 
tramp.  In  this  wood  I  took  several  picked  specimens  of  L.  sibylla,  very 
large  P.  c-albmii,  A.  adippe,  Araschnia  leiana  var.  prorsa,  and  Brenthis 
dia  with  a  few  B.  daphne  (going  over)  and  five  Apatura  iris  audi  A.  ilia. 
Along  the  road  I  took  several  Sesia  stellataruw.  The  day  was  a 
very  fine  and  hot  one. 

July  10th  found  me  at  Wasen  Weiler  station,  on  the  line  between 
Freiburg  and  Alt-Breisach,  for  a  walk  up  and  along  the  Kaiserstuhl,  a 


296  THE  entomologist's  record. 

long  hill  about  a  mile  and  a  half  distant,  and  through  Lilianhof, 
Lilianthal  and  Neun  Linden.  This  was  a  long  and  tedious  walk,  and 
I  was  rather  disappointed  with  the  results.  Probably  it  would  pay 
better  to  work  the  Kaiserstuhl  either  in  June  or  later  on  in  August. 
The  only  insects  of  note  which  I  took  were  five  Lycaena  arion  in  one 
field,  two  specimens  of  Issorio  lathonia,  and  a  few  S.  stellataniw. 

On  July  11th  I  failed  to  find  anything  worth  noting  in  the  morn- 
ing on  the  Schlossberg,  except  a  fine  full  fed  larva  of  Hippotion  celerio. 
Herr  Goitze,  of  Neustadt,  in  the  Schwarzwald,  called  on  me  at  mid- 
day, and  we  forthwith  took  the  train  for  Hinterzarten.  Here  our  chief 
capture  was  a  fine  series  of  Colias  palaenn  var.  europome.  About  7  p.m. 
we  had  tea  at  a  very  comfortable  restaurant  in  the  village,  and  subse- 
quently we  sugared  on  the  "  moss"  for  Heterocera.  For  some  reason 
or  other  we  found  little  more  than  the  commonest  species.  Herr 
Goitze  returned  direct  to  Neustadt  the  same  evening,  while  I  sta^'ed 
the  night  at  the  restaurant,  and  was  out  on  the  "  moss  "  in  the  morn- 
ing by  about  7.15.  Here  I  spent  the  whole  forenoon,  taking  fine 
series  of  (\  palaeno  var.  europome,  Brentlds  pales,  B.  selene,  VacinUna 
optiUte  (large  foi-ms),  Erebia  sti/r/ne,  a  few  females  of  ChrijsophiDiKs 
hippotlioe  (typical),  and  both  males  and  females  of  Diacrisia  sanio 
(rnssula).  The  "  moss  "  was  much  dryer  on  this  day,  and  therefore  I 
did  not  get  wet  and  cold  as  on  the  previous  occasion,  and  could  collect 
in  many  parts  of  it  without  trouble.  On  reaching  Hinterzarten  station, 
about  mid-day,  who  should  hail  me  but  the  Rev.  G.  Wheeler,  on  his 
way  back  to  England  to  attend  the  Conference  at  Oxford.  Although 
we  only  had  a  few  moments  in  which  to  shake  hands,  it  was  long 
enough  for  me  to  note  that  he  looked  radiantly  happy,  which  doubtless 
was  the  result  of  a  successful  "  campaign  "  in  Switzerland.  I  went  on 
to  Neustadt,  where  I  spent  some  hours  in  examining  the  very  fine  col- 
lection of  Lepidoptera  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  which  Herr  Goitze 
has  gathered  together,  and  his  kindness  in  showing  it  to  me  was  much 
appreciated. 

I  again  worked  the  ground  at  Hinterzarten  on  July  13th.  C. 
palaeno  var.  europmne  was  still  swarming.  I  took  some  nice  Krebia 
Ihjea,  a  few  C.  hippothn'e  (now  going  over),  and  many  other  useful 
things.  In  the  afternoon  of  July  24th,  a  saunter  in  the  near  neigh- 
bourhood of  Freiburg  produced  three  Polipjonia  c-albmii,  but  I  did  not 
find  some  larvte  of  which  I  had  been  told. 

Again,  on  July  15th,  I  was  collectmg  in  the  Mooswald.  It 
was  a  very  hot  day,  and  it  was  here  that  I  saw  my  first  EnraneKsa 
antiopa,  flying  with  two  Apaturids  over  a  pungent  dead  hare.  I 
took  Apatiira  ilia  var.  ch/tie  female  and  several  Araschma  levana 
var.  prorm,  and  Pi/raineis  atalanta  in  fine  condition.  The  Apaturids 
were  now  getting  over  in  this  place,  although  still  moderately 
numerous.  The  same  evening  I  left  Freiburg  and  arrived  about 
10.15  p.m.  at  the  Hotel  Hchweizerhof,  at  Neuhausen.  This  hotel 
is  in  a  fine  position,  overlooking  the  far-famed  Schauft'hausen  Falls 
of  the  Rhine.  These  are  considered  the  finest  falls  in  Europe, 
and  are  illuminated  for  the  interest  of  visitors  two  or  three  evenings  a 
week  during  the  summer  months.  The  efi'ect  of  the  various  coloured 
electric  lights  is  very  beautiful. 

July  16th  was  spent  in  the  country  near  Neuhausen,  lying  north  of 
the  Rhine,  and  my  captures  included  two  Apatura  iris,  a  series  of 


COLLECTING  ORTHOPTERA  IN  THE  CAUCASUS  AND  TRANSCAUCASUS.    297 

Loweia  dorilis,  quite  fresh  and  in  abundance,  Lwienitis  sibylla,  in  very 
fair  condition,  and  Ai/riades  coridon,  just  emerging.  I  noted  that  the 
A.  iris  and  L.  sibi/lla  taken  on  this  day  were  ahiiost  perfect  compared 
with  the  passe  specimens  I  had  met  with  during  the  past  week  in  the 
Mooswald  near  Freiburg. 

I  went  on  to  Schaffhausen  on  July  17th,  some  mile  and  a  half 
from  Neuhausen,  and  spent  a  short  time  at  the  Museum,  where  there 
is  a  small  collection  of  local  Lepidoptera  in  very  fair  condition.  From 
here  I  was  directed  to  the  "  scharrensumpf,"  a  large  reservoir,  with 
the  remains  of  a  marsh  around  it,  about  two  miles  from  the  museum. 
There  I  took  Hirsiitina  daiiion,  but  on  some  better  ground  behind  and 
above  a  few  farm  houses  to  the  right  of  the  "  seharrensumpf,"  away 
from  Schaffhausen,  I  took  I'apiUo  machann,  Colias  hijale,  H,  danion^ 
Ai/riades  coridon,  and  saw  a  line  specimen  of  A.  iris  and  several  more 
P.  wacliaon. 

July  18th  was  a  dull,  wet  morning,  but  the  sun  got  out  at  mid- 
day, and  I  crossed  the  Rhine  and  collected  on  the  south  bank  of  the 
river.  Here  I  caught  a  Lycaenid  which  I  did  not  recognise  at  first, 
but  subsequently  concluded  it  was  a  fine  specimen  of  Evercs  anjiades. 
A  fine  A.  iris  was  seen  but  not  captured,  and  L.  dorilis  was  obtained 
in  plenty.  My  return  was  by  way  of  Schaffhausen,  crossing  the  Rhine 
again  by  the  old  town  bridge.  The  following  day  was  a  blank,  for  it 
rained  the  whole  time. 

The  morning  of  July  20th  was  fine,  and,  among  other  things,  I 
found  on  a  tree-trunk  a  male  and  a  female  I'siliira  vionacha.  The 
female  obligingly  laid  me  a  large  batch  of  ova,  which  I  am  keeping  for 
next  spring.  As  rain  came  on  again  at  mid-day  I  had  to  give  up  and 
return  to  the  hotel.  In  the  afternoon  I  left  Neuhausen  for  Strassburg, 
which  I  reached  about  eight  o'clock.  It  was  interesting  to  see  the 
remains  of  the  many  forts  near  Strassburg,  and  reminded  one  of  the 
war  of  1870.  A  walk  later  on  through  the  town  was  very  interesting, 
though  unfortunately  for  me  the  cathedral  was  not  open  at  this  hour, 
and  I  had  to  content  myself  with  admiring  the  fine  exterior.  After 
spending  another  night  in  the  train  I  reached  Brussels  on  the  morning 
of  July  21st.  The  day  was  spent  in  seeing  the  attractions  of  the  city, 
in  attending  the  grand  services  in  the  cathedral,  and  enjoying  the 
festivities  of  the  National  Fetes  of  Belgium.  I  did  no  more  collecting, 
although  I  had  intended,  had  I  had  more  time,  to  visit  the  Foret  des 
Soignies  and  the  Field  of  Waterloo.  The  same  evening  I  left  Brussels, 
reaching  London  early  the  next  day,  after  a  very  pleasant  and  more 
varied  holiday  than  usual. 

In  conclusion  ]  must  express  my  hearty  thanks  to  Mr.  B.  Warren 
for  maps  and  localities  for  the  Freiburg  district  and  the  excellent 
notes  on  Hinterzarten  which  have  appeared  in  the  pages  of  this 
magazine  by  the  Rev.  G.  Wheeler. 


Collecting  Orthoptera  in  the  Caucasus  and  Transcaucasus. 

(U'itli  two  platen:.) 

MALCOLM  BURR,  D.Sc,  F.E.S. 

[Species   marked    *    have    not    apparently   been    previously    recorded    from    the 

Caucasus.] 
The  mighty  range  of  the  Caucasus,  stretching  its  huge  crest  for 
950  miles,  from  the  Sea  of  Azov  to  the  Caspian,  rearing  its  snow-clad 


298  THE  entomologist's  record. 

peaks  half  as  high  again  as  Mt.  Blanc,  always  appeals  irresistibly  to 
the  imagination.  The  amazing  diversity  of  peoples  and  languages, 
and  of  physical  conditions,  suggests  possibilities  of  an  infinite  variety 
of  faunistic  problems. 

Fired  by  a  desire  to  get  a  glimpse  of  this  •wonderful  land,  if  only  to 
pass  over  the  Russian  steppes  on  the  north,  through  the  heights  them- 
selves, to  catch  sight  of  the  lofty  cone  of  Kazbek,  of  the  mighty  two- 
headed  Elbruz,  to  visit  the  old  Georgian  capital  of  Tiflis,  so  often 
besieged  and  razed  by  Persian  and  Tartar,  by  Hun  and  by  Turk,  to 
explore  the  burning  plains  of  Aderbadjian,  and  to  view  the  luxuriant 
vegetation  of  Batum,  attracted  by  thought  of  mystery,  the  onme 
ifinotum  pro  uiaj/nifico,  I  did  not  hesitate  to  accept  a  cordial  invitation 
to  visit  some  Russian  entomological  friends  in  their  own  home,  and  in 
their  company  explore  some  of  the  marvels  which  Nature  has  so 
lavishly  bestowed  on  this  favoured  region. 

Circumstances  delayed  my  departure,  but  the  date  of  my  return 
was  of  necessity  fixed  in  advance,  so  my  trip,  though  long  in  distance, 
was  of  the  briefest  in  time.  It  was  not  until  the  last  day  of  August 
that  I  reached  Vladikavkaz,  after  six  days  in  the  train  from  Dover. 

Vladikavkaz,  as  its  name  implies*,  is  the  key  to  the  Caucasus, 
and  during  the  years  of  bitter  warfare  between  the  Russians  and  the 
iBountaineers  it  was  a  most  important  military  post.  It  is  a  spacious 
town,  of  some  80,000  inhabitants,  laid  out  in  wide  rectangular  streets, 
bordered  mostly  with  one-storied  houses,  which  gives  it  that  unfinished 
look  which  is  characteristic  of  Russian  provincial  towns.  It  is  situated 
about  2,200ft.  above  the  sea,  on  the  plains  of  the  Tver  and  Kuban 
provinces,  the  granary  of  Europe,  at  the  foot  of  the  great  range  of  the 
Caucasus,  at  the  opening  of  the  Darialj  gorge,  which  is  the  chief  pass 
through  to  the  valley  of  the  Kura,  and  to  Tiflis  on  the  south.  This 
gorge  is,  in  fact,  the  gateway  between  Europe  and  Asia. 

I  had  a  few  hours  to  spare  in  the  afternoon  and  evening,  so  took  a 
fly  as  far  as  Balta,  at  an  elevation  of  2,754  feet,  the  first  stantsia, 
or  military  post,  on  the  road  to  Tiflis,  at  the  entrance  to  the  gorge. 
High  mountains  rise  abruptly  out  of  the  plain,  and  the  Tver  bustles 
down  busily  from  the  watershed,  fed  by  streams  from  the  glaciers  of 
Kazbek,!  the  snowy  peak  of  which  could  occasionally  be  seen, 
reddening  with  the  evening  glow.  In  the  scrub  beside  the  road,  I 
found  our  familiar  Central  European  Oli/nt/iosniis  (/n'sco-aptera 
De  Geer  {=Thamnntrizon  cincrcua  L.),  was  chirping  merrily  in  the 
thickets  ;  Lciito/i/njes  punctatii^siiiia''-  Bosc,  fell  into  my  net  as  also  the 
Alpine  Staiiroilerus  apiicariiis,  L.  and  C/iort/iippiis  paralleliis,  Zett. 
Staurodcnis  bicnlor,  Charp.,  was  abundant  and  for  a  minute  I  thought 
myself  in  East  Kent.  I  also  took  St.  coi/natiis,  Fieb.,  an  interesting 
South  Russian  species  that  I  had  not  previously  seen  alive. 

*  Most  places  in  the  Caucasus  have  Tartar  names,  that  are  Rcnerally  used  by 
the  natives,  as  opposed  to  the  official  Russian  names.  Thus,  Vladikavkaz  is  called 
Kap  hdi,  "  The  head  of  the  Pass,"  and  Elbruz  is  Mwfj  Tan,  "  Thousand  heads  " 
and  EJizevtpol  is  Gandja. 

I  This  name  is  derived  from  two  Tartar  words,  dar  or  derc,  a  gor^e  and  yitl, 
a  road.  It  lias  no  real  connection  witli  the  name  of  the  Princess  Daria  of  Tamara, 
the  heroine  of  Lermontoff's  "  Demon."  Derbend  is  the  corresponding,'  Persian 
orni. 

t  Kazbek  is  a  personification.  Kaz  a  proper  name,  and  bek  a  Tartar  title, 
given  to  landowners  and  persons  of  good  positions. 


COLLECTING  ORTHOPTERA  IN  THE  CAUCASUS  AND  TRANSCAUCASUS.    299 

It  rapidly  grew  dark  and  my  driver,  a  worthy  Russian,  became 
nervous  and  begged  me  to  hurry  out  of  the  gorge,  for  he  feared  the 
Ingush.  They  are  dark  and  dangerous  men,  he  said,  and  master 
thieves.  Probably  he  exaggerated  greatly,  but  we  had  seen  a  dozen 
or  so,  in  their  black  c/ierkess  and  sharp  kinjal,  and  high  fur-hat,  riding 
their  little  hill-horses  through  the  foam  of  the  Terek,  and  I  had  been 
particularly  warned  by  a  Russian  friend  to  carry  a  revolver,  and  leave 
my  money  at  the  hotel. 

So  we  drew  up  at  the  Second  Redant,  a  wayside  inn,  kept  by  a 
round-faced,  black-eyed  Georgian,  who  regaled  me  with  most  tasty 
trout  from  the  Terek,  and  the  inevitable  xhishlik,  little  pieces  of  meat 
roasted  on  a  skewer,  preceded  by  a  glass  of  vodka,  and  washed  down 
with  a  bottle  of  good  Kakhetin  wine.  A  cigarette  over  the  coffee,  a 
pipe,  and  home  to  Vladikavkaz. 

The  next  morning  broke  misty  and  damp,  and  so  robbed  us  of  the 
unrivalled  view  of  the  mountain  screen  which  towers  over  the  city. 
Pressed  for  time,  I  decided  to  take  the  motor  omnibus  to  Tiflis  and 
reach  there  the  same  night,  satisfying  myself  with  a  fleeting  glimpse 
of  the  mountains.  The  more  leisured  traveller  would  do  well  to  take 
three  to  four  days  and  drive  or  ride,  and  even  stop  a  day  or  two  at 
some  of  the  more  beautiful  spots.  The  oar  was  an  open  omnibus, 
carrying  eighteen  passengers,  none  of  which  had  been  to  Tiflis  before. 
My  neighbour  was  a  young  officer  from  Warsaw,  spending  a  brief 
leave  on  a  dash  through  the  Caucasus  to  Baku,  and  home  via  Batum 
and  Odessa.     All  were  genial  and  all  Russians. 

Soon  we  were  in  the  gorge,  where  the  sun  dispelled  the  mists,  and 
we  whirled  at  breakneck  speed,  always  mounting,  till  at  Lars  we 
entered  the  romantic  gorge  of  Darial  itself,  eternally  famous  from  the 
poems  of  Lermontoff,  every  stone  washed  with  the  blood  of  Russian 
soldiers.  The  pass  is  narrow,  and  naked  rocks  rise  sheer  on  each  side, 
while  the  Terek  bubbles  and  boils  in  the  middle.  The  road,  cut 
through  the  solid  rock,  is  good,  unfortunately,  for  we  passed  all  too 
quickly.  We  rushed  past  a  conical  hillock  in  the  gorge,  with  lofty 
clifi's  on  each  aide  ;  on  the  top  of  the  hill  were  perched  the  ruins  of 
the  castle  of  Tamara,  a  semi-fabulous  Princess,  who  is  reputed  to  have 
once  reigned  here  with  a  rod  of  iron,  in  her  grim  and  rocky  fastness. 
The  monotony  of  the  gloomy  life  of  this  Amazon  queen  was  relieved 
by  frenzied  outbursts  of  passionate  and  licentious  orgies.  This  erotic 
Caucasian  Semiramis  must  not  be  confused  with  the  Georgian  empress 
,  of  the  same  name,  who  flourished  at  Tiilis  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centuries. 

We  were  now  in  the  heart  of  the  Mountain  of  Languages.  In 
those  crags  and  forests,  haunted  by  wolf  and  bear,  by  ibex  and  aurochs, 
by  boar  and  by  leopard,  dwell  innumerable  tribes  and  races,  speaking 
an  astonishing  diversity  of  tongues.  I  am  credibly  informed  that  it  is 
no  exaggeration  to  say  that  over  one  hundred  distinct  languages  and 
dialects  are  spoken  in  the  Caucasus.  The  difficulty  of  communication 
has  isolated  families,  and  almost  every  village  has  developed  its  own 
dialect.  There  appear  to  be  three  main  autochthonus  groups  :  the 
Georgian,  in  the  centre  and  west,  the  Circassian,  in  the  extreme 
west,  and  the  Lesghian  in  Daghestan,  in  the  east.  The  Georgians, 
whom  some  suppose  to  be  the  descendants  of  the  ancient 
Medes,    are  a    cultivated,    orthodox    people,    who   were   christianised 


300  THE  entomologist's  recoed. 

long  before  the  Kassians,  and  their  early  writers  throw  valuable 
light  on  the  early  history  of  their  part  of  the  world.  They 
voluntarily  placed  themselves  under  the  protection  of  Russia 
about  a  century  ago.  They  use  a  peculiar  alphabet,  whose  elegant 
rounded  letters  somewhat  resemble  Burmese.  Their  language  is,  I 
believe,  of  the  Iranian  group.  Akin  to  the  Georgian  are  numbers 
of  dialects,  the  chief  of  which  are  the  Imeritian  and  Mingrelian,  and 
Osset.  The  Circassians  have  mostly  left  Russian  territory  and 
migrated  to  Turkey,  where  they  often  become  Bashi-Bazuks  and  have 
earned  an  uneviable  reputation  for  ferocity.  Their  language  is  little 
known  and  is  said  to  have  affinities  with  the  Isolating  family.  Other 
strange  tribes  in  the  Western  Caucasus  are  the  Abkhaz,  who  have 
sounds  that  cannot  be  represented  by  any  combination  of  letters  in  any 
European  alphabet.  Then  there  are  the  Svan  or  Svanetes,  dwelling 
round  and  at  Elbruz,  who  live  in  five-storied  circular  towers.  Two 
stories  are  underground  and  three  in  the  air,  and  the  family  moves  from 
floor  to  floor  according  to  the  season  and  the  temperature.  The  wild 
mountains  of  Daghestan  are  inhabited  by  the  Lesghian  group,  which 
at  least  one  author  has  attempted  to  connect  with  the  Albanians,  to 
my  mind  a  fatuous  suggestion.  Subdivisions  of  this  group  are  the 
savage  Chechents,  the  Tush,  Ud,  Kazi-Kiimiik,  Avar,  Hirkan  and 
many  others.  The  Lesghian  and  Circassian  groups  are  Mahommedan, 
as  are  the  Nogai,  Kalmyck,  Azerbaidjan  and  other  Tartars,  each  with 
their  own  dialect,  who  are  to  be  met  with  in  the  steppes  north  and 
south  of  the  main  range.  On  the  shores  of  the  Black  Sea  there  are 
Turks,  and  in  and  around  Tidis  there  are  Armenians,  Persians  and 
sometimes  Kurds,  a  good  sprinkling  of  Jews,  and  above  the  heads  of 
all,  the  Russian  oificials.  Truly,  an  amazing  assemblage  of  peoples 
and  tongues. 

All  too  soon  we  reached  the  stantsia  of  Kazbek,  where  we  halted 
for  half  an  hour  to  refresh  ourselves  and  the  driver,  and  bask  in  the 
splendour  of  the  scenery.  Far  across  an  opening  in  the  hills,  where 
the  picturesque,  but  probably  exceedingly  dirty  aid,  or  mountaineer's 
hamlet,  Gerget,  nestles  on  the  slope  beyond,  towering  up  to  16,546ft., 
high  above  all  others,  stands  the  majestic  cone  of  Kazbek  itself,  with 
the  splendid  glacier  of  Devdorak.  But  hardly  had  we  grasped  the  full 
beauty  of  the  scene,  when  we  were  ordered  aboard  and  whirred  up  and 
up  to  Kobi,  where  the  valley  is  broad  and  Hat,  and  the  Terek  shrunk 
to  a  tiny  rivulet.  Beyond  Kobi  the  road  is  constantly  threatened  by 
avalanches,  so  wc  drive  through  long  tunnels,  solidly  built,  over  which 
the  tumbling  masses  of  rocks  and  stones  slide,  and  leave  the  road 
intact.  Soon  we  reach  the  cross  that  marks  the  highest  point  of  the 
pass,  7,500ft.,  but  the  scenery  is  far  tamer  than  at  the  stantsia 
Kazbek,  and  in  the  gorge  below.  At  this  point  we  cross  the  watershed, 
and  bid  good-bye  to  the  Terek.  We  have  now  left  Europe,  and  are  in 
Asia.  At  the  first  stantsia  in  the  descent,  that  is,  Gudaur,  by  a  great 
stroke  of  luck  the  car  l)roke  down  for  an  hour,  which  gave  me  the 
longed  for  opportunity  of  collecting  in  these  heights. 

The  slopes  hei'e  are  grassy,  and  I  hoped  to  find  some  iutei'osting 
alpine  forms,  especially  of  (l<niii)lu)ci>rux,  but  the  only  grasshopper  that 
1  could  discover  was  the  alpine  Stdiinxicnis  apricarius,  L.  A  little 
lower  are  some  clumps  of  shrubs  and  thickets  and  here  I  saw  a  female 
Or/i/iania,  but  she  was  too  nimble  for  me.     My  ear  detected  a  familiar 


COLLECTING    ORTHOPTERA    IN    THE    CAUCASUS    AND    TRANSCAUCASUS.         301 

chirp,  which  I  resolutely  set  to  work  to  stalk  clown.  I  was  convinced 
it  was  an  Ob/iit/inscelis,  and  soon  my  patience  was  rewarded  by  the 
capture  of  a  fine  male.  It  was  not  < HyiitliDi^celis,  though  at  first  I  took 
it  to  be  a  local,  and  probably  new  species,  but  a  I'soiddonotns,  Ps. 
spec  Ilia  rL^,  F.  de  W.  This  is  an  interesting  genus,  resembling 
Olynthoscelia  in  appearance,  with  a  very  long  pronotum,  but  structurally 
more  nearly  related  to  DecticKs.  Only  three  species  are  known,  /'. 
fieberi,  of  the  Western  Balkan,  which  I  have  taken  on  the  Durmitor  in 
Montenegro,  P.  s/iecidaris  in  the  Caucasus  and  Asia  Minor,  and  P. 
inflatus,  Uv.,  a  species  recently  discovered  by  Uvaroff,  also  in  the 
Caucasus.  My  specimens  approach  the  latter  in  the  smaller  size,  and 
unarmed  femora,  but  in  the  structure  of  the  pronotum  and  genital 
parts  it  is  indistinguishable  from  the  larger  forms  of  /'.  aiiecidaris  from 
Bakuriany,  on  the  south  side  of  the  valley  of  the  Kura. 

Our  driver  completed  his  repairs  all  too  quickly  and  soon  we  were 
buzzing  away  down  the  valley  of  the  Aragva,  a  torrent  that  has  cut  a 
fine  gorge  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  range.  The  scenery  is  very 
grand  and  rugged  for  many  miles,  and  the  road  is  the  mere  ledge  on 
the  precipitous  fianks  of  the  mountains.  We  whirred  round  appalling 
corners,  with  a  miserable  parapet,  at  terrific  speed,  and  to  ease  our 
nerves  the  driver  pointed  out  a  yawning  chasm  where  but  a  week  or  two 
before  a  car  had  gone  over  bodily,  and  fallen  a  thousand  feet  or  more. 
I  clenched  my  teeth  and  gripped  my  seat  and  trusted  to  Providence. 
Kegret  at  reaching  the  milder  scenery  of  the  lower  Aragva  was  tempered 
by  relief  at  the  relative  safety  of  the  drive.  About  2.30  we  stopped 
for  lunch  at  Passanaur,  3,621ft.,  a  picturesque  village  in  the  gorge. 
The  menu  consisted  of  vodka,  bortch,  fish,  shishlik  and  kakhetin  wine 
and  good  coffee.  As  I  seized  my  net  for  a  moment's  collecting,  we 
were  ordered  on  board  and  bustled  oft"  again.  The  scenery  is  fine,  but 
not  grand  ;  mountains  have  degenerated  into  hills,  and  are  thickly 
wooded.  At  frequent  intervals  we  ford  torrents,  up  to  the  axles  of  the 
car,  and  pass  caravans  of  savage  gypsies,  some  of  whom  threw  stones 
and  curses  at  the  car.  Quickly  through  the  village  of  Ananaur, 
2,325ft.,  we  entered  a  broad  undulating  plain,  highly  cultivated,  but 
now  burnt  brown.  A  minute's  halt  at  Dushet,  2,915ft.,  where  I 
scorched  my  dusty  throat  with  a  glass  of  boiling  tea,  and  took 
Statirodenis  bicolor,  Charp.,  and  Ocdipoda  caerulescens,  L.,  and  oft'  again. 

The  brown  fields  are  dull  and  monotonous,  but  on  the  telegraph 
wires  are  perched  that  most  exquisite  creature  the  bee-eater,  Meiojis 
dpiaster :  in  beauty  of  colouring,  elegance  of  build,  and  grace  of  fiight, 
I  know  no  bird  that  can  rival  it ;  they  looked  like  living  jewels 
flashing  in  the  sun,  as  they  dived  oft"  the  wires,  hawked  an  insect,  and 
gently  landed  again  upon  their  perch. 

A  race  down  a  long  straight  road  brought  us  to  the  Kura,  that 
cuts  a  deep  and  wide  valley  down  to  the  Caspian.  We  crossed  it  at  the 
village  of  Mtskhet,  1,525  ft.,  with  a  quaint  old  Georgian  church  built 
by  the  Georgian  Emperor,  Alexander  (1413-14-12),  to  replace  the  older 
one  destroyed  by  Tamerlane,  and  at  last,  at  8  p.m.,  tired,  cramped, 
dusty,  hungry,  and  thirsty,  we  reached  Tiflis." 

At  the  comfortable  Hotel  London  it  was  nice  to  be  greeted  by  the 


*  "  Tiflis  "  is  probably  a  Tartar  corruption  of  the  Georgian  name  of  the  Town 
Dibilissi." 


302  THE  entomologist's  kecoed. 

familiar  face  of  Philip  Adamovich  Zaitseff,  former  editor  of  the  Henic 
ntsse  (V Entnnidhxiie,  whose  acquaintance  I  had  made  at  the  Jubilee  of 
the  Russian  Entomological  Society,  and  renewed  at  the  Congress  at 
Brussels.  He  was  accompanied  by  Dr.  R.  Schmidt,  the  erudite  Deputy 
Director  of  the  Caucasus  Museum,  a  genial  soul,  whose  delight  it  was 
to  help  the  traveller  and  introduce  him  to  the  wonders  of  Titlis. 

{To  he  continued.) 


Libythea  celtis.     Eggs  and  Oviposition  {With  two  plateK). 

By  T.  A.  CHAPMAN,  M.D.,  F.E.S, 

Libyt/n'o  eelti'i  is  nowhere  very  common  on  the  Riviera,  though  I 
have  seen  and  taken  it  in  a  number  of  places.  Celtis  trees  are  not 
abundant,  and  are  usually  of  large  size,  such  as  some  in  the  market 
place  of  Mouans  Sartoux,  near  Cannes.  They  are  not,  therefore,  very 
accessible,  and  so  it  resulted  that  I  never  succeeded  in  obtaining  eggs, 
and  was  not  less  fortunate  than  various  other  collectors  whose  ambi- 
tions in  this  matter  were  much  like  my  own.  In  1909,  however,  I 
visited  Amelie-les-Bains.  ( 'dtis  aiistralis  is  not  very  abundant  here,  but 
what  there  are  are  often  young  trees  and  shrubby  growth,  the  region  is 
also  one  in  which  celtis  is  actually  grown  commercially  in  various 
places.  Though  L.  <rltis  was  in  no  great  numbers  one  could  always 
count  on  meeting  with  them.  I  took  the  first  specimen  on  April  7th, 
just  after  my  arrival,  and  others  afterwards.  The  trees  were  then 
showing  traces  of  flowers  and  of  leaves  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long. 

I  kept  some  females  of  L.  cdtis  on  some  celtis  twigs,  but  no  eggs 
were  laid  until  a  fresh  spray  of  celtis,  given  them  on  the  3  6th,  afforded 
a  number  of  eggs  on  the  following  day.  Further  experiments  and  a 
close  enquiry  into  the  facts  seemed  to  explain  why  eggs  were  now  laid 
and  none  previously. 

I  may  note  by  the  way  that  in  breaking  into  leaf  in  the  spring 
Celt  in  australis  displays  very  markedly  a  peculiarity  that  is  not  uncom- 
mon in  other  plants,  but  rarely  so  pronounced.  A  celtis  tree  may 
often  be  seen  in  April  in  which  some  branches  seem  well  in  leaf,  whilst 
others  are  still  bare  as  in  winter,  and  it  is  found  that  the  green  branches 
are  those  that  bear  flowers,  the  bare  ones  are  not  going  to  do  so.  The 
peculiarity  is  of  course  largely  due  to  this  appearance  of  flowers  all 
over  certain  branches  with  none  on  others.  The  young  shoots  bearing 
flowers  may  be  several  inches  long  before  the  others  have  appreciably 
moved.  L.  celtis  will  not  lay  until  there  is  some  actual  spring  growth, 
and  even  then  it  exercises  what  are  obviously  very  wise  precautions. 

]\Iy  notes  say  that  on  April  18th  the  flowering  sprays  are  two  to 
four  inches  long,  with  four  or  five  leaves  of  an  inch  to  a  inch  and  a 
half  long,  whilst  the  non-Howering  buds  are  but  half  an  inch  long, 
showing  a  little  green  l)ut  no  leaves.  The  trees  have  a  curious  appear- 
ance, often  a  whole  bush  or  tree  appears  covered  with  leaves,  whilst 
another  looks  quite  bare  and  wintry ;  a  considerable  proportion  have 
certain  sprays  and  branches  well  in  leaf,  whilst  the  rest  of  the  tree 
looks  dead  (by  comparison). 

The  flowering  buds  throw  out  male  flowers  (catkins  ?)  close  to 
their  base,  the  central  shoot  carrying  female  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the 
first  four  or  five  or  more  leaves.  Already  (iHth)  the  berries  are  nearly 
as  large  as  a  small  grain  of  wheat,  and  the  faded  male  flowers,  with 


NEW    SPECIES    AND    NEW    FORMS    OF    LEPIDOPTERA.  303 

the  chaffy  scales  of  the  original  buds,  form  a  small  collection  of  loose 
rubbish  at  the  base  of  the  shoot. 

The  sprays  first  given  to  the  butterflies,  up  to  the  16th,  had  these 
chaffy  remains  fau-ly  adherent,  those  given  on  the  16th  had  a  number 
of  the  flowering  shoots  cleared  of  these.  These  first  eggs  were  laid  in 
the  angle  between  the  young  shoot  at  its  origin  and  the  parent  twig. 
It  was  plain  that  the  butterflies  would  not  lay  on  the  old  wood,  nor 
on  the  scales  and  rubbish  that  had  to  fall  off,  and  would  of  course 
carry  the  egg  with  them.  Nor  would  they  lay  on  the  young  green  shoot, 
its  leaves,  or  fruit.  At  a  later  date,  when  the  leaves  were  well  grown, 
they  laid  freely  enough  in  the  axils  of  the  leaf-stalks,  and  afterwards 
on  the  undersides  of  the  leaves  themselves.  I  am  inclined  to  believe 
that  these  solitary  eggs  would  be  very  apt  to  be  loosened  and  to  fall  off" 
if  laid  on  any  part  of  the  young  green  shoots  that  were  in  extremely 
rapid  expansion  and  growth. 

On  May  3rd  I  saw  a  L.  rdtu  lay  an  egg  naturally  (i.e.,  not  in 
captivity).  It  laid  it  in  the  axil  of  the  petiole  of  a  leaf  that  was  about 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  the  last  but  one  on  a  shoot  (not  a 
flowering  one)  with  four  or  five  leaves  ;  a  second  was  laid  in  a  precisely 
similar  situation. 

The  egg  when  first  laid  is  whitish  or  greenish-white,  with  a  pearly 
lustre.  In  a  day  or  two  it  becomes  brownish-pink,  harmonising  with 
the  neighbouring  l)ark,  and  is  thus  well  hidden. 

Already,  by  April  20th,  the  eggs  were  largely  laid  on  leaves,  a  count 
giving  2  in  axils  at  base  as  the  first  eggs,  11  in  axils  of  leaf  stalks,  and 
43  beneath  leaves  of  which  there  were  already  many  of  nearly  full  size. 
This,  of  course,  in  captivity. 

The  egg  is  0-7mm.  high  and  0-5nim.  broad,  narrowing  a  little  up- 
ward, flattened  below  and  somewhat  rounded  on  top.  It  has  about  34 
marked  upright  ribs,  and  the  transverse  secondary  ribs  are  quite 
pronounced. 

The  accompanying  photographs  will  give  some  idea  of  its  form  and 
structure.  There  are  two  eggs  magnified  13  diameters,  and  three 
magnified  20  times. 

Pig.  3,  Plate  xiii.,  shows  the  top  of  the  egg-shell  and  the  micropylar 
area  magnified  300  times.  Fig.  5,  Plate  xiv.,  gives  perhaps  a  better 
view  of  the  micropyle,  also  x  300.  Fig.  4  is  a  portion  of  the  egg-shell 
magnified  by  120.  Fig.  5  shows  how  the  upright  ribs  terminate  at  top, 
except  some  nine  or  ten  which  continue  as  high  flanges  in  ordmary 
Vanessid  manner.  These  are  seen  bent  down  flat  in  Fig.  3,  and  in 
Fig.  4  several  are  seen  in  profile. 


New  Species  and  new  Forms  of  Lepidoptera. 

By  COUNT  EMILIO  TURATl,  F.E.S.,  Etc. 
I  am  very  pleased  to  forward  short  Latin  descriptions  of  a  number 
of  new  Lepidoptera  brought  from  Sardinia  by  Mr.  Geo.  C.  Kriiger, 
Gustos  of  my  Lepidopterological  collection  in  Milan,  who  stayed  seven 
months  this  year  on  my  account  in  this  interesting,  and  almost  un- 
known, Mediterranean  island.  Putting  aside  the  butterflies,  his  atten- 
tion was  almost  wholly  turned  to  the  moths,  and  he  succeeded  to  tuch 
an  extent  as  to  discover  eleven  new  species  and  twelve  new  aberrations 
or  local  forms  of  known  species  ;  a  veritable  record  for  a  collector  in 


304  THE  entomologist's  record. 

the  strictly  European  part  of  the  Palfearctic  fauna.  To  record  such 
an  achievement  the  l\ntit)iu)lniiixfs  llcrord  is,  therefore,  I  beheve,  the 
most  suitable  medium.  Further  particulars  and  plates,  I  will  give 
later  on  in  the  Atti  ddla   Soci<'t(i  Italiana  dt  Scien::e  Xaturali  of  Milan. 

• 
Epinephele  tithonus,  L.,  fulgens,  n.  F. 

Forma  supra  colore  flavo-fulvescenti  fulgido,  marginibus  brunneis, 
nigrescentibus.  Bubtus  magis  variegata,  apicibus  et  partibus  flavis, 
sulphureis.  ^  androconiis  paullulum  effusioribus,  distincte  a  venis 
fulvis  intersectis.  J  et  ?  plerumque  pluriocellatis  (Forma  e.ccessa, 
Tutt).     25  (J  ?   Aritzo,  mense  julio. 

Ocneria  kruegeri,  n.  sp. 

(?  mm.  33-37,    5  mm.  40. 

Sp.  alis  anticis  rufescentibus,  subroseis,  strigis  tribus  transversis 
sinuatis  nigris  diffusis,  media  latiore  et  aliquantum  obliqua.  Alis 
posticis  fuscis,  roseo  villosis  ;  fascia  marginali  nigrescenti.  Ciliis 
omnibus  roseis,  fusco  intersectis.  Subtus  omnino  fuliginosa,  ad  basim 
atque  ad  margines  internes  quatuor  alarum  plus  minusve  lutescenti- 
subrosea.  Capite  et  antennis  rufo-brunneis ;  thorace  eodem  colore, 
sed  juxta  occiput  subroseo,  oculis  nudis  nigris.  Abdomine  supra 
roseo  ;  tribus  posticis  segmentis,  et  subtus  brunnescenti :  linea  dorsali 
vix  indicata  ;  cruribus  et  tibiis  lanosis  brunnescenti-subroseis ;  tarsis 
nudis  obscuris,  roseo  articulatis,  J  antennis  bipectinatis  fere  duplo 
crassioribus  quam  in  atlantica,  Rbr.;  debilioribus  quam  in  lapidicola, 
H.S.,   iirhirnla,  Stgr.,  et  phoimififia,  Stgr.;    ?   longo-ciliatis. 

Knicijeri  difiert  ab  his  speciebus  strigarum  forma  et  directione, 
antennarum  constitutione,  atque  alarum  quadratura. 

20  (^  1  ?  Gennargentu,  alt.  m.  1200-1400,  mensibus  julio  et 
augusto. 

Georgio  Kruegerio  dicata. 

Agrotis  (Euxoa)  jordani,  n.  sp.     et  chalybaea,  n.  F. 

^  mm.  37,  ?   mm.  35-36. 

Sp.  Ji/rntix  ohsciira,  Brahm.,  aliquot  similis,  sed  alarum  structura 
magis  elongata ;  fere  unicolori  brunneo-fulvescenti ;  strigis  (proximal! 
et  distali)  duplicatis,  vix  perspicuis ;  linea  antemarginali  nigra, 
cuneata  satis  distincta.  Macula  orbiculari  clariori  parva,  nigro  centrata  ; 
reniformi  obscurissime  expleta  et  in  cellula  proximaliter  clarius  lunu- 
lata.  Punctis  costalibns  ante  initium  lineiv  anteiuarginalis  tribus 
lutescentibus.  Alis  posticis  obscure  griseo-fumosis  ;  ciliis  clarioribus. 
Thorace  et  capite  concoloribns  brunneo-fulvescentibus ;  palporum 
articulo  extremo  lutescente.     Abdomine  griseo. 

J  antennis  lutescentibus  biserratis,  juxtabasim  et  posteriore  tertio  ad 
verticem  imminutis  ;  $  filiformibus.  Subtus  alis  concoloribus  griseo- 
lutescentibus  ad  costam  vix  obscuratis.  Alis  posticis  linea  antemargi- 
nali et  lunula  mediana  brunnescentibus.  Cruribus  brunnescentibus ; 
tarsis  luteo  articulatis. 

2  J  4   $   Monte  "  Cugnada  "  mense  Octobre. 

Doctori  Karolo  Jordano  dicata. 

Forma  chalybaea  =  colore  griseo-glaticescenti  (Ayrotis  tienna,  H.S., 
simili)  lineis  nigris  et  fasciis  perspicuis. 


NEW    SPECIES    AND    NEW    FORMS    OF    LEPIDOPTERA.  805 

1    J   Monte  "  Cngnada,"  mense  Octobre. 

Agrotis   (Lycophotia)  kekmesina,  j\Iab.,  virescens,    n.   F. 

mm.  34. 

Forma  alls  anfcicis,  thorace  et  capite  concoloribus  olivaceis,  dilute 
subroseis.  Abdomine  paullulum  clariore.  Alarum  ant.  lineis  trans- 
versis  perspicuis  :  proximal!  atque  distali  e  punctis  intercostalibus 
obscuris  constitutis,  mediana  latiore,  biarcuata,  et  subtermacula 
reniformi  cuspidata :  linea  submarginali  brunnescenti.  Maculis  : 
orbiculari  obliterata,  reniformi  fere  indistincta,  tantum  ad 
cuspidem  lineae  medians  obscure  signata. 

18  (?  s  hujus  formiii  cum  novem  maribus  formje  originalis  simul 
capti.     Monte  "  Cugnada,"  mense  Septembre. 

Bryophila   raptriculoides,  n.  sp.  et  marmorata,  n.  F. 
et  mediostriCtATa,  n.  F. 

mm.  27-28. 

Sp.  statura  ampliore  et  robustiore  quam  raptricula,  Hb.,  quadra- 
tura  alarum  latiore.  Colore  cinereo,  macula  brunnescenti  (orbicularem 
includenti)  non  difi'usa,  sed  plerumque  nitida.  Strigis  et  signaturis 
distinctis  tenuiter  virgatis,  lunula  albicante  apud  marginem  internum. 
Alis  posticis  griseo-fuscis,  non  albicantibus.     Capite  et  patagia  cinereis. 

1  J  3  ?  Aritzo  mensibus  junio  et  Julio  1910,  1912.  1  $  ex 
Sicilia  "FicutifB  luco,"  alt.  m.  800,  mense  Julio  1909. 

Forma  marmorata  =  colore  brunneo  nigrescenti,  lunula  (aliquot 
elata),  spatio  apicali  post  lineam  distalem  et  spatio  postbasiiari 
lacteis,  vel  sordide  albidis. 

1  $   Aritzo  mense  julio.     1   2   e  Corsica  jam  in  mea  collectione. 
Forma     mediostrigata  =  colore     ut     raptriculoides,     sed     macula 

brunnea  effusiore,  striga  nigra  in  costa  media,  usque  ad  cilia  prolon- 
gata,  a  lunula  alba  intersecta. 

Forma  raptricula,  Hb.,  striata,  Stgr.,  analoga. 

2  5  s.  Aritzo,  mense  augusto. 

Luperina  (apamea)  kruegeri,  n.  sp. 

mm.  27-28. 

Sp.  Liip.  nichrrlii,  Frr.,  et  (iticncci,  Dbd.,  proxima,  sed  alis  anticis 
minus  elongatis,  colore  ambabus  dissimili  pallide  lutescenti,  nigro 
asperso.  Signaturis  nigris  sed — quamvis  iisdem  similibus — strigis 
(proximali  et  distali)  ad  marginem  internum  constrictioribus : 
pi;oximali  bis  lunulata  non  angulata.  Maculis  (orbiculari  et  reni- 
formi) distinctis,  lutescentibus,  non  albido  cinctis.  Fascia  antemar- 
ginali  undulata  lutescente  cum  tribus  lineolis  nigris  sagittatis  proxi- 
maliter  apud  apicem  e  costa  dehisceutibus ;  quot  lunulis  confuse 
nigrescentibus  juxta  marginem  internum.  Linea  marginal!  lutescenti, 
et  submarginali  ex  triangulis  vel  cuspidulis  nigerrimis  constituta. 
Ciliis  longioribus  griseo-intersectis. 

Capite  thoraceque  griseis — lutescentibus,  plus  minusve  nigro,  non 
brunneo,  mixtis.  Abdomine  albescente,  alis  posticis  albido  sericeis, 
vix  subluteis,  linea  marginal!  tenuissima  nigra;  ciliis  albescentibus, 
vix  puncto  nigro  et  linea  antemarginali  apparentibus. 

Subtus  alis  omnibus  albidis,  paullulum,  prsesertim  ad  costam, 
griseo-fusco  adspersis.  Punctis  cellularibus  et  linea  marginal!,  ut 
supra,   nigris.       Antennis   dentatis,   griseo-lutescentibus.       Cruribus 


306  THE  entomologist's  record. 

griseo-mixtis ;     tarsis    anterioribus    nigro-brunneis   liitescenti-articu- 
latis;  tibiis  efc  tarsis  posticis  clavioribus. 

19  (?  s.    Gennargentu,  alt.  ra.  1,400-1,800,  mense  augusto. 

Georgio  Kruegerio  dicata. 

(To  he  concluded.) 


:iI)OTES      ON      COLLECTING,     Etc. 

Camptogramma  fluviata  in  North  London. — On  October  lltb  I 
took  a  freshly  emerged  male  Caiiiptiuiroiinna  fluviata  at  Highgate.  It 
was  sitting  on  a  painted  fence  which  was  badly  sun-blistered,  and  the 
moth  closely  resembled  the  broken  "  blisters."  The  specimen  is  slightly 
asymmetrical,  the  band  being  complete  on  the  right  wing  and  broken  on 
the  left. — Russell  James,  Junr.,  "  Brockenhurst,"  Bloomtield  Road, 
Highgate.     November  ISth. 

Some  races  of  Ants  new  to  Britain. — Myrmica  sabuleti,  Meinert. 
I  have  this  form  from  Surrey,  Hants,  Devonshire,  and  Sussex,  having 
taken  it  myself  in  the  first  three  counties.  Emery  considers  it  a  var. 
of  scabrinnclis,  Nyl.  In  the  ^  the  scape  of  the  antennje  is  much  longer 
than  in  typical  scabriiiodix,  and  I  find  the  ?  s  and  ^  s  have  the  tooth 
on  the  antennal  scape  much  more  developed.  I  hope  shortly  to  publish 
a  paper  which  I  have  nearly  finished  on  the  genus  Mi/Dirica,  and  will 
then  deal  more  fully  with  sabuleti. 

Leptothora.v  tiibero-affinis,  Forel. — Crawley  and  I  found  this  race  in 
some  numbers  in  the  New  Forest  in  July  last.  We  took  J  s  and 
winged  J  s,  and  also  dealated  ?  s,  in  the  nests  with  the  workers. 
They  were  nesting  under  stones,  often  in  close  proximity  to  Tetra- 
iiioriiDii  nests. 

I  may  here  mention  that  we  do  not  appear  to  possess  L. 
unifasciatiis,  Latr.,  in  Britain.  Forel  has  now  seen  all  the  specimens 
standing  under  that  name  in  the  British,  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
Museums,  which  include  Saunders',  and  the  Rothney  and  Dale 
collections,  etc.,  and  also  my  own  specimens,  which  I  took  at  St. 
Margaret's  Bay,  and  they  none  of  them  were  nnifasriatiis,  but  belong 
to  the  race  /..  tiibcruiii,  F.,  the  ti(beni)ii  proper.  All  records  of 
loiifasciatiin  in  Saunders'  Hi/meiioptera,  etc.,  will  have  to  be  cor- 
rected. I  was  never  able  to  make  specimens  named  by  Saunders 
loiifasciatns  agree  with  Forel's  table.  This  led  to  my  arranging  for  the 
latter  to  see  all  the  specimens  I  could.  Crawley  took  some  of  these 
and  I  others  on  our  visit  to  Forel. 

Funnica  picea,  Nyl. — This  is  the  species  described  by  White,  Anfs 
and  their  H'rt'/s,  P-  253  as  ijlabra,  and  is  doing  duty  as  '/ai/ates,  Latr., 
in  the  British  list.  Arnold  found  a  nest  in  the  New  Forest  some 
years  ago,  and  Crawley  and  I  found  another  in  the  same  locality.  1 
shall  publish  the  differences  shortly.  The  synonomy  is  as  follows  :— 
/*'.  jiirra,  Nyl.  /''.  glabra,  \\.  F.  White.  F.  (/ai/ateti,  Saunders,  nee. 
Latr. — H.  Donistiioicpe. 


CURRENT      NOTES      AND      SHORT      NOTICES. 

Dr.  Fr.  Zacher  has  an  article  in  the  Xvitsrhrift  fur  wissvusrhaft- 
liche  Jmektenbioloiiie,  1912,  pp.  27G-284,  on  the  male  genitalia  of  the 
Kuderiuaptera.  We  do  not  find  here  such  a  variety  of  forms  as  in  the 
Frotudermaptero,  but  the  author  finds  material  for  proposing  an  arrange- 


CURRENT    NOTES.  307 

ment  on  lines  similar  to  that  adopted  in  the  more  primitive  si'0"P. 
differing  but  little  from  that  offered  by  Burr  in  the  Genera  Imertnnon. 
It  is  noteworthy  that  in  this  higher  group  of  earwigs  we  find  a  more 
uniform  and  simple  type  of  male  genital  organ ;  the  suggestion  being 
that  the  diversity  of  type  shown  in  the  Protodermaptera  is  a  series  of 
experiments  on  the  part  of  Nature,  aiming  at  an  ideal  form. — M.B. 

The  Annual  Pocket- box  Exhibition  of  the  South  London  Entomo- 
logical and  Natural  History  Society,  on  Thursday,  November  28th, 
was  a  great  success.  Each  year  this  Society  seems  to  outdo  itself. 
There  were  more  than  a  hundred  members  and  their  friends  from  other 
societies  present  in  the  room,  a  large  proportion  of  whom  brought 
exhibits.  The  exhibits  themselves  were  mainly  Lepidoptera,  and  were 
extensive,  varied,  and  interesting.  A  full  report  of  them  will  be  pub- 
lished later.  In  the  meantime  we  have  been  asked,  in  the  interests  of 
the  general  lover  of  nature,  of  the  younger  members  and  of  the  visitors, 
to  ventilate  a  grievance.  Many  of  the  exhibitors  did  not,  or  did  not 
adequately,  label  their  exhibits  with  their  specific  names  and  indicate 
full  details  of  the  purport  of  the  exhibits,  not  even  was  the  name  of  the 
exhibitor  on  the  box.  These  deficiencies  are  often  much  accentuated  by 
twoothercircumstances,both,  however,more  or  less  unavoidable  ;  first  it 
is  impossible  for  those  examining  exhibits  which  are  passing  round  the 
room  to,  at  the  same  time,  attend  to  what  is  being  said  by  other  exhibi- 
tors at  the  table,  and  secondly,  it  is  often  impossible  for  those  not 
sufficiently  close  up  to  be  able  to  hear  what  is  said  by  the  exhibitor. 
It  seems  advisable  in  future  that  a  special  request  should  be  made  to 
all  intending  exhibitors  to  adequately  label  their  boxes  with  (1)  specific 
names,  (2)  the  full  purport  of  the  exhibit,  and  (3)  the  exhibitor's 
name. 

In  the  Entomoloiiieal  Neir>i  for  October  is  a  most  interesting  article 
by  Mr.  A.  A.  Girault,  of  Brisbane,  Australia,  recounting  his  "  Experi- 
ments with  the  Effects  of  the  Protective  Vapours  of  Heteroptera  on 
Other  Insects."  In  each  case  two  vials  were  taken.  In  one  the  Hete- 
ropteron  was  introduced  and  was  kept  for  some  time,  occasionally  being 
roughly  shaken  up  to  cause  it  to  discharge  its  vapour.  Ants,  aphids, 
and  other  small  insects  were  then  obtained,  the  bug  hastily  removed 
and  one  ant  introduced  into  the  infected  vial,  while  the  other  ant  was 
put  into  the  clean  vial  and  used  as  a  control.  In  most  of  the  experi- 
ments, when  properly  carried  out,  it  was  found  that  the  insect  placed 
in  the  infected  vial  more  or  less  rapidly  succumbed  to  the  influence  of 
the  vapour,  while  the  insect  in  the  control  vial  was  absolutely  unaffected 
by  its  confinement.  Mr.  Girault  sums  up  the  result  by  saying,  "  There 
can  be  little  doubt  from  what  has  been  recorded  that  the  vapours 
emitted  by  certain  Heteroptera  are  highly  noxious  to  certain  forms  of 
insect  life,  in  many  cases  quickly  stupefying  some  insects  when  the  latter 
are  exposed  to  them  in  an  air-tight  receptacle."  And  again,  "  The 
actual  protection  must  consist  in  being  distasteful  or  obnoxious,  not  in 
causing  serious  injury,  stupor  or  death  to  the  attacking  animals,  since 
the  latter  must  involve,  under  natural  conditions,  actual  handling  or 
even  swallowing  of  the  protected  insect,  in  order  that  the  protective 
vapour  would  have  time  to  be  effective,  even  if  then  effective."  And 
still  again,  "  It  works  through  the  memory  of  the  young  attacking 
animals,  not  stupifying  or  killing  them,  but  giving  them  such  an 
experience  of  unpalatableness,  that  they  soon  learn  to  avoid  attacking." 


308  THE  entomologist's  eecord. 

The  Officers  and  Council  nominated  for  the  Entomological  Society 
of  London  for  the  ensuing  3'ear  are  as  follows: — Pieudent,  G.  T. 
Bethune-Baker,  F.Z.S.;  Treasurer,  Albert  H.  Jones;  Secretaries,  Rev. 
G.  Wheeler,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  and  Commander  James  J.  Walker,  M.A., 
R.N.,  F.L.S.;  Librarian,  George  C.  Champion,  F.Z.S.,  A.L.S.;V 'o»»(77, 
R.  Adkin,  Jas.  E.  Collin,  J.  Hartley  Durrant,  Stanley  Edwards,  F.Z.S., 
F.L.S.,  H.  Eltringham,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  A.  E.  Gibbs,  F.L.S.;  Rev.  F.  D. 
Morice,M.A.,  Gilbert  W.  Nicholson,  M.A.,  M.D..  Hon.  N.  C.  Rothschild, 
M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  W.  E.  Sharp,  J.  R.  le  B.  Tomlin,  M.A.,  and 
Colbran  J.  Wainwright. 


Ji^EYIEWS    AND    NOTICES    OF    BOOKS. 

The  Coleoptera  of  Cumberland.  By  Frank  H.  Day,  F.E.S.''' 
The  first  two  instalments  of  a  catalogue  of  the  Coleoptera  of  the 
County  of  Cumberland  have  now  been  published,  and  we  may  con- 
gratulate the  Natural  History  Society  of  the  Border  City  on  having 
been  the  means  of  greatly  extending  our  knowledge  of  the  distribution 
of  an  important  part  of  the  insect  fauna  of  this  country.  Although 
the  author  has  been  handicapped,  as  are  all  compilers  of  strictly 
county  faunal  or  floral  lists,  by  the  quite  unnatural  limits  imposed 
by  boundaries  so  artificial  as  those  of  a  county,  in  this  case,  perhaps, 
more  than  usually  unfortunate  since  it  involves  the  exclusion  of  West- 
moreland and  north  Lancashire,  areas  which  form  in  a  faunistic  sense 
one  indivisible  whole,  yet,  because  this  region  contains  within  itself 
the  loftiest  mountain  system  of  England,  of  which  the  centre  and 
highest  peaks  fall  within  the  County  of  Cumberland,  a  record  of  the 
Cumbrian  beetles  cannot  but  prove  more  interesting  because  more 
specialised  than  that  of  the  majority  of  English  Counties. 

That  Mr.  Day  has  done  his  work  well  hardly  needs  asserting 
in  the  pages  of  this  magazine;  "  fit,  though  few  "  may  be  said  of  the 
Cumbrian  Coleopterists,  and  in  Mr.  Britten,  Mr.  Routledge,  and  Mr. 
Murray,  the  author  has  found  very  able  assistants.  When  we  learn 
that  previous  to  the  labours  of  these  four  students,  not  more  than  some 
500  species  of  beetles  had  ever  been  recorded  from  Cumberland,  it 
becomes  evident  that  a  much  larger  part  of  this  list  must  represent 
original  work  than  is  the  case  in  many  of  our  local  catalogues,  where 
ampler  harvests  have  been  gathered  by  those  who  have  gone  before. 

Nor  is  this  commencement  from  some  approach  to  a  tabula  rasa 
without  its  compensations,  most  of  us,  indeed,  who  have  been 
responsible  for  the  compilation  of  faunistic  lists,  know  but  too  well 
how  often  embarrassing  as  much  as  helpful  are  the  records  of  the  past, 
uncorroborated  and  impossible  of  verification,  the  specimens  beyond 
recall,  and  the  records  themselves  too  often  convincing  in  inverse  ratio 
to  their  interest. 

In  the  present  case  Mr.  Day  seems  to  have  had  but  two  precursors 
of  any  importance,  T.  C.  Heysham  who  died  in  1857,  and  the  much 
better  known,  at  any  rate  to  modern  Coleopterists,  T.  J.  Bold. 
Northumberland,  however,  more  than  Cumberland,  was  the  theatre  of 
the  activities  of  the  latter  and  his  incursions  into  Mr.  Day's  sphere 

*  Pts.  I.  and  II.  publisheil  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Carlisle  Natural  History 
Society,  Vol.  I.  (1909),  p.  122,  and  Vol.  II.  (1912),  p.  201. 


REVIEWS.  309 

seem  to  have  been  only  partial  and  sporadic.  Thus  the  bulk  of  the 
records  in  the  present  list  are  due  entirely  to  the  exertions  of  Mr.  Day 
and  his  three  friends. 

Now  the  only  object  of  such  a  careful  enumeration  of  the  Coleoptera 
of  a  limited  area  as  we  have  before  us,  apart  from  merely  providing  a 
useful  manual  for  collectors,  is  to  increase  our  knowledge  of  the 
distribution  and  possibly  of  the  derivation  of  the  British  fauna,  and 
from  this  point  of  view  it  may  be  interesting  as  well  as  instructive  to 
compare  two  English  areas  as  dissimilar  as  may  be  possible  in  the 
same  country.  For  this  purpose  the  county  of  Kent  suggests  itself  as 
suitable,  Kent  differs  from  Cumberland  as  widely  as  regards  situation, 
climate,  physiography,  geology  and  flora,  as  any  two  counties  in 
England  very  well  can,  their  only  features  in  common  being  the 
possession  of  a  sea  coast,  and  the  shore  of  a  wide  estuary. 

Now  let  us  see  how  they  differ  in  their  Coleopterous  populations  as 
regards  the  four  major  groups  under  review. 

This  the  following  table  will  briefly  show. 

Total  Rccordecl        Recorded       Cumbrian  Kentish        Recorded 


British 

Kentish 

Cumbrian 

Species  un- 

Species un- 

Species corn- 

Species 

(1). 

Species  ('2 

!).    Species. 

recorded 

recorded  from  montoboth 

from  Kent. 

Cumberland. 

Counties. 

Geodepbaga  . . 

316 

'227       . 

.175       . 

44 

96 

..      131 

Hydiadcphaga 

131 

73       , 

, .       81       . 

29 

21 

..        52 

Palpicornia    . . 

97 

76 

, .       61       . 

12 

27 

..       49 

Brachelytra    . . 

789 

•• 

566       . 

.512       . 

102 

156 

. .     410 

1333  942  829  187  300  642 

(1)  As  given  in  the  latest  British  list,  that  of  Beare  and  Donisthorpe  1904. 

(2)  As  given  in  the  "  Kent  "  of  the  Victoria  County  Histories. 

Now  from  these  figures  many  inferences  might  be  drawn  on  which 
it  is  hardly  within  the  scope  of  this  notice  to  dilate,  but  at  least  it 
demonstrates  that  the  Coleopterous  population  of  these  counties  is 
very  different.  The  actual  diminution  in  this  distance  of  about  400 
miles  is  not  perhaps  conspicuously  great,  being  not  more  than  12%  of 
the  major  total  ;  what  is  undoubtedly  more  significant  is  its  specific 
difference — thus  in  the  four  groups  we  are  considering,  groups  which 
can  only  be  slightly  and  indirectly  affected  by  a  differing  flora,  we  find 
that  of  942  Kentish  species,  800  or  nearly  one  third  are  unrecorded 
from  Cumberland,  but  that  these  are  replaced  by  187  species  similarly 
unrecorded  from  Kent.  In  many  cases  whole  Southern  genera  are  un- 
represented by  a  single  Northern  species,  thus  in  Ueodephana,  18 
genera  recorded  from  Kent  are  unknown  in  Cumberland,  while  only  2 
Cumbrian  genera  are  unknown  from  the  Southern  county. 

No  doubt  more  than  one  interpretation  might  be  placed  on  these 
salient  facts,  and  it  seems  incontestable  that  some  considerable 
influence  must  be  attributed  to  so  great  a  climatic  and  physiographical 
disparity  as  these  counties  exhibit,  but  this  is  probably  not  all,  it  would 
seem  indeed  a  tenable  hypothesis  that  of  these  800  Kentish  but  not 
Cumbrian  species,  many  form  part  of  a  South-Easterl}^  invasion  from 
the  Continent,  of  course  at  a  time  previous  to  tbe  complete  insularity 
of  Great  Britain,  which  had  died  out  l)efore  it  had  been  able  to  reach 
('iimberland,  while  a  large  proportion  of  the  187  Cumbrian  species 
unknown  in  Kent  may  represent  the  survivors  of  an  antecedent 
Coleopterous   population,   extirpated   throughout  the  greater  part   of 


310  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECOKD. 

England,  cither  by  a  secular  change  of  climate,  or  by  the  competition 
of  a  later  migration,  or  by  both  forces  combined.  As  to  the  642  species 
common  to  both  areas,  we  may  perhaps  regard  them  as  more  or  less 
dominant  forms,  that  is,  such  as  possess  a  sufficient  organic  plasticity 
to  allow  of  their  adjusting  themselves  to  conditions  fatal  to  other  and 
even  closely  related  species. 

Leaving,  however,  these  larger  speculations  for  a  more  detailed 
consideration  of  the  various  species  enumerated  by  Mr.  Day,  a  record 
that  at  once  arrests  our  attention  amorg  the  (icodciihai/a  is  that  of 
Lcbia  ciK.v-Diinnr.  Capricious  as  are  the  appearances  of  this  rare 
insect,  its  occurrence  in  Cumberland  only  deepens  the  mystery  of  its 
range  and  of  its  economy,  and  many  more  captures  will  be  necessary 
before  we  can  attempt  any  satisfactory  explanation  of  why  it  should 
appear  so  rarely  and  so  sporadically.  Another  beetle  whose  occur- 
rence on  the  mountains  of  Cumberland  may  well  surprise  the 
Southern  Coleopterist  is  Calatlixs  /W.stffN,  a  species  usually  associated 
with  the  sandy  sea  shore  of  the  South  of  England. 

Among  the  Staplnjlinidac,  Alitalia  iiiipresxa  is  an  insect  on  whose 
capture  Mr.  Britten  may  be  congratulated,  while  his  record  of 
lJi/poc!//>tiis  aj)icalis  "among  ivy  on  old  walls,"  certainly  extends  our 
knowledge  of  the  economy  of  that  species.  Tachinns  rufipenjtis  is  also 
another  noteworthy  capture  of  Mr.  Britten,  as  is  Staiiln/liniis  fulripcn 
of  Mr.  Day. 

Limits  of  space,  however,  forbid  an  extended  reference  to  many 
other  interesting  records  contained  in  these  two  papers,  which  will 
either  by  their  rarity  or  unexpectedness  detain  the  attention  of  the 
Coleopterist  reader.  Of  a  few  records  which  could  not  easily  have 
been  excluded  by  Mr.  Day,  although  neither  he  nor  his  co-workers  are 
responsible  for  them,  confirmation  by  more  recent  captures  would,  it 
must  be  admitted,  be  very  acceptable— such  are  X<>ti<>iihiliis  niiiprs, 
FAa)>hrus  lappouicnx,  Bailistcr  nodalis,  Jli/ilroiionis  halmsis,  the  two 
species  of  Faedents  (about  which  Mr.  Day  himself  hints  a  doubt) 
and  Bledius  erraticus. 

Two  names  in  the  list  certainly  deserve  special  mention,  llijdrama 
britteni,  Joy,  and  T/iinubiiis  pallidus,  Newbery,  species  described  quite 
recently  as  new  to  science  from  Cumbrian  specimens,  while  another, 
Himalinni  brericolle,  Thorns.,  was  added  to  the  British  list  in  1909  on 
captures  made  by  Mr,  Day  and  Mr,  Britten.  Cumberland,  even 
limited  faunistically  as  it  is  for  the  purpose  of  this  list  by  its 
boundaries,  oilers  perhaps  as  varied  physiographical  conditions  as  any 
county  in  the  British  Isles.  It  includes  lofty  mountains,  lakes, 
rivers'i  nujsses,  and  woodlands,  the  sandhills  of  the  coast,  and  the  mud 
flats  of  the  Solway  estuary,  and  the  extension  of  the  range  of  the  ant 
h'onnica  rufa  within  its  borders  ensures  the  habitat  for  several 
myrmecophilous  Coleoptera  absent  from  many  of  our  northern 
counties,  hence  we  are  not  surprised  to  find  so  large  a  Coleopterous 
fauna  within  it.  We  shall  anticipate  with  an  interest  which  we  think 
our  readers  will  share  those  further  portions  of  this  list  which  will 
deal  with  the  remaining  groups  of  the  order,  and  we  trust  that  the 
completed  work  may  be  obtained  in  such  a  form  as  to  make  it  possible 
for  every  Coleopterist  to  place,  as  we  are  sure  they  will  be  glad  to  do, 
the  Coleoptera  of  Cumberland  in  one  complete  volume  on  his  shelves 
beside  the  other  local  records  of  the  order  which  already  exist  and 


SOCIETIES.  311 

which  have  done  so  much  to  extend  our  knowledge  of  the  distribution 
of  our  British  Beetles.— W.  E.  S. 


SOCIETIES. 

The   Entomological,   Society  of  London. — (frtobcr   2n(l,    1912. — 
Miss  Lily  Huie,  Hollywood,  Colinton  Road,  Edinburgh,  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Society.     The  death  was  announced  of  the  Hon.  Fellow, 
Prof.  L.  Ganglbauer,  of  Vienna,  and  also  of  Messis  R.  Shelford,  M.A., 
F.Z.S.,E.  A.' Fitch,  F.L.S.,  and  G.  H.  Grosvenor,  M.A.     An  Aberra- 
tion New  to  Britain. — Dr.  Nicholson  showed  three  specimens  of  Adalia 
oblitcrata,  L.,  ab.  snldiueata,  Weise,  an  aberration  not  as  yet  recorded 
from  Britain.     Dark  aberrations  of  Abraxas  grossulariata.- — Mr.  G. 
T.  Porritt  exhibited  various  forms  of  the  variety  ninrosparsatn,  together 
with  the  type  specimen  of  var.  nigra.     Coleoptera  from  Oxford. — 
Commander  J.  J.  Walker  exhibited  series  of  the  following  rare  species 
of  British  Coleoptera,  recently  taken  in  the  Oxford  district : — Lathro- 
biidii   pallidinii,   Nord.,  Apiinu   annulipea,   Wenk.,  J  and  $  ,  Psj/lliodes 
luteola,  Miill.      "Insect-catching  Grass." — Commander  Walker  also 
exhibited  on  behalf  of  Mr.  A.  M.   Lea,   a  specimen  of  the  so-called 
Insect-catching  grass  [Cenchnts  aitstralis)  from  Cairns,  N.  Queensland, 
with  several  ('oleoptera,  belonging  to  various  genera,  adhering  to  the 
spinous  awns.     Aberration  of  Pyrameis  cardqi. — Mr.  R.  M.  Prideaux 
brought  for  exhibition    a   beautiful   aberration  of    P.   cardui,    closely 
resembling  one  figured  by  Newman.     Dimorphic  Homoptera. — Mr.  C. 
J.   Gahan  exhibited   a   small  series   of   Fhroinnia    siiperba,  Melich,  a 
dimorphic  species  of  Homoptera  of  the  sub-family  Flatinac,  taken  by 
Dr.  A.  C.  Parsons  in  Northern  Nigeria.     West  African  Homoptera. — 
Mr.   W.   A.  Lamborn  exhibited  a  series  of  twelve  Howuptcra  of  the 
genus  hlata,  all  taken  feeding  on  one  plant,  70  miles  E.  of  Lagos,  on 
December  1st,    1912.     Euciielia    jacob.e.e,    L.,   captured   and   then 
abandoned  by  a  Robin. — Prof.  Poulton  exhibited  an  apparently  un- 
injured example  of   E.  jacubaeae  given  him  by  Mr.  Roland  Trimen, 
F.R.S.     The   moth   was  flying  slowly   at  midday  in  his  garden   at 
Woking,  when  a  robin  captured  it  on  the  wing  and  flew  with  it  behind 
a   bush.     After   about  three  minutes   the   bird    flew    away,  and   Mr. 
Trimen   found   the  moth    lying   upon   the  ground.      Aberrations   of 
Alpine   Lyc.enids. — Dr.  T.  A.    Chapman   exhibited    several   unusual 
forms  of  some  common  "Blues"   taken  this  year  in  the  Valley  of 
the  Iscre  and  at  Courmayeur.     He  said  that  the   "blues"    of  this 
region  are  generally  large  and  more  than  usually  variable  ;  and  that  it 
is  also  the  head-quarters  in  Western   Europe  of  Ai/riades  ale.vita^,  Frr. 
Scarce  Ants. — Mr.  Donisthorpe  exhibited  a  number  of  J  <?   of  Ponera 
(•(larctata  which  he  had  swept  at  Box  Bill,  and  remarked  that  no  one 
living  appeared  to  have  taken  J  J   in  Britain.     Also  c?  <T  ,  $  $  ,  and 
^    ^    of    P'ormicoxoiKs     nitididtts,   taken     in    a     nest  of   P\    riifa    at 
Weybridge.     Also  3-  3  ,   5  ?  ,  and  ^   ^   of  Leptotlwrax  tiibero-olfinis,  a 
form  new  to  Britain.      Also  a  3  ,  and  wmged  and  deiilated    ?  $   of 
Anen/ati'x  atratiilus,  which  lives  in. the  nests  of  TctrainuriKin  racspitiiin. 
Celastrina    argiolus    on    a    new    Food-plant. —  Mr.    Hy.    .7.    Turner 
exhibited  on  behalf  of  the  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  P>urrows,  a  long  series  of  bred 
( 'dastrina  an/ialKs.      The  larvie  had  occurred  each  year  for  some  time 
past  in  the  garden  at  Mucking,  feeding  on  Portugal  laurel,  attacking 
the  flower  buds  in  the  early  summer.     The  form  closely  resembled  the 
Nearctic  form  pseudanjlolus.     The  Genus  Dianthoecia. — Mr.   L.   W. 


312  THE  entomologist's  record. 

Newman  exhibited  specimens  of  Dianthnecia,  bred  from  North  Kent 
wild  larv«,  resembling  exactly,  both  in  size  and  coloration,  Dianthnecia 
caiiKophila  from  the  Isle  of  Man.  This  appeared  to  confirm  the  opinion 
of  several  leading  men  that  D.  rapsopJiiht  and  D.  rarpopluKja  are  the 
same  species.  He  also  showed  for  comparison  varied  series  of 
I),  rarpopltaiia  with  a  pair  of  7>.  capsopJiila  and  ]>.  capsinrola.  Colias 
HEci-A  FROM  FiNMARK. — Mr.  W.  G.  Sheldon  exhibited  a  series  of  C.  heda, 
from  the  Porsanger  Fjord,  Arctic  Norway,  with  specimens  of  the  other 
orange  species  occurring  in  Europe  for  comparison.  A  Living 
Earwig. — Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas  exhibited  a  living  ^  of  Labidnra  riparia 
(the  Giant  Earwig),  taken  on  the  shore  near  Christchurch,  Hants. 
He  also  exhibited  a  drawing  giving  the  colour  of  the  living  insects,  and 
demonstrating  how  well  they  are  protected  by  resemblance  to  the  pale 
sand  of  the  Hampshire  coast.  Pyrenean  Lepidoptera. — Mr.  G.  T. 
Bethune-Baker  showed  specimens  of  Hepiabta  pj/renainis,  a  species 
found  not  uncommonly  on  the  higher  parts  of  Mount  Canigou,  with 
the  apterous  female.  Also  a  fine  form  of  Li/cacna  arion,  and  a  specimen 
of  ileadoi  Jiippotho'c  that  was  at  once  radiated,  obsolescent  and 
asymmetrical.  Alpine  Butterflies. — Mr.  Douglas  Pearson  exhibited  a 
drawer  of  Rhopalocera  from  the  Black  Forest  and  the  Swiss  Alps, 
including  an  albinistic  specimen  of  Krebia  lappona,  the  large  Black 
Forest  form  of  Colias  palaeno,  Brenthis  pales  from  Pontresina,  with 
underside,  hind-wings  of  a  deep  purple-red,  and  others.  Egg-laying 
OF  Erebia  Glacialis. — Mr.  J.  A.  Simes  read  the  following  note  : — 
"On  the  15th  July,  1912,  I  came  across  Krebia  (jlarialis  in  some 
numbers  on  a  scree  slope  below  the  summit  of  the  Colette  de  Gily, 
Dauphiny,  and  saw  a  $  alight  on  a  piece  of  loose  rock  on  the  slope, 
sun  itself  for  a  time  and  then  proceed  to  walk  slowl}'  backwards  until 
it  reached  the  lower  end  of  the  rock.  It  then  bent  its  abdomen 
underneath  the  slab  of  rock  and  deposited  an  egg  on  the  lower  surface 
of  it."  Delayed  emergence  of  a  Bee-imago  (Osmia  sp.)  —  The 
President  exhibited  a  species  of  Osmia  and  its  cell,  found  three  and  a 
half  years  ago  beside  a  little  stream  at  Jericho,  which  only  emerged 
during  the  Oxford  Congress  this  year.  Aberration  of  Brknthis 
SELENE. — Mr.  H.  Baker  Sly  exhibited  a  very  dark  example  of  Brentliis 
selene,  having  the  under-wings  clouded  with  dark  brown  all  over, 
except  for  a  slightly  lighter  shaded  spot  in  the  middle,  and  the  upper- 
wings  very  heavily  clouded  with  dark  brown.  He  also  showed  a  speci- 
men of  l\}tinephele  ji(rti)ta  {jaiiira), one  upper-winghaving  a  white  blotch 
at  the  tip,  and  also  the  under-wing  on  the  same  side  with  a  white 
streak.  The  following  papers  were  read  : — "  Life  History  of  Lonr/iaea 
chorea,'"  by  A.  E.  Cameron,  M.A.,  B.Sc.  ;  counnunicated  by  H.  S. 
Leigh, F.E.S.  "A  few  Observations  on  Mimicry,"by  W.  J.  Kaye,F.E.S. 
The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History 
Society. — September  2Qth. — Varieties  of  "Blues." — Dr.  Chapman 
exhibited  varieties  of  "  blues  "  taken  in  the  French  Alps  this  year 
where  several  species  were  of  unusually  large  size  ;  they  included 
r<ili/o)iiiiiatiis  icariis  resembling  P.escheri,  Aifriades  thetis  ah.  pinictifera, 
a    possible    hybrid    between    //.   damou   and   A.   coridon,    etc.      Bred 

PA(;iIY(iASrKIA    TRIFOLII    AND    VARIETIES    OF    MUTTERFLIES. Mr.    Colthrup, 

long  series  of  I'achipjastria  trifolii  from  itomney  and  l^jastbourne,  the 
former  showing  much  variation,  especially  in  the  males,  specimens  of 
iSatyrus  seiiiele,  with  the  eye  spot  in  the  anal  angle  of  the  hindwings 


SOCIETIES,  313 

absent,  an  unusually  large  example  of  Colias  e(hisa  var.  helice,  etc. 
A  BROOD  OF  P.  jiACHAON. — Ml'.  Nswman,  a  long  bred  series  of  Papilio 
iiiac/iaoii,  of  fine  size  mostly,  but  only  showing  trivial  variation,  in 
size  and  position  of  the  discoidal  spots,  in  the  amount  of  blue  in  the 
hindwings,  in  the  breadth  and  depth  of  colour  of  the  transverse 
bands,  etc.  The  Coquilla-nut  Beetle. — Mr.  Hugh  Main,  a  beetle, 
Caryohoms  nudeorum,  bred  by  him  from  the  Coquilla  nut,  previously 
exhibited  with  the  larva  in  it,  by  Mr.  Joy.  A  Sicilian  Coleopteron  and 
several  local  British  species. — -Mr.  .J.  P.  Barrett,  the  larvre  of  ('chrio 
(lifiaa  (?)  a  Coleopteron  occurring  somewhat  freely  in  his  son's  garden  in 
Messina,  doing  injury  to  his  potatoes,  a  short  series  of  Lycaena  ailon 
from  Cornwall,  .J'^yeria  niuKcuforniis  and  Dianthnecia  Inteoyo  var. 
ficklini,  from  the  same  county,  and  a  huge  earthen  cocoon  of  Manduca 
atropoa.  Brenthis  pales. — Mr.  Curwen,  a  very  varied  series  of 
Brenthis  [laL's  from  Switzerland.  A  rare  Coleopteron. — Mr.  Blenkarn, 
the  rare  Coleopteron, //^'?io(/(/(,s  serratns,  taken  in  the  offices  of  Messrs. 
Moet  and  Chandon,  Northumberland  Avenue,  and  a  series  of  bred 
Portlieda  c/irysorrJioea  from  Sandown,  including  two  with  bright 
golden  anal  tufts  instead  of  the  unsual  rich  brown.  A  rare 
Orthopteron. — Mr.  Lucas  a  living  female  of  the  rare  Orthopteron, 
Metrioptera  roeselii.  C.  argiolus  bred  from  Portugal  laurel. — 
Mr.  Turner,  for  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows,  a  beautiful  series  of  Celastrina 
oryioliia  bred  from  larvfe  taken  on  Portugal  Laurel,  notable  for  their 
large  size  and  brilliant  coloration,  approaching  the  American  form 
jKendarfiiohis. —  October  10th. — British  Earwigs. — Mr.  Lucas  exhibited 
specimens  and  detailed  drawings  of  the  various  species  of  British 
Earwigs  to  illustrate  his  paper,  with  living  examples  of  the  very  local 
Labidura  riparia  from  Christchurch.  A.  ornata  var. — Mr.  Tonge,  a 
very  dark  marked  example  of  Acidalia  ornata  from  Reigate.  Lapland 
CoLiAS. — Mr.  Sheldon,  a  long  series  of  Colias  hecla  from  N.  Lapland, 
with  examples  of  other  European  Colias  species  for  comparison.  Nola 
ALBULALis. — Mr.  Adkiu,  specimens  of  Nola  albtilalis  bred  from  larvae 
that  had  hybernated  in  coiafinement.  A.  coridon  and  E.  quercinaria 
varieties.— Mr.  Newman,  a  long  series  of  Agriadea  coridon  including 
several  ab.  senrisynyraii/ia  from  Royston,  and  showing  in  the  ?  s,  much 
variation  in  the  ground-colour  of  both  upper  and  under  surfaces,  and 
3rd  generation  specimens  of  Knnomofi  tjitercinaria,  all  with  the  apex  of 
forewings  dark ;  25%  of  the  2nd  generation  had  been  melanic,  of  dark 
chocolate  colour.  Paper. — Mr.  Lucas  read  a  paper  "  Earwigs  that 
breed  in  Britain,"  and  illustrated  his  notes  with  a  large  number  of 
lantern  slides. — October  2itJi. — Donation  to  the  Collection. — The 
Secretary  exhibited  four  specimens  of  Abraxas  yrossnlarmta  ab. 
rarleyata,  presented  to  the  Society's  cabinet  by  Mr.  G.  T.  Porritt. 
Swiss  Butterflies. — Mr.  Ashdown,  a  collection  of  Butterflies  made 
during  his  holiday  in  Switzerland  in  .June  and  July.  Photographs. — 
Mr.  Colthrup,  a  series  of  very  fine  photographs  of  lepidoptera  at  rest 
and  of  famous  entomological  localities.  Mr.  Newman's  breeding  and 
Hybrids. — Mr.  Newman,  one  ( 'olias  ediisa  and  four  var.  helice,  which 
he  had  bred  this  year  from  a  captured  var.  helice,  some  Pyraweix 
atalonta  with  smoky-red  bands,  and  a  fine  series  of  autumn-bred 
hybrid  ocellatiiR-jmpndi  showing  much  variability.  These  last  had 
not  been  forced.  T.  bistortata,  2nd  brood. — Mr.  Tonge,  a  long  series 
of  Tephrosia  bistortata,  bred  from  a  captured  $  from  Tilgate  Forest. 


314  THE  entomologist's  record. 

An  uncommon  Pyrale. — Mr.  Kaye,  an  uncommon  Pyrale,  Ar/lossa 
cuprealis,  captured  in  his  house  at  Surbiton.  Exotic  Papilios. — Mr, 
Edwards,  the  exotic  Papilios,  1\  iacicus,  from  S.  America,  and  J'. 
hcUcrl  and  P.  aiidraenion,  from  Mexico.  Living  P.  c-album. — Mr.  L. 
Gibb,  a  living  example  of  l'olij<fonia  c-album.  Eupitheciids.— Mr. 
Adkin,  short  series  of  Kupithevia  innotata  and  K,  fia.vinata,  and 
initiated  a  discussion  on  the  specific  stability  of  these  as  two  separate 
species,  Pieris  napi  of  1912. — Mr.  Grosvenor,  two  drawers  of  Picris 
napi,  showing  the  geographical  variation  occurring  in  the  British  Isles. 
Lapland  butterflies. — Mr.  Sheldon,  all  the  species  of  the  genus  Erchia 
known  to  occur  in  Scandinavia,  and  which  he  had  taken  in  his  trips 
there  during  1911  and  1912. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — October  21.s^ 
— Mr.  Wm.  Webster,  Vice-President  in  the  chair.  This  being  the 
opening  meeting  of  the  season  was  devoted  to  exhibits  of  the  past 
season's  work.  Mr.  F,  N,  Pierce  showed  a  box  of  Lepidoptera  from 
Silverdale,  Lanes,,  which  included  Hamearis  lucina,  Brenthis  euplirosyne, 
and  Euclidia  mi  ;  from  Tansor,  Huntingdonshire,  ScJioenobiiis  mucro- 
nellus,  8.  forjicellus,  Acentropiis  niveus,  Hydrocampa  nympheata,  H. 
stagnata,  and  Paraponyx  stratiotata ;  also  Scapula  fcrruyalis  from 
Oxfordshire.  Mr.  L.  West  exhibited  his  recently  published  work  The 
Natural  Trout-Fly  and  its  Imitations,  containing  a  fine  series  of  coloured 
illustrations  of  the  flies  used  by  the  angler  for  trout  together  with  a 
set  of  the  artificial  flies,  inserted  on  special  pages,  Mr,  B,  H.  Crabtree, 
two  drawers  containing  his  very  fine  series  of  variations  of  Abraxas 
yrossulariata,  including  vars.  niyra,  niyro-sparsata,  niyro-caerulea,  Jlavo- 
fasciata,  hazeleiyhensis,  lutea,  varleyata,  and  other  striking  forms.  Mr. 
E.  Tait,  Jun.,  a  long  bred  series  of  Ayrotis  ashworthii,  with  vars.  sub- 
striata,  and  riryata,  a  very  fine  set  of  Ayrotis  ayatliina,  including  var. 
rosea  and  a  melanic  form  of  Boarmia  repandata,  from  North  Wales  ; 
Leptosia  sinapis,  Colias  edasa,  Liydia  adustata,  Bapta  temerata, 
Melanippe  yaliata,  from  south  Devon  ;  Tephrosia  luridata,  from  Wyre 
Forest,  and  Nyssia  zonaria,  from  Conway.  Mr.  W.  A.  Tyerman 
exhibited  the  following  species  from  Ainsdale,  viz : — Procris  statices, 
Neuria  reticulata,  Dianthoecia  nana,  PUisia  festucae,  Phibalapteryx 
liynata,  and  Kupithecia  satyrata  var.  callunaria.  Mr.  W.  Mansbridge 
showed  Micro-lepidoptera  collected  in  Lancashire  and  Cheshire 
during  the  past  season,  viz: — Along  bred  series  oiTortrixcostana  with 
melanic  and  intermediate  variations,  a  long  bred  series  of  Mnemonica 
(Micropteryx)  unimaculella,  Coleophora  fusccdmella  and  ( '.  lutipennella, 
Ornix  betulae,  Lithocolletis (j uercifoliella,&nd  L.crame7-ella,ivomJ)e\iim.eve; 
Pancalia  loewenhoekella  and  Pyrausta  purpuraUs  from  Grange,  the  last 
being  very  brightly  coloured.  Mr.  Prince,  a  bred  series  of  Cidaria 
reticulata,  from  Windermere,  yemeophila  plantayinis  var.  hospita,  from 
the  Lake  District,  and  many  coast  species. 


BIT  U  AR  Y. 

William  Forsell  Kirby.     (}Vith  portrait.) 

Although  William  Forsell  Kirby  was  a  naturalist  by  profession, 
and  had  a  world-wide  reputation  as  a  writer  on  various  orders  of 
insects,  besides  being  the  author  of  more  popular  works  on  Natural 
History,  he  was  a  man  of  great  erudition,  and  took  a  considerable 


OBITUARY. 


315 


interest  in  vaiious  branches  of  general  science,  literature  and  philo- 
sophy. His  vast  reading  and  great  knowledge  caused  him  to  be  con- 
stantly apphed  to  by  friends  and  correspondents  whenever  they  required 
information,  on  all  manner  of  subjects,  and  in  the  true  spirit  of  science 
Mr.  Kirby  was  always  ready  with  his  advice  and  help.  On  the  other 
hand,  Mr.  Kirby  was  a  most  gentle  and  retiring  man,  whose  fear  of 
injuring  others  prevented  him  from  putting  himself  forward,  and  taking 
a  place  which  his  great  talents  would  have  deserved. 

William  Forsell  Kirby  was  born  on  January  14th,  1844,  at  High 
Street,  Leicester,  and  was  the  eldest  son  of  Samuel  Kirby,  banker. 
His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Lydia  Forsell.  In  1854  his  father 
died,  and  in  1857  the  family  removed  to  Burgess  Hill,  and  afterwards 
to  Brighton.  In  Brighton  Kirby  became  acquainted  with  several 
entomologists  and  other  naturalists,  including  Henry  Cooke,  Frederick 
Merrifleld,  and  J.  N.  "Winter,  and  he  became  a  member  of  the  Brighton 
and  Sussex  Natural  History  Society.  He  continued  to  collect  insects 
together  with  sea-shore  objects,  and  his  first  published  writings  appeared 
in  the  Kntnmnloiii^fs  Weekbj  Intellitiencer:'-  In  1858  he  published  his 
Lht  of  Brithh  Ehnpaloccm.'  In  18G0,  Kirby  left  Brighton  and  came  to 
London,  and  entered  the  business  of  Meesrs.  Williams  and  Norgate, 
where  he  remained  until  1866,  with  the  exception  of  an  interval  in 
1864,  which  was  spent  in  studying  chemistry  under  Dr.  T.  W.  Wood. 
It  was  at  this  time  that  he  joined  the  Entoinological  Society  of  London, 
and  in  1862  he  published  his  first  work  of  importance,  A  Manual  of 
tuiropeoii  Butterflies.  This  brought  him  into  notice,  and  he  became 
known  to  the  famous  entomologists  of  the  day,  J.  0.  Westwood,  H.  T. 
Stainton,  W.  C.  Hewitson,  H.  W.  Bates,  Dr.  H.  G.  Knaggs,  and  others. 

The  year  1866  was  chiefly  spent  in  Germany,  where  Kirby  married 
Miss  Johanna  Maria  Kappel,  to  whom  he  was  devotedly  attached  and 
who,  until  her  death  in  1893,  took  a  great  interest  in  and  assisted  him 
with  his  literary  work.  While  on  the  Continent  he  collected  insects 
and  plants,  and  studied  German,  Italian  and  Persian.  Kirby  was  an 
early  disciple  of  Darwin,  as  shown  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Entomo- 
logical Society  as  early  as  January,  1863.  In  1867  Kirby  accepted  the 
post  of  Assistant  Naturalist  in  the  ]\Iuseum  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society, 
afterwards  the  National  Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  his  fellow-assistant 
being  A.  G.  More,  the  well-known  botanist  and  ornithologist.  It  was 
in  1867  that  Kirby's  only  son  was  born.  During  this  time  articles  from 
his  pen  on  entomological  subjects  continued  to  appear,  not  only  in  the 
entomological  journals,  but  in  such  papers  as  the  Irish  Fanners' 
(jrazette,  iSaiinders'  Neirs  Letter,  The  Gardener's  Record,  etc. 

In  1871  his  great  work,  A  Synonymic  Catalogue  of  Diurnal  Lepi- 
doptera,  appeared,  and  at  once  made  him  famous.  In  1877  he  pub- 
lished his  Supplement  to  this  Catalogue.  The  next  work  of  importance 
he  produced  was  European  Butterfiies  and  Moths,  which  appeared  in 
monthly  parts  from  1878  to  1882,  and  has  been  several  times  reissued. 
The  most  recent  edition,  under  the  name  Butter/lies  and  Moths  of 
Kurojie,  was  published  from  1902  to  1904. 

On  the  death  of  W.  C.  Hewitson,  in  1878,  W.  F.  Kirby  was  asked 
to  prepare  the  Catalogue  of  his  famous  collection  of  Butterfiies  which 
Hewitson  had  bequeathed  to  the  British  Museum.     This  necessitated  a 

Knt.  Week.  Int.,  Vol.  I.,  p.  91  (1856).  W.K.  announces  the  discovery  of  the 
full-fed  larvBe  of  Orgyia  gonostigma. — (H.J.T.) 


816  THE  entomologist's  record. 

stay  at  Mr.  Hewitson's  delightful  house  and  grounds  at  Oatland's  Park. 
Here  Mr.  Kirby  was  visited  by  Mr.  Hewitson's  old  friends  Sir  William 
Armstrong,  John  Hancock,  H.  Grose-Smith,  and  S.  Stevens,  and 
many  a  pleasant  afternoon  was  spent  by  these  naturalists  in  fishing 
for  tench,  bream,  and  eels  in  the  Broad  Water.  From  1869  to  1884 
W.  F.  Kirby  contributed  the  annual  reports  on  Lepidoptera  for  the 
Zooloijical  Record,  and  afterwards  the  greater  part  of  the  Insecta.  This 
necessitated  his  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  various  European  languages 
such  as  Dutch,  Swedish,  Danish,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  and  Eussian. 

In  1879,  on  the  death  of  P'rederick  Smith,  Kirby  was  transferred 
from  Dublin  to  the  Zoological  Department  of  the  British  Museum,  a 
post  which  he  held  until  his  superannuation  in  January,  1909.  At 
first,  on  his  return  to  England,  Kirby  resided  in  the  north  of  London, 
and  was  an  intimate  friend  and  neighbour  of  Edward  Clodd,  H.  W. 
Bates,  and  H.  G.  Knaggs.  On  the  removal  of  the  Zoological  Depart- 
ment to  South  Kensington,  he  came  to  live  in  Chiswick,  and  was  a 
neighbour  of  Dr.  Bowdler  Sharpe,  with  whom  he  made  a  tour  to 
Norway  in  1901. 

At  the  British  Museum  Kirby  ceased  to  work  officially  at  Lepi- 
doptera, and  took  up  the  orders  Hymenoptera,  Orthoptera,  etc.  In  1882 
he  published  his  List  of  [hjiiicnoptcra  Tentliredinldae  and  Siricidae  in  the 
Collection  of  the  British  Museum,  and  in  1883,  Evolution  and  Natural 
Theolo;/!/.  In  1885  appeared  his  Textbook  of  Kntomolofiy  (2nd  edition 
1892)  ;  in  1885  the  Youn;/  Collector  Series  British  Buttcrjlies,  Moths, 
and  Beetles ;  1887  to  1897,  in  conjunction  with  H.  Grose-Smith, 
Uhopalncera  Exotica  (2  vols.) ;  in  1889,  A  Natural  Uistonj  of  Maiinuah, 
Birds,  lleptiles,  etc.  (8  vols.). 

In  1890  A  Si/)wnyinic  Cataloi/ue  of  Neuroptera,  Odonata,  or  Drat/on- 
Jiies  was  issued,  followed,  in  1892,  by  his  great  Synomjmic  Cataloijue  of 
Lepidoptera-Heterocera  or  JSlotlis :  Sphinyes  and  Bombijces,  on  which  he 
had  been  working  for  a  number  of  years.  Want  of  sufficient  support 
prevented  this  monumental  work  from  being  continued,  or  it  would 
have  run  to  some  five  or  six  other  volumes.  The  shell  of  the  work  was 
complete  up  to  1892.  The  Handbook  of  Lepidoptera,  5  vols.,  was  issued 
from  1894  to  1897,  followed  by  Marvels  of  Ant  Life  in  1898,  Eavi'liar 
Butterflies  and  Mothfi,  1902,  British  Lloweriny  Plants,  1906,  Mannuals  of 
the  ]Vorld,  1907,  and  .Sipio)n/)iiic  Catalot/ue  of  Orthoptera  in  the  Collec- 
lection  of  the  IJritish  Aluseuiu,  3  vols.,  1904,  1906,  1910,  as  well  as 
numerous  contributions  to  Entomological  and  other  journals  which 
appeared  from  time  to  time.  All  this  while  W.  F.  Kirby  was  writing 
books  and  papers  on  various  branches  of  Literature  and  Poetry,  as  well 
as  on  Mysticism  and  Philosophy.  He  was  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean 
and  Entomological  Societies,  to  the  latter  of  which  he  was  Honorary 
Secretary  for  some  years. 

Kirby  was  fond  of  travelling  and  generally  spent  his  holidays  abroad. 
He  had  thus  visited  Scotland,  France,  Holland,  Belgium,  Switzerland, 
Italy,  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  always  started  on  his  travels 
armed  with  a  butterfly  net  and  collecting  box.  His  last  holiday,  in 
August  of  this  yeai',  was  spent  with  his  son  and  grandsons  in  Germany 
and  Austria. 

His  genial  kindliness,  tact,  and  quiet  amiability,  together  with  his 
never  tiring  assistance  to  all  who  required  help  or  counsel,  endeared 
him  to  a  large  circle  of  friends  and  acquaintances,  whilst  the  world 


OBITUARY.  317 

will  be  the  poorer  for  the  vast  amount  of  work  which,  at  the  age  of  68, 
he  was  still  prepared  to  give  it  from  his  prolific  brain, 

William  Forsell  Kirby  died  on  November  20th,  at  his  residence  in 
Chiswick,  after  a  short  illness.  lie  was  buried  in  Chiswick  Cemetery 
on  the  26th,  being  attended  to  the  grave  by  a  large  gathering  of 
sorrowing  friends. — W.E.K. 


Arnold  Wullschlegel. 

The  last  of  the  well-known  lepidopterists  of  the  Rhone  Valley 
has  been  removed  by  the  death  of  Arnold  Wullschlegel,  at  Martigny, 
on  November  18th,  on  his  63rd  birthday.  His  death  will  not 
have  come  as  a  surprise  to  any  of  his  friends,  since  more  than 
two  years  ago  he  was  afflicted  with  three  strokes  of  paralysis  within  a 
fortnight,  after  the  last  of  which  he  never  spoke  again,  though  he 
retained  his  intellect  unimpaired.  He  is  best  known  as  the  colla- 
borator of  the  late  Chanoine  Favre  in  the  "  Macro-Lepidoptera  of  the 
Valais,"  but  having  bred  an  immense  number  of  species  from  the  egg, 
he  had  naturally  acquired  vast  stores  of  knowledge  of  their  early 
stages,  much  of  which  will  in  all  probability  be  lost  to  the  world.  He 
leaves  a  widow  who  for  many  years  has  shared  his  entomological 
labours,  and  though  she  has  so  far  published  nothing,  it  is  possible 
that  through  her  means  some  part  of  this  hardly-acquired  knowledge 
may  be  preserved  for  the  service  of  future  generations. — G.  W. 


CONTENTS    OF    VOLUME    XXIV. 


PAGE 

Aberrational  Names  . .  . .   229 

Aberrations  and  Varieties  (see  also 

Variation) :  —  Abraxas      grossn- . 

lariata,  132,  276;    Adalia  ohli- 

terata,  245;  Aglaia  iirticae,  177, 

223;    Af)riades  coridoit,  238;   A. 

thetis,  153  ;  Agrotis  jordani,  304  ; 

A.  jordani  ab.  chali/haea,   304  ; 

A.  kermesina  ab.  virescens,  305  ; 

Anthochelis  phtacina,  131 ;    An- 

throcera  jilipendulae,  132 ;  Apa- 

tura  ilia,  276;    Argijnuis  adippe, 

152 ;    Boarmi'i    repandata,    57, 

202  ;  Brenthi.f  pales,  41  ;    Bri/o- 

pliila    raptriciiloides,    305 ;      B. 

raptriculoides     ab.     vun'morata, 

305;      A.      raptriculoides      ab. 

mediostrigata,  305  ;     Calloplirys 

rubi,  152  ;   Cidaria  populate!,  85  ; 

C.  truncata,  58;    Clytus  arietis, 

278  ;    Coenonymplia.   pamphilus, 

60  ;  Colias  edusa,  199  ;  C.  erate, 

12 ;     C.   palaeno,  252 ;    Coscina 

cribrnm,  159;  Ephyra  annulata, 

199  ;    Epinephele  jurtina,    192  ; 

i-J.  tebuessia,    192 ;    i*..    tithonus 

ab.  /"itZf/e/i.s,  304;  Erchia  lappona , 

98;  E.  stygne,  2,  159;  Euchlor 

cardamines,    131  ;     7*-'.    damone, 

223;      Himera    pennaria,     57; 

Leptosia   duponcheli,     148 ;     L. 

sinapis,    12,    149 ;     Ltptothorax 

tubero-all'inis,    306  ;  Loweia  alci- 

phron,  10,  99  ;  lAiperina  guencei, 

18;  Zv.  krnegeri,  305;    Lycaeiia 

sephyrus,  190;  Malenydris  uiulti- 

strigaria,        134 ;       Melanargia 

galathea,    101,    275 ;     Melitaea 

othalia,  42  ;    i!/.  aurinia,   132  ; 

i1/.  cynthia,  89  ;  Noctua  festiva, 

85  ;      Ocneria     krnegeri,     304  ; 

Parasemia      2''«"'"S'"'*'''>      255 ; 

Parnassius      apollo,      75  ;       Z-". 

mnemosyne,  4  ;    Pieris  napi,  12, 

214 ;     Plebeius   argus,    3,    101  ; 

Polyommatus     icarus,     11,     54, 

153,    268;     Pyrameis    atalanta , 

105,    199 ;        Jhimicid     phlaeas, 

10,      51,      131  ;        Satyrus     al- 

cyone,   152;    ,S'.  statiliiius,   121; 

Scoparla  ambigualis,  203;  Xylina 

aruilhopus  ..  ..  ..    123 

Abundance  of  Acidalia  fumata, 
138;  Z^i.s^on  hirtaria,  122; 
Celastrina  argiulus,  215 ;  Coc- 
nonymplia  typhon,  257  ;  Crambus 


geniculeus,  166  ;   Dasydia  ubfus- 
cata,  82;    Ematurga   atumaria, 
57 ;     Hadena    pisi,   56 ;     Halia 
brunneata,    83;     Heliaca     tene- 
brata,     135 ;      Hibernia     leuco- 
phaearia,  247  ;  Issoria  lathonia, 
121 ;  Melanargia  galathea,  113  ; 
Malenydris      didymata,        138; 
moths   at    Light,    175 ;     Odezia 
atrata,  138  ;     Pyrameis   cardui, 
215 ;      Rumicia     phlaeas,     54 ; 
Satyrus   cordula,    etc.,    70,    98 ; 
(Sesia  stellatarum  . .  . .     61 

Acarina  with  ants  . .  . .  . .     38 

Acceptance  of  Aner  gates  at  ratal  us 

by  Tetrauiorium  cespitum  . .   218 

Acraeidae,  New  species  of   28,  223, 

225,  233 
Alternation  of  Generations  . .   194 

Ants  4,  34,  47,  63,  65,  76,  77, 

126,  198,  208,  218,  306 
Aphaniptera. .         ..         ..  ..   194 

Aphidae  with  ants  . .  . .  . .     39 

^ra»(eiw(^i  with  ants. .  ..  ..39 

Assembling  of  ilZ.  ritftt,  93  ;  Satur- 
nia  pavonia  . .  . .  . .   134 

Asymmetry   of   Apatura  iris,   54 ; 
Mimas  tiliae,  50 ;  Pontia   dapli- 
dice,  60  ;   Vcnilia  macula ta       . .     57 
Attacks  on  Anthrocerid  pupas       . .   216 
Bibliography  of  Luperina  guvicei..     87 
Bionomical  Notes    . .  . .  . .   244 

Birds  and  Insects    . .  . .  •  •   263 

Bleaching  in  Lepidoptera  . .  . .     98 

Braconidae  with  ants         . .  . .     36 

"British  Butterflies"  (J.  W.Tutt), 
completion  of       . .  . .         •  •   192 

British     Destructive     Insects     in 

India         222 

Camptogramma  fluviata   in  North 
London     . .  . .  . .  •  •   306 

Captures  in  Norfolk  . .  . .   230 

Case      enlarged      by     Coleophora 
maeniacclla  . .  . .  . .   242 

Ceanotlius,  Attractive  power  of    . .   193 
Cleaning  of  Greasy  Insects  . .   123 

Coccidae  with  ants,  37  ;    eaten  by 
Lycffinid  larvffi     . .  . .      107,  129 

Cocoon,   Aberrant,   of  P.  cecropia  276 
Coenuuympha,  The  genus  . .  . .   201 

Coleophora,   Notes  on   the  various 
siieciesof  ..  ..  183,  241,  281 

Coleoptera,  Bare  species  of,  24,  25, 
27,  28.  48,  102,  117,  128,  168, 
191, 202, 246 ;  at  Newhaven, 22 ; 
Bibliographia,     127;      Carrion- 


INDEX. 


819 


feeding,   143  ;    Catalogus,    144  ; 
Changes     in     synonymy,     116 ; 
Fooclplants  of  Ajnon  aiinuliijes, 
etc.,    271  ;    Fossil,    223 ;    genus 
Anisotoma,  140;  genus  Bledius, 
141 ;  genusCeutliorhynchns,  139  ; 
genus      Gabrius,      140 ;      genus 
Gyrophaena,  250  ;    genus  Hali- 
2)lus,    139  ;     genus  Loiifiitarsiis, 
142  ;  infesting  vines,  85  ;  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  65;  niyrmeeophilous 
notes,    34 ;     New    species     and 
varieties  of,  27,  53,  114,  140,  141, 
142,  187,  194,   195,   250;    notes 
on  species  of  Lathrohiiiin,  259; 
on  the  Isle  of  Eigg,  13  ;    Records 
of  local  Geodejihaga,  168 ;  Retro- 
spect for  1911,  114,  138  ;  species 
and  vars.  new  to  Britain,  1,  14, 
71,  114,  129,  191,  194,  195,  243, 
250  ;  taken  at  Ditchling,  1911  . .     20 
Collecting      Orthoptera      in      the 

Caucasus  and  Transeaucasus  . .   297 
Collecting    at     Constantinople    in 
1911,  10,  293  ;  in  1912,  293  ;   in 
frost,  103  ;    notes  for  1911,  90, 
145,   176  ;    notes  for  1912,  219,  220 
Collection,  An  old  Essex  . .  . .   290 

Collections  of  H.  J.  Adams,  250; 

J.  W.  Tutt  . .  73,  104,  188,  221 

Collembola  with  ants  . .  . .     37 

Congress,     Second     International, 

of  Entomology     . .         207,  209,  221 
Comparison    of    the   Coleopterous 

Fauna  of  Cumberland  and  Kent  309 
Cosmopolitan  Cockroaches  . .   217 

Courting  of  I'rbicola  comma  . .   157 

Crustacea  with  ants  . .  . .     40 

Current  Notes  26,  44,  74,  104, 

125,  192,  221,  249,  274,  306 
Description    of    Adalia    obliterata 
(abs.),  243;  Catops  montivagus, 
71  ;       Coleophora       artemisiella 
(larva),     243 ;     C     niaotiacella 
(larva),  241;  C.  ochrea  (larva), 
281  ;  C.  therinella  (larva),  184  ; 
C.  viminetella  (larva  and  ovum), 
282';  Eryx  fairmairci,   1  ;    Hy- 
droecia   burrowsi,    109 ;    Lepto- 
thorax  corticalis  (and  other  races 
of  L.  tuberum),  63  ;  Longitarsus 
plantago-maritiymtti,  187;  do.  ah. 
perplexus,  188 ;    Mysia  oblongo- 
guttata    ab.     nigroguttata,     53 ; 
Platycleis   barrctii,    31  ;     Zono- 
somaorbicularia  a.h.  iantliinarium    25 
Dimorphism  in  Anthocharis  belia, 
59 ;     Euripus    lialitherses,    52 ; 
Melaiiitis  ismene,  72  ;  Phasmidas  203 
Diptera  48,  75,  198,  199,  200,  201, 

225,  227 
Diptera  new  to  Britain  27,  77, 126, 

189,  194,  195,  250 
Diptera  with  ants  . .         . .         . .     35 

Disease  transmitted  by  insects  194,  195 


Distinction  between  Acraea  orestia 
and  A.  humilis,  49 ;  Brentlns 
pales  and  B.  arsilache,  88 ; 
Croesus  varius  and  C.  latipes, 
130 ;  Eurytela.  hiarbas  and  E. 
dryope,  130 ;  Hesperia  malvae, 
H.  Dialvoides,  and  H.  melotis, 
127 ;  Hydroecia  burrowsi,  H. 
paludis,  etc.,  109 ;  Leptosia 
siiiapis  and  L.  duponclieli,  149  ; 
Leucania  jnilleii s and  L.  favicolor, 
106  ;  Luperina  graslini  and  L. 
nickerlii,  18  ;  Mycetoporus  forti- 
cornis  and  M.  oiavicornis  . ,     25 

Distribution  of  the  Blattidse,  Notes 
on  the        238 

Early  appearances  . .    25,  74,  122,  201 

Easy  Method  of  getting  full-fed 
Cossus  larvffi  from  the  trees       . .   190 

Economic  Entomology        75,  108, 

194,  210,  211,  222 

Egg-laying  of  Bithys  quercus,  54 ; 
Fararge  megaera. .  .,  ..55 

Emergence  of  Geometra  papilio- 
naria,  245;  Blattid  larvas  ..   283 

Entomological  Club  ..26,44,104 

Eupithecia,  Notes  on  . .  . .     33 

Exhibition  of  the  S.  London  Ent. 
Society 307 

Experiments  with  the  Effects  of  the 
Protective  Vapours  of  Heteroptera  307 

First  Fortnight  in  July  at  Digne, 
The  67,     99 

Foodplant  of  Ajnon  annulipes,  etc., 
271 ;  Lithostege  griseata,  231  ; 
Hesperia  sidae,  44 ;  Nonagria 
cannae       ..  ..  ..  ..   220 

Fortnight  at  Gavarnie,  A  . .      150,  157 

Fungus  growing  on  ants    . .  . .       5 

Genitalia      28,  101,  109,  126,  127, 

139,  148,  170,  171,  226 

Genotype  of  the  Blattid  genus 
Steleopyga  . .  . .  . .     23 

Gloucestershire  Lepidoptera,  Col- 
lection of  . .         . .         . .         . .     74 

Grapta  (Polygonia),  North-Ameri- 
can, in  British  Museum  . .     47 

Greek  Lepidoptera  in  April,  1911        59 

GynandromorphoLis  Oxynopterus 
audouini,  48  ;  Amorpha  populi, 
49,  147  ;  Hydroecia  paludis,  170, 

172,  202,  229 

Habits  of  Amauris  egialea,  198  ; 
Antennophorus ,  88;  AntJirocera 
exulans,  254;  A.  meliloti,  245; 
Asthena  blomeri,  163;  Boarmia 
roboraria,  165 ;  Coleophora 
maeniacella  (larva),  242  ;  Croesus 
varius  and  C.  latipes,  130;  Di- 
anthoecia  irregularis,  261 ;  Glau- 
copsyche  cyllarus,  62 ;  Gluto- 
phrissa  saba,  128;  Hibernia,  103; 
Hirsutina  dolus,  118,  119  ;  Litho- 
stege griseata,  231,  262,  273 ; 
Luperina  gueneei  (larva),   271 ; 


320 


THE  ENTOMOLOGIST  S  RECORD. 


PAGE. 

Lijcuena  aephi/niii  var.  iilirtiki, 
190  ;  Malenydris  nuiltistrigaria, 
134;  Microdoii  inutahilis,  35; 
Miltochriata  miiiiatd,  24.5  ;  Noc- 
tua  primulae,  N.  hruniiea  und  N. 
triuiKjuluin,  245  ;  Puchi/tltelia 
villosella  (larva),  246;  I'alim- 
psestis  octogesima,  136  ;  Fapilio 
memnon,  etc.,  73;  Phycis  carhon- 
aiielhi,  85 ;  Fieris  rapae,  146  ; 
Folyonunatus  esclieri,  99  ;  Stilhia 
anonuila,  105;  Thyreostheniui< 
hiovata,  39  ;  Tortrix  pronuhana, 
273  ;  Tricopteryx  virctata  . .  272 
Hailstorm,  Remarkable     . .  . .   161 

Hairs  of  Aiiuphe  iiij'racla,  Irritatiiif^  225 
Hcmiptera-Ileteroptera  ..36,75,  194 
Hibernation    of    Ciciudela   senilix, 

1U4  ;   Goneptcryx  r]ia))uii  ..    178 

Hybrids         . .  129,  200,  269,  313 

Hydroecias  in  the  Tutt  collection  . .  73 
Hymenoptera  {see  also  Ants),      36, 

37,  144,  202,  252 
Insects  as  prey       48,  72,  128,  129, 

155,  174,  216,  224,  225,  257,  263 
Italian  Lakes  in  Spring      ..  ..112 

Larvse,  Carnivorous  107,  248,  249 

LarvsB  of  Bistoii  hirtaria,  93,  122  ; 
Coleophora  arteviisiella,  242, 
272;  C.  discordella,  189;  C. 
viaeniacella,  241  ;  C.  niyricella 
(?),  187 ;  C.  ochrea,  281  ;  C. 
therinella,  183;  C.  viminetclla, 
282 ;  Cossits  liyniperda,  190 ; 
Dianthoecia  capsincola,  95  ;  I), 
carpophaga,  95  ;  Jocheaera  alni, 
56  ;  Lasiocampa  qiiercvs,  127  ; 
Luperina  yueiieei,  271  ;  Ij.  nick- 
erlii,  20;  j\Ia)uluca  atrojjos,  273; 
Microdon  inutahilis,  35;  Myelois 
cribrella,  75  ;  Myrmecimt  grand- 
7iicola,  4;  Pachythelia  villosella, 
246 ;  Fhyllotoma  aceris,  276 ; 
Pieris  napi,  103  ;  Thera  /Irniata, 

237  ;  Tiiieina       Ill 

Lepidoptera  of  Abertillery,  133, 
162  ;  Albula  Pass,  41 ;  Altmatt, 
2  ;  Braemar,  81,  253  ;  Bernina 
Pass,  87 ;  Black  Forest,  265 ; 
The  Broads,  220;  "  Breck  " 
district,  260,  273;  Campfer,  267  ; 
Canvey  Is.,  124;  The  Cevenne.'?, 
117;  Chamonix,  104;  Constanti- 
nople, 10,293;  Courmayenr,  16; 
Daiiphine  Alps,  96  ;  Digne,  67, 
99;  FiCli'pens,  15;  Kilzbach  and 
the  Thalalp,  3  ;  Fontaineblean, 
17;  Co.  Galway,  127;  Gavarnie, 
150,  157;  Gibraltar,  172;  Grand 
St.  Bernard,  16;  Greece,  59; 
Grindclwald,  288;  Hinterzarten, 
266,  295,  296;  Italian  Lakes, 
112  ;  Lyndhurst,  90 ;  Martigny 
and  Branson,  15  ;  Meienthal,  2; 
Miirren,     288;     Norfolk,     230; 


PAGE. 

Orsieres,    18;    Pontresina.  266; 
llhone    Valley,    112 ;     Rilfelalp, 
104;     S.    Moritz,    87;    Virton, 
294;  Wye  Valley  ..  ..     ,53 

Lepidoptera,   New  species  of,   28  ; 
Species  and  vars.  new  to  Britain, 
25,  27,  49  ;   Types  of,  188  ;  with 
ants  . .  . .  . .  . .     37 

Lepidopterology       . .         . .         . .     14 

LUnjthea    celtis,     Eggs    and     ovi- 
position     . .  . .  . .  . .   302 

Life-history  of  Haemonia  appendi- 

citlata        143 

Light,  Insects  at     . .         . .      166,  175 

Light-Emission  of  American  Lam- 
pyridae     . .  . .  . .  . .     46 

lAiperina  (?)  gucneei   as  a  species 

and  as  a  British  species. .        17,     87 
Lycaeiiidae  48,  107,  153,  190, 

198,  224 
Malformation   of  Ih/droecia  palu- 
dis,  On  a  ..  .'.  ..      169,  171 

Mantida? 202 

Marriage  flight  of  Lasitis  niger,  6  ; 
of  Forndca  nifa  . .  . .  . .       8 

Melanic,  Acidalia   inrgularia,  79  ; 
Boarmia    repandata ,    138 ;     De- 
pressaria  applana,  200  ;  Euholia 
hipttnctaria,  131;   Hihernia  leu- 
cophaearia, '2'65;   Blelitaea  a^iri- 
nia,  200  ;  Noctua  xanthographa, 
200;      Pyrausta     atirata,     167; 
TItera  variata,     ..  ..  ..79 

Micro-lepidoptera  of  Canvey  Is.   . .    124 
Migration  of  Sirex  gigns    . .  . .   252 

Mimicry,  48,  72,  77,  105,  124,  128, 
153,    174,    198,    208,    210,    224, 

225,  226,  233,  262 
Monopis,  The  Genus  . .         . .   126 

Month    in    Switzerland   and   else- 
where, A 2,  41,     87 

Moths  on  trunks  of  apple  trees    . .   181 
Myriapoda  with  ants  . .  . .     37 

Myrmecophilous  Notes  for  1911,  4, 

34,  143 
National     Trust      for     Places    of 

Historic  Interest  . .        74,  217 

Neuroptera    . .  . .  . .        28,  203 

New    Species    and    new   forms   of 

Lepidoptera  from  Sardinia        . .   303 
Nomenclature     127,  178,  199,  206, 

207,  213,  227,  229 
Nonsense  Names     . .         . .        66,  102 

Note  on  certain  species  of  Lathro- 

hlum  ..   2.59 

Note  on  the  abundance  of  Biston 
Iiirtaria  in  1912,  and  on  Insect 
Periodicity  . .  . .  . .   122 

Note  on  the  Early  Season  . .  . .   122 

Notes     from     Braemar,     Supple- 
mentary    . .  . .  . .  . .   253 

Notes  from  the  Wye  Valley  . .     53 

Notes  in  late  May  or  early  June  . .   191 
Notes  on  the  season  1912  at  Con- 
stantinople . .         . .         . .   293 


321 


PAGE. 

Notes  on  a  July  Trip  to  Switzer- 
land   287 

Notes  on  Collecting,  etc.  44,  74, 
103,     12-2,    152,    188.    219,    246, 

272,  306 
Notes  on  collecting  in  1911    10,  90, 

145,  176 
Notes  on  collecting  in  1912       219, 

220,  234,  267,  272,  293 
Notes  on  Gibraltar  Lepidoptera  . .  172 
Notes   on    the    various    species   of 

Coleophora  . .         183,  241,  281 

Obituaries,  S.  J.  Capper,  52;  A.  J. 
Fison,  280;  E.  A.  Fitch,  228; 
G.  H.  Grosvenor,  252;  W.  R. 
Jeffrey,  279  ;  W.  F.  Kirby,  314  ; 
Dr.  McCook,  46  ;  Dr.  Sequiera, 
275;  R.  W.  C.  Shelford,  204, 
205;  A.  M.  Shuguvoff,  278; 
Prof.  J.  Bernard  Smith,  203;  A. 

Wullschlegel        317 

Occasional  Notes  on  Eupithecia,  in 
LO.  Fermanagh     . .  . .  . .     33 

Odonata,   Pre-imaginal   stages   of, 
80  ;  in  Scotland  . .  . .      126,  275 

Officers  and  Council  of  the  Ento- 
mological Society  of  London     . .   308 
Oothecae  of  Blattidae        ..  . ,   283 

Orchid  stamens  adhering  to  moths  245 
Orthoptera  23,  29,  76,  77,  130,  155, 

202,  205,  217,  238,  274,  279.  283,  297 
Ova  of  Biston  hirtaria,  122;  Boar- 
mid  cinctaria,  91 ;  Coleophora 
vwdnetella,  282;  Dianthoecia 
capsincola,  95;  D.  carpophaga, 
94,95;  Dicranura  rinula,  190; 
Gonepteryx  rhamni,  224 ;  Pieria 
napi,lQ'6;  Lihythea  celtis  ..  303 
Oviposition  of  E.  carclamiiies^,  221 ; 

L.  celtis 302 

Pairing  of  Hepialiis  hecta  . .  . .   236 

Parasites   on    a  parasite,  1911  ;  on 
cockroaches  . .  . .  . .    287 

Parasitic  Diptera     . .         200,  227,  243 

Periodicity 122,  261 

Phaxiiiidae 106,  202 

Polid  }:hi   and   Protective   Resem- 
blance       . .  . .  . .  . .    124 

Polyctcnidac  viviparous     . .  . .     28 

Proctotriqxidae  with  a.nts   ..  ..37 

Professorships  in  Entomology       . .   222 
Protective    Resemblance    (s<p   also 

Mimicry)   . .  124.  153,  174,  262 

Protodcrmcqitcra      ..  . .  . .   307 

Pscudticraea,      An      extraordinary 
example       of       mimetic      poly- 
morphism.. ..  ..  ..   233 

Pupav  of   Anthrocera  filipendiilae, 
216;    Chrysojysyclie  i-aria,  226; 
Kmmelesia         albulata,         132  ; 
Myrvieciua       graiiiinicolu,       4  ; 
Norasmna    holga,    106 ;     Pliisia 
festiicae      . .  . .  . .  , .   137 

Pupation  of  Brent)n.<  enplironytte  . .   191 
Random  Notes  on  1912      ..  ..234 


112 
244 


271 
111 


PAGE. 

Recollections      of      the      Eastern 
Counties    . .  . .  . .  . .   273 

Retrospect    of    a    Coleopterist  for 

1911  114,  138 

Reviews  see  322 

Rhone  Valley  and  Italian  Lakes  in 

Spring 
Scent  of  Papilio  machaon  larvae  . . 
Scientific  Notes  and  Observations 
44,  72,  103,  124,  153,  191,  221, 
244, 
Seasonal  Notes  on  Tineina 
Season  of  1911  in  the  Abertilleiy 

District 133,  162 

Season  of  1912,  The  213,  219,  234, 

246,  248,  267,  272,  293 

Second   brood   of   Acidalia  riilngi- 

nata,    261  ;     Acontia     luctuosa, 

261  ;    Agrophila   trahealis,  274  ; 

Agrotis  seyetum,   168  ;    Argymiis 

(iglaia,  123  ;  Brenthis  scleiie,  17, 

124;      Bryophila     perla,      57; 

Celastriua  argiolus,  118;  Coremia 

designuta,    etc.,    58;    Eniiychia 

octomaculata,     59  ;      Eupitliecia 

virgaureata,        33  ;        Leitcania 

comma,   79;    Limenitis   Camilla, 

11;     Melanippe  suhtristata,   58; 

'        Melitaca    didyma,     11  ;     Minoa 

j        murinata,       58  ;  Odontopera 

j        hidentata,  124;  Pharetra  rumicis, 

56  ;    Smerintlius   occllata,   273  ; 

Tephrosia    histortata,    235 ;     T. 

crepuscularia,       57  ;        Tortrix 

pronubana,      273;       Xylocanqya 

areola 

Seeds  collected  by  ants 

Sight  in  insects,  208  ;  in  birds     . . 

Social      Habit      of      Micropteryx 

calthella  .. 
Societies'  Reports :  Birmingham 
Photographic  Society,  125  ;  City 
of  London  Entomological  and 
Natural  History  Society,  79. 130; 
Entomological  Society  of  London, 
27,  45,  47,  105,  128,  198,  223, 
311  ;  Lancashire  and  Cheshire 
Entomological  Society,  80,  105, 
195,  202,  314;  South-Eastern 
Union  of  Scientific  Societies, 
193 ;  South  London  Entomo- 
logical and  Natural  History 
Societv        45,  49,  104,  197,  274, 

276,  312 
Spring  Notes 
Stray    Notes   from    Ceylon,    153; 

from  Java . . 
Some  Races  of  Ants  new  to  Britain  306 
Summer     Holiday     in     Belgium, 

Germany  and  Switzerland 
Summer  Trip  in  France,  Switzer- 
land and  Italy 
Symbiosis  in  whorls  of  Bromelia- 

ceac 
Tabanidae,  Unknown  males  of    . . 


124 

5 

224 

246 


189 


72 


294 


15 


76 
224 


322 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 


I'AGE.  I  PAGK. 

Tarsal  Claws,  Specific  value  of     . .     49  |    Urticatins  hairs 225 

Ten  Days  in  the  Cevennes            . .   117  ;  Value  of  Protective  Resemblance  in 

Teratology    . .   28,  50,  03,  70,  132,  202  I        Moths        174,  262 


Third  Brood  of  Celostrina  ar<iiolu^, 

79  ;      Limenitis     Camilla,     11  ; 

Jimnicia      phlaeas,     54,      177 ; 

Tephroaia  crepuscularia . .  ..      57 

Third   generation  of  Acidalia  vir- 

(lularia       ..  ..  ..  ..51 

Thysanoptera  ..         191,224,250 

Tineina         Ill 

Toluol  as  a  grease  solvent   .  . .    123 

Trunks  of  trees.  Moths  on. .  106,  181 
Types  of  Lepidoptera         . .  . .    188 


Variation  in  Aricia  anteros,  10 ; 
Cyaniris  semiargns,  10  ;  Delias 
eucharis.  153  ;  Eiicliloe  euphe- 
iioides,  44 ;  Formica  riifa,  8 ; 
Hihernia  leucophaearia,  234 ; 
Picris  napi  and  P.  rapae,  132  ; 
Pscudacraeaeuiytus,  233;  Tera- 
coliis  liinbatuii       . .  . .      154,  230 

Varieties  {see  Aberrations) 

Viviparous  cockroaches      . .  . .   284 

Week  at  Braemar,  A  . .  . .     81 


Reviews  and  Notices  of  Books,  etc.  : — Aunales  de  la  SocUte  Ent.  de  Beh/ique, 

251  :  Annals  of  Scottish  Nat.  Wst.,  ]2'i,  145  ;  Annual  liejMrt  a)id  Proceed- 
ings of  tlieLancashire  and  Cheshire  Entoni.  Soc,  40, 195  ;  Animal  Report  of 
the  Entoni.  Soc.  of  Ontario  (42nd),  192;  Berliner  Entomologisclie  Zeitsch rift, 
76;  Bihliograpliia  Coleopterologica,  127  ;  Bulletin  de  la  Societ(}  Ent.  de 
France,  75,  192,  276;  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Lepid.  de  Geneve,  127; 
Bulletin  of  the  State  University  of  loiva,  223  ;  Butterfly  Hunting  in 
Many  La)ids,  Dr.  Longstaff,  76,  107;  Canadian  Entomologist,  46,192; 
Colcoptera  of  Cumberland,  308  ;  Coleopterorum  Catalogus,  144  ;  Ento- 
mological Neivs,  46,  76,  193,  194;  E)ttomologische  Mitteilungen,  78,  127; 
Entomolo<iisk  Tidshrift,  126;  Entomologist,  76,  127;  Entomoloqist's 
Monthly  Mag.,  27,  77,  120,  144,  193,  194',  195,  250  ;  Etudes  de  Le'pidop- 
tirologie  Coniparee,  C.  Oberthiir,  14  ;  Genera  Insectorum  (Dermaptcra), 
155  ;  Illustrated  Descr.  Cat.  of  the  Coleoptera  (e.rclusive  of  Rhynchophora) 
known  to  occur  in  Indiana,  Prof.  Blatchley,  144  ;   Irish  Naturalist,  127, 

252  ;  Lepidoptera  of  the  Zoological  Museum  of  the  University  of  Naples, 
75;  Lepidopterorum  Catalogus,  C.  Aurivillius  and  H.  Wagner,  196; 
Life  and  Love  of  the  Insect,  J.  Henri  Fabre  (trans,  by  A.  de  Mattos),  26; 
Macro-Lepidoptera  of  the  World,  Seitz,  193  ;  Monograph  of  the  African 
species  of  the  genus  Acraca,  H.  Eltringham,  226  ;  Naturalist,  76,  195  ;  Pre- 
liminary Jieport  of  Grape  Insects,  7.^ ;  Proceedings  of  the  Soutli  London 
Entomological  and  Nat.  Hist.  Society,  195  ;  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological 
Soc.  Lond.,  77  ;  Proportions  of  the  Seres  in  Forficula  auricularia,  H.  H. 
Brindley,  275;  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Research  Institute  and  College, 
108;  Revue  ]\Iensuelle  de  la  Socidti^  Ent.  Na)nuroise,  128,  275;  Scottisli 
Natnralist,  275  ;  Social  Life  in  the  Insect  World,  J.  H.  Fabre,  107  ; 
Terehrae  of  the  Chalastogastra,  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice,  125;  Transactions  of 
the  Carlisle  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  193,  221;  Transactions  of  tlie  Entom.  Soc. 
of  Ijondon,  144;  Verhandlung  der  k.  k.  zool.-hot.  Ges.  in  Wien,  223; 
Zeitschrift  fiirioiss.  Insektenhiologie,  27;  Zoologisclie  Kilinuindjaro-Meru 
ii.rperfiftcn  (1905-6)  ..  ..'        ..  .." 78 

Localities  :  — Abbot's  Wood,  248  ;  Abertillery,  133,  162  ;  Albula  Pass,  41  ; 
Algeciras,  172;  Algeria,  44;  Altmatt,  2;  Argeles,  101;  Avieniore,  8; 
Bagshot,  145;  Balta,  298  ;  Barnes,  112  ;  Baveno,  112  ;  Ben  Bheuiab,  73  ; 
Bergiin,  41.  87;  B(>risal,  113;  Bernina  Pass,  87;  Bex,  113;  Bickley, 
166  ;  Boxhill,  4,  35,  235,  236,  237,  243  ;  Braemar,  81,  253  ;  Branson,  15  ; 
Brasted  Chart.  152 ;  Breck  District,  200,  273;  Briancon,  97;  Brighton, 
92;  Bristol,  237;  Bromley  (Kent),  90;  Brookwood,  235;  Bugalla,  234; 
Cambridgeshire,  238  ;  Campfer,  2'67  ;  Canipomento,  172,  173  ;  Caterham, 
219;  Cdusse,  119;  Cevennes,  117;  Ceylon,  153,  175;  Chamonix,  104; 
Chelmsford,  290;  Chingford,  234;  Chiswick,  112;  Christchurch,  91; 
Clandon,  111;  Colley  Hill,  74,210;  Constantinople,  10,  74,  293;  Costa 
Rica,  70  ;  Courmaveur,  16  ;  Coventry,  189  ;  Cromer,  189  ;  Croydon,  94.; 
Cumberland,  310;"  Curdridge,  26;  Cuxton,  191;  Darenth,  4,  35; 
Dauphinc',  96  ;  Dawlish,  162;  Deal,  92,  107,  177,  249,  273  ;  Dean  (Forest 
of),  104  ;  Delamere,  5  ;  Digne,  67,  99,  148  ;  Ditchling,  20,  271  ;  Dorking, 
153;  DourbesMts.,  99;  Dulwich,  91,  93;  Earlswood,  103,247;  Eastbourne, 
94,  191  ;  East  Hoathly,  190  ;  Eclepens,  15 ;  Eigg,  5,  13,  145  ;  Epping, 
102;  Farnborough,  235  ;  Farningham,  189;  Fermanagh,  33;  Filzbach, 


82B 


■6  ;  Fobbing,  242  ;  Folkstone,  6,  27,  93,  167,  189  ;  Fontainebleau,  15,  17  ; 
Freiburg,  265,  295  ;  Gavarnie,  150,  157  ;  Gibraltar,  172  ;  Gomshall,  153  ; 
Grand  St.  Bernard,  16  ;  Gravesend,  187  ;  Greece,  59  ;  Grindelwald,  288  ; 
Gudaur,  300  ;  Guildford,  215  ;  Hadleigh,  191  ;  Hailsham,  219,  221 ; 
Hailing,  220,  272 ;  Hampshire,  145,  270 ;  Highgate,  74 ;  Hindhead 
Common,  219;  Hinterzarten,  266,  295,  296;  Horsley,  268;  Hungary,  190; 
Hjeres,  44  ;  Ilfracombe,  44,  124  ;  Java,  72  ;  Kew,  37  ;  Kewstoke  Woods, 
135,  163;  Kilimandjaro,  78;  Lanslebourg,  98;  Laveno,  113;  Le 
Lauteret,  97 ;  Lewes,  92 ;  Leytonstone,  122  ;  Looh  Lomond,  191 ; 
Lyndhurst,  90 ;  Madeira,  29  ;  Mailing,  191  ;  Margate,  122,  177 ; 
Marlborough,  237;  Martigny,  15,  16,  290;  Meienthal,  2;  Meiringen,  289; 
Mende,  118  ;  Modane,  98  ;  Mont  Cenis,  98  ;  Mooswald,  295,  296  ;  Mor- 
peth, 73  ;  Mull,  5  ;  Miirren,  288  ;  Nethy  Bridge,  5,  34,  71  ;  New  Forest, 
25,  90,  91, 123,  178,  218,  219,  235,  248  ;  Newhaven,  22  ;  Newland's  Corner, 
.270;  Northampton,  146;  North  Downs,  216;  Orsieres,  17;  Oxford, 
143,  236;  Oxshott,  24,  36,  53,  147,  236,  248;  Oxted,  147; 
Pangbourne,  63 ;  Pctworth,  123  ;  Pontresina,  89,  266 ;  Porlock,  34 ; 
Portslade,  95  ;  Purley,  146 ;  Putney,  112  ;  Puv,  96  ;  Eanmore,  268,  270  ; 
Eannock,  5,  34  ;  Rhone  Valley,  112 ;  Richmond,  111 ;  Eiffelalp,  104  ; 
Rye,  92 ;  St.  Issey,  5,  37  ;  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  5  ;  St.  Maurice,  112  ;  St. 
Moritz,  87;  S.  Triphon,  112;  Sardinia,  27,  303;  Schaffhausen,  297; 
Shanklin,  146  ;  Sherwood  Forest,  1 ;  Simplon,  290  ;  Skye,  145  ;  South- 
end, 219,  272  ;  Stalham,  220  ;  Surrey,  268,  269  ;  Sussex,  146  ;  Sutton-in- 
the-Elms,  246;  Sutton  Park,  189;  Swanage,  229,  270;  Teignmouth,  162; 
Termignon,  98;  Tbalalp,  3;  Thames  Estuary,  241;  Thetford,  230; 
Tilgate  Forest,  214,  248,  271  ;  Towyn,  247  ;  Vernayaz,  16  ;  Virton,  294  ; 
Vladivostock,  109  ;  Wellington  College,  6,  35  ;  Weybridge,  5;  Weymouth, 
168;  Wicklow,  73;  Wight,  Isle  of,  65,  146,  202;  Winchester,  91; 
Witherslack,  248,  269  ;    Woking,  6,  34  ;    Woldingham,  248  ;  Wye  Valley, 

53,  191 


LIST    OF    COXTllUiUTORS. 


Allen,  J.  E.  R.,  M.A 

Anderson,  J. 

Ashby,  E.  B.,F.E.S.         ..        15, 

Ashby,  H.,F.E.S 

Bagnall,  R.  S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.     . . 
Barclay,  F.  H.,  F.G.S.,  F.E.S.    . . 

Barrow,  W.  H 

Baxter,  T.  A 

Beare,  Prof.,    T.    Hudson,  B.Sc, 

F.R.S.E.,  F.E.S.  ..      114, 

Bentall,  E.  E.,  F.E.S 

Bethune-Baker,    G.     T.,     F.L.S., 

F.E.S.  67,  99,  117, 150, 157,  207, 
226, 

Bird,  J.  F 53, 

Bradley,  R.  C 

Burr,    M.,  D.Sc,   F.L.S.,  F.Z.S., 

F.E.S.        29,  78,  205,  274,  275, 
278,  297, 

Butler,  W.  E.,  F.E.S 

Buxton,  D.A.J. 

Buxton,  P.  A 59, 

Cardew,  Capt.,  C.  A. 

Caudell,  A.  N 

■Chapman,    T-l  A.,    M.D.,    F.Z.S., 

F.E.S.      14,  102,  109,  147,  169, 

233, 

•Cockayne,    E.    A.,    :\I.D.,     M.A., 

F.L.S.,  F.E.S 73, 


AGE.      i 

p. 

33    ' 

Colthrup,  C.  W.  90,  122, 

123,  124, 

273 

176, 

294 

Crawley.  W.  C.,B. A.,  F.E.S.    63, 

273 

Curtis,  W.  P.,  F.E.S. 

191 

Curwen,  B.  S. 

189 

Dollman,   H.  C,  F.E.S. 

20,   24, 

246 

25 

,  53,  187, 

271 

Donisthorpe,  H.  St.  J.K.. 

,  F.Z.S., 

F.E.S.       ..          1,  4,  1£ 

'<,  34,  71, 

138 

Eltringham,  H.,  M.A.,  F. 

E.S.     .. 

104 

Fountain,  F. 
Fountain,  J.  T. 
Girault,  A.  A. 

. .      246, 

228 

Graves,  P.  P.,  F.E.S. 

' '  10, 74', 

192 

Grosvenor,  T.  H    L. 

1H9 

James,  Russell,  Junr. 

James,  R.  E. 

..74,  81* 

Kirby,  Dr.  W.  E.     . . 

307 

Main,  H.,  B.Sc,  F.E.S. 

. . 

273 

Mallinson,  H. 

59 

Manders,     Lt.-Col.      N., 

"  F.Z.S.", 

244 

F.E.S 

72,  153, 

220 

Moore,  H.,  F.E.S.  .. 

23 

Muscbamp,  P.  A.  H.,  F.E.S. 

Newman,  L.  W.,  F.E.S. 

Nichols,  R.  A. 

44, 

302 

Nicholson,    G.    W.,    M.A 

.,    M.D.. 

F.E.S 

102,  168, 

234 

Nurse,  Lt.-Col.  C.  G.,  F.E.S.      .. 

AGE. 
190 

218 
229 

287 

271 

306 
252 
272 
103 
307 
293 
213 
306 
253 
317 
191 
103 

174 
189 
123 
273 
123 

243 
260 


324 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST  S    RECORD. 


PAGE. 

Pa^e,  H.  E.,  F.E.S.  ..      107,108 

Pearson,  D.  H.,  F.E.S.      ..        90,265 

Pierce,  F.  N.,  F.E.S 171 

Poulton,  Prof.  E.  B.,  D.Sc,  M.A., 

F.E.S.,  etc 204 

Powell,  H.,  F.E.S 44 

Prout,  L.  B.,  F.E.S 26 

Ravnor,  Rev.  G.  H.,  M.A.  . .   290 

Rothschild,   Hon.    N.    C,    M.A., 

F.L.S.,  F.E.S 190 

Russell,  A.,  F.E.S.,  ..      145,248 

Russell,  S.  G.  C 267 

Sharp,  W.  E.,  F.E.S.       148,  259,  311 

Sheldon,  W.  G.,  F.E.S 148 

Shelford,  R.,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S., 

(the  late)   ..  ..  24,  217,  238,  283 

Sieh,  A.,  F.E.S.         Ill,  181,  189,  221 


PAGE. 

Sills,  E.  H 189 

Smith,  W.  Rait       . .  . .      133,  162 

Stiff,  Rev.  A.  T.,  M.A 262 

Tarbat,  Rev.  .J.E 26 

Taylor,  .J 65 

Tetley,  A.S.,  M.A. ,  F.E.S.  ..112 

Thornewill,  Rev.  C,  M.A.  ..230 

Tonge,  A.  E.,  F.E.S.,  ..  25,273 
Turati,  Count  Erailio,  F.E.S.  ..303 
Turner,  H.  J.,  F.E.S.     17,  52,  87, 

178,  183,  188,  195,  196,  203,  241, 

273,  279,  281 
Wheeler,  Rev.    G.,  M.A.,  F.Z.S., 

F.E.S.        2,  26,  41,  66,  87,  152, 

153,  209,  229,  280,  317 
Whittle,  F.  G.  124,  191,  219,  272 

Woodward,  Lieut.  G.  C,  R.N.     ..   172 


LIST    OF    ILLUSriiATIONS,    dc.     (Notice  to  Binder). 


To 


Hololampra  iv/umata,  Br.,  and  Platycleii  harretii,  Burr 

Mysia  ohlomjoguttata,  L.,  ab.  nigroguttata,  n.  ab. 

Hydroecia  burrutvxi,  n.  sp.,  and  H.  paludis 

Hydroccia  paludis,  ina.[ioYma,tion    .. 

Amoipha  popiili,  L.,  gynandromorph 

Amorplui  populi,  h.,    ?  and  s 

Hydroecia  paludis,  malformation    . . 
(Amusing  Incident.  i 

[Where  Erebia  lefehvrei  Hies i 

Views  of  Gavarnie 

R.  Shelford 

GjnandromovT^hoas  Aiiiorjiha  populi,  h.    .. 

Ova  of  Coleophora  viminetella 

Eggs  of  lAhytltea  celtis 

Eggs  of  lAhythea  celtia 

Views  in  the  Caucasus  Mountains  . . 

William  Forsell  Kirby 
Hydroecia  hurroii-si,  n.  sp.     . . 
Details  of  gynandromorphous  .(.  ^;(»^ji/Zi,  L. 


Pl. 

I. 

Pl. 

II. 

Pl. 

III. 

Pl. 

IV. 

Pl. 

V. 

Pl. 

VI. 

Pl. 

VII. 

Pl. 

VIII. 

Pl. 

IX. 

Pl. 

X. 

Pl. 

XI. 

Pl. 

XII. 

Pl. 

XIII. 

Pl. 

XIV. 

Pl. 

XV. 

Pl. 

XVI. 

face  Page 

..  29 

..  53 

..  109 

..  169 

..  147 

..  147 

..  169 

..  157 

..  157 

..  205 

..  229 

..  281 

..  301 

..  301 

..  297 

..  313 

Pagk  110 

„  147 


The  Entomologist's  Record  &  Journal  of  Variation. 


YOIi.    XXIY. 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 

By  T.  HUDSON  BEA.RE,  B.Sc,  F.R.S.E.,  F.E.S.  (Coleoptera)  ;  M.  BURR, 
D.Sc,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.  (Orthoptera)  ;  J.  E.  COLLIN,  F.E.S.  (Diptera) ;  and 
H.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S.  (Hemipteva,  Hymenoptera,  Lepidoptera,  etc). 

Coleoptera  arranged  in  order  of  Genera.  The  other  orders  arranged  hij  Species. 
Species,  Genera,  etc.,  neio  to  Britain  are  marked  witli  an  asterisk,  those  new 
to  Science  with  two  asterisks. 


ACARINA.  i-AGE. 

Acari             . .          . .         . .  . .     38 

Acarus           . .          . .         . .  . .   199 

Antennophorus        . .          . .  38,     39 

comata,  Cilibano     . .          . .  . .     38 

cuneifer,  Lffilaps      . .          . .  . .     38 

donisthorpei.  Antennophorus  . .     39 

Ganiassus   . .            . .          . .  . .   199 

grandis,  Antennophorus    . .  . .     38 

laminosa,  Trachyuropoda  . .  . .     38 

minutissima,  Uroplitella    . .  . .     38 

myrmecophilus,  Lffilaps     . .  . .     38 

ovalis,  Uropoda       . .          . .  . .     38 

philoctena,  UrodisceJla,  Uropoda        38 

uhlmanni,  Antennophorus  . .     38 

wasmanni,  Antennophorus  . .     39 
*wasmanniana,  Trachyuropoda   . .     38 

ARANEINA. 

arietinus,  Tetrilus  . .          . .  . .     40 

biovata,  Thyreosthenius    . .  . .     39    I 

helveola,  Hahnia     . .          . .  . .     40    i 

hombergi,  Harpactes          ..  ..     40    [ 

merens.  Evansia      . .          . .  . .     40 

minimus,  Micarisoma        . .  . .     39 

Mygale  48 

puUcaria,  Micaria    ..          ..  . .     40    ! 

recisa,  Cryphoeca    . ,          . .  . .     40 

COLEOPTERA. 

Acidota  crenata       . .          . .  . .     14 

Actobius  procerulus             . .  . .     21    ' 

Acupalpus  brunnipes,         . .  . .   169    i 

consputus              . .          . .  . .     65 

Adalia  obliterata 

a/;,  fenesti'ata**            ..  ..   243 

-  ah.  fumata        . .          . .  . .   244 

ah.  illigeri         . .          .  . .   244 

ab.  sexnotata    . .          . .  . .   248 

ab.  sublineata  . .          . .  243,  311 

Aetophorus  imperialis         . .  . .   169 

Agabus  arcticus       . .          . .  . .     13 

bipustulatus         . .          . .  . .     13 

chalconotus          . .          . .  . .     14 

Agathidium  badium           . .  . .    117 

Alegoria  dilatata     . .          . .  . .     77 

Aleoehara  bilineata             . .  . .   128 

brunneipennis      . .          . .  . .   246 

discipennis           ..          ..  27,  117 

ruficornis  . .          . .          . ,  . .   246 

Alianta  incana         . .          . .  . .     21 

Amara  consularis     . .          . .  . .   169    j 

continua    . .          . .          . .  . .     65 

Anacffina  globulus   . .          . .  . .     13 


Anaspis  liudsoni 
Anchomenus  versutus 
Anisodactylus  atricornis     . 
Anisotoma  algirica. . 

badia 

brunnea     . . 

calcarata  ub.  nigrescens. 

curta  var.  donisthorpei,. 


dubia         ..  ..         116, 

var.  davidiana  . . 

fleischeri   '. . 

nigrita 

obesa 

scita 

similata     ..  ..         ll(j, 

stenocoi'yphe 
Anobium  paniceum 
Antherophagus  pallens 
Aphodius  contaminatus 

depressus  rar.  nigripes  .. 

inquinatus 
Apion  annulipes       ..  171, 

immune     . . 

kiesenwetteri 

Iffivicolle    . . 

onopordi    . . 
Aspidomorpha  silacea 
Alemeles  emarginatus 
Atbous  undulatus    . . 
Autalia  impressa 
Badister  peltatus 

sodalis 
Baris  lorata  . . 
Barypeithes  duplicatus 

pellucidus. . 
Batrisus  venustus    . . 
Bembidium  seneum . . 

affine 

bruxellense 

clarki 

decorum    . . 

ephippium 

fumigatum 

quadripustulatum  ..20 

5-striatura 
Berosus  affinis 
Blaps  mucronata     . . 
Bledius  annse 

arenarius  . . 

bicornis 

crassicoUis 

diota 

erraticus    . . 


PAGE. 

..  117 
..  169 
..   169 

115,  140 
..  116 
..   140 

65,  115 

..   115 

140,   141 

116,  140 
..    141 

116,  141 

116,  140 

116,  141 

140,  141 

115,  140 

..     65 

..     22 

..     14 

..     14 

..     22 

271,  311 

..     22 

..     22 

..     22 

..   271 

..     28 

..     34 

..   117 

..   310 

..   169 

..   310 

..   144 

115,  142 

115,  143 

25 

169 

169 

169 

169 

169 

202 

169 

,  48,  169 

169 

65 

76 

114,  141 
27,  115 

115,  141 
..   117 

114,  141 
..   310 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


femoralis  . 

filipes 

fracticornis 

fuscipes     . 

hinnulus*. 

laetior 

pallipes 

rastellus    . 

secerdendus** 

terebrans  . . 
Bryaxis  impressa    . . 

var.  unicolor 

waterhousei 
Bryoporus  rugipennis 
Bythinus  bulbifer. . 
Csenopsis  fi«!sirostris 
Calandra  oryzas 
Calathus  fuscus 
Calodera  riparia 

umbrosa    .. 
Campylus  linearis   . . 
Carabus  calenulatus 

granulatus 
Carpopbilus  obsoletus 

sexpustulatus 
Caryoborus  nucleorum 
Cassida  fastuosa 
Catops  coracina 

grandicollis 

longulus    . . 

montevagus*        .-         ..71 

tristis         ..  ..  ..71 

Cebrio  gigas. . 
Cercyon  melanocephalus 
Cetonia  floricola 
Ceuthorhyncbidius  dawsoni 

distinctus  . 

rufulus 
Ceutborhynchus  cochleariee 

marginatus  . .         115, 

ah.  distinctus   . . 
ah.  inoequalis   . . 

molleri 

punctiger  . . 

rotundatus 
Cheetocnema  conducta* 
Choleva  coracina     . . 

fuliginosa  . . 

morio 

nigrita 
Cbrysomela  hyperici 

polita 
Cicindela  maritinm 

senilis 
Cillenus  lateralis     . . 
Claviger  longicornis* 

testaceus  . . 
Clivina  collaris 

fossor 
Clytus  arietis 
Codiosoma    . . 
Co'lambus  9-lineatus 
Colon  microps 
Conosoma  inimaculatum 
Criocepbalus  ferus  . . 


PAGE. 

141 

114, 

141 

115, 

141    ! 

141 

114. 

141 

115, 

141 

141    1 

141 

27, 

115 

114, 

141 

25 

116 

22 

117 

14 

25 

222 

310 

21 

21 

22 

13 

13 

128 

128 

313 

25 

71 

72 

72 

,  72 , 

129 

,  72, 

129  : 

225 

313 

13 

35    ' 

22 

117* 

139 

22 

23 

138, 

139 

117 

117, 

139 

115, 

139    1 

115, 

139 

115, 

139    , 

195 

22 

65, 

115 

65 

22 

65 

271 

169    I 

194    1 

169 

194, 

198    \ 

198 

169    1 

13 

, , 

278 

22 

14 

, . 

115 

35 

.. 

117 

PAGE. 

Cryptarcba  strigata 

. . 

22 

Cryptopbagus  distinguend 

us 

22 

pilosus 

65 

punctipennis 

65 

saginatus  . . 

65 

setulosus   . . 

22 

subfumatus 

65 

Cycbrus  rostratus   . . 

'.        13, 

169 

Deinopsis  erosa 

21 

Dendrophilus  pygmeeus 

35 

Deronectes  depressus 

65 

Dicbirotricbus  pubescens 

202 

Dinarda  dentata 

34 

Dipbyjlu?  lunatus    . . 

22 

Dromius  agilis 

169 

angustatus 

117 

4-signatus.. 

169 

Drusilla  eanaliculata 

35 

Dyscbirius  angustatus 

.      117 

169 

Dytiscus  lapponicus 

13 

Elapbrus  lapponicus 

310 

Encepbalus  complicans 

21 

Ephistemus  globosus 

22 

Epipeda  plana 

24 

nigricans.. 

114 

Epuraea  sestiva 

22 

angustula  . . 

117 

tboracica   . . 

25 

Eryx  ater 

'.          1, 

106 

bellieri 

1 

fairmairei* 

'.1,  106, 

115 

Isevis 

1 

melanarius 

1 

subsulcatus 

1 

Euplectus  anibiguus 

22 

bescidicus  . . 

25 

Eutbia  scydmsBuoides 

22 

Fidia  viticida 

75 

Gabrius  nigritulus  . . 

140 

pennatus   . . 

65 

stipes 

65 

trossulus    . . 

'.       65, 

140 

Galeruca  antbracina 

142 

pomon.T     . . 

142 

tanaceti 

142 

Gnatboncus  nidicola 

22 

punctulatus 

22 

Gnorimus  nobilis     . . 

117 

Gyropbaena  bihamata 

250 

convexicollis** 

250 

Isevipennis 

250 

Incidula     . . 

250 

nana 

65 

strictula     . . 

21 

Hirmonia  appendiculata 

143 

Haliplus  cinereus     . . 

116 

confinis  var.  pallens 

116 

fluviatilis  . . 

139 

fulvicollis  . . 

.      114, 

139 

beydeni 

.      114, 

139 

immaculatus 

139 

laminatus  . . 

116 

nomax       . .         . .         1 

14,  139, 

200 

pallens 

116 

ruHcoUis    . . 

.      114, 

139 

SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

( 

PAGE. 

striatus 

139 

melanocephalus  . . 

28 

wehnckei   . . 

114,  139 

,  277 

niger         ..         ..116,142, 

187 

188 

Haltica  chalybea     . . 

75 

nigerrimus 

117 

Harpalus  parallelus 

169 

obliteratus 

116 

142 

Helophorus  dorsal  is 

20 

ochroleucus 

271 

tubeiculatus 

117 

parvulus    . . 

116 

142 

Henoticus  serratus  . . 

313 

plantago-maritimus**     .. 

187 

188 

Heteioceius  biitannicus 

22 

ab.  perplexus    . . 

188 

Heteiothops  binotata 

21 

pulex         ..          ..         116, 

142 

271 

Homalium  brevieolle 

'.'.      117 

310 

Macrodactylus  subspinosns 

75 

concinnum 

65 

Malacbius  vulneratus 

117 

planum 

22 

Medon  apicalis 

117 

striatum    .  . 

22 

brunneus  . . 

35 

Homalota  sequata    . . 

21 

Megacronus  cingulatus 

25 

atramentaria 

13 

inclinans   . . 

117 

autumnalis 

116 

Megarthrus  denticoUis 

65 

basicoi-nis . . 

116 

Metabletus  truncatellus      . . 

169 

cireellaris  . . 

13 

Metamasius  dimidiatipennis 

77 

cuspidata  . . 

21 

Microg  03sa  marginal  is 

eremita 

102 

rar.  obscura*   . . 

194 

inhabilis    . . 

114 

pulla 

34 

immersa    . . 

21 

Micropeplus  margaritte 

65 

intermedia 

21 

Micrurula      melanocephala 

var. 

liliputana  . . 

114 

brunnea     . . 

28 

linearis 

21 

Myeetophagus  quadriguttatus 

117 

longula 

114 

Mycetoporus  angularis 

21 

muiri 

. . 

114 

clavicornis            ..          ..21 

,  25', 

48 

niselia 

21 

forticornis             ..          ..25 

,  48, 

117 

oblongiuscula 

'. '.      I's 

21 

Myelophilus  piniperda 

24 

pagan a 

21 

Myrmecophora  uvida 

21 

picipennis.. 

117 

Nanophyes  gracilis.. 

142 

subfenea    . . 

13 

Nebria  gyllenhali     . . 

13 

testudinea 

21 

Necrobia  rufipes 

65 

Hydrsecia  nigrita     . . 

20 

Neuraphes  elongatulus 

122 

Hydrii-na  britteni    . . 

310 

rubicundus 

117 

Hydroporus  discretus 

20 

Notiophilus  rufipes. . 

310 

halensis     . . 

310 

Ochtbebius  exaratus 

21 

obscurus    . . 

13 

Ocypus  cupreus 

14 

Hylastes  palliatus   . . 

. . 

24 

cyaneus     . . 

28 

Hylectbtus  dermestoides 

191 

olens 

105 

var.  marci* 

191 

Ocyusa  incrassata   . . 

24 

var.  morio* 

191 

picina     '  . . 

25 

Hypocyptus  apicalis 

310 

Oligota  apicata 

117 

Hypophkfus  linearis 

24, 

48 

granaria    . . 

117 

Laccobius  regularis. . 

116 

ytenensis** 

195 

scutellaris. . 

116 

Olophrum  piceum   . . 

65 

Lamprinus  saginatus 

•                    .   . 

117 

Opilo  mollis . . 

202 

Lathrobium  atripalpe 

259 

Orchestes  pratensis. . 

271 

fovulum     . . 

259 

saliceti 

23 

palltilum   . . 

311 

salicis 

271 

punctatum 

.      259, 

260 

Oxyhtmus  variolosus 

21 

quadratum 

.      259, 

260 

Oxynopterus  audouini 

48 

ripicola*    . . 

195 

Oxyomus  porcatus  . . 

65 

terminatum 

'.      259, 

260    ! 

Oxypoda  hiBmorrhoa 

34 

var.  atripalpe  . . 

.      259, 

260 

Pana<4iEus  crux-major 

169 

Labia  crux-minor    . . 

21, 

310 

4-pustulatur. 

169 

Lesteva  fontinalis    . . 

65 

Pelophila  borealis    . . 

169 

longelytrata  var.  maura 

14 

Pentarthrum  huttoni 

278 

luctuosa     . . 

14, 

115 

Phiedrophilus  o'connori     . . 

47 

pubescens  . . 

65 

Phasnonotum  tarsale 

77 

Licinus  depressus    . . 

169 

Philonthus  carbonarius 

65 

silphoides 

169 

corruscus  . .          . .          .  .21. 

48, 

65 

Liodes  calcarata  var.  nigrescens  . . 

115 

intermedius  ab.  donistborpei 

48 

Longitarsus  ater 

.      116, 

142 

proximus  . . 

14 

atricillus   . . 

271    1 

puella 

278 

holsaticus 

. 

25    ' 

varius  var.  bimaculatus. . 

65 

SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

Phkeopora  corticalis 

..     21 

Thinobius  bicolor   ... 

..   115 

Photinus  pyralis 

46      47 

linearis 

..   115 

Phytobius  quadiinodosus   . 

..     25 

pallidus     . . 

..   310 

Pityogenes  bidentatus 

..     24 

Tomicus  laricis 

..     24 

Plagiogonus  arenarius 

..     22 

Trecbus  micros 

..   169 

Planeustomus  flavicollis*  . 

..   250 

obtueus 

..     13 

Platyderus  ruficollis 

..   169 

rivularis    . . 

..  169 

Plegaderus    . . 

. .     25 

secalis 

..   169 

dissectus   . . 

..   117 

Triartbron  maerkeli 

. .     28 

Polystichus  vittatns 

..   169 

Trichonyx  maerkeli 

22,  143 

Proteinus  macropterus 

..      22 

sulcicollis  . . 

..    143 

Pseudopsis  sulcata  . . 

.      117,  246 

Xantbolinus  linearis 

..      14 

Psylliodes  luteola     . . 

..   311 

Xylopbilus  populneus 

. .     22 

Pterostichus  a?thiops 

..   169 

madidus    . . 

. .      13 

COLLEMBOLA. 

vulgaris     . . 

..     13 

albinos,  Cypboderus 

. .     37 

Ptinus  geimanus     . . 

..     22 

Beckia 

..37 

Quedius  attenuatus  var.  picipennis  141 

Collembola    . . 

..213 

brevis 

. .      35 

saccbarina,  Lepisma 

..105 

hammianus 

..    114 

heidenreichi 

..   116 
..    114 
..    143 
..    116 

CRUSTACEA. 

molochinus 
puncticollis 
talparum   , . 

boffmanseggi,  Platyarthrus           ..     40 
Platyarthrus             40 

ventralis    . . 

..     21 

DIPTERA 

vexans 

..   116 

Ehynchites  barwoodi 

27,  115 

abiens,  Agromyza* . . 

. .     27 

nanus 

..      27 

senea,  Pyrellia* 

..251 

uncinatus  . . 

27,  115 

ffneiventris,  Agromyza* 

..27 

Scaphisoma  bolet-i   . . 

. .     22 

ffironetba,  Hilara*  . . 

. .     78 

Scydmffinus  scuteliaris 

..     22 

albatella,  Cipnosia* 

..   251 

ycymnus  testaceus 

..     65 

albifrons,  Limnospila* 

..   251 

rur.  scuteliaris     . . 

..     65 

albitarsis,  Agromyza* 

. .     27 

Silpba  rugosa 

..     14 

angelicsE,  Pbytomyza* 

. .     27 

sinuata 

..      14 

angustata,  Germaria* 

..   251 

Silusa  rubiginosa     . . 

..     21 

angustifrons,  Apbioebseta 

..   250 

Sitones  waterbousei 

..     22 

angustifrons,  Gymnopternus*       . .   250 

Stapbylinus  fulvipennis 

..   310 

apicalis,  (Edalea*    . . 

,.126 

pubescens.. 

..     21 

arcticus,  Syrpbus     . . 

. .   200 

Stenus 

. .     25 

atra,  Cinocbira* 

..   251 

canaliculatus 

. .     22 

atra,  C(pnosia* 

..251 

crassus  var.  littoralis 

..    116 

atriniana,  Aphiocbajta** 

..   250 

exiguus 

. .     22 

basalis,  Boletina*    . . 

. .     77 

formicetorum 

48,  116 

beckeri,  Hilara* 

..126 

fornicatus.. 

. .     22 

bicolor,  Bracbyopa.. 

..201 

fuscicornis 

. .     22 

biJineella,  Ccenosia* 

..   251 

incrassatus 

'.'.          ! .     21 

boletina,  Odinia*     . . 

..27 

morio 

. .     49 

bracbialis,  Caricea* 

..251 

pallipes 

. .     22 

braueri,  Hilara* 

..126 

pallitarsis . . 

. .     22 

brevicornis,  Gymnopternus*          . .   250 

similis 

..14 

breviseta,  Aphiocbfeta** 

..   250 

solutus 

. .     22 

eadaverina,  Pyiallia 

..251 

Stilicus  similis 

. .     25 

calcaratus,  Teucbopborus 

..   251 

Stropbosomus  curvipes* 

..   250 

caledonica,  Heteroneura* 

..    194 

Sunius  intermedius 

..21 

caliginea,  Glossina  . . 

. .   225 

Tacbinus  laticollis  . . 

-.14 

carbonaria,  Agromyza* 

. .     27 

rutipennis.. 

..310 

carintbiaca,  Hilara* 

..126 

Tacbporus  cbry?omelinus 

..14 

cborea,  Loncbasa 

..312 

fasciatus    . . 

..114 

,    cilifemoratus,  Dolicbopus 

..    126 

formosus  . . 

..21 

cinereomicans,  Hilara* 

. .    126 

pallidas     . . 

..21 

cingulata,  Hilara*    . . 

..126 

solutus 

21,  114 

comitialis,  Pu-cilobothrus 

..    126 

Tacbusa  atra 

. .     21 

compeditus,  Campsicnemus*        . .   251 

Telepborus  tboracicus  I'dr. 

suturalis  116 

comtus,  Xantbaudrus 

..   200 

Tbaniiara;a  cinnamomea 

..21 

conformis,  Phora     . . 

. .     36 

bospita 

..21 

coxendix,  Seatopse** 

..77 

SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

crassiseta,  Cbirosia* 

..   251 

mitis,  Apbrosylus** 

..   251 

crassiseta,  Phytomyza* 

..     27 

modesta,  Platyura* . . 

..     77 

culicina,  Rhamphom;yia*  .. 

..     78 

morio,  Pbytomyza* 

..     27 

cunctans,  Agroniyza* 

..     27 

mutabilis,  Microdon 

35,  198 

cuprea,  Chrysochlamys 

..     50 

nigra,  Dixa* . . 

..     77 

Dacus 

..   129 

nigra,  Pbysocepbala 

..   225 

decemmaculata,  Limnobia* 

..     77 

nigricauda,  Platyura* 

..     77 

diversipes,  Hilara* . . 

..     78 

nigriceps,  Napomyza* 

..     27 

divisus,  Thrypticus** 

..   250 

nigriceps,  Platyura* 

..     77 

dorsalis,  Ccf  nosia*  . . 

..   251 

nigritella,  Pbytomyza* 

..     27 

eggeii,  Microdon 

9,     10 

nitidus,  Medeterus* 

..   251 

elegans,  Calliniyia* 

..   251 

nobilis,  Ceratopogon* 

..     77 

equestris,  Merodon  . . 

..   105 

nubeculosus,  Ceratopogon* 

..     77 

erberi,  Pachymeria* 

..     78 

ocellata,  Ardoptera* 

..    126 

erythrocera,  Caricea* 

..   251 

opaca,  Trichina* 

..    126 

excellens,  Medet.erus* 

..   251 

pallidus,  Ceratopogon* 

..     77 

exigua,  Syntomogaster*      . . 

..   251 

parvicornis,  Cbirosia* 

..   251 

fasciata,  Syntomogaster*  .. 

..   251 

pertinax,  Eristalis  . . 

..     50 

femorata,  Pegoniyia* 

..   251 

platyptera,  Spilogaster 

..   251 

ferruginea,  Hammerschmidtia* 

..   251 

pollinosus,  Tbrypticus**    .. 

..   250 

tiliger  (rufipes),  Syntoi-nion* 

..   250 

posticata,  Agromyza* 

..     27 

forcipatus,  Ceratopogon*    . . 

..     77 

procellaris,  Antbomyia*     . . 

..   251 

formica',  Phyllomyza 

..     36 

pulcbripes,  Cricotopus**    .. 

..     77 

formicarum,  Phora.. 

..     36 

puUula,  Pbytomyza* 

. .     27 

fracta,  Porpbyrops* 

..   250 

pumila,  Citinosia*    .. 

..  251 

fucivorax,  Homalomyia*    . . 

..   251 

pumila,  Sarcopbaga* 

..   251 

fuscula,  Pbytomyza* 

..     27 

pusilla,  Psiloconopa* 

..     77 

gentilis,  Hoteroneura** 

..   194 

pygmisea,  Cceiiosia*.. 

..   251 

gentilis,  Onesia* 

..   251 

pygmsea,  Lispe* 

..   251 

grata,  Argyra* 

..    250 

quadrata,  Scatella    . . 

..   362 

halterata,  Spilogaster* 

..   251 

replicata,  Pbalocrocera 

..    189 

heterogastra,  Hilara* 

..    126 

pyrastri,  Catabomba 

..    200 

humeralis,  Platyura* 

..     77 

rotbschildii,  Telmatoscopus** 

..     77 

hyalipennis,  Apbiochffita** 

..   250 

rubescens,  Apbiocbaeta**   .. 

..   250 

bydromyzina,  Lispe* 

..   251 

ruticornis,  Phytomyza* 

..     27 

Hyperecbia   .  . 

..   225 

rufina,  Pegomyia*    . . 

..   251 

imbrida,  Antbomyia* 

..   251 

salinarum,  Ccsnosia* 

..   251 

incognitus,  Pipunculus*     .. 

..   251 

scutellaris,  Hyctodesia 

..   201 

infumatus,  Medeterus* 

..   251 

selecta,  Ptycbomyia* 

..   2.51 

interruptella,  Pegomyia*    . . 

..   251 

simplex,  Agromyza* 

..     27 

irregularis,  Hypocera**      .. 

..    250 

simplex,  Sciomyza  . . 

..     48 

jobnsoni,  Contarinia 

. .      75 

simulans,  Apbiocbasta**    .. 

..   250 

Isetus,  Tbrypticus** 

..   250 

Simulium 

..   212 

lasife,  Pbyliomyza  . . 

..     36 

sinuata,  Sarcopbaga* 

..   251 

lateralis,  Cerodonta* 

..     27 

spbenoptera,  Leptopeza*    . . 

..   126 

laterella,  Agromyza* 

..     27 

spicatus,  Syntormon* 

..   250 

latipennis,  Chortopbila*     . . 

..   251 

spinicornis,  Cerodonta* 

..     27 

lineata,  Homalomyia* 

..   251 

squamifera,  Pegomyia* 

..   251 

lineatipes,  Crenosia* 

..   251 

steini,  Ccjenosia**     .. 

..   251 

loewi,  Psilopus* 

..    126 

suavis,  Cbrysotus*  . . 

..   2.50 

Icewi,  Spbaeropboria* 

..   251 

subalpina,  Botbria* 

..   251 

longicauda,  Ccjenosia* 

..   251 

subsimplicipes,  Hercostomus* 

•     ..   2.50 

longicostalis,  Apbiocbseta** 

..   250 

Tabanidffi 

..   224 

longiventris,  Sciara* 

..     77 

talpse,  Scatopse**     .. 

..     77 

ludens,  Milicbia 

..      36 

tenuipalpis,  Lispe    . . 

..   251 

lugubris,  Hilara*     . . 

..     78 

tenuis,  Lestodiplosis* 

..   195 

magriicornis,  Eudoromyia* 

..   251 

terminalis,  Leia* 

..     77 

major,  Apbiocbasta** 

..   250 

tridentata,  Pbytomyza*     . . 

..     27 

major,  Bombylius    . . 

..     50 

trilineella,  Cienosia* 

..   251 

marginatus,  Campsicnemus* 

..   251 

trisulcata,  Triogma* 

189,  194 

maritima,  Limnopbora*    . .     . 

..   251 

tubereulata,  Tacbista* 

..   126 

maura,  Agromyza* . . 

..     27 

tumidulus,  Telmaturgus*  . . 

..   251 

melampodius,  Cbrysotus*  . . 

..   250 

turrita,  Vibrissina* . . 

..   251 

melanotricbus,  Acbaleus*  . . 

..   250 

Trypetidffi     . . 

..   199 

mellinum,  Melanostoma    . . 

..   200 

uliginosa,  Spilogaster 

..     50 

SPECIAL    INDEX. 


varians,  Chrysotus* 
velutina,  Chilosia*  . . 
ventricuiosus,  Oligotropbus 
verbasci,  Agromyza* 
veronicse,  Phytomyza* 
verralli,  Ephelia**  .. 
versicolor,  Ceratopogon* 
verticalis,  Heteroneura** 
vittigera.  Agromyza* 
wesmselii,  Clinocera* 
zetterstedti,  Agathomyia* 


HEMIPTERA 

albipes,  Psylla* 
ApbiHfE 

catapbracta,  Orthezia 
nimiciformis,  Paracletes 
Cnccidae 

f.nmes,  Typblocyba.. 
Dactylopius  . . 
dissimilis,  Chlffirocoris 

Plata  

Flatinse 

floccosa,  Newsteadia 
forraicetorum,  Piezostethus 
Paracletes 
Polyctenidas  . . 
rugulosus,  Belminus 
spasmae,  Polyctenus 
subterranea,  Ripersia 
superba,  Phromnia. . 
talpa,  Polyctenus     . . 
tiliffi,  Phytocoris 
tomlini,  Ripersia 
vejdovskyi,  Ortheziola 
vitellinus,  Psallus*  . . 


PAGE. 

.  250 
.  251 
.  195 
.  27 
.  27 
.  195 
.  77 
.  194 
.  27 
.  126 
.  251 


194,  200 
..  39 
..  37 
..  39 

37,  107 
..  75 
..  130 
..  77 
..  311 
..  311 
..  37 
..  36 
39 

28,  212 
..  77 
..  28 
..  37 
..  311 
..  28 
..  183 
..  37 
..  37 
..  194 


HYMENOPTERA. 

aceris,  Phyllotoma  . .  . .      276,  277 

acervorum,  Leptothorax    . .  5,     65 

affinis  (tuberum  var.),  Leptothorax     64 
alienus  (niger  sub-s^jy.),  Lasius    7, 

37,  40,  219 
alpina  (rufa  vrtT.),  Formica*  7,9,  10 
Andiena        . .  . .  . .  . .     51 

Anergates 218,  219 

atratulus,  Anergates*     6,  218,  219,  311 
auropunctata,  Wasmannia  . .     37 

bistigmaticus,  Euphorus    . .  . .     36 

BraconidjB     . .  . .  . .  . .     36 

brunneus,  Lasius     . .  . .  . .     35 

buccata,  Pachylomma         . .  . .     36 

caespitum,  Tetramorium    5,  6,  37, 

39,  40,  218,  219,  311 
Camponotinse  . .  . .  . .       6 

Chalastrogastra        . .  . .  . .    125 

Cilissa  . .  . .  .  .  . .     51 

coarctata,  Ponera    ..  ..   4,37,  311 

corticalis  (tuberum  suh-sp.),  Lepto- 
thorax*        ..  ..47,63,     64 

Dolerus  . .  . .  . .  . .     50 

Dolichoderinas  . .  . .  6,     40 

dusmeti  (rufa  I'rtr.),  Formica        ..       9 
erraticum,  Tapinoma         . .         . .       6 


PAGE. 

exsecta,  Formica     . .          5,  9,  10,  34 

ferruginea,  Osmia   . .          . .          . .  50 

flavus,  Lasius          4,  7,  35,  37,  38,  40 

flava,  Formica         . .          . .          . .  40 

Forraicidae     . .          . .          . .          . .  4 

fuliginosus,  Lasius  4,  6,  34,  35,  36, 

37,  38,  40,  49 
fusca,  Formica     4,  7,  8,  9,  10,  34, 

35,  37,  38,  39,  40,  198 
fusco-rufibarbis  (fusca  t;ar.),  Lasius, 

Formica        7,  8,  85,  38,  39,     40 
gagates,  Formica     . .  . .  . .   306 

gigas,  Sirex  . .  . .  . .  . .   252 

glabra,  Formica       ..  ..  ..   306 

graminicola,  Myrmecina   . .  . .       4 

hospes,  Plesiobseus  . .  . .  . .      37 

Hyperechia  . .  . .  . .  . .   225 

interruptus  (tuberum  var.),  Lepto- 
thorax . .  . .  . .     64 

laevinodis,  Myrmica      5,  34,  36,  38     40 
latipes,  Croesus        . .  . .  . .    130 

latreillei  =  graminicola 

Leptothorax..  ..  ..  ..63 

lobicornis,  Myrmica  . .  5,     36 

luteus  (tuberum  var.),  Leptothorax    65 
maculipes,  Myrmica  . .  . .   219 

manicatum,  Anthidium     . .  . .     50 

mixtus,  Lasius        ..  ..        38,  219 

Myrmica        . .  34,  35,  36,  40,  306 

Myrmicinas   ..  ..  ..  4,     10 

niger,  Lasius     6,  7,  28,  35,  36,  37, 

38,  39,  40,  219 
nigriceps   (tuberum   var.),    Lepto- 
thorax          . .          . .  . .     64 

nitidulus,  Formicoxenus    ..  ..   311 

nylanderi   (tuberum  var.),   Lepto- 
thorax ..  ..63,64,     65 

Osmia  312 

papaveris,  Osmia     . .  . .  . .     50 

parvula,  Ceratina    ..  ..  ..50 

persuasoria,  Rhyssia  ..  ..   252 

picea,  Formica         ..  ..  ..   306 

pimplator.  Meniscus  ..  ..   235 

Ponerinae      . .  . .  . .  . .       4 

pratensis,  Formica  . .  . .  . .       5 

pratensis  (rufa    siib-sp.),    Formica      9 
Proctotrupidae  . .  . .  . .     37 

rubra,  Myrmica       ..  ..  ..40 

rufa,  Formica     7,  8,  9,  34,  35,  36, 

37,  39,  40,  311 
rufibarbis,  Lasius    . .  . .  . .     35 

rufo-pratensis  (rufa  var.),  Formica  36 
ruginodis,  Myrmica  34,  35,  40,  198 
sabuleti,  Myrmica*. 
sanguinea,  Formica 


scabrinodis,  Myrmica 


..306 
5,  9,  10,  34, 
35,  36,  37,     40 

5,  34,  37, 
39,  40,  306 
5,     40 

. .     28 


sulcinodis,  Myrmica 

Tenthredinidae 

testaceus;  Strongylognathus  . .        6 

Tetramorium  . .         218,  219,  306 

tuberum,  Leptothorax*  47,  63,  64,  306 

tubero-affinis,  Leptothorax*      306,  311 

truncicola  (rnfa  far.),  Formica    ..       9 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


▼ii. 


PAGE. 

umbratus,  Lasius  7,  36,  38,  39,  40,  219 

unifasciata,  Leptothorax   . .          . .  5 

unifasciatus  (tuberum  var.},  Lepto- 
thorax          . .          . .        64,  306 

varus,  Crcesus          . .          . .          . .  130 

vulgaris,  Vespa        . .          . .          . .  202 

Xylocopa 50,  225 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

abbreviata,  Eupithecia      ..34,59, 
abdominalis,  Argyresthia  . . 
abietaria,  Boarmia  . . 
abietella,  Dioryctria 
abruptaria,  Hemerophila  . . 
absinthiata,  Eupithecia     . .        34, 
acaciw,  Nordmannia  62.  266, 

acanthodactyla  =  cosmodactyla 
aceris,  Apatela 

achilleae,  Anthrocera  71.  lUO, 

achine,  Pararge       . .  . .      113, 

acis  =  semiargus 

Acrsea  . .         . .     28,  48,  226, 

Acrseidae 
acrita,  AcrsEa 

acritoides  (periphanes  r«r.),  Acraea 
actaea,  Satyrus  15,  68,  69,  70,  97, 
98,  121, 
actcon  (actseon),  Thymelicus  12, 
101,  120,  159,  270, 
Actinote 

addenda  (phhfas  ab.),  Rumicia    . . 
addenda  (thetis  <tb.),  Agriades 
Adelidae 
adippe,  Argynnis       11,  16,  69,  90, 

99,  152,  163,  164,  165,  237, 
270,  289,  290,  291,  293, 
adnietus,  Hirsutina  . .       100, 

adonis  =  thetis 

adrasta  (maera  var.),  Pararge    120, 

151, 
adusta,  Hadena       . .  . .        85, 

adustata,  Lygdia        236,  237,  247, 
advenaria,  Epione  . . 
adyte  (ligea  var.),  Erebia  . .  41,  42, 
if^geria 
aegeria,  Pararge  4,  12,  55,  60,  114, 

135,  160,  161,  163,  172, 
173,  220,  235,  292, 


235 
111 
236 
220 
92 
166 
293 

92 
112 

266 

227 
197 
227 

28 

290 

294 
226 
131 
153 
197 


295 
101 


161 

256 

314 

57 

88 
50 


fegon-=  argus 
aello,  Oeneis 
8enea  =  viridaria 

88scularia,  Alsophila  (Anisopteryx) 

91,  133,  234,  247, 

SBstiva  (duponcheli  var.),  Leptosia 

148.  149,  150, 

ajthiops  (blandina),  Erebia   17,  49, 

106,  288,  290, 

affinitata,  Emmelesia 

agatha,  Neptis 

agathina,  Agrotis    . .  . .      147, 

agestis  =  medon 

aglaia,  Argynnis    4,  11,  12,  16,  17, 

70,    84,  94,   123,    127,    151, 

152,  163,  164,  237,  256,  258, 

270v  288,  289,  291, 


293 
89 

252 
200 

292 

58 
198 
314 


295 


PAGE. 

agrammella,  Coleophora    . .         . .  276 

ahenella,  Coleophora  . .         . .   219 

ajax,  Papilio  . .  . .  . .     50 

alba  (phla3as  ab.),  Rumicia  51,  131 

alberta  (cinerea  var.),  Acraea        ..     28 
albicillata,  Melanthia         . .        58,  13S 
albicolon,  Mamestra  ..         ..     93 

albipunctata,  Eupithecia  . .         . .   166 

albipuncta,  Leucania         . .      273,  278 
albulalis,  Nola         . .  . .  . .   313 

albulata,  Emmelesia,  Perizona  58, 

132,  134,  258 
alcefE,  Erinnys         . .         . .        12,  173 

alcetas,  Everes         . .  . .  .  •   293 

alchemillata,  Emmelesia  . .         . .     58 

alcinoe,  Planema    . .         . .  . .   106 

alciphron,  Loweia      10,  12,  15,  16, 

70,  97,  99,  113,  118 
alcon,  Lycfena         . .  . .  . .     97 

alcyone,  Satyrus    15,  98,  118,  119, 

120,  152,  160,  162 


alecto,  Erebia 
Aletis.. 

alexanor,  Papilio 
alexis  =  icarus 
alexins  =  thersites. 


43,     97 

128 

!69,  70,  277 


Polyommatus 

226,  278,  311 
algirica  (semele  var.),  Hipparchia     50 
alni,  Acronycta        ..  ..  ..56 

alniaria,  Ennomos  . .  . .  . .   166 

alopecurus  (rurea  ab.),  Xylophasia  137 
alpigenella,  Nephopteryx  . .  . .   101 

alpina,  Eudoria       . .  . .         . .  255 

alpina  =  hyperborea 

alpina,  Scoparia      ..  ..  ..84 

alpina    (hippocrepidis    var.),    An- 
throcera       . .  . .  . .   100 

alpinalis,  Scopula    81,  84,  85,  255,  256 
alsus  =  minimus 

altheffi,  Erynnis      . .       12,  60,  61,  266 
alticola  (pyrenaicus  var.),  Hepialus  158 
alticolella,  Coleophora        ..         ..   112 

alveolus  =  malvae 

alveus,  Hesperia        12,  14,  42,  89,  113 

amanda,  Polyommatus   11,  12,  67, 

98,  293 
amathusia,  Brenthis  2,  3,  98,  288,  289 
Amauris        ..  ..  ..  ..   198 

ambigua,  Caradrina  . .  . .   176 

ambigualis,  Scoparia  . .        86,  203 

ampelophaga,  Adseita        . .  . .   100 

arapelophila,  Drosophila    . .  . .   211 

ancilla,  Naclia  . .  . .  . .    100 

andrpemon,  Papilio. .  ..  ..   314 

andrenaeformis,  iEgeria     201,  215,  235 
andromache,  Acraea  . .  . .   226 

andromedae,  Hesperia        ..42,43,     89 
anemosa,  Acrsea       . .  . .  . .     48 

anguinalis  =  nigrata 

annulata,  Ephyra   . .  . .      199,  246 

anomala,  Stilbia      . .  . .      165,  168 

anteros,  Aricia         ..       10,11,12,  294 
anthedon,  Hypolimnas      ..  ..   128 

Anthocharia  =  E  uchloe 

Anthrocera   . .  . .         . .         . .   100 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Anthroceridffi           . .          . .          . .  221 

anthyllidis,  Anthrocera      . .          . .  160 

antiopa,  Euvanessa  11,  12,  26, 114, 

162,  296 

antiqua,  Orgyia       . .          . .          . .  166 

Apatura         . .          . .          . .          . .  119 

apicella,  Coleophoia           . .          . .  278 

apiciaria,  Epione     . .          . .        57,  220 

apiformis,  Trochilium         . .          . .  236 

apollo,  Parnassius     15,  16,  43,  69, 

70,  75,  119,  120,  152,  288,  290 

applana,  Depiessaria          . .          . .  200 

aprilina,  Agriopis    . .  56,  147,- 178,  191 
arbusculse    (lanestris    var.),   Erio- 

gaster             . .          . .          . .  126 

arbuti  =  tenebrata 

arcania,  Ccenonympha      2,  11,  12, 

15,    90,    97,  99,    100,    120, 

201,  202,  288,  289 

areas,  Lycasna          . .          . .          4,  266 
arcella,  Scardia 


191 
72 
48 
29 
131 
204 
54 


arcesilaus,  Clerome 

archesia,  Precis 

archippus,  Danais 

archippus  (erippus  var.),  Anosia 

ArctiidsB 

aircua  (icarus  ab.),  Polyommatus  . . 

arcuata  (icarus  ab.),  Polyommatus 

11,  215,  278 
arcuosa,  Petilampa,  Hydrilla    137,  237 
arduinna,  Melitiea  . .  . .  . .   293 

areola  (lithoriza),  Xylocampa   25, 

80,  91,  124 
arete  (hyperantus  ah.),  Aphantopus  237 
arethusa,  Satyrus    . .  . .  . .    121 

argentella,  Elacbista  ..      Ill,  124 

argiades,  Everes       . .  . .  . .   297 

argiolus,  Celastrina  11,  12,  54,  60, 
79,91,  92,96,  118,  123,  132, 
133,  145,  153,  166,  189,  214, 
215,  235,  237,  238,  247,  249, 

268,  269,  277,  292,  311,  313 

argus  (ipgon),  Plebeius      3,  11,  12, 

16,   43,  68,  69,  80,   90,  98, 

99,  101,  113,  118,  121,  151, 

152,  203,  220,  244,  266,  270, 

290,  293,  294 
argyrana.  Coccyx,   . .  . .  . .   182 

argyrognomon,  Plebeius  88,  89,  98, 

104,  289,  290 
arion,  Lycsena  3,  15,  16,  17,  43.  69, 
96,    97,    98,  266,  288,    290, 

296,  312,  313 
arsilache  (pales  var.),  Brenthis  41, 

88,  89,  266,  267 
artaxerxes    (medon    var.),    Aricia 

85,  256,  258,  293 
artemis  =  aurinia 
artemisiella,  Gelechia 


ashworthii,  Agrotis. . 
asiatica,  Hydrcecia  . . 
asinalis,  Bntys 
aspersana,  Peronea 
associata,  Lygris 


191,  241, 

242,  272 

..  314 

..  109 

..  162 

..  220 

..  164 


PAGE. 

asteria,  Melitsea       . .  . .         . .     42 

astrarche  =  medon 

astrigera,  Acrsea      . .  . .  . .     28 

atalanta,  Pyrameis    12,  29,  54,  61, 
63,  95,   96,    105,    147,  167, 
168,    172,    173,    191,    199, 
203,  215,  237,  238,  249,  289, 

291,  296,  313 
athalia,  MelitaEa       3,  4,  42,  43,  70. 
98,  113,  120,  201,  260,  288, 

289,  290,  291,  294,  295 
atlantica,  Ocneria   . .  . .  . .   304 

atomaria,  Ematurga  51,  57,  79,  93, 

95,  134,  138,  146,  236,  248,  258 
atra  (vinolentella),  Blastodacna    ..    183 
atrata,  Odezia      86,  138,  219,  237, 

248,  258 
atropos,  Manduea    . .  130,  273,  313 

augur,  Noctua  . .  85,  137,  164 

aurago,  Tiliacea         56,  91,  92,  95,     96 
aurantiaria,  Hibernia  103, 168, 178,  194 
aurata,  Pyrausta    ...  . .  . .    167 

aurelia,  Melitaea       ..  ..42,99.130 

aureola  =  sororcula 

aureola,  Acrsea         . .  . .  . .     28 

aurinia    (artemis),    Melitffia  3,   42, 
89,    97,    104,   113,  132,  135, 

200,  248,  291 
auroraria  =  muricata 
ausonia    (belia  var.),   Anthocharis 

12,  70,  173 
australis,  Agrotis    ..  ..  ..   177 

autumnaria,  Oporabia        . .  . .    129 

aversata,  Acidalia    . .  . .      138,  163 

avis,  Callophrys       ..  ..      129,200 

badiata,  Antielea     . .  . .  . .    133 

badiipennella,  Coleophora  193,  223 

balcanica  (anteros  var.),  Aricia    . .     10 
balkanica,  Tarucus,  Lampides    12,  294 

ballus,  Thestor        173 

barrettii  (luteago  t>«r.),  Dianthoecia  201 
basi-juncta    (thetis   ab.],   Agriades     11 
basilinea,  Apamea  . .  . .        93,  137 

basilipuncta  (phheas  ab.),  Eumicia  131 
batis,  Thyatira         . .  . .        56,  136 

baton,  Sc'olitan tides  11,  12,  60,  61, 

62,     63 
baxteri  (gueneei  var.),  Luperina  19,     87 
belemia,  Anthocharis         . .      172,  276 
belgiaria,  Scodiona  ..  ..   248 

belia,  Anthocharis  12,16,59, 

60,61,  63,  70,  98,  173 
belina  (hypermnestra  ab.),  Hestia  201 
belisama,  Delias      . .  . .  . .     72 

bellargus  =  thetis 

bellidice  (daplidice  f/.i>.),  Pontia  ..     12 

bennettii,  Adaetyla  . .  . .    124 

berisalensis  (deione  var  ),  Melitaea     88 
betulas,  Ornix  . .  . .  . .   314 

betula>,  Ruralis        . .  146,  147,  292 

betularia,  Amphidasis  92,  125,  146, 

203,  294 
bicolorata  (rubiginata),  Mesoleuca 

58,  163,  237 
bicoloria,  Miana      . .         . .  . .   137 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

bidentata,  Odontopera       124,  134, 

145,  236,  247 
bifida,  Dicranura     . .     55,  76,  132,  201 
bilineata,  Camptogramma         138, 

163,  166,  258 
bilunaria,  Selenia    . .  . .  . .    145 

bimaculata  (taminata),  Bapta       ..   232 
bin  aria  (haniula),  Drepana       166, 

235,  236,  238 
bipunctaria,    Ortholitha,    Eubolia 

125,  131,  166 
bipunctata  (maritima  «/;.),  Senta..   220 
bipunctata  (phlasas  ah.),  Rumicia. .     51 
bischoffaria     (virgularia     ah.), 

Acidalia*       . .  . .  . .    131 

biselliella,  Tineola  . .  . .  . .     37 

bisetata,  Acidalia     . .  . .  . .   237 

Biston  196 

bistortata,  Tephrosia  91,  235,  313 

bistriga,  Cryptoblabes         ..  ..163 

blanda,  Caradiina  . .  . .      237,  238 

blandiata,  Emmelesia        . .  . .     58 

blandina  =  iEtbiops 

bloQieri,  Asthena     ..  ..        58,  163 

bloinfeldii,  Smyrna. .  ..  ..   277 

boetica,  Anthrocera  . .  . .   174 

boeticus,  Lampides. .  158,162,  172 

boisduvali,  Hewitsonia       . .  . .    198 

boisduvali,  Opsiphanes       . .  . .   278 

bolina,  Hypolimnas  . .  . .   155 

bombyliformis,  Hemaris    . .  . .   236 

bondii.  Tapinostola. .  ..  ..    132 

boreata,  Cheimatobia         . .  . .     58 

brassicfe,  Mamestra  (Barathra)    56, 

137,  164,  166,  177 
brassicse,  Pieris     3,  12,  53,  59,  60, 
61,   62,   95,   113,    133,   134, 
162,  166,  167,  172,  173,  176, 

222,  258,  288,  290 
brevicornis,  Baronia  . .  . .   130 

brevilinea,  Leucania  . .  . .   220 

briseis,  Satyrus        . .  . .  . .   121 

brumata,  Cheimatobia         74,  178, 

247,  264 
brunnea,  Noctua      . .  . .      164,  245 

brunnea  (astrigera  «?^.),  Acnea     ..     28 
brunnea  (pistacina  ah.),  Anchocelis  131 
brunneata,  Halia       80,  83,  85,  86,  256 
bryonht  (napi,  vav.),  Pieris     4,  43, 

104,  112,  225,  277,  288 
bucephala,  Pygsera  . .  . .        55,  122 

burrowsi,  HydrcEcia**         109, 110, 

111,     225 
butleri,  Ceramidia  ..         ..         ..   247 

cacalise,  Hesperia    . .  . .        42,     89 

caecilia  (manto  var.),  Erebia         ..    152 
cserulea     (icarus      ab.),     Polyom- 

matus  . .  . .  . .    135 

cseruleocepbala,  Diloba       . .  . .     55 

cseruleopunctata     (purpureo-punc- 
tata)  (phlfeas  «/*.),  Rumicia 

10,  51,  131,  278 
csesiata,  Larentia  (Entephria)     80, 

83,  84,  138,  253,  256,  257 
cassiella,  Swammerdammia  . .   Ill 


49 

288 
277 
203 


Eupi- 

257,  314 

..   246 

55,  166 


120 

58 
11 


PAGE. 

caespititiella,  Coleopbora    . .  . .   112 

caia,  Arctia   . .  . .     50,  94,  200,  248 

c-album,  Polygonia    12,  15,  49,  54, 

99,  101,  247,  266,  267,  289, 

291,  294,  295,  296,  314 
Caledonia  (fethiops  var.),  Erebia  . .      49 
Caledonia    (megsera  var.),  Pararge 
callidice,  Pontia  16,   89,   97,  104, 
267, 
Callidryas     . . 

calliroe  (atalanta  ah.),  Pyrameis  . . 
calluna3  (quercus  var.),  Lasiocampa 

247,  258 
callunaria    (satyrata   var.), 

thecia 
calthella,  Micropteryx 
camelina,  Lophopteryx 
Camilla,  Limenitis    11,  12,  15,  16, 

68,  70,  119,  '290 
Camilla  =  Sibylla       ..  ..  ..   292 

canaria  (pistacina  ah.),  Anchocelis    131 
Candida  (cribrum    var.),    Emydia, 

Coscinia 
candidata,  Acidalia. . 
candiope  (icarus  aZ^.),  Polyommatus 
cannse,  Nonagria     . .  . .      220,  221 

canteneri  (rumina),  Thais. .  ..     51 

capsincola,  Dianth(pcia  56,  94,  95, 

96, 137, 146,  277,  312 
capsophila,  Dianthoucia      . .      277,  312 
capucina  (oxyacanthae  var.),  Miselia 
56,  168, 
carbonariella  =  f  usca 
Carcharodus  (Erynnis) 
cardamines,  Euchloe  2,  4,  12,  49, 

50,  53,  61,93,  113,  130,131, 

135, 145,  153,  162,  173,  189, 

214,  221,  235,  247,  248,  268, 

288,  291 
cardui,  Pyrameis  12,  17,48,  49,  54, 

61,    62,    63,    79,    146,    147, 

162,  166,  167,  168,  172,  173. 

189,  202,  203,  215,  236,  238, 

249,  277,  291,  311 
carniolica,  Anthrocera        101,  120,  121 
carpinata(lobulata),Lobophora  91, 
125,  145, 
carpini  (pavonia),  Saturnia  85,  91, 

134,  146,  200 
carpophaga,  Dianthoecia  50,  92,  94, 

95,  96,   132,   146,  177,  232, 

277,  312 
carthami,  Hesperia. .  ..  162,  295 
cassiope   (epiphron   var.),   Erebia, 

Melampias    . .  98,  152,  158,  292 
casta,  Fumea  . .  . .  . .     55 

castigata,  Eupithecia  . .        33,     59 

Catopsilia      . .  . .  . .  . .    155 

caudata  (phlteas  ah.),  Rumicia     ..   131 
cecropia,  Platysamia  . .      276,  277 

celerio,  Hippotion    . .  . .      172,  296 

celinde,  Discophora  . .  . .     72 

celtis,  Libythea    11,  12,  97,  98,  99, 

277,  302,  308 
cenea  =  dardanus 


178 


14 


47 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


ah.), 


163 
59,  166,  167 
97,  130 


304 
135 
201 

276 


PAGK. 

centaureata  =  oblongata 
centum-notata       (truncata 

Cidaria  . .  . .  . .     58 

cerago,  Citria  . .  . .  . .   147 

cerealella,  Sitotroga  . .  . .   112 

cerri  (ilicis  ab.),  Nordmannia      68, 

69,     70 
cerusellus,  Platytes.. 
cespitalip,  Herbula  . . 
ceto,  Erebia  . . 
chasrophyllata  =  atrata 
chalybosa  (jordani  ah.),  Agrotis** 
chaonia,  Drymonia 
Charaxes 

charlonia,  Anthocharis      . .      208 
chi,  Polia     24,  56,  76,  80,  91,  105 
124,  174,  176,  177,  273 
chile,  Acraea 
chioridice,  Synchloe 
chrystyi,  Oporabia  . 
chrysitis,  Plusia 
chryson,  Plusia 
chi-ysorrhfiea,  Porthesia 
chrysotheme,  Colias 
Cidaria  . .  . .  . .        63 

cinctaria,  Boarmia  20,  91,  92,  201 
cinctata  (pales  ah.),  Brenthis 
cinerea,  Acrsea 
cirigulata      (rhadamanthus      ab.) 

Anthrocera    . . 
cinxia,  Melitsea         11,  12,  97,  112 
146,  200,  248 
circe,  Satyrus    11,  12,  68,  69,  118 

120 
circeis,  Acraea 
circeilaris     (ferruginea),    Mellinia 

Amathes        . .  56,  168 

citrago,  Tiliacea       . .  . .        56 


12 


84,  95,  137 
94,  122 


citrana  (galathea  ab.),  Melanargia  275 
citraria,  Aspilates      60,  61,  63,  92,  232 
citronea  (cardamines  ah.),  Euchloe     61 
clarkii  (comes  ah.),  Triphsena       . .   132 
cleodoxa  (adippe  ah.),  Argynnis  69,  152 
Cleopatra,  Gonepteryx     29,  50,  60 

61,  62,  69,  70,  162,  172,  173 
clerkella,  Lyonetia  . .  ..  ..    Ill 

cloacella,  Tinea        ..  ..  ..Ill 

clytie  (ilia  ab.),  Apatura      15,  119 

266,  294.  296 
c-nigrum,  Noctua    , .  . .      166,  177 

Ccenonympha  . .  . .  . .   201 

cognata  (simulata),  Thera. .  ..     84 

cognatellus,  Ypsolophus     . .  . .   135 

Coleophora   . .  183,  202,  223,  241 

Colias  . .  . .  12,  202,  313 

comariana,  Peronea  . .  . .   105 

cotnbusta   (rurea    ab.),  Xylophasia 

85,  256 
comes,  Triphaena    . .  . .      132,  168 

comitata,  Pelurga    . .  . .  . .   220 

comma,  Leuoania    . .  . .  . .      79 

comma,  Urbicola,  Pamphila       98 

104,  151, 157,  159,  237,  238,  293 
commanotata  (truncata  ab.),  Cid 

aria    . .  . .  . .  . .     58 


278 
227 
294 
129 
245 
3 
313 

12 
104 
248 
280 

28 

100 
291 

121 

49 

177 
166 


commixta,  Papilio  . .          . .          . .  198 

comparella,  LithocoUetis  ..  ..112 

complana,  Lithosia             . .          . .  158 

comptana,  Phoxopteryx     . .          . .  220 

conchana  =  rivulana 

conebellus,  Crambus          . .          . .  158 

concinnata,  Cidaria            . .          . .  48 

concolor,  Tapinostola         . .         . .  131 

concomitella,  LithocoUetis            . .  182 

confiuens  (trifolii  ab.),  Anthrocera  105 

confusalis,  Nola       . .          . .          . .  55 

conigera,  Leucania  . .          ..94,95,  238 

consonaria,  Tephrosia       . .          . .  235 

consortaria,  Boarmia         . .          . .  236 

conspersa  =  nana 

conspicillaris,  Xylomiges   . .          . .  131 

contamineoides      (punctum     ab.), 

Anthrocera   . .          . .          . .  118 

contigua,  Hadena,  Mamestra    135, 

137,  146 

continuata  (nysiades  ab.),  Neptis. .  198 
conversaria       (repandata       var.), 

Boarmia        . .          . .        50,  57 

convolvuli,  Agrius  . .  50,  132,  147,  167 
cordula,  Satyrus  15,  68,  69,  70,  97, 

98,  290 
coridon,  Agriades  4,  16,  42,  43,  49, 
51,   68,  70,  89,  94,  95,  99, 
100,  118,  121,  151,  152,  162, 
215,  238,  249,  269,  270,  278, 

288,  289,  290,  292,  297,  312,  313 

Cornelia,  Argyresthia          . .          . .  182 

coronata,  Chloroclystis,  Eupithecia 

34,  59,  235,  237 

corticea,  Agrotis      . .          . .          . .  93 

corticella.  Tinea      . .          . .          . .  Ill 

corylata,  Cidaria        134,  138,  145, 

247,  258 

coryli,  Demas           . .          . .          . .  145 

corylifoliella,  LithocoUetis            . .  182 
cosmodactyla       (acanthodactyla), 

Amblyptilia 167 

cossus  (ligniperda),  Cossus         126,  190 

costoBstrigalis,  Hypenodes  . .          . .  57 

costana,  Tortrix       . .          . .          . .  314 

costleyi,  Mimacrasa             . .          . .  223 

costovata(fluctuataa6.),Melanippe,  79 

Crambus       ..          ..           86,  158,  167 

cramerella,  LithocoUetis    . .         . .  314 

crassicornis  (statices  ab.),  Adscita  158 

crataegata  =  luteolata 

crataegi,  Aporia     3,  4,  12,  69,  270, 

288,  289,  291 
crepuscularia,  Tephrosia     57,  134, 

235,  247 

cribrella,  Myelois     . .          . .          . .  75 

cribrum,  Emydia,  Coscinia       120,  159 

crinanensis,  Hydroecia        ..47,73,  74 

crishna,  Neorina     . .          . .          . .  277 

cristulalis,  Nola       . .          . .          . .  92 

croceago,  Opoiina   . .          . .           . .  80 

crocealis,  Ebulea     . .          . .      164,  167 

ciocicapitella  (ferruginella),  Mono- 
pis      126 

crcesolla  (sulzella),  Adela  ..          ,.  197 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGE. 

crcesus,  Ornithoptera         . .  . .  200 

crucla  =  pulverulenta 

crystallina,  Acrsea  . .  . .  . .   226 

cubicularis,  Caradrina         85,  177,  258 
cucubali,  Dianthcecia      91,  94,  95, 

96,  146,  178,  238 
cuculipennellun,  Coriscium  . .   220 

cucuUatella,  Nola     . .  55,  132,  165 

culiciformis,  Aegeria  . .      202,  216 

culmellus,  Crambus  . .  . .   2-58 

cultraria  (unguicula),  Drepana235,  236 
eupiealis,  Aglossa   . .  . .  . .   314 

curtula,  Clostera      . .  . .  . .   235 

euspidaria        (sambucaria        ab.), 

Ourapteryx   . .  . .  . .     57 

cyaneus,  Parthenos  . .  . .    155 

cyanosticta  (io  ah.),  Vanessa         . .      79 
cyllarus,  Glaueopsyche   11,  12,  62,     63 
cynipiforniis,  ^-Egeria  . .  . .   216 

cynthia,  Melitffia     16,  43,  89,  104, 

266,  288 
damon,  Hiisutina     15,  17,  98,  99, 

118,  120,121,  267,  289,  290, 

297,  312 
damone,  Euchloe    ..  ..50,60,223 

Danainse       . .  . .  . .  . .   129 

daphne,  Brenthis       11,  12,  15,  16, 

69,  119,  290,  295 
daplidice,  Pontia     12,  15,  60,  152, 

158,  172,  288,  293.  294 
dardanus,  Papilio  48,  129,  210,  233 
darwiniana   (arcania   var.),  Coeno- 

nympha         . .  . .  2,  120 

davus  =  typhon 

dealbata  =  lineata 

debiliata,  Eupithecia  . .  . .     59 

debora,  Eumceus     . .  . .  . .   276 

decolorata,  Emmelesia  . .  58,  236 
defoliana,  Hybernia  57,  104,  105,  178 
degeneraria        (montanata       ab.), 

Melanippe     . .  . .  . .     58 

deione,  Brenthis  . .  88,  96,  97,  98 
deleta     (lacticolor)     (grossulariata 

ah.),  Abraxas  . .  . .    132 

Delias  72 

delius,  Parnassius     16,  17,  41,  43, 

89,  267 
dentalis,  Odontia   . .  . .  . .   220 

dentina,  Hadena  93,  135,  236,  256 

deplana,  Lithosia    . .  . .        52,  235 

derasa,  Thyatira      . .  . .        56,  136 

designata,  Coremia      58,  134,  138,  236 
dia,  Brenthis      12,  15,  19,  69.  113, 

119,  277,  289,  290,  294,  295 
Dianthcecia  ..  ..      277,  312 

dictaBa  =  phcebe 

dictfeoides,  Leioeampa       . .  . .   258 

dictynna,  Melitaea  3,  4,  43,  97, 120, 

151,  266,  288 
didyma  =  secalis,  Apamea 
didyma,  MelitsBall,  12,  43,  68,  70, 

74,  96,  97,  98,  113,  120,  290,  294 
didymata,  Melenydris         265,  138, 

237,  264,  2o5 
diffinis,  Calyinpiia   . .  . ,  . .   167 


PAGE. 

digitellus,  Crambus  . .  . .   158 

diluta,  Asphalia       . .  . .        56,  166 

dilutata,  Oporabia,  Epirita       103. 

129,  168,  178,  247 
dimidiata      (scutulata),     Acidalia, 

Ptychopoda  . .  . .  . .   258 

diniensis  (carniolica  var.),  Anthro- 

cera    . .  . .  . .  . .   120 

diniensis    (sinapis   var.),   Leptosia 

12,  69,  119,  149,  150,  200 
diores,  Thaumantis  . .  . .   278 

dipsacea,  Heliothis. .  ..      101,  120 

discordella,  Coleophora      189,  190,  202 
dispar,  Chrysophanus         ..        51,  292 
dispar,  Lymantria,  Porthetria  170, 

212,  226 
dissimilis,  Hadena..         ..  ..   176 

ditrapezium,  Noctua  . .  . .   164 

Diurni  51,     53 

dodoneata,  Eupithecia       . .  . .     34 

dolus,  Hirsutina         102,  118,  119, 

120,  121,  228 
domestica,  Bryotropha       . .  . .    182 

dominula,  Callimorpha      ..15,50,  278 
donzelii,  Aricia        . .  98,  266,  267 

dorilis,  Loweia  10,  12,  17,  97,  100, 
113, 118,  159,  162,  266,  288, 

289,  290,  297 
dorus,  Coenonympha  ..68,97,  201 

dotata  =  pyraliata 
doubledayaria  (betularia  ah.),  Am- 

phidasis         . .  . .  , .    125 

doubledayi,  Acra?a  . .  . .  . .   227 

doxo,  Pinacopteryx. .  ..  ..   223 

dromedarius.  Notodonta    . .        55,   145 
dromus  (tyndarus  «/j.),  Erebia     ..    151 
dryas,  Enodia  . .  . .  , .   290 

dryope,  Eurytela     . .  . .  . .    130 

dubitalis,  Seoparia  . .  . .      162,  164 

dubitata,  Triphosa  . .  - ,  . .    164 

Jubius,  Hypolimnas  ..  ..   128 

dumerilii,  Apamea,  Luperina      18,     50 
duplana,  Rhyacionia  . .  . .     27 

dupiaris,  Cymatophora      . .  . .   2.56 

duponcheli,  Leptosia  148,  149, 150,  200 
edusa,  Colias  12,  15,  29,  59,  60,  61, 
G2,  68,  74,  95,  97,  98,  120, 
121,  ]52,  161,  167,  168,  172, 
199,  200,  202,  203,  214,  215, 
220,  249,  270,  273,  277,  290, 

313,  314 
egea,Polygonia  11,12,61,71,97,99,  101 
egerides  (wgeria.  var.),  Pararge     ..     12 
egialea,  Amauris      . .  . .  . .    198 

eleus   (phlseas   var.),  Rumicia  10, 

49,  100,  131,  172,  174,  289 
elinguaria,  Croeallis  . .        95,   163 

elko,  Coenonympha. .  ..  ..   202 

ella,  Acraea   . .  . .  . .  . .     28 

elpenor,  Eumorpha. .  ..  ..55 

eltringhami,  Mimacrsea      . .  . .   223 

elutata  =  sordidata  =  f  urcata 

Ephestia 278 

epiphron,  Erebia    16,  98,  104,  152, 

157,  158»  160,  288,  289,  292 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


Epitola 

erate,  Colias. .  ..  ..12,74 

Eiebia  ..    100,  101,  130,  160 

ergane,  Pieris  . .  . .        59 

ericetata  (minorata  var.),  Emme 
lesia  . .    83,  85,  2.56 

erippus,  Anosia 

eriopsis,  Eripbile 

eris  (niobe  var.),  Argynnis. .  ll'J 
278, 

eros,  Polyommatus  89,  97.  98,  104 
267 

erosaria,  Ennomos  . .  57,  166 

Erynnis  ^  Carcbaiodus 

erynnis  (gorge  var.),  Erebia 

erysimi  (sinapis  var.),  Leptosia 

escheii,  Polyommatus     70,  97,  98 

99,  101,  113,  118,  120,  121 

151,  1.52,  259,  289 

esperi  (ausonia  ab.)  (belia  var.) 
Anthocbaris 

eucbaris,  Delias       . .  . .        72 

Euciidia 

Eucbloe  (Antboebaris) 

euliniene,  Calopieris 

eumedon,  Aricia      . .  104,  113 

eupbeme,  Zegris 

euphemus,  Lyctena  . .  4 

eupbenoides,  Eucbloe    44,  97,  172 

eupbrosyne,  Brentbis   2,  4,  43,  49 

55,  80,  88,  93, 132, 134,135 

145,  14(5,  1.53,  160,  162,  191 

214,  215,  235,  236,  2-58,  276 

288,  291 

Eupltbecia    . . 

Eupld'a 

europome    (palfeno    var.),     Colias 

252,  266,  295 
eurota,  Eunica 
euryale,  Erebia   2,  4,  98,  104,  152 
euryaloides  (euryale  fa?*.),  Erebia 
eurybia   (bippotboe  var.),  Cbryso 

phanus  2, 98,  267 

eurytus,  Pseudacrtea 
evemon,  Papilio 
Evetria  =  Rbyacionia 
evias,  Erebia  . .  112,  113 

exantbemaria,  Cabera       134,  138 

163 
excessa  (titbonus  ah.),  Epinepbeh 
exclamaiionis,  Agrotis  93, 137,  164 
168,  177 
exigua,  Lapbygma  . . 
exiguata,  Eupitbecia  . .        34 

exoleta,  Calocampa 
extensaria,  Eupitbecia 
extimalis,    Orobena,    Pionea    232 

262 
exulans,    Antbrocera    80,   81,   82 

253,  254,  255 
exulis,  Crymodes     . . 
fagi,  Stauropus 
falcataria,    Drepana  55,   135,  145, 

166 
falloui,  Eucbloe 


PAGE. 
.     198 

294 

314 

60 


258 
131 
276 

289 

288 
178 

43 
149 


312 

173 
153 
153 

276 
225 
288 
51 
266 
173 


314 
33 
52 

296 
277 
290 
104 

288 
233 
105 
27 
267 

236 
304 

237 
50 
191 
178 
132 

274 

257 

278 
146 

',  236 
276 


P.\GE. 

falsellus,  Crambus  . .  . .  . .    164 

farinata,  Litbostege  . .  . .     60 

fascelina,  Dasycbira  . .  . .   286 

fasciaria  =  prosapiaria 

fasciata    (lubricipeda    ah.),    Spilo- 

soma  . .  . .  . .  . .   132 

fasciuncula,  Miana  . .  56,  137,  164 

fatua,  Satyrus  . .  . .  . .   294 

faunula  (comma  ah.),  Urbicola     . .    157 
fausta,  Antbrocera..  ..      118,  120 

favicolor,  Leucania  . .      106,  132 

leisthamelii       (podalirius      '(('•.), 

Papilio  ..  ..        70,   161 

ferrea   (pistacina   ah.),   Ancbocelis  131 
ferreti  (damon  ah.),  Hirsutina    17,  267 
ferrugalis,  Scopula  . .  . .  . .   314 

ferrugata,  Coremia     134,  138,  145, 

162,  166,  236,  2-58,  277 
ferruginea  =  circellaris 
ferruginella,  Moiiopis         . .  . .    126 
ferruginella  =  crocicapitella 

festiva  =  primul:u 

festuca',  Plusia         . .  95,  137,  314 

fibrosa  (leucostigma  var.),  Apamea     50 

tibulella,  Adela         191 

ficklini  (luteago  var.),  Dianthoecia 

201,  313 
filigrammaria,  Oporabia     . .  . .   129 

tilipendulae,  Antbrocera  50,  93,  94, 

132,  136,  146,  162,  216 
fingal  (eupbrosyne  var.),  Brentbis     43 
firmata,  Tbera         . .  . .  . .   237 

tlammealis,  Endotricba      . .  . .    166 

llava  (linea,  tbaumas),  Adopaja  12, 
55,   95,  100,  120,  146,  162, 

163,  165,  249,  289,  293 
flava  (filipenduhe  ah.),  Antbrocera     50 
flava  (griseola  ah.),  Litbosia         . .   220 
tiavago,  Citria          . .  . .  . .     56 

fiavago  =  ochracea 

tiavescens     (galatbea      ah.),      Me- 

lanargia**     ..  ..  ..   275 

flavescens  (tlavago  ah.),  Citria      . .     56 
tlavicans  (irrorella  ah.),  Setina     . .    101 
tiavicincta,  Polia     . .  . .        56,  249 

flavicinctata  (ruficinctata),  Larentia 

85,  255 
flavieornis,  Asphalia     56,  85,  133, 

145,  247 
fiavofasciata     (grossulariata     ah.). 

Abraxas         . .  . .  . .   314 

fluctuata,  Melanippe     58,  79,  134, 

164,  166,  258 
fluviata,  Camptogramma   . .  . .   306 

fontis,  Bomolocba  . .  . .  . .     57 

forficalis,  Pionea      . .  . .      164,   166 

forficellus,  Scopula..  ..  ..   314 

formosa,  Salebria    . .  . .  . .   272 

forinosa,  Tirumala  . .  . .  . .    198 

fosterana,  Tortrix    . .  . .  . .    162 

fortunata  (jurtina  ab.),  Epinephele 

50,  192 
foulquieri  (alveus  var.),  Syrichthus     14 
fraxinata,  Eupitbecia         . .  . .   314 

freija,  Brentbis        ..       «..  ..    199 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGE. 

freyeri  (irrorella  ah.),  Setina         ..    160 
frigga,  Brenthis       . .  . .  . .   199 

fritiilum  — malvoides  ..  ..   127 

f  uciformis  =  tityus 

fulgens(tithonusrt').),Eplnephele**  304 
fuliginosa,  Nemeophila        55,  136,  220 
fulvago,  Citria         . .  . .        49,     56 

fulvata,  Cidaria       . .  . .        58,  188 

fumata,  Acidalia     50,  84,  85,  138, 

248,  256 
furcata       (soididata)        (elutata), 
Hypsipetes  50,  58,  138,  163, 

237,  258 
furcatellus,  Crambus  . .  . .   255 

fusea  (aurantiariaa/).),  Hybernia**  194 
fusca  (carbonariella),  Phycis       85, 

164,  257 
fusca  (gueneei  a?;.),  Luperina  ..  87 
fuscalis,  Botvs         . .  86,  164,  258 

fuscantaria,  Ennomos        . .        57,  166 
fuscedinella,  Coleophora    . .  . .   314 

fusconebulosa    (veileda),    Hepialus 

84,  86,  136,  258 
gachtaria(bipunctariaa?).),Eubolia*  131 
galathea,  Melanargia       12,  15,  48, 
50,  51,95,97,  101,  113,  118, 
119,  121,  128,  146,  162,  196, 
237.  270,  275,  289,  290,  292,  294 
galiata,    Xantborhoe     (Melanippe) 

94,  146,  147,  164,  176,  314 
gamma,  Plusia  56,  95,  96, 137, 158, 

166,  168 
gemmaria,  Boarmia  . .      138,  237 

gemina,  Apamea     . .     85,  93,  137,  258 
gemmella,  Stenoleehia       . .  . .   Ill 

geniculeus,  Crambus  . .  . .   166 

genist;¥,  Mamestra  (Hadena)        . .   247 
genistffi,  Coleophora  . .  . .   281 

Geometrje 197,  220 

gerronella,  Brachmia  . .  . .     37 

gibbosella,  Psoricoptera      . .  . .    Ill 

gilvago,  Mellinia     . .  . .  . .     49 

gilvaria,  Aspilates  . .  . .        95,  167 

glacialis  (alecto),  Erebia        43,  97, 

266,  312 
glandifera  =  muralis 
glareosa,  Noctua 
glauca,  Mamestra    . . 
glaucata  (spinula),  Cilix 
glaucio^oUa,  Coleophora 
Giutophrissa 
glyphica,  Euclidia 


goante,  Erebia 


..   147,  168 
..   137,  247 
164,  166,  236 
..  112 
128 
.  57,  93,  101, 
135,  137,  191,  236 
104,  267 


gcL'dartelia,  Argyresthia     . .          . .  105 

Gonepteryx  . .          . .          . .          . .  277 

gonodactyla,  Platyptilia     . .          . .  167 

gonostigma,  Orgyia             . .       248,  315 
gordius    (alciphron   var.),   Loweia 

70,  97,  99,  113,  118 
gorge,  Erebia  42,  43,  89,  104,  157, 

160,  266,  289 

gorgone,  Erebia  151, 152, 157,  158,  160 

gothica,  Tsniocampa           91,  134,  248 

GraeilariidiB             . .          . .          . .  197 


PAGE. 

gracilis,  Tseniocampa         ..        91,  248 
gradiens,  Terias       . .  . .  . .   105 

graminis,  Charseas      95,  147,  164, 

166,  238,  247 
grammica  =  striata 
Grapta  =  Polygonia. .  ..  ..47 

graslini,  Luperina  . .       18,  19,  49,     87 
grisea    (rhadamanthus    ah.),    An- 

throcera        . .  . .  . .    100 

grisea-flava  (paludis  oh.),  Hydro^cia     73 
grisealis,  Herminia. .  ..        57,  165 

griseata,  Lithostege    230,  231,  232, 

233,  262,  273,  274 
griseola,  Lithosia     . .  . .  . .   220 

grossulariata.  Abraxas     49,  92,  94, 

122,  132,  138,  163,  200,  201, 

211,  220,  276,  311,  313,  314 
grosvernori,  Acrrea  . .  . .  . .     28 

gruneri,  Euchloe      . .  . .        60,     61 

gueneei  =  nickerlii 

guttea,  Ornix  . .  . .  . .   182 

halitherses,  Euripus  . .  . .     52 

hamellus,  Crambus. .  ..  ..    164 

hamula  =  binaria 

hastata,  Eulype  (Melanippe)       58, 

138,  247 
hazeleighensis   (grossulariata  ah.). 

Abraxas         . .  . .  . .   314 

hecate,  Amauris       . .  . .  . .    198 

hecla,  Colias  ..  ..      312,  313 

heeta,  Hepialus        .  .136,  164,  236,  237 
helice  (edusa  ah.),  Colias   .  .12,  29, 

62,  68, 121,  313 
helleri,  Papilio         . .  . .  . .   314 

hellerella,  Blastodacna       . .  . .   183 

hellmanni,  Tapinostola      ..  ..   131 

helvetica  (athalia  var.),  Melitasa  . .     43 
belvola         (rufina),        Anehocelis 

(Amathes)     . .  . .        56,  168 

heparata  =  obliterata 
hepatica,  Xylophasia  . .  . .   137 

Hepialidas 197 

Hepialus        . .  . .  . .  . .    197 

hera,  Callimorpha  . .     15,  17,  119,  162 
herbida  =  prasina 

Hercyna 160 

heringi  =  croeicapitella 

hermione,  Satyrus  12,  96,  99,  289, 

290,  294 
hero,  Coenonympha  . .      201,  266 

Hesperia        . .  . .  . .  . .        3 

Hesperidffi     . .  . .  . .  . .    121 

Heterocera    . .  . .  . .        55,  101 

Hewitsonia   . .  . .  . .  . .    198 

hexapterata,  Lobophora     . .        58,  236 
heydeureichii  (statices  ah.),  Adscita  158 
hiarbas,  Eui'ytela    ..  ..  ..    130 

hiera,  Pararge  . .  . .    113 

hilaris,  Anthrocera..  100,  101,  118 

hilda,  Neorina         . .  . .  . .   277 

hippocoon  (dardanus  tar.),  Papilio 

48,  129 
hippocrepidis,  Anthrocera  100, 118, 

119,  136,  216 
hippothoc,  Cbrysophanus  (Heodes) 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGK. 

2,  17,  98,  159,  26(5,267,288, 

295,  296,  312 
Hirsutina      . .  . .  . .  . .   228 

hirtaria,  Biston      91,  93,  122,  200, 

201,  235,  276 
bispidaria,  Apocheima  . .  133,  234 
bispulla  (jurtiiia  rar.),  Epinephele 

50,  161,  192,  289 
hobleyi,  Pseudacrfea  106,  226,  233,  234 
bolosericeata,  Acidalia       . .  . .   237 

honratbii,  Tenaris  . .  ..  ..   278 

bonoratii  (rumina  (ib.),  Thais      . .     51 
bonorius,  Hewitsonia         . .  . .    198 

bospita  (plantaginis  vtir.),  Nemeo- 

phila  80,  253,  255,  267,  314 

biibnerella,  Chelaria  . .  . .    105 

humulis,  Aciffia       . .  . .  . .     49 

bumuli,  Hepialus    . .  55,  135,  197,  236 
byale,  Colias        12,  16.  17,  29,  50, 

62,70,97,113,120,121,132, 

167,  168,  177,  214,288,289, 

290,  297 
byalinella  =  crocicapitella 
hybridana,  Sciaphila  . .  . .    105 

Hydrctcia      47,  107,  109,  110,  169,  225 
hyemana,  Toitiicodes        . .  . .    133 

bylas,  Polyommatus  4,  16,  70,  88, 

97,  98,  118,  121,  288 
hyperantus,  Apbantopiis  2,  55,  90, 

146,  162,  164,  165, 237, 266, 

270,  288,  292,  294 
hyperborea  (alpina),  Pachnobia 

202,  255,  278 
bypermnestra,  Hestia        . .  . .   201 

Hypocistina  . .  . .  . .  . .   202 

bypophlffias,  Kiimicia         . .  . .     51 

iacicus,  Papilio        . .  . .  . .   314 

icarinus  (icarus  <ih.),  Polyommatus 

11,  61,  62,  153,  215,  278 
icarus  (alexis),  Polyommatus  3,  11, 
12,   51,  54,   61,   62,   08,  84, 
88,    93,    94,    95,    113,    118, 
121,  127,  135,  146,  152,  153, 
162,  163, 166. 167,  168,  173, 
189,  192,  202,  215,  235,  238, 
249,  258,  268,  269,  270,  278, 

288,  290,  292,  294,  312 
'icbnusa  (urticEE  vur.),  Aglais         . .   223 
igati,  Acraea  . .  . .  . .   226 

ilia,  Apatura         15,  119,  265,  266, 

276,  294,  295,  296 
ilicis,  Nordmannia     10,  12,  15,  68, 

69,  70,  295 
imbutata,  Carsia      . .  . .  . .     84 

imitaria,  Acidalia    ..  138,162,  237 

immanata,  Cidaiia . .  ..        58,     80 

immutata,  Acidalia. .  163,220,  278 

implicitana,  Plialonia         . .  . .     47 

impluviata,    Hydriomena    (Hypsi- 

petes)         138,  145 

impura.  Leucania   . .  94,  137,  237 

inaria,  Diadema      . .  . .        29,  225 

incajiaria==-  virgularia 

ineerta  =  gueueei  —  nickeilii 

jncftita,  Tteniocampa  145,  147,  248 


PAGE. 

indigata,  Eupitbecia  . .        34,  236 

inflatff  =  nutantella 

infracta,  Anaphe      . .         . .         . .   225 

infra-extensa  (pblaeas  ab.),  Rumicia  131 
initia  (phliims  ab.),  Kumicia  . .    131 

innotata,  Eupitbecia  . .  . .   314 

ino,  Brenthis  . .       16,  41,  98,  267 

inornata,  Acidalia   . .  . .  . .   237 

inquinatellus,  Crambus      ..  ..    167 

instabiiis,  Tseniocampa      ..        91,  134 
interjecta,  TiipbiEna  . .  . .     95 

intermedia  (anteros  ab.),  Aricia   . .      10 
intermedia-flava       (paludis      ab.), 

Hydrcecia      . .  . .  . .      73 

intermedia    (semiargus   ab.),    Cya- 

niris   . .  . .  . .  . .      12 

interrogationis,  Plusia     50,  80,  83, 

85,  256 
io,  Vanessa    . .   12,  54,  79,  91,  113, 
127,  147,  163,  164,  166,  167, 
215,  235,  236,  237,  238,  248, 

249,  291 
iogani,  Hestia  ..         ..         ..   105 

iolas,  Glaucopsyche  . .  . .      15 

iota  (gueneei  ab.),  Luperina  . .     87 

iota,  Pltisia  . .  . .  . .        95,   137 

iphioides,  Ca-nonympha     . .  . .   201 

ipbis,  Ccenonympba  ..96,98,   113 

iphita.  Precis  . .  . .  . .    155 

iris,  Apatura      15,  51,  52,  54,  165, 
265,  278,  291,  297,  294,  295, 

296,  297 
irregularis,  Dianthcecia     230,  261,  274 
irrorella,  Setina       ..         101,158,160 
isis  (pales  ab.),  Brentbis        41,  88,     89 
ismene,  Melanitis    . .  . .  . .     72 

isogrammaria,  Eupitbecia  . .   237 

itamputi,  Papilio     . .  . .  . .    105 

jacoboeae,  Eucbelia  (Hippocrita)  136, 

146,  235,  311 
janira  =  jurtina 
janthina,  Tripbtena  . .  . .   167 

jantbinarium      (orbicularia      ab.), 

Zonosoma*    ..  ..  ..25 

jasius,  Cbaraxes       . .  . .  . .   277 

jordani,  Agrotis**    ..  ..  ..   304 

juniperata,  Tbera    . .  . .  . .   256 

jurtina  (janira),  Epinephele  12,  50, 
55,    90,    94,   135,   146,   161, 
162,  163,  164,  192,  238,  249, 
266,  270,  288,  289,  290,  292, 

294,  312 
karwinskii,  Smyrna  . .  . .   277 

kermcsina,  Agrotis**  ..  ..   305 

knautiata    (absinthiata  ab.  ?),   Eu- 
pitbecia        . .  . .  . .     34 

kolga,  N'orasuma      . .  . .  . .    106 

kruegeri,  Luperina**  ..  ..   305 

kruegeri,  Ocneria**  ..  ..   304 

krueperi,  Pieris        . .  . .  . .     61 

kurdistana  (telmessia  vur.),  Epine- 
phele   192 

lacertinaria    (lacertula),     Drepana 

135,  145,  236,  258 
lacbesis,  Melanargia  . .         . .   176 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGE. 

lacteaiia,  lodis        . .         •  •         . .   162 
laeteella,  Endrosis  . .  . .  . .   182 

lactico!or  =  deleta(grossulariataa^.)  132 
iactipennis  (ornitopus  ah.),  Xylina  123 
lapcealis,  Perinepbele         . .  . .     59 

lanceolata     (hyperantus     ah.), 

Apbantopus . .  ..  ..    164 

lanestiis,  Eriogaster  ..      126,  146 

lapidicola,  Ocneria  . .  . .   304 

lappona,  Eiebia  42,    89,   98,    104,  160 

266,  289,  312 

Larentia        . .  . .  . .  . .     60 

lariciata,  Eupithecia  59,  138,  257 

lariciella,  Coleophora         . .  . .   282 

lathonia.  Issoiia   11,  12, 16,  29,  44, 

97,  121,  203,  289,  290,  291,  296 
lathyri  (sinapis  var.),  Leptosia     . .     12 
latistrius,  Crambus. .  ..  ..    164 

latreillei,  Arctia       . .  . .  . .   173 

lavanduliB,  Anthrocera       . .  . .   100 

lavatherae,  Erynnis  (Carcharodus) 

15,  69,  101,  159 
Jecheana,  Ptycboloraa         ..     201,  277 
lefebvrei.  Erebia         151,  152,  157,  158 
lemolea  (signata),  Spalgis  107, 129,  130 
lemonias,  Precis      . .  . .      154,  155 

lepida,  Diseophora  . .  . .  . .   278 

leporina,  Acronycta  . .  . .     56 

Leptosia   (Leucopbasia)    69,    149, 

150,  200 
leucomelas  (galathea  ab.),  MeJan- 

argia  . .  . .  . .  . .    119 

leuconoe,  Deilemera  . .  . .   198 

ieucopbaea,  Pacbetra  . .        92,     93 

leucopbaearia,  Hybernia       90,  133, 

200,  201,  234,  235,  247 
Leucopbasia  =  Leptosia 
leucostigma,  Apamea         . .        50,  220 
levana,  Arascbnia  3,  5,  15,  17,  51, 

295,  29G 
libatrix,  Gonoptera      . .  . .   57,     95 

Libytbeidse 197 

licbenea,  Epunda    ..  ..  ..   177 

ligea,  Erebia  3,  17,  41,  42,  88,  98, 

99,  266,  288,  290,  296 
lignata,  Pbibalapteryx        . .  . .   314 

ligniperda  =  cossus 

ligula.  Orrbodia       ..  ..        56,  168 

ligustri,  Spbinx       ..  ..  ..95 

Limacodidie  . .  . .  . .  . .   197 

limbatus,  Teracolns  . .      154,  230 

limitata  (mensuraria),  Eubolia  86, 

167,  258 
limonielia,  Goniodoma       . .  . .   124 

linariata,  Eupitbecia  . .  . .   166 

linea  =  flava 

linearia,  Epbyra      . .  . .        49,     58 

iineata  (dealbata).  Scoria  ..  ..93 

lineola,  Adopsfa      . .  69,  100,  288 

lineola   (pistacina   ab.),    Amatbes, 

(AncboceHs) . .  ..  ..   131 

Jineolata  =  virgata 

literana,  Leptogramma      . .  . .     49 

literosa,  Miana        . .  . .        94,  137 

litbargyria,  Leucania         . .         . .   137 


314 

28 

27, 

127 

272 

71, 

100 

56,  79, 

168 

105 

PAGE. 

Litbocolletis. .         ..         ..         ..63 

]itboriza  =  areola 

Litbosiidfe 221 

litboxylea,  Xylopbasia       . .  . .     94 

litura,  Amatbes  (Ancbocelis)       56,  168 
iiturata,  Macaria  (Semiotbisa)    57, 

138,  235,  258 
livornica,  Phryxus       50,  123,  147, 

173,   189 
lobengula,  Amauris  . .  . .  225 

lobulata  =  carpinata     91,  125,  145,  247 

lte\venb(fkella,  Pancalia    . 

lofua,  Acraa . 

logffia,  Rbyaciona** 

logiana,  Acalla 

lombardica  =  croeicapitella 

ionicerae,  Anthrocera 

lota,  Amatbes,  Ancbocelis 

lowii,  Danisepa 

lubricipeda,  Spilosoma      132,  136,  263 

lucens,  Hydrcecia    . .       47,  73,  74,  109 

lucernea,  Agrotis     ..  ..        50,  127 

lucida,  Acontia        . .  . .        60,     61 

lucina,  Hamearis         80,  112,  113, 

153,  236,  291,  314 
lucipara,  Euplexia  . .  . .      137,  168 

lueretia,  Pseudacrtea  . .  . .   234 

luctuosa,  Acontia    . .  60,  120,  230,  261 
lugens  (galatbea  ah.),  Melanargia  101 
lunigera,  Agrotis      . .  . .  . .     94 

lunosa,  Amatbes  (Ancbocelis)      . .   177 
"  "  135,  236,  237 

..314 
..      158,  220 
. .     50 
..168 
Abraxas..   314 
..      201,  313 
..      164,  166 
. .     58 


lupulina,  Hepialus 

luridata,  Tepbrosia 

lurideola,  Litbosia  . . 

lurlinus,  Papilio 

lutarella,  Litbosia  . . 

lutea  (grossulariata  ab 

luteago,  Diantbo^cia 

lutealis,  Scopula     . . 

luteafa,  Astbena 

luteolata  (cratffigata),  Opistbograp- 

tis     134,  137,  163,  166,  236,  237 
lutipennella,  Coleopbora    . .  . .   314 

lutosa,  Calamia       . .  . .  . .     79 

luzella,  Lampronia. .  ..  ..    191 

Lycajnidffi         28,  68,  70,  153,  198, 

224,  225,   228 
lycaon,  Epinepbele. .  ..        99,  121 

lycbnidis      (pistacina),      Amatbes 

(Ancbocelis)..  56,131,1(58 

lycidas  (sepbyrus  var.),  Plebeius  . .    113 
lydius,  Ornitboptera  . .  . .   200 

lyllus     (pampbilus     ah.),     Cu>no- 

nympha         . .  . .  . .     60 

lynceus,  Hestia        . .  . .  . .   201 

macarista,  Planema  . .  . .   233 

maebaon,  Papilio       12,  16,  17,  50, 

61,    63,    70,  161,    173,  220, 

244,  277,  288,  290,  297,  313 
macilenta,    Amatbes    (Ancbocelis) 

56,  168 
Macroglossinas  . .  . .  . .     28 

macularia(ta),  Venilia        ..        57,  146 
raaculiferella,  Lita  . .  . .  . .    Ill 

niaculosana,  Conchylis       . .  . .    191 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGE. 

ma'ia,  Pararge         2,  3,  11,  12,  61, 

119,  120,  151,  IGl,  288,  289 
mnpniacella,  Coleophora     . .  . .   241 

magniticella,  Elachista      . .  . .   220 

magnipuncta  (phla^as  ab.),  Rumicia  131 
major  (pblseasrt/).),  Eumicia  ..  131 
maivffi  (alveolus),  Hesperia  12,  55, 

93,  112,  113,  127,  134,  145, 

146,  153,  268,  293 
malvella,  Gelechia  . .  ..  ..   105 

malvoides  (fiitiiluin),  Hesperia  . .  127 
manioloides  (telmessia  ah.),  Epine- 

pbele 192 

manto,  Erebia         ..  ..      152,288 

marcellus,  Papilio   . .  . .  . .     50 

margaritalis  =  extimalis 
margaritaria,  Metrocampa  84,  137, 

163,  256 
margaritellus,  Crambus     . .  . .     85 

marginaria,  Hybeinia  . .  133,  200 
marginata,  Lomaspilis  . .  163,  236 
marginata  (pampbiius  ah.),  Ccpno- 

nympha         . .  . .  . .     12 

marginepunctata,Aciclalia  166, 167, 

176,  237 
maritima,  Bucculatrix        . .  . .   124 

manlima,  Senta      . .  . .  . .   220 

mantima  (dipsacea  ah.),  Heliotbis  101 
marmorata     (raptriculoides     ah.), 

Bryophila**  ..  ..  305 

marmorata        (immanata        ah.), 

Cidaria  . .  . .  . .     58 

marmorinaria  (leucophajaria   ah.), 

Hybernia  133,  201,  234,  235 

marshalli,  Mimacrfea         . .  . .   223 

marsballina  (nigricans  ah.),  Agrotis  131 
matronula,  Pericallia         . .  . .   266 

maturna,  Melittca        3,  43,  89,  98, 

266,  267 
maura,  Mania  . .  . .  . .     94 

medesicaste  (rumina  var.),  Tbais  51 
medon  (astrarcbe)   (agestis),  Aricia 

11,  12,  60,  61,85,88,  93,99, 

113, 121,  151, 153,  162,  172, 

173,  192,  238,  249,  256,  258, 

269,  270,  288,  289,  293,  294 
mediostrigata   (raptriculoides   ah.), 

Bryophila**  ..  ..   305 

medusa,  Erebia       ..  ..  ..   112 

megacephala,  Acronycta  (Cuspidla) 

92,     94 
megsera,  Pararge        12,  49,  55,  60, 

114,  147,  161,  162,  166,  167, 

172,  173,  235,  268,  280.  292 
melaleuca  (conspicillavis  ah.),  Xylo- 

miges..  ..  ..  ..   131 

melampus,  Melampias  2,  4,  41,  99,  104 
melanoptera  (striata  al).),  Coscinia     71 
nielanoptera    (cribruiii    ah.),    Cos- 
cinia . .  . .  . .    159 

melanotoxa  (icarus  ah.),   Polyom- 

matus  . .  . .  . .   153 

meleager,  Polyoniniatus  15,  70,  71,  97 
melibd'us  (alciphron  ab.),  Loweia        10 


Lupe- 

18, 
V  a  r.), 

var.). 


PAGE. 

melicerta,  Neptis     . .  . .  . .    198 

meliloti,  Anthrocera  ..  ..   245 

Melinda  =  Tirumala 

Melita3a         43,  ISO 

mellonella,  Galleria  . .  . .   222 

melotis,  Hesperia    . .  . .  . .    127 

memnon,  Papilio     . .  . .  . .     73 

mendica,  Diaphora  (Spilosoma)  55, 

136,  235 
mensuraria  =  limitata 
mentbastri,  Spilosoma  92,  93,  136,  235 
menyantbidis,  Acronycta  . .      137,  256 
raercedonia,  Tirumala        . .  . .    198 

mercurella,  Scoparia  . .  . .    164 

meridionale  (testacea    ah. 

rina    . . 
meridionalis      (didyma 

Melitaea 
meridionalis        (eupheme 

Zegris 
meridionella,  Coleophora** 
merope  (aurinia  var.),  Melitsea  42, 

89, 
mesomelia,  Cybosia  (Lithosia) 
metella,  Neptis 
meticulosa,  Phlogophora  137,  164, 

166,  168,  177 
mi,Euclidia  57,  93,  135,  137,  146, 

236,  314 
micacea,  Hydroecia  . .        56,  166 

Micropterygidae        . .  . .  . .   197 

Mimacrsea     . .  . .  . .  . .   223 

mimeticus,  Papilio  . .  . .  . .    198 

miniata,  Miltochrista         . .  . .   245 

minimus  (alsus),  Cupido  4,  69,  93, 

113,  258,  269,  288,  292 
rainiosa,  Tieniocampa         . .        56,     91 
ministrana,  Tortrix  . .  . .    163 

minoides  (trifolii  ah.),  Anthrocera 

120,  136,  202 
minor  (coridon  ah.),  Agriades       ..     51 
minor  (gueneei  (ih.),  Luperina      ..     87 
minorata    (ericetata),    Emmelesia 

83,  85,  256,  258 
minutata,  Eupitbecia         . .  . .     34 

mirabile  (populi  <//'.),  Amorpha    ..   229 
rairifica,  Acraja        . .  . .  . .   226 

miscella,  Mompha  . .  . .  . .   272 

misippus.  Hypolimnas       . .  . .   225 

mnemosyne,  Parnassius 


19 

120 

51 
223 

104 
55 

198 


113 


4,  99, 
112, 

104,  267,  289 
. .  191,  297 
Phigalia  133 

105,  146,  236 


mnestra,  Erebia 

monacba,  Psilura    . . 

mona':'baria  (pedaria  ah.) 

moneta,  Plusia 

monodactyla,  Pteropborus         167,  168 

monoglypba,  Xylophasia       85,  88, 

94,  134,  137,  164,  166,  177,  256 
montanata,Melanippe(Xantborboi') 
50,58,  84,  85,134,  138,  163, 

164,  258 
morgeni,  Tirumala. .  ..  ..   19H 

inorpbeus,  Caradrina         ..        12,  146 
Morpbiiiffl     . .  . .  . .  . .   278 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


ivu. 


PAGE. 

mucronellus,  Schcenobius  . .  . .   314 

multiskigaria,  Larentia      58,  134,  247 
munda,  T.i'niocampa         ..56,80,     91 
mundana,  Nudaria. .  ..  ..    164 

munitata,  Coremia  . .       80.  84,  85,  256 
muralis  (glandifera),  Bryopbila  94, 

95,  96,  124,  132,  177,  278 
murana,  Eudoria     . .  . .  . .   258 

muricata  (auroraria),  Hyria  ..   248 

murinata,  Minoa     . .  . .  . .     58 

murrayi  (gueneei  ah.),  Luperina  ..     87 
muscffiformis,  Aegeria        . .  . .   313 

muscerda,  Lithosia . .  . .  . .   220 

myelins,  Crambus  ..  ..  ..84 

myopffiformis,  Aegeria        . .  . .     79 

myrtillana,  Phoxopteryx    . .  . .   219 

myrtillata    (obfuscaria),    Gnophos 

80,  81,  82,  83,  85,  86,  256,  258 
myrtilli,  Anarta       85,  92,  93,  146,  256 
nana  (conspersa),  Diantbcecia     92, 

94,  95, 146,  272,  314 
nanata,  Eupitheoia        34,  84,  134, 

138,  146,  257 
nanella,  Eecurvaria  . .  . .   182 

napaja  (pales  ab.),  Brenthis    2,  41, 

89,  104,  267 
napaese  (napi  var.),  Pieris  . .  . .     12 

napi,  Pieris     4,  12,  43,  50,  53,  60, 

90,92,93,104,  112,113,  132, 

133, 134,  153,  162,  166,  172, 

196,  200,  214,  225,  235,  258, 

277,  278,  288,  291,  294,  314 
napi  =  nigra,  Epunda  (in  erro)')    ..   103 
nebulosa,  Aplecta    . .  . .      137,  196 

neglecta,  Noctua     . .  . .        85,  256 

nemetes,  Neptis      . .  . .  . .    198 

neoridas,  Erebia      . .  96,  120,  121,  161 

Neptis  198 

neustria,  Malacosoma        101,  122,  135 
nexa,  Nonagria        . .  . .  . .   224 

ni,  Plusia      ..  ..  50,  101,  158 

niavius,  Amauris     . .  . .         . .   199 

niceerli  =  nickerlii    .. 

nickerlii  (gueneei), Luperina  17, 18, 

19,  20,  49,  87,  95,  106,  196, 

197,  271, 

nicomedes,  Neptis   . . 

nictitans,  Hydrcccia     47,  107,  109, 

166,  169, 

nigra  (grossulariata  uh.),  Abraxas 

311,  314 
nigra  (napi  in  error),  Epunda  . .  103 
nigra  (repandata  ah.).  Boarmia  . .  202 
nigi'ata  (anguinalis),  Ennyehia  . .  191 
nigrescens  (comes  ah.),  Tripba^na  132 
nigrescens    (delius     ah.),    Parnas- 

sius     . .  . .  . .  . .     43 

nigricans,  Agrotis    ..  ..      131,  220 

nigricata  (repandata  ah.),  Boarmia     57 
nigricella,  Coleophora        . .  . .    187 

nigrocserulea    (grossulariata     ab.). 

Abraxas         . .  . .  . .   314 

nigrofasciaria,  Anticlea     . .  . .    133 

nigrosericeata    (rectangulata    ah.), 

Eupithecia    . .  . .  . .   183 


197 


305 
198 


238 


PAGE. 

nigrosparsata    (grossulariata    ah.), 

Abraxas         ..         132,  311,  314 
nilgeriensis,  Lethe  . .  . .  . .   155 

niobe,  Argynnis       . .  97,  119,  278,  289 
niveicostella,  Coleophora   . .      Ill,  220 
niveus,  Acentropus. .  ..  ..   314 

Noctuse  85,123,  134,  136,  165,  167, 

170,  178,  188,  232,  238,  282 
noctuella,  Nomophora        167,  168,  191 

Noctuidffi 203,  204 

Nolidffi  221 

nostrodamus,  Gegenes       . .  . .     12 

notata,  Maearia       . .  . .  . .     57 

notha,  Brephos        . .  . .  . .   236 

nubilata       (multistrigaria       ab.), 

Melenydris  (Larentia)         . .    134 
nubilosa    (mnemosyne   ah.),     Par- 

nassius  . .  . .  •  •       4 

nupta,  Catocala       . .  50,  166,  167 

nutantella         (inflatte),         Coleo- 
phora . .  . .  . .   272 

nyassinus,  Papilio  . .  . .  . .     50 

Nyctalemon  . .  . .  . .  . .   201 

nympheata,  Hydrocampa  . .  . .   314 

nyseus,  Telicada      . .  . .  . .     73 

nysiades,  Neptis      . .  . .         . .   198 

Nyssia  . .  . .  . .  • .    196 

obelisca,  Agrotis      . .  . .  • .   220 

obeliscata  (variata),  Thera    58,  79, 

84,  92,  166,  236,  258 
obfuscaria  =  myrtillata 
obliquaria,  Chesias. .  ..  ..58 

obliterata     (heparata),      Euchceca 

(Eupisteria)  58,  138,  236 

obliterata  (phlseas  ah.),  Rumicia  . .   131 
oblongata  (centaureata) ,  Eupithecia 

33,  58,  166 
obscura  (ravida),  Agrotis   ..      237,  304 
obscura,  Pseudacriea  . .      233,  234 

obscura  (arion  ab.),  Lyctena         . .     97 
obscura  (ceto  ah.),  Erebia  . .  . .     97 

obscurata  (aria),  Gnophos     50,  57, 

60,  125 
obsoleta  (coridon  a&.),  Agriades  ..     51 
obsoleta  (annulata  ah.),  Ephyra..    199 
obsoleta  (phlffias  «?).),  Rumicia     ..    131 
obsoleta    (pistacina  ah.),  Amathes 

Anchocelis    . .  . .  . .    131 

ocellaris,  MeJlinia    . .  . .        49,     79 

oeellata,  Melanthia,  Mesoleuca  58. 

84,  138,  162,  163,  166,  237,  258 
ocellatus,  Snierinthus         . .      145,  273 
ocellatus-populi,  Smerinthus        . .   313 
occitanica  (phcebe  ab.),  Melita-a  . .   290 
ochracea(flavago),  Ochria  (Gortvna) 

56,  166 
ochraceella,  Myrmecozela  . .  . .     37 

ochrea,  Coleophora. .  ..  ..   281 

ocihroleuca,  Eremobia         . .  . .     95 

ochsenheinieri     (filipendulse    ab.), 

Anthrocera   . .  . .  . .    162 

octogcsima,  Palimpsestis    . .  . .    136 

octomaculala,  Ennyehia    . .  . .     59 

ocularis,  Cymatophora       . .  . .   146 

oculea  (didyma)=secalis 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGE. 

(Ecopbylla 198 

adippus,  Canon jmpha      . .          . .  201 

leme,  Erebia            . .          . .          . .  113 

oleracea,  Hadena       134,  137,  177,  237 
olivacea  (chi  rt/y.),  Polia     ..          ..76 

olivalis,  Scopula      ..           59,  164,  166 

onctea,  Acraea          . .          . .          . .  227 

onosmella,  Coleopliora       . .          . .  220 

operculella  (solanella),  Lita           . .  222 

ophiogiamma,  Apamea      . .          . .  220 

ophione,  Neptidopsis           . .          . .  198 

Opoiabia 129 

Opostega        . .          . .          . .          . .  Ill 

optilete,  Vacciniina        43,  88,  104 

266,  288,  289,  296 

or,  Cymatopbora     . .         . .          . .  256 

orbicularia,  Zonosoma       ..        25,  49 

orbifer,  Powellia      . .          . .          . .  12 

orbitulus,  Latioiina 


89,  98,  104 
267 
95 
,  Epinepbele 


orbona,  Tripbajna 

oreas  (telmessia  ab 

orestia,  Acrrea 

orion,  Scolitantides      15,  112,  113 

oritbyia.  Precis 

oiizapa,  Attacus 

ornata,  Acidalia       . .  167,  191 

oniata  (podalirius  ab.),  Papilio     . 

Ornithoptera 

oinitopus  (rbizoliiba),  Xylina     56 
80,  91,  123 

osiris  (sebrus),  Cupido  61,  62,  101 

ostrina,  Micra 

ostrinalis,  Pyrausta  166,  191 

oxyacanthffi,  Miselia  56,  168 

pactolicus,  Callioratis 

palaemon,  Cyclopides  . .        80 

palseno,  Colias  16,  42,  104,  251 
252,  266,  280,  288,  295,  296 

pales,  Brentbis      2,  16,  17,  41,  42 

69,    88,  89,   104,   152,   160 

199,  266,  267,  280,  288,  296 

312 

pallens,  Leucania  93,  94,  95,  106 
137,  166,  176,  177,  200,  237 

pallescentella.  Tinea 

pallida  (ornitopus  ab.),  Xylina 

pallida  (pistacina  ab.),  Aniatbes 
(Ancbocelis). . 

pallida  (tbetis «/;.),  Agiiades 

paludis,  Hydi-dcia   47,  73,  74,  109 
110,  111,  169,  170 

paludis-flavo(paludis((/;.),  Hydnecia  73 

pamphilus,  Ccrnonympba        2,  12 

55,  60,  63,  86,  88,  90,  112 

114,  134,  135,146,  151,  153 

162,  163,  164,  166,  167,  201 

215,  249,  258,  270,  292 

pandalis,  Botys        . .  . .        59 

pandora,  Dryas        ..  ..11,12 

pantaria,  Abraxas 

paphia,  Dryas  4,  11,  12,  15.  17 
55,  90,  99.  119,  161,  163 
164,  200,  201,  220,  237,  266 

2M9,  290,  291,  294,  295 


288 
177 
192 

49 
201 
155 
203 
313 

61 
200 


178 
112 
61 
255 
178 
226 
146 

312 


313 

238 
112 
123 

131 
269 

171 


294 
191 
294 
174 


Papilio 

..61 

,  63, 

69 

papilionaria,  Geometra 

58, 

245 

Papilionidw 

50 

paradoxus,  Papilio  . . 

201 

paragea,  Planema   . . 

234 

parasitella,  Scardia 

191 

parenthesella,  Sopbronia   . . 

.. 

105 

paris,  Papilio 

73 

Parnassius    . . 

69, 

128 

partbenias,  Brepbos      57,  91, 

134, 

145, 

248 

partbenie,  Melitosa  . .            98, 

112, 

267 

parvidactyla,  Oxyptilus 

191 

parvipunctata    (pblasas    ab.). 

Eu'- 

micia . . 

131 

pascuellua,  Crambus   86,  163, 

164, 

258 

pavonia  =  carpini 

pavonia-major,  Saturnia   . . 

173 

pecfcinitaria  =  viridaria 

pedaria  (pilosaria),  Pbigalia  25 

,  57, 

74,  133, 

247, 

252 

peltigera,  Heliotbis. . 

61, 

1.59 

pendularia,  Zonosoma  25,  50, 

145, 

200 

penella,  Heterogynis 

101 

pennaria,  Himcra   . .           57, 

103, 

178 

perfuscata  (truncata  ah.),  Cidaria 

58 

periphanes,  Acrasa  . . 

28 

perla,  Bryopbila     57,  96,  164, 

160, 

247, 

278 

perlellus,  Crambus  ..         163, 

164, 

166 

Peronea 

104 

persica  (jurtina  ab.),  Epinepbele. . 

146 

persicarise,  Mamestra 

146 

petraria,    Lozogramma    (Panagra) 

134, 

138, 

146 

petrificata  =  socia 

pfeifferella,  Antispila 

111 

pbarte,  Erebia         41,  42,  89, 

288, 

289 

pbasianipennella,  Gracilaria 

197 

pberetes,  Albulina   88,  89,  97, 

129, 

225, 

267, 

288 

pbicomone,  Colias     16,  17,  42 

,98, 

104,  113,  280, 

288, 

289 

pbilonome,  Prioneris 

72 

pblgeas,  Bumicia        10,  12,  49 

,  50, 

51,  54,  59,   60,  90,  95 

98, 

100,  113,  131,  135,  146, 

147, 

153,  162,  163,  165, 166, 

167, 

168,  172,  173,  174,  177, 

196, 

200,  213,  2,35,  249,  258, 

278, 

289,  290, 

292, 

293 

pbwbe,  Melitaea    11,  12,  61,  62 

,  70, 

97,  98,  112,  113,  120, 

290, 

293 

pbd'be  (dictasa),  Notodonta 

55, 

247 

pbtunissa,  Ocneria  . . 

304 

phorcas,  Papilio 

277 

pbragmitellus,  Cbilo 

164 

pbragmitidis,  Calamia 

94, 

220 

pbrygialis,  Hercyna 

160 

picata,  Cidaria 

58 

pioata,  Alaena 

210 

Pieris . . 

86 

piclella,  Argyrites    . . 

50 

pilosaria  ■—  pedaria 

pinastri,  Hyloicus   . . 

263 

SPECIAL   INDEX. 


pinellus,  Crambus  . , 
piniai'ius,  Bupalus . , 


PAGE. 

..164 

49,  84,  146, 
237,  247,  257 
piniperda,  Panolis  . .  91,  237,  247 

pinivorana,  Ehyacionia     . .         . .   219 

pisi,  Hadena  ..  ..56,  91,  258 

pistacina  =  lychnidis 

placida,  Cupha        . .  . .         . .   154 

plagiata,   Anaitis  58,  61,  86,  188, 

166,  236,  247,  258 
plagicolella,  Nepticula        . .  . .   112 

Planema         226,  233 

plantaginis,    Nemeophila,     Paras- 

emia  55,  80,   85,   136,  253, 

255,  267,  314 
plecta,  Noctua    137,  146,  164,  166,  176 
pleione,  Teracolus   . .  . .  . .  225 

plumbaria,  Orfcholitha  58,  83,  138,  258 
plumbeolata,  Eupitheeia    . .  . .     33 

Plusia  137,  158 

pluto  (glacialis  ab.),  Erebia  43,  97,  266 
podaliiius,  Papilio  12,   15,  17,  61, 

63,  70,  97,  113,  161,  173,  290 
polaris  (pales  var.),  Brenthis        . .   199 
policenes,  Papilio    . .  . .  . .     50 

polychloros,  Eugonia  12,  110,  235,  291 
polygonalis,  Mecyna  . .  . .     61 

Polygonia  (Grapta) . .  . .  . .     47 

polyodon  =  monoglypba 

polytes,  Papilio        ..  ..        73,  212 

pomonella,  Carpocapsa       . .  . .    182 

popularis,      Epinenronia      (Helio- 

phobus)  . .         147,  166,  177 

populata,  Cidaria    ..         ..80,85,  256 

populeti,  Tasniocampa        . .         . .  236 

populi,  Amorpha      49,  55,  94,  145, 

147,  148,  202,  229,  266 
populi,  Pcecilocampa  . .         . .   178 

porata,  Zonosoma   . .  . .         . .     58 

porcellus,  Theretra. .  ..         ..   146 

porima  (levana  var.),  Araschnia  . .     51 
porphyrea  (satura),  Hadena  ..   200 

posthumus,  Epitola  . .  . .   198 

potatoi'ia,  Cosmotriche      . .        94,  135 
potentillae,  Coleophora       . .         . .   Ill 

prasina  (herbida),  Aplecta  145,  191 

prasinana,  Hylophila  .  •         . .     55 

pratellus,  Crambus  . .         162,  164,  166 
primulae  (festiva),  Noctua     56,  60, 

84, 85, 93, 134, 137, 164,  245,  256 
Prioneris       . .  . .  . .  . .     72 

pioboscidalis,  Hypena        . .        57,  164 
proeellata,  Melanthia         . .        58,  167 
piocida  (galathea  va/-.),  Melanargia 

12,  48,     97 
prodromaria  =  strataria 
progemmaria,  Hybernia      91,  145, 

234,  247 
pronoti,  Erebia         ..  ..         ..   104 

pronuba,  Triphana  56,  85,  93,  94, 

95,  134,  137,  164,  166,  168, 

177,  258 
pronubana,  Torhix..  220,272,  273 
prorsa  (levana  var.).  Araschnia     3, 

15,  17,  51,  295,  296 


1' 
prosapiaria  (fasciaria),  Ellopia  84, 
protea,  Hadena         . .  . .        67, 

proto,  Hesperia 
pruinata,  Pseudoterpna 
prunalis,  Scopula    . .  59,  164, 

prunaria,  Angerona 
prunata,  Cidaria 

pruni,  Strymon        . .  146,  268, 

Pseudacraea  ..  ..         225,226, 

pseudargiolus,  Celastrina  . .      311, 
psi,  Acrooycta  . .     92,  94,  136, 

psi  ttacata  =  si  t.era  ta 
psyttalea,  Amauris . . 
pterodactyla,  Stenoptilia    . . 
Pfcerophoridae 

pudibunda,  Dasychira   55,  91,  145, 
163, 
puella,  Neptis 

pulehellata,  Eupitheeia  33,  59,  84, 
166, 
pulchrina,  Plusia     . .  . .        84, 

pulla,  Epichnopteryx 
pulverulenta  (cruda),  TaDniocampa 
91,  134, 
pulveraria,  Numeria 
pumilata,  Eupitheeia         . .        34, 
puncta  (thetis  «fc.),  Agriades 
punctaria,  Zonosoma 
punetifera  (rhetis  ah.),  Agriades   . . 
punctigera  (cribrum  ah.),  Emydia 
punctularia,  Tephrosia         92,  138, 
145,  235, 
punctum,  Anthrocera         100,  101, 
purdeyi,  Rhyacionia**        ..        27, 
purpuralis,  Anthrocera 
purpuralis,  Pyrausta     59,  86,  165, 
166,  167,  168, 
purpureo-punetata      (dorilis    ah.), 

Loweia 
purpureo-punetata  =  ea?iuleo-punc- 

tata  (phlseas  ab.) 
pusaria,  Cabera      84,  85,  134,  138, 
163,  236, 
pusillata,  Eupitheeia 
pustulata,  Euchloris 
puta,  Agrotis  . .  56,  166,  176, 

putridella,  Depressaria 
pygmseata,  Eupitheeia 
pygmseella,  Argyresthia 
Pyralis 

pyraliata,  Cidaria  58, 146, 164,  237, 
Pyrausta 

pyrella,  Swammerdammia 
pyrenaica,  Latiorina  . .      151, 

pyrenaicus,  Hepialus  . .      158, 

pyri,  Saturnia  . .  . .        62, 

quadripunctata,  Caradrina56,  137, 
quercifolia,  Eutricha 
quercifoliella,  Lithocolletis 
quercinaria,  Ennomos  . .  166, 
querciis,  Bithys  10,  12,  53,  162, 
163,  165,  237,  248, 
quercus,  Lasiocampa  120, 127, 134, 
136,  247,  248, 
quinqueguttella,  Lithocolletis 


AGE. 

256 
168 
172 
138 
167 
51 
58 
292 
233 
313 
164 

198 
167 
221 

235 

198 

257 
137 
245 

234 
57 
59 

153 
58 

312 

120 

236 
118 
127 

127 

314 

10 


258 
236 
237 
177 
50 
33 
105 
86 
246 
167 
182 
152 
312 
277 
168 
220 
314 
313 

292 

258 

112 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGE. 

quintella,  Neptis      . .         . ,         . .  198 

radiata  (lubricipedao/y,),  Spilosoma  132 
radiata  (phlsas  ah.),  Eumicia    54, 

IJJI,  278 

radiellus,  Crambus..          ..          ..  158 

rapse,  Pieris  12,  53,  59,  60,  91,  93, 
94,  95,  113,  118,  132,  134, 
146,  153, 158,  162,  166,  167, 

173,  214,  249,  258,  289,  290,  294 

raptricula,  Bi-yophila          . .          . .  305 

rapti'iculoides,  Bryophila**            ..  305 

ravida  =  obscura 

reclusa,  Clostera      . .          . .          . .  145 

rectangulata,  Eupithecia     34,  182,  183 

rectilinea,  Hadena  (Hyppa)          85,  256 

remutaria,  Aeidalia. .          ..          ..  138 

repandata,  Boarmia  50,  57,  83,  94, 

138,  202,  237,  256,  314 

reticulata,  Neuria    . .          . .          . .  314 

retiella,  Whittleia 124 

Retinia  =  Khyacionia 

revayana  =  undulanus 

rex,  Papilio  . .          . .          . .          . .  198 

rbadamanthus,  Anthrocera           . .  100 

rbffitica  (anrelia  ah.),  Melitasa       . .  42 

rhamni,  Goneptervx        12,  50,  53, 

130,   61.  62,'  69,  90,  91,  92. 

97,  98,  113,  120,  166,  167, 

173,178,224,  235,  244,  247, 

263,  290 

rheediella,  Pyrodes. .          ..          ..  182 

rbizolitba  =  ornitopus 

rhombella,  Gelechia           . .          . .  182 

rhomboidaria,  Boarmia      . .          . .  57 

Khopalocera . .          ..          ..          ..  214 

Rbyacionia  (Evetria)  (Retinia)      . .  27 
ripartii    (admetus    ah.),    Hirsutina 

100,  101 

rippertii  (cribrum  a/;.),  Coscina    ..  159 

rivata,  Melanippe  (Xanthorhoe)   . .  164 

rivulana  (conChana),  Sericoris     . .  220 

roboraria,  Boarmia. .          ..        80,  165 

roboris,  Lfeosopis    . .          . .          . .  70 

rosea  (agathina  ah.),  Agrotis         . .  314 

roxelana,  Pararge    ..          ..11,  ] 2,  294 

rubetra    (pistacina    ab.),    Amathes 

(Anchocelis). .          ..          ..  131 

rubi,  Callophrys  12,  62,  63, 

113, 134,  135,  152,  153,  173, 

189,  236,  247,  249,  268,  292,  293 

rubi,  Macrotbylacia  90,  92,  93,  95,  136 

rubi,  Noctua..      85,137,164,166,  176 

rubidata,  Anticlea  . .          . .         . .  162 

rubiginata  =  bicolorata 

rubiginata      (rubricata),      Aeidalia 

230,  231,  232,  261,  262 

rubiginea,  Dasycampa        . .          . .  91 

rubricata  =  rubiginata,  Aeidalia 

rubricollis,  Gnophria          ..        80,  145 

rubricosa,  Pflcbnobia     56,  91,  134,  145 

rufa,  Cocnobia         . .          . .          . .  220 

ruficinctata  =  flavicinctata 

rufina  =  helvola 

rumicis,  Acronycta. .           56,135,  137 

rumina,  Tbais         ..           51,172,  173 


PAGE. 

rupicapraria,  Hybernia      . .         . .   133 
RuralidiE 268 

ruralis,  Botys  . .  . .  . .   167 

rurea,  Xylophasia    . .  85,  137,  164,  256 

russata  =  truncata 

russula  =  sanio 

rusticata,  Aeidalia   . .  . .  . .     59 

rustieella,  Monopis..  ..  ..   105 

rutilus  (dispar  car.),  Chrysophanus     51 
saba,  Glutophrissa  . .  . .  . .   128 

saclava,  Neptis         . .  . .  . .   198 

sacraria,  Sterrba      . .  . .        50,   172 

salaciella,  Opostega  . .  . .   Ill 

salicata,  Larentia      60,  61,  83,  84,  255 
salieis  (rumicis  xb.},  Acronycta    . .    135 
salietella,  Marmara. .  ..  ..    107 

salmacis  (medon  var.),  Aricia  249, 

269,  293 
sambuealis,  Ebulea  . .  . .   164 

sambucaria,  Ourapteryx    . .        57,  166 
sanio  (russula),  Diacrisia      80,  93, 

136,  248,  295,  296 
sao,  Powellia,  Hesperia       99,  157,  289 
sarpedon,  Anthrocera         . .       100,  119 
satellitia,  Scopelosoma  56,  91,  145,  178 
satura  =  porphyrea 
Saturniidas    . .  . .  . .      203,  204 

satyrata,  Eupithecia      33,  58,  257,  314 

Satyrida^        . .   277 

satyrion,  Coenonympha     2,  88,  89, 

104,  267,  288 
scabiosse,  Anthrocera  . .  . .   100 

scabiosata,  Eupithecia       . .  . .     33 

scabrella,  Cerostoma  ..  ..   Ill 

schulziana,  Mixodia  . .  . .    105 

sehmidtii  (phlfeas  ab.),  Eumicia 

49,  50,  51,  98,  131 
scipio,  Erebia  . .  . .  . .    lOO 

scota  (semele  var.),  Hipparchia   ..     49 

scutulata  — dimidiata 

sebrus  =  osiris 

secalis  (oculea)  (didyma),  Apamea 

94,  95,  137,  237 
segetum,  Agrotis     ..         137,168,177 
seiasellus,  Crambus  163,  164,  166 

selene,  Brenthis    2,  17,  49,  55,  80, 
84,  90,   124,   135,  162,   163, 
164,  189.  191,  215,  220,247, 
248,  258,  266,  291,  295,296,  312 
selene,  Tenaris         . .  . .  . .   278 

semele,  Hipparchia  12,  49,  50,  52, 
94,  99,   121,   163,  203,  270, 

289,  290,  292,  312 
semiarcnata  (icarus  ab.),  Polyom- 

matus  . .  . .  . .     11 

semiargus  (acis),  Cyaniris  3, 10, 12, 

41,  89, 101,  288,  289,  292,  295 
semirubella,  Salebria  (Ilithyia)  161,  220 
semisyngrapha  (coridon  ab.),  Agri- 

ades  51,  238,  278,  313 

scmitestacella,  Argyresthia  . .   272 

senex,  Nudaria         . .  . .  . .    220 

senna,  Agrotis  . .  . .  . .   304 

sepliyrus  (zephyrus),  Lycsana    113,  190 
sequax,  Gelechia     . .  . .  . .   220 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


12,  44, 

293 

58, 

248 

155 

276 

50, 

55 

222 

16, 

98 

PAGE. 

Serena,  Hecatera      . .         . .        94,     95 

sei'ina     (pistacina    ah.),    Amathes 

(Anchocelis). .         ..         ..   131 

serratulse,  Hesperia  . .  . .     89 

servillana,  Acrolitha  . .  . .   191 

servona,  Acrtea         . .  . .  . .   227 

Sibylla,  Limenitis  70,  90,  248,  266, 

292  (Camilla),  294,  295,  297 
sidse,  Hesperia 
signata  =  lemolea 
silaceata,  Cidaria     . . 
silhetana,  Terias     . . 
Silvia  (ilia  ab.),  Apatura     . 
similis,  Porthesia     . . 
simplex,  Chilo 
simplonia,  Anthocharis 
simuiata  =  co gnata,  Thera 
sinapis,  Leptosia    4,  12,  15,  63,  69, 
99,  113,  119,  149,  150,  161, 
173,  200,  247,  266,  274,  288, 

289,  290,  291,  294,  314 
sinuata,  Anticlea     . .  . .         . .   274 

sita,  Prioneris  . .  . .  . .     72 

siterata  (psittacata),  Cidaria        58,  178 
sobrinata,  Eupithecia         . .  . .   166 

socia  (petrificata).  Xylina  ..80,  91,  178 
sociata,  Xanthoroe     145,  162,  164,  258 
sodorentium       (repaiidata        itb.), 

Boarraia        . .  . .  . .     83 

solanella  =  operculella 

solidaginis,  Litbomoia       . .  . .    168 

sordidata  =  furcata 

sororcola  (aureola),  Lithosia         . .   235 

spadicea  =  ligiila 

spartiata,  Chesias   . .         . .         . .     79 

spectrum,  Apopestes  . .  . .   294 

spbserulatina  (pistacina  «/».),  Ama- 
thes, Anchocelis      . .  . .    131 

spheciformis,  iEgeria  . .  . .   215 

Spbingidffi 203,  229 

spilodactyla,  Wheeleria      . .  . .     50 

spini,  Klugia,  Strymon    68,  97,  98,     99 

spinula  =  glaucata 

stabilis,  Tasniocampa         134,  145, 

174,  248 
stagnata,  Hydrocampa       . .         . .   314 

statices,  Adscita,  Procris  136, 

158,  219,  236,  248,  314 
statilinus,  Satyrus  ..  •   H,  12,  121 

steeveni    (meleager   ah.),    Polyom- 

matus  . .  . .  . .      15 

stellatarum,     Sesia,     Macroglossa 
55,  59,  61,  94,  172,  220,  237, 

249,  277,  295,  296 
sthennyo  (lappona  ah.),  Erebia    . .   104 
sticticalis,  Spilodes  231,  232,  262 

stigmatella,  Gracilaria       . .  . .    112 

straminalis     (stramentalis),     Oro- 


striata  (graramica),  Coscinia 
striata  (coridon  ab.),  Agriades 
strigata,  Hemithea  . . 
strigilis,  Miana 
strigillaria,  Aspilates 
strigula,  Agrotis  (Lycophotia) 


137, 


bena  (Pionea) 

59 

straminea,  Leucania 

94, 

220 

stramineola  =  llava 

strataria     (prodromaria) 

Amphi- 

dasis  . . 

200,  235, 

247 

stratiotata,  Paraponyx 

314 

striata,  Bryophila    . . 

305 

56, 
84, 
stygne,  Erebia       2,  42,  43,  97,  98, 

104,  118,  130, 151,  159,  266, 
288, 
Satyrinffi 

subalpina  (dorilis),  Loweia      2,  42, 
subfulvata,  Eupithecia       . .        59, 
sublustris,  Xylophasia 
subnotata,  Eupithecia 
subroseata  (pendularia  ab.),  Zono- 

soma  . .  . .  . .        2'), 

subsericeata,  Acidalia 
substriata  (ashworthii  ah.),  Agrotis 
subtristata,  Melanippe       . .        58, 
sutfumata,  Cidaria  . .  . .        58, 

sutfusa  (phlffias  ab.),  Eumicia 
sutfusa  (vaccinii  ab.),  Cerastis 
suffusa  (ypsilon),  Agrotis   ..      168, 
sulpliuralis  =  trabealis 
sulzella  =  cra'sella 
swammerdammella,  Nemophora  . . 
swynnertoni,  Keptis 
svlvanus,  Adoptua  (Augiades)  3,  12, 

55,  69,  113,  146,  162,  163, 

166,  245,  288,  293, 

sylvata  (ulmata).  Abraxas  58,  146, 

sylvina,  Hepialus     . .  164,  166, 

Syntomidfe   . .  . .  . .        51, 

syracusana  (galathea   var.),  Mela- 

nargia 
syringaria,  Pericallia 
syringella,  Gelechia 
tages,   Nisoniades  12,  55,  93,  113, 

134,  146,  153, 162,191,  231, 
236,  268,  290,  293, 
tamerlana,  Papilio  . . 
taminata  =  bimaculata 
taraxici,  Caradrina.. 
tarsipennalis,  Zanclognatha 
telesicles  (paradoxus  ab.),    Papilio 
telicanus,  Raywardia,  Tarucus  11, 
12,  100, 
tellus,  Planema 
telmessia,  Epinephele 
temerata,  Bapta       . .         236,  247, 
tenebrata,  (arbuti)  Heliaca  56,  135, 
tenebrosa,  Eusina    . .  93,  164, 

tephradactyla,  Leioptilus  . . 
terra,  Pseudacraea  . .  . .      233, 

tersata,  Phibalapteryx  . .  58, 
testacea.  Luperina  18,  19,  20,  49, 
87,  166, 
testata,  Lygris  . .  146,  164,  168, 
tetradactyla  =  tridactyla 
teucriana,  Tortrix   . .  . .      104, 

thalassina,  Mamestra,  Hadena  135, 
137, 
thaumas  =  flava 
Theclidse 


.\GE. 

120 

51 

165 

164 

248 

258 


296 
135 

288 

278 

94 

220 

200 
58 

314 
85 

247 

131 
79 

177 


1.35 

198 


294 
163 
177 
107 

48 

57 

105 


294 
73 

94 

57 

201 

294 
234 
192 
314 
235 
258 
201 
234 
237 

177 

256 

202 
146 
268 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGE. 

theriiieJla,  Coleophora  111,  188,  223 
thersamon,  Chrysophanus  10,  12,  294 
thersites  (alexias),  Agriades      266, 

278,  311 
thetis  (bellargus)  (adonis),  Agriades 

11,  88,  89,  93,  113,  121,  153, 

167,  168,  191,  215,  245,  268, 

269,  270,  292,  312 
thoi-e,  Brenthis  89,  266,  267 

thules  (albulata  var.),  Emmelesia..  132 
thunbeigella,  Micropteryx. .  ..   245 

tilaba,  Terias  . .  . .  . .   105 

tiliffi,  Mimas  ..  ..50,92,145 

tincta,  Aplecta         . .  . .  . .    137 

Tineina         59,  111 

tipuliformis,  .Egeria  . .        55,  202 

Tii-umala  (Melinda)  . .  . .    198 

tithonus,  Epinephele       12,  55,  94, 

95,   121,  167,  237,  238,  292, 

294,  304 
tityus  (fucifoimis),  Hemaris       80, 

134,  146 
togata,  Eupithecia  . .  . .        34,     84 

Tortrices 182,  279 

Tortricina     . .  . .  . .  . .     66 

Tortrix  162 

trabealis   (sulphuralis),    Agrophila 

230,  231,  232,  261,  274 
tragopogonis,  Ampbipyra  166,  168,  177 
transalpina,  Anthiocera    . .  . .    160 

transcaspica(megieia  (vir. ),  Paravge  280 
transitella,  Deilemera         . .  . .    198 

trapezina,  Calymnia  . .      164,  166 

trepidaria,  Psodos   ..  81,254,  255 

trianguluni,  Noctua  ..        56,  245 

tridactyla      (tetradactyia),     Merri- 

fieldia  84 

tridens,  Acronicta   . .  . .  . .     56 

tiifasciella,  Litbocolletis    ..  ..   112 

trifolii,  Anthiocera      93,  105,  120, 

136,  202,  216 
trifolii,  Mamestra    . .  . .  . .   137 

trifolii,  Pachygastria  . .  . .   312 

*trigeminella,  Coleophora. .      193,  223 

trigrammica  =  trilinea 

trilinea       (trigrammica),      Grani- 

mesia  . .  . .  . .     93 

triopes  (gorge  ab.),  Erebia    43,  89,  266 
tripartita,  Habrostola         . .  . .   137 

triplasia,  Habrostola  . .        92,  137 

trisigiiaria,  Eupithecia       . .  . .     33 

tristata,  Melanippe. .  ..  ..    138 

tritici,  Agrotis  ..  ..       189,  247 

trivia,  Melitiea         ..  ..11,12,  293 

Trochilium   . .  . .  . .  . .     50 

trochilus,  Chilades  . .  . .  . .     12 

troglodytella,  Coleophora  . .  . .   223 

trmicata  (russata),  Cidaria   50,  58, 

84,  85,  93,  134,  256 
tvndarus,  Erebia        16,  41,  42,  K9, 

98, 104  ,151,  288,  289 
lyphiu,  Nonagria      . .  . .      220,  221 

typbon  (daviiri),  C(f'nonympha      2, 

80,    82,  85,  201,  248,   256, 

257,  266,  269,  292,  295 


PAGE. 

typica,  Nffinia           ..          ..        94,  137 

**uhryki  (sephyrus  var.),  Lycrena  190 

ulmata  =  sylvata 

umbratica,  CucuUia           . .         . .  137 

umbrosa,  Noctua     . .         . .         . .  176 

unangulata,  Melanippe        58,  167,  236 

uncula,  Hydrelia     . .          . .         - .  220 

undulanus      (revayanus),      Sarro- 

thripa            ..          ..      178,  219 

undulata,  Eucosmia             58,  146,  236 
unguicula  =  cultraria 

unicolor  (arion  iib.),  Lycaina         . .  69 
unicolor     (satyrion     ab.),      Cn-no- 

nympha         . .          . .        88,  89 
unicolor-brunnea    (pisticina    ab.), 

Amathes,  Anchocelis          . .  131 

unicoloraria,  Eaconista     ..          ..  172 

unidenlaria,  Coremia         145,  166,  236 

unifasciata,  Perizona          . .          . .  166 

unimaculella,  Mnemonica. .          ..  314 

upupana,  Phoxopteryx       . .          . .  219 

urania  (thetis  ab.),  Agriades         . .  153 

urbicola,  Ocneria    . .          . .          . .  304 

urticas,  Aglais       11,  12,  43,  54,  60, 

86,  94,  163,  164,  167,  176, 

177,  215,  223,  235,  238,  258, 

288,  289,291,  294 

urticsB,  Spilosoma  . .          . .          . .  202 

vaccinii,  Orrhodia  (Cerastis)       56, 

79,  91,  145,  168,  178,  234 

valesiaca  (stygne  ab.),  Erebia       . .  2 

valesina  (paphia  ab.),  Dryas        17,  90 

varia,  Chrysopsyche            . .          . .  226 

varia,  Melita'a         . .     89,  98,  130,  267 
variata  =  obeliscata,  Thera    58,  79, 

84,  92, 166,  236,  258 
variegata,  Gnophos. .          ..         ..60 

varleyata  (grossulariata  ab.).  Abraxas 

132,  313,  314 

vauaria,  Thamnonoma      . .          . .  164 

velleda  =  fusconebulosa 

venosa    (pistacina    ab.),    Amathes 

(Anchocelis)..          ..          ..  131 

venosata,  Eupithecia          . .          . .  146 

venustula,  Erastria             . .          . .  248 

verbasci,  Cucullia    . .          . .          . .  201 

vernaria,  Geometra             . .          . .  165 

verticalis,  Spilodes  . .          . .          . .  232 

vetusta,  Calocampa             . .      168,  177 

v-fiavum,  Oinophila            ..          ..  112 

villica,  Arctia           . .           55,  14r),  247 

villosella,  Pachytbelia        . .          . .  246 

viminetella,  Coleophora     . .          . .  282 

vinolentella  =  atra 

vinula,  Dicranura  55,  94,  190, 

247,  277 
**vire.scens   (kermesina    ah.),   Ag- 

rotis  . .          . .          . .          . .  305 

viretata,  Tricoptervx    (Lobophora) 

50,  58, 145,  247,  272 
virgata  (lineolata),  Mesotype       92, 

167,  249 

virgata  (ashworthii  ab.),  Agrotis  . .  314 

virgata  (aurinia  <//^),  Melitiea      ..  200 
virgata  (multistrigariaa/).),  Larentia  134 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


virgaurea',  Heodes  15,  17,  98,  118, 

151,  267,  289,  295 
virgaureata,  Eupithecia  . .  33,  34 
virgo  (iogani  ab.),  Hestia  . .  . .    105 

virgularia  (incanaria),  Acidalia  51. 

79,  131,  166 
viridana,  Tortiix     . .  133,  163,  264 

viridaria    (pectinitaria),    Piothym- 

nia,  Larentia,  AnKtba      84, 

135,  138,  236,  256 
viridaria  (tEiiea),  Phytometra      56, 

146,  256 
viridata,  Nemoria    . .  . .  . .    146 

viridella,  Adela        . .  . .  . .   133 

viiidis  (muralis  d^.),  Bryophila  . .  95 
viiidis  (statices  «6.),  Adscita  ..  136 
vitalbata,  Phibalapteryx  . .  145,  236 
vittata  (dolus  ab.),  Hirsutina  ..  228 
vulgata,  Eupithecia  34,  134,  166,  236 
w-album,  Chattendenia     113,  237, 

238,  292 
warringtonellus      (perlellus     ab.), 

Ciambus       . .  . .  . .   164 

whytei  (lobengula  ab.),  Amauris  . .  225 
wolfensljeigeri      (maturna     var.), 

Melitsea      . .         43,  89,  98,  267 
xanthographa,  Noctua       164,  165, 
166,  177, 
xanthomista,  Polia 
ypsilon  =  suff  usa 
zephyrus  =  sephyrus 
Zeuxidia 

ziczac,  Notodonta   .. 
zonaria,  Nyssia        . .  .  ■      200, 

Zyg83na  =  Antbrocera 
Zygaenidie     . .  . .  . .      100, 

MALLOPHAQA. 

capitis,  Pediculus.. 
hopei,  Cyclopodia   .. 
vestimenti,  Pediculus 


200 
50 

113 
72 
145 
314 
100 
152 


195 
199 
195 


MYRIAPODA. 

complanatus,  Polydesmus. .  ..  125 

higuius,  Polyxenus              . .  . .  37 

Myriapoda 213 

NEUROPTERA. 

Chrysopa 277,  278 

germanica,  Panorpa           . .  . .  28 

inconspicua,  Namoura       . .  . .  203 

lutaria,  Sialis           . .          . .  . .  200 

nebulosa,  Taeniopteryx      . .  . .  203 

ODONATA. 

.Eschna         . .          . .          . .  . .  80 

elegans,  Ischnura    . .          . .  . .  80 

fonscolombii,  Sympetrum  . .  . .  126 

Libellula 80 

modestus,  Mecistogaster    . .  . .  76 

nigrescens,  Sympetrum      . .  . .  275 

scoticum,  Sympetrum        . .  . .  275 

splendens,  Calopteryx         . .  . .  202 

striolatum,  Sympetrum     ..  ..  275 


Sympetrum  . . 

ORTHOPTERA. 

Achroblatta  . . 

ffigyptiaca,  Polyphaga 

Aeluropoda  . . 

albifrons,  Decticus  . . 

algeriana,  Thalpomena 

Allacta 

Alluaudella  . . 

americana,  Periplaneta       23, 


PAGE. 

80,  275 


240 
284 
239 
31 
31 
240 
240 


283, 

287, 


Anaeompsa  . . 

Anallacta      . .       •  . . 

Anamesia 

Anaplectoidea 

Anaptycta 

Anareolaria  . . 

Anchoblatta  . . 

Anisogamia  . . 

Anisopygia    . . 

annulata,  Labia 

annulipes,  Anisolabis         . .        30, 

Apachyidiv    . . 

apricarius,  Stauroderus     . .      298, 

Apsidopis 

Aptera 

Apteroblatta. . 

Archiblatta   . . 

Archimandrita 

Areolaria 

Arixenina 

Ataxigamia  . . 

Atelobiatta    . . 

Attaphila 

Atticola 

auricularia,  Forficula 

australasiffi,  Periplaneta     . . 

autroniana,  Deropeltis 

Axenia 

azteca,  Homceogamia 

Bantua 

barrettii,  Platycleis* 

bieolor,  Stauroderus 

bilunata,  Paratropes 

bimaculata,  Liogryllus 

Blabera         . .  240,  284, 

Blaberinse     . .  . .         240, 

blanchardi,  Eumegalodon. . 

Blaptica 

Blatta 

Blattseformia 

Blattidae        ..  ..         283, 

Blattella        

Blattinaj        . .  218,  238, 

Blepharodera 

Bracbycola    . . 

bracbyptera,  Platycleis 

brunnea,  Periplaneta 

Byrsotria 

Cacoblatta    . . 

cterulans,  Spbingonotus 

cffirulescens,  Oedipoda 

Caesparia 

Caloblatta     . . 


30, 

28*7, 


31, 

283, 
31, 

285, 
284, 


24, 

284, 
285, 
239, 


32, 


31 


218 
239 
239 
239 
240 
240 
239 
240 
238 
239 

77 

32 
156 
300 
238 
239 
239 
239 
240 
239 
156 
239 
239 
240 
240 

32 
287 
218 
130 
284 
239 

33 
301 
284 

33 
286 
286 
105 
240 
286 
284 
286 
286 
286 
239 
240 
202 
218 
240 
240 

32 
301 
239 
239 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


p 

AGE. 

PAGE. 

Calhypnorna 

240 

griseoaptera,  Olynthoscelis 

31, 

298 

Capricina 

240 

Gromphadorrhina  . . 

239 

Caiadax* 

239 

guttata,  Spbodromantis 

"      202, 

203 

Cardax 

239 

Gymnonyx    . . 

2.S9 

Cartoblatta  . . 

239 

Gyna 

.      239, 

286 

Catara 

239 

Gynopeltis    . . 

239 

Chorisoneura 

286 

Hedaia 

239 

Choiistima    . . 

239 

Hemiblabera 

240 

Chraistoblatta 

239 

Hemimerina 

156 

cinerea,  Nauphiita. . 

218 

Hcmimerus  . . 

28 

cineieus,  Thamnotrizon 

. .      202, 

298 

Heminaupb(vta 

239 

cognatus,  Stauroderus 

298 

Heminyctobora 

239 

Comsolampra 

238 

Hemipanesthia 

239 

Corydia 

239 

Hemipterota 

240 

Corydiina'     ..    218,  239, 

240,  284, 

286 

Hemitbyrsocera 

286 

Cosmozosteria 

239 

Heteroplana. . 

239 

ci'Lirifolium,  Pulchriphyll 

lum 

202 

hispanicus,  Gryllus 

31', 

33 

Cryptocercus 

240 

Hololampra  . . 

.      240, 

286 

Culama 

240 

Homaloblatta 

239 

curvicauda.  Labia   . . 

'. '.        30, 

32 

Homalosilpba 

240 

Cutilia 

240 

Homceogamia           . .         i 

240,  284, 

286 

Cyrtitvia 

'. '.      239, 

286 

Homopteroidea 

239 

danicus,  Pachytylus 

31, 

32 

Hormetica     . . 

240 

Dasyposoma . . 

240 

Hoatilia 

239 

decipiens,  Loboptera 

30, 

32 

Hypercompsa 

240 

Decticus 

300 

Hyposphreria 

239 

Derocalymma 

239 

infiatus,  Psorodonotus 

300 

Deroeardia    . . 

239 

infumata,  Hololampra 

'.        30, 

32 

Deropeltis     . . 

." .'      239, 

286 

insubricus,  Acrotylus 

31, 

32 

Desmosia 

238 

Ipisoma 

239 

Desniozosteiia 

239 

Ischnoptera  . . 

286 

Dicellonotus. . 

240 

Isoniscus 

239 

Diploptera     . . 

'. '.      240, 

286 

italicus,  Caloptenus 

31, 

32 

Dorylosa 

240 

Karnya 

239 

Duryodana    . . 

238 

Kurokia 

239 

Dyscologamia 

240 

Labia 

156 

Ectobiina) 

238,  239, 

286 

LabiduridtB  . . 

156 

Ectobius 

. .      240, 

286 

Latindia 

240 

Ectoneura     . . 

. .      239, 

286 

Leptozosteria 

239 

edentulus,  Perirrhytiis 

29, 

32 

LeucophiEa  . . 

286 

pjllipsica 

239 

Linchodes     . . 

202 

EUipsidion    . . 

. .      239, 

286 

Loboptera      . . 

286 

Elliptoblatta 

289 

Macropanestbia 

239 

Epilampia    . . 

286 

Macropliyllodromia 

239 

Epilamprina;       238,  2311, 

210,  283, 

286 

maderiu,  Oedipoda  . . 

31 

Ergaula 

239 

maderre,  llbyparobia     30, 

32,  218, 

239 

ericetoiuni,  Ectobius 

30 

madersB,  Thalpouiena 

32 

Eioblatta 

240 

madeirensis,  Perirrhytiis 

'.        30, 

32 

Escala 

239 

Mallattoblatta 

239 

Eudeniiaptera 

. .      156, 

306 

Mantida; 

. '.      203, 

284 

Eurycotis 

. . 

240 

Mareta 

. 

286 

Euryctibora  . . 

239 

maroccanus,  Stauronotus 

31, 

32 

Eustegasta    . .             239, 

284,  285, 

286 

Megaloblatta 

239,  284, 

2H6 

Euzosteiia    . . 

239 

Melanoblatta 

239 

Evea 

239 

Melanosilpba 

239 

fieberi,  Psorodonotus 

301 

Melestora 

240 

fisheri,  Prisopus 

106 

Metbana 

240 

Forticula 

156 

micans,  Eustegaster 

284 

forcipata  (auviculaiia  rar. 

i,Foificul 

%300 

Microdina     . . 

239 

fusca,  Platycleis 

32 

minor.  Labia 

30, 

32 

Geoscaplieus 

239 

Mioblatta 

240 

gennanica,  lilattella 

! '.      217, 

284 

Miopaiiesthia 

239 

Giyplopeltis  . . 

239 

Miroblatta    . . 

239 

Grifliniella    .. 

239 

modesta,  Platycleis.. 

32 

giisea,  Platycleis  .  . . 

..31,  33, 

202 

Molytria 

.      239, 

286 

SPECIAL   INDEX. 


Monachoda  . . 

Monistria 

morosus,  Dixippus 

Moipbina 

Mylacrina 

nana,  Phaneroptera 

NauphcEta     . . 

nigrofasciatus,  Oedaleus    . . 

nitidulus,  Conocephalus    . . 

Noeticola 

Notolampra  . . 

Nyctibora 

Nyctiborinffi  . .  283,  284, 

Nympbytria  . . 

Olyntboscelis 

Oniscosoma  . . 

Opistboplatia 

orientalis,  Blatta     . .     23,  24, 

Oxybaloa 

Oxyhalointe  . .  239,  240, 

Oxycercus 

Pacbnepteryx 

pacilica,  Eutbyrrbapba 

Palloblatta    . . 

Pancblora     . .  . .         284, 

Pancblorinae  218,  239, 

Panesthia      . .  240,  284, 

Panestbiinse . .  ..         239, 

panzeri,  Ectobius    . . 

Paraceratinoptera    . . 

Parabormetica 

Paralatindia . . 

parallelus,  Cbortbippus 

Paraloboptera 

Parametbana 

Paranaupboeta 

Paraplecta     . . 

Parateninopteryx     . . 

Paratropes     . . 

paupeiata,  Empusa 

peregrina,  Scbistocerca 

Periplaneta  . . 

Perisphteria  . . 

Perispbajiiinae  239,  240, 

Petasodes 

Pbasmidae 

Pbenacisma. . 

Pblebonotus 

Pboetalia 

Phoraspis 

Phortiffica 

Phorticolea  . . 

Pilema 

Pinaconota    . . 

Piroblatta 

Platysilpha   . . 

Platyzosteria 

Plectopteia  . . 

Poeciloblatta 

Polyphaga     . .  . .  23 

Polyzosteria. . 

Prisopus 

Pionauphoeta 

Pronoanota  . . 


PAGE. 

.   240 

.   240 

.   282 

.   238 

.   239 

31,     33 

240,  286 

31,     32 

31,     33 

..   239 

..   240 

..   239 

285,  286 

..   238 

..   300 

..   239 

..   238 

218,  283 

240,  286 

284,  286 
..  240 
..    238 

..  -ns 

..   240 

285,  286 
240,  286 
285,  286 
240,  286 

..  30 
..  239 
..  240 
..  240 
..  298 
..  240 
..  239 
..  240 
..  239 
..   239 

239,  286 

..     62 

31,     32 

23,  286 

239,  240 

285,  286 
..   240 

106,  203 
..   239 

238,  286 
..  240 
..  240 
..  240 
..  239 
..  239 
..  240 
..  239 
..  239 
..  240 
..  240 
..   239 

,  240,  286 

239,  286 
..  106 
..  239 
..  239 


Proscratea     . . 

Prosoplecta   .  . 

Protagonista 

Protodermapteia 

Pseudectobia 

Pseudicbnopteia 

Pseudoderopeltis 

Pseudoglomeris 

Pseud ogyna  . . 

Pseudomopidae 


PAGE. 

..  240 
. .  240 
..  239 
156,  306,  307 
..  238 
..  239 
286 
239 
239 


239, 


27,  218,  238,  239, 
283,  284, 


Pseudomops . . 

Pseudopboraspis 

Pseudopbyllodroraia 

Pseudotbyrsocera    . . 

Psorodonotus 

pulvinatus,  Cbortbippus    . 

punetatissinja,  Leptopbyes 

Pycnoseelus  . . 

religiora.  Mantis 

Ehabdoblatta 

rbombifolia,  Neostylopyga 

llbyparobia  . . 

riparia,  Labidura     . . 

roeselii,  Platycleis  . . 

rutipes,  Megaioblatta 

Salganea 

saussureana,  Platycleis 

saussurei,  Oxybaloa 

Scabina 

Scbizopilia   . . 

scbmitzii,  Perirrbytus 

Spbecopbila . . 

ybelfordella  . . 

specularis,  Psorodonotus    . 

Speleoblatta  . . 

Steleopyga    . . 

Stenoblatta   . . 

Stenopilema 

Stilpnoblatta 

strepens,  Epacromia 

Stylopyga      . . 

supeilectilium,  Supelia 

surinaniensis,  Pycnoseelus 

Temnelytra  . . 

Tepperia 

tessellata,  Platycleis 

tbalassina,  Epacromia 

Tbeganopteryx 

Tbliptoblatta 

Tboracopyga 

Tborax 

Tbyrsocera    . . 

Tivia 

Tribonidea    . . 
Tribonidium 
Tricboblatta . . 
Trichoprocta 
Triconium     . . 
truncata,  Periplaneta 
viridis,  Pancblora    . . 
Zetobora 
Zonioploca    . . 


238, 


30, 


30,  32, 


,      239, 
30,  32, 

'.      283* 
.      240, 


30, 


23, 


30, 


28, 


31, 

286, 


286 

240 

286 

230 

238 

300 

32 

298 

239 

107 

239 

218 

286 

312 

202 

284 

286 

32 

284 

239 

240 

32 

240 

238 

300 

239 

24 

240 

286 

239 

32 

24 

218 

239 

239 

239 

32 

32 

239 

239 

239 

238 

239 

239 

240 

240 

239 

23 

240 

218 

284 

240 

239 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PLECOPTERA. 

dubitans,  Nemoura.. 
ineonspicua,  Nemoura 

SCORPIONES. 

margaritatus,  Centiurus 

SIPHONAPTERA. 

*kohauti,  Palaeopsylla 


76 


194 


THYSANOPTERA. 


I'AGE. 

I'AfiE. 

..   224 

iEolothripidffi 

..   213 

..   224 

*monilicornis,  Cephalothrips 

..   250 

nobilis,  Megalotbrips 

..   224 

Thysanoptera 

..   213 

Thysanura.. 

..   213 

FUNGI. 

formiearum,  Laboulbenia 
Laboulbeniaceoe 
wasraanni,  llickia   . . 


5,     40 


COERIGENDA,    Ac. 


5,  1.  29,  for 
6 

7 


Cavara  "  and  for  "formicorutii'^  read 


12, 

86, 
103, 
118, 
133, 
135, 
138, 
158, 
160, 
167, 

177, 
219, 
236, 
244, 

246, 
278, 
294, 


1.  2 
1.  21 
1.  10 
1.  33 
1.  17 
1.  13 
1.  4(3 
1.  14 
1.  9 
etc. 
1.  41 
].  11 
1.  15 
1.  34 
1.  38 
1.    2 

1.  11 
1.  49 
1.  20 
1.  20 
1.  9 
1.  32 
1.  10 


Cavora  "  read 

'■'  fornncarum.'" 
for  "  Myrmecocorous  "  read    '  Myrmecochorus." 
for  "  Dolidoclerinae  "  read  "  Dolicho'lerinde.^' 
for  "  Hiibner  "  read  "  Hiiber." 
for  "  strong  "  read  "  stony." 
for  ''fusca  "  read  "/((sco." 
for   ?  read  i  . 

for  "  daJijme  "  read  "  dapltne." 
for  "  Pyrale  "  read  "  Pij talis. " 
for  "  Pieris  napi  "  read  "  Ejmnda  nigra.'" 
for  "  Hirsulina  dolus  "  read  "  Hirsutina  dulus  var.  vittata." 
for  "  Tortrix  "  read  "  Tortricodes." 
delete  "  Pliytovietra." 
for  "  Melenydris  "  read  "  Malenydris." 
for  "  alticolor  "  read  "  alticola.^' 
for  '■  alinaria  "  read  "  alniaria." 
for  "  Plntyptila"  read  "  Platyptilia,"  for  "  viouodactylus  " 

read  "  monodactyla." 
for  "  sylvann  "  read  "  s?/ii'W!rt." 
for  "  lihyaciona  "  read  "  Rhyacionia." 
delete  "  Pliytovtetra." 
add  "s"  to  "discoloration." 

delete  "  costa  '"  (twice)  and  insert  "  inner  margin  "  (twice, 
for  "  coeriileopnuctata  "  read  "  coerulenpunctata.^' 
for  "  balcanicus  "  read  "  balkaiiica.^' 


The  Entomologist's  Record  &  Journal  of  Variation. 


VOL.     XXIII. 


SPECIAL     INDEX. 

By  T.  HUDSON  BEARE,  B.Sc,  F.R.S.E.,  F.E.S.  (Coleoptera) ;  M.  BURR, 
D.Sc,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.  (Orthoptera);  J.  E.  COLLIN,  P.E.S.  (Diptera);  and 
H.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S.  (Lepidoptera,  etc.). 

Coleoptera  arranged  in  order  of  Genera.  The  other  orders  arranged  by  Species. 
An  asterisk  denotes  the  species  which  are  new  to  Britain,  a  double  asterisk 
denotes  those  which  are  also  new  to  science. 


ACARINA. 

PAGE. 

Acari . .  23,  62,  101,  170,  237,  280 

Antennophori           . .         . .  . .     23 

bostoeki,  Trachyuropoda   ..  ..  237 

comata,  Cillibano    . .          . .  62,  237 

cuneifer,  Lselaps      . .          . .  62,  170 

formicarius,  Urotrachytes. .  ..     62 

grandis,  Antennopborus     . .  . .     23 

holothyroides,  Spbserolselaps  62,  237 

myrmecopbilus,  Lselaps     . .  62,  170 
Neoberlesia  =  Spbserolffilaps 

ovalis,  Uropoda       ..         ..  63,237 

ovatula,  Uroplitella            . .  . .   170 

pbiloctena,  Uropoda           . .  237,  280 

pubescens,  Antennopborus  . .     63 

pyii,  Eriopbyes        . .          . .  . .   101 

ricasoliana,  Urodiscella     . .  62,  170 

Spbaerolselaps  (Neoberlesia)  . .   237 

TrombidiidiB  258 

ublmanni,  Antennopborus  237,  280 

ARANEINA. 

aviculare,  Mygale    . .          . .  . .  279 

biovata,  Tbyreostbenius     . .  . .     62 

Cambridge!,  Dysdera           ..  ..62 

cinerea,  Cicurina    . .         . .  . .     62 

hombergi,  Harpactes          . .  . .     62 

merens,  Evansia     . .         . .  . .     62 

minimus,  Micarisoma        ..  ..62 

pbalerata,  Asagena. .         ..  ..62 

puliearia,  Micaria    . .         . .  . .     62 

recisa,  Crypbceca     ..         ..  ..62 

COLEOPTERA. 

Abdera  llexuosa       . .         . .  310,  311 

triguttata  . .         . .         . .  . .   311 

Acantbocinus  sedilis           . .  . .  311 

Acrulia  inflata         ..          ..  ..311 

Agabus  arcticus       . .         . .  308,  309 

bipustulatus         . .         . .  . .     74 

congener    . .          . .          . .  . .   308 

Agapanthia  aspbodeli         . .  . .  225 

Agatbidium  atrum  . .         . .  310,  311 

badium 310 

rotundatum  811 


seminulum 
Amara  f ulva . . 
Anaspis  hudsoni 

rufiiabris    . . 
Anchomenus  ericeti 
Anisotoma  algirica* 

calcarata    . . 
ab.  nigrescens* 

curta* 
var.  donisthorpei 

davidiana**  .. 

dubia 

ab.  bicolor 

ab.  subglobosa  . . 

obesa 

picea 

stenocorypbe 
Anthophagues  testaceus 
Aphodius  borealis    . . 

fcetidus 

lapponum 
Apion  brevicorne     . . 

cantianum 

filirostre    . . 

gyllenbali . . 

platalea 

unicolor     . . 
Aromia  moscbata    . . 
Arpedium  bracbypterum 
Asemum  striatum    . . 

var.  agreste 
Atemeles  emarginatus 

paradoxus . . 
Atheta  liliputana*  . . 

picipennis . . 
Athous  ha&morrhoidalis 

undulatus 
Atomaria  umbrina  . . 

wollastoni . . 
Barynotus  scbonherri 
Barypeithes  duplicatus** 

pellucidus . . 
Bembidium  bipunctatum 

paludosum 
Bibloporus  bicolor  . . 
Bledius  annae** 

denticoUis. . 


PAGE. 

..  311 
..  310 
300,  311 
..  301 
..  309 

44,  330 
..  44 
..  44 
..  44 
..  43 
..  28 

28,  43,  330 
..  44 
..  44 
..  43 
..  330 
253,  330 
..  310 
..  310 
..  310 
..  310 
..  4 
..  4 
..  4 
..  45 
..  45 
..  45 
103,  179,  327 
..  310 
279,  310 
..  279 
58,  59 
..  59 
..  306 
..   2 

45,  74 
..  310 
..  44 
..  5 
..  310 

252,  280 
252,  280 
310 
310 
310 
47 
310 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

filipes** 

47 

Criocephalus  polonicus 

6 

longulum  . . 

310 

rusticus 

311 

pallipes 

47 

Cryphalus  abietis    . . 

6 

subternineus 

811 

Cryptocephalus  fulvus 

170 

terebrans* 

47 

sexpunctatus 

170 

Bolitophagus  veticulatus     . 

310 

Cryptohypnus  dermestoides 

311 

Borboropora  kraatzi 

45 

maritimus 

311 

Bryoporus  rugipennis 

6 

quadriguttatus     . . 

311 

Bythinus  glabratus  . . 

60 

riparius 

311 

Calathus  micropterus 

309 

Cryptopbagus  bimaculatus 

3 

nubigena   . . 

309 

cylindrus   . . 

.      310, 

311 

Carabus  glabratus   . . 

'.      309 

310 

fowleri 

3 

nemoralis  . . 

279 

scanicus    . . 

3 

Caryoborus  nuctuorum 

326 

var.  patruelis 

3 

Cathormiocerus  maritimus 

6 

subfumatus 

5 

socius 

228 

Cychrus  rostratus    . . 

309 

Catops  varicornis    . . 

6 

Cymindis  vaporariorum 

309 

Cetonia  aurata 

46 

Dascilius  cervinus  . . 

310 

floricola     . . 

'.        46 

311 

Dendrophagus  crenatus 

".      301, 

311 

Ceuthorhynchidius  mixtus 

6 

Dendropbilus  pygmeeus 

60 

Ceutborbynchus  setosus     . 

46 

Deronectes  griseostriatus  . 

308 

Chsetocnema  arida  . . 

5 

Diglotta 

45 

Cboleva  cbrysomeloides     . 

69 

Dinarda  dentata 

59 

coracina    . . 

59,  310 

311 

bagensi      

59 

fuliginosa* 

67 

104 

markeli 

59 

fusca 

68 

pygma?a     . . 

59 

grandicoUis 

68 

Donacia  discolor 

310 

kirbyi 

'.        68 

311 

Dromius  angustatus 

309 

loDgula      . .       ... 

69 

Drusilla  canaliculata 

60 

morio 

'.        69 

311 

Dryocaetes  autograpbus 

5 

nigricans  . . 

. 

68 

Dyschirius  angustatus 

310 

nigrita 

.68,  69 

,  104 

Dytiscus  lapponicus 

308 

tristis 

08 

,     69 

marginal  is 

327 

watsoni 

68 

Elater  nigrinus 

311 

Chrysomela  brunsvicensis . 

45 

Encepbalus  complicans 

44, 

247 

didymata  . . 

. 

45 

Enicmus  histrio 

3 

Cicindela  sylvatica  . . 

327 

transversus 

3 

Cis  jacquemarti 

310 

Epur£ea  silacea 

*.      310, 

311 

lineatocribratus    . . 

.   310 

variegata  . . 

310 

punctulatus 

311 

Ernobius  nigrinus   . . 

310 

Clerus  formicarius  . . 

310 

Eros  aurora  . . 

'.      310, 

311 

Clinocara  tetratoma 

311 

Eryx  fairmairei* 

325 

Clythra  4-punctata.. 

.   310 

Eudectus  wbitei 

45 

Clytus  arietis 

327 

Euplectus  kunzei     . . 

5 

Cocinelia  5-punetata 

.   311 

Euryporus  picipes    . . 

309 

Cceliodes  cardui 

. 

.     45 

Eusomus 

46 

fuliginosus 

.     45 

Gabrius  appendiculatus     . 

311 

Colon  barnevillei     . . 

.     45 

bishopi 

2 

brunneum . . 

. 

6 

keysianus  . . 

2 

calcaratum 

.       4 

pennatus   . . 

2 

microps     . . 

5 

,     99 

stipes 

'.          2 

327 

puncticoUe 

.       5 

velox 

2 

serripes 

5 

,       6 

Galerucella  calmariensis    . 

4 

253 

viennense . . 

. 

.       6 

fergussoni .  . 

4 

279 

Corticaria  fowleriana 

.       3 

nympbsBffi . . 

6 

fuscula 

. 

.       3 

pusilla 

3 

lambiana  . . 

3 

sagittarifB . . 

'.          4 

6 

simiiata    . . 

3 

Geodromicus  nigrita 

310 

Corymbites  cupreus 

.  310 

Gonipterus  lepidotus 

4 

var.  ferugineus 

, 

.   310 

Hfemonia  appendiculata    . 

6 

impressus  . . 

.   310 

Haliplus  beydeni     . . 

327 

var.  rufipes  . . 

.   310 

inimaculata 

327 

purpureus.. 

.   231 

nomax**    .. 

253 

Crepidodera  impressa 

.       4 

Helophorus  arvenicus 

310 

transversa 

.       4 

tuberculatUB 

*      230, 

279 

SPECIAL    INDEX. 


Heteerius  feriugineus 
Hister  merdarius  . . 
Homalium  brevicoUe 

brevicorne 

pineti         .  •  •  •  * '  | 

Homalota     .  • 

atramentaria 

cinnamoptera 

coracina    . . 

fungicola   . . 

monticola  . . 

muiri**      ■  • 

picipennis 

vicina 
Hydroporus  melananus     •  • 

morio 

t vi ^tlS  •  '  '  '  *  * 

Hypocyptus  Iffiviusculus  . . 
Hypotbenemus  eruditus  . . 
Ilybius  cenescens      •  •  .  •      ^ 

Ilyobates  propinquus 
Ips  4-pustulatus 
Laccobius  scutellaris 

ytenensis  . . 
Lathrobium  longipenne     . . 
longulum  . . 
rufipenne  . . 
Leistus  montanus    . . 
Leptura  sanguinolenta       •  •      ^ 
LeptLisa  analis         •  • 
Lesteva  fontinalis   . . 

longelytrata  •  •  •  •      . 

luctuosa*  . . 
pandellei   . . 
pubescens.. 
punctata   .  • 
bharpi 
sicula 
Liodes  algirica 
calcaiata    . . 
castanea    . . 
glabra 
picea 

stenocorypbe**     •• 
Lomecbusa  . . 

strumosa  . .  •  • 

Longitarsus  agilis    ..  •• 

Macronychus  4-tuberculatus 
Malthodes  atomus  . . 

brevicolHs 
Magdalis  phlegmatica        .• 
Mefanopbthalma  acuminata 
distinguenda 
transversalis         •  • 
Melanotus  castanipes 
Melastis  glabripennis 
Melolontba  vulgaris 
Microcara  livida 

var.  bohemanni 
Miscodera  arctica    . . 
Monohammus  sartor 
Morinus  lugubris     . . 
Morycbus  seneus 
Mycetoporus  angularis 


iii. 

PAGE 

..  247 
..  247 
..  44 
..  46 
59,  310 
..     59 


clavicornis 

forticornis 

longulus     . .  •  • 

Myelopbilus  piniperda 
Myrmedonia  humeralis 

laticoUis     •  •     r    ' '  ""  ..   309 

Nebria  gyllenhalU    . .  •  •  ^^q 

Necropborus  ruspator  . .  •• 

vor.  microcepnaius. .  ^ 

Neuraphes  carinatus  •  •  •  •   ^47 

rubicundus  •  •  •  •  "   ^r^Q 

Nototbecta  anceps  .  •  •  •  * "   ^gy 

flavipes      .  •  •  •  * '  "    31O 

Nudobius  lentus       .  •  •  •  "  3 

Olopbrum  nicbolsoni  •  •  •  •       g 

Omalium  brevicoUe  •  •  "  *     60 

Opatrum  sabulosum  •  •  "322 

Orinocarabus  sylvestris  .  •  " "    309 

Otliius  melanocepbalus  .•  •• 

Otiorbynchus  auropunctatus  ••   ^^^ 

blandus     ••         ••         ••         '."   311 

septentrionis         •  •  •  •  "44 

Oxypoda  brachyptera         ••         ••     ^g 

exoleta       •  •  •  •  ' '  . .     45 

lurida         •  •        .  •  •  "  *  *        2 

Oxytelusfairmairei..  ••         ••   ^.^y 

laqueatus  . .  •  •  * "  ' '       2 

saulcyi       .  •  •  •  *  *  _   329 

seuiptus   ..      ••      ••      ;;  311 

Pflohvta  sexmaculata         •  •  , 

?aramecosomaiTaelanocephalum  4 

var.  infuscatum  •  ■  *  •  ^ 

var.  univeste    . .  ••  " "  g 

Parapbffidon  concinnus  •  •  •  •  g 

tumidulus..         ••  •"  ''  311 

1    Parnus  ernesti         ••  ••  "309 

I    Patrobus  assimilis  . .  •  •  "  ^g 

I    pentomacrus  distinctus  ..  ••  ^g 

1        serratus     •  •  •  -  " "  ' '_       q 

\    Pbsedon         ••         ••       ,;•  ■"   309 

1    philbydrus  melanocephalus  ^ 

'    pbilonthus  intermedius  ..  ••  ^ 

var.  donistborpei  •  •  •  •  ^ 

\        nigritulus  . .          •  •  ■ "  ' '  2 

1        trossulus    . .          •  •  •  •  ■  ■  5 

Pbyllotreta  diademata  .  •  ^^^^  ^^^ 

Pissodes  notatus      •  •  •  •  ^^^'^  gn 

pini             ••          ••  '■  .  '  310 

Podabrus  alpinus    ..  ••  ^g 

Polydrusus  cbrysomela  •  •  •  •     ^g 

confluens  . .          •  •  '  *  ' "    322 

Polypbylla  fullo       •  •  •  •  * "_  247 

Pseudopsis  sulcata  . .  •  •  , .     45 

Ptenidium     ••          ••  •*  '"   248 

intermedium        ••  •'  "..247 

liBvigatum            •  •  * '  '  *   248 

■wankowiezi           •  •  •  •  * '        g 

Pterostichus  aternmus  ••  •  •   ^^^ 

lepidus      ••         ••         ;;      309,  310 
oblongo-punctatus  ..309 

vitreus       ••          ••  "■  ..  3 

Ptilinus  costatus     .  •  •  •  " '  g 

Ptinella  britannica  . .  ••  ••  g^Q 
Pytbo  depressus 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


Quedionuchus  leevigatus    . 

± 

309 

Quedius  brevis 

60 

fulvicollis  . . 

309 

hammeanus** 

99 

lateralis 

309 

mesomelinus 

45 

var.  fageti 

. 

45 

molocbinus 

99 

nigriceps    .  • 

309 

variabilis  . . 

45 

vexans 

'.      248 

280 

xanthopus 

309 

Ehagium  indagator. . 

310 

Ehagonycha  elongata 

311 

Ebyncolus  ater 

310 

Khinomacer  attelaboides   . 

310 

Rhizophagus  dispar 

310 

Saperda  populnea  , . 

102 

Smicronyx    . . 

44 

Sphaerites  glabratus 

311 

Stapbylinus  latebricola 

309 

stercoi-arius 

310 

Stenus  crassus 

96 

formicetorum* 

95 

palposus    . . 

5 

proditor     . . 

6 

Steni 

46 

Stepbanoderes 

45 

Sunius  gattoi 

46 

Syncalypta  setigera 

5 

Tachinus  flavipes    . . 

30*9', 

310 

laticollis    . . 

309 

pallipes 

309, 

310 

proximus  . . 

310 

rufipennis 

5 

Tacbyporus  chrysomelinus 

24,    73 

,    74 

fasciatus** 

24 

,  73 

solutus 

24,  Tc 

S,  74 

Tachypus  pallipes   . . 

310 

Tachyusa  umbratica 

253 

Telephorus  abdominalis     . 

45 

var.  cyanea 

45 

figuvatus   . . 

310 

var.  scoticus 

310 

paludosus . . 

310 

thoracicus . . 

28 

var.  suturalis  . . 

28 

Tetratoma  ancora    . . 

311 

Tbinobius  bicolor** 

27 

linearis 

, , 

28 

Tbymalus  limbatus. . 

311 

Trechus  rubens 

310 

subnotatus 

2 

Tricbonyx  miirkeli  . . 

44 

sulcicollis  . . 

6, 

238 

Triplax  russica 

310 

Tychius  bsmatopus 

4, 

44 

junceus 

2 

polylineatus          .. 

5, 

6 

squaniulatus 

4 

Xantholinus  distans 

,  , 

309 

glaber 

5 

tricolor 

310 

Zeugophora  subspinosa 

6, 

310 

turneri 

6 

PAGE. 

Zilora  ferruginea     . .         . .  . .   311 

COLLEMBOLA. 

albinos,  Cyphodeirus          . .  . .     61 

DIPTERA. 

acutipennis,  Camilla*         . .  . .   306 

senea,  Siphunculina*          . .  , .   252 

asqualis,  Pbora         . .          . .  . .     61 

aeronetba,  Hilara*  . .  . .      217,  225 

albimana,  Anthomyza*      . .  . .   306 

alboguttata,  Pbortica*        . .  . .   306 

approximatonervis,  Diplotoxa*     . .   252 

argentata,  Leucopis*          . .  . .   306 

argyrogenis,  Hydrellia        . .  . .  253 

Asilidse           . .          . .          . .  . .     75 

bicolor,  Anagnota*  . .         . .  . .   306 

bifasciata,  Anthomyza**    ..  ..72 

brevipalpis,  Glossina           . .  . .     48 

brunnipes  (stagnicola),  Notiphlla*     253 

caviceps,  Scatopbila*          . .  . .   253 

ciliata  (inssqualis),  Pbora  . .  . .     61 

cinerella,  Diseocerina  (Clasiopa)*      253 

cognata  (gilvipes),  Oscinis*  . .   252 

concinnata,  Conipsilura     . .  . .   266 

coronata,  Parochthiphila* . .  ..  306 

costata,  Cbymomyza*         ..  ..   306 

curvicauda,  Casnia*            . .  . .   253 

Diptera  182,  284 

duinensis,  Siphonella*        . .  . .   252 

durrenbergensis,  Atissa*     . .  . .   253 

ephippium,  Gaurax*           . .  . .   252 

fasciata,  Ochthiphila*         . .  . .   306 

flavicornis,  Hydrellia*        . .  . .   253 

flavitarsis,  Pbyllomyza*     . .  . .   306 

frontalis,  Geomyza*            . .  . .   306 

frontella,  Oscinis*   . .          . .  , .   252 

fusea,  Glossina        . .          . .  . .     48 

fuscimana,  Cbymomyza*  . .  . .   306 

fuscipes,  Glossina    . .          . .  . .     48 

gilvipes  =  cognata    ..          ..  ..   252 

glaucella,  Diseocerina  (Clasiopa)*      253 

Glossina      . .            . .          . .  . .     48 

grisea,  Hydrellia*    . .          . .  . .   253 

grossa,  Glossina       . .          . .  . .     48 

birsuta,  Chlorops    . .          . .  .  -   252 

humeralis,  Hyadina*          . .  . .   253 

humeralis,  Psila*     . .         . .  . .   252 

bypostigma,  Chlorops*       . .  . .   252 

in£Equalis  =  ciliata    ..          ..  ..61 

inconstans,  Diplotoxa         . .  . .   252 

interrupta  (birsuta),  Chlorops*  ..   252 

interstincta,  Hilara. .          ..  ..   217 

Isevifrons,  Oscinis*  . .          . .  . .   252 

Iffivigata,  Liomyza*             . .  . .   306 

limbata  (inconstans),  Diplotoxa*..   252 

limosina,  Atissa       . .          . .  . .   253 

lineatopunctata,  Opomyza*  ..   306 

lineella,  Oscinis  (Notonaulax)*  .,   252 

lineola,  Syrphus      . .          . .  . .   327 

longipalpis,  Glossina          . .  . .     48 

longipennis,  Glossina         . .  . .     48 

longirostris,  Ehicnoessa*   ..  ..  306, 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

longirostris,  Sipbonella*    . .  . .   252 

ludens,  Melichia      . .         . .  . .     61 

maculiventris,  Hydrellia*  . .   253 

maura,  Hilara         . .          . .  . .   217 

megaspis,  Elaehyptera*     . .  . .   252 

minima,  Chiromyia*          . .  . .   306 

minuta,  Chlorops    . .         . .  . .   252 

morsitans,  Glossina           . .  . .     48 

Muscidae        233 

mutata,  Hydrellia*            . .  . .   253 

myrmecophilus,  Ceratopogon  . .     60 

nigra,  Periscelis*     . .          . .  . .   306 

nigripennis,  Philotelma*    . .  . .   253 

nigritarsis,  Parhydra*         . .  . .   253 

nigromaculata,  Psila*         . .  . .   252 

nitens,  Pelina*         . .          . .  . ,   253 

nitidissima,  Oscinis*          . .  . .   252 

obliqua,  Parhydra*. .          ..  ..   253 

obscurella,  Chloropisca*    . .  . .   252 

omissus,  Ceroxys     . .          . .  . .   280 

ordinata,  Anthyroglossa*  . .  . .   253 

pallicera,  Glossina  . .          . .  . .     48 

pallida,  Anthomyza*           . .  . .   306 

palpalis,  Glossina   . .          . .  . .     48 

pictus,  Ceroxys        . .          . .  . .   280 

planifrons,  Chlorops*          . .  . .   252 

plumosa,  Discocerina  (Clasiopa)*      253 

pubescens,  Elaehyptera*    . .  . .   252 

pumilionis,  Sipbonella*     . .  . .  252 

rata,  Phora  . .          . .          . .  . .     61 

rufa,  Chloropisca*  . .          . .  . .    252 

rufifrons,  Drosophila*         . .  . .   306 

scrobiculata  (trapezina),  Elaehyp- 
tera*        252 

Serena,  Chlorops*   . .          . .  . .  252 

simplex,  Seiomyza  . .          . .  . .   327 

sordidella,  Anthomyza*     . .  . .   306 

sordidella,  Oscinis*            . .  . .  252 

speiserianum,  Ascodipteron  . .   230 

stagnicola,  Notiphila           . .  . .   253 

submorsitans,  Glossina     . .  . .     48 

Syrphidae     . .          . .         . .  . .   253 

tachinoides,  Glossina         . .  . .     48 

tetrasticha,  Scaptomyza*  . .  . .   306 

tibialis,  Dicrfeus*     . .          . .  . .   252 

trapezina,  Elaehyptera       . .  . .   252 

triangularis,  Chlorops*      . .  . .   252 

tristis,  Sipbonella*. .          ..  ..   252 

tuberculifera,  Elaehyptera*  . .   252 

unicornis,  Scatophila*        ..  ..   253 

vagans,  Diastata*    . .          . .  . .   306 

vagans,  DicraBus*    . .         . .  . .  252 

Vanessa,  Sturmia     . .          . .  . .   266 

variegata,  Scatophila*       . .  . .   253 

vittiger,  Syrpbus     . .          . .  . .   327 

vittipennis,  Philhygria*     . .  . .   253 

xantbocera,  Discocerina  (Clasiopa)    253 

HEMIPTERA. 

ffineus,  Eysarcoris  ..         ..  ..   279 

albipennis,  Plagiognathus. .  ..  279 

antennatus,  Teratocoris    . .  . .  326 

Aphidse          12,     24 

apterus,  Halticus     . .         . .  . .   234 


PAGE. 

aurita,  Ledra           . .  . .  . .  279 

cimiciformis,  Paracletus  . .  . .     24 

CoccidfE         12,  323 

cornutus,  Centrotus  . .  . .   159 

Dactylopius  . .         . .  . ,  . .   170 

furfurus,  Chionaspis  . .  . .   323 

glaucescens,  Chlorina  . ,  . .   280 

hybridus.  Pirates     . .  . .  . .   281 

lineatus,  Nabis         . .  . .  . .   326 

medius,  Stenocepbalus*  . .  . .   252 

Membracidae             . .  . .  . .   159 

montana,  Cicadetta  . .  . .   279 

perplexus,  Pilopborus  . .  . ,     61 

pulchellus,  Aroespus  . .  . .   280 

saltator,  Halticus*  . .  . .  . .   234 

subterranea,  Eipersia  ..  ..   170 

tomlini,  Eipersia     . .  . .  . .    170 

tricinctus,  Acocephalus  . .  . .   279 

ulmi,  Lepidosaphes  ..  ..   328 

vejdovskyi,  Ortheziola*  . .  . .   253 

HYMENOPTERA. 

acervorum,  Leptothorax    ..        11,     12 
albipes,  Technomyrmex     ..  ..15 

alienus,  Lasius        . .  . .  . .     15 

Aphelinfe 323 

aphidicolEe  (mixtus  var.),  Lasius..  238 

apterus,  Chasmodon  . .  . .     61 

Asilidse 

Aspidiotiphagus 

atalana  (vividula  sub-sp.),  Preno- 

lepis  . . 
auropunctata,  Wasmannia 
bistigmaticus,  Euphorus    . . 
boerorum  (punctatissima  (suh-sp.), 

Ponera 
braueri,  Prenolepis\  . 
buccata,  Pachyloma 
burmeisteri,  Amomma 
Cbalcididse    . . 
einerea,  Formica     . . 
coarctata,  Ponera    . . 
Coccophagus 
congerens  =  pratensis 
con tracta,  Ponera    ..         ..         ..60 

cyanurus,  Neoitamus         . .         . .   267 

donisthorpei      (braueri      sub-sp.), 

Prenolepis     . .  . .  . .     15 

elongatulus,  Crabro . .         . .         . .   271 

exsecta,  Formica       10,  11,  59,  60, 

61,  63,  169,  170 
flavus,  Lasius       13,  15,  22,  23,  62, 

63,  170,  236,  237 
formicaria,  Trichopria       . .         . .     61 

formicaria  (furcata  var.),  Belyta  . .     61 
formosus,  Pepsis      . .  . .  . .     75 

fuliginosus,  Lasius     11,  13,  22,  23, 

59,  60,  61,  62,  170,  226,  228,  229 
furcata,  Belyta        . .         . .         . .     61 

fusca,  Formica    11,  13,  58,  59,  60, 

61,  62,  96,  170 
fusco-rufibarbis    (rufibarbis    var.), 

Formica        . .  . .        59,     62 

fuscus,  Salius  . .         . .         . .     75 


323 

15 

170 

61 


14 
..  15 

..  238 
..  75 
216,  322 
..  96 
..  13 
..  323 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


gallica,  Polistes 

gigas,  Leucospis 

glebaria  (fusca  rar.),  Formica* 

guineense,  Tetramorium    . . 

hyalinus  (scutellaris  var.),  Ambly 

aspis  . . 
Ichneumonidae 
kollari,  Myrmica 
Iffivinodis,  Myrmica  11,  62 

Lasius 

latreillei,  Myrmecina 
Leptothorax . .  ..  ..11,12 

Leucospis 

lobicornis,  Myrmica 

Mermis 

mixtus,  Lasius     63,  231,  236,  237 

monilicornis,  Passalaecus 

My  mar 

Mymaridffi 183 

Myrmica        . .  . .  .  .11,  14 

neoniger,  Lasius 

niger,  Lasius  11.  13,  22,  23,  24 
60,  61,  170,  229 
noctilio,  Sirex 
nylanderi,  Leptothorax 
ochracea,  Ponera  . . 
pharaonis,  Monomorium 
Pompilus 
Ponera 

pratensis,  Formica  . . 
Prospaltella  . . 
pubescens,  Periclista* 
pulchellus,  Mymar  . . 
punctatissima,  Ponera  . .  13 
regalis,  Mymar 
rubescens  (fusca  var.),  Formica  . 
rufa,  Formica  10,  11,  59,  60,  61 
62,  63,  169,  170 
rufibarbis,  Formica  . .        59 

ruginodis,  Myrmica 
sanguinea,  Formica  11,  12,  15,  59 
60,  61,  62,  96,  238 
scabrinodis,  Myrmica  58,  59,  60 
scutellaris,  Amblyaspis 
sertifer,  Lophyrus  . . 
Stephanodes 
sulcinodis,  Myrmica 
tarda  =  punctatissima,  Ponera 
Technomyrmex 
Tenthredinidfe 
truncicola,  Formica 
umbratus,  Lasius      11,  59,  61,  62 

63,  228,  229,  231,  236,  237 

238,  280 

vividula,  Prenolepis 


PAGE. 

281 

331 

96 

14 


11,  98 


60 


61 

292 

14 

170 

15 

12 

13 

331 

11 

15 

238 

272 

280 

280 

59 

15 

329 
331 
272 

14 
331 
281 

14 
329 
323 
306 
280 

14 
280 

96 

329 
62 
11 

329 

253 

61 

101 

280 

11 

14 

15 

306 

11 


329 
15 


LEPIDOPTERA. 

abietaria,  Boarmia  . .          . .          . .  309 

abietella,  Dioryctria            . .          . .  245 

abingensis  (or  ab.),   Cymatophora  321 

absynthiata,  Eupithecia    . .          . .  58 

abyla,  Adelpba         . .          . .          . .  224 

acaciffi,  Nordmannia           . .      163,  312 

acamas,  Cigaritis    ..          ..34,35,  36 


acanthodactyla  =  cosmodactyla 

aceris,  Neptis  ..  ..         ..   1S9 

achillea?,  Anthrocera  . .  . .     85 

achine.  Pararge       ..         188,266,312 

Acidalia         188,  315 

Acronycta 277,  288 

actaja,  Satyrus         . .  . .  . .   174 

acteon  (Eeon),  Thymellcus     36,  40, 

186,  262,  297,  318 
acuminatella,  Lita  . .  . .         . .   258 

adssquata    (blandiata),  Emmelesia 

57,  58,  259^ 
addenda  (phlteas  ab.),  liumicia    . .   275 
adippe,  Argynnis65,  163,  166,  192, 

266,  291 
admetus,  Hirsutina. .  32,175,  192 

adonides,  Heliconius  . .  . .     73 

Adopsea  . .  . .  . .  . .     35 

adrasta  (maera  var.),  Pararge      . .   297 

Adscita  109 

adusta,  Hadena       . .         . .        64,     65 

advena,  Aplecta       . .     64,  65,  228,  332 
adyte  (ligea  var.),  Erebia    78,  104, 

228,  235 
.Egeria  (Sesia)  . .  109,  231,  328 

segeria  (egeria),  Pararge       32,  168, 

190,  261,  262,  288,  297,  302 
asgeus,  Papilio  . .  . .  . .   222 

segon  =  argus 

aello,  (Eneis 79 

renea,  Pbytometra  . .  . .  . .     57 

oesculi    (ilicis   var.),    Nordmannia, 

Thecla  297 

sethiopella,  Asorta   . .  . .  . .       9 

asthiops  (blandina),  Erebia  39,  43 

206,  324 
sethiops,  Lita  ..         ..  ..   257 

affinis,  Calymnia  (Cosmia)  66,  212 

affinitata,  Emmelesia         . .  . .     58 

agestis  =  astrarche  =  medon 
aglaia,  Argynnis  8,  166,  192,  207, 

234,  259,  266,  280,  289,  291,  .300 
aglaope   (melpomone    var.),   Heli- 
conius . .         . .         . .     73 

Agria . .  . .  . .  . .  . .   324 

alba  (phlasas  aft.),  Rumicia  ..   275 

albana  (tyndarus  ah.),  Erebia       . .   323 
aibicillata,    Melanthia,    Mesoleuca     58 
albicolon,  Mamestra  . .  . .     G6 

albidella  =  rhyncbosporella 
albopunctala       (virgaurero       ao.), 

Heodes     ' 101 

albulalis,  Nola         224 

albulata,  Emmelesia  ..56,58,328 

alcese,  Erynnis  32,  35,  36,  162,  192, 

266,  318 
alcetas,  Everes        . .  . .  . .   186 

alchemillata,  Emmelesia  . .         58,     65 
alchimiella,  Gracilaria       . .  . .   257 

alciope,  Acra;a         . .  . .  . .   331 

alciphron,   Loweia    77,    162,    175, 

208,  218,  246,  299,  300 
alcippus  (cbrysippus  var.),  Limnas  32 
alcyone,  Satyrus,  (Hipparchia)  41, 

174,  185,  300 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

alexandrse,  Ornithoptera    . .  . .   222 

alexanor,  Papilio     . .  . .  . .    175 

alexis  =  icarus 

algirica(semele  ?;ar. ),Hipparchia. .   330 

alni,  Acronycta        . .  . .  . .   320 

alniaria,  Ennomos  . .  . .   226 

alpestialis,  Orenaia  . .         . .     79 

alpicola    (franconica   var.),    Mala- 

cosoma    . .         . .  . .   208 

alpina,  Hesperia      ..  ..         ..   223 

alpina  (didyma  i^ar.),  Melitasa      ..   293 

alpina  =  hyperborea 

alpinalis,  Scopula   . .  . .  . .   259 

alpinata,  Parascotia,  Psodos  7,  9 
alsoides  (minimu?  ab.),  Cupido  . .  299 
altbe;^,  Erynnis  (Carcharodus)  35, 

36,  77,  162,  222,  297,  318,  324 
alticolor  (pyrenaicus  var.),  Hepialus  307 

Alucitides 36,  254 

alveus.  Hesperia  . .  35,  222,  266,  317 
amandus,  Polyommatus  35,  199,  200 
amatbusia,  Brenthis  . .        78,  208 

ambigualis,  Scoparia         . .  . .   260 

ampelopbaga,  Procris         . .  . .   122 

ampbidamas,  Loweia  . .  . .     42 

ampla  (diversilinea  var.),  Agatbia  267 
amyntas,  Everes      . .         . .         . .     85 

Anaitis  102 

anceps,  Mamestra   . .         . .  . .     66 

andereggiella,  Argyrestbia. .  ..     25 

andrenffiformis,  iEgeria,  Sesia  75, 

98,  225,  231,  271 
andromedfe,     Erynnis,      Hesperia 

222,  223 
angnlaria,  Ennomos  ..         ..   102 

annulata,  Zonosoma  . .  . .   251 

anomala,  Sorocaba..         ..  ..   231 

anteros,  Aricia         . .  35,  162,  193,  317 
antbe,  Satyrus         . .  . .         . .     31 

antbedon,  Euralia  ..  ..      281,  282 

Anthrocera  (Zygsena)  ..55,78,  185 

antimachus,  Drurya  . .  . .   223 

antinorii,  Deilemera  . .  . .   282 

antiopa,  Euvanessa  ..39,52,  305 

apennina  (coridon  var.),  Agriades     338 
apenninicola  (euryale  var.),  Erebia  324 
apiciaria,  Epione     . .  . .  . .   328 

apollinus,  Doritis     . .  . .  . .     36 

apollo,  Parnassius  42,  77,  101,  175, 

206,  223,  289,  299,  300,  312, 

321,  322 
applana,  Depressaria  . .  . .     26 

apta,  Argadea  . .  . .  . .    102 

arbuti,  Heliodes       ..         ..        57,  168 

arcania,  Coenonympha      7,  77,  78, 

186,  208,  265,  266,  288,  299,  312 
areas,  Lycsena         . .         . .  . .     42 

arceutbina,  Argyrestbia     . .      246,  260 

Arctiida^         239 

arcuata  (coridon  a6.),  Agriades  192,  292 
arete  (byperantusa?).),  Aphantopus 

226,  313 
aretbusa,  Hipparcbia  . .  . .  174 
argentea  (phlffias  at.),  Rumicia    ..   332 


PAGE. 

argentella     (cygnipennella),     Ela- 

cbista  . .  . .  . .   258 

argiades,  Everes,  Lycsena    85,  192, 

211,  289 
argiolus,  Celastrina  32,34,  36,  163, 

167,  280,  293,  297,  302,  304,  328 
argus  (segon),  Plebeius    51,  77,  79, 

83,  85,   187,  206,  235,  289, 

292,  298,  299 
Argynnidse    . .  . .  . .  . .        7 

Argynnis       . .  . .  . .        77,  295 

argyrognomon,  Plebeius        77,  79, 

85,  163,  206,  208,  235,  300 
ariana,  Polyommatus      86,  87,  88, 

198,  199,  200 
arion,  Lycfena     40,  41,  50,  78,  82, 

85,  163,  186,  208,  211,  216, 

289,  299 
aristffius  (semele  var.),  Hipparcbia  326 
arsilacbe  (pales  vnr.),  Brenthis  312,  313 
artaxerxes  (medon  var.),  Aricia  88, 

257,  258 
artemis  =  aurinia 

arundinis  (castanese),  Macrogaster  193 
arundinis  (typbte),  Nonagria  . .  66 
asella  (cruciana),  Heterogenea  . .  320 
asbworthii,  Agrotis. .  ..      216,  332 

assimilella,  Depressaria      . .  . .     26 

asterope,  Yptbima  31,  33,  34,  35,  36 
astrarcbe  =  medon        7,  31,  32,  34, 

35,  36,  50,  78,  85,  88,  162, 

163,  186,  208,  235,  257,258, 

266,  289,  292,  293,  295,  297,  305 
atalanta,  Pyrameis      36,  166,  167, 

175,  244,  261,  291,  296 
atbalia,  Melittea  39,  101,  164,  208, 

228,  234,  265,  289,  298,  299, 

300,  312,  313 
atlantica,  Saturnia  . .  . .   322 

atomaria,  Ematurga  . .        79,  185 

atrapophanes,  Gelasina      ..  ..   267 

atrata,  Odezia         . .  . .      188,  259 

atropos,  Manduca    . .         244,  253,  304 
Attacus  . .  . .  . .  . .   216 

augur,  Graphipbora,  Noctua     103,  224 
aurago,  Xantbia      . .  . .  . .    315 

aurantiaria,  Hybernia        . .  . .     98 

aurelia,  Melita3a       . .         164,  188,  298 
aurifrontella,  Tischeria      . .  . .   113 

aurinia,  Melitaea    9,  26,  51,  52,  64, 

76,  166,  188,  266 
aurita,  Setina  (Endrosa)    . .      208,  236 
aurivillii,  Acrffia       ..  ..  ..   331 

ausonia  (belia    var.),    Antbocbaris 

(Euchloe)      ..  ..      221,  296 

australis  (alceffi  fl?^.),  Erynnis       ..     35 
autumnaria,  Ennomos       . .      328,  332 
avellanella,  Semioscopis    . .  . .   257 

avis,  Callophrys       . .  84,  253,  281 

badiata,  Anticlea     . .  . .  . .   221 

baeticus    (altbese,    var.),    Erynnis, 

(Carcharodus)  222,  297,  324 

baia,  Noctua  . .  . .  . .   226 

baliodactyla  =  niveidaetyla 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


QAGE. 

balkanica,  Tarucus. .  ..        32,  317 

ballus,  Thestor        . .  . .      261,  263 

barrettii  (luteago  var.) ,  Dianthcecia,  228 
basalis  (trifolii  ab.),  Anthrocera   . .     55 
basijuncta  (coridon  ah.),  Agriades  292 
basijuncta    (icarus    ab.),    Polyom- 

matus  . .  . .  •  •   293 

basilinea,  Apamea  . .  . .  . .   100 

basilipuncta  (phlajas  ab.),  Bumicia  275 
basi-obscura  (io  «?).),  Vanessa      ..     19 
batis,  Thyatira         . .  . .        57,     65 

baton,  Scolitantides       35,  36,  161, 

192,  295,  297,  302 
baxteri    (gueneei      ab.)     (nickerlii 
var.),  Luperina  (Apamea)  74, 

76,  89,  91,  92,  171,  172,  203 
belemia,     Antbocharis     (Euchloe) 

36,  261,  262,  294,  296 
belia,  Antbocharis  (Euchloe)      36, 

221,  294,  296 
belisaria  (io  ab.),  Vanessa     17,  18,     19 
bellargus  =  thetis 
bellezina  (tagis  var.),  Antbocharis 

(Euchloe)      ..  ..  ..296 

bembeciforme  =  crabronif  ormis     .. 
bennettii,  Adactylus  . .         . .     37 

bergmanniana,  Dictyopteryx        . .  260 

betulje,  Ornix  246 

betulEe,  Ruralis        ..  51,168,240 

betulsetana,  Penthina         . .  . .   259 

betularia,  Amphidasis  70,  283,  321,  332 
bicolorana,  Hylophila         . .         . .     64 

bidentata,  Odontopera       . .  . .     56 

bifida,  Dicranura     . .  . .  . .     57 

bilinea  (trigrammica  var.),  Gram- 

mesia  . .  • .         . .     56 

bilineata,  Camptogramma..      167,  224 
bilunana,  Psedisca  . .  . .  . .   259 

bilunaria,    Selenia   221,   228,  229, 

307,  332 
binaria,  Drepana     . .  . .        57,  103 

bipunctaria,    Eubolia,    Ortholitha 

186,  208 
bipunctata  (maritima  ah.),  Senta        52 
bipunctidactyla,  Adkinia   . .        37,  186 
bisetata,  Acidalia    . .  . .  . .     58 

Biston  . .  . .         • .  .  •  223 

bistrigella,  Phylloporia      . .         . .   257 

biundularia,  Tephrosia      . .         . .  221 

blandiata  =  adsequata 

blandina  =  rethiops 

blomeri,  Asthena    ..         ..56,68,  226 

blumei,  Papilio        . .  .  •  •  •   222 

bceticus,  Lampides  31,  32,  33,  34, 

36,  262,  297,  303 
Bombycidae  . .         . .         . .         •  •   322 

boreata,  Cheimatobia         . .         . .     98 

Botys ^ 

brassicse,  Mamestra  . .        97,     98 

brassicie,  Pieris        31,  33,  36,  165, 
288,  246,  273,  276,  290,  295, 

300,  304,  305 
brevilinea,  Nonagria  . .      314,  315 

briseis,    Hipparchia,    Satyrus    42, 

43,  174,  192 


PAGE. 

brilliantina,  Agriades         . .         . .   332 

britomartis,  Meliteea  . .         . .   289 

brumata,  Cheimatobia       . .  . .   101 

brunnea  (cursoria  ah.),  Agrotis    . .     75 
brunnea  (io  ah.),  Vanessa  17,  18, 

19,     20 
brunnea-lucidocellata  (io  ab.),  Van- 
essa   . .         . .         . .  . .     18 

brunnearia  (bilunaria  ab.),  Selenia 

228,  332 
brunneata,  Halia    . .  . .      259,  260 

bryoniffi  (napi  var.),  Pieris  79,  283,  299 
Bunsea  . .  . .  . .  . .      86 

busckiella,  Gnorimoschema  . .   182 

cacalise,  Hesperia    . .         . .      223,  299 

cjerulea  (cursoria  ab.),  Agrotis      . .     75 
ceeruleocephala,  Diloba      . .      167,  253 
cseruleopunctata       (phleeas      ah.), 

Eumicia        . .  . .        32,  304 

CBBsia,  Dianthcecia  . .  . .  . .   324 

csBsiata,  Larentia     . .  . .  8,  208,  259 

caia,  Arctia  ..      99,  103,  221,  225, 

276,  279 
caicus,  Grammodia . .  ..  ..   332 

c-album,  Polygonia  19,  52,  74,  76, 

96,  97,  163 
Caledonia  (asthiops  var.),  Erebia®  324 
Caledonia  (megrora  var.),  Pararge*  324 
caledoniella,  LithocoUetis  . .  . .   257 

Caligo  222 

Caligula        . .  . .  . .  . .   216 

callidice,  Pontia,  Synchloe     9,  35, 

261,  298,  299,  317 
callimachus,  Thestor         . .  . .     33 

callisticta,  Anisozyga         . .  . .   267 

calodactyla  (zetterstedtii),  Frederi- 

cina    . .  . .  . .  . .     25 

cambrica,  Venusia  . .         . .  . .   280 

camelina,  Lophopteryx      . .        56,     70 
Camilla,  Limenitis  34,  36,  39,  175,  189 
candalus    (eros  in  error),  Polyom- 

matus  . .         . .  . .     35 

candiope  (icarus  ab.),  Polyommatus 

32,  275 
cannffi,  Nonagria     . .  . .  . .     66 

canteneri  (rumina  ah.),  Thais      . .   295 
caprseana,  Penthina  . .  . .   245 

cardamines,   Euchloe  55,   64,    69, 

165,  220,  289,  291,  299,  330 
cardui,  Pyrameis    32,  36,  166,  175, 

225,  262,  291,  296,  299,  327,  329 
carniolica,  Anthrocera  43,  77,  185,  223 
carphodactyla,  Leioptilus  . .  2,     37 

carpinata  Lobophora  . .  . .   221 

carpophaga,  Dianthoecia   . .        52,     70 
carthami,  Hesperia  . .      162,  298 

cassiope  (epiphron  var.),  Erebia  . .   188 
casta,  Fumea  . .  . .        57,  119 

castanene  =  arundinis 

castigata,  Eupithecia         . .  . .     58 

castrensis,  Malacosoma     ..        51,  103 
Catophaga    . .         . .         . .         . .   331 

cebrene  (bierta  var.),  Junonia  32,  36 
cecropia,  Samia,  Philosamia  280,  326 
celestina,  Tachyris  . .         . .         . .   331 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

•celtis,  Libythea       . .         . .         . .   189 

cenea  =  dardanus 

<3entaure8e,  Hesperia  .  •         . .   223 

cerisyi,  Thais  ..         ..         ..36 

ceroDUS  (thetis  ab.),  Agriades    263,  297 
cerri  (ilicis  ah.),  Nordmannia       . .   312 
cervinata,  Ortholitha  . .  . .   324 

cespitalis,  Herbula  . .  ..  ..   259 

cespitis,  Luperina    . .  67,  102,  171 

ceto,  Erebia      8,  79,  104,  207,  228, 

298,  299 
chaonia,  Drymonia  . .  . .   167 

Charaxes      ..         ..         253,  280,  281 

Cheloniides  =  Arctiidae 

chi,  Polia 67 

chimaera,  Ornithoptera     . .         . .   222 

christi,  Erebia  9,   10,   77,   78,  79,  299 
christyi,  Oporobia  79,  80,  81,     82 

chryseis  =  hippothoe 
chrysidice   (callidice  var.),    Pontia     35 
chrysippus,  Danais  32,  33,  35,     36 

Chrysiridia    . .  . .  . .  . .     85 

chrysitaria     (pennigeraria     var.), 

Eurranthis 298 

chrysitis,  Plusia       . .         . .  . .  212 

«hrysorrhcea,  Spilosoma     . .  . .    187 

cilialis,  Phlyctaenia  . .       193,  228 

oiliella,  Depressaria  ..         ..26 

cinerella,  Brachycrossata  . .  . .   258 

cingulata,  Botys       . .  . .  . .       7 

cingulata,  Herse      . .  . .  . .   102 

cinxia.  Melitsea        . .  39,  266,  298 

Circe,  Satyrus       42,  43,  164,  174,  192 
circeilaris,  Orthosia  . .  . .     98 

citrago,  Tiliacea  (Xanthia)  . .   315 

citraria,  Aspilates    . .  . .      186,  298 

clara  (comma  ah.),  Urbicola  . .   294 

clarkii  (comes  ah.),  Triphsena      ..   226 
clarkii  -  nigrescens     (comes      ah.), 

Triphaena 226 

cleodoxa     (adippe   ah.),    Argynnis 

163,  192,  266 
Cleopatra,  Gonepteryx         36,  174, 

262,  294,  296,  330 
clerckella,  Lyonetia  . .         . .   101 

climene,  Pararge     . .         . .         . .   190 

cloacella,  Scardia    . .         . .         . .   260 

clytie,  Thecla  (?) 277 

cnicana,  Argyrolepia  . .         . .   246 

c-nigrum,  Noctua    . .  . .         . .   320 

codrus,  Papilio        . .  . .         . .   280 

ccelestis  (thetis  a&.),  Agriades       ..  231 
Ccenonympba  . .  . .  . .     83 

Colias  . .      79,  233,  274,  330,  333 

colquhounana,  Sciaphila  . .  . .  225 

columbata,  Anaitis  . .  . .         . .   102 

columbina   (confusalis    ah.),   Nola 

219,  220 
combinata  (maritima   ah.),    Senta    52 
combusta  (rm'ea  ab.),  Xylophasia    64 
comes,  Triphaena    . .         . .         . .   226 

comma,  Urbicola     ..  43,294,318 

comma,  Leucania   ..         ..         ..       7 

complana,  Lithosia. .         ..         ..66 

complanula,  Lithosia         . .         . .     66 


58 

1. 

259 

65 

56,  58*, 

70 

57, 

70 

216 

103 

212 

332 

37, 

186 

232 

PAGE. 

composana,  Stigmonota     . .         . .   186 

conchellus,  Crambus  . .        79,  208 

concolor,  Tapinostola         . .  . .     65 

conformis  =  furcifera  ..  ..        8 

confusalis,  Nola     56,  57,  219,  220,  328 
consortana,  Dicrorampha  . .  . .   246 

conspersa,  Dianthcecia       . .  . .     52 

constanti,  Agrotis    . .  . .  . .    188 

coiitigua,  Hadena    . .  . .         . .   326 

conversaria  (repandata  ah.),  Boar- 

mia     . .  . .  58,  102,  332 

convolvuli,  Agrius      167,  304,  305, 

320,  326,  329 
coracina,  Parascotia  (Psodos)     10, 

258,  259 
cordigera,  Anarta    . .         . .         . .   258 

cordula,  Satyrus      . .         . .        41,  174 

coridon,  Agriades    41,  42,  77,  110, 

163,  166,  175,  185,  186,  192, 

206,  210,  218,  231,  235,  244, 

274,  292,  328,  333 
coronata,  Eupithecia 
corticana  (picana)  Penthina 
corticea,  Agrotis 
corylata,  Cidaria 
coryli,  Demas 
Coscinocera  . . 
Cosmiffi 
Cosmiidse 

cosmius,  Xylophanes 
cosmodactyla,  Amblyptilia 
Cosmosoma  . . 
costa-c£erulea  (cursoria  ah.),  Agrotis     75 
costa-juncta  (icarus  ah.),  Polyom- 

matus  . .  . .  . .   275 

costsestrigalis,  Hypenodes  . .  . .     58 

coulonellus,  Crambus         . .  7,       9 

crabroniformis      (bembeciformis), 

Trochilium    . .  103,  104,  228 

craccse,  Toxocampa  . .  . .   226 

Crambi  . .  . .  . .  . .     64 

Crambus 7,  208 

cratsegella,  Scoparia  . .         . .   260 

cratffigi,  Aporia        8,  39,  208,  288,  289 
cratsegi,  Trichiura  . .  . .  . .     52 

crenana,  Phlceodes  . .  . .  . .   246 

crepuscularia,  Tephrosia   . .        56,  328 
cribralis,  Herminia  ..66,  75,  228 

cribrai-ia  (cribrum),  Euprepia       ..   239 
cribrum,  Myelois      . .  . .  . .     70 

cribrum  =  cribraria 

crinanensis,  Hydrcecia       . .      125,  315 

crcesus,  Ornithoptera         . .         . .   222 

cruda  =  pulverulenta 

cucubali,  Dianthcecia         . .         . .     56 

CucuUia        279 

culiciformis,  ^Egeria  102,  103,  104 

cultraria,  Drepana  . .  . .         . .   103 

cuprea,  Epsilia  (Agrotis)    . .         . .   236 

cursoria,  Agrotis      . .  . .        75,  260 

curtisii  (comes  ah.),  Triphsena     . .  226 
cyanosticta  (io  ah.),  Vanessa      22,     52 

Cyclotorna 280 

Cydimon       . .         . .         . .         . .     85 

cygnipennella  =  argentella, . 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGE.      I 

cylLarus,  Glaucopsyche  36,163,220,  266 

cymon  =  seraiargus 

Cynthia,  Melitjea      . .          . .          9,  10 

dahlii,  Noctua          . .          . .          . .  67 

daraon,  Hiisutina    . .  41,  163,  175,  300 
damone,  Euchloe(Anthocharis)  220, 

273,  330 

Danais           . .          . .          . .          . .  333 

daphne,  Brenthis    . .         168,  300,  322 
daplidice,  Pieris  (Pontia)       31,  33, 

36,  39,  221,  262,  263,  296,  317 

dardanus,  Papilio    . .          . .          . .  281 

darwiniana  (arcania  vai-.),  Coeno- 

nympha         7,  78,  208,  288,  299 
davus  =  typhon 

decoiella,  Laverna  . .          . .          . .  246 

defoliaria,  Hybernia            . .        98,  225 

Deilemera 282 

deione,  Melitsea          295,  296,  313,  314 

Delias            332 

delius,  Parnassius  . .          . .          8,  235 

delunaria  (lunaria  var.),     Selenia  51 

demantiia,  Cosmosoma      . .          . .  102 

denhami,  Biston      . .          . .          . .  223 

dentina,  Hadena      . .          . .          . .  56 

deplana,  Lithosia       309,  325,  326,  330 
derasa,  Thyatira  (Gonophora)     57, 

65,  66 
designata,  Coremia, .          ..          ..56 

dia,  Brentliis            300 

Dianthcecia  . .          . .          . .          . .  324 

diaphanus,  Hymenitis        . .          . .  224 

diazeuxis,  Anisozyga          . .          . .  267 

dictffia,  Leiocanipa  . .          . .          . .  56 

dictseoides,  Leiocanipa        . .  57,  70,  314 
dictynna,  Melita;a         39,  188,  235, 

265,  300,  313 
didyma,  Melitsea    42,  77,  163,  164, 

175,  192,  289,  298 
didyma  =  secalis,  Apamea 

diffinis,  Cosraia        . .          . .          . .  212 

diluta,  Asphalia       ..  ..  ..314 

dilutata,  Oporabia   . .       79,80,81,  82 

diniensis  (sinapis  var.),  Leptidia  . .  77 

dirce,  Gynwcia         . .          . .          . .  224 

dispar,  Chrysophanus    84,  85,  120, 

187,  188,  192,  193,  210,  333,  334 

dispar,  Ocneria        . .          . .          . .  187 

dissiuiilis  (suasa),  Hadena. .          ..  332 

diversilinea,  Agathia           . .          . .  267 

dodecella,  Teleia 258 

dodonea,  Tischeria  . .          . .          . .  246 

dolabraiia,  Eiu-yraene        . .        56,  64 
dominula,   Callimorpha,    Euchelia 

64,  103,  207,  225,  279,  288,  289 

donzelii,  Aricia        . .          . .       188,  235 

dorilis,  Loweia         . .  42,  175,  187,  317 

dorus,  Ccftnonympha          . .          . .  173 

doubledayaria       (betularia      ah.), 

Amphidasis  . .          . .          . .  321 

dromedarius,  Notodonta      70,  228,  314 

dryas,  Enodia           . .  43,  174,  186,  314 

dubia,  Dianth(ccia  . .          . .          . .  324 

dubia,  Euralia  ..  ..      281,282 

dubitalis,  Scoparia  . .          . .         . .  258 


PAGE. 

dubitata,  Scotosia   . .         . .         . .   181 

dumerilii,  Luperina,  (Apamea)  54, 

171,  172,  173,  188,  203,  205 
dumetellus,  Crambus         . .  7,     79 

duplana,  Rhyacionia  (Retinia)      . .   330 
duplaris,  Cymatophora      . .  . .   228 

echii,  Luperina        ..  ..  ..   172 

edusa,  Colias       31,  32,  33,  35,  36, 
39,  163,  167,  173,  218,  262, 
274,  276,  277,  291,  293,  296, 

300,  304,  317,  327,  329,  330 
ega,  Catophaga        . .  . .  . .   331 

egea,  Polygonia       . .  . .  . .     36 

egeria  =  8egeria 

egerides  (fpgeria  va?'.),Pararge  190,  297 

eleus  (phleeas  var.),  Rumieia     162, 

275,  304 
elymi,  Tapinostola  . .  . .  . .     66 

emarginata,  Acidalia  . .        64,     65 

emberizsepennella,  Lithocolletis  . .   257 
Emmelesia   . .  . .  . .  . .   210 

encedon,  Acraea       ..  ..      330,  331 

Endrosa        . .  . .  . .  . .     10 

Epidola         169 

epiphron,  Erebia,  Melampias  9,  40, 

188,  207,  332 
erato,  Heliconius     . .  . .  . .     73 

Erebia    78,  79,  188,  207,  233,  274,  334 
ergane,  Pieris  . .  . .  . .     35 


ericellus,  Crambus  . . 

erigone,  Polyommatus 

Eriocraniides 

eriphyle,  Erebia 

eris  (niobe  var.),  Argynnis 

erithonius,  Papilio  . 

eros,  Polyommatus 


259 
200 
254 
104 
207 
287 


eros  =  candalus 
erysimi  (sinapis  var. 


86,  88,  162, 
198,  199,  200 
. .     35 
Leptidia   . . 

163,  192 
35,  175,  298 
..    233 
35,  235,  299 
..267 
..      295,  296 
42,  163 


escheri,  Polyommatus 

Euchloe 

euniedon,  Aricia 

eumixis,  Gelasma  . . 

eupheme,  Zegris 

euphemus,  LycEena 

eupheno,  Euchloe      262,  273.  296,  303 

euphenoides,  Euchloe        262,  272, 

273,  294,  296,  303,  319 

euphorbia3,  Celerio  . .          . .          . .  322 

euphorbiana,  Sericoris        . .          . .  245 

euphrosyne,  Brenthis         ..8,  166,  291 

Eupithecia    . .          . .          . .          . .  188 

Euplffa          . .          . .          213,  222,  333 

europome  (paiajno  ab.),  Colias      . .  313 
europomene  (palteno  ab.),  Colias  . .  313 
euryale,  Erebia  104,  188,  207,  234,  324 
eurybia  (hippothoe   var.),  Chryso- 
phanus         . .          208,  235,  299 
evelina,  Stalachtis  . .          . .          . .  279 

evias,  Erebia             . .          . .      188,  299 

Evetria  =  Rhyacionia          ..          ..  330 

excelsior,  Isognathus          . .          . .  332 

exclamationis,  Agrotis        . .          . .  56 

exmaculata  (io  a6.),  Vanessa        ..  16 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


QAGE. 

extensaria,  Eupithecia       ,  .      220,  328 
extincta  =  obsoleta  (tilite  ah.) 
extranea,  Leucania. .  ..  ..   188 

exulans,  Anthrocera  10,  188,  235 

fagi,  Stauropus       •. .  ..  ..70 

falcataria,  Drepana  56,  57,  70,  103,  332 

falcula  =  falcataria 

falloui,  Anthocharis  ..  ..86 

falsellus,  Crambus  . .  . .  . .   324 

faniula,  Fidonia       . .  . .  . .   297 

fasclata  (obscurata    ah.),  Gnophos     52 
fascinans,  Anisozyga  . .  . .   267 

fatua,  Satyrus  ..  ..32,34,     36 

fausta,  Idmais  31,  33,  34,  35,     36 

favicolor,  Leucania  . .         . .   327 

feisthamelii      (podalirius       var.), 

Papilio  . .         280,  294,  295 

ferrugana,  Peronea  . .  . .  . .   257 

ferrugata,  Coremia.  .  ..        5G,  186 

festaliella,  Schreckensteinia         . .   254 
festiva,  Noctua         . .  . .  . .     56 

festucffi,  Plusia         . .  . .      228,  315 

feyeri,  Heliconius    ..  ..  ..73 

fibrosa  (leucostigma  ah.),  Apamea  315 

ficus,  Pachylia         102 

fidia,  Satyrus  . .  . .  . .   174 

filipendulas,  Anthrocera         43,  51, 
52,  55,  65,  78,  85,  99,  165, 
167,  185,  208,  267,  279,  320,  326 
fimbria,  Triphasna  . .       65,  66,  67,  102 
fimbrialis,  Thalera..  ..  ..   186 

fiscbeii  (io  «&.),  Vanessa   ..        16,     21 
fiammea,  Meliana    ..  ..  ..   228 

fiava  (linea),  Adopa3a     51,  52,  162, 

165,  294,  318 
flavicincta,  Polia      . .  . .  . .     57 

flavicornis,  Asplialia  . .  . .     64 

flavifrontella,  fficophora    . .  . .   260 

fiavofasciata,  Erebia  . .  . .   110 

fiexula,  Aventia       . .  . .  . .   314 

fluctuata,  Melanippe  . .  . .     56 

fluctuosa,  Cymatophoi-a     . .        56,     57 
fontis,  Bomolocha  . .  . .  . .     58 

forficalis,  Pionea      . .  . .        55,     56 

fowleri  (coridon  ah.),  Agriades  292,  328 
franconica,  Malacosoma    ..      208,  221 
fritillum,  Hesperia  . .  ..  ..   222 

frwlichiella,  Lithocolletis  . .  . .   257 

fruhstorferi,  Stichtophtbalma       ..   222 
fuciforniis,  Hemaris  . .  . .    168 

fulva,  Tapinostola  . .  . .  . .     67 

fulvapicata      (grossulariata      ah.), 

Abraxas         . .  . .  . .   329 

fumosa  (nigricans  ah.),  Agrotis     . .   102 
fumosata  (cervinata  ah.),  Ortbolitha  324 
funebrana,  Grapholitha     . .  . .   254 

furcatellus,  Crambus  . .  . .   259 

fureifera  (conformis),  Xylina     225,  326 
fusca  (ruta  ah.),  Ccenobia  . .  . .     52 

fusca  (gueneei  ah.)  (nickerlii  i^ar.), 

Luperina**  74,  76,  89,  201,  202,  203 
fuscata  (marginaria  ah.),  Hybernia  320 
fuscescens,  Acompsia         . .  . .   260 

fuscodactyla   (pterodactyla),    Sten- 

optilia        . .  . .  . .  . .     37 


. .  321 

51,  100,  315 

56,     64 

98,  251 

. .     55 

..267 

. .     64 

..226 

. .     67 

..       9 

. .     56 


PAGE. 

galactodactyla,  Porrittia    . .         . .     37 

galathea,  Melanargia     42,  65,  168, 
175,  186,  192,  210,266,  289, 

291,  300,  311,  328,  329 
galba,  Lanipides      . .  . .  . .     36 

galbanella,  Gelecbia  . .      259,  260 

galhijsolidaginis,     Gnorimoschema  182 
gamma,  Plusia         . .  . .      212,  244 

Gelechiida- 258 

gemina,  Apamea      ..  ..56,65,  228 

geminana,  Grapholitha      . .  . .   227 

geminipuncta,  Nonagria 

gemmaria,  Boarmia 

genista;,  Hadena 

Geometvidse  . . 

Geometrides . . 

Geometriniu. . 

gigantellus,  Schcenobius 

glabraria,  Cleora 

glareosa,  Noctua 

glauca,  Mamestra    . . 

glaucata,  Cilix 

glauce  (belemia  var.),  Anthocharis 

262,  296 
glaucippe,  Hebomoia  . .         . .  222 

glaucus,  Papilio       . .  . .  . .   225 

glomerata    (icarus    ah.),    Polyom- 

matus  . .  . .  . .   275 

glyphica,  Euclidia  . .  58,  166,  289 

goante,  Erebia         . .  78,  207,  234 

gonodactyla,  Platyptilia     . .  . .     37 

gordius    (alciphron   var.),   Loweia, 
Chrysophanus  77,  175, 

208,  218,246,  299,  300 
gorge,  Erebia  . .        8,  9,  188,  236 

gorgon,  Epistor       ..  ..  ..   332 

gothica,  Tffiniocampa         . .        69,  221 
gracilis,  Tgeniocampa         . .        69,  221 
graminis,  Chaiffias  . .  ..  ..67 

grisealis,  Herminia  . .  . .     58 

griseola,  Lithosia     . .  . .        64,  314 

grossulariata,  Abraxas  52,  226,  254 

279,  329,  332 
Grypocera     . .  . .  . .  . .   334 

gueneei  =  nickerlii,  Luperina  53, 
54,  74.  76,  89,  90,  91,  92, 
171,  172,  201,  202,  203,  204, 

205,  227,  246,  269,  270 

Habrostola 212 

haggerti  (pulverulentaa?;.),  Tsenio 

eampa 
haliphron,  Papilio  . . 
halteres  (mnemosyne  ah.),  Parnas 

sius     . . 
hamula,  Drepana    . .  . .        64,  228 

harrisoni,  Biston     ..  ..  ..   223 

hastata,  Melanippe..  ..        58,  166 

hecate,  Brenthis      . .  . .  . .    163 

hecta(us),  Hepialus  ..  ..   322 

hedysari  (carniolica  var.),  Anthro- 
cera            43,     77 

helense,  Biston         . .         . .  . .   223 

helice  (edusa  ah.),  Colias  163,  167, 

262,  274,  329,  296,  330 
helicina  (edusa  ah.),  Colias  . .   330 


52 

285 


300 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

73,  183,  223 

..  228 

'.'.   224 

..  216 

..  267 

..  260 

65,  212 

..  322 

43,  254 

79 


Adscita, 


32, 
Papilio 


254 

58 

208 
299 
36 
174 
281 

326 
322 

314 


Heliconius     . . 

hellmanni,  Tapinostola 

helveola  =  deplana   .. 

helvetina,  Agvotis    . . 

Hemileuca    . . 

Hemitheinffi 

hepariella.  Zelleria.. 

hepatica,  Xylophasia 

Hepialus 

hera,  Callimorpha  . . 

herbida  =  prasina 

Hercyna 

hermione,  Safcyrus  82,  34,  43,  164, 

174,  185 
Hesperia        . .  . .  . .  . .     35 

Hesperiidse    . .  162,  287,  306,  324 

Hestia  222 

Heterocera    . .  . .  . .      219,  236 

heterodactyla  (teuerii),  Capperia  . .     37 
hexadactyla,  Orneodes 
hexapterata,  Lobophora 
heydenreichii  (statices  ah 

Ino     . . 
hiera,  Pararge 
hierta,  Junonia 
Hipparchia   . . 
hippocoon  (dardanus  ah. 
hippocrepidis,  Anthrocera   51,  185, 
320, 
hippophaes,  Celeiio 
hippothoe,  Chrysophanus  8,  40,  84, 
208,  235,  299, 
hirtaria,  Biston  226,  227,  228,  254 

hispidaria,  Njssia,  Apocheima   98, 

225,  226 
hispidus,  Heliophobus        . .  . .   188 

hispulla  (jurtina  var.),  Epinephele 

190,  262,  297,  326 
homerus,  Papilio     . .  . .  . .   224 

homoeotes,  Dioscore  . .  . .   267 

hortella,  Lithocolietis         . .  . .   327 

hospita  (plantaginis  var.),  Nemeo- 

phila 332 

humuli,  Hepialus    . .  57,  278,  322 

hunii,  Biston  . .  . .  . .   223 

hunza,  Polyommatus 
hutchinsoni    (c-8.1bum    ab.),   Poly- 
gonia      ..  ..       74,76,96, 

hyale,  Colias        39,  173,  192,  223, 

274,  276,  277,  280,  291,  296, 

298,  300,  304,  305,  327,  329,  330 
hybridellana,  Euptecilia    ..  ..   186 

Hydriomena  (Hypsipetes)  . .         . .   179 

Hydrocampa  . .  . .  . .   288 

hylas,  Polyommatus    7,  8,  77,  175, 

186,  207,  289,  298,  299 
hyperantus,  Apbantopus       43,  51, 

168,  206,  225,  226,  230,  231, 

291,299,  313 
hyperborea  (alpina),  Pachnobia  . .  258 
hyperboreus,  Hepialus       . .  . .   307 

Hypochrysops  . .  . .  .  •   232 

hypoleucos  (malvse  var.),  Hesperia 

32,  86 


200 


97 


PAGE. 

Hypolimnas  . .  . .         . .         . .   222 

Hypsipetes  =  Hydriomena 
icarinus  (icarus  ah.),  Polyommatus 

32,  199,  275,  293 
icarus,  Polyommatue  7,  9,  31,  32, 
33,  34,  35,36,43,50,  85,  86, 
88,  163,  165,  166,  186,  187, 
198,  199,  200,  235,  263,  266, 
274,  275,277,289,  292,  293, 
295,  297,  299,  300,  805,  314,  317 
icasia,  Eepantheria  . .  . .   102 

ichneumoniformis,  ^Egeria  . .   324 

ichnusa  (urticse  i;ar.),  Aglais        ..     19 
ida,  Epinephele       . .  . .      262,  297 

Ideopsis         . .  . .  . .  . .   222 

ilia,  Apatura..  .175,189,223,312 

ilia,  Heliconius        . .  . .  . .     73 

iliades  (ilia  ab.),  Apatura  . .  . .   223 

ilicis,    Nordmannia   36,   i63,    289, 

297,  312 
illunaria,  Selenia     . .  . .  . .   328 

immaculata  (rubi  ab.),  Callophrys  297 
immanata,   Cidaria   67,  226,  315,   327 
immundella,  Trifurcula     . .  . .   260 

imperialis,  Teinopalpus     . .  . .   222 

impluviata,    Hydriomena,   Hypsi- 
petes . .  . .         . .  . .     56 

impudens,  Leucania  . .        65,  228 

incerta    (instabilis),   Taeniocampa 

69,  221 
incerta  =  gueneei  =  nickerlii  ..   203 

incerta  =  testacea  (in  error)  . .     91 

incongruella,  Amphisbatis        169,  238 
Incurvaria    . .  . .  . .  . .   254 

ines,  Melanargia     . .  294,  295,  296 

ines,  Thecla  (?)        277 

initia  (phlseas  ab.),  Rumicia         ..   275 
ino,  Brenthis  . .  , .      188,  266 

inornata,  Acidalia  . .         . .         . .   260 

insubrica     (arcania     ab.),    Cccno- 

nympha         . .  . .  . .   288 

interjecta,  Tripbiena  . .        66,  167 

intermedia  (adippe  ah.),  Argynnis  163 
intermedia  (aegeria  ab.),  Pararge  . .   302 
intermedia  (pblseas  ab.),   Eumicia  275 
inuus,  Hemeroplanes  . .  . .   332 

io,  Vanessa     15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20, 

21,  22,  52,  166,  254,  266,  291 
ielas,  LycEena  (Glaucopsycbe)  192,  323 
iole  (iris  ab.),  Apatura        . .  . .   223 

iota  (gueneei  ab.)  (nickerlii  var.), 

Luperina**   ..         ..      171,  203 

iota,  Plusia 212 

iphis,  Ccenonympha  . .      192,  312 

Irriguana,  Sericoris  . .  . .   259 

iris,  Apatura39,  166,  168,  179,  189, 

223,  259,  312 
jacobEese,  Euchelia  . .  . .  . .     56 

janira  =  jurtina 

jantbina,  Tripbeena  ..       66,  167 

jesous,  Castalius      ..  ..        34,     36 

jurassica  (carniolica  var.),  Anthro- 
cera     223 

jurtina  (janira),  Epinephele       32, 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

33,  35,  36,  48,  52,  168,  186, 
190,  218,  262,  289,  291,  297, 

800,  311,  326 


kadeni,  Dysdsemonia 
karsandra   (lysimon   var.), 


231 


Zizera 
31, 


kilmunella,  Elachista 

kleemanella,  LithocoUetis 

labruscae,  Pholus    . . 

lacertinaria,  Drepana 

lactearia,  lodis 

lacticolor      ( grossulariata       ab.), 

Abraxas 
lactipennis        (ornitopus 

Xylina 
1-album  (van-album),  Polygonia  . 
lancealis,  Perinephele 
langii,  Biston 
lappona,  Erebia 
laricella,  Coleophora 
lariciata,  Eupithecia 
lathonia,  Issoria 
lathyri  (sinapis  var.) 
lavateras,  Erynnis  . . 
leda,  Thecla  (?) 
lefebviei,  Erebia 


82 

258 

..  257 

..  102 

70,  103 

..  56 


329 
var,), 
..     97 
164 
56 
..223 
6,  7,  8,  9,  299 
..101 
56,     58 
..      163,  298 
Leptidia     ..   296 
77,  318 
..277 
188,  190,  191 
lefebvrei,  Gegenes  (Parnara)     222,  323 
leighi  (dardanus  ab.),  Papilio       . .   281 
lemnalis.  Cataclysta  . .  . .   268 

Lemoniinse   . .         . .         . .         . .   279 

leporina,  Acronyeta  . .       57,     65 

Leptidia        . .         . .         . .         . .   233 

Lethe..  ..  ..  ..  ..   383 

Leucania       . .         . .  . .         . .   183 

leucomelas,  Anophia  • .         . .   188 

leucomelanella,  Lita  . .         . .   258 

leucomelas  (galathea  ab.),  Melan- 

argia  . .         . .         .  •         . .   192 

leucopbearia,  Hibernia  98,  219, 220,  221 
leucostigma,  Apamea  . .         . .   315 

levana,  Araschnia      209,  266,  267, 

289,  300,  307 
libatrix,  Scoliopteryx  . .        67,  103 

Libythea 280 

lichenea,  Epunda    . .  . .  . .   228 

lienigianus  =  septodactyla 

ligea,  Erebia  39,  78,  103,  207,  228,  235 

lignata  =  vittata 

ligustri,  Sphinx        ..  ..  ..   109 

Limenitis      . .         . .         . .  . .   189 

limitata,  Ortholitha  . .  . .   208 

linea  =  flava 

lineola,  Adopsea       ..         ..        35,  186 

literosa,  Miana         . .  . .  . .     66 

Lithocolletidee  257 

Lithocolletinas  . .  . .  . .   228 

lithodactylus,  Oideematophorus  87,  329 

..64 

..  212 

..  66 

67,  315 

58,  320 

.32,  35,  36 

..  327 

330 


lithorhiza,  Xylocampa 
lithomylea  Xylophasia 
littoralis,  Prodenia  . . 
litura,  Anchocelis    . . 
liturata,  Macaria 
livia,  Hypolyesena   . . 
livornica,  Phryxus  . . 
loga;a,  Retinia  (Ehyacionia) 


longivalvis,  Arcyophora     . .  . .   219 

lonicersB,  Anthrocera       8,  85,  166, 

185,  208,  235 
lorquinii,  Cupido  (Lyceena)  . .   262 

lubricipeda,  Spilosoma      . .  . .     25 

lucens,    Hydrcecia    . .  . .      67,  125 

lucernea,  Agrotis     . .         . .      260,  332 

lucia  (icarus  ab.),  Polyommatus  . .     82 
lucidocellata  (io  ab.),  Vanessa     16, 

19,     22 
lucilla,  Neptis  . .  . .      189,  289 

lucina,  Nemeobius  (Hamearis)    50, 

64,  84,  168 
lucipara,  Euplexia  . .  . .  .  •     56 

lugens  (galathea  ab.),  Melanargia     329 
lugubris,  Melasina  . .  . .  . .     78 

lunsedactyla  (phseodactyla),  Maras- 
marcha      . .  . .  . .  . .     37 

lunaria,  Selenia       . .  . .  . .     51 

lunosa,  Anchocelis  . .         . .         . .     67 

Luperina       ..  ..  91,  102,  172 

lupulinus,  Hepialus  . .         . .   181 

lurideola,  Lithosia  . .  . .  . .   186 

lutea  (flavago),  (silago)  Citria      ..     67 
luteago,  Dianthcecia  . .  . .   228 

luteata,  Acidalia      . .  . ,  . .     58 

luteella,  Nepticula  . .         . .         . .   246 

lutipennella,  Coleophora    ..         ..   260 

lutosa,  Calamia       • .  . .  . .     51 

lutulenta,  Epunda  ,.  ..      228,  315 

LycEena  42,  199 

Lycsenidffi  8,  40,  72,  215,  240,  305,  322 
lycaon,  Epinephele. .  ..      175,  192 

lycia  (encedon  uar.),  Acraea  ..   331 

lycidas,  Plebeius      . .  . .  . .   298 

lysimon,  Zizera        ..  ..31,82,     36 

machaon,  Papilio      34,  36,  39,  42, 

225,  277,  288,  289,  294,  295,  817 
maculata,  Venilia   . .  . .  . .   288 

maculiferella,  Lita  . .         . .  . .   258 

masra,  Pararge  8,  9,  31,  32,  86,  42, 

78,  208,  288,  297,  299,  312, 

314,  317 
magnimaculata   (io   ab.),   Vanessa 

16,  17,  18,     19 
maguimaculata-obscura     (io    ab.), 

Vanessa  . .  . .  • .  17 
major  (phlaeas  ab.),  Kumicia  . .  275 
malvffi,  Hesperia   32,  36,  165,  166, 

222,  266,  280,  294,  817 
manni,  Pieris  . .  84,  163,  185,  273 
marchandii  (melanops  ab.),  Glauco- 

psyche  . .         . .  . .   297 

marginalis  (io  ab.),  Vanessa  16,  17,     22 
marginaria,  Hybernia  98,  225,  231,  320 
marginepunctata,  Acidalia  . .  280 

mantima,  Senta      . .  . .  . .     52 

marmorea,  Lita       . .  . .  . .   258 

marmorinaria   (leueophearia   ab.), 

Hybernia       ..  ..      219,  220 

mathias,  Chapra     . .  . .        35,     36 

matronalis   (plantaginis    ab.),   Ne- 

meophila       . .  . .  . .   324 

maturna,  Melitsea      163,  188,  265,  821 
maura.  Mania  . .         . .         . .   327 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

medon  (astrarche),  Alicia  7,  31,32, 
34,   35,   36,  50,  78,  85,  «8, 
162,  163,  186,  208,  209,  235, 
257,  258,  266,  289,  292,  293, 

295,  297,  305 

medusa,  Erebia       . .          . .          . .  191 

meeki,  Dioscore       . .          . .          . .  267 

meeki,  Ogyris           . .          . .          . .  232 

megacephala,  Acronycta,  (Cuspidia) 

57,  218 
megrera,  Pararge    36,  42,  291,  302, 

324,  326 

mebadiensis  (athalia  ah.),  Melitsea  164 
melampus,   Melampias  7,   9,   207, 

228,  235 

melania,  Tachyris  . .          , .          . .  331 

melanopa,  Anarta  . .          . .          . .  10 

melanops,    Glaucopsyche,   Lycfena 

263,  295,  297 

luelanotica  (daphne  ab.),  Brenthis  332 
melanotoxa   (icarus  ab.),  Polyom- 

matus            . .          . .      275,  293 

melas,  Erebia          . .          . .      190,  191 

meleager,  Polyommatus      35,  174, 

175,  192 

melibceus  (alciphron  ab.),   Loweia  77 

meliloti  (vicise),  Anthrocera          . .  223 

Melitea         . .          . .       9,  78,  295,  313 

melotis,  Hesperia    . .         . .          . .  222 

melpomone,  Heliconius      . .          . .  73 

mendica,  Spilosoma            . .          . .  57 

mendicaria,  Gnophos          . .          . .  208 

mensuraria,  Eubolia          . .          . .  186 

menthastri,  Spilosoma  56,  212,  225,  267 

meridionalis,  Ornithoptera            . .  222 
meridionalis(euphemei;t<?".),  Zegris 

295,  296 

merope  (aurinia  I'ar.),  Melitaja  9,  188 

merope,  Papilio       ..          ..         ..  287 

mesentina,  Belenois  31,  33,  34,  35,  36 
mesoides  (io  ab.),  Vanessa    16,  j7, 

18,  19,  20,  21,  22 
mesoides-brunnea  {ioab.),  Vanessa 

16,  18,  20,  21,  22 

mesoides-clara  (io  ab.),  Vanessa  . .  16 
mesoides -lucidocellata      (io     ab.), 

Vanessa         . .          . .          . .  18 

mesoides-paivimaculata     (io     ab.) 

Vanessa  . .  . .  .18 

mesoides-splendens  (io  a/;.),  Vanessa  18 
mesoides-viridiocellata      (io     ab.), 

Vanessa         . .          . .          . .  18 

mesomella,  Lithosia           . .          . .  332 

Mesosemia    . .         . .          . .          . .  279 

metaxella,  Neniophora        . .          . .  246 

meticulosa,  Phlogophora   . .          . .  51 

mi,  Euciidia. .          . .  58,  166,  267,  289 

micacea,  Hydrcecia              . .          . .  67 

microdactyla,  Adaina         . .          2,  37 

Micropterygides       . .          . .          . .  254 

Micropteryx 126,  254 

microtheriella,  Nepticula   . .          . .  223 
minima  =  napella  (napi  ab.), 
minimus,  Cupido     7,  9,  77,  78,  79, 

186,  187,  210,  245,  299 


9, 
70, 
37, 


minor  =  napella  (napi  ab.) 

minor  (gueneei  ab.),  Luperina**  89, 

minor  (rapfe  ab.),  Pieris 

minor  (sinapis  ab.),  Leptidia 

minorata,  Emmelesia 

minutata,  Eupithecia 

misippus,  Hypolimnas       ..33,36, 

mixta  (icarus  ab.),  Polyommatus. . 

mnemosyne,  Parnassius     223,  299 
300, 

mnestra,  Erebia 

monacba,  Psilura    . . 

moneta,  Plusia 

monilifera,  Narycia 

moaodactyla,  Emmelina 

monoglypha  (polyodon),  Xylophasia 

67, 

montana  (semiargusrar.),  Cyaniris 

montanata,  Melanippe 

morpheas,  Caradrina 

morpheus,  Heteropterus    . . 

Morpho 

mulinella,  Gelechia 

munda,  Tseniocampa 

mundana,  Nudaria  . . 

muralis  (glandifera),  Bryophila    . . 

murana,  Myelobius. . 

murinata,  Minoa 

murinipennella,  Coleophora 

murrayi     (gueneei    ab.)    (nickeilii 

rur.),  Luperina**  54,  74,  76, 

89,  203, 

mylitta,  Antherea    .. 

myricffi   (euphorbise    var. 
myscis 

myrtillata,  Gnophos 

naevana,  Grapholitba 

nana  (napi  ab.),  Pieris 

nanata,  Eupithecia.. 

napsese  (napi  var.),  Pieris 

napella  (napi  ab.),  Pieris 

napi,  Pieris  52,  79,  163,  167,  183, 
185,  246,  247,  273,  280,  283, 
289,  290,  291,  298,  299,  300, 
302  ,304,  305,  314,  317,  325, 

nastes,  Colias  . .         . .      327, 

nebulosa,  Aplecta       216,  221,  225, 
226,  230,  231,  283, 

nechus,  Xylophanes 

Nemophora  . . 

neoiidas,  Erebia 

Nepticula 

Nepticulidffi  . . 

Neptis 

nero,  Tachyris 

neustria,  Malacosoma 

neutrellus  (falsellus  var.),  Crambus 

nevadensis  (deione   var.),  Melita^a 
295, 

nickerlii  (gueneei),  Luperina      53, 

54,  74,  76,  89,  90,  91,  92, 

171,172,  201,  202,  203,  204, 

205,  227,  246,  269, 

nictitans,  Hydrcecia  ..66,  67, 

nigra,  Epunda         . .         . .        67, 


203 
273 

274 
259 
66 
330 
275 

323 
207 
167 
305 
119 
329 

212 
299 

56 
221 
317 
324 
258 

64 

66 
179 

51 
332 
246 


Arcto- 


227, 


273, 


175, 


189, 
222, 


227 
227 

7 
208 
228 
273 
66 
163 
302 


326 
331 

332 
332 
254 
188 
126 
223 
334 
331 
51 
324 

296 


270 
125 

228 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGK. 

nigra  (trapezina  ab.),  Calymnia   . .  103 

nigra  (gemmaria  ab.),  Hybernia  . .  51 

nigra  (orion  ab.),  Scolitantides     . .  162 

nigra  (tritici  ab.),  Agrotis  . .          . .  102 

nigrescens  (comes  ab.),  Tripbgena  226 

nigrescens  (podalirius  ab.),  Papilio  280 

nigricans,  Agrotis    ..          ..57,66,  102 

nigricans  (papbia  ab.),  Dryas       . .  223 

nigricella,  Coleopbora        . .          . .  259 
nigrifasciata  (io  ab.),  Vanessa 


19, 
20, 


22 
16 
228 
221 
223 
259 


nigriocellata  (io  ab.),  Vanessa 
nigrocincta,  Polia    . . 
nigrofasciaria,  Anticlea 
nigrofasciata  (hyale  ab.),  Colias 
nigromaculana,  Grapbolitba 
nigromaculata   (icarus  ab.),   Poly- 

ommatus        . .  . .       32,     34 

nigrostriata  (maritima  ab.),  Senta      52 
niobe,  Argynnis       . .         . .  . .   207 

nireus,  Papilio         . .         . .  . .   287 

nivatus  (apollo  var.),  Parnassius. .   312 
niveidactyla,  (baliodactyla),  Wbeel- 

eria 37,  185 

Noctua  . .  . .  . .  . .   267 

Noctuaj  64,  65,  67,  251,  286,  288,  323 
Noctuelites    . .  . .  . .  . .     84 

Noctuidee 179,  286 

nogelii,  Tbestor       . .  . .  . .     33 

Nonagria       . .  . .  . .  . .   183 

nordmanni,  Parnassius      . .  . .   321 

nostrodamus,  Panara,  Gegenes  31, 

36,  222,  317,  323 
notabilis,  Heliconius  . .  . .     73 

notata,  Macaria       . .  . .  . .   259 

notatella,  Teleia      . .  . .  . .   257 

Notodontidse  . .  . .      286,  287 

novaree  (apollo  ah.),  Parnassius    . .   223 
nubigena  (purpuralis  ab.),  Anthro- 

cera    . .         . .         . .         8,     78 

nubilosa  (mnemosyne  ab.),  Parnas- 
sius     300 

Nudaurelia    . .  . .  . .         . .     86 

nupta,  Catocala       168,   218,    219,  328 
nympbaeata,  Hydrocampa. .  ..  286 

Nympbalidffi 287,  334 

obliquaria,  Cbesias. .  ..  ..58 

obscura  (ravida),  Agrotis   . .  . .     65 

obscura  (arion  ab.),  Lycaena  . .   289 

obscurata  (aria),  Gnophos    52,  58, 

70,  226,  258 
cbscurella,  Elachista  . .         . .   260 

obsoleta,  Leucania  . .         . .         . .     65 

obsoleta    (coridon    ab.),    Agriades 

192,  274 
obsoleta  (cursoria  ab.),  Agrotis  . .  75 
obsoleta  (hyale  ab.),  Colias  . .   274 

obsoleta  (icarus  ab.),  Polyommatus  275 
obsoleta  (tiliffi  ab.),  Mimas  ..   321 

occitanica   (phcebe  var.),    Melitasa 

295,  296 

occulta,  Aplecta 280 

ocellata,  Melanthia. .         ..  ..58 

ochracea,  Gortyna  . .         . .         . .   315 

ochraceella.  Tinea 169 


ochrata,  Acidalia 
ochrea  (cursoria  ab.),  Agrotis 
ochrodactyla,  Gillmeria     . . 
octomaculalis,  Pyralis  (Ennychia 
odius,  Aganisthos    . . 
CEcophoridfe. . 
cedipus,  Ccenonympha 
oleracea,  Hadena     . .  . .      212 

omega  (augur  ab.),  Noctua 
omicronaria  =  annulata 
00,  Dicycla  . . 
ophiogramma,  Apamea 
opima,  Tfeniocampa 
optata,  Catocala 
optilete,  Vacciniina. .  9,  235,  280 
or,  Cymatophora 
orbicularia,  Ephyra.  . 
orbifer,  Pyrgus  (Powellia)  32,  35 
36,  192 
orbitella,  Coleopbora 
orbitulus,  Latiorina  188,  235,  280 
orbona,  Tripbrena  . . 
orientalis  (mtera  var.),  Pararge  . 
orion,  Scolitantides. .  162,192 
ornata,  Acidalia       . .  . .      186 

ornata,  Gloriana 
ornata  (feistbameliiat.)  (podalirius 

var.),  Papilio 
ornata  (orion  ab.),  Scolitantides 
ornatrix,  Deiopeia   . . 
Orneodidte     . . 
Ornithoptera 

ornitopus  (rbizolitha),  Xylina** 
osiris  (sebrus),  Cupido  79,  186 
osseata,  Acidalia 
osteodactyla,  Hellinsia  ..  1,29 
oxyacanthfe,  Miselia 
oxyacantbffi,  Lithocolletis  . . 
palsemon,  Carterocephalus   (Cyclo 

pides) 

palajno,  Colias  . .  . .  313 
pales,  Brenthis  7,  188,  235,  312 
pallens,  Leucania  . .  228,  320 
pallida  (comes  ab.),  Tripheena 
pallida  (edusa  ab.),  Colias. . 
pallida  (populi  ab.),  Amorpha 
pallida-rufescens  (comes  ab.),  Tri 

phsena 
pallidactyla,  Gillmeria 
palpina,  Ptilodontis     57,  286,  287 
paludis,  Hydroecia  . . 
pamphilus,  Ccenonympha     34,  84 

165,  166,  186,  266,  289, 291 

297,  311,  313 
pandalis,  Botys 
pandora,  Dryas        . .    32,  36,  163 
panoptes  (baton  ab.),  Scolitantides 
295 
papbia,  Dryas    42,  52,  65,  77,  163 

166,  167,  168,  189,  223,  266 

291 
Papilio        223,  225,  285,  286,  287 

288 
papilionaria,  Geometra  . .  58,  70 
Papilionidffi  . .         . .         183,  225 


AGE. 
186 

75 
37 
58 
224 
169 
313 
229 
103 

65 
228 

57 
188 
314 
321 
251 

318 
246 
330 
64 
31 
289 
297 
103 

280 
162 
102 

27 
222 

97 
187 
186 

31 

67 
257 

266 
327 
313 
327 
226 
274 
227 

226 
37 

288 
125 


329 

58 

192 

297 


312 

323 
332 

285 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

paradisea,  Ornithoptera     . .  . .   222 

paralecta,  Kallima  . .  . .  . .   222 

ParnassiidiB  . .  . .  . .  . .   321 

Parnassius    . .  . .      8,  72,  235,  334 

parthenias,  Brephos      58,  64,  218 

257,  306 
parthenie,  Melitaea  . .  78,  235,  313,  314 
parvidactyla,  Oxyptilia      . .  . .     37 

parvimaculata  (io  ab.),  Vanessa   . .     16 
pascuellus,  Crambus  . .  . .   315 

pasiphae,  Epinephele         . .      263,  297 
pastinum,  Toxocampa       . .  . .     65 

paulina,  Catophaga  . .  . .   331 

payeni,  Papilio         . .  . .  . .   222 

pedaria,  Phigalia     . .  . .        98,  100 

pelopea,  Satyrus      . .  . .  . .     32 

peltigera,  Heliothis 228 

pendularia,  Ephyra,  Zonosoma251,  326 
pennigeraria,  Eurranthis  . .  . .   298 

pentadactyla,  Alucita         . .  . .     37 

perla,  Bryophila       . .  . .  . .   179 

perlellus,  Crambus  . .  . .  . .   186 

Peronea         . .  . .  . .  . .   324 

persicariae,  Mamestra         . .  . .   286 

petraria,  Panagra    . .  . .         . .     56 

petrificata  =  socia 

peucedani,  Anthrocera       . .  . .   185 

pbffiodactyla  =  lunsedactyla 

phegea,  Syntomis    . .  . .        77,  326 

pberetes,  Albulina  . .  245,  280,  330 

pbicomone,  Colias  6,  7,  8,  79,  188 

234,  298,  327 
philippsi,  Polia       . .  . .  . .   101 

Pbilosamia  . .  . .  . .  . .   216 

phlseas,  Rumicia  31,  32,  36,  162 
247,  274,  275,  280,  289,  292 
297,  304,  314,  317,  326,  327 

328.  332 
phcebe,  Melitea      36,  77,  208,  295 


229 


51 


296,  298,  299 
phorbas,  Pholus 
phragmitidis,  Calamia 
phrygialis,  Titanio  . . 
picana  =  corticana 
picata,  Cidaria 
Pierina; 
Pierip.. 

pilosella  =  tithonus  .. 
pilzii,  Biston 
pinastri,  Dipterygia 
pinastri,  Hyloicus   . . 
piniperda,  Panolis  . . 
pinivorana,  Eetinia 
pisi,  Hadena 
plagiata,  Anaitis 
plagicolella,  Nepticula 
plantaginis,  Nemeophila 

314,  323,  324 
Platyptilia     . . 
Plebeiidse 
plecta,  Noctua 
plesseni,  Heliconius 
plexippus,  Danaida  (Anosia) 
pluraifera,  Psycbe   . . 
podalirius,  Papilio     31,  32,  34,  36 


225 
56,  102 

64,  21*0 


51 


317 

332 

328 

9 

58 
228 
256 

39 
223 

66 
231 

64 
260 
276 
297 
246 

332 
2 

109 
56 
73 

330 
10 


PAGE. 

39,  175,  280,  294,  295 
podana,  Tortrix       . .  . .  . .   326 

polychloros,  Eugonia     36,  75,  164, 

168,  221 
polydama    (typhon    var.),    Cceno- 

nympha         . .         . .  . .     39- 

polyleucotes,  Anisozyga     ..         ..  267' 

polyodon  =  monoglypha 

polyxena,  Thais      . .  . .  , .   220 

pomifoliella,  Lithocolletis  .  .         . .   257 

pomonella,  Carpocapsa      . .  . .   254 

popularis,  Heliophobus      . .         . .     67 

populata,  Cidaria    . .  . .  . .   226 

populella,  Tachyptilia        . .  . .   260 

populetorum,  Gracilaria    . .  . .   246 

populi,  Amorpha  (Smerinthus)  56, 

70,  103,  227,  327,  329 
populi,  Limenitis    . .  . .      189,  266 

populi,  Pcecilocampa  . .         . .     69 

porata,  Zonosoma   . .         . .  . .     58 

porcellus,  Theretra  . .  . .        37,     70 

porphyrea  =  strigula 

poseidon,  Agriades  (?),  H.  . .  . .     35 

posteromaculata  (napi  ah.),  Pieris  290 
posticana,  Eetinia  (Rliyacionia)   . .   330 
potatoria,  Cosmotricbe       . .  . .   279 

powelli  (iolas  ab.),  Lycsena,  Glau- 

copsyche        . .  . .  . .   323^ 

prffiangusta,  Batracheda    . .  . .   260' 

praeclara  (aurinia  var.),  Melitaea  . .     52 
prseformata,  Anaitis  . .  . .   102 

prasina  (herbida),  Aplecta     56,  57, 

64,  65,  228,  326 
prasinana,  Hylophila         . .        57,     70- 
priamus,  Ornithoptera       . .  . .   222 

procellata,  Melanippe         . .  . .     58- 

procida  (galathea  var.)  Melanargia 

175,  192,  289 
prodromana,  Amphisa        . .      257,  306 
progemmaria,  Hybernia     ..      221,  232. 
pronuba,  Triphaena  25,  26,  65,  225,  226 
prorsa  (levana  var.),  Araschnia   . .   300 
protea,  Hadena        . .  67,  315,  326- 

proto,  Musehampia,  Pyrgus  (Hes- 

peria)         . .        35,  36,  262,  297,  3ia 
protodice,  Colias      . .  . .  . .   323 

provincialis  (apoUo  var.),  Parnas- 
sius     321 

pruinata,  Pseudopterpna   . .  . .   186 

prunaria,  Angerona    58,  183,  227,  329 
pruni,  Strymon  (Thecla)       36,  65, 

84,  168,  26& 
Pseudosphex  . .  . .      115,  224 

psi,  Triasna  (Acronycta)     . .  . .   21S 

psodea  (medusa  var.),  Erebia       , .   191 
psyttalea,  Amauris  . .         . .         . .   282- 

pterodactyla,  Stenoptilia    . .  . .     37 

Pterophori    . .         . .  . .         .  •  254 

PterophoridsB  . .  . .  . .     27 

pudibunda,  Dasychira        . .        56,     70 
pudorina,  Leucania. .  . .  . .     66 

pulchella,  Deicpeia  . .  . .      262,  298 

pulchellata,  Eupithecia  ..  56,  58 
pulchrina,  Plusia  , .  . .  57,  212 
pulveraria,  Numeria  . .  . .     70 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

pulverulenta  (cruda),  Tseniocampa 

52,  (54,  69,  221,  260 
pumilata,  Eupithecia  . .         . .     58 

punctata,  Naclia      . .  . .  . .     41 

purdeyi,  Rhyacionia,  Eetinia        . .   330 
purpuralis,  Anthrocera        8,  9,  78,  208 
purpuralis,  Botys  (Pyrausta)         9,  186 
pusaria,  Cabera       . .  . .        56,     70 

putris,  Axylia  . .  . .        65,     66 

Pyralidse 287 

pyratorum,  Saturnia  . .  . .   227 

pyrenaica  (lefebvrei  ab.),  Erebia  ..    188 
pyrenaicus,  Hepialus  . .      188,  307 

pyrene,  Ixias  . .  . .  . .   222 

pyri,  Saturnia  . .  . .  . .   322 

quadrella  =  tessella 

quadrifaria,  Parascotia  (Psodos)  7,       8 

quercana,  Hvlophila  . .  . .     66 

quercus,  Bithys  36,  42,  64,  167, 175,  327 
quercus,  Bombyx  (Lasiocampa)   . .   225 
quinqneguttella,  Lithocolletis       . .   257 
radiellus,  Crambus  . .  . .    7,  79,  208 

ramella,  Grapholitha  . .  . .   260 

ramosa  (aurita  vac),  Setina         ..   208 

rapa?,  Pieris     7,  31,  33,  34,  36,  84, 

163,  165,  185,  229,  243, 244, 

245,  246,  256,  272,  273,276, 

277,  290,  295,  300,  304,  305, 

314,  323,  326,  328 
raschkiella,  Laverna  ..  ..  246 

ratzburgiana,  Pfedisca        . .      254,  260 

ravida  =  obscura 

reclusa,  Clostera      . .  . .  . .     70 

rectangulata,  Eupithecia      56,  66,  315 
regis,  Ornithoptera. .  ..  ..   222 

remissa  (gemina  ab.),  Apamea     ..  228 
remus,  Papilio         . .         . .         . .  285 

remutata,  Acidalia  . .  . .  . .     56 

renago  (oo  ab.),  Dicyela     . .  . .     65 

renigera  (lucernea  ab.),  Agrotis    . .   260 
repandata,  Boarmia     58,  100,  102, 

183,  216,  332 
retiella,  Epichnopteryx      . .  . .   220 

retinella,  Argyresthia  . .  . .    260 

Eetinia  =  Rhyacionia  ..  ..   330 

revayana  =  undulanus 

Ehagades 109 

rhamni,  Gonepteryx    42,  165,  167, 

231,  289,  291,  330 
rhediella,  Pyrodes   . .  . .  . .   257 

Rhinopalpa  . .  . .  . .  .  .   222 

rhododactyla,  Eucnemidophorus  . .     37 
Rhyacionia  (Retinia,  Evetria)       . .   330 
rhynchosporella    (albidella),     Ela- 

chista  . .  . .  . .   258 

ridens,  Asphalia       . .  . .  . .   166 

rinaldus  (selene  ab.),  Brenthis      . .   312 
ripae,  Agrotis  . .  . .  54,  66,  328 

ripartii   (admetus  var.),  Hirsutina 

32,  175 
ripheus,  Urania       . .  . .     •    , .     85 

rippertii  {in  error)  =  ripartii 

voborana,  Spilonota  . .         . .   320 

roboraria  Boarmia  . .  166,  320,  332 

roboris,  Lseosopis    . .         . .         . .   240 


robsoni  (nebulosa  ab.),  Aplecta  226, 

231r^83,  332 
rondoui  (plantaginis  ab.),  Nemeo- 

phila  . .  . .  . .  . .  323 

roseticolana,  Stigmonota  . .  . .  246 

rossii  (manni  var.),  Pieris  ..  163 

roxelana,  Pararge       161,  164,  189,  190 

ruberata,  Hydriomena  (Hypsipetes)  280 
rubi,  Callophrys  84,  163,  168,  266, 

295,  297 

rubi,  Macrothylacia  (Bombyx)  210,  226 


56,  280,  315 
..  103 
..  64 
70,  288 
.69,  70,  221 
..  73 
. .  52 
186,  225 
226 
228 
320 
67 
293 

187 

56,     65 

263,  294,  295 

..       9 

..   109 

56,     64 

56,     58 


rubi,  Noetua 

rubidata,  Anticlea   . . 

rubiginea,  Dasycampa 

rubricollis,  Gnophria 

rubricosa,  Pachnobia 

rubripicta,  Heliconiu? 

rufa,  Ccenobia 

rufata,  Ghesias 

rufescens  (comes  ab.),  Triphasna 

rufescens  (pallens  ab.),  Leucania 

rufimitrella,  Adela  . . 

ruflna,  Anchocelis   . . 

rufina  (icarus  ab.),  Polyommatus 

rufopunctatus  (icarus  ab.),  Polyom 

matus 
rumicis,  Pharetra    . . 
rumina,  Thais    261,  262, 
rupestralis,  Orenaia 
Ruralidae 

rurea,  Xylophasia   . . 
russata,  Cidaria 
russula  =  sannio 

rusticana,  Clepsis      .  . .  . .   260 

rutikis  (dispar  rar.),  Chrysophanus 

120,  187, 188,  192,  193,  210, 

316,  333 
sacraria,  Sterrha  . .  262,  297,  326 
sagitta  (cursoria  ab.),  Agrotis  . .  75 
salinaris,  Gnorimoschema. .  ..    181 

salmacis  (medon  var.),  Aricia       ..     88 
sambucaria,  Urapteryx      . .  . .   328 

sannio  (russula),  Diacrisia     65,  75, 

259,  314,  327,  332 
sao  (Powellia),  Hesperia     ..  ..   297 

saponariffi,  Neuria  ..  .,64,65,     66 

satellitia,  Seopelosoma 
Saturniidse    . . 
Satyridae 
Satyrus 

scabioselius,  Nematois 
scarodactyla,  Adaina 
schmidtii  (phljeas  ab.),  Rumicia   . , 
schmidtii  =  alba  (phleeas  ab.),  Ru 

micia . . 
schcenbergia,  Ornithoptera 
schranckella,  Chrysoclista 
schrankiana,  Titanio 
schulziana,  Mixodia 
Sciaphila 

scolifeformis,  ^geria 
scolopacina,  Xylophasia 
Scoparia 

scota  (semele  var.),  Hipparchia* 
scoticella,  Ornix 


221 

216,  227 

174,  192 

..  43 

..  186 

..   2 

326 


275 
..  222 
..  259 
6,  9 
..  259 
..  225 
..  75 
66,  226 
229,  288 
324 
257 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

sebrus  =  osiris 

secalis  (didyma),  Apamea  . .          ..  315 

selene,  Brenthis  52,  166,  225,  259, 

266,  288,  291,  312,  320,  327,  332 
semele,  Hipparchia         41,  43,  69, 

174,  185,  291,  324,  326,  330 

semi-alba  (jurtina  ah.),  Epinephele  289 
semi-arcuata  (icarus  ah.),  Polyom- 

matus            ..         ..        38,  275 
semiargus  (cymon),  Cyaniris        6, 

7,  8,  9,  40,  43,  75,  79,  186, 

187,  207.  211,  288,  289,299,  314 

semibrunnea,  Xylina          . .          . .  327 

semicolon  (lineola  ah.),  Adopsea  . .  35 

semiiulvella.  Tinea. .         ..          ..  260 

semipurpurella,  Eriocrania           . .  257 
semisyngrapha       (coridon       ah.), 

Agriades        . .         . .          . .  328 

seppella,  Micropteryx         . .          . .  258 

septodactyla    (lienigianus),    Oven- 

denia  . .          . .         . .         . .  37 

serena,  Heeatera     . .          . .         . .  57 

sericealis  (phrygialis  ah.),  Titanio  9 

sericealis,  Kivula     . .          . .        64,  75 

serotinaria,  Gnophos          . .          . .  208 

serratulae,  Hesperia            . .         . .  298 

Sesia  =  ^geria         ..          ..      109,  328 

sibilla,  Limenitis    . .         189,  266,  312 

sibirica,  Erynnis     . .          . .      222,  223 

sichsea  (fatua  ah.),  Satyrus  32,  34,  36 

sidas,  Hesperia         . .         122,  223,  318 

sieboldii,  Epichnopteryx    . .          . .  10 

silaceata,  Cidaria    . .          . .  56,  58,  226 

silago  =  lutea 

similella  =  stipella 

simplonia,  Antbocharis     . .      298,  299 

sinapis,  Leptosia        32,  34,  35,  36, 

41,  77,  163,  165,  175,  186, 

192,  262,  274,  289,  296,  300, 

317,  330 
sinelinea  (alinea)   (brevilinea  ah.), 

Nonagria       . .         . .          . .  315 

smaragdaiia,  Phorodesma . .          . .  70 

socia,  (petrifieata),  Xylina            ..  327 

solidaginis,  Caloeampa      . .          . .  67 

Somabracbys           . .          . .          . .  239 

sordidata  (elutata),  Hypsipetes     ..  327 

sparganii,  Nonagria            . .          . .  67 

sparsata,  Collix       . .          . .          . .  228 

spheciformis,   ^geria  52,  64,  75,  279 
spbegif  ormis  =  sphe  eif  ormis 

Spbingidse 285,  287 

Spbinx           109 

spini,  Klugia            . .    36,  161,  163,  174 

spinolella,  Litbocolletis      ..         ..  257 

splendens  (io  ah.),  Vanessa         16,  17 

splendana,  Carpocapsa       . .          . .  254 

splendidella,  Dioryctria     . .          . .  260 

stabilis,  Tffniocampa          . .        64,  221 

stacyi,  Zelotypia      . .          . .          . .  222 

statices,   Adscita   (Ino)    165,    167, 

208,  320 

statilinus,  Satyrus  . .         . .         . .  174 

stellatarum,  Sesia    . .          . .      167,  206 

stigmatica,  Noctua  . .          . .         . .  64 


PAGE. 

stipella  (similella),  Oecopbora      . .   260 
stoliczkana,  Polyommatus  88,  199,  200 
straminea,  Leucania  . .  . .   228 

strigilaria,  Acidalia  . .  . .   332 

strigula  (porpbyrea),  Agrotis      57,     66 
stygne,  Erebia         . .       7,9,  188,  314 
subbaumanniana,  Argyrolepia      . .   186 
subbistrigella,  Laverna      . .  . .   246 

subfulvata,  Eupithecia       . .       58,  327 
sublustris,  Xylopbasia        . .       65,  212 
subornatella,  Pbycis  . .  . .   186 

subrosea,  Noctua     . .         . .  . .   220 

subroseata  (pendularia  ah.),  Ephy- 

ra,  Zonosoma  . .         . .   326 

subsequa  =  orbona 

subsericeata,  Acidalia         . .         . .     56 

subterranea,  Gnorimoschema       . .   181 
subtristata,  Melanippe       . .         . .     56 

subtusa,  Tethea       . .  . .  . .     66 

sudetica  (melampus  var.),  Melam- 

pias 207 

suffumata,  Cidaria  . .  . .        56,     58 

suffusa,  Peridroma  . .  . .     66 

sutfusa  (furcifera  a6.),  Xylina  ..  326 
suffusa  (pblasas  ah.),  Eumicia  162,  275 
suspecta,  Orthosia  . .  65,  228,  260 

syllius,  Melanargia  121,  122,  295,  297 
sylvanus,  Augiades     162,  165,  186, 

266,  289,  294,  318 
syivata.  Abraxas      . .  58,  226,  267 

sylvella,  Litbocolletis         . .  . .   327 

sylvestrana,  Ehyacionia,  Retinia..  330 
syngrapba  (coridon  ah.),  Agriades  231 
Syntomiidai  ..  ..  ..  ..   232 

Syntomis 223 

syriaca  (bermione  afc.),  Satyrus  32,     34 

Syrichtus 287 

syringaria,  Pericallia  . .  . .     51 

syringella,  Gracilaria         . .  . .   326 

Tacbyris        222,  331 

tffiniata,  Emmelesia  . .  . .   260 

tages,  Nisoniades       162,  165,  166, 

280,  294,  317,  320 
tagis,  Antbocharis,  Euchloe     262, 

294,  296 
taras  (malvse  a?).),  Hesperia  ..   280 

tarsipennalis,  Herminia    . .  . .     58 

taurinorum  (aethiops  var.),  Erebia  324 
taxila,  Agriades        . .  . .  . .   333 

telicanus,  Raywardia      32,  33,  34, 

36,  262,  289 
telmessia  (jurtina  var.),  Epinephele 

33,     36 
teloides  (io  ah.),  Vanessa       16,  17, 

18,  20,  21,     22 
teloides-brunnea  (io  ah.),  Vanessa 

16,  17,  18,     20 
teloides-clara  (io  ah.),  Vanessa   16,     17 
teloides-lucidocellata  (io  ah.),  Va- 
nessa  17,  18,     19 

teloides-nigrifasciata  (io  ah.),   Va- 
nessa         20,     22 

teloides-splendens  (io  ah.),  Vanessa     18 
temerata,  Bapta      . .         . .         . .     56 

tenebrella,  Monochroa       . .         . .   258 


SPECIAL   INDEX. 


PAGE. 

tenebrosa,  Eusina   . .         . .         . .     56 

tephradactyla,  Leioptilus  . .      243,  '259 

Tephrosia 125,  251 

terrella,  Bryotropha  . .         . .   258 

tersata,  Philbalapteryx  . .  . .  58 
tessella  (quadrella),  Gelechia  . .  51 
tessellum,  Hesperia  . .  . .     36 

testacea,  Luperina  53,  54,  67,  89, 
90,  91,  92,  171,  172,  173, 
201,  202,  203,  204,  205,  246, 

269,  270 
testata,  Cidaria        . .         . .  . .     58 

tetradactyla  =  tridactyla 

teucrii  =  heterodactyla 

thalassina,  Hadena. .         ..         ..56 

Thalassodes  ..         ..      265,  267 

thersamon,  Chrysophanus    31,  32, 

33,  34,  35,  36,  192,  193 

Thestor         38 

thetis  (bellargus),  Agriades  43, 163, 

231,  263,  292,  295,  297,  333 
thetis,  Chrysophanus         . .  . .     35 

thompsoni  (nebulosa  ab.],  Aplecta 

226,  231,  283,  332 
thore,  Brenthis  . .  . .  288,  299 
tigelius  (megsera  var.),  Pararge    . .   326 

tiliae,  Mimas 254,  321 

tincta,  Aplecta         . .         . .  . .   332 

Tinese  234 

Tineina         . .  . .         .  .      168,  325 

tipuliformis,  ^geria  . .  . .   167 

tiresias  =  argiades    ..         ..  ..85 

Titanio  . .  . .  9,     10 

titea,  Melanargia     . .  . .         . .     36 

tithonus,  Epinephele     39,  43,  168, 

173,  224,  291 
torquillella,  Ornix  . .  . .  . .   246 

Tortricidaj 330 

transalpina,  Anthrocera  8,  78,  185, 

208,  235 
trapezina,  Calymnia  ..      108,  212 

trepidaria,  Parascotia        . .  8,     10 

tridactyla  (tetradactyla),  Merrifieldia 

37,  186 
tridens,  Trisena,  Acronycta  66,  286,  288 
trifolii,  Anthrocera    55,  65,  76,  85, 

166,  279 
trigeminana,  Ephippiphora  . .   259 

trigrammica,  Grammesia  . .  . .     56 

tripuncta  (icarusaft.),  Polyommatus  32 
tritici,  Agrotis  ..         ..66,67,102 

trivia,  Melitsea     32,  33,  34,  35,  36, 

163,  164 
trochilus,  Chilades  . .      34,  35,  36,  317 
trophonius  (dardanus  var.),  Papilio  281 
troyana,  Ornithoptera        . .         . .   222 

truncata,  Cidaria     . .         . .         . .  315 

tubulosa,  Talseporia  . .  . .   119 

turcica  (urticse  var.),  Aglais  . .     32 

turcica  (galathea  var.),  Melanargia  192 
tutti,  Megacraspedus  . .  . .   113 

tyndarus,  Erebia     9,  79,  188,  207, 

234,  235,  323 
typhae  =  arundinis 


PAGE. 

typhon  (davus)  Ccenonympha     39, 

84,  120,  259,  280,  313,  332 
188 


56, 


65 

228 

58 

..  65 

259,  260 

ab.), 

..   280 

57 

58 

220 

56 

85 

109,  317 


ulicis,  Cosmia 
ulmata  =  sylvata 
ulvEe,  Senta  . . 
umbra,  Chariclea     . . 
unangulata,  Melanippe 
unanimis,  Apamea.. 
uncana,  Phoxopteryx 
undecimlineatus    (podalirius 

Papilio 
undulanus  (revayana),  Sarrothripa 
undulata,  Eucosmia 
undulella,  Epichnopteryx  . . 
unidentaria,  Coremia 
Urania 

Urbicolides  (se) 
urticse,  Aglais      18,  19,  32,  35,  42, 

165,  166,  208,  221,  266,  267, 

291,  296,  299,  317 
urticse,  Habrostola  . .  . .         . .     56 

urticse,  Spilosoma   . .  . .  . .     56 

urticana,  Sericoris  . .         . .         . .   259 

urvilliana,  Ornithoptera    . .         . .   222 

ustomaculana.  Coccyx        . .  . .   260 

vaccinii,  Orrhodia   . .         . .        98,  221 

valligera  =  vestigialis 

Vanessa        . .  . .         . .  . .   333 

Vanessidffi 164,  208 

varia  (parthenie  var.),  Melitsea  78, 

104,  235 
variata,  Thera         . .  . .  . .   100 

variegana,  Peronea. .  ..      327,  329 

valezina  (paphia  ab.),  Dryas        . .     52 

vau-album  =  1-album 

venusta,  Polia         . .  . .         . .   188 

venustula,  Erastria. .  ..         ..   331 

vernetensis  (dictynna  ab.),  Melitsea  265 
versicolor,    Dimorpha    (Endromis) 

227,  279 
vestigialis  (valligera),  Agrotis     66,  188 
vetulata,  Scotosia    . .  . .         . .   212 

vetusta,  Calocampa  . .  . .     67 

viburniana,  Heterogenea  (Tortrix) 

258,  259 
vicise  (meliloti),  Anthrocera  . .   223 

vicinella,  Lita  . .  . .  . .   258 

victorise,  Ornithoptera       . .  . .   222 

viminalis,  Cleoceris. .         ..  ..57 

vinula,  Dicranura    ..  ..56,57,  168 

virgaurese,  Heodes    8,  40,  77,  101, 

162,  206,  207,  235,  289,  299 
virgularia,  Acidalia  216,  315,  327 

vitis,  Pholus 102 

vittata  (lignata),  Phibalapteryx    . .   259 
vulgata,  Eupithecia  . .         . .     56 

w-album,  Chattendenia     163,  167,  312 
walkeri,  Amphimcea  . .  . .   332 

weiskei,  Papilio       . .  . .  . .  222 

vverdandi  (nastes  var.),  Colias  327,  331 
wismariensis  (maritima  nb.),  Senta     52 
wockeella,  Coleophora        . .         . .   186 

wolfensbergeri       (maturna      ab.), 

Melitsea         .163 


SPECIAL    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

xanthoraelas,  Eugonia 

164 

Xylophasia    . . 

212 

yama-mai,  Antherea 

227 

zander i,  Arcyophora 

219 

zaugis,  Calisto 

224 

Zegris 

233 

zelleri,  Baoris 

36 

zermattensis,  Crarabus 

79, 

208 

zermattensis      (virgaurete 

var.), 

Heodes 

207, 

235 

zetterstedtii  =  calodactyla 

Zeuxidia 

222 

ziczac,  Notodonta    . . 

70 

zoUikoferi,  Xylophasia 

28 

zonaria,  Nyssia        . .         226 

227, 

228 

zonaria  x  hispidaria 

103 

Zygtena  =  Anthrocera 

Zygaenidge     . . 

8, 

329 

brullei,  Quirogesia 
brunneri,  Arminda 
brunneri,  Gryllus 
cabrerffi,  Forficula 


MYRIAPADA. 


lagurus,  Polyxenus  . 


61 


NEUROPTERA 

alpestris,  Stenophylax 

100 

barbara,  Lertha 

331 

bipennis,  Nemoptera 

331 

dives,  Tinodes 

100 

flava,  Chrysopa 

229 

hiemalis,  Boreus 

326 

lusitanica  =  bipennis 

pellucidus,  Glyphotoelius  .. 

100 

quadrifasciatus,  Hemerobius 

100 

ODONATA. 

depressa,  Libellula  . . 

243 

fonscolombii,  Sympetrum  . . 

330 

ORTHOPTERA. 

Acrotylus 

194 

BBgyptiaca,  Blatta     . . 

242 

segyptiaca,  Heterogamia    . . 

242 

aegypfciaca,  Polyphaga 

242, 

263 

africana,  Gryilotalpa 

195 

albifrons,  Decticus  . .          176, 

178, 

195 

allaudi,  Calliphona  . . 

178 

americana,     Periplaneta     (Steleo- 

pyga) 

242, 

263 

Anataelia 

95, 

177 

annulipes,  Anisolabis    25,  93, 

176, 

177, 

193 

Anterastes     . . 

178, 

195 

Ariagona 

195 

asper,  Sphingonotus 

194 

auricularia,  Forficula 

177, 

193 

bifasciata         (vulcanius,         var.), 

Caloptenus    . . 

93 

bimaculatus,  Liogryllus         92 

,94, 

176, 

195 

bivittata,  Hololampra        176, 

178, 

194 

Blatta            

242 

Blepbaris 

178 

bolivari,  Dericorys  .. 

195 

94 


95 


cffirulans,  Sphingonotus    176,  177 
cferulescens,  ffidipoda        . .        93 

Calliphona 178 

campestris,  Liogryllus 

canariensis,  Anataelia        . .        95 

canariensis,  Forficula         . .        95 

canariensis,  Gidipoda         . .        93 

canariensis,  Sphingonotus 

caudata,  Locusta 

cantans,  Locusta 

cicindeloides,  Trigonidium  94 

colossea,  Anisolabis 

comprtssicornis,  Oxycoryphus 

danicus,  Pachylytus  94,  176 

decipiens,  Loboptera 

Decticina? 

Empusa         . .  . .  . .        95 

epacromioides,  Stenobothrus 
fletcheri,  Challia     . . 
fortunata,  Loboptera 
fuscocincta,  CEdipoda 
giornse,  Platyphyma 
gracilis,  Mantis 

grisea,  Platycleis  93,  94,   176,  178 
gryilotalpa,  Gryilotalpa 
guancharia,  Forficula  95,  178 

Heterogamia 
hispanicus,    Gryllus 
Hypsicorypha  . .  95,  178 

Idolomorpha  . .  . .        95 

intermedia,  Platycleis 

italicus,  Caloptenus  . .        93 

juliae,  Hypsicorypha  . .        95 

konigi,  Calliphona   . . 

laticauda,  Platycleis 

lesnei,  Forficula 

limbata,  Parameles  . .        93 

lobata,  Dericorys 

Locusta         . .  . .  . .      178 

Lonchodes     . . 
longicauda,  Gryllomorpha 
longipes,  Acrolytus  . . 
major,  Anisolabis    . . 
mandibularis,  Conocephalus 
margaritiE,  Ariagona  . .      178 

marginellus  (italicus,  var.),  Calop 

tenus  . . 
maritima,  Anisolabis 
maroccanus,  Stauronotus  176 

maxima,  Anisolabis  93,  177 

Meconemidffi 
mendica,  Blepharis. . 
meridionalis,  Paratettix 
minor,  Labia 
nana,  Phaneroptera  176,  178 

Neostylopyga 

nigrofasciatus,  (Edaleus    . .      176 
nirgovittata  (epacromioides,  var.) 

Stenobothrus 
nubigena,  Orophila  92,  178 

Olynthoscelis 


PAGE. 

194 
195 
195 
194 
194 
194 
195 

93 
194 
194 
194 
194 
178 
178 
195 

93 
194 
195 
194 
195 
194 
194 

95 
194 
194 

94 
193 
195 
195 
194 
242 
195 
194 
194 
195 
195 
194 
178 
195 
216 
194 
195 
195 
332 
195 
194 
194 

94 
195 


SPEECIA.L    INDEX. 


PAGE. 

orientalis,  Blatta  (Steleopyga)  242,  263 

Orophila        178 

Pamphagidee  . .         . .         .  •   195 

patruelis,  Acrotylus. .  ..        94,  176 

pellucens,  fficanlhus         ..      176,  195 
Periplaneta   . .  . .  . .  . .   242 

Platyphyma  . .  . .  . .  . .   195 

picteti,  Thalpomena  . .  . .   194 

Podisma        . .  . .  . .  . .    195 

Polyphaga 242,  263 

religiosa,  Mantis      . .   93,  176,  178,  194 

rhombifolia,  Blatta 242 

rhombifolia,  Neostylopyga. .  ..   242 

riparia,  Labidura     . .  . .  . .    193 

savignyi,  Sphlngonotus      . .  . .    194 

senegalensip,  (Edaleus  176,  178,  195 
simonji,  Holocompsa  92,  178,  194 

simonyi,  Stenobothrus       . .  . .    194 

Steleopyga 241,  263 

strepens,  Epacromia  92,  176,  178,  194 
Stylopyga  =  Steleopyga  ..  242,  263 
tereticornis,  Oxyeoryphus  . .  ..    19 1 

tesselata,  Platycleis..  94,  176,  178,  195 
thalassina,  Epacromia  93, 176,  178,  194 
trichoprocta,  Steleopyga  . .  242,  263 
unguiculata,  Acrida  . .  . .   194 

uxoris,  Forficula      ..  ..        95,  194 

verrucivorus,  Dectieus  . .  . .  176 
vestita,  Holocompsa  . .  . .   194 

viridissima,  Locusta  . .  . .   178 

vulcanius,  Caloptenus  93,  94,  176, 

177,  178,  195 


PLECOPTERA. 

dubitans,  Nemoura* 

SIPHONAPTERA. 

canis,  Ctenocephalus 
cheopis,  Xenopsylla 


182 


104 
183 


PAGE. 

fasciatus,  Ctenocephalus    . .  . .  104 

felis,  Ctenocephalus            . .  . .   104 

irritans,  Pulex          . ,          . .  , .   104 

THYSANOPTERA. 

agnessas,  Bagnallia**          ..  ..73 

ajugffi,  Oxythrips     . .          . .  . .   241 

albopilosus,  Thrips*            . .  . .     73 

Amblythrips. .          ..          ..  ..   240 

avenas  =  cerealium 

brevicollis,  Oxythrips**      ..  73,  241 

breviceps,  Frankliniella**  . .  ..     73 

brevistjlis,  Oxythrips*        . .  73,  241 

cerealium,  Limothrips        . .  . .   278 

Chirothrips 241 

dilatatus,  Bagnallia            . .  . .   241 

dud£e  =  hauiatus,  Chirothrips  ..   241 

ericEe,  Amblythrips**           73,  240,  241 

ericte,  Euthrips        . .          . .  240,  241 

Euthrips        241 

ferrugineus,  Anaphothrips  . .   241 

fasciatus,  iEoloihrips         ..  ..   240 

halidayi,  Bagnallia**          ..  ..73 

hamatus,  Chirothrips         . .  . .   241 

juniperina,  Thrips  . .          . .  99,  241 

klapaleki,  Bagnallia. .         ..  ..   241 

longipennis,  Euthrips         . .  . .   278 

longisetis,  Tricothrips**     ..  ..     73 

nobilis,  Megathrips. .          ..  ..99 

obscurus,  Anaphothrips     . .  . .   278 

Oxythrips      . .          . .          . .  •  •   241 

pallipennis,  Euthrips*        . .  73,  241 

parviceps,  Oxythrips           . .  . .   240 

parvus,  Euthrips     . .          . .  . .   278 

peculiaris,  Rhaptothrips     . .  . .   278 

propinquus,  Tricothrips**  . .  ..     73 

pyri,  Euthrips          . .          . .  . .     99 

striatus,  Anaphothrips        . .  . .   278 

tenuicornis,  Frankliniella..  ..   241 

validus,  Thrips**    ..          ..  ..73 

vittatus,  ^Eolothrips            ..  ..241 


32,  1. 

1. 

33,1. 

35,  1. 


1. 
p.  36,  1. 
p.  71,  1. 
p.    94,1. 

1, 
p.  95,  1, 
p.  117,  1. 
p.  215,  1. 
p.  257,  1. 
p.  263,  1, 
p.  273,  1 
p.  275,  1. 
p.  280,  1 


CORRIGENDA,    Ac. 

6,  for  "  Labia  "  read  "  Lablab." 
35,  comma  after  "  elevations." 

44,  comma  after  "  coast." 
39,  delete  "  .-1.  isaurica," 

41,  delete  "either"  and  "  or  Pie'  eiitu  pylaon,  both." 

insert  "a"  before  "  species." 
46,  for  "eros  "  read  "  candalus.^^ 

8,  for  "  Djemur  "  read  "  Djerahur." 
11,  delete  "  Mr.  Bower." 
28,  for  "Rico"  read  "Pico." 

Y  -  ^ov  "  Anatail  "  read  "  Anatael." 

39,  for  "  stretched  "  read  "intended." 

8,  &c..  Corrected  pp.  285-7,  by  Dr.  Chapman. 

IC,  for  "  A.  proilomana  "  read  "  Brenthis  'parthenias. 

34,  for  "  1830"  read  "  1838." 

45,  for  "  mviima  "  read  "  uapella."     See  p.  302. 

46,  for  "  basalipuncta  "  read  "  basilipuncta ." 
32,  for  "  Albula  "  read  "  AlbuUna." 


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CONTENTS. 


PAOl!;. 


Notes  on  the  various  species  of  the  Genus  Coleophora,  Hi/.  J.  Turner,  F.K.S. 

(with  plate)        ." '281 

Oothec.e  of  Blattidte,  the  late  Ji.  Shelford,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  edited  by  Malcolm  Burr, 

BiScF.L.S.,  F.K.S ■ -283 

Notes  on  a  July  Trip  to  Switzerland,  B.  jS.  Cinwreu      ..         ..         ..  ..  ..       287 

An  old  Essex  Collection,  Eev.  G.  H.  liayuor,  M.A 290 

Notes  on  the  Season  1912  at  Constantinople,  F.  P.  Graves,  F.K.S 293 

A  Summer  Holiday  in  Belgium,  Germany  and  Switzerland,  1912,  E.  B.  Aahln/, 

F.K.S "..       294 

Collecting'  Orthoptera  in  the  Caucasus  and  Transcaucasus,  Malcolm  Burr,  D.Sc, 

i''.L..V-,  i''.A'..S'.,  with  plate  (to  be  continued)  ..  .. 297 

Libythea  celtis.     Ejjrs  and  oviposition,   T.  A.  Chapman,  M.D.,  F.E.S.  (with  two 

plates)     . .  302 

New  Species  and  new  Forms  of  Lepidod^era  from  Sardinia,  Count  Emilio  Lurati, 

F.K.S.,  i-tc 303 

Notes  on  Collecting  : — Camptogramma  fluviata  in  N.  London,  liussell  James, 
'Jnur.  :    Some  Races  of  Ants  new  to  Britain,  H.  St.  J.  K.  DoniMhorpe,  F.Z.S., 

F.K.S 306 

CuKHENT  Notes        . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  ...  . .  . .  . .       306 

Eeviews    \nu  Notices  of  Books  : — The  Coleoptera  of  Cumberland.      By  Frank 

H.  Day  (ir./;.,S'.)  308 

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Okituary:— W.  Forsell  Kirby,  )V  K.K.  (with  portrait)  ;  Arnold  Wullschlegel,  G.W.       314 
Index     . .         . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  .  •  . .  . .  . .         . .  .  •     317 

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Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Meliloti,  Russula  ((f),  Dominula,  Griseola,  Fulva,  Turca,  Rufina, 
Lunosa,  Spadicea,  Satellitia,  Oxyacanthse,  Pisi,  Protea,  Rubricosa,  Munda,  Silago, 
Serena,  Rubi,  Baja,  Augur,  Brunnea,  Nictilans,  Lutulenta,  Nebulosa,  Polyodon  var. 
infuscata,  Rurea  var.  combusta,  Pennaria,  Illunaria,  Autumnaria,  Fuscantaria,  Lunaria, 
Advenaria,  Porata,  Albicillata,  Juniperata*,  Luteata,  Auroraria.  Desiderata. — Numerous. 
: — Capt.  P.  A.  Cardeio,  50,  Milbury  Gardens,  Gottenliam  Park,  Wimbledon. 

Duplicates. — Advena,  Tincta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracilis,  Glauca, 
Flavicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderata. — Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulse)  and  A.  trifolii-minor,  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A.  Cockayne,  16, 
Cambridge  Square,  W. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei,*  Campanulata,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Russata*  (yellow 
var.),  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  Cursoria,  Triangulum,  Afifinis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Ribesaria,*  Badiata,Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  Wavaria*.  Desiderata. 
— Numerous. — Rev.  A.  M.  Downes,  Batheaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Humuli  var.  Hethlandica,  Putrescens,  Vestigialis,  Exulis  (Shetlands,  I.), 
Ambigua,  Nigra,  and  many  other  local  British  moths.  Desiderata. — British  and  Palffi- 
arctic  Rhopalocera. — J.  A.  Simes,  F.E.S.,  Mon  Eepos,  Markham's  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 
Duplicates. — African  butterflies  in  papers.  Abraxas  grossulariata  (Scotch  forms). 
Desiderata. — Numerous  species  of  British  lepidoptera  to  renew  series.  Black  pins. — 
Joseph  Anderson,  Aire  Villa,  Chichester. 

Duplicates. — Templi.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — C.  P.  Gledhill,  35,  Leijburn 
firove,  Shipley.  ' 

Duplicates. — Galathea,  Argiolus,  Filipendulfe,  Derasa,  Batis,  Psi,  Chi,  D.  pinastri, 
Lunigera,  Australis,  Triangulum,  Brunnea,  Augur,  Suffusa,  Brumata  (  ?  s),  Rupicaprai'ia 
(  ?  s),  Amataria,  Trilinearia,  Rotundaria,  Lignata,  Bipunctaria,  vars.  of  Pronuba,  Trape- 
zina,  Strigilis,  Festiva,  Nictitans,  Oxyacanthse,  Pyramidea,  Betularia,  Elinguaria,  Pro- 
gemmaria  ( d"  s  and  ?  s),  etc.,  etc.  Desiderata. — Porcellus,  Vespertaria,  Apiciaria, 
Advenaria,  Prunaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Lunaria,  Tetralunaria,  Bidentata,  Alniaria, 
and  many  other  common  Geometers  to  extend  and  replace.  Well  set  perfect  specimens, 
black  pins  only. — J.  Douglas,  6,  Old  Jewry,  E.C. 

Duplicates.  —  Cilialis,  Margaritellus,  Pascuellus,  Inquinatellus,  Phragmitellus, 
Hastiana,  Caledoniana,  Sordidana,  Bimaculana,  Ophthalmicana,  Geminana,  (2),  etc. 
Desiderata. — Furcatellus,  Ericellus,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crambi,  Tortrices  and  Pterophori. 
— T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Black  Pilosaria*,  Hamula*,  Croceago*,  Australis,  Hastata*,  Papilio- 
naria,  Palpina*,  Autumnaria*,  Unca,  A.  ligustri*,  Fascelinaf,  Zonaria*,  Strataria, 
Meliloti,  Conspersa,  Togata*,  Ditrapezium*,  Muralis,  Dictaea,  Opimia,  Hispidus,  Nigra, 
Piniperda,  Irrorella,  Omicronaria*,  Rubidata,  Berberata*,  Straminea,  etc.  Desiderata. — 
Larvae  of  Grossulariata  (Lancashire)  and  Caja  (Blackpool  district).— TF.  J.  Ogden,  87, 
The  Common,  Upper  Clapton,  London,  W. 

Duplicates. — Larva,  Tincta,  Rumicis  (from  melanic  wild  ?  ),  Glauca,  Nebulosa, 
Carpini,  Quercifolia,  etc.  Desiderata. — Well  set  imagines  on  black  pins  of  many  local 
species. — Dr.  Beckwith  Whitehouse,  52,  Newhall  Street,  Birmingham. 

Desiderata. — Larvse  or  pupae  of  the  type  or  lighter  than  type  betularia  and  bidentata. 
Many  common  heterocera.  Duplicates. — Larvae  and  pupas  of  true  melanic  bidentata  and 
intermediate  betularia.  Dominuli.* — Hirbaria  and  Zonaria  hybrid. — W.  Bowater,  20, 
Russell  Road,  Mosely,  Birmingham. 

Duplicates. — A  few  fine  Grossulariata  var.  varleyata,  Zatima,  and  other  extreme 
vars.  of  Lubricipeda,  etc.    Desiderata. — Achilleae,  Livornica,  Celerio,  Ilicifolia,  Muscu- 


losa,  Palustris  ?,  Satura,  Ni,  Crinanensis,  Fuliginaria,  Eoboraria  black  var.,  Innotata, 
Salicalis,  Unionalis,  Paludellus,  Semirufa,  Splendiclella,  Terebrella,  Kubrotibiella, 
Tesseradactylus,  and  extreme  vars.  of  Grossulariata  and  other  species. — Geo.  T. 
Porritt,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Hudders field. 

Urgently  Wanted. — Fine  pupae  Porcellus,  Callunoe,  Orion,  Dodonea,  Vinula, 
Dictffioides,  Palpina,  Chlorana,  and  many  others ;  also  well  set  Vinula,  Ocellatus, 
Sibylla,  Lucina,  Stellatarum,  Bombyliformis,  Myopiformis,  Cynipiformis,  Ichneumoni- 
formis,  and  many  others.  Duplicates. — Fine  S.  andreniformis  and  many  other  good 
insects  ;  liberal  exchange  or  cash. — L.  W.  Newmaii,  Bexley,  Kent. 

Desiderata.— Bvitish.  hymenoptera  aculeata.  Duplicates. — Many  British  lepidoptera 
in  fine  condition. — V.  E.  Shaiv,  Betula,  Fallow  Court  Avenue,  North  Finchley. 

Duplicates.  —  Dissimilis*,  Velleda,  Captiuncula,  Fibrosa,  Melanopa,  Cordigera, 
Ambigua*,  Lutosa,  Rufa,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Plantaginis*,  Cambrica  and  dark 
vars.,  Coracina,  Blandiata,  Hexapterata,  Tristata,  Bidentata*  (Black),  Carbonaria  (6), 
Fluviata*,  Cffisiata,  Ruficinctata,  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Bicolorata'  var.  plumbata,  etc. 
Desiderata. — Hyale,  Pruni,  Paniscus,  Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Andreniformis,  Sphegi- 
formis  (narrow),  Guenii,  Albimacula,  Irregularis,  Barrettii,  Obfuscata,  Tffiniata, 
Virgaureata,  Consignata,  Dipsacea,  Oeellaris,  Fraxini,  etc. — T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The 
Croft.  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Selene,  C-album  (2),  Sibylla  (3),  Betulse  (2),  Populi  (pale  and  pink 
forms),  Meliloti,  Z.  trifolii*  (vars.),  Geryon  (5),  Senex,  Griseola,  Salicis,*  Pascelina  (3), 
Ridens,  Pudorina,  Phragmatidis,  Elymi,  Strigilis,  Fasciuncula,  Nigricans,  Baja,  Inter- 
jecta,  Typica,  Rubiginea  (3),  Gueneei  (2),  Templi  (3),  Affinis,  Absinthii  (4),  Argentula, 
Moneta,*  Chrysitis,  Haworthii,  Umbra  (4),  Sponsa,  Nupta,  Fibrosa,  Leucophearia,  Un- 
angulata,  Testata,*  Zonaria'*  Hirtaria  (hybrid),  a  pair.  Desiderata.  —  Cynipiformis, 
Culiciformis,  N.  strigula,  Testudo,  B.  trifolii,  A.  ligustri,  Bondii,  Petasitis  (3),  Caliginosa, 
Depuucta,  Populeti,  Subtusa,  Rusticata,  Salieata-,  Dodoneata,  Togata,  Sparsata,  Sexalata. 
— G.  Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern  Barnet. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  Sibylla,*  Betulee,*  Bembeciformis,*  Meliloti,  Cristulalis,* 
Miniata*,  Aureola,*  Dominula,*  Fuliginosa,*  Fascelina,*  Cratsegi,*  Carpini,*  Advenaria,* 
Alniaria,*  Abietaria,*  Roboraria,*  Orbicularia,*  Temerata,  Pictaria,*  Alternata,*  Pine- 
taria,  Cffisiata,  Grossulariata*  (good  vars.),  Helveticata,*  Lariciata,*  Togata,*  Albicillata,* 
Undulata,*  Psittacata,*  Immanata,  Populata,  Obliquaria,*  Furcuia,  Vinula,*  Dictsea,* 
Dictsea,*  Ziczac,*  Dodonrea,*  Ridens,*  Myricee,*  Menyanthidis,*  Templi*  (grease  re- 
moved), Flavago*  (dark  forms),  Lucernea,  Pisi,*  Contigua,  Absinthii,*  Parthenias, 
Bractea,  Interrogationis,  Pulchrina.  Desiderata. — many  local  and  common  British 
Butterflies,  varieties  especially. — Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone  Place,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

Wanted. — Clean  copy  of  Kane's  Butterflies  of  Europe,  without  illustrations  will  be 
sufiScient. — U.  Bowland-Brown,  Harrow  Weald. 

Duplicates. — Some  Sicilian  butterflies,  including  Galathea  var.  Procida.  Also  a  dark 
form  of  Galathea  from  Calabria  approximating  Turcica.  Desiderata. — Types  of  other 
species  which  occur  in  Sicily. — T.  Piatt  Barrett,  "  Westcroft,"  South  Road,  Forest  Hillt 
S.E.     {After  Januarij  29t7t,  1912.) 

Changes  of  Address. — P.  H.  Tautz,  25,  Berner  Street,  W.  Rev.  Prebendary  E. 
Grose  Hodge,  The  Vicarage,  Paddington,  W.     (52,  Sussex  Gardens.) 

MEETINGS   OF   SOCIETIES. 

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8  p.m.     January  17th  (Annual). 

The  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.— London 
Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.— The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30 
p.m.,  except  in  July  and  August.  January  16th — Annual  pocket  box  exhibition.  Feb- 
ruary 6th— "  Lepidoptera  of  Clapton  District,"  Mr.  J.  E.  Gardner.  February  20th— 
"Early  stages  of  G.  laburnella,  Mr.  A.  Sich,  F.E.S.  March  6th— Discussion  and  Ex- 
hibition, "  The  Genus  Zonosoma,"  opened  by  L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  Entomologists  are 
cordially  invited  to  attend  with  exhibits. 

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The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibemia, 
Chambers,  London  Bridge.— Meetings :  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock.     Annual  Meeting  January  2.5th  at  7  o'clock. 

North  London  Natural  History  Society.— Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month.— Secretary,  R.  W.  Bobbins,  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society.— Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  the  month  from  October  to  April.  Hon.  Seo., 
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and    Journal    of   Variation. 

(Vols.  I-XXII). 

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Contents    of   Vol<    l>         (Most  important  only  Mentioned.) 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  of  Svierinthus  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athalia,  parthenie,  and  aiirelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  —  Parthenogenesis — Paper  on  Taeniocampidae  —  Phylloxera —  Practical 
Hints  (many) — Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynnis  paphia  var. 
valesina — Work  for  the  Winter — Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890 — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis  pyrophila,  Epunda 
lichenea,  Heliophobus  hisixidus — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents   of  Vol.    II. 

Melanism  and  Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegiformis.  Taenia- 
campa  opima— Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development^Hybridising 
Amphidasys  prodromaria  and  A.  hetularia — Melanism  and  Temperature — Differen- 
tiation of  Dianthixcias — Disuse  of  wings — Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Eannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  Zyg^na  (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera-- 
Lifehistory  of  Gonophora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    III. 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccinellidae — Notes -on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleopteka  (very  many) — Dates  of 
appearance  of  Eupithecia  pygmeata — Dimorphic  pupje — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geometridae  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling — Melanic  varieties — Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupeo  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialus — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents   of  Vol.    IV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society — Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captures  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuae — A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Ditirni — Double-brooded  species — The  early  stages  of  certain  Geometrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvae  to  sound — Collecting  in  North  Kent — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova — Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893 — Stridulation — Variety  breeding — The 
Pupal  and  Imaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Arctia  caia  (with  plates) — Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous 
Pupa — Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale) — Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.) — Among  the  Ancients — Erebia  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties — Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen — 
Varieties  of  Spilosoma  mendica — Butterfly  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar — Zygaena  extilans  and  its  Variations — 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex — Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 

To  be  obtained  only  from— 
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Advertisements  of  Bool<s  and  Insects  for  Sale  or  Books  wanted  will  be  inserted  at  a  tniniruuin 
charge  of  2s.  6d.  (for  four  lines).  Ijonger  Advertisements  in  proportion.  A  reduction  made  for  a  series. 
Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicated. — Advena,  Tincta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracilis,  Glauca, 
Flavicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderata. — Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulse)  and  A.  trifolii-minor,  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A.  Cockayne,  16, 
Cambridge  Square,  IV. 

Duplicates. -^h.  gueneei,*  Campanulata,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Russata*  (yellow 
var.),  Elavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  Cursoria,  Triangulum,  Af&nis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Ribesaria,*  Badiata,Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  Wavaria*.  Desiderata. 
— Numerous. — Rev.  A.  M.  Downes,  Batheaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Humuli  var.  Hethlandica,  Putrescens,  Vestigialis,  Exulis  (Shetlands,  I.), 
Ambigua,  Nigra,  and  many  other  local  British  moths.  Desiderata. — British  and  PalsB- 
arctic  Rhopaloeera. — J.  A.  Simes,  F.E.S.,  Mon  Repos,  Markham^s  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 

Duplicates. — Blethisa  multipunctata,  Harpalus  caspius,  Bembidium  pallidipenne, 
Cincindela  germanica,  Dianous  coerulescens,  Lathrobium  angustatum,  Onthophilus 
globulosus,  Galerucella  sagittarise,  Caenopsis  waltoni,  &c.  Desiderata. — Local  coleoptera. 
A.  Ford,  36,  Irving  Road,  Bournemouth. 

Duplicates. — Templi.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — C.  P.  Gledhill,  35,  Leyburn 
Grove,  Shipley. 

Duplicates. — Galathea,  Argiolus,  Filipendulae,  Derasa,  Batis,  Psi,  Chi,  D.  pinastri, 
Lunigera,  Australis,  Triangulum,  Brunnea,  Augur,  Suii'usa,  Brumata  (  ?  s),  Rupicapraria 
(  f  s),  Amataria,  Trilinearia,  Rotundaria,  Lignata,  Bipunctaria,  vars.  of  Pronuba,  Trape- 
zina,  Strigilis,  Festiva,  Nictitans,  Oxyacanthffi,  Pyramidea,  Betularia.  Elinguaria,  Pro- 
gemmaria  ( cT  s  and  ?  s),  etc.,  etc.  Desiderata. —  Porcellus,  Vespertaria,  Apiciaria, 
Advenaria,  Prunaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Lunaria,  Tetralnnaria,  Bidentata,  Alniaria, 
and  many  other  common  Geometers  to  extend  and  replace.  Well  set  perfect  specimens, 
black  pins  only. — J.  Douglas,  6,  Old  Jewry,  E.G. 

Duplicates.  —  Cilialis,  Margaritellus,  Pascuellus,  Inquinatellus,  Phragmitellus, 
Hastiana,  Caledoniana,  Sordidana,  Bimaculana,  Ophthalmicana,  Geminana,  (2),  etc. 
Desiderata . — Furcatellus,  Ericellus,  and  many  Py rales,  Crambi,  Tortrices  and  Pterophori. 
— 2'.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Black  Pilosaria*,  Hamula*,  Croceago*,  Australis.  Hastata*,  Papilio- 
naria,  Palpina*,  Autumnaria*,  Unca,  A.  ligustri*,  Fascelinaf,  Zonaria*,  Strataria, 
Meliloti,  Conspersa,  Togata*,  Ditrapezium*,  Muralis,  Dictaea,  Opimia,  Hispidus,  Nigra, 
Piniperda,  Irrorella,  Omicronaria*,  Rubidata,  Berberata*,  Straminea,  etc.  Desiderata. — 
Larvee  of  Grossulariata  (Lancashire)  and  Caja  (Blackpool  district).  — IF.  J.  Ogden,  87, 
The  Common,  Upper  Clapton,  London,  W. 

Duplicates. — Larvae,  Tincta,  Rumicis  (from  melanic  wild  ?  ),  Glauca,  Nebulosa, 
Carpini,  Quercifolia.  etc.  Desiderata. — Well  set  imagines  on  black  pins  of  many  local 
species. — Dr.  Beckwith  Whitehouse,  52,  Newliall  Street,  Birmingham. 

Desiderata. — Larvas  or  pupaj  of  the  type  or  lighter  than  type  betularia  and  bidentata. 
Many  common  heterocera.  Duplicates. — Larvae  and  pupjs  of  true  melanic  bidentata  and 
intermediate  betularia.  Domiuula." — Hirtaria  and  Zonaria  hybrid. — IF.  Bowater,  20, 
Russell  Road,  Mosely,  Birmingham. 

Duplicates. — A  few  fine  Grossulariata  var.  varleyata,  Zatima,  and  other  extreme 
vars.  of  Lubricipeda,  etc.  Desiderata. — Achilleae,  Livornica,  Celerio,  Ilicitolia,  Muscu- 
losa,  Palustris  ?  ,  Satura,  Ni,  Crinanensis,  Fuliginaria,  Roboraria  black  var.,  Innotata, 
Salicalis,  Unionalis,  Paludellus,  Semirufa,  Splendidella,  Terebrella,  Rubrotibiella, 
Tesseradactylus,  and  extreme  vars.  of  Grossulariata  and  other  species. — Geo.  T. 
Rorritt,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Huddersfield. 

Ursentli  Wanted. — Fine    pupfe    Porcellus,    Callunoe,    Orion,    Dodonea,    Vinula, 


Dicta'oides,  Palpina,  Chlorana,  and  many  others ;  also  well  set  Vinula,  Ociillatus, 
Sibylla,  Lucina,  Stellatarum,  Bombyliformis,  Myopiformis,  Cynipiformis,  Ichneuraoni- 
formis,  and  many  others.  Duplicateit. — Fine  S.  andreniformis  and  many  other  good 
insects;  liberal  exchange  or  cash. — L.  W.  Newman,  Bexleij,  Kent. 

Dedderata. — British  hymenoptera  aculeata.  JDuplicaies. — Many  British  lepidoptera 
in  fine  condition. — V.  E.  Shaw,  Betula,  Fallow  Court  Avenue,  North  Finchley. 

Dupliaites.  —  Dissimilis*,  Velleda,  Captiuncula,  Fibrosa,  Melanopa,  Cordigera, 
Ambigua*,  Lutosa,  Eufa,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Plantaginis*,  Cambvica  and  dark 
vars.,  Coracina,  Blandiata,  Hexapterata,  Tristata,  Bidentata*  (Black),  Carbonaria  (6), 
Fluviata*,  Cfesiata,  Eulicinctata,  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Bicolorata  var.  plumbata,  etc. 
Desiderata. — Hyale,  Pruni,  Paniseus,  Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Andreniformis,  Sphegi- 
formis  (narrow),  Guenii,  Albimacula,  Irregularis,  Barrettii,  Obfuscata,  Tteniata, 
Virgaureata,  Consignata,  Dipsacea,  Ocellaris,  Fraxini,  etc. — T.  A.'ihton  Lofthouxe,  The 
Croft.  Liiitlturpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Selene,  C-album  (2),  Sibylla  (3),  Betulaa  (2),  Populi  (pale  and  pink 
forms),  Meliloti,  Z.  trifolii*  (vars.),  Geryon  (5),  Senex,  Griseola,  Salicis,*  Tascelina  (3), 
Eidens,  Pudorina,  Phragmatidis,  Eiymi,  Strigilis,  Fasciuncula.  Nigricans,  Baja.  Inter- 
jecta,  Typica,  Eubiginea  (3),  Gueneei  (2),  Templi  (3),  Affinis,  Absinthii  (4),  Argentula, 
Moneta,*  Chrysitis,  Haworthii,  Umbra  (4),  Sponsa,  Nupta,  Fibrosa,  Leucophearia,  Un- 
angulata,  Testata,'  Zonaiia'*  Hirtaria  (hybrid),  a  pair.  Desiderata.  —  Cynipiformis, 
Culiciformis,  N.  strigula,  Testudo,  B.  trifolii,  A.  ligustri,  Bondii,  Petasitis  (3),  Caliginosa, 
Depuucta,  Populeti,  Subtusa.  Eusticata,  Salicata,  Dodoneata,  Togata,  Sparsata,  Sexalata. 
—  G.  Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern  Barnet. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  Sibylla,*  Betulre,*  Bembeciformis,*  Meliloti,  Cristulalis,* 
Miniata*,  Aureola.*  Dominula,*  Fuliginosa,*  Fascelina,*  Cratajgi,*  Carpini,*  Advenaria,* 
Alniaria,*  Abietaria,*  Eoboraria,*  Orbicularia,*  Temerata,  Pictaria,*  Alternata,*  Pine- 
taria,  Cajsiata.  Grossulariata*  (good  vars.),  Helveticata,*  Lariciata,*  Togata,*  Albicillata,* 
Undulata,*  Psittacata,*  Immanata,  Populata,  Obliquaria,*  Furcuia,  Yinula,*  Dictsea,* 
Dict8ea,*^Ziczac,*  Dodonsea,*  Eidens,*  Myricae,*  Menyanthidis,*  Templi*  (grease  re- 
moved), Flavago*  (dark  forms),  Lucernea,  Pisi,*  Contigua,  Absinthii,*  Parthenias, 
Bractea,  Interrogationis,  Pulchrina.  Desiderata.— m&ny  local  and  common  British 
Butterflies,  varieties  especially. — Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone  Place,  .Aberdeen,  N.B. 

V^^AmED.— Kntomoloyist,'  1868,  nos.  50-52;  1869,  nos.  62,  64-66;  1873,  nos.  117, 
119,  121-124  ;  1874,  nos.  126-135  (or  volume)  ;  1876,  nos.  151-154;  1877,  no.  168;  1878, 
nos.  176,  177,  180-187  (or  volume).— Hy.  J.  Turner,  96',  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Wantkd. — Clean  copy  Boedeker's  Spain.  Eecent  edition. — H.  E.  Page,  Bertrose, 
Gellatly  Road,  Neic  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Some  Sicilian  butterflies,  including  Galathea  var.  Procida.  Also  a  dark 
form  of  Galathea  from  Calabria  approximating  Turcica.  Desiderata. — Types  of  other 
species  which  occur  in  Sicily. — T.  Plate  Barrett,  "  Westcroft,"  South  Road,  Forest  Hill, 
S.E. 

Changes  of  Address. — C.  Bartlett,  Rostock  House,  Woodhill,  Portishead,  Somerset. 
P.  H.  Tautz,  25,  Bcrners  Street,  W.  Lt.-Col.  N.  C.  Manders,  No.  4  Hut,  South  Road, 
The  Camp,  Cnrragh,  Irelaixd. 

MEETINGS   OF   SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — 11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W., 
8  p.m.     February  7th  ;  March. 6th. 

The  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.— London 
Institution,  Finsbury  Circus.  I'^.C. —  The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30 
p.m.,  except  in  July  and  August.  February  20th — "  Early  stages  of  C  lahurnella,  Mr. 
A.  Sich,  F.E.S.  March  5th — Discussion  and  Exhibition,  "The  Genus  Zonosoma,^^ 
opened  by  L.  B.  Prout.  F.E.S.  March  lOth — Angerona  prunaria.  Notes  on  experiments 
in  response  to  colour  environment,  C.  P.  Pickett,  F.E.S.  April  2nd — Notes  on  Lepidoptera 
ef  Pinner,  Mr.  P.  H.  Tautz.      Entomologists  are  cordially  invited  to  attend  with  exhibits. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
annual  subscription  Is.  .'i/rrtiiigs  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excursions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Excursion  Secretary,  Mi^s  L.  Eoberts,  11,  St.  James',  Hatcham,  S.E. — Hon.  Sec, 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Eoad,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibernia, 
Chambers,  London  Bridge.— Meetings  '  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock. 

North  London  Natural  Hiptory  Society.— Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month. — Secretary,  E.  W.  Eobbins,  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society.— Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  the  month  from  October  to  April.  Hon.  Sec, 
H.  R.  Sweeting,  2,  Halkyn  Avenue,  Sefton  Park,  Liverpool. 


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Contents    of   Vol.    I>         (Most  important  only  Mentioned.) 

Gends  Acroiiycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  of  TSinerinthvs  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athalia,  parthenie,  and  aurelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  —  Parthenogenesis — Paper  on  Tneniocampidae  —  Phylloxera — Practical 
Hints  (many) — Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynnis  paphia  var. 
valcsina — Work  (or  the  Wintei' — Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Ketrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890: — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis  pyrophila,  Epunda 
lichenea,  Heliopliobus  Idspidus — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol.    11. 

Melanism  and  Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegifoiDus,  Taenio- 
campa  opima—  Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development — Hybridising 
Amphidasyif  prodrovuiria  and  A.  hetiila ria— Meln^msm  and  Temperature — Differen- 
tiation of  Diantho'cias — Disuse  of  wings — Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Rannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  Zyg.i;na  (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera-- 
Lifebifatory  of  Gonophora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol.    III. 

Genus.  Acronycta  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccinellidae — Notes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleoptera  (very  many) — Dates  of 
appearance  of  Fjupithccia  pygmeata — Dimorphic  pupte — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geoinetridue  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling — Melanic  varieties— Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupae  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialus — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol.    iV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society — Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captures  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuae — A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Diitriii — Double-brooded  species — The  early  stages  of  certain  Geometrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvffi  to  sound— Collecting  in  North  Kent — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova— Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893 — Stridulation— Variety  breeding — The 
Pupal  and  Imaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Aixtia  caia  (with  plates) — Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous 
Pupa— Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale) — Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.) — Among  the  Ancients — Krehia  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties— Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen — 
Varieties  of  Spilosoma  metidica — Butterfly  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar — Ztjgaend  exuluns  and  its  Variations — 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex — Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 

To  be  obtained  only  from— 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,    ''Bertrose,"  Oellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

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Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Advena,  Tincta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracilis,  Glauca, 
Flavicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderata. — Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulffi)  and  A.  trifolii-minor,  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A.  Cockayne,  16, 
Cambridge  Square,  IF. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei,*  Campanulata,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Russata*  (yellow 
var.),  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  Cursoria,  Triangulum,  Affinis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Ribesaria,*  Badiata.Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  Wavaria*.  Desiderata. 
— Numerous. — Rev.  A.  M.  Downes,  Batbeaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Humuli  var.  Hethlandica,  Putrescens,  Vestigialis,  Exulis(Shetlands,  I.), 
Ambigua,  Nigra,  and  many  other  local  British  moths.  Desiderata. — British  and  Palse- 
arctic  Rhopalocera. — J.  A.  Simes,  F.E.S.,  Mon  Repos,  Markham^s  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 

Duplicates. — Blethisa  multipunctata,  Harpalus  caspius,  Bembidium  pallidipenne, 
Cincindela  germanica,  Dianous  ccerulescens,  Lathrobium  angustatum,  Onthophilus 
globulosus,  Galerucella  sagittarife,  Coenopsis  waltoni,  &c.  Desiderata. — Local  coleoptera. 
A.  Ford,  36,  Irving  Road,  Bournemouth. 

Duplicates. — Templi.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — C.  P.  Gledhill,  35,  Leyhurn 
Grove,  Shipley. 

Duplicates. — Galathea,  Argiolus,  Filipendulae,  Derasa,  Batis,  Psi,  Chi,  D.  pinastri, 
Lunigera,  Australis,  Triangulum,  Brunnea,  Augur,  Suffusa,  Brumata  (  ?  s),  Rupicapraria 
( t  s),  Amataria,  Trilinearia,  Rotundaria,  Lignata,  Bipunctaria,  vars.  of  Pronuba,  Trape- 
zina,  Strigilis,  Festiva,  Nictitans,  Oxyacanthse,  Pyraraidea,  Betularia,  Elinguaria,  Pro- 
gemmaria  ( (j  s  and  ?s),  etc.,  etc.  Desiderata.— ForceWas,  Vespertaria,  Apiciaria, 
Advenaria,  Prunaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Lunaria,  Tetralunatia,  Bidentata,  Alniaria, 
and  many  other  common  Geometers  to  extend  and  replace.  Well  set  perfect  specimens, 
black  pins  only. — J.  Douglas,  6,  Old  Jewry,  E.C. 

Duplicates.  —  Cilialis,  Margaritellus,  Pascuellus,  Inquinatellus,  Phragmitellus, 
Hastiana,  Caledoniana,  Sordidana,  Bimaculana,  Ophthalmicana,  Geminana,  (2),  etc. 
Desiderata. — Furcatellus,  Ericellus,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crambi,  Tortrices  and  Pterophori. 
— T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Black  Pilosaria*,  Hamula*,  Croceago*,  Australis,  Hastata*,  Papilio- 
naria,  Palpina*,  Autumnaria*,  Unca,  A.  ligustri*,  Fascelinaf,  Zonaria*,  Stratariii, 
Mehloti,  Conspersa,  Togata*,  Ditrapezium',  Muralis,  Dictaea,  Opimia,  Hispidus,  Nigra, 
Piniperda,  Irrorella,  Omicronaria*,  Rubidata,  Berberata*,  Straminea,  etc.  Desiderata. — 
Larvae  of  Grossulariata  (Lancashire)  and  Caja  (Blackpool  district).  —  W.  J.  Ogden,  87, 
The  Common,  Upper  Clapton,  London,  W. 

Duplicates. — Larvie,  Tincta,  Rumicis  (from  melanic  wild  ?  ),  Glauca,  Nebulosa, 
Carpini,  Quercifolia,  etc.  Desiderata. — Well  set  imagines  on  black  pins  of  many  local 
species. — Dr.  Beckwith  Whitehouse,  52,  Neichall  Street,  Birmingham. 

Desiderata. — Larvae  or  pupiE  of  the  type  or  lighter  than  type  betularia  and  bidentata. 
Many  common  heterocera.  Duplicates. — Larvee  and  pupw  of  true  melanic  bidentata  and 
intermediate  betularia.  Dominula.* — Hirtaria  and  Zonaria  hybrid. — IF.  Boicater,  20, 
Russell  Road,  Mosely,  Birmingham. 

Duplicates. — A  few  fine  Grossulariata  var.  varleyata,  Zatima,  and  other  extreme 
vars.  of  Lubricipeda,  etc.  Desiderata. — Achillese,  Livornica,  Celerio,  Ilicifolia,  Muscu- 
losa,  Palustris  ?  ,  Satura,  Ni,  Crinanensis,  Fuliginaria,  Roboraria  black  var.,  Innotata, 
Salicalis,  Unionalis,  Paludellus,  Semiruta,  iSplendidella,  Terebrella,  Rubrotibiella, 
Tesseradactylus,  and  extreme  vars.  of  Grossulariata  and  other  species. — Geo.  T. 
Porritt,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Huddcrsfield. 

Ukgently  w.\nted  in  April,  May,  or  June,  Living  wild  caught  ?  s  Atalanta,  Cardui. 


lo,  Edusa,  Hyale,  Polyctilcros,  Lucina,  C-Album,  Vinula  (or  ova),  Croeeago,  Semibrunnea, 
Exoleta,  Vetusta ;  also  Giossulariata  larvae  from  LancasHire  and  Huddersfield  districts  ; 
liberal  exchange  or  cash. — L.  W.  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

Desiderata. — British  hymenoptera  aculeata.  Duplicates. — Many  British  lepidoptera 
in  fine  condition. — V.  E.  Shaw,  Betula,  Fallow  Court  Avenue,  North  Finchley. 

Duplicates.  —  Dissimilis*,  Velleda,  Captiuncula,  Fibrosa,  Melanopa,  Cordigera, 
Ambigua*,  Lutosa,  Rufa,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciala",  Plaataginis*,  Cambrica  and  dark 
vars.,  Coracina,  Blandiata,  Hexapterata,  Tristata,  Bidentata*  (Black),  Carbonaria  (6), 
Fluviata*,  Csesiata,  Ruficinctata,  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Bicolorata  var.  plumbata,  etc. 
Desiderata. — Hyale,  Pruni,  Paniscus,  Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Andreniformis,  Sphegi- 
formis  (narrow),  Guenii,  Albimacula,  Irregularis,  Barrettii,  Obfuscata,  Tteniata, 
Virgaureata,  Consignata,  D.ipsacea,  Ocellaris,  Fraxini,  etc. — T.  Asliton  Lofthouse,  The 
Croft.  lAnthorpe,  Middlesbrouqh. 

Duplicates. — Selene,  C-album  (2),  Sibylla  (3),  Betulae  (2),  Populi  (pale  and  pink 
forms),  Meliloti,  Z.  trifolii*  (vars.),  Geryon  (5),  Senex,  Griseola,  Salicis,*  lascelina  (3), 
Ridens,  Pudorina,  Phragmatidis,  Elymi,  Strigilis,  Fasciuncula.  Nigricans,  Baja,  Inter- 
jecta,  Typica,  Rubiginea  (8),  Gueneei  (2),  Templi  (3),  Affinis,  Absinthii  (4),  Argentula, 
Moneta,*  Chryeitis,  Haworthii,  Umbra  (4),  Sponsa,  Nupta,  Fibrosa,  Leucophearia,  Un- 
angulata,  Testata,'  Zonaria'*  Hirtaria  (hybrid),  a  pair.  Desiderata.  —  Cynipiformis, 
Culiciformis,  N.  strigula,  Testudo,  B.  trifolii,  A.  ligustri,  Bondii,  Petasitis  (3),  Caliginosa, 
Depuucta,  Populeti,  Subtusa,  Rusticata,  Salicata,  Dodoneata,  Togata,  Sparsata,  Sexalata. 
—  G.  Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern  Barnet. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  Sibylla,*  Betulae,*  Bembeciforniis,*  Meliloti,  Cristulalis,* 
Miniata*,  Aureola,*  Dominula,*  Fuliginosa,*  Fascelina,*  Cratosgi,*  Carpini,*  Advenaria,* 
Alniaria,*  Abietaria,*  Roboraria,*  Orbicularia,*  Temerata,  Pictaria,*  Alternata,*  Pine- 
taria,  Cfpsiata,  Grossulariata*  (good  vars.),  Helveticata,*  Lariciata,*  Togata,*  Albicillata,* 
Undulata,*  Psittacata,*  Immanata,  Populata,  Obliquaria,*  Furcuia,  Vinula,*  Dictsea,* 
Dictaea,*  Ziczac,*  Dodonjea,*  Ridens,*  Myricae,*  Menyanthidis,*  Templi*  (grease  re- 
moved), Flavago*  (dark  forms),  Lucernea,  Pisi,*  Contigua,  Absinthii,*  Parthenias, 
Bractea,  Interrogationis,  Pulchrina.  Desiderata. — many  local  and  common  British 
Butterflies,  varieties  especially. — Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone  Place,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

WAmED.— Entomologist,  1868,  nos.  50-52;  1869,  nos.  62,  64-66;  1873,  nos.  117, 
119,  121-124  ;  1874,  nos.  126-135  (or  volume)  ;  1876,  nos.  151-154;  1877,  no.  168;  1878, 
nos.  176,  177,  180-187  (or  volume).— Hy.  J.  Turner,  9S,  Drakef ell  Road ,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Wanted. — Clean  copy  Bcedeker's  Spain.  Recent  edition, — H.  E.  Page,  Bertrose, 
Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Some  Sicilian  butterflies,  including  Galathea  var.  Procida.  Also  a  dark 
form  of  Galathea  from  Calabria  approximating  Turcica.  Desiderata. — Types  of  other 
species  which  occur  in  Sicily. — T.  Piatt  Barrett,  "  Westcroft,'^  South  Road,  Forest  Hill, 
S.E. 

Changes  oi''  Address. — C  Bartlett,  Rostock  House,  Woodhill,  Portishead,  Somerset. 
P.  H.  Taxitz,  25,  Berners  Street,  W.  Lt.-Col.  N.  C.  Manders,  No.  4  Hut,  South  Road, 
The  Camp,  Curragh,  Ireland. 


MEETINGS   OF   SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — 11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W., 
8  p.m.     March  20th  ;  April  3rd  ;  May  1st ;  June  5th. 

The  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.— London 
Institution,  Fiusbury  Circus,  E.G. — The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30 
A.  Sich,  F.E.S.  March  5th — Discussion  and  Exhibition,  "  The  Genus  Zo?io.so>«a," 
p.m.,  except  in  July  and  August.  March  19th — Angervna  prunaria.  Notes  on  experiments 
in  response  to  colour  environment,  C.  P.  Pickett,  F.E.S.  April  2nd — Notes  on  Lepidoptera 
of  Pinner,  Mr.  P.  H.  Tautz."    Entomologists  are  cordially  invited  to  attend  with  exhibits. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
annual  subscription  Is.  Meetings  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excursions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Excursion  ^secretary.  Miss  L.  Roberts,  11,  St.  James',  Hatcham,  S.E. — Hon.  Sec, 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibemia, 
Ciiaiubers,  London  Bridge. — Meetings :  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock. 

North  London  Natural  History  Society. — Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month.— Secretary,  R.  W.  Robbins,  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  the  month  from  October  to  April.  Hon.  Sec, 
H.  R.  Sweeting,  2,  Halkyn  Avenue,  Sefton  Park,  Liverpool. 


IN     PARTS— ONE     SHILLING. 

A    NATURAL    HISTORY 

QF     THE 

BRITISH   BUTTERFLIES, 

THEIR    WORLD-WIDE    VARIAI'ION  AND  DISTRIBUTION. 

Vol.  IV. 

Commencing  with  the  Variation  and  Life-histories  of  Agriades  coridonand  Polyommatus 
icarus  (with  four  plates  of  the  named  aberrations  and  varieties  of  the  first-named  species 
together  with  many  photomicrographs  of  larval  and  pupal  structure.  Similar  plates  of 
P.  icarus  are  awaiting  publication.) 

Probably  the  finest  life-histories  of  any  species  of  lepidoptera  ever  published.  The  next 
species  to  be  treated  is  Aricia  astrarche,  a  still  more  interesting  one  with  regard  to  its 
Varieties  and  Aberrations. 

Part  XI.  will  shortly  be  issued. 
Subscription  for  20  parts  17s.  6d. 

BUTTERFLY=HUNTING    IN    MANY    LANDS. 

Notes  of  a  Field  Naturalist. 

By  GEORGE   B.   LONGSTAFF,    M.A.,   M.D.  (Oxon.), 

Late  Vice-President  Entomological  Society,  London. 

To  which  are  added  Translations  of  Papers  by  Fritz  Mdlleb  on  the  Scent-Organs 
of  Butterflies  and  Moths. 

With  7  Coloured  Plates  and  other  illustrations.     8vo.     21/-  net  (Postage  6d.) 
LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  Co.,  39,  Paternoster  Row,  London,  E.G. 

FOR     SALE, 

Tutt's  "  British  Lepidoptera,"  vols.  I  to  X.  Tutt's  '*  British  Butterflies,"  vols. 
I  toIIL  Tutt's  "British  Noctuse,"  vols.  I  to  IV.  Tutt's  "Practical  Hints  for  the 
Field  Lepidopterist,"  parts  I  to  III,  with  Index.  There  are  also  a  few  copies  of 
"  British  Noctus,"  slightly  soiled,  to  be  sold  cheaply. 

A.     M.     COCHRANE. 

41,   Wisteria    Road, 

Lewisham,    S.E. 

Melanism    and    Melanochroism    in    British    Lepidoptera 

(Demy  8vo.,  bound  in  Cloth.  Price  5/-.) 
Deals  exhaustively  with  all  the  views  brought  forward  by  scientists  to  account  for  the 
forms  of  melanism  and  melanochroism ;  contains  full  data  respecting  the  distribution  of 
melanic  forms  in  Britain,  and  theories  to  account  for  their  origin  ;  the  special  value  of 
"natural  selection,"  "environment,"  "heredity,"  "disease,"  "temperature,"  &c.,  in 
particular  cases.  Lord  Walsingham,  in  his  Presidential  address  to  the  Fellows  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  London,  says,  "  An  especially  interesting  line  of  enquiry  as  con- 
nected with  the  use  and  value  of  colour  in  insects  is  that  which  has  been  followed  up  in 
Mr.  Tdtt's  series  of  papers  on  '  Melanism  and  Melanochroism.'  " 

To  be  obtained  from  J.  Herbert  Tutt,  22,  Francemary  Road,  Ladywell  Koad 
Brockley,  S.E. 


IIVIF*  ORT  ANT 

TO  ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES  and  MUSEUMS. 


BACK    VOLUMES    OF 

The   Entomologist's    Record 

and    Journal    of    Variation. 

(Vols.  I-XXII). 

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Contents    of   Voi>    l>         (Most  important  only  Mentioned.) 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  of  Smerinthus  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athalia,  parthenie,  and  anrelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  —  Parthenogenesis — Paper  on  Taeniocampida  e — Phylloxera —  Practical 
Hints  (many) — Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynnis  paphia  var. 
valesina — Work  for  the  Winter — Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890 — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis  pyrophila,  Epunda 
lichenea,  Heliophobus  hispidus — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents   of  Vol.    II. 

Melanism  AND  Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegiformis,  Taenio- 
campa  opima—  Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development — Hybridising 
Amphidasys prodromaria  and  A.  bettdaria — Melanism  and  Temperature — Differen- 
tiation of  Dianth(xcias — Disuse  of  wings — Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Rannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  ZiGiENA  (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera — 
Lifehistory  of  Gonophora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    Mi. 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccinellidae — Notes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleopteba  (very  many) — Dates  of 
appearance  of  Eupithecia  pygmeata — Dimorphic  pupae — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geometridae  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling — Melanic  varieties — Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupse  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialus — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents   of  Vol.    IV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society — Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captures  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuae — A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Diurni — Double-brooded  species— The  early  stages  of  certain  Geometrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvae  to  sound— Collecting  in  North  Kent — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova — Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893— Stridulation— Variety  breeding — The 
Pupal  and  Imaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Arctia  caia  (with  plates) — Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous 
Pupa— Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale) — Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.) — Among  the  Ancients — Erebia  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties— Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen- 
Varieties  of  Spilosoma  mendica — Butterfly  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar — Zygaena  exulans  and  its  Variations — 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex — Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 


To  be  obtained  only  from— 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,    "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Gross,  London,  S.E. 

to  whom  Cheques  and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable. 


Subscriptions  for  Vol.  XXIV.  (7  shillings)  should  be  sent  to 
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Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.J';. 

Duplicates. — Advena,  Tincta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracilis,  Glauca, 
Flavicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderate. —Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulsB)  and  A.  trifolii-minor.  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A.  Cockayne,  16, 
Cnmbridoe  Square,  IV. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei,*  Campanulata,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Bussata*  (yellow 
var.),  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  Cursoria,  Triangulum,  Affinis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Ribesaria.*  Badiata,Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  Wavaria*.  Desiderata. 
—Numerous. — Rev.  A.  M.  Downes,  Batheaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Humuli  var.  Hethlandica,  Putrescens,  Vestigialis,  E.Kulis  (Shetlands,  I.), 
Ambigua,  Nigra,  and  many  other  local  British  moths.  Desiderata. — British  and  Palse- 
arctic  Rhopalocera. — J.  A.  Sinies,  F.E.S.,  Mori  Pepos,  Markhani's  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 

Duplicates.  —  Blethisa  multipunctata,  Harpalus  caspius,  Bembidium  pallidipenne, 
Cincindela  germanica,  Dianous  c(prulescens,  Lathrobium  angustatum,  Onthophilus 
globulosus,  Galerucella  sagittariae,  Csenopsis  waltoni,  d'c.  Desiderata . — Local  coleoptera. 
.1.  Ford,  36,  Irving  Road,  Bournemouth. 

Duplicates. — Templi.  Desiderata.— Yevy  numerous. — C.  P.  Gledhill,  'So,  Leybum 
Grove,  Shipley. 

Duplicates. — Galathea,  Argiolus,  Filipendula;,  Derasa,  Batis,  Psi,  Chi,  D.  pinastri, 
Lunigera,  Australis,  Triangulum,  Brunnea,  Augur,  Sutfusa,  Brumata  (  ?  s),  Rupicapraria 
( t  s),  Amataria.  Trilinearia,  Rotundaria,  Lignata,  Biptlnctaria,  vars.  of  Pronuba,  Trape- 
zina,  Strigilis,  Festiva,  Nictitans,  Oxyacanthae,  Pyramidea,  Betulkria.  Elinguaria,  Pro- 
gemmaria  ( <?  s  and  ?s),  etc.,  etc.  Desiderata. —  Porcellus,  Vespertaria,  Apiciaria, 
Advenaria,  Prunaria,  Fasciaria,  Doiobraria,  Lunaria,  Tetralunaria,  Bidentata,  Alniaria, 
and  many  other  common  Geometers  to  extend  and  replace.  Well  set  perfect  specimens, 
black  pins  only. — J.  Doualas,  6,  Old  Jewry,  E.G. 

Duplicates.  —  Cilialis,  Margaritellus,  Pascuellus,  Inquinatellus,  Phragmitellus, 
Hastiana,  Caledoniana,  Sordidana,  Bimaculana,  Ophthalmicana,  Geminana,  (2),  etc. 
Desiderata. — Furcatellus,  Ericellus,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crambi,  Tortrices  and  Pterophori. 
— T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Black  Pilosaria*,  Hamula*,  Croceago*,  Australis,  Hastata*,  Papilio- 
naria,  Palpina*,  Autumnaria*,  Unca,  A.  ligustri*,  Fascelinaf,  Zonaria*,  Strataria. 
Meliloti,  Conspersa,  Togata*,  Ditrapezium*,  Muralis,  Dictaea,  Opimia,  Hispidus,  Nigra, 
Piniperda,  Irrorella,  Omicronaria*,  Rubidata,  Berberata*,  Straminea,  etc.  Desiderata . — 
Larvae  of  Grossulariata  (Lancashire)  and  Caja  (Blackpool  district).  — TF.  -T.  Ogden,  87, 
The  Common,  Upper  Clapton,  London,  W. 

Duplicates. — Larvae,  Tincta,  Rumicis  (from  melanic  wild  ?  ),  Glauca,  Nebulosa, 
Carpini,  Quercifolia.  etc.  Desiderata. — Well  set  imagines  on  black  pins  of  many  local 
-ipecies. — Dr.  Beckwith  Whitchouse,  52,  Newliall  Street,  Birmingham. 

Desiderata. — Larvse  or  pupas  of  the  type  or  lighter  than  type  betularia  and  bidentata. 
Many  common  heterocera.  Duplicates. — Larvae  and  pupa?  of  true  melanic  bidentata  and 
intermediate  betularia.  Dominula.^ — Hirtaria  and  Zonaria  hybrid. —  IF.  Botvater,  20, 
Russell  Road,  Mosely,  Birmingham.  , 

Duplicates. — A  few  fine  Grossulariata  var.  varleyata,  Zatima,  and  other  extreme 
vars.  of  Lubricipeda,  etc.  Desiderata. — Achilleae,  Livornica,  Celerio,  Ilicifolia,  Muscu- 
losa,  Palustris  ?  ,  Satura,  Ni,  Crinanensis.  Fuliginaria,  Roboraria  black  var.,  Innotata, 
Salicalis,  Unionalis,  Paludellus,  Semirufa,  Splendidella,  Terebrella,  Rubrotibiella, 
Tesseradactylus,  and  extreme  vars.  of  Grossulariata  and  other  species. — Geo.  T. 
I'ovritt,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Huddersfield. 

Urgently  w.\nted  in  April,  May,  or  -Fune,  Living  wild  caught  ?  s  Atalanta,  Cardui. 


lo,  Ii^dusa,  Hyale,  Polychlcros,  Lucina,  C- Album,  Vinula  (or  ova),  Croceago,  Semibrunnea, 
Exoleta,  Vetusta;  also  Grossulariata  larvae  from  Lancashire  and  Hudderstield  districts; 
liberal  exchange  or  cash.— /;,.  IF.  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

Desidernta. — Britif.h  hymenoptera  aculeata.  Duplicates. — Many  British  lepidoptera 
in  tine  condition. — V.  K.  Slonc,  Betula,  Fallow  Court  Avenue,  North  b'inchley. 

Duplicates. — Disvimilis*,  Velleda,  Captiuncula,  Fibrosa,  Melanopa,  Cordigera, 
Ambigua*,  Lutosa,  Riifa,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Plantaginis*,  Cambrica  and  dark 
vars.,  Coracina,  Blandiata,  llexapterata,  Tristata,  Bidentata*  (Black),  Carbonaria  (6). 
Fluviata*,  Coesiata,  Riiticinctata,  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Bicolorata  var.  plurabata,  etc-. 
Desiderata. — Hyale,  Pruni,  Paniscus,  Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Andreniformis,  Sphegi- 
formis  (narrow),  Guenii,  Albimacula,  Irregularis,  Barrettii,  Obfuscata,  Toeniata, 
Vii-gaureata,  Consignata,  Dipsacea,  Ocellaris,  Fraxini,  etc. — T.  Asiiton  Lofthouse,  The 
<^roft.  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Selene,  C-album  (2),  Sibylla  (3),  Betulse  (2),  Populi  (pale  and  pink 
forms),  Meliloti,  Z.  trifolii*  (vars.),  Geryon  (5),  Senex,  Griseola,  Salicis,*  I'ascelina  (3), 
Ridens,  Pudorina,  Phragmatidis,  Elymi,  Strigilis,  Fasciuncula.  Nigricans,  Baja,  Inter- 
jecta,  Typica,  Rubiginea  (3),  Gueneei  (2),  Templi  (3),  Affinis,  Absinthii  (4),  Argentula, 
Moneta,*  Chrysitis,  Haworthii,  Umbra  (4),  Sponsa,  Nupta,  Fibrosa,  Leucophearia,  Un- 
angulata,  Testata,*  Zonaria'*  Hirtaria  (hybrid),  a  pair.  Desiderata.  —  Cynipiformis, 
Culiciformis,  N.  strigula,  Testudo,  B.  trifolii,  A.  ligustri,  Bondii,  Petasitis  (3),  Caliginosa, 
Depuncta,  Populeti,  Subtusa,  Rusticata,  Salicata,  Dodoneata,  Togata,  Sparsata,  Sexalata. 
— G.  Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern  Barnet. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  Sibylla,*  Betulse,*  Bembeciformis,*  Meliloti,  Cristulalis,* 
Miniata*,  Aureola,*  Dominula,*  Fuliginosa,*  Fascelina,*  Crataegi,*  Carpini,*  Advenaria,* 
Alniaria,*  Abietaria,*  Roboraria,*  Orbicularia,*  Temerata,  Pictaria,*  Alternata,*  Pine- 
taria,  Ca-siata,  Grossulariata*  (good  vars.),  Helveticata,*  Lariciata,*  Togata,*  Albicillata,* 
Undulata,*  Psittacata,*  Immanata,  Populata,  Obliquaria,*  Furcuia,  Vinula,*  Diotaea,* 
Dictaea,*  Ziczac,*  Dodontea,*  Ridens,*  Myricae,*  Menyanthidis,*  Templi*  (grease  re- 
moved), Flavago*  (dark  forms),  Lucernea,  Pisi,*  Contigua,  Absinthii,*  Parthenias, 
Bractea,  Interrogationis,  Pulchrina.  Desiderata. — many  local  and  common  British 
Butterflies,  varieties  especially.' — Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone  Place,  .iherdeen,  N.B. 

Wantei).— Entomologist,  1868,  nos.  50-52;  1869,  nos.  62,  64-66;  1873,  nos.  117' 
119,  121-124  ;  1874,  nos.  12B-135  (or  volume)  ;  1876,  nos.  151-154;  1877,  no.  168;  1878, 
nos.  176,  177,  180-187  (or  volume).— Hi/.  J.  Turner,  98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  S.K. 

Duplicates. — Some  Sicilian  butterflies,  including  Galathea  var.  Procida.  Also  a  dark 
form  of  Galathea  from  Calabria  approximating  Turcica.  Desiderata. — Types  of  other 
species  which  occur  in  Sicily. — T.  Piatt  Barrett,  "  Westcroft."  South  Road,  Forest  Hill. 
S.E. 

CuANflKS  OK  Address. — ./.  R.  le  B.  Tomlin,  "  Lakc/oot,^'  120,  Hamilton  Road, 
Reading. 


MEETINGS   OF   SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — 11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W., 
X  p.m.     May  1st ;  June  5th. 

The  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — London 
Institution,  Fin.sbury  Circu.s,  K.C. — The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  inonth,  at  7.30 
April  16th,  "Modern  Bee  Keeping,"  V.  E.  Shaw.  May  7th,  Special  Exhibition  and 
Discussion. — Hyhernia  leucophearia.     May  21st,  Special  Exhibit — living  larvae. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
annual  subscription  Is.  Meetings  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excursions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Excursion  Secretary,  Miss  L.  Roberts,  11,  St.  James',  Hatcham,  S.E. — Hon.  Sec, 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibernia, 
Chambers,  London  Bridge.  Meetings  :  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock. 

NorthLondon  Natural  History  Society. — Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  EC,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month. — Secretary,  R.  W.  Robbins,  "/lonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  the  month  from  October  to  April.  Hon.  Sec, 
H.  R.  Sweeting,  2,  Halkyn  Avenue,  Sefton  Park,  Liverpool. 


IN     PARTS— ONE    SHILLING. 


A    NATURAL    HISTORY 

OF     THE 

BRITISH   BUTTERFLIES, 

THEIR    WORLD-WIDE    VARIATION   AND   DISTRIBUTION. 
Vol.  IV. 

Commencing  with  the  Variation  and  Life-histories  of  Agriades  coridon  and  Polyommatus 
icariis  (with  four  plates  of  the  named  aberrations  and  varieties  of  the  first-named  species 
together  with  many  photomicrographs  of  larval  and  pupal  structure.  Similar  plates  of 
P.  icarus  are  awaiting  publication.) 

Probably  the  finest  life-histories  of  any  species  of  lepidoptera  ever  published.  The  next 
species  to  be  treated  is  Aricia  astrarche,  a  still  more  interesting  one  with  regard  to  its 
Varieties  and  Aberrations. 

Part  XI.  will  shortly  be  issued. 
Subscription  for  20  parts  178.  6d. 

Butterflies  of  Switzerland  and  tlie  Alps  of  Central  Europe 

By  GEO.    WHEELER,     M.A.,     F.E.S.,     F.Z.S. 

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facts  about  the  species  in  which  they  are  more  particularly  interested. 

The  details  of  Variation  and  Distribution  are  particularly  important,  and  those 
lepidopterists  to  whom  Kane's  book  has  long  been  a  treasured  friend,  will  find  in  this 
more  information,  more  detail,  and  many  more  localities  than  were  at  the  disposal  of 
the  author  of  the  earlier  volume. 

"  To  those  who  carry  a  net  abroad,  this  handbook  will  be  invaluable  as  a  book  of 
reference We  can   cordially   recommend    it " — H.   Rowland- 
Brown,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  The  Entomologist's  Record,  vol.  xv. 
V          Dear  SiR.-Herewith   I   forward   pos^tal'order  value  ^^\  for      J'^l^  of  The  Butter- 
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Address 

To  Mr.  H.  E.  PAGE,  "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Gross,  London,  S.E. 

FOR     SAlIeI 

Tutt's  ^'British  Lepidoptera,"  vols.  I  to  X.     Tutt's  "British  Butterflies,"  vol«. 
I  to  III.    Tutt's  "  British  Noctuae,"  vols.  I  to  IV.    Tutt's  "Practical  Hints  for  the 
Field  Lepidopterist,"  parts   I   to   III,   with   Index.      There  are  also  a  few   copies  of 
i-  **  British  Noctuae,"  slightly  soiled,  to  be  sold  cheaply. 

'  A.     M.     COCHRANE. 

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Melanism    and    Melanochroism    in    British    Lepidoptera 

(Demy  8vo.,  bound  in  Cloth.     Price  5/-.) 
6  Deals  exhaustively  with  all  the  views  brought  forward  by  scientists  to  account  for  th« 

'  forms  of  melanism  and  melanochroism  ;  contains  full  data  respecting  the  distribution  of 
*  melanic  forms  in  Britain,  and  theories  to  account  for  their  origin  ;  the  special  value  of 
"natural  selection,"  "environment,"  "heredity,"  "disease,"  "temperature,"  &c.,  in 
particular  cases.  Lord  Walsingham,  in  bis  Presidential  address  to  the  Fellows  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  London,  says,  "An  especially  interesting  line  of  enquiry  as  con- 
nected with  the  use  and  value  of  colour  in  insects  is  that  which  has  been  followed  up  in 
Mr.  Tutt's  series  of  papers  on  '  Melanism  and  Melanochroism.'  " 

To  be  obtained  from  J.  Herbert  Tdtt,  22,  Francemary  Road,   Ladywell   Road, 
^    Brockley,  S.E. 
e 


I1VIJPORXJS.NT 

TO   ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES  and  MUSEUMS. 


BACK    VOLUMES    OF 

The    Entomologist's    Record 

and    Journal    of    Variation. 

(Vols.  I-XXIl). 

Single  back  volumes  of  the  above  can  be  obtained  at  7s.  6d.  per  volume ; 
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Is.  6d.  each.  ' 

Contents    of    VoU    !•         {Most  important  only  Mentioned.) 

Gknus  Acro)iycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  of  Smerinthus  tiluie,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athalia,  parthenie,  and  aurelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  —  Parthenogenesis  —  Paper  on  Taeniocaiiipidae  —  I^hylloxera —  Practical 
Hints  (many) — Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynnis  paphia  var. 
valesina — Work  for  the  Winter — Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890 — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis-pyrophila,  Epunda 
lichenea,  Heliophobus  liispiduf — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents   of  Vol.    II. 

Melanism  and  MEiANOCHROiSM — Bibliography — Notes  oeT  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegifonnis,  Taenio- 
campa  opima—  Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development — Hybridising 
Aniphidasyn  prodromana  and  A.  betularia — Melanism  and  Temperature — Differen- 
tiation of  Dianthu'ciiis — Disuse  of  wings— Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Rannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  ZYOiENA  {Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera  - 
Lifehistory  of  Gonophora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    III. 

Genus  Acronycla  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccwellidae — Notes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleoptera  (very  many) — Dates  of 
appearance  of  Kupithecia  pygmeata — Dimorphic  pupte — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geometridue  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling — Melanie  varieties — Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupsE  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialus — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    IV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidentia^Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Ijancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society — Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captures  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuae — A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Diurni — Double-brooded  species — The  early  stages  of  certain  Geometrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvee  to  sound — Collecting  in  North  Kent — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova — Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893 — Stridulation — Variety  breeding — The 
Pupal  and  Iraaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Arctia  caia  (with  plates) — Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous 
Pupa — Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale) — Life-History  of  a  Lepidppterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.) — Among  the  Ancients — Erebia  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties— Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen- 
Varieties  of  S2)ilosonia  mendica — ^Butterfly  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar — Zygaenu  exulans  and  its  Varif^tions — 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex — Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 


To  'be  obtained  only  from — 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,    "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

to  whom  Cheques  and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable. 


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Brockley,  S.E. 

The  Back  volumes  (I-XXIII)  of  the  Ent.  Record,  &c.  (published  at  lOs.  6d.  net), 
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must  be  sent  to  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E.  Cheques 
and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable  to  H.  E.  Page. 

Advertisements  of  Books  and  Insects  for  Sale,  or  Books  wanted  will  be  inserted  at  a  niinimura 
charge  of  2s.  6d.  (for  four  lines).  Longer  Advertisements  in  proportion.  A  reduction  made  for  a  series. 
Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Advena,  Tincta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracilis,  Glauca, 
Flavicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderata. — Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulae)  and  A.  trifolii-minor,  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A.  Cockayne,  16, 
Cambridge  Square,   W. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei,*  Campanulata,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Russata*  (yellow 
var.),  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  Cursoria,  Triangulum,,  Affinis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Ribesaria,*  Badiata,  Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  Vf&w&ria* .  Desiderata. 
— Numerous. — Eev.  A.  M.  Doumes,  Batheaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Humuli  var.  Hethlandica,  Putrescens,  Vestigalis,  Exulis  (Shetlands,  I.), 
Ambigua,  Nigra,  and  many  other  local  British  moths.  Desiderata. — British  and  Palse- 
arctic  Khopalocera. — J.  A.  Simes,  F.E.S.,  Mon.  Repos,  Markham^s  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 

Duplicates. — Blethisa  multipunctata,  Harpalus  caspius,  Bembidium  pallidipenne, 
Cincindela  germanica,  Dianous  cterulescens,  Lathrobium  angustatum,  Onthophilus 
globulosus,  Galerucella  sagittarije,  Canopsis  waltoni,  &c.  Desiderata. — Local  coleoptera. 
A.  Ford,  36,  Irving  Road,  Bournemouth. 

Duplicates. — Templi.  Desiderata. — Vex-y  numerous. — C.  P.  Gledhill,  35,  Leyburn 
Grove,  Shipley. 

Duplicates. — Galathea,  Argiolus,  Filipendulse,  Derasa,  Batis,  Psi,  Chi,  D.  pinastri, 
Lunigera,  Australis.  Triangulum,  Brunnea,  Augur,  Suffusa,  Brumata  (  9  s),  Rupicapraria 
(  9  s.),  Amataria,  Trilinearia.Rotundaria,  Lignata,  Bipunctaria,  va«:s.  of  Pronuba,  Trape- 
zina,  Strigilis,  Festiva,  Nictitans,  Oxyacanthse,  Pyramidea,  Betularia,  Elinguaria,  Pro- 
gemmaria  ( <?  s  and  ?  s),  etc.,  etc.  Desiderata.— Porcellus,  Vespertaria,  Apiciaria, 
Advenaria,  Prunaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Lunaria,  Tetralunaria,  Bidentata,  Alniaria, 
and  many  other  common  Geometers  to  extend  and  replace.  Well  set  perfect  specimens, 
black  pins  only. — J.  Douglas,  6,  Old  Jeicry,  B.C. 

Duplicates. — Cilialis,  Margaritellus,  Pascuellus,  Inquinatellus,  Phragmitellus, 
Hastiana,  Caledoniana,  Sordidana,  Bimaculana,  Ophthalmicana,  Geminana,  (2),  etc. 
Desiderata. — Furcatellus,  Ericellus,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crambi,  Tortrices  and  Pterophori. 
— T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Black  Pilosaria*,  Hamula*,  Croceago*,  Australis,  Hastata*,  Papilio- 
naria,  Palpina*,  Autumnaria*,  ITnca,  A.  ligustri*,  Fascelinaf,  Zonaria*,  Strataria, 
MeUloti,  Conspersa,  Togato*,  Ditrapezium*,  Muralis,  Dictaea,  Opimia,  Hispidus,  Nigra, 
Piniperda,  Irrorella,  Omicronaria*,  Rubidata,  Berbei-ata*,  Stramlnea,  etc.  Desiderata. — 
Larvae  of  Grossulariata  (Lancashire)  and  Caja  (Blackpool  district). —  W.  J.  Ogden,  87, 
The  Common,  Upper  Clapton,  London,  W. 

Duplicates. — Larvae,  Tincta,  Rumicis  (from  melanic  wild  ?),  Glauca,  Nebulosa, 
Carpini,  Quercifolia,  etc.  Desiderata. — Well  set  imagines  on  black  pins  of  many  local 
species. — Dr.  Beckwith  Whitehouse,  52,  Newhall  Street,  Birmingham. 

Duplicates. — A  few  fine  Grossulariata  var.  varleyata,  Zatima,  and  other  extreme 
vars.  of  Lubricipeda,  etc.  Desiderata.  — A.chi\\eee,  Livomica,  Celerio,  Ilicifolia,  Muscu- 
losa,  Palustris  9  ,  Satura,  Ni,  Crinanensis,  FuHginaria,  Roboraria  black  var.,  Innotata, 
Salicalis,  Unionalis,  Paludellus,  Semirufa,  Splendidella,  Terehrella,  Rubrotibielia, 
Tesseradactylus,  and  extreme  vars.  of  Grossulariata  and  other  species. — Geo.  T. 
Porritt,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Huddersfield. 

Urgently  w.\.nted  in  April,  May,  or  June,  Living  wild  caught  9  s  Atalanta,  Cardui, 
lo,  Edusa,  Hyale,  Polychlorus,  Lucina,  C-Albura,  Vinula(orova),  Croceago,  Semibrunnea, 
Exoleta,  Vetusta  ;  also  Grossulariata  larva;  from  Lancashire  an4  Huddersfield  districts ; 
liberal  exchange  or  cash. — L.  W.  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 


Desiderata. — British  hymenoptera  aculeata.     Duplicates. — Many  British  lepidoptera • 
in  fine  condition. — T  .  K.  Shaiv,  Betula,  Fallow  Court  Avenue,  North  Fiiichley. 

Duplicates.  —  Dissimilis*.  Velleda,  Captiuncula,  Fibrosa,  Melanopa,  Cordigera, 
Ambigua*,  Lntosa,  Rufa,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Plantaginis*,  Cambrica  and  dark 
vars.;  Coracina,  Blandiata,  Hexapterata,  Tristata,  Bidentata*  (Black),  Carbonaria  (6), 
Fluviata*,  Cresiata,  Euficinctata,  Pumiiata,  Linariata*,  Bicolorata  var.  plumbata,  etc. 
Deaiderata. — Hyale,  Pruni,  Paniscus,  Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Andreniformis,  Sphegi. 
formis  (narrow;,  Guenii,  Albimacula,  Irregularis,  Barrettii,  Obfuseata,  Taeniata, 
Virgaureata,  Consignata,  Dipsacea,  Ocellaris,  Fraxini,  etc. — T.  Ashton  Loftliouse,  The 
Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrouijh. 

Duplicates. — Selene,  C-album  (2),  Sibylla  (B),  Betulse  (2),  Populi  (pale  and  pink 
forms),  Meliloti,  Z.  Trifolii*  (vars.),  Geryon  (-5),  Senex,  Griseola,  Salicis*,  Fascelina  (3),- 
Ridens,  Pudorina,  Phragmatidis,  Elymi,  Strigilis,  Fasciuncula,  Nigricans,  Baja,  Inter- 
jeeta,  Typica,  Rubiginea  (3),  Gueneei  (2),  Templi  (3),  Affinis,  Absinthii  (4),  Argentula, 
Moneta,*  Chi-ysitis,  Haworthii,  Umbra  (4),  Sponsa,  Nupta,  Fibrosa,  Leucophearia,  Un- 
angulata,  Testata,*  Zonaria,*  Hirtaria  (hybrid),  a  pair.  Desiderata.— Cynipif.)rmis, 
Culiciformis,  N.  strigula,  Testudo,  B.  trifolii,  A.  ligustri,  Bondii,  Petasitis  (3),  Caliginosa, 
Depuncta,  Populeti,  Subtusa,  Rusticata,  Salicata,  Dodoneata,  Togata,  Sparsata,  Sexalata. 
— G.  Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern,  Barnet. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  Sibylla,*  Betulae,*  Bembeciformis,*  Meliloti,  Gristulalis,* 
Miniata,"  Aureola,*  Dominula,*  Fuliginosa,*  Fascelina,*  Crataegi,*  Carpini,*  Advenaria,* 
Alniaria,*  Abietaria,*  Roboraria,*  Orbicularia,*  Temerata,  Pictaria,*  Alternata,*  Pine- 
taria,  Csesiata,  Grossulariata*  (good  vars,),  Helveticata,*  Lariciata,*  Togata,*  Albicillata,* 
Undnlata,*  Psittacata,*  Imnianata,  Populata,  Obliquaria,*  Furcuia,  Viuula,*  Dicttea,* 
Ziczac,*  Dodonsea,*  Ridens,*  Myricse,*  Menyanthidis,*  Templi*  (grease  removed), 
Flavago*  (dark  forms),  Lucernea,  Pisi,*  Contigua,  Absinthii,*  Parthenias,  Bractea, 
Interrogationis,  Pulchrina.  Desiderata. — Many  local  and  common  British  Butterflies, 
varieties  especi&lly .—Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone  Place,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

WAmEv.—Flntomoloffist,  1868,  nos.  50-52;  1869,  nos.  62,  64-66;  1873,  nos.  117, 
119,  121-124  ;  1874,  nos.  126-135  (or  volume) ;  1876,  nos.  151-154;  1877,  no.  168  ;  1878, 
nos.  176,  177,  180-187  (or  volume).— if y.  J.  Turnir,  98,  DrakeJ'ell  Road,  Neiv  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Some  Sicilian  butterflies,  including  Galathea  var.  Procida.  Also  a  dark 
form  of  Galathea  from  Calabria  approximating  Turcica.  Desiderata. — Types  of  other 
species  which  occur  in  Sicily. — T.  Piatt  Barrett,  "  Westcroft,"  South  Road,  Forest  Hill, 
S.E. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  w-album,  Lucina,*  Minima,  Neustria,*  Urticae,*  Consonaria 
(var.  Nigra),  Diftinis,  Hispidaria,  Fuscantaria,  Rhamnata,  Asteris,  Carmelita.  Abruptaria, 
Suasa,  Gilvago  Rufina,  Pastinum,  Puta,  Phragmitidis  and  others.  Desiderata. — 
Bidentata,  especially  Scotch  and  Irish,  and  varieties.  Also  living  specimens  in  any  stage 
from  South  of  England.    Paniscus. — W.  Boicater,  HO,  Russell  iioad,  Moseley,  Birmingham. 

Changes  of  Address.— t7.  R.  le  B.  Tomlin,  "  Lake  foot,"  120,  Hamilton  Road, 
Readiuf). 


MEETINGS  OF  SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London.— 11,  Chandoa  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  VV., 
8  p.m.     May  Jst ;  June  5th. 

The  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — London 
Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.— The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30 
April  16th.     May  21st,  Special  Exhibit— living  larvre. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
annual  subscription  Is.  Meetings  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excursions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Excursion  Secretary,  Miss  L.  Roberts,  11,  St.  James,'  Hatcham,  S.E. — Hon.  Sec, 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibernia, 
Chaml)ers,  London  Bridge. — Meetings  .-  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock. 

North  London  Notural  History  Society.— Meetings  held  at  Room  30,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month.— Secretary,  R.  W.  Robbins,  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society.— Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  the  month  from  October  to  April.  Hon.  Sec, 
H.  R.  Sweeting,  2,  Halkyn  Avenue,  Sefton  Park,  Liverpool. 


ON     PARTS— ONE     SHILLING. 

A    NATURAL    HISTORY 

OF     THE 

BRITISH   BUTTERFLIES, 

THEIR    WORLDWIDE    VARIATION  ^ND   DISTRIBUTION. 
Vol.  IV. 

Commencing  with  the  Variation  and  Life-histories  of  AyrUuU's  ooridoji  and  Polijommatus 
icarus  (with  four  plates  of  the  named  aberrations  and  varieties  of  the  first-named  species 
together  with  many  photomicrographs  of  larval  and  pupal  structure.  Similar  plates  of 
P.  icarus  are  awaiting  publication.) 

Probably  the  finest  life-histories  of  any  species  of  lepidoptera  ever  published.  The  next 
species  to  be  treated  is  Aricia  astrarehe,  a  still  more  interesting  one  with  regard  to  its 
Varieties  and  Aberrations. 

Part  XI.  will  shortly  be  issued. 
Subscription  for  20  parts  17s.  6d. 

'  THE 

Butterflies  of  Switzerland  and  the  Alps  of  Central  Europe 

By         GEO.    WHEELER,     MrA.,     F.E.S.,     F.Z.S. 

Price    5s.     net.  Interleaved,     6s. 

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This  book  is  of  the  highest  value  not  only  to  collectors  of  Continental  Butter- 
flies, but  to  all  those  who  collect  British  butterflies,  as  it  gives  a  great  many  detailed 
facts  about  the  species  in  which  they  are  more  particularly  interested. 

The  details  of  Variation  and  Distribution  are  particularly  important,  and  those 
lepidopterists  to  whom  Kane's  book  has  long  been  a  treasured  friend,  will  find  in  this 
more  information,  more  detail,  and  many  more  localities  than  were  at  the  disposal  of 
the  author  of  the  earlier  volume. 

"  To  those  who  carry  a  net  abroad,  this  handbook  will  be  invaluable  as  a  book  of 

reference We  can   cordially   recommend    it " — H.   Eowland- 

Bbown,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  llie  Entomologist's  Record,  vol.  xv. 

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To  Mr.  H.  E.  PAGE,  "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

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I  to  III.  Tutt's  "British  Noctuae,"  vols.  I  to  IV.  Tutt's  "Practical  Hints  for  the 
Field  Lepidopterist,"  parts  I  to  III,  with  Index.  There  are  also  a  few  copies  of 
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Melanism    and    Melanochroism    in     British    Liepidoptera 

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Deals  exhaustively  with  all  the  views  brought  forward  by  scientists  to  account  for  the 
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melanic  forms  in  Britain,  and  theories  to  account  for  their  origin  ;  the  special  value  of 
"natural  selection,"  "environment,"  "heredity,"  "disease,"  "temperature,"  etc.,  in 
particular  cases.  Lord  Walsingham,  in  his  Presidential  address  to  the  Fellows  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  London,  says,  "  An  especially  interesting  line  of  enquiry  as  con- 
nected with  the  use  and  value  of  colour  in  insects  is  that  which  has  been  followed  up  in 
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To  be  obtained  from  J.  Herbert  Tutt,  22,  Francemary  Boad,  Ladywell  Eoad, 
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I]VII>ORTANrT 

TO   ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES  and  MUSEUMS. 

BACK    VOLUMES    OF 

The    Entomologist's    Record 

and    Journal    of    Variation. 

(Vols.  I-XXII). 

Single  back  volumes  of  the  above  can  be  obtained  at  Ts.  6d.  per  volume ; 
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Contents    of    Vol.     I.         (Most  important  only  Mentioned.) 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  bf  Smerinthus  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athalia,  parthenie,  and  aurelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  —  Parthenogenesis  —  Paper  on  Taeniocampidae  —  Phylloxera —  Practical 
Hints  (many) — Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynnis  paphia  var. 
valesina — Work  for  the  Winter — Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890 — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis  pyrophila,  Epunda 
lichenea,  Heliophubns  hispidus — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    11. 

Melanism  and  Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegiformis,  Taenio- 
campa  opima—  Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development — Hybridising 
Amphidasys  prodromaria  and  A.  betularia — Melanism  and  Temperature — Differen- 
tiation of  Dianthrcias — Disuse  of  wings — Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Eannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  Zyg^na  (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera-- 
Lifehistory  of  Gonoj)}iora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    ill. 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccinellidae — Notes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleoptera  (very  many) — Dates  of 
appearance  of  Eupithecia  pygmeata — Dimorphic  pupae — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geometridae  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling — Melanic  varieties— Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupiB  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialus — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    IV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society — Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captures  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuur — A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Diurni — Double-brooded  species — Theearly  stages  of  certain  Geometrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvaj  to  sound— Collecting  in  North  Kent — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova— Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893— Stridulation— Variety  breeding — The 
Pupal  and  Imaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Arctia  caia  (with  plates)— Evolution  of  the  Le^idopterous 
Pupa— Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale) — Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.) — Among  the  Ancients — Erehia  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties— Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen — 
Varieties  of  Hpilosoma  mendica — Butterfij  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar — Zygaena  exulans  and  its  Variations — 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex — Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 


To  be  obtaii>ed  only  from — 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,    "  Bertrose,"  Oellatly  Road,  New  Gross,  London,  S.E. 

to  whom  Cheques  and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable. 


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The  Back  volumes  (I-XXIII)  of  the  Ent.  Record,  &c.  (published  at  10s.  6d.  net), 
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Subscribers  are  kindly  requested  to  observe  that  subscriptions  to  The  Entomologist's  Record,  &c.,a,ie 
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must  be  sent  to  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E.  Cheques 
and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable  to  H.  E.  Page. 

Advertisements  of  Books  and  Insects  for  Sale,  or  Books  wanted  will  be  inserted  at  a  minimum 
charge  of  2s.  6d.  (for  four  lines).  Longer  Advertisements  in  proportion.  A  reduction  made  for  a  series. 
Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Advena,  Tincta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracilis,  Glauca, 
Flavicoruis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderata. — Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulae)  and  A.  trifolii-minor,  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A.  Cockayne,  16, 
Cambridge  Square,   W. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei,*  Campanulata,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Bussata*  (yellow 
var.K  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  Carsoria,  Triangulum,  Affinis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Bibesaria,*  Badiata,  Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  W&\sivi&*.  Desidei'ata. 
— Numerous. — Rev.  A.  M.  Doicnes,  Batheaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Humuli  var.  Hethlandica,  Putrescens,  Vestigalis,  Exulis  (Shetlands,  I.), 
Ajjibigua,  Nigra,  and  many  other  local  British  moths.  Desiderata. — British  and  Palas- 
arctic  Rhopalocera. — J.  A.  Siiiies,  E.E.S.,  Mon.  Repos,  Markham's  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 
Duplicates. — Sinapis  (Irish)  aurinia  (Irish,  unset).  Desiderata. — JLthiops,  Epiphron, 
&c.,  unset  or  continentar  setting. — Lt.-Gol.  N.  Manders,  4,  South  Road,  Curragh  Camp, 
Co.  Kildare. 

Duplicates. — Templi.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — G.  P.  Gledhill,  35,  Leyburn 
Grove,  Shipley.  , 

Duplicates. — Galathea,  Argiolus,  Filipendulas,  Derasa,  Batis,  Psi,  Chi,  D.  pinasti'i, 
Lunigera,  Australis,  Triangulum,  Brunnea,  Augur,  Suffusa,  Brumata  (  9  s),  Rupicapraria 
(  ?  s.),  Amataria,  Trilinearia,  Rotundaria,  Lignata,  Bipunctaria,  vars.  of  Pronuba,  Trape- 
zina,  Strigilis,  Festiva,  Nictitans,  Oxyacanthae,  Pyramidea,  Betularia,  Elinguaria,  Pro- 
'  gemmaria  ( <?  s  and  ?  s),  etc.,  etc.  Desiderata. — Porcellus,  Vespertaria,  Apiciaria, 
Advenaria,  Pinmaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Lunaria,  Tetralunaria,  Bidentata,  Alniaria, 
and  many  other  common  Geometers  to  extend  and  replace.  Well  set  perfect  specimens, 
black  pins  only. — J.  Douglas,  6,  Old  Jewry,  E.G. 

Duplicates. — Cilialis,  Margaritellus,  Pascuellus,  Inqninatellus,  Phragmitellus, 
Hastiana,  Caledoniana,  Sordidana,  Bimaeulana,  Ophthalmicana,  Geminana,  (2),  etc. 
Desiderata. — Furcatellus,  Ericellus,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crambi,  Tortrices  and  Pterophori. 
— T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe^J^Iiddlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Black  Pilosaria*,  Hamula*,  Croceago*,  Australis,  Hastata*,  Papilio- 
naria,  Palpina*,  Autumnaria*,  Unca,  A.  ligustri*,  Fascelinaf,  Zonaria*,  Strataria, 
Meliloti,  Conspersa,  Togato*,  Ditrapezium*,  Muralis,  Dictaea,  Opimia,  Hispidus,  Nigra, 
Piniperda,  Irrorella,  Omicronaria*,  Rubidata,  Berberata*,  Strarainea,  etc.  Desiderata. — 
Larvae  of  Grossulariata  (Lancashire)  and  Caja  (Blackpool  district). —  W.  J.  Ogden,  87, 
The  Common,  Upper  Clapton,  London,  W. 

Duplicates. — Larvae,  Tincta,  Rumicis  (from  melanic  wild  ?  ),  Glauca,  Nebulosa, 
Carpini,  Quercifolia,  etc.  Desiderata. — Well  set  ima-gines  on  black  pins  of  many  local 
species. — Dr.  Beckwith  Whitehouse,  52,  Newhall  Street,  Birmingham. 

Duplicates. — A  few  fine  Grossulariata  var.  varleyata,  Zatima,  and  other  extreme 
vars.  of  Lubricipeda,  etc.  Desiderata.  — AchWleai,  Livoinica,  Celerio,  Ilicifolia,  Muscu- 
losa,  Palustris  ?,  Satura,  Ni,  Crinanensis,  Fuliginaria,  Roboraria  black  var.,  Innotata, 
Salicalis,  Unionans,  Paludellus,  Semirufa,  Splendidella, .  Terebrella,  Rubrotibielia, 
Tesseradactylus,  and  extreme  vars.  of  Grossniariata  and  other  species. — Geo.  T. 
Porritt,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Huddersfield. 

Urgently  wanted  in  April,  May,  or  June,  Living  wild  caught  ?  s  Atalanta,  Cardui, 
lo,  Edusa,  Hyale,  Polychlorus,  Lucina,  C-Album,  Vinula  (or  ova),  Croceago,  Semibrunnea, 
Exoleta,  Vetusta ;  also  Grossulariata  larvae  from  Lancashire  and  Huddersfield  districts; 
liberal  exchange  or  cash. — L.  W .  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

Wanted  urgently. — A  number  of  set  Hirtaria  (both  sexes).  Will  do  what  I  can  in 
return. — J.  W.  H.  Harrison,  181,  Abingdon  Road,  Middlesbro' . 


Desiderata. — British  hymenoptera  aculeata.  Duplicates.— Manj  British  lepidoptera 
in  fine  condition. — V .  E.  Shaw,  Betula,  Fallout  Court  Avenue,  North  Finchley. 

Duplicates.  —  Dissimilis*,  Velleda,  Captiuncula,  Fibrosa,  Melanopa,  Cordigej»,, 
Ambigua*,  Liitosa,  Rufa,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Plantaginis*,  Cambrica  and  dark 
vars.;  Coracina,  Blandiata,  Hexapterata,  Tristata,  Bidentata*  (Black),  Carbonaria  (6), 
Fluviata*,  Csesiata,  Ruficinctata,  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Bicolorata  var.  plumbata,  etc. 
Desiderata. — Hyale,  Pruni,  Paniscus,  Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Andreniformis,  Sphegi. 
formis  (narrow),  Guenii,  Albimacula,  Irregularis,  Barrettii,  Obfuscata,  Tseniata, 
Virgaureata,  Consignata,  Dipsacea,  Ocellaris,  Fraxini,  etc. — T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The 
Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Selene,  C-album  (2),  Sibylla  (3),  Betulee  (2),  Populi  (pale  and  pink 
forms],  Meliloti,  Z.  Trifolii*  (vars.),  Geryon  (5),  Senex,  Griseola,  Salicis*,  Fascelina  (3) 
Ridens,  Pudorina,  Phragmatidis,  Elymi,  Strigilis,  Fasciuncula,  Nigricans,  Baja,  Inter 
jecta,  Typica,  Rnbiginea  (3),  Gueneei  (2),  Templi  (3),  AfBnis,  Absinthii  (4),  Argentula 
Moneta,*  Chrysitis,  Haworthii,  Umbra  (4),  Sponsa,  Nupta,  Fibrosa,  Leucopbearia,  Un 
angulata,  Testate,*  Zonaria,*  Hirtaria  (hybrid),  a  pair.  DeswZerata.— Cynipif:)rmis 
Culiciformis,  N.  strigula,  Testudo,  B.  trifolii,  A.  ligustri,  Boadii,  Petasitis  (3),  Caliginosa 
Depuncta,  Populeti,  Subtusa,  Rusticata,  Salicata,  Dodoneata,  Togata,  Sparsata,  Sexalata 
— G.  Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern,  Baimet. 

Duplicates.— Polychloros,*  Sibylla,*  Betulse,*  Bembeciformis,*  Meliloti,  Cristulalis,* 
Miniata,"  Aureola,*  Dominula,*  Fuliginosa,*  Fascelina,*  Cratsegi,*  Carpini,*  Advenaria,* 
Alniaria,*  Abietaria,*  Roboraria,*  Orbicularla,*  Temerata,  Pictaria,*  Alternata,*  Pine- 
taria,  Csesiata,  Grossulariata*  (good  vars,),  Helveticata,*  Lariciata,*  Togata,*  Albicillata,* 
Undulata,*  Psittacata,*  Immanata,  Populata,  Obliquaria,*  Furcuia,  Vinula,*  Diettea,* 
Ziczac,*  Dodonasa,*  Ridens,*  Myricffi,*  Menyanthidis,*  Templi*  (grease  removed), 
Flavago*  (dark  forms),  Lucernea,  Pisi,*  Contigua,  Absinthii,*  Parthenias,  Bractea, 
Interrogationis,  Pulchrina.  Desiderata. — Many  local  and  common  British  Butterflies, 
varieties  especially. — Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone  Place,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

Wasted. —Entomologist,  1868,  nos.  50-52;  1869,  nos.  62,  64-66;  1873,  nos.  117, 
119,  121-124  ;  1874,  nos.  12G-135  (or  volume) ;  1876,  nos.  151-154  ;  1877,  no.  168  ;  1878, 
nos.  176,  177,  180-187  (or  volume).— iJ?/.  J.  Turner,  98,  Drakef ell  Road,  Neiv  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Some  Sicilian  butterflies,  including  Galathea  var.  Procida.  Also  a  dark 
form  of  Galathea  from  Calabria  approximating  Turcica.  Desiderata. — Types  of  other 
species  which  occur  in  Sicily. — T.  Piatt  Barrett,  "  Westcroft,'^  South  Road,  Forest  Hill, 
S.E. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  w-album,  Lucina,*  Minima,  Neustria,*  Urticae,*  Copsonaria 
(var.  Nigra),  Diffinis,  Hispidaria,  Fuscantaria,  Rhamnata,  Asteris,  Carmelita,  Abruptaria, 
Suasa,  Gilvago  Rufina,  Pastinum,  Puta,  Phragmitidis  and  others.  Desiderata. — 
Bidentata,  especially  Scotch  and  Irish,  and  varieties.  Also  living  specimens  in  any  stage 
from  South  of  England.    Paniscus. — W.  Boivater,  20,  Russell  Road,  Moseley,  Birmingham. 

Changes  of  Address. — Col.  L.  B.  Irby,  Evington  Place,  Ashford,  Kent.  E.  E.  B. 
Prest,  "  Arva,^'  Ashtead,  Surrey  ^ 


MEETINGS  OF  SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — 11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W., 
8  p.m.     May  1st ;  June  5th. 

The  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — London 
Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C. — The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30 
April  16th.     May  21st,  Special  Exhibit — living  larvae. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
annual  subscription  Is.  Meetings  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excursions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Excursion  Secretary,  Miss  L.  Roberts,  11,  St.  James,'  Hatcham,  S.E. — Hon.  Sec, 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibemia, 
Chambers,  London  Bridge. — Meetings  :  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock.  Next  Field  Meetings  :  June  15th,  Penslake,  conducted  by  W.  J.  Kaye, 
F.E.S.  ;  June  91th,  Byfleet,  conducted  by  S.  Edwards,  F.E.S.  ;  July  13th,  Clandon, 
conducted  by  H.  J.  Turner,  F.E.S. 

North  London  Notural  History  Society. — Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month. — Secretary,  R.  W.  Bobbins,  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  the  month  from  October  to  April.  Hon.  Sec, 
H.  R.  Sweeting,  2,  Halkyn  Avenue,  Sefton  Park,  Liverpool. 


IN     PARTS— ONE    SHILLING. 

A    NATURAL    HISTORY 

OF     THE 

BRITISH   BUTTERFLIES, 

THEIR    WORLD-WIDE    VARIATION   AND   DISTRIBUTION. 
Vol.  IV. 

Commencing  with  the  Variation  and  Life-histories  of  Agriades  coridov  and  Polyonimattig 
icarus  (with  four  plates  of  the  named  aberrations  and  varieties  of  the  first-named  species 
together  with  many  photomicrographs  of  larval  and  pupal  structure.  Similar  plates  of 
P.  icarus  are  awaiting  publication.) 

Probably  the  finest  life-histories  of  any  species  of  lepidoptera  ever  published.  The  next 
species  to  be  treated  is  Aricia  astrarche,  a  still  more  interesting  one  with  regard  to  its 
Varieties  and  Aberrations. 

Subscription  for  20  parts  17s.  6d. 

THE  " 

Butterflies  of  Switzerland  and  the  Alps  of  Central  Europe 

By         GEO.     WHEELER,     MrA.,     F.E.S.,     F.Z.S. 
Price     5s.     net.  Interleaved,     6s. 

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facts  about  the  species  in  which  they  are  more  particularly  interested. 

The  details  of  Variation  and  Distribution  are  particularly  important,  and  those 
lepidopterists  to  whom  Kane's  book  has  long  been  a  treasured  friend,  will  find  in  this 
more  information,  more  detail,  and  many  more  localities  than  were  at  the  disposal  of 
the  author  of  the  earlier  volume. 

"  To  those  who  carry  a  nejt  abroad,  this  handbook  will  be  invaluable  as  a  book  of 

reference We   can    cordially   recommend    it " — H.   Rowland- 

Brown,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  The  Entoniologist's  Record,  vol.  xv.  ' 

Dear  SiR.-Herewith  I  forward  poft^f 'border  value  H:  for  ^^f^^  of  The'Butter- 
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\ 


IJVIP>ORTANT 

TO  ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES  and  MUSEUMS. 

BACK    VOLUMES    OF 

The    Entomologist's    Record 

and    Journal    of    Variation. 

(Vols.  I-XXIII). 

Single  back  volumes  of  the  above  can  be  obtained  at  7s.  6d.  per  volume ; 
except  vols.  I.  and  II.,  which  are  lOs.  6d.  each,  net;  any  two  or  three  volumes 
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price  (plus  postage).  Special  Indexes,  Vols.  III-XXIII,  sold  separately,  price 
Is.  6d. each. 
Contents    of   Vol-    I.         {Most  important  only  Mentioned.) 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  of  Smefinthus  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athalia,  parthenie,  stnd  aurelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  —  Parthenogenesis — Paper  on  Taeniocavipidae  —  Phylloxera — Practical 
Hints  (many)^Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynnis  paphia  var. 
valesina — Work  for  the  Winter— Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890 — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis  pyrophila,  Epunda 
lichenea,  Heliophobus  hispidus — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol^    II. 

Melanism  and  Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegiformis,  Taenio- 
campa  opima—  Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development-r-Hybridising 
Ajuphidasy s  prodromaria  a.nd  A.  betularia — Melanism  and  Temperature — Differen- 
tiation of  Dianthmcias — Disuse  of  wings— Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Rannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  Zyg^na  (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera- - 
Lifehiftory  of  Gonophora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    III. 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccinellidae—l^otes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleoptera  (very  many) — Dates  of 
appearance  of  Eupithecia  pugmeata—DimoxTghm  pupas— Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geometridae  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling— Melanic  varieties— Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupfE  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialus — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    IV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society — Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight— Captures  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuac—A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands— Apparent  dearth 
of  Diurni — Double-brooded  species — The  early  stages  of  certain  Geometrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvffi  to  sound— Collecting  in  North  Kent— How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova— Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893— Stridulation— Variety  breeding— The 
Pupafand  Imaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Arctia  caia  (with  plates)— Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous 
Pupa— Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale)— Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.)— Among  the  Ancients— EreMa  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties— Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina— Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen — 
Varieties  of  Spilosoma  mewcZtca— Butterfly  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc— Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar — Zygaena  e.rulans  and  its  Variations- 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex — Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 


To  be  obtained  only  from— 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,    "  Bertrose,"  Oellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

to  whom  Cheques  and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable. 


Subscriptions  for  Vol.  XXIV.  i7  shillings)  should  be  sent  to 
Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross, 
S.E.  [This  subscription  includes  all  nunnbers  published  fron> 
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Advertisejunts  of  Books  and  Insects  for  Sale,  or  Books  wanted  will  be  inserted  at  a  uiinimuin  " 
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Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  '■  Bertrose."  Gellatly  Itoad.  New  Cross,  U.K. 

Duplicates. — Axlvena,  Tincta,' Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Mund^,  Gracihs.  Glauca, 
Klavicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetraiunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana. 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  oomma,  Bellargus.  />«.9trfe/«/a.— Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulre)  and  .\.  trifolii -minor,  if  from  same  colony.— 7*;.  A.  Cockai/iie.  Ui. 
Vfunhridge  Square.    W. 

Duplicates.— h.  gueneei.*  Canjpauulata,  Ab'sinthiata.*  Trideus,*  Ku.ssata*  (yellow 
var.),  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera.  Cur.soria,  TriAngulura,  Atiinis.. 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Ribesaria,"  Badiata,  lathori/.a,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  Wavaria*.  Demlnatu. 
— Numerous. — Rec  A.  M.  Dowiies,  BiilJieastoii  I'icarage,  Both. 

Duplicates. — Huniuli  var.  Hethlandica,  Putrescens,  Vestigalis,  Exulis  (Shetlands,  l.j. 
Ambigua,  Nigra,  and  many  othei-  lopil  British  moths.  Desiderata .  -BrUiish  and  Pala- 
arctic  Khopalocera. — J-  A.  Sintes.  F.K.S.,  Mon.  Rejios,  Markham's  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 
Duplicates. — -Sinapis  (Irish)  aurinia  (Irish,  unset).  Desi'/<'raf^(.— ^Ethiops.  Epiphron." 
Du})licates, — Cynipiforrais*,  Culiciformis*,  Subtu.sa*,  Venustula.  Desiderata.— 
Apiformis,  Scoliajfoimis,  Formiciformis,  Philanthiformis,  "Chrysidiformis,  Bractae,  Hyper 
borea,  D.  ceesia,  .\lbimacuia,  Nigrocinota.  Nubeculbsa.  —  H.  Baker  .S7//,  Mapledcau . 
Florley,  Surrey. 

Duplicates. — Sinapis,  Icarus,  auiinia  from  Ireland.  Desiderata. — British  butterflies  : 
unset  or  Continental  setting. — N.  Maiulerx.  Tj.-Gol.,  B.aAi.C..  4,  Sautli  Road.  Carraf/h 
(amp,  Co.  Kildare. 

Duplicate.-<. — Teinpli.  Desiderata.  Very  numerous.-- 6'.  /'.  (iledhill.  .i'.;,  I.eiihurn 
Grove,  Shipley. 

Duplicates. — Galathea,  Argiolus,  Filipendulie.  Derasa,  Batis.  Fsi.  Chi,  1).  pinastri. 
Lunigera,  Australis,  Triangulum,  Brunnea,  Augur,  Suffusa.  Brumata  (  ?  s),  Hnpicapraria 
,  (  ?  s.),  Amataria,  Trilinearia,  Rotundaria,  Lignata.  Bipunctaria,  vars.  of  Pronulia,  Trape 
zina,  Sferigilis,  Festiva,  Nictitans,  Oxyacanthiw  Pyramidea,  Betularia.  F'^linguaria.  Pro 
gemmaria  ( j  s  and  J  s),  etc..  etc.  Desiderata. — Porcellus.  Vespertaria.  .4piciaria. 
.\dvenaria,  Prunaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Lunaria,  Tetraiunaria.  Bidentata.  Alniaria, 
and  many  other  common  Geometers  to  extend  and  replace.  Well  set  perfect  specimens, 
black  pins  only. — d.  Doufilas,  6.  Old  deirry.  E.G. 

Duplicate}i.—G'\\\&\\s.      Margaiitellus.      Pascueilus.      Inciuinateilus,      Phragmitellus, 
Ha.stiana.    Caledoniana,    Sordidana,  Bimaculana,    Ophthalmicana,  Geminana,  (2),  etc. 
Desiderata. — Furcatellus.  Kricellus,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crarnbi.  Tortriees  and  Pterophori. 
-7'.  Asliton  Lofthouse.  The  VToft.  T.iutharpe,  iliddleshrougli. 

Dtiplicates. — Black  Pilosaria*.  Hamula*.  Cioceago*,  Australis.  Hastata',  Papilio 
naria,  Palpina*,  Aytumnaria*.  Unca.  A.  ligustri*,  Pascelinal ,  Zonaria*,  Strataria. 
Meliloti,  ConspersH,  Togato*,  Ditrapezium*,  Muraiis,  Dictaea,  Opimia,  Hispidus,  Nigra, 
Piniperda,  Irrorelia,  Omieronaria*.  Rubidala,  Berberata*.  Sti'aminea,  etc.  Desiderata.- 
Larvae  of  Gro.ssulariata  (Lancashire)  and  Caja  (Blackpool  district).- — IV.  I .  Ogdeit.  S7. 
The  Co)inuou,  I'ppier  Clapton,  Loudon,  W. 

Duplicates. — Larvai,  Tincta,  Rumicis  (from  melanic  wild  ?  ).  Glauca,  Nebulosa, 
Carpini.  Quercifolia,  etc.  Desiderata. — Well  set  imagines  on  black  pins  of  many  local 
species. — Dr.  Beckwith  \\  liitehouse,  o'J,  Newha II  Street.- Birmingham. 

Duplicates. — A  few  tine  Grossulaliata  var.  varleyata:,  Zatima.  and  other  extreme 
vars.  of  Lubricipeda.  etc.  Desiderata.  — Ach'iUeie,  Livoinica.  Celerio,  Ilicifolia,  Muscu 
Ipsa,  Palustris  ?  ,  Satura.  Ni,  Crinanensis,  Fuliginaria.  Roboiaria  black  var.,  Innotata, 
Salicalis,  IJnionalis,  Paludellus,  Semirufa,  Splendidella.  Terehrella,  Rubrotibielia . 
Tesseradactylus.  and  extreme  vars.  of  Grossulariata  and  other  species. — Geo.  T. 
I'orritt,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Huddersfield . 

I'BfJF.KTi.Y  \v\NrKi»  ill   .\pril.  May.  or  .lune.  Fiiving  wild  caught   v  s  Atalanta,  Cardui. 


lo.  Edusti.,  Hyale,  I'olychloruSv  Luciiia,  C- Album,  Viuula(oi' ova).  Croceago,  Semibiunnea, 
Exoleta,  Vetusta ;  also  Gross  ulaiiata  larva;  from  Lancashire  and  Huddersfield  districts; 
jjhpral  exchange  or  cash. — •//.  U'.  Sewman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

Wanted  urgently. — A  number  of  set  Hirtaria  (both  sexes).  Will  do  what  I  can  in 
retu)-n. — ./.  II'.  H.  Harrison,  181,  Abingdon  Road,  Middleshro'. 

Desiderata. — British  hymenoptera  aculeata.  Duplicates. — ^Many  British  lepidoptcra 
in  tine  condition. —  f .  K.  Shaw,  Betula,  Fallow  Court  Avenue,  North  Finchley. 

Duplicates.  —  Dissimilis*,  Velleda,  Captiuncula,  Fibrosa,  Melanopa,  Cordigera. 
Ambigua*,  Lntosa,  Piufa,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Plantaginis*,  Cambrica  and  dark 
vara.;  Coracina,  Blandiata,  Hexapterata,  Tristata,  Bidentata*  (Black),  Carbonaria  (6). 
Fluviata*,  Csesiata,  Ruficinctata.  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Bieolorata  var.  plurabata,  etc. 
Dedderata. — Hyale,  Pruni,  Paniseus,  Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Andreniformis,  Sphegi. 
formis  (naiTOWj,  Guenii,  Albimaeula,  Irregularis,  Barrettii,  Obfuseata,  Tajniata, 
Virgaureata,  Consignata,  Dipsacea,  Ocellaris,  Fraxini,  etc. — T.  Aahion  Lofthouse,  'Die 
Croft,  Lintliorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Selene,  C-album  (2),  Sibylla  (3),  Betulte  (2),  Populi  (pale  and  pink 
forms),  Bleliloti,  Z.  Trifolii*  (vars.),  Geryon  (p),  Senex,  Griseola,  Salicis*.  Fascelina  (3), 
Ridens,  Pudorina,  Phragmatidis,  Elymi,  Stiigilis,  Fasciuncula,  Nigricans,  Baja,  Inter- 
jeeta,  Typica,  Rubiginea  (3),  Gueneei  (2),  Templi  (3),  Affinis,  Absinthii  (4),  Argentula. 
Moneta,*  Chrysitis,  Haworthii,  Umbra  (4),  Sponsa.  Nupta,  Fibrosa,  Leucophearia,  Un- 
angulata,  Testata,*  Zonaria,*  Hirtaria  (hybrid),  a  pair.  Desiderata. — Cynipif jrmis, 
Culiciformis,  N.  strigula,  Testudo,  B.  trifolii,  A.  ligustri,  Bondii,  Petasitis  (3),  Caliginosa. 
Depuncta,  Populeti,  Subtusa,  Rusticata,  Salicata,  Dodoneata,  Togata,  Sparsata,  Sexalata. 
—  G.  Brooks,  ^8.  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern,  Barnet. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  Sibylla,*  Betulue,*  Bembeciformis,*  Meliloti,  Cristulalis,* 
Miniata,"  Aureola,*  Dominula,*  Fuliginosa,*  Fascelina,*  Cratasgi,*  Carpini,*  Advenaria, * 
Alniaria,*  Abietaria,*  Roboraria,*  Orbieularia,*  Temerata,  Pictaria,*  Alternata,*  Pine- 
taria,  Cifisiata,  Grossulariata*  (good  vars,),  Helveticata, '  Lariciata,"  Togata,*  Albicillata,  * 
Hndulata,*  Psittacata,*  Immanata,  Populata,  Obliquaria,*  Furcuia.  Vinula,*  Dicttea,* 
Ziczac,*  Dodonaea,*  Ridens,*  Myricee,*  Menyanthidis,*  Templi*  (grease  removed), 
Flavago*  (dark  forms),  Lucernea,  Pisi,*  Contigua,  Absinthii,*  Harthenias,  Braetea, 
Interrogationis,  Pulchrina.  Desiderata. — Many  local  and  common  British  Butterflies, 
varieties  especially. — Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone  Place,  Aberdeen,  .\.B. 

WA^TKV.—Enlomologist,  1868,  nos.  50-52;  1869,  nos.  62,  64-66;  1873,  nos.  117. 
119,  121-124  ;  1874,  nos.  125-13-5  (or  volume) ;  1876,  nos.  151-154  :  1877,  no.  168  ;  1878, 
nos.  176,  177,  180-187  (or  volume).— Hy.  J.  Turner,  9H,  Drukef ell  Road,  New  Cross,  S.F. 

Duplicates. — Some  Sicilian  butterflies,  including  Galathea  var.  Procida.  Also  a  dark 
form  of  Galathea  from  Calabria  approximating  Turcica.  Desiderata.. — Types  of  other 
species  which  occur  in  Sicily. — T.  Piatt  f'.arreft.  "  Jresfrroft."  Soutli  Unad,  Forest  Hill. 
S.F. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  w-album,  Lucina,*  Minima,  Neustria,*  I  rticse,*  Consonaria 
(vai-.  Nigra),  Diffinis,  Hispidaria,  Fuscantaria,  Rhamnata,  Asteris,  Carmelita,  Abruptaria, 
Suasa,  Gilvago  Rufina,  Pastinum,  Puta,  Phragmitidis  and  others.  Desiderata. — 
Bidentata,  especially  Scotch  and  Irish,  and  varieties.  Also  living  specimens  in  any  stage 
from  South  of  England.    Paniseus. — IF.  Bowater,  20,  Russell  Road,  Moseley,  Birmingham. 

Change  of  Address. — Richard  S.  Bagnall,  ''  Oldstead,"  Park  Town,  Oxford.  A.  .1. 
Dalgish,  7,  Keir  St.,  Pollokshields,  Glasgow. 

MEETINGS  OF  SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — 11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W'.. 
s  p.m.     Oct.  2nd;  Oct.  16th  ;  Nov.  6th  ;  Nov.  20th. 

The  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.  -London 
Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C. — The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
iumual  subscription  Is.  .Meetings  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excux'sions  can  be  obtained  ironi 
the  Excursion  Secretary,  Miss  L.  Roberts,  11,  St.  James,'  Hatcham,  S.E. — Hon.  Sec. 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibernia. 
<Jbambers,  London  Bridge. — Meetings  :  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
Ht  8  o'clock.  Next  Field  Meetings  :  July  27th,  Otford,  conducted  fay  R.  Adkin,  F.E.S,  : 
Sept.  14th,  Bexley,  conducted  by  L.  W.  Newman,  F.E.S. 

North  London  Notural  History  Society. — Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
Krtonth.     Secretary,  R.  VV.  Robbins,  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, l.iverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  th«  month  from  October  to  April. 


IN     PARTS    ONE     SHILLING. 

A    NATURAL    HISTORY 

OF     THE 

BRITISH   BUTTERFLIES, 

THEIR    WOTiLD  WIDE    VARIATION    AND    DISTRIBUTION. 
Vol.  IV. 

Coniinenciug  with  the  Vai  iatioii  and  Life-histories  of  Agriadcs  coridou  and  PolijomnuUns 
icurus  (with  four  plates  of  the  named  aberrations  and  varieties  of  the  first-named  species 
together  with  many  photomicrographs  of  larval  and  pupal  structure.  Similar  plates  of 
P.  icarus  are  awaiting  publication.) 

Probably  the  finest  life-histories  of  any  species  of  lepidoptera  ever  published.  The  next 
apeoies  to  be  treated  is  Aririd  dMrarclif,  a  still  more  interesting  one  with  regard  to  its 
Varieties  and  .Aberrations. 

Subscription  for  20  parts  17s.  6d. 

THE 

Butterflies  of  Switzerland  and  the  Alps  of  Central  Europe 

By  GEO.     WHEELER,     M,A.,     F.E.S.,     F.Z.S. 

Price     5s.     net.  Interleaved,     6s. 

Limp  cloth  covers.     Haiidij  lor  the  knapsack. 

This  book  is  of  the  highest  value  not  only  to  collectors  of  Continental  Butter- 
Hies,  but  to  all  those  who  collect  British  butterflies,  as  it  gives  a  great  many  detailed 
facts  about  the  species  in  which  they  are  more  particularly  interested. 

The  details  of  Variation  and  Distribution  are  particularly  important,  and  those 
iepidopterists  to  whom  Kane's  book  has  long  been  a  treasured  friend,  will  find  in  this 
more  information,  more  detail,  and  many  more  localities  than  were  at  the  disposal  of 
the  author  of  the  earlier  volume. 

"  To  those  who  carry  a  net  abroad,  this  handbook  will  be   invaluable  as  a  book  of 

reference.     .     .     .     .      \Ve   can    cordially   recommend    it " — H.    Eowland- 

Bkown,  M.A..  F.E.S.,    The  Entomologist'.^  Record,  vol.  xv. 

Dear  -SiR.-Herewith    I    forward    p^^^^f^^.^e.-   v*ilue  ^,^:  for       ,;;^,V>^  ot   The  Butter 
if.*  i)i'  SuHtzn'Tond  mid  the  .4lps  of  Central  Europe. 


Nnnu 


Addres.t 

To  Mr.  H.  E.  PAGE,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

"  '.  FOR       SALlE 

I'utt's  '*  British  Lepidoptera,"  vols.  I  to  X.  Tutt's  "  British.  Butterflies,"  vols. 
1  to  111.  Tutt's  "British  Noctuae,"  vols.  I  to  IV.  Tutt's  "Practical  Hints  for  the 
Field  Lepidopterist,"  parts  I  to  HI.  with  Index.  There  are  also  a  few  oopies  of 
•"  British  Noctuse,"  sliubtly  soiled,  to  he  sold  cheaply. 

A.     M.     COCHRANE, 
41,    Wisteria   Road,   Lewisham,    S.E. 

Melanism    and    Melanochroism    in     British    Lepidoptera. 

(Demy  tivo.,  bound  in  Cloth.     Price  5/-.) 

Deals  e.xhaustively  with  all  the  views  brought  forward  by  scientists  to  account  for  the 
forms  of  melanism  and  melanochroism ;  contains  full  data  rcvspecting  the  distribution  of 
raelanic  forms  in  Britain,  and  theories  to  account  for  their  origin  ;  the  special  value  of 
"natural  selection,,"  "environment,"  "heredity,"  "disease,"  '  temperature,"  t&c,  in 
particular  cases.  Lord  Walsingham,  in  his  Presidential  address  to  the  Fellows  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  London,  says,  "An  esi)ecially  interesting  line  of  enquiry  as  con- 
nected with  the  use  and  value  of  colour  in  insects  is  that  which  has  been  followed  up  in 
Mr.  Tutt's  series  of  papers  on  '  Melanism  and  Melanochroism.'  " 

To  be  obtained  from  .1.  Hehbkrt  Titt,  22,  Francemarv  Road,  Lsdywell  Road, 
Brockley,  S.E. 


IIVIJPORTANT 

TO   ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES  and  MUSEUMS, 


BACK    VOLUMES    OF 

The    Entomologist's    Record 

and    Journal    of    Variation. 

(Vols.  I-XXIII). 

Single  back  volumes  of  the  above  can  be  obtained  at  7s.  6d.  per  volume  ; 
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price  (plus  postage).  Special  Indexes.  Vols.  III-XXIII,  spld  separately,  price 
Is.  6d.  each. 
Contents    of    Vol.    I.         (Most  importaiu  only  Mentioned.) 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies.— Variation  of  Snierinthus  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates— Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athqlin ,  partJienie,  and  aurelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  —  Parthenogenesis  —  Paper  6n  Taeniocampidde  —  Phylloxera —  Practical 
Hints  (many) — Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynuis  paphia  var. 
valesina-— Work  for  the  Winter — T^emperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1;690 — Lifehistories  of  Ayrotis  pyrophila,  Epnnda 
lichenea,  'Heliophnbiis  Itispidiia — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol.    II. 

Melanism  .\nij  Mklanochkoism — Bibliography — Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sj)hegiJ'orviis ,  Taeuio 
campa  opmfl—*  Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development — -Hybridising 
Amphidasys  jjrodromariu  and  A.  betularia — Melanism  and  Temperature — Differen 
tiation  of  DiaHthocias — Disuse  of  wings — Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Rannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  Zyg^na  (Avthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera  - 
Lifehistory  of  Gonophorn  derasa.  etc.,  etc.,  H12  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol.    III. 

Genus  Acronycto  and  its  allies  (continued) — fcicientitic  Notes — The  British 
Uoccinellidfte — Notes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleoptkra  (very  many) — Dates  ol 
appearance  of  Eiqnthi'cio  pygmeata-^I>'\mox^\\\(i  pup* — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geometridae  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop 
tera — Hints  on  labelling — Melanic  varieties— Chunges  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupas  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialiii> — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    iV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  uf  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society— Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captures  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuac—K  day's  collecting  in  the  W^estern  Highiands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Diuiiii — Double-brooded  species — The  early  stages  of  certain  Geoinetrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larva;  to  sound— Collecting  in  North  Kent — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova — Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893 — Stridulation — Variety  breeding  The 
I'upal  and  Imaginsil  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Arctia  caio  (with  plates) — Evolution  of  the  Lepidopteiouh 
Pupa— Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale) — Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.)— Among  the  Ancients— A'/r^nw  ejnphron  and  itH 
named  Varieties— Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen- 
Varieties  of  Spilosoma  mendica  —Buttertiy  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar—Zygaemi  exuUriis  and  its  Variations — 
Entomology  at  Rainharn,  Essex — Additions  to  the  Rritiah  List-  -New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 

To  be  obtained  only  from — 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,    '"Bertroae,"  Oellatly   Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E> 

In  whom  Cheque^  and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  pHvable. 


Subscriptions  for  Vol.  XXIV.  (7  shillings)  should  be  sent  to 
Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross, 
S.E.  [This  subscription  includes  all  numbers  published  from 
January  15th  to  December  15th,  1P12.] 

Non-receipt  or  errors  in  tlie  sending  of  Subscribers'  magazines  should  be 
notified  to  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

The  Back  volumes  (I-XXIII)  of  the  Ent.  Record,  &c.  (published  at  10s.  6d.  net), 
can  be  obtained  direct  as  follows— Single  volumes,  7s.  6d.,  exceiit  vols.  I.  and  11.,  which 
are  10s.  6d.  each  ;  of  the  remainder  2  or  3  volumes,  7s.  3d.  each  ;  i,  5,  6,  7,  8  or  9  vols., 
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Subscribers  are  kindly  requested  to  observe  that  subscriptions  to  The  EntoviologigVs  Tlecoid,&e.,  are 
payable  in  advance.  The  subscription  (with  or  without  the  Special  Index)  Is  Seven  Shillings,  and 
must  be  sent  to  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E.  Cheques 
and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable  to  H.  E.  Page. 

Advertisements  of  Books  and  Insects  for  Sale,  or  Books  wanted  will  be  inserted  at  a  minimum 
charge  of  2s.  6d.  (for  four  lines).  Longer  Advertisements  in  proportion.  A  reduction  made  for  a  Series. 
Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  TSTew  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Advena,  Tincta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracilis,  Glauca, 
Flavicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderata. — Anthrocera  hippoerepidis 
(early  filipendulse)  and  A.  trifolii-minor,  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A.  Cockayne,  16, 
Cambridge  Sq%iare,  W. 

Duplicates. — Xanthia  Ocellaris,*  a  few  bred;  hybrid  Zonaria  x  Hirtaria  (females 
only).  Desiderata. — Many  rare  and  local  insects  and  good  vars.  Ova  of  Gilvago, 
Cerago,  Ocellaris. — H.  Worsley  Wood,  31,  Agate  Road,  Hammersviith,  W. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei,*  Campanulata,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Eussata*  (yellow 
var.),  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  Cursoria,  Triangulum,  Affinis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Kibesaria,*  Badiata,  Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  Wavaria*.  DesWe7Y((a. 
— Numerous. — Rev.  A.  M,  Doivnes,  Batheaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Humuli  var.  Hethlandica,  Putrescens,  Vestigahs,  Exulis  (Shetlands,  I.), 
Ambigua,  Nigra,  and  many  other  local  British  moths.  Desiderata. — British  and  Palae- 
arctic  Khopalocera. — J.  A.  Simes,  F.E.S.,  Mon.  Repos,  Markham's  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 
Duplicates. — Sinapis  (Irish)  aurinia  (Irish,  unset).  Desiderata. — ^Ethiops,  Epiphron, 
Duplicates. ^GyniT^iiormis* ,  Culiciformis*,  Subtusa*,  yenustula.  Desiderata. — 
Apiformis,  Scohseformis,  Formiciformis,  Philanthiformis,  Chrysidiformis,  Bractre,  Hypej:- 
borea,  D.  csesia,  Albimacula,  Nigrocincta,  Nubeculosa. — H.  Baker  Sly,  Majdedean, 
Horley,  Surrey. 

Duplicates. — Sinapis,  icarus,  aurinia  from  Ireland.  Desiderata. — British  butterflies  ; 
unset  or  Continental  setting. — N.  Manders,  Lt.-CoL,  R.A.M.C.,  4,  South  Road,  Curragh 
Cam]),  Co.  Kildare. 

Duplicates. — Galathea,  Argiolus,  Filipendulse,  Derasa,  Batis,  Psi,  Chi,  D.  pinastri, 
Lunigera,  Australis,  Triangulum,  Brunnea,  Augur,  Suffusa,  Brumata  (  $  s),  liupicapraria 
(  5  s.),  Amataria,  Trilinearia.Rotundaria,  Lignata,  Bipunctaria,  vars.  of  Pronuba,  Trape- 
zina,  Strigilis,  Festiva,  Nictitans,  Oxyacanthse,  Pyramidea,  Betularia,  Elinguaria,  Pro- 
gemmaria  ( <J  s  and  9  s),  etc.,  etc.  Desiderata. — Porcellus,  Vespertaria,  Apiciaria, 
Advenaria,  Prunaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Lunaria,  Tetralunaria,  Bidentata,  Alniaria, 
and  many  other  common  Geometers  to  extend  and  replace.  Well  set  perfect  specimens, 
black  pins  only. — J.  Douglas,  6,  Old  Jeiory,  E.C. 

Duplicates. — Cilialis,  Margaritellus,  Pascuellus,  Inquinatellus,  Phragmitellus, 
Hastiana,  Caledoniana,  Sordidana,  Bimaculana,  Ophthalmicana,  Geminana,  (2),  etc. 
Desiderata. — Furcatellus,  Eficellus,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crambi,  Tortrices  and  Pterophori. 
— T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Black  Pilosaria*,  Hamula*,  Croceago*,  Australis,  Hastata*,  Papilio- 
naria,  Palpina*,  Autumnaria*,  Unca,  A.  ligustri*,  Fascelinaf,  Zonaria*,  Strataria, 
Meliloti,  Conspersa,  Togato*,  Ditrapezium*,  Muralis,  Dictaea,  Opimia,  Hispidus,  Nigra, 
Piniperda,  Irrorella,  Omicronaria*,  Rubidata,  Berberata*,  Straminea,  etc.  Desiderata. — 
Larvffi  of  Grossulariata  (Lancashire)  and  Caja  (Blackpool  district). —  W.  J.  Ogden,  87, 
The  Common,  Upper  Clapton,  London,  W. 

Duplicates. — Larvae,  Tincta,  Rumicis  (from  melanic  wild  ?  ),  Glauca,  Nebulosa, 
Carpini,  Quercifolia,  etc.  Desiderata. — Well  set  imagines  on  black  pins  of  many  local 
species. — Dr.  Becktvith  Whitehouse,  52,  Newhall  Street,  Birmingham. 

Duplicates. — A  few  fine  Grossulariata  var.  varleyata,  Zatima,  and  other  extreme 
vars.  of  Lubricipeda,  etc.  Desiderata.  —  kchiWeds,  Livomica,  Celerio,  Ilicifolia,  Muscu- 
losa,  Palustris  ?  ,  Satura,  Ni,  Crinanensis,  Fuliginaria,  Roboraria  black  var.,  Innotata, 
Salicalis,  Unionalis,  Paludellus,  Semirufa,  Splendidella,  Terebrella,  Rubrotibiella, 
Tesseradactylus,  and  extreme  vars.  of  Grossulariata  and  other  species. —  Geo.  T. 
Porritt,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Huddersjield. 


Wanted  urgently. — A  number  of  set  Hirtaria  (both  sexes).  Will  do  what  I. can  in 
return. — J.  W .  H.  Harrison,  ISl,  Abingdon  Road,  Middlesbro\ 

Desiderata. — British  hymenoptera  aculeata.  Duplicates. — Many  British  lepidoptera 
in  fine  condition. — f .  E.  Shaiv,  Betula,  Fallow  Court  Avenue,  North  Finchley. 

Duplicates.  —  Dissimilis* ,  Velleda,  Captiuneula,  Fibrosa,  Melanopa,  Cordigera, 
Ambigua*,  Lutosa,  Bufa,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Plantaginis*,  Cambrica  and  dark 
vars.;  Coracina,  Blandiata,  Hexapterata,  Tristata,  Bidentata*  (Black),  Carbonaria  (6), 
riuviata*,  Ctesiata,  Euficinetata,  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Bicolorata  var.  plumbata,  etc. 
Desiderata. — Hyale,  Pruni,  Paniscus,  Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Andrenifoi'mis,  Sphegi. 
formis  (narrow),  Gueneei,  Albimacula,  Irregularis,  Barrettii,  Obfuscata,  Taeniata, 
"Virgaureata,  Consignata,  Dipsacea,  Ocejlaris,  Fraxini,  etc. — T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The 
Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Aglaia,  Artemis,  Cinxia,  Galatea,  ^Egon,  Adonis,  Corydon,  Argiolus  d  s, 
Lineola,  Actaeon,  Comma,  etc.  Desiderata. — Pupae  of  Sphingids,  etc. — A.  Ford,  36, 
Irving  Road,  Bournemouth. 

Duplicates. — Larvas  and  pupae  of  Machaon.  Imagines  of  Z.  trifolii*,  Cuculatella*, 
Linea,  Lineola,  Tilia*,  Populi*  (pale  and  pink  forms),  Chaonia'  (4),  M.  arundinis, 
Pudorina,  Comma,  Flammea,  Phragmitidis,  Anceps,  Gemina  (and  Remissa),  Basilinea, 
Fibrosa,  Haworthii,  Segetum  (grand  forms).  Nigricans,  Baja,  Interjecta,  Affinis,  Thalas- 
sina,  Chrysitis*,  Moneta*,  Argentula,  Vernaria*,  Osseata,  Oblongata,  Tenuiata,  Unangu- 
lata,  Leucophearia,  Vittata,  Cribralis,  Cilialis.  Desirferafa.— Pruni,  Myopaeformis, 
Strigula,  Testudo,  Leporina,  Cannae,  Caliginosa,  Depuncta,  Sobrina,  Eetusa,  Palaeacea, 
Eectilinea,  Obfuscaria,  Contiguaria,  Sylvata,  Unifasciata,  Ruberata,  Berberata. — G. 
Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern  Barnet. 

Duplicates. — Ocellatus,*  Populi,*  Tiliae,*  Elpenor,*  Stellataruni,*  Chrysidiformia,* 
Cynipiformis,*  Museiformis,*  Bembeciformis,*  Humuli  var.  hethlandica,  Undulanus, 
Statices,  Geryon,  Globularias,  Exulans,  Meliloti,  Cristulalis,  Irrorella,  Miniata,  Aureola,* 
Helveola,*  Quadra,*  Jacoboea,*  Dominula,*  Russula,  Plantaginis,*  Fuliginosa  var. 
borealis,*  Mendica,*  Salicis,*  Monacha,*  Pudibunda,*  Fascelina,*  Cratsegi,*  P.  populi,* 
R.  rubi,*  B.  quercus,*  Carpini,*  Lacertula,*  Falcula,*  Hamula,*  Furcula,*  Vinula,* 
Bucephala,*  Palpina,*  Camelina,*  Dictaea,*  Dromedarius,*  Ziczac,*  Trepida,*  Chaonia.* 
Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone  Place,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

Duplicates. — Pupse:^— Machaoff,  Carpini,  Valerinaeata.  Imagines: — Atalanta*,  Linea, 
Lineola,  Populi*  (pale  and  pink),  Z.  trifolii*,  Giiseola*,  Arundinis,  Pudorina,  Flammea, 
Comma,  Phragmitidis,  Hellmanni,  Anceps,  Basilinea,  Gemma  (vars.),  Unanimis, 
Fibrosa,  Puta,  Segetum  (grand  forms),  Nigricans,  Anquilina,  Baja,  Interjecta,  Atifinis, 
Thalassina,  Libatrix,  Moneta,  Chrysitis,  Argentula,  Leucophasia,  Tenuiata,  Testata*. 
Desiderata. — Myopaeformis,  N.  strigula,  Testudo,  A.  ligustri,  Leporina,  Caliginosa, 
Depuncta,  Sobrina,  Retusa,  Paleacea,  Rectilinea,  Glabraria,  Obfuscaria,  Sylvata,  Ornata, 
Plumbeolata,  Pimpinellata,  Subciliata,  Abbreviata,  Sexalata,  Ruberata,  Berberata, 
Psittacata. — G.  Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern  Barnet. 

Wanted.— Entomologist,  1868,  nos.  50-52;  1869,  nos.  62,  64-66;  1873,  nos.  117, 
119,  121-124  ;  1876,  nos.  151-154 ;  1877,  no.  168  ;  1878,  nos.  176,  177,  180-187  (or 
volume).— if 2/.  J.  Turner,  98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  w-album,  Lucina,*  Minima,  Neustria,*  Urticae,*  Consonaria 
(var.  Nigra),  Dif3anis,  Hispidaria,  Fuscantaria,  Rhamnata,  Asteris,  Carmelita,  Abruptaria, 
Suasa,  Gilvago,  Rufina,  Pastinum,  Puta,  Phragmitidis  and  others.  Desiderata. — 
Bidentata,  especially  Scotch  and  Irish,  and  varieties.  Also  living  specimens  in  any  stage 
from  South  of  England.    Paniscus. — IF.  Bowater,  20,  Russell  Road,  Moseley,  Birmingham. 

MEETINGS  OF  SOCIETIES.  — 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — 11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W., 
8  p.m.     Oct.  2nd  ;  Oct,  16th  ;  Nov.  6th  ;  Nov.  20th. 

The  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — London 
Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C. — The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
annual  subscription  Is.  Meetings  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excursions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Excursion  Secretary,  Miss  L.  Roberts,  11,  St.  James,'  Hatcham,  S.E. — Hon.  Sec, 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibernia,. 
Chambers,  London  Bridge. — Meetings  :  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock. 

North  London  Notural  History  Society. — Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  B.C.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  th6  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month. — Secretary,  R.  W.  Robbins,  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  the  month  from  October  to  April. 


I  JVII>  ORT  ANT 

TO   ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES  and  MUSEUMS. 


BACK    VOLUMES    OF 

The   Entomologist's    Record 

and    Journal    of    Variation. 

(Vols.  I-XXIII). 

Single  back  volumes  of  the  above  can  be  obtained  at  7s.  6d.  per  volume ; 
except  vols.  I.  and  II.,  which  are  10s.  6d.  each,  net;  any  two  or  three  volumes 
of  the  remainder  at  7s.  3d.  per  volume  ;  four,  five,  six,  seven,  eight  or 
nine  at  7s.  per  volume  ;  ten,  eleven,  twelve,  thirteen  or  fourteen  at  6s.  9d.  per 
volume ;  fifteen,  sixteen,  seventeen,  eighteen,  nineteen,  twenty  or  twenty- 
one  at  6s.  6d.  per  volume.  Back  copies  of  the  Magazine  at  double  the  published 
price  (plus  postage).  Special  Indexes,  Vols.  III-XXIII,  sold  separately,  price 
Is.  6d. each. 
Contents    of   Vol>    !•         (Most  important  only  Mentioned.) 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  of  Smerinthits  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  atlialia,  parthenie,  and  aurelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  — ■  Parthenogenesis — Paper  on  Taeniocampidae — Phylloxera —  Practical 
Hints  (many) — Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynnis  paphia  var. 
valesina — Work  for  the  Winter — Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890 — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis  pyrophila,  Epunda 
lichenea,  Heliophobus  hispidus — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol.    II. 

Melanism  .\nd  Mel.\nochroism — Bibliography — Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many)-J-How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegiformis,  Taenio- 
campa  opima—  Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development— Hybridising 
Aviphidasys  prodromaria  and  A.  hetularia — Melanism  and  Temperature — Differen- 
tiation of  Dianthoecias — Disuse  of  wings — Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Rannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  Zyg.5ena  (Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera-  - 
Lifehistory  of  Gonophora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol.    III. 

Gends  Acronycta  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccinellidac — Notes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleopteba  (very  many) — -Dates  of 
appearance  of  Eupithecia  pygmeata — Dimorphic  pupae — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geoinetridae  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling — Melanic  varieties — Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupae  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialiis — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.-,  320  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol.    IV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society — Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captures  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuae — A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Diurni — Double-brooded  species-^The  early  stages  of  certain  Geometrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvffi  to  sound — Collecting  in  North  Kent — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova — Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893 — Stridulation — Variety  breeding — The 
Pupal  and  Imaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V.  ~^ 

On,  the  larva  of  Arctia  caia  (with  plates)— Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous 
Pupa — Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale)— ^Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.) — Among  the  Ancients — Erehia  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties — Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen — 
Varieties  of  Spilosoma  mendica — Butterfly  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar — Zygaena  exulans  and  its  Variations — 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex — Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  lasects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 


To  be  obtained  only  from — 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,    <'  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

to  whom  Cheques  an dvP.ogtal  Orders,  should  be  made  payable. 


IN     PARTS—ONE    SHILLING. 

A    NATURAL    HISTORY 

OF     THE 

BRITISH   BUTTERFLIES, 

THEIR    WOliLD-WIDE    VARIATION  AND   DISTRIBUTION. 
Vol.  IV. 

Commencing  with  the  Variation  and  Life-histories  of  Agriadea coridonsixid  Polyommatus 
icarus  (with  four  plates  of  the  named  aberrations  and  varieties  of  the  first-named  species 
together  with  many  photomicrographs  of  larval  and  pupal  structure.  Similar  plates  of 
P.  icariis  are  awaiting  publication.) 

Probably  the  finest  life-histories  of  any  species  of  lepidoptera  ever  published.  The  liext 
species  to  be  treated  is  Aricia  astrarche,  a  still  more  interesting  one  with  regard  to  its 
Varieties  and  Aberrations. 

Subscription  for  20  parts  17s.  6d. 

THE 

Butterflies  of  Switzerland  and  the  Alps  of  Central  Europe 

By  GEO.     WHEELER,     MrA.,     F.E.S.,     F.Z.S. 

Price    5s.     net.  Interleaved,     6s. 

Limj}  cloth  covers. — Handy  for  the  k^iapsack. 

This  book  is  of  the  highest  value  not  only  to  collectors  of  Continental  Butter- 
flies, but  to  all  those  who  collect  British  butterflies,  as  it  gives  a  great  many  detailed 
facts  about  the  species  in  which  they  are  more  particularly  interested. 

The  details  of  Variation  and  Distribution  are  partieulariy  important,  and  those 
lepidopterists  to  whom  Kane's  book  has  long  been  a  treasured  friend,  will  find  in  this 
more  information,  more  detail,  and  many  more  localities  than  were  at  the  disposal  of 
the  author  of  the  earlier  volume. 

"  To  those  who  carry  a  net  abroad,  this  handbook  will  be  invaluable  as  a  book  of 

reference We   can    cordially  recommend    it.    ' .     .     .     ." — H.   Kowland- 

Beown,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  The  Entomologist's  Record,  vol.  xv.' 

Dear  Sm.-Herewith  I  forward  pos'iaroi^er  value  H'  for  ^'^l  of  The  Butter- 
flies  of  Sivitzerland  and  the  Alps  of  Central  Europe. 

Name 

Address 

To  Mr.  H.  E.  PAGE,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

FOR     SaLb. 

Tutt's  "  British  Lepidoptera,"  vols.  I  to  X.  Tutt's  "  British  Butterflies,"  vols. 
I  to  III.  Tutt's  "British  Noctuae,"  vols.  I  to  IV.  Tutt's  "Practical  Hints  for  the 
Field  Lepidopterist,"  parts  I  to  III,  with  Index.  There  are  also  a  few  copies  of 
"  British  Noctuae,"  slightly  soiled,  to  be  sold  cheaply. 

A.     M.     COCHRANE, 

41,   Wisteria   Road,   Lewisham,   S.E. 



Second=hand  Cabinets  and  Storeboxes. 

12-drawer  Mahogany  Cabinet,  12-drawer  Teak,  24-drawer  Oak  and  Mahogany, 
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number  of  Storeboxes — about  half  original  cost. 

Also  several  thousand  British  Pyrales,  Crambites,  Pterophori,  Tortricel,  and  Tinse 
at  low  rates  per  100  to  clear  ;    selections  on  approval.  i  — 

Particulars  from — 

A.    FORD,    36,  Irving  Road,  Bournemouth. 


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and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable  to  H.  E.  Page. 

Advertisements  of  Books  and  Insects  for  Sale,  or  Books  wanted  will  be  inserted  at  a  minimunj 
charge  of  26.  6d.  (for  four  lines).  Longer  Advertisements  in  proportion.  A  reduction  made  for  a  series. 
Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Advena,  Tincta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracilis,  Glauca, 
Flavicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderata. — Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulffi)  and  A.  trifolii-minor,  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A.  Cockayne,  16, 
Cambridge  Square,   IV. 

Duplicates. — Xanthia  Gcellaris,*  a  few  bred;  hybrid  Zonaria  x  Hirtaria  (females 
only).  Desiderata. — Many  rare  and  local  insects  and  good  vars.  Ova  of  Gilvago, 
Cerago,  Gcellaris. — H.  IVorsley  Wood,  31,  Agate  Road,  Hammersmith ,  IF. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei,*  Campanularta,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Russata*  (yellow 
var.),  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  Cursoria,  Triangulum,  Afiihis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,  Ribesaria,*  Badiata,  Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  ^N&■vavisi* .  Desiderata. 
— Numerous. — Rev.  .i.  M.  Downes,  Batheaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Humuli  var.  Hethlandica,,  Puti'escens,  Vestigalis,  Exulis  (Shetlands,  I.), 
Ambigua,  Nigra,  and  many  other  local  British  moths.  Desiderata. — British  and  Palae- 
arctic  Bhopalocera. — J.  A.  Simes,  F.E.S.,  Mon.  Repos,  Markham'' s  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 

Duplicates. — Subtusa,*  (0)  Venustula,  Castrensis,*  Culieiformis,*  Cynipiformis, 
Pudorina,  Lineolata,  (5)  Citraria,  and  others.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous,  but  chiefly 
northern  insects,  also  Paniscus,  W-Album  and  Pruni.    H.  Baker  Sly,  Maplcdean,  Horley. 

Duplicates. — Sinapis,  Icarus,  Aurinia  from  Ireland.  Desiderata. — British  butterflies  ; 
unset  or  Continental  setting. — N.  Manders,  Lt.-Col.,  R.A.M.C.,  4,  South  Road,  Curragh 
Camp,  Co.  Kildare. 

Duplicates. — Galatea,  Argiolus,  Corydon,  Linea,  Jacobasae,  Lupulina  (vars.),  Batis, 
Glandifera,Psi,Rumicis,  Monglypha  (dark),  Gemina,  and  var.  remissa,  Fasciuncula  (vars.), 
Bicoloria,  Morpheus,  Cubicularis,  Exclamationis  (vars.), Obelisca,  Augur,  Brunnea,  Gothica, 
Rufina,  Vaccinii,  Chi,  Oxyacanthae,  and  var.  Capucina,  o-o  (white  pins)  Nupta,  Macularia, 
Elinguaria,  Pennaria,  Doubledayaiia,  Rupicapraria  ?  s,  Progemmaria,  Atoraaria,  Albulata, 
Badiata,  many  others.  -Desidera^a.^Vespertaria,  Apiciaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Tetralu- 
naria, Blomeri,  Rubricata,  Straminata,  Subsericeata,  Immutata,  Emutaria,  Inornata, 
Degeneraria,  Emarginata,  Belgiaria,  Murinata,  Hippocastanaria,  Salisata,  Olivata, 
Affinitata,  Ericetata,  Blandiata,  Lobulata,  Simulata,  Fii-mafa,  Sparsata.  Sexalata, 
Viretata,  Heparata,  Vitalbata,  Undulata,  Vetulata,  Psitticata,  many  others. — J.  Douglas, 
"  Woodside,"  Milford,  nr.  Derby. 

Duplicates. — Cilialis,  Margaritellus,  Pascuellus,  Inquinatellus,  Phragmitellus, 
Hastiana,  Caledoniana,  Sordidana,  Bimaculana,  Ophtha,lmicana,  Geminana,  (2),  etc. 
Desiderata. — Furcatellus,  Ericellus,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crambi,  Tortrices  and  Pterophori. 
— T.  Asliton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Black  Pilosaria*,  Hamula*,  Croceago*,  Australis,  Hastata*,  Papilio- 
naria,  Palpina*,  Autumnaria*.  Unca,  A.  ligustri*  Fascelina*,  Zonaria*,  Strataria, 
Meliloti,  Conspersa,  Togata*,  Ditrapezium*,  Muralis,  Dictaea,  Opima,  Hispidus,  Nigra, 
Piniperda,  Irrorella,  Omicronaria*,  Rubidata,  Berberata*,  Straminea,  etc.  Desiderata. — 
Larvte  of  Grossulariata  (Lancashire)  and  Caja  (Blackpool  district). —  fV.  J.  Ogden,  87, 
The  Common,  Upper  Clapton,  London,  W. 

Duplicates. — Larva,  Tincta,  Rumicis  (from  melanic  wild  ?  ),  Glauca,  Nebulosa, 
Carpini,  Quercifolia,  etc.  Desiderata. — Well  set  imagines  on  black  pins  of  many  local 
species. — Dr.  Beckwith  Whitehouse,  52,  Neichall  Street,  Birmingham. 

Duplicates. — A  few  fine  Grossulariata  var.  varleyata,  Zatiraa,  and  other  extreme 
vars.  of  Lubricipeda,  etc.  Desiderata.— AchiWese,  Livomica,  Ceierio,  Ilicifolia,  Muscu- 
losa,  Palustris  ?  ,  Satura,  Ni,  Crinanensis,  Fuliginaria,  Roboraria  black  var. ,  Innotata, 
Salicalis,  Unionalis,  Paludellus,  Semirufa,  Splendidella,  Terebrella,  Rubrotibiella, 
Tesseradactylus,  and  extreme  vars.  of  Grossulariata  and  other  species. — Geo.  T. 
Porritt,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Huddersjield. 


Wanted  dbqently. — A  number  of  set  Hirtaria  (both  sexes).  Will  do  what  I  can  in 
return. — J.  W.  H.  Harrison,  181,  Abingdon  Road,  Middlesbro\ 

Desiderata. — British  hymenoptera  aculeata.  Duplicates. — Many  British  lepidoptera 
in  fine  condition. — f .  E.  Shaw,  Betula,  Fallow  Court  Avenue,  North  Finchley. 

Duplicates.  —  Dissimilis*,  Velleda,  Captiuncula,  Fibrosa,  Melanopa,  Cordigera, 
Ambigua*,  Lutosa,  Rufa,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Plantaginis*,  Cambrica  and  dark 
vars.;  Coracina,  Blandiata,  Hexapterata,  Tristata,  Bidenta^a*  (Black),  Carbonaria  (6), 
Fluviata*,  Csesiata,  Euficinctata,  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Bicolorata  var.  plumbata,  etc. 
Desiderata. — Hyale,  Pruni,  Paniscus,  Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Andreniformis,  Sphegi. 
formis  (narrow),  Giieneei,  Albimacula,  Irregularis,  Barrettii,  Obfuscala,  Tffiniata, 
Virgaureata,  Consignata,  Dipsacea,  Ocellaris,  Fraxini,  etc. — T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The 
Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — Aglaia,  Artemis,  Cinxia,  Galatea,  ^Egon,  Adonis,  Corydon,  Argiolus  i  s, 
Lineola,  Actaeon,  Comma,  etc.  Desiderata. — Pupee  of  Sphingids,  etc. — A.  Ford,  36, 
Irving  Road,  Bournemouth. 

Duplicates. — Aurinia,*  Bombyliformis,  Mundaria,*  Lonicerse,  Filipendulse  (Hippo- 
crepidis?),  Nigra,  Lutulenta  var.  lunebergensis  (2),  Bractea  (2)  Gracilis,  Upsilon*, 
Rubricosa,*  Ornithopus,  Cracese*  (2),  Rufina,  Glareosa,  Multistrigaria,  Ennomos 
autumnaria,  Clathrata,  Ruberata,*  Trifasciata,*  Siterata,  Obeliscata*  (black  vars.), 
Repandata,*  Dodoneata,*  Absinthiata,*  Assimilata,*  Unidentaria,*  Ferrugata*  (both 
from  ova),  Dilutata,*  0.  autumnata,*  0.  christyi*  :  ova  of  Dilutata,  Autumnata,  Christyi. 
Desiderata. — Various. — J.  E.  R.  Allen,  Portora,  Enniskillen,  Ireland. 

Duplicates.— OceWatas,*  Populi,*  Tiliae,*  Elpenor,*  Stellatarum,*  Chrysidiformis,* 
Cynipiformis,*  Musciformis,*  Bembeciformis,*  Humuli  var.  hethlandica,  Undulanua, 
Statices,  Geryon,  Globularise,  Exulans,  Meliloti,  Cristulalis,  Irrorella,  Miniata,  Aureola,* 
Helveola,*  Quadra,*  Jacoboea,*  Dominula,*  Russula,  Plantaginis,*  Fuliginosa  var. 
borealis,*  Mendica,*  Salicis,*  Monacha,*  Pudibunda,*  Fascelina,*  Crataegi,*  P.  populi,* 
R.  rubi,*  B.  quercus,*  Carpini,*  Lacertula,*  Falcula,*  Hamula,*  Furcula,*  Vinula,* 
Bucephala,*  Palpina,*  Camelina,*  Dictaea,*  Dromedarius, *  Ziczac,*  Trepida,*  Chaonia.* 
Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone  Place,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

Duplicates. — Pupse.  Machaon,  Carpini,  Valerianata.  Imagines.  Rhamni,*  Linea, 
Lineola,  Atalanta,*  Populi  (pale  and  pink),  Senex,  Griseolata,*  Arundinis,  Pudorina, 
/  Comma,  Phragmitidis,  Flammea,  Helmanni,  Anceps,  Gemira,  Fibrosa,  Haworthii, 
Segetum,  and  Nigricans  (marsh  forms).  Aquilina,  Interjecta,  Tragopogonis,  Libatrix, 
Moneta,*  Argentula,  Nupta,  Leucophearia,  Vittata,  Testata,"  Cilialis.  Desiderata. — 
Bombyliformis,  Strigula,  Testudo,  Leporina,  Cannte,  Uliginopa,  Depuncta,  Sobrina, 
Retusa,  Ochroleuca,  Rectilinea,  Glabraria,  Sylvata,  Plumbeolata,  Albipunctata,  Togata, 
Sparsata,  Sexalata,  Ruberata. — G.  Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern  Barnet. 

Note.— Mr.  Donisthorpe  will  be  grateful  for  any  ants  from  all  parts  of  the  British 
Isles,  with  localities,  unset  or  otherwise,  for  the  purposes  of  study. — H.  St.  J.  K. 
Donisthorpe,  58,  Kensington  Mansion,  S.  Kensington,  S.W. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  W-album,  Lucina,*  Minima,  Neustria.*  Urticse,*  Consonaria 
(var.  Nigra),  Diffinis,  Hispidaria,  Fuscantaria,  Rhamnata,  Asteris,  Carmelita,  Abruptaria, 
Suasa,  Gilvago,  Rufina,  Pastinum,  Puta,  Phragmitidis  and  others.  Desiderata. — 
Bidentata,  especially  Scotch  and  Irish,  and  varieties.  Also  living  specimens  in  any  stage 
from  South  of  England.    Paniscus. — W.  Bowater,  20,  Russell  Road,  Moseley,  Birmingham. 

Changes  of  Address. — G.  D.  Hancock,  Mount  View,  Uffculme,  Cullompton,  Devon. 
V.  E.  Shaiv,  Betula,  Park  Vieiv  Road,  New  Eltham.  R.  T.  Baumann,  108,  Station  iJ<^, 
Chingford.     C.  Mellows,  Bishop's  Stortford  College,  Herts. 

MEETINGS  OF  SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society 'of  London. — 11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W., 
8  p.m.     Oct.  16th  ;  Nov.  6th  ;  Nov.  20th. 

The  City   of  London    Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.— London 

Institution,  Finsbury  Circus;  E.C. — The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
annual  subscription  Is.  I\Ieetings  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excursions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Excursion  Secretary,  Miss  L.  Roberts,  11,  St.  James,'  Hatcham,  S.E.— Hon.  Sec, 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibernia, 
Chambers,  London  Bridge. — Meetings :.  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock. 

North  London  Notural  History  Society.— Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month.— Secretary,  R.  W.  Robbins,  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on'-tbe  3rd  Monday  in  the  month  from  October  to  April. 


IN     PARTS— ONE    SHILLING. 

A    NATURAL    HISTORY 

OF     THE 

BRITISH   BUTTERFLIES, 

THEIR    WORLD-WIDE    VARIATION  AND   DISTRIBUTION. 
Vol.  IV. 

Commencing  with  the  Variation  and  Life-histories  of  Agriades  coridon&nd  Polyommatm 
icarus  (with  four  plates  of  the  named  aberrations  and  varieties  of  the  first-named  species 
together  with  many  photomicrographs  of  larval  and  pupal  structure.  Similar  plates  of 
P.  icarus'  are  awaiting  publication.) 

Probably  the  finest  life-histories  of  any  species  of  lepidoptera  ever  published.  The  next 
species  to  be  treated  is  Aricia  astrarche,  a  still  more  interesting  one  with  regard  to  its 
Varieties  and  Aberrations. 

Subscription  for  the  complete  parts  17s.  6d. 

THE 

Butterflies  of  Switzerland  and  the  Alps  of  Central  Europe 

By  GEO.    WHEELER,     M,A.,     F.E.S.,     F.Z.S. 

Price    Ss.     net.  Interleaved,     6s. 

Limp  cloth  covers. — Handy  for  the  knapsack. 

This  book  is  of  the  hijghest  value  not  only  to  collectors  of  Continental  Butter- 
flies, but  to  all  those  who  collect  British  butterflies,  as  it  gives  a  great  many  detailed 
facts  about  the  species  in  which  they  are  more  particularly  interested. 

The  details  of  Variation  and  Distribution  are  particularly  important,  and  those 
lepidopterists  to  whom  Kane's  book  has  long  been  a  treasured,  friend,  will  find  in  this 
more  information,  more  detail,  and  many  more  localities  than  were  at  the  disposal  of 
the  author  of  the  earlier  volume. 

"  To  those  who  carry  a  net  abroad,  this  handbook  will  be  invaluable  as  a  book  of 

reference We   can   cordially  recommend    it "— H.   Rowland- 

Brown,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  The  Entomologist's  Record,  vol.  xv. 

■    Dear  SiR,-Herewith  I  forward    poftaf&r  value  g;  for      J'^l  of  The  Butter- 
flies  of  Switzerland  and  the  Alps  of  Central  Europe. 

Name 

Address 

To  Mr.  H.  E.  PAGE,  »  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.B. 

FOR     SALE, 

Tutt's  "  British  Lepidoptera,"  vols.  I  to  X.  Tutt's  "  British  Butterflies,"  vols. 
I  to  III.  Tutt's  "British  Noctuae,"  vols.  I  to  IV.  butt's  "Practical  Hints  for  the 
Field  Lepidopterist,"  parts  I  to  III,  with  Index.  There  are  also  a  few  copies  of 
"  British  Noctuae,"  slightly  soiled,  to  be  sold  cheaply. 

A.    M.    COCHRANE. 
41,   Wisteria  Road,  Lewishaiii,   S.E. 


Rarissima  ! 

APOLLO    ex.    NORWAY. 

I  offer  both  sexes  for  cash.     Beautiful  big  animals. 

Write  to  Mr.  A.   KOENIG, 

Berlin,    Emserstp,  104. 


IM[JPORTANT 

TO  ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES  and  MUSEUMS. 

BACK    VOLUMES    OF 

The    Entomologist's    Record 

and    Journal    of    Variation. 

(Vols.  I-XXIII). 

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Is.  6d.  each. 
Contents    of   Vol.    I.         (Most  important  only  Mentioned.) 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  of  Smerintlms  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athalia,  parthenie,  and  aurelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  — Parthenogenesis — >Papcr  on  Taeniocampidae — Phylloxera — Practical 
Hints  (many)— Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynnis  paphia  var. 
valesina — Work  for  the  Winter— Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890 — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis  pyrophila,  Epunda 
lichenea,  Heliophobvs  hispidvs — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents   of  Vol.    11. 

Melanism  and  Melanochroism — Bibliography— Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegiformis,  Taenia- 
campa  opima—  Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development — Hybridising 
Amphidasyi  prodromaria  and  A.  betularia — Melanism  and  Temperature — Diiieren- 
tiation  of  Dianthtxciai — Disuse  of  wings — Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Rannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  Zyg^na  {Atithrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera-- 
Lifehistory  of  Gonophora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents   of  Vol.    III. 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccinellidae — Notes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleoptera  (very  many) — Dates  of 
appearance  of  Eupithecid  pygmeata— Dimorphic  pupae — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geometridae  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling — Melanic  varieties— Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupse  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialus — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    IV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society— Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captures  of  rarities— Collecting  beetles — Critieiil  notes  on 
certain  Nocttiae — A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Diurni — Double-brooded  species — The  early  stages  of  certain  Geometrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvae  to  sound — Collecting  in  North  Kent — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova — Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893- — Stridulation — Variety  breeding — The 
Pupal  and  Imaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Arctia  caia  (with  plates) — Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous 
Pupa — Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale) — Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.) — Among  the  Ancients — Erebia  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties— Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen — 
Varieties  of  Spilosoma  mendica — Butterfly  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar — Zygaena  exulans  and  its  Variations — 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex — Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 


To  be  obtained  only  from — 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,    "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

to  whom  Cheques  and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable. 


JUST    ISSUED.— Parts   12,   13   &  14  with   8  plates, 
Price    3s.    Ckl.    post    free. 


A    NATURAL    HISTORY 


OF    THE 


BRITISH  BUTTERFLIES, 

THEIR    wSrLD-WIDE    VAR.'ATION  AND  DISTRIBUTION. 


A  Text- Book  for  Students  and  Collectors. 


Vol.  IV. 
By   J.   W.  TUTT,    F.E.S. 

Commencing  with  the  Variation  and  Life-histories  of  Agriades  coridon  and  Polyommatus 
icarus  (with  four  plates  of  the  named  aberrations  and  varieties  of  the  first-named  species 
together  with  many  photomicrographs  of  larval  and  pupal  structure.  Similar  plates  of 
P.  icarus  are  awaiting  publication.) 

Probably  the  finest  life-histories  of  any  species  of  lepidoptera  ever  published.  The  next 
species  to  be  treated  is  Aricia  astrarche,  a  still  more  interesting  one  with  regard  to  its 
Varieties  and  Aberrations. 

Subscription  for  the\  complete  parts  17s.  6d. 

THE 

Butterflies  of  Switzerland  and  the  Alps  of  Central  Europe 

By  GEO.    WHEELER,     M.A.,     F.E.S.,     F.Z.S. 

Price    5s.     net.  Interleaved,     6s. 

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This  book  is  of  the  highest  value  not  only  to  collectors  of  Continental  Butter- 
flies, but  to  all  those  who  collect  British  butterflies,  as  it  gives  a  great  many  detailed 
facts  about  the  species  in  which  they  are  more  particularly  interested. 

The  details  of  Variation  and  Distribution  are  particularly  important,  and  those 
lepidopterists  to  whom  Kane's  book  has  long  been  a  treasured  friend,  will  find  in  this 
more  information,  more  detail,  and  many  more  localities  than  were  at  the  disposal  of 
the  author  of  the  earlier  volume. 

"  To  those  who  carry  a  net  abroad,  this  handbook  will  be  invaluable  as  a  book  of 

reference We  can    cordially   recommend    it " — H.   Kowland- 

B^owN,  M.A.,  F.E.S. ,  The  Entomologist's  Record,  vol.  xv. 

Dear  SiR.-Herewith  I  forward  ^.^t^'ori,,  value  H]  for  ,^^^3  of  The  Butter- 
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Name 


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FOR     SALE, 

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I  to  III.  Tutt's  "British  Noctuae,"  vols.  I  to  IV.  Tutt's  "Practical  Hints  for  the 
Field  Lepidopterist,"  parts  I  to  III,  with  Index.  There  are  also  a  few  copies  of 
"  British  Noctuae,"  slightly  soiled,  to  be  sold  cheaply. 

A.    M.     COCHRANE. 
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(Vols.  I-XXIII). 

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Contents    of   Vol.    I.         (Most  iviportant  only  Mentioned.) 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  of  Smerinthus  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athalia,  jxirthenie,  and  aurelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  —  Parthenogenesis — Paper  on  Taeniocampidae  —  Phylloxera —  Practical 
Hints  (many) — Parallel,  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Aryynnis  ixiphia  var. 
valesina — ^Work  for  the  Winter — Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890 — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis  'pyrophila,  Einmda 
lichenea,  Heliophobiis  hisjndus — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    II. 

Melanism  and  Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegiformis,  Taenio- 
campa  opima — Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Broads — Wing  development^ — ^Hybridising 
Amphidasys prodromaria  and  A.  hetularia — Melanism  and  Temperature — Differen- 
tiation of  Dianthmcias — Disuse  of  wings — Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae — A  fortnight  at  Rannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  Zyg^na  {Anthrocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera- - 
Lifehistory  of  Gonophora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents    of   Vol.    III. 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccinellidae — Notes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleoptera  (very  many) — Dates  of 
appearance  of  Eupithecia  pygmeata — Dimorphic  pupse — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geometridae  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling — Melanic  varieties — Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupae  during  winter — Notes  on  Genus  Hepialus — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    IV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society — Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captures  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuae — A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Diiirni — Double-brooded  species — The  early  stages  of  certain  Geometrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvae  to  sound — Collecting  in  JSforth  Kent^ — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova — Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1»93 — Stridulation — Variety  breeding — The 
Pupal  and  Imaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Arctia  caia  (with  plates) — Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous 
Pupa — Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale) — Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.) — Among  the  Ancients — Erehia  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties — Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen — 
Varieties  of  Spilosoma  mendica — Butterfly  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Ocneria  dispar — Zygaena  e.rulans  and  its  Variations — 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex— Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 


To  be  obtained  only  from — 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,    "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

to  whom  Cheques  and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable. 


Subscriptions  for  Vol.  XXiV.  (7  shillings)  should  be  sent  to 
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payable  in  advance.  The  subscription  (with  or  without  the  Special  Index)  is  Seven  Shillings,  and 
must  be  sent  to  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  •■  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E.  Cbeiues 
and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable  to  H.  E.  Page. 

Advertisements  of  Books  and  Insects  for  Sale,  or  Books  wanted  will  be  inserted  iit  a  minimum 
charge  of  2s.  6d.  (for  four  lines).  Longer  Advertisements  in  proportion.  A  reduction  made  for  a  series. 
Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Advena,  Tiucta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracilis,  Glauca, 
Flttvicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderata. — Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulas)  and  A.  trifolii-minor,  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A->  Cockayne,  16, 
Cambridge  Square,   W.  \ 

Duplicates. — Xanthia  Oeellaris,*  a  few  bred;  hybrid  Zonaria x Hirtaria  (females 
only).  Desiderata. — Many  rare  and  local  insects  and  good  vars.  Ova  of  Gilvago, 
Cerago,  Oeellaris. — H.  Worsley  Wood,  31,  Agate  Road,  Hammersmith,  W. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei,*  Campanulata,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Russata*  (yellow 
var.),  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  ,Cursoria,  Triangulum,  Affinis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Ribesaria,*  Badiata,  Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  yVa,wiina.* .  Desiderata. 
— Nuftierous. — Rev.  A.  M.  Doicnes,  Batheaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Humuli  var;  Hethlandica,  Putrescens,  Vestigalis,  Exulis  (Shetlands,  I.), 
Ambigua,  Nigra,  and  many  other  local  British  moths.  Desiderata .—Bxitish  and  Palte- 
arctic  Khopalocera. — J.  A.  ,Simes,  F.E.S.,  Mon.  Repos,  Markham^s  Lane,  Woodford  Green. 

Duplicates. — Subtusa,*  (0)  Castrensis,*  Culiciformis,*  Cynipiformis,  Pudorina, 
Lineolata,  (5)  Citraria,  and  others.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous,  but  chiefly  northern 
insects,  also  Paniscus,  W-Album  and  Pruni.    H.  Baker  ^ly,  Mapledean,  Horley. 

Duplicates. — Sinapis,  Icarus,  Aiirinia  from  Ireland.  ^Desiderata. — British  butterflies  ; 
unset  or  Continental  setting. — N.  ;Manders,  Lt.-Col.,  R.A.M.C.,  4,  South  Road,  Curragh 
Camp,  Co.  Kildare. 

Duplicates. — Galatea,  Argiolus,  Corydon,  Linea,  Jacoba?ae,  Lupulina  (vars.),  Batis, 
Glandifera,Psi,Eumicis,  Monglypha  (dark),  Gemina,  and  var.  reraissa,  Fasciuncula  (vars.), 
Bicoloria.  Morpheus,  Cubicularis,  Exclamationis  (vars.),  Obelisca,  Augur,  Brunnea,  Gothica, 
Eufina,  Vaceinii,  Chi,  Oxyacanthffi,  and  var.  Capucina,  o-o  (white  pins)  Nupta,  Macularia, 
Elinguaria,  Pennaria,  Doubledayaria,  Rupicapraria  ?  s,  Progemmaria,  Atomaria,  Albulata, 
Badiata,  many  others.  Desiderata. — Vespertaria,  Apiciaria,  Faseiaria,  Dolobraria,  Tetralu- 
naria,  Blomeri,  Rubricata,  Straminata,  Subsericeata,  Immutata,  Emutaria,  Inornata, 
Degeneraria,  Emarginata,  Belgiaria,  Murinata,  Hippocastanaria,  Salisata,  Olivata, 
Aiilinitata,  Ericetata,  Blandiata,  Lobulata,  Simulata,  Firmata,  Sparsata.  Sexalata, 
Viretata,  Heparata,  Vitalbata,  Undulata,  Vetulata,  Psitticata,  many  others. — J.  Douglas, 
"  Woodside,"  Milford,  nr.  Derby. 

Wanted  urgently. — A  number  of  set  Hirtaria  (both  sexes).  Will  do  what  I  can  in 
return. — J.  IV.  H.  Harrison,  181,  Abingdon  Road,  Middlesbro' . 

Desiderata. — British  hymenoptera  aculeata.  Duplicates. — Many  British  lepidoptera 
in  fine  condition. — T  .  E.  Sha%i\  Betula,  Fallow  Court  Avenue,  North  Finchley. 

Duplicates. — Aurinia,*  Bombyliformis,  Mundaria,'  Lonicerje,  Filipendulas  (Hippo- 
crepidis?), Nigra,  Lutulenta  var.  lunebergensis  (2),  Bractea  (2)  Gracilis,  Upsilon*, 
Eubricosa,*  Ornithopus,  Craccffi*  (2),  Rufina,  Glareosa,  Multistrigaria,  Ennomos 
autumnaria,  Clathrata,  Ruberata,*  Trifasciata,*  iSiterata,  Obeliscata*  (black  vars.), 
Repandata,*  Dodoneata,*  Absinthiata,*  Assimilata,*  Unidentaria,*  Ferrugata*  (botli 
from  ova),  Dilutata,*  0.  autumnata,*  0.  christyi*  :  ova  of  Dilutata,  Autumnata,  Christyi. 
Desiderata. — Various. — J.  E.  R.  Allen,  Portora,  Enniskilleyi,  Ireland. 

Duplicates. — Ocellatus,*  Populi,*  Tilias,*  Elpenor,*  Stellatarum,*  Chrysidiforrnis,* 
Cynipiformis,*  Musciformis,*  Bembeciformis,*  Humuli  var.  hethlandica,  Undulanus, 
Statices,  Geryon,  Globulariae,  Exulans,  Meliloti,  Cristulalis,  Irrorella,  Miniata,  Aureola,* 
Helveola,*  Quadra,*  Jacoboea,*  Dominula,*  Russula,  Plantaginis,*  Fuliginosa  var. 
b6realis,*  Mendica,*  Salicis,*.Monacha,*  Pudibunda,*  Fascelina,*  Cratwgi,*  P.  populi,* 
R.  rubi,*  B.  quercus,*  Carpini,*  Lacertula,*  Falcula,*  Hamula,*  Furcula,*  Vinula,* 
Bucephala,*  Palpina,*  Camelina,*"Dict8ea,*  Dromedai-ius,*  Ziczac,*  Trepida,*  Chaonia.* 
Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — Arthur  Home,  60,   Gladstone  Place,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

Duinicates. — Pupas.     Machaon,  Carpini,  Valerianata.     Imagines.     Rhamni,*  Linea, 


Lineola,  Atalanta,*  Populi  (pale  and  pink),  Senex,  Griseolata,*  Arundinis,  Pudorina, 
Comma,  Phragmitidis,  Flammea,  Helmanni,  Anceps,  Gemira,  Fibrosa,  Haworthii, 
begetum,  and  Nigricans  (marsh  forms).  Aquilina,  Interjecta,  Tragopogonis,  Libatrix, 
Moneta,*  Argentula,  Nupta,  Leucophearia,  Vittata,  Testata,"  Cilialis.  Desiderata. — 
Bombyliformis,  Strigula,  Testudo,  Leporina,  Cannae,  Uliginosa,  Depuncta,  Sobrina, 
Retusa,  Ochroleuca,  Rectilinea,  Glabraria,  Sylvata,  Plumbeolata,  Albipunctata,  Togata, 
Sparsata,  Sexalata,  Ruberata. — G.  Brooks,  28,  Hilton  Aveiiue,  Friern  Barnet. 

Note. — Mr.  Donisthorpe  will  be  grateful  for  any  ants  from  all  parts  of  the  British 
Isles,  with  localities,  unset  or  otherwise,  for  the  purposes  of  study. — H.  St.  J.  K. 
Do7nsthorpe,  58,  Kensinfjton  Mansion,  S.  Kensington,  S.W. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  W-album,  Lucina,*  Minima,  Neustria.*Urtic8e,*Consonaria 
(var.  Nigra),  Diffinis,  Hispidaria,  Fuscantaria,  Rhamnata,  Asteris,  Carmelita,  Abruptaria, 
Suasa,  Gilvago,  Rufina,  Pastinum,  Puta,  Phragmitidis  and  others.  Desiderata. — 
Bidentata,  especially  Scotch  and  Irish,  and  varieties.  Also  living  specimens  in  any  stage 
from  South  of  England.    Paniscus. — W.  Boioater,  20,  Russell  Road,  Moseley,  Birmingham. 

Duplicates. — Dominula*,  B.  quercus*,  ochracea*,  Typhae,  nigra,  Opima  (2),  Gothica, 
Gothicina  (2),  Stabilis,  Cruda,  Chi*,  var.  olivacea*,  Abruptaria*,  Zonaria*,  Plagiata, 
Hirtaria,  Hispidaria,  Pilosaria,  Strataria,  Doubledayaria,  Leocophsearia.  Desiderata. — 
Pupae  of  Mendiea,  Menthastri,  S.  urticae,  and  Pudibunda. — Harold  B.  Williams,  82,  Filey 
Avenue,  Stoke  Newvujton,  N. 

Duplicates. — Ova  : — Fuscautaria,  Autumnaria.  Pups  : — Pendularia,  Omieronaria, 
Hirtaria,  Hirtaria  (Forres),  and  most  of  the  British  Lepidoptera  well  set.  Desiderata. — 
Pupae : — S.  ligustri,  Carpini,  Fagi,  Carmelita,  Palpina,  Camelina,  Dictaeoides,  Trepida, 
Dodonea,  Prasinania,  and  many  others  also  well  set.  Ligniperda,  ^sculi,  Villica, 
Porcellus,  and  others. — L.  W.  Newman,  Bexlcy,  Kent. 

Duplicates. — Sinapis,  ^Egon,  Arion  (gilt-pins),  Betulae*,  Chrysidiformis*,  Emutaria, 
Orbicularia*,  Gi'ossulariata*  (dark),  Repandata*  (black  and  banded),  Pilosaria  (black), 
Rubiginea*,  Templi*,  Prsecox*.  Desiderata. — Numerous,  especially  Eupitheciae. — 
Joseph  Anderson,  Aire  Villa,  Chichester. 

Duplicates. — Cilialis,  Pascuellus,  Inquinatellus,  H.  cribrum  (6),  Caledoniana, 
Hastiana,  Variegana  vars..  Angustiorana,  Pinivorana,  Myrtillana,  Sauciana,  Lariciana, 
Occultana,  Herbosana,  Ramella,  Nisella,  Schulziana,  Geminana,  Dorsana  (6),  Nanana, 
Osseana,  Conwayana,  Atmoriella,  Corticella,  Costella,  Ochraceella,  Faratinella,  Cerusella, 
etc.  Desiderata. — Ericellus,  Myelins,  Flexula,  Alpinalis,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crambi, 
Tortrices  and  Pterophori. — T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — lo*,  Russula  (4),  Sylvinus,  Vellecia,  Hectus,  Coracina,  Plantaginis*, 
Mendiea,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Fulva,  Brevilinea  (types),  Fibrosa,  Elymi  (6), 
Anomala,  Dissimilis*,  Duplaris,  Ambigua*.  Saucia,  Nigra,  Nigricans,  Thalassina*,  E. 
autumnaria*,  Pendularia*,  Fumata,  Tristata,  Decolorata,  Lignata,  Ca^siata,  Olivata, 
Bicolorata,  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Puichellata*,  Isogrammata*,  Subfulvata*,  Sobrinata*, 
Cervinata*,  Badiata*,  Obliterata,  Fluviata  (3),  Apiciaria,  Infasciaria,  etc.  Desiderata. — 
Muscerda,  Ligniperda',  Irregularis,  T-aeniata,  Rubricata,  Obelisca,  Viretata,  Viridata, 
Auroraria,  Ornata,  Subsericeata,  Humiliata,  Lapidata,  Thymiaria,  Ericetaria,  Pimpinei- 
lata,  etc. — T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

I  would  be  very  glad  to  exchange  Californian  butterflies  for  English  blues  especially 
■the  variable  ?  s,  and  the  blue  ?  s  of  coridon  such  as  have  been  recorded  by  Keynes  and 
others. — Fordijce  Grinnell,  Jr.,  712,  East  Orange  Grove,  Paradena,  California,  U.S.A. 

Changes  of  Audkess. — B.  C.  S.  Warren,  Villa  Romaine,  Clarens. 

MEETINGS  OF  SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — 11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W., 
8  p.m.     Nov.  20th  ;  Dec.  4th. 

The  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.— London 
Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C. — The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
annual  subscription  Is.  Meetings  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excursions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Excursion  Secretary,  Miss  L.  Roberts,  11,  St.  James,'  Hatcham,  S.E. — Hon.  Sec, 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibernia, 
Chambers,  London  Bridge. — Meetings  :  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock.  November  28th,.  Annual  Exhibition.  December  12th,  Reports  of  Field 
Meeting.— Ho/i.  Sec,  Stanley  Edward,  15,  St.  German's  Place,  Blackheath. 

North  London  Notural  History  Society.— Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month. — Secretary,  R.  W.  Robbins;  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  each  month  from  October  to  April. — Hon.  Sec,  Wm. 
Mansbridge,  4,  Norwich  Road,  Wavertree,  Liverpool. 


Subscriptions  for  Vol.  XXV.  (7  shillings)  should  be  sent  to 
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The  Back  volumes  (I-XXIV)  of  the  Ent.  Record,  &c.  (published  at  10s.  6d.  net), 
can  be  obtained  direct  as  follows— Single  volumes,  7s.  6d.,  except  vols.  I.  and  II.,  which 
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Subscribers  are  kindly  requested  to  observe  that  subscriptions  to  Tlie  Entomologist's  ttecord,&c.  are 
payable  in  advance.  The  subscription  (with  or  without  the  Special  Index)  is  Seven  Shillings,  and 
must  be  sent  to  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E.  Cheques 
and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable  to  H.  E.  Page. 

Advertisements  of  Books  and  Insects  for  Sale,  or  Books  wanted  will  be  inserted  at  a  minimum 
charge  of  2s.  6d.  (for  four  lines).  Longer  Advertisements  in  proportion.  A  reduction  made  for  a  series 
Particulars  of  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Page,  "Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Advena,  Tincta,  Prasina,  Adusta,  Miniosa,  Munda,  Gracihs,  Glauca, 
Flavicornis  var  Scotica,  Tetralunaria,  Advenaria,  Alsines,  Blanda,  Glareosa,  Deplana, 
dark  Impluviata,  Galatea,  H.  comma,  Bellargus.  Desiderata. — Anthrocera  hippocrepidis 
(early  filipendulee)  and  A.  trifolii-minor,  if  from  same  colony. — E.  A.  Cockayne,  16, 
Cambridge  Square,  W. 

Duplicates. — Xanthia  Ocellaris,*  a  few  bred;  hybrid  Zonaria  x  Hirtaria  (females 
only).  Desiderata. — Many  rare  and  local  insects  and  good  vars,  Ova  of  Gilvago, 
Cerago,  Ocellaris. — H.  Worsley  Wood,  31t  Agate  Road,  Hammersmith,  W. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei,*  Campanulata,  Absinthiata,*  Tridens,*  Russata*  (yellow 
var.),  Flavicincta,  Megacephala,  Dilutata,*  Valligera,  Cursoria,  Triangulum,  Afiinis, 
Derasa,  Tersata,*  Ribesaria,*  Badiata,  Lithoriza,  Geryon,  Aurago,*  Wa,v&rici* .  Desiderata. 
— Numerous. — Rev.  A.  31.  Downes,  Batlieaston  Vicarage,  Bath. 

Duplicates. — Subtusa,*  Castrensis,*  (6)  Culiciformis,*  Pudorina,  Lineolata,  (5) 
Citraria,  and  others.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous,  but  chiefly  northern  insects,  also 
Faniscus  and  Pruni.    H.  Baker  Sly,  Mapledean,  Horley. 

Duplicates. — Sinapis,  Icarus,  Aurinia  from  Ireland.  Desiderata. — British  butterflies ; 
unset  or  Continental  setting. — N.  Manders,  Lt.-Col.,  R.A.M.C.,  4,  South  Road,  Curragh 
Camp,  Co.  Kildare. 

Duplicates.— Galatea,  Argiolus,  Corydon,  Linea,  .lacobjeas,  Lupulina  (vars.),  Batis, 
Glandifera,Psi,Ilumicis,  Monglypha  (dark),  Gemina,and  var.  remissa,  Fasciuncula  (vars.), 
Bicoloria,  Morpheus,  Cubicularis,  Exclamationis  (vars.), Obelisca,  Augur,  Brunnea,  Gothica, 
Ruflna,  Vaccinii,  Chi,  Oxyacanthae,  and  var.  Capucina,  o-o  (white  pins)  Nupta,  Macularia, 
Elinguaria,  Pennaria,  Doubledayaria,  Rupicapraria  ?  s,  Progemmaria,  Atomaria,  Albulata, 
Badiata,  many  others.  Desiderata.- — Vespertaria,  Apiciaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Tetralu- 
naria, Blomeri,  Rubricata,  Straminata,  Subserieeata,  Immutata,  Emutaria,  Inornata, 
Degeneraria,  Emarginata,  Belgiaria,  Murinata,  Hippocastanaria,  Salisata,  Olivata, 
Affinitata,  Ericetata,  Blandiata,  Lobulata,  Simulata,  Firmata,  Sparsata.  Sexalata, 
Viretata,  Heparata,  Vitalbata,  Undulata,  Vetulata,  Psitticata,  many  others. — J.  Douglat, 
"  Woodside,"  Milford,  nr.  Derby. 

Wanted  dkgently. — A  number  of  set  Hirtaria  (both  sexes).  Will  do  what  I  can  in 
return. — J.  W.  H.  Harrison,  181,  Abingdon  Road,  Middlesbro' . 

Desiderata. — British  hymenoptera  aculeata.  Duplicates. — Many  British  lepidoptera 
in  fine  condition. — I .  E.  Shaw,  Betula,  Park  Vieio  Road,  New  EltJiam. 

Duplicates. — Machaon,  Napi,  Edusa,  Paphia,  Valezina,  Aglaia,  Adippe,  Euphrosyne, 
Artemis,  Cinxia,  C-album,  Polychloros,  Sibylla,  Blandina,  Semele,  Rubi,  Quercus,  Betulje, 
Artaxerxes,  Adonis,  Corydon,  Alsus,  Ocellatus,  Populi,  Tilite,  Elpenor,  Hethlandica', 
Exulans,  Meliloti,  Quadra,  Dominula,  Plantaginis,  Fuliginosa,  Fascelina,  Callunte, 
Carpini,  Fasciaria,  Fumata,  Pictaria,  Alternata,  Pinetaria,  Grossulariata  (dark  vars.), 
Aurantiaria,  Csesiata,  Satyrata,  Togata,  Albicillata,  Undulata,  Psittacata,  Russata, 
Immanata,  Falcula,  Hamula,  Dictfea,  Dromedarius,  Ziczac,  Chaonia,  Templi,  Flavago, 
Rufina,  Conspersa,  Suasa,  Genistas,  Solidaginis,  etc.  Desiderata. — Very  many  Pyrales, 
Crambi,  Pterophori,  and  Tortrices,  if  fine  and  well  set. — Arthur  Home,  60,  Gladstone 
Place,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

Duplicates. — L.  gueneei*  and  var.  Murrayi,  Paludis*<,  L.  testacse*  (a  few  black),  A. 
valligera*,  Zonaria*,  Caniola*,  Galathsea*,  C.  album*,  Tithonus  (very  fine  specimens), 
Artrxerxes*,  Campanulata*,  and  many  ethers.  Desiderata. — Pupse  of  S.  mendica,  s! 
urticae,  D.  pudibunda,  Selenia  illunaria,  S.  tetralunaria,  N.  lapponaria,  N.  abruptaria, 
and  many  others. — Arthur  Murray,  62,  Clifton  Street,  St.  Atiue's-on-Sea. 

Duplicates. — Pupae.  Machaon,  Carpini,  Valerianata.  Imagines.  Rhamni,*  Linea, 
Lineola,  Atalanta,*  Populi  (pale  and  pink),  Senex,  Griseolata,*  Arundinis,  Pudorina, 
•Comma,   Phragmitidis,   Flammea,   Helmanni,    Anceps,    Gemira,    Fibrosa,    Haworthii, 


begetuni,  and  Nigricans  (marsh  forms).  Aquilina,  Interjecta,  Tragopogonis,  Libatrix, 
Moneta,*  Argentula,  Nupta,  Leucophearia,  Vittata,  Testata,*  Cilialis.  Desiderata. — 
Bombyliformis,  Strigula,  Testudo,  Leporina,  Cannae,  Uliginopa,  Depuncta,  Sobrina, 
Ketusa,  Ochroleuca,  Rectilinea,  Glabraria,  Sylvata,  Plumbeolata,  Albipunctata,  Togata, 
Sparsata,  Sexalata,  Euberata.^ — G.  Brooks,  2S,  Hilton  Avenue,  Friern  Barnet. 

Note. — Mr.  Donisthorpe  will  be  grateful  for  any  ants  from  all  parts  of  the  British 
Isles,  with  localities,  unset  or  otherwise,  for  the  purposes  of  study. — H.  St.  J.  K. 
Donisthorpe,  58,  Kensington  Mansion,  S.  Kensington,  S.W. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,*  W-album,  Lucina,*  Minima,  Neustria,  *  IJrticse,*  Consonaria 
(var.  Nigra),  Diffinis,  Hispidaria,  Fuscantaria,  Rhamnata,  Asteris,  Carmelita,  Abruptaria, 
Suasa,  Gilvago,  Rufina,  Pastinum,  Puta,  Phragmitidis  and  others.  Desiderata. — 
Bidentata,  especially  Scotch  and  Irish,  and  varieties.  Also  living  specimens  in  any  stage 
from  South  of  England.  Paniscus.— IT-'.  Bowater,  20,  Russell  Road,  Moseley,  Birmingham. 
Duplicates. — Dominula*,  B.  quercus*,  Ochracea*,  Typhse,  Nigra  (1),  Gothica,  Gothicina 
Stabilis,  Cruda,  Chi*,  var.  olivacea*,  Abruptaria*,  Zonaria*,  Plagiata,  Hirtaria,  Pilosaria, 
Strataria,  Doubledayaria,  Leucophearia,  Moneta,  Orion,  Ripaj,  Vetusta  (1),  Artaxerxes, 
Vinula  (white  pins),  and  Dealbata  (white  pins).  Desiderata. — Pupae  of  S.  urticse 
Lubricipeda,  Abruptaria,  Bidentata.  Ova  of  E.  autumnaria,  Fuscantaria,  Castrensis,  and 
Neustria. — Harold  B.  Williams,  82,  Filey  Avenue,  Stoke  Newington,  N. 

Duplicates. — Ova  : — Fuscantaria,  Autumnaria.  Pupse  : — Pendularia,  Omicronaria, 
Hirtaria,  Hirtaria  (Forres),  and  most  of  the  British  Lepidoptera  well  set.  Desiderata. — 
Pupae : — S.  ligustri,  Carpini,  Fagi,  Carmelita,  Palpina,  Camelina,  Dictaeoides,  Trepida, 
Dodonea,  Prasinana,  and  many  others  also  well  set.  Ligniperda,  ^Esculi,  Villica, 
Porcellus,  and  others. — L.  W.  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

Duplicates. — Sinapis,  >Egon,  Arion  (gilt-pins),  Betulae*,  Chrysidiformis*,  Emutaria, 
Orbicularia*,  Grossulariata*  (dark),  Repandata*  (black  and  banded),  Pilosaria  (black), 
Rubiginea*,  Templi*,  Prfficox*.  Desiderata. — Numerous,  especially  Eupitheciae. — 
Joseph  Anderson,  Aire  Villa,  Chichester. 

Duplicates. — ^Cilialis,  Pascuellus,  Inquinatellus,  H.  cribrum  (6),  Caledoniana, 
Hastiana,  Variegana  vars.,  Angustiorana,  Pinivorana,  Myrtillana,  Sauciana,  Larieiana, 
Occultana,  Herbosana,  Ramella,  Nisella,  Schulziana,  Geminana,  Dorsana  (6),  Nanana, 
Osseana,  Conwayana,  Atmoriella,  Corticella,  Costella,  Ochraceella,  Faratinella,  Cerusella, 
etc.  Desiderata. — Ericellus,  Myellus,  Flexula,  Alpinalis,  and  many  Pyrales,  Crambi, 
Tortrices  and  Pterophori.— T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. — lo*,  Russula  (4),  Sylvinus,  Velleda,  Hectus,  Coracina,  Plantaginis*, 
Mendica,  Lubricipeda  var.  fasciata*,  Fulva,  Brevilinea  (types).  Fibrosa,  Elymi  (6), 
Anomala,  Dissimilis*,  Duplaris,  Ambigua*.  Saucia,  Nigra,  Nigricans,  Thalassina*,  E. 
autumnaria*,  Pendularia*,  Fumata,  Tristata,  Decolorata,  Lignata,  Ccesiata,  Olivata, 
Bicolorata,  Pumilata,  Linariata*,  Puichellata*,  Isogrammata*,  Subfulvata*,  Sobrinata*, 
Cervinata*,  Badiata*,  Obliterata,  Fluviata  (3),  Apiciaria,  Infasciaria,  etc.  Desiderata. — 
Muscerda,  Ligniperda,  Irregularis,  Taeniata,  Rubricata,  Obelisca,  Viretata,  Viridata, 
Auroraria,  Ornata,  Subsericeata,  Humiliata,  Lapidata,  Thymiaria,  Ericetaria,  'Pimpinel- 
lata,  etc. — T.  Ashton  Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrough. 

I  would  be  very  glad  to  exchange  Californian  butterflies  for  English  blues  especially 
the  variable  ?  s,  and  the  blue  ?  s  of  coridon  such  as  have  been  recorded  by  Keynes  and 
others. — Fordyce  Grinnell,  Jr.,  712,  East  Orange  Grove,  Paradena,  California,  U.S.A. 

Change  of  Address. — V.  E.  Shaiv,  Betula,  Park  Vietv  Road,  Neiv  Eltham. 

MEETINGS  OF  SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London.— 11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W., 
8  p.m.     Nov.  20th  ;  Dec.  4th. 

The  City   of  London   Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.— London 

Inptitution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C. — The  first  and  third  Tuesdays  in  the  month,  at  7.30. 
Dec.  17th,  "  Plusia  moneta,"  Mr.  C.  Nicholson;  Jan.  7tli,  "Annual  exhibition  of 
Varieties,  *c.";  Jan.  21st,  "The  Elements  of  theMendelian  Theory,"  G.  W.  Heath,  M.A. 

Toynbee  Natural  History  Society. — Toynbee  Hall,  at  8  p.m.  Entrance  fee  Is., 
annual  subscription  Is.  Meetings  :  Full  particulars  as  to  excursions  can  be  obtained  from 
the  Excursion  Seci-etary,  Miss  L.  Roberts,  11,  St.  James,'  Hatcham,  S.E. — Hon.  Sec, 
Owen  Monk,  8,  Shooter's  Hill  Road,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

The  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  Hibernia, 
Chambers,  London  Bridge. — Meetings :  The  second  and  fourth  Thursdays  in  the  month 
at  8  o'clock.  November  28th,  Annual  Exhibition.  December  12th,  Reports  of  Field 
Meeting. — Hon.  Sec,  Stanley  Edward,  15,  St.  German's  Place,  Blackheath. 

North  London  Notural  History  Society. — Meetings  held  at  Room  20,  Salisbury 
House,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.,  at  7  p.m.,  on  the  second  and  fourth  Tuesdays  in  the 
month. — Secretary,  R.  W.  Bobbins,  "  Tonah,"  Hale  End,  Chingford. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Meetings  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Liverpool,  on  the  3rd  Monday  in  each  month  from  October  to  April. — Hon.  Sec,  Wm.. 
Mansbridge,  4,  Norwich  Road,  Wavertree,  Liverpool. 


JUST   ISSUED.— Pants   12,  13  &   14  with   8  plates,  under  one 
coven,    Price    3s.    6d.    post    fnee. 


A    NATURAL    HISTORY 


OF     THE 


BRITISH   BUTTERFLIES, 

THEIR    WORLD-WIDE    VARIATION  AND   DISTRIBUTION. 


A  Text- Book  for  Students  and   Collectors. 

Vol.  IV. 
By   J.    W.  TUTT,    F.E.S. 

Commencing  with  the  Variation  and  Life-histories  of  Agriades  conrfon  and  Polyommatus 
icarus  (with  four  plates  of  the  named  aberrations  and  varieties  of  the  first-named  species 
together  with  many  photomicrographs  of  larval  and  pupal  structure.  Similar  plates  of 
P.  icariis  are  awaiting  publication.) 

Probably  the  finest  life-histories  of  any  species  of  lepidoptera  ever  published.  The  next 
species  to  be  treated  is  Aricia  astrarche,  a  still  more  interesting  one  with  regard  to  its 
Varieties  and  Aberrations. 

Subscription  for  the  complete  parts  17s.  6d. 

I 

THE 

Butterflies  of  Switzerland  and  tlie  Aips  of  Central  Europe 

By  GEO.    WHEELER,     M,A.,     F.E.S.,     F.Z.S. 

Price    5s.     net.  Interleaved,     6s. 

Limp  cloth  covers. — Handy  for  the  knapsack. 

This  book  is  of  the  highest  value  not  only  to  collectors  of  Continental  Butter- 
flies, but  to  all  those  who  collect  British  butterflies,  as  it  gives  a  great  many  detailed 
facts  about  the  species  in  which  they  are  more  particularly  interested. 

The  details  of  Variation  and  Distribution  are  particularly  important,  and  those, 
lepidopterists  to  whom  Kane's  book  has  long  been  a  treasured  friend,  will  find  in  this 
more  information,  more  detail,  and  many  more  localities  than  were  at  the  disposal  of 
the  author  of  the  earlier  volume. 

"  To  those  who  carry  a  net  abroad,  this  handbook  will  be  invaluable  as  a  ^ook  of 

reference We   can    cordially   recommend    it " — H.    Ro^vI,AND- 

Brown,  M.A.,  f.E.S.,  The  Entomologist' s  Record,  vol.  xv. 

Dear  SiR,-Herewith  I  forward  ^.^^''o^ier  ^jalue  ^^  for  ^^f^^  of  The  Butter- 
fies  or  Switzerland  and  the  Aljys  of  Central  Europe. 

Name 

Address 

To  Mr.  H.  E.  PAGE,  "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E. 

FOR     SALE, 

Tutt's  "British  Lepidoptera,"  vols.  I  to  X.  Tutt's  "British  Butterflies,"  vols. 
I  to  III.  Tutt's  "British  Noctuae,"  vols.  I  to  IV.  Tutt's  "Practical  Hints  for  the 
Field  Lepidopt6r1st,"  parts  I  to  III,  with  Index.  There  are  also  a  few  copies  of 
"  British  Noctuae,"  slightly  soiled,  to  be  sold  cheaply. 

A.    M.     COCHRANE, 
41,   Wisteria  Road,  Lewisham,    S.E. 


TO   ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES  ahd  MUSEUMS. 

BACK    VOLUMES     OF 

The    Entomologist's    Record 

and    Journal    of    Variation. 

(Vols.  I-XXIII). 

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Contents    of    Vol.     I.         (Most  important  only  Mentioned.) 

Genus  Acronycta  and  its  allies. — Variation  of  Smerinthus  tiliae,  3  coloured 
plates — Differentiation  of  Melitaea  athalia,  parthenie,  and  aurelia — The  Doubleday 
collection  —  Parthenogenesis — Paper  on  Taeniocampidae  —  Phylloxera —  Practical 
Hints  (many) — Parallel  Variation  in  Coleoptera — Origin  of  Argynnis  papliia  var. 
valesimi — Work  for  the  Winter — Temperature  and  Variation — Synonymic  notes — 
Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1890 — Lifehistories  of  Agrotis  'pxjrophila,  Epunda 
lichenea,  Heliophobus  Jiisjndus — Captures  at  light — Aberdeenshire  notes,  etc., 
etc.,  360  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    M. 

Melanism  and  Melanochroism — Bibliography — Notes  on  Collecting — Articles 
on  Variation  (many) — How  to  breed  Agrotis  lunigera,  Sesia  sphegiformis,  Taenio- 
campa  opima—  Collecting  on  the  Norfolk  Bi'oads — Wing  development — Hybridising 
Amphidasys  prodromaria  and  A.  hetularia — Melanism  and  Temperature — Differen- 
tiation of  Diantho'cias — Disuse  of  wings — Fauna  of  Dulwich,  Sidmouth,  S.  London 
— Generic  nomenclature  and  the  Acronyctidae^A  fortnight  at  Rannoch — Heredity 
in  Lepidoptera — Notes  on  Genus  Zyg^na  {Antlvocera) — Hybrids — Hymenoptera-- 
Lifehistory  of  Gonopliora  derasa,  etc.,  etc.,  312  pp. 

Contents   of^Vol.    III. 

Gends  Acronycta  and  its  allies  (continued) — Scientific  Notes — The  British 
Coccinellidae — Notes  on  Breeding — Notes  on  Coleoptera  (very  many)— Dates  of 
appearance  of  Eupithecia  pygmeata — Dimorphic  pupae — Duration  of  Ova  State  of 
the  Geometridae  (with  tables) — Effects  of  temperature  on  the  colouring  of  Lepidop- 
tera— Hints  on  labelling — Melanic  varieties — Changes  in  nomenclature — Keeping 
Micro  pupse  during  winter— Notes  on  Genus  Hepialus — Reviews,  etc.,  etc.,  320  pp. 

Contents    of  Vol.    IV. 

Additions  to  British  Lists — Presidential  Addresses  of  British  Association  and 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society — Autumnal  collecting  at  Fresh- 
water, Isle  of  Wight — Captui-es  of  rarities — Collecting  beetles — Critical  notes  on 
certain  Noctuae — A  day's  collecting  in  the  Western  Highlands — Apparent  dearth 
of  Dinrni — Double-brooded  species — The  early  stages  of  certain  Geonietrina — Sensi- 
bility of  larvae  to  sound — Collecting  in  North  Kent — How  to  obtain  and  preserve 
ova— Retrospect  of  a  Lepidopterist  for  1893^ — Stridulation — Variety  breeding — The 
Pupal  and  Imaginal  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  etc.,  etc.,  354  pp. 

Contents    of    Vol    V. 

On  the  larva  of  Arctia  caia  (with  plates) — Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous 
Pupa— Rev.  H.  Burney's  collection  (sale) — Life-History  of  a  Lepidopterous  Insect 
(Morphology  and  Physiology,  etc.) — Among  the  Ancients — Erebia  epiphron  and  its 
named  Varieties — Life-History  of  Agrotis  agathina — Ten  Days  at  Wicken  Fen — 
Varieties  of  Spilosoma  mendica — Butterfly  Catching  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mt. 
Blanc — Life-History  of  Oeneria  dispar — Zygaena  exulans  and  its  Variations — 
Entomology  at  Rainham,  Essex — Additions  to  the  British  List — New  Method  of 
Relaxing  Insects,  etc.,  etc.,  308  pp. 


To  be  obtained  only  from— 
Mr.    H.    E.    PAGE,   "  Bertrose,"  Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross,  London,  S.E.  . 

to  whom  Cheques  and  Postal  Orders  should  be  made  payable.  J 

LR8.Ap'13