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Entomologist’s 
Recore 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED BY 
S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E:S. 


Vol. 74 
1962 


Price 30s net 


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Printed in Great Britain by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath, Angus 


CONTENTS lii 


CONTENTS 


Acherontia atropos L. in Cumberland. 
N. L. Birkett, 232. 

Adopoea lineola in Surrey. A. Se 
Wheeler, 51. 

Alaptus pallidicornis Forstr. On 
Breeding. S. C. S. Brown, 277. 

Anarta melanopa Thunb. in Aberdeen- 
shire. D.C. Hulme, 188. 

Ants. New Records for British. C. A. 
Collingwood, 234. 

Apion Herbst. and some other notable 
weevils in East Kent. The Genus. 
John Parry, 269. 

Aporophyla australis Boisd. and 
migrant Leucanias at Dungeness in 
October 1962. A. J. Wightman, 237. 

Aristotelia lutulentella Zell. (Gs dale 
Youden, 52. 

Autumn Holiday. 
117. 

Aviemore, 1962. F. A. Noble, 260. 


Dr. A. M. R. Heron, 


Bomolocha fontis Thbg. Notes on the 
Larva of. H. Symes, 2i1. 

Bomolocha fontis Thbg. The habits of. 
H. C. Huggins, 278 

Bromley. Notes on some Lepidoptera at. 
D. R. M. Long, 245. 

Brownsea Island. AC VaiST bt) MO: H. 
Symes, 275. 
Burning Gorse and Bracken in the New 
Forest. L. W. Siggs, 50. 
Butterflies in Provence in 1962. 
Bretherton, 144. 

Butterflies in Provence and in England. 
S. R. Bowden, 238. 

Butterflies in the Oxford District, 1961. 
Dr. R. G. Ainley, 65. 


Tree Ee 


Calostygia salicata Hubn. in Surrey. J. 
L. Messenger, 173. 

Camber Sussex. Notes from. 
233. 

Canary Islands and Central Spain, The. 
K. J. Hayward, 61. 

Canary Islands and Central Spain, The. 
D. G. Sevastopulo, 161. 


S. Wakely, 


Celastrinia argiolus L. in Dorset. Brig. 
HH. E. Warry, 266. 
Celerio euphorbiae L. (The Spurge 


Hawk) in Norfolk. J. 
Hunt, 43. 

Celerio galii Rott. and C. livornica Esp. 
in} Co.. Kerry. C. G. M. de Worms, 
187. 


M. Chalmers- 


Cerapteryx graminis L. and Tholera 
cespitis Schiff. Breeding. D. R. M. 
Long, 162. 

Change and Decay. An Old Moth- 
hunter, 189. 

Coenobia rufa Haw. (1809). Some 


Remarks on its Varietal Names and 
Colours. W. Parkinson-Curlis, 130. 


a 


Coleoptera. Notes on, A. A. Allen, 241. 

Colias ecroceus Fourch. and Pyrameis 
cardui in Ireland. Rev. Peter 
Hawker, 222. 

Collecting Lepidoptera in 1961. R. 
Fairclough, 93, 106. 

Collecting Notes, 1961. Neville [Bye 


Birkett, 13. 

Collecting Notes, 1961. S. Wakely, 165. 

Coscinia cribrum L. on the Dorset and 
Hants Borders. W. Parkinson-Curtis, 
187. 

Costa del Sol, April 1962, The. 
de Worms, 209. 

Crambus contaminellus and its ab, 
sticheli Constantini, in Kent. J. M. 
Chalmers-Hunt, 222. 

Cranleigh District, Butterflies in the. 
Major A. FE. Collier, 45. 

Crocidosema plebejana Zell. in Hamp- 
shire and Dorset. D. W. H. ffennell, 
de 


CaG. Me 


Cryphia muralis Fordt. in Kerry. H. C. 
Huggins, 119. 

Cucullia lychnitis Ramb. larvae. Ab- 
normal Coloration in. A. J. Wight- 
man, 192. 


Cycnia mendica. Brig. H. Warry, 24. 
Deilephila livornica Esp. in Gloucester- 
shire. J. Biddulph, 275. 
Derbyshire Lepidoptera : 
ment. D.C. Hulme, 77. 
Diarsia mendica F. (festiva Schiff., 
primulae Esp.) f. congener Hubn. or 
f. turbida Huibn. B. J. Lempke, 195. 
Diasemia ramburialis Duponchel and D. 
litterata Scopoli in Britain. R. F. 
Bretherton, 1. 
Dingle in 1962. H. C. Huggins, 249. 
Diptera from Surrey and Kent, 1962, A 
few notable. dA. A. Allen, 243. 


First Supple- 


Dixinae (Diptera Culicidae) of East 
Sussex, Some notes on the. [2 . 
Roper, 21. 


Dixinae, The Distribution of the British. 
A. Brindle, 176. 
Dorset, A day in. Brig. H. Warry, 26. 
Dreanepteryx phalaenoides: (Neuroptera) 
at Witherslack. M. J. Leech, 20. 
Drepana curvatula Borkh.—A Hook-tip 
new to Britain. G. H.-Youden and 
D. G. Marsh, 44. 

Duchess of Portland, The. 
Allen, 75. 
Dulwich in 1961, Lepidoptera observed 
at. A. Aston, B.A., 67 
Effects of Toxic Chemicals. Nature 
Conservancy. 208. 

Emus hirtus L. in the Southend District. 
H.C. Huggins, 279. 

Emus hirtus L. in Britain, A short ac- 
count of. A. A.-Allen, 219. 


Te Vopee Nhe 


1V CONTENTS 


Entomological Problem, An. 1b Gp, 1 
Waddington, 25. 

Eublemma ostrina Hiuidn. in Kent. D. 
G. Marsh, 52. 

Eumenis semele L., A new Form of. I. 
R. P. Heslop, 148. 

Eupithecia inturbata Hiibn. at Chatten- 
den, A. J. Showler, 246. 

Eupithecia venosata Fab., A New Sub- 
species of. H. C. Huggins, 171. 

Euspilapteryx (Gracillaria) pyrenaeella 
Chretien. S. Wakely, 120. 


Field Guide to the Lepidoptera of 
Europe. D. Smith and C. J. Lips- 
comb, 62. 


Geography of Lepidoptera, VII, Studies 
in the. E£. P. Wiltshire, 29. 


Herse convolvuli L. at Morecambe. C. 
J. Goodall, 223. 

Herse convolvuli L., Other occurrences 
of. J. H. Redfern, 275. 

Heterographis oblitella Zell. in Kent. J. 
M. Chalmers-Hunt, 222. 


Hoplitis millhauseri and Notodonta 
tritophus Schiff. in Spain. D. R. M. 
Long, 163. 

Hornets. Brig. H. Warry, 24. 

Immigrant Syrphidae. W. H. Spread- 
bury, 278. 

Infestation in Dorset. Brig. H. Warry, 
252. 


Infestation of Hawthorns in Cheshire. 
S. N, A, Jacobs, 186. 

Insect Movements in 
Huggins, 40. 

Insects in 1960. P. Skidmore, 155. 

Inverness-shire in 19614. Commdr. G. W. 
Harper, R.N., 56. 

Inverness-shire, Macrolepidoptera of 
Newtonmore district of. Commar. 
G. W. Harper, R.N., 59. 

Isle of Wight, Notes from the. S. 
Wakely, 213. 


Journal of a Tyro, Queries from the. 
J. H. Redfern, M.A., 60. 

Journal of a Tyro, Queries from the. 
Clifford Craufurd, 60. 


Laphygma exigua Hiibn., an appeal. R. 
A. French, 277. 

Laphygma exigua Hibn. at Bromley, 
Kent. D. R. M, Long, 162. 

Laphygma exigua Hibn. at Woking, 
Surrey. C. G. M. de Worms, 188. 

Laphygma exigua Hibn. in East Devon. 
F. H. Lyon, 222. 

Laphygma exigua Hiibn. in Surrey. E. 
A. Sadler, 162, 222. 

Latin, On learning. A. D. Irvin, 253. 

Leaf-mining Flies and their parasites, 
On Breeding. G. C. D. Griffiths, 
BAZ 178), 202! 

Lepidopterous Larvae on Sea Buckthorn. 
I. R. P. Heslop, 17. 


AGGIE He ee 


Loxostege frustralis Zell., A Suspected 
Migration of. J. S. Taylor, 212. 

Lycia hirtaria Cl. in June. M. J. Leech, 
20. 

Lyman Entomological Museum. D. K. 
McE. Kevan, 121. 

Lysandra coridon Poda, Late Emer- 
gence of. Maj.-Gen. C. G. Lipscomb, 
276. 


Macrolepidoptera Recorded in Light 
Traps at Ottershaw and Bishop’s 
Stortford, A Comparison between 
the. R. F. Bretherton and Clifford 
Craufurd, 134. 

Mercury Vapour Light. Battery Run. 
Rear-Adm. A. D. Torlesse, 19. 

Mercury Vapour Light. Battery Run. 
Alan Kennard, 49. 

Mercury Vapour Light. Battery Run. 
Commadr. G. W. Harper, 91. 

Mercury Vapour Light. 
Commdr. G. W. Harper, 19. 


Portable. 


Microlepidoptera, Notes on the. HOC: 
Huggins, 39, 202, 218, 240. 
Microlepidoptera palearctica. S. N. A. 


Jacobs, 208. 
Migrants in Berkshire. 
R, Saundby, 277. 
Migrants. Midlands, during 19614. M. J. 

Leech, 26. 
Migratory Lepidoptera in North West 
Surrey. R. F. Bretherton, 25. 


Air Marshal Sir 


New Forest Immigrant Lepidoptera. 
Commadr. G. W. Harper, 246. 
North America and the extreme south 
of Spain. J. A. C. Greenwood, 69. 
Notes on Collecting in 1962. H. Symes, 
225, 

Nothopteryx polycommata in Yorkshire. 
C. I. Rutherford, 186. 

Nymphalis io L. in the Channel Islands. 
S. N. A. Jacobs, 162. 


Obituary: J. O. T. Howard. C. G. M. 
de Worms, 27. 

Opisthograptis luteolata, Late Appear- 
ance of. Brig. H. Warry, 276. 

Oxygastra curtisi (Dale) from the Dale 
Collection, Notes on. Lt.-Col. F. C. 
Fraser, 23. 


Papilio cassioides (Lep. Satyridae), Some 
Overlooked Details from ' Hohen- 


warth’s Description of his. B. C. S. 
Warren, 53. 
Papilio machaon in Kent. Aish Sie 


Showler, 246. 
Phlogophora meticulosa L. in January. 
S. N. A, Jacobs, 61. 


Plusia gamma L. in Kent, Invasion of. | 


D. G. Marsh, 52. 
Plusia ni Hiibn. 
Messenger, 186. 
Polygonia c-album L. Brig. H. Warry, 
25. 


in Surrey. J. L. 


CONTENTS Vv 


Precis celia Cramer, A new Aberration 
Siok Be P. Hesiop,, 123. 

Pyrameis cardui L. near Marlborough. 
C. G. M. de Worms, 170. 

Random Notes for 1962. Col. H. G. 
Rassell, 230. 

Retrospect, 1961 in. M. J. Leech, 85. 

Rhodometra sacraria L. and _ Plusia 
gamma L. Migrations in Inverness- 
shire. Commdr. G. W. Harper, 26. 

Saldula pallipes F., a Correction. A. A. 
Allen, 247. 


Scotland, 1962. R. G. Chatelain and B. 
F. Skinner, 195. 


Sea Buckthorn, Caterpillars on. C. W. 
A. Duffield, 75. 
Semiothisa alternaria Hubn (Sharp 


Angled Peacock) on Buckthorn. J. 
M. Chalmers-Hunt, 51. 

Silver Clouds among the Grey. R. G. 
Chatelain and B. F. Skinner, 163. 
“SOUTH”’. Notes on Reviews of the 
New. D. S. Fletcher and R. J. 

Collins, 67. 

Sirex noctilio F. A Recent Introduction 
in South Africa. J. S. Taylor, 273. 
Sparganothis  pilleriana Schiff. in 

Hants. E. A. Sadler, 162. 

Spilosoma lutea Hufnagel, ab. totinigra 
Seitz, in Surrey. R. F. Bretherton, 
223. 

Spurge Hawkmoth in Norfolk, The. P. 
B. M. Allan, 75. 

Spurge Hawks, Mr. 
S.C. S. Brown, 63. 

Spurge Hawks, Mr. 
H, Symes, 67. 

Stigmella aceris Frey. A Species New 
to Britain. S. N. A. Jacobs, 41. 

Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala in 
Britain, The occurrence of. S. 
Wakely, 11. 

Stigmella ulmifoliae Hering. 


Raddon and his. 


Raddon and his. 


A Species 


New to Britain. S. N. A. Jacobs, 122. 


| 


Stigmella vossensis Gron., 1932. An un- 
known Species New to the British 


List. S. N. A. Jacobs, 193. 

Tethea ocularis L., Breeding. D. R. M. 
Eong, 104. 

Tinea turicensis Mull.-Rutz. (metonella 


Pierce). S. Wakely, 92. 

Tipulidae, An Irregular Pairing of. L. 
W. Siggs, 277. 

Trichoptera, The Larval Taxonomy of 
the British. A. Brindle, 148. 


Utetheisa pulchella L., Breeding. R. C. 
Edwards, 9, 47. 
Utetheisa pulchella L. 

Valletta, 73. 


in Malta. A. 


Vanessa cardui L. in Northumberland. 
D. C. Hulme, 186. 

Vanessa cardui L. and other Migratory 
Insects. Recent Observations in the 
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasa- 
land. J. A. Whellan, 168. 

Vanessa cardui L. and other Migratory 


Lepidoptera in South Africa. J. S. 
Taylor, 101. 

Vanessa cardui in Kent. A. J. Showler, 
246. 


Which Dagger are You? 
Carr, 267. 
Wicken Fen Fund. 


Rev. F, M. B. 


N. D. Riley, 188. 


Wimbledon, The Moths of. J. V. Dacie, 
M.D., 109. 

Yugoslavia Revisited. Ralph L. Cce, 
1/2) AGT, 2155 2ob: 

Zoological Nomenclature, 1961, The 


International Code of. 
Browne, 48, 84. 
Zygaena felix Oberthtr, On some Type 
Specimens of the Genus Zygaena 
Fab., including the Lectotype selec- 
tion of. W. G. Tremewan, 125. 
Zygaena purpuralis Brin. on the Island 
of Eigg. J. L. Evans, 247. 


F. Batfour- 


REVIEWS 


African Termites, Keys to the Genera of 
the. C. A. Collingwood, 99. 


Agricultural Entomology in the Tropics. 
S. N. A. Jacobs, 99. 


Alexanor. Anon. 207, 
Amathes glareosa Esp. EB ean: i) 
Kettlewell, S. N. A. Jacobs, 99. 
Androconial Scales in the Genus Pieris. 

S. N, A. Jacobs, 105. 


224. 


Beetles. 208. 
Entomologische Berichten. Anon. 207, 
224. 


Lepidopterist’s Society, Journal of. S. 
N. A. Jacobs, 100, 206. 


Nigerian Butterflies, The. Maj. Fi) Ey. 
Johnson, M.B.E., 68. 
Nigerian Butterflies, The. Daa aG. 


Sevastopulo, 161. 


Proceedings and Transactions of the 
South London Entomological and 
Natural History Society. 28. 

Robber Flies of the World. The Genera 
of the Family Asilidae. L. Par- 
menter, 280. 

Water Beetles and Other Things. Half- 

a-Century of Work. T. R. Eagles, 248. 

Wiener Entomologische Gesellschaft. 
Zeitschrift der. 207. 

Wiltshire, The Macrolepidoptera of. 223. 


Vi CONTENTS 


AUTHORS 


Ainley, Dr. R. G.: 65. 

Alan BSB. M.. NEA. Mop E. : 73: 
Allen, A. A.: 219, 244, 234, 247. 
Aston, Alasdair: 67. 


Balfour-Browne, Prof. F.: 48. 
Biddulph, J.: 275. 

Birkett: IN. i. : 18, 2382. 

Bowden, S. R.: 288. 

Bretherton, R. F.: 1, 25, 185, 144, 223. 
Brindle, A., B.Sc. : 148, 176. 

Brown, 8. C. S.: 68, 277. 


Chalmers-Hunt, J. M.: 438, 51, 222. 
Chatelain, R. G.: 163, 195. 

Coe, R. L. : 172, 197, 215, 255. 
Collier, Major A. G.: 45. 
Collingwood, C. A.: 99, 234. 
Collins, R. J.: 67. 

Craufurd, C.: 61, 134. 

Curtis, W. Parkinson: 84, 130, 187. 


Dacie, Dr. J. V.: 109. 
Duffield, C. W. A., 75. 


Eagles, T. R.: 248. 
Edwards, R. C.: 9, 47. 
Evans, L. J.: 247. 


Fairclough, R.: 93, 106. 

ffennell, D. W. H.: 51. 

Fletcher, D. S.: 67. 

Fraser, Lt.-Col. F. C., I.M.S.: 23. 
French, R. A.: 277. 


Goodall, C. J.: 223. 
Greenwood, J. A. C.: 69. 
Griffiths, G. C. D., B.A.: 178, 202. 


Harper, Commdr. G. W., R. N. (Retd.) : 
19, 26, 56, 91, 246, 

Hawker, The Rev. P.: 222. 

Haynes, R. F.: 192. 

Hayward, K. J.: 61. 

Heron, Dr. A. M. R.: 117. 

Heslop,, I. R. P.: 17, 123, 148. 

Huggins, H. C.: 39, 40, 119, 171, 202, 218, 
240, 249, 278, 279. 

Hulme, D. C.: 72, 186, 188. 


Irvin, H. D.: 258. 


jacobs, S. N. A.: 28, 41, 66, 99, 100, 105, 
122, 162) 186, 193; 206, 208) 228) 224, 
279. 

Johnson, Maj. F. L., M.B.E.: 68. 


Kennard, A.: 49. 
Kevan, Dr. D. K. McE. : 121. 


Leech, M. J. : 20, 26, 85. 

Lempke, B. J.: 195. 

Lipscomb, Maj.-Gen. C, S., D.S.O.: 62, 
276. 

Long, D. R. M.: 162, 163, 164, 245. 

Lyon, F. H. : 222, 


Marsh, D. C.: 44, 52. ; 
Messenger, J. L.: 173, 186. 

Nature Conservancy, The: 208. 
Noble, F. A.: 260. 


Old Moth Hunter, An: 189. 


Parmenter, L.: 280. 
jPeRPieN GS dys Aar/. 


Redfern, J. H.: 60, 188, 275. 
Riley, N. D.: 188. 

Roper, P.: 21. 

Rossel, Col. H. G.: 230. 
Rutherford, C. I.: 186. 


Sadler, E, A.: 162, 222. 

saundby, Air Marshal Sir R. : 277. 
Sevastopulo, D. G.: 161. 

Showler, A. J.: 236. 

siggs, L. W.: 50, 277. 

Skidmore, P.: 155. 

Skinner, B. F.: 163, 195. 

Smith, D.: 62. 

Spreadbury, W. H.: 278. 

Symes, 1. 3.67,.9140 2350 7as 


Taylor; J. Ss: 401, 212, 273) 
Torlesse, Rear Admiral A. D.: 19. 
Tremewan, W. G.: 125. 


Valetta, A.: 73. 


_ Waddington, L. G. F. : 25. 


Wakely, S.: 11, 92, 120, 165, 213. 

Warren, B. C. S.: 53. 

Warry, Brigadier H.: 24, 25, 26, 252, 266, 
276. 

Wheeler, A. H.: 51. 

Whellan, J. A.: 168. 

Wightman, A. J.: 237, 245. 

Wiltshire, E. P.: 29. 

de Worms; Dr. C. °G. Miceay. 170, 187, 
188, 209. 


Youden, G. H.: 44, 52. 


a 


The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 


SPECIAL INDEX 
VOL. 74, 1962 


PAGE 
DIPTERA 

aestivalis (Dixa, Paradixa) ... 21, 22, 177 
PARETOUMDY Zid) Ve sana tescge gas coc tnsa sss eceaseens 184, 185 
ainiceps (PHYTOMYZa) ......0 0... see. c eee 179 
albocostata (Sciomyza) .................865 160 
alternans (Allodia) ..............ccceeeeeeee 218 
PMO (PATIOMIY ZA). .fsees.bseidhsleadideds 185 
amphibia (Dixa, Paradixa) ......... Pd iL Tl 
Paresh (OH YIIZA) | 25... ..0s.0e.cnececeeees 160 
annulatus (Symmerus)_....................5 159 
antiqua (Cheilosia)  ...................eceeeee 159 
aratrix (Sarcophaga) ...........c........0665 160 
armata (BFACDYPeZa) — ........2..s...es.c.ce5. 218 
Sih (21 a0) 0°) eee eee 185 
ericapilia  (Dioctria) 12.2.20....0.le. de 159 
atricapillus (Machimus) .................. 159 
atricornis (Phytomyza) _............ 179, 181 
DIST HELIS Vere h ((1 Belly) 13 9) 159 
autumnalis (Dixa)  .......... eee 177 
autumnalis (Musca) — ........ eee eee 161 
Halius (lasiopa)  ..c.cc.ccecccedicccsleeeeueee 257 
balteatus (Syrphus) — ........... eee. 278 
basalis (Boletina)  ................cceee eee 218 
bimaculata (Dictenidia)  .................. 159 
bimaculata: (leila)! .2iJi.eckik.c.ccet ll... 218 
brassicae (Erioschia)  ....................000. 161 
brevicornis (Cordyla)  ..................ee 218 
brevirostris (Isopogon)  ..................... 159 
eandatula (Tipula): (sissieik1.60ee.: 280 
_ cautum (Chrysotoxum) ..................... 159 
CAVAMETIDIWIA)! icicle Aleka. 280 
centralis (Macrocera)  ...............2.eeeee ee 218 
cepae (Cephalomyza) _.................0..0000 185 
Eertosay (MIPROMWZA),. 6/6122 BAA ded. 199 
cinerascens (Mycomia) _ ..................... 218 
cinerella (Ditaenia) ....................eec eee 160 
citrofasciatum (Xanthogramma) ...... 159 
elavipes (Merodomn) \ :....c0..: 005... .c0000000 199 
clunipes (Sphegina) ....................2.0000- 159 
SOCEM EEPECMOSECITIES)\4 ).o. <<. cteaviececdsueedeccs 260 
evermlca (Melinda): (coves. cideesiese: 161 
eannivensn(Varichaeta)  ....5..2...0sscse0.00 160 
eorollag (Syrphus) ~ ........00.:26eoese doce 278 
crassimargo (Sarcophaga) _............... 160 
dalmatiensis (Napomyza) _............... 200 
Bepuneta \(Helina) 1 jugsbesilacseI Laks 161 
diadema (Selidopogon)..................... 258 
diaphanus (Syrphus). .........0s2.2i loko... 159 
auilatata, (Dixa) * Gewese keel. 21, 177 
sibiiata (Pipnia)) » .... ana Al. eh, 280 


dissimilis (Sarcophaga) .............0....0.. 161 


distinctissima (Cylindrotoma) ......... 280 
distinguenda (Helicobosca) ............... 161 
PY OMY AD 2 soo 2i5 5550 PRL. 183, 185 


PAGE 
dubia -(Sciomyza)-. 0.2/5.8. eee 160 
dumicola (Helomyza)  ....................065- 160 
elegans (Chrysotoxum) ..................... 217 
equestris (Merodon) © ..................02c0e 159 | 
eupatorii (Liriomyza) _............... 179, 182 
excogitata (Rhymosia) _ ..................... 218 
falcata: (DLrypetas via. sesso Al tee eee eee 160 
filicornis (Dixa, Paradixa) ...... 21; 
Re ty 
flavicornis (Phytomyza) _ .................. 185 
Aorum «(Opomiyza) eye. ae eee 160 
fulvipennis (Tipula). .................. 277, 280 
fumicatas (Eumnia)i eee ee 160 
fungorum (Mycophaga) _.................. 161 
fusca: (Exeehiayer chee a eee 218 
geniculatus (Ae€deS)  ...........ceecc eee eee eee 218 
germinationis (Herina) ..................... 160 
germinationis (Opomyza) _............... 160 
slobulus (Acrocera)) Wen... Q45 
eraceus Rabanus): Seer her tes 200 
Sniseai(Phorbia)) 2... SU ees. ee 243 
Stata MOLES i iezes, J IE ek ke 160 
guttularis (Ditrichia) — ..................... Q44 
halterata(Nyetia)) 0282 2 161 
honesta (Cheilosia)  .....0..0....cc.c.ccee-2sc- 159 
horticola,, (Existalis)\.0:.2 22 159 
humeralis:\(Pinytobia)\: 438i 185 
illicis: (Phy tomiyzayre piety! 184, 203 
impuncta (Helina)  ..............cecece ces eees 161 
inflata (Voluceliay = -........08 2 eS 159 
ais: (Phytomyzane:: Ree ie 184 
gun cea. (hipuila). (Le Tales ee 280 
lavdairia.(Polietes):\ #248 Ae ea 161 
lasiopthalmus (Helina) ..................... 161 
lateralis. (Napomyzay Dee a ree 185 
lateralis S(Pipula)) + Oe Ee ris!) ee 280 
latifasciatus (Syrphus)  ..................... 199 
Lesnert \ (Ripley Od 280 
lineola (Neoempheria) _..................... 218 
Rivida:  CRipualayy sees a ee 280 
hina. (Pipwla) se4. jee Be ee ae 280 
Tanata.. | (Bipulaye ns. 2 ee ee 280 
maculata: (Dike) LAV IICAAL Sabo 177 
major. .(Pynatosoma)’ ..4220 218 
mamillata (Agria)=. .....:052.4020.. 166 
Marginata.(Apemion) 2.0.00 159 
Mareinata,(solva) Ries). Aah os Q44 
Artin, (Dia). oak LAR Pepe UTI 
maura. (Ophiomyia): i527. 4. 179, 182 
Melanagromyza ............ 183, 184, 185, 203 
modesta (Erika) ies oA ioe Ee 21 
marina. (Cord yiays (oR ee een EN 8 218 
mutabilis (Microdon)  .................00..00. 217 
Miycetom bila: i652 Oe Uk Th RR it ® 218 
myosotica (Phytomyza) _.................. 183 


2 SPECIAL INDEX 

PAGE PAGE 
mnebulosa:: (Dial) oss Ree ee ee Bale abet vernale (Chrysotoxum) —...............+.. 217 
nepetae (Phytomyza)  ................0. ec eee 185 verralli (Allodia) ORR ee ee 218 
nigripennis (Rhamphomyia) ............ 218 Vibrans, (SClOptera)! sc saseseeneneeeeeeeeee 160 
novigradensis (Syrphus)  .................. 199 Villosa.: (LASiopa)) ...::ssesesesseesceseeeme eee 257 
MuUbiiipenmis; (DUA) ose eee 21, 177 virgaureae (Phytomyza) ............ 179, 182 
OMSC rata: (EIA Nie. Fe Or Pe 5 Peon 176, 177 viridis (Gymnochaeta) 2-3..)2.2eeeeee 243 
obscura (PD ytoOmyZa)sce-se e 183 Vitiosa, 2(Phroniia), 0 caietees seer eee 218 
OTM OVA eee eee aie cine coe 280 Vittata (Trichonta) © © 3i:3eieeeee eee 218 
pabulorum: (Muscina)) >"... 161 watersi (Agromyza)))) seer 185 
IPachivi GaSe iewia: seni aaea hip ae eee eee 245 wiedemanni (Gonioglossum) ............ Q44 
pallidaw(Phaonia) oo: feiss ae 161 zetterstedti (Oedalead) w9og8 ..c..ce2..--21-n-ee 218 
paludosa, (Tip): peed Leet 2.2. 277, 280 7onaria (Voluceliia)” ) sess teee ene 200 
pectinicornis (Ctenophora) ............... 159 
perditay(Phaonia) ~ -. vere. ates 164 
pertusay (Melina) Wetec tele 161 LEPIDOPTERA 
Phytagromy Za tbioe iets. AS eee 185 abbreviata (Eupithecia) ......... 93, 115, 142 
EHV LOTY ZA eee ies: cule RO eines de Sel 185 abdominalis (Argyresthia)  ............... 106 
pluvialis (Haematopota) = .................. 229 abjecta. (Apamea)  ../.G22::225ah eae 107 
1 BXOKEN0 ANY 722 Wi ae delta ee i an 184, 185 abruptaria (Menophra) ...... 116, 143, 
posticata (Phytobia)  ......0.62....0:.: 179, 182 211, 226 
prominens (Mycomyia) _.................. 218 absinthiata (Eupithecia) _......... 115, 142 
pruinosay((Lipula\i. Gees eee 280 absinthii (Cucullia) ......... 81, 114, 143, 167 
puberulay (Mixa! (2.3. ee lessees. Be Bh. 177 acanthodactyla (Amblyplitia) ......... 95 
punctulata (Trypetoptera) ............... 160 aceris (Apatele) .................. 113, 142, 229 
pyeinaea (Phytobia). vi... eae ese 184 aceris (Stigmella)  ......................25 54 ome: | 
pyrastirt (Scaeva): > ...Kekuysk ees ae Q78 achatinella (Nyctegretis) ......... 106, 166 
quadriiarial (Pales)) eget. piers eke 280 aethiops (Telphusa)  ..............0.c.ceeeeeees 94 
ranunculi- (Phytomyza) © ....6s..6.0e0.055 203 adusta (Eumichtis) ...... 139, 143, 196, 
Feptans (ASTOmy 72) —paeeieiw AS. 179, 181 210, 252, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266 
LOSellia (Sarcopharca) © Wave a aes bse 160 adustata: (higdia) s5 eee 14, 143 
rouseliim (Tahamiwas) 6.) ....2astee wee ses 200 advena (Orthosia) = .....1.. 86, 93, 112, 143 
BUCS (EEREStIA), . 02... .ciiten dees). Seto 160 aeeetia: (Pararee eases 45, 65, 73, 79, 
EUICHES s(POMIENITA)) \ 228 Satie 3008s dr tee 243 202, 211, 225 
Epes (DIOCITIA)), 3 ete 159 aegon: (RP. argus):..:.:..... eee 85 
RMS iCal (RMN IMGSIA):) beckons awe 2 eels 218 aeriferana (Ptycholomoides) ...... 41, 98 
Sarcopiata:. ti.) Sieiuids aaaaey ole 200 | aescularia (Alsophila) ...... 13, 67, 114, 141 
SQuiiey (CNT UT) x. cde eke NS a ce 280 aestivaria (Hemithea) ............... 114, 142 
seminationis (Platystoma)  ............... 160 aethiops) (Prebia). ~.. 220 tes eee eee 196 
sericoma: (Allodia).: 2... cee eet os 218 | affimis, (Cosmiia). . eRe ee 113, 142 
SEROULMA: (ERAN? eee gaia Ye 177 | alfinitana (Phalonia) (22) 96 
signaia (PRromia) | .)i245 Sead oe es 218 affinitata (PerizoMa) OMe ae 143 
solidaginis (Phytomyza) § 24::40%...0% 179 agathina (Amathes) _............ 58, 196, 265 
SPIMIPESa(MerodOn) | oh k Aes eae: 199 agestis,.. (Aricia):.... 8% 46, 57, 90, 226, 
Siaecvern (Pipa). j.ecihs 1s creel eek 280 228, 229, 232, 239, 266 
stigmatella (Oedalea)  ..................0.. 218 | aglaia (Argynnis) ...... 46, 60, 61, 229, 232 
strigata. (Liriomyza) iets: 179, 181, 182 albersana (Eucosmomorpha) ............ 83 
Shc ata (Sila): s.ceteserende acaba 247 | albevenosa, (Simyra) “(/Qeeiet sees 107 
Siylata (Uroplora). cide oe foe 160 | albicillata (Mesoleuca) _............... 14, 143 
Submacniata, (DIKA) ti. tala oe 177 | albicolon (Heliophobus) ............ 143, 234 
subvicina. (Sarcophaga),. ..i.tei..48 161 albipuncta (Leucania) ......... 7, 25, 40, 
sudetrens, (Tabanus): ..... 4. 229 107, 138, 143, 237, 276 
femaxi(Bcista lis)! \0c5 10. ee oh 257 | albipunctata (Cosymbia) ...... 114, 142, 
tenuirostris (Lasiopa) fis 643.9 257 261, 262, 263, 264 
tesselata, (EMmDpIS) \\).). 20m. nats oie: 159 albuta (Nola)... .0..0..../....0 eee 106, 107 
testacea: (ByOpa) iy) ..c..csbaedet sss Mee 166 albulata. (Asthena)! icc eee 143 
tibialis n(PATAGUS) Vise ste as pd vet 199 | albulata (Perizoma)\) 2k 143 
irianenlanis (Allodia): gsctesiis thet) 218 | alchemillata (Perizoma) ............ 115, 142 
tricolor | (PamMerms),.)\ 3.2... see 17 allisella, (Exaeretia). “220 0).3 ee 83 
(iritoti (Larientyza) . iis: 234s ese ee 184 alni (Apatele) ......... 14, 81, 88, 98, 113, 143 
umbrings .(Pabanus))-\...:) nea oe ss 200 alniaria (Deuteronomos) ............ 116, 141 
ined {Tina Ves. a5) ae ath Vp Wee 280 | alpicola (Amathes) ......... 58, 195, 262, 264 
Uneuicornis (hamnia) \ plea eet 160 alpinana (Dicrorampha)  .................. 234 
vagabunda (Pollenia) —.................000. 243 alpinellus (Platytes) ............ 107, 166, 233 
Walida’. (Zy SOmiyta): yee ge} alpium (Moma) s°.7ni. Js. acne 98 
Variicornis. '\(Tipala) ny, waives. eee 280 alsines; (Caradrina) _.........::.d% 443; (137 


SPECIAL INDEX a 


PAGE 
alternaria (Semiothisa) ... 51, 75, 107, 234 
aiternata..(Epirrhoé)— ......... 115, 141, 143 
amata (Calothysanis) ............ 86, 114, 141 
anachoreta (Clostera) — ...........eeeeeeee es 67 
ambigua (Caradrina) ... 113, 138, 143, 247 
ambigualis (Scoparia) _ .............. 82, 224 
anatipennella (Coleophora) _..........-. 67 
anceps (N. trepida) ...... 14, 16, 142, 226,229 
andalusiae (Zy@aena)  ....... 2. secs sees eee 126 
ansustana. (Eupoecilia) © ./....0........06.0 82 
annulata (Cosymbia) _............... 139, 143 
MUTT ABILELOH) ors cn tbt lbs ede woke els 169 
pmLevaippe (COlotis), — ...£:2.:.0..0.... 020 17 
amuopa. (Nymphalis).....sc0l... ek 145 
antiqua (Orgyia) ...... 25, 111, 118, 143, 225 
aniuiquana, (ENGothenia) |) .$..:...2..800. 17 
applana (Agonopterix)  ................0. 84 
pribia (GEIPOSia): | Olt.8il.l sda 143 
aquilonaris (Boloria) ..................606. 224 
arceuthina (Argyresthia) .................. 97 
areola (Xylocampa) ............ 114, 141, 163 
Zh Sten) fee (Ores Le ee 207 
argentula (Coleophora) © ..:..:........03. 107 
PMC ea (AAD AINA) 9 .......0..02.00seeea0000 7A 


argiolus (Celastrina) 
145, 225, 226, 228, 266 


pees (Plebeyus) i %........-..22..5 85, 226, 229 
argyrognomon (Plebejus) .................. 85 
aridellus (Pediasia) ..................... 234, 240 
armigera (Heliothis) ...... 7, 28, 71, 104,179 
asinalis (Mecyna) _ ...................6 166, 244 
assimilata (Eupethecia) ............ 4115, 142 
ielaee (DMNA OCUS) ia oes ee 206 
atalanta (Vanessa) ...... 16, 25, 26, 40, 


46, 57, 58, 65, 70, 72, ‘73, 145, 210, 
227, 228, 229, 238, 246, 247, 275 


atomaria (Ematurga) ...... 82, 94, 146, 
188, 261, 262, 263, 264 
atomella (Depressaria)  ..................05 215 
aGraba.) (OMETIA) i: sescccaceee0e Me Aeeeks 81, 89 
_ atropos (Acherontia) _......... 138, 143, 232 
augur (Graphiphora) _............... 4144, 141 
aurago (Tiliacea) .................. 81, 1414, 142 
aurantiaria (Erranis) ...... 67, 87, 106, 116 
SPOR) (UMTS) teen eee et. ee ee en 71 

aurinia (Euphydryas) ...... 26, 46, 60 
65, 124, 226, 229 
AUTO (Belenois) teh ANA 101 
ausonia (Euchloé)  .............. 73, 145, 209 
ausonides (Euchloé) © ..............0.0.000... 100 
australis (Aporophila) ............... 108, 237 
AUSt Ali Se(COMAS) 4 ccs abeeese i. ee 146 
autumnaria (Ennomos) ......... 72, 139, 143 
autumnata (Oporinia) ...0.......:004.. 141 
avellana (Apoda)  ................0...208. 143, 234 
ACTS Gas (STORIE). oo sof Cecccsdeeleeaosese 115, 144 
AVS (CC MULO PINS) 5 by ayc Soe ees een tee 144 
azatcelia; (Cadoptilia) iain 168 
vadiona (P.. rabigana)) \¢)s..4.5.8.0000). 234 
Dadiata (Earophila): ii..21).0.2...0... 13, 142 
MACTICA ZY SACMAa)e. oA ui) hoes 126 
baja (Amathes) _............ 80, 112, 140, 141 
HALTISACDNESTOR)/ 5 asa52855005- SR aeek ols ee 444 
banksiella (Dioryctria)  ..................... 106 
PeacreL hii .(HAadena,), op %.34 kines 3. eh Leaes 230 


PAGE 
batism (Ce hiviatina) {ose ss: 44953) Ate 
142, 266 
batont(PMOtes)\ joyce eo eee 144 
heatwrix WA Aen al) sy eka ee 126 
elem MCB OE) Anya. sees eee eee es 209 
bellargus (Lysandra) ...... 46, 73, 226, 
227, 228, 229, 230, 276 
bennett (AGdisStis pisses eee 240 
berberata (Coenotrephia) —............... 108 
Betwkae cP MiyiGita))_. os eee ee pees ae ees 252 
penwlae yw (Mhecla)\s, Gea 47, 66, 230 
betularia (Biston) ...... 116, 141, 262, 
263, 264, 266 
hetuletana, (ApOLOMUIS)) Misses eee 83 
bicolorana (Pseudoips) —.................. 114 
bicolorata (Hadena) ...... 67, 112, 142, 226 
bicolorata (P, rubiginata) ......... 115, 142 
DicKuITIsS AGHA Geman {s28: ote costs 112, 141 
bicuspis (Harpyia)) ......002.... 80. 86, 98 


bidentata (Gonodontis) ... 86, 97. 116, 
141, 261, 262, 263, 264 


biaciata,(Perizomad) [ee pes cesar 143 
bitidas (Harp yilai) ge ea A oe 110, 142 
bilineata (Euphyia) ...... 115, 142, 171. 249 
bilunaria (Selenia) ......... 14, 88, 116, 
141, 262 
bimaculata (Bapta)  ............... 14, 86, 143 
binaevella (Homoesoma) _.................. 67 
binaria (Drepana) ...... 14, 44, 80, 111, 
140, 141 
bipunctaria (Ortholitha)  ..........0....... 98 
bipunctidactyla (Stenoptilia)  ......... 292 
bitiviata, (Xanthorhoe) We fee. 143 
biselata (Sternha) Vee woe Beek A514? 
bistortata (Ectropis) _.................. 75, 142 
bistriga (Cryptoblabes) ..................... 15 
blanda (Caradrina)............ AAS sie 
blandiata (Perizoma) _............... Dae. ONES} 
blomeri (Discoloxia) ..................... 16, 98 
boeticus (Lampides) ..................... 73, 210 
hoisduvaliella (Phycita) ............ 107, 166 
Holewie(Seardiaye 2. AA. pee 67 
bombycina (Hadena) _............ 87, 97, 
196, 263 
bractea: (PMSA) | s.ye5--5s5 eee 81, 232, 252 
brassicae (Mamestra) .................. 112, 141 
brassicae (Pieris) .................. 45, 73, 266 
brevilinea (Arenestola)  ..................06. 106 
brockeella (Argyresthia) ............ 67, 234 
brumata (Operophtera) ............... 115, 142 
brunnea (Diarsia) ............... 112, 138, 143 
brunneata (Itame) ......... 89, 110, 116, 
138, 143 
bryoniac (Pieris) wes ae we EP 164 


bucephala (Phalera) ...... 15, 114, 141, 
228, 252 
caeroleocephala (Episema) ... 86, 139, 


143, 144 
caesia: (Hadena) , 284k e202 ab algueisal 
CAPRA LEA) | iircdieargaasiqatiet see he 1441, 144 
c-album (Polygonia) ......... 25, 46, 65, 

90, 145, 227, 229 
calcatrippae (H. reticulata) ............ 143 
caledontanan (AGIEKIS)My fase tee 83 
caliginosa (Acosmetia)  ...................6- 214 


4 SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
calodactyla (Platyptilia) ...... 202, 240, 
252 
cambrica (Venusia)_.................. 16, 17, 82 
camilla (Limenitis) _......... 46, 61, 65, 
90, 229, 238, 275 
candidate (Ay albulatay\ iis .6.40.0.ee 143 
eaneliay (GyMNMAaNela) | .ccs....ncsccaceeces 233 
camiolag(Pilema) 2. 5.0cnt.beiee Pk 210 
capreana, (Epinoiia) ies iii ides eebe eo a 
capsophila, (Hadena). .2813.52/04)..04: 252 
captiuncula (Photedes) ..................... 232 


capucina (Lophopteryx) ... 14, 15, 110, 
141, 228, 261, 263, 264 
carbonaria (Isturgia) 
cardamines (Anthocaris) 
86, 88, 145, 228 

cardui (Vanessa) ......... 25, 40, 46, 65, 

71, 80, 101, 145, 168, 170, 186, 209 

222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 239, 246, 


Q47, 250 
carmelita (Odontosia) ...... 57, 94, 138, 143 
carneola \brastria) | (ees eet 71 
carpinata (Trichopteryx) ...... 14, 94, 
95, 138, 143 
CassigiMess (eam iO). ac eo oe. 53 
castanea (AMATHES) | ...........2.00.cs.cesee0% 196 
castigata’ (Eupithecia)-  2s.d.s.00068.: 142 
castrensis (Malacosoma) ..................... 96 
celexio (Hipmeiton) || 2.2. e eee. . eRs 5 
CEILISHEAD NWCA) <5heeesebecnvssesciasceeceaces 144 
centauriata (Eupithecia) ...... 82) ddd Ad 
cerasana (Pandemis)) 2.246. sched we 188 
cervinalis (Rheumaptera) .................. 143 
cespitana (Argyroploce) ............... 39, 251 


cespitis (Tholera)  ............... 112, 142, 162 
chamomillae (Cucullia) ... 14, 72, 114, 142 


chaonia (C. ruficornis) ......... 14, 86, 110 
charlotta (A. aglaia)...... 46, 60, 61, 
229, 232 
chenopodiata (Ortholitha) ......... 140, 144 
chenopodiella (Scythris) — .................. 67 
chlorosata (Lithina) ... 50, 57, 59, 116, 141 
ChristyaMOporimia) | <ceg3st.. eek 196 
chrysidiformis (Aegeria)  .................. 98 
chrysitis (Plusia) ......... 114, 131, 139, 141 
Chrysone(PMISIA)) < » :dcc.tarscad sak ee 225, 229 


chrysorrhea (Euproctis) ... 18, 61, 67, 
96, 139, 143, 233, 234 


cidarella (Bucculatrix) .........0....... 106 
cimictana: (Malia): (msoccetsieds.sted ss debe. 108 
Cingiawiay (Cicer), . 252-6 nies ae ee ee 96 
cinerosella (Euzophera) ...................5. 106 
CUM MAC Le ECLIG ACA) gcc fab co ve ahecsiasd aeexs oot 146 
circellaris (Agrcchola) ............... 114, 142 
citrago (Tiliacea) — .:.5.:55liakews-k 114, 143 
Citrata: (DVSSETOMNA) edcsscesseecnecs 139, 143 
clathrata (Chiasmia) .................. 4116, 141 


clavaria (Larentia) 
clavipalpis (Caradrina) 


GlavisnCASTOLis) es .h) eee cseesenee eee 441, 141 
Cleliae(Brecis) 622.2205 123 
cleopatra (Gonopteryx)......... 72, 73, 145 
cloacella: (Tineola)ip ru... tse ie 67 
clorana (Harias))) 8-4 114, 143, 234 
clypeiferella (Coleophora) _............... 167 


PAGE 
c-nigrum (Amathes) ...... 40, "71, 112, 
137, 141 
coerulata (Hydriomena) ...... 115, 261, 264 
cognata (Thera) .::44.322e 87, 97, 261 
cognatella (Yponomeuta) .................. 84 
comariana (Peronea) _.................. 14, 234 
comes (Euschesis) .................. 58, 112, 144 
comitatay(Pelurea), eee 115, 142 
comma. (Hesperia) ..0.35:5325-2seeee 229 
comma (Leucania) _...... 4112, 141, 263, 
264, 266 


comma (Mythinna)  .......:::2222eseeceeeeeee 195 
complana (EHilema) ............... 14141, 140, 142 
compta (Hadena): eee 139, 143 
concolorella (Ethome)  ...c.2.2:e220--)--u-ceee 100 


confusalis (Celama) _............... 14, 15, 143 
conicolana (Laspeyresia) .................. 249 
conigera (Leucania) _.................. 112, 144 
conjugata (S. promutata) .................. 143 
conjugella (Argyresthia). .................. 96 
conspersa (Hadena) ...... 112, 139, 143, 196 
conspersana (Cnephasia) .................. 251 
conspicillaris (Xylomyges) ... 93, 147, 
163, 247 
contaminellus (Crambus) _......... 222, 240 


contigua (Hadena) ...... 138, 143, 196, 
228, 229, 261, 262, 264 


convolvuli (Herse)......... Od Tis day, tell). 


223, 275 
conwayana (Pseudargyrotoza) ......... 188 
conyzae (Coleophora)  ............2.260e0e00es Q14 
cordigera (Anarta)  ............... 87, 97, 196 


coridon (Lysandra) 


coronata (Chloroclystis) 

corylata (Electrophaes) 
139, 143, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266 

coryli (Colocasia) ~ ............ 14, 81, 114, 


COSSUS (COSSUS) | « ..c.5..:020224Beeees 72, 143, 234 
costaestrigalis (Schrankia) ... 106, 143, 248 


costalis (Hy pSOpy#ia)\ 265.8 82 
costella (Y. parenthesellus) ............... 264 
costosa (Agonopteryx)  ............... 168, 215 
crassalis (B. fontis) ...... 98, 139, 143, 
211, 226 
erataegin(Aporia)...........22 eee 64, 238 


crataegi (Trichiura) ...... 139, 143, 225, 
229, 232, 264 

Bpectce et 113, 142, 261, 
262, 263, 264, 265, 266 


crenata (Apamea) 


creona (Belenois) 
crepuscularia (Ectropis) 
cretacella (Homoeosoma) ............ 167, 219 


cribraria (C. cribrum) _...... 187, 210, 
226, 75 
eribrella. (Myelois).... 223323) 67 
cribrum (Coscinia) ...... 187, 210, 226, 275 
cribrumalis (Zanclognatha) ......... 89, 166 
crinanensis (Hydraecia) ............... 17, 93 
crithmoides (Inula) .....3;2 eee 106 


croceago (Jodia) 
croceus (Colias) 


spdunes seen 93, 94, 96, 230 
ca oguee 45, 65, 72, 73, 
79, 146, 209, 222, 238 


croesella (Adela) ........cccccccecececeeeeeees 165 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
cruda (Orthosia) ...... 13, 14, 112, 139, 
141, 225 
cucubali (H. rivularis) ............... 112, 142 
cuculata (Euphyia) ................eeeeeeeeees 143 
cucullatella (Nola) ......... 17, 80, 111, 142 
cucullina (LophopteryxX) ............ 139, 143 
culiciformis (Ae@eria)  ............0.seeeeee ee 80 
Gulpeaein (Drepanma)  1......... ccc l eee eeec eens 142 
GUESOIA (EURO)! 2..0...-chcccseccncscoes 106, 166 
curtula (Clostera) —................0666+ 111, 142 
curvatula (Drepana)  ................ceceeee eens 44 
eydippe (Argynnis) ............ 46, 60, 61, 229 
cyllarus (Glaucopsyche)_............... 73, 145 
Gytisella (Paltodora) 0.3... sii5i. he eeceeee 234 
Gala GMTarsiat elses. .che eel. ese lee ete 58, 118 
GT ecciie Tey U0 200111 ae ee 238 
deauratella (Coleophora) .................. 67 
debiliata (Chloroclystis) ...... 98, 167, 278 
decorella (Mompha) ....................eee ees 168 
defoliaria (Erannis) _...... 67, 87, 116, 
142, 265 
degeneraria (Sterrha) _............... 106, 210 
GeMoedOets HP APUIO)*) | 2.2.02. 505. .c.c.0teeee 103 
denotata (Eupithecia) ............... 139, 143 
derasa (H. pyritoides) ............... 1411, 141 
derivalis (ParacolaxX) ...................0.0ee 234 
derivata (Anticlea) ......... 14, 139, 143, 144 
desertella (Mniophaga) _............ 107, 233 
designata (Xanthorhoé) ............... 143, 263 
desjardinsi (Eurema) .....................65- 170 
Galen (CLOSSTAMA) 2 Gils ccsesccevcsntesedesscecssss 146 
dictaeoides (P. gnoma) _......... WAR alas 
80, 86, 87, 97, 110 
didymata (Colostygia) ... 139, 143, 196, 263 
CUUAUTNES i (GOSTNUA) ssiie. oes ce te eees teed cacccses 143 
diffluens (Cleophana) ........................ 210 
dilucidana (Lozopera) _..................... 167 
Gulitar(Asphalia)  ......)..eic.c..eees 14, 142 
dilutata (Oporinia) ..........00.0.00. 115, 141 
dimidiata (Sterrha)  ..................... 66, 142 
diniana (Zeiraphera)  ..............0.......08. 83 
dipsacea (Heliothis) ............0000..c.. 106 
discinigra (Brachylomia) ............0..... 71 
ISAAK (aVCACIA) i Use. oe es Q24 
distans (Cromibrugghia) ............ 107, 166 
distinctaria (Eupithecia) ......... 57, 59, 252 
ditrapezium (Amathes) ... 98, 112, 138, 143 
dodonaea (Drymonia) ...... 15, 80, 138, 
143, 227, 229 
dodoneata (Eupithecia)............ 115, 143 
dolobraria (Plagodis) ............... 116, 142 
doubledayana (Argyroploce) _............ 39 
dromedarius (Notodonta) ...... 15, 110, 
142, 264 
dubitana (Polychrosis)  ..................... 251 
dubitata (Triphosia) .................. 95, 143 
duplaris (Tethea) ... 90, 107, 111, 143, 
228, 233, 284, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266 
duponcheli (Leptidea) _..................... 146 
ehburnata.(Stermha) (Wik ee: 210 
efformata (Anaitis) 9 ............ 4115, 138, 143 
e&ean Poly SONIA) 9 i5i05..0 ie) wh 146 
Cee tiaa (PATALZE Was... nckss. 145, 227, 228 
euceiGe (Colias\. ise oe ee 104 
elinguaria (Crocallis) ......... 87, 116, 141 


5 


PAGE 


Jeeekeat 14, 15, 16, 
67, 110, 140, 
106, 107, 166, 


elpenor (Deilephila) 


elymi (Arenostola) 


emarginata (Sterrha) .................- 90, 
emutariay (Scopula)) rise sere 
epiphyvon \(Erebiay) 2002227 Ae 89, 
epistyeme® (Mrebia) y s.5.-.cs2sciee cose - soccer: 
epomidion (Apamea) _......... 413, 140, 
erectana (G. internana) _.................. 
eremita (Dryobotodes) _ ...................5. 
eriphia (Pinacopteryx) ...................-. 
erosaria (Deuteronomos) ...... 82, 116, 
CLYVCM LUIS (ZySaAena sAeR ee  M Te eis 
eudaemon (Zygaena)  ................0...00 
CUPHeEMEm(ZeSrs) as) acy ees ee 
euphenoides (Euchloe) ......... 73, 145, 
euphorbiae (Apatele)...... 87, 93, 97, 
196, 

euphorbiae (Celerio) ... 43, 63, 66, 72, 
euphrosyne (Argynnis) ... 45, 65, 229, 
exanthemata (Deilinia) ...... 116, 142, 
exclamationis (Agrotis) ...... PAA Aas 
exigua (Laphygma) ....... 105, 138, 143, 
162, 170, 188, 222, 230, 246, 

yisiby Uy, Be 7h 

exiguata (Eupithecia) ............... 115, 
expallidata (Eupithecia) ............ 139, 
exsoletan (Xplena) My ee ee 95, 
extensaria (Eupithecia) ..................... 
extersania(Betrepis) Leen. ae 
fagana (B. prasinana) ...... 15, 26, 114, 
142, 143, 

fagaria (Dyscia) ...... 89, 917, 226, 232, 
261, 

fagata (Operophtera) ...... 58, 109, 115, 
138, 

facella (Diarnea). .... Ver ek. se ae 
faei) (Stauropus) ii 2e 88, 96, 98, 
falcatraria (Drepana) ...... ile Hie aus 
140, 141, 

fascelina (Dasychira) ...... 16, 138, 143 
196, 281, 

fasciana (Lithacodia) ......... 114, 138, 
ftasciaria: (Biopia) ere eee as © 116, 
fascimneula® (Procus). )..5..5. 113, 140, 
PBUSHMAWZYSACNA):. oh... osesdencsssssaseeee 
taustinata, (Chilorissa) 2... 22 ee 
tavicolor “(Lewceamtia) * 20 2 ee. 
favillaceana (Capua) .2......5.500). 28. 
feisthamels, (Papilio) eos a we 
Lehinew(Zy aera) we 13th vt eee eae! 


ferrugalis (Udea) 
ferrugana (Acleris) 


Spres 2, 4, 44; 20, 405 


Se rn iy 


ferrugata (Xanthorhoé) ............... 81, 
ferruginea (R. tenebrosa) .................. 
festiva (D. mendica) ......... sh ale 

195, 264, 265, 
festucac. (Plusia) tee... 131, 
fiilicivora (Teichobia)  .220.2).000..0....05.5.0 
filigrammaria (Oporinia) .................. 
filipendulae (Zygaena) ..................... 
fimbriata (Lampra) _............ 112, 141, 


firmata (Thera) 73, 97, 98, 143, 
fissipuncta (A. ypsillon) 
flammea (Panolis) 


Sry 


Be eee seem cease sass 


Bre OU, 89, £42.) 226) 


141 
234 
142 
233 
231 
144 
141 


229 


6 SPECIAL INDEX 
PAGE PAGE 
flammeolaria (Hydrelia) ...... 15, 82, gnoma (Pheosia) ......... 14, 15, 80, 86, 
115, 142 87, 97, 110, 139, 141, 228, 263, 264, 266 
flavaco UGoRtyima)y )\ sss sbesereee ee 113, 144 goedartella (Argyresthia) ........-........ 84 
flavescentella (Timea) ) ..<::.0....5..cf:00-0. 92 gonodactyla (Platyptilia) .................. 202 
flavicineta (Amtitype) :escccs2ese2---e eee nee 142 goosensiata (Eupithecia) ...... 138, 143, 252 
flavicornis (Achlyia) ......... 13, 56, 95, gothica (Orthosia) ...... 14, 94, 95, 112, 
111, 142, 265 137, 141, 225 
fiavifrontella (Borkhausenia) ...... 16, 98 eracilis (Orthosia) cic 5 Ae tages 
Aavotasciata’ (HFeDIA)\scpreee.ks csc esha 142 141, 226, 229 
flexula: \(uaspey ria) ViiosGadeseek ese. 88, 142 graminis (Cerapteryx) ... 107, 112, 143, 162 
florella, (Catopsilia) (i. .cisisc-cees. css -e-2s8edee 169 granitella (Acrolepia)® 2: s.-c).-nebs eee 214 
flostactata) (S) Vaetata)iraes-tisek ie eck sense 143 graphodactyla (Stenoptilia)............ 107 
fluctuata (Xanthorhoé) ......... 81, 115, 141 gratiosata (Eupithecia) ....................- 73 
fluctuosa (Tethea) .................. 15, 98, 2314 griseana (EUCOSMA) | .i:.45.-ceseeeeoseeeeeeee 67 
fea (ABeEMOSTOUA) Gk oct ieee se cceee ee 90 griseola (Hilema)  ...........c......:0000 107, 108 
foenella va piblema). iy xcvetis sts ieree ee 83 | grossulariata (Abraxas) ......... 82, 116, 142 
fontis (Bomolocha) ......... 98, 139, 143, cuttea (OTMUR), i... ad eee eee 67 
211, 226, 227, 229, 278 halterata (Lobophora) ......... 115, 143, 196 
forficalis (Mesographe) _ .................66 82 | hastata (Rheumaptera), ......)0.2.52.- 89 
formosa (Nephopteryx) — ........... 106, 166 | haworthiata (Eupithecia) _......... 115, 143 
fcormosana (Lozotaenoides) ............... 4A haworthii (Celaena)  -..........:....0006. Vy ANY 
forsterana (Lozotaenia) ......l:i....0....- 82 hecta, (Hiepialus) :) ./.2:22.qserene 16, 80, 142 
fraxinata (Eupithecia)  ............... 93, 143 helice (Pieris)  ...... 220 ae 103 
{Tae MGA OCAIAys y wees kos sce oe 206 helveticaria (E. intricata) ...... 96, 115, 263 
frustralis (LOXOStEZe) ..........c.ceseeeeenees 212 | helvola (Anchoscelis)\\ (227.2) Auer 142 
Tugihiveliasn(Telpwwsa) yess: et ee 98 | hemerobiella (Coleophora) ............... 96 
fuliginaria (Parascotia) ...... 121, 138, 143 hepatica (A. epomidion) ............ 113, 140 
fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) ......... 141, 142 hepatica (Pola). i.c.asere 138, 143, 265, 266 
fulcaria (E rummeata) oteisace8s bos 143 hermelina (H. bifida) -:....127.24. 110, 142 
LUA ea OMA T HAN) 7. ea No eee Se 143 | hilaris (Zyfaena) ) .-2:220- eee eee 127 
fulvomacula (Stigmella) ............00.... 194. | hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia) ...... 142 
funebrana (Laspeyresia)  ..........006..6-- 67 hippocrepidis (Zygaena) — .......:i.:......- 127 
TUNMEHRISMEYUAUSLA)) 1!) luis ssecubd on nodes 202, | hippophaes ,(Celerio) — ...:cceeeeeeee 18 
furcata (Hydriomena) © ......... 145, 142, hirtamiay (LyGia) |). 2s 20, 116, 141, 146 
264, 265 hispida. (U. oditis) 4 .:22233eee eee 108 
furcula (Harpyia) ............... 107, 142, 261 | hispidaria (Apocheima) ............... 13, 143 
furunemla (Procws).~ .Aisvenntkis 113, 142 horridella (Ypsolophus) ....4...-.--:::pstee= 96 
TUSEA (MAOMANIIA)| ie... kevaeeenecteseser 67, 252 howardi (Dartis). ..::.:25q25ee eee 206 
fuscantaria (Deuteronomos) ... 91, 116, 141 hucherardi (Hydraecia) ..................... 108 
fuscipunctella (Niditinea)  ............... 92 humuli (Hepialus)  ....5isee 15, 111, 141 
fusconebulosa (Hepialus) ...... 45, 111, hyale (Colias). ...)...:::33 eee eee 238 
139, 143 hyperanthus (Aphantopus) ... 45, 80, 228 
fuscovenosa (S. interjectaria)......... 415 | hypophlaeas (Chrysophanus) ............ 70 
galathea (Melanargia)  ..............0000++ 65 hypsipyle (Zerinthia)  -_2Jasp-feeee 144 
galii (Celerio) ...... 25, 27, 57, 59, 75, icaroides (Plebejus)  .........c.cccceeceeee ee ees 100 
138, 143, 187, 251 icarus (Polyommatus) ...... 46, 65, 73, 
gamma (Plusia) ...... Tie pil ay td oy 89, 145, 210, 228, 229, 266 
40, 52, 57, 71, 108, 114, 137, 141, icterata (Eupithecia). see 115, 142 
207, 226, 229, 247, 250, 275 icteritia ):(Cirrbia,), ....42ceeee 114, 139, 141 
gemineg (EX. -simiella) ) tect ks. tie Ae 82 ida (Maniola) © ...2i.c20 eee 73 
geminipuncta (Nonagria) _............... 443 idas;,(Lycaeides) eee eee 18 
gemmella (Stenolechia) .............00..000 3 ignobilella (Stigmella)) »---scoevsseceee 18 
gemmiferana (Grapholita) ............... 166 imitaria (Scopula), j::.).:i4¢. eee 142 
geniculella (Lithocolletis) ............... 41 | immaculata (Hemistola) ............ 114, 142 
genistella (NephopteryxX)  .............0.088 234 immutata (Scopula)  °.t.gieeaeeneee 142 
gerningana (Philedone) ..................... gs | impar (Cryphia),  ....:27eee ee 119 
gertrudae (Reisseronia) ................0006- 207 imperialella (Acrocercops) _ ............... 165 
gibraltarica (ZySaAena)  seseieiid.s-sksess. 126 | impura (Leucania) | :......20. 112, 137, 144 
gilvago! (Ciprbia)i gehts: 108, 114, 139, 143 incanana (Hone) “icine 234 
Silvatal (Urespliita ay by parece eee 9. 7 | imearnata, (Heliothis) | ..0...48).2 see 
glareosa (Amathes) _...... 99, 112, 143, 196 incarnatella (Plutella) «| ck 95 
glauca (H. bombycina) ............ 87, 97, 196 | incerta (Orthosia) ...... 26, 56, 85, 112, 
Slavic aitarg (CHU) iw ise oes eee 111, 141 137, 141 
gleichenella (Elachista) _ .........c....02.00 98 incertana (Cnephasiella) _............ 96, 167 
234 incongruella (Amphisbatis) ............... 167 


enaphality(Caculiia) aie ieceiessaseesee 


ee ee eee 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
indigata (Eupithecia) ..................08: 143 
ines (Melanargia) _.............ceeeeee eee 73, 209 
mmarestaw(Apamlea)\ (26. s22l2.2. eel. esee 113, 141 
infimella (Tineola) —.......... eee eee 67 
innotata (Eupithecia) .................. 75, 143 
inornata (S. straminata) ............ 115, 142 
imornatana (Ancylis):-........00..2.2.....08: 96 
insertana (Zeiraphera) © .......::..........+: 233 
interjecta (Euschesis) .................. 106, 142 
interjectana (Cnephasia) _............ 96, 168 
imberjectaria (Sterrha) _............ 115, 142 
internana (Grapholita) ...................+- 83 
interrogationis (Plusia) ...... 196, 231, 232 
intricata (Eupithecia) ......... 115, 143, 263 
inturbata (Eupithecia)..................... 246 
rmmlae (Coleopnora)! » 2.02.2...) 6.0.00... 214 
io (Nymphalis) ......... A6, 65, 118, 145, 
162, 225, 228, 229 
LOA (EADIE Ge 114, 142 
ipsilon (Agrotis) ...... yea lel allbastliegs 
141 
ET Se aC APDAUUHE EN hocsccncceiscces sce 46, 65, 87, 225 
irriguata (Eupithecia) _......... 95, 139, 143 
itysalis (Mesographa)  ...................6005 224 
jacobaeae (Callimorpha) _............ 111, 142 
jJanihina (Euschesis) ..........-. AOR Sie Zel: 
AIMEE ALA KES) | hoe ecese snare nnielne sas oe 146 
jumiperaia (Thera). ....:..2.......- 87, 261, 262 
jurtina (Maniola) ...... Dy SDA 927 298 
EVE PIO UIES)) oo. ..k. sdeesaagendenaces <> 210 
aelne (NRCLIGACA)) 0. 5.4 o5es Goes eaeeld.: seo 100 
lacertinaria (Drepana) ... 14, 15, 111, 
142, 228, 261, 262 
every GENIN) | iibsesas essa sce sees Rese se 143 
lactearia (Jodis) .................068. 81, 114, 142 
Nee belay (BOA) Fear bes.eeces 5. heeds IAG. de lecade 100 
Path ums (Hewmcamia) i ..28.2 ieee 7, 106 
ani delay (Batia)ciccicsccce. Hl ees 166 
eV A (FRTIVE A hie se eeeer a eeecocc et Pees 92 
lanestris (Eriogaster) ............ 61, 124, 225 
lapidata (Coenocalpe) ................5. 17, 58 
lapponaria (Poecilopsis) —.................. 94 
ippomieas (Stiamellaye fiche. eee. 193 
laricana (Spilonota) .............0....... 83, 234 
Jathonia (Argynmnis) ....................00.0085 91 
lathyrifoliella (Leucoptera) _............ 166 
latruncula (Procus)  ............... 137, 141 
leautieri (Lithophane) _...... 109, 166, 
Dehn OTS) 
lecheana (Ptycholoma)  ..................... 214 
legatella (Chesias) ......... 118, 142, 263, 265 
lentiscamiax(DysScia) ee. 211 
lepida (Hadena) .......... 107, 112, 142, 
LAS 254 
leporina (Apatele) ... 15,17, 67, 98, 143, 
142, 229, 262, 263, 266 
leucographa (Gypsitea) ............ 14,93, 94 
leucographa (Hydraecia) .................. 224 
leucophaearia (Erannis) ...... 85, 116, 142 
leucostigma (Celaena) ............... 113, 143 
meuGcospierria (OVE VIA)! yc.s0. ccd eines. cbs 71 
libatrix (Scoliopteryx) ............... 114, 142 
hehenariai(Cleorodes) | 22. .0055.:...dess 006 89 
mehencar(MUummiCtis) 0.4 109 


PAGE 
lignata (Orthonama). .:...c0s 22222... 16, 81 
PROACH + ( GOOMISIMA) i Pie aoe dee heck 2s deo ve asec demos 142 
ligustri (Craniophora) ............ 15,98, 228 

ligustri (Sphinx) _......... 110, 142, 226 
2297, 228, 229 
limbariaw(istuneia), cone eee ee 25 
linariata (Eupithecia) ......... 82, 115, 142 
linearia (Cosymbia) ............... 98, 114, 142 
linecotlar (Gib mMelicus Ata ise: oes eee 51 
inmpseana. (PETOMIa)) f.iios5s. secs se2-onees 94, 95 
literosa LP ROCUS)» (er Rea Rie: 113, 142 
lithargyria (Leucania) ............... ALD et 
lithoxylea (Apamea)_.................. 113, 144 
PiLOBATES (HEC ATTA) eee: Bre ieee ee 233 
litterata.(Diasemia) “2s eae eee 1 
littoralis (P. Qubitana) ..................... 254 
ithuna(Amehoscelis) (ae eee eS 4414, 141 
liturata (Semiothisa) ......... 116, 142, 261 
livornica (Celerio) ......... 12, VST Qe Iii 
Wexellan (Goleophorvaye joi eak os ce cea deee 98 
fobellay (EMicCOsStoma) hae ie eee 165 
loehingeanai(hoOrtrix)) —2..2 sites eee. 67 
loNLGeRAe (ZyGae4na) es eects 129 
Lore yas (eeu Canilial) eee eee ecco setae Dynal OF 
totae(AGrochola) ese! as eee 144 
TOfEL ay (AM CEASE) Mens eee 233 
Loti viialacosomiay ues eRe RN Ree Te 

lubricipeda (Spilosoma) ...... iis, Wey 
141, 252 
lucens (Hydraecia)  ............... LAIST 
lucidella (Aristotelia)  ...............0..... 234 
lucinas(Hamearis). 4... 15.2323) 26, 46, 226 

lucipara (Euplexia) ...... 113, 141, 261, 
262, 263, 264, 266 
luctuatay (Euphiyia))- 05. 2.032 seee eee 165 
lunaria (Selenia) ..............0000.. 85, 87, 143 
uamanen's .(GNETMAEST Ai)! 20a see. oe. ee 28, 145 
luneburgensis (Aporophyla)  ............ 68 
lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ............... 4114, 142 

lunula (Aporophila) _...... 17, 40, 114, 
138, 143 
lunula (Colophasia)  ..........0.......... 28, 234 

lupulina (Hepialus) _...... 80, 114, 139, 
141 
lurideola (Lithosia)  .............0.0.02...000.. 141 
Futeas (CiiPea) sexs s:2c24204.5 47) 142, 228 

Jutea (Spilosoma)......... 111, 137, 144, 
223, 229 

luteolata (Opisthograptis) . 116, 141, 
263, 264, 276 

lutosa (Rhizedra) ............ 59, 81, 108, 
113, 142 

lutulenta (Aporophyla) ... 40, 68, 114, 
143, 237 
lutulentella (Aristotelia) ..........00...... 5D 
fuzella, (Lampromia) .. eee. Se 84 
lychnidis (Agrochola) ......... 114, 137, 144 
lychnitis (Cucullia)  ............ 192, 227, 245 
Macecana (Peronia) 9 oilili.ei ee 95 
machaon (Papilio) ...... 64, 72, 73, 238, 246 
macilenta (Agrochola) ......... 17, 139, 144 
macularia (Pseudopanthera) ............ 145 
maculipennis (Plutella) 9 ............... 17, 105 
magnarius (Ennomos) _ ..................... Ue 
m-aibum (Panthioides)  ..........000.00.... 206 


8 SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
malvae (Pyrgus) _............ 26, 47, 87, 
225, 226, 229 
malveides <P yLGUS)) bs kes sess- ke ee 145 
mannsanas(Phalomia) | ...sssttaes...febs 166 
margaritaria (C. margaritata) ... 98, 
116, 142 
margaritata (Campaea) ......... 98, 116, 
142 
marginaria (Erannis) ...... 13, 85, 116, 
141 
marginata (Lomaspilis) ...... 116, 139, 
; 141, 265 
marginepunctata (S. promutata) 106, 
114, 143 
MAAS (AL ailMyAIIS) Nees ee ene eke ee some 100 
maritima o(Chilodes)iiiis feces Mae 143 
maritima (Heliothis) ............ 28, 143, 227 
marmorea (Phthorimea) _.................. 17 
martialis (U. ferrugalis) ...... SPIT AEE 
25, 40, 105 
matura (Thalpophila) _............... 113, 144 
maura (Mormo) _.................. 413, 142, 245 
mauritanica (Zygaena) ..................065 125 
MECUSA (HLEDIA). | aio shusbdne Reco eo ska 224 
megacephala (Apatele)......... 16, 113, 142 
megaspiliella (Peloponnesia) ............ 164 
megera (Pararge) ...... LD, Toads DAO, 
225, 227, 228 
megerlella (Elachista)  .................. 98 
melanopa (Anarta) ......... 87, 97, 188, 196 
melanops (Glaucopsyche) .................. 144 
mMmellinata (LYSTis)  ............... cee 415, 144 
mellonella (Galleria)  ...................0e0es 100 
mendica (Cycnia) _......... 94. 6i, 80, 114, 
142 
mendica (Diarsia) _...... 112, 141, 195, 
264, 265, 266 
menthastri (S. lubricipeda) ...... 141, 252 
menyanthidis (Apatele) ... 14, 15, 87, 
96, 97, 196, 261, 262 
Meracwae tl. AWEMICENMSIS)! | 2 sscckese:.24e: 92 
mesomella (Cybosia) .................. 138, 143 
meticulosa (Phlogophora) ...... 47,61, 
143, AAA, 987 
metonelia (FT. Tuvicencis),, (ui: 92 
mis (He uchiGdimenrd) ” 9 23.7.c.Y eee ace ee 114 
miata (Chloroclysta) _............ 95, 118, 196 
micacea (Gortyma) . .o45...24..: 81, 113, 144 
milhauseri (Hoplitis) ............ 72, 163, 210 
miniata (Miltochrista) _...... 107, 138, 
143, 2384 
Minima (Petilampa)' Yi s....:<.i:0--decase: 4113, 142 
MUMS (Cupido) Beaks eA eee tees 230 
mMmiIniosa(OrtMOsia) ics. eek =e 26, 143 
mitchellii (Euptychia) ..................... 100 
Mixtamayn(PCLOMMTA) Ulises soueeeseee or se eae 95 
monacha (Lymantria) ......... 107, 143, 
226, 229 
moneta (Polychrisia) .................. 114, 142 
monodactylus (Pterophorus) ............ 71 
monoglypha (Apamea) _......... 57, 113, 
137, 144, 275 
monogramma (Metoptria) ............... 73 
montanata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 115, 140, 
141, 262, 264, 265 


PAGE 
montensis’ (Avicia), - cise ene eee 73 
morno (Apodemia)  .3:.eecaesiesseeseeeaeeee 206 
morosa (Aristotelis))\ 2. )cce-ceerenceeeee-eee 165- 
morpheus (Caradrina) _...... 113, 137, 141 
morrisii (Arenostola) .\ 3.2.c.-cecese eee 98 
mucronata (Ortholitha) _...... 89, 115, 196 
mullinella (Gelechia)  ..............2...:208+ 107 
multistrigaria (Colostygia) ... 14, 56, 
‘ 95, 143 
munda (Orthosia) _......... 85, 112, 140, 
141, 225 
mundana (Nudaria) _.................. 139, 143 
niunalis: (Cry phia)ic pecs eee 74, 119, 249 
muricata (Sterrha) _............ 219, 226, 227 
mygindana (Argyroploce) _............... 97 
myrtilli (Anarta) _......... 112, 143, 196, 
231, 264 
haevana (Rhopobota):. 11... 83, 96 
nana (Hada) ...... 412. 143; 2615) 2625, 263% 
264, 266 
nanata (Eupithecia) ...... 82, 115, 142, 
262, 263, 264, 265, 266 
nanivora (Stigme4)lla))\ ie -esssseeeee eee 194 
napi (Pieris) ......... 45, 57, 65, 79, 238, 266 
nebulata (Ewchoeca))) 2.:-c-e ee ee 143 
nebulella (Homeosoma) _............ 218, 252 
nebulosa (Polia) ............ 112, 140, 141, 226 
meleus* (BMrebia)) 2.22. .ic.cosssee Cees 5d 
nemoralis (Zanclognatha) ......... 114, 142 
neorama (Catocala) =... 70 
nerid (Daphnis): \.25.sese eee eee Q7 
nervosa (Depressaria) ............2..0.02 2s 166 
neurica (Nonagria) ............... 106, 107, 166 
neustria (Malacosoma) ......... 114, 140, 144 
mis(Plusia). i. 3 30.svikedi ee ee 105, 186 
nicella: (ithocolletis) <2. eee 84 
nigra (A. lunula) ...... 17, 40, 114, 138, 143 
nigricans (Euzoa) ............... 1411, 139, 141 
nitens:\(Polia))" 223.0 eee 142 
nivealis (Wdea)\ °......0..ccc: eee 82 
niveana (Peromnia) .........sccscessess-scecstec 97 
Niveus (ACeENtrOPUS)  ..........c.e.eeceeeeeeeees 67 
noctuella (Nomophila) ... 2, 7, 9, 17, 
25, 26, 40, 57, 105, 222, 226, 227, 247, 250 
notata (Semiothisa) ..................... 262, 264 
nubeculosa (Brachyonica) _......... 56, 95 
nubiferana (Argyroploce) .................. 96 
nubilalis: (Ostrinia), -.....ceeseneeeeee ee 167 
nuptay, (Catocala) %..u,ee nk OO; Bates ee 
obeliscata (Thera) ......... 89, 115, 141, 266 
oblitella (Heterographis) ............ apa Og) 
oblonga (Apamea) ............:.2:0c0-2:- 166, 233 
obscura (A, remissa) ... 113, 261, 262, 
263, 264, 265, 266 
obsoleta (Leucania) ....................- 88, 143 
obstipata (Nycterosea) < e tine vos 
27, 40, 72, 81, 108, 115, 138, 143 
occuliiay k(Eurois)) 43.3 138, 143, 232 
ocellana (Spilonota) ..................... 18, 75 
ocellanis (Cirrhia);: 22.2.2. eee 143 
ocellata (Lyncometra) ... 115, 142, 262, 
263, 264, 266 
Ocellata (Smerinthus) ...... 15, 72, 110, 
141, 228 
ochrata. (Sterrha) .::.)0izelaseeeee 107 


ee 


ae 


eS Se 


SPECIAL INDEX 9 


PAGE 
ochrearia (Aspitates) ............ 139, 143, 207 
ochroleuca (Eremobia) ...... ... 106, 1389, 143 
octogesima (T. ocularis) ............... 88, 114 
ocularis (Tethea) ............ 88, 111, 142, 
164, 233 
oculea (Hydraecia) ............... 93, 113, 142 
oditis (Leucochlaena)  ..................cseee 108 
oleracea (Diataraxia) ......... 14, 112, 
137, 141, 261, 266 
UN MMUPIED OBMTGHIOE): cis. cccceecccngecewescsaane 100 
Gnomawrians (AplAaSta,)) sss esses hee ee 98 
oo [Tee a a ne es oe ae 88, 142 
opacella (Pachythelia)  ..................... 97 
ophiogramma (Apamea) _...... 90, 113, 143 
Ore AN EIHTES)) ee ee ee ee 98 
orbicularia (Cosymbia) .............. ...... 108 
WENOMCE (PUSEWESIS) — ........042) eA dees. 107 
OLIODN (SCOMMANTIGES) — ../ fess ss: 145 
ornatella (Pempelia) = ..............0c.cce. 98 
ornithogalli (Prodenia) ..................... Tal 
ornitopus (Lithophane) ..................... 143 
Gstrina. (Bulblenma): .......0b bs vise. 2088 52 
oxyacanthae (Allophyes) ...... 86, 114, 
1le 295% 2995 
OMVELOPIS (ZY SACMA) > .....eesley hide kee 127 
padella (Hyponomeuta) ............. 186, 252 
pallens (Leucania) ......... 58, 112, 137, 141 
pallida (Witlesia) ...........0......00.cccccseee 166 
palpina (Pterostoma) ...... 44, 15, 110, 
142, 228, 229 
paludata (C. sororiata)  ..............6...... 231 
paludis (Hydraecia) ............ 107, 143, 143 
palustrella (Aristotelia) ..........0.0....... 166 
pamphilus (Coenonympha) ... 45, 73, 
227, 228, 262, 266 
paphia (Argynnis) ............ 46, G1. 65, 229 
papilionaria (Geometra) ...... 16, 114, 143 
parenthesellus (Ypsolophus) _............ 264 
Webi OCaAtocata) {ite iyi). wesley 70 
parthenias (Archiearis) ............... St, 114 
mbarvidactyla (Oxyptilus) “A:6.....000. 98 
pasiphae (Maniola). .......... .... 72, 73, 240 
pastinum (Lygephila)_......... 89, 107, 
; 114, 142 
pavomian(Satmrnia)y ual ..anal a 
pectinataria (Colostygia)  ......... 143, 261 
peda (Phisalia) Te... llc. 116, 142 
Mentone llar CRIMNGA) 2.23. Go.0.080.5 Jecexe ss 92 
peltigera (Heliothis) ............ 138, 143, 230 
pendularia (C. albipunctata) ...... 114, 142 
pennaria (Colotois) ......... 67, 87, 116, 
141, 264 
Meria(e ry pliia) eee. 2818: 113, 142 
merietius (Cranibus)t «inet Ah 4) 67 
permutana (Acleris)  ............0.0...00002. 83 
perplexella (Elachista)  ..................... 96 
persicariae (Melanchra) ...... OETA 
141 
phieas (Lycaena) _............ A ey. 
228, 229, 260, 266 
perrasmitetlis (CHIWO)  -.22:25.005 bcc.) ccc 234 
phragmitidis (Arenostola) ......... 90, 106 
phryganella (Diurnea):ss..202...cia.. 83 
Dictella (Aristotelia) ( c..4040. 166, 233 
Ere an ( Clostera) himetaiani ty. fhe: 143 


PAGE 
pilella (Nemophora)) 2 o20.t.24/624:252. 7 
pilleriana (Sparganothis) .........02....... 162 
pilosaTia (2 pedamia) 4-2... eee 116 
DINASiT EHyUOUCES) eee eee 98, 142 
pImetvan(Bryop hile) pipes. eee 72, 210 
piniaria (Bupalus) _...... 116, 139, 143, 


261, 265 


pisi (Ceramica) ...... 47, 112, 141, 263, 


264, 266 
Dlaea ta GANIVAIGIS) eae ce ae 143 
plantaginis (Parasemia) ...... 226, 231, 260 
plebejana (Crocidosema) © .................. 51 


Sees 112, 137, 141, 
261, 262, 263, 264, 266 


plecta (Ochropleura) 


plexippus: (Danaus)p eee 61, 69 
plumibaria “(Oniholit ha) ees-ees.. es eee 143 
plumbeolata (Eupithecia) ............ 98, 143 
plumigera (Ptilophoma)s: iist:: ee 109 
plummniustaria (Hidomia)).s2-22%..22 146 
DUTDURGUUS CZ ait) tesstcae ess eee Q47 
pneumonanthes (Stenoptilia)  ......... 168 
podalirius (Papilio). ............ 146, 210 
238, 239 
podolicus (Chilopselephus) ............... 207 
politana (Hemimeme) _..........2..002..:. 107 
polychloros (Nymphalis)  ..:............... 145 
polycommata (Trichopteryx) ...... 95, 
143, 186 
polyodonm(Actinonial) > ......- tae eee: 99 
polyxena (Z. hypsipyle)  .................. 144 
popularis (Tholera) —............ 91, 112, 142 
DODULA VAG (ays) i as see as tee eee eee 278 
populeti (Orthosia)  ........2...... 85, 95, 143 


populi (Laothoe) ........:... 72, 110, 141, 


263, 264, 266 


populi (Poecilocampa) © ...:.2.:.-s.:..-i:2: 141 
poratay (Cosymibia)i eg 2s eee 139, 143 
porcellus (Deilephila) ......... Lo OAS 
porphyrea (Peridroma) ......... Neale 
Tide 
POLthAon MOP aio) eee etn shee 169 
potatoria (Philudoria) —............... 16, 142 


praecox (Actebia)  ............: $i oe doch 2 75, 90 
praelatella (Lampronia) 
prasina (Anaplectoides) 
prasinana (Bena) 


pratellus (Crainbus) 


preangusta (Batachedra) .................. 67 
precationis (Autographa) .................. 71 
primulae (D. mendica) ..................... 195 
proboscidalis (Hypena) ......... 114, 141, 212 
procellata (Melanthia) ............... 139, 143 
prodromana (Philedome) _ ............ 94, 95 


promutata (Scopula) 
pronuba (Noctua) ......... 58, 112, 137, 
141, 266, 275 


propinquella (Agonopteryx)............ 234 
prostratella (Depressaria)  ............... 108 
Protege (Dweremita), 6.22). eee: 142 
pruinana (Argyroploce) ..................... 67 
pruinata (Pseudoterpna) ......... 51, 81, 
114, 138, 143 
prunaria (Angerona)  ...............2:. 88, 278 


prMiatay Ty CRS): ae ee 106, 139, 143 


10 SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
pruni (Strymonidia) ......... 47, 66, 86, 230 
pseudoplatanella (Stigmella) ............ 41 


psi (Apatele)............ WR Uy ale Dose. 


228, 262, 263, 266, 269 


pterodactyla (Stenoptilia)  ............... 67 

pudibunda (Dasychira) ... 14, 15, 18, 
86, 111, 141, 228, 229 
pudorina’ (Heudgania).6:::/ 2.0.22 88 

pulchella (Utetheisa) ......... 9, 27, 41, 
47, 73, 109, 118 

pulchellata (Eupithecia) ...... 67, 115, 
143, 171, 252 
polchrina“(Plusiayin 22a eee: 57, 142 
pulla (Epichmopteryx) ...................65 96 
pulmentaria (Chlorissa) _.................. 210 
pulveraria (Anagoga) _............... 143, 228 
pumilata (Gymnoscelis) ...... 116, 141, 264 
punctalis (Dolycharthria) _............... 106 
punctaria.) (Cosymbiay i ain. e.: 114, 142 
punctinalis (Pseudoboarmia) ...... 116, 142 
punctulata (Aethelura) ......... 14, 116, 142 
pupiliana (Bucosma)\ oo ee! 106 
puppillaria (Cosymbia) ...... Ng ete, 14% 
purpurana’ (Calyplia)  o.ii.2. ee. 234 
Pluton(ZySaena)) oes f ecko coer sees 247 


pusaria (Deilinia) ......... 116, 142, 228, 
263, 264, 265, 266 
pustulata (Comibaena) ......... 88, 114, 142 


puta (Agrotis) 


putrescens (Leucania) _.................... 230 
Pucrisi (Asxsylia) Lee ee 80, 112, 144 
pygmaeana (Eucosma) .............0.....e. 96 
pygmina (Arenostola) _............... 4113, 143 
pyraliata (Lygris)  ..................... 139, 143 
PMY Pala (COSIMMPA)> eo oie 32.5. .ecscsaseceeossets 142 
pyramidea (Amphipyra) ...... 26, 113, 141 
pyrenaeella (Euspilapteryx) ...... 120, 
165, 213 
pyr (Saturnia) eee eee 72 
pyrina |\(Zeuzera)® | 622. oes 107, 114, 142 
pyritoides (Habrosyne) ............... 441, 141 
quadra(ithosia) 2 See eee 230 
quadrifasciata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 93, 142 
quadrilineata (Adelocephala) ............ 206 
quadripunctaria (Callimorpha) ......... 207 
quercana-(Carcina) ee: 83 
quercifolia (Gastropacha) _............... 143 
quercinaria (Ennomos) _...... 416, 139, 143 
quercus (Lasiocampa) ......... 139, 196, 
225, 263, 264, 265 
quercus. (Marumba)y® 0 72 
quercus (Thecla) 22.20.23)... me 47, 65 
quercus: (Zephyrs) 2.68 See: 26 
quernan(Drymonia)) ae 210 
ramburialis (Diasemia) _............... i eed 


rapae (Pieris) 

209, 225, 227 

ravida (Spaeletis) 

rectangulata (Chloroclystis) 
rectilinea (Hyppa) ... 15, 97, 196, 231, 

261, 262, 263, 264, 266 

relicta (Catocala) 
Temissa (Apamea) ......... 113, 141, 261, 

262, 263, 264, 265, 266 

repanda (Taragama) _..............0.0ce000- 7 


PAGE 
repandaria’ (Epiome). © .)i:022ivetssaeeeeet 142 
repandata (Alcis) ... 27, 116, 141, 252, 266 
resinella (Evetria): ° 0.002.222 95 
reticulata (Heliophobus) ............ 112, 143 
retusa’ (Zenobia)::\ s.2..csseeeseee ee 225 
revayana (Nycteola)  .................. 143, 227 
rhadamanthus (Zygaena) .................. 127 
rhammiella (Walshia) _..................... 106 
rhamni (Gonopteryx) ......... 45, 85, 


124, 147, 227, 228, 239 


rheediana (Eucosmomorpha) ............ 83 
rhodopsis (CoSmia) ...........-.-csdesrseseres 207 
rhombvidaria (Cleora) _...... 116, 141, 146 
ribeana (Pandemis)  .................02000e00e 67 
ridens (Polyploca)  ..................20000 96, 142 
rigidana (Rhyaconia)) 2! 22 eens 100 
ripae (Ag@rotis) *..60)cc eee 16, 233, 240 
rivata. (Epirrhoé) | .:.. 2. 139, 143 
rivulana (Argyroploce)  ...............e.00es 96 
rivularis (Hadena) ..................... 112, 142 
roboraria (Boarmia) ............ 98, 116, 142 
rosana (Archips) . ...:.3232eeeee 82, 96 
rosana (Lozotaenia)  ...............ecceee senses 18 . 
roseticolana (Laspeyresia) ............... 108 
rosiralis: (Hypéna) | 2.225533 114, 143 
ruberata (Hydriomena) ............... 97, 196 
rubi (Callophrys)) 22.22 47, 145, 229 


rubi (Diarsia) 


tubi (Macrothylacia) ............ 57, 143, 227 


rubigana’ (Phalonia) * 222.2202 234 
rubiginata (Plemyria)  ..................... 115 
rubiginata (Scopula)......... 108, 142, 219 
rubiginea (Dasycampa) _............ 138, 143 
rubricollis (Atolmis)  .........0...........00. 15 
rubricosa (Cerastis) ......... 80, 86, 112, 144 
rufa; (Coenobia) 322... eee 130, 143 


rufata (Chesias) 
ruficornis (Chaonia) 
rufocinerea (Elachista) 
rumicis (Apatele) 
rumina (Thais) 


rupicapraria (Theria) .................. 86, 142 
russiae (Melanargia)  .......................- 206 
rusticana (Tortrix) "eee 97 
rutilana: (Phaloma)) 23232002 ee 106 
sacraria (Rhodometra) ...... Qa TAS, 


25, 26, 27, 40, 58, 107, 108, 
138, 143, 230, 247 

wut dagen ss Bens 89, 93 

Tae Ae 89, 175, 186 


sagittata (Perizoma) 
salicata (Colostygia) 
salicis (Leucoma) 


salinella (Coleophora) _..................0 106 
satinellus (P. aridellus)” 33. 234, 240 
sambucaria (Ourapteryx) ......... 116, 141 
sannio (Diacrisia) ...... 138, 143, 207, 226 
sao (Spialia). -..3...208 Seen eee 146 
saponariae (H. reticulata) ......... 112, 143 
saportae (Zygaena) >). /...eaeeeeeee 125 
sarcitrella (EnMdrosis)  ...................0000 83 
satyrata (Eupithecia) ......... 143, 262, 
263, 264, 265 
sauciana (Argyroploce)  ...............0600e: 98 
saxicola (Homoesoma) ............... 106, 233 
scabra) (Plathypena) “2a gpl 


scabriuscula (Dypterygia) ... 113, 140, 141 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
schmidiella (Telephila) ..................... 165 
sehulziana (Areyroploce): » :.....s92.:-:-..6s 39 
scolopacina (Apamea) _......... 138, 143, 165 
scotica (Ortholitha) —...............c eee 97 
secalis (Apamea) _......... 4107; 1413, 187, 141 
segetum (Agrotis) ................ 80, 1414, 141 
selasellus (Crambus) © ............s.eesseeeee 240 
selene (Argynnis) _............ 26, 46, 57, 
226, 229, 266 
Selene (BOLOLIA) ......t.c..cececcececeeeeesereess 100 
semele (Eumenis) .................. 45, 148, 228 
semiareus (Cyaniris), ) ..c....c0.s22--..0-00es. 238 
semibrunnea (Lithophane) ... 143, 163, 207 
semicostella (Sophronia) _.................. 243 
semidecandrella (Phthorimaea) _...... 107 
semifascia (Caloptilia) ............... 120, 213 
semexX (COMACIA)  .......... ccc ccceeeceneececee noes 143 
sequellus (Ypsolophus) ..................055 84 
serena (H. bicolorata) ... 67, 112, 142, 226 
seriata (Sterrha)  ...............c:cceee 115, 143 
sericarium (Ephestia)  ............0........0 67 
sericealis (Rivula)  .....................068 67, 142 
sexalata (Mysticoptera) _............ 138, 143 
sexalisata (M. sexalata) 
sexstrigata (Amathes) ............... 412, 141 
shepherdana (Peronea)  ..................655 165 
silaceata (Ecliptopera) ............... 115, 142 
SHTML (Creag 01012) ee en ene 119 
similis (Euproctis)  ............... 18, 117, 141 
simplex (Autographa) ....................0... 71 
simulans (Rhyasia)  ................ceeeeeee es 58 
sinapis (Leptidea) _............ 45, 87, 90, 
146, 230, 238 
sinuella (Homoesoma) _...................55 82 
siterata (Chloroclysta) ............... 95, 118 
sobrina (Euschesis)  ...............c.cccceeees 196 
sobrinata (Eupithecia) _...... 115, 143, 264 
SSceiae(EATWOPHMAINE) (yc: j.2sves.ies6-scacane ces 93 
sociella (Aphomia)  ...............000... 82, 233 
solidaginis (Lithomoia) ............00.0..... 196 
BSOUEDL (EIGMOCOHELIS)  oicccccccek Qoocbecdsedewss 165 
sordens (Apamea) ......... 113, 141, 262, 
263, 264, 266 
SOMOLUAUA(CAGSIA) | Liceskiveoesfscncsce. stiles 231 
sororculella (Gelechia)  ............0....0... 165 
spadicearia (Xanthorhoé) © ......... Adin 
142, 265 
sparganii (Nonagria)  ............e.e ee eeee eee 234 
SMES ied NCATIEICOMLER). > wesc scdecutdesodneceesht 143 
Seawitella, (AMAPSIA)  ....ccceseesdoussacedesdues 168 
eprcelosa, UNCDUIGUIA) ooo. dcehckindeh..daodsss 41 
sphinx (Brachyonicha) _............ 142, 225 
spissicornis (Coleophora) ............ 67, 234 
stabilis (Orthosia) ...... 80, 94, 95, 112, 
141, 225 
stachydalis (Perinephela) _............... 9 
stellatarum (Macroglossum) ............ 72 
Sticticalis (Loxostege)  ............cccccceeeeee 213 
stigmatella (Gracillaria) .................. 67 
stigmatica (Amathes) ......... 112, 139, 143 
straminata (Sterrha) ......... 115, 142, 246 
strataria (Biston) ...... 13, 85, 93, 116, 141 
stratiotata (Parapoynx) ........... ee. 234 
CUTE IG TG A TGYe1 ig 0) 0) Ee 83 
strigilis (Procus) ............ 16, 113, 137, 141 


11 


PAGE 
strigillaria (Perconia) ............... 138, 143 
stroemiana (Epinotia) _..................... 83 
suasa, (Hadena)  ........... cece cece eeee eee 112, 142 
subbimaculella (Nepticula) _............... 67 
subchlamydula (Nola) _..................... 72 
sublustris; (Apameal): 9) 2 2ccscsesscsescsesee 143 
subnotata (Eupithecia) ............... 115, 143 
subsequana (Eucosma) ..................00. 96 
subsericeata (Sterrha)  ............... 138, 143 
subtropica (Rhyaconia) ..................... 100 
subtusa (Zenobia) .................. 81, 113, 142 
succenturiata (Eupithecia) ......... 115, 142 
suffumata (Lampropteryx) ... 14, 196, 261 
supinellay (Bupista) 0.22.2 ee! 164 
suspecta (Parastichtis)  ...... 114, 138, 143 
Ssylvaita: (Abraxas lst fs tee 15, 107 
sylvestraria (Sterrha) ..................2...0- 143 
sylvestris (Thymelicus) ......... 47, 51, 229 
sylvina s(epialus): ¢ deste ee 1411, 142 
syringaria (Apeira) —.................. 116, 142 
tages (Erynnis) ......... Paty Ce, WAS), BP 
229, 265 
tagis: (Buchioe)) 3... tees}! web 145 
tantillaria (Eupithecia) ..........00.000.0... 143 
taramicn, (Caradrina)> eee 141, 252 
tarsipennalis (Zanclognatha) ...... 114, 142 
tedelia, (Hicosma)’ Leite ep Ley 96 
telecanus (Syntharucus) ...... 72, 73, 210 
temerata (Bapta)............ 14, 82, 116, 142 
templi (Dasypolia) —..................... 81, 109 
tenebrata (Panemeria) ........ ............ 113 
tenebrosa, (Russina) ...... 1ts5 Ale OGIe 
262, 268, 264, 265, 266 
fenerana pi(Epimnotia) eee) Pe oes 167 
tenuiata {(Eupithecia) © .22.:.:2..20). 107, 143 
Lernata: (SCOpPUA) ua eee Ieee eee 88, 248 
tersata (Horisme) - ......... 115, 148, 196, 248 
testacea. (Luperina) 22nd ele 113, 141 
testaceata, (Hydrelia)i,( 3.24.0. 15, 98 
testatas (byeris)) 6. ee hei 138, 143 
tetralunaria (Selenia)  ............... 142, 225 
thalassina (Hadena) ...... 112, 142, 261, 
262, 263, 264 
thrasonella) (Acchmia)) (i) eie 84 
tianschanica (Xanthorhoé)............... 207 
tiliae | (Mimas)y “e442. 6 80, 88, 110, 142 
tnctas(P:\hepaticay. \ oes 138, 143, 
265, 266 
titania (Boloria) ¥/i) ie ike eae | 100 
titania: (Clossianay ane es oy 207 
tithonus (Maniola)  ............... 45, 226, 228 
fiiyus (Hentaris) 2: eee os Q25 
tortricella (Tortricodés) i..220./.0608: 93 
tragopogonis (Amphipyra) 58, 113, 144 
transversa (Eupsilia)  .................. 13, 142 
transversata (Philereme) .................. 143 
trapezina (Cosmia) _............ 113, 139, 144 
tremula (Pheosia) ......... 15, 110, 141, 
228, 229 
trepida (Notodonta) _...... 14, 16, 142, 
226, 229 
triangulum (Amathes) ... 80, 112, 137, 141 
tridens (Apatele) ......... 141, 226, 228, 
229, 269 
trifolii (Lasiocampa) 424) 2168i 23! 85 


12 SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
trifolii (Scotogramma)_............... 112, 144 
tritoltis (Ay eaema:)! eee: Cee eee 128 
trigemina (U. triplasia) .................. 142 
trigeminata (Sterrha) ............... 115, 142 
trigrammica (Meristis) ...... 88, 1138, 
139, 141, 226 
trimaculana (Eucosma) ............... 67, 214 
ivipariitadomnea). Psi eet ees 114, 141 
friplasia(Unea) Skates. 114, 141, 142 
tripunctaria (Hupithecia)o ....42 3325: 143 
trisignaria (Eupithecia) _............ 139, 143 
tristata.(Epirrhoe) Aver 22 eee 89, 261 
TRIStiS: (SLISMell ai Aes ee: 194 
PENCE CEUX OA) eeease-cey 16, 107, 1411, 142, 233 
tritophus (Notodonta) _..................... 163 
troglodytella (Coleophora) ......... 106, 214 
truncata (Dysstroma) ......... 115, 139, 141 
CAC (ACT OGIS)) eae see eek ee: Ee eee) 106 
tullia (Coenonympha) _......... 89, 232, 266 
turca (Mythimna) ............... 112, 138, 143 
turfosalis (Hypenodes) ..................... 143 
HUTICENSISWCRIMEA I i.2. sseescd ssa sucateercwass 92 
itrymnidariust (Brebia) ik ews. ees eee 53 
typhaee(Nonacria) ieee 90, 143 
TFA ONL OS), (INE VET OWI }) Raeeae Oh ame kena MME Oe 112, 143 
ulmifoliae (Stigmella)  ..................... 122 
WimiVvora (Stiemelia)) Sees ee. 123 
WNT Ge syanhiniia) eae ee eee AMON AZ AGT 
umbratica (Cucullia) ......... 113, 143, 226 
umobratica (R. tenebrosa) .................. 113 
umbrifera (Ortholitha) _...... 261, 262, 
263, 264, 265 
unangulata (Euphyia) ............... 138, 143 
unanimus (Apamea) ...... 88, 113, 142, 214 
uncuilla, (Hustrotia) (Pee... 143, 226 
undulana (Orthotaenia)  .................. 167 
undulata (Rheumaptera) .................. 143 
ie wicella (Ancylis), eae eee 8 97, 188 
MAA: o(Cavocala) ier eek: dees 70 
Mion Alis (Palpitia). .\ c.es...heeeee Dan i Thy LT 
unipuncta (Leucania) ... 2, 7, 71, 108, 230 
urticaé WAIAIS))...c hee A6, 65, 228, 229 
vaccinii (Conistra) ......... 95, 114, 140, 141 
valerianata (Eupithecia) .................. 143 
varia (Lycophotia) ...... 107, 111, 138, 
143, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266 
Variaitay (EMEA) Soke. shee sco eiaaeeatee 115, 143 
Vereen» (EPG VA) i o5ckias vanes ase bactoneme 83 
vectisana (Phalonia))..... 2092 96 
velled@ (H. fusconebulosa) ............... 441 
velocella (Gelechia)  ..............c..0ccccueeee 167 
venata (Ochlodes) _.................. 26, 47, 229 
venerabilis: (Melita) eX ib ike. si t..cdesscocess aA 
venosata (Eupithecia) ......... 139, 143, 
144, 171, 251 
venustula (Hapalotis) ....................0085 143 
verbasci (Cucullia)............... 81, 143, 163 
VELTSicGolor ((ErOGUS) .\s:cktescesace een te eeee 98 
versicolora (Endromis) ............... 196, 260 
vespertillio (Celerio)  ................esceeeee 207 
vestigialis (Agrotis) ...... 90, 138, 143, 233 
vetulata (Philereme) .................. 115, 143 
VEtuSior (RAWeHA) .\.,.cc..ce.: cee eet tee 95 
yibicella (Coleophora), Acice.csasa0-722-2- 98 
valelian(Platyedra)) eee 166 


PAGE 
Villicay «(Avctiia)): seeker 72, 143 
viminalis (Bombycia) _......... 17, 114, 142 
vinella (StomopteryxX) .................. 96, 167 
vinula(Ceruira)) 92. 23eeeee 15, 72, 110, 142 
Viretata(ACAaSIS) --<.:..2.ceeeeee 14, 115, 143 
virgata (Mesotype) _..........-.. 207, 230, 234 
viridaria (Phytometra) _............ 143, 227 
vitalbata (Horisme) 22a 415, 142 
vitellina (Leucania) ...... 2, 7, 40, 108, 
230, 237, 247) Zid. - 2763 278 
vossensis (Stigmella)  .....................055 193 
vulgata (Eupithecia) ... 115, 141, 171, 266 
Vulpinaria (Sterna) ease ee eee 246 
wailesella (Leucoptera) ....................- 98 
w-album (Strymonidia) 9222-222 47, 87 
Wwauariay \(iiame) (eee eee 107, 116, 142 
w-latinum (Hadena) .................. 112, 142 
xanthographa (Amathes) ...... 40, 58, 
1A Aes 
xanthomista (Antitype). 225-2: 230 
xerampelina (Atethmia)............ 114, 142 
yosillon’. (Apamiea) «jee eee 4113, 142 
zelleri (Mellissoblaptes)  ............ 107, 166 
zephyrana (Phalonia) 22. 98 
zetterstediii (P. calodactyla) ............ 202 
ziczac (Notodonta) ...... 14, 15, 80, 142, 164 
COLEOPTERA 


aeneum (printed aeieium) (Apion) ... 


aestivum, (Apion) +... 222223 eee 268 
aethiops (Apion) ) Wie 269 
alauda :(Cionus) nee eee 158 
alpinus (Podabrus) 22.) 222. 156 
apricans ©(Apion)::»)).. Jose ee 268 
arietis. (Clytus). 2. 2o eee eee 158 
armigera (Magdalis)  .......................- O71. 
assimile: “(A pion) "22.9 eee 269 
afer. (Abax) | ....... 22 156 
atomarium= (Apion): ees eee 269 
bajulus (Hylotrupes) 222 279 
beccabungae (Gymnetron) ............... Q71 
caerulea (Ischnomera), “22 157 
canaliculata (Stenelmis)  .................. Q41 
carbonaria (Magdatlis) (tise ee 158 
carduorum (Apion) i322 268 
cerasi (Orsodacne)- "3232 eee 158 
confluens (Apion): 32°22 269 
coryli (Apoderus) | :... 252333 eee 158 
eraccae (Apion)  ... 2322 269, 272 
crenata (Ditoma) “Sa eeeee 157 
cruentatum (Apion) ) 235. 269 
curtirostre (Apion)! “2 eee 268 
Curtis (Apion) )\.......268eeeeee 270, 271-2 
cylindricum (Sinodendron) ............... 157 
difforme (Apion) ” (2 eee 269 
dissectus (Plegaderus) [tse 156 
dorsale (Agonum) © ieee 156 
erichs@ni (Laricobius) * ee Q42 
ervi (Apion): ...:....... 23033 268 
fairmairei (Prionychis)’ "2 157 
fasciatus (Trichius) * 23/5. 233 eee 57 
ferrea \(Stenostola): .....2 eee 158 


flavimanum (Apion) 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
flavipes (Apion) _...................0066 268, 272 
fOeOStrEe (APIOM)) —.2.:.....scccscscssccsesessees 269 
fossor (Aphodius). .............ccceseeceeee eee 157 
frumentarium (Apion)  ..................... 268 
MIScIrOstre (APION) sock. ....lscccscseec cece ces 268 
Pevrmanus. (haparus). -2.....02.....)....s.0s.005 Q71 
gyllenhali (Apion) ....................- 270, 272 
haemorrhoidalis (Athous) _............... 156 
TUS CBIMNUS)) - sascs.5.06c422-05- 000s 219-221, 279 
MO OKET CAWDIOM)) -(c.ec..ceesec sec kcseszvesencedss 269 
headrcolapathi (APION) ........c6-0.2--222-03+ 268 
POTTER CAPO) 22.2... 5c.cccccseceesecdcacenes 269 
Mogae OLY OFUSUS) 7 sic .s.3. Je... eecsescese 242 
laevicolle (Apion) _.................. 270, 271-2 
EPONA A ADION), | o..5.c0ccdcseecensscdenecee 272 
lemoroi (Apion) _....................0665 270, 272 
lignosa (Rhagonycha) © ................:06 156 
HOMOMN (ADION) heaps sesehi cee ecaye so eee ee 268, 269 
linariae (Gymmetron) ...................0.08 271 
hividas(@antiharis): ieR kiddie 156 
Renton AQITOT My ogee ioe esedas choad ca ccakenatesa verses 268 
maculata (Strangalia)  ..................... 158 
TAMIA VEVEs (Vs\y CHOI) ee ae ae Se ane ee 268 
MELE CHTCHEIM EV ADIOM), © 2...c055c0sc0c-cc-0crenene 269 
mayhewi (Saprinus) _........................ 224 
melanarium (Gymnetron) ......... Dil, Br 
melanura (Strangalia)  ..................... 158 
meliloti (Apion) .................cce cee eeee 268, 269 
meridianus (Stenocorus) _ .................. 157 
micans (Dendroctonus) ..................... 242 
ATTA CA DIOM)) eos. ckeccedccccencesppecessseee 270 
muah un {CAPTOM) — oo cc. .cnnncedscccessenes oes 268 
AMMO (MMOLOLENUS)) occ cccaccseassscssnaoessene 158 
MMU GUS (PVATVCIS)) n...0scsceeceseceeeresesane 156 
nebulosus (Leiopus) .....................ceeees 158 
niger (Otiorrhynchus) _.................. 241-2 
micricans (Cantharis)  .........-0....0s....ss 156 
US TITAS (APTOWM)! Acc cccsccssocceccatevseosesse 268 
MOUWIS ({OCOCMETA) —........5.02.00.00-0ec00e- 157 
notatus (PiSSOdES) ............ eee eee cence es 271 
MIMOMICOLA | (APTOM) i cou. otecesageceasecmee 268 
OMOMIUSS VAWITOM) 2 oo eek ct saec. sasencnsessoune sess 269 
ONOPORGW CAMIOM) 6 eee ceva cescecescanseacenae 268 
parallelopipedus (Dorcus) _............... 157 
parvulus (Phyllobius) _..................... 158 
pellucida (Cantharis) —.................0... 156 
pIilicormMis (OPICeKA)) .2..6622...c<ce02c008-= 156 
IMT. (PUSSOMES)\  coecoeeese sec. consecceweeesnesee 271 
TOSI (GAN OUI) 11) SSE EA eee hk one ae re me 268 
MOMONAE (APIOM)) sec. ccscccsesecvdsensse cast 269 
WOEASUHO” (CASSHMA i 3.0 sc Seocskeesenewescoosssescs 243 
prasinus (Polydrusus) — ..................... Q42 
pubescens (Apion) ................2.... 270, 272 
pulchellus (Cleopus) —................0.....0. 158 
punctigerum (Apion)  ............ cee. 269 
pygmaeus (Xylophilus) ..................... 157 
quadripustulatus (Mycetophagus) 157 


quadrituberculatus (Macronychus) ... 


MEMOS (CADIONM)) 6 sei2.eaceecc eet tas ewe son cbans 268 
PCED  (CAMIOM) «i sdiceccocdcscocccceseeccsess 269 
resinosus (Platyrrhinus) .................. 271 
rostellum (Gymnetron) _............ Deis Pa 
POTS CAPITOUW) ack esa. occ saat nosded. an Jeb eesans 269 
ruficornis (Grammoptera) _............... 157 
tufipes (Phloiotrya) _.....................6.. 157 


PAGE 
RUAPOsSt Ee (APO) Wessel ete e ee senda 268 
SGADEL (TPO), ssh teaad oak eck eeeeaeuesatees 157 
scrophulariae (Cionus)  ................0.... 158 
SeHlatusn(Lapimotus)) >:c...c-2.c.sa.sdeeta- eee 268 
semivittatum (Apion)  .0...................0. 270 
SeniGu lim. CApnOI) se: eee eeasieaasesdeseseee 268 
Sepicola (Lropideres))y.(s.3...502c:seetewee te Q71 
sexdentaims (lps)iee eae aie 2 ae 271 
Simitle: (AW TOM) IC. ease sue ae esc ae de eee ne 268 
similis (Onthophagus) © ..................... 221 
SOdalIS | CRAGTUS), + BAe t ARSE eakaa, 241 
Stoic (Aw iOm)) \ eee es See 269 
Siriatumay (CATO eee eee eee 269 
tabacicolor (Alosterna) ..................... 158 
tenebricosa (Timarcha) ..................... 158 
PENIS H(A PTOM) hy secaeeen avo eee oe sake ee 269 
PEI GHS SCADDTOM) i on laeecee Re eee EE 268 
unicolor (Hypophiloeus), .........222..es. 157 
mnEbnCcac. (Phyo bias)) eee ee 158 
UEiicarium (AplOn))~ .c.cn. eee eee 269 
vaecca: »(Onthophacus) e272. ee eee 224 
VATED ES oi GADIOM) yee eeaiee eee eee 269, 272 
vaciavel CAD TOT) wie. vie. cee aeeee olen eae 268 
VIGIL  CAWIOMI):. 5's eeeeee ee eee nae 269 
Violacemnnl= (APO) > eset ee eee 270 
wires 7 (AWTOM) ey oes. 5 ces eee ae eee 269 
VOLE Xa (APIOM)) sissies eee eee 269 
VSM AHO MTIAAUEN OMIM NY bans ice cadchesadecdocdsdaddcee 269 

HEMIPTERA 
CamMpestris. (OLrwunops) yal ees sees 156 
COMMIS! (CENEVOHUS) "ah eee o-.-----eeeeee 156 
Membracidae, African (bibl.)......... 280 
Pallipesa(Saldla)) Wecsssse cesses ee seee ee Q47 
DALTSTEUS (Saliauilal) yy ae secs oe eenesreeeecee 247 
PSP PTENIES ALD MSV UY GH ELS) Petar en is a BL care 156 
vulnerata (GercOpiS)) » .-eakse B.cc.22- 2-56 156 
HYMENOPTERA 

acervorum (Leptothorax) .................. 2oe 
allotriaeformis (Gronotoma) ............ 185 
JaNY OCORG) eo] 00 (ee.0 eel Ae RE ne Ae ae aR Senne a er aren eS ae QA 
aquilonia (Formica) . .................. 234, 235 
atricapillus (Hemiteles) ............ 183 ftn. 
balteata (Dapsilarthra) ..................... 184 
HEUNMEWS), (HUASIUIS)) c Beaese.s.ces-ses reese 236 
caespitum (Tetramorium) _............... 236 
Chrysocharis sp., 180 (fig.)  ............... 185 
GLrAaDTO: CVieS Wal) wis ne ceases ose os ease Q4 
DAGMUSAN hess oe eer eee enone a ence aeeeene 184 
Diglyphosema, 180 (fig.)  .................. 185 
elegans (Miscogaster) 180 (fig.)...... 185 
flavus’ (QUaSiS) cs b Mtsauceneascceaacee toate nee 236 
fullisimosus (aSimS)) f2oo2l..e.ccscecce-cnece- 236 
fUSCAy (HORII) we teste oeic ds osessae Seccnseee eee 236 
HUISEINES eCATOO\ bocce cece aoe. eacceeae: 158 
OUT AST A (STOR) eae nee eee ee eee Q74 
Sonaser (DOVETUS) Mac ue seecec cesses coseek 158 
Penn aniiies (MOMMA GA) eee sone ens ee oe 236 
LODICOLDISs (Miya) sees cc eee eee. 235 
TS PSs (MORTNIGR) ey eee ree ese eee eee 236 
maculipes (Rhizarcha) _ ..................... 184 


14 SPECIAL INDEX 


magnanimus (Alaptus) 
melanocera, (Antrusa) |...) se 284 


mintmus (Alaptus) 2 jie) eee Q77 
miner (ONIUS) ee ee ade 284 
Tbs, (asis): 4 iar 8 to gh ee eee 236 
Mymaridae, (bibl) See ee ee 280 
miger  (EASIMS)) |.) Kawah tie et eal 236 
nitidulus (Formicoxenus) _......... 234, 235 
HOCTITOG(SITER se eee he 273-4 
nylanderi (Leptothorax) © .................. 236 
pagana stephensi (Arge) .................. 158 
pallidicornis (Alaptus)  ..................... Q77 
pallipes (Opius) (fig, of wing) ......... 180 
PedToORis. 9 ce ash ee ae ge A aie hy a 185 
persuasoria (Rhyssa) ......... 158, 273, 274 
PuUerilis \(Myrmicaye el es Mee 235 
pyeimacus (Cephus) \....,... eed 158 
Trex (OPUS) i. are eas nay 184 
Tibia: (Moy IMI eee Ned) eae 235 
PUA (HOrMICAY eh lea 1 ees Od a 236 
rufiventris (Dapsilarthra)  ............... 284 
ruginodis (Myrmica) '...2040... 2: 235 
Sabuleti (Meyrimica)) 20. oe: eee le 235 
sanfruimesd (Formica). 2420206... ees 236 
schenckni(Nyemica), eee ha ye 235 
Sums. (OPUS) cos os 184 
SPECULUM ONETIS) o.oo) ccocasn ce abess ee ee ee 273 
Sulcinodis (Myrmica), 2... ey 235 
ISLA CAE) he latre ings ele Ke: 158 
WItLATHS (CITPOSDINUS) 25... oceseecsdecoek 185 
ISOPTERA 
(Key to African genera, bibl.) ......... 99 
MEGALOPTERA 
Matarial (Sais) yp aks ois22) cake eco eee ee oe 263 
NEUROPTERA 
phalaenoides (Drepanepteryx) ......... 20 


ODONATA 


aenea (Somatochlora)  ............cceceeeeeees 
boltonii (Cordulegaster) 
curtis! (Oxygastra) jester 
cyathigerum (Enallagma) 
linaenea (Cordulia) \see3teee. eee 
nymphula (Pyrrhosoma) 
splendens, (Agrion) —_.....4:.../csssseuseeanee 
virgo (ASTION) ...-....c.02-e oe 


sewer reenter weeeeee 
eee ween 


see w ewe e earn eenee 


PLECOPTERA 


grammatica (Isoperla) 
torrentium (Chloroperla) 


Peewee reat er eeeseeeee 


ee 


PSOCOPTERA 


flavidus (Caecilius) 


TRICHOPTERA 


(Larval taxonomy of British 
ceridae, with key) ......... 
(Larvae, pupae :) 
annulicornis (Athripsodes) 
argentipunctella (Setodes) 
aterrimus (Athripsodes) 
azurea (Mystacides) 
baltica: (Erotesis)\ °°.) eee 
bicolor | (Triaenodes),. 2250-222 
bilineatus (Athripsodes) 
cinereus (Athripsodes) 
conspersa (Mystacides) 
filicornis (Adicella) 
fulvus (Athripsodes) 
furva (Oecetis)e"ntk oe 
interruptus (Leptocerus) 
lacustris (Oecetis)  ............... 
longicornis (Mystacides) 
nigra (Mystacides) 
ochracea (Oecetis) 
senilis (Athripsodes)  .................. 
tineiformis (Leptocerus) 


Ce ee eee ar 


Bee eee een eee eee eene 


ween eee een te wanes 


Beemer eee eee enne 


wee e eee e ree eesees 


eee e eee wenn nee eeraseneee 


a 3 4 No. ve JANUARY 1962 


THE 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.£.s. 


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Diasemia ramburialis Duponchel and D. litterata 
Scopoli in Britain 
By R. F. BRetHERTON 


The capture of two specimens of the attractive little Pyrale Diasemia 
ramburialis in 1961 in my light-trap at Ottershaw, Surrey, caused me 
to look into the history in Britain of this species and of its congener, 
D. litterata. The results seem to be worth setting out, particularly 
since they reveal in recent times a remarkable reversal of the Nine- 
teenth Century experience of their relative frequencies here. Both 
species are only cursorarily dealt with in Beirne, ‘‘British Pyrales and 
Plume Moths’’. At first glance they are rather alike. When fresh, 
D. ramburialis stands out at once by virtue of its black and white 
contrasts, particularly on the hindwings, as compared with the grey 
and cream shades of D. litterata. But when it is worn (as was the first 
of my own captures), this effect is lost and one has to look closely 
at the pattern of the markings to make sure of its identity. It is, 
indeed, recorded that in a sale in 1894 a D. ramburialis, unlabelled 
and without data, was spotted standing in the middle of a row of 
D. litterata, which was then much the commoner species; and it is 
now thought that two specimens which were reported in 1950 as D. 
litterata were in fact D. ramburialis. The opposite mistake of identify- 
ing D. litterata as D. ramburialis would be less easy to make. 


D. ramburialis was introduced to the British list by Thomas Boyd, 
who caught a single specimen flying at dusk in a swamp at Probus, 
Cornwall, on 16th June 1858. He reported it in the Hntomologist’s 
Weekly Intelligencer, and a good coloured figure of the moth was given 
in the Entomologist’s Annual for 1859. It was eight years before 
another was found by G. H. Verrall near Lewes, according to one 
account in a railway waiting-room. When C. H. Barrett wrote the 
ninth volume, published in 1904, of his exhaustive work on British 
Lepidoptera he could still say: ‘‘This is one of our most rare species, 
and can only be looked upon as a casual immigrant’’. He could then 
cite only seven captures up to that time, though in the list attached 
to this article I have raised that total to eight or perhaps ten, including 
as the last a female caught by Eustace Bankes at sugar on 14th 
September 1902 in a ‘‘remote part’’ of South Devon. Of these, five were 
feund or disturbed by day, two were caught at sugar, and one flying 
at dusk. They were spread along the south coast from Cornwall to 
Kent, with possibly one in Lincolnshire. Only in 1878 is more than one 
specimen known to have been taken in a single year. 

During the next forty-two years, from 1903 to 1944 inclusive, I have 
been able to find no recorded captures of D. ramburialis at all. This 
may at least partly reflect a decline in the amount of collecting, and 
particularly of interest in the Pyrales, rather than of greater real 
scarcity of the moth, which is, in any case, easy to overlook. On the 
other hand, a study of the tables of numbers attached to Dr. C. B. 
Williams’ Insect Migration leaves me with a strong impression that 
several more popular and conspicuous immigrants were at a low ebb 
during much of this period. 


2 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 
b 


The story begins again with the capture of one D. ramburialis 
by M. W. Harper in August 1945, near Littlehampton in Sussex. In 
each of the three succeeding years two were taken, and the moth has 
been noticed in ten of the seventeen years from 1945 to 1961, to a 
total of well over 30 examples. 1956 with nine, and 1961 with at least 
ten, were outstanding. The geographical range has also been widened 
by bringing in Hampshire, Wiltshire, Essex, Surrey, and even Hert- 
fordshire, though South Devon still provides nearly a third of the 
British total. Since the war at least 27 are known to have been caught 
at lights of some kind, though not all in moth traps; only one has 
been definitely reported at sugar, and none as having been found 
during the day-time. It is therefore likely that much of the greater 
frequency of the species, as compared with the Nineteenth Century, is 
apparent rather than real, being due to the much greater use of light 
as a means of collecting in recent years. But whether this is the whole 
explanation is discussed later in connection with the very different 
pattern of the records of D. litterata. 


Our D. rumburialis are clearly all, or almost all, primary migrants, 
arriving almost simultaneously on a wide front. In 1956, for example, 
eight out of nine were caught, from Devon to Essex, between 9th and 
24th September; and the ninth, on 9th October, was so worn that its 
captor remarks that it might well have come in with the others. In 
1961 there seem to have been two waves: the first yielded six records, 
from Dorset to Herts, between 3rd and 24th September, and the 
second four, from Devon to Surrey, between 4th and 22nd October. 
In some years there have been isolated arrivals much earlier in the 
year, but the only case where this causes even suspicion that a genera- 
tion might have been bred in Britain is that of the Tresco records for 
1957—one on 4th July and another in September. Taking the records 
as a whole, the distribution by months is as follows :— 


June i 
July 3 
August 6 or 8 
September 19 
October cM 
November 1 
Unstated 3 


The records also show a fairly clear association of captures of D. 
ramburialis with the presence of other migratory species at the same 
time and place. This is clearest for Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and 
Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hiibn. (martialis) and, among the scarcer 
migrants, Palpita unionalis Hiibn., Rhodometra sacraria L., Nycterosia 
obstipata F., Leucania unipuncta Haw., and L. vitellina Hiibn. (The 
two last are perhaps suspect: though they are certainly migrants, 
most of their autumn generation may be locally bred.) Cosymbia, 
puppillaria Hiibn., Herse convolvuli L., Leucania loreyi Dup., and 
Uresiphita gilvata F. have also been taken along with D. rambuwrialis. 
Some of these associations fit very well with the fact that abroad it has 
an essentially tropical and sub-tropical distribution, very wide but 
reaching into North Africa. On the other hand, it does not seem that 
the abundance of D. ramburialis here is necessarily correlated with 
that of its closest associates. Both 1956 and 1961 were years of scarcity 


DIASEMIA RAMBURIALIS DUPONCHEL AND D. LITTERATA SCOPOLI 3 


for N. noctuella and of only moderate frequency for P. ferrugalis; P. 
unionalis was common in 1956 but scarce in 1961; R. sacraria and N. 
oblstipata, though numerous in 1961, were scarce in 1956. There is 
still a long way to go before we can fit the British records of the 
migratory species into any tidy pattern. 


Diasemia litterata has a very different history. It was already 
known as a British insect to the early Fathers. In 1802 Haworth 
mentioned it in his ‘‘Prodromus’’ under Schiffermuller’s name, literalis, 
which has been used by most English writers until after Barrett’s time. 
The entry gave no details, but it was marked with the asterisk which 
denoted ‘‘such of the Insects as the Founder of the Aurelian Society 
has not yet absolutely seen alive’; as it was not also indicated as a 
‘“Desideratum for the Cabinet’’, he may have had a specimen. In his 
“Lepidoptera Britannica’’, the relevant part of which was published in 
1806, he called it ‘‘The Lettered China Mark’’, described it briefly, and 
added: ‘‘Habitat in Anglia rarissime, tempore oblito’’. In 1834 J. F. 
Stephens wrote that it had been ‘‘once taken in the beginning of June 
at Darenth, on the borders of a small pond towards the middle of the 
wood; but found abundantly in the New Forest, somewhere in the 
vicinity of Brockenhurst’’, This may have been a continuing colony, 
for there are no less than 31 specimens labelled ‘‘Lyndhurst’’ (but not 
dated) in the Whittle Collection, which is now in the British Museum. 
When Stainton was preparing his ‘‘Manual’’ in 1857 he circulated an 
inquiry for localities for the moth, but in the end he was only able to 
cite Lyndhurst, Newnham, and Sanderstead, ‘‘generally occurring 
singly and in dry places’’. I have not traced any earlier mention of it 
at Sanderstead; the reference to Newnham represents one caught in 
October 1857 on a gas-lanp by the Severn. E. S. Norcombe reported 
his capture of it near Exeter at the end of July 1858 as the first in 
Devon, and it was later stated that for one or two seasons he had taken 
several on the wing early in the evening on the slopes of a very steep 
rough field. 


But the first real description of its habits comes from a note by J. 
J. Reading in the ‘““Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer’’ in 1860. He 
said that he had in that year caught about two dozen specimens of the 
moth near Plymouth at two very distinct periods, June and September ; 
and he therefore suggested that it was double brooded. Its habitat was 
a high, sloping down where furze and fern were dominant, with clumps 
of heather and thyme. There the moth made short flights in the sun- 
shine, and was not easily approached in the shade. He criticised the 
idea, which may have been suggested by the moth’s superficial resem- 
blance to the ‘‘Water Pyrales’’, that it was in any way attached to 
ponds, and confirmed Stainton’s recommendation to search for it in 
dry places. 


Between 1860 and 1905 there were, as can be seen from the list 
below, over a dozen records of the occurrence of D. litterata in ones 
and twos; all, except for one in Suffolk, were scattered over the southern 
and south western coastal counties. But in May 1876 Barrett discovered 
a large and continuing colony in east Pembrokeshire on which he made 
several reports in the ‘‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’. He dis- 
turbed the moths accidentally while on a business visit far from his 
home in Pembroke itself, but he was able to catch a few in pill-boxes. 


4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


He came back next day, after an early start for the 36-mile drive from 
Pembroke, but found the moths worn after rain. In 1877 he reported 
one worn, after storms, on 4th June, a few fine on 9th, and many on 
13th. The second brood appeared about 16th August, rather later than 
in 1876; the moths were not scarce, but were smaller than those of the 
first brood. Later he noted that, after either disappearing or being 
overlooked for two years, it turned up again at the end of May 1889, 
and his son caught one eight or nine miles from the original locality 
Later still he adduced the capture of casual specimens in two fresh 
localities as support for his view that, though the insect had become 
scarcer, it was not likely to die out. His last report, in 1884, recorded 
the capture of eight specimens on 7th August, after extremely hard 
work, and nine more on two later days. In several years in July he 
searched the short herbage for larvae, ‘‘even lying on my stomach to 
examine every green thing’’, but he did not find any. Nor, apparently, 
did he breed from captured females, for when he published his great 
work in 1904 he said that the larva and pupa were still unknown. 


Barrett never published the exact locality of his colony, but his 
reference to a 36-mile drive to it from Pembroke and to the “dry 
pastures in the middle of the county’’ suggest that it was somewhere 
in the north east, in the direction of Cardigan. However this may be, 
the moth also occurred on the south coast, for W. F. H. Blandford, 
adding to the list of lepidoptera in the local ‘‘Tenby Guide’’, said that 
it had occurred in 1884 in low pastures near Saundersfoot and Wise- 
man’s Bridge, though never commonly. It is possible, too, that the 
earlier record of it in 1870 from Laugharne, in west Carmarthenshire, 
represents a colonist rather than a casual immigrant. We do not 
know when these Pembrokeshire colonies died out. The last of Barrett’s 
specimens I have seen are two dated 1886. Barrett in 1904 clearly 
thought that the colonies had gone, for, after describing his own dis- 
covery of the moth and citing many of the older records, he wrote: ‘“‘l1 
cannot say that it can now be found with certainty in any one of these 
localities. On the other hand, it seems worth while to look for it in 
any hilly district, of very poor pasturage, in the South-west’. Unlike 
D. ramburialis, he did not clearly envisage D. litterata as an immigrant ; 
and the concept of a ‘‘settler’’ species, becoming temporarily established 
from time to time after immigration, but then dying out, seems not 
to have been familiar to him. We can hardly doubt now that that was, 
in fact, the status of D. litterata during the Nineteenth Century. Be- 
cause of these colonies, though it was always a good capture, it was 
not regarded as a really rare insect. There are plenty of specimens in 
old collections but, where their origin can be traced, they nearly al! 
come from the New Forest or Plymouth captures, or from Barrett him- 
self, Mr. H. C. Huggins tells me that he has 19 from that latter 
source, and estimates the total in Barrett’s style of pins and setting 
at well over 100: I have myself accounted for over 50 in various 
collections now in the British Museum and elsewhere. 


Between 1905 and 1947 I have found no records of D. litterata in 
Britain. On 4th August 1947, one came to A. G. B. Russell’s lighted 
sheet in Yellowham Wood, near Dorchester, and there was another on 
14th June 1949, at light at Rustington, Sussex. In 1950 A. J. Dewick 
reported two in his light trap at Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex, on 22nd 


DIASEMIA RAMBURIALIS DUPONCHEL AND D. LITTERATA SCOPOLI 5 


August; but he tells me that these may well have been really D. 
ramburialis, though another D. litterata caught on 25th May 1954 was 
certainly correctly identified. There were two in 1956, one on 31st May 
at light at Ham Street, Kent, and the other on 10th August at Clevedon, 
Somerset; and one at Brockenhurst, Hants, on 15th August 1958. This 
is the most recent J have found. 


Apart from the colony specimens, most of the Nineteenth Century 
records of D. litterata do not give exact dates or indicate the associa- 
tion with other migratory species; and the recent captures have been 
too few to provide a basis for much analysis. But it may be noted that 
of 16 non-colony captures which can be dated by months, 2 were made 
in late May, 7 in June, 5 in August, and 2 in October. This is a very 
different time pattern from that of D. ramburialis. Abroad, D. litterata 
seems to occur almost everywhere in France and locally in Belgium, and 
to be generally a more northern and less tropical insect than its 
congener; its migration to Britain may be shorter-range and governed by 
different circumstances. 


The gap in the records of D. litterata early in this Century is 
parallel to that for D. ramburialis. But for D. litterata the total for 
the sixteen most recent years is only six or eight, whereas that for D. 
ramburialis is over 30: the nineteenth century experience of their 
relative frequency has thus been decisively reversed, even if the 
‘colony’? numbers of D. litterata are left out of account, This re- 
quires explanation. Mr. Huggins tells me that Fassnidge, who collected 
both species in several places in France between the wars, thought that 
the apparent rarity of D. ramburialis was mainly due to its habits: it 
was such a skulker that you might be some days in a locality for it 
before you saw it; whereas D. litterata was easily put up by day and 
was immediately noticed. But if both species are equally active at 
night, the increased use of light as a means of collecting in recent 
years may have revealed what was always their true relative abundance. 
On the other hand it is remarkable that none of the post-war D. 
litterata appear to have been caught by day, and that no breeding 
colonies like those found by Reading and Barrett have come to light, 
even though there has been plenty of recent day-time collecting on 
downs and slopes near the south coast, and other disturbable scarce 
migrants, such as Rhodometra sacraria L. have thus been caught often 
enough at times and in places suitable for D. litterata. On the whole 
I conclude that D. litterata is, like some other migrants, such as 
Hippotion celerio I.., really a good deal scarcer now than it was during 
most of the nineteenth century. As for D. ramburialis, though some 
of the rise in its frequency may be more apparent than real, I also 
suspect a change. Unlike D. litterata, which seems to be indigenous 
in most of France, it is clearly a long-distance migrant, usually arriving 
with north African and sub-tropical species such as P. unionalis, R. 
sacraria and N. obstipata, for whose increased abundance in recent 
years there seems to be pretty decisive evidence. 


So far as I can discover neither of the Diasemias has yet been found 
in its earliest stages in Britain, or bred in captivity here; and those 
of D. ramburialis seem to be still unknown even abroad. In France 
VHomme (1935), after remarking that D. litterata occurred almost 
everywhere, says: ‘‘larva under the lower leaves of Plantago, 
Hieracium, Picris, etc.; April to August in two generations; in a slight 


6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


web on the soil or under stones, eating the faded leaves’’. 


To sum up. D. ramburialis is a sub-tropical species, probably 
reaching Britain as a long-distance immigrant. It was extremely rare 
in the last century, was not seen for forty years in the present, but in 
some recent years has been fairly frequent. JD. litterata is a more 
northerly insect which in the last century certainly established 
temporary colonies in Britain. It was not seen from 1906 to 1946 in- 
clusive, and subsequent records have been very few and show no 
evidence of colonisation. The earlier stages of both species are un- 
known in Britain. 


I am greatly indebted to those gentlemen, too numerous to name 
individually, who have answered my questions and have helped me with 
advice and information. I am very conscious, however, that the 
material brought together in this article is not exhaustive. I should he 
most grateful if any readers who know of other captures or labelled 
specimens of the Diasemias, whether ancient or modern, would inform 
me of them, with a view to their inclusion in a supplementary note. 


EVIDENCE OF DIASEMIA RAMBURIALIS Dor. IN BRITAIN 


1858 CORNWALL. Probus, 16.vi, a single specimen flying in a swamp 
at dusk. ‘Closely allied to literalis, but more glossy, and the 
markings more irregular’. (Thomas Boyd, Ent. Weekly Intell., 
4: 151; Ent. Ann., 1859: 149 and plate.) Now in Whittle coll., 
B.M. 

1866 SUSSEX. Landport, near Lewes, 29.x, one slightly worn, at the 
foot of a dry chalky bank bounded by low meadows. (G. H. 
Verrall, Ent. mon. Mag., 3: 163.) In Verrall’s obituary notice 
the scene is given as a railway waiting-room (Hnt. Rec., 67: 41). 

(1873 LINCOLNSHIRE. One labelled ‘‘Lincs, 1873’? was found in the 
sale of the Clarke collection in 1910 (Hné. Rec., 22: 94)). 

1877. KENT. Near Ashford, ix, flying in the afternoon over brambles 
and dense undergrowth near the top of a chalk hill (W. R. 
Jeffreys, Barrett, 9: 258). 

1878 DEVON. Teignmouth, at sugar on an apple tree (Dr. R. C. R. 
Jordan, Barrett, 9: 258). 

KENT. Folkestone, 12.x, among long grass and rushes in very 
wet ground (W. Purdey, Ent., 11: 273). Now in Whittle coll., 
B.M. 

1880 KENT. Near Dover, 13.ix, one obtained by beating Hemp 
Agrimony (R. E. Salway, Hnt., 13: 2883). 

1889 DORSET. Portland, 11.vii, in a grassy hollow (C. R. Digby, 
Ent. mon. Mag., 25: 381). Now in the Bankes coll., B.M. 

(ante 1894. No data. One noticed in J. Browning’s collection, sold in 
1894, standing with three Pembroke D. litterata (Ent. Rec., 8: 
192). Now in Bankes coll., B.M.) 

1902 DEVON. In ‘‘a remote part of S. Devon’’ (probably near 
Strete), 14.ix., one female at sugar at 9 p.m. (E. R. Bankes, Ent. 
mon. Mag., 40: 254). Now in Bankes coll. in B.M. 

1945 SUSSEX. ILittlehampton, one, viii (M. W. Harper, in hitt.). 

1946 DEVON. Maidencombe, one 21.x, one 4.xi, in light trap (F. 

(2) H. Lees, in hitt.). ; 
1947 CORNWALL. Manaccan, one, 13.ix, at a lighted window, with 


(2) 


1952 


1956 


1957 
(2) 


1958 


1961 
(10) 


DIASEMIA RAMBURIALIS DUPONCHEL AND D. LITTERATA SCOPOLI 7 


N. obstipata (E. J. Hare, Ent., 83: 71, et in litt.); South Corn- 
wall, 16.ix, one along with Leucania Lalbum L., L. unipuncta 
Haw. and L. vitellina Hiibn. at sugar, and Rhodometra sacraria 
L. at light (B. W. Weddell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1947/8: 40). 

ISLE OF WIGHT. Freshwater, two, 9.viii, at lighted windows, 
with Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hiibn. and Nomophila noctuella 
Schiff. (K. G. Blair, Ent. mon. Mag., 84: 264). 

HANTS. Sway, one female, 24.vii, by Mr. Antram, Bourne- 
mouth, one male, 26.viii, in house (S. C. S. Brown, Ent., 84: 
159); Burley, one, 14.x, in light-trap (C. W. Mackworth-Praed, 
Ent., 84: 24). 

SURREY. Churt, one, 27.viii, in light-trap (R. M. Mere, Ent., 
84: 84). 

[ESSEX. Bradwell-on-Sea, two, 22.viii, in light-trap, associated 
with H. convolvuli, L. albipuncta, N. obstipata, H. armigera, P. 
ferrugalis, N. noctuella. (A. J. Dewick, Ent., 84: 103. Recorded 
as D. litterata, but the captor tells me in litt. that even at the 
time he suspected that they might be D. ramburialis, with which 
he was not then familiar. This now seems the more probable.) ] 


SURREY. Chiddingfold, one, 15.viii, at light (R. M. Mere, Ent., 
85: 248). 

DEVON. Maidencombe, two fresh 9.ix, one worn 15.ix in trap 
F. H. Lees, Ent., 90: 157, et in litt.); South Devon, one, 11.ix, 
in trap, with several H. convolvuli (K. J. Hare, Proc. S. Lond. 
ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 31); Ashburton, one male 22.ix at 
10.30 p.m. B.S.T. in trap, one female 24.ix: associated with 
P. unionalis, P. ferrugalis, N. noctuella, and Cosymbia puppillaria 
(A. R. Kennard, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. hist. Soc., 1956: 41, 
et in litt.). 

HANTS. - Lymington, one, 15.ix, at light (Hnt., 90: 236). 
ESSEX. Bradwell-on-Sea, one male, 11.ix, in trap, with 7. 
convolvuli, N. noctuella, P. ferrugalis, P. wnionalis, Uresiphita 
gilvata; one male, very worn, 9.x (A. J. Dewick, Ent., 90: 235, 
et in litt.). 

SCILLY ISLES. Tresco, one, 4.vii, associated with P. unionalis, 
one, 20.ix, in trap, with L. loreyi, and L. unipuncta at sugar 
R. M. Mere and Austin Richardson, Ent. Gaz., 9: 140). 


SURREY. Ewell, one, 10.x, at ordinary electric light in house 
(H. G. Tunstall, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 42). 


DEVON. Torcross, one, 4.x, in trap, with ZL. vitellina, L. 
unipuncta, R. sacraria, N. obstipata, P. unionalis, P. ferrugalis 
(J. I. Messenger, in litt.). Maidencombe, one 18.x, one worn 22.x, 
in trap (F. H. Lees, in lhitt.). 

DORSET. Thorncombe, two, 3.ix (J. Bradley: now in B.M. 
coll.). 

WILTS. Downton, one, 3.ix, in trap: no other migrants except 
P. gamma (A. Richardson, in litt.). 

HANTS. Freshwater, one, 24.ix (R. P. Knill-Jones, exhibited 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., '31.x.61). 

SURREY. Ottershaw, one worn 16.ix, one fresh 4.x (R. F. 
Bretherton). 


8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/1/1962 


HERTS. Arkley, one worn male, 22.ix, in trap, with R. sacraria 
(T. G. Howarth, Ent. Rec., 73: 241). 


EVIDENCE OF DIASEMIA LITTERATA IN BRITAIN 


1802 Haworth, Prodromus Lep. Brit., p. 30. 


1806 Haworth, Lep. Brit., p. 384: ‘‘Habitat in Anglia rarissime, 
tempore oblito’’. 


1834 or earlier. KENT. Darenth, one taken early June on the 
borders of a small pond towards the middle of the wood. 
HANTS. Found very abundantly in the New Forest, somewhere 
in the vicinity of Brockenhurst (J. F. Stephens, Illustrations, 
Haustellata IV: 37). 


1857 or earlier. HANTS. Lyndhurst (Stainton, Manual): there are 
also 31 specimens labelled ‘‘Lyndhurst’’ in the Whittle coll. in 
B.M. 
SURREY. Sanderstead (Stainton, Manual). 
GLOS. Newnham, one, x.57, on a gas-lamp by the Severn (S. 
Bingham, Ent. Weekly Intell., 3: 44). 


1858 DEVON. Near Exeter, 3.viii—‘‘I believe the first time it has 
been captured in Devonshire’? (K. S. Norcombe, Hnt. Weekly 
Intell., 4: 157); ‘‘Mr. Norcombe for one or two seasons took 
several on the wing early in the evening on the slopes of a very 
steep rough field’’ (J. Hellins, Hnt. mon. Mag., 13: 93). Lower 
Exe Valley, 1857 or 1858, at light: ‘‘not knowing what I had 
taken, I peeped into the pillbox to see, and in shutting it quite 
spoiled the beauty of the specimen’’ (Talpa, Ent. Weekly Intell., 
oe ay 

1860 DEVON. Near Plymouth, about two dozen in June and Septem- 
ber (J. J. Reading, Ent. Weekly Intell., 9: 18). 


1860 (about), SUFFOLK. Stowmarket, one (Harpur Crewe—Vinter, 
Lep. Suff., 1937). 

1865 SURREY. Epsom, 14.x, one beaten from a bush (W. Rogers, 
in litt., quoted Hnt. Ann., 1866). | 

1870 CARMARTHEN. Laugharne, one at light (Kaye, Ent. mon. 
Mag., 7: 234). 

1872 or earlier. SUSSEX. Arundel (F. O. Morris, 1872)—on Bury 
Hill, by Samuel Stevens (V. C. H. Sussex, I: 191). 

1876 or earlier. DEVON. Exeter, one only, 9/10 p.m., at a gas-lamp in 
a railway station (J. Hellins, Hnt. mon. Mag., 13: 98); 
High Bickington (EK. Parfitt, Fauna of Devon, p. 188). 
HANTS. Between Winchester and Southhampton (W. P. Watson, 
Ent., 10: 90). 

1876/ PEMBROKESHIRE. Eastern side of the County, a colony 

1886 found 2.vi.76, and accounts of its subsequent progress until 1884 
(C. G. Barrett, Ent. mon. Mag., 13: 36; 14: 159; 18: 69; 
19: 8; 21: 188). I have traced labelled specimens from this 
colony as follows: —British Museum, Bankes coll., 11 dated 1877; 
Whittle coll., 14; Adkin coll., 21. H.C. Huggins coll., 19 dated 
1880. Oxford University Museum, Bazett coll., 2. B.M. Tring 
colls., 4 undated, 6 dated 1878, 2 dated 1886 (this is the latest 
date found). There are probably many others. 


BREEDING UTETHEISA PULCHELLA L. 9 


1884. PEMBROKESHIRE. Wiseman’s Bridge and Saundersfoot in 
the past season, but never commonly (W. F. H. Blandford, Ent. 
mon. Mag., 21: 207). 

1885 DORSET. Swanage coast, two, 3.vi, by E. R. Bankes (C. W. 
Dale, Lep. Dorset). One of these is now in Bankes coll., B.M. 

1886 or earlier. GLAMORGAN. (J. H. Leech, British Pyralides, p. 45). 
GLOS. Bristol (Leech, p. 45). This probably refers to two 
caught on a gas-lamp at Baptists’ Mills and recorded by G. 
Harding (see Fletcher and Clutterbuck, Proc. Cottes. Nat. Fld. 
Cl, 26: 190). 

1886 SUSSEX. Eastbourne, one, 18.viii (Adkin, Ent., 19: 278, and 
Moths of Eastbourne, p. 21). 

1892 CORNWALL. Some exhibited among other Micros on behalf 
of Mrs. Hutchinson on 22.ix (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1892). This probably corresponds with ‘‘taken occasionally 
near Budock’’ (V. OC. H. Cornwall, T: 218). 
HANTS. Brockenhurst, one, vi (now in B.M. coll. at Tring). 

1904 HANTS. Christchurch, one in a moth-trap (R. B. Robertson, 
Ent. Rec., 16: 294). 

1905 GLOS. Grange Court, two, 15 and 22.vi (Clutterbuck, Proce. 
Cottes. Nat. Fld Cl., 26: 190). 

1947 DORSET. Yellowham Wood, near Dorchester, one, 4.viil, at light 
(A. G. B. Russell, Ent., 81: 227; Proc. Dorset nat. Hist. Soc., 
69: 118, 132). 

1949 SUSSEX. Rustington, one male, 14.vi, in light trap (G. W. 
Harper, Ent., 83: 96). 

1950 (ESSEX. Bradwell-on-Sea, two, 22.viii, in light-trap (Hnt., 84: 
103). But these were probably D. ramburialis—vide antea.) 

1954 ESSEX. Bradwell-on-Sea, one, 29.v, in light-trap, with over 
3,000 P. gamma, one N. noctuella and, two days earlier, one 
Actinotia polyodon Clerck. Identification certain. CAE od: 
Dewick, Ent., 88: 128, et in litt.) 

1956 SOMERSET. Clevedon, one, 10.viii (H. W. Bird, Ent., 90: 236). 
(2) KENT. Ham Street, one, 3l.v, at light, with P. stachydalis 
(K. J. Hare, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 31). 

1958 HANTS. Brockenhurst, 15.viii (Hnt., 92: 176). 


Breeding Utetheisa pulchella L. 
| By R. C. Epwarps 


Breeding from captured rare moths is neglected far too often. I 
know well enough that when a female is taken in good condition, the 
captor argues that the condition may suffer if she is kept for eggs, 
so the ‘‘bird in hand’’ goes into the bottle, and the chance is lost. 

If two or three are collecting together, by breeding, all could have 
a good series in perfect condition and it would not be necessary to go 
on collecting all they find subsequently, Further, the full life cycle 
of the insect can be observed, and this is all the more interesting in 
the case of a rare species. 

On Ist October 1961 I was lucky in capturing a female Utetheisa 
pulchella L. in my garden. I only noticed it was a female after chloro- 
ferming it prior to killing. In spite of the fact that as far as my 
knowledge went, nobody had bred this insect in England from an 


19 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


English captured female, or at any rate, there was no reliable infor- 
mation or data available to me, I decided to let her come round from 
the chloroform and to keep her for eggs. 


I kept her for a week in an unheated room, as the weather was 
warm for the time of year, I fed her every other day with drops of 
sugar water and saw her feeding, but she laid no eggs so I came to the 
conclusion she was not fertile and choloformed her again prior to 
killing. Fortunately, I again had second thoughts and decided to 
give her another chance, and on the tenth day after capture she laid 
29 eggs. I kept her for another day, but as there were no more eggs 
and I noticed some damage to a hindwing, | then killed and set her. 
I had a strong feeling that the eggs would not be fertile, but 22 were, 
and duly hatched. 


One larva ceased feeding soon after the first instar; it appeared 
healthy for about a week, but then died. It probably had tried to 
hibernate. JI gave six larvae (after the fourth and last instar) to Dr. 
Kettlewell for selective re-breeding leaving me with fifteen to-day, 
14th November, when the last larva started spinning its flimsy 
cocoon, and several pupae were visible, so I can at least give a record 
of pulchella from the egg to pupa. 


October Ist 1961. female captured in my garden. 
10/1lth. 29 pale yellow eggs produced. 
13/20th. fertile ova gradually turned to deep orange. 
20/21st. eggs turned blue-black. 
22/23rd. 22 eggs hatched. Fed larvae on forget-me-not 
(Myosotis) in a temperature of 60/65° F. 
28th. larvae commenced preparation for ecdysis. 
29/30th. completed first ecdysis. Temperature raised to 
10, 4B 
November 3rd. completed second ecdysis. 
7th. completed third ecdysis. 
12th. completed fourth and last ecdysis. 
18th. started to spin up. 
21st. pupae visible. 


Observations: When young, the larvae seemed to prefer the some- 
what withered leaves. I always left some old leaves when giving them 
fresh food. Later they fed mainly on the new leaves but were quite 
happy with the old ones as well. In the last instar I gave them some 
borage leaves, as they were more juicy and I thought they would pro- 
duce a larger moth. They seemed to prefer this plant and ate the 
leaves furiously, but I think it would be safer when forcing, to keep 
to the forget-me-not. 


The larvae had a very poor light all day, and practically no sun- 
light all through their life, but I did give them light from a 100 watt 
ordinary electric lamp for two or three hours after 4.0 p.m, They 
fed just as well during the night as they did in the day time, so I must 
conclude that as long as they have the necessary warmth, light is not 
important. 

The question now is will the pupae hatch, and when? Also, will 1 
be able to pair them and breed another lot, and if so, will their history 
conform to my first try. This will be another story. 


Arlesley, Pilgrims’ Way, Westerham, Kent. 


OCCURRENCE OF STIGMELLA PSEUDOPLATANELLA SKALA IN BRITAIN Ahi 


Occurrence of Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala 
in Britain 
By S. WakELY 
For some years I have known that a species of Nepticulid occurred 
in leaves of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) in Surrey. Unfortunately 


the few mines found from time to time were either empty or parasites 
emerged from the cocoons spun by the larvae. 


I first came across a Nepticulid mine on sycamore by the roadside at 
Ockham Common in August 1957 when gathering leaves containing 
mines of Lithocolletis geniculella Rag. The larva was plainly visible 
and it duly spun a cocoon from which a parasite emerged later. 

In 1959, together with J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and the late L. T. 
Ford, we were collecting sycamore seeds (Hnt. Rec., 1960: 34-5, 247) 
at Mickleham when we found several more of these mines. About 
half-a-dozen were found and we agreed then that there were two 
distinct types of mine. Once again no moths were bred, but we were 
very interested in the fact that the only record available of a sycamore- 
leaf feeding Nepticulid in Britain is that of N. speciosa Frey. men- 
tioned by Meyrick—‘‘Hants (Lyndhurst), local’’—and recorded in the 
Ent. mon. Mag., 1916: 159. 

At the Druids Grove field meeting of the South London N.H.S. 
on Ist October 1960, a single tenanted mine was found on sycamore, 
but once again the larva was found to be parasitized. 

In mid-September 1961 I made a special trip to Druids Grove, 
Mickleham, but in spite of a long search empty mines only were found, 
although more mines—empty again—were found by Burford Bridge 
and in the road leading to Boxhill railway station. These mines were 
sent to S. C. S. Brown of Bournemouth who is engaged in a study of 
this group, and I am indebted to him for the information which 
follows. He agreed that there were two distinct types of mine. To 
try and find out more about the species involved, he sent them to 
A. G. Carolsfeld-Krausé of Copenhagen who has contributed so much 
in recent years to our knowledge of this group of moths. 

His reply to Mr. Brown is so interesting that it seems best to quote 
a portion of it in full: — 

“The two mines enclosed in your letter are most interesting. The 
one with the very slender and regular line of excrements and with 
a dead larva is the mine of Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala. This 
species is, as far as I know, at present occurring in Schweiz, Austria, 
i.e., Ober Donau, Germany, 1.e., Sachsen and in eastern Czecho- 
Slovakia, i.e., Sudeten, Bohmen and Mahren, but it is no doubt 
distributed over most middle Europe. The species is new to G. B. 
and is a most interesting find in your country; it was at first published 
by Skala in Entomologische Anzeiger, Band 13, 1932, as Stigmella aceris 
var. nov. pseudoplatanella. In Zeitschrift des Oesterr. Entomologen- 
Vereines, 24 Jahrgang, 1939, p. 112, nr. 100, Skala makes mention of 
it as a species, but Hering always says: St. pseudopl. Skala (Weber). 
I am, however, not able at present to find a connection with Weber 
in my private notes, and as mention must have been made by the said 
author later than 1939, I think Skala must be the author. [ shall, 
however, make close examination of the question and try to make the 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


facts out, which I shall tell you in a coming letter. 

“The other mine does agree with neither Nepticula speciosa Frey. 
nor with the very insufficiently examined subspecies of this species 
on Acer monspessulanum lL. from western Germany. Until the 
originator of this mine has been closely examined, I am inclined to say 
that the originator must be a British subspecies of N. speciosa; the 
possibility that it may be a nova species does exist, but I do not 
believe in it, I feel very sure that it is a geographical race, as 
mentioned, of the species in question’’. 

I realise it is rather unsatisfactory to record a species new to 
Britain on the strength of larval mines only, but feel it is justified 
in the light of the foregoing letter. 


Fig. 1 Fig. 2 
Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala Nepticula speciosa Frey 
(? subspecies) 


Larval mines of both species with enlarged portions of the mines to show 
distribution of the Frass. 


Mr. Brown has drawn the excellent diagrams of the mines of the 
two species figured herewith. 

Hering mentions S. pseudoplatanella in the supplement of his Die 
Blatt-Minen, 1937, and points out that the mine is distinct from aceris 
Frey. 

It is hoped that after the publication of these notes some readers 
will find this species on sycamore in other localities and report on their 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1961 13 


findings. Although most of my mines were found in September, I 
think the third and fourth week in August would be a more profitable 
time to look for them. 


A. A. Allen tells me that he found a number of Nepticulid mines 
in sycamore in his garden at Blackheath, London, S.E., this year. 
It is hoped to hear more of this discovery next year. These mines 
have been identified as N. speciosa by Carolsfeld-Krausé. 


I. should like to express my thanks to Mr. Brown for all the trouble 
he has taken to get these mines identified and also to Mr. Carolsfeld- 
Krausé for his invaluable notes. 

26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. 


Collecting Notes, 1961 


By Dr. Nevitte L. BIRKEtTT 


In this southern area on the edge of the Lake District the early 
months of 1961 were noted for their general mildness. We had little 
frost or snow and rainfall was not excessive. There was a little snow 
on the evening of 3rd February and, while visiting a country patient, 
I was interested to see many specimens of Alsophila aescularia Schiff. 
actually flying in the snow. I stopped to catch a few specimens to 
confirm the identity of the hardy species. 


During February I made efforts to confirm old records concerning 
the occurrence of Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. in the area at the 
southern end of Lake Windermere. The first trip in search of this 
species was on 12th February when [I ran the mercury vapour lamp 
close by the shores of the lake in a well-wooded locality. J saw no sign 
of A. hisyidaria but recorded numerous Phigalia pilosaria Schiff., A. 
aescularia Schiff., Hupsilia transversa Hufn., and a single Hrannis 
marginaria Fab. I returned again to the same locality on the 16th, 
having meanwhile heard that Mr. J. Heath of Merlewood, Grange over 
Sands, had taken hispidaria in the traps run in the Roudsea Wood 
Nature Reserve—which is only a few miles from my site of operations. 
This time I was lucky enough to take two specimens in good condition, 
one of them being of dark hue approaching ab. obscura Kiihne. Both 
the specimens arrived on the sheet within a minute of each other at 
7 p.m. I stayed on until nearly 10 o’clock but saw no further specimens 
of that species. Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. was exceptionally plentiful 
ou this occasion with many f. monacharia Staud. and a few apparently 
intermediate forms. There were hundreds of Hrannis marginaria Fab. 
males sitting about on the bare trees, but a careful search did not 
produce any females. 


The next note in my diary concerns a short stop in woods near 
Brigsteer in S. Westmorland on 8th March when there were many 
moths coming to the car headlights. This was not a serious collecting 
trip, but I was just interested to ascertain what species were about, 
it being a very mild evening. In only a few minutes I noted :— 
Orthosia cruda Schiff., Harophila badiata Schiff., Achlya flavicornis L., 
and Biston strataria Hufn. These few give an idea of the state of the 
season at the early date. 


14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


I operated the garden trap for a few nights during March but 
little of note was captured. Since the local authority equipped much 
of the town of Kendal with mercury vapour street lamps the numbers 
coming to my trap have fallen off markedly. I live more or less in the 
centre of the town and am now ringed by bright lights. On 28th 
March [I joined Dr. Chas. Goodall at the Witherslack woods to beat 
sallow for Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. It was a still cold night with 
a full moon and we were really not surprised to get only one half-frozen 
leucographa and single Orthosia cruda Schiff., and O. gothica L. in 
like state. 

I was not able to go out collecting again until 27th April when I 
joined Mr. and Mrs. Austin Richardson in the Witherslack Woods to 
seek out the f. fusca Ckne. of Notodonta trepida Esp. Dr. Goodall 
joined us later so that we had three sheets operating. In spite of the 
blaze of lights only two typical trepida turned up—although during 
their stay in the district Mr. and Mrs. Richardson did manage to take 
a few of the dark form. There was a goodly number of moths about at 
this date, and we noted the following :—Phoesia gnoma Fab., Chaonia 
ruficornis Hufn., Drepana lacertinaria L., various Orthosias, Colostygia 
multistrigaria Haw., Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh., Aethaluria 
punctulata Schiff., Bapta temerata Schiff., Bapta bimaculata Fab., 
Selenia bilunaria Esp., Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff., Diataraxia 
oleracea L. (a very early date for this common species), Celama con- 
fusalis Herr.-Schaff., and Anticlea derivata Schiff. 


On 2nd May a nice Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. was taken in my 
trap in Kendal. This was the first time I have taken the species in 
the trap and I was glad to get a second specimen on the 4th. 

During May, most of my collecting effort was devoted to 
Chironomidae and little attention was given to lepidoptera. While 
collecting midges by a tarn just to the north of Kendal I noticed that 
many plants of the Marsh Cinquefoil growing by the side of the tarn 
were affected by some larvae. I collected many of the rolled leaves 
and later bred a nice series of Peronea comariana Zell. The variation 
was quite interesting and might be worth recording:—f. comparana 
Sheld., 8 specimens; f. brunneana Sheld., 5 specs.; f. proteana Herr.- 
Schaff., 7 specs. ; £. potentillana Morris, 8 specs.; and f. comariana Zell., 
2 specs. 

On Whit Sunday, 21st May, I joined Messrs. Michaelis and Fielding 
who were staying in south Westmorland, and together we worked light 
on the extensive area of carboniferous limestone near Hale (Westmor- 
land). It was a warm cloudy night and insects came in good numbers 
to the sheet. We recorded over 40 species of macrolepidoptera before 
packing up at 12.30. Included in this total were Deilephila elpenor 
L., Dasychira pudibunda L., Colocasia coryl L., Asphaha diluta Schiff., 
Lophopteryx capucina L., Notodonta ziczac L., Pterostoma palpina 
Clerck, Pheosia gnoma Fab., Thyatira batis L., Apatele alni L., 
Apatele menyanthidis View., Acasis viretata Hiibn., Ligdia adustata 
Schiff., Mesoleuca albicillata L., and Drepana binaria Hufn. This last 
species is now widespread throughout this north-western area—a fact 
not, apparently, realised by the revisers of the new ‘‘South’’. 

Ist June: one of the few really sunny days of the summer. I visited 
the Witherslack area in the afternoon to have a look over old haunts. 
Insects were amazingly scarce. In years gone by Black Tom’s Lane at 


ee ae 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1961 15 


this time of year was a seething mass of insects of all sorts. This year 
only a very few of the very common things were seen. Inter alia a 
single specimen of Abraxas sylvata Scop. was noted which is an early 
date for this species. On the evening of the same day I joined forces 
again with Dr. Goodall in the Newby Bridge area and we worked two 
sheets with very poor results. At dusk there was quite a little spurt 
of insect activity, but clear and cool conditions soon put a stop to all 
insect movement. The best capture was a nice little series of Drymonea 
dodonea Schiff. which came in very early before it had become dark. 
After this trip the weather broke down properly and we had a fortnight 
of wind and rain with cool conditions. However, I was able to go 
collecting again on the 15th, and again I joined Dr. Goodall in the 
Newby Bridge area when conditions were ideal and we had what proved 
to be the best night of the whole season. It was very warm and there 
was a misty drizzle most of the time. The temperature never fell below 
55 degrees F. As soon as the lamps were put on insects started to 
arrive in large numbers, the leaders of the force being Hepialus humult 
L. and Hepialus fusconebulosa de Geer. We recorded over 80 species 
of macros before packing up (with insects still coming but thoughts 
of work on the morrow dominating!) at about 2 a.m. I should perhaps 
add that our main quarry, Hyppa rectilinea Esp.—which Dr. Lowther 
used to take somewhere in the area we were working, did not turn up. 
However, we had adequate compensation with other things. Smerinthus 
ocellata L. turned up in good numbers and was coming freely at the 
time of our departure. Deilephila elpenor L., D. porcellus L., Cerura 
vinula L., Pheosia tremula Clerck, P. gnoma Clerck, Notodonta ziczac 
L., N. dromedarius L., Pterostoma palpina Clerck, Lophopteryx capu- 
cina L., Phalera bucephala L., Thyatira batis L., Tethea fluctuosa 
Hiibn., Dasychira pudibunda L., Drepana falcataria L., D. lacertinaria 
L., Celama confusalis Herr.-Schaff., Anaplectoides prasinana Schiff., 
Apatele leporina L., A. menyanthidis View., A. rumicis var. salicis 
Curtis, Craniophora ligustri Schiff. f. nigra Tutt., Bena fagana Fab., 
Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn., H. testaceata Don., were the most 
interesting species taken or seen. Microlepidoptera were few in num- 
bers apart from Scoparia Spp. However, it is worth recording that 
three specimens of Cryptoblabes bistriga Haw. were taken. 


Undoubtedly the best insect taken and worthy of special note was 
Atolmis rubricollis L. Two specimens came to the light. Only a few 
days before this I had heard from Mr. John Heath that he had taken 
two specimens in his traps run in the Roudsea Wood Nature Reserve. 
Previous to these records there is a doubtful one from Witherslack many 
years ago and recorded in the record books kept by the late Dr. R. C. 
Lowther of Grange over Sands. I hazard a guess that the species will 
be found to be widespread in the area of woods to the south and west 
of Lake Windermere. Tethea fluctuosa was frequent. This species is 
also known from an extensive area lying south of the Ferry on 
Windermere and extending eastwards to Kendal. The distribution 
noted in the new edition of South gives no idea of this. 


‘I should like to comment also on the Craniophora ligustri taken in 
this district. Most specimens taken in the district away from the 
carboniferous limestone show little evidence of the crown mark on the 
wings. However, at Hutton Roof Crag, this mark is quite evident. 


16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


On 21st June I saw Vanessa atalanta L. for the first time in a wood 
to the north of Kendal. Migrants this year were noteworthy for their 
absence—which is odd considering some of the species taken in the 
south of the country. During the whole year little of interest from 
the migratory aspect occurred in my immediate area. 


I paid another visit to the Newby Bridge area on 24th June. Clear 
conditions, moon and heavy dew were not auspicious, so that I was 
not really disappointed when insects were very few—in marked contrast 
to my last visit to the area. While walking along a woodland ride in 
the failing light, I noted some curious objects on a plant of Rumex. 
At first I thought I had found some cones of a Gracilariid. Closer in- 
spection with the light showed that they were pairs of the swift— 
Hepialus hecta L.—hanging from the plant. The female was holding on 
to the plant and the male was hanging below. The whole appearance 
in the half light was most curious. Nothing of note appeared at my 
sheet on this trip. On 25th June I had a trip to the Witherslack woods 
where I joined Mr. Savage, another visiting collector. In good con- 
ditions we saw virtually nothing worthy of record. 


On 2nd July I visited Sandscale Warren situated on the Duddon 
estuary just north of Barrow in Furness. It was a warm night with 
intermittent heavy rain which rather restricted collecting activities. 
Apart from the moths there was a considerable concours of entomologists 
—Dr. Goodall, Col. Rossel, Mr. Savage, and self. We worked three 
sheets on the sandhills and, in spite of rain, recorded a number of 
interesting species. Leucoma salicis L., Dasychira fascelina L., Agrotis 
ripae Hufn., Procus strigilis Clerck, EHuxoa tritici L., Philudoria 
potatoria L., Orthonama lgnata Hiibn., Deilephila elpenor L. being 
the most noteworthy species. This was the first time that fascelina 
has been noted from this area of sand-dune, though there is an earlier 
record of it having been taken on the dunes on Walney Island which is 
separated from Sandscale by a narrow tidal channel only. 


On 6th July I again visited the woods at Witherslack, this time in 
company with Admiral Torlesse and Col. Rossel. Conditions were good 
with cloud and warmth and a fairly good number of insects visited our 
two sheets. Sugar was a complete blank. The best insects we took 
were Discoloxia blomeri Curt., Notodonta trepida L. (late), Apatele 
megacephala Schiff. and Geometra papilionaria L. A number of 
common micros also were noted of which the best perhaps was 
Borkhausenia flavifrontella Hiibn. 


The week after this was very unsettled and I almost put off a -trip 
arranged to the Goyt Valley in Derbyshire because of the inclement 
conditions. However, I made the trip on 13th July and joined Mr. 
Michaelis at his home before journeying into the Peak District. It 
was a very cool evening after heavy rain and we searched the rocks 
and trees for Venusia cambrica Curt. ab. bradyi Prout. We managed 
to take only three specimens and failed to catch one or two more which 
we disturbed. The terrain is very rough and chasing a disturbed 
insect is impossible. We ran a lamp for a short time but nothing of 
interest turned up and insects were extremely few. 

Having somewhat recovered from my long treck to the Goyt, I 
joined Col. Rossel on the 15th to visit the marshy area near Silverdale 
in north Lancashire and in good conditions took quite a lot of insects. 


LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE ON SEA-BUCKTHORN 17 


Bombycia viminalis Fab. was comnion but we did not take any of the 


ab. obscura Staud. which is known to occur in this district. Nola 
cucullatella L., Apatele leporina L. and A. psi L. were the only other 
insects worth note in about thirty species of macros seen. A fair 


number of Endothenia antiquana Hiibn. and Epinotia capreana Fab. 
were also noted. 


On 16th July I took a small party of the Kendal Natural History 
Society to the Sandscale area for a day trip. It was a cool day with 
strong wind and little sunshine, and while the botanists of the party 
were delighted with some of the things seen the entomological side 
was uninteresting. The main insect of note was a nicely varied series of 
Phthorimea marmorea Haw. beaten from the tufts of over-hanging 
marrams. A full-grown larva of Saturnia pavonia L. was found on an 
escaped raspberry bush. I had another night trip with the Society 
to woods to the north of Kendal on 20th July, but though conditions 
were good nothing of great interest occurred except a nice lot of fresh 
Venusia cambrica Curt. of quite typical facies. After this I was away 
in Germany and Austria for nearly the whole of August, and the 
results of that trip I hope to write up in due course, though I found 
numbers of insects on the Continent disappointingly low. 


On my return to this country family matters prevented much in the 
way of collecting for the rest of the season, During September I 
managed one or two visits to the Shap Fell area to try and confirm 
the record of Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn. given by Barrett. Most of the 
trips were ruined by severe weather conditions but once or twice con- 
ditions seemed ideal, but I saw no sign of lapidata. Muggy and mild 
conditions on 24th, for instance, gave many insects:—Phlogophora 
meticulosa L. in dozens, Plusia gamma lL. in numbers, Agrochola 
macilenta Hiibn., Hydraecia lucens Freyer, H. crinanensis Burrows 
(about six nice specimens), Aporophyla nigra Haw., Celaena haworthi 
Curt. and a few ubiquitous Agrotids made up the visitors to mv sheet. 


In a year in which so many exotic migrants have been taken it 
was a great disappointment to me not to see any of these nice things 
in this part of the country. The only regular migrant to be at all 
common was Plusia gamma L. A single Pyrausta martialis Guen. was 
taken in my trap in Kendal on 22nd September. I saw one Plutella 
maculipennis Curt. on the moors to the north of Kendal on 24th Septem- 
ber. During the whole season I did not see a single specimen of 
Nomophila noctuella Schiff, which is usually a regular and common 
visitor to us. While immigrant insects were scarce immigrant col- 
lectors were a very welcome feature of the late June and mid-July 
period. I can only hope they enjoyed visiting this delightful area as 
much as the natives enjoyed having their company. 


38 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 3.xii.1961. 


Lepidopterous Larvae on Sea-Buckthorn 
by I. R. P. HeEstop 


I am prompted by my observation in 1960 of the sea-buckthorn 
(Hippophaé rhamnoides) in the south of Cornwall—a county in which 
I did not know that this plant occurred—to renew my acquaintance 


18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


with allusions in the literature to its status as a pabulum for lepidop- 
terous larvae. 

Mr. E. W. Groves has, I believe, used my previous published 
observations, supplemented by correspondence with me, for the purpose 
of summarising in Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Is., 3: pt. 1, 6 (1958), the 
distribution of this plant in Great Britain. Since, however, I have 
never seen the paper, I am unaware whether he has included Cornwall 
as being within the range. The mature bushes that I found in 
September of last year were near the headland forming the Polruan 
portal to the estuary of the River Fowey. My only real reason for 
mentioning this botanical occurrence here is the fact that I saw, on 
the growth, larvae of Dasychira pudibunda L. (pale tussock)—a species 
new to me on this foodplant. 

My own previously published notes on the subject are in 
Entomologist, 80: 221, and 88: 140; these gave certain references 
to other notes on the subject. I now wish to take the opportunity of 
adding references to other recorded observations, as follows. 


S. J. Wilkinson (British Tortrices, 1859) records Lozotaema rosana 
L. occurring on sea-buckthorn. Tutt (1899) records this plant (fide 
Sorhagen) as a pabulum of Nepticula ignobilella Stt. 


In an interesting paper (Hntomologist, 52: 169), F. V. Theobald 
describes infestations by brown-tail and gold-tail larvae (Huproctis 
chrysorrhoea L.. and E. similis Fuessl. respectively) of sea-buckthorn in 
Kent; and mentions other lepidopterous species as feeding on the plant 
on the continent (quoting Kaltenbach, 1874). Incidentally, the two 
‘“anknown’’ species of lepidopterous larvae mentioned by Theobald as 
occurring in Kent on sea-buckthorn do not appear ever to have been 
identified. One of these may have been Spilonota ocellana. Schiff. which, 
I am informed, is very common on this plant on the Kent coast by 
Deal, and which is considered there to constitute a distinct local race. 
Mr. Theobald’s paper is illustrated by a photograph showing defoliation 
of sea-buckthorn by caterpillars. 


In this country sea-buckthorn is a plant of the coast line, but 
abroad it may be found in regions of high mountain. Thus FE, P. 
Wiltshire (Hntomologist, 79: 71) notes its occurrence at 8000 feet in 
the Himalayas, and Mr. F. T. Vallins (Proc. S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1955, 6 and 11) records it as the foodplant of Lycaeides 
idas Ob. at L’Argentiere on the department of Hautes-Alpes, France. 

Finally there is the case of Celerio hippophaes Esper (seathorn 
hawk), which incidentally is also recorded from L’Argentiere by Mr. 
Vallins (Proc. S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1954: 11). When I 
previously mentioned this species in connection with its foodplant I 
did not then know that the insect had occurred in Britain; but a 
specimen from South Devon, regarded by Dr. Cockayne as quite 
authentic, was subsequently brought to my notice from the Tring 
Museum. This may well have been an immigrant, but it would be 
interesting, all the same, to know whether Hippophae rhamnoides 
occurs in Devon. 

‘Belfield’, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 25.xi.1961. 


BATTERY-RUN MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT 19 


Battery-run Mercury Vapour Light 
By Rear Admiral A. D. TorLEssE 


Dr. F. H. N. Smith, whose note on a battery-run mercury vapour 
light appeared in the November 1961 issue of the Record (73: 243), may 
be interested in the following remarks on seven years’ experience of this 
method. 

IT bought a similar rotary converter in 1954, which has given good 
service ever since. Being satisfied with a rather shorter running time 
than Dr. Smith, and wishing to reduce battery humping to a minimum, 
my converter is run with a single car-type 60 or 72 ampere/hour 
battery. With an 80 watt lamp I get a running time of three hours 
plus, provided the battery is in good condition and fully charged. 
Finding that with a 125 watt lamp the single battery gave me a bare 
two hours’ running, I early discarded any idea of using the larger 
lamp, the 80 watt lamp giving excellent results. 


The battery seems to stand the racket for about three seasons, after 
which running time seems to fall off, and a new one is necessary. I 
keep a trickle charger at my garage or base, and invariably plug it in 
immediately on return from an expedition with the battery discharged. 


Like Dr. Smith, I am no electrician, but theoretically a 60 ampere/ 
hour battery should burn an 80 watt lamp for much longer than three 
to four hours. I can only assume that the efficiency of the rotary 
converter /choke system is not very high. I have found that it pays to 
put the choke as near to the lamp as possible so, in practice the 
battery and converter stay in the car, provided of course it is possible 
to drive the car near enough to the desired spot, and the choke, fitted 
with a wooden base, stands about ten feet from the lamp. During the 
past year I substituted 15 amp. rubber-insulated twin-core cable for 
the twin flex previously used and found that I got longer running 
time, presumably due to the lower resistance of the larger cable. 


In addition to its complete reliability, provided of course that the 
connections etc. are well looked after, the charm of this method is, as 
Dr. Smith observes, its silence.—Rear Admiral A. D. Tortsssz, 
Trentham, Burton Joyce, Notts. 


PortasLeE Mercury Vapour Licuts.—Dr. F. H. N. Smith’s note on 
battery-run equipment in the November Record gave me a distinct 
twinge of conscience for not publishing my early experiences in 1950 
with rotary converters, and subsequently with other types, so perhaps 
a few brief comments on these fascinating, and at times infuriating, 
gadgets may be of interest. 


At present there are three main types of equipment whereby our 
object, that of sampling and/or collecting insects in a wide variety 
of habitats by the use of m.v. light may be achieved. All have their 
respective advantages and disadvantages which should be weighed up 
before a choice is made, so here is a brief summary. (1) Rotary converter 
plus either extra batteries or else a petrol-driven battery charger for 
simultaneous use with the car battery. The car engine must not be 
used! The only real advantage of this system is quietness of operation 
when extra batteries are employed. Disadvantages are the inherent 
electro-mechanical inefficiency of the converter (about 50%), and the 


20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/1/1962 


consequential worries of either a noisy and temperamental charging 
generator, or the equally inconvenient heavy batteries with tricky care 
and maintenance, especially during the winter. Lastly the whole 
system is tied to the car, the only way of ‘‘loosening’’ which is by 
a long lead to the lamp. Dr. Smith may set his mind at rest here 
to the extent at any rate of two or three hundred yards of thin flexible 
cable which will not produce an excessive voltage (not current!) drop. 
The converter will take 120 watts, 10 amps. at 12 volts, to drive it 
before switching on the m.v. lamp; thereafter an extra 10 amps. for a 
120 watt lamp, or 7 amps. for an 80 watt one. This load of 17-20 amps. 
is the great drawback, and with the tieing to the car makes the 
system unattractive . (2) Large 200-300 watt petrol-driven A.C. 
generator. Advantages of this system are, first, comparative mechanical 
reliability of a large slow running engine; secondly, two or more lamps 
can be run simultaneously. Drawbacks are that the light is tied to the 
car by cables as with the converter system, the generators are very 
heavy and unwieldy, and the capital cost is likely to be high. (3) Small 
lightweight petrol-driven A.C. generators. The advantages are: first, 
freedom to take the equipment by hand away from the car, even up 
reasonably sized mountains (!); secondly, simplicity, and thirdly, 
reasonable cheapness. The drawbacks are: first, that the only supply 
of suitable machines is government surplus from the last war, and the 
stock is nearly, if not quite, exhausted. There may be other makes 
on the market, however. Secondly, the government surplus machines 
have to be electrically modified to operate m.v. lamps; I have done 
a good many, and so have other people. Thirdly, the small petrol 
engines, although quite excellent little 4-stroke jobs, are inclined to 
be a bit temperamental at times, and need to be kept scrupulously clean 
and in tune. 


What of the future? With the advent of the transistor, I think 
this may turn out to be quite exciting. The possibility already exists 
technically of producing a transistorised converter with no moving 
parts and of high efficiency to operate from a battery, but a lower 
wattage m.v. lamp which will not damage the eyes is needed from the 
manufacturers, and a reduction in price of transistor equipment must 
be attained before this becomes a practical proposition.—Commander 
G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S., Neadaich, Newtonmore, 
Inverness-shire. 


DREANEPTERYX PHALAENOIDES L. (NEUROPTERA) AT WITHERSLACK.—A 
specimen of the above insect was beaten from hawthorn down Black 
Tom’s Lane, Witherslack, on 20th May 1961. The species is said to 
frequent deciduous trees, mainly oak, and is sparingly distributed in 
the north of England. —_M. J: ieee 25 Stoneygate Road, Leicester. 
28.x1.1961. 


LycIaA HIRTARIA Cu. IN JuNE.—Whilst collecting at Holme Fen, 
Huntingdonshire, on 10th June 1961, I was surprised to find a perfect 
example of ZL. hirtaria Cl. in the trap. This date is approximately 
two months later than the normal time of emergence. —M. J. Lerecnu, 
25 Pinneya we Road, Leicester. 28.x1.1961. 


SOME NOTES ON THE DIXINAE (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) 21 


Some Notes on the Dixinae (Diptera : Culicidae) 
of East Sussex 


By Patrick ROPER 


In Britain tke subfamily Dixinae of the Culicidae contains one 
genus, divided into two subgenera, and some thirteen species. Freeman 
(1950) records one species, Dixa (Paradixa) aestivalis Meig., as being 
generally distributed, and one other species D. (P) filicornis Edwards, 
is noted from Sussex only. In the past two years I have found six 
species within half a mile of my home at Robertsbridge, five of these 
as far as I can discover, have not been previously recorded from Sussex. 

Dixines are small, often yellow and black, nematocerous Diptera. 
Superficially they show more resemblance to Trichoceridae or some of 
the smaller Tipulidae, than to the heavily-scaled biting mosquitoes. 
The early stages are aquatic and the larvae, which are described in 
most books on freshwater biology, can be found near the edges of 
ponds and streams. They have the habit of resting on various objects 
with their bodies formed into an inverted ‘u’-shape, and apparently 
just out of the water, although they always remain covered by the 
surface film. Adults are most frequently found at rest on waterside 
vegetation, where they often appear rather sluggish. Swarming some- 
times can be observed in the evening, and I have taken one species 
at light. D. (P) aestivalis is often common in late summer, but several 
other species are found here more frequently during the winter months, 
which perhaps explains some of the lack of records. 

_ Here then are some notes on the species taken : — 

~Diza (s.str.) nebulosa Meigen. This is our most highly ornate 
species with attractively-marked wings. I have taken only 1 ¢ on 
2.x1.1961 from beside a small woodland spring-stream near my house. 
It probably breeds in this stream. 

D. (s.str.) nubilipennis Curtis. A common species near the numerous 
woodland spring-streams in the district. With us the adults begin to 
appear in July and continue right through the winter until the follow- 
ing April, although more than one generation is probably concerned 
here. In January I have seen it swarming in company with the 
Chironomid Brillia modesta Meigen, and only really hard weather keeps 
the species down. I have found the larvae in a stream near its source 
at a spring. The easiest way to collect them was to pull up a clump 
of the waterside Golden Saxifrage, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. L., 
when the dark brown larvae showed up clearly against the whitish stems 
and roots of the plant. Attempts at rearing these larvae failed, but the 
connection between them and the adults was demonstrated by placing 
an emergence trap over the stream at the spot where they occurred 
thus:collecting emerged imagines. Twice during September 1961 males 
were attracted to our lighted house windows, these being the only 
Dixa species I have so far found in this fashion. 

—-' D. (s.str.) dilatata Strobl. <A species that seems more widely dis- 
tributed in the north than in the south, and at Robertsbridge it is only 
found sparingly. On 12.11.1961 I took 3 ¢¢ by sweeping the dead 
vegetation of a strip of marshy ground beside a small canal here, and 
one further 3 was taken whilst in evening flight by the same canal on 
11,v,1961, The whitish patches that appear in wing cells Cu,, M and Cu, 


22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/1/1962 


when viewed at an oblique angle are, as was pointed out by Edwards 
(1920), useful additional characters for determination. 


D. (Paradiza) aestivalis Meigen. This species first appears here 
during August and soon becomes very abundant around the various 
ponds in which it breeds. On one occasion I found numerous examples 
resting on Sparganium reeds, and noticed that when approached, in- 
stead of immediately flying off, they would walk around to the back of 
the reed with their peculiar sluggish gait as though to hide there. 


Earlier examples of this species are paler and brighter in colour, 
but as the season wears on they tend to become darker. Edwards 
(1920) mentions specimens with a faint cloud over the wing vein r-m, 
and others with dark pleurae, and I have taken some which agree with 
these to a greater or lesser degree. With these darker specimens there 
is a fairly constant tendency for the vein r-m to move away from the 
fork of the Rs, until in the most extreme examples, it is well basal to 
the fork, and when combined with the dark cloud that has appeared 
on the r-m the insect has the wings described for D. (Paradiza) filicornis 
Edwards. The last named insect was described by Edwards (1926) from 
a single female taken by Jenkinson on 8.1.1903 at Crowborough, only 
a few miles from here. In my most extreme example of this variation 
in aestivalis, a male taken on 22.x.1960, identity can be proven from the 
male genitalia, but if one were to take females of this variety, one 
could not be reasonably expected to separate them from filicornis, even 
by using Edward’s extensive and thorough type description. Dr. P. 
Freeman, who kindly examined the above mentioned male for me, 
also showed me the type of filicornis from the collection in the British 
Museum (Natural History) and about the only difference between the 
two insects (other than their sex) is the greater size and distinctness 
of the r-m cloud in filicornis. As this character could be reasonably 
expected to be subject to a certain amount of variation, one is left 
with no reliable means of separating the variety of aestivalis, when 
taken in the female sex, from filicornis, and in my opinion, until 
genitally distinct males of filicornis are discovered within reasonable 
range of the type locality, its specific status should be viewed with 
caution. 


D. (Paradiza) martini Peus. Another rather infrequent species 
here, which with records from Carnarvon, Devon, and Cornwall, would 
seem to have a more westerly range than others. All my examples 
were taken by sweeping the vegetation of open marshy areas, and in 
this way I found 2 ¢d¢ and 1 @ on 29.vii.1960, and a further 2 oo 
and 1 Q on 23.111.1961. 


D. (Paradiza) amphibia Degeer. Edwards considered this to be one 
of the least common species of Dixa, but here it occurs in some numbers 
around the margins of stagnant ponds, although I have noticed that it 
is easier to take in littoral emergence traps than by searching for it. 
I have found adults only from mid- August until the end of September, 
indicating a single generation a year. One curious habit of the adults 
is their use of the ability to walk backwards, sideways or forwards at 
will, and when confined in a tube they will adopt these methods for 
avoiding another insect, rather than use the wings to fly to a different 
position. It is the same sort of thing as was observed in D. aestivalis 
and its habit of hiding behind reeds. 


NOTES ON OXYGASTRA CURTISI (DALE), ORDER ODONATA 23 


REFERENCES 
Freeman, P. 1950. Dixinae in Handbooks for the Identification of British 
Insects. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., IX, pt. 2: 97-100. 
Edwards, F. W. 1920. The British Chaoborinae and Dixinae. Ent. mon. Mag., 
56: 264-270. 
. 1926. A new species of Dixa from Sussex. Ibid., 62: 35. 


Little Slides, Robertsbridge, Sussex. 3.xii.1961. 


Notes on Oxygastra curtisi (Dale), Order Odonata, 
from the Dale Correspondence 
By Lt. Col. F. C. Fraser, I.M.S.(Retd.) 


I am indebted to Mr. Scarsdale Brown for drawing my attention to 
interesting notes in the Dale correspondence (Hope Museum, Oxford) 
relating to the British dragonfly Oxygastra curtisi (Dale). 


Plate 616 in Curtis’s British Entomology, 4 (Hymen. Neur. 
Trichoptera), 1831 (1843-1840), London, shows a coloured figure of a 
female Corduline dragonfly, whilst below it are seen some line figures 
of the head, anal appendages of both sexes, the base of the male 
hindwing and the tibiae and tarsus of a foreleg. The legend of the 
plate reads throughout as ‘‘Cordulia curtisii’’, without alluding to 
the line figures, so that at first sight it would appear that the plate, 
including the anatomical details, allude to only one species. However, 
after examining the plate critically, I was surprised to find that the 
line- figures were actually those of Cordulia linaenea and not of O. 
curtist. 


A reference to the opposite page where Curtis has given a definition 
of the genus Cordulia shows that the line figures allude to the genus 
and not to any particular species; it is evident that Curtis was 
generalising and thought that the characters mentioned, and more 
particularly those of the anal appendages of the male, are similar in 
all species of the genus Cordulia. A further reference to the descrip- 
tions of the three species Curtis included in the genus, viz. metallica 
Van der Lind, aenea Curtis nec Lin (vide synonymy given below), and 
curtis (Dale), shows that the anal appendages are described for aenea 
but not mentioned for the two others; those for the former are 
described as furcate, as in the description of the genus so that it is 
evident that Curtis was either ignorant of these two species or thought 
that their appendages were built similarly. As the appendages of both 
metallica and aenea are not furcate, there is no doubt that the line 
figures refer to aenea and that the author probably forgot to mention 
the fact. 


The coloured figure closely resembles the females of both curtisi and 
linaenea but the short anal appendages and some of the venational 
details of the wings show that it is meant for the former. 


The dates on which curtist was taken are important, viz. 29th 
June 1820 by Dale on Parley Heath; 16th July, year ?, by Dale at 
Hurne, and 8th June 1831 by Curtis on Ramsdown and Heron Court. 
All these habitats refer to the same locality and all are in Hampshire, 
not Dorset. Curtis adds that: ‘‘I understand it has also been taken 


D4 / ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 74 - 15/1/1962 


at Braunton Burrows by Mr. Cocks of Barnstaple’’. This latter habitat 
has always been doubtful and has not been confirmed by collectors 
working in that locality since. Mr. John Cowley and I have made 
purposeful journeys for this purpose but without any success. Con- 
firmation of the habitat now comes from an unexpected source after 
many years controversy. In one of Dale’s letters received from Dr. 
Cocks, the latter says (date, 6th July 1820): ‘‘I remember a great 
variety of Libellules (Odonata) about the ditches at Braunton Burrows, 
Devon’’. Against this, Dale has put a marginal note which reads: 
“T had Cordulia curtisii from Dr. Cocks’’. There now seems to linger 
no doubt that curtisi was actually found at Braunton Burrows; when 
Dale made that simple annotation, he could not have dreamt that it 
would settle a controversy which has lasted for years! 


It is of interest to note that a stable variation in the venation of the 
wings that exists between specimens from the Continent and Britain, 
suggests that curtisi was established and isolated in this country at a 
very remote period, 


SYNONYMY AND REFERENCES 
Somatochlora aenea (Lin), 1761. 
Iibellula aenea Lin, 1761. Fauna Suec., ti: 373, No. 768. . 
Libellula flavomaculata Van der Lind, 1825. Mon. Inb. Eur. :18. 
Libellula aenea Charpentier, 1840. Lib. Hur., 91: 96. 
Somatochlora flavomaculata Selys, 1871. Bull. Acad. Belg, (2), 
31: 304, 
Somatochlora aenea McLachlan, 1898. Ent. mon. Mag., 34: 229. 
Id. Lucas, 1900. British Dragonflies, 141-142 
(footnote). 
Id. Fraser, 1956. Ent. mon. Mag., 92: 20. 


Cordulia linaenea Fraser, 1956. 
Tibellula ‘B’, 1761, Lin. 1761. Fauna Suec., it: 373, No. 769. 
Cordulia aenea auct. 
Cordulia linaenea Fraser, 1956. Ent. mon. Mag., 92: 20. 
Vd. ibid... V957, 932, Tov. 
Id. 1956, Handbook for identification of Brit. Ins. 
B. ent. Soc. Lond,, hh: AG, 0. 


Notes and Observations 


CYcnIA MENDICA.—On 12th May a female Cycnia mendica was seen 
ovipositing on the under surface of a rose leaf in my garden. Is this 
an unusual foodplant for this species? P. B. M. Allan does’ not 
mention it in his ‘‘Larval Foodplants’’.—Brig. H. Warry, Eastbrook, 
Upwey, Dorset. 16.xi1.1961. 


Hornets.—On October 14th I came across a nest of hornets (Vespa 
crabro) in the trunk of a tree by the River Yeo. This was the first 
time I had seen this insect in the county.—Brig. H. Warry, Eastbrook, 
Upwey, Dorset. 16.x11.1961. 


ae 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25 


PoLyGonta c-ALBUM L.—Mr. Fraser in his note in the November 
Record (12: 242) states that the only food of this butterfly after hiber- 
nation is the blossom of sallows. In my garden I have seen this butterfly 
and other hibernators feeding freely on plum blossom and bergenias. 
I have also seen a sparrow take one while so engaged.—Brig. H. 
Warry, Iastbrook, Upwey, Dorset. 16.x1i.61. 


Mieratory LepipoptERA IN NortH West Surrey.—The season 
being now presumably ended, I may sum up my experience of migratory 
lepidoptera in this inland locality. Besides the examples of Celerio 
gala Rott. and Nycterosia obstipata F. already recorded, I have had 
in my light trap three more of the latter species—a male on 2nd 
September, a female on the 3rd, from which some offspring were 
bred, and a male on 15th October. Of Rhodometra sacraria L. there 
was a good male on 18th September. The greatest prize was Diasemia 
ramburialis Dup., of which a worn example appeared on 16th September 
and a very fair one on 4th October. They could easily have been 
missed, being both small and restless; indeed the first flew off the 
egg-trays and was only secured on the window of the room in which 
the trap was being examined. Perhaps the most curious visitor was a 
Vanessa atalanta L. which I saw fly up to and enter the trap at about 
10.30 p.m. on 18th September, when the temperature was still about 
59° F. after a hot day. There was no indication that it had been 
accidently disturbed; it was pretty certainly migrating by night. 

This is the best range of scarcer migrants I have had here during 
ten years’ use of a standard trap. But it has not been a good year 
for the commoner migrants. Plusia gamma L. and Peridroma porphyrea 
Schiff. have been only just about the 10-year average; Agrotis ipsilon 
Rott. and Hapalia ferrugalis less than half the average; and Nomophila 
noctuella Schiff. has achieved a record score—nil! No Colias have been 
seen in the district, nor Vanessa cardui L., and only two or three 
V. atalanta besides the nocturnal visitor. I should also re--rd the 
unusual appearance in the trap of Orgyia antiqua L. on 30th August. 
It is, of course, not a migrant, but is not very often seen here even 
in the daytime. 

In the field, a noteworthy migrant was a fresh male Leucania albi- 
puncta F. which came to light on 2nd September when Mr. J. L. 
Messenger and I were collecting near Thursley, further south in Surrey. 
—R. F. Breruerton, Ottershaw, Surrey. 27.xi.61. 


An EnromonocicaL PRrostem.—I was interested in Mr. Huggins 
letter of the Nov. issue under this heading in his references to the late 
H. W. Head and Arthur Smith. 


I have known both of them for several years and spent many a 
week-end with Head, but in spite of the friendly relationship with 
Head, he always struck me as one who wanted top prices for anything 
he had for disposal. 


As a result he apparently preferred to sell a small quantity dear, to 
larger quantities at a reduction, 

I had an example of this when I bought some limbaria in 1936. 

Although he had about 3,500 pupae at the time, he stuck to his 
price of 2/- each. Later on I asked him what he had done with them 


26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


and he informed me that as he could not get his price, he had tipped 
the whole lot in his garden, and had decided not to breed any more of 
the species—he did assure me, however, that they all originated from 
Norfolk stock, and I have adopted that locality for the specimens I 
bred in 1937. 

It would appear, therefore, that 1936 was the last year that Head 
had any limbaria for disposal.—L. G. F. Wapprineton, 9 Greenleaf 
Avenue, Wheatley Hills, Doncaster. 26.xi.1961. 


A Day In Dorset.—On 26th May I visited a wood in north Dorset 
with my cousin who wished to see how “‘beating’’ was carried out, and 
to identify butterflies that were on the wing, so that he could instruct 
his two small boys. In the morning we did some beating, and the 
following larvae fell into my tray:—three Pseudoips prasinana, two 
Amphipyra pyramidea, one Phygalia pilosaria, two Orthosia incerta, 
one O. miniosa, four Zephyrus quercus, and small loopers. A freshly 
emerged Bena fagana also fell into my tray. 

After lunch we visited an open grassy area with a few small bushes 
on the edge of a wood. Argynnis selene L. and Euphydryas aurinia 
were well out. I took two nice vars. of the former, and one about half 
the size of a normal specimen; the aurinia were mostly darker than 
those I have seen at Hod Hill. A few male Hemearis lucina were seen 
but no females, although we found fifteen ova on the undersides of 
cowslip leaves. Hrynnis tages, Pyrgus malvae, and Ochlodes venata 
were also on the wing, but the first two were past their best.—Brig. H. 
Warry, Eastbrook, Upwey, Dorset. 16.xii.1961, 


RHODOMETRA SACRARIA L. AND PitusIA GAMMA lL. MIGRATIONS IN 
INVERNESS-SHIRE.—The usual pattern of a few early common 
immigrants, V. atalanta, P. gamma and N. noctuella, in May and June 
was completely absent this year in Badenoch, and in consequence none 
of these species seem to have bred locally. In contrast, a very remark- 
able late wave of immigrant R. sacraria appeared suddenly at the end 
of August and in early September in Newtonmore, Kingussie and 
Aviemore, the moths being quite common in rough cornfields. This 
species seems to have oceurred at almost the same date widely over the 
whole kingdom. Similarly, in early October, a sudden invasion of 
immigrant P. gamma occurred, both coming to m.v. light and feeding 
in large numbers on my late honeysuckle blossoms at dusk; they de- 
parted as suddenly as they had come after a stay of only a few days, 
in company with the only V. atalanta passing through on its way 
south to be seen here this year.—Commander G. W. Harper, 
R.N.(Retd.), Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 27.xi.61. 


Miptanp Micrants Durine 1961.—This autumn has seen a good 
influx of migratory species of lepidoptera to this country. Basically the 
migrants recorded so far have been taken on or near the coast, but 
some have obviously made their way well inland. Whilst working m.v. 
light at the village of Countesthorpe, eight miles from the centre of 
Leicester, on 30th August 1961, a fresh specimen of Herse convolvuli L. 
was captured. Two nights later, at the same venue, two new county 


= ae 


OBITUARY BA 


records were established with the capture of a specimen of Nycterosea 
obstipata F. and a single Rhodometra sacraria L. The following night, 
again at Countesthorpe, another specimen of obstipata was recorded. 
Also, during September, a single specimen of Utetheisa pulchella L. 
was taken in the neighbouring county of Northamptonshire. The 
Oleander Hawkmoth, Daphnis neriit L., also arrived in Leicestershire 
during October. It was recorded from the village of Holwell. It is 
only the second record of this insect for the county.—M. J. Lercu, 25 
Stoneygate Road, Leicester. 28.x1.1961. 


Obituary 


JOHN OLIVER TUNLEY HOWARD 


The passing of Oliver Howard on 12th October 1961, at the age of 
only 56, has indeed left a gap in the number of ardent and eminent field 
collectors of our lepidoptera. The grievous news brought much sorrow 
to a wide circle of the entomological fraternity as it also did to many 
more of his friends in other spheres. 


It was in quite early days that he first became interested in butter- 
flies and moths, and he used to tell that while at Sandroyd School, 
near Esher, he and some of his companions were encouraged to chase 
the Fox Moth on Oxshott Common. When at Repton and later at 
Trinity College, Cambridge, this enthusiasm steadily increased, and 
thereafter for nearly every year he used to spend his holidays in selected 
parts of the British Isles likely to produce some choice local species. 
Before the last War several of these ventures were undertaken in 
collaboration with the late John Bowes, and the writer, who first met 
Oliver Howard in 1930, has many happy memories of such expeditions 
in his company. He made several very rewarding trips to the High- 
lands, from which on one occasion he brought back some of the most 
extreme conversaria forms of Cleora repandata L. ever recorded. Over 
the years his collection of the macrolepidoptera grew steadily. It con- 
tained some very fine series, many of them bred, and always 
meticulously set and arranged. 


During the War he served as Squadron Leader in the R.A.F. Coastal 
Command, being based on Gibraltar before taking part in the North 
African landings in 1942. He was later posted to Ceylon, and then 
to one of the atolls in the Indian Ocean whence he brought back a very 
comprehensive collection of its lepidoptera, mcluding some little-known 
species. 


Soon after the War he went to live at Dorking where he and his 
wife became extremely keen gardeners, especially in the growing of 
rhododendrons. Here he used to run a mereury vapour trap regularly, 
recording many species new to the district. It was in 1955 that he had 
the good fortune to capture in it a Celerio galit Rott. from which he 
bred a splendid series, writing a most illuminating account of his 
success in the pages of this Journal, to which he so frequently con- 
tributed most interesting notes and articles about his collecting 
experiences. 


28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


He was a very keen and active member of the South London 
Entomological Society, which he joined in 1927. He served several 
times on the Council and was its President for the year 1949. 

From quite an early age he became interested in old and fine books. 
He was for many years with the well-known firm of Bernard Quaritch, 
being a director at the time of his death. During this period he became 
a recognised authority, especially on works dealing with Natural History 
of which he had himself a very fine hbrary. 

With his usual keenness he was planning a trip to Shetland in the 
summer of 1961 when grave illness overtook him, and he only survived 
a serious operation by a few weeks. His tall figure will indeed be 
missed at many entomological gatherings. To all who came in contact 
with him he was always most kind, helpful and gracious. For five 
years he was a member of the governing body of the ‘‘Record’’. A good 
friend has passed from amongst us, and our sympathy goes out to his 
widow in her great loss which has touched so many others alike. 


C. G. M. de W. 


Current Literature 


PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE SoutH Lonpon EntTomo- 
LOGICAL AND NaturaL History Socrety, 1960: xxxix + 188 pp., with 
8 plates (two in colour), 19/-.—The most popular item in this always- 
interesting publication will undoubtedly be Part V of Mr. Haggett’s 
coloured plates and descriptions of larvae of British Macrolepidoptera 
which are not figured by Buckler. This part includes Heliothis armigera 
Hiibn., H. maritima Graslin s.sp. septentrionalis Hoffmeyer, Calophasia 
lunula Hufn., and Minucia lunaris Schiff. The figures cover a very 
good range of variation and will be most useful for reference. The 
President’s address has for its scientific part an account of recent 
colonisation of England by new species of Macrolepidoptera and gives 
historical accounts of many changes in the habits of species already 
resident here. This is followed by accounts of the season’s field meetings, 
which are a very strong feature of this Society’s annual programme. 
The account of the Annual Exhibition at Burlington House carries a 
plate illustrating eleven of the more striking exhibits of varieties. 

J. F. D. Frazer writes on Butterfly Populations on the North 
Downs, Dennis Leston contributes a paper on the Miridae of Bedford- 
shire with a map showing the geological formations of the county. A 
paper read by A. E. Gardner deals with Odonata and Orthopteroid 
insects of Wood Walton Fen, and Dr. H. E. Hinton contributes an 
interesting paper illustrated by micro-photographs and enlarged draw- 
ings dealing with the subject of How some Insects, especially the Egg 
Stages, avoid drowning when it rains. Finally there is a collection of 
editorial notes on the thorny problems of Nomenclature.—S. N. A. J. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (1) 


HETEROCERA 


SPHINGIDAE 
Mimas tiliae L.: Lime Hawk. 


Native. Parks, gardens, roadsides, etc.; on lime, elm, birch. 
Recorded from all divisions. Apparently not generally a_ plentiful 
species in rural districts, but is sometimes common in towns, for which 
it shows a decided preference, and is perhaps most frequent in the 
urban areas of north-west Kent. 


D, F. Owen (in litt., 1947) wrote that it was ‘‘extremely abundant at 
Lewisham, Lee, Kidbrook, Blackheath, Greenwich; the larvae or pupae 
being found on nearly every elm and hme’’; and added that he took 
with ease sixty pupae from beneath trees at Lewisham and Blackheath 
during the winter of 1946-47. West (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1918-19: 69) stated that many years previously, pupae were very 
common at the foot of oaks in Greenwich Park. 

The larvae have been mostly found on lime and elm. At Petts Wood, 
A. M. Swain records that in addition to lime, he has also found it there 
on birch. Tutt (Br. Lep., 3: 408) states that ‘‘the larvae appear usually 
to feed high up in large elm trees in Kent, and hence are rarely observed 
until they descend for pupation’’. 

It is on record that the moth occasionally assembles in fair numbers; 
thus, Carter (Entomologist, 33: 202) wrote that he witnessed at Bexley 
Heath, in 1900, the assembling of twenty-one 3d toa fresh 9, between 
9 and 9.30 p.m., on May 17-23. 

VaRIATION.—Very variable. Among my series from Kent are the 
following striking abs.: brunnea Bartel, 2, 1925; centripuncta Clark, 
three; pallida-centripuncta Tutt, one, 1919 (C.-H.). 

The following abs. from Kent (many of the examples of which are 
bred) are in R.C.K.:—pallida Tutt; roseotincta Schawerda; atroviridis 
Lenz; virescens Tutt, ‘‘with normal markings’’; clara Closs; suffusa 
Clark; rufobrunnea Lenz; brunnea Bartel; atrobrunnea Gehlen nec 
Lenz; brunnea Bartel + suffusa Clark; roseotincta Schawerda, ‘‘with 
brown band’’; discifera Closs; discifera Closs, with ‘‘orange hindwings’’ ; 
rubra Cockayne, holotype (Hnt. Rec., 65: 33); constricta Gillmer; 
brunnea Bartel + constricta Gillmer; constricta Gillmer, with ‘‘red 
brown hindwings”; constricta Gillmer, with ‘‘orange hindwings’’; trans- 
versa Jordan; brunnea-transversa Tutt; pallida-transversa Tutt; 
bimaculata Gillmer; bipunctata Clark; pallida-bipunctata Tutt; colon 
Gillmer; bipunctata Clark, with ‘‘orange hindwings” ; maculata Wallen- 
gren; costipuncta Clark; pallida-costipuncta Clark; centripuncta Clark 
(= ulmi Bartel); pallida-centripuncta Tutt; brunnea-centripuncta Tutt; 
semicentripuncta Biinge-Billwarder; semicentripuncta Biinge-Billwarder 
+ brunnea Bartel; semiobsoleta Tutt; obsoleta Clark; pallida-obsoleta 
Tutt; virescens-obsoleta Tutt; brunnea-obsoleta Tutt; diluta Cockayne, 
holotype, allotype, and paratypes (Hnt. Rec., 65: 33). Also the follow- 
ing:—one somatic mosaic; two pathological examples; one example 
with ‘‘symmetrical deficiency of nervures: 3 nervures missing in each 
wing’; one gynandromorph, ‘‘Kast Kent, v.1952, L. W. Newman’’; 
and numerous examples with ‘‘asymetrical markings’’. 

A number of other abs. and abnormal specimens have been recorded 
(cf. Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 405; Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1894: 


(2) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


50, 1911-12: 44, 1919-20: 62, 1940-43 (2): 37, 1950; 3a): 
First Recorp, 1856: Ramsgate (Powell, Ent. week. Int., 1: 196). 


Laothoe populi L.: Poplar Hawk. 


Native. Woods, gardens, lanes, marshes, etc.; on poplars, sallow, 
alder. Found in all divisions, and in point of numbers, probably the 
commonest of the Hawkmoths. 

What may be regarded as a partial second brood occurs fairly often 
in August, such specimens having been noted for example in 1868, 1873, 
1886, 1887, 1898, 1899, 1917, 1918, 1933, 1937, 1938, 1949, 1952-57. The 
latest date is of one taken in an m.v. trap at Ham Street, on September 
1, 1957 (de Worms, Entomologist, 91: 152). Stainton (Zoologist, 1089) 
records one at Lewisham, on April 30, 1845, an early appearance; but 
a much more extraordinary occurrence is of a 9 taken at lhght near 
Shooters Hill, during the last week of January 1922 (Stanton, Hntomo- 
logist, 55: 111). 

The larva has mainly been found on various species of poplar. It 
has been noted on black and Lombardy poplar in the Rochester district 
(Chaney (1884-87)); on poplar, aspen, and sallow, at Petts Wood (A. 
M. Swain); on aspen at Brasted (R. M. Prideaux), and Stansted (F. T. 
Grant); and on ‘‘most poplars, willows and sallows’’ in the Lewisham dis- 
trict (D. F. Owen). Taylor (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1948-49: 47) records the finding of a larva in Kent, feeding on alder. 

VARIATION.—West (in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 468) has noted go ‘‘fre- 
quently very rosy in tint’’, in the Lewisham and Greenwich districts ; 
and D. F. Owen states that at Lewisham, ‘‘decidedly pink @ 9, are not 
uncommon’’. 

Hawkins (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 1925-26: 60) exhibited 
a 2 ab. pallida Tutt, bred Herne Bay. I have a ¢ ab. pallida Tutt, 
bred New Cross, May 18, 1917, ex H. J. Turner coll.; also three 2 9 
ab. rufescens Selys, from Bexley (C.-H.). 

The following abs. from Kent, of both sexes unless otherwise stated 
(many of which are bred specimens), are in R.C.K.:—rufescens Fuchs; 
rufa Gillmer, 929; rufo-diluta Gillmer, 99; pallida Newnham; 
ferruginea-fasciata Gillmer, ¢¢; tremulae Bork.; violacea Newnham; 
salicis Holle; albida Cockayne, holotype 2 (Ent. Rec., 65: 33); 
angustata Closs, ¢ 3; grisea Gillmer, ¢; depupilla Silbernagel. Also, 
one pathological example, and numerous gynandromorphs. 

Cardew (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1910-11: 96; Entomo- 
logist, 42: 159) records a halved gynandromorph, bred from Dover larva, 
1909. 

First Recorp, 1834: Mr. Dale ‘‘observed one in Mr. Leplastrier’s 
collection which had no red on the base of the underwings; it was found 
near Dover’’ (Curtis, Br. Ent., 482). 


Smerinthus ocellata L.: Eyed Hawk. 


Native. Woods, marshes, orchards, gardens, osier beds, waste places, 
etc.; on apple, willow, sallow, aspen, poplar, ‘‘wild plum’’. Found in 
all divisions. 

A partial second generation may occasionally occur. W. L. Rudland 
took a single specimen in his m.v. trap, at Willesborough (div. 12), on 
September 10, 1954; and A. M. Morley has three, taken in the Folke- 
stone district, August 17 and September 1 1952, August 22 1955. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (3) 


In its early stages, the species has occasionally been noted in extreme 
abundance. For example, B. G. Chatfield states that in 1951, it was 
a pest on one farm at Hawkhurst (div. 14), where it completely 
defoliated young apple trees; D. F. Owen notes that in 1946, he found 
ova very numerous on sallows growing on bombed sites at Lewisham; 
and Tutt (Br. Lep., 3: 432) records that the larvae were exceedingly 
abundant on the sandhills at Deal, Harding alone having taken ‘‘26 
dozen’”’ there in 1860. 


The larva most frequently occurs on apple (both crab and cultivated) 
and various Salix spp. It has also been found on aspen at Petts Wood 
(A. M. Swain); on poplar at Folkestone (A. M. Morley); and Fenn 
(Diary) records that in a lane at Lee, August 23, 1891, he found a 
full-grown larva feeding on ‘“‘wild plum’’. 


VaRIATION.—A specimen from Lewisham ‘‘with the ground colour 
unusually pale, giving the insect a particularly bright appearance’’, 
is recorded by Adkin (Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 426). One, conforming to 
this description, taken by A. G. Peyton, at Ham Street, June 13, 1935, 
is in my coll. (C.-H.). 

Tutt (Ent. Rec., 13: 163) records a ¢ ab., bred by L. W. Newman, 
June 2, 1900, from Bexley Woods, which became the holotype of ab. 
pallida Tutt. 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—flavescens Newman, 6d, bred 
1899, from Bexley wild larva, L. W. Newman; kainiti Knop, ¢, bred 
Bexley, 1913; trans. ad kainiti Knop, several from Kent; pallida Tutt, 
numerous from Kent. Also several pathological examples. 

HyYBRIDISATION.—Hybr. hybridus Stephens (S. ocellata 5 x L. populi 
2). There is no record of such a cross in nature in Kent to my know- 
ledge, but in R.C.K. are numerous bred examples labelled from Kent, 
including several intersexes. 

First Recorp, 1857: Near Ashford (Russell, Ent. week. Int., 3: 19). 


Acherontia atropes L.: Death’s-head Hawk. 


Immigrant. Potato fields, gardens, etc.; on Solanum tuberosum, 
Lycium barbarum, Jasminum sp., Ligustrum vulgare, ‘‘scarlet runner 
beans’’. Recorded from all divisions, but mostly observed coastally in 
east and north-east Kent. 


The species appears almost annually!, but only in certain years has 
it been noted plentifully, and the great majority of those taken have 
been in either the larval or pupal stage. Very occasionally, it has 
occurred in great abundance, as was the case at Margate in 1846, when 
the larvae were so numerous that they were collected as food for 
chickens (Stevens, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1846: clvi). In 1858, at 
Ashford, ‘‘upwards of one hundred larvae’’ were found (Russell, Ent. 
week. Int., 4: 157); and in 1933, over fifty pupae were received that 
had been dug up from one small potato field at Reculver (Bowes, 
Entomologist, 67: 59). In 1905, ‘‘one collector bought and sold over a 
thousand pupae, dug up in Thanet’’ (Barrett, Entomologist, 40: 14); 
and A. G. Peyton told A. M. Morley that in one year, in or about 1905, 
he himself collected some 300 larvae in the Ramsgate area. 


1The records for 1929-61, inclusive, show that the species was observed every year 
in Kent, except in 1936 and 1940. 


(4) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/1/1962 


Undoubtedly the chief foodplant in Kent is potato (S. tuberosum). 
The larva has also been found on Tea-tree (L. barbarum), at Folkestone 
(Ullyett, Rambles of a Naturalist Round Folkestone, 9); on ‘“‘scarlet 
runner beans’’, at Wye (Efflatoun, Entomologist, 50: 284); and on 
‘wild privet’? (Z. vulgare), upon which one was found feeding on 
Romney Marsh, in 1945 (Sankey, Ent. mon. Mag., 81: 238). It has 
also been found on Jasmine; Miss Clements, of the Dene, Hythe, having 
found twenty larvae feeding on this in her garden in September 1938 
(A. M. Morley). 


The imago is occasionally observed at light and at rest on walls; and 
a boatman at Dover told A. M. Morley, c. 1935, that he often found 
them resting on the sails of boats drawn up by the harbour. There 
is a record, too, of one that had flown into a cottage bedroom at 
Hawkinge, one night in 1929, to the great alarm of the occupants, who 
thought it was a sign of death (W. O. W. Edwards, teste A. M. Morley). 
The insect has also been found ‘‘floating in on the tide’’, at Joss Bay, 
Broadstairs (H. C. Huggins); and a pair were noted in cop. at Reculver 
in June 1933 (A. J. L. Bowes). S. F. P. Blyth was shown one, which 
had been taken in a beehive, at Chislehurst, c. 1895; and H. E. Ham- 
mond mentions one that he found in his garden at Shoreham in 1912, 
‘freshly emerged by a Tea-tree’’. A freshly emerged specimen with 
wings not yet expanded was found crawling up a sapling at Westwell 
in 1950 (P. Cue, teste E. Scott). 


VarRiATION.—The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—intermedia Tutt, 
one, E. Kent, and two, bred Herne Bay, 1933; imperfecta Tutt, two, 
bred Herne Bay, 1933. Also, one pathological example, N. Kent, 1902. 


First RecorD, 1811: October 11, 1811, ‘‘Death’s-head moth found at 
Gravesend’”’ (Arnold, Robert Pocock, 51). 


Herse convolvuli L.: Convolvulus Hawk. 


Immigrant. Potato fields, gardens, etc. [on Convolvulus arvense ]. 
Recorded from all divisions, though mainly from coastal areas. 


The imago is noted most years!, usually in small numbers, but 
occasionally plentifully. The vast majority have occurred in August and 
September, it is seldom noted in July, and still less often in June. In 
1948, one was taken at Folkestone as early as May 20 (A. M. Morley), 
the only occurrence for this month that I can trace; and in 1926, one 
was taken at Gravesend on November 23 (Grant, Ent. Rec., 39: 12), a 
remarkably late date. 


There are a few records of the moth having been witnessed in 
abundance by certain observers in the exceptionally good years. Thus, 
Westwood (Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1847: vi) stated that near Canterbury 
(in 1846), it ‘‘had been so abundant that a friend of his had captured as 
many as five in his net at once’’; and Stonestreet (Hnt. week. Int., 10: 
187) records that in 1859, at Dover, he himself observed as many as 
seventy imagines. In 1875, sixty were taken in one garden at 
Birchington (Bird, Entomologist, 10: 20); and A. M. Morley (in ltt.) 
writes that in 1929 or 1930, he met an entomologist at Sheerness, who 
told him that some years earlier he had in one evening seen eighteen 


1The records for 1930-61, inclusive, show that the species was observed every 
year in Kent, except in 1932, 1936-37, 1939-42, and 1954, 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (5) 


convolvuli flying along the Sheerness canal. 

The habits of this species are quite different from those of A. atropos: 
it does not seem to breed here so often, and the larva and pupa are seldom 
found. Most of the larvae and pupae that have occurred were in 
potato fields. Newman (Entomologist, 8: 274) records that in 1875, a 
pupa was dug up at Deptford; and Bird (Entomologist, 10: 20) states 
that on October 17, 1876, a pupa was dug at Birchington, and that 
‘“wild convolvulus grew amongst the potatoes where it was found’’. A. 
M. Morley (in litt.) writes that a full-fed larva of the brown form was 
found on lettuce, though not presumably eating it, in Folkestone, on 
July 23, 1952. (For the few other records of the occurrence in nature 
in Kent of the larva and pupa of this species, cf. Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 
343-345.) 

As a fair indication that convoluli occasionally survives here to 
produce a generation, Hawkins (Entomologist, 64: 162) records that in 
1930, on the authority of W. H. Storey, a ¢ was found ‘‘clinging to 
herbage on rough ground above Broadstairs’’; adding that there was 
a lot of convolvulus near the place of capture, and that the insect was 
observed to excrete its meconium. 

First Recorp, 1828: Dover; Margate (Stephens, Haust., 1: 120). 


Sphinx ligustri L.: Privet Hawk. 

Native. Gardens, hedgerows, parks, bushy places on chalk downs, 
wood and copse borders, etc.; on privet, lilac, Viburnum lantana, V. 
opulus, ash, holly, snowberry, Lonicera, ‘‘Spiraea van-housti’’. Found 
in all divisions. 

“Generally distributed, common in some places’’ (V.C.H. (1908)). 

This is not usually a very plentiful species, but appears to be well 
distributed, and of regular occurrence. B. G. Chatfield, however, states 
that at Hawkhurst, of all the Hawkmoths, it is only exceeded numeri- 
cally by LZ. populi; and EK. Evans observes that at Petts Wood, it is 
probably the commonest Hawkmoth at light. A. M. Morley writes that 
without looking for it especially, he has found the species in one stage 
or another in every year except 1941, from 1929 to 1961; and has 
noted the moth every year at light from 1951, but never more than two 
at a time in the trap. Owen (in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 111) 
gives it as ‘‘scarcer in recent years in North Kent’’; but no supporting 
evidence is included with this statement. 

The larva has been frequently found on privet!; and this is probably 
the principal foodplant, at least in Kent. At Broad Oak, I have twice 
taken full-grown larvae feeding on lilac, September 19, 1948, September 
4, 1951 (C.-H.). It has been found on Lonicera, at Folkestone (Cross, 
Hntomologist, 84: 23); on holly, at Folkestone, 1954 (A. M. Morley), and 
at Brasted (R. M. Prideaux); on Spiraea van-houstii, at Hartley (Welch, 
Entomologist, 64: 52); twice on Viburnum lantana, on Folkestone Downs 
(A. M. Morley); on V. opulus [at Wye] (Efflatoun, Entomologist, 50: 


1The larva seems mostly to have been found on Ligustrum ovalifolium, the 
introduced species with elliptic-oval to elliptic-oblong leaves, and only 
occasionally on LZ, vulgare, the native common privet with small 
lanceolate leaves, which is now nearly supplanted for hedging by the 
above. Indeed, at the present time the only positive evidence I have of 
it on the latter plant, is of one found on this in Folkestone Warren by 
A. M. Morley in 1948, 


(6) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


284); on ash, between Ebbsfleet and Minster, September 22, 1915 (H. 
G. Gomm); two on snowberry, at Folkestone, September 8, 1959 (A. M. 
Morley), and nine on this at Dartford, 1946 (B. K. West). A. M. 
Morley (in litt.) writes that on August 7, 1952, he visited a garden at 
Cheriton, where he saw a row of small ash trees about 5 ft. high, which 
were almost defoliated by the larva of this species; there were only four 
larvae still feeding, but he was told that there had been many more; the 
same correspondent states that, in 1960, a neighbour of his, Mrs. 
Chadwick, informed him that she recently found thirteen I-rge ligustri 
larvae on her privet hedge, which is about 20 ft. long. 


VariaTion.—The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—intermedia Tutt, 
two, Folkestone, 1924, one, N. Kent, 1939; pallida Tutt, N. Kent, one, 
1927, one, 1939; subpallida Tutt, numerous from Bexley and ‘‘North 
Kent’’; rosacea Rebel, N. Kent, one, 1920, one, 1922; incerta Tutt, 
Bexley, two bred 1912; brunnea Tutt, Bexley, one bred 1912; ab. ‘‘fore- 
wings normal hindwings pale’’, two from Kent; ab. ‘‘forewings pale 
hindwings normal’’, Bexley, one bred 1915; ab. ‘“‘grey median area’, 
Bexley, one bred 1912; ab. ‘‘median banding reaching costa’’, N. Kent, 
bred 1945. Also, two examples with spiral segmentation, one, N. Kent, 
1939, one, Bexley, bred 1947. 


A full-grown larva with two horns, ‘‘the second one directly beneath 
and about an eighth of an inch lower than the normal one, and only 
about a third as long’’, was found at Folkstone, in 1947 (Cross, Entomo- 
logist, 84: 23). 

First Recorp, 1828: Darenth (Stephens, Haust., 1: 121). 


Hyloicus pinastri L.: Pine Hawk. 
Suspected resident!. Woods, etc. 


The more recent records suggest that the species may be breeding 
in areas in Kent situated near the borders of Surrey and Sussex, 
consequent upon its gradual range extension eastwards from Dorset 
during the past thirty years?. 

1. West Wickham Wood, one taken off paling, May 26, 1884 
(Watkins, Ent. mon. Mag., 21: 34). 

4. Deal*, one, sometime between 1874 and 1876, which had ‘“‘graced 
a baker’s pump’”’ (Carrington, Entomologist, 10: 6). 

5. Westerham, one taken by R. C. Edwards, at light at his house 
in 1952 (R. C. Edwards). 

6. [Halling] onet in Rochester Mus., labelled ‘‘caught by Stephen 
Foreman of Halling about 1920. Rare in Kent’’ (C.-H.). 

[8. Folkestone district.—Listed by Hills, in Walton, Folkestone and 
the Country Around (pub. 1925), but without particulars. ] 

12. Ham Street.—William Stickles, the keeper, showed me onet 
that he took off a pine trunk in Burnt Oak Wood, about 1930 (C.-H.)%. 


1Some of the older records, however, suggest that it may also be a casual 
adventive from abroad 

2Since 1948, it has repeatedly occurred within a few miles of the county 
boundary, as for example at Croydon, in 1949 (Ent. Rec., 61: 94), Shirley 
in 1951 (Ent. Gaz., 2 (4): 267), Selsdon in 1953 (T. L. Barnett), all in 
Surrey; and at Camber, Sussex, in 1955 (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat, Hist. 
Soc., 1955: 24). 

3This is the one mentioned in Scott (1950). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (7) 


13. Tunbridge Wells, one taken by L. R. Tesch, off a sycamore trunk 
about 100 yards within the county boundary, end of June 1954 (L. R. 
Tesch). 

[(‘‘Kent’’ (Reid, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 38) is 
erroneous (W. Reid, in litt.).)] 

First ReEcorp, c. 1875: Deal (Carrington, loc. cit.). 


Celerio euphorbiae L.: Spurge Hawk. 

Immigrant. Gardens, waste places, ete.; [on Huphorbia 
amygdaloides]. 

Altogether, there are records of about a dozen examples alleged to 
have been taken in Kent, but it is suspected that several of these were 
importations, and that a few others were incorrectly determined. The 
number of apparently well authenticated captures is very small, and 
in not a single case are all the circumstances known. 

The earliest reference! to euphorbiae in Kent appears to be that of 
Tylden (Hntomologist, 1: 204), who states that he took a specimen at 
Sevenoaks, but does not give date of capture or circumstances. Sub- 
sequently, it was recorded as follows: —1889: Minster [Thanet], one 
bred from larva, taken July 10, 1889, imago emerged, June 12, 1890+ 
(H. G. Gomm coll.). 1900: Dover, larva, 1900, imago emerged, 1901 
(F. A. Small coll.). 1902: Sevenoaks, onet, labelled in EK. A. Cockayne’s 
handwriting, ‘‘Sevenoaks, 1902, C. Holmes’’. Bred from a larva found 
at Sevenoaks by Mrs. Holmes, wife of the President of the Pharma- 
ceutical Society, and given by her to me, E.A.C.’’ (R.C.K.). ce. 1902: 
Greenhithe, one taken by A. B. Farn, ‘‘freshly emerged on his front door 
knob’’ (Kershaw, Ent. Rec., 68: 154, and in litt.). 1937: Folkestone 
Warren.—‘‘1937. Professor Whitehouse wrote to me saying that during 
the summer a visitor from Birmingham was attracted by his dog’s bark- 
ing at two caterpillars in the Warren. The visitor gave them to him, 
and from them he bred a 2 euphoribae. Whitehouse did not say on what 
plant they were feeding, but I have no doubt that it was on a good 
sized spurge (presumably Euphorbia amygdaloides) that grows freely on 
the near end of the Warren’’ (A. M. Morley in litt.). This specimen, 
though the two statements disagree as to its sex, was apparently lot 
164, described in Glendining’s catalogue of the sale on November 16, 
1948, of the B. Whitehouse coll. as, a ‘‘superb male, bred October 3, 
1937, from a larva found at Folkestone, Kent, at the end of July 
(Beckwith Whitehouse)’’ (C.-H.). 

[ Deal (Coverdale, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 241). Dover and Dartford 
(Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 241). Deal, two, 1888 (R.C.K.). Lamberhurst, one, 
taken June 1908 (E. Pitt-Pitts, teste E. D. Morgan in Given (1946)). 
Sandhurst, a larva found on a fir-tree, where spurge grows, autumn 
1932, imago emerged April 16, 1933, but released before determination 
(G. V. Bull per Rothamsted; Dannreuther, Entomologist, 66: 233).] 

First Recorp, 1841: Sevenoaks (Tylden, Entomologist, 1: 204). 


1Jn 1778, Harris (Aurelian, 88) introduced the species as British, on the strength 
of a larva taken at Barnscray, near Crayford, Kent, but according to 
Stephens (Haust., 1: 126) the larva was that of C. galii (q.v.). 


C. galii Rott.: Bedstraw Hawk. 


Immigrant. Coastal sandhills, gardens, shingle beach, waste places, 
etc.; on Galiwm verum, G. mollugo. Recorded from all divisions, except 


(8) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 


5, 10, 14, but mostly from the east coast, and especially from the 
coast of div. 4. 

The records show a total of some 450 galii found in Kent, of which 
about 400 were larvae. In 1888, approximately 270 individuals were 
taken (including some 23 imagines), the largest number ever recorded 
during any one year. During the present century, galii has been 
noted much less frequently, with a total of but nine specimens, in- 
cluding one only in 1928 for the whole period 1900 to 1948. 


The earliest known occurrence appears to be that of a larva taken 
on ‘‘some marshy ground at Barnscray near Crayford’’ (div. 2), and 
erroneously recorded by Harris (1778, Aurelian, 88) as C, euphorbiae. 

The species has been subsequently noted as follows: —1846: Dunkirk, 
flying over Verbena in a garden (Horsley, Zoologist, 1514). 1847: 
Rainham, September 1 (Longley, Zoologist, 1985). 1854: Between 
Kingsdown and St. Margaret’s Bay, July 22 (Thorne, Zoologist, 4526). 
1855: Deal, three larvae (Harding, Ent. week Int., 1: 116, 132, 151); 
two, bred from larvae found by F. Smith (Stevens, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 
1856: 22; Syme, Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 6). 1856: Darenth Wood, August 
(Mercer, Ent. week. Int., 1: 166). Deal, about two dozen larvae, 
August-September (Syme, Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 6). 1857: Lewisham, 
August 27 (Stainton, Hnt. week. Int., 2: 182). Deal and Kingsdown, 
larvae, September-November, including one with some 20-30 whitish 
‘Gchneumon’’, ova attached to the skin (Syme, Ent. week. Int., 3: 172, 
idem, Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 6). 1858: Deal, three larvae, early October 
(Syme, Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 6). N.d.: Folkestone district (English’s 
Guide to Folkestone (1859), edit. S. J. Mackie). 

1859: Tunbridge Wells, July (Challis, Ent. week. Int., 6: 147). 
Gillingham, August 29 (Chaney (1884-87)). Charlton, a larva, September 
(Potter, Hnt. week. Int., 7: 26). Near Dover, about 36 larvae, on 
G. verum (Rogers, Ent. week. Int., 6: 163). Deal, one ‘‘flying in hot 
sunshine’, July; ten larvae (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 6: 140, 171, 196); 
about 40-50 larvae, August-September (Syme, Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 6). 

1862: Deal, three larvae, end of August (Syme, Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 
6). 1864: Folkestone, a larva, on G. verum (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 
1: 189) (‘‘Larva on Bedstraw in Warren; September’’ (Knaggs (1870)), 
may be based on Meek’s record). 1868: Deal, one (Harding, Entomo- 
logist, 4: 118). 1870: Gravesend neighbourhood, larvae (Button, 
Entomologist, 5: 221). Plumstead, one, August (Barns, Entomologist, 
5: 265). 

1888: Kingsdown, July 20, 24 (W. G. Sheldon, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 
4: 198). Folkestone, July 29 (Austen, Entomologist, 21: 231). Rams- 
gate neighbourhood, two larvae, September 13, and an imago earlier 
(Buckmaster, Entomologist, 21: 257). Dartford, August 4 (Youens, 
Entomologist, 21: 231). Maidstone, a larva, September 8 (Foster, 
Entomologist, 21: 273). Gravesend, August (Gostling, Entomologist, 
22: 112). St. Margaret’s Bay, seventeen flying over Echium vulgare, 
July-August (Williams, Entomologist, 21: 230; idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1888-89: 61). St. Margaret’s Bay to Pegwell Bay, 
being distributed over a considerable area, and not only near the sea 
line, but in places five or six miles inland, altogether between August 
30 and the end of September, Gibb, Porritt, and Tugwell and his family 
took 196 larvae, mostly feeding on G. verum, but a few also on G. 
mollugo (Tugwell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1888-89: 66). 


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2/6 per dozen.—T. H. Fox, 28 Boxrwell Road, Berkhamstead, Herts. 

S. Cameroons.—Collector is open to receive commissions to collect, preferably 
Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Coleoptera, but would be prepared to con- 
sider other orders of Insects.—Please contact: M. L. Benson, P.O. Box 39, 
Victoria, S. Cameroons. 

For Sale or Exchange.—Cisbilamellatus living male and female. Six for 2/- or 
exchange.—G. Wood, 102 Beaconsfield Road, Epsom Downs, Surrey. 


TRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue 
of Irish macrolepidoptera has been published since Lt. Col. C. Donovan’s 
List in 1936. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List, 
and in order that it may be as up to date as possible, I should be most 
erateful for any records from lepidopterists who have collected in 
Ireland since the date of Col. Donovan’s publication. Full acknowledg- 
ment will be made. 


E. S. A. BAYNES 
2 Arkendale Road, Glengeary, Co. Dublin, Eire 


ets ee ae en ae ee 
ESS 3 : 


IMPORTANT AUCTION SALE ANNOUNCEMENT 


The 2nd Portion of the P. BU RTON, Esq., Collection of 
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA 


will be sold on THURSDAY, March 1, 1962 
(Viewing all day Wednesday, February 28, and morning of Sale) at: 


Messrs Debenham, Storr & Co. Lid., 26 King St., Covent Garden, W.C.2. 


' Consisting of an almost complete collection of 


SPHINGIDAE, LasiocaMPIpAE, ArctTimpaz, Noctuipar, and GEOMETRIDAE, 
and other families 


including hybrid S. populz (two), British takéh Galii, Livornica, Celerio, 
Euphorbiae, and nerwi, also fine aberrations of A. caja, villica, dominula 
and jacobaeae, melanic L. callunae, and versicolora; HYBRIDS of 
various species, including newmani, colour forms and melanics of the 
ZYGAENIDAE, bred Kent C. fraxini; outstanding forms of A. grossulariata, 
including one UNIQUE UNNAMED FORM, Alchymista (one), P. ni 
(one), Lamda (one), all with British data, and many other fine insects 
contained in one 40-drawer solid mahogany BRADY CABINET, one 
20-drawer solid mahogany CROCKETT CABINET, and two 10-drawer 
mahogany HILL UNITS. 


Sale arranged and catalogued by: 


L, HUGH NEWMAN, F.R.E.S. 
The Butterfly Farm Ltd., 42 Salisbury Road, Bexiey, Keni 


(Phone Crayford 22686) 


from whom further particulars can be obtained 


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BEETLES 


OF THE BRITISH ISLES. 


First Series: The Superfamilies Caraboidea, Palpicomia, es ee a : ae ae | 
Staphylinoidea and Diversicornia. Maite gee 


SECOND SERIES: The > ups saiilice Clavicornia, — a 
Heteromera, Lamellicornia, Phytophaga and Rhynacho- ee 
phora, and including the Strepsiptera. — tse 


KE. F. uae F.Z.S., F.R.ES., F.R.P.S._ 


This Gwen work on one of the largest pe or 
British insects, gives a_ full description of all ‘the 
common species found in this country, as well as most 
of the rare ones. The beautifully executed illustrations, — 
in colour as well as in black and white, add greatly to the 
value of the book, which also contains numerous text oS i 
figures and diagrams. aa . Reerse Si : 2 chs a i 


Algioiate the Coleoptera are a clearly-defined ‘awit aes sy : 
evidently a distinct order, the members comprising its Rem 


2a 


nevertheless differ ery from each other: a : the | 


tion has been—and continues to ne ‘matte ‘of sake 
difficulty. However, the usefulness of “keys” is not to be : 
ee when dealing with such a vast ascent a of 


ing the greatest possible number of iTlustrainaee Bes as” 
many species as possible, which, at the same time, will 
also serve as characteristic representatives of the fami lies 
whereof they are members. Such illustrations con 
sequently constitute a Pictorial | Key to the families. 


First Series : 19 plates in full colour, ise con 
20 plates in black-and-white. a 
‘Second Series : 44 plates in full colour, oe ei 

43 plates: in black-and-white. 


FREDERICK WARNE & Co. Led. 
1-4 Bedford Cait Strand, London, W.C.2 es 


Studies in the Geography of Lepidoptera, VII: 


Theories of the origin of the West Palearctic 
and World Faunae 
By E. FP. Wiutsurre, F.R.E.S. 


CONTENTS 
Introduction ... sa 8 aif ee ue as ue 2. QS 
The theories; a selective bibliographical summary: ... ate 3730 
I. Orthodox theories _... om” AL AS hie is BY 130 
Il. Mobilist theories... LES ee aA ey Os Esetey ts) 
III. Intermediate theories me Ba a4 Ms, My Ly AS 
Critical discussion : 
A. Old and new theories; factual data ... ahs ds MS 7 
B. Scope of theories and points at issue... at sad LUNGS 
C. Procedure and _ criteria ... 2 Me hs aes LA Oo 
D. Provisional conclusions ns AL He 1G Lie AED, OM 
References he ie oh 49 Lf 89 im EO 144938 
Introduction. 


A provisional classification of lepidoptera exists, and although much 
work remains to be done in many families, their taxonomy and prob- 
ably their phylogeny are, in principle, ascertainable. Their present 
distribution and ecology are likewise ascertainable, and they can be 
classed accordingly. In the third article in this series (1945) the range- 
categories of West Palearctic Lepidoptera were tabulated, and it was 
stressed that these should not be confounded with origin-categories, as 
origin is more speculative. The fossil record of lepidoptera is compara- 
tively deficient, so that both place and period of origin are theoretical. 
By correlating geographical, taxonomic and geological data, however, 
writers have deduced both places and periods of origin. As further 
geological discoveries are made and new techniques applied, the truth 
or fallacy of these theories will become apparent; doubtless future zoo- 
geographers will arrive at theories somewhat different from those now 
current. The present article endeavours to summarise the latter 
critically 

Comparatively few British lepidopterists of the present generation 
are interested in zoogeography, and those few (see Beirne 1947 and Ford 
1945) seem preoccupied with assessing the period in which species 
entered the British Isles. This point of history is less speculative, 
because less remote than the kind of origin with which this article deals, 
it is only the last step in a far longer story. The origin of the species, 
still more of the genera, of the British fauna is, of course, much older 
than their date of entry into Britain; no biogeographer has supposed 
that there is a centre of origin in the British Isles. Many European 
writers also look no further back than the periods envisaged by Beirne 
and Ford. 

The fact that entomologists use ‘‘origin’’ in different senses has had 
a confusing effect on their writings about it. 


*The previous article in this series was in 1956 (see References at end). 


30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 13/11/1962 


The origin of a migrant usually means the origin of a given example, 
o; wave of immigrants. 

Historical origin of a species or fauna, however, refers to both time 
and place, the time being always geological ; phylogeny is often involved. 
Even migrants have a history involving these considerations, but harder 
to deduce than the history of more sedentary species. 

The history of the components of a fauna, to be complete, should con- 
sist of a series of origins for progressively higher taxonomic groups and 
progressively remoter periods; the place of each origin may or may not 
have changed, but in most cases doubtless will have. Following this 
series back, the ultimate goal, for a lepidopterist, will be the ancestor 
for the whole order, and probably its place of evolution cannot con- 
vincingly be deduced from any data now available or likely to be found. 
The present review, however, will shew that at least one author has sug- 
gested both place and period for a whole family, while another has not 
shrunk from suggesting the period of origin of the ancestor of all 
lepidoptera. 

This review endeavours, not only to summarise the substance but also 
to analyse the arguments and criteria that have appeared in the 
literature on West Palearctic lepidoptera of the past forty years; this 
may facilitate a later evaluation of the same. No attempt will be made 
here to judge finally between the theories. A North American writer 
on world faunae has been included, as his views are relevant to the 
above, and it is necessary, at least, to some extent, to see the West 
Palearctic in the wider perspective. 


The theories: a selective bibliographical summary. 

Although this article is primarily concerned with lepidoptera, it is 
not possible to overlook the writings of those dealings with other groups, 
as some of these have greatly influenced the lepidopterists, and there is 
a general assumption that terrestrial faunae and florae have had a 
similar history. 

The authors here considered therefore are as follows, those in capitals 
writing on lepidoptera: 


(I) Orthodox: Scharff, Veriry, Carapsa, Peyerimhoff, Bovurstn, 
LatTIn, WAGENER. 


(II) Mobilist: Hertne, Jeannel. 
(III) Intermediate: ALBERTI, CLEU, FORBES. 


While the theories of the orthodox group are far from identical, 
the geological data of the mobilist group are radically different for 
certain areas of the world and the remoter periods. 


I. Orthodox theories, following Wallace and Scharff. 

Present Holarctic forms are derived from a N.E. Asian early- 
Tertiary centre of origin (Arcto-Tertiary fauna) (Wallace). 

An Atlantic or Lusitanian element in Western Europe wag the 
earliest to reach the British Isles; affinities between some of its com- 
ponents and the fauna of the Antilles must be explained by a trans- 
atlantic land-bridge, ‘‘Archatlantis’. Oriental migrants into Europe 
were of mixed Central, Southern and Western Asian origin; their 
immigration continued through much of the Tertiary but they reached 


STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA 31 


the British Isles rather later than the Lusitanian; the Alpine element 
is probably of Central Asian origin; later immigrants were the Arctic 
and Siberian types, the latter being typified by the larger of two races 
of Red Deer (Scharff). 


The present Kuropean fauna is: almost entirely of N.E. Asian 
(Verity), entirely of Angaran origin (Caradja). 

There have been three successive waves of migration from this 
centre during the Tertiary and Pleistocene, conditioned by the 
presence or absence of inland seas; the first, or southern in the mid- 
Tertiary, advanced from China along the Altin Tag into Persia and 
Turkey, thence either into 8. Greece, Italy, Sicily, Tunisia and Spain, 
or southwards via Egypt to the same goal; the second, or central, later 
in the Tertiary along the Tian Shan into Persia, thence into Hurope 
via Greece and the Balkans; and the third, or northern, after the 
Pleistocene Glaciations, from Siberia via Russia. It is possible to 
detect races (Scharff), or ‘‘exerges’’ (Verity) in most of the present 
species of Europe or N. Africa corresponding to these three migrations. 
(An exerge is a group of local races characterised by common 
characters; Verity refused to use the term ‘“‘subspecies’’ for such). 
(Verity’s theory, of course, implies that during the Tertiary, except in 
few cases where he recognises closely related species as representing his 
exerges, evolution has only been infra-specific; he chooses to consider 
N.E. Asia as, in the main, a specific centre). 


Petersen (1924) suggested that the post-glacial immigrants came not 
from Siberia but from a Ural refuge, which repopulated both Europe 
and Siberia; but this alternative, mentioned in Hering (1925), finds no 
later support. 


The ‘‘widely extending uniformity of forms’’ not only of the typically 
European (Siberian) but of the Boreal, Mediterranean and Eremic 
faunae, is a sign of their common origin, this being Angaran. Although 
the late Tertiary Palearctic fauna of Eurasia was less differentiated 
than the Recent, the northern fringe was even then occupied by Boreal 
specialists and the southern by Eremic specialists. The Ice Age itself, 
however, is mainly responsible for the differentiations and speciations 
now observable (Caradja). 


‘West Palearctic beetle genera are either (i) diffuse, (11) Holarctic 
(111) Eurasian, or (iv) endemic West Palearctic. The first are mostly of 
Tropical origin, the second Arcto-Tertiary, the third the results of the 
Oligo-Miocene desiccation of certain Eurasian lands, the fourth prob- 
ably Paleo-tropical relicts; these inhabit Macaronesia, N.W. Africa, 
the Iberian peninsula, etc.; there is no transatlantic bridge, as the few 
related elements common to the Antilles and Macaronesia are Arcto- 
Tertiary forms driven south by climatic deterioration (Peyerimhoff). 


The world distribution of the genus Cucullia resembles that of 
Colias; it is an Arcto-Tertiary genus but contains two Eurasian groups 
each with a characteristic distribution: (i) a Compositae-feeding group 
which contains 14 West-Chinese endemics, (‘‘Angaran  Paleo- 
endemisms’’); and (ii) the Verbascum-feeding group in N, Africa, S. 
Kurope and S.W. Asia; these patterns may indicate different centres 
of origin (Boursin 1941); altogether there are four recognisable Pale- 
arctic centres of origin: the Palearctic-Pacific, the Angaran from which 
the Euro-Siberian elements are derived, the Caucaso-Iranian and the 


32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


Atlantic-Mediterranean; each centie has produced several ecological 
types (Boursin, 1943). 

The late Piiocene Eurasian fauna was, as Caradja said, compara- 
tively uniform; it was sub-tropical, however, and was not entirely of 
Angaran origin, as certain genera, now concentrated in West Pale- 
arctic, indicate a Mediterranean centre of origin. The Kurasian glacial 
refuges are the most important centres of origin for the Palearctic 
fauna, and the Mediterranean ones for the European fauna; many wide- 
spread late Tertiary Eurasian species, however, had several Glacial 
refuges. (Lattin). ; 

The genus Melanargia has more present forms in Western than 
Eastern Kurasia; its Far Eastern forms are more primitive, but its 
centre of origin (early Tertiary) was located in Fenno-Sarmatia; only 
one species, an ancestral form, inhabited this centre, which is a generic 
centre; most of the existing species have only evolved recently, under 
the stimulus of Pleistocene climatic changes. (Wagener). (Compare 
this with Verity). 


If. Mobilist theories, following Wegener and du Toit. 


Jeannel is the great entomological exponent of the Wegenerian 
theory; Hering was earlier but more reserved. These geological 
theories are of greater moment to world faunistic history, and the 
history of the higher categories, than to that of West Palearctic and 
its lower taxonomic groups. They contain two different concepts which 
are independent of each other, Continental Drift and Polar Shift. The 
former is more relevant to world theories, but the latter is of consider- 
able importance to the history of the West Palearctic faunae, especially 
for the mid-Tertiary and earlier periods. 


(a) Continental drift. 


The present continents are themselves the centrifugal fragments of 
a single ancient continent, Gondwanaland; the first and most important 
rupture in this block was a fissure, beginning between South Africa 
and Antarctica, extending between South Africa and South America, 
and gradually widening, and ending in the Pliocene in the formation 
of the Arctic Ocean between Greenland and North Eurasia. The fact 
that the Brazilian and West African coastlines correspond like pieces 
in a jigsaw puzzle probably inspired this theory, for which there is other 
evidence too. During the Mesozoic Period, when the process of drift 
was half completed, three great centres of origin existed: Laurentia 
(Gin N. America), Angara (in E. Asia), and Gondwanaland (principally 
Africa, with a detached fragment in South America). 


(b) Polar Shift. 


The earth’s poles have in successive geological periods changed their 
position relative to the continental masses; no other explanation is 
required to account for the presence of sub-tropical or tropical fossil 
types in what is now sub-arctic territory and which the orthodox doc- 
trine explains by postulating a wider sub-tropical zone than the present. 
Former periods had ice caps, temperate zones, arid zones, tropical zones 
as to-day, concentric on shifting poles and often oblique to present 
latitudinal zones, 

The first of these two concepts made it no longer necessary to invoke, 


STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA ay 


as Scharff had done, improbable inter-continental land-bridges to ex- 
plain distributional anomalies. 

The second, however, if accepted, will necessitate more thorough 
geological explorations over a great part of the globe’s surface before 
assumptions, made under the orthodox doctrine, can continue to be 
accepted ; under the latter, with Poles not moving through the ages, a 
thorough geological investigation of a small sector of a latitudinal 
zone (e.g. Europe) provided evidence of climates, fauna and flora which 
could be accepted as indicating similar conditions for the same periods 
over the whole latitude. 


One can, of course, accept the first, without accepting the second of 
these two theories or concepts. 


Wegenerian doctrine, as expounded by Jeannel, also stresses that 
orthodox geologists’ classifications are based principally on marine 
deposits which are insignificant during geocratic periods such as the 
Montian and Pontian; such periods, however, are those of supreme 
importance in the history of terrestrial faunae, as the transcontinental 
seas were then at their lowest and smallest, permitting freer inter- 
changes of faunae and florae. 


Europe was not a Mesozoic centre but began to receive the faunae 
of Gondwanaland and Angara in the Montian (end of Cretaceous) after 
a long submersion. The Angaran elements entered Europe via the 
Northern Aegeis (Balkans); but access to Europe for the Angaran 
fauna was again interrupted in the Eocene and Oligocene by inland 
seas. The African (Gondwanaland) elements entered Europe via the 
Southern Aegeis (Anatolia). Approaching more recent times, the 
Wegenerian doctrine, as expounded by Jeannel, approximates to the 
orthodox; the next geogratic period was the Pontian (Upper Miocene) ; 
during this the Sahara was a sea, but a single land-block (‘‘Mesogeis’’) 
united the Iberian Peninsula with the Caucasus; in this period, how- 
ever. Macaronesia became finally separated from Morocco, and the 
straits of Gibraltar came into existence. The later geological history 
of Europe consists of a succession of marine transgressions and minor 
geocratic periods followed by the Pleistocene glaciations (Jeannel). 


Hering considered that Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift pro- 
vided the best explanation hitherto offered for the distribution of re- 
lated Hepialid genera peculiar to S. Africa and Australia, of Castniid 
genera, peculiar to S. America (Castnia) and Australia (Synemon), 
and Megalopygid genera, two of which are found in Africa and the 
rest, much more richly developed, in S. America only; one of the African 
genera is Somabrachys which has but three species, all distributed along 
the N. African coast, i.e. a West Palearctic range. (Hering, & Wilt- 
shire, 1949). 

Counter-argument: these disjunct patterns may be explained by 
an ancestor of world-wide distribution which has died out everywhere 
else. (Forbes 1926). 


ITT. Intermediate theories. 

Theories which are not vitally affected by whether Wegenerian doc- 
trine is correct or not, may be termed ‘‘intermediate’’. Alberti may be 
classed here, though in fact his only mobilism is to suggest that the 
equator passed through N. Egypt in the Middle Tertiary. Cleu can 


34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


also be classed here, though a staunch follower of Jeannel because his 
particular field of study is the rather limited one of the West Mediter- 
ranean, and certain bioncenoses of southern France. The theories of 
Forbes, though in 1926 he was critical of Wegenerian doctrine, dealt 
with period rather than place, and so are unaffected by the controversy. 


Alberti is the only lepidopterist to base his theories on a revision of 
a, whole family on a world-wide basis; in scope he comes nearest to doing 
for this order what Jeannel did for Coleoptera. The Indo-Chinese area 
was, in the earliest Tertiary, perhaps earlier, the centre of origin of 
the Zygaenidae, as its most primitive types are now found there, Less 
advanced types, ancestral to the West Palearctic, are found in Ethiopia 
which was therefore a secondary centre of origin; from there the 
ancestors of the Zygaeninae and Procridinae (sub-families characteristic 
of Western Palearctic) probably underwent a further development 
in the Middle Tertiary in the Egyptian-Arabian area, which has since 
become dessicated and uninhabitable by their descendants. The 
generic centres of origin of both Zygaena and Procris are in the Ana- 
tolian-Iranian area, which is still inhabited by fairly primitive relict- 
species of both. From this centre they spread east and west, but the 
westward branch speciated particularly richly. (Alberti). 


A study of the specific range-patterns of South French lepidoptera 
indicates six main types: a fauna with headquarters in the Iberian 
peninsula, to be explained by an Atlanto-Mediterranean centre of 
origin (‘‘an ecological area of refuge and evolution’’); a second with an 
East Mediterranean or Antolian-Iranian centre corresponding to 
Verity’s central migration; thirdly, a Eurasian montane group, with a 
somewhat similar history to the second; fourthly, a purely European, 
Alpine group (Hrebia, etc.) which is doubtless an archaic endemic 
element, perhaps with a Balkan centre of origin; fifthly a Boreo-Alpine 
croup; and sixthly, a majority group of Euro-Siberian species. The two 
Mediterranean centres date from the middle and early Tertiary, when 
they received not only Arcto-Tertiary stocks (e.g. Lithophane) but also 
a few African ones (e.g. Pachypasa). (Cleu). 


We must now take a big leap into the remoter past with our 
final theorist, who postulates no place for his beginnings: the most 
primitive Rhopalocera family, the Papilionidae, originated in the 
Jurassic Age; the Micropterygidae, in the Permian; Lepidoptera as an 
order, in the Carboniferous. (Forbes). 


CRITICAL DISCUSSION 


A. Old and new theories; factual data 


A lepidopterist writing on the geography and history of his subject 
matter will have before him the factual data of his own science, and 
the historical theories and factual data of geologists, paleontologists 
and biogeographers; these theories are here termed ‘‘old’’; his own 
may be new. 

An old theory is often accepted as doctrine or data, and the 
taxonomic and distributional facts are interpreted in that light, or 
even made to fit it. Thus Verity and Caradja follow Wallace and 
Scharff’s theory of the origin of the Holarctic Arcto-Tertiary forms. 
Thus, too, Jeannel follows Wegener and du Toit, accepting mobilism 
as a working hypothesis. Their theories are not new though doubtless 


STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA 35 


they were the first to apply them to certain insects. 


The lepidopterist, on the other hand, may only accept, as his data, 
the less controversial and less speculative of paleontological doctrine ; 
correlating these with the distributional and taxonomic facts of his 
own science he may, as it were, sit in judgment on the more con- 
troversial and more speculative. Thus Hering finds the Wegenerian 
theory the best available explanation for the disjunct distribution of 
certain related groups; thus, too, Wagener suggests an early Tertiary 
Fenno-Sarmatian centre of origin for the genus Melanargia; in the 
first case the lepidopterist after a critical judgment has approved an 
old theory, in second he has proposed a new and original theory. 


Whether his theory is, in the above sense, new or old, he will usually 
employ a procedure, and mention certain criteria or evidence, in 
support of the theory he puts forward; where he offers no evidence, 
his theory is ‘‘purely hypothetical’ or even arbitrary. 


B Scope of theories and points at issue 


A complete historical theory about a (i) species, (11) genus or sub- 
genus, (iii) tribe, (iv) sub-family, (v) family, (vi) sub-order, (vii) order, 
should state : 

(a) the length of time it has occupied its present distribution ; 

(b) length of time it has been specifically (if a species, etc.) identical 

with its present (or original) form; 

(c) period and centre where it speciated or evolved. 


If the history is carried back to stage (v) a remote geological era 
will doubtless have been reached where the paleontological data available 
do not permit the centres of origin to be deduced at all precisely. Many 
authors, aware that their theories are increasingly speculative as they 
proceed from stage (i) to (ii), and so on, have confined their theories to 
local races (Beirne, Ford) and do not even look as far back as (i): 
such authors are those especially interested in a local fauna. A history 
of West Palearctic species or faunae will be principally concerned with 
stages (i)-(v); of world faunae with (ii1)-(vil1). 

The points at issue, when we come to compare different theories, 
are, not the scope, which it may be wise to limit, but: time, place, 
migration, extinction, and rate of evolution. 


C. Procedure and criteria: pure hypothesis 


Perhaps dissatisfied at the variance in theories offered, some 
authors have laid down principles for reconstructing histories of faunae, 
species, genera, etc.; these principles usually include procedure, some- 
times recommend criteria too. If we summarise these, we find a conflict 
between some : — 


1. If considering a local fauna, one should first eliminate from the 
list: 
(i) species that human agency has favoured (unless very recent 
history is being reconstructed) (Beirne, Wiltshire) ; 
(ii) migrants ; 
(11) vagrants and ecologically plastic species ; 
(iv) those whose biology is obscure (Wiltshire, Daniel & 
Wolfsberger). 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


2. Distribution-patterns of unrelated species of a given local fauna 
fall into a few types; these range-categories of species have a 
common history and centre of origin, at least to some extent. 
(Cleu, Boursin, Lattin). 

3. Centres of origin can be deduced or confirmed by the following 
criteria : 

(i) concentrations of related forms (Lattin, Boursin, Wilt- 
shire) ; 
(ii) richness and diversity of genera (Jeannel); 
(iii) presence of endemic genera (Boursin). 

4. Discontinuity of range indicates antiquity (Scharff, and most 
authors, including Hering and Forbes, despite their different 
views (see p. 6 above); both those views accept high antiquity as 
explaining the cases discussed). 

5. The present location of the most primitive forms of a group 
indicates its centre or origin (Caradja, Alberti). Counter- 
argument :—Most primitive forms now existing have descended 
from a more primitive ancestor which has died out and may have 
originated elsewhere (Wagener, Jeannel). 

6. Secondary and tertiary (not in the geological sense of these words) 
centres of origin can be deduced from the present geographical 
location of phylogenetically derived forms (Alberti). (N.B.—The 
counter-argument of extinction of an ancestor may be met by 
postulating a centre of origin for the extinct ancestor different 
from the present location of the next most primitive, extant, 
form.) (Alberti, Wagener.) 

7. The central point of a species’ range is its centre of origin. 
(Hering.) (The counter-argument of extinction at some points 
might be invoked against this.) 

8. ‘‘A wide uniformity of forms’’ in different ecofaunae indicates 
the common origin of these ecofaunae. (Caradja, Boursin.) 

9. Generic range-patterns are more important than _ specific; 
taxonomic revision of the group studied is necessary. (Peyerim- 
hoff.) Revisions for this purpose should be phylogenetic; some 
old classifications are practical rather than phylogenetic. 


(Alberti). 

10. (a) Ecofaunae rather than specific range-categories are the units 
for which a common history may be inferred. (Stegmann, 
Uvarov.) 


(b) Both range-categories and ecofaunae contain elements with 
different histories; both require closer analysis. For lepidoptera, 
a unit, lower than the ecofauna which is useful, is the foodplant- 
group; but even these groups contain some elements which, on 
phylogenetic and geographical grounds, appear to have had 
different histories. (Wiltshire, Cleu.) 

11. Ecology, especially diet, may be used in deducing period of 
origin. (Forbes.) 


It is now necessary to say something of the theories unsupported by 
criteria such as the above. 

These should not have been advanced without a discussion of the 
point at issue, preferably showing that there is no other acceptable 
alternative for the unsupported theory. 


Py 


STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA 37 


A striking example of such a theory is the slow rate of speciation 
which Verity, compared with later writers, proposed for nearly all the 
Rhopalocera of Europe. It seems likely that the reason why Verity did 
not discuss this point was that he accepted as doctrine Scharff’s similar 
theory of the origin of European races of red deer. The rather different 
theories of Lattin and Wagener, that the origin of many of the 
European species is later in the Tertiary or even as recent as the 
Pleistocene, were published very much later. 

In most other cases where a writer advances no criteria to support 
his theory it is also because it is an old theory, which he accepts as 
doctrine; but Jeannel differs from these, as he expounds the arguments 
in favour of the mobilist theories before using them as a working 
hypothesis. 

It is almost impossible for a lepidopterist to verify or assess all the 
relevant geological data. Much of what we all accept as factual data 
may be no more than false theory due to mistaken interpretation of 
fossils, etc., by geologists. 


D. Provisional conclusions 


We are still far from the day when paleogeographers can provide us 
with a detailed and accepted account of the climatic and topographical 
changes of all the regions of the world for all periods relevant to our 
purpose, with maps showing lands, seas, mountains and vegetation 
zones; but such alone will furnish a firm basis with which to correlate 
the present distributional and taxonomic data. At present, on the 
contrary, one often reads works in which the entomologist offers his 
conclusions as evidence for or against the theories of paleogeographers. 

The earlier lepidopterists, of those here reviewed, tended to accept 
the old theories of Wallace and Scharff uncritically; later writers have 
been more critical and some have proposed new theories. Some have 
deduced, from similar facts, conflicting theories; different conclusions 
for different groups of lepidoptera are, however, periectly compatible, 
unless there is a very close analogy between the groups concerned. A 
uniform rate of evolution and speciation between different groups, or 
even between different members of one group, is not necessary; but 
criteria justifying a given rate have not been given, and some of the 
conflicting theories on the subject seem arbitrary. Conflicts of opinion 
regarding centres of origin are partly due to doubt or confidence in the 
criterion of the present location of representative species. Basic con- 
flicts of opinion are inevitable when authors accept as doctrine irrecon- 
cilably opposed theories. No synthesis is possible between the concept 
of a stable and that of a shifting pole, except for the later Tertiary and 
Pleistocene periods. The theory of continental drift is now widely 
accepted as preferable to that of trans-oceanic land-bridges; but some 
authors consider that there is a third theory, more satisfactory as long 
as the Wegenerian theory is not fully established, to account for con- 
tinental disjunct distributions, namely the extinction of a more wide- 
spread ancestor. 

Many criteria used can, as shown, be countered by similar arguments 
to this third theory; a theory should therefore be supported by other 
criteria also, before it can be considered probable. A theory supported 
by no criterion is purely hypothetical and cannot be considered as 
probable unless no alternative explanation exists. 


38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/11/1962 


The present survey is not the place for the exhaustive evaluation of 
the procedure, criteria and theories summarised; even were one to 
sift them and select what seem the best conclusions, these would still 
have to be considered provisional, since probably future geologists, and 
perhaps even entomologists phylogeneticists too, will revise the data 
which current authors have had to accept. 


REFERENCES 
Alberti, B. 1954. ‘‘Uber die stammegeschichtliche Gliederung der Zygaenidae 
nebst Revision einiger Gruppe’. Mitt. aus. d. Mus. Humb.-Univ. Berlin, 
30: H. 2-3. 
Beirne, B. P. 1947. ‘The origin and history of the British Macrolepidoptera”’. 
Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 98. 


Boursin, C. 1944. ‘Die Cucullia-arten aus Dr. Hones China-Ausbeuten”’. Jris, 
55: 28-84. 

———, 1943. ‘“‘Sur une Conistra nouvelle de la Faune atlantc-méditerranéenne”. 
Mem. Mus. d Hist. Nat. d’Hist. Nat., 18: F. 4, 161-190. 


Caradja, A. 1934. ‘‘Herkunst und Evolution der Palearktischen Lepidopteren- 
fauna’. Int. Ent. Zeit. Guben., 28: 217-223, 235-236, 261-4, 287-292, 361-6, 
381-5. f 

1933. “Gedanken uber Herkunst und Evolution der europaeischen 
Lepidopteren’’. Ent, Rundsch., 50: 213-7, 236-40, 245-8. 


Cleu, H. 1945. ‘‘Principes de biogéographie régionale, et notes sur le peuplement 

du bassin moyen du Rhone’. Rev. Fr. @Ent., 12: 17-136. 

1947. “‘Le peuplement en lepidopteres du bassin supérieur de la Durance. 

Mem. du Mus. Nat. @Hist. nat., 20: F. 3, 141-188. 

———. 1950. ‘Les faunes entomologiygues Méditerranéennes dans le bassin du 
Rhone, et leur rapports avec les éléments de la flore’. Mem. Mus. Nat. 
ad’ Hist. n. s., 30: f. 3. 

. 1953. “Biogéographie et peuplement entomologique du Bassin de 
VArdeche’’. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 129. 


Daniel & Wolfsberger, 1955. ‘‘Die Fohrengebiete des Alpenraumes als Refugien 
warmliebender Insekten. I. Der. Kaunerberghang im  Ober-Inntal’’. 
Zeits. d. Wiener Ent. Ges., 4Q: 13-136. 


Forbes, W. T. M. 1926. (Book review.) Entom. News., 37: 309-12. 

———. 1932. ‘“‘How old are the Butterflies?” The Amer. Nat., 66: Sept.-Oct. 

———. 1958. ‘Caterpillars as botanists’. Proc. X. In. Congr. Entom. TI. 
Abstract. 

Ford, E. B. 1945. ‘Butterflies’. Collins, London. Ch. 14. 

Hering, M. 1925. ‘Biologie der Schmetterlinge’’. Springer, Berlin. 

Jeannel, R. 1942 ‘La Génése des Faunes Terrestres’’. Presses Universitaires 
de France. 

Lattin, G. de. 1949. ‘‘Beitrage zur Geographie die Mittelmeergebietes”. Verh. 
deutsch. Zool. Kiel., 1948: 9. Leipzig. 

———. 1950. “Uber die zoogeographische Verhaltnisse Vorderasiens’’. id. 
Marburg, 1950. Leipzig. 

——.. 1952. “Zur Evolution der westpalearktischen Lepidopterenfauna”’. 
Decheniana, 105/6. Bonn. 

——. 1956. ‘Die Ausbreitungszentren des westpalearktischen Landtierwelt’’. 
Verh. d. deutsch. Zool, Hamburg, 1956. Leipzig. 

Peyerimhoff, P. de. 1946. ‘Les coleoptéres des Atlantides et lélément 
atlantique’’. Soc. de Biogeog. Mem., 8. Le Chevalier, Paris. 

Scharff, R. F. 1899. ‘‘The history of the European fauna’’. London. 

Stegmann, B. K. 1936. ‘On the principles of the zcogeographical division of 
the Palearctis as the basis of a study of types of its Ornithofauna’’. 
Summarised by B. P. Uvarov in: Nature, 139: pp. 492-4. 

Petersen, W. 1924. ‘“‘Lepidopteren-fauna von Esthland’’. (Reval) mentioned in 
Hering (1925) and Reinig (1937): ‘‘Die Holarktis’’ (Fischer, Jena.). 
Uvarov, B. P. 1953. ‘‘Some effects of past climatic changes on the distribution 

of African Acrididae’. Trans. IX. Int. Ent. Congr. 

Verity, R. 1926. ‘“‘The geographical variation of Coenonympha pamphilus’’. 

Zeits. Wiss. Insektembiol., 21. 
. 1940. ‘Le farfalle diurne d’Italia”’. I. p. x. (Florence). 


NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 39 


Wagener, S. 1961. ‘‘Monographie der ostasiatischen Formen der Gattung 
Melanargia’. Pt. 3, ch. 6, pp. 179 ff. (Zoologica, 108: 39, pts. 1, 2, 3; 
W. E. Ankel, Giessen; Schweizerbarth, Stuttgart.) 

Wallace, R. A. 1876. ‘“‘The geographical distribution of animals’. London. 

Wiltshire, E. P. 1945. ‘‘Studies in the geography of lepidoptera, III, the 
zoogeographical classification of West Palearctic species’. The Entom., 
78, Aug.-Sept.* 

——. 1949. “id. V. The Egyptian Fauna; its components, distribution and 
probable history’. Bull. Soc. Fouad. I. Ent., 33: pp. 432 ff. 

-———, 1950. ‘‘Some notes on the Shatt el Arab oasis and its insects’. Ent. Rec., 
62. 

——. 1956. ‘Studies in the geography of lepidoptera, VI. A new suggestion 
regarding the history of the Swallow-tail butterfly in the British Isles”. 
Ent. Rec., 68, Nov. 

———. 1957. ‘‘The Lepidoptera of Iraq’. Kaye, London. 


*CORRIGENDA to above article (Wiltshire, 1945). 


The following corrections, to be made to the above article, may conveniently 
be mentioned here. For two range-categories I now prefer to cite different 
type-species: for the ETHIOPIAN, instead of C. florella, which also inhabits 
Ceylon, Papilio demodocus L. should be substituted; and for the EURO- 
SIBERIAN, instead of Papilio machaon, which also inhabits N. America, 
Vanessa io L. should be substituted. 


Notes on the Microlepidoptera 


By H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S. 


Argyroploce schulziana Fabr. Mr. E. S. A. Baynes recently sent 
me a specimen of this moth to be checked, which was taken on Achill 
Island on July 21st 1961. So far as I know, it represents a new range 
of colour in the moth. Although the markings are identical in pattern 
with others in my possession and the silvery ground is the same, their 
colour is a dark chocolate. My Yorkshire and Scottish specimens are a 
bright crimson-brown and those from Wolmer Forest (where I hope it 
still occurs, as IT do not know of any recent search for it there) are 
almost pure crimson in tint. It is rather curious that these extreme 
western Irish specimens are of a comparatively dull colour, as most 
insects of the genus found there are rather brilliant. This is particu- 
larly the case with A. cespitana Hiibn. Where this insect is found on 
the edge of the sea in west Cork and Kerry it is a bright red-gold and 
looks most beautiful when sitting on the cushions of thrift on the rocks 
by the beach. 

Argyroploce doubledayana Barr. JI wonder whether anyone has 
taken this moth recently. It is one of the few for which I have searched 
really hard that has completely baffled me. Barrett says that in 1871 
it was tolerably common at Ranworth, and that more recently it had 
been found at Wicken. I have never met anyone who has taken it at 
Wicken, and the only capture I have heard of in this century was by 
the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, who found it not uncommon at Ranworth in 
1920. He gave me the exact locality, which was the piece of marsh at 
the angle where the Ranworth cut (or dyke) turns into the Bure when 
approaching it from Horning. Here the moth was taken flitting over 
the sedge and marsh fern in the late afternoon and early evening. Tf 
visited the place at least a dozen times in late July and early August in 
1922 and 1924, and did not see a single specimen, and W. G. Sheldon 
was equally unsuccessful. Sheldon, however, gave me two examples 
from Charles Fenn’s series, which he had purchased. 


AO ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, Vol. 74 15/11/1962 


Insect Movements in 1961 
By H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S. 


IT have advisedly used the title ‘insect movements’’, as I wish to 
note a few which were probably not visitors from abroad 


Butterflies of the immigrant class were very scarce during the whole 
season, we had a few Vanessa atalanta L. in May and early June, and 
it became common as usual from late August until October. V cardui 
IL. was a complete absentee until October 8th, when my wife drew my 
attention to a very battered specimen on Michaelmas daisies in 
the garden. This was probably an immigrant as I have had reports of 
others turning up for the first time this year during the first days of 
October in other parts of the country. During May I saw a few Plusia 
gamma 1... Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and Hapalia martialis Guen. 
and the gamma continued in equally small numbers through June. [ 
was absent in Ireland in July, and on my return gamma continued to 
be equally scarce until September 18th, when the trap was completely 
choked with them; there were over 500 and as I do not use an anaes- 
thetic, I have no doubt many more got away. When I came down to 
the trap in the early morning, the scales of the jostling insects were 
going up like a column of steam, This phenomenon was exactly re- 
peated on September 20th. On the 18th there were no insects of merit 
in the trap, only a number of Amathes c-nigrum J. and A. xantho- 
grapha Fabr., but on the 20th there was a very small male Aporophyla 
nigra Haw. This is, so far as I am aware, a completely new record for 
Essex; the moth, which was no bigger than A. lutulenta Borkh. was 
fresh but had rather badly damaged ciliae, probably due to the ructions 
going on in the trap. Its appearance with this huge swarm of gamma 
and its very small expanse, much below that of my series from various 
places on the south coast, suggest it may possibly have been an immi- 
grant. 

I saw no more martialis excepting one perfect specimen on October 
5th. 

The feature of the year here, as elsewhere, was the number of 
Nycterosia obstipata Fabr. These began on September 11th and con- 
tinued until December 4th, when, after a gap since October 12th, I 
counted the thirty-first specimen. These were in all conditions from 
perfect to almost unrecognisable, and were not confined to the trap; I 
saw two on fences in the town and caught another beaten out of a 
hedge. This moth provided my greatest disappointment of the year; 
on September 3rd I found sitting on a trellis in my garden a very large 
perfect female ab. olivacea Mathew. When I tried to box it, it slipped 
into my neighbour’s garden, and although I went round, I saw it no 
more. I have never heard of ab. olivacea being found wild, or, indeed 
of any specimens since those bred by Mathew. 

The immigrant wainscots mostly passed me by; I took a damaged 
male Leucania albipuncta Fabr. on August 6th, and a worse male L. 
vitellina Hiibn. on 29th September. Both were in my garden trap and 
both were released. 

On September 17th Mr. David More telephoned me that he had 
found a Rhodometra sacraria L. in his trap. I suggested he should 
look at the stubble field surrounding his house for more, and two hours 


STIGMELLA ACERIS FREY. A SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN 4l 


later he rang up to tell me he had taken another, and fetched me over 
to try for more. We worked this and a neighbouring field for a 
couple of hours; Mr. More saw no others, but I was lucky enough to 
net one. The field had been rough ploughed so that most of the pupae 
had probably perished. I visited it and all the neighbouring stubbles 
on the 18th without result, and on 19th the field was burnt off. How- 
ever, on the 20th Mr. More found another in the trap which had 
probably survived in the grass verge. All four were males, pale yellow 
with a light brown streak. 

On September 21st Dr. Morley of Woodgrange Drive, Southend, 
told me at a meeting of our local Natural History Society that 
there was a white moth with crimson and black speckles in his bathroom 
which had probably flown in on the previous night. I said, of course, 
that I should much like to see it, and on the 22nd he brought it to me, 
squeezed into a very small waistcoat-pocket sized Bryant and May 
match box, a superb female Utetheisa pulchella L. which was luckily 
quite perfect. I kept her for 24 hours, and as she did not attempt 
to lay, I then killed and set her. It seems odd how often these immi- 
grant pulchella are perfect females, and also how rarely they lay. Mr. 
Austin Richardson tells me that he kept the one he netted on 
St. Agnes in 1959 for 24 hours without result, and that taken at Dunge- 
ness by Mr. Alan Kennard in 1960 laid only a few infertile eggs. 


In addition to the nigra already mentioned, I have had two other 
insect occurrences in the town which are difficult to account for. On 
June 24 I took a perfect male Ptycholomoides aeriferana H.-S. in my 
garden trap and on June 23rd Mr. D. Down took an equally perfect 
Lozotaeniodes formosana Frol. at light in his garden in the heart of 
Westcliff. There are, for all practical purposes, no larches or pines in 
the district, only a few odd ones in gardens, and there seems no doubt 
that a lot of these pine insects do a bit of cruising round ‘‘on spec’. 


Stigmella aceris Frey. A Species New to Britain 
By S. N. A. JAcoBs 


Finding myself in the strange state of having a few spare moments, 
I sat down to make an attempt at bringing some order to the many 
Nepticula mines which had accumulated since I first took an interest 
in the Nepticulidae under the stimulus of my friend Joseph Klimesch 
of Linz in 1930. These mines were pressed, one species to a page, of 
two blank specimen novel bindings, such as are supplied by binders to 
publishers, the serial number and history of each culture being pencilled 
on the appropriate page. 

IT set to work, putting the best specimens from each culture in 
transparent envelopes 23” square, on which full data had been written, 
and filing them in card boxes made to fit the envelopes in an upright 
position, thus acting in the way of a card index. Having filled the first 
box, I sent it to my old friend A. G. Carolsfeld-Krause of Copenhagen 
for his comments, though it may have been rather cruel to impose yet 
another task on so busy a man. I was exceedingly pleased, on hearing 
from him, to learn that culture 1/49 was undoubtedly Stigmella aceris 
Frey a species previously unrecorded from Britain. 


49 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


Mines of Stigmella aceris Frey. Natural size and enlarged. 


Five mines, all empty, were found on 20th August 1949, on a well- 
grown maple (Acer campestre) in a wind-break wood bordering a straw- 
berry field on Comp Farm, at Malling, Kent. From the accounts given 
by Spuler, Schutze and Hering, it would seem that I was about three 
weeks or a month late for finding the larvae in occupation. Four of 
the mines were fairly strongly contorted, the fifth was almost straight, 
running along the side of the midrib of the leaf. They all seemed to 
commence from the outer regions of the leaf, and work towards the base. 
At first the mines showed sharp contortions, after which the larva 
seemed to work reasonably straight, following one direction for some 
time before turning to another. The outline of the mine was somewhat 
irregular, but steadily widening. for the first half of the mine’s 
length, the frass is green, evenly distributed in rather loose, small 
pellets, and for about another quarter, the frass line, still green, almost 
fills the mine, but shows a very narrow clear margin on each side, and 


STIGMELLA ACERIS FREY. A SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN 43 


the frass is slightly thicker at the sides of the frass line, giving the 
impression of a dipterous mine, but the spread frass between the mar- 
gins is sufficient to confirm the lepidopterous character of the insect. 
Towards the final quarter of the mine, the side lines come sharply 
together, and the frass continues in a narrow, black, somewhat 
irregular central line, the larva leaving the final chamber by means of 
the conventional semicircular cut. 


Dictionary translations of the three references to this species in 
continental books in my possession are as under: 

Spuler: Die Schmetterlinge Europas II. (1910) p. 475. 30. aceris 
Frey., Pl. 91, Fig. 61: Golden brown shot with steel blue at the base, 
the band is wide, pale or golden yellow, the apex violet purple and the 
fringes almost white at the tips. Antennae black. Expanse 3:5 to 4:25 
mm, In Germany, North Switzerland, Belgium and southern Holland, 
in May-June and again in August. Larva green, end June-July and 
late August-September in a long contorted mine in Acer campestre and 
A. platanoides. 

K. T. Schutze: Die Biologie der Kleinschmetterlinge (1931) p. 154, 
under Acer key ...... Sin a’ eallery” mines... Nepticula aceris Frey. 
Larva 6, 9, flight 5, 7. All Acer species. Gallery mine, long and wind- 
ing with dark brown frass, finally wide with central frass line. Cocoon 
smooth, brown (Sorhaugen). Mine when fresh is filled with green frass 
and is difficult to see. (Schm.). Note: The summer mines of [tho- 
colletis and Nepticula species are very much scarcer than the autumn 
mines; continuous hot and dry weather is fatal to most mining larvae. 

Hering: Die Blattminen (1935-37) p. 27: Nepticula aceris Frey. 
Mine very long, occasionally very straight. In the part with green frass 
it is completely filled and therefore is hardly visible. Larva green. The 
latter part of the mine widening, with fine black frass line, different 
from the remainder. 


While it may not be wholly commendable to report a species on the 
strength of its mine alone, I would point out that apart from the ex- 
pert testimony of Carolsfeld-Krause, the arrangement of the frass in 
the mine is sufficient to distinguish this species from any other of the 
Acer feeding Nepticuloid species. 


CELERIO EUPHORBIAE LINNAEUS (THE SpuRGE Hawk) IN NorFroLk.— 
There appear to be very few authentic accounts of the discovery of the 
larva in Britain of this, one of our rarest immigrant moths. It is 
therefore of interest to record that at. the end of August 1952, a full- 
grown larva of this species was found crossing a towing-path adjoining a 
marsh at Martham, Norfolk, by Mr. Bret Elphicke and Mr. D. J. S. 
Pugh, neither of whom are entomologists. Mr. Pugh, who lives at 1, 
Knole Paddock, Sevenoaks, and has kindly presented me with the 
specimen, tells me that the moth emerged in 1954 after being in the 
pupal stage for two years, and that soon after hatching, it deposited a 
few ova. The specimen has unfortunately been damaged by the larva 
of the carpet beetle (Anthrenus sp.), with the result that much of the 
abdomen is missing as well as a part of the inner marginal portion of 
hindwings nearest the base.—J. M. CuatmMers-Hunt, St. Teresa, Hard- 
courts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 20.1.1962. 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


Drepana curvatula Borkh.— A Hook-tip New 
to Britain 


PART TI. By G.’ BH. Younsmn, F-URLECS. 


On 13th August 1960, I found in my m.v. trap in my garden in Dover 
a female hook-tip, which I took to be a dark form of Drepana falcataria 
Linn. Ag I was about to leave for America, I handed the insect to- Mr. 
Dudley G. Marsh, with the comment, that there was a nice dark 
falcataria female and he might like to breed from it and let me have a 
few of the pupae when I returned, This he kindly agreed to do. 


PART II. By Dupiey G. Marsa 


I obtained ova from the female handed to me by Mr. Youden and 
had no difficulty in rearing the larvae on Betula—birch. At the end 
of October 1960 I had some 20 pupae. During mid-November 1960 I 


noticed three insects had emerged in the breeding cage. Two were 
considerably rubbed, the third was in very fair order. The former, 
though alive, had, no doubt, emerged some days before I made the dis- 
covery. 


These three insects were shown alive at a meeting of the Folkestone 
Natural History Society. I handed the remaining pupae to Mr. Youden 
and these emerged between 17th and 25th April 1961. 

Unfortunately, the parent became badly worn during egg-laying and 
was not kept, as it was thought to be falcataria. The total number 
to reach the moth stage was fifteen, two of which were males, 


PART III. By G. H. Youpen 


These insects have now been identified by several distinguished 
Entomologists at the South London Exhibition in October 1961 as 
Drepana curvatula Borkh. the only continental hook-tip not previously 
taken in England. As will be seen from Plate I, there are two central 
black spots on the forewing as in D. binaria Hufn., whereas D. 
falcataria has only one large spot. The cross line from the apex of the 
wing is distinctly continued through the hindwing. The general colour 
is of a deep violet-brown and the cross lines are red-brown. I wonder, 
now, when these differences have been pointed out, why I did not 
recognise the original moth as a foreigner! 

Seitz Vol. II, p. 199, comments that light specimens are similar 
to falcataria but usually are a good deal darker. Length of forewing 
is given as 15 to 17 mm. The largest of the bred specimens has a wing- 
span of 36 mm. The insect occurs in north and central Europe to 
central and southern Finland. Leon Lhomme, the leading French 
authority, mentions its presence in the Pas de Calais, but it is never 
so common as D. falcataria. 

This species has been crossed with falcataria and details are given 
in Seitz, who says the food plants are alder and oak, but it appears 
also to feed on birch. There are two broods, in May and August. 

Plate I shows 1 39 and 5 99 D. curvatula Borkh. and a ¢ and 9 
D. faleataria Linn. for comparison. 


Dover. December 1961. 


VOL. 74 PLATE ! 


1! Drepana curvatula Borkh, ¢. 26. QQ. 7-8. Drepana falcataria, g, 9. 


> 
* 
. 
‘ = 
i 
=, 
* 
y vA 
. 
‘- 
’ ~~ 


BUTTERFLIES IN THE CRANLEIG DISTRICT, 1961 45 


Butterflies in the Cranleigh District, 1961 


By Major A. E. CoLLieR 


From the beginning of April until the end of September the past 
season, in this part of Surrey, was one of the most equable I have 
known. With moderate rainfall, usually at night; temperatures normal 
or above; two hot spells in June and August, and very little wind, 
there was hardly a day which was other than friendly to the lepi- 
dopterist. Unfortunately these splendid months were almost entirely 
unrewarding owing to the disastrous effect on most species of the 
excessively wet period in the preceding autumn and winter, when 
hibernating larvae in low herbage must have suffered very heavy 
casualties. In addition to such natural calamities we have the continual 
encroachment of agriculture or buildings on land that has been un- 
touched for generations, and an ever-increasing tempo in _ the 
destruction of the local oak forests, for agriculture rather than for 
afforestation, which latter would at least give some species a chance of 
survival. 

In spite of everything there were still butterflies to be looked at, 
occasionally even in large numbers. 

The Pieridae are never very strong in this locality, and this year 
Pieris napi L. were almost rare, whereas P. rapae L. were more 
plentiful. P. brassicae L. was seen occasionally, but for the second 
year in succession neither eggs nor larvae appeared on my winter 
greens. 


Leptidea sinapis L. started well on 10th May when half-a-dozen 
males were seen in a small wood, but subsequently it was unusual to 
come across more than one or two specimens in a day. Euchloe 
cardamines L. was much rarer than usual and its eggs were few and 
far between. Gonepteryx rhamni L. were very plentiful throughout the 
summer, but not a single specimen of Coleas croceus Fourcoy came my 
way. The Satyridae were, as usual, the most consistent and most 
rewarding family. Pararge aegeria L. were found in good numbers 
from 12th April onwards, and were particularly good late in the season 
on the mammoth blackberry crop. P. megera L. was uncommon in 
this neighbourhood, although it was noticeably plentiful on the South 
Downs in August. 

Eumenis semele L. was rarely seen, and my experience in attempting 
to breed it seems to show that its larva is very susceptible to excessive 
humidity. Maniola tithonus L. gave a good account of itself right up 
to the end of August, and MW. jurtina L. were flying in greater numbers 
in fields and on the downs than I have ever known them. Surprisingly, 
Ceononympha pamphilus L., usually such a stand-by, were greatly down 
in numbers, particularly late in the season. 

Aphantopus hyperantus L. did not quite approach their usual 
numbers, partly due to destruction of some of their habitats. The 
Nymphalidae were the greatest disappointment. Out of seven localities 
for OQlossiana euphrosyne L., only three produced more than an 
occasional insect. In one of these places twenty males were counted 
on 16th May, two days later the number had dropped to three, and no 
females and no more males were seen in subsequent visits. In the 
other two localities it was never possible to count more than forty with 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15.) 0 | 3862 


males and females in their normal proportions. 

Argynnis selene Schiff. were even more disappointing, only two out 
of eight localities carrying moderately worth while numbers. Both 
euphrosyne and selene appeared to have survived best in those places 
which were open and exposed, and rather above the surrounding 
country, although it was apparent from the burnt up condition of the 
bracken and the ash trees that these open parts had suffered very 
severely from the air frost on 27th May. Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. 
and Fabriciana cydippe L. were not seen locally this year, and only 
six males and one female of A. paphia L. came my way. Strangely 
enough the female was a very dark valezina but quite unapproachable. 

The most disastrous situation arose with Huphydryas aurinia Rott. 
In my best field I counted 45 webs of larvae on 20th February; and 
on 3lst March a careful count showed 1,200 larvae, partly separated 
and partly still in groups. There was very heavy rain from 20th to 
26th April, and, judging by the silt on the vegetation, the marsh must, 
for a few hours, have been under water. 


On 23rd May four male aurinia were seen, but on subsequent visits 
no more of either sex were found. This marsh also carried a nice 
colony of selene, but these also failed to make their usual appearance. 
Presumably both aurinia and selene were destroyed by the temporary 
flooding of the field. . 


Vanessa atalanta L. was rarely seen until the autumn when three 
of them frequented my Michaelmas daisies until the end of October. 
V. cardui L. was only seen once locally on 16th May. Aglais urticae L. 
continues to disappear with the nettles in this part of Surrey; no 
larvae were encountered and only occasional single specimens were seen 
throughout the summer. Nymphalis io L. were even more rare, and 
none were seen in late summer. 

Polygonia C. album L., though not plentiful, is now more frequently 
seen than any of the preceding three in this part of Surrey, particularly 
in September on the ripe blackberries, and early in the season on the 
sallows. Apatura iris L. seems to have received its marching orders. 
Many habitats are now completely destroyed and in the best and most 
extensive area, where, at the end ot June on a perfect morning, I 
released two males and three females, not a single egg or larva was 
found during many hours of searching. Careful search in twenty-four 
other localities produced a total of five larvae only, where for many 
years over sixty could confidently be expected. 

Limenitis camilla J. continued on the downward path. No 
hibernacula were seen either locally or in the Chiddingfold woods, and 
only one undersized insect was seen near Cranleigh on 19th June. For 
the second year in succession I did not come across Hamearis lucina 
L., but one of its old haunts has recently been cleared, which may 
encourage its recovery. 

The Lycaenidae have been very disappointing. Aricia agestis Schiff. 
was rarely seen, and Polyommatus icarus Rott. never became at all 
common even on the local downs. Lysandra coridon Poda failed to 
improve on 1960, largely on account of increased grazing, and L. 
bellargus Rott. only just held its own against the never ending stream 
of collectors of type. Lycaenopsis argrolus L. remained discreetly out 
of sight and neither larvae nor eggs could be found in the autumn. 
Incidentally it is very difficult in this over-tidy part of Surrey to 


BUTTERFLIES IN THE CRANLEIG DISTRICT, 1961 A7 


find buildings or walls which are ivy-covered. 

Lycaena phloeas L. was represented by half a dozen specimens in 
the course of the year, none at all being seen in the late summer. 

Callophrys rubi L. and Thecla betulae L. continued in small numbers, 
apparently unaffected by weather conditions, although eggs of the 
latter have been much harder to find this winter. 

Neither Quercusia quercus L. nor Strymon w. album Knock. were 
seen locally this year, but Strymonidea pruni L. celebrated its ninth 
and regrettably its last season in Surrey by being well out on 8th June. 
The place which I chose for its release in 1952 was a small clearing 
of about two acres in the heart of an oak forest quite unfrequented by 
anyone, well provided with banks of blackthorn, and with ashes and 
buckthorn round the perimeter. The place was an oasis of quiet beauty 
with thriving populations of selene, euphrosyne, aurinia, hyperantus, 
betulae and, up to a few years ago, paphia, cydippe, camilla and 
quercus. 

It was here that I was twice able to watch the courtship flight of 
paphia; in each case the female was a valezina, which flew steadily back 
and forth at a height of about twenty feet, while the male performed 
its series of characteristic loops under and over the female. Last 
month I found all the oaks round the clearing uprooted and the clearing 
itself a bulldozed mass of blackthorn and mud. From a few small 
bushes still standing I was able to rescue twenty betulae eggs, but 
everything else has gone forever, or until the cessation of subsidies, 
or competition from the Common Market, makes the cultivation of 
such marginal land unprofitable. 

There is not much to say about the Hesperiidae, but I did notice a 
marked drop in numbers of Thymelicus sylvestris Poda and of Ochlodes 
venata B. and G. The winter quarters of both these butterflies are 
particularly vulnerable when the grass is flattened into a dense mat, 
and remains sodden with rain for many months on end. Syrichtus 
malvae L. came through better, in its normal numbers, and Hrynnis 
tages L. appeared to have survived reasonably well. 


The generally equable six months will have been very favourable 
for egg-laying to all species, and the comparatively dry autumn and 
early winter should be helpful to the hibernating larvae. Where stocks 
exist at all it is pleasant, and perhaps reasonable, to look forward to 
some increase in the butterfly population in 1962. 


Breepine UTETHEISA PULCHELLA L.—IJn my last note (Ent. Rec., 73: 
9) the pupae were just appearing on 23rd November. Fourteen days 
later they were hatching: all the larvae (15) pupated and 13 hatched, 
of which one was crippled, two pupae being damaged, probably by other 
larvae trying to share the same web for pupation. Five female moths 
appeared first, followed by eight males. I tried to pair two females 
with various males, but saw no signs of mating. However, I kept one 
female for nearly three weeks until she died after laying 25 eggs on 
26th December. On Ist January 1962 they showed no signs of being 
fertile. 

I hear that Dr. Kettlewell was successful in mating one female from 
the six larvae I gave him, and his story of the new generation should 
be interesting.—R. C. Epwarps, Arlesey. Pilgrims Way, Westerham, 
Kent. 1.1.1962. 


43 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 74 15/11/1962 


The International Code of Zoological 
Nomenclature, 1961 


By Frank BAtFrour-BROWNE 


I have just received, as a Christmas present, the International 
Code of Zoological Nomenclature as approved by the International 
Congress of Zoology, held in London in 1958 and just published. It 
is a very interesting volume, and although some of the workers’ points 
have been noted, other defects are still left in the much more numerous 
pages. In the 1936 edition of the Code, there are 36 Articles occupying 
11 pages while Articles have now increased to 87 and cover 43 pages. 

I agree with Dr. Chester Bradley who, in the Preface, writes that 
it is doubtful if the zoological public will ever fully comprehend the 
full extent of the labours of the members of the Editorial Committee 
in bringing the present revision of the Code to completion; although 
my reason for believing this is probably different from that of the 
President of the Commission. 

IT am sure that the workers have wondered how any committee could 
have published such nonsense in Article 36 as appeared in the previous 
editions. The workers actually had to point it out to the Commission! 

But has the revision cleared up any of the rules other than those on 
priority and homonyms which, I am glad to see, Dr. Bradley recognises 
as the most important ones? The history of the behaviour of the 
Commission with regard to priority is illuminating. It was not until 
1933 when I brought before the Association of British Zoologists the 
necessity for more use of the power to create nomina conservanda, 
especially in connection with teaching departments. A list of laboratory 
species was produced by workers and received the approval of the 
Commissioners. 

In the 1936 Code a recommendation was added to Article 36 that the 
introduction of new generic or specific names differing only in sufix ... 
should be avoided, but that any such names then in use should not be 
rejected. Of course this should have been nipped in the bud, if for no 
other reason than that the grammarians were admitting, if not yet 
officially, the changing of the suffix of a species-name if its gender 
differed from that of the genus-name. But to permit the publication 
of names so alike as Picus and Pica or reactor and reactrix, examples 
named in the Code, was very liable to lead to confusion. Now, however, 
the grammarians have siezed their opportunity and in the new edition 
of the Code, Article 30, which occupies three pages, state definitely 
that the gender of the species must agree with that of the genus and 
the species-sufix must be changed if a species is moved into a genus 
with a different gender. This is deliberate impertinence since nomen- 
clature to the worker has nothing whatever to do with sex. I pointed 
out in 1958, as Dr. Sharp had done in 1872, that we are not dealing 
with grammar and that the species name, even if the latin word is 
adjectival, does not affect us as the species-name stands as a noun 
and the qualification of the generic-name by that of the species is of no 
interest whatever. 

We must get rid of this perpetual interference, and, in my opinion, 
the only way to do that is to break up the International Commission. 
It covers too many interests and its incapability of carrying out the 


ON BATTERY-POWERED MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT 49 


work for which it was created is increasing the confusion. Instead cf 
reducing the number of Articles (and simplifying the system), it is 
multiplying them. It would be better if each country or group of 
countries had its own committee, and if each committee had _ sub- 
committees under it to deal with the different branches of zoology. 
Except for a few fundamental rules covering the whole nomenclature, 
each committee should make its own rules. It may be that some 
branches of zoology will accept much of the system now laid down, 
but other branches, such as entomology with its dozens ox amateurs, will 
want a working system constructed according to its own requirements. 
27.X1i.1961. 


On Battery-powered Mercury Vapour Light 
By Aan KENNARD 


I was most interested in Dr. F. H. N. Smith’s note concerning a 
battery-run mercury vapour light (Ent. Rec., 73: 243). Although I 
have a portable generator, I have been looking for an alternative method 
of portable equipment for some time in an attempt to try and cut out 
the weight and size of a generator and the cost of running it. 

In May this year my generator was temperamental and so I decided 
to “plug in’’ at a power point at Dawlish Warren. Due to my own 
negligence, I burnt out the choke and lost the bulb as the voltage was 
in excess of 240 volts. This expensive mistake prompted me to get 
cracking and find an alternative portable system. 

While on a trip to Denmark in 1959 I was very kindly entertained 
by Mr. Neils Wolff for a day. I was particularly interested in his 
moth traps, which involved using small ultra-violet fluorescent tubes. 
The ones I saw were operated off mains voltage and each trap had two 
20 watt units as an attraction. He also showed me a single 15 watt 
unit which could be used off a 110 volt dry battery. 

I decided to set about getting something on the lines of the latter. 
The result is interesting and useful and, although possibly not ideal, it 
is not a failure. I have not used it sufficiently yet to assess its virtues 
and disappointments but it is hoped the notes below and my first 
impressions of the results may be of interest. It would also be very 
interesting to hear of readers’ comments and suggestions. 

The apparatus consists of a 15-watt Mazda ultra-violet fluorescent 
bulb placed on a tripod, so that the base of the lamp is about six inches 
off the ground. The lamp itself is two feet high and stands upright 
with a conducting rod to support it. It requires a capacitor and choke 
and is to be used off a 13-volt supply D.C. 

Unfortunately, there is insufficient power to operate it off 12 volts 
from dry batteries, but a 12 volt accumulator, such as a car battery, is 
sufficient. At present, I have found the following difficulties with 
regard to its operation. . 

1. Only about ten yards of copper flex can be used when the supply 
is a 12 volt car battery. More flex causes a drop in the voltage to a 
level which is insufficient to strike the fluorescent light initially. 

2. Accumulators are heavy. I have not yet been able to find one 
that can be easily ‘‘slung over one’s shoulder’’. So far, I have only 
used the apparatus off my car battery and hence have been tied to 
where the car can go. 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/11/1962 


Points in its favour are:— 


1. Very mobile. Apart from the accumulator, the bulb and choke, 
etc., only weigh a pound or two and can be picked up in one hand. If 
T find one site unsuitable after setting up the apparatus, it is no 
difficulty in Packing up and moving a quarter mile down the road. When 
searching for a particular species, and time is limited, this can be 
useful. 

2. The bulb runs cold: there is no trouble from rain and it can be 
stowed away immediately after use. The bulb also costs approximately 
15/- and so an accident is less expensive than with mercury vapour. 

3. Little space is taken up in the car. 

4. Accumulators can be recharged. 


Since the light produced is at the blue end of the spectrum, moths 
come to it readily and, on an average night between August and 
October, I found myself busily occupied on the sheet. However, the 
moths behave in an active way and do not stay still for long. Also 
they are liable to come up to the lamp and go away again or, alterna- 
tively, stay some few yards from the source. Lack of brilliance, with 
resulting lack of dazzle, is a possible cause of their energetic activity, 
while the two feet of strip lighting as opposed to Robinson’s ‘‘point 
source’ would account for them being more widely scattered. 


The numbers of moths which come to the light is, naturally, less 
than with mercury vapour light; however, on favourable nights, the 
number of species that come to the sheet is probably not far short of 
the number that might arrive with mercury vapour light. Considering 
that the bulb is less powerful, the comparison is probably very favour- 
able. 


All in all, the apparatus is very useful and once a suitable accumulator 
can be found I will be even more mobile. A little ‘‘do-it-yourself’’ to 
make the stand (mine is made from a few bits of scrap iron), and the 
whole apparatus costs no more than £5. Add to this the cost of 
accumulator and charger (if necessary) and you have something that is 
competitive with the generator. 


Notes and Observations 


THE BuRNING OF GoRSE AND BRACKEN IN THE NEw Forest.—In 
getting out my records for 1961 of lepidoptera taken here in a M.YV. 
trap, I noticed a substantial drop in the numbers of Lithina chlorosata 
Scop. These read 1959, 110; 1960, 165; 1961, 23. 

It occurred to me that this might be due to the fact that the 
Forestry Commission burnt the bracken (Pteris aquilina) and gorse 
(Ulex europaeus and U. gallii) in March. (This is done every six years.) 
If the pupae lie in the debris at the bottom of the plants, they might 
well come to grief when the bracken is burnt. Neither South nor 
Stokoe mention the pupa. Newman and Leeds say ‘‘Pupates in earth’’. 
Has any reader found the pupa in the wild? 

Ceramica pisi Linn., too, showed a drop. 1959, 61; 1960, 45; 1961, 
23. Broom (Sarothamnus scoparius) does not occur here and pist may 
be feeding on bracken, although it could equally well feed on sallow or 
some other pabulum., 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Sil 


On the other hand, there was no drop in the numbers of 
Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn. 1959, 42; 1960, 20; 1961, 29. One would 
have expected wholesale slaughter from the burning of the gorse, or do 
the larvae burrow deeply to hibernate?—L. W. Sices, Sungate, Foot- 
ball Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 3.1.62. 


CROCIDOSEMA PLEBEJANA ZELLER, IN HAMPSHIRE AND Dorset.—lI had 
the good fortune to take two specimens of Crocidosema plebejana Zell. 
at mercury vapour light in 1961. The first, a male, was taken in my 
garden here on 8th August, and the second, a female, at Swanage on 
11th October. I understand from Mr. J. D. Bradley, who identified 
the specimens, that the former is probably the first record for Hamp- 
shire, and almost certainly the farthest inland capture of a normally 
maritime species.—D. W. H. Frennett, Martyr Worthy Place, Nr. 
Winchester, Hants.—11.1.1962. 


SEMIOTHISA ALTERNARIA HUuBN. (SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK) ON SEA 
Bucxtroorn.—Reading Mr. C. I. Rutherford’s note (in Ent. Rec., 73: 
261) reminds me that there has been no published record to knowledge 
of sea buckthorn as a natural foodplant of S. alternaria, It may there- 
fore be of interest to mention that on 31st May 1958, Mr. S. Wakely 
and L observed numbers of this moth among sea buckthorn in Kent (ct. 
Wakely, Ent. Rec., 71: 93); they were easily disturbed from it during 
the day, and flew naturally about the bushes at dusk. At the time, we 
suspected, though were by no means sure, that this local shrub might 
be its natural pabulum. Our suspicions, however, were well founded, 
for since then, by beating the sea buckthorn there and at a locality in 
Kast Sussex in July and again in September, the larva occurred in 
numbers to Messrs P. Cue, G. Haggett, and myself, and from them the 
moths reared. 

This is the only known foodplant of alternaria in Kent, so far as I 
am aware, though the records indicate that it may not be the species’ 
sole pabulum in the county; the moth having been repeatedly taken in 
localities from which the shrub is absent, and indeed far from its nearest 
known station. Nevertheless, it is only amongst sea buckthorn 
that alternaria has occurred at all plentifully in Kent, and since 
the shrub ranges as a native coastally from Yorkshire to Sussex, and is 
sometimes locally dominant, it is reasonable to expect that the larva 
may be. found to he fairly widely distributed on it.—J. M. 
CuatmerS-Hunt, St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 
20.1.1962. 


ADOPOEA LINEOLA IN SuRREY.—On 29th July and subsequently on 
several dates this year I have found A. lineola on and near Farthing 
Downs, Coulsdon. The proportion of A. lineola to A. sylvestris appeared 
to be about one in six on 30th July when I netted about 40 specimens 
for identification purposes. Bearing in mind that A. sylvestris appeared 
to have emerged some while earlier, the relative numbers might well 
be closer than the count indicated. I understand the species has been 
taken in Surrey before but this is the first time I have recognised it 
within the border.—A. S. WHEELER. 12.x.1961. 


This replaces the note incorrectly printed antea 73:242, Ed. 


52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/11/1962 


INvaAsIon oF PLUSIA GAMMA LINN. IN Kent.—On the night 18th-19th 
September, 1961, a most incredible invasion occurred of Plusia gamma 
—silver Y—in my garden at Littlebourne, Parish of Ickham, near 
Canterbury, Kent. 

At 11.30 p.m. B.S.T. the sky was clear with a heavy dew with 
a warm south-south-east wind. The moon was half full. There were 
very few moths at the trap up to 11.30 p.m. Next morning at about 
7 a.m. I turned off the hght and went out to cover over the trap. I 
usually do this until I can deal with the catch, in order to stop birds 
getting to the trap. 

I was astounded to find the lawn literally black with P. gamma 
within a radius of 25 yards from the trap. A conservative estimate would 
be 250 to 300 moths to each square yard. All foliage was completely 
covered with moths. About 8 a.m., and the sun was then shining but 
not in the area of the trap, which was in the shadow of the house. I 
brought the trap into the Winter Garden and lifted the lid. A hugh 
swarm of moths, mostly in perfect condition, flew out, blotting out the 
light from the glass screen. It was so bewildering that it was impos- 
sible to examine the contents of the trap until I had more time. I 
had no alternative but to put a pad of wool, with some tetrachlorethane 
in the trap, and postpone examination until lunch time, when I counted 
3,000 gamma but made no impression on the masses in the trap. They 
were about 4” deep all over the bottom of the trap, which is the size 
of a tea chest. A modest estimate of the number of gamma in the 
trap would be 10,000. 

I am sure I would not be exaggerating in saying that the total 
number of insects in the trap and flying in hugh clouds in the garden 
would be 25,000-30,000. The Michaelmas daisies and other flowers and 
foliage were smothered. 

By late afternoon practically all the moths had disappeared and 
only half a dozen came to the lamp and sheet during the evening of 
the 19th-20th September.—DupLry G. Marsu, White Gate, Wingham 
Road, Littlebourne, nr, Canterbury. 


ARISTOTELIA LUTULENTELLA ZELL.—Whilst collecting at Ham Street, 
Kent, with a mercury vapour lamp and sheet on 24th June, 1960, i 
was fortunate to take a specimen of Aristotelia lutulentella Zell. This 
is an extremely local moth which is said to occur in dry fields. This 
was taken in a particularly wet wood! It was kindly identified for me 
by Mr. J. D. Bradley.—Grorcr H. Youpsn, F.R.E.S., 18 Castle Avenue, 
Dover. 31.xii.1961. 


EUBLEMMA OSTRINA HUBn. IN Kent.—I wish to record having taken 
a female Hublemma ostrina Hiibn. var. carthami H.-S., the purple 
marbled, in mercury vapour trap in my garden at Littlebourne, Parish 
of Ickham, Kent.—Dupitry G. Marsu, White Gate, Wingham Road, 
Littlebourne, nr. Canterbury. 31.xii.1961. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (9) 


Deal [Kingsdown], larvae very plentiful. ‘‘I found fifty one morning 
in about a couple of hours on a bank not more than a hundred yards 
long’ (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 25: 111). 1889: Dover, a larva (Webb, 
Young Nat., 10: 231). 1890: Dover area (Webb (1891)). 1891: Swanley 
(Milton, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 23). [1892?]: 
Deal, two, bred, 1893, Tugwell, ex H. J. Turner coll. (C.-H. coll.). 
(There is no mention of the date of the finding of the larvae from which 
they were presumably bred (C.-H.).) [1897?]: Deal, two bred by J. W. 
Tutt, January 1, 28, 1898 (Br. Mus. (S. Kensington)). N.d.: One taken 
in Maidstone, and given to H. Lamb by S. Brent in 18— (Maidstone 
Mus.). 

1928: Gillingham, July 5 (Jones, Entomologist, 61: 234). 1949: 
Tonbridge, a dead ¢ found on the pavement in the town in August (H. 
EK. Hammond). 1955: Otford, two at m.v., July 28, 29 (Manley, 
Entomologist, 88: 210). Ham Street, July 29 (Richardson, Entomo- 
logist, 88: 262). Sandgate, near Folkstone, August 15 (Fuller, Ent. 
ftec., 67: 235). Pinden, near Dartford, 9, August 20 (HK. J. Hare). 
Greatstone, near Dungeness, August 20 (G. Bransby, teste French, 
Entomologist, 89: 177). 1957: Ashford, 2, at m.v., July 24 (P. Cue). 

Variation.—Tugwell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1888-89: 
128-129) exhibited two specimens bred from Deal larvae, which formed 
the basis of Tutt’s ab. grisea, and are chiefly characterised by having 
much of the normal colouration, especially the dark olive-green mark- 
ings, replaced by dull grey. Tutt (Br. Lep., 4: 172) stated that the 
scales in these examples appeared to be wanting in the ordinary pig- 
ment, and the scales themselves suggested immaturity; he added that 
other semidiaphanous examples appeared among the later-bred of 
Tugwell’s specimens, and that these were even more extreme. 

In R.C.K. is the holotype of ab. lata Tutt; it is labelled ‘‘larvae 
Walmer and Deal, Sept. 11.20.1888, imagines forced Jan.-Feb. 1889’’. 

Tugwell (Ent. mon. Mag., 25: 284) mentioned that one of those, 
a 2, taken at St. Margaret’s Bay by Williams and Oswald in 1888, 
measured 32 inches. 

First Recorp, 1778: Barnscray, near Crayford (Harris, Aurelian, 
88; as C. euphorbiae, in error (Stephens, Haust., 1: 126)). 


C. livornica Esp. (lineata Fab.): Striped Hawk. 

Immigrant. Gardens, shingle beach, mangel-wurzel and potato 
fields, etc.; on Galiuwm mollugo, Antirrhinum majus. Recorded from all 
divisions, except 5, 14; but has mostly occurred in east and north-east 
Kent. 

Altogether about a hundred livornica have been noted in the county, 
of which some 30 were larvae. The Jargest number recorded for any one 
year was 30 in 1931, of which 26 were larvae. 

1831: Bromley, one taken in July (Penny, Mag. nat. Hist. J. Zool., 
7: 260). 1860: Lewisham, May 20 (Stainton, Hnt. week. Int., 8: 58). 
1862: Deal, May 6 (Harding, Zoologist, 8204). 1868: Deal, two; 
Walmer Castle, one (Leslie, Hntomologist, 4: 162). Dover, one in Br. 
Mus. S. Kensington, labelled ‘‘Gray, Dover, 1868, set by P.H.H.”’ 
(C.-H.). 1869: Folkestone Warren, May 7 (Ullyett, Qtly. J. Folkestone 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1869 (8), 71). 1870: Folkestone Warren, May 26! 
(Knaggs, Hnt. mon. Mag., 7: 40); Strood, August 20 (Farrow, teste 
Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 164); Hunton, near Maidstone, August 23 (Greville, 


(10) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


Ent. mon. Mag., 7: 10); Sydenham, August (Ktheridge, Entomologist, 
6. 196); Dover, October 2 (Kedle, Hntomologist, 5: 199). 1872: Ash- 
ford (Chittenden, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1899: 107). 1878: 
Strood, June 15 (Farrow, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 164). 1880: Green- 
wich (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 143). 1884: Sandwich, July 26 (Harbour, 
Entomologist, 17: 272); Dover, September 18 (Webb, Ent. mon. Mag., 
21: 109). 1887: Dover district (Webb (1891)). 1888: Dover district 
(Webb (1891)). 1892: Rochester, June 6 (Ovenden, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 
4: 164). 1895: Dover, September 14 (Webb, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 
165). 1901: Northfleet, one ‘‘flew into a friend’s window’’ (H. C. 
Huggins). 1904: Between Ashford and Wye, July 12 (Parry, Entomo- 
logist, 37: 214); Dover, September 5 (Abbott, Entomologist, 37: 265). 
1906: Canterbury, June 5 (Small, Entomologist, 39: 162); Sheerness, 
June 13 (Jacobs, Hntomologist, 39:162); Dover, August 20 (South, 
Entomologist, 39: 211), September 8 (Webb, Entomologist, 39: 234). 
1912: Dover, May 17 (Abbott, Entomologist, 45: 183). N.d.: South- 
borough (div. 13) (Knipe (1916)). 1920: Dover, a larva found on some 
allotments, June 24, imago emerged September 28 (Abbott, Hntomo- 
logist, 53: 285). Sidcup, May 23 (Sutton, Entomologist, 53: 190). 

1931: Sittingbourne, May 27 (Philpott, teste Riley, Entomologist, 
64: 163). Kennington, near Ashford, 2 and ¢ found on a fence, June 
1 (Scott (1936)). Knockholt, one found in a hedge, June 6, by Miss 
Ruth Edwards (Gingell, teste Riley, Entomologist, 64: 163). Ospringe, 
a larva found in a mangel-wurzel field, July 27 (Edmonds, Entomologist, 
64: 237). Monkton (div. 9), ‘‘in late July 1931, a lady living at 
Monkton found eleven larvae devouring her snap-dragons. She drowned 
six, but her son saved five and gave them to A. G. Peyton, who bred 
three or four moths’’ (A. M. Morley in litt.); one of these is in my coll. 
and is labelled as having emerged in September of that year (C.-H.). 
Dungeness, ten larvae found on G. mollugo, on July 23, by G. W. Wynn 
and A. J. Wightman (Wightman, Ent. Rec., 43: 148); a larva at night 
at rest on a tall grass stem, July 31 (Morley, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 91); three larvae on bedstraw (Kettlewell, Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1943-44: 17). 

1943: Eythorne, some six or seven specimens at Kentranthus rubra, 
May 31-June 10 (Lipscomb, Hntomologist, 716: 172). Tonbridge, June 3 
(Featherstone, Entomologist, 76: 189). Bexley, 2, at honeysuckle, June 8 
(E. Dale, per Rothamsted). Gravesend, one on a boat, September (F. T. 
Grant). Tankerton, September 21 (Atkinson, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1946-47: 26). Folkestone, a larva found by D. Smith, in 
mid-August, crawling along in Dolphins Road, imago emerged September 
27, recorded by D. Smith in Folkestone Herald (A. M. Morley) (the 
date 1945, given in Entomologist, 80: 175, is erroneous (A. M. Morley) ; 
an imago found under the grating of a street drain in September by J. 
Wilson (A. M. Morley). 

1945: Littlestone, July 12, six, flying along foreshore just above 
high tide mark, between 11 and 12 a.m. (N. H. Joy, in htt. ‘o 
W. Dannreuther). 1946: Folkestone, ¢, put up from grass by 
the Lower Sandgate Road, and taken by A. Millar, July 26 (A. M. 
Morley). Folkestone Warren, one at light, July 30 (R. Fairclough, 
teste A. M. Morley). 1947: Tonbridge and Southborough (div. 13), 
mid-May, seven at flowers at dusk, including a ¢ which was captured 
(Tonbridge School Nat. Hist. Soc., fide Dannreuther, Entomologist, 81: 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (11) 


112). Tunbridge Wells, a full-fed larva found in a garden, September 
30, which successfully pupated (Tonbridge School Nat. Hist. Soc., fide 
Dannreuther, loc. cit.). 1949: Brook, June 5, one seen by C. A. W. 
Duffield (E. Scott, per Rothamsted). Ashurst near Tunbridge Wells, 
2, June 12 (Tubbs, Entomologist, 82: 204). Hythe, one at light, 
August 21 (Cardew, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 54). 
Pinden, one taken August 31 (E. J. Hare). Gillingham, 2 in Rochester 
Mus., labelled in F. D. Welch’s handwriting, ‘‘Found alive by W. E. 
Edwards of Gillingham, September 5, 1949, and presented by F.D.W.”’ 
(C.-H.). 1950: Folkestone, 3, May 10 (Morley, Entomologist, 83: 166). 
1951: Folkestone Downs, ¢, taken on grass by Binfield, September 12 
(Binfield, fide A. M. Morley). 1952: Kingsnorth, 9, March 9 (Sankey, 
Ent. mon. Mag., 88: 132). Sidcup, livornica ‘‘had recently been taken’’ 
(Anon., Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-53: 13, communicated 
August 13, 1952). 1955: Sevenoaks, July 29 (Greenwood, Ent. Rec., 
67: 234). 1958: Shorne Ridgeway, one taken in m.v. trap, September 1 
(Trundell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958, 18). 


First Recorp, 1831: Bromley, Kent, one taken in a garden in July 
1831 (Penny, Mag. nat. Hist. J. Zool., 7: 260). 


1This specimen, a ¢, was observed flying out at sea, and to drop directly it 
reached the shore. A somewhat similar instance of diurnal immigration 
in livornica, though even more remarkable is that witnessed by Norman 
H. Joy in 1945 (q.v.). 


Hippotion celerio L.: Silver-striped Hawk. 

Immigrant. Gardens, etc.; on Vitis vinifera. 

Altogether there are records of some forty celerio for Kent, mostly 
from the east and north-east of the County. During the present 
century, the species has been much less frequent, and since 1900, only 
nine individuals have been noted. In 1884, a number of larvae were 
found, and it is possible that in that year celerio survived here to pro- 
duce a generation. 

The earliest reference to celerio in Kent is that of Donovan (Nat. 
Hist. Br. Insects, 6: 26), who gives Eltham (div. 1) as a locality. Over 
fifty years then elapsed before the next record, and the following is a 
chronological account of its subsequent occurrence. 

1849: Folkestone, one found by a child in a garden on October 23. 
and exhibited (Douglas, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1849: 1xxxvi) (listed, 
but without date or details, in English’s Guide to Folkestone (1859), 
edit. S. J. Mackie, which may refer to this record): 1852: Tenterden, 
September 16 (Beale, Zoologist, 3624). 1864: Canterbury, taken flying 
in a garden, by Mrs. Parry (B.P[iffard], teste Knaggs, Ent. Ann.., 
1865: 109). 1865: Greenwich (West, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1910-11: 103). Dover, September (Harding, Entomologist, 4: 
163). 1869: Selling (Stowell, Ent. Mon. Mag., 7: 85, Entomologist, 5: 
165) . 1872: Margate, September (Duncan, Entomologist, 6: 412): 
Strood, September 12 (Farrow, (teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 132); Strood. 
September 13 (Stapleton, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 132). 1880: Sheer- 
ness, October 10 (Darley, Entomologist, 13: 279); Faversham, December 
1 (Yearsley, Entomologist, 14: 115). 1884: Dover, seven or eight, also 
a lot of larvae found on vine by a man who thought they were D. 
elpenor and only kept two—these he bred (S. Webb, teste Fenn, Diary, 


(12) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


19.x1.1884). 1885: Folkestone Town, September (Cooper, Entomologist, 
18: 294); Near Ramsgate, two (Wood, Entomologist, 18: 261) (Willson, 
Entomologist, 23: 139, may refer). 1889: one, ‘‘St. Peters, 1889’’t+, 
one, ‘‘Ramsgate, 1889’’+; both in J. P. Barrett coll. (C.-H.). 1892: 
Ashford, October 21 (Viggers, Entomologist, 25: 289, Hnt. Rec., 3: 256). 
1894: S. Foreland Lighthouse, August (Fremlin, Entomologist, 27: 
349, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1894: 80). 1895: Dover, 
September (Webb, Ent. Mon. Mag., 31: 241, Ent. Rec., 7: 62). 1898: 
Southborough (div. 13), October (Shepheard-Walwyn, Entomologist, 32. 
95). 1903: Maidstone, November 9+ (in Maidstone Mus.)!. 1913: 
Teston near Maidstone, October 6, Mr. Paget (Rowland-Brown, 
Entomologist, 52: 277; in Maidstone Mus.). 1922: Chestnut Street 
near Sittingbourne (H. C. Huggins). 1923: Herne Bay, at lght, 
September, Ian Harman (in R.C.K.). 1926: Longport Street, Canter- 
bury, October 23+ (F. A. Small coll.). 1935: Maidstone, October 10+ 
(in Maidstone Mus.). 1938: West Wickham, September (Dale, Proc. S. 
Lond, ent. nat. Hist. 'Soc., 1938-39: 18); Maidstone, November 22, 1938, 
Miss Harrist (in Maidstone Mus.). 1952: Winget Wood, Strood, 
October 16 (Hambler, Ent. mon. Mag., 89: 3). 


First Recorp, 1797: ‘‘Mr. Latham, formerly of Dartford, .. . 
has a specimen which was taken at Eltham, in Kent’’ (Donovan, Nat. 
Hist. Br. Insects, 6: 26). 


1If appears that this specimen was referred to in S.E. Nat., 1904: 50, and 
Entomologist, 52: 277, but the particulars given in each case are at 
variance. 


Daphnis nerii L.: Oleander Hawk. 
Immigrant. Gardens, etc. 


Altogether there are records of eleven specimens, of which four re- 
quire confirmation. 


1833: Dover, one captured by a lady in her drawing-room about 
September 6 (Stephens, Ent. Mag., 1: 525). 1834: Curtis (1837, Br 
Ent., 626) figures a 9, which he states Mr. Leplastrier informed him 
was taken “‘by a poor man the latter end of September, 1834, near the 
pier at Dover’’. 1896: Stowting, one taken towards the end of July 
(Upton, Entomologist, 29: 316). 1900: Yalding, 2, taken by G. Wick- 
ham, September 18 (Reid, Entomologist, 33: 305, idem, Ent. Rec., 12: 
303). 1911: Chilmington near Ashford, one taken in autumn, by J. 
Diamond (Viggers, Entomologist, 45: 209). 1916: Folkestone, one 
taken, August 30, by G. B. Oliver, at rest on a small poplar trunk, on 
the Lees undercliff (Oliver, Entomologist, 49: 259). 1926: Chislehurst, 
one taken September 14, by S. F. P. Blyth, hovering over Nicotiana 
affinis (Blyth, Entomologist, 59: 301). 


[d, in Dale coll., labelled as taken at Dover by Leplastrier in 1828 
(Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 46: 156). Dover, 1857 (Lucas, The Book of 
British Hawk-Moths, 117). Sydenham, one taken on a lamp, September 
10, 1910, A. Noakes ; in Joicey coll. (Ent. mon. Mag., 46: 263). Swanley, 
one, 1958 (Joseph, Entomologist, 91: 191).] 


First ReEcorp, 1833: Dover (Stephens, Ent. Mag., 1: 525). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (13) 


Deilephila porcellus L.: Small Elephant Hawk. 

Native. Chalk downs and cliffs, heathland, shingle beach, coast 
sandhills, ete.; on Galium verum, G. mollugo, Genista tinctoria, 
Chamaenerion angustifolium. Recorded from all divisions; apparently 
seldom abundant. 


The moth is mostly observed at flowers, particularly those of 
Kentranthus ruber and Rhododendron. It has also been noted at 
Echium vulgare at Folkestone (Knaggs (1870)), and St. Margaret’s Bay 
(Reid, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 107); on Silene nutans, in Folkestone 
Warren, June 16, 1929 (A. M. Morley); and at Campion, at Sarre, 
1941-44 (T. W. Gomm). It sometimes comes to sugar, and occasionally 
to ight; at Dungeness, however, about forty were noted by me at m.v., 
by the Pilot Inn, on May 31, 1952, an abnormally large number (C.-H.). 

The usual foodplant seems to be Galiwm. J. A. Parry found twelve 
larvae on G. verum, at Old Park, Canterbury (div. 3), 1947-48; F. T. 
Grant used to find it on this at Detling Hill (div. 7), ec. 1895; and 
A M. Morley found one in 1938, on Dover Hill, Folkestone, on G. 
mollugo. At Herne, in 1941, P. F. Harris found several larvae on 
Dyer’s Greenweed (Genista tinctoria), from which he bred a number of 
specimens; at Petts Wood, the larva has been noted on ‘‘Willow Herb’’, 
by A. M. Swain; and a full-grown larva was taken by J. F. Burton, 
on a bombed site at Blackheath, on Rosebay Willow-herb (C. angusti- 
folium), September 16, 1946. 

VaRIATION.—Tutt (Br. Lep., 4: 92) points out that Kent and Sussex 
examples ‘‘often have the transverse markings obsolete, the crimson- 
red, however, being well marked’’. 

One of those that I have from Dungeness, May 31, 1952, appears to 
be an example of homtoeosis. The pink band on the right forewing of 
this specimen extends from the apex for only half its normal length, 
the portion where it fails to the tornus being replaced by the normal 
deep yellow-ochreous ground (C.-H.). 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—indistincta Tutt, three from 
Kent, including one bred one; decolor Cockayne, holotype, 3, Sand- 
wich, bred 1889, W. H. Tugwell (this appears to be the one recorded 
by Tugwell (in Young Nat., 19: 48, and Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1888-89: 129); the date, however, in Ent. Rec., 65: 81, is wrong); 
one, ‘‘costa bright crimson well developed’’, bred Kent, 1918. 

First ReEcorp, 1828: Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 1: 132). 


D. elpenor L.: Elephant Hawk. 


Native. Ditches, riverbanks, wet meadows, gardens, marshy places, 
bombed sites, etc.; on Hpilobium hirsutum, Chamaenerion angustifolium, 
Circaea lutetiana, Galium, Viola, Godetia, Fuchsia, Vine, Impatiens 
glandulifera, I. capensis, Menyanthes trifoliata. Found in all divisions; 
fairly numerous. 

A partial second generation may occasionally occur. Thus, Fenn 
(Lep. Data MS.) records one at light at Erith, August 13, 1879; A. 
M. Morley noted a 9 at light at Hythe, August 8, 1956; and W. L. 
Rudland had one at m.v., at Wye, August 11, 1955. 

The moth is perhaps most frequently observed at light; it has also 
been ‘noted at Kentranthus and other flowers, at sugar, and on one 
occasion P, Cue saw it at exudation from an oak tree in Hoads Wood 
(div. 11). 


(14) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


The larva has mostly been found on Willow Herb (Epilobium and 
Chamaenerion) and Fuchsia. It has also been noted on Viola, in 
gardens at Faversham and Perry Wood (H. C. Huggins); commonly on 
Enchanter’s Nightshade (C. lutetiana), in the City of Canterbury (J. 
A. Parry); on Godetia, at Maidstone (Morris, Entomologist, 74: 70), 
and Petts Wood (A. M. Swain); on Vine, in gardens in the Rochester 
district (Chaney (1884-87)); often on J. glandulifera, in gardens at 
Tunbridge Wells (Given (1946)); three on I. capensis at Tonbridge 
(Beaufoy, Bull. Amat. ent. Soc., 1955: 14 (178) 83); one on Galium, on 
Deal Marshes (Fenn, Diary, 6.vili.1867); and on M. trifoliata, at Angley 
Wood, Cranbrook, October 21, 1956 (D. Rabarts). Occasionally it is 
extremely plentiful, D. F. Owen having seen about 200 full-grown larvae 
on EF. hirsutum and C. angustifolium, on a bombed site at Lewisham in 
July 1945 (Owen, Ent. Rec., 61: 55). 


VARIATION.—Riley (Entomologist, 55: 278) describes an ab., bred by 
C. H. Hards, from a larva taken at East Farleigh in 1910, as ‘‘remark- 
able in that the areas usually green are chocolate-coloured, the normal 
pink areas are pale dirty brown, and the basal and hind marginal 
areas of the hindwing are a darker dirty brown’’. 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—obsoleta Tutt, one, Dartford, 
1904; clara Tutt, one ‘‘Ex larva Deal, x.09, P. A. Cardew”’’; cinerescens 
Newnham, two, N. Kent, 1921, 1944; pallida Tutt, several, from various 
Kentish localities. 


First Recorp, 1856: Near Dover (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 
108). 


Macrogiossum stellatarum L.: Humming-bird Hawk. 

Immigrant, appearing almost every year!. Rough flowery banks, 
gardens, waste places, etc.; on Galiwm verum, G. mollugo. Recorded 
from all divisions. Not uncommon most years in east coastal districts, 
and occasionally abundant as for example in 1928, 1934, 1945-47. 

The larva usually occurs in small numbers; but in 1947, J. A. Parry 
found a phenomenal number during three weeks search in the neigh- 
bourhood of Canterbury, Bridge, and Barham, amounting altogether 
to some 200 examples, mostly at Old Park, Canterbury, and all on 
G. verum. 

The larva has been repeatedly found on both G. verum and G. mollugo 
in East Kent, but apparently very seldom at all in West Kent. In 1947, 
however, I found a half grown larva on July 6 on G. mollugo at West 
Wickham (div. 1) (C.-H.); and Carr (Entomologist, 34: 108) records 
that in 1900, at Lee (div. 1), thirteen larvae were taken on a small patch 
of G. verum. 

It has been stated that the imago sometimes hibernates here. This 
may be so, but it is difficult to obtain actual proof, and the evidence 
in support of it is somewhat meagre. Barrett (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1916-17: 56) stated that at Margate, when stellatarum had 
been common there, he always expected to find a few hibernated in a 
large heated building; the same observer also records (in Entomologist, 
34: 21) that at Margate during October 1900, ‘‘six or seven fresh imagos 
have come into the house to hibernate’. Marshall (Entomologist, 34: 
56) records one observed at Cranbrook, November 27, 1900; Scott (1950) 
notes that in the Ashford district, it ‘“‘occasionally succeeds in hiber- 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (15) 


nating, if the weather is unusually warm’’; and there is a record of the 
imago having been seen flying at Gravesend in December, January 
and February (Clifford, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 20, 27), but the year 
(or years) when this occurred is not given. A. M. Morley saw one on 
January 21, 1929, which was flying around the main room in a school 
at Whitstable; and on November 13, 1947, he saw one flying against 
the window of his study in Folkestone, which was still there on 
December 19, but was not seen subsequently. 

VariaTion.—In ab. subnubila Schultz, the tawny colour of the hind- 
wing is replaced by deep brown. I have seen three such examples: 
Canterbury, bred August 1946, Sandwich, bred 1928 (R.C.K.); Rams- 
gate, taken by J. W. C. Hunt (C.-H.). 

Bower (Ent. Rec., 11: 344) records one taken at Sandgate, with 
alar expanse only 30 mm. 

First Recorp, 1818: ‘‘During two short visits at Dover, in August, 
1818 and 1819, I observed it in great abundance in the winged state, 
and in June of the latter year, accompanied by the late Mr. Blunt, we 
found the larvae in profusion beneath the cliffs’’ (Stephens, Haust., 1: 
134). 


1The records show that stellatarum was observed annually in Kent from 1928 
to 1961 inclusive, except in 1941, in which year it was perhaps absent. 


Hemaris fuciformis L.: Broad-bordered Bee Hawk. 
Native. Wood borders and clearings, parks; on Loniceru 
periclymenum. Local. 


1. Bireh Wood (Douglas, Entomologist, 1: 66). West Wickham 
(Douglas, Entomologist, 1: 66); 1856 (Simson, Hnt. week. Int., 1: 116); 
1857 (Healy, Ent. week, Int., 2: 75); 1859 (Tibbs, Ent. week. Int., 6: 
90); 2, June 12, 1858, two ¢ @, four dd, June 1, 1859 (H. Tompkins 
MS.). Shooters Hill, larva on honeysuckle, 1856 (Crewe, Ent. week. 
Int., 1: 123). West Wood, Shooters Hill, 1866 (W. West, in Wool. 
Surv. (1909)). Bexley district, common some years (L. W. Newman, in 
Wool. Surv. (1909)). Joydens Wood (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 
Sparrow Common, common, 1927 (W. V. D. Bolt) (F. D. Greenwood) ; 
[c.1938] (W. A. Cope). Keston, 1947-48, imagines and larvae numerous; 
June 21, 1947, thirty-seven larvae were noted, mostly young (D. F. 
Owen); one seen at Bugle flowers by E. I. M. Bird, in his garden, 
c.1948 (C.-H.). 

3. West Blean Wood, one, May 29, 1866 (Fenn, Diary). West 
Blean and Church Woods, occasionally, c.1924 (D. G. Marsh). Blean 
Woods, not uncommon [c.1935] (A. J. L. Bowes). 

6. Stanstead, larva on Honeysuckle, August 20, 1923 (F. T. Grant). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 1: 136); 1859 (Harding, Ent. 
week. Int., 6: 75); 3 63,2 22, May 29, 2, June 8, 1859 (H. Tomp- 
kins, MS.); three, May 29, 1869 (Fenn, Diary); 1875 (West, Ent. Rec., 
18: 143); formerly common, now rare (Tutt, in Wool. Surv. (1909)); 
several, 1912 (H. C. Huggins); one, May 11, 1912 (F. T. Grant); ova, 
larvae, imagines, in felled woodland, 1947-48 (D. F. Owen); one, May 
17, 1948 (EK. J. Hare). Greenhithe*, May 31, 1859 (Fenn, Diary). 
Stone Woods, Greenhithe, June 25, 1863 (Fenn, Diary). Chattenden, 
1899 (James, Ent. Rec., 12: 102); uncommon, 1902-06 (H. C. Huggins); 
May 26, 1923 (F. T. Grant). 


(16) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/11/1962 


7. Park Woods*; Wigmore, not common (Chaney (1884-87)), Bred- 
hurst Wood, never more than two or three on any one visit, first noted 
June 19, 1938, and again June 10, 1939, observed annually since, to 
1954; Walderslade, June 1, 1940, June 10, 1944 (A. J. Woodcock). 
Westwell, two, c.1950 (EK. Scott). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Dover (Webb (1899)). Wvye*, 
several, May 25, 1904, J. P. Barrett (J. P. Barrett coll.). Near 
Canterbury*, three, 1920-21 (Ff. A. Small coll.). Brook* (CC. A.W. 
Duffield). Bridge, c.1946 (R. Gorer). West Wood, one, taken by David 
Smith in 1947 (A. M. Morley). Penny Pot Wood, common, 1948 (J. A. 
Parry). 

10. Sevenoaks, 1857 (Farren, Ent. week. Int., 2: 17).. Seal Chart, 
July 15, 1897 (Watts, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 523). . 

11. Maidstone Cemetery, one, June 12, 1894, H. Lamb, in Maid- 
stone Mus. (C.-H.). Maidstone (V.C.H. (1908)). Wateringbury, one, 
1900, several, 1906 (EK. Goodwin coll.). Mereworth, plentiful (W. A. 
Cope). Tonbridge, a larva, 1940 (H. E. Hammond). Hoads Wood, 
larvae and imagines, c.1953 (P. Cue); imagines, 1956 (W. V. D. Bolt). 

12. Ham Street.—Sixty-three at Rhododendron and one at Lychnis, 
seen by A. W. Hughes, c.1930; two, May 25, 1929, 9, June 8, 1980, 
one, June 6, 1932, two larvae on Honeysuckle, 1933-34, four imagines 
at Bugle, 1935; all in Orlestone Woods (A. M. Morley); May 20, 1940 
(Bull, Diary). Birchett Wood, two, May 30, 1948; May 30-June 2, 
1950, plentiful at Bugle at the sides of the road where the undergrowth 
had been cut back between Long Rope and Birchett Wood, roughly 
fifty seen, including two taken in the net at once (C.-H.); May 16, 1959 
(Scott, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 76). Bourne Wood, 
May 28, 1955 (Scott, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 73). 

13. Groombridge, July 9, 1888 (Blaber, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 
525). High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, one or two (HK. D. Morgan). 
Bedgebury Wood, one taken, c.1950 (B. G. Chatfield). | Goudhurst, 
several in the garden at Mrs. Sinkins pinks, 1954-1955 (W. V. D. Bolt). 

14. Tenterden, May 15, 19438 (Bull, Diary). 

16. Park and Priory Woods, ¢.1952 (EK. Scott). Sandling Park, 
stated by A. Hardy to have been seen by him here in 1947 (A. M. 
Morley). 

First Recorp, 1828: Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 1: 136). 


H. tityus L. (bombyliformis Esp.): Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk. 
Native. Woods, marshes; on Succisa pratensis. Local. The records 
indicate that it is now mainly, if not entirely, restricted to diy. 12. 


1. Birch Wood (Anon., Ent. Mag., 3: 309); pre. 1841 (Douglas, 
Entomologist, 1: 66). West Wickham, pre. 1841, ‘‘more abundant here 
than at Darenth or Birch Wood’’ (Douglas, loc. cit.); 3, June 1859 
(H. Tompkins MS.). Sparrow Common, one, taken 1927+ (W. V. D. 
Bolt). 

3. West Blean Wood, one, June 1926 (D. G. Marsh), 

4. Near Sandwich, a few in a marsh, 1865 (Harding, Hntomologist, 
3: 24). Sandwich, common (H. J. Harding, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 
538). Ham Marshes, Sandwich; very local (V.C.H. (1908)). 

6. Cuxton*, one, June 5, 1908 (Ovenden, Hnt. Rec., 21: 32). 

6a. Darenth Wood, taken in 1836 (Norman, Ent. Mag., 4: 155); 
pre. 1841 (Douglas, Entomologist, 1: 66). 


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Some Overlooked Details from Hohenwarth’s 
Description of his Papilio cassioides. (Lep. 
Satyridae) 

By B. C. S. Warren, F.R.E.S. 


Few names in entomological literature have been subject to so much 
misrepresentation as Hohenwarth’s cassioides. It may seem waste of 
time to refer to it again, but an important paper by Herr Erik von 
Mentzer (1961) has thrown fresh light on the subject. 

Von Mentzer went to the Glockner district to study the insects, and 
starts by giving a detailed account of what must be considered the type 
locality of Hohenwarth’s cassioides. With that thoroughness and 
attention to detail which characterizes his work he, fortunately, 
examined Reiner and Hohenwarth’s book for himself, and brought to 
light the incredible fact that much that has been written on 
the subject of ‘‘casstoides’’ during the past few years, has rested on 
false premises; namely, the supposition that Hohenwarth’s work left 
it uncertain which of the two known species of the Glockner district was 
the one to which he gave the name. As is known, these two species are 
very distinct and easily separable; one hag pointed wings, the other 
rounded, resembling H. tyndarus, but the underside of the round- 
winged species is also very distinctive in coloration, especially marked 
being the beautiful silvery-blue colour of the hindwing of the male, 
and the white outlining of the nervures of the hindwings in the females; 
a feature that can be well-marked in some males also. 


On reading the extracts from the book given by von Mentzer, it be- 
came obvious that the most important part of Hohenwarth’s work, a 
long description in German, had to all intents and purposes been 
ignored in the past, doubtless because the short Latin diagnosis was 
known to many and the book was not readily accessible. The German 
description proved conclusively that there was not the least uncertainty 
as to which species was described as cassioides. The name was given 
to the round-winged species; von Mentzer quotes the words used 
“runden ... Fliigeln’’. This vital characteristic is emphasized again 
a second time further on in the description by the statement 
that ail four wings are perfectly and completely rounded (‘“‘die vier 
Fliigel vollkommen ganz, zugerundet’”’...). Further, the colour of 
the underside of the hindwings. of his insect is said by Hohenwarth to 
be ‘‘weisslich und aschengrau’’. The ‘‘weisslich’’ can only refer to the 
beautiful pale, silvery-blue colour of the male underside, which I have 
so often emphasized in the past as one of the most important charac- 
teristics of cassivides. This colour-effect is caused by a dense 
superscaling of glossy scales that are seen to be white when examined 
with a lens. The contrast between this colour and the dark, dull 
underside of the pointed-winged species is most marked. The 
‘faschengrau’’ doubtless refers to the pale colour of the underside in 
many females. 

Hohenwarth’s description of the shape and colour of hig insect are 
definite, and no further details could minimise their importance or 
finality, for all other features that could be described (excepting the 
white outlining of the nervures on the underside of the round-winged 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15 /TIT/1962 


species), are common in varying degrees to both species and subject to 
much variation in each. I dealt with such features of spots and band- 
like markings in detail (1936, pp. 291, 292 and 293, under dolomitensis), 
and von Mentzer refers to some such details (1961), noting that in his 
specimens these features are often the same in both species. 


The uncertainty about cassioides was not the result of Hohenwarth’s 
work, but was caused by those who failed to study it, or intentionally 
disregarded it. 

It is now irrefutable that the species described as casstoides in my 
Monograph (1936, p. 291), is the one described as cassioides by Hohen- 
warth. I was led to making this separation of the two species simply 
by following the principle of priority in nomenclature. Von der Goltz 
was the first to name one of the two Glockner races. Why he did so onze 
cannot say. He had already illustrated as ‘‘cassioides’’ the one he now 
named ‘‘dolomitana’’. Earlier he had been under the impression that 
E. tyndarus existed in the Glockner district. Perhaps he had realized 
this was not the case. The name ‘‘dolomitana’’ was a homonym, so I 
replaced it with ‘‘dolomitensis’’. My assumption that both species were 
included under Hohenwarth’s ‘‘cassioides’’ was wrong; but there were 
two species and only one name. In such circumstances, failing real 
proof as to which species was the original ‘‘cassioides’’, the first valid 
name given to either of the insects had priority. So the Dolomite 
species was named dolomitensis and cassioides could only be used for 
the other Glockner species. This was the accepted procedure of nomen- 
clature. The fact is recognised by von Mentzer; unfortunately, others 
have tried to shut their eyes to it. 

In an effort to justify the changing of two valid names that had 
been established 18 years before, Lorkovic claimed that he and de Lesse 
had taken the trouble to study Reiner and Hohenwarth’s book them- 
selves, and ‘that this study had revealed that my use of the name 
“‘cassioides’’ had been incorrect. So far from this being the case 
however, it now becomes apparent that they had disregarded Hohen- 
warth’s work when it ran counter to their views, just as they had mine. 
Their averment that the name ‘‘cassioides’’ had been intended to apply 
to the pointed-winged species (the one with the dull, dark-coloured 
underside in the male), was made in direct opposition to Hohenwarth’s 
words: it rested solely on the pointed wings of the altogether unnatural 
figure, which could not really be said to portray any known Erebia. 
Further, in the copy of the book in Stockholm, von Mentzer notes that 
the figure distinctly shows the remarkable white outlining of the ner- 
vures on the under side of the hindwing. The photo of the figure given 
by Lorkovic also shows indications of this characteristic; but he dis- 
regards the fact. Considering this feature is restricted to the 
round-winged species and therefore accords with the described characters 
of shape and colour, and that it is the only characteristic that could 
not be the result of poor work by the artist, for he must have seen it 
as he tried to reproduce it, such disregard was no more justified than 
the disregard of Hohenwarth’s clear statements. 

Considering the difficulty many collectors will have in trying to 
consult Reiner and Hohenwarth’s book, I may add that the first accu- 
rate description of Hohenwarth’s cassioides in recent times is that given 
in my Monograph (1936, p. 291), also that von Mentzer notes (1961), 
that no doubt could exist as to which species my description refers to. 


HOHENWARTH’S DESCRIPTION OF HIS PAPILIO CASSIOIDES 55 


It may help readers who are bewildered by the hap-hazard use of 
the name ‘‘cassioides’’ in the past, to note that only three of the known 
forms have any true connection with it. These are the typical form of 
the Glockner, which occurs from a little above Heiliglenbut, about 
5,000 feet altitude, to the highest levels of the Pass and down the 
other side for a considerable distance; the low level form cumpestris 
from both the eastern and western regions of the Glockner range, and 
the high-level, Swiss form warreniana from the Faulhorn. All other 
tyndarus-like named forms, belong to other species. This applies to 
the unfortunate name ‘‘subcassioides’’ also, which I can only regard as 
a synonym of aquitania. The original descriptions of both these names 
are very faulty, probably taken from one or two selected specimens, but 
the more material one gets from the southern Alps, the more evident 
it is they cannot be separated. 


I may emphasize again that without definite proof (i.e. Hohenwarth’s 
full description), the names used for the Glockner insects in my Mono- 
graph (1936), were valid; with the proof they are shown to be the correct 
ones ; the name ‘“‘nivalis’’ was a synonym from the moment of its publi- 
cation. 


I took specimens from the Lienz district of the Dolomites as types 
of dolomitensis, for von der Goltz had not cited or marked a type of his 
dolomitana. My selection was invalid, for the Lienz district is outside 
the area mentioned in the description of dolomitana. I have since 
taken specimens from the Karer Pass as types of dolomitensis. This is 
important for von Mentzer has now separated from dolomitensis another 
race under the name noricana, which he attaches to HE. neleus. I have 
included specimens of this race in my dolomitensis in the past. My 
descriptions and his may therefore not accord in some respects, but the 
selection of the Karer Pass specimens as typical of dolomitensis should 
keep the question clear. J have long been familiar with noricana which 
is remarkable for the absolutely straight outer margin of the forewings, 
and the extremely dark underside of the hindwings. It occurs far east 
and south of the Glockner range, and in the Carnic and Karawanken 
Alps. My material is very limited and from widely separated localities, 
but the remarkable colour and marking of the under side seems to be- 
come more extreme as one passes eastwards. This apparent constancy 
suggests a strain that is specifically distinct from the variable 
dolomitensis. The few examples I have dissected exhibit considerable 
structural variation, but all the same it may well prove to be a western 
offshoot of H, neleus as von Mentzer suggests. The problems presented 
by these eastern races are very complex. The discovery that 
dolomitensis and noricana exist in proximity, and may even hybridise, 
and yet maintain the two types as they appear in widely separated 
districts, strongly suggests the presence of two species. But we still 
do not know how far east dolomitensis may extend, and if it penetrates 
this eastern region whether it retains its typical aspect. Considering 
the wing-shape, the probability is that it would, but recalling the 
ecological fact that in this group of species proximity of different forms 
seems to check their range of distribution, it is unlikely that 
dolomitensis has penetrated much east of the Hohe Tauern range. 

It has been demonstrated in various ways that a species is a con- 
tinually developing entity (Warren, 1956). The recognizable structural 


59 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECCRD, vou. 74 15 / TIT / 1962 


or genetic manifestations of a species are therefore not immutable: they 
have passed through many stages and most probably the degree of their 
evolution has seldom been contemporaneous. Cases in which the visible 
indications are difficult to apprehend with any certainty, must there- 
fore be expected. This emphasizes the vital importance of distributional 
data. Our knowledge of these insects even in frequently visited 
localities has been shown by von Mentzer to be very incomplete; it is 
to be hoped he will continue his researches in the eastern Hohe Tauern 
and far to the south-east of that range in the future. 

I am much indebted to von Mentzer for a very complete transcription 
of Hohenwarth’s description. 

In conclusion it may be of interest to note that two among the early 
authors were guided by Hohenwarth’s description and not the fanciful 
figure. Ochsenheimer, the only one to mention Reiner and Hohenwarth 
by name, places ‘‘P. cassioides Reiner and Hohenwarth”’ as a synonym 
of the round-winged tyndarus Esp. (1807). Meyer Diir (1851), describes 
cassioides as ‘‘small with rounded wings’’, adding that he had it from 
the Gemmi Pass. The race of the Gemmi is H. tyndarus semimurina, 
which actually bears more resemblance to true cassiodides than any of 
the other races that have been connected with the name. 


REFERENCES 
von Mentzer, Erik. 19614. Entomol. Ts. Arg., 82.H, 3-4. 
Meyer-Dtir. 1851. Schmett. Schweiz. 
Ochsenheimer, Ferdinand. 1807. Schmett. Europa, 1: 299. 
Warren, B. C. S. 1936. Monograph of the genus Erebia. 
Warren, B. C. S. 1956. On the Recognition of the species. Proc. Tenth Intr. 
Congress Ent., 1: 114-123. 


Inverness-shire in 1961 
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S. 


The 1960-61 winter in the Highlands was quite uncharacteristically 
mild, with virtually no snow at all, and no stormy weather until the 
early Spring. Fortunately, the lack of snow was not accompanied 
by severe frost or our plight with the plumbing might well have been 
pitiable. Nevertheless, moderate daily frosts persisted throughout 
December and January and penetrated deeply into the ground, so that 
an even milder February was needed to cause the first Phigalia pedaria 
Fab. to emerge and grace my local wooden electricity poles on the 8th 
of that month. February continued very mild, so much so that a real 
dawn chorus of birds caused me to start my m.v. light trap on the 
20th, earlier than usual. Achlyia flavicorns L. began emerging on 
21st, four weeks earlier than in 1960. 

March emergence began on the 6th, with Orthosia incerta Hufn. 
and Colostygia multistrigaria Haw., and these were soon followed by 
all the usual early species including Brachyonica nubeculosa Esp. on 
the 16th, which was a fortnight earlier than normal. Peak numbers 
for early spring species were reached on the 17th, with 117 moths in 
my m.v. trap! MHibernating imagines were in rather small numbers, 
probably due to increased predation in a mild winter, as also were the 
noctuid larvae, though these were well advanced by the 23rd, when some 
were over half grown already. The month went out like the proverbial 


INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1961 57 


lion with a considerable snow storm! 

April continued the early season, the sallows being quite over and 
the young birches in leaf by the middle of the month, while Odontosia 
carmelita Esp. appeared in my m.y. trap on the 21st, the earliest date 
I have seen it. Females of Orthosia gracilis Schiff. were found oviposit- 
ing on catkins of Bog Myrtle on the 23rd, and other late Spring species 
appeared early also. 


May began very wet and windy, but even so Pieris napi L. and 
Anthocaris cardamines L. appeared on the 2nd, continued the early 
trend of the season. However, the nights were very cold and numbers 
of insects on the wing small, emergence being spread over a long period . 
This chilly spell culminated in a most disastrous frost on the night of 
the 26th, when the temperature fell to 18 deg. F. The resulting injury 
to almost all trees was quite lamentable to behold, especially oaks, 
beeches, limes, spruce and larch. Many of them never recovered, 
though a few succeeded in producing a second leaf growth later in 
the year. It is not really possible to estimate the effect on the popula- 
tion of Lepidoptera, but I think the mortality was not very high nor 
very lasting, as trap catches later in the year were much as usual. The 
month ended with the pleasure of the discovery of two new species for 
my Badenoch list, namely, Hupithecia distinctaria H.-S., by my son, Dr. 
M. W. Harper, at Newtonmore, and Jithina chlorosata Scop. at Avie- 
nore by Mr. P. Le Masurier. The former is a good colony and had 
clearly been overlooked, while the latter is an example of penetration 
- from outside the district which I had been hoping for. 


June began with cool, dry, but pleasant collecting weather, but 
numbers of insects appeared rather small, though the usual early summer 
insects continued to emerge steadily and still early. For example, 
Argynnis selene Schf. appeared on the 8th, and Aricia agestis artaxerxes 
Fab. on the 12th, the night of which also produced quite a sharp frost. 
A noteworthy fact about the early summer of this year was the complete 
absence of any common migrants such as Vanessa atalanta L., Plusia 
gamma L., or Nomophila noctuella Schf., and this observation was 
confirmed later in the year by the absence of any local breeding of these 
species which usually occurs. The rest of the month I spent in Devon, 
and recorded it in Hnt. Rec., 73: 186. 


Returning to Badenoch at the beginning of July, the weather was 
found to be atrociously cold, wet, and windy as it had been for most 
of June, and so it continued through all July. The usual summer 
species made their appearance, in rather small numbers; notably thin 
was Plusia pulchrina Haw. usually our most reliable commoner after 
4pamea. monoglypha. Hufn., and even this species was not quite such 
a pest in the trap as usual. On 21st July, Mr. A. J. Wightman added 
a new scarce immigrant to my Badenoch list by capturing a good male 
specimen of Celerio galii Schf. feeding at dusk on Melancholy Thistles 
at Aviemore; the latter blossoms were quite heavily infested at Newton- 
more by the beautiful beetle Trichius fasciatus Fab. This is an 
interesting mimetic species, closely resembling a Bumble Bee, and it is 
always quite common in various parts of the Highlands of Scotland, 
but this year I found no less than four on one thistle, and many other 
singletons, the patches of thistle blossoms being badly ravaged by them. 
On the last night of the month a quite inexplicable occurrence was a 
mint female Macrothylacia rubi L., but I will hazard a guess that the 


58 ENTCMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15 /TIT/1962 


great frost of 26th May, when on the point of normal emergence, may 
perhaps have caused two months delay. 


The stormy, cold weather continued through August, and several 
species were now late! Temperatures, however, warmed up during the 
last few days of the month, accompanied by continuous Southerly winds 
and thunderstorms and a very considerable immigrant wave of 
Rhodometra sacraria L. On 31st August, while I was investigating a 
mixed clover and oat field at Kingussie for possible immigrants, I flushed 
a male R. sacraria and four more during the following few days, and 
a sixth appeared in my m.v. trap on 5th September. Meanwhile, having 
warned Mr. Le Masurier, he also took several at Aviemore, and I believe 
others were taken about the same date in widely dispersed places, many 
of which have been recorded. 


September was even stormier than August, but the warmer, 
thundery conditions continued almost to the end of the month, resulting 
in large m.v. trap catches which deserve some comment. First, an all- 
time record size catch of 462 moths occurred on 2nd September, 
admittedly mostly A. monoglypha and T. pronuba, but it also included 
a male Amathes alpicola Zett., further evidence of the belated discovery 
that this species does, in fact, emerge in the odd-numbered years, though 
more commonly in the even ones. Next, further heavy catches on 4th 
and 8th included fine specimens of Rhyacia simulans Hufn. of the very 
dark northern form. This is the first time I have seen this fine species. 
Lastly, a few common species appeared in quite unusually large num- 
bers, Amathes agathina Dup. being especially noteworthy since this 
seems to have been a country-wide phenomenon recorded also by others 
in the South. Other autumn species unusually abundant were 
Amphipyra tragopogonis Cl., Leucania pallens L., Triphaena comes Hb., 
and Diarsia dahlii Hb., while in contrast Amathes xanthographa Schf. 
usually quite a pest, was really scarce! A welcome wanderer from the 
nearest colony I know about four miles away was a male Coenocalpe 
lapidata Hb. in rather worn condition, on 13th September, and the 
month ended with a pronounced drop in temperature, and very 
autumnal conditions. 


October began with a fine sunny week but cold nights. A sudden 
and quite remarkable wave of immigrant Plusia gamma L. arrived on 
the 4th, and for the next four days they were abundant in the m.v. 
trap and also at late honeysuckle blossom in my garden. They all dis- 
appeared on the 9th with equally dramatic suddenness. Many were 
in rather poor condition, and I am quite certain that they had not bred 
locally. The only Vanessa atalanta L. seen this year I found at rest 
on a fern frond on the 2nd. About dusk I saw it take wing and dis- 
appear in a southerly direction; it, too, was slightly damaged, and 
was undoubtedly a returning migrant. By the 17th, cold North winds 
and snow on the hills virtually ended the season rather earlier than 
usual. A very short mild interlude early in November brought an 
emergence of Operophtera fagata Scharf., and on the 22nd winter closed 
in properly and very early. So ended a rather disappointing year in 
Scotland, with continuous stormy summer collecting weather, but also 
with a few redeeming features towards the end of it. 


Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 21.1.1962. 


THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF INVERNESS-SHIRE 59 


The Macrolepidoptera of Inverness-shire : 


Newtonmore District 


By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S. 


(See Ent. Rec., 66: 58, 90, 124; 67: 39; 68: 91; 69: 52; 71: 115; 72: 14; 
and 73: 60, 61) 


SUPPLEMENT No. 7 


Yet again it is a great pleasure for me to record further new 
species of Macrolepidoptera occurring in Badenoch to be added to my 
Badenoch List, the definition of the area being contained in my main 
list in Ent. Rec., 66. 

This year, 1961, four new species have been discovered, of which 
only one is a rare migrant. One species is undoubtedly a genuine 
endemic which had been previously overlooked, one possibly so or 
perhaps an infiltrator from surrounding lowlands, and the last un- 
doubtedly an infiltrator which I have been expecting for some time. 


SPHINGIDAE 


Celerio galii Schf. A male of this rare immigrant Hawkmoth was 
captured by Mr A. J. Wightman at dusk feeding at Melancholy 
Thistles at Aviemore on 21st July 1961. The moth was in very fair 
condition. This fine species has in earlier years penetrated as far 
North as Unst in Shetland, but I know of none from the central 
Highlands. 


AGROTIDAE 
AMPHIPYRINAE 


Rhizedra lutosa Hb. A very fine large male specimen of the form 
ab crassicornis Haw. in splendid condition entered my m.yv. light trap 
at Newtonmore on 10th October 1961. The nearest beds of Common 
Reed are about five miles distant, and do not seem to be very suitable 
habitats as they grow in very waterlogged marshes; but although con- 
siderable work in previous years has failed to reveal the species, I still 
think that there is a colony somewhere in the district. Alternatively 
the moth may have been a vagrant from the surrounding lowlands. 


GEOMETRIDAE 
LARENTIINAE 


Eupithecia distinctaria H.-S. A colony of this interesting Pug was 
discovered in a very rocky habitat near Newtonmore on 3lst May, 1961, 
by my son Dr. M. W. Harper. The locality is associated with one of 
the few outcrops of limestone in the district, and bears a rich growth 
of Wild Thyme. The moth is a not uncommon coastal species in the 
West of Scotland, but as it prefers very rocky habitats it may easily 
have been overlooked elsewhere as here in Badenoch. 


BoARMIINAE 


Lithina chlorosata Scop. A male specimen of this Bracken feeding 
species was taken at m.v. light at Aviemore by Mr. P. Le Masurier 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/TIT/1962 


on 21st May 1961. Bracken has been slowly but steadily increasing in 
Badenoch during the ten years I have lived here, and I have been 
expecting this moth to appear for some time. It will be interesting 
to see if it establishes itself here; it is quite common in the Great Glen 
and Western Inverness-shire generally. 


This supplement further increases the total number of Badenoch 
Macrolepidoptera at the present date, January 1962, to 369 species. 


Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 21.1.1962. 


Queries from the Journal of a Tyro — 1961 


By J. H. Reprern, M.A. 


14th May: I am in the famous Oxford hunting ground, the Hell 
Coppice area, looking for Huphidryas aurinia L., where I had been 
told to look for it. (Auwrinia does not show up, either then or at any 
other date.) However, at the far end of the field, I observe a web 
of black larvae positioned, as far as J can remember, about seven 
feet up on a post, on or adjacent to blackthorn—the web being perhaps 
a foot in diameter, and the larvae each about 3” long. It is about 
4 p.m. and sunny. 


The larvae, some forty or fifty of them, are all engaged in a sort 
of game of perpetual motion: each is waving its head from side to 
side in a jerky, clockwork fashion, and each gives in this way an 
impression of extreme irritation and annoyance. The composite effect 
of this group is quite awe-inspiring, and if the purpose of the exercise 
is to scare off hungry birds, there is no doubt that this would be 
achieved, as I cannot imagine a bird of ordinary proportions daring to 
touch them with a barge-pole! 


Apart from their identity (which I admit I could not place, for 
I was only there a moment or two), I wondered afterwards if these 
larvae kept this up day and night, or only during daylight hours: 
when would they take time off to feed, and how, on what, and where? 
If this is a form of self-preservation, is it peculiar to one species or 
cecmmon to many? 

Visiting the spot about three weeks later I found all gone—post, web, 
larvae, the lot. Perhaps a well-wisher had taken them into ‘‘pro- 
tective custody’? If so, he may even be reading this now, and could 
give me the answers. 

Any comment, whether by the Editor or by subsequent readers, 
would be noted by the writer with interest and thanks. 

7th July: I found myself in the centre of the Forest of Dean, 
at 6.30 p.m., hunting Argynnis cydippe L. which, in spite of the late 
hour, I knew to be there. (Every large fritillary I saw last year 
proved to be cydippe, from the Lake District to South Wales to Oxford 
and back, so that I begin to wonder whether A. aglaia L. really exists 
any more anywhere—and for critics, I do know the difference between 
them!) 

Well, the cydippe are there, but at that late hour, and with the 
going down of the sun, they seemed to have become wilder than ever 
(if that were possible), and would on no account permit capture from 
a newcomer such as I. 


QUERIES FROM THE JOURNAL OF A TYRO—1961 61 


Eventually, after falling headlong into sundry bramble bushes, I 
gave up the unequal struggle, and decided to watch. In the open 
clearing were numerous young oak trees about 20 feet tall. The 
cydippe were repeatedly making for these, after each sally of mine, 
and having approached the upper branches, far out of reach of my 
net, were fluttering continuously in and out of them, never settling, 
but, on the other hand, never giving any signs of wanting to come 
away. 

Was this yet another example of honey-dew feeding, or was it simply 
‘“‘bed-time’’, and they were picking, like the birds, a roosting place for 
the night? 

When I left the spot in disgust, they were still steadily fluttering 
round the oak tops, silhouetted by the last rays of the sun. 


(Footnote.—If they had been aglaia, I might have waited for the 
dawn!) 
Brackens, 78 Park View Road, Lytham, Lancs. 16.1.1962. 


I have been looking into the books with reference to the social larvae 
on the web. My belief is that they were Huproctis chrysorrhoea 1. 
(brown tail). They feed on blackthorn and I bred a series in 1961. Lots 
of larvae, especially when in a colony, jerk their heads, but I think it 
is to drive away inchneumons and other predators. If the web was a very 
white one, the larvae could possibly have been Hriogaster lanestris L. 
(small eggar). I have bred it and have notes of larvae seen between 12th 
May and 7th June in Sussex. 

As far as your second note is concerned, I have not seen cydippe very 
often since July 1922 when I saw it emerging in enormous numbers in 
the New Forest. Your insects were, I am sure, settling on the leaves 
on the oak branches for the night. I have often seen paphia, camilla, 
aglaia and cydippe doing this at 8 p.m. in the New Forest. 

Aglaia:—I have taken in Cornwall, Castor Hanglands, Lower Bad- 
dow, Royston, Fleam Dyke, New Forest, Plaistow (Sussex), Clandon, 
Woollacombe, and last but not least, Aviemore. At Aviemore, both 
males and females were darker than the southern ones, and the females 
are especially dark. I have taken them there between 4th July and 9th 
August, but between 20th July and August bank holiday is a good time, 
Im an average season. 

I have been collecting for sixty years (I am now 79) and realize that 
T have a tremendous amount to learn, [I find that the man or boy who 
has been at the game two or three years seems to be certain of every- 
thing. I never shall be.—Ciirrorp Craururp, Denny, Galloway Road, 
Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. 


PxHLocoPpHORA Meticutosa L. In January.—On 27th January I saw a 
freshly squashed specimen of this moth on the footway in the centre of 
Bromley. The wings were in good condition and the mild spell following 
the cold period would apparently have stimulated this early appearance. 
—S. N. A. Jacoss, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 5.1i.1962. 


THe Canary IsLANDS AND CENTRAL Spain (Vol. 73: 245).—Baron de 
Worms was quite right in his spelling of the foodplant of Danaus 
plexippus as Asclepias curassavica; Mr. Sevastopulo’s amendment. is 
therefore uncalled for.—Kennetn J. Haywarp, Tucuman, Argentina. 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/ TIT /1962 


To the Editor, 29th December 1961. 
The Entomologist’s Record. 
Dear Sir, 

I was delighted to read Mr. J. F. Burton’s letter in the 
December issue of the Record, in which he suggested that a Field 
Guide to the butterflies of Europe would be a boon to lepidopterists. 
Those who, like myself, spend their spare time in studying and, whenever 
possible, collecting the butterflies and moths of Europe, will know the 
difficulties involved in searching through literature in many languages. 
Some of the revisions of Genera carried out by such workers as Boursin 
are very difficult to trace, and the poor amateur, confronted with a 
nondescript Noctuid or a worn specimen of one of the fritillaries of the 
athalia group, is compelled either to look up all sorts of references which 
are often contradictory, or else he ends up (as I usually do) by lamely 
trotting off to Kensington or Tring and settling the matter with Messrs. 
Howarth, Bradley, Goodson, Tite and Co. 

Recent correspondence on the defects and merits of the new ‘‘South”’ 
show how much work has yet to be done on British lepidoptera alone. 
The amount of co-ordination necessary to reduce the tangle of European 
Papers to any form of order is enormous, but it is high time that the 
job was undertaken by competent persons. There is little doubt that 
all your readers who are working in this field would gladly co-operate, 
and I should be grateful for permission to count myself amongst their 
number. The views of other readers are awaited with great interest. 


Yours faithfully, 
Dennis SmitH, F.R.E.S. 


From Major General C. G. Lirscoms, C.B., D.S.O. 
28th December 1961. 

Dear Sir, 

I was most interested in Mr. Burton’s letter published in the 
December number of the Record (73: 265). Having recently returned 
to this country after several years in Germany, I know something of 
the problems of collecting on the continent, particularly as my efforts 
to obtain an illustrated pocket guide on the continental butterflies in 
English drew a complete blank. In the end, I have used as my bible a 
German publication, Die Schmetterlinge Mittelewropas, by Drs. Forster 
and Wohlfahrt. This is an excellent publication, very well illustrated, 
with brief but adequate text and not so large that it cannot conveniently 
accompany one on one’s travels. With the exception of Spain, Scan- 
dinavia and Greece, it virtually covers all the parts of Europe one 
is likely to visit. 

While supporting very strongly nearly all that Mr. Burton says, I 
personally doubt whether the idea of distribution maps on the same 
lines as those in the Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe, 
with which I am very familiar, is really practical. Many of the worth- 
while species are very local, so that to be effective the maps would have 
to be on a large scale and in considerable detail. 

I thoroughly agree that there is a real requirement amongst 
entomologists for a well-illustrated English pocket guide to European 
butterflies and this might well be on the lines of the German publication 
to which I have already referred. 


MR. RADDON AND HIS SPURGE HAWKS 63 


I would be glad to give what assistance I can from my own limited 
experience to any team of entomologists that undertook a publication 
of this nature. 

Yours faithfully, 
Crockerton House, nr. Warminster. C. G. Liescoms. 


Mr. Raddon and his Spurge Hawks 


By S. C. S. Brown 


Judging by a recent review of the New Edition of South’s ‘‘Moths 
of the British Isles’’’ (Ent. Rec. 73: 220) it appears that Raddon’s 
discovery of Celerio euphorbiae (Linn.) on Braunton Burrows in North 
Devon in 1806 is now largely discredited. Raddon claimed to have 
found the larvae in considerable numbers up to 1814 and to have bred 
a few moths. It is now argued that as no one else but Raddon found 
the larvae he must have been a cheat and a liar, and that he imported 
the species from the Continent and sold the moths as genuine British 
stock. How was this species imported, as ova, larvae, pupae or as set 
specimens? The Napoleonic War was on, and France had been engaged 
in hostilities with this country since 17938, yet we are asked to believe 
by the prosecution that ova or larvae of ewphorbiae were obtained every 
year between 1806 and 1814 from a continental dealer, brought across 
the channel by sailing vessel through the blockade, and delivered to 
Barnstaple in North Devon before the ova hatched or the larvae died! 
Could the pupae have been imported and a stock raised? Possibly, but 
but Mr. P. B. M. Allan himself declares in his Talking of Moths that 
Raddon was too much of a bungler to have raised a brood, and that he 
had to rely on a fresh importation each year. What is the evidence 
in support of Raddon’s claim? The Spurge Hawk occurred, or was at 
least recorded in Devon, both before 1806 and after 1814. AC ER. 
Haworth, in his Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum 1802, 
against Sphinx euphorbiae, writes ‘‘Devon’’. This record is most 
certainly referable to KE. Donovan in his Natural History of British 
Insects, Vol. III,1794, pp. 51-53. Donovan says: ‘‘Mr. Curtis, author 
of the Flora Londinensis etc., found four of the caterpillars last summer 
in Devonshire.’’ This would date the discovery of the larvae to the year 
1793. William Curtis (1746-1799) was a noted botanist, and besides 
being the author of the classical Flora Londensis founded the Botanical 
Magazine which is still in existence. He was also interested in ento- 
mology, and was the author of Instructions for Collecting and Pre- 
serving Insects, 1771. The moth, together with the larva and its food- 
plant is figured in John Curtis’ British Entomology. The plate is No. 
3 and is dated Ist Jan. 1824. It was Curtis’ custom only to figure 
species which he himself had seen, hence he must have been in possession 
of a living larva of ewphorbiae in order to have figured it. He says in 
the text: ‘‘Deilephila euphorbiae is eminently beautiful both in its 
larva and imago states, and although it has been met with by the 
earlier collectors, I am indebted to the assiduity and liberality of my 
friend Mr. Raddon for being able to give its history, as well as figures 
of the larva, and the plants upon which it feeds.’’ Curtis gives figures 
of a full-grown larva, the moth, and two larvae in the first instar 
which are placed in the cup-shaped involucre of the flower-head and 
are easily overlooked if the plate is not examined carefully. The fact 


64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


that Curtis was able to figure two larvae soon after the emergence from 
the egg, definitely strengthens Raddon’s claim that he found the very 
young larvae in abundance at Braunton Burrows. 

The first part of his British Entomology appeared on lst January 
1824. We know from the correspondence which passed between Curtis 
and Dale that he had been engaged on this work for some fifteen years. 
As the plate No. 3 was presumably one of the earliest made, it would 
date its construction not earlier than 1809, but well within the years 
up to 1814. The Curtis collection is now in Melbourne. In 1903 J. J. 
Walker visited Melbourne and examined the collection. His obser- 
vations wers published in the Ent. mon. Mag. 1904, 187-194. Walker 
said that there were three specimens of ewphorbiae, evidently bred. In 
the MS. Register there was the following: ‘‘Deilephila ewphorbiae 6th 
June. Ist cat found. Appledore and Braunton Burrows. 1814, abundt. 
3rd October 1819, one—.’’ There are six examples in the Dale collection 
from Raddon. One worn male is labelled: ‘‘Barnstable (sic) Mr. 
Raddon’’, and at the side, ‘‘1815’’. Mr. W. H. T. Tams has been kind 
enough to look at the Stephen’s collection for me in the British Museum 
(Nat. Hist.). He says that there are five specimens of euphorbiae, all 
without data, but from what Stephens says about this species in his 
British Entomology 1828, they are most probably from Raddon. The 
Raddon collection was sold in 1848 at Stephens. There were four 
specimens, which fetched 38/- to 40/- each. 

For some years I have been engaged on a projected biography of 
James Charles Dale (1791-1872) of Glanville’s Wootton, Dorset. Through 
the kindness of Prof. Varley I have been given facilities for examining 
the collections and MS. catalogues as well as the correspondence of 
Dale which are in the Hope Dept., University Museum, Oxford. The 
correspondence consists of more than 5,000 letters to Dale, and are 
entirely from entomologists. Many of these letters are of considerable 
historic interest. Raddon wrote 18 letters to Dale, the first being 
dated 18.3.1825, and the last, 23.12.1835. There is nothing contained 
in them of any particular interest. Curtis wrote 351 letters to J. C. 
Dale. The first is dated 26.10.1819, and the last, 6.7.1862. In 1822 
Curtis wrote to Dale to say that he had heard from Dr. Cocks, a 
physician practising at Barnstaple, that he had been to Braunton 
Burrows and found 7 larvae. A fortnight later, Curtis joined Dr. 
Cocks and they both went to the sandhills but failed to find any. Dr. 
Cocks wrote 51 letters to Dale. The first dated 3.9.1830, and the last, 
18.4.1856. He told Dale that he had discovered euphorbiae only in 
one year (not stated), and that the larvae were in one spot and close 
to the shore. Later, in 1843, he (Cocks) had heard that Raddon had 
found one larva, which pupated but died before it emerged. 

Meyrick, (Revised Handbook 1928), suggests that ewphorbiae is only 
an occasional resident here. Its distribution is Central and South 
Europe to India and Turkestan. Britain, therefore, would be well be- 
yond its normal range. The foodplant, Huphorbia paralias L. is 
confined to the coasts. It is possible that the species could exist for a 
few years and then be wiped out by adverse climatic conditions. The 
winter of 1813-14 was extremely severe, and the summers of 1815, 1816 
and 1817 unceasingly cold and wet. It may be of some significance that 
Papilio machaon LL. and Aporia crataegi (L) both disappeared in 1815 
from Glanville’s Wootton, Dorset, where they had been not uncommon. 

S. C. S. Brown, 454 Christchurch Rd., Bournemouth, 


BUTTERFLIES IN THE OXFORD DISTRICT, 1961 65 


Butterflies in the Oxford District, 1961 
By Dr. R. G. AINLEY 


These observations are based on expeditions undertaken weekly, or 
more frequently, to a variety of localities within a ten-mile radius of 
Oxford, throughout the period April to September 1961. Species here 
recorded as ‘‘not seen’’ were specifically searched for, but not found. 


The immigrant species may be rapidly dismissed. Vanessa atalanta 
L., was seen very infrequently, V. cardui L., and Colias croceus Fourc., 
were not seen at all. The immigrant ‘‘Whites’’, after a poor start, 
became common from July onwards, Pieris napi L., predominating. 


The Satyridae were of average incidence, with two exceptions. 
Melanargia galathea L., usually a common roadside butterfly in many 
parts of the region, was unusually scarce. For many years a large 
colony of this species has flourished in the Waterperry area. In 1960 
the territory covered by the colony had diminished markedly, though 
Specimens were moderately common. In 1961, an afternoon’s search in 
this locality produced three specimens. By contrast, Pararge aegeria 
L. has been commoner in this area in 1961 than I have ever known it 
to be. It is, of course, well known that this species has been extending 
its range in many parts of the country during the last twenty years 
(Ford, 1945). Mr. R. F. Bretherton (Bretherton, 1939) in his survey of 
this region records it as being ‘‘very scarce’. I began to collect Lepi- 
-doptera in 1944, and within a few years I came to regard aegeria as 
a rare species confined to the thickest parts of a few large woods, and 
even these being few and far between. My impression is that since 1947 
it has shown a steady increase and, at the same time, a change of 
habitat. Its headquarters are still the larger woodlands, especially up 
till the end of May, but the second and third generations are found in 
all types of habitat. In August and September 1961 it was common in 
riverside meadows, along open hedgerows, and in suburban gardens. 


All the Nymphalidae were well below average in numbers. In three 
localities in which Argynnis euphrosyne L. has in the past been com- 
mon, not one specimen was seen, although there are signs of a revival 
of this species among the tree-stumps of the now-mutilated Hell Coppice. 
Ten years ago Argynms paphia L. was fairly common hereabouts. In 
1961 I was unable to find a single specimen. . I have also been unable to 
find Huphydryas aurinia Rott. in any of its usual localities in the region. 
Aglais urticae L. was very common, as always, but Nymphalis io L. 
was scarce, and has been so for the past three years. Limenitis camilla 
L. seems also to have undergone a partial eclipse. I have seen only one 
specimen during the whole season, and this in a wood where, in 1960, I 
was able to take six perfect specimens within forty minutes (not to 
mention the ones that got away, and those I released because of 
damage). The numbers of Polygonia c-album L. seen were well below 
average, and Apatura iris L. was not seen at all, though it must be 
admitted that in Oxfordshire this species is seldom seen in great num- 
bers at the best of times. 


All those species of Pieridae and Hesperiidae found in this district 
were seen in average numbers. Of the local Lycaenidae the two Oxonian 
blues (Polyommatus icarus Rott., and Celastrina argiolus L.) were well 
below strength. Thecla quercus L. was abundant in most of its localities 


66 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/11/1962 


in July, and Strymonidia prunt L. was seen in average numbers, though 
I saw none at Hell Coppice, its best-known locality in the area. 


To what do these superficial observations add up, assuming that they 
represent an approximation to the true incidence of the butterflies of 
this region in 1961? With one or two exceptions, 1961 was undoubtedly 
a poor year for most species. It is too easy to lay the blame for this 
at the door of the Local Authorities who spray the roadsides with 
poisons, and the Forestry Commission who are busily converting the 
local mixed woods into acres of sterile conifer plantations. Factors 
such as these undoubtedly play a part, but since, in 1960 and 1961, 
species in all types of habitat have shown a general decline in numbers, 
it may well be that we are witnessing what is partly a ‘‘natural’’ 
fluctuation in numbers, possibly of climatic origin. It is easy to say 
this, and impossible to gain any good evidence in favour of it. Time 
will tell, and in other parts of the country the picture may be less 
gloomy. 


Finally, I must agree wholeheartedly with Mr. P. C. Quin (Record, 
p. 244, November 1961) that, as regards some species, over-collecting is 
hastening their extinction. We all know what happened to Hell Cop- 
pice a few years ago. Nevertheless, in what remains of that once- 
celebrated hunting-ground, Thecla betulae L. and Strymonidia pruni L. 
have somehow managed to survive, though in greatly reduced numbers. 
In 1960 I found there three larvae of betulae, and saw a few imagines 
of each species. However, in 1961, despite repeated visits neither species 
was seen in any stage. Every weekend in May and June, the local 
blackthorn was belaboured by visiting collectors, and by July every 
accessible branch must have been beaten several scores of times. Most 
of those to whom I spoke had found neither pruni nor betulae. If this 
sort of thing continues, both species will soon be extinct in this locality, 
if they are not so already. 

May I conclude by asking readers of the Record for some practical 
advice? One of the Oxfordshire localities of Strymonidia pruni L. is, I 
believe, little known even to local entomologists. It originally consisted 
of two long rows of old Sloe bushes separated by a small wood. In 1948 
I found prumi there in abundance on both these banks of Sloe. In July 
1961 I re-visited the wood, to find that the Forestry Commission had 
razed one bank of Sloe to the ground, along with most of the wood 
itself. Nevertheless, on the remaining bank of Sloe, I saw ten specimens 
of pruni within twenty minutes. The problem is as follows: since it 
seems very probable that a bulldozer will shortly be driven through the 
remaining Sloe bushes, can any reader of the Record suggest a course 
of action that could be taken by an individual to avert the final destruc- 
tion of this habitat for a rare butterfly? 


REFERENCES 
Ford, E. B. 1945. ‘“‘Butterflies’’. Collins. 
Bretherton, R. F. 1939. A List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of the Oxford District. 
Proc. Ashm. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
141 St Margaret’s Road, Oxford. 


Mr. C. Hotmes.—I was much interested to read the note about the 
Celerio euphorbiae L. bred by Mr. C. Holmes at Sevenoaks in 1902 
(Lepidoptera of Kent, II (7). Supplement to the January ‘‘Record’’). 


NOTES ON REVIEWS OF THE NEW ‘‘SOUTH”’ 67 


In those days I was living not far from Mr. Holmes and knew him quite 
well. I still have in my collection two specimens of Clostera anachoreta 
Schiff. that he gave me. They had both been bred by him, one in 1907 
from a larva found at Romney and the other in 1908 from a larva found 
at Hythe. I always found Mr. Holmes very kind and helpful to a young 
entomologist.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 2.11.1962, 


Lepidoptera Observed at Dulwich in 1961 
By Auasparr Aston, B.A., F.L.S., F.R.E.S. 


The following thirty-eight species have been added to my list of 
Dulwich Lepidoptera observed from 1957 to 1960.— 

Deilephila elpenor L. emerged 22.vi.61; Huproctis chrysorrhoea 
Hiibn. 1.vii.61; Cycnia mendica Clerck. at Belair, 13.v.61; Apatele 
leporina L. 23.vi.61; Hadena serena Fabr., Rivula sericealis Scop., 
Alsophila aescularia Schiff., Sterrha dimidiata Hutn., Eupithecia pul- 
chellata Steph., 23.vi.61; Hrannis aurantiaria Esp., E. defoliaria 
Clerck, Colotois pennaria L., Acentropus nivea Ol., Dioryctria fusca 
Haw., EHphestia sericarium Scott, Homoesoma binaevella Hiibn., 
Myelois cribrella Hiibn., Crambus perlellus Scop., Stenoptilia ptero- 
dactyla L., Pandemis ribeana Hiibn., Tortrix loeflingiana L., Argyro- 
ploce pruniana Hiibn., Hucosma griseana Hiibn., H. trimaculana Don., 
Laspeyresia funebrana Treits,, Batachedra praeangusta Haw., Elachista 
rufocinerea Haw., Scythris chenopodiella WHiibn., Argyresthia 
brockeella Hiibn., Coleophora spissicornis Haw., C. deauratella Zell., 
C. anatipennella Hiibn., Ornix guttea Haw., Gracillaria stigmatella 
Fabr., Scardia boleti Fabr., Tineola infimella H.-S., T. cloacella Haw., 
Nepticula subbimaculella Haw. 

Of the above, H. chrysorrhoea was an unexpected wanderer, but I 
hear that it was very common in 1961 on the coast. Mr. Wakely thinks 
that A. leporina probably feeds on poplar in London. I might have 
passed over EF. pulchellata but that very day I noticed Digitalis purpurea 
in Dulwich. D. fusca is supposed to feed on Hrica, of which there are 
cultivated varieties in Dulwich Park, but I suspect that fusca either 
ranges very far in flight or else has alternative pabulum. This brings 
my Dulwich total to 324 species. 

15 Pickwick Road, Dulwich Village, S.E.21. 


Notes on Reviews of the New “South” 
By Its Epitors 


Now that several reviews of the recent edition of South’s ‘‘Moths 
of the British Isles’? have appeared, it is perhaps opportune to com- 
ment on some of the criticisms that have been made. 

A major and quite understandable source of irritation is the errors 
in the legends to the plates and their lack of page references. Had 
the editors been given the opportunity of reading the proofs of the 
legends and inserting the page references, these faults could have 
been avoided. Despite repeated requests for copies of these proofs, 
none was received. The responsibility for these errors and omissions 
must therefore rest with the publishers. 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, voL. 74 15 /1IT/1962 


The alteration by the publishers of the original sequence of the 
plates was made without all the corresponding references in the text 
being altered and the absence of legend-proofs allowed these alterations 
to be published unchecked. Some of the species figured on plate 49 in 
volume two have references to plate 48. 

It has been suggested that figure 14 on plate 70 in volume two is 
wrongly labelled; in the copies that we have so far examined, the 
figure illustrates the species intended. 

Errors of commission and omission in the distribution lists are 
much regretted by the editors and every effort is being made to 
correct these, together with any other errata, including out-of-date 
botanical and geographical terms, before the next impression is printed. 

Mr. Wightman’s paper on Aporophyla lutulenta Schiffermiiller and 
Aporophyla lunebergensis Freyer was not overlooked, as has been sug- 
gested; the conclusions reached, however, were contrary to those held 
by Monsieur Ch. Boursin, and the editors decided to maintain, for the 
present, the previously published status of the two names. 

The inclusion of line drawings to illustrate the genitalia of closely 
related species was considered, but as few collectors have the facilities 
for making genitalia preparations, references to published figures in the 
literature were thought to be adequate. For those who have such 
facilities (a stereoscopic dissecting microscope is essential), there are 
several publications: for example, F. N. Pierce’s volumes illustrating 
the genitalia of both sexes of most of the British Lepidoptera, W. H. 
T. Tams’ ‘‘Some British Moths Reviewed’? (1941, Amateur Entomo- 
logist, 5: 1-20, figs. 1-73), and more recently, E. W. Classey’s well- 
illustrated Presidential Address to the South London Entomological and 
Natural History Society published in March 1954. Whilst copies of 
most of Pierce’s volumes are difficult te purchase, these and other 
works are available for study in, or on loan from, institution and Society 
lhbraries. For those who wish to make genitalia preparations and want 
to know something of the techniques involved, there is a clear and 
concise paper entitled ‘‘The Genitalia of Lepidoptera’? by A. F. 
O’Farrell published in the Amateur Entomologist (1941, 5: 33-38). 

The original prints that were supplied for the text figures were far 
from ‘‘wishy-washy’’, but the excellence of their quality has been lost 
by poor reproduction. 

To ensure that errors are corrected before further impressions are 
printed, the editors have had for some months a copy of the first 
impression marked and prepared for the printers; in this copy, notes 
from reviews and other sources have been correlated. We should 
appreciate the co-operation of any reader who would care to send us 
any notes or comments. 

D. S. FLercHer. 


44 Warren Park, Warlingham, Surrey. R. J. Cows. 


Current Literature 


Tue Nicerian ButtrerFiies. Part VI. Acraeidae. 1961. Boorman, 
J. & Roche, P. Ibadan University Press. Part I. Papilionidae, 1957, 
and Part V, Nymphalidae, section 3 (Hamanumida to Issoria) 1959, have 
appeared and have been reviewed. The whole of this work is being 
published in 9 parts. 


NORTH AMERICA AND THE EXTREME SOUTH OF SPAIN 69 


This is another very welcome addition to the very scanty literature 
concerning the Rhopalocera of West Africa. It is extremely well de- 
scribed and illustrated and easy to use for identification of Acraeidae. 

I would advise also a study of the Acraeinae section of ‘‘The Butter- 
flies of Kenya and Uganda’’ by St. Aubyn Rogers and Van Someren, as 
it is obvious that a number of new species and sub-species will be dis- 
covered. 

Individual variability is combined with a strongly-marked general 
resemblance, and apart from certain Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae 
mimicking Acraeids, some Acraea directly mimic species of the same 
genus, or in the closely-allied genus Planema. 

It should be noted that all the species are very resistant to cyanide, 
and it is difficult to kill them by pressure on the thorax without mutilat- 
ing them. 

Although it is noted that many are characteristic of the rain forest 
belts, it should be realised that though many species inhabit forests, on 
the whole they are more characteristic of the open country. 

I associate Acraea with grassland, and Planema with gaps in forests, 
up to 2,500 ft. in Togoland. 

Acraea fly about slowly, and float about, sometimes in large numbers. 

The range of many of these species extends from Nigeria to the 
Congo. The genus Acraea is the richest in species of all Ethiopian 
butterfly genera, and is represented everywhere in the region. Outside 
Africa, only a few species occur in South Asia and Australia. 

It is hoped that Lepidopterists in West Africa will make a special 
study of this neglected family, and will be inspired by this most useful 
book. 

F. L. Jounson, M.B.E., F.R.E.S. 

25 Fermoy Road, Thorpe Bay, Essex. 15.1ii.62. 


North America and the Extreme South of Spain 
(August to October 1961 and April 1961) 
By J. A. C. Greenwoop, O.B.E., F.R.E.S. 


Almost every year I spend from four to six weeks in North 
America, usually between the end of September and the end of Novem- 
ber. In 1961 I went across on the 28th August, and lepidoptera were 
naturally more numerous than on visits later in the season. As these 
are business trips, and practically confined to the major cities, the 
opportunities for collecting are limited, but even so the hauls are quite 
interesting and reasonably large. Most of the moths were taken at 
night on lighted shop windows, others at rest by day. My butterflying 
consisted of odd hours with a pocket net at weekends on any piece of 
handy open ground. 

Towards the middle of September 1961 the monarch butterfly, 
Danaus plexippus L. was quite numerous around Toronto, even in the 
centre of the city. The insects were in ones and twos, obviously not 
migrating. I saw the same damaged specimen in a small garden on 
three successive evenings, while a very fine one spent over an hour on 
the 18th green of the Toronto Golf Club, quite undisturbed by some 
excellent approach shots and moving only a few yards when it was in the 
line of a putt. I could have captured a long series but, in fact, took only 
one. This was caught with a nylon landing net with one-inch mesh 


70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15 / TIT / 1962 


(my host was a keen fisherman). It proved an ideal weapon for such a 
large butterfly. 

In Montreal on the 15th September there were no monarchs to be 
seen. Fifty miles north, at Ste. Marguerite, the milkweed was growing 
in profusion, there were many butterflies including several Colias species, 
Chrysophanus hypophlaeas, some Whites and a Pyrameis atalanta L. 
There were no monarchs. 

On the 23rd September I motored from Toronto 225 miles westwards 
to Sarnia. All the way there were many monarchs flying towards the 
south-west. I counted over 200 actually crossing in front of the moving 
car. Most of them were between 3 and 5 feet from the ground, very 
few above 10 feet. Almost all were flying steadily and in the same 
direction, although an occasional specimen would pause on a head of 
golden rod or clump of clover. It was a very hot day, well over 90° F., 
with a strong sun and a light wind from the west. 

At Sarnia there is only a narrow water crossing to the U.S.A. shore, 
to the north of which is the wide expanse of Lake Huron, to the south 
the St. Clair river is over half a mile wide and soon opens into the St. 
Clair lake and Lake Erie. The butterflies gave the impression that 
they were heading, as though drawn through a funnel, towards this 
easy crossing. 

The monarchs were flying in company with at least two, and probably 
more, species of Colias and some whites, but these seemed to be moving 
quite aimlessly with no indication of being part of a migration. 

From St. Clair I drove on next day westwards 375 miles to Chicago 
and, as soon as a very heavy thunderstorm ceased about noon, again 
saw large numbers of monarchs, still flying towards the south or south- 
west. 

In Chicago itself the monarchs were more numerous than ever. 
About 100 spent the night in a clump of bushes outside my hotel. There 
was a very strong wind during the two days of my stay, and it was most 
impressive to watch the butterflies battling their way from street level 
to the roofs of the skyscrapers, never attempting to find an easier way 
round. From my bedroom on the 6th floor I had an excellent view and 
could watch them tacking from side to side in the angle of the building, 
gradually gaining height until they could sweep away over the roofs. 
My office is on the 19th floor and from the windows there were often 
aS many as a dozen butterflies in sight at about this level or above. 
Their power was most evident as was their determination to keep to 
their course. 


None were to be seen in New York at the end of the month, although 
migrating streams pass down the eastern seaboard. 

In Toronto my richest hunting ground was near the Park 
Plaza Hotel, where I found many moths, including four of the five 
species of Catocala which I saw in Canada, at rest on trees or on walls 
or windows. There were only single specimens of C. unyuga Wkr., C. 
neogama and C. parta Guen. but C. relicta Walker with its handsome 
black and white hindwings, was common and very variable in the 
markings of its forewings. It often rests 10 or 12 feet from the ground, 
but can sometimes be dislodged by an accurately aimed handkerchief 
(always a source of amusement to passers-by) when it is inclined to 
flutter down to the pavement and seems less skittish than its British 
relative, C. nupta L. 


NORTH AMERICA AND THE EXTREME SOUTH OF SPAIN aa 


Autographa simplex Guen. was flying freely in the sunshine, par- 
ticularly round flowers on the Toronto golf courses. Its darting flight 
is very like that of its cousin, Plusia gamma L., and it is just as difficult 
to box when on the wing. 

At midnight, returning to the Park Plaza, I saw a large insect fly- 
ing in the beam of a flood-lamp trained on a nearby church. It settled 
on the ground as J approached and I was surprised to find that it was, 
in fact, another monarch butterfly. 

During a fortnight in Canada I came across some 12 species of 
butterflies and 40 of moths. One of these, taken in the centre of 
Toronto, close to the Museum, was identified (as were many of the 
other moths) by Dr. de Worms as Brachylomia discinigra Hampson. 
The British Museum have only one specimen, the type taken over 100 
years ago. The Ottawa Museum have a short series, but none taken 
near Toronto. 

Of the shop windows, far the richest was ‘‘Honest Ed’s’’, a large 
store, selling almost everything at cut prices, whose splendid bargains, 
and exceptionally well-lit windows, attracted many moths; there were 
almost always half a dozen or more. 

This was my only source of the delicately marked Hrastria carneola 
Guen. 

My highest capture in Canada was on the roof of an 11-storey build- 
ing where a Plume, Pterophorus monodactylus L. was sitting on the 
bris-soleil camouflaging the water tanks. 

In Chicago moths were much less numerous, but I found several 
Leucania unipuncta, Haworth and Heliothis armigera Hiibn. A Pyrameis 
cardui L. was sunning itself on a shop window. Perhaps it was natural 
that the display within was a most expensive line in mink bikinis for, 
aS My companion remarked, American Painted Ladies have extravagant 
tastes. 

New York always produces quite a good selection of moths. A hot- 
dog stand near Times Square was a reliable stand-by, but boxing was 
sometimes difficult when trade was brisk. 

Central Park I have always found disappointing. My theory is 
that the immense population of squirrels enjoy an hors d’oeuvres of 
cocoons and resting moths as spice to the simple meals provided for 
them by the doting multitude of New Yorkers. 

The Hanover Bank, near Fifth Avenue, produced several species, 
including Autographa precationis Guen. and Feltia venerabilis Wkr. 
On the newspaper offices at 42nd Street I found one example of the 
gaily coloured Attea aurea Fitch. 

In central New York moths seem to fly at least to the 18th floor, 
specimens at that height included Prodenia ornithogalli Guen. and 
Amathes c-nigrum L. Also Peridroma porphyrea Schiff., which is very 
common in New York as is Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. 

Perhaps the commonest species I saw in Central New York was 
Plathypena scabra Fab., of which I often came across up to a dozen 
examples in an evening stroll. Alabama argillicea Hiibn. is also 
abundant in October. A species of Vapourer, Orgyia leucostigma A. & 
S., is a plague on some trees and the cocoons and egg masses abound on 
trunks and ledges of walls, particularly in the gardens of the Library 
on 5th Avenue at 42nd Street. 

In New York and Toronto I was pleased to find specimens of that 


72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 — 15/11/1962 


remarkable little moth Nycterosia obstipata Fabr. which appears in this 
country aS a common migrant. 


During my stay in New York a large number of praying mantids 
emerged in the area of Park Avenue; they even merited a paragraph 
in the paper. <A fine specimen passed two days doing obeisance to 
the passers-by while it perched on a piece of ornamental driftwood in 
the window of a most expensive florist on 5th Avenue at 12th Street. 

At St. Clair I found a dozen specimens of a magnificent large thorn, 
Ennomos magnarius Guen., very like our H. autwmnaria Werb. They 
looked most attractive in the breakfast sunlight, still resting on the 
illuminated windows of a motor saleroom. 

In April 1961, we enjoyed a family holiday at Calahonde in the 
extreme south of Spain, some 45 miles north-east of Gibraltar. This is 
an area I can recommend for delightful scenery, good weather and a 
large and varied insect population. 

We flew to Gibraltar, and there collected a car, which we had hired 
for our stay. 

The hotel has extensive grounds running down to the sea and is 
ringed by powerful lights which are kept on until dawn. By rising 
at, or soon after, 6 a.m., I was able to collect quite a rich haul of 
moths, which included Celerio euphorbiae L., Celerio livornica Esp., 
Laothoe populi L., Smerinthus ocellata L., Marumba quercus Schiff., 
Macroglossum stellatarum L., Cossus cossus L., Arctia villica L., Tara- 
gama repanda Hiibn., Cucullia chamomillae Schiff., Malacosoma loti, 
Cerura vinula L., and a ‘‘kitten’’, also a very fine Saturnia pyri W.V., 
the largest European moth. Hoplitis milhauseri Fab., was quite numer- 
ous, though generally scarce where it occurs elsewhere in Europe. I 
took five and could have collected several more. The uncommon little 
Bryophila pineta Stau. and Nola subchlamydula Stau. were quite 
abundant. 

Although early in the season, we left in the fourth week of April, 
butterflies were in enormous numbers, although the range of species 
was less impressive. Colias croceus was ubiquitous, with many helice. 
The little tailed blue Syntharucus telicanus Hiibn., was locally very 
common. Usually it flew around a mimosa-like shrub near the sea or 
around a patch of purple vetch. I found it very elusive and almost 
always damaged. ‘ 

Larvae did not seem to be numerous, though a full-fed Papilio 
machaon L., larva pupated at 20,000 feet on the return journey and 
produced a normal imago a few weeks later. A larva of Thais rumina 
L. took an unconscionable time to pupate after ceasing to feed but, 
having finally pupated, failed to emerge. 

We spent a few days in Gibraltar, where the delightful gardens 
above the Rock Hotel produced a number of butterflies, including many 
Gonepteryx cleopatra L., particularly beautiful on the wing; Thais 
rumina L., which looks so very foreign in flight, and a few Pyrameis 
atalanta L. I did not, however, see any species which were not on the 
mainland. Moths, on the whole, seemed much less numerous than in 
Spain, 

I did not add any new species during a day trip to Cadiz, but Maniola 
pasiphae Esp., was locally abundant. Its flight, in this area at least, is 
particularly secretive, as it was usually less than 18 inches from the 
ground and preferred shade, often flying inside bushes, where it bobbed 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS v3; 


slowly up and down rather like a ‘‘yo-yo’’. G. cleopatra L. was fairly 
common in this area, although I had not seen it on the east coast. 
From Spain I brought back some 400 specimens, including 24 species 
of butterfly and 86 of moths. The latter included, in addition to those 
already mentioned, Heliothis incarnata Freyer, green with a pink 
edging to its wings which makes it an admirable match with the 
geranium leaves on which it was resting, Thera firmata Hiibn. (very 
abundant), Metoptria monogramma Hiibn., a large and handsomely 
marked Pug, Hupithecia gratiosata H.-S., and several species of Foot- 
man. 


I repeat my recommendation of this unspoilt area with its attractive 
mixture of pine forests, cork and gum trees, watercourses and cultivated 
areas. I had time only to sample the fringe of the country at that time 
of the year. I am sure that it would repay other visits and, as sea 
bathing is pleasant even in December and January, there is, presum- 
ably, no close season. In April, the day temperature was in the seven- 
ties and we had only one or two light showers. 


The following is a list of the butterflies recorded in S. Spain: — 


Pararge aegeria L. Glaucopsyche cyllarus L. 
Pararge megaera L. Syntharucus telicanus Hiibn. 
Melangargia inez Hffsg. Lycaena phlaeas L. 

Maniola ida Esp. Papilio machaon L. (larva only) 
Maniola pasiphae Esp. Pieris brassicae L. 

Maniola jurtina L. Pieris rapae UL. 

Coenonympha pamphilus IL. Euchloe ausonia Hiibn. 
Pyrameis atalanta L. Euchloe euphenoides Stg. 
Aricia montensis Zegris eupheme Esp. 
Polyommatus icarus Rott. Colias croceus Fourcr. and var. 
Lysandra bellargus Rott. helice 

Lampides boeticus L. Gonepteryx cleopatra L. 
Celastrina argiolus L. Thais rumina L. 


Notes and Observations 


UTETHEISA PULCHELLA L. In Matta.—I read with great interest the 
note by C. G. M. de Worms on Utetheisa pulchella L. in South Devon, 
which appeared in the Ent. Record, 73: 241. To me also, this moth 
has attracted special attention this last season, and I dare say that 
it has been, undoubtedly, very common indeed during late July and 
August. 

Going through my notes on this particular species, I found out 
that for the last 30 years I have never taken this moth during these 
months, but year in and year out, during April-May and October- 
November. 

Count Caruana Gatto, however, records in the Mediterranean 
Naturalist of September 1892 that ‘‘this species was seen in hundreds 
in August flying in fields, roads and even on the sea not far away from 
the shore’’. 


This summer, my nephew, who is just a boy of 12 years, came along 


74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15 / IIT / 1962 


with a match-box containing six specimens. J was surprised to see 
this moth at this time of the year, and he went on saying that the 
box could not hold more! This was on the 21st July. Later in the 
month I saw many more at light. 

IT had a surprise on the 14th and 15th August when I visited the 
sister island, Gozo, for the annual Agricultural Show. The walls were 
smothered with this species, and in the evening whilst having the dinner 
in the garden of the hotel it was again in great profusion visiting all 
the lights and circling down on the tables and plates. Besides being 
a migrant, this moth breeds on the island. Its foodplant is the 
Heliotropium europaeum which is a common weed from May onwards. 
T have also found caterpillars feeding on the Echium parviflorum. early 
in October, which pupated on the 20th October and the moths emerged 
on the 2nd November.—ANTHONY VALLETTA, F.R.E.S., 257 Msida Street, 
B’Kara, Malta, G.C. 22.x11.1961. 


A NotrE on CRYPHIA MURALIS Forst. In [RELAND.—Mr. H. C. Huggins, 
in his interesting article in the December number of The Entomologist’s 
Record entitled ‘‘The Dingle Peninsular in July 1961’’, states that 
Cryphia muralis Forst. visited his mercury vapour trap and adds that 
this species 1s new to Kerry. 

I should respectfully like to draw his attention to the fact that 
although most certainly it has not previously been recorded from Dingle, 
yet the moth is not new to Kerry as it has already been taken at 
Killarney, which is, of course, in the county of Kerry. My authority °s 
derived from an article on Irish lepidoptera by B. P. Beirne in The 
Entomologist, 1942, Vol. LX XV, p. 84; the reference reads as follows : — 


C. muralis: On a wall near Killarney town (Halbert). 


To put the matter beyond all doubt, I have myself seen actual 
Killarney specimens. Mr E. Bulock, a coleopterist of no mean 
repute, who has lived most of his life at Killarney; also possesses a — 
fairly representative collection of lepidoptera, mostly formed from 
insects caught locally. He kindly allowed me to examine his collection 
whilst I was staying in Killarney during last August (1961), and I was 
pleased to find three examples of C. muralis labelled in the captor’s own 
handwriting, the data being Flesk., Aug. 1927. The name Flesk refers 
to that district about 2 mile south of Killarney, in which Mr. Bullock’s 
home (Flesk House) is situated. 

During my holiday I searched likely looking lichen-covered walls for 
this small moth, but was not fortunate enough to find a specimen. It 
occurs to me that as Mr. Huggins’ holiday at Dingle took place in the 
first fortnight of July, and during that period he took C. mwralis, then 
surely its appearance in this locality is somewhat earlier than in other 
places, both in Ireland and England. I have only one Irish specimen 
of this local moth, which I found on a fence in Galway City in 1950 as 
late as 4th September, in spotless condition.—Raymonp F. Haynes, 29 
Fairfield Drive, Dorking, Surrey. 28.xii.1961. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS vis, 


Ecrroris BistortatA IN JANUARY.—While admiring the giant 
Douglas firs in the Boulderwood Enclosure of the New Forest on 24th 
January 1962, I came across a female engrailed moth sitting on the bole 
of one of the trees. This is a species which in West Sussex is of regular 
March appearance, and this early example, being at so considerable a 
distance from the nearest dwelling, is hardly likely to have been forced. 
Barrett VII, 182, says of this species: ‘‘in very forward years, even at 
the end of February’”’.—G. Hageett, 1 Torton Hill, Arundel, Sussex. 


Tue Ducuess or PortLAND.—May I crave space to correct a mistake 
in my book A Moth-Hunter’s Gossip? In Chapter 8 I referred to the 
Duchess of Portland whose name is said to have been given to the Port- 
land Moth, Actebia praecox Linn. It was there stated that she was 
the wife of the third Duke of Portland, was married in 1766 and died in 
1794. This is wrong. The Duchess who collected insects was wife of the 
second Duke, was born in 1715, married in 1734 and died in 1785, being 
buried in Westminster Abbey. She spent the best part of her life at 
Bulstrode in Buckinghamshire and it was there, not at Welbeck, that 
her collections and her menagerie were housed. 

A few years ago I began to collect material for a biography of her 
and this plan has been brought to an end by a long illness. But happily, 
Mr. E. B. Basden, of the Institute of Genetics at Edinburgh, being 
interested in Bulstrode, has also been delving into the history of that 
place and of its cultured chatelaine. I have sent to Mr. Basden such 
scraps of material as I can lay my hands on and it is greatly to be hoped 
that he will complete this much needed work. The Duchess not only 
employed John Lightfoot (one of the original members of the Linnean 
Society) to collect insects and plants for her, sending him as far afield 
as Cornwall and the Hebrides, but herself made natural history 
expeditions about the country. 

It is astonishing that no biography has yet appeared ar this remark- 
able woman so famous in her day, the friend of Horace Walpole, Garrick, 
Boswell, Joseph Banks, Solander and most of the cognoscenti of her 
time, who came to Bulstrode to inspect her art treasures and collections. 
It was she who acquired the Barberini vase (now known as the Portland 
vase) and countless other treasures of art and natural science.—P. B. M. 
ALLAN. 


CATERPILLARS ON SEA BucktHoRN.—I was much interested in Mr. 
Heslop’s reference to Theobald’s note in the Hntomologist (52: 169) as 
it referred to a day I had cause to remember. 

I feel pretty certain now that the other larvae mentioned were those 
of Semiothisa alternaria Hb. They were small green loopers with reddish 
markings on the back. They were not Hupithecia innotata Hufn. to 
the best of my memory, and they were certainly not Spilonota ocellana 
Schiff. 

Unfortunately, the limited amount of buckthorn brought back for 
the Psylla was allowed to wither after they had matured, and the cater- 
pillars refused all other food offered to them and they gradually died.— 
C. W. A. Durrietp, Pickersdane Brook, nr. Ashford, Kent. 25.11.1962. 


THe SpurcE HAwkKMoTH IN NorroLtk.—I have read with interest the 
account of a Celerio euphorbiae (Linn.) larva reported to have been 


76 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, voi. 74 15 /TIT/1962 


found in 1952 ‘‘crossing a towing-path adjoining a marsh at Martham, 
Norfolk’’, at page 43 of the February number of the Record, and before 
our entomological friends in East Anglia enter this record in their lists 
I think we ought to know something more definite about this capture. 
Martham is three miles from the sea, and a marsh beside a towing-path 
seems an unlikely place for either Kuphorbia paralias L. or E. 
portlandica L., the two customary foodplants, to grow since they appear 
to be confined to maritime sands. (We can leave HE. cyparissias L. out 
of account as this is a Continental plant and its occurrence in our island 
is said to be confined to ‘‘the chalk downs south of the Thames” (B. & 
ET)). 

May we please have further and more detailed information from 
the captor? In what kind of receptacle was the larva kept, and was 
sand provided for it in which to spin its cocoon since it pupates below 
the surface of the sand? 

Of course no question of the bona fides of the captor arises; but 
if memory can take us for delightful rides she can be a treacherous jade 
at times, and entomological events recorded by non-entomologists nine 
years after they took place do not always find favour in the eyes of 
historians. Time and again reported captures in England of Continental 
and other species have been found to be due to either a mistake in 
identity or to some inadvertent substitution after a number of years. 

It is to be hoped that Mr. Chalmers-Hunt will lose no time in 
obtaining from the captor every possible detail of his reported capture. 
The larva of C. ewphorbiae has a green form not unlike the larva of 
C. gala L.—a much more likely insect to occur beside a towing-path 
adjoining a marsh three miles from the sea in Norfolk, where Galzwm 
spp. would most likely occur. 

Meanwhile and until a search has revealed the presence of the food- 
plant beside the towing-path at the spot where the larva was found, I 
would suggest that we should keep an open mind on the subject.— 
P. B. M. Awan, 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II C7) 


8. Dover district* (Webb (1899)). Near Canterbury*, one, 1920, 
three, 1921, seven, 1922, two, 1924 (F. A. Small coll.)t. [Penny Pot 
Wood, 1948, seen but not taken (J. A. Parry).] 

10. Near Sevenoaks, 1857 (Farren, Ent. week. Int., 2: 171). 

11. Wateringbury, one, bred 1909 (Goodwin coll.). Hoads Wood 
(Scott (1936)). 

12. Ashford (Jeffery, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 538). Ham Street.— 
Larvae found by H. B. D. Kettlewell on Devil’s-bit Scabious (S. 
pratensis), c. 1931 (A. M. Morley); ‘‘Ham Street Woods’’ (Scott (1936)) ; 
one, May 18, 1940, one, May 18, 1947 (A. M. Morley); in Long Rope and 
Birchett Woods, May 30 to June 1, 1950, saw about twenty at Bugle 
and Rhododendron blossoms, and one at blossom of Veronica chamaedrys 
(C.-H.); May 17, 1954 (P. Cue); Faggs Wood, June 14, 1958 (Scott, 
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 72). 

16. Folkestone*, ‘‘a few in gardens’ (Knaggs (1870)). Sandling 
Park, A. Hardy said that he took this species here in 1947 at Rhodo- 
dendron along with H. fuciformis (A. M. Morley). Park Wood, c. 
1952 (E. Scott). 

First Recorp, 1836: Birch Wood (Anon., Ent. Mag., 3: 309). 


NOTODONTIDAE 
Harpia bicuspis Borkh.: Alder Kitten, 
Native. Woods, carr; on birch, alder. Very scarce and mainly 


Wealden. 

2. Davington Hall Farm, near Faversham, 1913, a larva in alder 
carr, not reared (H. C. Huggins). 

6. Otford, ¢, at m.v.l., June 22, 1955 (W. B. L. Manley). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Curtis, Br. Ent., 193); taken occasionally in 
July (Stephens, Haust., 2: 16). 

10. Seal Chart; Wilderness Park, Sevenoaks (Carrington, Hnto- 
mologist, 13: 80). Seal Chart, an imago, c.1940 (J. L. Fuller). Brasted 
Chart, a larva on birch (R. M. Prideaux). 

11. Mereworth Woods, a larva on birch, c.1895, not reared (H. S. 
Fremlin); an imago taken by T. Blest (W. A. Cope); W. A. Cope told 
me he once tethered with cotton around its waist, a fresh Q from 
Mereworth, in the hope of obtaining a pairing, but that on his return 
he was dismayed to find the insect had been eaten, presumably by a 
bird (C.-H.). [Mereworth Woods], one, labelled ‘‘Mid. Kent, 7.1907. 
Goodwin”’ (EK. Goodwin coll.). Sevenoaks Weald, ¢ taken at m.v.l., 
June 18, 1960 (EK. A. Sadler). 

13. Gouldhurst, one taken at m.v.l., May 1955 (W. V. D. Bolt). 
Tunbridge Wells, two at m.v., 1958 (L. R. Tesch). 

First Recorp, 1827: ‘‘Birch-trees, Darent Wood, Kent’’ (Curtis, 
Br. Ent., 198). 


H. bifida Brahm (hermelina auct.): Poplar Kitten. 

Native. Woods, plantations, gardens, hedgerows; on poplar, aspen, 
sallow. ‘‘Scarce’”’ (V.C.H. (1908)). 

1. Blackheath (West, Entomologist, 4: 131). Bexley (Fenn, Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1892-93: 114); June 11, 1934 (B. K. 
West). Lee; Sydenham (Buckell & Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1901: 62). Chislehurst; Lewisham; Greenwich; Mottingham 


(18) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/11/1962 


(Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chislehurst, larvae fairly common (S. F. P. 
Blyth). Charlton (V.C.H. (1908)). Abbey Wood, between 1914 and 1918 
(St. J. Marriott, in Juby & Hards (1925)). Sidcup, few larvae, July 26, 
1925; St. Paul’s Cray Common, two larvae, August 26, 1922, one, 
August 25, 1923, several, July 28, 1925 (A. R. Kidner, Diary). West 
Wickham (Kershaw, Entomologist, 51: 66). Dartford, May 9, 1947 (B. 
K. West). Petts Wood, two, at light, 1948 (E. Evans). Bromley, larva 
on aspen, August 24, 1949, reared June 1, 1950 (D. Lanktree). Orpington, 
1954 (L. W. Siggs). St. Mary’s Cray, one, 1957 (R. G. Chatelain). 


2. Brompton* (Chaney (1884-87)). Ospringe* (G. V. Bull). Graves- 
end; Faversham; at street lamps (H. C. Huggins). 


4. [Sandwich, six empty cocoons on large Lombardy Poplars, March 
31, 1930 (A. M. Morley).] Ickham, one August 6, 1954 (D. G. Marsh). 

3. Herne Bay, larva on poplar, 1922 (A. J. L. Bowes). 

5. Farnborough* (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chevening, ova on aspen, 
1918, imagines reared (Lort-Philips, Diary). Westerham (R. C. 
Edwards). 

6. Greenhithe (A. B. Farn MS.). Gravesend, 1913, 1915; Stansted, 
larva on aspen, August 28, 1923 (F. T. Grant). Horton Kirby Wood ; 
Pinden (K. J. Hare). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Curtis, Br. Hnt., 193); larvae on aspen 
(Carrington, Entomologist, 12: 213) (H. C. Huggins). 

7. Westwell, larva (Scott (1950)). One May 24, 1952 (D. G. Marsh). 

8. Folkestone* (Fellows, Entomologist, 25: 322). Dover, gd, June 

5, 1895 (Stockwell, Diary). Selsted, a larva found by A. G. Riddell, 
1930 (A. M. Morley). Stowting, a broken twig on which was a cocoon, 
found on the road under large Black Poplars, September 6, 1931, from 
which imago emerged June 22, 1932 (A. M. Morley). Eastry, one taken 
by A. M. Morley (KE. & Y. (1949)). 
- 9. Ramsgate (Willson, Entomologist, 23: 139). Margate, one, 1902, 
one, 1906 (J. P. Barrett coll.). Manston, ova on poplar, c.1912 (J. W. 
C. Hunt). Margate, one, 1915; Westgate, pupa, September 16, 1922, 
reared June 8, 1928; pupa, November 21, 1924, reared May 25, 1925 
(H. G. Gomm). 

10. Brasted, ova common on sallow (R. M. Prideaux). Sevenoaks, 
larva, 1949 (F. D. Greenwood). 

11. Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)) (E. Goodwin coll.). Edenbridge, 
larva, 1934 (F. D. Greenwood). Aylesford, c.1953 (G. A. N. Davis). 
Hoads Wood, larvae and imagines (P. Cue, teste E. Scott). Sevenoaks 
Weald, two, May 16, 24, 1959 (EH. A. Sadler), Bethersden, four, August 
14-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs). 

12. Ashford, four pupae under poplar bark (Russell, Hnt. week. 
Int., 3: 19); c.1953, in the town (P. Cue). Ham Street.—several ova 
on aspen, May 31, June 8, 1930; single larvae, August 16, 1931, August 
12, 1933, August 17, 1936; five imagines, June 1, 8, 14, 1934, one, May 
18, 1936 (A. M. Morley); May 24, 1935, A. G. Peyton; August 18, 1936 
(Bull, Diary); three dd, one 2 at light, June 17, 1934, ¢ at lght 
June 1, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes); 1934, 1936 (de Worms, Entomologist, 
68: 103, 70: 55);.Orlestone Woods, two dd, one 9, July 15, 1939, 
several, June 1948, six dd, May 25, 1951, four dd, June 15-16, 1951, 
three including one freshly emerged ¢ on oak trunk, July 6, 1951, all 
others at light (C.-H.); 1958 (de Worms, Entomologist, 92: 69, 71); 
Faggs Wood, larva on sallow (C.-H., Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (19) 


1960: 84). Brook, larvae (Scott (1936)) ; larvae, 1988 (C. A. W. Duffield, 
teste EK. Scott). Willesborough, one, July 7, one, July 29, 1954; Wye, 
one, June 22, 1953, one, June 26, 1955 (W. L. Rudland). 

13. Goudhurst, c.1950 (B. G. Chatfield); frequent at light annually 
(W. V. D. Bolt, verbal communication, 1961). 


14. Sandhurst, bred May 23, 1943 (Bull, Diary). Hawkhurst, 
c.1950; Benenden, c.1950 (B. G. Chatfield). Iden Green, one at light, 
1950 (H. Boxall). Tenterden, one June 15, 1960 (C. G. Orpin). 

15. Dungeness, dead imago at lighthouse, August 14, 1954 (C.-H.). 


16. Lower Sandgate Road, Folkestone, larvae (Knaggs (1870)). 
Folkestone, a larva on Black Poplar, July 1949, 9 emerged June 12, 
1950; one, August 22, 1955, ¢ July 5, 1957 (A. M. Morley). 


Varration.—The following abs. are in R.C.K.:— arcuata Stephens, 
one, Bexley, bred 1909, one, Kent, 190—; integra Stephens, three, 
Bexley, bred. 


First Recorp, 1827 ‘‘Poplars, Darenth Wood” (Curtis, Br. Ent., 
193), 


H. furcula Clerck: Sallow Kitten. 
Native. Woods, marshy places etc.; on Salix caprea, S. viminalis, 
Populus tremula, P. alba. 


Note: The records indicate two broods, imagines of the first 
appearing in May and early June, those of the second in July and 
August, with maximum numbers in the second generation!. 


1Barrett (Br. Lep., 3: 88-89) gives the imago as appearing at the end of May 
and in June, and adds curiously that it is single brooded but for very 
rare exceptions. None of the other textbooks that I have at hand 
mention a second brood. 


1. Lewisham, one, August 12, 1847 (Stainton, Zoologist, 1915); 
larva on white poplar, July 25, 1858 (Perkins, Ent. week, Int., 6: 82). 
Lee, one, July 10, 1866 (West, Entomologist, 3: 167). Sydenham, July 
20, 1901 (Buckell & Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1901: 
62). Farnborough*, 1901 (Lawrence, Entomologist, 34: 355). Bromley, 
a larva (W. A. Cope). Blackheath; Lewisham (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 
200), Forest Hill; Bexley district; Keston; Eltham (Wool. Surv. (1909)). 
Dartford, 3d, July 14, 1950 (B. K. West). Petts Wood, bred 1947, from 
larva on S. caprea, August 1946 (A. M. Swain. Orpington, at light, 
one, 1955, one 1958 (R. G. Chatelain). 

2. Greenhithe* (V.C.H. (1908)). Dartford, ova (B. K. West). 
Graveney, one, July 5, 1958 (D. G. Marsh). 

3. Herne Bay; Blean Woods; occasionally at light (D. G. Marsh). 
Canterbury, one, c.1948 (A. G. Maconochie). Broad Oak, ¢, at light, 
August 5, 1951 (C.-H.). 

4. Ickham, one, August 19, 1955, one, August 7, 1959 (D. G. 
Marsh). 

5. Chevening, ova, imago emerged August 21, 1917 (Lort-Phillips, 
Diary). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Ridley Wood, larva, August 30, 1912, two larvae on sallow, 
August 31, 1915 (F. T. Grant). Ryarsh, larvae, 1932-34, imagines 
reared (H. S. Fremlin). Dartford district, ova (B. K. West). 

6a, Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 17); larvae on aspen 


(20) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 


(Carrington, Entomologist, 12: 213); larvae and imagines, 1902-10 (H. 
C. Huggins). 

7. Faversham (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, one, August 9, 1938 
(Scott (1950)), two, August 8, 1956 (D. G. Marsh). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Hawkinge, pair in cop., July 14, 
1929 (W. O. W. Edwards, teste Morley ((1931)). Brook, larvae, 1938 
(Scott (1950)). Near Barham; Kearsney (E. & Y. (1949)). Dover, one, 
1954 (B. O. C. Gardiner). 

9. Margate, four, 1904 (J. P. Barrett coll.). 

10. Brasted, ova common on aspen (R. M. Prideaux). 

11. Wateringbury (E. Goodwin coll.) (V.C.H. (1908)). Tonbridge 
(Rattray, Entomologist, 45: 80). Shipborne; Tonbridge; at light, 1939 
(H. E. Hammond). East Malling, one, 1951; Aylesford, 1954-55 (G. A. 
N. Davis). Hoads Wood, c.1953 (P. Cue); two dd at m.v., August 11, 
1955 (C.-H.). Sevenoaks Weald, one, July 21, 1959 (HK. A. Sadler). 

12. Ashford, six pupae under bark of willow (Russell, Ent. week. 
Int., 3: 19). Gibbons Brook, cocoon under bark of sallow, September 
14, 1929, from which ¢ reared, June 22, 1930 (Morley (1931)). Ham 
Street, July 8, 1935 (Bull, Diary); several at light, August 5, 1935 (A. 
J. L. Bowes); one, July 25, 1952 (EK. H. Wild); 1953 (R. Lovell, fide A. 
M. Morley), one, May 10, 1954 (D. G. Marsh). Ashford, ¢.1953 (P. 
Cue). Chartham, one, 1953 (P. B. Wacher). Willesborough, two, May 
25, 30, 1954, four, July 9-August 9, 1956; Wye, one, August 5, 
1953, two, May 12, 27, 1954, four, July 27-August 23, 1954, two, August 
15, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Willesborough, one, August 1959 (M. 
Enfield). 

13. Groombridge (Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tunbridge Wells MS.). 
Goudhurst, frequent at light annually (W. V. D. Bolt, verbal communi- 
cation, 1961). 

14. Benenden Government Forest*, at light, August 13, 1937, 
August 26, 1941 (Bull, Diary). Tenterden (1960) (C. G. Orpin). 

15. Appledore, larva on osier, July 1898 (Heitland, Entomologist, 
31: 221). Dungeness, d, at light, August 14, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes); 
one, on post, May 30, 1936 (H. King); two dd, at m.v., June 1, 1956 
(C.H.), a few, August 18, 1958 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton). 

16. Folkestone district*, one taken, c.1898 (J. W. Walton, teste A. 
M. Morley). Folkestone, one, July 15, 1955 (R. W. Fawthrop, teste A. 
M. Morley); one, August 27, 1955, one, August 16, 1958 (A. M. Morley). 

First Recorp, 1828: Darenth Wood (Stephens Haust., 2: 17). 


Cerura vinula L.: Puss. 

Native. Woods, gardens, plantations, marshes, etc.; on Populus 
and Salix. Found in all divisions, and apparently fairly generally 
distributed throughout the county. ‘‘Generally common” (V.C.H. 
(1908)). 


The moth normally appears from about the middle of May to about 
the middle of June. It has been noted perhaps mostly at light, and the 
2 seems to come as often as the ¢. In 1952, one was taken in Folke- 
stone by A. M. Morley on April 19; and in 1955. W. L. Rudland took 
one at Wye as late as July 14. 

The pupal stage sometimes occupies more than one season; thus Bull 
(Entomologist, 64: 281) records one that emerged May 25, 1930 from a 
larva taken at Sandhurst in 1928. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (21) 


Larvae and ova have perhaps mostly been noted on Black Poplar, 
but are also found fairly frequently on aspen and willow sp. For 
example, West (Ent. Rec., 18: 200) recorded larvae on sallows, willows, 
and poplars at Brockley, Lewisham, and Greenwich Marshes; R. M. 
Prideaux found ova very commonly at Brasted on sallow; and A. M. 
Swain noted larvae on aspen and willow sp. at Petts Wood. H. C. 
Huggins states that he has especially noted the larvae in Kent on 
poplars growing round hop gardens. Sometimes they have been found 
in considerable abundance; thus, G. G. E. Scudder writes that 
“enormous numbers’’ of ova and larvae were found on Black Poplar 
trees at Fawkham (div. 6), in 1952; and in a lecture to the Folkestone 
Nat. Hist. Soc., in 1874, Ullyett said of the larvae: —‘‘Here in Folke- 
stone, you may gather them by the dozen all the season through, 
whenever you come across willow or poplar trees’ (Ullyett (1880), 97). 

VariaTion.—The following abs. are in R.C.K.:— zickerti Frings, 
one, Sidcup; minax Hiibn., one, N. Kent; fasciata Schultz, one, Folke- 
stone. 

First Recorp, 1828: Birch Wood (Stephens, Hawst., 2: 20). 


Stauropus fagi L.: Lobster. 


Native. Woods, parkland; on birch, hazel [beech]. Notably 
absent from the Blean area, and apparently scarce except in the Weald 
and in parts of Mid and West Kent. ‘‘Scarce’’ (V.C.H. (1908)). 


1. Birch Wood, taken annually (Stephens, Haust., 2: 22). Bexley 
Wood (Curtis, Br. Ent., 674). West Wickham (Linton, Ent. week. Int., 
2: 91) (Wood, Ent. week. Int., 2: 109) (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 
165) (Eedle, Entomologist, 14: 181) (Bloomfield, Ent. Rec., 2: 116) 
(West, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1899: 85) (Wells, Entomo- 
logist, 25: 193); two, bred 1902-03 (J. P. Barrett coll.); 3, ab. obscura 
Rebel, 1951 (C.-H.). Holwood Park*; Shooters Hill; Joydens Wood 
(Wool. Surv. (1909)). Petts Wood, larva (S. F. P. Blyth); ¢, 1946 (E. 
Evans); larva on birch, 1955 (R. G. Chatelain). Beckenham, one, 
typical example, at light, c. 1927 (W. J. Watts). Keston (de Worms, 
Lond. Nat., 1953: 116). Orpington, 1954 (A. J. Showler). Bromley, 
one at m.v., 1961 (D. R. M. Long). 

2. Chatham Dockyard, larva (Chaney (1884-87)). 

5. Farnborough (Alderson, Ent. Rec. 12: 248). Westerham, 1959, 
both obscura and typical forms (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Shoreham, larva on hazel (Line, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1934-35: 36). Otford, about eight at m.v., 1955-56, all obscura 
(W. B. L. Manley). Eynsford, three, June 21, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). 

6a. Darenth Wood, two, 1862 (Fenn, Diary) (Standish, Entomo- 
logist, 4: 99, 5: 147). Cobham Woods, one, 1912, on birch trunk (I. 
T. Grant). 

7. Wigmore Wood, larva (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell, two, July 
5, 1932 (Bull, Diary); three at car lights, June 3, 1933 (A. M. Morley); 
beech woods (Scott (1936)); July 20, 26, 1946 (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
Nat. Hist. Soc., 1946-47: 168). Kings Wood (Scott (1936)). | White 
Hill, June 22, 1935 (Bull, Diary). Bluebell Hill, one, c. 1953 (G. A. N. 
Davis). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Wye.—d, on beech trunk (Jeffrey, Ent. mon. Mag., 5: 223) 
(C. A. W. Duffield); Crown Pit, June 10, 1951 (KE. H. Wild). Folke- 
stone* (Ullyett (1880)). Elham, 9, June 27, 1930 (W. E. Busbridge) ; 


(22) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15 / TIT /1962 


1959 (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 177). Atchester Wood, one, June 
22, 1930 (E. & Y. (1949)). Gorsley Wood, four, 1938, including one 
trans. ad obscura (P. B. Wacher). 

10. Knole Park (Biggs, Entomologist, 11: 160). Seal Chart (Car- 
rington, Entomologist, 13: 79). Brasted, @, 1916 (Lort-Phillips, 
Diary). Westerham (Jacobs, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1931- 
32: 59); six at light, mostly obscura, 1951 (R. C. Edwards). Sevenoaks, 
one, 1951 (F. D. Greenwood). | 

11. Mereworth (V.C.H. (1908)) (Fremlin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1946-47: 171). Tonbridge, 6d common at light, 1939 (H. 
E. Hammond). Aylesford, one, 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood 
(P. Cue, teste E. Scott). Sevenoaks Weald, four, June 21-July 3, 1959 
(E. A. Sadler). 

12. Charing*, two, 1906 (J. P. Barrett coll.). Lenham (H. C. 
Huggins). Willesborough, two, 1956; Wye, six, 1953, one fresh speci- 
men, August 2, 1954, three, 1955, ten, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ham 
Street.—d, obscura, June 8, 1934, A. G. Peyton (C.-H. coll.); several 
at light, June 19, 1934, July 6, 1938 (A. J. L. Bowes); three, May 20, 
two, June 1, 1934 (A. M. Morley); larva, July 28, 1945 (Bull, Diary); 
noted fairly frequently at light in Long Rope and adjacent woods from 
time to time since 1939; single examples of obscura in 1948, 1951, 1952 
(C.-H.); one, May 15, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); June 10, 1960 (R. G. 
Chatelain). 

13. Near Tunbridge Wells, larva, 1827, W. Raddon (Stephens, loc. 
cit.). Southborough, M. M. Phipps; Wood near High Rocks (Knipe 
(1916)). Goudhurst, ¢¢ fairly common at light during the 1950’s to 
1961, all typical (W. V. D. Bolt). Tunbridge Wells, one, 1957 (lL. R. 
Tesch, teste C. A. Stace); one, 1959 (C. A. Stace). 

14. Hawkhurst, at light, one 1951, one 1952; Benenden, one 1952 
(B. G. Chatfield). Iden Green, one at light, 1951 (H. Boxall). 

VARIATION.—It would appear that ab. obscura Rebel is now as fre- 
quent as the type in West Kent. The earliest record I have of the 
occurrence of obscura in Kent, is that of one taken by Peyton at Ham 
Street in 1934 (C.-H.). 

First REcorpD, 1828: Stephens, Haust., 2: 22. 


Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. (trimacula Esp.): Marbled Brown. 
Native. Woods, parkland; on oak, beech. Unrecorded from div. 14, 
but doubtless present. Probably casual in 15. 


Obs.—A partial second generation may occasionally occur, as is sug- 
gested by the appearance of the moth at light at Ham Street in 1934, 
on July 20, and at Willesborough in 1954, on August 2, 

1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 31). Eltham, one, 1875; 
Bexley district (Wool. Surv. (1909)). West Wickham (Wool. Surv. 
(1999)); 1910 (Mannering, Entomologist, 43: 204); 1951 (EK. Trundell). 
Chislehurst (S. F. P. Blyth). Petts Wood, two or three annually, 
1948-50 (EK. Evans). Orpington, 1953 (L. W. Siggs). St. Mary Cray, 
one, June 13, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, one, 1960, one, 1961 (D. 
R. M. Long). 

3. Herne Bay, one, 1947 (D. G. Marsh). Broad Oak, one, 1952 
(C.-H). 

5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Gravesend, 1913 (F. T, Grant), Pinden 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (23) 


(a. J. Hare). Eynsford, two, June 21, 1959, three May 24, 1960 (R. G. 
Chatelain). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.); larvae on oak, imago reared 
June 2, 1861 (Huckett, Ent. week. Int., 10: 117); uncommon (EK. J. 
Hare) ; fairly common (B. K. West). Chattenden (Chaney (1884-87)). 

7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell, one, May 27, 
about forty at light, June 3, 1933 (A. M. Morley); twelve or more on 
the sheet, June 9, 1934 (Bull, Diary). White Hill, June 22, 1935 (Bull, 
Diary); one, June 20, 1936 (A. M. Morley). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Har- 
bottle). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Covert Wood, June 22, 1935 (J. H. 
B. Lowe); June 13, 1949 (G. H. Youden). Barfreston (EK. & Y. (1949)). 

10. Westerham (Gorham, Ent. week, Int., 7: 28). Sevenoaks 
(Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 80). Dunton Green, one, June 26, 1908 
(A. R. Kidner). 

11. Tonbridge (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79). Yalding (V.C.H. 
(1908)). Hoads Wood, 1938 (E. Scott); at m.v., 9, June 23, 1956 (C.-H.). 
Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, two, May 24-27, 1959 
(EK. A. Sadler). 

12. Ashford neighbourhood*, larva on beech (Viggers, teste Jeffrey, 
Ent. mon. Mag., 26: 256). Ashford Town, 1952, 1954 (P. Cue). Willes- 
borough, one, May 26, one, August 2, 1954; Wye, one, June 9, 1953, 
one, May 25, 1954, five, May 30-June 23, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). W. 
Ashford, ¢ (1959) (M. Singleton). Ham Street, May 22, 1934 (A. M. 
Morley); common at light, June 17, 1934; June 1, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes); 
noted in fair numbers at light, 1939, 1948, 1951, 1954, 1956, in Orlestone 
Woods (C.-H.); numerous, at m.v., May 1961 (B. K. West). Hockley, 
near Warehorne, six at light, June 8, 1936 (A. M. Morley). Ham Street 
Village, 1960 (de Worms, Entomologist, 94: 159). 

13. Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). Lamberhurst, 
May 25, 1988; Bedgebury, June 22, 1938 (Bull. Diary). Goudhurst, 
fairly common at m.v. annually, 1955-59, scarcer, 1960-61 (W. V. D. 
Bolt). 

15. lLydd-on-Sea, one, on a lamp-post, June 19, 1936 (fide A. M. 
Morley). 

16. Folkestone Town, one, May 26, 1954 (R. 'W. Fawthrop, teste 
A. M. Morley). 

VARIATION.—The following abs. are in R.C.K.:— intermedia 
Schawerda, several, Ashford; trimacula Esp., one, Ashford, 1934. 

A 3 that I have, taken Ham Street, 1939; and a ¢ taken by A. M. 
Morley at Westwell, appear referable to ab. albsda Rebel (C.-H.). 

First ReEcorp, 1828: Stephens, Haust., 2: 31. 


1“Barham” (E. & Y. (1949)), may refer. 


Chaonia ruficornis Hufn. (chaonia Hiibn.): Lunar Marbled Brown. 

Native. Woods, parkland; on oak. Fairly plentiful some years, 
particularly in 1952 and 1954, and evidently more frequent and wide- 
spread since about 1947. 

1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Hawst., 2: 30). Shooters Hill, larvae 
(Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 123); larva, July 19, 1862 (Fenn, Diary). 
Lee, one at rest on an oak, May 31, 1886 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.). Bexley, 
larva, July 10, 1898 (Carr, Entomologist, 32: 40); one, May 3, 1952 (A. 
Heselden). Keston; Eltham; Black Fen; Horn Park; Lee (Wool. Surv. 


(24) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/TII/1962 


(1909)). Bromley (Lawrence, Ent, HKec., 13: 221). Chislehurst, ten on 
street lamps, 1907; only seen once or twice since; Petts Wood, one on 
oak trunk, April 17, 1945 (S. F. P. Blyth). Bromley Common, several 
(W. A. Cope). Chislehurst, one, May 9, 1915 (A. R. Kidner). Petts 
Wood, four, 1947, one 1948 (EK. Evans); larvae, c. 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). 
West Wickham; Orpington (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 117). 
Orpington,1954 (L. W. Siggs). Bromley, March 30, 1961 (Long, Ent. 
Rec., 73: 133); plentiful, 1960-61, averaging about six per night at 
m.v. (D. R. M. Long). 


3. Blean, two, 1904, 1906, both bred (J. P. Barrett coll.) Canter- 
bury, 6, May 12, 1934 (A. G. Peyton). Pine Wood, one on an oak 
tree, 1947 (J. A. Parry). Eddington, two 3d, two 99, May 19-23, 
1951, two 6d, April 30, three 9 9, two dd, May 7, 1952, several, 1953; 
all at light (D. G. Marsh). 

5. Chevening, 9, May 16, 1914 (Lort-Phillips, Diary). Westerham, 
occasionally (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Longfield (Jennings, Hntomologist, 4 (54), 11). Gravesend, at 
street lamps, May 5, 1921, May 4, 1923, May 1934 (F. T. Grant). 
Pinden, rather common (EK. J. Hare). Wrotham, larvae, June 23, 
1957 (McDermott, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: , 70). 
Meopham, May 4, 7-8, 1960, April 30, May 3, 1961; six to ten per 
annum (J. Ellerton). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.); two larvae, June 22, 1862 
(Fenn, Diary) (H. C. Huggins); fairly common (B. K. West). Cobham 
(H. C. Huggins). 

7. Westwell, several, 1952 (E. Scott). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Dover, ¢, May 5, 1900 (Stockwell, 
Entomologist, 34: 26). Near Woolwich Wood (E. & Y. (1949)). Brook, 
two, April 14, 1952, about twenty, early May 1954 (C. A. W. Duffield, 
teste A. M. Morley); 1953 (W. L. Rudland). 

10. Wilderness Park (Carrington, Hntomologist, 13: 80). Sevenoaks 
(Hill, Hntomologist, 19: 185). Seal Chart (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 39, 1937-38: 45, 1948-49: 71). Brasted (R. M. 
Prideaux). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

11. Mereworth Wood, 9, c. 1885 (H. S. Fremlin). Wateringbury 
(V.C.H. (1908)). Hoads Wood, larvae (Scott (1936)); 1953-54 (P. Cue); 
three, April 29, 1955, three, May 14, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ton- 
bridge, several larvae, 1949-51 (H. E. Hammond). Aylesford, common 
at m.v., 1951, 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, three, May 
10-12, 1959 (EK. A. Sadler). 


12. Ham Street.—May 5, 1934, April 26, May 6, 1935 (A. G. Peyton, 
teste A. M. Morley); May 12, 1934, May 9, 1936, April 28, 1937, April 
24, May 17, 1939 (Bull, Diary); about twelve, 1935 (Scott (1936)); a 
larva on oak at night, June 25, 1938 (A. M. Morley); Long Rope, two 
worn, at light, April 14, 1939, five gd, five 2°, in good condition, at 
m.v., May 12-13, 1951 (C.-H.); numerous at m.v., 1954 (P. B. Wacher) ; 
1959 (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 158); three, May 6, 1960 (R. G. 
Chatelain). Willesborough, four, May 10-11, 1954, one, May 24, 1955, 
four, May 11-22, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); ¢, 1959 (D. Youngs). Wye, 
one, April 24, 1953, ten, May 7-14, 1954, two, April 29-May 26, 1955, 
thirteen, May 5-16, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ashford, about thirty, 
May 10, 1954 (P. Cue, teste A. M. Morley); 1960 (de Worms, Hntomo- 
logist, 94: 159). 


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Derbyshire Lepidoptera — First Supplement 
Compiled by D. C. Hume 


The revised Derbyshire Lepidoptera closed on 3lst December 1958. 
The list, though complete in three foolscap lever-arch files, is likely to 
remain in manuscript form for a number of years. It may be inspected 
at the compiler’s home by anyone interested, and information on distri- 
bution and status extracted if required. Rather than hold up the 
publication of the important Lepidoptera records of the years 
subsequent to the closing date, it was thought that it would be a useful 
scheme—if a somewhat unusual one—to prepare and publish supple- 
ments every year or so prior to the publication of the main work. These 
supplements will give all the additions to the 1829-1958 County List, 
confirmation of species entered in the ‘‘Doubtful Species’’ section, all 
new Area and Peak District National Park records, noteworthy records 
of aberrations and previously listed rarities and also brief summaries 
on the occurrence of selected common butterflies and moths. 

This First Supplement covers the years 1959, 1960 and 1961. A 
number of specimens taken in this period have yet to be critically 
examined, or require expert determination. If these include County 
or Area additions full details will be given in later supplements. The 
presentation of the records follows the style adopted in the main 
work, The numbering and nomeclature used is that of I. R. P. 
Heslop’s Revised Index Check-list of the British Lemdoptera (1959/61) 
as published in Volumes 10, 11 and 12 of Entomologist’s Gazette. 
Localities within the Derbyshire portion of the Peak District National 
Park (abbreviated P.D.N.P.) are italicized. The botanist’s symbol ! is 
used to indicate that the specimen was shown to the compiler and/or, 
in some cases, determined by him. 

A sketch map of the Areas of Derbyshire appeared in the November 
1957 issue of The Entomologist’s Record. It was discovered in 1958 
that a quarter of the county’s 289 parishes lacked Lepidoptera records 
and an effort was made to improve the coverage of the county. This 
was successful on only a limited scale as most contributors continued to 
work their favourite localities. A number of the new Area records of 
generally distributed insects will, no doubt, cause surprise. Obviously, 
many of these species have been encountered previously in the Areas 
concerned, but dismissed as too common to note; hence no accounts of 
them have been submitted to Messrs. Payne, Jourdain, Hayward, Black- 
well Wood and the present co-ordinator of local entomological records 
or sent to the national journals. A point in favour of mercury vapour 
light traps is that both common and rare species are counted by the 
operators. 

The coverage for 1959/61 can be summarized as follows :— 

Area 1—South of Trent. Well covered by a band of Derby-based 
naturalists undertaking an ecological survey of Robin Wood, with visits 
to nearby Repton Shrubs, Hartshorne and Ticknall. A few observations 
were made in the neglected parishes of Derby Hills, Rosliston and 
Smisby. 

Area 2—Sandstone Belt. The county town and the surrounding 
district was fully covered. Outlying parishes including Egginton, 
Shirley and Sudbury were visited and the first records received from 
Dalbury Lees and Marston Montgomery. 


78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, Vou, 74 15)TV /1962 


Area 3—Southern Grit. The compiler made a few trips to Alder- 
wasley and Little Eaton, and a resident botanist supplied some 
observations. 

Area 4—Mountain Limestone. The Youlgrave district was covered 
by two resident naturalists in 1959 and 1960. Excursions to Dovedale, 
Over Haddon and Wirksworth were made by Derbyshire Entomological 
Society members. 

Area 5—Central Grit. The Matlock and Beeley districts were 
covered by residents and visitors. A m.v.l. was used for the first time in 
Beeley village in 1959 and 1960 and attracted many interesting moths. 
Baslow, Eyam Moor and Stanton Moor also examined. 

Area 6—Coal Measures. The best covered Area over this period. 
Lists sent in from seven resident lepidopterists and a visitor in the 
Chesterfield, Clay Cross, Codnor, Heath, North Wingfield and Winger- 
worth districts. At least five m.v.l. traps were operated. Morton and 
Pilsley received a little attention in 1959. 

Area 7—Permian. This corner of the county, east of the Rivers 
Rother and Doe Lea, apparently still shunned by entomologists. The 
six Lepidoptera records submitted in the three years, resulted in four 
new species for the area. 

Area 8—Peak Grit. A few specimens from Hope Woodlands and New 
Mills in 1959 with several notes from Hathersage, Glossop and the Dale 
of Goyt. 

The number of new species added for each Area in the period under 
review is given in the table below. The figures in brackets refer to 
the species new to the County List included in the Area tally. 


AREA i 2 3. «A SNe Oe P.DINe 
ADDITIONS 4A). 90) 4-740) 26; 27). 14 et 14(1) 


The list of contributors for this supplement includes several who 
sent in very detailed reports: 

R. H. Appleby, A. J. Beresford, W. Bilbie, N. L. Birkett, K. Brad- 
bury, C. E. Brown, W. A. C. Bullock, Camden Clarke, B. Elhott, T. D. 
Fearnehough, B. S. Fletcher, A. E. Hale, A. Hepworth, S. Hilton, 
Miss K. M. Hollick, D. C. Hulme, J. H. Johnson, J. F. C. Kent, N. 
A. Kerridge, S. G. King, H. N. Michaelis, Mrs. M. H. Mills, R. E. 
Morris, J. Newton, J. Parkin, J. Peacock, B. C. Potter, R. F. W. 
Redman, R. G. Warren, A. B. Wassell, G. S. Wheeldon, Mrs. G. W. 
Wheeldon, C. N. Whipple, D. S. Whitaker, S. Whitaker, R. Wood- 
bridge and C. A. Woollacott. 

The compiler is indebted to all the above naturalists for their obser- 
vations, and in addition to Misses June Fell and Doris S. Horne, late 
of Repton School, and Desmond G. C. Jackson, of Dalbury Lees, for 
collecting numerous specimens on his behalf. Criticisms of this pro- 
duction and Derbyshire records of all species for any year, with 
particulars of precise locality, date and number, will be received with 
interest at the compiler’s address. 

Important information relating to Lepidoptera in Derbyshire 
published during this period includes the following papers. 


FraRNEHOUGH: T. D. Notes on some Carpet Moths in Derbyshire. Ent. 
Rec., 71: 204-208. 
Jounsox, J. H. Muslin Footman and Marbled Beauty in 1959. Bull. 
~ amat. Ent. Soc., 18: 90. 


DERBYSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA—-FIRST SUPPLEMENT 79 


—. The effect of the 1959 summer on the First Appearance Dates 
of Moths in a Light Trap. Bull. amat. Ent. Soc., 19: 53-55. 

—. Comparisons of Captures of Moths at M.V. Light Traps at 
Lancing and Chesterfield. Bull. amat. Ent. Soc., 20: 28. 

——. Migration of Bupalus piniaria L. (LEP.). Entomologist, 93: 
53. 

—. Further observations on the Egg-laying Capacity of Melanic 
and Typical Forms of Gonodontis bidentata Cl. (LEP.). 
Entomologist, 94: 173-178 

——. Melanism in Gonodontis bidentata Cl. (LEP.) at Chesterfield. 
Entomologist, 94: 235. 


AMENDMENTS TO DERBYSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA INDICES 


CONTRIBUTORS. 12 names to be added. 

A. J. Beresford of Alvaston; Dr. Neville L. Birkett, F.R.E.S., of 
Kendal, Westmorland; Stanley Hilton of Alvastvn; Norman A. 
Kerridge of Alvaston; S. G. King of North Wingfield; J. Newton of 
Tetbury, Gloucester; John Parkin of Chaddesden; John Peacock of 
Doveridge; Anthony B. Wassell of Derby; Conrad N. Whipple of 
Etwall; David S. Whitaker of Derby, and R. Woodbridge (A.E.S 
member). 


LOCALITIES. There are no new localities to add to this index 
but the following Class ‘‘c’’? category parishes (neglected parishes with 
no known Lepidoptera records) require changing to Class ‘‘b’’ category 
parishes (parishes with under 100 Lepidoptera records). . 

Derby Hills, Rosliston and Smisby in Area 1. 

Dalbury Lees and Marston Montgomery in Area 2. 

Morton and Pilsley in Area 6. 


SPECIFIC NAMES. This supplement adds seven species to the 
County List: particulars of which will be found under Heslop reference 
numbers 626, 1086, 1317, 1380, 1402, 1782 and 2099. No. 2099 
previously appeared in the ‘‘Doubtful species’? section and already 
figures in the main ‘‘Index of Specific Names’. Authors are 
given here only in cases where a similar specific name occurs in the 
index. 


PLD CESHING WR 28LBIE bork int 1402 mbcenane “eG. anet 1380 
SOS Oe ee ak Ae a Oe ie eee 1782 OT MUEONOL te S45: ees A LLG, 
UROL TT Nee ge Ce iat Oe eee ER 626 Phecdsana:. (Eh week osc. 1402 
CLEC Ao. Sh eho. . 1380 SMUUCILOM NG: aes 1086 
GEM Oe TVA « ocicces. aaeeies ec 1086 


SYSTEMATIC LIST 


7 Pieris napi L. First Area 7 record—Hardwick Park, 22nd May 
1959 (S.G.K.). 

13 Colias croceus Fourec. The only evidence of this species in the 
three years was a ¢ seen at rest on Persicaria in Robin Wood 
(Area 1) on 5th September 1959 (D.C.H.). 

17 Pararge aegeria L. First Area 5 record—Beeley, 19th Septem- 
ber 1959, a worn specimen in the recorder’s orchard (B.S.F.). 


80 
26 


31 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1V /1962 


Aphantopus hyperantus L. First Area 6 record—Clay Cross, 
28th June and 12th July 1959, singletons taken at Holmgate! 
(W.B.). Also the first recorded in the present century. 

Vanessa cardui L. Only two specimens sighted in 1959-61. 
Area 6—Clay Cross, 13th August 1960 (W.B.), and Area 2— 
Derby, 13th October 1961, one at the Cathedral (D.S.W.). 
Celastrina argiolus L. Area 4—Hartington, 6th April 1960—see 
Bull. amat. Ent. Soc., 19: 55 (R. Woodbridge). The only 
record for 1959-61. 

Mimas tiliae L. First Area 5 and P.D.N.P. record—Beeley, 
llth May 1959, a d at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 

Herse convolvuli L. Two specimens taken in the period 1959-61. 
Area 6—Codnor, 6th and 13th October 1961 (C.A.W.). 

Harpyia bicuspis Borkh. First Area 5 records—Beeley, 22nd 
May 1959 and 26th May 1960, singletons at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 
Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. First Area 6 record—Heath, 14th 
June 1959, one (W.B.). 

Pheosia gnoma F. First Area 8 record—Dale of Goyt, 13th 
July 1961, one at m.v.l. (N.L.B.). 

Notodonta ziczac L. First Area 5 record—Beeley, 8th May 1959, 
a O° ab mv (Bis. i). 

Drepana binaria Hufn. First Area 7 record—Langwith Wood, 
13th May 1961, two (A.H.). 

Nola cucullatella L. First Area 5 record—Beeley, 2-21 July 
1959, fourteen at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). - 

Cycnia mendica Clerck. First Area 2 record—Littleover, 16th 
May 1959, one at e.l. (R.E.M.). 

Aegeria culiciformis L. First Area 5 and P.D.N.P. records— 
Beeley Moor, 24th May 1959, over 40 imagines seen in a birch 
copse; 28th May 1960, a single 2 captured in the presence 
of J.H.J. (B.S.F.). 

Hepialus lupulina L. Area 2—Littleover, 20th August 1959, 
two dd ate.l. (D.C.H.). The latest recorded Derbys. date. 

H. hecta L. Surprisingly the first Area 2 record—Littleover, 
3lst May and 13th June 1959, singletons (D.C.H.). First.Area 8 
record—New Mills, July 1959, one! (G.W.W.). 

Agrotis segetum Schiff. First Area 5 and P.D.N.P. records— 
Beeley, 12th June and 3rd July 1959, singletons at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 
A. puta Hiibn. First Area 6 records—Clay Cross, 17th May 
1960, one at m.v.l.—specimen seen by J.H.J. (W.B.), and Hep- 
thorne Lane, 6th June 1960, one at m.v.l. (J.H.J.). 

Amathes baja Schiff. First Area 8 record—Dale of Goyt, 13th 
July 1961, one at m.v.l. (N.L.B.). 

A. triangulum Hufn. First Area 5 record—Beeley, 22nd June- 
15th July 1959, seven at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 

Axylia putris L. First Area 5 and P.D.N.P. records—Beeley, 
21st June-15th July 1959, 29 at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 

Cerastis rubricosa Schiff. Area 5—Beeley, 1st March 1960, one 
at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). The earliest recorded Derbyshire date. 
Orthosia stabilis Schiff. First Area 2 record—Littleover, 17th 
May 1959, one at e.l. (R.E.M.). 

Panolis flammea Schiff. First Area 6 record—Hepthorn Lane, 
12th and 13th May 1959, singletons at m.v.l. (J.H.J.). 


731 


802 


815 


DERBYSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA—FIRST SUPPLEMENT 81 


Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. First Area 6 record—Hepthorn Lane, 
5th and 8th October 1959, singletons at m.v.l. (J.H.J.). 
Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. First Area 2 record—Littleover, 
14th July 1961, one (R.H.A., D.C.H.). 

Gortyna micacea Esp. First Area 7 record—Bolsover, 13th 
June 1960, larvae on strawberries (R.F.W.R.). 

Zenobia subtusa Schiff. First Area 6 records—Clay Cross, 25th 
July and 16th August 1960, singletons at m.v.l. (W.B.), and 
Hepthorne Lane, 4th August 1960, one at m.v.l. (J.H.J.). 
Apatele alni L. First Area 5 record—Beeley, 28th May 1959, 
one at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 

Cucullia absinthii L. Well established since 1953 in Area 6, 
but not elsewhere in the county though many larvae were noted 
at Doveridge (Area 2) on 22nd August 1959 by J. Peacock— 
see Entomologist, 92: 243. 

C. verbasci L. First Area 6 record—Codnor, 18-24 July 1961, 
four at m.v.l. (C.A.W.). 

Dasypolia templi Thunb. First Area 5 and P.D.N.P. records— 
Beeley, 13th April 1959, one at a street lamp; 5th April 1960, 
one at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). See also J.H.J.’s note in Ent. Rec., 
72: 20. 


Tiliacea aurago Schiff. See J.H.J.’s note in Ent. Rec., 72: 20, 
and the comments which followed on pages 72 and 73. 

Colocasia coryli L. First Area 5 records—Beeley, 13th and 14th 
May 1959, singletons; 4th/26th May 1960, four at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 


Plusia bractea Schiff. (Gold Spangle). Ref., South (1961), 1: 
368. An addition to the County List. Area 6—Hepthorne Lane, 
10th and 27th July 1959, singletons at m.v.l. (one!) — see 
Entomologist, 93: 48 (J.H.J.), and Dronfield, 16th July 1960, 
a fresh 9 taken at willow-herb flowers—see Hnt. Rec., 72: 249 
CRA nh.) : 

Archiearis parthenias I. First Area 2 record—Shirley, 25th 
March 1959, a forewing (!) recovered from a specimen captured 
in flight by a Marsh Tit (R.H.A.). 

Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn. ssp. atropunctaria Walker. First 
Area 5 and P.D.N.P. record—Eyam Moor, 7th August 1961, 
common (W.B.). 


Jodis lactearia L. First Area 5 and P.D.N.P. record—Harthill, 
12th July 1959, one (G.W.W.). 

Nanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck. First Area 5 record—Beeley, 
llth July and 12th August 1959, singletons (B.S.F.). 


X. fluctuata JL. Of 1,393 taken at Hepthorne Lane (Area 6) 
between 23rd Apr.-2nd October 1959, two specimens were ab. 
costovata Haw.—see Ent. Rec., 71: 270 (J.H.J.). 


Nycterosea obstipata F. First Area 6 record—Hepthorne Lane, 
6th June 1960, one at m.v.l. (J.H.J.). Also the first Derbyshire 
record this century. 

Odezia atrata LL. Area 2—Littleover, 3lst May 1959, three cr 
more on a covered reservoir (R.H.A.). The first May record for 
the county. 

Orthonama lignata Hiibn. First Area 6 record—Hepthorne 
Lane, 12th August 1959, one at m,v,l, (J.H,J.), 


914 


958 


986 


1016 


1042 


1045 


1086 


1116 


1126 


1202 


1256 


1270 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/TV /1962 


Larentia clavaria Haw. First Area 5 record—Beeley, 18th 
September 1959, one at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 

Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn. Area 1—Robin Wood, 6th July 
1961, one taken in a ride (D.C.H.). The first Derbyshire speci- 
men since 1918. 

Venusia cambrica Curt. Area 8—Dale of Goyt, 13th July 1961, 
three ab. bradyi Prout taken and others seen—see Ent. Rec., 74: 
16 (NG. B:5% HEN SMe); The first record of this aberration 
though Dr. Birkett in litt. states that this is a well-known 
locality for the dark form, many collectors having taken it in 
numbers in the last ten years or more and, only two days before 
his own visit, Mr. Austin Richardson had taken some here. 
Eupithecia linariata Schiff. First Area 5 and P.D.N.P. record 
—Beeley, 22nd June 1959 (B.S.F.). 

E. centaureata Schiff. First Area 5 record Raia 25th May 
1960, one at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 
E. nanata Hiibn. ssp. angusta Prout. First Area 6 record— 
Leash Fen, 10th August 1961, commonly netted (J.N.). 


Abraxas grossulariata L. First Area 4 record—Youlgrave, 26th 
June/9th July 1959, four (G.W.W.). 


Bapta temerata Schiff. First Area 2 record—Hittleover, 31st 
May 1959, one at b.l. (R.E.M.). First Area 5 record—Beeley, 
26th May 1960, one at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 


Deuteronomos erosaria Schiff. First Area 5 and P.D.N.P. record 
—Beeley, 10th September 1959, one at m.v.l. (B.S.F.). 


Ematurga atomaria L. First Area 7 record—Scearcliffe, 3rd May 
1959, a od on disused railway track (J.H.J., D.C.H.). First 
Area 8 record—Hathersage, 19th May 1959, abundant (W.B.). 


Scoparia ambigualis Treits. First Area 5 record—Stanton Moor, 
13th July 1959, one! (G.W.W.). 

Udea nivealis F. First Area 2 record—Littleover, 6th July 
1961, one at e.l. (D.C.H.). 

Mesographe forficalis L. First Area 5 record—Beeley, early 
June 1960, one found dead in m.v.l. trap! (B.S.F.). 
Hypsopygia costalis F. First Area 1 record—Repton, 8th 
October 1959, one taken by Miss D. S. Horne (D.C.H.). 
Homoeosoma sinuella F. = gemina Haw. (Twin-barred Knot- 
horn). Refs., L. T. Ford, 35; B. P. Beirne, p. 84. An addition 
to the County List. Area 2—lLittleover, 22nd June 1960, one 
taken on waste ground—specimen confirmed by 8S. Wakely—see 
Hint. tee¢-, 12) 2190) CG: El.) 

Aphomia sociella L. First Area 5 and P.D.N.P. record—Beeley, 
early June 1960, 3 and 92 specimens found dead in m.v.]. trap! 
(B.S.F.)s 

Crambus pratellus L. First Area 6 records—Clay Cross, 15th 
and 16th June 1959 and 16th June 1960, singletons! (W.B.). 
Eupoecilia angustana Hiibn. First Area 6 record—Leash Fen, 
10th August 1961, abundant (J.N.). 

Archips rosana L. First Area 6 record—Clay Cross, 30th June 
1959, one ! (W.B.). 

Lozotaenia forsterana F. First Area 5 record—Beeley, early 


. June 1960, one found dead in m.y.1. trap! (B.S.F.). 


1276 
1313 


1317 


1329 


1380 


1402 


1417 


1435 


1461 


1467 


1469 


1536 


1544 
1565 
1603 
1761 
1774 
1775 
1780 


1782 


DERBYSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA—FIRST SUPPLEMENT 83 


Philedone gerningana Schiff. First Area 6 record—Walton, 4th 
August 1961, a few rather worn specimens netted on moor (J.N.). 


Acleris caledoniana Steph. First Area 6 record—Walton and 
Holy Moor, 4th/9th August 1961, common (J.N.). 

A. permutana Dup. (Buff Rough-winged Button). Refs., L. T. 
Ford 340; Bradley photo. 8c (70). An addition to the County 
List. Area 2—Derby, 29th and 31st August, Ist and 2nd 
September 1961, singletons taken in the recorder’s Bridge Ward 
house! (A.B.W.). 

A. ferrugana. Schiff. First positive Area 1 record—Robin Wood, 
6th July 1961, one taken (D.C.H.). 

Grapholita internana Guen. = erectana Barr. (Dark Crescent 
Piercer). Refs., L. T. Ford 561; Bradley photo. 45. An addition 
to the County List. Area 6—Clay Cross, 25th May 1960, a ¢o 
taken! (W.B.). 

Hucosmomorpha albersana Hiibn. = rheediana Haw. nec UL. 
(Rheede’s Large Piercer). Refs., L. T. Ford 396; Bradley photo. 
66. An addition to the County List. Area 1—Robin Wood, 17th 
May 1961, one taken—see Hnt. Rec., 73: 163 (D.C.H.). 
Spilonota laricana Hein. First Area 6 and P.D.N.P. record— 
Leash Fen, 10th August 1961, fairly commonly beaten from larch 
(J.N.). 

Epiblema foenella L. Sixteen specimens (most!) taken by W.B. 
at Clay Cross in the period 1959-61—see Hnt. Rec., 73: 163. 
Zeiraphera diniana Guen. First Area 6 record—Leash Fen, 
10th August 1961, mostly worn specimens beaten commonly from 
larch (J.N.). 

Rhopobota naevana Hiibn. First Area 6 record—Holy Moor, 
5th August 1961, abundant about Vaccinium (J.N.). 

Epinotia stroemiana F. First Area 6 and P.D.N.P. record— 
Leash Fen, 10th August 1961, taken at rest on birch leaves; 
rather local but easily seen—looking very like bird droppings— 
on the leaves of stunted birches (J.N.). 

Apotomis betuletana Haw. First Area 6 records—Holy Moor, 
5th August 1961, and Leash Fen, 10th August 1961, fairly 
common (J.N.). 

Hedya variegana Hiibn. First Area 4 and P.D.N.P. record— 
Dovedale, 15th June 1961, four taken (D.C.H.). 

Celypha striana Schiff. First Area 6 record—Clay Cross, 20th 
June 1960, one! (W.B.). 

Stenolechia gemmella L. First Area 6 record—Clay Cross, 11th 
June 1959, one! (W.B.). 

Endrosis sarcitrella L. First Area 3 record—Morley, 26th July 
1961, one at Broomfield Hall (D.C.H.). 

Diurnea fagella Schiff. First Area 5 record—Chatsworth, 12th 
April 1959, one (W.B.). 

D. phryganella Hiibn. First Area 4 record—Dovedale, 21st 
October 1959, flying (R.G.W.). 

Carcina quercana F. First Area 6 records—Clay Cross, 19th 
July 1960, and 2nd and 3rd August 1961, singletons! (W.B.). 
Exaeretia allisella Staint. (Mugwort Flat-body). Ref., L. T. Ford 
777. An addition to the County List. Area 6—Clay Cross, 5th 
July 1959, one taken !—confirmed by J. D, Bradley (W.B.). 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/TV /1962 


1820 Agonopterix applana F. First Area 6 record—Clay Cross, 31st 
March 1960, one at window (W.B.). 

1856 Aechmia thrasonella Seop. First positive Area 1 record—Hart- 
shorne, 11th June 1959, two (D.C.H.). 

1922 Argyresthia goedartella L. First Area 3 record—Alderwasley, 
23rd July 1961, one in the wood near Netherpark (D.C.H.). 

1957 Yponomeuta cognatella Hiibn. First Area 5 record—Matlock, 
6th August 1959, one! (W.B.). 

2099 Inthocolletis nicelli Staint. Previously included in the ‘‘Doubtful 
Species’ section but now fully admitted. First Area 4 and 
P.D.N.P. record—Dovedale, 21st October 1959, mines collected 
produced imagines in 1960 (R.G.W.). 

2175 Ypsolophus sequellus Clerck. First Area 3 record—Alderwasley, 
23rd July 1961, one taken beneath a sycamore at the edge of the 
wood near Netherpark (D.C.H.). 

2281 Lampronia luzella Hiibn. First Area 3 record—Alderwasley, 
14th June 1959, four boxed over flowering bramble and in bracken 
in hot sunshine between 14.30 and 16.30 G.M.T. at edge of wood 
near Packhorse (D.C.H.). Also the first noted this century. 

1 Melton Avenue, Littleover, Derby. 18.11.62. 


The International Code of Nomenclature 1961 
W. Parkinson Curtis, F.R.E.S. 


I have read Professor Balfour Browne’s criticisms of this in the 
Entomologist’s Record, 74: 48. As he well knows, I have a firmly 
grounded view that to add Etymological research to Zoological research 
is casting a burden on the zoological worker that is very unfair, very 
unnecessary, serves no useful purpose, and hinders his work. I was, as 
a matter of professional necessity, taught Latin, and agree it is a 
fairly logical, if cumbrous language, but from my earliest childhood I 
was never able to understand why a table had a feminine gender, and 
now, many years from childhood, or even youth, I still have no answer 
to that puzzle, because gender and sex are irrevocably coupled. The 
older I get, the more convinced am J, that words used as names for 
males, females, neuters and intersexes, should have no sex or gender, 
but should be treated as neuter. The real trouble on that head seems 
to be that the Congresses prefer to leave the workers floundering, since 
all the Commission can do is to follow Congress decisions. I think Pro- 
fessor Balfour Browne might have added to his few words of approval, 
an approval of the new Statute of Limitations which will prevent 
archaeologists from unearthing more people like Pastor Hufnagel, and 
further upsetting names that have been in use for centuries. Years ago 
I tried to induce Dr. Karl Jordan to father a rule giving the Commission 
power to suppress a name for want of certainty, much as the Chancery 
Division of the High Court does with vague documents, but failed to 
convince him of the urgent necessity for such a practice. 

Professor Balfour Browne’s suggestion of national committees must, 
I feel sure, if he reflects on it carefully in reality, be asking us to put 
the clock back a couple of centuries. If he looks round the world and 
considers the political position subsisting on all hands to-day, he surely 
will perceive that the chaos, confusion and waste of life and energy is 
due to petty, parochial outlooks and to personal determinations to 


1961 IN RETROSPECT 85 


have ‘“‘my own way”’ at any cost. Such a look round will surely lead 
him. to modify his view. 

If the scientific world is endeavouring to keep petty, parochial out- 
looks, and petty, personal vanities in the background, surely we should 
do all we can to foster that attitude and encourage adherence to a rule 
rather than go back to the quagmire of diverse views. 

An example cf the time wasting difficulties that insistence on a 
personal view can cause, can be found by anyone who has to trace the 
references in literature to Plebeius argus Linn. = aegon Schiff. Since 
the late Mr. Rowland Brown obstinately insisted that argus Linn. = 
argyrognomon Bergstr., a view which seems now to be safely buried 
beyond exhumation. 

I have read the revised code several times, and whilst I find the 
philological appendix tiresomely dreary, speaking as an equity drafts- 
man, I consider it a very able production indeed, and I am confident 
that though probably every worker might like some alteration some- 
where if workers will follow it, bearing in mind that it is intended and 
expected to help their work, and stabilize nomenclature, it will produce 
a high degree of stability. 

131 Princess Road, Bournemouth. 


1961 in Retrospect 
By M. J. LEECH 


The 14th February was an exceptionally mild evening, so for the 
first time in the year, the gear was assembled and I set out for Swithland 
Wood, the only remaining piece of extensive woodland which now 
remains of the Charnwood Forest area of Leicestershire. Erannis 
marginaria Fab. was well out, males were plentiful both in flight and 
sitting on the oak trees. A single specimen of Biston strataria Hufn. 
also came to the lamp—an early date. The next outing was on 4th 
March to Lea Woods, Ulverseroft, Leicestershire. The usual spring 
species of Orthosias came to the mercury vapour light along with B. 
strataria and EH. leucophaearia Schiff. At Swithland Wood on the 8th 
it was nice to see a single specimen of Orthosia populeti Fab. appear at 
the light in company with a large number of OQ. incerta Hufn. The 
following day, very warm for the time of year with the temperature 
equal to many a day in May, I saw the first Pieris rapae L. in flight at 
Syston. Two days later the first visit of the season was made to the 
Nature Conservancy’s Reserve at Castor Hanglands. Conditions were 
far from ideal, quite a strong wind was blowing and the temperatures 
hovered around 43° F. Ten spring species came to the mercury vapour 
light, included in which was a nice form of 0. munda Schiff. On the 
16th March I saw two specimens of Gonepteryx rhamni L. flying along 
the hedgerows of the main Leicester to Coventry road. Later the same 
day, we again visited Swithland Wood, when a further O. populeti was 
secured together with the commoner spring species. 

I returned north to Lancashire for Easter. The weather was against 
any serious field work, temperatures were not much above freezing, and 
at Formby there were infrequent snow showers. A search over my old 
collecting grounds for larvae of Lasiocampa trifolit Schiff. was unsuccess- 
ful as there was no sign of the conspicuous orange coloured larvae 
sitting about on the dead grass stems, due, no doubt, to the cold wind 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/1TV /1962 


and low temperatures. I did, however, spot—and later took some colour 
photographs of—quite an uncommon fungus for these parts, namely, 
Morchella esculenta (L.) Perg. The cap of this species bears a kind of 
honeycomb network pattern. The stalk is thick and quite short. It is 
usually associated with chalky grasslands. The nights over the Haster 
weekend were unproductive; there was a sprinkling of the early pds 
moths, but O. advena. Schiff. was noticeable by its absence. 

Taek in Leicestershire on the 8th April, at Swithland, the mercury 
vapour light produced a run of Cerastis rubricosa Schiff., and also two 
specimens of Chaonia ruficornis Hufn.; Pheosia gnoma Fab. also put 
in an appearance. Six days later the first examples of Anthocaris 
cardamines L. were seen flying in a hedgerow four miles from Worcester. 
The following two days were spent in larvae beating when the usual 
hawthorn feeders, Allophyes oryacanthae L. and Episema caeruleo- 
cephala L. fell plentifully into the beating tray. On 17th April the 
mercury vapour light was in operation at a wood near to Newtown 
Linford, Leicestershire. Fourteen species were recorded for the night’s 
work, including three perfectly fresh melanic Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. 
(pedaria Fab.)—quite a late date for the species when it is sometimes 
not uncommon in late February. The 23rd of the month was spent 
in exploring the Norfolk Broads, this being an area of the country not 
previously visited. Entomologically the day was unproductive, except 
for finding a fully grown larva of Calothysanis amata L. on a dock leaf. 
A very pleasant day was spent, however, with some friends on board a 
motorised sailing boat. The bird life was quite interesting and due 
to long periods of bright sunshine some colour photographs of the area 
were obtained. 

Duddington, just inside the borders of Northamptonshire, came in 
for some attention on the 29th April. The main quarry was the larvae 
of Strymonidia pruni L., but prolonged beating failed to produce a 
single example in the haunts where this butterfly was seen in some num- 
bers the previous year. The beating tray was well patronised, how- 
ever, by the usual spring species—Theria rupicapraria Schiff. being in 
profusion. Lepidoptera on the wing were decidedly scarce, one fresh 
Bapta bimaculata Fab. was disturbed from the sloe. 

The next expedition of any note was on the 11th May, when the 
scene of operations centred round an area of Cannock Chase, Stafford- 
shire, after Harpyia bicuspis Borkh. After considerable exploring, an 
ideal area for the moth was located. Alders were plentiful, together 
with birch, and the spot generally was exceedingly damp. The night 
was not without success as the first bicuspis arrived at the light at 
10.15 p.m. B.8s.T., and a second flew in some thirty minutes later. Both 
were males and in good condition. Apart from this insect, which I had 
last seen at Tilgate in 1957, the catch was a little disappointing. 
Dasychira pudibunda L. was in evidence, and I also boxed three fresh 
Gonodontis bidentata Clerck ab. nigra Prout. Whilst attending a 
barbecue party at Cosby, Leicestershire the next night I spotted a 
fresh Selenia lunaria Schiff. flying round a paraffin lamp suspended 
from a pear tree in the grounds. This prompted further action and 
within minutes the mercury vapour light, always available in the 
boot of the boot of the car, was in operation, much to the consternation 
of the assembled gathering, but only one other specimen arrived. 

The next day, in company with my companion, Mr. D. Tozer, was 


1961 IN RETROSPECT 87 


spent at Barkby Holt Wood. This is a small woodland area a few miles 
from Leicester and a stronghold of foxes. None were seen on this 
oceasion, but they have been observed frequently in the past running in 
and around the wood. A few larvae of S. w-albwm Kn. were obtained 
from off the wych elms but they were all fully grown and it was obvious 
that we should have been a week sooner. Colotois pennaria L., E. 
defoliaria Clerck and EF. aurantiaria Borkh. were common on the oak 
trees. That night the lght produced thirty-three species of macro- 
lepidoptera and many micros at Swithland. Only one S. lunaria 
arrived; the commonest species was I). gnoma, approximately twenty- 
five found their way on to the sheets. The next day we visited Salcey 
Forest, and met Mr. Peter Cribb and his father. Long periods of 
searching and beating failed to produce a single Apatura iris L. larva. 
I did, however, net a nice fresh series (all males) of Leptidea sinapis L. 
and also saw a single Pyrgus malvae L. After dark we operated the 
mercury vapour light, but low temperatures kept the number of insects 
down and nothing of any note was seen or captured. 

On the 19th May I motored north to Formby, preparatory to setting 
out the next day for Scotland for a week at Aviemore. Early the next 
day I set off and in view of the fact that I was not due at Aviemore 
until the following day broke the journey at the Derby Arms, Wither- 
slack. Little of interest was in evidence down Black Tom’s Lane or 
on the Moss but it was very pleasant to be back in these surroundings 
which have seen so many good times in the past. That night was 
exceptionally cold for the time of year, a foretaste of what was to come, 
as a result I only recorded five species to the light in three hours. The 
late afternoon of the next day I met my two friends, Messrs. Coxey and 
Fairclough, at Aviemore for a week’s concentrated search after the 
desirable late spring Scottish insects. That night we had three mercury 
vapour lights operating until dawn in the grounds of our abode. On 
examining the traps the following morning the results turned out to be 
not all that spectacular but we had a fair number of Apatele 
menyanthidis View. and Hadena bombycina Hufn. (glauca Hiibn.) with 
one A. euphorbiae Schiff. subsp. myricae Guen. The weather generally 
was very cold for the time of year and during our stay—towards the 
end of the week—fresh snow was seen on the Cairngorms. We were also 
caught in a snowstorm during one of our expeditions up the Burma 
Road. The last three nights produced no moths at all to our lamps. 
It was, of course, at this time of year that the whole country experienced 
a very late hard frost. The morning before this arrived we awoke to 
see deer in the grounds. They had presumably come down from the 
mountains on account of the further low temperatures which were to 
come. Our first day was mild by comparison and we each obtained a 
nice series of Epelis carbonaria Clerck from the top of the Burma Road, 
and a short series of Anarta melanopa Thunb. The related species, A. 
cordigera Thunb. was very scarce indeed. We saw no more than three 
specimens, and these all at rest, all week. Slowly but surely the day 
work produced a few insects by searching the rocks and posts but 
generally speaking everything was well below par. Larvae hunting 
produced plenty of Thera juniperata L. and T. cognata Thunb. from the 
juniper which eventually produced nice series of these insects. Quite 
a number of Crocallis elinguaria L. larvae were also taken, feeding 
mainly on Vaccinium, which later provided the Scottish form of this 


88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/TV /1962 


insect. Entomology was, on this occasion, well intermixed with some 
botanical investigations and we also saw and photographed the 
Capercailzie incubating a clutch of eggs, in addition to visiting the site 
of the nest of the Osprey. 

My arrival back in the Midlands was greeted by a large number 
of the F, generation of S. bilunaria Esp. in the emerging cage. The 
larvae from a batch of ova laid by a spring female had fed up rapidly 
and these had emerged earlier than in the wild. From a few pairings a 
third brood was obtained later in the year. 

Some local collecting was undertaken in Leicestershire during the 
week-end of 2nd-3rd June, but there was little about and nothing of 
any note was recorded. Over forty species were attracted to light on 
the 5th June at Swithland Wood. It was interesting to see Mimas 
tiliae L. arrive quite early on. Having been basically a Northern 
collector for most of my life I had seldom seen this species come into 
light. Two A. alni L. and Tethea ocularis L. also put in an appearance 
before a halt was called. Returned to the scene of operations four 
nights later, but conditions were very inferior. We had an amazing 
run of Meristis trigrammica Hufn. to the light, both type specimens 
and some of the forms. In all, between forty and fifty arrived with 
hardly another species. Why this moth should have been abroad in 
such numbers and unaccompanied by anything else is one of those mys- 
teries hard to solve. The next night I met Mr. and Mrs. Coxey at 
Holme Fen. The temperature varied between 58° F. and 56° F., but 
there was a strong S.E. wind blowing continuously. Interesting species 
recorded were Stauropus fagi L., Leucania obsoleta Hiibn., L. pudorina 
Schiff. and Apamea unanimis Hiibn. out of a total of forty-eight for 
the night. The next day we went on to Salcey Forest, but came away 
with empty boxes except for three larvae of EH. cardamines. 

Three nights later, Mr. Tozer and I again set out our stall at 
Swithland. From the records in the diary, we observed fifty-seven 
species of macros but with no particular highlights except for a few 
further A. alni and T. ocularis. The Blotched Emerald, Comibaena 
pustulata Hufn., is known to frequent these haunts but did not put in 
an appearance. On the 16th June conditions in Leicester appeared to 
have some promise, so we set out for Castor Hanglands to try our luck 
once more for Dicycla oo L. We operated the mercury vapour light and 
applied plenty of sugar but there was no sign of this elusive insect. 
We had a fair night though, and it was a pleasure to see a male 
Angerona prunaria L. flying down the main sugaring ride during the 
first examination of the sugar patches. Later, single specimens of 
Laspeyria flexula Schiff. and Scopula ternata Schrank arrived at the 
light. A week later we made a trip to one of the local small pieces of 
woodland, but although conditions seemed good, we only saw a handful 
of common species. The following day was spent at Woodwalton Fen 
where we met Dr. Goodall who was on holiday in these parts. As 
mentioned by Dr. Goodall in his interesting article (Hnt. Rec., 13: 
251-6) we operated the mercury vapour light to the north of the 
bungalow, whilst his was in operation on a small drove to the south 
of the main ‘‘drain’’. To those that know the area this was no real 
distance, perhaps a quarter of a mile, but in this small distance it was 
interesting to note that some species only paid court to one or other of 
the two lights. Dr. Goodall’s light had a fair run of Zanclognatha 


1961 IN RETROSPECT 89 


cribrumalis Hiibn., whilst mine did not attract a single specimen of 
this species. On the other hand, and perhaps more difficult to explain 
due to its stronger flight, my light attracted quite a number of 
Lygephila pastinum Treit. which did not turn up at Dr. Goodall’s 
equipment. In all I recorded sixty-two species for the night and on 
an examination of the trap was delighted to find a fresh male Perizoma 
sagittata Fab. sitting peacefully in one of the egg cones. May I also 
record my thanks to Mr. G. Mason for his help during the night’s 
operations. 

Early on the morning of Ist July I set off by road from Formby for 
a brief encounter with the insects and the plant life of Ben Lawers, 
Perthshire. The main quarry in mind was Erebia epiphron Kn. which 
inhabits this part of Scotland. It had been arranged that we should 
stay at Fortingal Hotel, near Aberfeldy. We arrived here late in the 
afternoon and the first task was to get the trap into position in the 
garden of the hotel. This was duly accomplished after the usual switch 
round of plugs and concealment of cable which, in this instance, had 
to cross the main path leading from the cottages at the rear of the 
hotel. The trap was not over-populated the following morning; one 
species I was pleased to see was a single Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn., 
which I had never seen in the living state before. The morning was 
devoted towards a general examination of the lower reaches of Ben 
Lawers—an area rich in flora. Many of the plants provided an oppor- 
tunity of taking close-up photographs. That afternoon I visited Calvine 
after epiphron, but there was no sign of this butterfly. Coenonympha 
tulia Mill. was common as was Ortholitha mucronata Scop. subsp. 
scotica Cockayne. Rheuwmaptera hastatu L. was about but required a 
lot of catching. That night there was a sharp fall in temperature due 
to a clear sky, and a resulting fall in the number of insects in the 
trap the next morning. The following day it rained until late in the 
afternoon, after which the wind increased to almost gale force. I 
decided to go to Black Wood at Kinloch Rannoch to look for Itame 
brunneata Thunb. Systematic disturbing of large areas of Vaccinium 
and heather failed to produce the desired insect so, although wet 
through, I beat out large quantities of Panolis flammea Schiff. larvae 
and a few T. obeliscata Hiibn. from the conifers. No self-respecting 
moth would have flown at night as the wind in no way abated after 
dark and I did not even switch the light on. The following day the 
weather conditions improved slightly and the sun came through for a 
few brief spells. I was on Ben Lawers at the time and succeeded in 
netting a fresh epiphron whilst the sun was fully out. Epirrhoe 
tristata L. and Colostygia salicata Hiibn. were also disturbed. The 
remainder of the day was spent in attempting to photograph the alpine 
flora at the summit of the mountain, but due to the high winds and poor 
light conditions the colour photographs did not turn out as well as they 
would have done given better conditions. Unfavourable weather con- 
tinued at night, producing only a small number of moths to the light 
in the garden. The next morning I retraced my steps of the previous 
day and did quite well with epiphron. That afternoon I explored the 
banks of the River Lyon. Odezia atrata L. was fairly plentiful in one 
or two confined areas and there were a few nice fresh specimens of 
Polyommatus icarus Rott. about. New arrivals at the light that night 
were Dyscia fagaria Thunb. and a single Chesias rufata Fab. Ben 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1V /1962 


Lawers came in for further daytime work on the following morning 
when I managed to complete my Scottish series of the Mountain Ringlet. 
Ikinloch Rannoch again in the afternoon, but as before there was no 
sign of brunneata. That evening I was entertained by Mr. and Mrs. 
Poore at Coshyville. Mr. Poore has lived in the neighbourhood for 
most of his life, and I was able to see many of his fine Scottish insects. 
The last day at Fortingal was again dull, with far too much rain. 
Collecting was cut to a minimum, so instead a run in the general direc- 
tion of the Bridge of Balgie had to provide the substitute. I cannot 
leave the memories of these parts without reflecting for a moment on 
the magnificence of the table kept at the Fortingal Hotel. For those 
that like food of the highest order, added to the possibility of good 
mothing conditions, then a stay in these surroundings is a MUST! 

One or two local expeditions in Leicestershire were undertaken 
during the next fortnight, but conditions were far from ideal and little 
of any interest was recorded in the diary. 

On 22nd July Mr. Tozer and I revisited Holme Fen. Approximately 
fifty species visited the light but sugar was not attended except for a 
single 7. duplaris L. Dusking produced a short series of Sterrha 
emarginata L., whilst at light Arenostola phragmitidis Hiibn. and A. 
fluxa Hiibn. were welcome visitors. The following week-end I went 
again to Salcey Forest. During the whole afternoon I only saw one 
Limenitis camilla L. Butterflies were scarce everywhere; in fact, there 
were more people about with nets than butterflies to catch in them. 
One party of schoolboys from a school in Bedford reported that they 
had obtained specimens of the second brood of sinapis and also a couple 
of Polygonia c-album L. 

On the 4th August I was back in Formby. The trap in the garden 
at home produced a very large number of moths but all were exceedingly 
common. The only species of any note was a single A. ophiogramma 
Esp. Actebia. praecoxr L. and Agrotis ‘vestigialis Hufn. were con- 
spicuous by their absence. The remainder of the August Bank Holiday 
was spent in the Formby area. Butterflies were very scarce indeed 
and during four nights operation of the mercury vapour light not one 
praecox was recorded, whereas on previous years at this time the 
species has been plentiful. On the 9th August I spent an hour on 
Whixall Moss. Not a single species of lepidoptera was observed on the 
wing although the sun was shining the whole time. A few pupae of 
Nonagria typhae Thunb. were shelled out from Typha stems. Three 
days later I examined Martinshaw Wood, a Forestry Commission wood 
on the Ashby side of Leicester. Much of the woodland had been given 
over to the planting of the ubiquitous conifers but fortunately some 
old oak trees still remain but for how long remains to be seen. Once 
again insects were very scarce and beating for larvae produced nothing. 

The 20th August dawned a favourable day, so with my friends, Mr. 
and Mrs. K. W. Spencer, we set off to see what was the status of 
Lysandra coridon Poda at Dunstaple. On arrival conditions were not 
ideal but they could have been far worse. In two hours searching we 
only saw four coridon and one Aricia agestis Schiff. It would seem as 
if what was once a strong and thriving community of coridon is on 
the way out. Disappointed with these results, we spent the remainder 
of the day in common with hundreds of other human beings in watching 
the antics of some of the inmates of Whipsnade Zoo. Three nights later, 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 91 


at Countesthorpe, Leicestershire, the autumnal species were well on 
the wing. Tholera popwlaris Fab. was common and Deuwteronomos 
fuscantaria Steph. was also in evidence. On the 25th, I took a female 
fuscantaria at Swithland; having never reared this insect, it was kept 
for ova which were laid during the next forty-eight hours and which 
should produce a nice series this year. The last two nights of August 
and the first two of September were spent at Countesthorpe, and my 
records of the migrants captured have already been reported. 


I had a holiday in Germany during the second week of September, 
visiting the Black Forest and travelling by road down the Rhine 
Valley. Serious collecting was not undertaken, but I was pleased to net 
an Argynnis lathonia L. from the flowers of Valeriana officinalis deep 
in the heart of the Black Forest. One other specimen was seen but 
evaded capture. 


On returning to England, a little desultory local collecting was 
indulged in, but with no significant results. 


From a purely personal point of view, I was satisfied with the year’s 
work, but being a relative newcomer to the Midlands helped consider- 
ably as there were new areas to tackle and fresh places to visit. The 
season had its highlights but the occasions one sets out with high hopes, 
on what appears to be a propitious evening, only to return with hardly 
seeing a thing, not to mention a good moth in a box, are becoming 
all too frequent. Daywork, I think, is really becoming a waste of 
time. Up to a few years ago the local areas of Leicestershire woodland, 
particularly on the Uppingham side of the city, used to abound in 
butterflies, but this is a far different story to-day. Leicestershire is an. 
intense agricultural county and there is no doubt that the spraying 
of crops added to the mild damp winters is having a disastrous effect 
on insect life generally. The status of some of the insects has now 
reached such a low ebb that short of a miracle there can be no hope of 
a come-back. | 

The Cottage, Hallgates, Cropston, Nr. Leicester. 


Notes and Observations 


On BarrEry-PowERED Mercury Vapour Liegur.—I am sure that many 
of us were very interested in Mr. Alan Kennard’s article on this sub- 
ject in the February Record, and there are one or two important 
technical points in it which I would ask him to clarify, as I am myself 
investigating the transistor converter method of driving a m.v. tube 
from a battery, as stated in my note in Ent. Rec., 74: I, p. 20. I have 
myself reached the stage where I agree with Mr. Kennard that 15 and 
20 watt fluorescent tubes are fairly effective attractants to moths, 
but I too have only done a very little work with them. The snag, so 
far, as I said, is the necessity for the expensive transistor ‘‘ballast’’. 
Mr. Kennard makes no mention of this and states that it requires ‘‘a 
capacitor and choke . . .’’ and later says that the total cost is no more 
than £5. I know of no fluorescent tube which will work without the 
electronic transistorized converter off a car battery, and the cost is 
much higher than £5!—Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), 
Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 14.111.62. 


92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/1V / 1962 


Notes on Jinea turicensis Mull.-Rutz. 


(metonella Pierce) 
By S. WakELy. 


In January 1961, I received some case-bearing larvae from Mr. D. 
J. L. Agassiz. They were described as ‘‘revolting clothes moths’’, and 
were found at Midhurst, Sussex, feeding on an animal-skin rug. At 
the time I assumed they were the common clothes moth Tinea pellionella 
J.. They were placed in a glass-topped tin and a few teathers were 
introduced They showed such a liking for this diet that I continued 
to supply it. 

At the end of June several moths appeared, and [ still thought they 
must be pellionella. However, I had often bred the common moth, but 
these appeared slightly darker, so half a dozen specimens were set. I 
rather think one or two of them escaped as they were difficult to box 
from the tin, but there were less than a dozen in the first place. 

At the end of the year I decided to get these moths determined 
at the British Museum, so they were sent to Mr. J. D. Bradley, who 
examined the genitalia and identified them as Tinea turicensis Miill.- 
Rutz. 

This obscure species was discovered in Britain for the first time ky 
Mr. N. Cooke in 1856. The moths were found in a wool warehouse at 
Liverpool and were recorded in the Entomologists’ Weekly Intelligencer 
under the name of Tinea merdella Zeller. Stainton describes it under 
this name in the Entomologists’ Annual for 1857. 

Lord Walsingham in 1907 stated that the merdella in British collec- 
tions differed greatly from Zeller’s unique type, and he came to the 
conclusion that our British specimens attributed to that species were in 
reality flavescentella Haworth. It was not until 1934, when Pierce and 
Metcalfe were getting material for their book on the genitalia of the 
Tineina that the true facts came to light. When they examined the 
species known as merdella in various collections, they discovered that 
three distinct species were involved. Walsingham had already described 
the flavescentella of Hawcrth, leaving two new species to be named. 
Accordingly, Cooke’s moths were called Tinea metonelia, and the third 
species taken in Liverpool by the late W. J. Mansbridge, was named 
Tinea lanella. 

Luckily, I did not destroy the material from which the moths had 
emerged, and a recent examination has shown that there are some small 
larvae, moving about quite actively. The cases are small and white in 
colour, but of course, the colour may depend on the material on whicn 
the larvae are feeding. 

The description of the moth by Stainton has puzzled me, for the 
reference to Cooke’s specimen reads: ‘‘Best distinguished from 
pellionella by the paler, more silky ground colour of the anterior wings’’. 
Looking at my bred series, pellionella appears to be the paler insect, the 
species more closely resembling metonella in general colour being 
Niditinea fuscipunctella Haw.; possibly Cooke’s merdella (nec Zell.) 
were not as fresh as the pelionella with which they were compared. 

As can be seen from the title of this paper, the name Tinea metonellu 
Pierce has had to give way to the older name of Tinea turicensis Miill.- 
Rutz. 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1961 93 


Once again I have to express my thanks to Mr. J. D. Bradley for 
all the help he has given me. 


REFERENCES. 


Cooke, N. (4856). Entomologists’ Weekly Intelligencer, 16: 125. 

Stainton, H. T. (1857). Entomologists’ Annual, 102. 

Walsingham, Lord. 1907. Ent. mon, Mag., 43: 265. 

Pierce, F. N. and Rev. Metcalfe, (1934). Entomologist, 67: 265-7. 

. 1935). Genitalia of the Tineid Families of the Lepidoptera of the British 
Isles, 95, Pl. LVIII. 


Tinea turicensis, Mull-Rutz., 1920. = 
Tinea metonella, Pierce and Metcalfe, 1934.= 
Tinea merdella, Cooke nec Zeller (1856). 
26 Finsen Road, Camberwell, S.E. 5. 


Collecting Lepidoptera in 1961 


By R. FarrcloucH 


There is a postscript to last year’s article (Ent. Rec. 73: 11.) I took 
the Hydraecia species collected in the Pennines to Mr. W. H. T. Tams 
who kindly checked their genitalia. As expected, those taken at the 
Trough of Bowland were H. lucens Frey., but the moth recorded as H. 
oculea Li. from Ribblehead turned out to be H. crinanensis Burn. I was 
grateful also to Mr H. C. Huggins who wrote about dates for E. 
fraxinata L. (Ent. Rec., 73: 95). 

The main feature of the 1961 spring was the earliness of emergences 
following the wet mild winter. In the middle of February Tortricodes 
tortricella Hubn. were flying freely in Leith Hill Wood, and by the 
26th fifteen species of ‘macros’ had been recorded at the home m.yv. light 
including Lithophane socia Rott., a species only once before seen here. 
By this time most of the pupae from last year’s breeding had been 
persuaded to emerge, such species as Xlomyges conspicillaris L., Orthosa 
advena Schiff., Apatele euphorbiae Fabr., Xanthorhoe quadrifasciata 
Clerck presenting no difficulty although Gypsitea leucographa Hiibn. did 
badly, this being the second time | had failed with this moth. Some 
Coenotrephia sagittata Fabr. pupae were also tried as an experiment. 
These refused to be forced, and while some died, about half despite their 
long spell in the airing cupboard, emerged in June with those given 
normal treatment. 

Sallows being well out on the 10th March, the campaign for Jodia 
croceago Fabr., opened with a visit to the Leith Hill area, Sugar, and 
m.v. light were tried with sallow searching, but about a dozen common 
species were all that resulted. The following night at Dunsfold produced 
nothing better. 

There was plenty of blackthorn out by the 17th March when Ron 
Parfitt joined me near Leith Hill. Although we had had some hot days 
and good nights during the week, this evening turned clear and cold. 
Despite this, at eight thirty I found a female croceago on my sugar, 
then a male came to R.W.P.’s m.v. shortly afterwards, and to complete 
an exciting trio we shook another female from the last sallow Biston 
strataria Hufn., and Eupithecia abbreviata Steph. were particularly 
common at the light. 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1V /1962 


On the 25th Geoffrey Cole, Oliver Howard, Tim Pooles, Ron Parfitt 
and I mustered ten sheets and shook the sallows in the area. As su 
often an unsuitable night followed a hot day, and sheets were com- 
moner than moths, one lewcographa being the only interesting sight. 

Three of us returned the next night, which was cloudy and windy, 
I sugared again taking two croceago. From the few sallows remaining 
in flower we shook six more so that I was able to add more to the three 
caged from the 17th. Pairing was observed and the egg-laying went on 
for weeks. The larvae gave no trouble until I went away at Whitsun. 
Their behaviour then deteriorated for they ate through the netting, 
marched out of the room across the passage, and tried to pupate at the 
far end of the room opposite under the new carpet there. Fortunately 
my wife detected the escape, confined them more closely, and thus 
ensured the series which emerged at the end of July. 

During a brief look around on the morning of Good Friday the 31st 
March we saw orange tips and speckled woods flying, and put up 
Ematurga atomaria L. 

My son Alan, and I took the m.v. light to the Leith Hill area on the 
Ist April. Finding that only catkins fell from a sallow or two we tried 
the sheet. With a light drizzle and temperature of 49° one might have 
expected a lot of moths but we had bat trouble, and recorded only six- 
teen species all normal for the date except Odontosia carmelita Esp. of 
which there were two, the earliest date by far on which I have seen 
this species. 

We had been looking forward to a first April visit to Aviemore. On 
the 5th April Alan and I made the trip from Lancaster, viewing with no 
pleasure the snow lying on the Shap and Southern Upland roadsides. 
It was raining too, but the amount falling being negliible by the time 
we reached Struan, we set about searching for Poecilopsis lapponaria 
Boisd. as so many other collectors have done before. Having heard so 
often of how locally common this moth usually was, we were surprised to 
find only four males, their condition suggesting that they were not the 
first ones to emerge. We were more surprised to find other moths on 
many posts despite the patches of snow, the banded form of Nothopteryx 
carpinata Burkh. being the commonest, with specimens of other spring 
species there in lesser numbers. 

At Aviemore that evening the temperature was only 34°. The trap 
next morning emphasised the point, only seven Orthosia gothica L., and 
O stabilis View. being present. Indeed the trap did little to enliven 
the holiday for the nights were cold except the last which was windy, 
and nothing worthwhile was collected by its help, as opposed to a 
previous summer visit in 1958, when the trap was a constant source of 
interesting species. 

The 6th was a black cold day with frost at night. We searched 
birch trunks but found nothing. We were pleased to see the sun next 
day, and after a walk on Cairngorm with a view of Goldeneyes on Loch 
Morlich on our way back, we spent the afternoon at Struan again in 
order to discover what was happening about lapponaria. This time we 
found only four males again, but a few females as well, though other 
moths were scarcer. With the warmth of the sun a few micros flew and 
we took Philedone prodromana Hubn., Peronia lipsiana Schiff and 
Telphusa aethiops Westw., the last showing once again how early in the 
season it appears. On the way back we saw three whooper swans by the 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1961 95 


Spey. I had better hopes of the night, taking the m.v. to the birches 
of Inshriach Forest on the east of the Spey. However the temperature 
was 34° at nine p.m. and had reached freezing by ten when I retired, 
having been amazed to see QO. gothica, stabilis, populeti Treits., 
Conistra vaccinu L., Colostygia multistrigaria Haw., and carpinata on 
such a cold night. 

On Saturday the 8th we collected galls of Evetria resinella L. from 
the young pines near Loch an Hilein, their presence having been 
reported to us by Mr. C. Holmes who was staying at Alt na Craig at 
the same time. At night he joined me among the birches of Craigel- 
lachie, and though the temperature was only 38° four Brachionycha 
nubeculosa Esp. came to the light with a few other species. These 
nubeculosa were worn and we were told by our host, Mr. P. le Masurier, 
that he had taken numbers in mid-March. 

Although the cold weather continued another attempt for nubeculosa 
followed the next night when Barrie Goater, who was camping at Loch 
Morlich, joined us. Though the temperature was no worse there was 
more wind, and few moths were seen. 

The 10th found my son and me on the top of the pass of the 
Tomintoul-Braemar road where we went to look for ptarmigan. In the 
clouds we found no ptarmigan, but golden plovers and mountain hares, 
the first of which seen in the mist as he sat up against a snow drift, 
looked like something quite unreal. As we returned the afternoon 
turned milder. We smoked a patch of bog myrtle and heather in the 
Nethybridge area, putting up plenty of Peronia mixtana Hiibn., some 
P. lipsiana, P. maccana Treit., and Amblyplitia acanthodactyla Hiibn. 
Apart from these hibernated species prodomana. was flying. 

The evening produced the apparently best ‘mothing’ conditions with 
a temperature of 45° and light drizzle. Despite staying on for three 
and a half hours only thirteen species came, one Chloroclysta miata L. 
and two of Achlya flavicornis lL. being all I saw of these species all the 
week. (I had hoped to see C. siterata Hiibn., and also Xylena exsoleta 
L. and vetusta Hiibn. but failed to do so), 

On the 11th, our last day, we took the smoker into Rothiemurchus 
Forest, and tried the old overhanging heather on the top of a wall. We 
saw more moths by this means than at any other time, acanthadactyla 
“swarming, with the Peronias mentioned above and a few Plutella 
incarnatella Steud. The quiet morning gave place to an afternoon with 
blustering rain-laden southerly wind which kept us in at night. 

We so enjoyed the week despite the difficult weather, and lack of 
moths we had hoped to see that we shall try to go during the coming 
Easter. It will not surprise me then, at what will be a later date, to 
find the season a backward one, and the same species out, for the 
weather usually wins. . 

Back at Lancaster on the evening of the 13th we went to Silverdale 
to see a flourishing colony of green hellebore, and I stayed on at dark 
at Beetham to look at the blackthorn and a few odd remaining sallow 
catkins. (We had found the sallows over in Scotland). Ten species 
were noted including N. polycommata Hiibn., and Triphosa dubitata L. 

The 21st April gave Ron Parfitt and myself a rare successful expedi- 
tion. Having been very interested in the record of Hupithecia irriguata 
Hiibn. at Chiddingfold the previous year, we went to what we thought 
was a suitable area and put out both our m.,y, lights, As we had long 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/TV /1962 


since concluded a long journey to the New Forest was necessary in the 
case of this species, it was with great pleasure that we took fourteen 
between nine and twelve thirty. In that time the temperature had 
risen a little from 46° and rain had set in finally. How seldom the 
temperature rises at night, and how when it does the moths xespond! 
With them were not a lot of other species, mainly prominents (including 
one early Stauropus fagi L.), Polyploca ridens Fabr. and the usual 
geometers. We both obtained females of the pug, and eggs later though 
not a lot. J had about a dozen larvae which did well until full fed. 
Then they hung about as if requiring a special pupating material, and 
in the end only one good pupa was formed though they had compost, 
paper and rotten wood given to them. R.W.P.’s experience was the 
same with his larvae. Does anyone know of any special requirement 
in the case of this species? 


Mr S. Wakely and I went to Plaistow on the last two Saturdays in 
April to visit two fields of rough pasture in which grew a lot of dyer’s 
greenwood. On the first day heavy rain stopped our search, and on 
the second we were disconcerted to find most of the plants ploughed in. 
We found some larvae on these remaining although the farmer arrived 
to complete the ploughing. He stopped to ask us did we know how to 
get rid of the Genista completely, and we had to tell him we would 
rather it had remained. The adverse effect on insect life of this cons- 
tant process of farm improvement was brought home to us when we 
bred a few Stomopteryzx vinella Bankes, knowing that.we had made our 
discovery too late. Also bred later were Argyroploce rivulana Scop., 
Cnephasia incertana. Treits. and C. interjectana Haw. 


There were plenty of Hlachista perplexella Staint. flying in the field 
and wood. I always beat firs in late April in the hopes of Hucosma 
subsequana Haw. but on this occasion saw only a worn EH. pygmaeana 
Hiibn. and fresh EH. tedella Clerck. Among some neglected apple trees 
at Loxwood we collected larvae from which were bred A. nubiferana 
Haw., Acrochta naevana Hiibn. Cacoecia rosana L. Yopsolophus 
horridellus Treits. and Coleophora hemerobiella Scop. 


A short spell with the smoker among Salix repens on Ashdown Forest 
on the 28th gave a series of Ancylis inornatana H.S., but a m.v. outing 
to the croceago area on the 30th was a waste of time. 


It was the 13th May before we did the next trip, which was to the 
salterns of the Isle of Harty. There we enjoyed the warm sunshine, 
finding some young Malacosoma castrensis lL. and swarms of Huproctis 
chrysorrhoea Hubn. larvae. Phalonia vectisana Westw. flew in numbers 
in the late afternoon with some P. affinatana Dougl. and an odd 
Epichnopteryz pulla. Esp. A brief stop at Oldbury Hill west of Ightham 
produced Capua favillaceana Hiibn. and Argyresthia conjugella Zell. 


From the 21st to the 26th May I was at Aviemore with Stuart Coxey 
and Michael Leech. We arrived in glorious weather and had high 
hopes During a brief stop at Struan we found females of Apatele 
menyanthidis View. and Cleora cinctaria Schiff. which both laid. On 
the first evening we enjoyed deciding where to place the three traps, 
and after dark searched for larvae on bog myrtle without success. I 
took two Eupithecia helveticaria Boisd. round the junipers. 

Whit Monday proved to be the only warm sunny day of our visit. 
The traps in the morning did not contain many moths but they were a 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1961 97 


very different selection from the trap at home. There were some 
Hadena glauca Hiibn. getting past their best, one Apetele euphorbiae 
Fabr. one Dyscia fagaria Thunb. the small Scottish form of Electrophues 
corylata Thunb. A. menyanthidis, with many Pheosia gnoma Fabr. and 
Fonodontis bidentata Clerck. One worn Peronia niveana Fabr. another 
moth I’d hoped to see at Easter, turned up, and a Pachythelia opacella 
H.S. 

The morning we spent on Granish examining the posts where we 
found two worn Anarta cordigera Thunb., and a euphorbiae. Fresh 
Ortholitha scotica Cockayne were easily put up at one spot, with Ancylis 
unguicella L. 

After lunch we climbed the Burma Road. On top Isturgia carbonaria 
Clerk., completely finished in the valley, were common enough in good 
condition, but A. melanopa Thunb. were difficult to catch in the north- 
erly wind and only one cordigera was seen. We wished we had gone up 
earlier in the day. I found a few Tortriz rusticana Treits., Argyroploce 
mygindana Schiff. and an odd Nemophora pilella Fabr. 

The following morning the traps produced much less, and with 
cloud and a cool wind blowing we retired to Rothiemurchus to beat for 
Thera cognata Thunb. and T. firmata Hiibn. larvae. Argyresthiu 
arceuthina Zell. were emerging in the junipers in large numbers, We 
tried the new Cairngorm ski road but found conditions up there at 
2000. feet so unpleasant that we came down having seen not a wing of 
any sort. 

Stuart decided to take up his trap to the high heather and run it 
from a generator. We were sure this would be a fine site, and so it 
would have been if the coldest of North East winds had not taken over. 
In the event, the only Hyppa rectilinea Esp. we saw came on the first 
night, and after that none of us had anything in our traps. Lest it be 
thought we are merely m.v. merchants I ought to record that we tried 
sugar twice and did not seen a moth. 


For the last three days we grimly searched rocks and posts for the 
moth that seemed the most desirable, ewphorbiae, until we had found two 
females and were able to abtain ova. J was surprised on the 25th when 
we searched over a thousand posts to find that the commonest species 
of the total of fifteen specimens we saw was the dingy skipper which 
seemed to favour sitting with it wings wrapped round the wires. 


We climbed the Burma Road again on the last day but conditions 
were Arctic, snow having fallen. Returning by the stream valley I 
put up a female Hydriomena ruberata Frey. Though I got larvae from 
this I failed to rear them, for they died in a calculated manner from 
June to October. All the other species collected have produced moths 
this spring by forcing. 

We visited the osprey in the approved manner, merely seeing the 
hen on the nest, but I was delighted to find a capercailzie’s nest from 
which the hen refused to budge, and on the same day a skylark’s nest 
with a cuckoo’s egg, and some red grouse chicks. The snow on the 
mountains seemed to have driven the deer down, for a small herd were 
picking their way round my trap on the last evening. 

Scotland had not been the only cold place in Whit week for I saw 
evidence of frost damage all the way back to Surrey. Altogether we 
recorded only fifty species of macrolepidoptera, including four butter- 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 74 15/1V /1962 


flies, pearl-bordered fritillary, green hairstreak, grizzled and dingy 
skippers, while I took eighteen species of the ‘micros’. 

Abbots Wood, like so many famous hunting grounds of the last 
century is merely a vestage, but as I had never been there at night I 
sugared and set up the light on the 3rd June. Two Tethea or Fabr. came | 
to the sugar which was meant for Diphtera alpium Osbeck really, and 
only twenty-six species came to the sheet, the commonest being the pug 
from the cow wheat, Eupithecia plumbeolata Haw., none of the rest 
being even local. 

Ron Parfitt came over on the 10th and 15th for Balcombe visits, and 
on the second occasion he took a fresh Cerura bicuspis Borkh. and some 
Apatele alni L. Other interesting species were Anaplectoides prasina 
Fabr. and Craniophora ligustri Fabr. 

On the 14th I collected some Leucoptera wairlesella Staint, from 
Dyer’s Greenwood in another part of Sussex from Plaistow, and also 
some cases of Coleophora vibicella Hiibn. 

An hour was spent at Betchworth in the evening of the 20th hunting 
the smaller species. Ozyptilus parvidactyla Haw., Coleophora lzella 
Zell. and Pempellia ornatella Schiff. were taken. Ortholitha bipunc- 
taria Schiff. was out, but hardly a butterfly was seen at rest. 

Another attempt at Folkestone to find Aegeria chrysidiformis Esp. 
followed on the 24th. Unlike the previous year we had a hot sunny 
day, but saw no more clearwings than before. Aplasta ononaria 
Fuessl. was there, and various smaller species including Phalonia 
zephyrana Treits. Before leaving the town we visited the home of 
Arenostola morrisii Dale seeing a few flying. I reflected on the home- 
ward journey between eleven and one o’clock that the steady increase 
in traffic was removing one of the pleasures of moth-hunting at night, 
the clear run home, for there were now cars out till the early hours 
on any Saturday night. 

The thirteenth m.v. outing of the year was to the Leith Hill area on 
the last day of June, and with a temperature keeping above 
60° after a very hot day, a total of fifty-five species recorded was disap- 
pointing. A worn 7. firmata and some Chloroclystis debiliata. Hiibn. 
were seen at dusk, more of the pugs coming to light with Bomolocha 
fontis, Thunb., Argyroploce sauciana Hiibn., other bilberry feeders. 
Among the other species were Telphusa fugitivella, Zell., Borkhausenia 
flavifrontella Hiibn., Hyloicus pinastri L., S. fagi L., Amathes ditra- 
pezium. Borkh., T. fluctuosa Hiibn., A. leporina L., Boarmia roboraria 
Schiff., Hydrelia testaceata Don. 

July opened with the hottest day in London since records were kept 
on the Air Ministry roof, and we had over 90° at Leigh. I took the 
m.v. to a Chilterns wood well supplied with beech, elm, maple, ash, oak, 
sallow ete. The light was run from 10 o’clock when the temperature 
was 70°, to 2.30 a.m. when it was still 67°. In that time there were 
paiticularly large numbers of Cosymbia linearia Hiibn. and Campaea 
margaritaria L., but a total of seventy-two species showed the same 
sad pattern of recent years, as it was a night worthy of at least a 
century, and one would have had them ten years ago. I was pleased 
to see a few Discoloria blomerit Curt. and Procus versicolor Borkh. 
and of the smaller fry Hlachista megerlella Staint., EH. gleichenella 
Fabr, and a Cacoecia aeriferana H.S., this being the farthest north 

(to be concluded) . 


CURRENT LITERATURE 99 


Current Literature 


AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY IN THE TRopPics. By G. H. Caswell. 
Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. 152 pp. 21/-. This is a useful book 
for the student, more as a sieve for the elimination of unnecessary re- 
search. After the introduction, the insect orders are treated by families, 
firstly the Exopterygota of economic importance, a chapter each for 
the biting and the sucking families with such details of their habits as 
may give the student an idea of their functions, both beneficial and 
predatory, to agriculture, and a fair idea of determining the order. 
This is followed by a similar treatment of the Endopterygota. <A useful 
bibliography is added, classed under the crop headings, and an alpha- 
betical index completes the book. It will be seen that the use of this book 
will quickly reduce the amount of literature to be perused before a 
pest is identified and the appropriate treatment ascertained.—_S.N.A.J. 


Three separates from HeEreEpity, 16: 393-434, received from Dr. H. B. 
D. Kettlewell, deal with the question of geographical melanism in the 
Shetland Lepidoptera, with a special reference to Amathes glareosa Esp. 
and its local variety edda Stgr. This species and its Shetland forms is 
the subject of the second paper which gives an interesting map showing 
the relative frequency of edda and glareosa in various parts of the island. 
This shows that glareosa preponderates in the south, and gives way to 
edda gradually as one goes north east, until in the extreme north-east 
the status of the two forms is entirely reversed, and edda has virtually 
replaced glareosa. The third part deals with selection experiments 
illustrating the many aspects of this population by means of graphs and 
tables.—S.N.A.J. 


Krys To THE GENERA OF THE AFRICAN TERMITES. By G. C. Webb. 
Ibadan University Press. 1961. Price 10/-. 35 pp.; 50 figs. These 
keys are partly adapted from Revision der Termiten Afrikas (1925) 
by Y. Sjéstedt. The keys for the four families of African termites and 
both illustrations and keys for the Calotermitidae are in fact largely 
those of Sjéstedt but in the present work only the soldier caste has been 
used since it is the most distinctive caste and at he same time the 
easiest to collect. Most African termites belong to the Termitidae and 
the keys and illustrations presented for these are entirely new. 


It is a tribute to the author that the general impression given is 
that termites are the easist of all insects to distinguish at least to generic 
level. The keys are throughout extremely clear, many with simple 
opposed couplets that do not seem to admit of any uncertainty. They 
are supported by equally clear and explicit line drawings of the head 
and appropriate mouthparts executed by J. C. Ene. The nomenclature 
has been brought up to date but the work has not unfortunately been 
completed so as to include a number of recently described genera which 
are listed either separately or as footnotes without further description. 
This omission is puzzling but is presumably to be explained by the un- 
availability of the material to the author. This seems a pity since out 
of 69 genera listed for the three main families—Termitidae, Caloter- 
mitidae and Rhinotermitidae, only 9 are excluded from the keys which 
would otherwise be comprehensive for the whole African continent. 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/1V /1962 


Despite this, the presentation is of such clarity that the work is cer- 
tain to be of great practical value for the collector wishing to make a 
preliminary classification to generic level.—C.A.C. 


JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ Society, 14: No. 4 (7.1x.1961). 
Wilbur S. McAlpine, Stephen P. Hubbell and Thomas E. Pliske have 
combined to produce a detailed account of the distribution, habits 
and life history of the Satyrid butterfly Huptychia mitchellii French 
with two plates of enlarged drawings of early stages and anatomical 
details, and a plate of photographs of early stages and an upper and 
under view of the adult insect. Paul E. Ehrlich and Susan EK. Davidson 
write on techniques for marking lepidoptera for ecological surveys illus- 
trated by two line drawings. C. J. Durden describes the Ontario 
habitat of Boloria titania and W. E. Miller describes Rhyaconia sub- 
tropica, a new Olethreutid species from pine tips from the Gulf of 
Mexico region, with wing-pattern photographs of two subtropica from 
Mexico and Florida, and its near relation R. rigidana from North 
Carolina; genitalia diagrams and a distribution map are also given. 
In the portion ‘‘Especially for Field Collectors’’, Chas. V. Covell Jr. 
writes on collecting in the north eastern part of New Mexico; R. S. 
Smith writes on EHrora laeta Edwards in New Hampshire, and R. 
Guppy writes on Catocalid species on fir logs. There is an obituary 
notice of Walter Roepke, and there is a further lst of recent literature 
on Lepidoptera. 

Vol. 15, No. 1 (9.xi.1961). C. W. Wyatt writes on additions to the 
Rhopalocera of Afghanistan, describing several new species and sub- 
species with three photograph plates illustrating 51 specimens; there 
is also a microphotograph of a mounting of the male genitalia of 
Melitaea kuchi Wyatt. The popular giant skippers (Megathymidae) 
have an article by D. B. Stallings, J. R. Turner, and Viola N. Stallings, 
with a description and photographs of a new subspecies of Agathymus 
mariae (Barnes & Benjamin) named michenert. Jane and Lincoln 
Brower describe experiments to relate the palatability of model and 
mimic butterflies to caged mice; R. M. Fox gives a check list of the 
Ithomiidae, and J. C. Downey and W. C. Fuller write on variation of 
Plebejus icaroides Bdvy. An article by Z. Lorkovic and C. Herman deals 
with the genetics of dimorphism in Colias. Walter Forster’s presi- 
dential address is on the subject of systematics. In the section for field 
collectors, P. S. Remington writes on Megathymidae in Mexico. 

Vol. 15, No. 2 (1.ii.1962) opens with an article by Ronald W. Hodges 
on the genus Ithome in North America, introducing three new species 
with ¢ and @ genitalia figures and a photograph of I. concolorella 
Chambers. D. L. Bauer writes on midges biting butterflies, and H. 
F. Price on Lepidoptera as prey of other insects. New butterfly records 
include Iowa by L. D. Miller and Maryland by R. S. Simmons and W. 
A. Anderson. Breeding techniques for Galleria mellonella L. and 
Agrotid larvae come from Joan F. Bronskill and D. Farnsw orth. For 
field collectors, Anthony Valetta writes on his collecting experiences 
while in the U.S.A. as an exchange teacher, and P. D. Syme notes 
Euchloé olympia Edw. and E. ausonides Bdv. Pon Cherm. as species new 
to Ontario; D. Carney, jun., records Boloria selene tollandensis (Barnes 
& Beaiamuin) from Washington. Walter Forster writes an address on 
the butterflies of the Cordillera Real and Bolivian highlands.—S.N.A.J. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, IL (25) 


13. Tunbridge Wells (Knipe (1916)). Goudhurst, c. 1950 (B. G. 
Chatfield); fairly common at m.v., 1955-59, scarcer 1960-61 (W. V. D. 
Bolt). 

14. Sandhurst, May 1, 1934 (Bull, Diary). Hawkhurst, common 
at light, 1953-54 (B. G. Chatfield). Tenterden, 1959-60 (C G. Orpin). 

16. Folkestone Town, one, May 11, one, May 21, 1954 (A. M. 
Morley). 

VaRiaTIon.—A <¢ that I have from Long Rope, 1951, has the clear 
whitish ground of the median area of forewing unmarked except for 
the crescent, and is therefore perhaps referable to ab. vivida Zerny 
(C.-H.). D. G. Marsh has a @ taken Ham Street, May 12, 1956, in 
which the median area of forewing is completely suffused with the 
fuscous colouring of the basal and outer areasf. 

First ReEcorp, 1828: Stephens, Haust., 2: 30. 


Pheosia tremula Clerck: Swallow Prominent. 

Native. Woods, marshes, etc.; on poplar, aspen, sallow. Fairly 
numerous, and found in all divisions. 

The insect is regularly double brooded; appearing on the wing in 
May and June, and again in July and August, sometimes continuing 
into September; the second generation, it appears, is generally more 
numerous. 

The moth has mostly occurred at light, but is occasionally seen on 
trunks, e.g. H. G. Gomm (Diary) records finding a pair in cop. on a 
poplar trunk at Westgate (div. 9), August 21, 1924. 

Among the many records of its discovery in the early stages, may 
be mentioned the following. On aspen: ova common, at Brasted (R. 
M. Prideaux); larva, Stansted, August 28, 1923, two larvae, Darenth 
Wood, October 4, 1924 (F. T. Grant). On poplar: ova, Chevening, 
1912, imagines reared (Gillett, Diary); larvae found by D. Saunders on 
small poplars at Seabrook near the beginning of the Hythe canal, c. 
1925; a larva, Folkestone Town, September 6, 1934 (A. M. Morley). On 
sallow: several larvae, Tonbridge, 1951 (H. E. Hammond). 

VartaTion.—In R.C.K. is an ab. with ‘‘marking brown’’, bred 
Chevening, June 17, 1913. 

Newman (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1908-09: 71) exhibited 
‘“‘an extremely dark form bred from Bexley ova’’. 

First Recorp, 1828: Darenth Wood and near Dover (Stephens, 
Haust., 2:25). 


P. gnoma (dictaeoides Esp.): Lesser Swallow Prominent. 

Native. Woods, heaths, etc.; on birch. Locally fairly numerous, 
though usually less plentiful than P. tremula. Recorded from many 
localities in 1, 10, 12. 

Note :—In certain areas it is noticeably more plentiful than tremula; 
thus, at Petts Wood (div. 1), E. Evans (in litt., 1951), wrote that there 
it is ‘‘much commoner than P, tremula’’, and at Hawkhurst (div. 14), 
B. G. Chatfield (in litt., 1950), likewise noted it as more common than 
tremula. V.C.H. (1908), calls it ‘‘scarce’’. 

3.  Bysing Wood (H. G. Huggins). Canterbury, a few on street 
lamps (A. G. Peyton, teste A. J. L. Bowes). Herne Bay; Blean Woods; 
occasionally at light(D. G. Marsh). . 

5. Chevening, May 18, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham, plentiful, 
1961 (R. C. Edwards). 


(26) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL, 74 15/1V /1962 


6. Greenhithe* (V.C.H. (1908)). Gravesend (H. C. Huggins). 
Culverstone, larva on birch, September 18, 1924 (F. T. Grant). Pinden 
(E. J. Hare). Shoreham, learvae c.1955 (R. G. Chatelain). Meopham, 
ten to twenty per annum, 1959-61 (J. Ellerton). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 25); 1861 (Fenn, Ené. 
week Int., 10: 196) (Carrington, Entomologist, 12: 214); larva, June 
28, 1907 (A. R. Kidner, Diary); May 11, 1912, May 15, 1921, May 22, 
1923 (F. T. Grant) (H. C. Huggins) (E. J. Hare). Swanscombe Wood, 
larva on birch, September 6, 1913 (F. T. Grant). 

7. Sittingbourne*, one, 1903 (J. P. Barrett coll.). Westwell, July 
22, 1946 (Bull, Diary); common, 1951-54 (E. Scott). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. 
Harbottle). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Crabble near Dover, d on gas 
lamp, May 12, 1899 (H. D. Stockwell, Diary). Dover, one, August 20, 
1945 (B. O. C. Gardiner). 

9. St. Peters, one, c. 1945 (J. W. C. Hunt). 

11. Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)). Shipbourne (Buxton, Ent. Rec., 
23: 314). Tonbridge (Rattray, Entomologist, 45: 80). Hoads Wood, one 
at light, May 7, 1937 (KE. Scott); c. 1952 (P. Cue). Aylesford, c. 1954 
(G. A. N. Davis), Sevenoaks Weald, two, May 11-12, two, August 8-22, 
1959 (E. A. Sadler). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, fairly common (Knipe (1916)), one, 1957, one, 
1958 (L. R. Tesch, fide C. A. Stace). Goudhurst, common at light, 1955- 
59, scarcer, 1960-61 (W. V. D. Bolt). 

14. Sandhurst, May 13, 1937 (Bull, Diary). Hawkhurst, c. 1950 
(B. G. Chatfield). 

16. Folkestone, two, in spring, one, August 15, 1951; one, April 25, 
one, May, one, August 13, 1952; two, August 8, 20, 1953; one, July 30, 
one, August 26, 1954; none, 1955; one, August 13, one, September 2, 
1956; none, 1957; one, August 29, 1958; none, 1960-61; all dd, and at 
m.v. (A, M. Morley). | 

First Recorp, 1828: Stephens, Haust., 2: 25. 


Notodonta ziczac: Pebble Prominent. 
Native. Woods, plantations, carr, etc.; on poplar, aspen, sallow. 


1. Recorded from many localities in this division in the past. 
Recent records are:—Petts Wood, 1947-48 (E. Evans). Lewisham, 
apparently very local, larvae on willows and poplars (1947) (D. F. 
Owen). Bexley, one, July 5, 1952 (A. Heselden). Orpington, 1953 (L. 
W. Siggs); common, c. 1955 (R. G. Chatelain). Crofton, ova and 
larvae, 1959-61; Bromley, one at light, 1961 (D. R. M. Long). 

2. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Woolwich, larvae, from which imagines 
reared 1952 (J. Green). 

3. Bysing Wood, larva (H. C. Huggins). Herne Bay; Blean Woods; 
not uncommon (D. G. Marsh). Broad Oak, one at light, August 2, 1946 
(C.-H.). 

4. Minster, two bred, 1905-06 (J. P. Barrett coll.). Ickham (D. G. 
Marsh). 

5. Chevening, ova on poplar, reared 1917; Knockholt, larva on 
aspen, reared 1918 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Longfield (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54), 11). Gravesend, 1919; 
Ridley Wood, larva, August 13, 1915 (F. T. Grant). Meopham, 10-20 
per annum, 1959-61; Fairseat, 1960 (J. Ellerton). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (27) 


6a. Darenth (Stephens, Haust., 2: 24); larva on aspen, October 4, 
1924 (F. T. Grant) (H. C. Huggins). Chattenden Roughs, not common 
(Chaney (1884-87)). 

7. Westwell (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 1946-47: 168); 
common, 1953-54 (E. Scott). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Dover, od, at electric light, June 5, 1895 (H. D. Stockwell, 
Diary); one, 1954 (B. O. C. Gardiner). Reinden Wood, Q flying at 
dusk, c. 1935, 2, flying at dusk, 1948 (A. M. Morley). Wye Old Race- 
course, August 15, 1937 (EK. Scott). Brook*; Stowting (C. A. W. 
Duffield). Near Whitfield (KE. & Y. (1949)). Bridge c. 1946 (R. Gorer). 

9. Northdown, Margate, larva on poplar, September 24, 1919, 
reared April 16, 1920 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 

10. Brasted, ova on sallow (R. M. Prideaux); bred 1913 and 1915, 
from larvae on aspen (Gillett, Diary). Sevenoaks, larva, 1946, ova and 
larvae, 1946; all on poplar (F. D. Greenwood). 

11. Tonbridge (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79). Yalding; Watering- 
bury (V.C.H .(1908)). Shipbourne, larva, September 1951 (B. K. West). 
Aylesford, c. 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). Benenden, c. 1950 (B. G. Chat- 
field). Hoads Wood (Scott (1950)). Sevenoaks Weald, several at m.v., 
1959 (E. A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street, one, 1933, five, June 6, 1934, one, 1946; one, August 2, 
1947; single larvae on sallow, June 24, 1933, July 20, 1934, September 18, 
1948 (A. M. Morley); April 14, 1937 (A. J. L. Bowes, Diary) ; 1939, 1951 
(C.-H.); several larvae, 1960 (M. Singleton). Shadoxhurst (Scott 
(1936)). Ashford, c. 1952 (P. Cue, fide E. Scott). Wye, three, 1953, six, 
May 10-June 26, four, August 2-26, 1954, five, May 1-20, ten, August 
8-17, 1955, eight, May 12—June 9, June 28—August 25, 1956; Willes- 
borough, four, May 25—June 1, one, August 25, 1954, five, May 29,— 
June 25, three, August 3-13, 1955, two May 7-8, four, July 9-26, 1956 
(W. L. Rudland). W. Ashford, one, August 1959 (M. Enfield). 

13. Tunbridge Wells (KE. D. Morgan); !arvae common, 1951 (H. E. 
Hammond). Bedgebury (G. V. Bull). Goudhurst, common at m.v. 
annually, c. 1953-59, scarcer, 1960-61 (W. V. D. Bolt). 

14. Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). Hawkhurst, several at light, ce. 1950 
(B. G. Chatfield). Iden Green, one at light, 1951 (H. Boxall). Apple- 
dore, one at light, 1956 (M. Singleton). Tenterden, 1959-60 (C. G. 
Orpin). 

15. Appledore*, larva on osier, 1898 (Heitland, Entomologist, 31: 
221). Dungeness, 2, sitting on wire of a fence, August 11, 1946, one, 
May 26, 1933, a larva on sallow, September 26, 1948 (A. M. Morley) ; 
July 30, 1935 (Bull, Diary); July 7-8, 1959 (C. R. Haxby). 

16. Lower Sandgate Road, Folkestone (Knaggs (1870)). Folkestone 
Town, larva on willow, July 25, 1929, larva on poplar, July 24, 1930; 
imagines at m.v., one, 1951, two, 1952, two 2 9, 1953, two dd, 1954, 
three, 1955, two, 1956, two 3d, same night, 1959 (A. M. Morley). 

VARIATION.—F rom ova laid by a typical 9, taken at Ham Street, 
May 14, 1939, some twelve typical examples reared and three dd 
apparently referable to ab. pallida Grunberg (C.-H.). 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—?ab. montion Dannehl, Bexley, 
bred 1918; ab. ‘‘with markings obsolescent’’, Fordwich (Barrett, Br. 
Lep., 3: plt. 105, fig. e); ab. ‘‘rufous with markings decreased’’, Kent, 
1901; ab. lwnata Cockayne, holotype, allotype, paratypes (Hnt, Rec., 
63; 32), 


(28) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1V /1962 


HyYBRIDISATION.—Hybr. newmanit Tutt (N. zezac SG x N. 
dromedarius 2). In R.C.K. are numerous examples, bred from Bexley 
(cf. Tutt, Br. Lep., 5: 21). 

First Recorp, 1828: Darenth (Stephens, Haust., 2: 24). 


N. dromedarius L.: Iron Prominent. 

Native. Woods, carr; on birch, alder, hazel, oak. Not very com- 
mon, but decidely more frequent in the woods of the Weald and in those 
of Mid- and West Kent. Most of the records are of imagines at light, 
and of autumnal larvae on birch, the main pabulum in Kent. Regularly 
double brooded. 


1. Shooters Hill (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 123) (Wool. Surv. 
(1909)). West Wickham (Fenn. Ent. week. Int., 10: 196); 1951 (EK. J. 
Trundell). Eltham; Bexley district; St. Pauls Cray (Wool. Surv. 
(1909)). Bexley, 1893 (Fenn, teste E. D. Morgan); two, May 3, one 
July 20, 1952 (A. Heselden); larva on birch, October 1957 (L. T. Ford). 
Bexley Park Wood, larva, October 15, 1922 (A. R. Kidner). Sidcup, 
one, May 4, 1936, one, August 16, 1937; New Eltham, August 2, 1924; 
St. Pauls Cray, several larvae, September 27, 1909, one larva, August 2, 
1913, September 6, 1919, September 10, 1920, 1922 (A. R. Kidner). 
Chislehurst (V.C.H. (1908)); common (S. F. P. Blyth); Farningham 
Wood, three larvae, 1937 (A. R. Kidner). Abbey Wood, 1953 (A. J. 
Showler). Dartford, larvae, September 1948 (B. K. West). Welling, 
one, August 5, 1952 (A. Heselden). Orpington, 1953 (L. W. Siggs); 
common, c. 1955 (R. G. Chatelain). Charlton, one on garden fence, 
September 7, 1948 (J. F. Burton). Petts Wood, c. 1947 (E. Evans); 
larvae on oak and birch (A. M. Swain). Bromley (Sterling, Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1938-39: 17); April 26, 1961 (Long, Ent. Rec., 
73: 133); fairly numerous at m.v., 1960-61 (D. R. M. Long). Black- 
heath, one at m.v., May 26, 1960 (A. A. Allen). 

2. Davington, one larva on alder, 1914 (H. C. Huggins). 

3. Bysing Wood, larva (H. C. Huggins). Trenley Park, two pupae 
at foot of birch, April 4, 1919, imagines emerged early June 1919 (H. 
G. Gomm, Diary). Blean, larva, 1936 (J. L. Atkinson). Canterbury, 
one, c. 1939 (J. A. Parry). Broad Oak, one at light, August 5, 1951 
(C.-H.). 

4. Sandwich, August 18, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes). Ham Fen, one at 
light, August 6, 1950 (C.-H.). Ickham, 1958, 1960 (D. G. Marsh). 

5. Chevening, larvae on birch, September 1912, 1915; Knockholt, 
one bred, 1918 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham, (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Magpie Bottom, larva, September 25, 
1910, larva, September 23, 1934 (A. R. Kidner). Stanstead, four larvae, 
August 21, 1923; Culverstone, four larvae, September 18, 1924 (F. T. 
Grant). Eynsford, larva (Blair, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1933-34: 33); July 8, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). Pinden (E. J. Hare). 
Fawkham, 1947 (G. G. E. Scudder). Meopham, 6-10 per annum, 1959- 
61 (J. Ellerton). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 23); larva, September 25, 
1910 (A. R. Kidner); larva (H. C. Huggins) (E. J. Hare). Swanscombe 
Wood, three larvae on birch, September 15, 1914 (F. T. Grant). Upnor 
(Chaney (1884-87)). 

7. Longton Wood (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, 1933 (Scott (1936)); 
both broods annually (Scott (1950)); August 24, 1946 (Bull, Diary); 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (29) 


common, 1953-54 (KE. Scott). King’s Wood, a larva, 1933 (A. M. Morley). 
Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Folkestone Warren, July 11, 1934 (J. H. B. Lowe). Brook’*; 
Wye Old Racecourse, August 15, 1937 (KE. Scott). Atchester Wood; 
Deal*; Shepherdswell (E. & Y. (1949)). Dover, one, 1954 (B. O. C. 
Gardiner). Eltham, July 4, 1959 (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 177). 

10. Brasted, larvae on birch, September 1912 (Gillett, Diary); ova 
and larvae on birch (R. M. Prideaux). Sevenoaks, June 27, 1922 
(Gillett, Diary); eight larvae on birch, 1942; at lght, 1948-49 (F. D. 
Greenwood). Westerham (Carr & Turner, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1924-25: 107) (Jacobs, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1931-32: 75) (R. C. Edwards). 

11. Yalding; Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)). Shipbourne, larvae 
(Buxton, Ent. Rec., 23: 314); larvae on hazel, 1951 (B. K. West). 
Edenbridge, at light, 1928 (F. D. Greenwood). Mereworth Wood, larva, 
July 23, 1939 (A. R. Kidner). Hoads Wood, larva, September 22, 1941 
(Bull, Diary); May 10, 1954 (P. Cue). Aylesford, c. 1953 (G. A. N. 
Davis). Bethersden, August 14-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs). 
Sevenoaks Weald, May 13-June 18, July 18-24, 1959 (EK. A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street, one, July 31, 1932 (de Worms, teste A. M. Morley); 
larva, September 1936, @, 1937 (A. M. Morley); 1933 (Scott (1936)); 
2, August 20, 1939 (A. J. L. Bowes); fairly numerous at m.v., July 
1951, July 1952 (C.-H.) (de Worms, Entomologist, 92: 70); two, August 
1960 (C. R. Haxby & J. Briggs); two larvae, 1960 (M. Singleton). Ash- 
ford (P. Cue). Willesborough, five, May 10-June 4, 1954, six, August 
15-23, 1955, three, May 18-June 19, three, July 9-August 6, 1956; Wye, 
one, June 10, six, August 6-30, 1953, two, May 27-30, six, July 2- 
August 26, 1954, five, May 27-June 25, four August 11-23, 1955, two, 
May 31, three, June 21-28, seventeen, July 14-September 11, 1956 (W. 
L. Rudland). 

13. Broadwater Down, one (EK. D. Morgan). Tunbridge Wells, two, 
1959 (L. R. Tesch, fide C. A. Stace). Goudhurst, fairly common at 
m.v., 1955-59, scarcer 1960-61 (W. V. D. Bolt). 

14. Benenden Government Forest, August 13, 1937 (Bull, Diary). 
Hawkhurst, a few at light, 1950-51, one, 1953 (B. G. Chatfield). Tenter- 
den, 1959-60 (C. G. Orpin). 

15. St. Mary-in-the-Marsh, one, taken at car lights, August 1, 
1948 (P. le Masurier). 

16. Folkestone Town, two, 1952, three, 1953, one, 1955, one, 1957, 
one, 1959, none, 1960-61, all at m.v. (A. M. Morley). 

VariaTIon.—In R.C.K. is ab. dromedarius Haw., one, ‘‘Kent, 1898, 
J. G. G[reen]’’. 

First Recorp, 1828: Stephens, Haust., 2: 23. 


Notodonta tritophus Schiff. (phoebe Sieb.): Three-humped Prominent. 

Suspected immigrant. 

One in 1955, is the only confirmed occurrence. 

16. Folkestone Town, ¢, taken on the morning of August 22, 1955, 
by A. M. Morley, from m.v. trap in his garden (Morley, Hnt. Rec., 67: 
243); and exhibited (idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 
st plty ae hig, Ty 

[One, ‘‘near Gravesend’’, in Burney coll. sale (Anon., Ent. Rec., 4: 
326, 329); gd, in Dale coll., labelled ‘‘Gravesend from coll. Whitsmith”’ 


(30) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 74 15/1V /1962 


(Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 45: 109), may refer to the one in the preced- 
ing record. ] 
First (CoNFIRMED) ReEcorp, 1955: Morley, Ent. Rec., 67: 243. 


N. trepida. Esp. (anceps auct.): Great Prominent. 

Native. Oak woods, parkland; on oak. Frequent in the Weald, less 
so elsewhere. 

1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 33). West Wickham (Tugwell, 
Ent. week. Int., 1: 37) (Fenn,Ent. week. Int., 10: 196) (Prout, Trans, 
Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 33); May 25, 1953 (EK. Trundell). 
Shooters Hill, larva, on oak, 1856 (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 123). 
Lewisham, 1867 (Adkin, Entomologist, 4: (51),ii). Eltham; Bexley 
district (Wool. Surv. (1909)). 

3. Faversham’, five, 1904, three, 1905, all bred (J. P. Barrett coll.). 
Trenley Park, 1920 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). East Blean Wood, one, West 
Blean Wood, one (D. G. Marsh). Canterbury, one at light on the Little- 
bourne road, c. 1947 (J. A. Parry). 

6. Shoreham”, larvae, c. 1947 (D. F. Owen). Meopham, one, May 
24, 1960 (J. Ellerton). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.); 1855 (Harding, Zoologist, 
4820) (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76; idem, Ent. week. Int., 6: 43, 
67) (Standish, Entomologist, 4: 99). Cobham, one 1906 (H. C. 
Huggins). 

7. Wigmore Wood, one, May 1872 (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell 
(Scott (1936)); June 3, 1938; fairly common at m.y. annually since ec. 
1949 (E. Scott, personal communication, December 1954). Soakham 
Downs, May 29, 1938 (E. Scott). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Wye, one, May 31, 1937 (A. H. Lanfear MS.). Brook, c. 1953 
(C. A. W. Duffield, teste EK. Scott). 

10. Westerham (Gorham, Ent. week. Int., 7: 28) (R. C. Edwards). 
Sevenoaks (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 80) (Hill, Entomologist, 19: 
185); at light, 1949 (F. D. Greenwood). Seal Chart (Adkin, Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1886: 47) (Coote, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1937-38: 45) Brasted Chart, 1916 (Gillett, Diary); ova on 
fences and tree trunks, larvae occasionally (R. M. Prideaux). 

11. Tonbridge*, three (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79); 1911 (Rattray, 
Entomologist, 454 80). Near Maidstone* (Green, Young Nat., 1: 211). 
Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Wateringbury (EK. Goodwin, teste W. A. 
Cope) (V.C.H. (1908)). Edenbridge, at light, 1936 (F. D. Greenwood). 
Hoads Wood, seven, May 9, 1937 (KE. Scott); ¢. 1953 (P. Cue). Ayles- 
ford, c. 1953 (G. A. N. Davis). 

12. Ashford Town, ¢ found on fence by E. Scott, May 7, 1931 (A. 
M. Morley); c. 1953 (P. Cue). Ham Street.—4 gd, at light, May 12, 
1933, by C. G. M. de Worms; 2 on oak trunk found by W. Stickles, 
ce. 1935, 5 6d, May 19-26, 1933, 6 dd, May 20—June 14, 1934, 4 dd, 
April 28—May 24, 1935, 2 ¢¢, June 8, 1936 (A. M. Morley); Long 
Rope, at light, 2 6d, May 14, 1939,7 3d, 299, at m.v., May 12-13, 
1951 (C.-H.); 1958-59 (de Worms, Entomologist, 92: 69, 93: 158); one, 
May 6, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). Wye, one, May 19, 1953, three, May 25 
—June 2, 1954 (W. L. Rudland). 

13. Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). Kilndown, 
April 18, 1938 (Bull, Diary). Pembury, c. 1950 (V. M. Sage). Goud- 
hurst,-at light, ec. 1950 (W. F. Hodge); fairly common at m,v., 1955-59, 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (31) 


scarcer, 1960-61 (W. V. D. Bolt). Tunbridge Wells, five, 1957 (L. R. 
Tesch, fide C. A. Stace). 

14. Tenterden, April 1946 (Mrs. Luke, teste Bull, Diary). Sand- 
hurst, one, at light, May 23, 1949 (Bull, Diary). Iden Green, three, at 
light, 1954 (H. Boxall). Hawkhurst, four, 1954 (B. G. Chatfield). 

16. Copperhurst Hill, Aldington, ¢, at car lights, 1937, A. M. 
Morley; Folkestone Town, ¢, at m.v., 1952, J. W. Riddell (Morley, 
Trans. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1950-52: 11). Folkestone Town, ¢, 
at m.v., May 12, 1954 (A. M. Morley). 

First Recorp, 1828: Stephens, Haust., 2: 33). 


Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff. (cuculla Esp.): Maple Prominent. 


Native. Hedgerows, copses, wood borders; on maple, sycamore. 

Mainly recorded in the past from the chalk of 6 and 7, but since 
about 1935 the species appears to have extended its range considerably. 

1. Erith (see First Record). Bexley, one at m.v., July 20, 1952 (A. 
Heselden). Abbey Wood, singletons at m.v., 1953, 1958 (A. J. Showler). 
Orpington, one, 1956 (Siggs, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 
9). St. Mary Cray, two, 1957; Dartford Heath, one, June 23, 1959 (R. 
G. Chatelain). Bromley, one, 1959 (N. Wilding). Sutton-at-Hone, a 
full-grown larva on maple, September 4, 1960 (S. Wakely). 

2. Higham, ¢ at light, June 11, 1961 (B. K. West). 

3. Den Grove, Sturry, one at light, July 17, 1938; Broad Oak, one 
at light, June 22, 1952 (C.-H.). Eddington, at light, one, 1950; two 
1952 (D. G. Marsh). Whitstable, one, 1960 (F. Bickerstaff). 

4. Ickham, two, 1955, one 1958, three, 1960, all at light (D. G. 
Marsh). 

[(5. Westerham.—Although cucullina might very well be expected 
to occur at R. C. Edward’s residence on the chalk downs by the Pil- 
erim’s Way, he tells me that he has never seen it there, despite having 
worked a light fairly regularly since 1935, as well as having searched for 
the larva (C.-H.)).] 

6. Culverstone, larva on sycamore, October 14, 1922; Stansted, 
three larvae on maple, August 18, 1923; Birling, larva on maple, 
September 5, 1925 (F. T. Grant). Birling (H. C. Huggins). Eynsford, 
larvae (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1933-34: 33; 1934-35: 33; 
1935-36 : 25; 1947-48: 69; 1951-52: 80); imago, June 21, 1959 (R. G. Chate- 
lain). Shoreham, for many years W. A. Cope used to search regularly 
for the ova, always finding them laid singly on the undersides of maple 
leaves; my records show that recently he took six ova, July 29, 1948, 
numerous ova and two larvae, August 1950 (C.-H.); larvae annually 
since 1945 (F. D. Greenwood, in litt., 1952). Fawkham and Pinden, 
a few, 1950-52, also larvae frequently beaten from maple (K. J. Hare). 
Otford, at m.v., two, July 15, one, July 17, one, July 30, one, August 
26, 1955, five, July 9-August 27, 1956 (W. B. L. Manley). Halling, 
one, at light, July 30, 1958 (KH. E. J. Trundell). 

6a. Darenth Wood, June 1820, and several other specimens here 
and in neighbouring woods (Stephens, Haust., 2: 27); one larva, 1949 
(B. K. West). Lodge Hill Wood, a larva on maple, July 26, 1947, from 
which imago emerged August 8 the same year (P. V. M. Allen). Shorne, 
one at m.v., June 1, 1960 (E. E. J. Trundell). 

7. Westwell, ¢ on sycamore leaf, June 10, 1868 (Jeffrey, Ent. mon. 
Mag., 5: 228); larvae, 1922 (F. W. Andrews, teste Scott (1936)); three 


(32) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/TV /1962 


larvae, August 8, 19385 (A. M. Morely); larvae beaten from maple in 
July (A. M. Morley); and on August 18, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes); one, 
July 27, 1948, one July 23, 1949 (EK. Scott); one, June 22, 1953 (de 
Worms, Ent. Rec., 65: 346); 1954, 1955 (P. Cue). 

8. Temple Ewell, one, 1932, a larva, August 1936 (HK. & Y. (1949)). 
Whitfield, one, 1953 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 66: 109). Stowting (C. A. W. 
Duffield). Brook, a larva, July 22, two larvae, August 14, 1935 (A. M. 
Morley); larva on maple, October 1, 1937 (A. G. Peyton, teste Ay patil: 
Bowes); larvae, August 19, 1948 (C. A. W. Duffield, teste E. Scott). 
Near Canterbury”, one, c.1948 (A. G. Maconochie). Wye Downs, larva, 
August 26, 1957 (de Worms, Entomologist, 91: 151). 

11. Wateringbury neighbourhood* (KE. Goodwin, teste V.C.H. 
(1908)). Tonbridge, one or two (R. H. Rattray, in Knipe (1916)). Ayles- 
ford, three, 1953, one, 1954, all at m.v. (G. A. N. Davis). Sevenoaks 
Weald, one at m.v., August 21, 1959 (EK. A. Sadler). 

12. Chartham, one, 1939, two, 1949-50, two, 1952 (P. B. Wacher). 
Ham Street, one, July 1951 (C.-H.); one, 1951 (EK. J. Hare). Stubbs 
Cross, August 25, 1949 (le Ray, teste E. Scott). Ashford Town, July 
10, 1954 (P. Cue). Wye, two, July 7, 1953, three, July 12—August 19, 
1954, one, July 25, 1955, two, July 21—August 3, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 

13. Goudhurst, one, 1953, one, 1954, (W. V. D. Bolt). 

14. Appledore, one, May 28, 1948 (L. C. Bushby, teste Scott (1950)). 

16. Folkestone, one at m.v., 1957 (R. W. Fawthrop, teste A. M. 
Morley). ; 

First Recorp, 1803: Erith, ¢ and @, beaten out of an oak tree by 
Hatchett, in late July 1803 (Haworth, Lep. Britannica, 1: 97). 


L. capucina L. (camelina L.): Coxcomb Prominent. 


Native. Woods, copses, etc.; on birch, oak, hazel, alder, sycamore, 
sallow, beech, Spanish chestnut, white poplar. Found in all divisions 
except 15; is frequent, but apparently never very plentiful. ‘‘Generally 
distributed and not scarce’ (V.C.H (1908)). 

The species is regularly double brooded in Kent, moths of the first 
generation appearing in May or late April, to early June; and those 
of the second emergence, in July and August. The two broods appear 
roughly in about equal numbers. 

The larva is perhaps most often found on birch and oak. It has 
also been found on hazel, at Reinden Wood, July 7, 1928, on beech, at 
Westwell, September 18, 1932, on Spanish chestnut, at Whitehill Wood, 
near Bridge, September 24, 1932, and on sallow, in a Folkestone garden, 
August 25, 1946 (A. M. Morley); on alder, at Edenbridge, 1933 (F. D. 
Greenwood) ; on sycamore, at Culverstone, 1924 (F. T. Grant); on sallow, 
at Blean, 1957 (A. S. Wheeler); and on white poplar, Petts Wood, 
1959 (D. R. M. Long). 


Variation.—G. V. Bull (Diary) describes as ‘‘melanic’’, one taken, 
Sandhurst, May 7, 1930, and another as ‘‘very dark’’, taken Sandhurst, 
August 25, 1953. A d, taken by me, Ham Street, June 5, 1954, has 
dark greyish-brown forewings, and greyish hindwings, and is similar 
to the specimen figured in Barrett, Br. Lep., 3: plt. 110, fig. 1d, except 
that there is no pale band on forewing. I have two dd transitional to 
the above, taken Ham Street, 1951, and have seen in collections numer- 
ous others from various parts of Kent, taken during the past fifteen 


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IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue 
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List in 1936. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List, 
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CONTENTS 
DERBYSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA—FIRST SUPPLEMENT. 
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ane ERE. Ss. 
1961 IN RETROSPECT, M. J. LEECH 


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THE WORLD IN THE PAST. 
WHAT IT WAS LIKE AND WHAT IT CONTAINED 


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BEES, WASPS, ANTS AND ALLIED INSECTS 
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EDWARD STEP, F.L:S. 


The aim of this work is to give a general description of 
many groups, and some of the commoner representat 1 
- species. Considerable space, too, has been given to : = 
habits, and to what may be called the social ate ose e 
insects. 33 


The colour illustrations photographed dee 
specimens, will be found extremely interesting 
valuable, and they provide the readiest means of 
cation. The black-and-white plates — illustrate 


ing 470 figures, 170 reproductions of photog 1 
numerous text illustrations, 64 wing ma 


FREDERICK WARNE & Co. “ae 
1-4 Bedford aoe Strand, wile sil W.c.2 s 


101 


Vanessa cardui L. and other migratory Lepidoptera 
in South Africa in 1961 


‘By J. S. TayLor 


It was interesting to read in the November 1961 issue of the 
“Record”? (73, 11) of the activities of various species of migratory lepi- 
doptera in southern England during the late summer and autumn of 
that year, and to learn that several of them were then much in evidence. 
Whatever the cause, but at the same time, although of course it was 
spring here, a number of these species as well as some others well-known 
as migrants in Kurope were particularly abundant in South Africa, 
and in a number of instances directional migratory flights of consider- 
able density were observed. The distinguished ornithologist and 
naturalist, Col. C. W. Mackworth Praed, who was on a visit to South 
Africa during the recent spring, was impressed by the abundance of 
several European species and remarked upon this to the writer when he 
was in Port Elizabeth. In his thirty-six years residence in the country, 
the writer has not hitherto seen such an abundance and variety of well- 
known migratory Lepidoptera at one time. 
The most noticeable of all the species recorded was the best-known 
throughout the world of the migratory butterflies, namely Vanessa 
cardui L., the Painted Lady. It was reported in large numbers and 
dense swarms from many parts of the country and was the subject of 
sensational paragraphs in newspapers. Although the writer is familiar 
with the migratory flights of various Pieridae, notably Belenois aurota 
(F.), which are of such frequent occurrence in South Africa, this is the 
first occasion on which he has witnessed one involving V. cardwi. While 
there are many records of migratory flights of this species from West 
Africa northwards, there are few to be found in the literature from the 
southern part of the continent. Williams (1930) quotes two, one from 
the Cape Province and one from Northern Rhodesia. More recently 
Dickson (1953) records a migration near Cape Town in August 1948. In 
view of this sparcity of records in South Africa it seems worthwhile re- 
cording the recent movements of V. cardui in the country in some 
detail. 
In the Western Cape, Dr. G. J. Broekhuysen, of the University of 
Cape Town, obtained records from various correspondents, and these, 
together with his own personal notes, he has generously placed at the 
writer’s disposal. The details, in chronological order, are as follows. 
15th July 1961. Caledon district (87 miles S.E. from Cape Town). 
Above average numbers noted, heading N.W. with a following 
S.E. wind. 

2ist July 1961. Near Durbanville (8 miles N.E. from Capetown). 
Butterflies passing all the time—76 individuals counted on a 
stretch of 293 miles. Direction N.W. with a light following S.E. 
wind. A perfect summer-like day. 

21st or 22nd July 1961. Somerset West (30 miles S.E. from Cape 
Town). Thousands travelling South to North regardless of wind. 

22nd July 1961. Some migration noted at Kirstenbosch, Cape Town, 
during afternoon from S.E. to N.W., wind N.W. A perfect 
summer-like day. Migration also noted at Sir Lowry Pass (35 
miles S.E. from Cape Town) on the same date. 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V/1962 


22nd-23rd July 1961. Cape Town to Niewoudtville (243 miles N. of 
Cape Town). In numbers flying N.E., and rendering it necessary 
to clean windscreen of car from time to time. 


At Niewoudtville the butterflies were seen from about 2nd July 
and the largest concentration was noted on 30th July at 12.30 p.m. The 
movement was more noticeable in the mornings and the direction was 
W. to E. The weather was fairly warm with light wind, and the 
observer, Mr. J. McGregor, states that this is the first occasion upon 
which such a movement has been seen by him. 


95th July 1961. The ‘‘Cape Argus’’ reported from Niewoudtville that 
for the past week or two, millions of butterfles were noted flying 
West to East in clouds and were at their densest on 23rd July. 
They were said to pass like swarms of bees and not very high up, 
while the radiators of cars were choked with them. On 29th July, 
the same paper reported huge swarms over a wide area including 
Namaqualand, Calvinia, Clanwilliam, Niewoudtville, and on to 
George and Wilderness on the south coast. Swarms were also 
noted at Mossel Bay, and at Plettenberg Bay were seen flying in 
across the bay. 


At Die Kelder on Walker Bay, near Hermanus (21 miles §.E. from 
Cape Town), the migration was from West to Kast:. swarms like locusts 
came off the sea and settled, eggs and larvae being found subsequently. 
At Gansbaai, a little further along the coast, fishermen reported a 
migration for over four days up to nine miles out to sea, the butterflies 
flying low and over the boats, not round them. 

At Sir Lowry’s Pass, towards the end of July, thousands were noted 
passing at 11 a.m., at 12.30 p.m. the butterflies were seen passing in 
hundreds, and at 5.30 p.m. in dozens. Direction S.S.E. to N.N.E. 
They had been present all week in the observer’s garden. 


20 August 1961. Five to ten butterflies were recorded passing per 
minute to N.W., near Klavervlei, 10 to 12 miles S.E. of Cape 
Town. This would appear to be the only August record from the 
Western Cape. 


In almost all the above instances, specimens were submitted or 
obtained. 

So much for the Western Cape and the vicinity of Cape Town and 
we now proceed to deal with the records obtained in the Eastern Cape. 

The first instance of migrating V. cardui in the Eastern Cape was 
noted by Mr. H. R. Philip who observed thousands of the butterflies 
coming off the sea between 9 a.m. and 3.30 p.m. on 16th August at 
Mazeppa Bay in the Transkei, some 75 miles up the east coast from 
East London. They were travelling from East to North West and 
against a northerly wind. 

Miss G. Morrison of Port Elizabeth reported a flight there com- 
mencing on 29th August and which continued for about a week although 
interrupted by two days of wet weather. The direction was slightly 
West of North. Miss Morrison adds that the butterflies passed through 
her garden, seventeen yards in length, at the rate of 20 to 30 per 
minute. Many were worn, undersized and apparently old. They often 
stopped to feed at flowers before resuming their flight again. A less 
extensive flight was reported from Humansdorp, 56 miles west of Port 


VANESSA CARDUI L. AND OTHER MIGRATORY LEPIDOPTERA 103 


Elizabeth, at the same time. 


On 3lst August 1961, from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m., a flight was recorded 
by Mr. C. J. Skead, between King William’s Town and East London, 
a distance of 38 miles. Direction South to North or a little West of 
North into the eye of the wind which was light at first but freshening 
later. A hot day. The flight was thin, but varied in intensity: the 
butterflies flying from six inches to two feet above the ground generally, 
but up to six feet when the wind was stronger. 


6th October 1961. Port Elizabeth, early afternoon. Forty-nine 
individuals were counted passing on a 25 yards front in ten 
minutes, together with Pieris (Pontia) helice (L.), and a few 
Papilio demodocus Esp. Direction 8S. to N. or S.W. to N.E. The 
fight was still in progress at 3.30 p.m. although somewhat 
diminished, while some butterflies were flitting about and pro- 
ceeding in other directions. At the seaside suburb of Humewood, 
the flight was also in evidence, twelve individuals passing on a 
front of 25 yards, in half-an-hour. Direction N.W.: wind light 
to moderate S.E. The butterflies were in fresh condition with 
undeveloped ovaries. 


19th October 1961. A similar but somewhat thinner migration noted 
at Port Elizabeth. From 11.25 to 11.35 a.m., twenty-one passed 
on a 25-yard front: from 2.03 to 2.13 p.m., twelve passed, and 
from 3.20 to 3.30 p.m., eight passed. Direction mostly S. to N., 
but some N.E. to N.W., while others flitted about in a haphazard 
manner. By 6 p.m., large numbers were seen cavorting round, 
chasing one another, and resting on the ground. Although the 
species continued to be plentiful for a few weeks longer, no 
further migratory flights were recorded. 


From July, V. cardui was unusually abundant at Port Elizabeth and 
elsewhere in the Hastern Cape, but since November, only odd 
individuals have been seen. 


On 7th October 1961, Mr. C. G. C. Dickson reported from Durban, 
Natal, that the Painted Lady had been remarkably plentiful there for 
the previous three months, but that no migratory flights had been 
observed. Throughout most of this period he noted it breeding in the 
area. However, on 15th October, a directional flight was recorded, 
thirty butterflies passing on a front of 200 feet in ten minutes, and 
earlier in the day about twice that number. The direction was N.W. 
This flight was also seen in another part of Durban (about one mile 
away) on the same date. Many of the butterflies were in fresh con- 
dition. On 23rd October another flight was witnessed, twenty-eight 
passing on a 200-ft. front from 9.03 to 9.13 a.m., but only four between 
11.382 and 11.42. Direction N.W. with a strong following wind. 

Thinner flights were also observed on 26th and 30th October, fourteen 
and ten butterflies respectively being the maximum numbers passing on 
a 150-foot front in ten minutes on the two dates. The direction in 
each case was N.W. Very few V. cardui were seen migrating in Durban 
after this date and the species almost disappeared during the following 
month. Mr. Dickson remarked that in Durban the migrants seemed to 
fly in broad streams, and also intermittently. Flights in Port Eliza- 
beth were likewise intermittent, a small group would pass, then after 
some moments, an odd individual and so on. 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V /1962 


Migratory flights of Painted Ladies have also been reported from 
Theunissen, O.F.S., and elsewhere inland, as well as unusually large 
numbers of the butterfly, but details are not available. However, 
sufficient evidence has been given to show that there were very consider- 
able mass movements by this species over a considerable part of South 
Africa during the spring of 1961. It will be noted that the Eastern 
Cape and Durban flights were somewhat later than those recorded in 
the Western Cape, with one exception. 


There are not many references to Pieris (Pontia) helice (L) in the 
literature on insect migration, and Williams (1930) gives only two, both 
from South Africa. On 25th September 1961, while travelling from 
Humansdorp to Swellendam and beyond, a distance of approximately 
250 miles, and again on the return journey on 29th September, the 
writer noted a very thin flight of this species from North to South, a 
butterfly crossing the road every few hundred yards. On the second 
date, Mr. C. J. Skead also recorded the flight on the same route. The 
flight continued all day until about 4 p.m. or a little later. The 
weather was warm on both occasions with a hot berg (N.W.) wind. 


On 6th October 1961, a directional flight of P. helice was observed 
by the writer at Port Elizabeth. It was first noted at 12.40 p.m. in the 
Central Hill area of the town and the direction was more or less N. to 
S. The weather was warm with a light to moderate §.E. breeze. 222 
butterflies were counted passing on a 50-yard front in thirty minutes 
(1.10 to 1.40 p.m.). At Humewood—on the sea front—95 specimens 
were counted, passing on a 50-yard front from 3 to 3.30 p.m., 23 be- 
tween 4 and 4.15 p.m., and 1 butterfly only from 4.15 to 4.30 p.m. 
The direction was N.W. and W. The flight was on a broad front, as it 
was noted while proceeding west to Westview, a distance of some three 
miles, and where it continued throughout the afternoon although some- 
what thinner in intensity than on the Hill. V. cardui took part in 
this flight (see above), and in the Hill area it was also accompanied 
by an odd P. demodocus and a few Colias electo (L.). Many butterflies 
settled on lawn and bushes, fluttering about and pursuing one another 
before continuing on their way, while a few would go off in the opposite 
direction. They were in fresh condition and the ovaries for the most 
part were undeveloped. One example contained eggs but they were not 
ready for oviposition. Eggs were not found on cruciferous weeds in 
the lawn where the butterflies were observed settling. Many indi- 
viduals hurried on without stopping, passing over, and not going round 
high buildings. Two windy, cool and overcast days followed, but 
although these were succeeded by a warmer and sunny day with butter- 
flies about, no further directional flights on the part of P. helice were 
noted. It may also be mentioned that there was no subsequent increase 
in the numbers of the species as a result of the migration. 


Another butterfly which was abundant and widespread during the 
spring and which has been recorded as migrating on other occasious 
was Colias electo. Although a few individuals accompanied some of 
the flights mentioned above, no definite and specific directional flights 
by this species were noted. 

In addition to these butterflies, various species of moths well-known 
as migrants in Europe and elsewhere, were also much in evidence at 
the same time. One of these was Heliothis armigera Fab., otherwise 


VANESSA CARDUI L. AND OTHER MIGRATORY LEPIDOPTERA 105 


known as American Bollworm, and a serious pest of many crops in 
South Africa and other parts of the world. Adults were numerous at 
light in Port Elizabeth and throughout the country and were also 
numerous at garden flowers, in wheat fields and citrus orchards. While 
in some localities there were subsequent infestations of larvae, in others 
the species just as suddenly disappeared without trace, which is typical 
behaviour of migratory Lepidoptera. Another species, well-known as 
a migrant in Europe, which appeared in unusually large numbers was 
Laphygma exigua Hbn., the Lesser Army Worm or Pigweed Caterpillar, 
to give it its local names. Normally, in the writer’s experience, this 
species is a minor pest of vegetables and other crops in this country. 
Last spring, however, it assumed major proportions and caused exten- 
sive damage to maize, lucerne and onions in the Eastern Cape. 


While on an outing near the coast in the Alexandria district, some 
60 odd miles east of Port Elizabeth, Col. Mackworth Praed drew the 
writer’s attention to the numerous adults of the pyralid Nomophila 
noctuella Schiff., another common migrant in Europe. The moths were 
frequenting a clover-clad hillside along with the butterflies V. cardwi 
and (. electo but there were no signs of directional flights on the part 
of any of them. Some adult moths were collected and subsequently laid 
eggs in the laboratory. The larvae fed readily on the local clover 
(Trifolium. burchellanum) as well as on lucerne and other leguminous 
plants, and from the resulting adults another generation was sucessfully 
reared. Careful and repeated search of the growing clover where the 
species was first found yielded nothing, however, and it just completely 
disappeared: another typical instance of migrant behaviour. 


Other species of known migratory habits overseas, which were re- 
corded in the Hastern Cape this spring were Pyrausta martialis Hbn., 
and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), while a specimen of Plusia ni Hbn., 
was seen along with other members of its family feeding at flowers in 
the writer’s garden. It was certainly a season for migrants. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
The writer is much indebted to Dr. G. J. Broekhuysen and Mr. C. 
G. C. Dickson for so kindly placing their notes and observations at his 
disposal: also to all the other observers including Messrs. C. J. Skead, 
H. R. Philip and Dr. A. C. van Bruggen who so kindly rendered data 
and assistance. 


REFERENCES. 


Dickson, C. G. C. 1953. Note on Vanessa cardui (L.) (Lep. Nymphalidae). Jl. 
Ent. Soc. S.A,, XVI, 1: 78. 
Williams., C. B. 1930. Migration of Butterflies, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh. 


Box 7011, Port Elizabeth, South Africa 6.ii.62. 


B. C. S. Warren has sent me his paper from ENTOMOLOGISK TIDSKRIFT, 
82: 121-148, with three half-tone plates giving 72 figures, mostly micro- 
photographs of the Androconial scales. The paper deals with the bear- 
ing of these scales in the speciation of the genus Pieris. The paper 
is in three parts, written at intervals, and each showing the progress of 
the author’s work at the stage in question, and references are listed at 
the end.—S.N.A.J. 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/V/1962 


Collecting Lepidoptera in 1961 
By R. Farrctover (continued from p. 98) 


I’ve seen this species. The best ‘capture’ of the night was a 
young man, Tony Harman, who deserted his motor bike for the mothing 
sheet. Not having seen an m.y. light in operation before, and being 
interested in Lepidoptera, he stayed until ‘lights out’, and has since 
had good results by using m.v. at his home nearby. 

A short visit to Betchworth on the 4th gave us our first Phalona 
rutilana Hiibn., Argyresthia abdominalis Zell. (both from Juniper), 
Bucculatriz cidarella Zell., and Walshia rhammiella Zell. We hoped to 
return to search for rutilana but it was the 16th before we got there 
again, on a poor evening. Although we failed we consoled ourselves 
with the thought that we should soon lose interest if rare moths were 
easy to take. 


On the 8th, the long run was made to Portland with Ron Parfitt. 
We spent three hours smoking Inula crithmoides, taking only three 


Dioryctria banksiella Rich., our objective. Dolycharthria punctalis 
Schiff., Homoesoma saxicola Vaugh. (worn), and Coleophora troglody- 
tella Dup. were common . We then tried Artemesia absinthiuwm for 


Euzophera cinerosella Zell. without result, but a Hucosma pupillana 
Clerck. was taken. The night’s results were rather poor, less than fifty 
species coming to light while none except very common species were 
seen at dusk. However, some fresh Agrotis trux Hiibn. turned up; a 
few Sterrha degeneraria Hiibn.; L. l-album L., Schrankia costaestri- 
galis Sheph., a species I always seem to see at Portland; Lygris prunata 
L., one I never see in Surrey; Nola albula Hiibn., and a Scopula 
marginepunctata Goeze, which gave a nice series in September from her 
ova. 


Near Beachy Head on the 22nd I caught a Pammene aurantiaria 
Staud. (is this a first Sussex record?), and among sea purslane on the 
banks of the Cuckmere, some Coleophora salinella Staint. A brilliant 
moonlight night proved useless for the m.v. by the reed bed. 


A week later we were at Southwold on the Suffolk coast where we 
spent the next fortnight. On the first night I made for the Walbers- 
wick reed beds. The night was cool, and at dusk I could find no sign 
of anything but Arenostola phragmitidis Hiibn. At the m.v., however, 
the two species I hoped for, Nonagria neurica Hiibn. and A. brevilinea 
Fenn. were both taken. These reed beds with the sea to the east, and 
heathland to the west, yield a rich mixture of moths, so that apart 
from the Wainscots and other marshland species, insects such as Agrotis 
eursoria Hufn., Arenostola elymi Treits., Hremobia ochroleuca Esp. 
and Chesias rufata Fabr. also arrived. 

The trap placed among a little patch of dune with lyme grass did 
rather badly (total 61 species) due to the poor nights. A few elymi 
came, one Dioryctria formosa, and one fresh Heliothis dipsacea L. on 
4th August (we saw another at Dunwich later still), while cursoria of 
pale forms unlike those from Lancashire were always present, and 
Triphaena interjecta Hiibn. was noticeably commoner than at home. 

Two nights were outstanding, the first at Dunwich on Ist August. 
We saw plenty of Nyctegretis achatinella Hiibn. among the Rest Harrow 
on the beach at dusk. From nine-thirty, for three hours, until a 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1961 107 


thunderstorm stopped the fun, a very varied selection of moths came 
to the sheet. I was very pleased to have some Phycita boisduvaliella 
Guen., and one Mellissoblaptes zelleri Joan., while some of the seventy 
two species of larger moths seen were Leucania albipuncta Fabr., 
Spaeletis ravida Hiibn., albula, Hadena lepida Esp., (white like those 
of Dungeness), Tethea duplaris L., Lymantria monacha L., Miltochrista 
miniata Forst., Zeuzera pyrina L., Cerura furcula L., Lygephila 
pastinum Treits., Abraxus sylvata Scop., Cerapteryx graminis IJ.., 
Lycophotia varia Vill., A. triticct L., neurica, E. griseola Hiibn., 
Eupithecia tenwata Fabine: Itame pees L., Hydraecia Se Tutt., 
and elymi. 

The second was 4th August, when we sugared marram tufts on the 
beach on a wild, windy night, seeing thirty species—something to 
restore one’s faith in sugar. All the yellow underwings except the 
wanted T. orbona Hufn. were there, with the usual moths of the shore. 
We had five fresh albipuncta, four Apamea abjecta Hiibn., and among 
its betters even A. secalis L., the commonest kind, became, in its numer- 
ous forms, interesting. 

We had a successful few hours at Thorpeness on the 3rd, where we 
took plenty of Oxyptilus distans Zell., at first by smoking then by dis- 
turbing the plants and watching for them to move. Mniophaga desertella 
Dougl. was probably the commonest moth on the beach, but we also saw 
Geléchia mullinella Zell., Crambus alpinellus Hiibn., Hemimene politana 
Hiibn., Coleophora argentula Zell., Phthorimaea semidecandrella 
Threlf., and Sterrha ochrata, this being, I believe, its northern limit. 

Another none too common sunny day found us on the north Norfolk 
coast salt marshes where we discovered KHupithecia extensaria larvae 
to be common enough despite their name. This was on 9th August 
and we were rather surprised to find odd ones in their last skin. Another 
‘new’ species of the holiday was Simyra albevenosa Goeze, two of which 
were taken at Walberswick and Dunwich. 


One of the pleasures of the holiday was the quietness of the local 
roads, as compared with S.E. England, and the other the meeting of 
so many other collectors, for we met in the field, or looked up Messrs. 
Chipperfield, Dacie, Goater, Hare, Lyon, More, McNulty, and de Worms. 


August is always a dull month after the first few days, and even a 
visit with Mr. Wakely to a Dorset heath to look for the larvae of 
Stenoptilia graphodactyla Treits. was a disappointment as only a few 
Marsh Gentians could be found. The heath was dry and we suspected 
some drainage connected with the inevitable housing development 
nearby. A stop for sugar and light at night near Lyndhurst proved a 
failure, only a few common species being seen. 

At Camber, on the 29th, a very hot day, beating sea buckthorn, pro- 
duced some Semiothisa alternaria Hiibn. larvae (a worn imago was seen 
and a very late alpinellus). A lot of small tortoiseshells with a red 
admiral were on the sea asters. 

On the last day of the month we again saw more butterflies than 
usual on a patch of thistle in a Chiddingfold wood, mainly brimstones, 
with commas and a painted lady, the only one of the year: An unlooked 
for insect was a Rhodometra sacraria L. This was a fertile female, and 
I thought of that hot afternoon this New Year when I was scratching 
under the snow to find some dock to feed the third generation larvae. 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15] V /1962 


Geoff. Cole and I went to the Breck, where we met Mr. Chipperfield 
on 2nd September. We were successful in finding Coenotrephia 
berberata Schiff. larvae, then moved on round the area. Specimens of 
sacraria and Scopula rubiginata Hufn. were put up and caught. We 
sugared and ran the m.v. near Barton Mills at night. Twenty-five 
posts yielded over a thousand moths, none of which was of interest, 
while the light had only sixteen species despite the temperature of 
over 60°. 

The next evening I went to Ashdown Forest to try the spot where 
I took Depressaria prostratella Const. in 1957. Again the night was 
warm but with a group of bats working the hght the moths had no 
chance. Are others finding more trouble from bats in the field these 
days? I have the impression that each bat carries radio equipment 
with his radar, and calls up all his friends as he sees an m.v. light 
appear! Certainly, I have had an increasing number of nights ruined 
by their attentions. 


Having heard of large numbers of Leucania vitellina L. being taken 
in Dorset, a hurried trip to the Sussex coast was made on the 11th. 
Warm breezes and a cloudy sky did not give their usual result, for 
sugar and light were hardly attended by the common moths, let alone 
good migrants. 


We were still in the hot spell that made the autumn of 1961 so 
different from that of the previous year, and on the 16th Mr. Wakely 
and I went to Kent to look for larvae of Hulia cinctana Schiff. Having 
given this up as a bad job, we went on to the Warren at Folkestone, 
which we found rather barren. The woods of Ham Street would, we 
thought, yield some interesting larvae, but again we were disappointed, 
though some affected rose galls were collected for Laspeyresia roseticolona 
Zell. Sugar and light were at their worst, so finally we ran down on to 
the marshes, and despite the late hour found a Hydraecia hucherardi 
Mab., some Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn., and a Nycterosia obstapata Fabr. 
by using hand lamps. 


En route for Swanage on the 23rd we beat for Cosymbia orbicularia 
Hiibn. without success, there being hardly any larvae of any kind. We 
ran into sea mist as we neared the Isle of Purbeck. Neither sugar 
nor the ivy gave one moth that night, but in the thick mist they came 
freely to the light, Plusia gamma L. in large numbers. Thirty-one 
species were recorded between 7.30 and 3.00 the next morning, one 
worn vitellina arriving at midnight while the usual coastal species of 
this date, Leucochlaena hispida Gey. and Aporophyla australis Boisd., 
appeared with Cirrhia gilvago Esp. and a fresh Hilema griseola Hiibn. 
which I tried to turn into something new in footmen, the date appearing 
to be wrong for griseola! I was pleased to meet Messrs. Hayward and 
Langmaid, who were having trouble with their generator nearby, but 
who had a couple of traps up their sleeves as it were and took later in 
their stay some very interesting moths. . 


We returned to Swanage on 7th October. With us went Tony 
Harman and there we met Stuart Coxey who was staying for a few 
days. We also came across Captain Jackson, who had taken Leucania 
unipuncta Haw. on his sugar, and Baron de Worms, who found the 
cliffs too windy for his light. We were in a rather more sheltered posi- 
tion, but the wind badly affected the results, However, some fresh 


THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON 109 


Dasypolia templi Thunb. (for which we had come) appeared, Lithophane 
leautiert Boisd. was seen, while Tony was able to enjoy seeing lichenea 
and other species new to him. My sugar was a failure. 

With Utetheisa pulchella. L. in mind, following reports of its having 
put in an appearance in larger numbers than usual with this rare moth, 
my son and I went to Dungeness on the 14th, a warm sunny day with 
an east wind. It was not our lucky day, and the night was no com- 
pensation, sugar and light being visited only sparingly. Dr. Kettlewell 
enlivened an hour for us as we watched the light, he having stopped 
on seeing the m.v. bulb out on the shingle. 

A possible night on 18th November sent me to the Downs, where 
I found Messrs. Bretherton, Dacie, and de Worms at the spot where 
I had hoped to catch Ptilophora plumigera Esp. Having exchanged 
greetings, I moved on a few miles and set up my light under some 
maples at a lower altitude than usual. There I took four of the moth, 
the only other moth seen being an Operophtera fagata Scharf. 

A return visit with Geoff. Cole the following night yielded one more 
plumigera among four moths seen. This was the fifty-fifth and final 
night expedition of the year. 

On the whole, 1962 was another poor year for the indigenous species 
judging from my home trap, which had the worst result in ten years. 
However, numbers of migrants were taken, and in my case visits to 
new areas made it a season better than usual. 

Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Near Reigate, Surrey. 11.111.62. 


The Moths of Wimbledon 
By J. V>, Dacty, M.D. 


Stimulated by the example of the late Mr. H. D. Swain, I started 
in the Spring of 1955 to run a mercury-vapour moth trap in the garden 
of my house at Wimbledon. The present article summarises the results 
of this venture for the six years, 1955-1961, inclusive. The list which 
follows covers, unfortunately, only the families usually grouped together 
as ‘‘macros’’, but it is hoped to publish a list of the local Pyralidae at a 
later date. With few exceptions, which are individually noted, all the 
species listed have been caught by means of the trap in my garden. The 
exceptions are moths taken as imagines or larvae on Wimbledon Com- 
mon or elsewhere in Wimbledon, and I have included two records of 
moths taken in Wimbledon before the Second World War but not 
caught or seen here subsequently. I have not collected systematically 
on Wimbledon Common and never there at night, and it is no doubt 
likely that species exist on the Common which I am not likely to take 
in my garden. 

Alan Road, where the trap has been run, is in a residential area of 
Wimbledon on high ground between Wimbledon High Street and 
Wimbledon Park. The site of the trap is within 200 yards of Wimble- 
don Park and about half-a-mile from Wimbledon Common in a straight 
line. Although the garden is not a particularly large one, there are 
many large gardens between Alan Road and the Common and many 
fine and long-established trees. A limited amount of new building 
has taken place in the area in the last three years and the effect on the 
local fauna can only have been harmful. 


110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/V /1962 


The moth trap has not been run every night. Generally speaking, 
however, it has been run every favourable night between the beginning 
of March until mid-October at least from 1959 onwards. At first (during 
1955) it was placed quite near the house and many moths settled on the 
adjacent wall of the house. From 1956 onwards the trap has been run 
in the centre of the lawn with two boards, approximately 18” x 10”, 
set up to screen off the two adjacent neighbours’ houses. Moths settled 
on these boards, too. 

Birds have been a menace, and they soon learnt to make a clean 
sweep of all moths not actually in the trap very soon after dawn unless 
IT preceeded them, which was sometimes but not always the case. Unfor- 
tunately, there is no doubt that many moths were lost in this way, 
including probably species which never entered the trap and have thus 
not been recorded. Some were rescued, however, such as the solitary 
A. alni, which was found at dawn sitting on the outside of the trap. 

The trap was almost always run all night, on 48 occasions in 1956, 
on 42 occasions in 1957, on 47 occasions in 1958, on 80 occasions in 1959, 
on 75 occasions in 1960 and on 67 occasions in 1961. 

Three hundred species are recorded in the following list. Where 
the species is listed without comment, this species is probably resident, 
ten or more specimens have been caught and they have not all been 
taken in the same year. Where fewer than four specimens in all of a 
species have been taken this has been noted. The designation ‘‘uncom- 
mon’’ indicates that only 5-10 specimens have been noted in the whole 
6-year period, 1956-61. 

Some species are no doubt resident although present in very small 
numbers; others seem likely to be vagrants or even immigrants. The 
most notable captures have been single specimens of Cosymbia 
puppillaria Hiibn. taken on 16th October, 1959 and Itame brunneata 
Thunb. taken on 25th June 1960. 


Vast numbers of moths have never been caught, and the heaviest 
catches, on the most favourable nights, have not exceededed about 500 
moths, excluding ‘‘micros’’. 


The nomenclature and order of arrangement in the following list 
are those of Heslop (1961) :— 


SPHINGIDAE: 6 species 
Mimas tihae L. 
LTaothoe popult L. 
Smerinthus ocellata L. 
Sphine ligustri L. 
Deilephila porcellus L. 
Deilephila elpenor L. 


NoTopoNTIDAF: 10 species 
Harpyia bifida Brahm (hermelina auct.), uncommon. 
Cerura vinula L., uncommon. 
Chaonia ruficornis Hufn. (chaonia Hiibn.) 
Pheosia tremula Clerck 
Pheosia gnoma F. (dictaeoides Esp.) 
Notodonta dromedarius UL. 
Lophopteryx capucina L. (camelina lL.) 
Pterostoma palpina Clerck, 2 only, 1959, 1960. 


THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON 111 


Phalera bucephala UL. 
Clostera curtula L., uncommon. 


THYATIRIDAE: 5 species 
Habrosyne pyritoides Hufn. (derasa L.) 
Thyatira batis L., 2 only, 1957, 1959. 
Tethea ocularis L. (octogesima Hiibn.) 
Tethea duplaris L., 4 only, 1958, 1959, 1961. 
Achlya flavicornis L., 2 only in trap; larvae on Wimbledon Common. 


LYMANTRIIDAE: 3 species 
Orgyia antiqua L. 
Dasychira pudibunda L., 1 only, 1959. 
Leucoma salicis L., uncommon, 


LASIOCAMPIDAE: 1 species 
Malacosoma neustria L., Uncommon. 


DREPANIDAE: 4 species 
Drepana binaria Hufn. . 
Drepana falcataria L. 
Drepana lacertinaria L., larvae on Wimbledon Common only. 
Cilix glaucata Scop. 


NonipaE: 1 species 
Nola cucullatella L., 1 only, 1959. 


ARCTIIDAE: 7 species 
Eilema complana L., 1 only, 1957. 
Callimorpha jacobaeae L., 1 only, 1956 in trap. 
Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (menthastri Esp.) 
Spilosoma lutea Hufn. (lubricipeda. auct.) 
Cycnia mendica Clerck, 3 only, 1957, 1959. 
Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. 
Arctia caja L. 

CossIpAE: 1 species 
Zeuzera pyrina. L. 

HEPIALIDAE: 4 species 
Hepialus humuli L., uncommon. 
Hepialus sylvina L. 
Hepialus fusconebulosa Deg. (velleda Hiibn.), 1 only, 1960. 
Hepialus lupulina L. 


NocturpaE: 150 species 
Huxoa nigricans L. 
Euzoa tritici L., 2 only, 1956, 1960. 
Agrotis segetum Schiff. 
Agrotis clavis Hufn. (corticea Schiff.) 
Agrotis puta Hiibn. (radius Haw.) 
Agrotis exclamationis L. 
Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (suffusa Schiff.) 
Tycophotia varia Vill. (strigula Thunb.) 
Peridroma porphyrea. Schiff. (sawcia Hiibn.) 
Graphiphora augur F., 3 only, 1956, 1959. 


112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V /1962 


Diarsia brunnea Schiff., 3 only, 1956, 1957, 1960. 
Diarsia mendica F. (festiva Schiff.) 

Diarsia rubi View. (bella Borkh.) 

Ochropleura plecta L. 

Amathes glareosa Esp. 

Amathes baja Schiff., 3 only 1957, 1959, 1961. 

Amathes c-nigrum L. 

Amathes ditrapezium Schiff. 

Amathes triagulum Hufn. 

Amathes stigmatica Hiibn. (rhomboidea Treits.), 1 only, 1961. 
Amathes sexstrigata Haw. (wmbrosa Hiibn.), uncommon. 
Amathes xanthographa. Schiff. 

Axylia putris L., including 1 melanie. 

Cerastis rubricosa Schiff., 2 only, 1959, 1960. 

Naenia typica L., 2 only, 1957, 1958. 

Euschesis comes Hiibn. (orbona F.) 

Euschesis janthina Schiff. 

Noctua pronuba L. 

Lampra fimbriata Schreber (fimbria L.) 

Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (marginata F.), uncommon. 
Anarta myrtili L., Wimbledon Common, but 1 in trap. 
Mamestra brassicae L. 

Melanchra persicariae UL. 

Polia nebulosa. Hufn. 

Diataraxia oleracea L. 

Ceramica pisi L. 

Hada nana Hufn. (dentina Esp.), uncommon. 
Scotogramma trifolii Hufn. (chenopodii Schiff.) 
Hadena. w-latinum Hufn. (genistae Borkh.) 

Hadena swasa Schiff. (dissimilis Knoch), 1 only, 1956. 
Hadena thalassina. Hufn., 1 only, 1960. 

Hadena bicolorata Hufn. (serena Schiff.) 

Hadena conspersa Schiff. (nana Rott.), 3 only, 1957, 1960. 
Hadena bicruris Hufn. (capsincola Hiibn.) 

Hadena rivularis F. (cucubali Schiff.), uncommon. 
Hadena lepida Esp. (carpophaga Borkh.), 2 only, 1956, 1960. 
Heliophobus reticulata Vill. (saponariae Borkh.), 1 only, 1959. 
Tholera popularis F., uncommon. 

Tholera cespitis Schiff., uncommon. 

Cerapteryx graminis L., uncommon. 

Orthosia gothica UL. 

Orthosia cruda Schiff. (pulverulenta Esp.) 

Orthosia stabilis Schiff. 

Orthosia incerta Hufn. (instabilis Schiff.) 

Orthosia munda Schiff., uncommon. 

Orthosia advena. Schiff. (opima Hiibn.), 4 only, 1959, 1960. 
Orthosia gracilis Schiff. 

Leucania pallens L. 

Leucania impura Hiibn. 

Leucania comma UL. 

Leucama lythargyria Esp. 

Leucania conigera Schiff. 

Mythimna turca L., 1 only, 1957. 


THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON ns 


Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. (crassicornis Haw.), 1 only, 1959. 

Arenostola pygmina Haw. (fulva Hiibn.), 1 only, 1961. 

Meristis trigrammica Hufn. (trilinea Schiff.) 

Caradrina morpheus Hufn. 

Caradrina alsines Brahm 

Caradrina blanda Schiff. (taraxaci Hiibn.) 

Caradrina ambigua Schiff. 

Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. (quadripunctata F.) 

Dypterygia scabriuscula L. (pinastri L.) 

Apamea lithoxylaea Schiff., uncommon. 

Apamea monoglypha Hufn. (polyodon L.), including melanic examples, 
1960, 1961. 

Apamea epomidion Haw. (hepatica L.) 

Apamea crenata Hufn. (rurea F.) 

Apamea sordens Hufn. (basilinea Schiff.) 

Apamea unanimis Hiibn., 2 only, 1956. ; 

Apamea infesta Ochs. (sordida Borkh.), 3 only, 1959, 1960. 

Apamea remissa Hiibn. (obscura Haw.) 

Apamea secalis L. (didyma Esp.) 

Apamea ophiogramma. Esp., 1 only, 1961. 

Apamea ypsillon Schiff. (fissipuncta Haw.), 5 only, 1959, 1960. 

Procus strigilis Clerck 

Procus fasciuncula Haw., uncommon. 

Procus literosa. Haw., 4 only, 1958, 1959. 

Procus furuncula Schiff. (bicoloria Vill.) 

Luperina testacea Schiff. 

Euplexia lucipara L. 

Phlogophora meticulosa L. 

Thalpophila matura Hufn. (cytherea F.) 

Petilampa minima Haw. (arcwosa Haw.), uncommon. 

Celaena leucostigma Hiibn. (fibrosa Hiibn.), 1 only, 1960. 

Hydraecia oculea L. (nictitans Borkh.) 

Hydraecia paludis Tutt, 1 only, 1958. 

Gortyna micacea Esp. 

Gortyna flavago Schiff. (ochracea Hiibn.), uncommon. 

Cosmia affinis L. 

Cosmia trapezina L. 

Zenobia subtusa Schiff., 1 only, 1960. 

Panemeria tenebrata Scop. (arbuti F.), Wimbledon Common, 1928; not 
seen since. 

Amphipyra pyramidea L. 

Amphipyra tragopoginis Clerck 

Rusina tenebrosa Hiibn. (umbratica auct.), 1 only, 1959. 

Mormo maura L. 

Cryphia perla Schiff. 

Apatele leporina L. 

Apatele aceris L. 

Apatele megacephala Schiff. 

Apatele alni L., 1 only, 1956. 

Apatele psi L. 

Apatele rumicis L. 

Cucullia umbratica L., uncommon. 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V /1962 


Cucullia chamomillae Schiff., 1 only, 1960. 

Cucullia absinthii L., 5 only, 1957, 1959, 1960. 
Xylocampa areola Esp. (lithorhiza Borkh.), uncommon. 
Bombycia viminalis F., 2 only, 1956, 1960. 

Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff., 1 each, 1957, 1958; 5, 1961. 
Aporophyla lunula Stroem (nigra Haw.), 2 only, 1959, 1961. 
Allophyes oxyacanthae L., uncommon, all ab. capucina Mull. 
Parastichtis suspecta Hitibn., 1 only, 1961. 

Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw. 

Agrochola circellaris Hufn. (ferruginea Esp.), 3 only, 1956, 1961. 
Agrochola lychnidis Schiff. (pistacina F.) 

Anchoscelis litura L. 

Atethmia xerampelina Esp., 1 only, 1957. 

Tiliacea citrago L., uncommon. 

Tiliacea aurago Schiff., 2 only, 1959. 

Cirrhia icteritia Hufn. (fulvago L.) 

Cirrhia gilvago Schiff., 1 only, 1957. 

Conistra vaccinit L. 

Bena prasinana L. (fagana F.) 

Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. (quercana Schiff) 

Earias clorana L., 1 only, 1959. 

Inthacodia fasciana L., 2 only, 1961. 

Catocala nupta L. 

Euclidimera mi Clerck, Wimbledon Common. 

Colocasia coryli L., 1 only, 1961. 

Polychrisia moneta F. 

Plusia chrysitis L. 

Plusia jota L., 1 only, 1957. 

Plusia gamma L. 

Unca triplasia L., uncommon. 

Unea tripartita Hufn. (urticae Hiibn.) 

Lygephila pastinum Treits., 1 only, 1959. 

Scoliopteryx libatrix L., uncommon. 

Hypena proboscidalis L. 

Hypena rostralis L., 1 only, 1954 (sugar). 

Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Treits. 

Zanclognatha nemoralis F. (grisealis Schiff.) 


GEOMETRIDAE: 108 species 
Archiearis parthenias L., Wimbledon Common. 
Alsophila aescularia Schiff. 
Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn. (cytisaria Schiff.), Wimbledon Common. 
Geometra papilionaria L., larvae, Wimbledon Common. 
Comibaena pustulata Hufn. (bagularia Schiff.), uncommon. 
Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn. (strigata Miill) 
Hemistola immaculata Thunb. (chrysoprasaria Esp.), 1 only, 1959. 
Jodis lactearia L., 1 only, 1957. 
Calothysanis amata L. 
Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. (pendularia auct.), larvae, Wimbledon 
Common. 
Cosymbia puppillaria Hiibn., 1 only, 16th October 1959. 
Cosymbia punctaria L., quite common in 1956; 1 only since (1959). 
Cosymbia linearia Hiibn. (trilinearia Borkh.), 1 only, 1959. 
Scopula promutata Guen. (marginepunctata auct.), 3 only, 1959, 1960. 


THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON bkS 


Sterrha interjectaria Boisd. (fuscovenosa auct.) 

Sterrha seriata Schrank (virgularia Hiibn.) 

Sterrha straminata Borkh. (inornata Haw.), 3 only, 1959, 1960, 1961. 
Sterrha aversata L. 

Sterrha trigeminata Haw. (scutularia Hiibn.) 

Sterrha biselata Hufn. (bisetata Rott.) 

Nanthorhoé spadicearia Schiff. (ferrugata Staud., non Clerck) 
Xanthorhoé montanata Schiff., uncommon. 

Nanthorhoé fluctuata L. 

Nycterosea obstipata F. (fluviata Hiibn.), 2 only, 1960, 1961. 
Perizoma alchemillata L. (rivulata Schiff.), 2 only, 1957. 
Euphyia bilineata L. 

Lyncometra ocellata L., 1 only, 1957. 

Electrophaes corylata Thunb., 1 only, 1958. 

Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff., 2 only, 1958, 1960. 

Lygris mellinata F. (associata Borkh.) 

Plemyria rubiginata Schiff. (bicolorata Hufn.) 

Dysstroma truncata Hufn. (russata Borkh.) 

Thera obeliscata Hitibn.; melanic forms are dominant. 

Thera variata Schiff., 1 only, 1959. 

Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (sordidata F.) 

Hydriomena coerulata F. (impluviata Schiff.), 2 only, 1959. 
Philereme vetulata Schiff., 1 only, 1959. 

Epirrhoe alternata Miill (sociata Borkh.) 


Anaitis efformata Guen., 2 only, 1957, 1958. 

Horisme vitalbata Schiff., 1 only, 1960. 

Horisme tersata Schiff., uncommon. 

Lobophora halterata Hufn. (hexapterata Schiff.), 2 only, 1956. 

Acasis viretata Hiibn., uncommoii. 

Ortholitha mucronata Scop. (umbrifera Prout), 2 only, 1959, 1960. 

Pelurga comitata L. 

Oporinia dilutata Schiff. (nebulata Thunb. non Scop.) 

Operophtera brumata UL. . 

Operophtera fagata Scharf. (boreata Hiibn.) 

Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn. (luteata Schiff.), 1 only, 1961. 

Eupithecia subnotata Hiibn., 1 only, 1988. 

Eupithecia haworthiata Doubl. (isogrammaria H.-S.), uncommon. 

Eupithecia linariata Schiff., 3 only, 1957, 1960, 1961. 

Eupithecia pulchellata Steph. 

Kupithecia exiguata Hiibn., uncommon. 

EKupithecia centaureata Schiff. (oblongata Thunb.) 

Eupithecia intricata Zett. (helveticaria Boisd.), subsp. arceuthata 
Freyer, uncommon. 

Eupithecia absinthiata Clerck (minutata Schiff.) 

Eupithecia. assimilata Doubl., 2 only, 1958, 1959. 

Eupithecia vulgata Haw. 

Eupithecia icterata Vill. 

Eupithecia succenturiata UL. 

Eupithecia nanata. Hiibn., uncommon. 

Eupithecia abbreviata Steph., 1 only, 1959. 

Eupithecia dodoneata Guen. 

Eupithecia sobrinata Hiibn. (pusillata auct.), uncommon. 

Chloroclystis rectangulata L. 


116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15] V /1962 


Gymnoscelis pumilata Hiibn. 

Abraxas grossulariata L. 

Lomaspilis marginata L. 

Bapta temerata Schiff. (punctata Hiibn.) 

Deilinia pusaria L. 

Deilinia exanthemata. Scop., uncommon. 

Ellopia fasciaria L. (prosapiaria L.) 

Campaea margaritata L. (margaritaria L.) 

Semiothisa liturata Clerck, uncommon. 

Erannis leucophaearia Schiff., 1 only, 1959. 

Erannis aurantiaria Hiibn. 

Erranis marginaria F. (progemmaria Hiibn.) 

Erannis defoliaria Clerck 

Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. (angularia Hiibn.), 1 only, 1960. 

Deuteronomos alniaria L. (tiliaria Borkh.) 

Deuteronomos fuscantaria Steph. 

Deuteronomos erosaria Schiff. 

Selenia. bilunaria Esp. (llunaria Hiibn.) 

Apeira syringaria L., 1 only, larva, Wimbledon Common. 

Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, including 1 melanic. 

Colotois pennaria L. 

Crocallis elinguaria L. 

Plagodis dolabraria L. 

Opisthograptis luteolata L. (crataegata L.) 

Ourapteryx sumbucaria L. 

Phigalia pedaria F. (pilosaria Schiff.), common 1928, 1 only, recently. 

Lycia hirtaria Clerck, including one melanic, 1960. 

Biston strataria Hufn. (prodromaria Schiff.), including 1 melanic, 1957. 

Biston betularia L.: of 85 specimens recorded in 1960, 70 (82%) were ab. 
carbonaria Jordan, 7 (8%) type and 8 (9%) intermediate forms. 

Menophra abruptaria Thunb., including 1 ab. fuscata Tutt, 1960. 

Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. (gemmaria Brahm) 

Alcis repandata L.: a melanic form is not uncommon. 

Boarmia roboraria Schiff., 1 only, 1958. 

Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop. (consortaria F.), 3 only, 1960. 

Aethalura punctulata Schiff. (punctularia Hiibn.), Wimbledon Com- 
mon only. 

Bupalus piniaria L., 1 only, 1957: a strikingly white form. 

Itame wauaria L. 

Itame brunneata Thunb. (fulvaria Vill.), 1 during night 25-26 June 
1960; a large ¢ (wing-spread when set 25 mm.) in good condition. 

Lithinu chlorosata Scop. (petraria Hiibn.) 

Chiasmia clathrata L. 


It is interesting to compare the above lists with the comprehensive 
account of the moth fauna of London and its surroundings published 
by de Worms (1953-1959), and the Putney lists of Swain (1952, 1955, 
1958). de Worms lists a total of 596 species (‘‘macros’’) as recorded for 
Surrey (vice-county 17), within a radial distance of 20 miles from St. 
Paul’s Cathedral. Looking through these lists in detail I find that de 
Worms specifically gives Wimbledon or Wimbledon Common as localities 
for 77 species not yet caught by myself in Wimbledon. It is interesting 
to note, however, that 53 of these records are for 1898 or 1902 (Trans. 


AUTUMN HOLIDAY sal, 


City Lond. Ent. Soc., 1898-1902) or earlier. Swain, who ran a mercury- 
vapour moth trap in Putney, about 2% miles from my trap, recorded 282 
species (‘‘macros’’) for Putney (but included a few Wimbledon Common 
records), and this list, too, contained 38 species not caught by myself. 
It seems, therefore, that the total of species still to be found in the 
Wimbledon area is likely to be somewhere between 300 and 350; it is 
not likely to be as great as 400. It will certainly be interesting to see in 
future years how many of the 53 species recorded 60 or so years ago 
still exist in the district. That some new species should be added to 
the Wimbledon list in future years seems certain, judged from the 
relatively large number of species more recently recorded by Swain in 
Putney which I have not yet noted in Wimbledon. Moreover, there are 
some common moths, such as Huproctis similis Fuessl., which I have not 
yet seen in Wimbledon, but which must surely be residents. 


REFERENCES. 


de Worms, C. G. M. 1953. The Moths of London and its surroundings. Lond, 
Naturalist, 33: 101. 

———. 1954. The Moths of London and its Surroundings. Lond, Naturalist, 
34: 66. 

———., 1955. The Moths of London and its Surroundings. Part III. Lond. 
Naturalist 35: 38. 

———. 1955. The Moths of London and its Surroundings. Part IV. Lond. 
Naturalist, 36: 59. 

———. 1957. The Moths of London and its Surroundings. Lond. Naturalist, 
37: 186. 

———. 1958. A Supplement to the Butterflies and Moths of London and its 
Surroundings. Part I. Lond. Naturalist, 38: 33. 

——. 1959. A Supplement to the Butterflies and Moths of London and its 
Surroundings. Part II. Lond. Naturalist, 39: 99. 

Hesiop, I. R. P. 19614. A New Label List of British Macrolepidoptera. Published 
by Entomologists’ Gazette and Watkins & Doncaster. 

Swain, H. D. 1952. A List of Lepidoptera (Macros) Found in the Putney District 

of London. Ent. Gaz., 3: 109. 
. 1955. Additions to the Lepidoptera of Putney. Ent. Gaz., 6: 58. 
. 1958. Some Further Notes on Lepidoptera in the Putney District, with a 
List of Some Further Records. Ent. Gaz., 9: 38. 


Autumn Holiday 
Dr. A. M: R. Heron 


Last autumn the hills and glens of Scotland called me and I went 
north on 23rd September to Aberfeldy. It rained most of the way, but 
on arriving I sugared trees in the garden and around, in my first 
optimism. This resulted in the record number of moths which I had 
seen on sugar last year, namely three, all different. What has gone 
wrong with this form of collecting? I used to get hundreds on some 
nights, a few years ago, and with the same mixture. Is it all a matter 
of atmospheric conditions? 

On the following day we had one of those perfect days that one can 
have among the hills at that time of year in Scotland. The autumn 
colouring was beautiful and as we went over to Loch Rannoch there 
were wonderful cloud effects with deep blue shadows. 

On Rannoch Moor the wind began to blow and the rain was not far 
behind. I just had time to collect a few Celaena haworthw and 
Hydraecia lucens. We returned by the north side of Loch Rannoch, and 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15] V ]1962 


with the passing of the shower, we saw the perfect views of the peak of 
Schiehallion through the golden birch woods. As we approached Aber- 
feldy there was a red sunset and I thought we were going to have 
glorious weather for our week. Alas, on the following morning the rain 
was falling in torrents and this continued for almost the rest of the 
week. At Aberfeldy we took little of note in spite of using the mercury 
vapour trap: eighteen species were noted. Chloroclysta sterata was 
commoner here than miata, which in my experience, is the opposite of 
what is usual in this area. I have taken sterata on this occasion at all 
the places where I stayed during the week. I took one Diarsia dahlu 
on 24th September, which is fairly late. 

On 26th we thought the weather might be better in the west, so we 
went through torrents and floods up to Loch Tay and Glen Dochart. We 
went as far as Oban where we viewed the beautiful Sound of Kerrera 
from the car. The weather was still discouraging so we turned north to 
Onich via the Ballachulish ferry. This part of the country had recently 
been swept by a gale and trees were uprooted or stripped of branches 
on all sides. The oaks had lost many of their larger branches and few 
leaves were left on any of the trees. 

At Onich we found shelter and comfort with relations who live on the 
north shore of Loch Linnhe, looking up the historic pass of Glencoe. 
After two pleasant days, with indifferent weather and few moths, we 
decided to try the south of Scotland. . 

We drove through the worst rain J have experienced in Scotland, 
and in Glasgow, the streets were flooded to a depth of one to three feet 
in many places. Our car went through the floods without so much as 
a splutter. We drove on through some fine hilly country on our way to 
south Kirkecudbrightshire, where we found a quiet bay for the last two 
days of our holiday. This is very interesting country for walking, but 
as the weather was still poor we went to see Loch Trool, which is one of 
the beauty spots in the mountains called the Kells. During our two 
nights, the trap produced little of note (eleven kinds). Agrotis ipsilon 
was one of these, and being a migrant, might have been prophetic. 


Before setting out for home, my wife and I thought we should have 
a last walk before leaving Scotland. I left my net behind as I had not 
used it the whole time of being away. The sun tried to shine and we saw, 
first two butterflies, Nymphalis io L. and Pieris rapae L., and then one 
male Orgyia antiqua, on the wing. We were thinking of turning back 
when I saw a silvery moth flying quickly across the path in front of us. 
I thought at first it might be Chesias legatella and when it landed on a 
broom bush I thought this made it likely. Fortunately, on second 
thoughts I considered it had been too large and pale in colour to be 
that species. I went to investigate, and imagine my amazement when I 
found that it was a large, fresh female crimson speckled footman, 
Uietheisa pulchella. With trembling hands I hunted for a box, and 
with great care approached the prize. Just as I was bringing the two 
halves of the box together, the moth rose from its perch, but it was safe 
in the box. We hunted for more of this species, but of course, without 
success. We went back to our hotel, and drove south at high speed 
so that we could get my friend, George Hyde, to photograph our prize 
from different angles. I even took some of the hillside with me so that 
he could have the natural background. He was highly delighted to see 
this moth alive from Scotland. No ova were produced, but the specimen 


CRYPHIA MURALIS FORST. IN KERRY 119 


appeared almost too fresh to produce fertile ova in this country. I do 
not believe that many of this species have been taken in Scotland, nor 
do I know whether it is a new record for Kirkcudbrightshire. 

108 George a Green Road, Wakefield. 


Cryphia muralis Forst. in Kerry 
By H...C. Hueains, F.R.E.S. 


With reference to Mr. Haynes’s note on this species in the March 
number of the Entomologist’s Record, I was well aware of Halbert’s 
Killarney record, as not only did I read it in the Entomologist 
in 1942, but also Dr. Beirne gave me a reprint soon after the end of 
the war, which I carry in the back of my ‘‘Donovan’’ whenever I visit 
Ireland. Perhaps it might have been better had I put in the phrase 
‘except for one dubious record’”’ after new to Kerry, but I have never 
had any belief in Halbert’s specimen. 

For the past hundred years, except for the immediate neighbour- 
hood of Dublin, Killarney has been worked more than any other part 
of Ireland, yet Halbert’s is the only muralis recorded. Even the 
phrasing of the record leaves a lot to be desired; there is no date given, 
yet at the time Halbert wrote (in the Irish Naturalist 1919) there was 
no excuse for not giving exact data. Muralis is not a difficult insect 
to obtain, where present; apart from its habit of sitting on walls, it 
comes to light, sugar, and several sorts of flowers, (notably ragwort) 
and it is strange that no other specimen was captured in the course of 
literally hundreds of collecting trips by other collectors. 

Although I do not like to dogmatise, especially with the occurrence 
of muralis at Cambridge, Killarney did not seem to me to be a very 
likely locality; all other Irish localities for the moth are maritime, with 
the sole exception of Bandon, and even Bandon is quite near the sea 
on a tidal river which has been a main artery of Irish trade through- 
out historic times. It is generally spread in the area of Cork City, but 
even there is commonest on buildings near the the river and harbour, 
particularly at Passage West and Monkstown, and in the country at the 
back of the city it seems to be absent. 

I may say that the late Lt. Col. Donovan shared my scepticism of 
this record. I corresponded with him several times about Irish muralis 
and in 1947 he agreed with me that it was very doubtful. I first began 
corresponding with him in 1937, when I wrote and told him [I did not 
consider the Cork insect he called impar to be impar Warren, and sent 
him two Cambridge impar for comparision. This peculiar Cork insect 
has now, of course, been separated as similis (Cockayne and Williams 
1956). 

Mr. Haynes seems to have a rather strange idea of the time of 
emergence of muralis in the south of England and Ireland. Jn Cork it 
usually begins to emerge at the end of the first week in July and 
although it has a very long emergence period there, like many Irish 
insects, it is well out by the middle of the month and reaches a peak 
about the third week. It occurs right through August but although it 
is usually in good condition (muralis stays undamaged for a long time) 
August specimens seldom have the brilliance of July ones. As an 
example I may state that my record Cork bag of muralis (seventeen in 


120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V /1962 


less than an: hour, all the time I had to spare) was on J uly 16th, 1952. 
Included in this was the lovely green variation referred to in Cockayne 
and Williams paper (Ent. Gazette 7: 70). Of course Galway City is a 
lot further north, but I usually found insects there in past days and 
recently opposite in the Burren of Clare, little behind Cork and Kerry 
ones. I fancy if Mr. Haynes had worked for muralis there at least a 
month earlier, he would have had more luck. 

In the Isles of Scilly muralis is earlier still, it is on the wing as a 
rule at the beginning of July and in the very early year of 1959 was 
well out on Tresco in the last week in June. 

I have not worked for the moth much in England, but I found it 
commonly at Lyme Regis from July 20th to 24th, 1934. 

Mr. Haynes does not mention to what form his Galway specimen 
and Mr. Bullock’s three belong. Except for that taken by Mr. Haynes 
no authentic Galway ones can now be traced, and as all Irish specimens 
so far can be referred to various forms of s.sp. westroppi C. & W. the 
identity of these is of great interest. 

I do hope, however, that Mr. Haynes will get some more from 
Flesk, I was of course unaware of these unrecorded specimens till he 
recently wrote to me. It is a pity that they have remained so since 
1927, and it is to be hoped that their captor (as moths are not his 
primary interest) labels his insects on the spot. Flesk was a favourite 
collecting ground of that most energetic collector, Dr. B. P. Beirne, 
and it is odd he never took it there. 


Further Notes on 


Euspilapteryx (Gracilaria) pyrenaeella Chretien 
By S. WAKELY 


In 1960 I recorded the breeding of a single specimen of this local 
moth (Hnt. Rec., 72: 247-8) from maple leaves sent to me by J. Lobb. 
As this insect was bred from leaves collected in July—a month late 
according to L. T. Ford’s original note on his discovery of this species 
in 1933—I was only too glad to accept Mr. Lobb’s invitation to spend 
a weekend with him at the beginning of June, 1961, with the object 
of trying to find out more about this species in the Isle of Wight. 

Accordingly, we were both able to make a search of the maples in 
the vicinity of his house at Cranmore. Larval spinnings (‘‘cones”’ 
were at first difficult to find, but later we found some trees where cones 
were not only easy to procure, but fairly common as well. Many 
spinnings occur out of reach on the higher branches, which fact allayed 
our fears that we might be over-collecting such a local moth. The next 
day we collected again and were joined by W. Cameron, a neighbour, 
who showed us more maples growing-near by. Once again, the ‘‘cones’’ 
were fairly common, although they were not seen on every tree 
examined. 

Returning to London later that day, I wondered how many 
pyrenaeella would emerge from the material collected, and I had great 
hopes of getting a few, at least, among the Caloptilia semifascia Haw., 
which I expected in view of the numbers of that species bred the 
previous year from this locality. 


FURTHER NOTES ON EUSPILAPTERYX (GRACILARIA) PYRENAEELLA 121 


The next day some of the larvae were seen to be spinning up in 
their opaque cocoons on the leaves. The first moth appeared exactly a 
week later, and proved to be pyrenaeella. The amazing thing is that 
all those that emerged later were this species! In all, I bred 22 speci- 
mens. Three small lots of spinnings had been sent to friends, who all 
reported that pyrenaeella only had emerged. Apparently the leaves 
had been collected too early for semifascia, the larvae of which can be 
found in July, and again in September in the Isle of Wight. 

The fairly small number which emerged is explained by the fact 
that 60 or 70 per cent. were parasitized. On opening the cones it was 
found that a small white cocoon was present in most of them. These 
cocoons were the usual cylindrical shape with rounded ends but were 
suspended at each end by a thread of silk. Having frequently bred 
Parascotia fuliginaria L. in the past, I was reminded of a great 
similarity in this peculiar way of spinning the cocoon. 

Recognizing the parasites as Apanteles, some were sent to R. L. E. 
Ford, who hag studied this group for years. He was able to determine 
the species as Apanteles laetus Marshall, a species which also attacks 
semifascia. 

To me it seems extremely likely that pyrenaeella will be found in 
other places along the south coast as well as in other parts of the Isle of 
Wight. Entomologists interested should look for the characteristic spin- 
nings on maple (Acer campestre) during the first week of June. The 
““cone’’ appears to be similar to the one constructed by semifascia, but 
the earlier date should separate them. 


REFERENCES. 
Ford, L. T. (1933). Entomologist, G&: 230. 
Wilkinson, D. S. (1945). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London, 95, Part 3, 155-6. 
Brown, 8. C.S. (1946.) Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat Hist. Society (1946-7), 165. 
Wakely, S. (1960). Ent. Rec., 72: 247-8. 


Lyman EntTomMotocican Mustum.—In December 1914, the H. H. 
Lyman Bequest established a collection of insects and an entomological 
library in the Redpath Museum on the McGill Campus of McGill Uni- 
versity, Montreal. For various reasons the Lyman collections re- 
mained isolated spatially from the Entomology Department of the 
University. On 26th December 1961, however, the collection and 
library were moved to more spacious quarters, to be known as the 
Lyman Entomological Museum, in the Department of Entomology and 
Plant Pathology on the Macdonald College Campus near Ste Anne de 
Bellvue, Quebec. The Macdonald College collections have now been 
amalgamated with those from Montreal and the first full-time curator 
has been appointed. It is hoped that a new era of expansion and 
usefulness has begun. The collections are not large by international 
standards, although comprising several hundred thousand specimens. 
Lepidoptera and American Heteroptera are strongly represented and 
there is fair representation of most other orders although not, so far, 
of Orthoptera, the smaller orders or groups containing small insects. 
Donations (particularly of groups which are poorly represented) would 
be welcome from any part of the world, but it is hoped to build by ex- 
change also. Enquiries should be directed to V. R. Vickery, Curator, 
Lyman Museum, Macdonald College P.O., P.Q., Canada.—D. K. McE. 
Kevan, Chairman, Lyman Bequest Committee. 


122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V/1962 


Stigmella ulmifoliae Hering, A Species New to 
Britain 
By S. N. A. Jacoss 


Among the collection of Nepticulid mines which I had sent to Mr. 
Carolsfield-Krausé of Copenhagen (antea: 41-43) was one which has 
been returned to me determined as Stigmella (Stigmella) ulmifoliae 
Her., a species not previously recorded from Britain, 


A NEW ABBERRATION OF PRECIS CLELIA CRAMER 123 


The mine is a long slender gallery, contorted at first and then tend- 
ing to run in straight stretches along the leaf ribs then crossing to 
another rib. At first the sides are very evenly eaten so that they are 
almost parallel, but latterly they are not so cleanly eaten, and while 
running generally parallel, the sides are jagged instead of straight. This 
mine cannot be confused with any other elm mine because of the very 
distinctive fine black central frass line which runs smoothly along the 
middle of the mine until the last few millimetres before the chamber, 
where it becomes slightly irregular. The frass line in this species may 
easily be traced with the aid of a pocket lens, from the very begin- 
ning, and in the first part of the mine it may be seen as fine dashes 
with short breaks, but very soon it settles down to an almost continuous 
line. 

I took the mine among leaves of sucker elm bushes at the roadside 
near Stratford on Avon, Warwickshire, in September (12.ix.1950) but 
unfortunately failed to breed the imago. The leaf of Ulmus campestris 
(Fig. 5) contained on the one side of the mid-rib, a mine of Stigmella 
ulmivora Fologne, and on the other side Stig. ulmifoliae Her., and 
enlargements of the final portion of each mine are shown at Fig. 4 and 
Fig. 6 respectively. Unfortunately the early part of the ulmifoliae mine 
was concealed by the leaf folding near the tip, where the egg was 
deposited, in pressing. However, my good friend lent me a Danish 
example on Ulmus glabra Huds. which is the subject of Fig. 1, while 
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show early and late parts of the mine, enlarged to 
show the frass line. 

A dictionary translation of the reference in Die Blattminen M. 
Hering, 1935-37 :548, following the key, may be considered to run as 
follows: 8: The frass in the mine throughout in a fine black central 
line (Fig. 485): Nepticula ulmifoliae Her. (Lep.) Egg deposited on the 
underside of the leaf on a rib. Mine long and slender, gradually 
widening, the edges at first very regular but later often eaten out in a 
jagged way. Mine mostly straight often lying for a long time along a 
leaf rib, rarely tightly winding, larva green. 


04 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 2.iv.1962. 


A New Aberration of Precis clelia Cramer 
Byte Pa Hnsnor 


The specimen in question was caught by myself in the government 
station at Owerri, Southern Nigeria, during my first tour of service. At 
the time I thought I should defer my judgment on it, but ] can say 
uow, that, of the many thousands of this common species that I must 


have seen during my twenty-three years service, I never saw another 
one like this. 


The females of this species have a paler ground colour than the 
males, but I should mention that this specimen, a female, has the 
ground colour considerably lighter—without in any way having a 
pathological appearamce—than the normal female. IT have taken 
specimens of both sexes with pallid or ‘‘bleached’’ hindwings, without, 
however, the blue patches being affected, 


On numerous occasions in Southern Nigeria—e.g, at Arochuku, 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/ V /1962 


Okigwi, Obetim and Meko—I saw a single specimen, among the many 
flying of this pretty species, which had the blue patch of the hindwing 
extended: in one or two cases even so far as to cover nearly the whole 
of the wing, but I never had a net available at the time. 


The formal description is as follows :— 


Precis clelia Cramer ab. caeruleffugiens ab. nov.: 

The ground colour of both forewing and hindwing on the upperside is 
considerably paler than is normal for the sex concerned. The eye- 
spots consequently stand out very boldly. The normal blue patch of 
the hindwing is totally absent, being replaced by the ground-colour. 
The type specimen—a female taken at Owerri, Nigeria, on 21st June, 
1930—is in my collection: its underside is not significantly different 
from normal. It has my serial number D.343. 


‘Belfield’, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 30.1i11.1962. 


Notes and Observations 


GONEPTERYX RHAMNI IN DEVONSHIRE.—I saw three male Gonepteryxc 
rhamni flying in a lane about two miles from here on April 13th. At 
the time, about 12.30, the shade temperature was 50° F.—F. H. Lyon, 
Sampford Peverell, Tiverton, Devon. 


Tue Diary oF A Tyro.—I was very interested to read Mr. Redfern’s 
article in the March issue of the Record. On consulting my diary I 
find that I was in Hell Coppice on 11th May 1961, three days before Mr. 
Redfern, and saw a web of larvae of Hriogaster lanestris L. on some 
sloe bushes. If these were the same batch that Mr. Redfern observed, I 
am sorry to learn that they subsequently disappeared. 

As regards Euphydryas aurinia L., I am afraid Mr. Redfern was a 
few years too late to find this species in the Hell Coppice area. In 1944 
and 1945 the colony was flourishing, and extended over a wide area in 
Hell Coppice and the neighbouring woods. In May 1953, I visited 
the area, and found that the colony had become restricted to one small 
marshy field next to Hell Coppice (probably the spot where Mr. Red- 
fern was looking for it), though it was still abundant and I have seven 
specimens I took at that time. The following week, a friend of mine 
who was also a collector, visited the colony, and found a horde of school- 
boys swotting every specimen of aurinia within sight, with nets, caps 
and coats. It transpired that they were members of the ‘‘Natural 
History Society’’? of a local school. I have repeatedly looked for 
aurinia in that locality since then, and have not seen a single specimen. 

Would it be feasible to re-establish the colony by releasing fertile 
females? To all appearances, much of the habitat has not changed 
over the past 10 years, and the foodplant is very common there.—R. G. 
AINLEY, 15 Eldon Square, Reading, Berks 1.iv.1962. 


The double number will be June-July and will appear in July.—Eb. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (33) 


years, exhibiting varying degrees of melanism (C.-H.). In R.C.K. is 
an example of ab. giraffina Hb., bred Ashford, 1935. 
First Recorp, 1856: Shooters Hill (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 123). 


Odontosia carmelita Esp.: Scarce Prominent. 

Native. Woods (apparently preferring birch woods where the trees 
are scattered amongst heather); on birch, beech. Local and fairly 
scarce. 

1. Birch Wood (Anon., Ent. Mag., 3: 310); one, April 25, 1841 
(Lambert, Hntomologist, 1: 128); one, April (1845), taken by J. Stand- 
ish (Douglas, Zoologist, 1042). West Wickham, one, 1853, one, 1854 
(Machin, Zoologist, 4562); there are records of over twenty specimens 
taken here subsequently up to 1908, but it has apparently not been noted 
since (cf. Hnt. week. Int., 1: 44, 2: 43, 85, 4: 59, 8:.51; Ent. Ann., 
1858: 100; Zoologist, 4740, 5148, 5209; Hntomologist, 3: 87, 14: 181, 
263, 27: 320; Hnt. Rec., 9: 154); one, April 19, 1863 (Fenn, Diary); 
one, May 4, 1868 (Stockwell coll.); 1908 (Nottle, fide de Worms, Lond. 
Nat., 1953: 119). St. Paul’s Cray, larva (A. H. Jones, in Wool. Surv. 
(1909)). Chislehurst, a larva (Fenn, teste Buckle & Prout, Trans. Cy. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 61), may refer to the preceding occur- 
rence (C.-H.). Bexley district (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 
Keston, two °°, May 7, 1904 (EK. Nottle coll.). 

6. Gravesend, ¢ on street lamp, April 25, 1920 (F. T. Grant). 
Pinden, one, April 28, 1952, one in m.v. trap, May 10, 1956 (E. J. Hare). 


6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 28); May 1855 (Harding, 
Zoologist, 4820). Dartford* (V.C.H. (1908)). 

7. Chilham*, one, May 4, 1914, two, April 15, one, April 18, three, - 
April 20, 1920 (H. G. Gomm coll.). 

10. Seal Chart (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 79). Brasted, ova on 
birch (R. M. Prideaux). Crockhamhill, near Westerham, two at light, 
May 1, 1946 (R. C. Edwards).. 

11. Wateringbury, one larva by E. Goodwin, which fed on beech 
in preference to bitch, and ten others by W. A. Cope and T. Blest, all 
taken August 1903, crawling up beech trunks (Goodwin, Entomologist, 
36: 288 and W. A. Cope); several (EK. Goodwin coll.). Two, labelled 
‘“‘Bred 7.4.06 Mid Kent’’, and one, ‘‘Bred 9.4.06 Mid Kent’’, given me 
by G. L. Keynes, probably came from Goodwin, and originated from 
Wateringbury (C.-H.). Sevenoaks Weald, two 3d, at m.v., April 24, 
25, 1960 (E. A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street Woods.—d, May 5, 1934, two 3d, April 27, May 4, 
1935 (A. M. Morley); one, E. Scott, April 27, 1935, one, by A. G. Pey- 
ton, May 26, 1935 (A. M. Morley); about six taken 1935 (Scott (1936)); 
¢ taken by W. Stickles, May 1, 1937 (A. J. L. Bowes); ¢, April 25, 6, 
May 5, 1939, 3, May 7, 1956 (C.-H.); one, May 1, 1939 (C. G. M. de 
Worms); two, April 29, four, April 30, 1955 (P. B. Wacher); two, May 
8, 1956 (D. G. Marsh); three, 1957 (P. Cue). Note: So far as I am 
aware, all Ham Street carmelita have occurred along or near the southern 
or eastern edge of Long Rope, and were at light (C.-H.). 

14. Tenterden, one, 1959 (C. G. Orpin). 

First Recorp, 1828: Darenth Wood, two about sixteen years back 
(i.e., c. 1812) (Stephens, Haust., 2: 28). 


(34) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V/1962 


Ptilophora plumigera Schiff.: Plumed Prominent. 


Native. Woods and hedges on chalk; on maple, sycamore. Local, 
but doubtless distributed in many more places in the downland areas 
of 6, 7 and the western portion of 8, than the records show. The 
principal pabulum is maple, and in only one locality (Well Shave Wood, 
near Wye) is it known to occur on sycamore. 


1. Birch Wood, larvae found by J. Standish (Curtis, Br. Ent., 328). 
Blackheath (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 200). 


6. Gravesend, two, November 2, 1907, one, November 30, 1908, all 
on street lamps (H. C. Huggins). Otford, larva; Trottescliffe, larva 
(W. A. Cope). Wrotham, a larva (EK. Goodwin, teste Goss, in V.C.H. 
(1908)). Eynsford, three larvae, beaten from maple, 1912 ( 8. F. P. 
Blyth). Shoreham Rifle Range, thirty-six gd at hght, November 23, 
1937 (D. G. Marsh); nine larvae beaten from maple in about two hours, 
June 14, 1951, and twenty beaten in one day a few years previous to 
that (W. A. Cope); three ¢d, at light, November 18, 1955 (C.-H.). 


6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 29). Chattenden, imago 
taken by A. B. Farn (H. Goss, in V.C.H,. (1908)). 


7. Between Luton and Great Cowbeck Woods, 2, November 23, 1856 
(Chaney, Substitute, 89). Bluebell Hill, a larva (W. A. Cope). 
Chilham*, 1914 (H. G. Gomm). Westwell, singletons, November 2, 10, 
15, 1935, taken by E. Scott, C. G. M. de Worms, A. M. Morley, two at 
lighted window, November 14, 1946 (A. M. Morley); annually, also 
larvae from maple, June 5, 1948 (Scott (1950)) (KE. J. Hare). 


8. Folkestone*, 1892 (Austen, Proc. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 
26). [Eastry] 2, at light, December 2, 1904 (Lister, Hnt. Rec., 17: 
22). Reinden Wood, a larva on maple, June 14, 1938 (A. M. Morley). 
Brook, one, 1930, one, 1934 (Scott (1936)); bred from larvae, 1936 (C. A. 
W. Duffield, teste E. Scott); 3, at light, November 10, 1934 (A. M. 
Morley); ¢, October 24, 1939 (C.-H., Entomologist, 72: 22); ten, 
November 13, 1960 (de Worms, Entomologist, 94: 165). Wye Old Race 
Course, ¢, October 31, 1937 (E. Scott); nearly forty taken by various 
collectors, November 1937 (A. J. L. Bowes); over forty (apparently all 
3 3) taken by various collectors in Well Shave Wood at light, November 
1938, five larvae beaten by me from sycamore in two hours, June 4, 
1948 (C.-H.); one, November 26, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). Crundale, a 
larva, June 9, 1946 (H. King). Waltham, four 3d, at light, 1954 (J. 
W.C. Hunt). Hastingleigh, larvae on maple, 1954 (B. K. West). Near 
Barham, one, December 2, 1945 (EK. & Y. (1949)). Wye*, one taken 
January 1, 1948, by C. A. W. Duffield (E. Scott). 

12. Wye, seven, November 7-25, 1953, four, November 4-25, 1954, 
ten ¢ dg, November 4-21, 9, November 11, 1955, thirty, November 10-21, 
1956 (W. L. Rudland). 

[13. Broadwater Down (Given (1946)).] 


VARIATION.—EKast Kent (Wye, Brook, Waltham, Hastingleigh, West- 
well) Gd have pale reddish-ochreous (less ochreous and more rust-red in 
some specimens) nearly unicolorous forewings, hindwings paler; West 
Kent (Shoreham) $d are very distinct from the foregoing, with fore- 
wings variegated with brownish-rust, grey, and ochreous, and have pale 
greyish hindwings. ©29Q from East and West Kent appear indistin- 
guishable except that the latter are a trifle darker and have a slightly 
more variegated forewing (C.-H.). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (35) 


The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—flavescens Smith, d, bred 
1905, from ‘‘Kent parents’’, ¢, Shoreham, 1903, two od, N. Kent, 
1905; variegata Vill., several Gd, bred N. Kent, 1911; saturatior 
Rebel, 35, Wye, 19387, 2 3, N. Kent, 1904, 1905, 3, 3 292, Shoreham, 
1902-3, 2, bred, ‘‘Bexley, 1904’’; obscurior Schwing, 9, N. Kent, 1904, 
2, Shoreham, bred 1902; nigricans Smith, ¢, bred, ‘‘Bexley, 1911’’; 
unicolor Smith, ¢, bred N. Kent, 1905, two 3d, bred N. Kent, 1911. 


First Recorp, 1828: ‘‘Far from common; but met with nearly 
annually in the larva state at Darenth-wood .. .”’ (Stephens, Haust., 
22029): 


Pterostoma palpina Clerck: Pale Prominent. 


Native. Woods, marshes; on poplar, aspen, sallow. Found in all 
divisions, except 9. Not uncommon; frequent in the woods of the 
Weald. 

First generation moths appear in May and June; those of the second 
brood (perhaps partial only) in late July and August. 

Ova have been found on aspen, at Brasted (R. M. Prideaux); on 
poplar leaves, Chevening, May 25, 1912, imagines reared, August 1912, 
April 1913 (Gillett, Diary). Larva on sallow, West Wickham (Huckett, 
Ent. week. Int., 10: 117); on black poplar, West Wickham (Meek, Ent. 
mon. Mag., 1: 191); on willow, Tonbridge, small numbers, 1951 (H. E. 
Hammond). 

VarRIATION.—A od and ©, taken Ham Street, May 1950 and May 
1951 respectively, show definite melanic tendencies, the 2 in particular 
being somewhat dusky (C.-H.). 

According to Seitz (Pal. Bomb. & Sphinges, 308), second brood speci- 
mens are smaller than those of the first brood, and of a “‘light straw- 
celour’’. Despite this statement, however, I cannot find any distin- 
guishing features at all to separate first and second generation 
specimens in my series from various Kentish localities (C.-H.). 

First Recorp, 1828: Birch and Darneth Woods (Stephens, Haust., 
2: 28). 


Phalera bucephala L.: Buff-tip. 


Native. Woods, plantations, bushy places, etc. ; on lime, oak, sallow, 
poplar, birch, elm, hazel, apple. Found in all divisions. ‘‘Generally 
abundant” (V.C.H. (1908)). 

Apparently single brooded, with a continuous emergence from May 
to August. Fairly common at light, and occasionally seen on walls, 
fences, and on tree trunks pretending to be broken twigs. 

The species is much more often seen as a larva, which in towns seems 
to show a preference for lime, but in rural districts is perhaps most 
frequently noted on oak, sallow, poplar and birch; it has also been 
found feeding on hazel by B. O. C. Gardiner, at Dover, and on apple 
as well as hazel, by A. M. Swain, at Petts Wood. Sometimes the larvae 
have been noted in vast numbers; thus for example, Newman (Br. 
Moths, 221) recorded that in his neighbourhood [New Cross], they were 
collected as food for poultry; C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs saw them in 
hundreds, on August 16, 1960, stripping a sallow tree on Romney Marsh; 
and A. M. Morley states that they swarmed (in September 1929) on 
small elm trees, on the Canterbury Hill, Folkestone, a great many of 
which were collected by L. W. Newman. 


(36) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/V/1962 


Variation.—The following two abs. are in R.C.K.:— tenebrata 
Strand, one, N. Kent, 1915; tenebricosa Stertz, one, bred Bexley, 1940. 
Also, a Ponemieinle double forewing’’, found by H. G. Webster, in 
Hurst Woods, Bexley, July 11, 1919 (the other wings could not be found, 
so that it was ‘‘evidently oes work of a bat’’). 

First Recorp, 1858: Lewisham (Perkins, Ent. week. Int., 4: 141). 


Clostera curtula L.: Chocolate-tip. 


Native. Woods, parks, etc.; on aspen, poplar, willow. ‘‘Searce”’ 
(Ve CHE (ASS) ): ‘Probably more frequent in Kent than anywhere 
else’ (Barrett, Br. Lep., 3: 169). 

1. Near Eltham, larvae (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 60). Lewisham 
(Perkins, Ent. week. Int., 4: 141). Charlton (Jones, Ent. week. Int., 
6: 67). Farnborough, larvae (Alderson, Hnt. Rec., 12: 248). Bromley 
(V.C.H. (1908)). West Wickham (V.C.H. (1908)); third brood (Edwards, 
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: 25); 1947 (R. Birchenough). 
Shooters Hill; Holwood*; Keston; Greenwich Park; Mottingham (Wool. 
Surv. (1909)). Bexley (Wool. eee a (1909)); 3, 1946 (B. K. West); 
two, May 3, 1952 (A. Heselden). Chislehurst, larvae, August-September 
1928, August 1929 (S. F. P. Blyth). Farningham Wood, larva, Septem- 
ber 11, 1937 (A. R. Kidner). Petts Wood, frequent, 1947-48; one, 1949, 
none, 1950 (A. M. Swain); larvae, ce. 1955 (R. G. Chatelain).. Orpington, 
one, 1956 (R. G. Chatelain). Petts Wood, St. Mary’s Cray and Orping- 
ton, 1947-57 (L. W. Siggs, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1958: 43). Brom- 
ley, 2 larvae, on aspen, June 6, 26, 1949 (D. Lanktree). Petts Wood, 
larva on white poplar, August 23, 1959; Crofton, larva on aspen, August 
28, 1960 (D. R. M. Long). 

2. Green Street, near Faversham* (R.C.K.). Abbey Wood Marshes, 
1947 (A. J. Showler). 

3. Near Canterbury*, larvae on willow (Vaughan in litt., teste 
Knaggs, Ent. Ann., 1866: 152). Chestfield, two, August 17, 1939 (P. F. 
Harris). Herne Bay, 3, May 22, 1953; Blean Woods, one at light (D. 
G. Marsh). 

5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Greenhithe (A. B. Farn MS.). MHarvel, larvae, August 29 and 
September 24, 1938 (F. T. Grant). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76) (H. C. Hug- 
gins); larvae, 1939 (Attwood, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1939- 
40: 40). Lords Wood, scarce (EK. J. Hare). 

7. Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Walmer (EK. & Y. (1949)). Dover, larvae on poplar, September 
15, 1943, from which two imagines reared (B. O. C. Gardiner). 

10. Brasted, ova (R. M. Prideaux); larvae, September 28, 1912, 
larva, 1913, larva, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). Sevenoaks (Gillett, Hntom- 
ologist, 53: 283). 

11. Tonbridge (Rattray, Hntomologist, 45: 80); 1947 (D. Lanktree). 
Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); one larva, August 28, 1947 (Bull, Diary); 
three, May 14, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). 
Bethersden, three, August 15-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby & J. Briggs). 
Sevenoaks Weald, larvae on willow, July 14, from which an imago 
emerged August 1, 1959 (EK. A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street, two dd, May 1933, two 3.¢, May 1934 (A. M. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (37) 


Morley); July 24, 1934, May 3, 19387 (A. J. L. Bowes); two, May 9, three, 
May 14, 1939, one, May 25, 1947, nine, May 12-13, 1951, all dd at 
light in Long Rope (C.-H.); 1958-59 (de Worms, Hntomologist, 92: 69, 
93: 158); four, May 6, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). Ashford, May 11, 
August 12, 1953 (P. Cue, teste E. Scott). Brook* (C. A. W. Duffield, 
teste E. Scott). Wye* (Scott (1936)). Wye, two, 1953, one, 1954, one, 
1955; Willesborough, two, 1954, two, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, larvae, 1911-12; Bidborough, 1912; Groom- 
bridge (E. D. Morgan). Goudhurst, two, 1953 (B. G. Chatfield); fairly 
common at light (W. V. D. Bolt). Tunbridge Wells, one, 1959 (L. R. 
Tesch, fide C. A. Stace); three, 1959 (C. A. Stace). 

14. Appledore, a larva on poplar, September 15, 1932; Benenden, 
larvae, October 3, 1938 (Bull, Diary). Hawkhurst, three at light, 1953 
(B. G. Chatfield). 


16. Lower Sandgate Road, Folkestone, larvae on balsam poplar, 
autumn 1862 (Briggs, Entomologist, 14: 133); larva (Ullyett (1880), 9). 
Folkestone* (Ullyett, Simpson’s Handbook to Folkestone (1871)), may 
be the basis of the preceding record (C.-H.). Folkestone Town, a larva 
on poplar, September 28, 1935; one at light by A. G. Riddell, June 
1951; ¢, 2, by R. W. Fawthrop, 1954; one, May 5, 1952, ¢, 9, May, 
366, August 1953, 2 d¢, August, 5, September 19, 1954, 5, July 31, 
1957 (A. M. Morley). 


VaARIATION.—Robinson (Ent. Rec., 2: 36; Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1890-91: 109) records a striking aberration, webbiana Rebel, 
having forewing deep greyish chocolate with three transverse white 
stripes, six specimens of which were obtained by Bird in 1876, from 
George Ray of Sittingbourne. 


In R.C.K. are the following abs.:—rufescens Lempke, several, Bex- 
ley; brunnescens Lempke, four; webbiana Rebel, seven, bred ‘‘Green: 
Street near Faversham’’, one, bred, N. Kent, June 1900. Also, a most 
remarkable specimen, being a gynandromorph, right side 9, ab, 
brunnescens Lempke, left side ¢, ab. webbiana Rebel, bred Green Street 
near Faversham (it appears that this was the specimen exhibited at the 
National Entomological Exhibition, Royal Aquarium, Westminster, 
March 9-23, 1878, and figured in Entomologist, 11, plt. 2, fig. 1 (C.-H.)). 


First Recorp, 1856: Near Eltham (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 60). 


C. anachoreta Schiff.: Scarce Chocolate-tip. 


Probable immigrant. Plantations, ete.; on Populus, Salix. Only 
recorded from EH. and S.E. Kent (div. 4, 8, 12, 15, 16), and mainly 
coastal. Perhaps temporarily established in the Folkestone area between 
1858-64. 


1858-1863.—Newman (Zoologist, 7681-2) wrote:—‘‘This beautiful 
larva was first found by my friend, Mr. Sidney Cooper, feeding as he 
believes on Salix caprea (sallow) .. .. Mr. Cooper only took two speci- 
mens, not being aware of the value of his capture until the perfect 
insect emerged’’. Cooper (Hntomologist, 21: 112) recording the circum- 
stances of his capture, observed that in 1859, ‘‘specimens were obtained 
by me from larvae which fell to my net whilst beating the sallows in a 
field near Saltwood, in Kent’’ (div. 16), According to Barrett (Br. Lep., 
3: 171), Cooper took his larvae in June 1858. 


(38) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V /1962 


In June 1859, H. G. Knaggs found eleven larvae feeding on Ontario 
poplar in one of the plantations along the Lower Sandgate Road, Folke- 
stone (div. 16), ten of which reached the imago state the same year. 
Altogether eleven anachoreta were bred by Knaggs in 1859, one emerg- 
ing from ‘‘a pupa found by a friend’’ (Knaggs, Zoologist, 6733; idem, 
Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1859: Ixxvii; idem, Ent. week. Int., 6: 204; 
idem, Qtly. J. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1869 (4) 73; idem, Ent. Ann., 
1864: 130; Barrett, Br. Lep., 3: 171)! 

T. H. Briggs (Entomologist, 14: 133-4) records that in September 
1861, his father found a larva of anachoreta, ‘‘feeding on poplar in™ 
some small plantations below Westcliff, Folkestone’’ (div. 16); and that 
in the autumn of 1862 at this locality, he and his brother, C. A. Briggs, 
found twelve larvae, and a further larva there in October 1863. In the 
same communication, it is stated that in the latter month, the Briggs 
brothers turned down eighty-four full-fed anachoreta larvae at various 
places on these plantations, but that they never saw the species again 
there, although they were at Folkestone every autumn up to the time 
of writing (May 1880). Auld (Entomologist, 26: 114) suggested its dis- 
appearance was due to the effect of a terrific gale which took place on 
December 19, 1863, and which according to the Folkestone Chronicle 
of that date, ‘‘blew the plantations to smithereens’’, and on to the 
beach. C. A. Briggs (Hntomologist, 21: 90) states that four species of 
poplar grew in these plantations: the white, black, the Lombardy, and 
the balsam, but that anachoreta was confined to the balsam poplars. 

A larva was found at Folkestone by J. Sidebotham, in June 1863, 
‘‘very near the place’’ where Knaggs took his (Sidebotham, Zoologist, 
8694; Knaggs, Hnt. Ann., 1864: 127); and in mid July 1864, two larvae 
were found feeding upon Ontario poplar, by E. Meek, in one of the 
plantations on the Lower Sandgate Road, Folkestone (Meek, Ent. mon. 
Mag {a7 123); 

1875-1912.—1876: Deal, one emerged, May 8, from a pupa found by 
S. Norman ‘‘behind the loose bark of a pollard willow, no poplar being 
near’ (Norman, Entomologist, 9: 232, 14: 160). [1876]: Two imagines 
found on pavement [at Deal] by Mr. Harbour (Norman, Entomologist, 
9: 232). 1878: ‘‘In 1888, a single example of (. anachoreta (and a 
variety too) was bred from a cocoon found upon a wall at the back of 
the Folkestone Road, Dover’ (Webb, Entomologist, 26: 79). 1900: 
‘Folkestone, bred 1900’’, numerous specimens so labelled (R.C.K.). 
1901: Walmer, over forty ova, in two clusters, found by G. Murray, 
on balsam poplar in June, from which he bred a series (Bloomfield, 
Ent. mon. Mag., 37: 276). 1902: One, ‘‘Folkestone, bred 1902, E.G.” 
(B.C.K.). 1906: One, ‘‘Ashford, 1.v.06’’ (R.C.K.). 1907: Romney 
(div. 15), one bred by C. Holmes in 1907, from larva found at Romney 
(Symes, Ent. Rec., 74: 67). Minster (div. 4), J. W. C. Hunt showed 
me a <, which his brother, R. P. A. Hunt, took at rest on a tarred 
fence outside Minster railway station, August 1908 (C.-H.). Hythe, one 
bred by C. Holmes, in 1908, from a larva found at Hythe (Symes, Hint. 
Rec., 74: 67)?. 1910: IT have2 3d, 2 29, from the late W. Quibell coll., 
labelled as from ‘‘Dr. Heath’s stock, A. E. Wright’’, and bred, Lydd 
(div. 15), April 19, 24 (two), 28, 1910 (C.-H.). 1912: Deal neighbour- 
hood, from two larvae found September 1912, two imagines emerged, 
spring 1913 (Browne, Entomologist, 49: 67). 

1951-1953.—1951: Dover, 3, taken at light, August 8, by G. H. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (39) 


Youden (Youden, Entomologist, 84: 261; idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1951-52: 47). 1953: Lydd, 3, taken at light, August 9, 
by G. F. Johnson (Johnson, Hnt. Rec., 65: 291). 

VariATIon.—The only example of variation in this species known to 
me, is that mentioned by Webb (Entomologist, 26: 79) as bred in 
1888, but of which he unfortunately gave no description (C.-H.), 

First (PUBLISHED) RecorD, 1859: Knaggs (Zoologist, 6733). 


1The genuiness of Knaggs’ anachoreta was questioned by the Rev. Joseph 
Greene, and some animated correspondence ensued, vide Entomologist, 
Wasa ti: Ida, 160) 24> (31, 90," 112) 26: -420).'16, 79, 111, 144 136, 163, 29: 163: 


“Referring to the two andchoreta which Holmes gave him, H. Symes (in litt.) 
writes: “I am quite sure that they are not the only ones Holmes had, 
but that there was a series of bred specimens in his collection. I am 
almost certain that he told me he had found the larvae not by chance 
discovery, but by deliberate search in an area where it was well known 
the species formerly occurred”’. 


C. pigra Hufn. (reclusa F.): Small Chocolate-tip. 


Native. Woods, plantations, commons, carr; on Populus (apparently 
mainly on P. tremula, and with a marked preference for very young 
trees), Salix. 

Oxss.—The species seems to have a natural diurnal flight. Thus, at 
Long Rope, I took a 2, which was flying rapidly in the late afternoon 
sun, June 1, 1950; and in the same locality, M. Singleton took a ¢ in 
May 1960, which was ‘“‘flying in daylight’’ (C.-H.). 

1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Hawst., 2: 13); larvae on ‘‘dwarf poplar’’, 
1841 (Douglas, Hntomologist, 1: 358). Crown Woods, near Shooters 
Hill, larvae on aspen, June 23, 1855 (Crewe, Zoologist, 4953). West 
Wickham, larvae on sallow, June 17, 1865 (Cole, Ent. Ann., 1866: 152); 
larva, 1948 (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 120). Bexley (Wool. Surv. 
(1909)); larvae, 1911-12 (A. R. Kidner) (lL. T. Ford). Sidcup, larvae, 
September 19, 1915, 1918, larvae on sallow, September 24, 1927; imago, 
May 24, 1930; St. Pauls Cray Common, larvae on poplar, September 28, 
1910, September 2, 1911 (A. R. Kidner). Chislehurst, larvae (S. F. P. 
Blyth). Farningham Wood, larva, September 11, 1937 (A. R. Kidner). 
Petts Wood, 1947, frequent larvae on aspen (A. M. Swain); two, 1947, 
two, 1948; all at light (EK. Evans). Sparrow Common (Haynes, Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1950: 88). 

3. Near Canterbury*, larvae on poplar, September 1865 (Vaughan, 
Ent. Ann., 1866: 152); Blean Woods, nineteen larvae on small aspens, 
June 23, 1928 (A. M. Morley). Mincing Wood, larvae common on aspen, 
June 1933, 1936; also on sallow (A. J. L. Bowes). Honey Wood, three 
larvae on aspen, June 12, 1947 (C.-H.). 

4. Deal* (E. & Y. (1949)). Ham Fen, a larva on mature aspen, 
1955 (C.-H.). Ickham, one, at m.v., August 1, 1959 (D. G. Marsh). 

5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 13); 1860 (Huckett, Ent. 
week. Int., 10: 51); larvae plentiful on poplar, September 1909; larvae, 
September 25, 1910 (A. R. Kidner); fifteen larvae, on aspen, October 4, 
1924 (F. T. Grant) (Ll. T. Ford). 

8. Reinden Wood, four larvae on ‘‘dwarf aspen’’, July 7, 1928; 1930 
(Morley (1931)). West Wood, five larvae on young poplars, June 24, 
1932 (A. M. Morley). 


(40) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V /1962 


11. Wateringbury, scarce (V.C.H. (1908)). Benenden (Bull, Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1940-41: 15). Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); 
larvae on sallow, 1953 (P. Cue). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). 

12. Ham Street (Scott (1936)); imagines at light, April 13, 1938, 
May 12, 1951; larvae fairly numerous on young aspens in Birchett and 
Long Rope, May 1946, May 1947, from which imagines emerged in 
July 1946 and July 1947 respectively (C.-H.); four, May 6, 1960 (R. G. 
Chatelain). Brook, larvae, August 1948 (C. A. W. Duffield, teste E. 
Scott). Ashford (Scott (1950)). 

13. Pembury (Stainton, Man., 1: 127). Tunbridge Wells, common 
(KE. D. Morgan). 

14. Marsh Quarter near Sandhurst, larvae, June 8, 1943 (Bull, 
Diary). 

16. Folkestone, larvae on balsam poplar, autumn 1862, on Lower 
Sandgate Road (Briggs, Entomologist, 14: 133) (Ullyett, Simpson’s 
Handbook to Folkestone (1871)) (Ullyett (1880), 9). 

VaARIATION.—My series of second generation specimens are quite dis-— 
tinct from those of the first; the second brood examples being altogether 
paler, and with a somewhat washed-out appearance, whereas those of 
the first are richly coloured and brightly marked (C.-H.). 

Sich (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1906-07: 65, 66) exhibited 
a ‘“‘very beautiful and strongly marked form’’, and included a lengthy 
description of the specimen; it was bred from a larva taken from aspen, 
Chislehurst, September 16, 1905. 

HYBRIDIZATION.—Hybr. proava Standf. (C. curtula 3 x C. pigra Q). 
In R.C.K. are numerous specimens from Kent, but these are probably 
artifacts. 

Hybr. inversa Tutt (C. pigra ¢ x C. curtula 2). Numerous speci- 
mens in R.C.K. from Bexley, probably artifacts. 

First Recorp, 1828: Stephens (Hawst., 2: 18). 


[ (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. 

Very doubtfully genuine. 

10. W. Peyton (Hntomologist, 7: 82) records that, at Seal Chart, on 
March 4, 1874, he found larvae ‘‘feeding in batches, under cover of a 
white web, on some fir trees’’. 

13. T. Batchelor (Entomologist, 7: 81) records that, on February 
15, 1874, he found larvae, in a wood of pine trees called Ashew Wood, 
situated some distance along the Penshurst Road; and added that the 
firs were being cut down, and that he found the larvae on the top and 
upper branches of the fallen trees. 

Note: In both the above cases, the larvae were determined by 
Doubleday as being those of pityocampa (cf. Newman, Entomologist, 


5° 82)-) 1 


[T. processionea L. 


Very doubtfully genuine. 

13. Ashour Wood.—‘‘About the middle of last June (1873) I found 
a quantity of pupae... concealed among the twigs and rubbish of an 
old magpie’s nest built in a tall pine-tree . . . one has just yielded me a 
moth, which appears to me to be a small variety of B. processionea; 
there are about fifty pupae in all’? (T. Batchelor, Entomologist, 6: 
487).)] 


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IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue 
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LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, Vol. 1: RHOPALOCERA.—A limited number of 
reprints of this list is available, unbound with heavy paper cover, at 15/- per 
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PLATE II 


125 


On Some Type Specimens of the Genus Zygaena 
Fabricius, including the Lectotype selection of 
Zygaena felix Oberthir, Lepidoptera : Zygaenidae 


By W. G. TREMEWAN. 
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) 


This short paper is written as a supplement to the recently published 
catalogue of the Zygaena types in the British Museum (Natural 
History), (Tremewan, 1961). Since the publication of the catalogue, 
the original series or syntypes of Zygaena felix Oberthiir have been 
traced. The discovery of these syntypes is of considerable taxonomic 
importance and invelves the change of the species names of mauretanica 
Staudinger and felix Oberthiir, awctorwm nec Oberthiir. As the syn- 
types of felix were originally thought to be lost or destroyed, a neotype 
was designated in the catalogue (Tremewan, 1961: 255). However, the 
neotype designation is invalid as it does not conform with the Inter- 
national Code of Zoological Nomenclature and a lectotype is now desig- 
nated from the original series. Full details are given below. 

The arrangement of the present work follows that of 1961 and the 
same classification is employed. 


Zygaena erythrus (Hiibner) 

Sphinx erythrus Hiibner, [1803]-[1806], Sammlung europidischer 
Schmetterlinge, 2 (1), pl. 18, fig. 87. 

Zygaena saportae Boisduval, 1834, Icones Historique des Lépidop- 
teres, 2: 38, pl. 52, figs. 2, 3. 

[saportae | 
The name saportae Boisduval was omitted from the catalogue 

(Tremewan, 1961). I have failed to trace the type in the Boisduval 
collection and assume that it no longer exists. Boisduval’s figures 
undoubtedly depict specimens of erythrus Hiibner, consequently the 
name saportae Boisduval is considered a synonym (Burgeff, 1926: 5). 


Zygaena felix Oberthur 
Zygaena felix Oberthiir, 1876, Etudes d’Entomologie, 1: 36. 
Zygaena eudaemonm Mabille, 1885, Bull. Soc. philom., Paris (7) 9: 57. 
Zygaena mauretanica Staudinger, 1887, Berl. ent. Z., 31: 37. 


[felix] 
GRE ET, fig? 1) 

Lectotype: 3 24 mm. ‘‘Lambessa R. Oberthiir 1875’’; ‘‘coll. Ch. 
Oberthiir.’’. 

Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 789, pl. II, figs. 16-18. 

As stated in the introduction, the syntypes of felix have been 
traced. The original series comprises three males and four females 
with the data quoted above and one male and one female labelled 


“‘Boghari’’. I designate as lectotype a male from Lambessa. 
The examination of the syntypes of felix has revealed that the species 
is conspecific with mauretanica Staudinger. The latter has recently 


been separated as a distinct species from felix, auctorum (Alberti, 
1958: 304). The true identity of felix Oberthiir has already been 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 


shown by Bernardi & Viette (1961: 142) who have also discussed the 
synonomy and new combinations of the various subspecies. or the 
species which has been known under the name of felix, the next avail- 
able name is andalusiae Burgeff. Burgefft’s description is based on a 
short series of specimens from Andalusia. In my opinion, however, it 
is highly probable that andalusiae Burgeff is not conspecific with feliz, 
auctorum. If this assumption is correct, then the next available name 
for felix, auctorum is beatrix Przegendza which was described from 
Sebdou. Up to the time of writing I have been unable to examine the 
type material of andalusiae Burgeff. 


Zygaena faustina Ochsenheimer 


Zygaena faustina Ochsenheimer, 1808, Die Schmetterlinge von 
Europa, 2: 99. 


Zygaena faustina baetica Rambur 
Zyguena baetica Rambur, 1839, Faune Entomologique de 
lV Andalousie, 2: pl. 12, fig. 9. 
Zygaena buetica Rambur, 1866, Catalogue Systématique des Lépi- 
dopteres de l Andalousie, p. 170. 


(PIE. fice 2) 


Lectotype: 2 28 mm. ‘‘Baetica Malaga (Rambur)’’; ‘‘Ex. Musaeo 
Ach. Guénée’’; ‘‘coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’”’; a label in Guénée’s hand: ‘1.2. 
Z. Baetica Rb. Faun. And. pl. 12. f.9.—H S 79.80. Faustina Hb. 141. 
142.—Bdv. Mon. p. 103.—icon. pl.—Dup. Sup. 141. Prises aux 
environs de Malaga par M. Rambur de qui je les tiens. La Faustina 
d’Ochsenheimer est encore un peu problématique. J’ai cru la recon- 
naitre dans une espéce algérienne rapportée par M. Allard.—M. 
Rambur a figuré sous ce nom une variété de la fausta (Boite No. quant 
a la Faustina de Hubner et des auters francais qui n’est certainement 
point la véritable, elle se rapporte bien ici.”’ 

Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 773, pl. II, figs. 19-21. 


I consider the female with the data quoted above, an original speci- 
men of baetica which Guénée received from Rambur and designate it 
as a lectotype. Viette (in lit.) states that there are no original speci- 
mens of baetica in the Rambur collection in the Muséum National 
d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris and, having examined the Guénée specimen, 
agrees with me that it is undoubtedly original and valid for designation 
as a lectotype. 


There are two specimens of baetica in the Zoologisches Museum, 
Berlin. These specimens are labelled paratypes and were figured as 
such by Reiss (1932), but there is no substantial evidence to prove that 
the specimens originated from the Rambur collection. Alberti (in lit.) 
states that the specimens are merely listed in an old register as having 
originated from Rambur. It is not known who was responsible for 
placing the red ‘‘Paratypus” pin labels under the specimens. 


Zygaena gibraltarica Tremewan 


Zygaena gibraltarica Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 223, pl. 7, figs. 
Tee 


TYPE SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS 127 


(PENT, figsir3704) 
Holotype: ¢ 29 mm. Gibraltar 10.5.1910 J. J. Jacobs.’’; ‘‘Zygaena 
gibraltarica Trmn. Holotype ¢. det. W. G. Tremewan. 1961.’’. 
Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 791, pl. II, figs. 22, 23. 


Zygaena hilaris Ochsenheimer 


Zygaena. hilaris Ochsenheimer, 180%, Die Schmetterlinge von Europa, 
27 OL, 


Zygaena hilaris chrysophaea Le Charles ab. pallida Seitz 

Zygaena hilaris Ochsenheimer ab. pallida Seitz, 1908, Die Gross- 

schmetterlinge der Erde, 2: 28, pl. 71. 
. 1 (Pll | fess) 5) 

Type: 9° 27 mm, ‘‘465’’; ‘‘Digne’’. 

Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 790. 

The specimen is a female but possesses a male abdomen which has 
been glued to the thorax. An examination of the genitalia shows that 
the abdomen belongs to dalmatina Boisduval. 


Zygaena rhadamanthus (Esper ) 
Sphinx rhadamanthus Esper, 1793, Der europaischen Schmetter- 
linge, Supplement, 2: 138, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2. 


Zygaena rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan 
Zygaena rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 4. 
(PE ET, Ges.+G, 7) 

Holotype: ¢ 25 mm. “ARAGON Albarracin m.1100 8 VI. 24 
Querci’’; ‘‘Z. rhadamanthus ssp. aragonia Trmn. Holotype <o. det. 
W.G. Tremewan. 1960.’’. 

Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 792. 


Zygaena oxyiropis Boisduval 


Zygaena oxytropis Boisduval, 1829, Essai sur une Monographie des 
Zygénides, p. 89, pl. 5, fig. 7. 


Zygaena oxytropis quercii Verity 
Zygaena oxytropis querci Verity, 1920, Ent. Rec., 32: 160. 
Zygaena oxytropis insulicola Stauder, 1928, Lep. Rdsch., 2: 77. 


[insulicola ] 
(Pier, as, 3) 

Lectotype: ¢ 29 mm. “S. Martino, Palermo, Beg V. 27. (H. 
Stauder).’’. 

Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 787. 

There are seven males and two females in the British Museum 
(Natural History). I designate as lectotype the male with the data 
quoted above. 


Zygaena hippocrepidis (Hiibner) 


Sphinx hippocrepidis Hiibner, [1796]-[1799], Sammlung europiiischer 
Schmetterlinge, 2 (1): 79, pl. 17, fig. 83. 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1/1962 


Zygaena hippocrepidis curtisi Tremewan 
Zygaena hippocrepidis curtisi Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 139. 
(Pl, HED, ‘fie. QO) 

Holotype: ¢ 30 mm. ‘‘Dieulefit Drome France 3/10: vii: 1934 W. P. 
Curtis’; ‘‘Z. hippocrepidis ssp. curtisi Trmn. Holotype ¢. det. W. G. 
Tremewan. 1961.’’. 

Ex Curtis collection. Slide No. 782. 


Zygaena hippocrepidis curtisi Tremewan ab. miniacens Tremewan 

Zygaena hippocrepidis curtisi Tremewan ab. miniacens Tremewan, 
1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 140. 

(Pl, 1, fig. 10) 

Holotype: ¢ 30 mm. ‘‘Dieulefit Drome France 27:vi:1934 W. P. 
Curtis’; ‘‘Z. hippocrepidis ssp. curtisi Trmn. ab. miniacens Trmn. 
Holotype 3. det. W. G. Tremewan. 1961.’’. 

Ex Curtis collection. Slide No. 783. 


Zygaena hippocrepidis curtisi Tremewan ab. cingulata Tremewan 

Zygaena hippocrepidis curtisi Tremewan ab. cingulata Tremewan, 
1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 140. 

(PL AE, Mfigese 1) 

Holotype: ¢ 29 mm. ‘‘Dieulefit Drome France 3/10: vii: 1934 W. P. 
Curtis’; ‘‘Z. hippocrepidis ssp. curtisi Trmn. ab. cingulata Trmn. 
Holotype ¢. det. W. G. Tremewan. 1961.’’. 

Ex Curtis collection. Slide No. 784. 


Zygaena filipenduiae (Linné) 
Sphinz filipendulae Linné, 1758, Systema Naturae, ed. X, p. 494 
(with reference to Fauna Suecica, p. 256, 1746). 


Zygaena filipendulae kricheldorffiana Reiss ab. sexmaculata Tremewan 

Zygaena filipendulae kricheldorffiana Reiss ab. sexmaculata 
Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec. 73: 7. 

(Pl ohts ies 12), 

Holotype: 2° 35 mm. “ASTURIAS Pajares m. 1300 18 VIII. 24 
Romei’’; Z. filipendulae ssp. kricheldorffiana ab. sexmaculata Trmn. 
Holotype ©. det. W. G. Tremewan. 1960.’’. 

Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 793. 


Zygaena trifolii (Esper) 
Sphinx trifoli Esper, 1783, Der europdischen Schmetterlinge, 2: 
293, pl. 34, figs. 4,5. 


Zygaena trifolii muspratti Tremewan 


Zygaena trifolii muspratti Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 199. 
(PL LE fie, ta) 

Holotype: ¢ 32 mm. Bses-Pyrénées, Le Lac Saint-Jean-de-Luz 6 
Mai 1961 Collection V. Muspratt; ‘‘Z. trifolii ssp. muspratti Trmn. 
Holotype ¢. det. W. G. Tremewan. 1961.’’. 

Ex Muspratt collection. Slide No. 786. 


TYPE SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS 129 


Zygaena trifolii Esper f. pusilla Oberthiir 
Zygaena trifolii pusilla Oberthiir, 1910, Etudes de ee a 
comparée, 4: 498. 
(PIP TT, fie 14) 


Lectotype: ¢ 26 mm. ‘‘Auch.’’; ‘‘Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guénée’’; ‘‘coll. 
Ch. Oberthiir.’’; a label in Guénée’s hand: ‘‘Trifolii var. Pusilla Gn. in 
Mus. Trifolii var. Dup. Sup. pl. 8 fig. 1. Dépt. du Gers. M. Fallou. Nos. 
1 a 3. Cette petite trifolii a été prise en trés grande quantité a Auch. 
Elle a les caractéres du type’’. The locality ‘‘Auch’’ has also been 
written on the label by Oberthiir. 


Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 788. 


According to Oberthiir, trifolii f. pusilla was taken in great numbers 
by Jules Fallou in the neighbourhood of Auch, a small town near 
Lectoure, in the department of Gers. The specimens were taken over 
a number of years and their small and somewhat degenerate characters 
were constant. Specimens from other populations of trifoli: occurring 
in the neighbourhood of Lectoure were much larger and were referred 
by Oberthiir to the nominate subspecies. 


Zygaena lonicerae (Scheven) 
Sphinx lonicerae Scheven, 1777, Der Naturforscher, Halle, 10: 97. 


Zygaena lonicerae jocelynae Tremewan 
Zygaena lonicerae jocelynae Tremewan, 1962, Ent. Gaz., 13: 10. 
(PY, fies V5) 


Holotype: ¢ 39 mm. “SKYE e pupa em. 27.vi.61 R. F. Brether- 
ton’’: Z. lonicerae jocelynae Trmn. Holotype ¢. det. W. G. Tremewan. 
LOGK.”” 

Ex Bretherton collection. Slide No. 785. 


REFERENCES. 


Alberti, B. 1958. Uber den Stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der Gattung Zygaena 
F. und ihrer Vorstufen (Insecta, Lepidoptera), Mitt, zool Mus. Berl., 34 
(2) : 243-396. 

Bernardi, G., & Viette, P. 1961. Que representent Zygaena pennina Rambur 
(1866), Z. eudaemon Mabille et Z. mauritanica Mabille (1885)? (Lep. 
Zygaenidae), Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon, 30: 140-145. 

Burgeff, H. 1926. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 33: 1-91. 


Reiss, H. 1932. Ein Ausschnitt tiber Zygaena fausta Linné und deren Nomina- 
trasse {Lep.), Int. ent. Z., 26: 221-230, figs. 

Tremewan, W. G. 1961. A Catalogue of the Types and other Specimens in the 
British Museum (Natural History) of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius, 
Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae—Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat Hist.) Ent., 10 (7): 
239-314, pl. 50-64. 


EXPLANATION OF PI. II. 


Fig. 1. Zygaena felix Oberthir, lectotype <¢. 

Fig. 2. Z. faustina baetica Rambur, lectotype 9. 

Fig. 3. Z. gibraltarica Tremewan, holotype <¢. 

Fig. 4. Z. gibraltarica Tremewan, paratype 3, September generation. 
Fig. 5. Z. hilaris chrysophaea Le Charles ab. pallida Seitz, type °. 
Fig. 6. Z. rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan, holotype <. 

Fig. 7. Z. rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan, allotype 9. 


130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 74 15/ VI/1962 


Fig. 8. Z. oxytropis quercii Verity (Z. oxytropis insulicola Stauder, 
lectotype <). 

Fig. 9. Z. hippocrepidis curtisi Tremewan, holotype d. . . 

Fig. 10. Z. hippocrepidis curtisi Tremewan ab. miniacens Tremewan, 
holotype <o. 

Fig. 11. Z. hippocrepidis curtisi Tremewan ab. cingulata Tremewan, 
holotype o. 

Fig. 12. Z.  filipendulae kricheldorffiana Reiss ab. sexmaculata 
Tremewan, holotype °. 


Fig. 13. Z. trifolit muspratti Tremewan, holotype ¢. 

Fig. 14. Z. trifolii Esper f. pusilla Oberthiir, lectotype ¢. 
Fig. 15. Z. lonicerae jocelynae Tremewan, holotype ¢. 

Fig. 16. Z. felix Oberthiir, lectotype ¢, genitalia.. 

Fig. 17. Z. felix Oberthiir, lectotype ¢, aedeagus. 

Fig. i8. Z. felix Oberthiir, lectotype ¢, lamina dorsalis. 
Fig. 19. Z. faustina baetica Rambur, lectotype 2, genitalia. 
Fig. 20. Z. faustina baetica Rambur, lectotype 2, ostium. 
Fig. 21. Z. faustina baetica Rambur, lectotype 9, signum. 
Fig. 22. Z. gibraltarica Tremewan, holotype ¢, genitalia. 
Fig. 23. Z. gibraltarica Tremewan, holotype ¢, aedeagus. 


Coenobia rufa Haworth (1809)—-Some Remarks on 
its Varietal Names and Colours 
By W. Parxkinson CurRTIS 


These remarks are the product of an attempt to understand and 
apply the colour terms used by various authors to a series of' this insect 
forming part of my collection, and including five labelled ‘‘Tutt, Deal, 
1888’’, no doubt some of the captures by J. W. Tutt referred to by him 
in his British Noctuae Vol. 1, p. 48 (1891), and Vol. 4 of 
that work, p. 100, which had previously been dealt with by him 
in The Entomologist, 1888 (21:208). There are certain conditions that 
must be borne in mind in reading these remarks. I have no experience 
of, or access to, material of extra-British origin, and I recognise that 
Latin is a language that is painfully deficient in colour terms of any 
precise meaning. T also agree that prior to the publication of 
Ridgway’s Color Standards 1912 edition, there was no set of standard 
colours that was so comprehensive and available for general use, as 
admittedly the rare first edition proved insufficient in many respects, 
and even the 1912 edition leaves aside the question of the diffraction 
effect produced by the shining or metallic lustre of scales. If memory 
serves me the original first edition had a diagram of a man holding a 
bird in his hand to demonstrate how the light should be made jto 
impinge on the bird’s feathers in order to judge iridescent colours. No 
such guide appears in the second edition. 

However, with all that in mind, it seems to me that the application 
of names to the colours of this insect has been confusing and loose. 
Especially do I think that Tutt has added to confusion by his emphasis 
on some colour when the emphasis is evidently leading to great over- 
statement. Nor can I see that any author has had regard to the 


COENOBIA RUFA HAWORTH val 


variation in hue, and tint produced by the shiny scales of this insect in 
relation to angle of incidence or even to the spectrum values of the 
light used. I found it impossible with this insect to do any good by 
artificial light, and by daylight for at least two hours before sunset, the 
reflected colours were more brown, or reddish-brown, than they were 
at high noon, and any attempt to assess colour otherwise than in full 
light, but not in actual sun, was productive of results that were far 
from accurate. I accordingly confined myself to south light about mid- 
day in a large window, the material being lighted at 90° and 45° well 
out of direct sun. 


I first turned my attention to Tutt’s views of the meaning of 
Haworth’s Latin diagnosis, which Tutt calls ‘“‘the Type’’ (I much prefer 
the term ‘‘nominotypical form’’). Haworth’s ‘‘type’’ has long since 
been lost sight of. Haworth uses the word ‘“‘rufa’’ as part of his 
description and not ‘‘ruber’’. From such meagre help as I have on the 
exact difference between ‘‘rufa’’ and ‘‘ruber’’ I infer that writers of 
good classical Latin would use ‘‘ruber’’ for red and ‘‘rufa”’ for reddish 
yellow, probably something nearer ‘‘rufous’’ as used by Ridgway. I 
should prefer to translate Haworth’s first sentence as consisting of 
three components and should consider that ‘‘Alis oblongis ciliisque rufis’’ 
should read ‘‘With oblong wings and reddish cilia’’. That ‘‘unicoloribus 
posticis ciliisque pallidis striga medio macularum obscurarum’’ should 
read ‘‘with unicolorous hindwings and with pale cilia, with a medial 
striga of obscure spots.’’ Tutt l.c. seeks to expand this into a diagnosis 
‘of a very red form as nominotypical and states that the series he took 
at Deal varies from ‘‘a very deep reddish’’. Such a liberty with a 
prime diagnosis is not in my view permissible since it so happens that 
of the many specimens I have seen, alive and dead, I have never seen 
anything approaching a ‘‘very deep reddish’’ and I find myself unable to 
take Tutt’s statement at its face value. The late Hy. J. Turner rightly 
remarks in his Supplement Vol. 1, p. 139, that Tutt is the only author 
to use the phrase. This is by no means the only case where Tutt’s 
efforts at translating a colour into words has failed to convey to me 
the colour that I am convinced a particular insect really is. 


Now as to the elusive colour of this insect as I see it. I remark that 
in the literature I have perused no author calls attention to the fact 
that although this insect is not metallic in the way that Plusia chrysitis 
L. and P. festucae L. are, yet the shining scales render the colour that 
reaches the eye very variable in many respects. Their reaction to light 
is entirely different from that of an insect whose scales are matt, I have 
had a careful look at ‘‘Rufous’”’ Ridgway, Pl. XIV, No. 9, and no matter 
how I treat this insect in relation to source of light, amount of light, 
and angle of light, I cannot get anything approaching that colour. I 
felt a little inclined to think that Buckthorn Brown Ridgway XV 17, 
might be a good comparison, but not being too pleased with that range 
of brown, I requested the opinion of a lady who, though not interested 
in insects or birds from a colour point of view, is very interested in 
flowers and in the use of colour for decoration purposes and is moreover 
a great stickler for exactitude. -She considered the reddish tone 
exhibited distally, and the cilia of the forewings, was Cinnamon Brown 
Ridgway XIV, No. 15, and I think that is the nearest, but the full 
depth of that colour is not developed, The reddish tint is not an 


132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 


absorption tint, it is refractive due to the scale structure. The sub- 
median streak or shade and the spots representing the postmedial line 
are dull and do not alter their colour on change of angle. 

I will now come back to Tutt and Turner and the various references 
they give respectively and criticize the assessments of colours given by 
the various authors they refer to or quote. Tutt, Vol. 1, p. 48, after 
calling rufa a very red form, which as set out above I strongly demur 
to, gives lineola Stephens as a grey form tinged with red and a few 
lines lower down quotes Humphreys and Westwood British Moths, Vol. 
1, p. 245, and calls this an intermediate form. Precisely what the 
forms are between which the insect as described by Humphreys and 
Westwood is intermediate to is not clear to me since there is no stated 
terminus a quo nor terminus ad quem. 

I have before me Stephen’s Illustrations of Brit. Ent, Haust. IIT: 
133: Stephens uses the Latin griseorufa and the English griseous red. 
This is near enough to Tutt’s translation ‘‘grey tinged red’’ and he 
states that it has a longitudinal fuscuous streak, and then in a separate 
paragraph states that he has one specimen in which the streak is v- 
shaped. Humphreys and Westwood’s description as quoted by Tutt 
makes it appear as if this v-shaped mark was usual, which is certainly 
incorrect. Hy. J. Turner, |.c.: 140, after remarking on the confusion 
of the varietal forms of this species falls into the trap already laid for 
him by Humphreys and Westwood and states: ‘‘the name lineola applied 
at first to one specimen with a v-marked shade by Stephens has gradu- 
ally come to be applied to the grey red-tinged form with or without 
the v-shaped cloud’’. I am certain that anyone who reads what 
Stephens himself wrote will agree with me that Stephens was first 
describing lineola in detail and having done so, remarked that one 
specimen has a v-shaped mark. The two paragraphs are wholly distinct 
and do not afford any ground for Humphreys and Westwood or Hy. J. 
Turner suggesting that the v-shaped mark had any diagnostic value 
whatever. It is just a remark that there is known to Stephens one very 
extreme aberration, probably made with the intention of leaving the 
reader to infer the rarity of such an extension. 

Warren in Seitz, Vol. III, p. 221, describes rufa Haw. as having a 
submedian streak or cloud which Haworth did not mention, and he 
does not credit lineola Stephens with such a streak or cloud which 
Stephens does but does mention alternate pale and dark spots on the 
nervures which Stephens does not. | 

Quite a considerable percentage of specimens of C. rufa have the sub- 
median streak or cloud present but usually ill-defined, sometimes con- 
fined exactly to the submedian nervures. But how far is it permissible 
for a subsequent author to diverge markedly from an original diagnosis 
when the author of that diagnosis does nothing to indicate that his 
description can be amplified at will to cover specimens which exhibit 
characters not originally noticed by him or conversely without char- 
acters which are part of the original diagnosis? I should have thought 
that this was not permissible unless it be made quite clear by the subse- 
quent author by a statement that notwithstanding such and such a 
divergence, he is of opinion that the specimen ought to be included under 
the original name, as being so slightly different as not to deserve 
differentiation. If there is not some limitation, and pretty severe 
limitation, one gradually gets to the position where there is no clear 


COENOBIA RUFA HAWORTH 133 


idea at all of what falls within or without the name. 

I think that to get a clear idea of an insect and its area of variation 
something in the way of precision is essential in the application of 
names. I recognise that the strict precision applicable to mathematical 
problems is out of place in the world of the taxonomy of living creatures, 
but there must be a limit, and that is where varietal names have a value 
which is often underestimated by serious scientists, partly because their 
value scientifically has been swamped by foolish people paying absurd 
prices for occasional aberrant specimens and partly because too many 
inconsiderable transitions have received names. 

At my request, so that the number of specimens examined might 
reach reasonable magnitude, Dr. J. W. B. Nye of the Entomological 
Department of the British Museum has examined the series at Cromwell 
Road, and states that apart from ab. fusca, they are fairly uni- 
form in colour and fit Hampson’s description. None of these specimens 
ean be called red. Mr. A. lL. Goodson has looked at those in the 
Zoological Museum at Tring. He tells me that they have nine 
specimens from Pulborough which might be called dull reddish, ‘‘I 
think I myself would say reddish brown’’, and thinks Hampson’s Ab. 1, 
‘dark rufous’’, is probably this reddish-brown. 

The following is an attempt by me to marshal the variations of rufa 
Haw. into a logical sequence and keep some clarity before the worker 
as to. the ambit of each name. It may well be that it is not much more 
successful with this difficult insect than previous efforts have been, but 
T hope it is. 


(a) The warm buff or antimony yellow form as described by Hampson 
(Cat. Phal. (1910) TX: 300) as rufa Haworth which is not within 
Haworth’s description. 

(b) Specimens coloured as (a) but with a submedian dark streak or 
cloud. This form needs a name; unfortunately rufata Steph. 1829 
is not available as it is a pure synonym of rufa. 

(c) Darker greyish insect with reddish reflections without median 
streak. This seems comfortably covered by despecta Hiibner. 

(d) As (c) but with submedian streak or cloud lineola Stephens. 

(e) Pale ochreous insect devoid of reddish reflection and without median 
-streak or cloud pallescens Tutt. 

(f) As (e) but with median streak or cloud. There is no name for this 
form nor can it be named until a ‘‘type’’ specimen is available. 

(g) The deep fuscous form fusca Bankes. 

(hy) A form with a cinnamon brown tone nominotypical rufa Haworth. 


Note. rubicundipennis Strand sinks to fusca Bankes. 


It will be noted that I do not suggest giving a name to Tutt’s very 
deep red specimens nor do I suggest giving a name to Spuler’s ‘‘rich 
brown”’ nor Hiibner’s, fig. 751, rich brown as set out in Turner’s 
Supplement, 1:140, although these may be the form described by 
Haworth. I think it will be advisable to wait until a ‘“‘lectotype’’ can 
be produced by some fortunate person to justify the names in each 
case; I fear however, that the wait will be a long one! 


REFERENCES. 
Bankes, E. R. (1909). Ent. Rec. 21: 4. 
Geyer-Htibner. (1827-1828). Sammlung Europdischer Schmetterlinge, Noctuae, 
Pl, 160, Fig. 751. 


134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/ V1); 1962 


Hampson, G. (1910). Catalogue of Lepidoptera-Phalanae, 19: 300. 

Haworth, H. (1869). Lepidoptera Britannica, 2€0. 

Humphreys and Westwood. (1845). British Moths, 1: Pl. 54. 

Stephens, J. F. (1829). Illustrations of British Entomology. Haustellata: 3. 

Strand. (1912). Lepidoptorum Catalogus, 5: Abd. 

Turner, Hy. J. (1926-1935). Supplement to Tutts Rritish Noctuae and _ their 
Varieties, 1. . 

Tutt, J. W. (1888). Entomologist, 21: 208. ib. British Noctuae and their 
Varieties (1891), I. (1892), IV. 


A Comparison Between the Macro-Lepidoptera 

Recorded in Light Traps at Ottershaw (North-west 

Surrey) and Bishop’s Stortford (East Hertfordshire) 
1954/1961 


By R. F. Breraerton anv CLIFFORD CRAUFURD 


The authors have kept complete records of the numbers and species 
of Macro-lepidoptera which have attended their respective mercury- 
vapour light traps at Ottershaw, North West Surrey, and Bishop’s 
Stortford, East Hertfordshire, during the years 1954 to 1961 inclusive. 
The methods of trapping and recording used have been constant 
throughout, and have been very closely similar at the two traps. At 
Ottershaw the trap has been operated on about two-thirds of all the pos- 
sible nights from 1st March to 3lst October (though the proportion has 
differed somewhat from one year to another): at Bishop’s Stortford 
the proportion is rather higher—about four-fifths. Both traps have 
also been used occasionally in the intervening winter months. This 
has added a few species which would not otherwise have been recorded, 
but the numbers of insects obtained then have been very small. It 
seems possible to use the records as the basis for a comparison of the 
similarities and differences between the make-up and balance of the 
moth population in the two localities. 

Both traps are operated in large gardens, which contain a normal 
assortment of garden flowers and shrubs as well as a good variety of 
larger trees. At Ottershaw there is woodland, mainly of birch and oak, 
within a quarter of a mile, small areas of heather and Scots pine within 
the same distance, and a semi-circle of open heathland two miles out: to 
the south and west and of meadow and small patches of residual marsh in 
the Thames and Wey valleys a little further away on the north and 
east. But the natural flora is limited by its geological base on the 
Bagshot Sands; the nearest chalkland is eight miles away, and moths 
which need its conditions appear at the Ottershaw trap only occasionally, 
if at all. London Clay begins about four miles to the north east, but is 
still too distant to have much effect on the Ottershaw insects. Whereas 
Bishop’s Stortford is placed on the London Clay very near to its junc- 
tion with the long ridge of the Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire chalk. 
Consequently its surrounding natural flora, though entirely lacking in 
heather, contains two elements different both from each other and 
from those which are dominant around Ottershaw. On the other hand, 
though there are many small woods up to within half a mile of the 


MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA AT OTTERSHAW AND BISHOP’S STORTFORD 135 


town, and also plantations of conifers and limes, most of the land is 
under cultivation. It seems clear from the records that the more 
distant surroundings contribute much less variety to the attendances 
at the trap at Bishop’s Stortford than at Ottershaw. 

The total numbers of Macro-lepidoptera recorded at the two traps 
during the years 1954 to 1961 are set out below :— 


Ottershaw Bishop’s Stortford 
Nightly Nightly 
average average 
(March / March / 
Total October) Total October) 
OAR strc: >: 26,228 169 13,918 70 
|. SE Geen anes 31,092 255 16,081 80 
ROD 55.5. can 38,272 257 22,416 112 
Loe (ee 20,710 174 12,410 56 
USE Ses eee 21,566 lye 8,281 42 
Me. 30,155 202 23,692 119 
(SG) ae Se 20,170 134 30,280 163 
Lc 28,659 159 21,855 112 
Wotal— 2. 296,852 189 148,933 94 


Thus the total number of moths recorded at Ottershaw was about 

half as big again as that at Bishop’s Stortford, and the nightly average 
was double. Too much should not be made of this. Small differences 
in the positioning of the traps with regard to uninterrupted light 
radius or exposure to wind could account for large differences in the 
total numbers captured. It would certainly be unsafe to conclude, on 
this evidence alone, that the moth population was really more dense 
in the one place than in the other. The comparison of the annual 
experience at the two traps is more interesting. 1956 and 1959 were 
years of abundance, and 1954, 1957 and 1958 years of scarcity, at both 
of them. But 1960, which showed the highest total of all at Bishop’s 
Stortford, had the lowest of all at Ottershaw; 1955, which was very 
good at Ottershaw, was below average at Bishop’s Stortford; and for 
1961 the reverse was true. There is nothing to show whether these 
contrasts reflected real differences in population numbers or only 
differences in local weather conditions, favourable or unfavourable for 
trapping. 
_. In order to compare the composition by species of the totals recorded, 
at each trap, it is convenient to use the categories of frequency pre- 
viously applied by one of the authors to moth-trap records in North 
West Surrey (Proc S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 98). These 
are based on the proportions, on a logarithmic scale, which the numbers 
‘of each species recorded bear to the total numbers of all species recorded 
at each trap. As here applied, they are as follows: — 


Percentages Absolute numbers at 
; of total Ottershaw Bishop’s Stortford 
‘Dominant Above 3-161 Above 6,856 Above 4,711 
‘Abundant 170: si :towo: Fat 2,168 to 6,856 1,490 to 4,711 
‘Very common 0-316 to 0-99 685 to 2,167 471 to 1,489 
Common 0-1 to 0:315 216 to 684 149 to 470 
Fairly common 0-031 to 0-09 68 to 215 47 to 148 
Scarce 0-01 to 0-03 22 to © 67 T5ebo) 4 AG 
Very scarce 0-003 to 0-009 6 to 21 4 to 14 


Occasional : Below 0-003 5 or less 3 or less 


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MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA AT OTTERSHAW AND BISHOP'S STORTFORD 137 


In what follows, therefore, we are comparing, not the absolute 
abundance of any particular species at the two traps, but its relative 
abundance at each of them. Thus, though nearly 20,000 examples of 
Amathes c-nigrum L. were counted at Ottershaw as against only some 
14,600 at Bishop’s Stortford, we define the species as ‘‘Dominant’’ at 
both traps, where it accounts for about the same proportion of all the 
moths recorded at each. 


A summary cross-analysis of the numbers of species which fall into 
the various frequency categories at the two traps is given opposite. 
The details appear in the Annexe. It brings out some interesting 
points. The total number of ‘‘species’’ recorded at Ottershaw in the 
period was 429, against only 365 at Bishop’s Stortford. But it will 
be seen that, as far as the more numerous species are concerned, the 
composition of the population recorded at the two traps is very similar. 
The ‘‘dominant’’ species were almost identical. They included, at both 
traps, Amathes c-nigrum, Agrotis exclamationis L., Noctua pronuba L., 
and the complex of Caradrina morpheus Hufn., blanda Schiff. and alsines 
Brahm, which has been treated as a unit because full counts of each 
species were not kept separately. Orthosia gothica L., which just 
reached ‘‘dominant’’ level at Bishop’s Stortford, was in the upper 
half of the ‘‘abundant’’ category at Ottershaw, and thus differed in 
frequency by less than a full grade. These insects between them 
accounted for just about one third of the total score at each trap. Of 
the “‘abundant’’ group, containing 17 species at Ottershaw and 16 at 
Bishop’s Stortford, eight were common to both traps (Agrochola 
lychnidis Schiff., Orthosia incerta Hufn., Leucania pallens L., Plusia 
gumma L., Apamea secalis L., Melanchra persicariae L., Ochropleura 
plecta L., Apamea monoglypha Hufn.), and nine of the others (0. 
gothica L., Spilosoma lutea Hufn., S. lubric:peda L., Leucania impura 
Hiibn., Diataraxia oleracea L., Procus strigilis Clerck and P. latruncula 
Schiff. (taken together), Amathes xanthographa Schiff., Huschesis 
janthina Schiff., Amathes triangulum Hufn.) differed at the two traps 
by less than a full grade. The ‘‘very common”’ category, containing 
34 species at each trap, was also fairly similar. Thirteen species were 
indentical, thirteen differed by less than a full grade, though there 
were nine species in which the differences in frequency at the two traps 
were very large, and three which were recorded at one trap only. 


But in the less abundant species the degree of similarity between 
the captures at the two traps becomes progressively less. Only about 
a half of the species which were ‘‘common’’ at one trap had approxi- 
mately the same status at the other. In the ‘‘fairly common’’ category 
the proportion was rather less; for the ‘“‘scarce’’ and ‘‘very scarce’’ 
species it was about two fifths, and for the ‘‘occasionals’’ less than a 
quarter. For the most part the numbers of species which fell into each 
category was much the same at both traps. But in the ‘‘occasional’’ 
category Ottershaw had nearly twice as many species as Bishop’s 
Stortford; indeed, this accounted for a great part of Ottershaw’s 
superiority in total number of species recorded. 

Despite these differences, it appears that of the 461 species which 
were recorded at the two traps combined, 333 occurred at both; and of 
these 113 fell into the same categories at both traps and a further 43 
differed in frequency by less than a full category.- And these 156 


138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1/ 1962 


species accounted for about 80 per cent. of all the moths trapped, 
whereas species for which the frequency differences were outstanding— 
more than two categories or absence from one of the traps—accounted 
For only about three per cent. The picture as a whole is thus of rather 
remarkable similarity between the general composition of the bags at 
the two traps. 

The most striking difference lies in the large number of species 
obtained at one trap only—96 at Ottershaw and 32 at Bishop’s. Stort- 
ford. Of the ‘‘Ottershaw only’’ species, two were ‘‘very common’’ there. 
One, Caradrina ambigua Schiff., has spread from the Seuth Coast. It 
was first noticed in North West Surrey in 1949, and has gained strength 
since, though there have been big annual fluctuations and the second 
brood is always much more numerous. The other, Lycophotia varia Vill., 
feeds on heather. Its high frequency at the Ottershaw trap is surpris- 
ing, since its main breeding grounds are two miles away. It presum- 
ably could not be established anywhere near Bishop’s Stortford. About 
another score of the ‘‘Ottershaw only’’ insects are also heath-frequent- 
ing insects, if not all heather-feeders. These include A porophyla nigra 
Haw. (common), Miltochrista miniata Forst. and Euphyia unangulata- 
Haw. (‘‘fairly common’’), Hadena contigua. Schiff., Cybosia mesomella 
L., Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn., Chesius rufata F. (‘‘scarce’’), 
Dasychira fascelina L., Pseudoterpna pruinata Huin., Eupithecia 
goosensiata Mab., Diacrisia sannio L., Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., Lygris 
testata L., Mythimna turca L., Perconia strigillarza Hiibn. (“‘very 
scarce’’), and several ‘‘occasionals’’. Allied to these are birch-feeding 
species, which as a group are conspicuous at Ottershaw but are absent 
or only very thin at Bishop’s stortford, despite the presence of many 
birch trees in the garden. The following have been recorded only at 
Ottershaw: Oporophtera fagata (‘‘fairly common’’), Polia tincta Hiibn., 
Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. (‘‘scarce’’), Odontosia carmelita Esp., 
(‘‘very scarce’’). There are also specialities of North West Surrey, 
such as Parascotia fuliginaria L. and Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff. 
(‘‘searce’’), and a number of scarce migrants from the Continent which 
for geographical reasons are more likely to reach Surrey than Hertford- 
shire: Acherontia atropos L., Celerio galii Rott., Laphygma exigua 
Hiibn., Heliothis peltigera Schiff., Rhodometra sacraria L., Itame 
brunneata Thunb. (all ‘‘occasional’’). Two other migrants, Nycteroseu 
obstipata F. and Leucania albipuncta Schiff. have appeared at both 
traps, and Hurois occulta L. at Bishop’s Stortford only. Apart from 
the migrants, there are over forty species which rank as ‘‘occasionals’’ 
at Ottershaw but have not been recorded at all at Bishop’s Stortford. 
This difference is presumably attributable mainly to greater variety 
and richness of the fauna in the country surrounding Ottershaw but 
at sume considerable distance from the trap. The list includes, for 
instance, half-a-dozen species which can be identified as stragglers from 
the chalk downs at least eight miles away, as well as several wanderers 
from marshes by the Thames and the Wey. But besides these there are 
in the Ottershaw list a few generally distributed species, for whose 
absence from the Bishop’s Stortford trap there is no obvious explana- 
tion. These include Inthacodia fasciana L. (‘‘common’’), Drymonia 
dodonaea Schiff. (‘‘fairly common’’), Amathes ditrapezium Schiff., 
Diarsia brunnea Schiff., Apamea scolopacina Esp., Anaitis efformata 
Guen., Mysticoptera sexalata Retz., Sterrha subsericeata Haw.., 


MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA AT OTTERSHAW AND BISHOP’S STORTFORD 139 


Cosymbia porata L., Electrophues coryluta Thunb., Bupalus piniaria L. 
(‘‘scarce’’). 

Of the species which have been recorded only at Bishop’s Stortford, 
one, Dysstroma citrata L., is ‘‘very common” there. This is a mainly 
moorland and mountain species whose distribution in south east 
England is very patchy (as well as uncertain because of confusion with 
its relative D. truncata Hufn.). Its frequency at Bishop’s Stortford is 
therefore notable. In Surrey it appears to be altogether absent from 
the Bagshot Sand area, though it can be found sparingly on the North 
Downs. Lygris pyraliata Schiff., ‘‘common’’ at Bishop’s Stortford, is 
an unexplained absentee at Ottershaw: it occurs, though not commonly, 
elsewhere in the district. Among the ‘“‘fairly common’’ species, 
Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. is typically a beech-wood species and there- 
fore not surprisingly absent from Ottershaw. E. autumnaria Wernb. 
is usually found near the South Coast; at Bishop’s Stortford it must he 
at the very edge of its range both inland and to the north. Hadena 
compta Schiff. first established itself in Britain at Dover in 1948. Since 
then it has entered the Eastern Counties and is spreading rapidly. It 
first appeared at Bishop’s Stortford in 1954 and is now breeding freely 
on Sweet William in the garden. Humichtis adusta Esp. is confined in 
Surrey to the chalk downs; and Cirrhia gilvago Schiff. usually requires 
the presence of wych elm, which is lacking at Ottershaw. 

Among the scarcer species which are present at Bishop’s Stortford 
but have not been recorded at Ottershaw, Trichiura crataegi L. and 
Episema caeruleocephala L. may be missing because of the rarity of 
their most usual food-plant, sloe. Lygris prunata L., a currant feeder, 
cannot have the same excuse; but, though taken in North West Surrey 
in the past, it seems to have disappeared from the district altogether 
in recent years. Hupithecia irriguata Hiibn., is usually a denizen of 
old oak woods, and its presence in some numbers at Bishop’s Stortford 
is notable. Finally, there is a group of species which frequent the chalk 
country, which is much nearer to the trap at Bishop’s Stortford. These 
include Hpirrhoe rivata Hiibn. (‘‘scarce’’), Hadena conspersa Schiff., 
Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff., Eupithecia venosata F., Melanthia 
procellata Schiff. (‘‘very scarce’’), Hupithecia denotata MHiibn., 
Cosymbia annulata Schulze, Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff., Aspitates 
ochrearia Rossi (‘‘occasional’’). Also occurring at Bishop’s Stortford, 
but unrecorded at Ottershaw, were Colostygia didymata L., Hupithecia 
expallidata Doubl., Hepialus fusconebulosa de Geer, (‘‘very scarce’’), 
Lasiocampa quercus L., Anticlea derivata Schiff., Bomolocha crassalis 
F., Huproctis chrysorrhoea L. (probably an escape), Nudaria mundana 
L., Amathes stigmatica Hiibn., Eupithecia trisignaria Herr-Schaff. 
(‘‘occasional’’). 

It remains to say something about those species which, though 
they were recorded at both traps, were much more frequent at one than 
at the other. Thus Diarsia rubi View., Plusia chrysitis L., and Hepialus 
lupulina L., all ‘‘abundant’’ at Bishop’s Stortford, were only ‘‘common”’ 
at Ottershaw; and of Orthosia cruda Schiff. the reverse was the case. 
Similarly, Agrotis puta Hiibn., Meristis trigrammica Hufn., Cirrhia 
icteritia Hufn., Cosma trapezina L. and Pheosia gnoma F. were ‘‘very 
common’’ at Ottershaw, but only ‘‘fairly common”’ at Bishop’s Stortford, 
while for Orthosia gracilis Schiff., Huxoa nigricans L. and Lomaspilis 
marginata L. the case was reversed. Agrochola macilenta Hiibn., ‘‘very 


140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1/ 1962 


common’’ at Ottershaw, barely reached the ‘‘scarce’’ level at Bishop’s 
Stortford. For one or two of these, such as P. gnoma and C. icteritia, 
greater prevalence of specialised food-plants (birch and sallow) is prob- 
ably the explanation. But most of the others are polyphagous or grass- 
feeding species of wide national distribution, and it is not clear why, 
if they occurred at all, there should be wide differences in their 
frequency at the two traps. 


As the table shows, both the numbers and the proportions of species 
showing big frequency differences between the traps was greater for the 
less common species. Over thirty species which were ‘‘common’’, 
‘fairly common’’, or ‘‘scarce’’ at one trap were only ‘‘occasional’’ at 
the other, where presumably they formed no regular part of the local 
population. Apart from these, it is worth noticing that, of the species 
which were ‘‘common’’ at Ottershaw, Lithosia complana L. was ‘‘very 
scarce’? at Bishop’s Stortford, and the following were ‘‘scarce’’ there: 
Deilephila elpenor L., Dypterygia scabriuscula L., Conistra vaceini L., 
Drepana binaria Hufn., D. falcataria L., Polia nebulosa Hufn., Apamea 
epomodion Haw (characterea Hiibn), Amathes baja Schiff, and 
Orthosia munda Schiff. On the other side Xanthorhoe spadicearia 
Schiff. is ““ccommon’”’ at Bishop’s Stortford, but ‘‘very scarce’’ at Otter- 
shaw, and Malacosoma neustria L., Larentia clavaria Haw., Xanthorhoe 
montanata Schiff., Ortholitha chenopodiata L. and Procus fasciuncula 
Haw. are “‘scarce’’? there. Of the species which are ‘‘fairly common”’ 
at one trap, no less than twelve rank as ‘‘very scarce’? at Bishop’s 
Stortford and eight as ‘‘very scarce’ at Ottershaw. 


It seems likely that the rather startling similarity between the basic 
composition of the catches at Ottershaw and Bishop’s Stortford is prim- 
arily due to the fact that both traps were operated in large gardens. 
Probably the ‘‘dominant’’, ‘‘abundant’”’ and ‘‘very common’’ species 
would be found to be closely similar for garden traps almost anywhere 
in the southern half of England, though they might well not be so for 
traps operated in the middle of a heath or on the edges of a marsh or 
on a cliff by the sea. Unfortunately, though there are plenty of lists 
of the species obtained in traps in various situations, the authors know 
of very little published information of an exact nature about their 
relative abundance, against which these conclusions might be tested. 


The differences between the populations recorded at Ottershaw and 
Bishop’s Stortford on the other hand, affect mainly the scarcer species. 
They seem to be mainly due either to geographical factors, affecting 
especially the occurrence of migratory species or to differences in the 
nature and variety of the soil and natural flora in the areas surround- 
ing the traps but not immediately adjacent to them. But, again, it 
would be very desirable to check these differences against frequency 
records from traps operated in other situations. 


FREQUENCIES OF SPECIES OF MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA RECORDED AT LIGHT 
Traps at OrrersHaw (N. W. Surrey) AND BisHop’s StortFoRD (Hast 
Herts.), 1954 to 1961. : 


(species whose frequencies differed by less than a full grade are 
marked *). 


MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA AT OTTERSHAW AND BISHOP’S STORTFORD 141 


Dominant at both traps:—A. c-nigrum, A. exclamationis (with A. 
clavis), N. pronuba, C. morpheus (with C. blanda & C. 
taraxaci). (4) 

Dominant at Bishop’s Stortford, abundant at Ottershaw:—*O. 
gothica. (1) 

Abundant at both traps:—A. monoglypha, O. incerta, A. lychnidis, P. 
gamma, M. persicariae, A. secalis, L. pallens, O. plecta. (8) 


Abundant at Ottershaw, very common at Bishop’s Stortford:—*A. 
triangulum *A. xanthographa, *E. janthina, *D. oleracea, *P. 
strigilis (with latruncula), A. putris, O. stabilis. (7) 

Abundant at Bishop’s Stortford, very common at Ottershaw :—*S. lutea, 
*S. menthastri, *L. impura, R. ferruginea (tenebrosa), A. 
litura. (5) ; 

Abundant at Ottershaw, common at Bishop’s Stortford: —O. cruda. (1) 


Abundant at Bishop’s Stortford, common at Ottershaw:—D. rubi, H. 
lupulina, P. chrysitis. (3) 

Very common at both traps:—O. luteolata, B. betularia, A. infesta, P. 
meticulosa, E. comes, A. segetum, S. aversata, G. micacea, L. 
populi, CC. rhomboidaria, A. sordens, L. lithargyria P. 
bucephala. (18) 

Very common at Ottershaw, common at Bishop’s Stortford:—*M. 
brassicae, *H. pyritoides (derasa), *A. ipsilon, L. testacea, D. 
trifolii, A. remissa, T. obeliscata. (7) 

Very common at Bishop’s Stortford, common at Ottershaw:—*A. caja, 
*A. tragopoginis, L. hirtaria, X. ferrugata, P. tremula, C. amata, 
X. areola, C. rectangulata, C. elinguaria. (9) 

Very common at Ottershaw, fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford :—A. 
puta, M. trigrammica, C. icteritia, P. gnoma, C. trapezina. (5) 

Very common at Bishop’s Stortford, fairly common at Ottershaw :— 
L. marginata, O. gracilis, E. nigricans. (3) 

Very common at Ottershaw, scarce at Bishop’s Stortford:—A. 
macilenta. (1) 

Common at both traps:—KE. similis, A. aescularia, L. lurideola, X. 
fluctuata, C. pisi, C. pennaria, S. bilunaria, O. dilutata (with 
O. autumnata), A. rumicis, U. triplasia L. (tripartita Hufn.), A. 
oxyacanthae, O. truncata, O. sambucaria, G. augur, C. repan- 
data, A. pisi (with A. tridens), L. capuchina, B. strataria, A. 
lithoxylea. (19) 

Common at Ottershaw, fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford: —*E. 
centaureata, *S. ocellata, *G. bidentata, *E. lucipara, *A. lota, 
*A. pyramidea, *L. chlorosata, G. pumilata, L. comma, C. clavi- 
palpis, L. fimbriata, T. matura, D. pudibunda. (18) 

Common at Bishop’s Stortford, fairly common at Ottershaw :—*E. 
marginaria, *A. sexstrigata, *D. mendica F. (festiva Schiff.) *H. 
bicruris, *E. alniaria, EK. fuscantaria, C. clathrata, L. conigera, 
E. vulgata, C. glaucata, G. flavago, P. populi, E. alternata, H. 
humuli, L. mellinata, H. proboscidalis, C. rubricosa. (17) 

Common at Ottershaw, scarce at Bishop’s Stortford:—D. elpenor, A. 
baja, C. vacciniu, D. scabriuscula, A. epomodion (characterea), 
D. binaria, O. munda, D. faleataria, P. nebulosa. (9) 

Common at Bishop’s Stortford, scarce at Ottershaw:—X. montanata, 
M. neustria, L. clavaria, O. chenopodiata, P. fasciuncula. (5) 


142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15 V1/ 1962 


Common at Ottershaw, very scarce at  Bishop’s. Stortford:—L. 
complana. (1) 

Common at Bishop’s Stortford, very scarce at Ottershaw:—X. 
spadicearia. (1) 

Common at Ottershaw, occasional at  Bishop’s Stortford :—E. 
brubiens Cl) 

Common at Bishop’s Stortford, occasional at Ottershaw:—P. jota, P. 
nitens, A. grossulariata. (8) 

Fairly common at both traps: —H. furcata, C. pusaria, B. temerata, Z. 
tarsipennalis, A. megacephala, C. mendica Clerck, P. moneta, N. 
ziczac, P. palpina, I. wauaria, P. alchemillata, P. dolabraria, 
EE. icterata, H. aestivaria, O. brumata, O. lunosa, S. ligustri, C. 
margaritata, E. interjecta, H. bicolorata Hufn. (serena Schiff.), 
C. perla, N. dromedarius, N. cucullatella, P. fuliginosa. (24) 

Fairly common at Ottershaw, scarce at Bishop’s Stortford :—*O. oculea 
(nictitans), *A. flavicincta, *P. pedaria, *H. thalassina, *A. 
crenata, C. lutea Strom., C. pustulata, C. ruficornis, C. exanthe- 
mata, C. jacobeae, P. porphyrea, E. erosaria, P. punctinalis, E. 
silaceata, A. leporina, A. aceris, N. trepida. (17) 

Fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford, scarce at Ottershaw :—*C. nupta, 
*T. popularis, *T. ocularis, *Z. nemoralis, C. curtula, P. pul- 
chrina, H. sylvina, A. unanimis, P. furuncula. (10). 

Fairly common at Ottershaw, very scarce at Bishop’s Stortford:—E. 
bistortata, P. minima, D. lacertinaria, D. eremita, F. (protea 
Schiff.), R. sericealis, E. transversa, P. flavicornis, E. abbreviata, 
E. nanata, H. leucophearia, H. w-latinum, S. fagi. (12) 

Fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford, very scarce at Ottershaw :—E. 
badiata, E. asimilata, H. rivularis F. (cucubali Schiff.), P. 
potatoria, S. imitaria, E. succenturiata, S. tetralunaria, X. 
quadrifasciata. (8) 

Fairly common at Ottershaw, occasional at Bishop’s Stortford :—C. 
punctaria, D. coryli, T. cespitis. (8) 

Fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford, occasional at Ottershaw :—B. 
sphinx, H. hecta, S. ravida. (3) 

Scarce at both traps:—C. vinula, C. ligula, E. defoliaria, S. dimidiata, 
A. circellaris, A. xerampelina, Z. pyrina, C. pyralina, A.ypsillon, 
E. absinthiata, L. flexula, S. trigeminata, C. furcula. (13) 

Scarce at Ottershaw,very scarce at Bishop’s Stortford: —*D. tiliae, E. 
exiguata, P. flammea, C. chamomillae, S. libatrix, P. comitata, 
B. viminalis, D. cultraria, C. legatella, M. maura, B. fagana, S. 
interjectaria, E. castigata, A. helvola, S. liturata, S. inornata, 
T. batis, S. emarginata, E. repandaria. (19) 

Scarce at Bishop’s Stortford, very scarce at Ottershaw :—*A. syringaria, 
C. coronata, P. flavofasciata, R. lutosa, H. suasa, H. vitalbata, 
I. lactearia, P. rubiginata Schiff. (bicolorata Hufn), C. hermelina, 
H. flammeolaria, E. linariata, L. ocellata, E. bilineata. (13) 

Scarce at Ottershaw, occasional at Bishop’s Stortford: —H. pinastri, 
B. roboraria, C. albipunctata Hufn. (pendularia auctt.), A. 
punctulata, P. ridens, D. oo, S. biselata, A. diluta, P. hippo- 
castanaria, P. literosa, L. pastinum. (11) 

Scarce at Bishop’s Stortford, occasional at Ottershaw:—C. affinis, U. 
trigemina Wern. (triplasia auctt.), Z. subtusa, T. rupicapraria, 
H. lepida, H. immaculata, S. linearia, T. aurago, S. immutata, 


MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA AT OTTERSHAW AND BISHOP’S STORTFORD 143 


T. variata, L. adustata, T. dubitata. (12) 

Very scarce at both traps:—KH. fasciaria, H. abruptaria, A. lutulenta, 
C. umbratica, G. papilionaria, A. ophiogramma, EK. pulchellata, 
S. seriata, A. hispidaria, P. prasinana L. (bicolorana Fuessly), 
A. pygmina, N. typhae, P. umbra, D. porcellus, C. graminis, S. 
lactata Haw. (floslactata Haw.), T. citrago, O. advena, A. 
plagiata. (19) 

Very scarce at Ottershaw, occasional at Bishop’s Stortford:—*P. 
festucae, *O. miniosa, *B. bimaculata, *N. obstipata, B. monacha, 
A. viretata, E. tripunctaria. (7) 

Very scarce at Bishop’s Stortford, occasional at Ottershaw :—*S. lunaria 
*C. leucostigma, *C. ocellaris, P. bifaciata, L. ornitopus, G. 
aprilina, G. quercifolia, H. tersata, L. salicis, E. crepuscularia, 
C. pectinitaria, C. fulvata, N. typica. (13) 

Occasional at both traps:—M. albicillata, O. antiqua, R. cervinalis, 
C. diffinis, L. halterata, T. senex, S. sylvestraria, H. rostralis, 
C. cossus, C. absinthii, L. albipuncta, P. glareosa, P. trans- 
versata. (13) 

Recorded only at Ottershaw (with status there):—Very common:—l. 
varia, C. ambigua. (2) Common:—A. nigra, L. fasciana. (2) 
Fairly common:—D. dodonaea, M. miniata, O. fagata, K. 
unangulata. (4) Scarce:—A. ditrapezium, D. brunnea, P. 
hepatica Cl. (tincta Hiibn.), H. contigua, A. scolopacina, P. 
fuliginaria, A. efformata, T. carpinata, EH. intricata arceuthata 
Fr., M. sexalata, P. duplaris, C. mesomella, P. suspecta, D. 
rubiginea, S. subsericeata, C. porata, C. rufata, E. corylata, B. 
piniaria. (19) Very scarce: —H. nana, D. fascelina, O. populeti, 
P. pruinata, E. goosensiata, O. carmelita, N. revayana, JD. 
sannio, A. vestigialis, H. calcatrippae View. (saponariae Borkh.), 
C. rufa, L. testata, X. designata, P. albulata, EH. tenuiata, EK. 
innotata, fraxinata Crewe, M. turca, L. semibrunnea, S. costae- 
strigalis, P. strigillaria, N. confusalis. (21) Occasional: —H. 
extersaria, A. avellana, H. paludis, E. nebulata, E. valerianata, 
A. villica, E. uncula, A. albulata Hufn. (candidata Schiff.), E. 
haworthiata, M. rubi, N. geminipuncta, C. verbasci, P. viridaria, 
T. turfosalis, R. undulata, R. sacraria, E. cuculata, E. indigata, 
EE. sobrinata, E. subnotata, E. clorana, H. albicolon, A. sublustris, 
L. obsoleta, L. exigua, H. peltigera, P. vetulata, O. plumbaria, 
E. tantillaria, E. satyrata, X. biriviata, A. atropos, D. galu, C. 
pigra, C. maritima, A. myrtilli, H. maritima, A. alni, H. venus- 
tula, S. conjugata Borkh. (marginepunctata Goeze), C. sparsata, 
S. alternata, I. fulvaria, A. pulveraria, C. multistrigaria, T. 
firmata, E. dodoneata, E. plumbeolata. (48) 

Recorded only at Bishop’s Stortford: —Very common:—D. citrata. (1) 
Vommon:—L. pyraliata. (1) Fairly common:—E. quercinaria 
E. adusta, E. autumnaria, C. gilvago, H. compta. (5), Scarce :— 
T. crataegi, L. prunata, P. affinitata, D. caeruleocephala, E. 
irriguata, E. rivata. (6). Very scarce:—H. conspersa, E. 
ochroleuca, C. didymata, E. venosata, M. procellata, E. expalli- 
data, H. fusconebulosa. (7) Occasional:—E. denotata, A. 
derivata, C. annulata, B. crassalis, L. cucullina, E. chrysorrhoea, 
N. mundana, E. occulta, A. ochrearia, T. polycommata, A. 
stigmatica, E. trisignaria. (12) 


144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1} 1962 


Note: of the above, D. caeruleocephala, E. venosata and A. derivata 
have been recorded at the Ottershaw trap in years before 1954. 


(For certain closely similar species, separate counts were not made 
at one or both traps, though the presence of both species was verified. 
These have been combined to form single units in the above list. The 
species concerned are A. exclamationis and A. clavis; C. morpheus, C. 
blanda and C. alsines; P. strigilis and P. latruncula; O. dilutata and O. 
autumnata; A. psi and A. tridens. The total numbers of actual species 
recorded was Ottershaw, 435, Bishop’s Stortford, 371.) 


April Butterflies in Provence, 1962 


By R. F. BretHERTON 


On 11th April, 1962, my wife and I flew, with our car, from Lydd 
Airport to Calais and, after picking up our youngest son the next 
morning, near Paris, drove southwards through France to Provence. 
We spent nights at Bourges and Le Puy and, after passing through 
some very fine country on the east side of the Massif Central, we 
emerged on the afternoon of 14th April in the Rhone Valley and 
established ourselves for two nights under the Roman aqueduct at Pont 
du Gard. We gave some time to exploring the Roman and mediaeval 
monuments for which the district is so famous, and then settled our- 
selves for a week at Bormes, which ig a pretty village on a hill above 
the Mediterranean, some fifteen miles east of Hyeres. We started 
homewards by easy stages on 24th April, spending time at the country 
home in the Beaujolais of the distinguished entomologist, M. le Vicomte 
de Toulgoét, and staying two nights in Paris before returning to Eng- 
land from Le Touquet on 28th April. Altogether, we drove over 2,000 
miles in France, without any kind of hitch or incident, beyond some 
admonitory finger-wagging when my son drove the car to the left, 
instead of the right, by the policeman on point duty in a small town! 


Collecting was only one of several objects of this expedition. But 1 
had intended that, particularly during our stay at Bormes, we should 
see something of the great range of spring butterflies of Provence. In 
particular, I hoped to find seven species which would be new to me, viz. 
Zerynthia rumina L., Z. hypsipyle Schulz. (polyxena Schiff.), Libythea 
celtis Esp., Erebia epistygne Hb., Thestor ballus F., Callophrys avis 
Chapman, and Glavcopsyche melanops Bdv. This hope was—just— 
fulfilled. 


We were told that the season was at least a month later than usual; 
indeed, it seemed to be relatively even more backward than in England. 
The weather was also frustrating. On our drive south we hardly saw 
the sun, and we explored Le Puy in a snow-storm, The 15th April was 
a brilliant day, but with a north wind so cold that few insects flew: on 
the thyme-covered rocks below the mediaeval castle at Les Baux we saw 
nothing but a couple of Philotes baton Bergstr., in striking contrast to 
the abundance of insects which I remembered from my previous Visit 
there in April, 1924. The next day the wind went round to the south, 
but our atempt to study the birds in the marshes of the Camargue was 
spoilt by a deluge of rain. This ‘‘sirocco’’ lasted for a week, bringing 
cloud, rain and much high wind; moreover, it was full of Sahara sand, 


APRIL BUTTERFLIES IN PROVENCE 145 


and our car, left out on several wet nights, was covered with red mud 
by the mornings. Only on our last day at Bormes and during our return 
to Paris was there real sun and warmth. 


The first day after our arrival at Bormes was wholly cloudy and wet, 
but we started serious collecting on the second with fair morning sun- 
shine, in the Cap Bénat area just west of Bormes. We found a spot by 
the roadside where, besides a good show of pink Cistus and other flowers, 
there were a number of small Strawberry Trees (Arbutus unedo I..), 
which are the main food of the Provencal Green Hairstreak, Callophrys 
avis. Sure enough, after examining and rejecting a large number of 
the ordinary (. rubi, which were mostly worn, we caught two specimens 
of (. avis in fine condition. They were larger and brighter than C. rubz, 
and seemed to be only just beginning to emerge, so we promised our- 
selves a return visit later, which the weather in fact prevented. 
Glaucopsyche melanops was common on this ground, and we quickly 
collected a nice series, though they were mostly males. Other species 
in evidence were Gonepteryz cleopatra L., V. atalanta L., and a number 
Vanessa cardui J.., which looked like newly arrived immigrants; also 
the moth Minucia lunaris Schiff., which was flying freely in the sun- 
shine. It also came to the lights of our hotel in the evening. Unfor- 
tunately we had arranged to return to our hotel for lunch, always a 
time-consuming operation in France; and the afternoon was much less 
sunny than the morning. We spent it in the fine Forét du Dom above 
Bormes. But at that altitude, about 800 feet, the woods were still 
brown and the butterflies were mostly hibernated Nymphalis antiopa L., 
N. polychloros L., Inachis io L., Polygonia c-album L. and G. cleopatra. 
though we also saw a few males of Anthocaris cardamines L., and some 
Pararge egeria (of the buff-spotted southern form) and P. megera I. 
The Geometer Pseudopanthera macularia L., rather paler than its 
English form, was also common. 


On 20th April we set out for Hyéres to look for Thestor ballus F. 
This butterfly, which looks half Copper, half Hairstreak, is, I believe, 
found in France only near Hyéres and for a short way inland; like 
several other Provencal species, it occurs in Spain but does not extend 
eastwards to Italy. It is also a very early species, and in a normal 
season we might have missed it altogther. The classical ground for it 
is on the low pass between Hyeéres and Costebelle. But we found this 
almost entirely built over or cultivated, so we turned up a narrow lane 
on the right of the road and, after some casting about, selected some 
suitable-looking old vine terraces above a quarry. Despite only very 
intermittent sunshine and a strongish wind, we managed to catch here 
three 7. ballus, besides missing two others because of the ease with which 
their green and brown colours seemed to melt into the background when 
one chased them. There was also a good selection of other species, 
though none were numerous. Two Whites, Euchloé ausonia Hb. and its 
much smaller relative E. tagis Hb., dashed about over the quarry but 
were very hard to net. The beautiful Provencal Orange-tip (‘‘L’ Aurore 
de Provence’’), Anthocaris euphenéides, was also caught, though neither 
here nor elsewhere did we see any females. Among the Blues, there 
were a few G. melanops, P. baton, and Polymmatus icarus Rott. and 
singles of Scolitantides orion Pall., and Glaucopsyche cyllarus Rott., 
as well as many Lycaenopsis argiolus L.; and we saw our first Skippers 
with Pyrgus malvoides El. & Ed., Erynnis tages L., and a single Spialia 


146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/V1/1962 


sao Hb. There was also an early Melitaea cinzia L. and some Leptidea 
sinapis L., though we saw nothing, here or elsewhere, of L. duponcheli 
Stdgr. Altogether, it was a successfull day in the face of difficulties. 
There followed two days on which the net could not be used, though 
a few moths, including Lycia hirtaria Clerck and Cleora, rhomboidaria 
Schiff. in unfamiliar conjuncture, were collected at the hotel lights. 
The gloom was, however, relieved by the finding of a half-fed larva of 
Charazxes jasius L. on an Arbutus bush near Cavalaire. It looked like 
a dull green slug and was perfectly camouflaged, which was no doubt 
why considerable search failed to yield any more. Fortunately, it car 
be fed from the Strawberry Tree in my garden, so there are good hopes 
that in June it will reveal the four-tailed splendour of the butterfly. 


Easter Monday began clear and warm. We decided to make a fifty 
mile expedition inland to the limestone country round Draguignan, 
where several English collectors did very well between the wars, We 
started by the winding, hilly roads through the Forét du Dom, where 
there were still few butterflies to be seen. But after droping into a 
deep valley at Collobriéres we stopped to investigate lush meadows in 
the hope of finding Zerynthia hypsipyle. The second attempt succeeded, 
and we found a flourishing colony. The brilliant black, yellow and red 
butterflies sat quietly on the grasses or flew heavily to clumps of 
flowering thyme, and we quickly collected a series. I should have liked 
more time to study their habits, but we had to press on to our main 
objective at Draguignan, which was reached at. noon. After passing 
through the town we drove some way up the Grasse road and stopped 
on a south-facing hillside covered with overgrown vine and olive ter- 
races. It proved to be very rich. In two hours’ collecting we saw 
practically all the species we had seen elsewhere (except, of course, C. 
avis, T. ballus and Z. hypsipyle), and most of them in much better 
numbers. Jn addition, Colias croceus Foure. and C, australis Vty were 
about; I saw, but missed, Polygonia egea Cram.; and we caught four 
perfect males of Zerynthia rumina. These were flying fast on the 
slopes, and had a way of dodging from one terrace to another which 
caused us to miss several; their habits seemed very different from those 
of Z. hypsipyle in the meadows. The Fritillary Clossiana dia L. was 
common. Finally, just as we were about to move off, my son netted a 
Inbythea celtis in very fair condition. It was probably a stray, as I 
did not see any of its food-plant, the Nettle Tree (Celtis australis) in 
that spot. 

This accounted for the sixth out of my seven wanted species. We 
decided to try for the seventh, Hrebia epistygne, by driving on to the 
higher ground between Montferrat and Comps, where it has been re- 
ported to be common in the past. This did not succeed. We 
investigated several promising stony wastes beside the road, at heights 
between 1,500 and 2,500 feet, but saw no Erebias; either they had not 
yet emerged so high up, or else it was too late in the day for them. 
Almost the only insects we did see there were numbers of a spectacular, 
fast-flying Geometer, Fidonia plummistaria de Vill., which resembles a 
gigantic version of our Ematurga atomaria L.; and a wandering 
Iphiclides podalirius L., the only one we saw in Provence. So at about 
4.30 p.m. we turned back, dropped down through the magnificent gorge 
of Chateau Double to much needed drinks in Draguignan, and then 
drove back to Bormes by a different route via Saint Maxime and 


APRIL BUTTERFLIES IN PROVENCE 147 


Cogolin. Even on this day it had to rain; we had cloud along the coast 
and a shower as we entered our hotel 

Early next morning, 24th Ap.il, we started homewards in brilliant 
sunshine. I had planned a slight detour in order to explore the lime- 
stone Massif de la Sainte Baume, whose butterflies and their biotopes 
have recently been fascinatingly analysed by M. L. Bigot (Alezxanor, 
2: 137/144). I also had a lingering hope of seeing Hrebia epistygne. 
So at 11 a.m. we parked the car outside the Hostellerie de la Sainte 
Baume and walked up the steep path which leads to the place of 
pilgrimage, a chapel in a natural cave some way up the north face of 
the limestone cliff. Though interesting enough, this was entomologically 
unprofitable, since this face was still in shadow, and we saw only a 
few common Whites and Satyrids and a Gonepteryx rhammni at its foot. 
Having spent an hour in this way, we started to move the car a little 
along the road towards Plan d’Aups, before eating our sandwiches. 
Almost at once a large dark butterfly came across the road with the 
unmistakable loping flight of an Erebia; and E. epistygne was the only 
possible one for this date and place. We stopped the car, set to work, 
and in less than an hour my son and I collected twenty of them, mostly 
females in perfect order but with with some quite good males as well. 
They flew steadily at about six miles an hour over flat, stony ground, 
where there was very little grass (and that still brown); and they seemed 
to sense pursuit and then quickly doubled their pace and began to 
zigzag. They settled seldom, and did not seem to be attracted by the 
few flowers there were. Though many of the females may have 
emerged that morning, males must have been out for some days, though 
their haunt was on the north side of the mountain and at about 2,100 
feet. I was particularly glad to get this species because, though it is 
well spreed on the limestone hills of Provence, it is only found else- 
where in Europe in Spain, and there very locally and as different sub- 
species. 

This ended our butterfly collecting. We had to drive hard for 
Avignon, as we needed francs and petrol coupons before the banks shut. 
After that, we ran into a record traffic block on the road to Orange, and 
a thunder deluge marred our inspection of the Roman theatre and 
triumphal arch in that town. The next two days were sunny and hot, 
but opportunities for collecting as we moved northwards did not arise, 
except that, thanks to the kindness of Madame de Toulgoét, I was able 
to take a number of moths at light in the Beaujolais; those included 
both forms of Xylomiges conspicillaris L. In the circumstances of 
weather and season, we had really done surprisingly well. Given normal 
sunshine and a normal season, we might have hoped to see at this time 
in Provence perhaps 60 species of butterflies. We did in fact see 42, 
including all our main objectives, though most of them were in too 
small numbers and in circumstances which did not give us enough 
opportunity to study their habits. Ottersnaw, Surrey. May, 1962. 


The XIIth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY 
will take place in LONDON from 8th to 16th July under the presideacy 
of Professor O. W. Richards, F.R.S. Those who are interested and 
who have not received the preliminary notice should write to the Secre- 
tary, Dr. Paul Freeman, c/o British Museum (Natural History), 
Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. 


148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1/1962 


A New Form of Eumenis semele L. 
By I. R. P. HEstop 


The grayling butterfly used to occur on both sides of the Avon 
Gorge and at numerous points on the southern environs of Bristol. 
I doubt, however, whether it is now to be found within ten miles of the 
city. 

As a schoolboy, when on 8th August 1919 I was exploring ground 
which was new to me on the Failand massif on the Somerset side of 
Bristol, and which afforded entrancing views of the Severn estuary, I 
came across a local form of the grayling—already a very favourite 
butterfly of mine—which was quite unfamiliar to me and which, despite 
continued close attention to the species, I have never met since. In fact, 
I thought the first one I saw must be an aberration of the marbled 
white (which actually did not occur on the ground). The form was 
distinguished, roughly, by its extreme general pallor and by the actual 
intensification of the marginal band. There were also gradations in 
the direction of the typical limestone form; but such specimens were 
the more exceptional here. I worked the site also on the following day. 

I was unable to visit the ground again until 1926 when I discovered 
that, with the increasing ease of transport, the ground which had 
sustained this colony was trampled and littered to death; and that 
there was no sign of semele. I have never returned there. 

On having occasion to review my collection, and having never seen 
similar ones in any other collection, I feel it is high time these specimens 
were described under a designation to cover both sexes. The sex-mark 
of the male is not significantly different from normal. The formal 
description is as follows: 


Eumenis semele L. sabrinae forma nov.: In both sexes the underside, 
though very pale, is not outside the general range of variation of 
specimens taken on the limestone. On the upperside, in both sexes, the 
band on the outer margin of both forewing and hindwing is much 
deepened in colour. The greyish pattern towards the base of both fore- 
wing and hindwing is paler than usual, though still quite clear and 
sharp. The colour of the whole of the rest of the upper surface in both 
sexes ranges, according to the specimen, from pale buff to a cream 
white. As types, I have selected a male and a female in my collection, 
both taken by me in Failand, Somerset, on August 9, 1919, bearing my 
serial numbers (A)339 and (A)342 respectively. 

‘Belfield’, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 14.v.1962. 


The Larval Taxonomy of the British Trichoptera 
By Auuan Brinpiez, F.R.E.S. 
III. THE LEPTOCERIDAE 


The present part again follows the general plan of this series in 
that both the larval and pupal keys included are based on the keys in 
Lestage (1921): the present larval keys are somewhat amended whilst 
the pupal keys are more or less literal translations, although a consider- 
able number of obscure or doubtful characters have been omitted. Not 
all the British species of the Leptoceridae are known as larvae, and 


LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 149 


mention is made of the undescribed larvae in the notes on the genera. 

In order to avoid duplication of illustrations, reference will be made 
in the present part to drawings in Part 1 (antea, 73: 114-125) and to 
those in the Key to Trichoptera Pupae (antea, 73: 156-162). 

The Leptoceridae possess eruciform larvae in which the body is much 
narrower in proportion to the length than in most eruciform Trichoptera 
larvae (Part 1, fig. 4). The larval cases are, therefore, generally long 
and slender, either curved or straight, and are often characteristic of a 
particular genus. The larvae are distinctive in having long antennae, 
these organs being very inconspicuous in most Trichoptera larvae, and 
by having very long slender posterior legs which are inserted on for- 
wardly projecting tubular prominences on the lateral part of the meta- 
thorax (fig. 2). 


The head is more or less elongated and elliptical, often with darker 
spots or bands. The mandibles are either elongated with a long pointed 
apex (fig. 6) or shorter and broad with a blunt or serrated tip (figs. 
12, 13). The right mandible has no brush of setae on the internal edge 
and if setal brushes are developed on the left mandible they are usually 
small. 

The pronotum is sclerotised completely, but sclerotisation on the 
mesonotum is sometimes less prominent. In all known Athripsodes 
larvae (except for A. aterrimus) the mesonotum is weakly sclerotised 
according to Lestage (1921), who regards the two black short longitudinal 
lines on the posterior part of the mesonotum (fig. 5) as representing the 
distinct sclerotisation). The mesonotum, however, appears to be usually 
obviously pigmented (and consequently sclerotised) in contrast to the 
whitish or translucent membraneous metanotum. In A. aterrimus the 
mesonotum is much more distinctly pigmented (fig. 4). The metanotum 
is always membraneous and unsclerotised. 


The posterior legs are slender and long, sometimes three times as 
long as the anterior pair, and they project well beyond the latter when 
the larva is in the case. The hind tibiae are divided in some genera but 
this does not appear to be a conspicuous character and is not used in the 
keys. In two genera, Triaenodes and Leptocerus, the posterior legs are 
furnished with fringes of long setae (fig. 8) which enable the larvae, still 
bearing their cases, to swim through the water. : 

The abdomen may be whitish or coloured (greenish, etc.), and the 
tubercles on the first abdominal segments are prominent. Neither the 
intersegmental constrictions nor the lateral line are well marked. The 
anal processes are short. 


The larval cases are divisible into five main types: — 


1 Athripsodes: long, narrow, curved cases, with the width narrowing 
rapidly posteriorly (Part 1, fig. 16). They may be either of 
secretion only or composed of fine mineral material, the surface 
being smooth. Those of Oecetis are myles curved and athe wider; 
straight in O. furva. 

2. Adicella and Setodes: short and ade cases, much less curved either 
of fine mineral material (Adicella) in =A the case resembles a 
small Odontoceruwm case (Part 1, fig. 15) or of larger pieces of 
mineral material (Setodes). 

3. Mystacides: more or less straight, sometimes rather curved, of mineral 
or vegetable material and usually with long pieces of twig, etc., 


150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/ V1/1962 


Ye 


Posterior Bes 
trochanter |: 


METANOTUM 


14 15 16 17 


LEPTOCERIDAE 


1. Head, dorsal, A. aterrimus. 
2. Thoracic nota, T. bicolor. 
3. Head, dorsal, A. cinereus. 
4. Mesonotum, A. aterrimus. 


LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA sit 


5. Mesonotum, A. cinereus. 

6. Mandible, O. ochracea. 

7. Head, dorsal, O. lacustris. 

8. Posterior leg, T. bicolor. 

9. Posterior leg, M. azurea. 

10. Head, dorsal, E. baltica (after Lestage). 
11. Head dorsal, M. longicornis, 

12. Mandible, T. bicolor. 

13. Mandible, M. azurea. 

14. Head, dorsal, S. argentipunctella (after Hickin). 
15. Head, dorsal, T. bicolor. 

16. Mandible, pupal, Adicella (after Lestage). 
17. Mandible, pupal, Oecetis (after Lestage). 


attached longitudinally (as in Part 1, fig. 18, but narrower). 

4. Triaenodes: long, narrow, straight, tapering cases, of vegetable 

material cut into uniform lengths and arranged spirally around 
the case (as Phryganea, Part 1, fig. 13, but much more narrow). 
Erotesis also uses lengths of vegetable material but arranges these 
distinctively (see key and notes on the genus). 

5. Leptocerus: shaped as in 4 but composed entirely of secretion, and 
translucent. 


_ As usual the pupal case is the larval case, which may be modified by 
shortening and closure of the ends. The modification is so extensive in 
Athripsodes as to alter the entire shape, and their pupal cases are 
elliptical, sometimes depressed. The pupae of this family are usually 
distinctive by the great length of the antennal sheaths, the tips of 
which are curled around or across the apex of the pupae (pupal key, 
fig, 21). The anal appendages are generally long and narrow. The 
tibial spines are either 0.2.2, 1.2.2. or 2.2.2, the latter formula restricted 
to Athripsodes (see pupal key for details). In Oecetis furva and 0. 
lacustris the spine on the anterior tibia is often rudimentary, and the 
spine formula is given as 0.2.2, but in O. ochracea the anterior spine is 
prominent and this species has the formula 1.2.2. Normally the spine 
formula is constant for a genus at least. 

The habitats of the less common species are taken from Mosely (1939). 
Characters concerning the cases are in general omitted in the keys and 
reference can be made to the summary above. 


Keys To GENERA 


Larvae 
1. Abdominal gills in tufts, each gill dividing into six or more 
di amano tectraett. 2S 2 020 Ek ae BBD. . PRET. SPB Re SE Athripsodes 
= Abdominal olls, sinele or ,ADSENME.s.ennexse ano: tees eas eee ee oe 2 
2. Mandibles with apex long and pointed sharply (fig. 6) ...... Occetis 
— Mandibles broader and shorter (figs. 12, 13) 0.0.2.0... cece cece eee ees 3 
3. Posterior legs with fringes of long setae (fig. 8) ................cecee ee, 4 
— Posterior legs without such fringes (fig. 9) .............:esceeeeeee eee eee 5 
4. Gills prominent on most abdominal segments; case of vegetable 
ete Cental, ssthisier a2? A cset ol. Ais. ISL OO Trianodes 


— Gills present on no more than two segments, often more reduced ; 
eee WEEE DIOR OILY «520 c-c2 contre coe he dew sete ddete sass Leptocerus 


152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/ V1/1962 


5. Head pattern distinctive (fig. 10); case of vegetable material 
arranged partly transversely and partly circularly around the 


CASE 50. iba cae ba leg lice ieee ta Domed s eas wae sae UAE RE sleds de Erotesis 
— Head pattern otherwise; case not so constructed ................0...060 6 
6. Head yellow with prominent black longitudinal bands, at least along 
anterior part of fronto-clypeusi): p30 .05...0...: eee Mystacides 
— Head yellow or brownish without’ black bands! 2.0... nO eae t 
7. Head and pronotum uniformly reddish :.!:).0)..... .32 eee Adicella 
— Head and pronotum with darker spots and bands ............ Setodes 
Pupae 
1. Spines 2.9:2; gills cnt pats te).4). vei...) SA eee Athripsodes 
— Spines 0.2.2, or 1.2.2; gills single or absent !.42:.....0/ 2 Ee eee 2 
2. Labrum with numerous small setae on dorsal surface near anterior 
border in addition to long setae. ~.2.5<.:i...tc-2 20> <s~-ee epee eee eeee 3 
— Labrum with only long setae on dorsal surface .......5)o.csencns. en epee 4: 
3. Mandibles with external border curved sharply inwards; external 
border convex; mandibular teeth larger proximally............ Occetis 
— Mandibles with external border curved gradually; external border 
concave (fig. 16); mandibular teeth subequal .................. Adicella 
A SUNS 1 De oe orang tage «uc Sedo's on atige niente neds pen.4 <i ee ee 5 
aa) PSPIMES ODES, 0.5. sevacrade sea capsess seat eoecease deh ise. cence 6 
Bis GALS eS OU | 0o.0Uk co 3k Bon see dnde seek .4 eee ee Triaenodes 
= [Gallsmabsenty 220, holes. AG. 2, A Erotesis 
6. Gills present (except M. azurea); cases distinctive ...... Mystacides 
==) Gillsjabsemt 24105055056... ee 4 
7. Anal appendages short, triangular, not more than three times as 
loneaas broadvat, basee: ee Ne... eee ee Leptocerus 
— Anal appendages long and slender, tapering gradually, more than 
six itimiesias) long? as! broad atvbase wii ee eee Setodes 


Keys To SPECIES 
Athripsodes Billberg 


Cases usually distinctive, but they may be coloured green by a cover- 
ing of algae in senilis and fulvus and both these larvae are reported to 
be associated with fresh-water sponges. The following larvae are un- 
known :—nigronervosus (Retz.), alboguttatus (Hagen), albifrons (L.), 
interjectus (McLach.), commutatus (McLach.), and dissimilis (Steph.). 


Larvae 


1. Mesonotum strongly sclerotised and pigmented (fig. 4); head yellow 
with blackish bands and spots (fig. 1). Common in lakes and 


MOWAS Zoecatich..ecerkieel ee, ees, OFT eee. ee aterrimus (Steph.) 

— Mesonotum weakly sclerotised (fig. 5); neither head nor nota 
strongly, pigmented. .........b.c0scoad dalsetadeacl les Sb Odst ee, «Chet cea nee nee 2 

2. Cases entirely of secretion, rarely with added material; gills present 
on, eighth abdominal! segment > ..y2s)s2):.2. 22.8. tye eee 3 

— Cases composed of various added material; gills absent from eighth 
abdominal segment,.....2/2. 20) vanig. se Sa ee 4 


3. Head pale without dark markings; pronotum pale with black 
anterior border; mesonotum not darkened in middle; hooks of anal 
appendages with two dorsal teeth. Local, in lakes and ponds ...... 

senilis (Burm.) 


LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 153 


— Head darker with dark spots; pronotum only darkened on anterior 
border; mesonotum darkened in middle; hooks of anal appendages 
with one dorsal tooth. Frequent in lakes and ponds .................. 

fulvus (Ramb.) 
4. Gills on abdominal segments 2-7; head light yellow with faint dark 
markings; pronotum light yellowish-brown unicolorous. Common in 

Pee Me RIG EES © Booch cee einen bis ce dpe seep res prees annulicornis (Steph.) 

Gills present only on abdominal segments 1-3 ..............:.eeeeees 5 

Head and thoracic nota pale yellow; pronotum with faint darker 

spots laterally; mesonotum with darker spots and posterior black 

lines prominent (fig. 5). Common in lakes and rivers ...............--. 
cinereus (Curt.) 

— Head and thorax darker yellow; pro- and meso-nota immaculate 
and posterior black lines short and curved. Local in rivers ......... 

bilineatus (L.) 


sal 


Pupae 
1. Case elliptical, entirely of secretion, with a ventral transverse slit 
Be EM CEIOE MOEGO elo. asit cana d heed aacke ec aciawakge «ae leeeaee sapere ds Deepest se 2 
= weGase elliptical, not entirely Of SCCTEbION: oo j.02 <5 .02es ayes « gels sacemeeds= 3 
2, Labrum without a median projection on anterior border; a 
sclerotised plate on seventh abdominal segment ...... fulvus (Ramb.) 
— lLabrum with a small median projection on anterior border; rarely 
a sclerotised plate on seventh abdominal segment ... senilis (Burm.) 
3. Gills in three series on abdominal segments 2-7 ...................eseeee ee 
annulicornis (Steph.) 
— Gills in four series on abdominal segments 1-3 or 2-3 only ............ 4 
Anal appendages broader with parallel sides, and truncate 
375 HOLT MAL a a ia a RR ay ee a CATE aterrimus (Steph.) 
— Anal appendages narrower, tapering distally, not truncate at tip .. 5 
Pupae about 12 mm. in length, case about 14 mm. ... cinereus (Curt. ) 
Pupae about 8-9 mm. in length, case about 10 mm. ... bilineatus (L.) 


OH 


Mystacides Berthold 


Larvae 

1. Gills absent; fronto-clypeus without a black transverse band. Com- 
MONSMI Stk, OF KUMI WAbeL vl. Seles Lede s Sia ALY azurea (l.) 

—— Gills present; fronto-clypeus with a black transverse band, making 
a letter ‘‘H’’ with the longitudinal black bands (fig. 11) ............ 2 

2. Gills on abdominal segments 2-7 or 2-8. Common in lakes and 
PROMOS Ee), aE uae ahaa card hie terre ek... gust date es ac bee longicornis (L.) 


— Gills on abdominal segments 2-4. Local in still or running water .. 
nigra (l.) 


Pupae 

eRe eet crn MOSEING ots crete’ soa adseke tase ites 14stG ka aeranee. «tama sated azurea (L). 
Sib ye N SIN OT PSE ZR NER aR RCRD IMR Ne Ye” PEE ape SOR Rtn IR Sea ee 2 
2. Anal appendages regularly curved, tapering distally ...... nigra (L.) 


— Anal appendages with apex strongly re-curved, and hook-like . 
longicornis (L.) 
Triaenodes McLachlan 


The larva of T. simulans Tjeder is unknown. 


154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 


Larvae 

1. Head yellow with prominent dark spots and dark longitudinal 
bands extending to anterior border of head (fig. 15). Common in 
lakes end pandsiyiss.2c0.. wale eee, ep ee pee ee bicolor (Curt.) 

— Head yellowish-brown with dark spots confined to occipital area, no 
dark band extending down to anterior border of head. Local in 


PU 1S? WAheT™ Mecsas is cete.c deen bende tation tat met eee Oe conspersa (Ramb.) 
Pupae 
1. Internal border of anal appendages strongly emarginate about the 
PW oy. (or2) line 0] 11 90 baa vas eke anid sean URE Tm Me EL Ri  - bicolor (Curt.) 
— Internal border of anal appendages not emarginate about the apical 
15] T USO tam Ae Scare lets da ant at Ye A Pd dem a ees Siero conspersa (Ramb.) 


Erotesis McLachlan 


One species, rather local in rivers. The case is distinctive according 
to Lestage. It is apparently composed of small lengths of vegetable 
material arranged in more or less circular bands along one side of the 
case and transversely along the other side, the junction of the two 
arrangements making a ziczac ridge along the case ...... baltica McLach. 


Adicella McLachlan 


Two species, of which one, reducta McLach., is unknown in the larval 
stage. . 
Rather local, near boggy ground or springs ......... filicornis (Pict.) 


Oecetis McLachlan 


Five species, two (notata (Ramb.) and testacea. (Curt.)) being un- 
known as larvae. 


Larvae 

1. Claws of middle and posterior legs each with a prominent basal 
spine; two or three setae on each side of metasternum; head and 
pronotum pale yellow with numerous dark spots; cases straight, of 
pieces of vegetable material arranged transversely. Local, in lakes 
and imondertazaus.. 3a, SUN, ae 7 furva (Ramb.) 

— Claws of middle and posterior legs with rudimentary basal spines; 
numerous setae on each side of metasternum; cases curved, usually 
of. sand ‘@rains |. .)000.. 2.2000 A 2 

2. Prosternum with numerous setae near anterior coxae; head pale 
yellow with dark spots (fig. 7); pronotum pale yellow, darkened on 
posterior half with brownish spots; cases strongly curved. Widely 
distributed im. lakes and!) ponds 205.) 4ac..co- reac lacustris (Pict.) 

— Prosternum with a single setae near anterior coxae; head yellow 
with a series of six spots arranged in a semicircle on fronto-clypeus; 
a large spot between the eyes surrounded by dark spots; pronotum 
pale yellow with large dark transverse median band; cases weakly 
curved. Frequent, in lakes and ponds ............... ochracea (Curt.) 


Pupae 
1. Larger, 12-14 mm.; spines 1.2.2: anterior border of labrum with a 
long pointed median projection ................60.0065 ochracea (Curt.) 


INSECTS IN 1960 15 


— Smaller, less than 12 mm.; spines 0.2.2; labrum with a small pro- 
feouonhoaniganterion Jbotderiwei..4 we Ree Lal ha Dawa 2 

2. Size 7-11 mm.; median projection on anterior border obtuse ...... 
furva (Ramb.) 

— Size 6-8 mm.; median projection on anterior border of labrum 
SLU MMOVRGCM flac. 04. aay vias »aigd thie sepa ectwoee o Sea «awe lacustris (Pict.) 


Leptocerus Leach 


Three species, of which one, lusitanica McLach., is unknown as larva 
or pupa—the pupa of interruptu (F.) has not been separated from that 
of tineiformis. 


Larvae 
1. Case straight; local in lake and ponds ............ tineiformis (Curt.) 
ease curved; local in running water —........)...s2:20-6: interrupta (F.) 


Setodes Rambur 


Two species, of which one, punctata (F.) is unknown in the larval 
stage. 


Winerimmniie avesyta8) Mae) wa de ates argentipunctella McLach. 


REFERENCES. 
Brindle, A. 19614. The Larval Taxonomy of the British Trichoptera, Part I, A 
Key to Families. Ent. Rec., 73: 114-125. 
. 1961. A Family Key to the Pupae of the British Trichoptera. Eni. Rec., 
73: 156-162. 
Hickin, N. E. 1943. Larvae of the British Trichoptera (19), Setodes argenti- 
punctella McLachlan. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond (A), 18: 109-111. 
Lestage, J. A. 1921. in Rousseau Les larves et nymphes aquatiques des Insectes 
@Europe. Brussels. 


Moseley, M. E. 1939. The British Caddis Flies. London. 


Insects in 1960 (Part One) 


By P. Skrpmore F.R.E.S. 


The present paper is concerned largely with insects collected in the 
counties of Gloucester and Nottingham during the early part of June 
1960. From the evening of the 3rd to the morning of the 10th, the 
collecting was concentrated on some of the large woods on the Coltswolds 
to the south and east of Cheltenham. Most of the time was spent 
working a highly interesting area of dissected forest-land roughly 
bounded by the villages of Colesborne, Chedworth and Withington. 
Since the predominant rock in this region is Oolitic Limestone. the 
fauna is comparable with that of other calcareous regions—notably that 
of Derbyshire, though undoubtedly richer in species. One day (the 
4th) was spent working the woods around Postlip from the summit of 
Cleeve Hill to the boundary of Winchcombe. 


The rest of the period—from the evening of the 10th to the morning 
of the 13th—was spent at Heanor in south Derbyshire at the kind 
invitation of Mr. F. A. Hunter. Little collecting was done in Heanor, 
other than a little very productive window collecting, all the attention 


156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VI/1962 


being paid to the fine ground ‘‘over the border’’ in Nottinghamshire. 
On the 11th a visit was paid to a remnant of the original Sherwood 
Forest just to the north of Edwinstowe. This consisted of an area of 
ancient oaks, of unequalled magnificence. The following day was spent 
working some very fine woodland near Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire. 

For the purpose of convenience, a few records have been included 
from early September, 1959, when I spent a day surveying the Coles- 
borne-Lye Bank area of Gloustershire. 


PSOCOPTERA : 
CAECILIIDAE : 
Caecilius flavidus (Steph.) Abundant on an oak tree near Lye 
Bank (near Colesborne Hall), 6.1x.59. 


ODONATA: 
AGRIIDAE: Agrion splendens and virgo were flying in some abun- 
dance along the stream which flows along the eastern side 
of Chedworth Woods, 7-9.vi.60. 


HEMIPTERA: 

MIRIDAE: 

Miris striatus (..) Rather common and widespread. Specimens 
seen in some numbers in all the woods around Colesborne 
and Chedworth and also in the Leicestershire locality. 
4-12.vi.60. 

Orthops campestris (L.) Adults in considerable numbers on wild 
parsnip growing on the roadside verges at Little Colesborne. 
4-9.vi.60. | 

CERCOPIDAE : 

Cercopis vulnerata Germar. Numerous around Postlip. 

MEMBRACIDAE: 

Centrotus cornutus (L.) Two on a wild rose by Colesborne Hall, 
7.v1.60. 


COLEOPTERA : 
CARABIDAE : 
Loricera pilicornis (F.) One on the road by Colesborne Post 
Office, 9.v1.60. 
Agonum dorsale (Pont.) One on road near Postlip House, 4.vi.60. 
Abuz ater (de Vill.) One in wood near Postlip Warren, 4.vi.60. 


HISTERIDAE : 
Plegaderus dissectus Erichs. Several under bark of oak stump 
near the Major Oak, Edwinstowe, 11.v1.60. 


LYCIDAE: 

Platycis minuta (F.) 13 Lye Bank, 6.ix.60. 

CANTHARIDAE: The following species were all common around 
Colesborne, Chedworth, Withington and _ Postlip— 
Cantharis livida L., pellucida F., nigricans (Muel.), 
Rhagonycha lignosa (Muel.), and Podabrus alpinus (Pk.). 

EXLATERIDAE : 

Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.) Abundant around Postlip, Coles- 
borne, Chedworth, etc., 4-9.vi.60. 


INSECTS IN 1960 157 


MYCETOPHAGIDAE : 
Mycetophagus 4-pustulatus (L.) Several under the bark of a dead 
horse chestnut in Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. 


COLYDIIDAE : 
Ditoma crenata (F.) A few with Plegaderus mentioned above. 


OEDEMERIDAE : 

Ischnomera coerulea (L.) 192 Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. 

Oedemera nobilis (Scop.). 1 2, Monkham Wood, near Colesborne 
Hall, 7.vi.60. 


XYLOPHILIDAE : 

Xylophilus pygmaeus (Degeer). 4 35,1 Q, beaten out of flowering 
elder bush growing out of an ancient long-dead oak tree 
near the Major Oak, 11.vi1.60. Very active little beetles with 
remarkably long antennae—at least in the male. 


SERROPALPIDAE : 

Phloiotrya rufipes (Gyll). 1 92 bred from a larva dug out of an 
oak twig at Bilhaugh, east of the Major Oak, 11.vi.60. The 
larva was dug out by Mr. F. Hunter, and its companions 
in the branch were larvae and pupae of the Longhorns— 
Leiopus and Saperdu scalaris (L.). The adult Phloiotrya 
emerged about the middle of July. 


ALLECULIDAE : | 

Prionychus fairmairei Reiche. Half a dozen specimens of this 
fine insect were found under very loose bark of a hollow 
section of an old oak, along with one or two larvae, at 
Bilhaugh, 11.vi.60. (N.B. P. ater (F.) is said to occur, too, 
in this locality, but none were taken on this occasion.) 


-'TENEBRIONIDAE : 
Hypophlaeus unicolor (Pill. & Mitter). Two specimens under the 
bark of an old birch tree by the Major Oak, 11.v1.60. 


SCARABAEIDAE : 

Aphodius fossor (L.). One in cow dung near the summit of Cleeve 
Hill, 4.vi.60. 

Trox scaber (L.). One specimen under bark of rotten Horse 
Chestnut, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. (An extraordinary 
beetle to find behind bark.) 

LUCANIDAE: 

Dorcus parallelopipedus (L.). Rather numerous at Bilhaugh, 
11.vi.60. : 
Sinodendron cylindricum (L.). 1 ¢ in flight in wood by Postlip 

Warren, 4.vi.60. 

CERAMBYCIDAE : 

Stenocorus meridianus (L.). Withington, 1 ¢, 7.vi.60. Little 
Colesborne, one black male, 5.vi.60. Chedworth Woods, 
two females, 7.vi.60. (All these were on large umbels.) 
Also several in flight in the rides in the wood near Belvoir 
Castle, 12.vi.60. These appeared immediately after very 
heavy rain.) 

Grammoptera ruficornis (F.). Abundant in all the woods worked 
around Cheltenham, and in the Leics. locality, too. One 
specimen of the extreme black form (holomelina Pool) was 
taken at the latter locality. 


158 ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 
Alosterna tabacicolor (Degeer). Abundant in the Leics. locality 
and in Chedworth woods. Much more localized in the 

Gloucs. woodlands than the previous species. 

Strangalia melanura (l.). Several on wild rose flowers on edge 
of Monkham Wood, 7.vi.60. 

S. maculata (Poda). Several in the wood near Belvoir Castle, 
12.vi.60. 

Molorchus minor (L.). 1 ¢, 1 2, on umbels in the same locality, 
12.v1.60. 

Clytus arietis (L.). One seen on a fence-post near Postlip War- 
ren, 4.v1.60. 

Leiopus nebulosus (L.). 1 ¢ on Dog’s Mercury at foot of an oak 
tree in Chedworth Woods, 9.v1.60. 

1 d found by Mr. Hunter on the branch mentioned under 
Phlovotrya, 11.vi.60. 

Stenostola ferrea (Schrank). Old borings present in several large 
Lime trees in Chedworth Woods. The borings of this 
species are sufficiently characteristic for them to be recog- 
nised at once. 

Phytoecia cylindrica (L.). One female swept from umbels grow- 
ing by roadside at Little Colesborne, 5.vi.60. 

CHRYSOMELIDAE : 

Orsodacne cerasi (L.). Two on umbels at Little Colesborne, 7.vi. 
60. Three on umbels in Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. Many 
more seen in both localities. 

Timarcha tenebricosa (F.). Common throughout Chedworth, 
Withington, and Colesborne areas, 5-9.v1.60. 

CURCULIONIDAE : 

Apoderus coryli (L.). One on hazel bush in Chedworth Woods, 
7.vi.60. 

Phyllobius urticae (Degeer). Numerous on nettles around Post- 
lip, 4.vi.60. 

Phyllobius purvulus (Ol.). One taken as prey of Dvtoctria 
atricapila (Dipt., Asilidae, which see). Probably abundant. 

Magdalis carbonaria (l.). One on Dog’s Mercury in the Leics. 
wood, 12.vi.60. 

Cionus alauda (Hbst.). One on Scrophularia in Postlip woods 
with (C. scrophulariae (L.) and Cleopus pulchellus (Hbst.), 
4.vi.60. 

HYMENOPTERA : 

CEPHIDAE : 

Cephus pygmaeus (L.). One female in meadow near Postlip, 
4.v1.60. 

ARGIDAE: 

Arge pagana stephensi (Leach). One female, Little Colesborne, 
5.vi.60. 


Arge fuscipes (Fallen). One female, Little Colesborne, 5.vi.60. 

Arge ustulata (L.). One male, Postlip Warren, 4.vi.60. 

TENTHREDINIDAE 

Dolerus gonager (F.). One female, Postlip Warren, 4.vi.60. 

ICHNEUMONIDAE: 

Rhyssa persuasoria (l.). One male hovering around some sawn 
conifer logs at Lye Bank, 5.vi.60. 


INSECTS IN 1960 159 


DIPTERA 


TIPULIDAE : 

Dictenidia bimaculata (L.). Several females hatched at the end 
end of June from larvae found under the very loose bark 
of an ancient dead oak near the Major Oak on 11.vi.60. 
They were in the pupal state for under a fortnight. 

Ctenophora pectinicornis (L.). One male flying across the road 
from Seven Springs to Andoversford, 8.vi.6U. 


MYCETOPHILIDAE : 

Apemon marginata (Mg.). One male of this fine insect (our 
largest Fungus gnat) was swept from lush vegetation in 
clearing in Postlip woods, 4.vi.60. 

Symmerus annulatus (Mg.). One male on rotten ash stump in 
copse by Colesborne Hall, 5.vi.60. 


ASILIDAE : 

Isopogon brevirostris (Mg.). One male on fence-post on upper 
edge of Postlip woods, 4.vi.60. 

One female on fence-post by roadside in Pinchley Wood 
(upstream from Lye Bank) with a small Muscid as prey, 
8.vi.60. 

Dioctria rufipes (Degeer). One male, Little Colesborne, 5.vi.60. 
Abundant with the next species along a short stretch of 
wide roadside verge by Little Colesborne. Also in clearing 
in copse near Tithby (Notts.), 12.vi.60. 

D. atricapilla Mg. Several with the above species by Little 
Colesborne. One taken with Phyllobius parvulus and an- 
other with the Mirid bug, Rhopalotomus ater (L.) as prey. 
Also in some numbers in the same Tithby locality. 

Machimus atricapillus (Fallen). One male on fence-post near Lye 
Bank, 6.1x.59. 


EMPIDIDAE: 
Empis tesselata F. Common in all the woods worked, 4-12.vi.60. 


SYRPHIDAE: 


Syrphus diaphanus Zett. One male Lye Bank 8.vi.60. 

Xanthogramma citrofasciatum (Degeer.) One female at rest on 
Dogs Mercury after shower between Monkham and 
Withington Woods, 7.vi.60. 

Chrysotoxum cautum (Harris) One female on oak leaf in Ched- 
worth Woods, 7.vi.60. 

Merodon equestris F. v. transversalis Mg. One male on Cleeve 
Hill, 4.vi.60. 

Volucella inflata (F.) One male on roadside umbel by Colesborne 
Hall, 9.vi.60. Another seen in Chedworth Woods on the 
same day. 

Eristalis horticola (Degeer). Abundant at Hawthorn flowers 
around Postlip, 4.vi.60. 

Sphegina clunipes (Fallen). One male, Chedworth Woods, 
9.vi.60. 

Cheilosia honesta Rondani. One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. 

Cheilosia antiqua Mg. One male Cleeve Hill, 4.vi.60. 

Pipiza austriaca Mg. One female, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. 


160 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1/1962 


CONOPIDAE : 

Myopa testacea (L.) One beaten off Hawthorn flowers, Pinchley 
Wood, 8.vi.60. ) 

PLATYSTOMIDAE : 

Platystoma seminationis (L.) Piinaadentt throughout the Coles- 
borne, Chedworth and Withington areas, 4-9.vi.60. 

OTITIDAE : 

Otites guttata (Mg). Very common in all the woods and copses 
in the Colesborne, Chedworth and Withington areas 
especially on Dog’s Mercury, 4-9.vi.60. 

Herina germinationis (Rossi.) One female, Lye Bank, 6.1x.59. 

Seioptera vibrans (LL) Two on the house window at Heanor, 
10.vi.60. 


TRYPETIDAE: 


Urophora stylata (F.) A pair in cop in rough field near the 
Major Oak, 11.vi.60. 

Trypeta falcata (Scop.). One female swept from thistle growing 
by roadside at Chedworth Woods 9.vi.60. 

Psinipaz: 

Chyliza annulipes Mcq. One female on rotten beech stump in 
copse by Colesborne Hall, 5.vi.60. A further male in deep 
shade on edge of wood in Postlip Warren, 4.vi.60. 

ScIOMYZIDAE : 

Sciomyza dubia Fallen. A few seen on Cleeve Hill, 4.vi.60. 

S. albocostata Fallen. Seen in all the woods worked around 
Chedworth, Colesborne, Withington, and Postlip, 4-9.vi.60. 

Ditaenia cinerella (Fallen). Numerous on Cleeve Hill, 4.vi.60. 

Trypetoptera punctulata (Scop.) Several in Postlip Warren, Lye 
Bank, and Chedworth Woods, 4-9.vi.60, 6.1x.59. 

Limnia fumigata (Scop.) Several seen in Postlip and Chedworth 
Woods, 4-9.vi.60. Also two females and one male at Lye 
Bank, 6.1x.59. 

LTimnia wnguicornis (Scop.) A few seen in Chedworth Woods, 
7.v1.60. 

OPOMYZIDAE: 

Opomyza germinationis (.) Starting to come out on Cleeve 
Hill, 4.vi.60. , 

oO ane (F.) Several near Lye Bank; only noted in a very 
small area, 6.1x.59. 

HELOMYZIDAE : 

Helomyza dumicola Collin. One beaten out of Lime foliage in 
small copse by Little Colesborne, 5.vi.60. 

TACHINIDAE : maps 

Ernestia rudis (Fallén). One. male, Withington Woods, 9.vi.60. 

Varichaeta connivens (Zett.) One male, Chedworth Woods, 
9.vi.60. 

CALLIPHORIDAE : 

Sarcophaga roselle1 Boettcher. One male, Chedworth Woods, 
9.vi.60. ; 

Sarcophaga crassimargo Pand. One male, Chedworth Woods, 
9.vi.60. 

Sarcophaga aratriz Pand. One male, Heanor, 10.vi.60. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 161 


Sarcophaga subvicina Rohd. Numerous around Lye Bank, 
6.1x.59. 

Sarcophaga dissimilis Mg. One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.v1.60. 

Helicobosca distinguenda Ville. One female at rest on Dogs 
Mercury in Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. 

Nyctia halterata (Pz.) Numerous on edge of small copse between 
Little Colesborne and Monkham Wood, 7.vi.60. 

Melinda coerulea (Mg.) One male, Chedworth Woods, 7.vi.60; 
abundant. 

MuUscipDaE: 

Musca autumnalis Deg. Numerous in all the areas worked, 

. 4-12.vi.60. 

Muscina pabulorum (Fallén). One male in garden at Heanor, 
10.vi.60. 

Polietes lardaria (F.) Abundant in all the areas worked, 
4-12.vi.60. 

Phaonia pallida (F.) Two males in copse near ford at Lye Bank, 
8.vi.60. 

Phaonia perdita (Mg.) One male on bramble leaf in clearing in 
Postlip Woods, 4.vi.60. 

Helina lasiophthalma (Macq.) One male, Chedworth Woods, 
9.v1.60. 

Helina impuncta (Fallén). One male in house; Heanor, 10.vi.60. 

Helina pertusa (Mg.) One female on house window, Heanor, 


10.vi.60. 

Helina depuncta (Fallén). One female, Lye Bank, 8.vi.60. 

Mycophaga fungorum (Degeer). One male on house window; 
Heanor, 10.vi.60. 

Erioischia brassicae (Bouché), One male, Chedworth Woods, 
9.vi.60. 


Notes and Observations 


THe Canary IsLanps AND CENTRAL SpaIn.—I am afraid that Mr. 
Hayward has fired his broadside in defence of Baron de Worms (antea, 
81) without troubling to identify his target. In the original article the 
name of the foodplant was spelled Asclepius cuvassavica. I pointed 
out that the correct spelling was Asclepias cwrasavica, with which Mr. 
Hayward appears to agree. It is Mr. Hayward’s comment and not 
mine that is uncalled for.—D. G. SEvastorputo, Mombasa, P.O. Box 
5026. 27.iv.1962. 


CuRRENT LITERATURE: THE NIGERIAN ButTTERFLIES.—With reference 
to Major Johnson’s notes under this heading (antea, 68) I would draw 
readers’ attention to the recent paper by R. H. Carcasson of the Coryn- 
don Museum, Nairobi, entitled The Acraea Butterflies of East Africa 
and published as a Special Supplement (No. 8) to the Journal of the 
East African Natural History Society in October 1961. This consists of 
keys, brief descriptions and black and white figures. This should prove 
extremely valuable to anyone studying this family.. With reference to 
Major Johnson’s remarks on the cyanide resistance of the Acraeidae, 
they all die quickly if exposed to the fumes of tetrachlorethane, as 
quickly as a Pierid or any other butterfly. Whilst agreeing generally 


162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VI/1962 


with Major Johnson that the genus Acraea is associated with grass'and, 
there are quite a number of species, at least in East Africa, that are 
definitely forest dwellers.—D. G. Spvastoputo, P.O. Box 5026, Mombasa. 
27.1v.62. 


LAPHYGMA EXIGUA AT BromiEy, Kent.—I was gratified to take one 
specimen of Laphygma exigua Hiibn. at mercury vapour light here on 
both of the evenings of May 7 and 8. They were both males in good 
condition, but the first is considerably larger than the second and more 
distinctly marked; its pinkish orbicular and reniform are very obvious. 
The smaller one has ochreous stigmata which are comparatively obscure. 
—D. R. M. Lone, White Croft, Marvelstone Close, Bromley, Kent. 
15.v.1962. 


LAPHYGMA EXIGUA Htsn. IN SuRREY.—It will be of interest to note 
that I took a male small mottled willow moth at mercury vapour light 
in my garden on the night of 8th May 1962.—E. A. Sapier, 1 New Farm 
Cottages, Knowle Lane, Cranleigh, Surrey. 18.v.1962. 


SPARGANOTHIS PILLERIANA SCHIFF. IN HAMPSHIRE.—I would like to 
place on record the finding of an almost fully fed larva of Sparganothis 
pilleriana Schiff. in spun leaves of bog myrtle (Myrica gale) in an open 
part of the New Forest a few miles from Ringwood, on 2nd July 1961. 
This larva pupated a few days later in its spun leaves, and the imago 
duly emerged on 25th July 1961. My thanks go to Mr. S. Wakely who 
kindly identified this insect for me.—E. A. Santer, 1 New Farm Cot- 
tages, Knowle Lane, Cranleigh, Surrey. 18.v.1962. 


NymPpHALis to L. IN THE CHANNEL Istanps.—I have received from Mr. 
Peter Kneale a cutting from the local press stating that Nymphalis io L. 
was seen sunning itself on rocks on Little Sark at Easter. The 
cutting adds that this island is the home of an infinite variety of butter- 
flies and moths during the summer season. It may be that this announce- 
ment is not without an ulterior motive, but we have not heard many 
reports from the Channel Islands in recent years.—ED. 


BREEDING CERAPTERYX GRAMINIS L. AND THOLERA CESPITIS SCHIFF.— 
I was pleased to obtain eggs from female Cerapteryx graminis L. and 
Tholera cespitis Schiff. captured in my m.v. trap here on 18th August 
and 9th September 1960. In each case about 40 or 50 eggs were laid 
quite loosely in a glass-bottomed cardboard box and were kept in small 
glass-topped tins in a garden shed throughout the winter. The graminis 
eggs began to hatch on 16th March and the cespitis eggs on 20th March 
1961. The young larva were fed on a grass which seemed to fall into the 
category of ‘‘hard’’ grasses mentioned by Buckler, and which I decided 
later was Festuca ovina. The graminis larvae did not do well and all but 
two larvae died in their first instar. The two that survived their infancy 
were fed up in a small plastic box on plucked grass—at first only F. ovina 
but later Poa annua as well, as they ate it readily. These larvae did 
not seem to mind the absence of growing grass, but I found it necessary 
to change their food frequently as the gathered grass quickly withered 
and turned yellow even in an air-tight container. These larvae duly 
pupated in a layer of earth in the bottom of their box and two rather 
small females emerged on 29th June 1961. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 163 


The cespitis larvae were treated in precisely the same way (though 
more containers were used) as it seemed to suit them sufficiently and they 
seemed to thrive. Nevertheless their numbers gradually dwindled and 
only about 15 became full grown. From the pupae produced by these 
eight moths emerged between 18th-24th July 1961. 

As is well known, the larvae of these two species are very similar in 
appearance and habits and as is mentioned by Buckler, the larvae of 
cespitis is quite attractive in its third and fourth instars; the colour 
being a clear grass-green with white longitudinal stripes; later the 
colour darkens. It is in the green stage that the larvae shows most 
vigorously its habit when disturbed of twisting its head and tail into a 
semi-circle and then flicking itself straight again. It would appear that 
the immature green larvae rest high up in the grass stems but that later 
they retire to the roots during the day.—D. R. M. Lone, White Croft, 
Marvelstone Close, Bromley, Kent. 15.v.1962. 


SILVER CLOUDS AMONG THE GREY.—In view of the late season and un- 
mentionable weather, it was with some misgivings that we set out for 
Somerset on 4th May. The weather at Taunton, however, was quite 
pleasant, and searching the posts nearby quickly produced three 
NVylomyges conspicillaris L. It was three hours before we found the 
fourth and last specimen to be encountered at rest. There was very 
little on the posts, conspicillaris being the commonest moth followed by 
two or three Apatele rumicis L. and Xylocampa areola Esp. 


That night we set up two m.v. lghts, one connected to a portable 
trap. Only common species were seen until about 10.30 p.m. when the 
trap produced one Silver Cloud. Shortly after, another flew in to the 
sheet, and by 3 a.m. nine specimens had been taken, bringing the total 
bag to thirteen. Other welcome visitors were two Lithophane 
semibrunnea Haw. and one Cucullia verbasci L., all of which came well 
after midnight. Sixteen species of macros were recorded. Apart from 
two of those taken at rest, all the conspicillaris were of the dark 
melaleuca form. 


Operations ceased at 3 a.m. and London was reached in good time 
after passing through a police check at Wincanton and an all-night 
café west of Andover, which should be avoided at all costs.—R. G. 
CHATELAIN and B. F. SKINNER. 


HoPLITIS MILHAUSERI Fas. AND NOTODONTA TRITOPHUS SCHIFF. IN 
Spain.—I found Mr. Greenwood’s article in the March issue very 
interesting, and in particular his mention of Hoplitis milhauseri Fab. 
in Spain in April 1961, because my wife and I spent the first two weeks 
of April 1960 at Tossa de Mar on the Costa Brava and I noticed about 
six examples of this elegant prominent (which, from my limited reading, 
I understood to be scarce throughout Europe) at lighted windows and 
sea-wall lamps. As I noticed only one or two deciduous oaks in the 
vicinity, I take it the larva must feed on the cork trees which abound 
in the area. At the same time I noticed a similar number of Notodontu 
tritophus Schiff. The first one of these I found was a female and she 
laid a large number of eggs. 

I found the resulting larvae very difficult to rear. The young larvae 
were extremely restless and reluctant to feed on the black poplar with 
which they were provided. It appeared to me that they continually 


164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VI/1962 


sought light and height, which might indicate that they prefer the tops 
of the trees in nature. Nevertheless, about a dozen larvae survived the 
flight home and eight moths emerged between Ist and 18th July. The 
larger larvae gave no trouble and were very like N. ziezac L. though 
larger and more contorted, and, of course, with an extra hump.—D. R. 
M. Lone. 


BREEDING TETHEA OCcULARIS L.—I have heard or read that it is diff- 
cult to get Tethea ocularis L. to lay, and that the young larvae are 
difficult to rear. I captured a female of this species in my mercury 
vapour trap here on 14th June 1961 and by the following evening she 
had laid at least fifty whitish eggs on a poplar leaf in the glass-bottomed 
pill box in which I had confined her. These eggs were curiously flat and 
almost amorphous to the naked eye and seemed to resemble a blister- 
like discoloration I have seen on poplar leaves. 

The eggs began to hatch on 22nd June and the young larvae gave no 
trouble. They immediately made their tabernacles between two 
adjacent leaves and the only deaths of young larvae were from condensa- 
tion. The young larvae were kept in a small plastic container and the 
necessity of taking them to Cornwall for a week resulted in their being 
kept so until they were nearly half grown. They were somewhat over- 
crowded and some fatalities occurred in an excess of spun silk. On 
return, the large larvae were kept in a ventilated cage on cut poplar 
twigs placed in water, and I now have some two dozen pupae.—D. R. 
M. Lone, White Croft, Marvelstone Close, Bromley, Kent. | 


ZEITSCHRIFT DER WIENER ENTOMOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT 46: No. 1, 
15.i.1961, has notes on the biology of Peloponnesia megaspiliella Sieder 
by Rudolf Léberbauer, on Eupista supinella Ortner in Lower Austria 
by Wolfgang Glasser, and further work on the Lycaenid genus 
Agrodiaetus Seudd. by Walter Forster. No. 2, 15.11.1961, has notes on 
the Lepidoptera of Lower Austria by Hans Reisser: Jan Zelny writes 
on Pieris bryoniae O. in the Carpathians with a distribution map. Jozef 
Razowski contributes a study of the Cochylidae types in the Vienna 
Nat. Hist. Museum, with 14 text figures of genitalia, and Klaus Sattler 
writes on a new synonymy of European Gelechiidae. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (41) 


THYATIRIDAE 
Habrosyne pyritoides Hufn. (derasa L.): Buff Arches. 

Native.! Woods, etc.; on bramble. Apparently never abundant, 
though frequent, particularly at m.v., and recorded from all divisions. 
Perhaps casual in 15. ‘‘Scarce’’ (V.C.H. (1908)). 

In 1952, the moth was noted at Bexley as early as May 30 (A. 
Heselden); and in 1954, at Wye, as late as August 15 (W. L. Rudland); 
there appears, however, to be only one generation. 

The larva has been taken on bramble at Darenth Wood, October 11, 
1924 (F. T. Grant), and at Ham Street, September 15, 1951 (C.-H.). 

15. Dungeness, 1957 (S. Wakely); July 7, 1959 (C. R. Haxby, fide 
A. M. Morley). 

First Recorp, 1829: Darenth Wood, occasionally (Stephens, Haust., 
3: 48). 


1There is some indication that it may also be migratory. Thus, one was taken 
July 23, 1954, on the North Goodwin Light Vessel, 7 miles off Ramsgate 
(T. Rouget, fide French, Entomologist, 88: 129). 


Thyatira batis L.: Peach Blossom. 


Native. ._ Woods; on bramble. Found in all divisions, except 9. 
Perhaps casual in 15. 

_A partial second generation may occasionally occur. Thus, Vinall 
(Entomologist, 36: 267) records one at sugar, September 9, 1903; Fenn 
(Diary), noted a few at West Wickham, August 24, 1861; and E. A. 
Sadler observed it at Sevenoaks Weald, August 21, 24, 1959, also there 
the same year on May 11, an exceptionally early date. 

Though usually rather uncommon, the moth has very occasionally 
been observed plentifully. Beeching (Ent. Rec., 2: 229) records that in 
1891, at Tunbridge Wells, it ‘‘swarmed at sugar’’; and at Den Grove, 
near Sturry, at about 10.30 p.m., on June 26, 1940, I took ten, all 
hovering about and settling on a damaged oak trunk, from which sap 
was oozing (C.-H.). 

The larva appears to be very seldom noted, despite its rather curious 
apearance, and the only record I have is that of H. C. Huggins (in 
litt.), who states that he found two or three on bramble at Bysing Wood 
(div. 3), where he adds the moth was common. 

15. Dungeness, one, August 16, 1933 (A. M. Morley). 

Variation.—Alderson (Ent. Rec., 2: 108) records one that he took in 
1890 [at Farnborough], ‘‘evidently fresh from pupa, but instead of 
possessing the usual pink-tinted blotches, they are all of delicate brown, 
without (or to speak more correctly, having the faintest tinge of) pink’’. 

One of my specimens from Den Grove, 1940, is referable to ab. 
juncta Tutt (C.-H.). In R.C.K. are: ab. indecorata Turner, one, bred, 
Charing, July 1918; ab. juncta Tutt, two, bred, Charing, July 1918. 

First Recorp, 1829: Darenth Wood, 1820 (Stephens, Haust., 
2: 156). 


Tethea ocularis L. (octogessima Hiibn.): Figure of Eighty. 


Resident.! Woods, etc.; on Populus tremula, P. nigra, [P. italica]. 
The species first appeared in div. 1 in 1900, since when it has gradu- 
ally extended its range eastwards, but up to 1929, was still scarce and 
only known from W. Kent. Has been noted far more plentifully since 


(42) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 74 1lb/ VL/ 1962 


about 1946, and at the present time is apparently rather well distributed 
and locally not uncommon. 

1. Bexley district, 2 drying wings on Lombardy Poplar trunk, 
June 20, 1900 (Newman, Ent. Rec., 12: 218); one, June 1909, L. W. 
Newman (R.C.K.); 2 emerged May 15, 1952, from wild pupa, October 
20, 1951 (J. F. Burton) (L. T. Ford); two at m.v., June 138—July 20, 
1952 (A. Heselden). West Wickham, one at sugar, June 9, 1926 
(Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1930-31: 75); 1951 (EK. 
Trundell); two, at m.v., July 7, 1958, including one melanic (C.-H.). 
Bromley, one, June 1920 (W. A. Cope; typical 9, bred 1927, W. A. 
Cope (D. G. Marsh coll.). Sidcup, a pupa, September 1924; one at 
sugar, July 2, 1925; one, at light, June 24, 1936; one, at light, June 
27, 1937 (A. R. Kidner). Petts Wood, one, 1948 (E .Evans); larva on 
aspen, 1951 (A. M. Swain). Chislehurst, took about half-a-dozen larvae, 
1929-30 (S. F. P. Blyth). Abbey Wood (Juby & Hards (1925)), at 
light, 1952 (A. J. Showler). Greenwich Park; Bexley; Joydens Wood 
(D. F. Owen, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 122). Orpington, 1953 
(L. W. Siggs); noted about six in 1957 at m.v., ‘‘including, on July 3, 
the only melanic I have encountered’’ (R. G. Chatelain). Blackheath, 
not rare at m.v., 1959 (A. A. Allen). Bromley, one, May 31, one, June 
16, 1960, seven, 1961, including two on June 28; a larva on black 
poplar, August 13, 1959 (D. R. M. Long). 

3. Great Hall Wood, one, at sugar, June 27, 1946 (D. G. Marsh and 
C.-H.). Den Grove, Sturry, one melanic, June 11, 1947 (C.-H., Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 57). Broad Oak, one, June 16, 
1952 (C.-H.). Herne Bay, one, 1948, one, 1951, three, 1952, one, 1953; 
one, melanic, June 20, 1947, two, melanic, 1951, two, melanic, 1952, two, 
melanic, 1953 (Marsh, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-53: 39; 
D. G. Marsh coll.). 


4. Sandwich, one, June 20, 1947 (R. P. Demuth). Ickham, one, 
1955, one, July 15, 1956; both typical (D. G. Marsh coll.); one, melanic, 
one, ‘‘semi-melanic’’, both 1955 (Marsh, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1955: 35). 

5. Westerham, fairly numerous annually at least since c.1949; no 
melanics (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Gravesend, about twelve on street lamps over a period of 7-8 
years, c.1900-07 (H. C. Huggins); July 1, 1911, June 16, 1914, July 9, 
1926 (F. T. Grant). Pinden, two, 1951, three, 1952, one, 1953; one, 
melanic, June 8, 1950, one, melanic, June 28, 1953 (EK. J. Hare coll.). 
Otford, seven, June 21—July 14, 1955; twelve, May 29—July 16, 1956 
(W. B. L. Manley). Eynsford, June 19, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). 

6a. Darenth (L. T. Ford); c.1948 (D. F. Owen, in de Worms, Lond. 
Nat., 1953: 122). Lords Wood (E. J. Hare). 

7. Westwell, two, 1951 (L. C. Bushby, fide E. Scott); one, 1953 (D. 
G. Marsh). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Brook* (C. A. W. Duffield, in Scott (1936)). Dover, several, 
1954 (B. O. C. Gardiner). Reinden Wood, one, melanic, bred September 
17, 1954 (D. G. Marsh coll.).. Betteshanger, July 6, 1957 (R. F. 
Bretherton). 

9. St. Peters, three, June 23-25, 1948 (J. W. C. Hunt); seven, 
May 28—July 2, 1956; two, melanic, June 26, 1956 (W. D. Bowden). 

10. Sevenoaks, June 26, 1920 (Gillett, Diary); three, bred, May 13, 
1921, F. Gillett (R.C.K.). Brasted, one at sugar (R. M. Prideaux). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (43) 


11. Aylesford, several, 1953-54 (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood, 
1953 (E. Scott). Sevenoaks Weald, June 11, 21, 24, July 1, 1959 (F. 
A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street, a larva on aspen, August 29, 1930; one, July 4, 
1931; one, taken by A. G. Riddell, June 7, 1950 (A. M. Morley); 1935, 
1951-53 (E. J. Hare); one, 1948 (D. G. Marsh); twelve at m.v., July 
6-7, 1951, several worn specimens, end of July 1951, one, July 16, 1952; 
all in Long Rope Wood (C.-H.); one, July 16, 1955 (W. D. Bowden); 
June 30, July 7, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); one, June 16, 1956 (W. B. L. 
Manley); July 28, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); July 8, 1958; 1960 (de 
Worms, Entomologist, 92: 71, 94: 161). Wye, two, June 15-July 14, 
1955, two June 29-July 6, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Willesborough, two, 
June 23-28, 1954, two, June 27-July 19, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ash- 
ford, June 24, 1953, July 9, 15, 1954; one, melanic, 1955 (P. Cue). 
Chartham (P. B. Wacher). 


13, Tunbridge Wells, one, bred from pupa, 1930 (R.C.K.). Goud- 
hurst, two or three annually, five in 1955 (W. V. D. Bolt). 


14. Sandhurst, one, bred May 26, 1931, from larva beaten (G. V. 
Bull). Tenterden, 1960 (C. G. Orpin). 


15. Dymchurch, fifteen, of which two were melanic, July 1952 
(Wakely, Hnt. Rec., 65: 42). Lydd, one, June 13, 1953 (C.-H.). Dunge- 
ness, one, 1957 (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 42). 

16. Folkestone Town, one, June 30, 1950, three, July 2-3, one July 
7, 1951, 3, June 24, 1952, a melanic ¢, June 30, 1952, 2°, June 13, 
1954, 2°, July 5, 1955; one, melanic taken by R. W. Fawthrop, 1956; one, 
worn, July 9, 1959 (A. M. Morley). 

VARIATION.—Iit 1947, a number of melanic ocularis were taken in 
N. E. Kent, since when others have occurred in various parts of the 
county. The degree of intensity of darkness exhibited in these examples 
varies somewhat, but the only two that I possess, one from Den Grove, 
June 11, 1947 (apparently the first melanic noted), the other, West 
Wickham, 1958, are referable to ab. franckii Boegl. (C.-H.). 

First Recorp, 1900: Bexley district (Newman, Ent. Rec., 12: 218). 


1The fact that certain blackish forms (known for many years on the continent, 
particularly in N. France and Belgium) occurred in north-east Kent in 
1947, their first appearance in the county as well as possibly in Gt. 
Britain, strongly suggests that ocularis may also be an _ occasional 
immigrant from abroad. 


T. or Schiff.: Poplar Lutestring. 


Native. Woods; on aspen. Fairly local. 

A partial second generation may occasionally occur: two specimens 
having been taken at sugar at Ham Street, August 16, 1952 (C.-H., Ent. 
Rec., 64: 288). 

1. West Wickham (Tugwell, Ent. week. Int., 3: 11); common at 
sugar, 1928-29 (S. Wakely). Shooters Hill; Eltham (Wool. Surv. 
(1909)). Bexley (Wool. Surv. (1909)); (L. T. Ford). Bromley (W. A. 
Cope). Bexley Park Woods, larva, July 18, 1915 (A. R. Kidner). 
Chislehurst, fairly common at sugar; three larvae, 1942 (S. F. P. 
Blyth). Farningham Woods, larva, September 23, 1951 (Haynes, Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,; 1951-52: 81). 

3. Blean, larva; Bysing Wood, larva (H. C. Huggins). Den Grove, 


(44) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 


two, June 25, 1938, one, June 30, 1940 (C.-H.). 

5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6a. Darenth (Stephens, Hauwst., 3: 53) (Douglas, Zoologist, 687) 
(Harding, Ent. week. Int., 4: 84); larvae in leaves of “‘dwarf poplar’’ 
(Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 1: 190); larva, September 24, 1909, larva, 
September 25, 1910 (A. R. Kidner); two, at sugar, June 25, 1925 (F. T. 
Grant). Lords Wood (EK. J. Hare). Mark Oak Wood* (Chaney (1884- 
87)). 
7. Chatham district* (Tyrer, Ent. week. Int., 7: 4). Wigmore 
Wood (Chaney (1884-87). Westwell, 2, July 8, 1932 (Scott (1936)). 
Boxley (A. H. Harbottle). . 


8. Dover (Stonestreet, Hnt. week. Int., 10: 186). Folkestone* 
(Ullyett (1880)).. Reinden Wood, three at sugar, July 8, 1930 (Morley 
(1931)); one, June 6, 1933 (A. M. Morley). Whitehill Wood, two at 
sugar, July 11, 1930 (A. M. Morley). Covert Wood, larva (H. C. 
Huggins). Elham (W. E. Busbridge). . 


10. Sevenoaks (W. E. Busbridge) (H. E. Hammond); one at light, 
1949 (F. D.. Greenwood). Seal Chart (Coote, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1937-38: 45). ; ASA 


11. Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)). Tonbridge, common (H. E. 
Hammond). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood, at sugar, ¢. 
1953 (P: Cue). 


12. Ham Street, ais larvae on aspen, August 29, 1930, two larvae, 
July 24, August 16, five imagines, July 4, 1931, one, July 8, 1933, two 
at sugar, July 14, ane! July 20, larva, July 28, 1934, two, June 1-2, two, 
June 8, two, June 14, one, and one larva, July 20, 1935, five at sugar, 
June 23, 1948 (A. M .Morley); regular in small numbers in Long Rope, 
at light and sugar, between 1937 and 1960 (C.-H.); June 2-5, 1950, six 
at sugar, June 1, 1956, one, July 28, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); May 31, 
1958 (de Worms, Entomologist, 92: 70). Wye* (Scott (1950)). Willes- 
borough, one at light, 1957 (M. Singleton). 

14. Knock Wood (Beale, Diary). Sandhurst; Hawkhurst (G. V. 
Bull). | 


VaRiaTION.—A_ striking aberration, permarginata Hasebk., dark 
with pale marginal areas, used repeatedly to be taken at sugar in 
Barnfield Wood near Bromley, by the late W. A. Cope. From captured 
29, Cope told me he reared a number of this ab., and that it always 
bred true. His examples of permarginata in my coll., six in all, are 
dated 1920, 1927, 1929 (C.-H.). Wakely (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1930-31: 75) records having taken a specimen at West Wickham 
in 1929, which accords with permarginata. In R.C.K. are four per- 
marginata from W. A. Cope, Bromley, one, June 1927, one 1929, one, 
bred, 1929, one, bred, June 1930. 

eT ete 1929 : Stephens, Haust., 3: 53. 


T. duplaris L.: Common Lutestring. 
Native. Woods; on birch. Local and mainly among Kroll but 
apparently Becaktouilky among. alder.! 


1. Noted from many localities throughout this division. Recent 
records are:—West Wickham, common at sugar, 1926 (S. Wakely); 
July 30, 1951, one, melanic, August 4, 1954 (EK. J. Trundell). Farning- 
ham Wood, two larvae, September 29, 1929, larva, September 25, 1930, 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (45) 


several larvae, September 11, 1937 (A. R. Kidner). Petts Wood, few 
annually, 1947-49, all melanic (EK. Evans) (Haynes, Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1951-52: 18); 1953-54, common at sugar, there being as 
many as 4-5 per patch (R. G. Chatelain). Plumstead Common; Abbey 
Wood, 1952 (A. J. Showler). Orpington, 1954 (L. W. Siggs). Bromley, 
three, 1959, ten, 1960, sixteen, 1961; in 1960, one was noted as late 
as September 3; on August 13, 1961, four were noted (D. R. M. Long). 


3. Thornden Wood, one, worn, at sugar, July 29, 1865 (Fenn, 
Diary). Near Canterbury* (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). Blean, one, 
July 15, 1905 (J. P. Barrett) (H. C. Huggins). Bysing Wood (H. C. 
Huggins). Church Wood, three, July 4, 1960 (D. G. Marsh). 


6. Longfield (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54) 11). Greenhithe (Farn 
MS.). Stone, one, c.1950 (G. Law). Otford, three, in m.v. trap, July 
15-17, 1955 (W. B. L. Manley). 


6a. Darenth (Stephens, Haust., 3: 52); one, June 16, 1862, four, 
July 1, 1865 (Fenn, Diary) (Carrington, Entomologist, 12: 211); larva, 
1925 (F. T. Grant) (H. C. Huggins) (E. J. Hare). Chattenden, July 13, 
1875 (Fenn, Diary). Mark Oak Wood* (Chaney (1884-87)). 


7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell (Scott (1936)); July 
22, 1946 (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1946-47: 168). Long 
Beech Wood, one, worn, July 29, 1939 (C.-H.). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. 
Harbottle). 


8. Dover (Stonestreet, Ent. week. Int., 10: 186); one, 1898, six, 
1899 (H. D. Stockwell coll.) ; a few (B. O. C. Gardiner); Poulton Woods, 
June 27, 30, 1908 (P. A. Cardew, Diary). Deal* (V.C.H. (1908)). Near 
Waldershare, very common; Ewell Minnis; Coombe Wood, St. Radi- 
gunds (E. & Y. (1949)). Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)). Reinden Wood, 
Q, beaten out, July 12, 1929 (W. O. W. Edwards, teste A. M. Morley) ; 
five, at sugar, July 17, four, at sugar, July 22, 1929 (Morley (1931)). 
Whitehill Wood, near Bridge, three, at sugar, July 11, 1929 (A. M. 
Morley). Elham (W. E. Busbridge). Elham Valley, one, July 8, 1953 
(D. G. Marsh coll.). Brook (C. A. W. Duffield). 


10. Brasted, @, 1917 (Gillett, Diary); at light (R. M. Prideaux). 
Sevenoaks (Howarth, Proc. S. Lond, ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: 31). 

11. Harrietsham (Stephens, Entomologist, 1: 200). Wateringbury 
(V.C.H. (1908)). Shipbourne (P. A. & D. J. A. Buxton coll.). Hoads 
Wood (Scott (1936)); one, June 14, one, June 19, 1961 (B. K. West). 
Benenden, June 15, July 19, 1938, at sugar and light, July 19, August 
4, 1939, August 5, 1946 (Bull, Diary). Tonbridge, common (H. E. 
Hammond). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis); 1955, more frequent than in 
1954, especially the dark forms (Davis, Bull. Kent Fld. Cl., 1956, 1: 6). 

12. Ham Street, three, July 8, 1933, two, July 14, 1934 (A. M. 
Morley); July 19, 1934 (A. L. J. Bowes) July 3, 17, 1937 (Bull, Diary) 
(Demuth, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 23); one, July 
20, 1961 (B. K. West). Chartham, one, 1952 (P. B. Wacher). Ashford, 
one, July 14, 1954 melanic ‘P. Cue). Wye, one, July 15, 1955, two, 
July 22—August 10, 1956; Willesborough, two, July 17—August 5, 
1955, four, July 19-27, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, formerly frequent in Frant Road (EK. D. 
Morgan). Kilndown, July 15, 1938 (Bull, Diary). 

14. Knock Wood (Beale, Diavy). Bedgebury, July 10, 1927, July 
12, 1939 (Bull, Diary), Hawkhurst, one at light, 1952 (B. G. Chatfield). 


(46) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/V1/1962 


15. Dungeness, one at light, July 27, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton). 

16. Folkestone, one at m.yv., July 26, 1957 (A. M. Morley). 

VaRIATION.—Of my fifteen Bromley specimens from W. A. Cope, 
dated 1927, 1929, only five are typical, the remainder being referable 
to ab. obscura Tutt (C.-H.). 

First Recorp, 1829: Stephens, Haust., 3: 52. 


lJames (Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1901: 62) recorded it as common 
at Eltham (div. 1) among alder. 


T. fluctuosa Hiibn.: Satin Lutestring. 
Native. Woods; on birch. Local, with seemingly a preference for 
light soils. 


1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 52). West Wickham, larva 
and imago (Machin, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76); larvae beaten from birch, 
autumn (1863) (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 1: 50); fine imago and full-fed 
larva, August 17, 1880 (Harper, Entomologist, 13: 219); 1892 (Wells, 
Entomologist, 25: 194); three, May 22, 1893 (Robinson, Entomologist, 
26: 224): one, July 7, 1902, two, June 1909, one, June 1910 (EK. Nottle 
coll.); June 6, 1910 (Mannering, Hntomologist, 43: 204); six, June 27, 
1910 (L. T. Ford); one, 1917 (Kershaw, Entomologist, 43: 204). Shooters 
Hill Wood, August 5, 1862, one seen by A. H. Jones (Fenn, Diary). 
Eltham, one, at light (Jones, in Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1901: 62) probably refers to the preceding record (C.-H.). Forest 
Hill, one, 1886 (Cansdale, Ent. Rec., 2: 69). Farnborough neighbour- 
hood,* 1901 (Lawrence, Entomologist, 34: 355), Bexley district 
(Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Farningham Woods, one, June 5, 
1952 (B. K. West). 

3. Near Canterbury,* a few specimens, July 1871 (Parry, Ento- 
mologist, 5: 394). Church Woods, July 1895 (S. Wacher).  Bysing 
Wood, common, 1914, not seen since (H. C. Huggins). 

6. Near Gravesend, bred, May, 1868 (Vaughan, Hnt. Ann., 1869: 
133). Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 52); 1844 (Douglas, 
Zoologist, 687); one, 1845 (Stevens, Zoologist, 1787); 1853 (Harding, 
Zoologist, 3923); larvae not uncommon (Machin, Ent. week. Int., 1: 
76); June 23, 1860 (Fenn., Ent. week. Int., 9: 59); one, June 21, 1862 
(Fenn, Diary); larva, autumn (1863) (Meek, Hnt. mon. Mag., 1: 50). 
Chattenden, one, July 26, 1862 (Fenn, Diary); 1904-06, one or two beaten 
out (H. C. Huggins). Chattenden district, 1905 (Ovenden, Hnt. Rec., 
Li yea RAs | 

7. Wigmore Wood, June 14, 1864 (D. J. French, in Chaney (1884- 
87)). Westwell, July 15, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes) (Scott) 1936)); ‘‘much 
rarer here since the war’’; one, August 1, 1954 (KE. Scott, verbatim, 
19.xii.1954). White Hill, King’s Wood, a few at light, 1935 (A. G. 
Peyton & E. Scott, teste A. J. L. Bowes) (Scott (1936)); two at light, 
June 20, 1936 (A. M. Morley). Long Beech Wood, about twelve worn 
specimens, of both sexes, at car lights, July 29, 1939 (C.-H.). 


8. Dover, two, 1861 (Stonestreet, Ent. week. Int., 10: 186). Folke- 
stone* (Ullyett (1880)). Near Barham, 1935, 1945 (EK. & Y. (1949)). 
Elham (W. E. Busbridge); July 4, 1959 (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 
177). 

10. Wildernesse Park (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 80). Seven- 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (47) 


oaks (Crewdson, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1934-35: 47); two, 
June 21, one, July 5, 1919 (Gillett, Diary). Ide Hill (EK. J. Hare). 
Brasted, imagines on fences, ova on edge of birch leaves (R. M. Prid- 
eaux). Westerham, larva, September 13, 1924 (Carr & Turner, Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1924-25: 107). Crockham Hill, one, at 
light, June 30, 1951 (R. C. Edwards & C.-H.). Goodley Stock, five, 
June 30, about 30 at light, July 6, 1956 (C.-H.). 

11. Wateringbury, two, 1906, one, 1908, one, 1911 (E. Goodwin coll.). 
Near Tonbridge, common at light in a wood, 1939 (H. E. Hammond). 
Aylesford, not uncommon at m.v., 1951-55 (G. A. N. Davis). Park Wood, 
near Detling, three on a street lamp, June 24, 1961 (B. IK. West). 

12. Willesborough, one, August 3, 1954; Wye, one, June, 21, one, 
July 21, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ashford Town, one, at m.v., in garden, 
June 25, 1955 (P. Cue). Ham Street, melanic ¢, June 15, 1955 (G. H. 
Youden). 

13. Millers Wood, Pembury, 1856 (Weir, Zoologist, 5208; idem, 
Ent. week. Int., 1: 124). Tunbridge Wells, 1894, several, 1895 (Beech- 
ing, Entomologist, 27: 351; idem, Hnt. Rec., 7: 113); one, 1915 (C. G. M. 
de Worms). Broadwater Down, two (A. L. Townsend, in Knipe (1916)). 
Southborough district (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). Kilndown, 
July 10, 27, 1937; Bedgebury, June 22, 1938 (Bull, Diary). 

14. Knock Wood, Tenterden, 1856 (Beale, Diury). Benenden Woods, 
June 10, 15, August 25, 1938, July 19, August 17, 1939 (Bull, Diury). 


Variation.—In R.C.K. are two ab. albilineu Ckne.:—allotype 9°, 
West Wickham, H. W. Barker (Hnt. Rec., 63: 30), one, N. Kent, June, 
1908, L. W. Newman. 

A remarkable ab., and the only example of this rather constant 
speeies ever to have been recorded from the much-worked Ham Street 
Woods, is described by its captor, G. H. Youden, as ‘‘melanic with no 
-markings’’. 

First Recorp, 1829: Stephens, Hawst, 3: 52. 


Asphalia diluta Schiff.: Lesser Lutestring. 


Native. Woods; on oak. Recorded from all divisions, except 16 
(probably present), 2, 4. Perhaps casual in 9, 15. Apparently rather 
searce in 8. ‘‘Common in many places” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


Note: —The moth is occasionally extremely pltntiful. Thus, Stevens 
(Zoologist, 334) records it as abundant at Birch Wood (div. 1) in Septem- 
ber 1843; Carr (Entomologist, 31: 295) states that it was in great 
abundance at sugar at Bexley in 1898; and de Worms (Entomologist, 
90: 181) observed it as particularly plentiful at Hoads Wood (div. 11), 
in 1956. It is usually fairly common at Ham Street, but on September 
21, 1957, R. F. Bretherton noted seeing as many as thirty there, an 
abnormally large number. 


Gillett (Diary) wrote that an imago emerged on August 13, 1917, 
from a wild larva taken at Knockholt (div. 5). A more detailed and 
satisfactory account, however, is that of J. L. Atkinson (in litt.), who 
writes that he beat three larvae out of oak in Blean Woods, June 3, 
1934, the imagines emerging September 7, 10, 12, 1934, and a further 
larva off oak at the same locality, June 5, 1938, from which an imago 
emerged September 16 that year. 

8. Folkestone Warren, one, August 24, 1893 (Fenn, Diary). White- 


(48) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 


hill Wood, Bridge, eight, September 20, 1932 (R. C. Crewdson, teste 
A. M. Morley). Wye, one, September 2, 1934; Brook, seven, October 
10, 1934 (A. M. Morley). Denge Wood, c. 1938 (P. B. Wacher). 

9. St. Peters, one, October 11, 1955 (W. D. Bowden). 

15. Dungeness, one, at sugar, September 28, 1934, by A. G. Peyton; 
2, at sugar, September 11, 1938; Lydd-on-Sea, 2, on street lamp, 
September 17, 1936; Romney Marsh, 2, at m.v., September 10, 1956 (A. 
M. Morley). 

VaRIATION.—A rare ab. having the forewing rufous, with broad 
blackish suffused median band, and other markings absent or much 
obscured, is melanarufa C.-H., ¢ holotype, Plumstead Common, 1956, 
taken by W. A. Cox (C.-H., Entomologist, 94: 281). , 

Buxton (Hnt. Rec., 23: 314) records a ‘‘fine asymmetrical specimen’’, 
in which the ‘‘characteristic bands on the left forewing are run to- 


gether, and this is particularly noticeable on the disc’’. The example 
was taken at Fairhill, Tonbridge, August 28, 1911. 
The following two abs. are in R.C.K.:—hartwiegi Reuss, one, Herne 


Bay, September 1933, A. J. L. Bowes, two, Ham Street, September 
1948, E. A. Cockayne; fuscofasciata Ckne., holotype ¢, Herne Bay, 
A. U. Battley. 

First Recorp, 1829: Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 53). 


Achlya flavicornis L. ssp. galbanus Tutt: Yellow-horned. 
Native. Woods, heaths, commons; on birch. 


1. Recorded from many localities in this div. Recent records are: 
—Petts Wood, fairly common, 1947, one, 1948 (EH. Evans); larvae on 
birch, 1950 (A. M. Swain). Abbey Wood, 1947 (A. J. Showler). Elm- 
stead Woods, one, 1946; Hayes Common, two, March 30, 1946 (D. F. 
Owen). Shooters Hill, one, 1948 (J. F. Burton). West Wickham, one, 
1949, one, 1951 (C.-H.). Bexley, many, March 20, a few, March 21-24, 
1956 (A. Heselden). Orpington, 1954 (L. W. Siggs). Bromley, one, 
1959, two, 1960, four, 1961, fourteen, March 31-April 11, 1962 (D. R. 
M. Long). 

Oss.—At meeting of Society of British Entomologists, April 6, 1852, 
it was stated that some dozens of the wings of this insect had been 
found at the foot of an oak in Plumstead Wood (Zoologist, 3502). 

3. Denstroude, March 15, 1933, March 22, 1934, flying in sun, 
March 28, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes). Barton Wood, fresh 9, on apple 
branch in orchard, March 12, 1938, three gd, at light, March 12-13, 
1945 (C.-H.). Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Trenley Park, about twenty, 
March 25, 1956; Westbere, nine one night, seven another, c. 1955 (D. G. 
Marsh). ; 

5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Pinden (KE. J. Hare). 

6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record) (noted here since, by many 
observers (C.-H.)); one, flying at mid-day, April 11, 1925 (F. T. Grant); 
larva, June 10, 1939 (Atwood, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1939-40: 41). Chattenden, larvae (Chaney (1884-87)). 

7. Westwell, one, March 10, 1948 (Scott (1950)). 

8. Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)). Reinden Wood, ¢ 9, on bush at 
night, March 25, 1930; West Wood, one, March 29, 1930 (Morley (1931)). 
Reinden Wood, one, April 12, 1947 (A. M. Morley). Covert Wood, 
three, April 10, 1956 (W. D. Bowden). 


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PF Re - 
a ee ~ 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: 
Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. WititaMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: 
D. K. McE. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. 
Auten, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.; E. C. M. d’Assis- 
Fonseca, F.R.E.S. 


CONTENTS 


ON SOME TYPE SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS, 
INCLUDING THE LECTOTYPE SELECTION OF ZYGAENA FELIX 
OBERTHUR, LEPIDOPTERA: ZYGAENIDAE. W. G. TREMEWAN ... 125 


COENOBIA RUFA HAWORTH (1809)—SOME REMARKS ON ITS VARIETAL 
NAMES AND COLOURS. W. PARKINSON CURTIS © ... tt ye ey fe} ©) 


A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA RECORDED IN 
LIGHT TRAPS AT OTTERSHAW (NORTH-WEST SURREY) AND 
BISHOP’S STORTFORD (EAST HERTFORDSHIRE), eee dS ae 


BRETHERTON and CLIFFORD CRAUFURD ... ig be ae oi oS ae 
APRIL BUTTERFLIES IN PROVENCE, 1962. R. F. BRETHERTON ... oe pepe ca V/V 
A NEW FORM OF EUMENIS SEMELE L. I. R. P. HESLOP ... 8 we Spat eRAS 
THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH himuemevnies 3S Ill. THE 

LEPTOCERIDAE. ALLAN BRINDLE, F.R.E.S. ... ute by es appease) 
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ... a i, es ips =i ese oa eit Od 


SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS IN KENT: A CRITICAL 
ACCOUNT. PART Il. J. M. -CHALMERS-HUNT ~... ee (41) 


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= THE 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


‘AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by §. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.z.5. 


with the assistance of 


4LLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. Huaeins, F.R.E.Ss. 
Ae Cina: HW L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. 
oe a UNT, F.B.E.S. H. Symes, M.A. 


ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 25s. POST FREE, 


Hon. Treasurer, CLIFFORD CRAUFURD, 
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A A. ALLEN, B.SO., A.R.C.S. C. A. CoLLINGWOOD, B.SO., F.R.E.S. 


AUGUST 1962 


FADING RODDED ENDING 


ONE 


eee | 


ina a New E Edition” 
THE MOTHS 
OF THE BRITISH ISLES — 

In Two Volumes : 


RICHARD ) SOUTH, F. RES. 


FIRST SERIES: Comprising the families : 
Saturniidae, Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, Drepanidae, 
Noctuidae. 


text ea the dlustrations, 


_ The opportunity has been token on m 
revisions in accordance — crept ie 


the species poids ‘Searce and oc 
have a been puctadeds: i: 


is the oe of the Hhiseeatins All 
plates have been re-drawn by the late 
‘E.R.E.S. There have been full Ss mac 
many half-tones and text drawings. ompl 
General Index and also a Specific I di 
provided. Technicalities have been a 
possible, the main object being to provide 
identification of our moths, together 
account of the whole o or a pe - thew 


Volume 1: 98 plates in full colour , 
58 plates in black-and-white 


Volume 2: 69 plates in full colour 
70 saxo in black-and-white 


: as 


Each 35s. net. aaa all 1 Scare ae 


i] 


Collecting Notes, 1961 


By S. WAKELY. 


Wood Walton Fen, Huntingdonshire.—This locality was visited on 
4tn June, on tke occasion of the South London Entomological and Natural 
History Society’s field meeting there. In the previous year I had found 
larvae of Acrocercops imperialella Mann on Symphytrum officinale 
(comfrey), and it was hoped that I would find larvae of the first brood 
on this occasion, but none could be found; it was probably too early. I 
would like to mention here that after the forced emergence of my first 
moth on 16th February (Ent. Rec., 73: 83-86), ten others appeared from 
30th April to 19th May. 


Most of my time on this 1961 visit was spent searching plants for 
larvae, and the best find was a few larvae of Aristotelis morosa Muhl. in 
the leading shoots of Lysimachia vulgaris (yellow loosestrife). Five 
moths emerged a month later, thus adding another rarity to the local list. 
This insect had only been reported previously from Wicken Fen, but Mr. 
J. D. Bradley tells me he took one at light the previous year at Wood 
Walton. Spinnings on the small-leaved sallow bushes provided several 
Gelechia sororculella Hubn. One of the few moths on the wing, was 
Lampronia praelatella Schiff., whose usual foodplant—Fragaria (wild 
strawberry), seemed to be absent from the boggy ground of this locality, 
but in the Entomologist’s Annual 1856, p. 49, there is a record of larvae 
of this species having been found on Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet), 
a plant which is extremely abundant at Wood Walton. 


Kent.—During May, a small series of Enicostoma lobella Schiff. was 
bred from larvae found the previous year on 4th September, feeding on 
Blackthorn, near Dartford. The larvae spin a web across the underside 
of the leaves, under which they hide. This web draws the outer edges of 
the leaf slightly downwards and gives a clue to their whereabouts. At 
the “South London” field meeting at Otford on 30th April, a small larva 
of Apamea scolopacina Esp. was found feeding on grass in woodland. It 
was interesting to notice how the larva ate through the grass to feed on 
the immature seeds at the base of the flowering stalks. Several interest- 
ing species were taken at Westwell, where I visited Dr. E. Scott on 22nd 
May. A fresh Euphyia luctuata Schiff. was spotted at rest on herbage 
while we were looking for larvae of Telephila schmidiella Heyd., which 
were quite plentiful in folded leaves of Origanum vulgare (marjoram). A 
trip to Brook, near Wye, rounded off a happy visit, when Col. Duffield 
took us across his fields and showed us where to get Adela croesella 
.Scop. We took two only, both round bushes of Rhamnus catharticus, and 
Col. Duffield’s suggestion that the larvae may be attached to this plant 
as well as to Ligustrum (privet) seems very feasible. Numerous larvae 
of Peronea shepherdana Steph. were found in one field in spun shoots of 
meadowsweet. A large percentage of these were parasitized, but I suc- 
ceeded.in breeding quite a nice series of this local species. During 
April, many dozens of Lithocolletis were bred from leaves of Sorbus 
aucuparia (rowan) collected with Mr. Chalmers-Hunt at West Wickham. 
Unfortunately, they all seem to be the same species, L. sorbi Frey. 

Isle of Wight—On 12th May, a visit was paid to the Island, when I 
stayed at Cranmore with Mr. J. Lobb for a week-end. An account of 
finding the larvae of Euspilapteryx pyrenaeela Chret. has already 


166 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


appeared in this journal (antea pp. 120-1). We also found larvae of Mecyna 
asinalis Hiibn. on Rubia peregrina (wild madder). The brownish larvae 
spin up during the day in the lower dead leaves of the long trailing 
stems of this local plant. An interesting find was the larvae of the 
common Depressaria nervosa Haw. on a foodplant not hitherto recorded 
—Sison amomum (stone parsley). They were present in almost every 
flowerhead of this pliant by the roadside. Meyrick mentions only one 
foodplant for this species, namely Oenanthe crocata. Lhomme, however, 
lists fifteen different foodplants but does not mention Sison amomum— 
not Aegopodium podagraria (ground elder) on the flowers of which I 
once found a larva. Dr. Scott tells me that in Kent, larvae are common 
on Oenanthe pimpinelloides, a rare plant. 


A trip to Luccombe Chine in August proved very disappointing. My 
okject was to find larvae of Grapholita gemmiferana Treits. To my dis- 
may, I found there had been an extensive cliff fall which had wiped out 
the foodplant over a wide area at the place where I had previously 
found the larvae in plenty in 1959. The foodplant, Lathyrus sylvestris, 
was still present at the edges of the cliff subsidence, but no larvae could 
be found on this occasion, although two or three empty spinnings were 
found during a search of several hours. Larvae of the local Leucoptera 
lathyrifoliella Staint., however, were still abundant in the leaves of what 
Lathyrus was left. G. gemmiferana has only been recorded at one other 
station in Britain—in Devonshire—and it would be sad indeed were it 
to disappear from the Island. I would like to repeat that the larvae feed 
between spun leaves, and not in the pods as stated in all the literature I 
have seen on this species—both British and continental. While mention- 
ing Isle of Wight insects, I would like to place on record the name of the 
parasite which emerged from a wild larva of Lithophane leautieri Boisd. 
sent to me by Mr. Lobb who had taken the larva in his garden at Cran- 
more. Mr. R. W. Crosskey of the British Museum has determined it as 
Agria mamillata Pandelle; the fly emerged on 25th April 1962. 


Suffolk.—At the end of July I had a fortnight’s holiday at Southwold. 
A solitary specimen of Leucania favicolor Barr. was taken, which was of 
special interest to me as it was the first I had ever taken. Arenostola 
elymi Treits. was much more scarce than in the previous year, and the 
same applied to Euxoa cursoria Hufn. Single specimens of Nonagria 
neurica Hiibn. and Apamea oblonga Hitibn. were taken. Nyctegretis 
achatinella Hiibn. was extremely common at dusk on one or two nighis 
only; the conditions had to be mild and calm or none would appear. 
Witlesia pallida Steph. was met with in all the local reed beds visited 
after dark. A few Epischnia boisduvaliella Guen. came to light, also a 
single Nephopteryx formosa Haw. On 20th, a visit was paid to Thorp- 
ness. At dusk, some nice species were taken on the wonderful beach in 
this locality and included one Melissoblaptes zelleri Joan., five Platytes 
alpinellus Hiibn., several Cromibrugghia distans Zell., Phalonia manniana 
F v. R., Aristotelia pictella Zell., A. palustrella Dougl. and Batia lamb- 
della Don. A very worn specimen of Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hubn. 
was seen in the adjacent reed beds. An interesting find was that of a 
few larvae of Platyedra vilella Zell. on the flowers and seeds of the 
common mallow. I collected samples of mallow from several localities, 
including Walberswick, but the larvae were only to be found along the 
front at Southwold, near the pier. Most of the larvae spun up and pro- 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1961 167 


duced parasites, but two pupae produced moths on 21st and 23rd March 
1962. Why they came out at such an odd time is a mystery, as the nor- 
mal time of emergence is in August—a few weeks after spinning up. 
This species has been recorded for Suffolk only twice previously—both 
records before 1890—once at Brandon and once at Southwold. 


London.—The most interesting species taken in my garden at Camber- 
well were as follows: over twenty larvae of Cucullia absinthi L. were 
found on two large plants of Artemisia absinthium by searching after 
dark. Some plants of A. vulgaris were growing nearby, but the larvae 
were only on the absinthium. At mercury vapour, single specimens of 
Pyrrhia umbra Hufn., Homoeosoma cretacella Rossl., Ostrinia nubilalis 
Hibn. (a tiny specimen in perfect condition, measuring 20 mm. across 
the wings, against the normal 29/37 mm.), Lozopera dilucidana Steph., 
Epinotia tenerana Schiff. and a very worn Coleophora clypeiferella Hofm. 
were taken. 


Surrey.—During March and April I collected spun shoots of bilberry, 
both at Coldharbour and Hurt Wood. The commonest species found 
was Orthotaenia undulana Schiff., but a specimen of Chloroclystis debiliata 
Hb. was bred from each locality. A single specimen of Amphisbatis 
incongruella Staint. was netted at Hurt Wood on 25th March. Gelechia 
velocella Dup. was locally common at Black Heath (near Chilworth), on 
23rd April. 


Sussex.— Plaistow was visited on the last two Saturdays in April, 
when Mr. Fairclough kindly took me in his car (antea p. 96). For years 
I wanted to find Iwaruna (Stomopteryx) vinella Bankes and Mr. Fair- 
clough suggested searching for it at Plaistow as he had already noted that 
the foodplant, Genista tinctoria, was common there in several large fields. 
On our first visit it rained so heavily that we were soon forced to give 
up, but not before we had found a few spun shoots. The second visit was 
better. as far as the weather was concerned, but to our disappointment, 
we found that the owner was harrowing the field preparatory to 
ploughing it up at a future date. However, we were allowed to search 
the Genista and found a few more spinnings. One had to kneel down and 
examine the clumps of Genista carefully as the spinnings were so small. 
An examination of the material collected showed us later that several 
species were present, including a few small larvae which answered the 
description of vinella. On 25th May, two specimens of vinella emerged 
from my material, followed by another on 30th, and the last one on 2nd 
June. Of these four, three had the white fascia complete, two very dis- 
tinct, and one less so; the other showed no fascia at all. According to 
Meyrick, the form with the fascia is rare, and it is strange that three of 
my four were of this rare form. Specimens were sent to Mr. J. D. 
Bradley, who confirmed their identity. This species was described by E. 
R. Bankes in 1898 under the name of Aproaerema vinella (E. M. M., 34: 
242/4) from specimens taken by A. C. Vine and the larva was described 
in E. M. M. 35: 202-5. The locality was given as “near Brighton” and 
generally thought to have been Ditchling Common; the Genista still 
grows there freely, but a lot of it was ploughed in during the war years. 
There have been few records of the species being found since Vine found 
it. In 1932, A. F. Griffith recorded it from “a rough field near Lewes” 
(Entomologist, 65: 163), L. T. Ford found it at Tilgate in 1934, 1935 and 
1936, according to data of his specimens now in the British Museum. A 


168 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


recent visit to this locality showed that the place is now occupied by a 
piz farm and the foodplant almost exterminated, although a few plants 
were seen beside a neighbouring path. Genista tinctoria is a plant which 
likes wet and heavy clay land. Owing to the very heavy work entailed 
in getting such land into cultivation, it was usually left by the owners 
for rough grazing, but with the advent of powerful modern machinery, 
farmers are now able to drain the land and put it under plough more 
easily. However, I understand the plant is still common enough in 
many places, and I would not be surprised if this moth did not occur in 
other places from which it has not so far been recorded. Perhaps I 
should mention that we bred four other species from the material col- 
lected, namely Cnephasia interjectana Haw., Cnephasiella incertana 
Treits., Anarsia spartiella Schrank, and Agonopteryx costosa Haw. 
Several other species also occur on the same plant. 


Bournemouth and New Forest.— On 26th August, Mr Fairclough took 
me down to Bournemouth where we met Mr. S. C. S. Brown. Our main 
quest was to look for larvae of the rare plume Stenoptilia pneumonanthes 
Buettner. On visiting Parley Heath, Dorset, we were shocked to find 
the foodplant, Gentiana pneumonanthe, very scarce. Less than one 
dozen plants were found, and only one of these contained a larva, which 
subsequently died. What used to be a large area of bog land was now 
drained and dry, with dry Sphagnum moss and dying cotton grass every- 
where. Apparently a new housing estate had grown up in an adjacent 
valley, and owing to winter flooding, a pumping station had been in- 
stalled which had a disastrous effect on the old bog-land flowers and 
insects. Mr. Brown said that on previous visits all the ditches were full 
of water; now they are nearly all dry. Although the gentian is to be 
found further westwards, together with the plume, we were told that 
Parley Heath was the place where it could always be found in the past. 
Our disappointment was offset in some measure by having the privilege 
of collecting some of the rarities that occur in Mr. Brown’s garden. 
namely Mompha decorella Steph. larvae in stems of Epilobium montana 
(often eight or nine galls in one stem), Caloptilia azaleelea Brants. (flying 
in profusion among the azaleas), and larvae of Teichobia (Mnesipatris) 
filicivora Meyr. (in the leaves of male fern, Filis mas). 


Vanessa cardui L. and other Migratory Insects— 
Recent Observations in the Federation of 
Rhodesia and Nyasaland 


J. A. WHELLAN 


In view of the recent article, Taylor, 1962, readers may be interested 
in the following observations. 


Vanessa cardui is a common insect in Rhodesia but I have not generally 
suspected it of migrating here. It is usually seen in ones and twos and I 
have observed it annually in this manner in S. Rhodesia and also at times 
in Uganda and Tanganyika. From 1951 to 1953 G. F. Cockbill (in litt.) 
kept records in S. Rhodesia but again never noticed more than a few 
individuals and recorded nothing suggestive of migration. His records 
covered every month except November and December. Considerable 


VANESSA CARDUI L. AND OTHER MIGRATORY INSECTS 169 


numbers, of the order of one per hundred yards of roadside, were seen 
at Mount Selinda in September 1961, but I saw nothing which would lead 
me to suppose that migration or any form of social behaviour was 
occurring. 

As is well known the most conspicuous lepidopterous migrant in 
Rhodesia is the African migrant white butterfly, Catopsilia florella (F.). 
Records up to 1950 have been described by Cockbill, 1951, and the data 
are reproduced by Williams, 1958, without, however, acknowledging their 
earlier publication. I observed a very large migration of this insect in 
December 1961. At the Victoria Falls from 14th to 20th it was very 
conspicuous and, on a front of approximately 100 yards I made several 
counts which averaged 10 to 20 per minute flying steadily towards the 
south west. In the course of two weeks at this time I witnessed the 
migration also at Bulawayo, Karoi and Lusaka and at various places 
between these points, but not further north, though I travelled to the 
Congo border and conditions were suitable. The migration front as known 
was thus 250 miles and extended in depth also over 250 miles. On this 
front the migration was not even, but taking as an average an eighth of 
the lower figure recorded at the Falls, 5,000 butterflies passed per minute 
and this went on for certainly 10 days and very likely considerably longer. 

A similar observation in relation to C. florella was made by me in 
1958 during a visit to the eastern part of S. Rhodesia. A rather thin 
migration had already been noticed at Salisbury at the Experiment Station 
on the 13th and 14th November 1958, consisting entirely of this species. 
This migration was noticed continuously all the way to the Sabi Experi- 
ment Station about 200 miles to the South-south-east of Salisbury. By 
the 20th the flight was very much thicker and a count was made in the 
Umvumvumvu river valley near Cashel, about 60 miles to the north. The 
river flowing through hilly country would have funnelled the insects to 
some extent in the valley. Besides C. florella two species of Papilio were 
migrating also. These were P. antheus Cramer and P. porthaon Hewitson. 
Two-minute counts over a stretch 15 yards wide gave C. florella 70, 108 
and 89; P. antheus 8, 6 and 5, and P. porthaon 2, 4, and 5. The flight here 
was more or less from north to south. These observations were made at 
about 9 a.m. Observations were also carried out at Inyanga, about an- 
other 130 miles north, at about 9 am. on 22nd November. Here the 
butterflies were flying over an open stretch of country without any 
barriers. Across a stretch of 50 yards in width, 22 were counted flying 
from west-north-west to east-south-east in one minute. No other species 
were with them. A pinewood with trees about 50 ft. in height formed 
an obstacle in the path of flight in a nearby locality. Some of the 
butterflies flew around the pinewood while others were seen to fly over it. 
The unusual direction of this flight may have been partly conditioned 
by the mountainous nature of the surrounding country though the direction 
is not entirely without precedent (Cockbill, 1951). 

On the return to Salisbury on the 22nd and 23rd November the flight 
was continuing but was not so thick, and on the 23rd November it was 
observed to be accompanied by a flight of the dragonfly, Pantala flavescens. 
In one minute over a distance of 20 yards at Hatfield, close to Salisbury, 
40 of these dragonflies were observed to pass. The total duration of this 
dragon fly flight was not timed exactly but was rather less than one 
hour. A thin migration of C. florella was continuing on 30th November 
1958 at Salisbury. 


170 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


Considered broadly the density of this migration was much the same 
as that observed in 1961. It occurred considerably earlier in the year, 
and, as far as known, covered a front of similar extent. 


The following observations, relating to another well-known migrant, 
Belenois creona severina Stoll, was made by Mr. P. J. R. Maclaren and 
supplied by courtesy of Mr. E. C. G. Pinhey of the National Museum of 
S. Rhodesia who also kindly made the determinations. Mr. Maclaren 
states that on the 7th June 1956, between Mzimba and Rumpi in northern 
Nyasaland, and on 9th June from Njakwa to near Lake Nyasa, there 
were large masses of Belenois creona severina Stoll moving north-east 
against a steady breeze from the east. There was no cloud. Maximum 
numbers were 50 per minute per 20 yards, and the movement took place 
between 1130 and 1500 hours. 


A few specimens of Pinacopteryx eriphia Godart were also noted, but 
I am not certain that they were actually migrating. 


On 14th June there was similar steady movement in the same direction, 
the wind still being from the east, across the Vipya highlands north-east of 
Mzimba. It was noticed that the flight halted whenever the sun was 
obscured by the clouds. 


On 15th June there was a fainter movement of B.c. severina Stoll 
between Mzimba and Kazungu, and an equal number of the small yellow 
Eurema desjardinsi Boisd. In addition a few of the orange-tipped 
Colotis antevippe Boisd. were moving with B.c. severina Stoll and Eurema 
desjardinsi Boisd. 

On 17th June, at Nsefu in the Luangwa Valley, a cloudy day, there 
were countless thousands of B.c. severina Stoll in the riverain flats, feeding 
on the flowers of a thistle-like plant which is abundant there. 


On 18th June, a sunnier day, they were still assembled on the flats, 
and in addition there was a steady movement away from the area in an 
easterly direction. There was no wind. 


Lastly, on 19th June, at the Luangwa Bridge, there were numbers of 
B.c. severina Stoll present and a suggestion of an easterly movement. 


As in South Africa, Heliothis armigera F. was exceptionally plentiful 
in 1961 and caused much more damage to a variety of crops than usual 
during the summer 1961-62. Spodoptera (Laphygma) exigua (Hbn.) was 
also more than usually plentiful in the winter of 1961. These species are 
not known to be migratory here but this might well be due to the very 
few observers in this part of the world. 


REFERENCES 


Cockbill, G. F. 1954. Records of migration of Catopsilia florella (Pieridae) from 
Southern Rhodesia, 1922-1950. Proc. R. ent. Soc. (A), 26: 113-128. 

Taylor, J. S. 1962. Vanessa cardui L. and other migratory Lepidoptera in South 
Africa in 1961. Ent. Rec., 74: 101-105. 

Williams, C. B. 1958. Insect migration, Collins, London, pp. 135, 137. 


PyrRaMEIs Carpur L., NEaR MaRLBorouGH.—On 7th July 1962, I climbed 
to the top of Silbury Hill, near Avebury with Mr. J. A .C. Greenwood. 
We were surprised to find the summit alive with this butterfly, and 
ccunted at least eight individuals. We saw none on the slopes or at the 
base of the hill.—C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 10.vii.1962. 


A NEW SUBSPECIES OF EUPITHECIA VENOSATA FABR. 17] 


A New Subspecies of Eupithecia venosata Fabr. 
By H. C. Huaerns, F.R.E.S. 


I have already (Ent. Rec., 73: 203) given an account of the visit paid 
last July by Mr. E. S. A. Baynes and myself to Inishvickilaun, the re- 
motest of the Blaskets, which has now been uninhabited for many years. 

Before leaving the island, we each took a bag of heads of sea campion, 
which was not uncommon on the face of the cliffs. From these, a good 
many larvae appeared, and we each obtained a fair number of pupae of 
Hadina lepida Esp., ssp. capsophila Dup., and three of H. caesia Borkh., 
none of which has yet emerged. In addition, however, we each got two 
larvae of Eupithecia venosata Fabr., from which Mr. Baynes obtained one 
pupa, and I two, all of which have recently emerged. 

They constitute a very striking subspecies of the moth. I have been 
in recent correspondence with Mr. D. S. Fletcher of the British Museum, 
and he agrees with me that it is quite new. The well-known Shetland 
subspecies, ssp. fwumosae Gregson, in some cases approaches a rather dark 
smoke colour, but these Inishvickilaun moths are a deep leaden grey, 
looking almost black at a short distance. I have good, recently bred 
examples of fumosae and the darkest of them is nearer to the type than 
to the new insect. In addition, in the Shetland specimens, the netted 
pattern tends to obliteration, whilst in the Irish insects it is of a very 
deep black, and more conspicuous than usual, despite the dark ground. 
In most Shetland specimens, the two dark bands enclosing the centre of the 
wing are light and conspicuous, whilst in the new moth they are of the 
leaden-grey ground colour and invisible. 


For these reasons, I think the moth worth naming, so append an 
official description: 


Eupithecia venosata Fabr. ssp. plumbea ssp. nov. 

Ground colour, deep leaden-grey, the netted pattern, jet black and 
conspicuous. Type bred, H. C. Huggins, Inishvickilaun, The Blaskets, Co. 
Kerry, 18.v.1962; 9 in coll., H. C. Huggins. 

Paratypes: @Q bred, H.C.H., Inishvickilaun, 22.v.1962; in coll., H.C.H. 
3 bred, E. S. A. Baynes, Inishvickilaun, 30.v.1962; in coll., E. S. A. B. 

Donovan (p. 82), states that most of the specimens he had taken in 
Cork, are smokier in colour than the delicate grey of the type, and that 
some from Seven Heads and Glandore approach fumosae from the Shet- 
lands, but these Blasket insects are very much darker than fumosae. Mr 
Baynes has pointed out that when looked at sideways, the blackish wings 
have almost a greenish tinge. 


It will be interesting to see whether this unusual insect is found 
on the other Blaskets, or on the opposite shore of Kerry, but in this 
connection it must be remembered that Inishvickilaun is one of the only 
two known habitats of Euphyia bilineata L., ab. isolata Kane. 


On the same Dingle trip, Mr. Baynes and I collected a few larvae of 
E. pulchellata Steph., about a couple of miles out of the town on the road 
to Connor Pass. I took ten, and as I have already recorded (Ent. Rec., 73: 
247), obtained the unusual number of six pupae from them. I have now 
been rearing pulchellata from western Ireland for some years, and always 
reckon at least 80% perish as full-fed larvae from the attacks of a species 
of Apanteles, but once a larva safely pupates, I have regarded him as in 
the bag. However, to my surprise, two of my Dingle pupae each pro- 


172 ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 74 15/VII/1962 


duced a large solitary parasite. I killed these and sent them to Mr. 
Fletcher, who referred them to Dr. Perkins who has identified them as 
Platylabops pulcheliatus Bridgman, a regular parasite of the foxglove 
pug. This species is poorly represented at the British Museum, so I have 
given them my two, and Dr. Perkins would be glad of further material, 
if possible. 

My four other pupae have hatched, and all moths are of the ssp. 
hebudium Sheldon. I have bred a number of this moth from West Cork, 
and found it to vary very little, but my four Dingle specimens show much 
more variation than usual, two being whiter, and one blacker than any 
others I have. I have now bred this interesting subspecies, which is 
quite devoid of the usual brick red colour, from West Cork, from 
Glengarriff to the end of the Dursey peninsula, and on the Kenmare road, 
nearly as far as the tunnel, and Mr. Baynes also has it from Valentia 
Island. It is odd that a Hebridean race should turn up in west Cork and 
Kerry, but Sheldon’s type. which may be seen in his bequest at the 
British Museum, is identical with the Irish race, which I first discovered 
o1 14th May 1914. I should perhaps add that, in a recent letter, Mr 
Baynes informed me that he had just bred one of the solitary parasites. 

I am also indebted to Mr. Baynes for the record of E. vulgata Haw., 
ssp. clarensis Huggins from Killinaboy in the Burren of Clare. So, as I 
forecast, this race evidently covers the whole Burren. 


I am greatly indebted to my friend Mr. E. S. A. Baynes for kindly 
pooling his notes on these pugs with me, and to Mr. D. S. Fletcher of the 
Entomological Department, British Museum, Natural History Section, for 
answers to my enquiries. 


Yugoslavia Revisited 
By Rap L. CoE. 


START OF THE SECOND JOURNEY, AND THE TOWN OF ZADAR 


I was on my way to Yugoslavia again. Two years had passed since my 
last visit. Among the little-known places where I planned to collect this 
time were the inland seas of Novi Grad and Karin and the island of 
Golem Grad that lies in Lake Prespa, on the frontier between Yugoslavia 
and Albania. 


It was mid-May. Darkness had closed in when I caught the Simplon 
Orient Express at the Gare de Lyon in Paris. I was asleep as the train 
sped through France and Switzerland. When I woke, it was getting 
light, and we were approaching the Italian frontier station of 
Domodossola. When the train stopped, a jostling crowd of men and 
women climbed on. They filled the carriages and corridors, and even the 
lavatories were crammed with people and cases. It was the time of a 
General Election in Italy, and all adults were compelled by law to go to 
their home towns and villages in order to cast their vote. 


Soon the atmosphere in my carriage became intolerable with the 
odour of packed humanity and garlic. In desperation I opened the win- 
dow a few inches. But there were cries of indignation, and someone 
closed it again. At every stop some of them got out, until by the time 
we left Italy by the frontier station of Poggioreale peace reigned again. 
Soon we were passing the Istrian hills with their cypresses and vineyards. 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 173 


It was early evening when I stepped out on to Yugoslavian soil at 
the little station of Pivka. There was half-an-hour to wait for my 
connection to Rijeka. I went in to the station café and ordered a glass of 
slivovice. A tall, good looking young Yugoslav soon joined me, and 
introduced himself in English as a journalist on a Belgrade newspaper. 
He was on his way home from Paris, where he had covered a current 
political crisis. The time passed quickly in his company. The train arrived, 
and we got on. It had three long coaches. Our one was crowded with 
some tipsy young Macedonians on their way to Rijeka. They were roaring 
out national songs to the strumming of a guitar. The noise was so appal- 
ling that my companion suggested that we should move to the next coach, 
which was first-class. I told him that I had no dinars yet, with which to 
pay the exess fare. But he went off to find the guard, and paid for us 
both. We passed the rest of the journey in comfort. 


At Rijeka we both left the train, shook hands and went our different 
ways. I spent the night at the private house where I had stayed two 
years before. 


In the morning I went down to the docks and boarded the fine Yugo- 
slav steamer ‘Dalmatija’, for the short journey down the Adriatic to the 
Dalmatian port of Zadar. From there I planned to travel overland to 
the inland sea of Novi Grad at the western extremity of the vast region 
of bare limestone rock known as the Karst. Among the passengers on 
the boat I noticed a German with his wife and little boy. They sat near 
me at lunch in the dining saloon. The father wore the brief shorts beloved 
of the German tourist, and with his grossly corpulent figure and small 
stature he looked rather ridiculous. He barked his orders to the Yugoslav 
waiter in a way that made me fume. It is strange how the average 
German tourist treats the Yugoslav as though he were an inferior creature. 
After all, it is not many years since the Slavs drove the proud Teutons 
from their country. 


As is invariably the case on Yugoslav steamers the meal was not only 
satisfying but sumptuous. The first course was an enormous helping of 
sphaghetti, a reminder of the Italian influence along the Dalmatian coast. 
I was glad to spend the rest of the afternoon on deck in a lounge chair, 
dozing in the glorious sunshine. 

It was nearly midnight when the boat docked at Zadar. Despite the 
lateness of the hour, the quay was crowded with people walking up and 
down, talking and laughing. The arrival of the passenger boats is a 
source of excitement to most of these coastal communities. In Zadar it 
is their main daily contact with the outside world, for there is no railway 
station within forty miles. Almost opposite the landing stage I found a 
good hotel, the Beograd, and booked a room there for the night. 


The next morning I sat down to an excellent breakfast on the hotel 
terrace overlooking the broad natural harbour. It was dotted with small 
boats, coastal steamers, and smacks returning from the night’s fishing. 
After my meal I set off to explore the town. Standing as it does on a 
peninsula it is a compact place, and it is impossible to lose one’s way to 
any serious extent. I was surprised to see so few tourists about, for 
Zadar, in my opinion, is one of the most beautiful and interesting of the 
towns along the north Adriatic sea-board. It has a mild and pleasant 
climate besides. Yet it seems to be one of the least advertised of the 
coastal places, 


174 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VIE/1e62 


During the last war the Axis used Zara, as Zadar was then named, as 
a naval base. In consequence it was heavily bombed and shelled by the 
Allies. Fortunately most of its many ancient buildings escaped damage. 
There are few signs left of the tremendous havoc that the town suffered, 
for fine new blocks of flats cover most of the scars. Zadar was once the 
important Roman city of Jadera. Then, in the early Middle Ages, it was 
twice captured and lost by the Venetians. Since that time, like the rest 
of Dalmatia, it has changed hands quite frequently. In 1920, under the 
Treaty of Rapallo, Zara was handed over to Italy, and it remained part 
of their territory until 1945, when Yugoslavia took it over. 


I climbed several flights of steps behind the hotel, and passing under an 
ancient stone archway came to a busy street-market. The large open 
square was crowded with stalls displaying a wide range of merchandise. 
There was cheap jewellery, clothing, lace, boots and shoes, flowers, fruit, 
vegetables, and many other items. I joined a group of men and boys 
who were jostling round a stall. The stall keeper was spinning a large 
disc on which were spaced out various playing cards. Duplicate cards 
were being handed to the spectators for a few dinars each. When the 
disc stopped the card nearest to a black line was the winning one, and 
whoever held the duplicate won a packet of cigarettes or some other 
small prize. At another stall a man tried to sell me a small book-shaped 
trinket with cheap gilded covers and a long gilt chain, containing some 
abominable coloured views of Zadar. I shook my head and strolled on. 
Sitting at the foot of a high wall were some peasant women with baskets 
of eggs and other country produce that they were offering for sale. 


I turned left into a long narrow main street of the town. Coming to- 
wards me I saw a small procession of men and women. In front of them 
walked a pretty young girl in a long white dress and a white linen cap 
shaped like a crown. She was clasping to her bosom a posy of wild 
ficwers. These family processions are a pleasant custom in some parts 
of Yugoslavia to mark the occasion of a child’s confirmation. In the 
window of a wine-shop there was a giant bottle of maraschino liqueur, 
which is a local speciality. The hill-slopes around Zadar are dotted with 
orchards of the purple Morello cherry from which the liqueur is made. 


Soon I reached the cathedral, a basilica built in the 13th century in 
the Roman style. It is said that its tall spire was designed by an English 
architect. The unaltered interior has some finely carved choir stalls, and 
two altar pieces ascribed to Vittore Carpaccio, the great Italian painter. 
West of the cathedral I came to a square with Roman columns, the 
Piazza dei Signore of Venetian times, which is supposed to stand on the 
site of the old Roman forum, or market-place. It has a picturesque old 
guard-house with a Venetian-style clock tower and steeple of wrought 
iron. The building is now a museum of national costumes. | 


Close to the square is the 9th century church of St Donat. It has a 
very unusual appearance, being round in shape, with lofty walls of bare 
grey stone, towards the tops of which are cross-shaped cavities. Many 
years ago some archaeologists dug down under the floor of the church 
and found that it was built on flattened fragments from the old Roman 
city. Their discovery gave rise to the belief that the building was con- 
verted from an original Roman temple, which it certainly resembles in 
shape. 


I went into the church of St Simeon, and saw the coffin of the saint. 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 175 


It is a large silver-gilt affair, placed over the High Altar, and supported 
by bronze angels of the early Renaissance. Two narrow flights of steps 
lead up to this shrine. The casing was made by an Italian craftsman in 
the fourteenth century, and the modelling is superb. A recumbent figure 
decorates the upper part, and on each of the sides are six metal panels 
depicting the death of the Saint and various stages in the passage of 
the coffin to its last resting place. St. Simeon is the patron saint of 
Zadar, and on his feast-day, the eighth of October, people still come to 
the church to honour his memory. 

I walked back along the main street, and found that it ended just past 
the street-market. Beyond I came to a gateway in the elaborate fortifica- 
tions that partly enclose the town, and which have long been used as 
promenades. They were built in the 14th century to replace the original 
Roman walls, which were destroyed, strange as it sounds, by the Crusaders. 
History relates that on their way to the Holy Land the armies of the 
Fourth Crusade took shelter in the republic of Venice. While they were 
there the Doge of Venice, Dandola, offered them large numbers of golden 
ducats if they would assist the Venetians to capture Zara. The tempta- 
tion was too great for the impoverished Crusaders to resist, and in 1212 
the town was besieged and taken. 

I wandered back to the harbour. Among the craft huddled together 
at the quay-side a small steamer was being loaded with wine barrels. I 
was surprised to see several sturdy women carrying the heavy barrels on 
their heads. They held the barrel with a hand at either end, and on 
their head was a thick pad of cloth to reduce the friction and help keep the 
balance. One woman engaged in this strenuous work was in an advanced 
stage of pregnancy, but this did not seem to bother her at all. 

Farther along the quay the shipping thinned out, and children sat 
dangling their legs over the concrete side, watching the shoals of sardine- 
like fishes which absolutely teemed in the clear, deep water. A group 
of youths in bathing slips came along and plunged in. In a second there 
was not a fish to be seen. 

As I walked on, the shore suddenly curved to the left and I came to a 
small inner harbour, guarded by a horse-shoe shaped fortification. It 
was crowded with all manner of small craft. Yachts, dinghies, cutters 
and fishing smacks floated quietly at anchor in the calm water. Sitting 
along the narrow concrete path were dozens of school-children with 
pencils and drawing-boards busily sketching the varied scene. I had to 
pick my way between their legs as I passed by. On the further side I 
reached a small open-air café, where I quenched my thirst with a welcome 
glass of ‘pivo’ (beer) before turning back. 

(to be continued) 


54 Crossways, Addington, Surrey. 


CoLostyGi1a SaticaTa Htsen., In SuRREY.—On the evening of 22nd May 
last, I found a male specimen of C. salicata Hiibn. in my garden here, 
close to the spot on which my mercury vapour trap had been running 
during the previous night and to which it had no doubt been then 
attracted. I wonder whether any readers have records of this species so 
far from its normal habitat, or whether it was vagrant, migrant, or un- 
witting deportee, perhaps brought in by a neighbouring gardener.—J. L. 
MESSENGER, Stonehaven, Wormley, Godalming, 15.vii.1962. 


176 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


The Distribution of the British Dixinae (Diptera, 
Culicidae) in North West England 


By ALLAN BRINDLE 


This well defined subfamily has been somewhat neglected to judge from 
the distribution given in Freeman (1950). The recent paper by Roper 
(antea, 74: 21-23) giving notes on the Dixinae of East Sussex, is excellent, 
both as regards the extension of the known distribution and for the 
biological observations on the species. Records of the Dixinae for 
Lancashire and Cheshire have been summarised in Kidd and Brindle 
(1959) in which seven species are listed for the two counties. 

The purpose of the present paper is to publish county records of the 
subfamily additional to those listed in the publications quoted above, and 
to summarise the distribution in North West England. The new county 
records, with one exception, are taken from two sources, (1) from collec- 
tions made by the late Mr. H. Britten, M.Sc., formerly Keeper of 
Entomology at Manchester Museum, and determined by the author, and (2) 
from personal collecting. The former records are indicated by the 
appropriate initials (HB), but records from (2) are not initialled. The 
exception is a specimen of Dixa obscura Loew, taken by Dr D. Bryce of 
Reading University, which is the second British record of this species. 
Dr. P. Freeman, of the British Museum (Natural History) kindly confirmed 
the determination by comparison with this original British specimen. 

The Dixinae contains one genus, Dixa Meigen, with thirteen British 
species. The genus is divisible into two subgenera, Dixa s.s., with six 
species, and Paradixa Tonnoir, with seven. This division is supported 
both by larval and adult characters as well as by the ecological preferences 
of the species. Those of Dixa s.s. are characteristic of lotic water habitats, 
often being numerous by stony streams in woodland, whilst those of 
Paradixa are characteristic of static or slowly moving water with emer- 
gent vegetation. 

Although the flight period is lengthy in the more common species, there 
is a succession of broods during that time, the broods being separated by a 
time gap in which the species is apparently scarce or absent as an adult. 
Some species are in evidence during the early Winter and they may 
extend through until Spring. 

In the following list the scientific name is followed by the estimate of 
abundance of that species and by the flight period, the latter being 
indicated by using Roman numerals referring to the months. Both of 
these items are with reference to North West England. Next is given all 
the counties of North West England from which records have been made, 
both those included in the publications listed previously and those 
included in this paper as new county records. The latter have the locality 
and date added in parentheses after the county name. 

The area taken as North West England, extends from Cheshire north- 
wards to the border, and is restricted to the western side of the Pennines, 
i.e. the counties of Cheshire (v.c. 58), Lancashire (v.c. 59, 60), Westmorland 
(v.c. 69), and Cumberiand (v.c. 70), together with part of West Yorkshire 
(v.c. 64). When records for Lancashire are quoted the particular vice 
county is added, otherwise the v.c. number is not given. The Furness 
district of Lancashire, as usual, is associated with Westmorland. The 
records for Yorkshire in Freeman (1950) do not state the particular vice 
county; these may not refer to v.c. 64. A few records from Derby (v.c 57), 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRITISH DIXINAE Wi 


Shropshire (v.c. 40) and Staffordshire (v.c. 39) are included, and these also 

are new county records. 

D. (D.) nebulosa Meigen Common. 5-12. Cumberland (Skirwith, 25.vi.1935 
(HB)): Westmoriand (Witherslack, 30.vi.1958): Lancashire (59): 
Yorkshire (Whitewell, 15.vii.1959): Cheshire. 

D. (D.) nubilipennis Curtis Fairly common. 6-10. Cumberland (Skirwith, 
19.x.1938 (HB)): Westmorland (Withers:ack, 30.vi.1958): Lancashire 
(59, Whalley, 21.vi.1953): Yorkshire: Shropshire (Prees Heath, 
8.x.1939 (HB)). 

D. (D.) puberula Loew Common. 6-10. Westmorland (Witherslack, 
19.x.1959): Lancashire (59): Yorkshire (Darnbrook Fell, 6.x.1957): 
Cheshire: Staffs. (Coombe Valley, 6.x.1940 (HB)). 

D. (D.) dilatata Strobl. Not common. 9. Lancashire (59, Thursden, 
Burnley, 1.ix.1951): Yorkshire. 

D. (D.) maculata Meigen Fairly common. 1, 8-10. Lancashire (59): 
Cheshire; Derby (Miller’s Dale, 18.viii.1940 (HB)): Staffs. (Burnt 
Woods, 25.viii.1940 (HB)). 

D. (D.) submaculata Edwards Common. 4-11. Lancashire: Yorkshire: 
Cheshire. 

D. (P.) aestivalis Meigen The distribution of this species in North West 
England can be summarised as common and generally distributed, 
which agrees with that quoted for the British Isles generally in 
Freeman (1950). Records exist for Westmorland, Lancashire, York- 
shire, and Cheshire. 

D. (P.) serotina Meigen Rare. 10. One record, Cheshire (Delamere, 
19.x.1924 (HB)) recorded in Kidd and Brindle (1959) and determined 
by the late Dr. F. W. Ewards in 1939. Specimen in coll. Manchester 
Museum. 

D. (P.) autumnalis Meigen Scarce. 7-8. Lancashire (59, Whalley, 
16.vii.1954): Staffs. (Madeley, 16.viii.1936 (HB)). 

D. (P.) martini Peus Fairly common. 3-11. Cumberland (Skirwith, 
28.vi1.1924 (HB)): Westmorland (Witherslack, 15.vii.1959): Lanca- 
shire: Yorkshire: Cheshire: Staffs.; (Madeley, 18.ix.1936 (HB)). 

D. (P.) amphibia (Degeer) Scarce. 5, 10. Cheshire (Cotterill Clough, 
3.x.1941 (HB)): Staffs. (Madeley, 15.v.1936 (HB)). 

D. (P.) obscura Loew Rare: 8. One record, Yorkshire, (Malham Tarn, 
30.viii.1955 (D. Bryce)). Specimen in coll. Manchester Museum. 
The first British record was from Dumbarton, Scotland, and in a 
recent insect survey of the Malham Tarn area it has been found 
that a decided Scottish element exists in the fauna of this area. 


There is only one British species not recorded from North West England, 
the rare D. (P.) filicornis Edwards, of which one record exists from Sussex. 
D. (D.) dilatata is considered to be a northern or western species but so far 
it has only been found in one area recorded, in addition to Yorkshire. 
The records, however, have been chiefly based on sporadic collecting, and 
a more thorough investigation should increase the distribution. 


REFERENCES. 


Freeman, P. 1950. in Coe, R. L., Freeman, P., and Mattingley, P. F., Hand- 
books for the Identification of British Insects 9 (part 2). London. 

Kidd, L. N., and Brindle, A. 1959. The Diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire (part 
1). Arbroath. 

Roper. P. 1962. Some notes on the Dixinae (Diptera Culicidae) of East Sussex. 
Ent. Rec., 74: °1-23 


1738 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


Breeding Leaf-mining Flies and their Parasites 
By G. C. D. GRIFFITHS, B.A., F.R.E.S. 


I was very pleased to be asked to prepare an introductory paper on the 
study of leaf-mining flies (Diptera, Agromyzidae) and their hymenopterous 
parasites, as this is a field of study to which I would like to see more 
amateur workers attracted. I believe that systematic breeding is one of 
the most important contributions which the amateur can make to Entomo- 
logy. Many groups of phytophagous insects are very specialised in their 
choice of hosts and can best be studied from bred material. The dipterous 
family Agromyzidae provides a very good instance of this point; it is a 
large family (over 250 British species are already known), which contains 
many groups of closely related species which are not distinguishable on 
the external morphology of the adult, but differ in their biology and the 
male genitalia. Their specialised biology makes it desirable to use bred 
material as far as possible in any systematic work. 

I have attempted, too, to extend my study to the hymenopterous para- 
sites of the Agromzidae. Some of them are in their turn very specialised 
in their choice of hosts and are themselves best studied from bred 
material. This is especially the case with the Dacnusini (Braconidae), 
where not only are the individual species restricted in their choice of 
hosts, but some species groups in the large genus Dacnusa are confined to 
particular genera of the Agromzidae. The host/parasite relationship here 
is obviously one of great antiquity. 

There is an inherent danger in this biological approach to taxonomy 
which I would like to warn my readers against at the outset. It is often 
very easy, particularly when only short series are available, to convince 
oneself that small observable differences between specimens bred from 
different hosts are of specific importance. In many groups of Agromyzidae 
the external morphology is inadequate for taxonomic purposes because the 
range of individual variation within a species overlaps that of another. 
The male genitalia and, particularly in the Agromyzinae, the larval 
morphology are often much more suitable material for study. Ideally 
all these features should be examined in taxonomic work. It is no longer 
adequate to rely only on the external characters of the adult. 

In this paper I shall try to outline very briefly the biology of the 
Agromyzidae, followed by an introduction to the different groups of 
hymenopterous parasites which I have bred from them. I shall then discuss 
techniques for collecting and preservation. My aim in writing this paper 
has been to interest other Entomologists in this expanding field of enquiry, 
which I can wholeheartedly commend to anyone who would like to pit his 
intellect against a complex and specialised group of insects. 


1. THE BIOLOGY OF THE AGROMYZIDAE (DIPTERA) 

The Agromyzidae are the largest family of Acalypterate Diptera in 
Britain, containing over 250 species. This number of known species has 
been doubled over the last ten years. For the external characters by 
which the family can be distinguished from its relatives, reference can 
be made to the key in Olroyd (1949). The most important points to notice 
are the bristles on the head (see Fig. 1)—particularly the presence of lower 
fronto-orbitals and the divergent postverticals—and the wing venation 
(Figs. 1 and 2). The male genitalia (Figs. 3 and 3a) are very characteristic 
and their basic form is constant throughout the family. Features to 
notice are the long aedeagal apodeme (reaching as far forward as the 


BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 179 


second abdominal segment in most species) and the large V-shaped 9th 
sternite, which is completeiy internal. The phallus is four- segmented in 
some groups (these segments are termed basiphallus, mesophallus, hypo- 
phallus and distiphailus according to their position), but more simplified in 
others. The variation in the phallus is often considerable between closely 
re.ated species and it is an invaluable character for taxonomy. The 
ejaculatory bulb (Fig. 3a), which is attached to the rest of the genitalia 
by the long membranous sperm duct, and the ninth sternite too may be ctf 
importance to the taxonomist for characterising species. 

The larval morphology is very constant for the family I have figured 
the cephalopharyngeal skeleton of Agromyza reptans Fall. at Fig. 4 and of 
Liriomyza strigata Mg. at Fig. 5. Variation occurs mainly in the shape 
of the mandibles (particularly in the number of teeth), and of the 
spiracles. In some groups the larval morphology can be very useful for 
identification—for instance in the many _ grass-feeding species of 
Agromyza. 

The larval stages of the Agromyzidae are all feeders on living plant 
material. The majority of species are leaf-miners, feeding in the 
parenchymal tissue of the leaf, but there are also many stem-miners 
(species mining close to the surface of the stem), stem-borers and a few 
seed- and root-feeders. In the tropics there are also epidermal miners, 
mining exclusively in the epidermis of the leaf—perhaps the most 
specialised habitat of all. It is possible to recognise man; of the leaf- 
mining species from the type of mines which they produce. I have 
figured as an example four different species found in Britain on Solidago 
virgaurea (Figs. 6-9). All these species attack the upper surface of the 
leaves of their host, but produce quite different mines. Ophiomyia maura 
Mg. (Fig 6) produces a very long and slender mine containing large frass 
particles at intervals. The larva pupates in the leaf in contrast with the 
following species which emerge from it to pupate. Phytobia (Nemorimyza) 
posticata Mg. (Fig. 7) is a large species whose larvae produce a consjic- 
uous blotch mine, which has a brownish appearance. Phytomza 
virgaureae Hg. (Fig. 8) produces a simple linear mine which is whitish 
in appearance. The small frass particles lie in rows on alternate sides of 
the mine. (A related species, P. solidaginis Hd., produces very similar 
mines, but the frass particles are joined into threads). The larva of 
Liriomyza eupatorii Kalt. (Fig. 9) commences its mine with a character- 
istic spiral channel, by which it can easily be recognised. The species 
is commoner on Eupatorium, but is sometimes found on Solidago 
virgaurea. 

As an instance of the degree of host specialisation in the Agromyzidae 
we might note that the garden golden-rod (Solidago canadensis) is 
attacked by only one of the species mentioned above—Phytobia 
(Nemorimyza) posticata Mg. The great majority of Agromyzid species 
are confined to a single genus of plants or a few closely related genera. 
However there are a few polyphagous species which occur very commonly. 
Phytomyza atricornis Mg. attacks a wide range of herbaceous dicotyledons 
—it is very common in this country on such diverse plants as Papaver, 
Linum, most Cruciferae, Reseda, Tropaeolum, Vicia and Lathyrus, Linaria 
and nearly all Compositae. The larva produces a linear mine which may 
be on the upper or lower side of the leaf. Pupation follows in the mine— 
a feature which allows the species to be distinguished easily from the 
many epecialised Phytomyza species of the albiceps group which are also 


18) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


4 mm 


BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 181 


Fig. 1—Agromyza reptans Fall., adult. 
Fig. 2.—Phytomyza atricornis Mg., wing. 

Fig. 10.—Rhizarcha maculipes Thom. (Hym., Braconidae, Dacnusini). 
Fig. 11.—Opius pallipes Wesm., wing (Hym., Braconidae, Opiini). 
Fig. 12.—Diglyphosema sp. (Hym., Eucoilidae). 

Fig. 13.—Miscogaster elegans Walk. (Hym., Pteromalidae). 

Fig. 14.—Chrysocharis sp. (Hym., Eulophidae). 


0-1 mm 
Fig. 3.—Male genitalia of Agromyza reptans Fall. (lateral view from left side). 


3a. Ejaculatory bulb of same. 
AAD=Aedeagal Apodeme BP=Basiphallus 
MP=Mesophallus 


AH=Aedeagal Hood 

EPI=Epiphalius HP=Hypophallus 
PGO=Postgonite DP=Distiphallus 
9S=9th Sternite 


gets 


ruse 


ae 3 
oN See Bs 
see aS - 
An Pra <i 
‘ x 2 

. “| . 
i ae 
hte os 

> 

a as 

. - 
i | nS 
<2 mo 

sis -- 


4-5,—Larval head and thorax (lateral view from right side) of : 4, Agromyza 


Figs. 
reptans Fall.; 5, Liriomyza strigata Mg. 


182 ENTOMOLOGISTS' RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V11/1°62 


1 inch 


Figs. 6-9.—Leaves of Solidago virgaurea mined by: 6, Ophiomyia maura Mg.: 
7, Phytobia (Nemorimyza) posticata Mg.; 8, Phytomyza virgaureae Hg.; 9, 
Liriomyza eupatorii Kalt. 


found on Compositae. Another polyphagous species is Liriomyza strigata 
Mg. which is very common on Compositae, Campanulaceae and Valeriana, — 
and sometimes occurs on a wide range of other dicotyledons. The larva 
feeds mainly in the midrib of the leaf, where it is afforded some protec- 
tion from parasites. 


The whole question of host selection by mining insects is a fascinating 
topic and is dealt with very fully by Professor E. M. Hering in his “Biology 
of the Leaf Miners” (1951). For the identification of mines the same 
author’s “Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa” (1957) is the 
standard work. This includes all mining insects, but excludes stem-boring 
Agromyzidae. 

The standard work on adult Agromyzidae is Hendel’s (1931-6) mono- 
graph in “Die Fliegen der parlaarktischen Region”. This is now 
unfortunately out of date, and reference has to be made to a large number 
of scattered subsequent papers for accurate identification. In particular 
the study of genitalia is putting the taxonomy of the group on a much 
sounder footing than formerly. I would advise any newcomer to the 
study of this group to have all his identifications checked by an exper- 
ienced worker at first. 


I cannot discuss the classification of the family in any detail in this 
short paper, but will confine myself to a few general remarks. Hendel’s 
basic subdivision into two  subfamilies—the Agromyzinae and 
Phytomyzinae—is of undisputed validity. The difference is perhaps 
clearest in the larval stage, for all Agromyzinae larvae have three pro- 
cesses of the paraclypeal phragma (see Fig. 4) in their last two instars, 


BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 183 


while the Phytomyzinae larva (see Fig. 5) has only two. There is also a 
difference in the wing venation—in Agromyzinae the subcostal vein ter- 
minates in the first branch of the radius, while in the Phytomyzinae it 
reaches the costa. However Hendel’s division of the Phytomzinae into 
genera was very artificial in some respects—particularly in his lumping 
of some very heterogeneous groups in his genus Dizygomyza. Dr. J. T. 
Nowakowski of Warsaw is doing valuable work in recasting the classifica- 
tion of this subfamily and publication of his revised scheme is expected 
soon. 


2. HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE AGROMYZIDAE 


The chief natural enemies of the Agromyzidae are the hymenopterous 
parasites which seek out the larva and deposit their eggs in it. Parasitised 
larvae usually pupate normally, and the adult parasite subsequently 
emerges from the dipterous puparium. Occasionally however some 
Chalcids destroy the host larva before it can pupate and the parasite pupa 
is then found unprotected in the mine channel. The groups of Hymenop- 
tera concerned are the Braconidae (Ichneumonoidea)*, Eulophidae and 
Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea) and the Eucoilidae (Cynipoidea). In this 
country Braconid parasites make roughly 60%-70% of all the parasites 
bred from Agromyzidae, and nearly all the rest are Chalcids—roughly 
equal numbers of Eulophids and Pteromalids. Eucoilids I have only seen 
bred from stem-boring Melanagromyza species in this country. Most of 
these parasites are still little known and the accumulation of bred series 
will be of considerable help in their classification. 


(a) Braronidae (Ichneumonoidea) 


Three groups of Braconids can be bred from Agromyzidae—the 
Dacnusini, Alysiini and Opiini. 


(i) Dacnusini 

The Dacusini and Alysiini form the group of Braconids classified by 
Wesmael as Exodontes. These are characterised by their possession of 
large “exodont” mandibles, which can be opened out at right angles to the 
side of the head. At rest their tips are well separated and they can have 
no feeding function. It is my personal view that they serve to split the 
dipterous puparium along its natural line of weakness—the suture which 
runs forward horizontally from the second thoracic segment on either 
side, thus forming a semi-circle. All cyclorraphous Diptera emerge by 
splitting this suture—hence in fact the term “Cyclorrapha”. Exodont 
Braconids emerge by splitting this suture in the same way as their hosts, 
but Opiini and other Hymenoptera carve a circular hole. The view that 
the mandibles serve this purpose has some circumstantial support from 
the fact that, as far as I am aware, all the Exodontes are parasites of 
cyclorraphous Diptera. 

The host/parasite distribution of the Dacnusini with the Agromyzidae 


*There is also one record of the breeding of an Ichneumonid from Agromyzid 
puparia—Nowakowski, J. T., 1959, Studien uber Minierfleigen, 3. Revision 
der in Labiaten und Boraginaceen minierenden Arten aus der Gruppe der 
Phytomyza obscura Hend., mit einem Beitrag zur Kenntnis_ Ihrer 
Hymenopteren-Parasiten. Dtsch. ent. Z. N.F. 6: 185-299—-where two examples 
of Hemiteles atricapillus Grav. are recorded from Phytomyza myosotica 
Now. in Poland. 


184 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/VIT/1962 


suggests that the association of the two groups is one of great antiquity. 
Most Dacnusini are very specific in their choice of hosts and confine their 
attentions to a small number of related species. Some attack only a single 
host. Even the relatively polyphagous species such as Rhizarcha maculipes 
Thom. (Fig. 10) show a marked respect for taxonomy—this species is 
universally common and will attack nearly all leaf-mining Phytomyzinae: 
yet I have never bred it from a member of the Agromyzinae. In the large 
genus Dacnusa some species groups are associated with particular genera 
of the Agromyzidae. The lateralis group, for instance, are all parasites of 
Agromyza, while the senilis and leptogaster groups are nearly all para- 
sites of Melanagromyza and Ophiomyia. In only one case are completely 
unrelated genera of Agromyzidae on the same host plants attacked— 
Antrusa melanocera Thom. attacks both Agromyza and Poemyza species 
on grasses—a type of host distribhtion which is common in the Opiini. 

Dacnusini attack almost all Agromyzidae—in fact the only species that 
I know which seems to escape their attention is Phytomyza illicis Curtis 
on holly (lex aquifolium). A few species are parasites of other 
acalypterates. The standard work on the group is Nixon’s (1943-54) 
“Revision of the European Dacnusini”. I published a block of breeding 
records for this group in 1956, though there are now many more to add to 
this. 

Gi) Alysiini 

The Alysiini, like the Dacusini, are exodont Braconids, but differ from 
that group by their retention of a second r-m cross vein (as in the Opiini 
—see Fig. 11). They are mostly parasites of larger Diptera, but I have 
bred two species from Agromyzids. These are Dapsilarthra balteata 
Thom., attacking Agromyza and Poemyza species on Gramineae, and D. 
rufiventris Nees which I have bred from several unrelated leaf-mining 
Phytomyzinae. 

Gili) Opiini 

The Opiini lack the exodont mandibles of the Dacnusini and Alysiini, 
and retain the second r-m cross vein (Fig. 11), though this is often weakly 
chitinised. 

Many species of this group attack leaf-mining Agromyzids, but I have 
not bred them from any stem-mining or stem boring species. One species 
is a specialised parasite of Phytomyza isais Hg., which feeds in the seeds 
of Odontites verna. In general the Opiini are less specialised in their 
host selection than the Dacusini. Dr. M. Fisher of Vienna has worked on 
my bred material and will be publishing the results soon. There appear 
to be several species of Opius which attack a wide range of leaf-mining 
Agromyzids (e.g. O. similis Szépl.), and the host range of some other 
species appears to depend more on the Agromyzids host-plant than the 
Agromyzid itself. O. minor Fi. for instance was bred from Agromyza spp. 
and Liriomyza trifolii Burg., all on Papilionaceae. O. rex Fi. attacked 
Agromyza spp. and Phytobia (Poemyza) pygmaea Mg. on Gramineae. 
Many species were of course bred from only one host, but it is difficult 
to know at this stage whether they are all genuinely specialised or will 
in future be found on other hosts. 


(b) Eucoilidae (Cynipoidea) 
Eucoilids can easily be recognised by their wing venation and laterally 
compressed abdomen. 


BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 185 


In Britain they have only been bred so far from the puparia of stem- 
boring Melanagromyza species. Mr. G. J. Kerrich refers these specimens; 
to the genus Diglyphosema. An example bred from M. tripolii Sp. on 
Aster tripolium is figured at Fig. 12. 

Members of this family appear to be commoner as Agromyzid parasites 
in other countries. Professor Hering of Berlin has bred them from 
Cephalomyza cepae Hg. and Liriomyza amoena Mg., both leaf miners, and 
Dr. Nowakowski bred a species identified as Gronotoma allotriaeformis 
Gir. from Phytomyza nepetae Hd., mining the leaves of Nepeta cataria in 
Poland. I saw several species in a small collection of parasites from 
South American Agromyzids bred by Mr. K. A. Spencer. 


(ec) Chalcidoidea 

Various Chalcids belonging to the families Eulophidae and Pteromalidae 
occur as parasites of the Agromyzidae. My material has not yet been 
studied in detail, and my remarks must therefore be very tentative. 1 
have figured (Figs. 13 and 14) an example of each family illustrating the 
main differences. The Eulophidae have 4-segmented tarsi and fewer 
antennal segments: they have no spur at the apex of the fore tibiae. The 
Pteromalidae have 5-segmented tarsi and more antennal segments: there 
is a stout curved spur at the apex of their fore tibiae. (Not all species 
have a large stigma as in the example figured). The most recent key of 
the families of Chalcidoidea is in Ferriére and Kerrich’s (1958) volume in 
the series of “Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects”. There 
is no recent detailed work on the two families which parasitise 
Agromyzids, and any bred material which can be obtained my be a 
great help in their study. 


(i) Eulophidae 

Eulophids are very common parasites of Dizygomyza/Poemyza species 
(on monocotyledons) and the Phytagromyza species found on Salicaceae: 
apart from these groups they have been bred from many other leaf-minin3 
Agromyzids, but are generally not the commonest parasites. They do not 
occur on stem-mining or stem-boring species. I have figured at Fig. 14 a 
Chrysocharis sp. which is a very common parasite of Phytobia (Poemyza) 
atra Mg. and regularly decimates this host. 

The species of this family are generally metallic green or black. An 
interesting exception is Cirrospilus vittatus Walk. which is yellow and 
black striped on its head and thorax. Most species of this family emerge 
from the puparia of their host, but the Cirrospilus pupa lies unprotected 
in the mine channel of Pytobia (Calycomyza) humeralis Ros. on Aster 
tripolium. 

It is possible that some Eulophids, particularly Pediobius spp. are 
hyperparasites—an interesting question which will repay further study. 
(ii) Pteromalidae 

I have figured at Fig. 13 Miscogaster elegans Walk., bred from 
Agromyza watersi Sp. on Lathyrus latifolius. This and other species with 
large stigmata are common parasites of leaf-mining Agromyza and 
Phytomyza species. 

Other forms with smaller stigmata can be bred from various stem- 
boring Agromyzids (Melanagromyza spp., Phytomyza flavicornis Fall. and 
Napomyza lateralis Fall.) and from Gramineae-feeding Agromyza and 
Poemyza species. 

(to be continued) 


186 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


Notes and Observations 


INFESTATION OF HAWTHORNS IN CHESHIRE.—I have received from Mr. C. 
I. Rutherford a cutting from the Sunday Express of 24th June 1962, re- 
porting the infestation of the hawthorn hedges on a council estate at Sale, 
Cheshire, by “black caterpillars’. These are said to crawl up walls of 
heuses and enter the rooms through ventilators. 


I have just returned from driving some 3,500 miles in France, Austria, 
Switzerland and Italy, and I noticed many areas where the hawthorns 
were badly infested by the larvae of an Hyponomeuta species, probably 
padella, and considerable areas of Oxyacanthus were defoliated. This 
state of affairs certainly extended into east Kent where I noticed large 
stretches of the hedges in a similar state of defoliation, and I am of the 
opinion that this Cheshire infestation must be by one of these species. The 
only point that does not tie up is the migration of the larvae into houses; 
it is their usual habit, of course, to pupate in their webs, and it may be 
that journalistic enthusiasm has led the contributor to add “corroborative 
detail, adding versimilitude to an otherwise bald and unconvincing nar- 
rative’. It will be interesting to hear of the matter from a local 
entomologist.—S. N. A. Jacogps, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 11.vii.1962. 


PLUSIA NI HiBN., IN SURREY.—I would like to put on record the capture 
of this migrant plusia in my mercury vapour trap here, on the night of 
lst July. The moth was a male in poor condition.—J. L. MESSENGER, 
Stonehaven, Wormley, Godalming. 15.vii.1962. 


NOTHOPTERYX POLYCOMMATA IN YORKSHIRE.—On 17th May 1959, I was 
_returning from the higher part of Grass Wood near Grassington where I 
had been taking some fresh specimens of Colostygia salicata from the 
rocks, when I noticed a female N. polycommata at rest on an ash trunk. 
She was rather worn, and only managed to lay three eggs before expiring; 
from these, two pupae were obtained, but no moths. 


Having ascertained that the species was not mentioned in Porritt’s 
list, I checked with Dr. Hewson who was then keeping the county records. 
He reported that there was only one previous record :—‘‘Low Moor (Brad- 
ford), 27-6-19, believed introduced with moss from the coast”. My 
specimen could therefore be regarded as the first indigenous record, but 
I felt that confirmation was needed that the species was established and 
not just a vagrant; the fact that it was fertile, and the similarity of the 
terrain to that where the species is found in Westmorland gave me 
confidence. 


Several fruitless visits were paid, however, before I caught a male 
on 20th May this year, I had disturbed it among the ash saplings. I can 
only assume that this species has remained unnoticed in such a well- 
worked locality for so long because it is normally over before any of the 
species for which the wood is particularly noted are out.—C. I. RUTHER- 
FORD, Redroofs, Oakdale, Harrogate. 25.6.62. 


VANESSA CaRDUI L. IN NORTHUMBERLAND.—Two Vanessa cardui L. were 
seen basking together by the castle on Lindisfarne (Holy Island), 
Northumberland, on the fine morning of 10th June 1962.—D. C. HULME, 
1, Melton Avenue, Littleover, Derby. 21.vi.62. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 187 


CELERIO GaLiIt Rott. AND C. Livornica Esp. In Co. KERRy.—On the night 
of 6th June 1962, Mr. J. L. Messenger and I set up our mercury vapour 
light on the sandhills close to Glenbeigh, which is on the Kerry coast 
facing the Dingle peninsula. So high was the wind, however, that we 
decided to move to a quarry we had spotted in the adjoining mountain 
side half-a-mile away. About 12.30 a.m. a large hawk moth landed near 
the sheet, and to our amazement we found it was a female striped hawk 
in prime condition, but this was nothing to our astonishment when we 
looked through the trap on the following morning in the garden of the 
Towers Hotel, half-a-mile away. There among the egg cartons was an 
almost perfect female bedstraw hawk. I doubt whether these two species 
have ever been taken together on the same night in the same locality be- 
fore in the British Isles. The following evening we paraded along a fine 
bank of rhododendrons in a local garden, and just at dusk, Mr Messenger 
netted a hawkmoth which was almost certainly C. livornica, but which 
escaped as he was about to box it. The next night, the 8th, in the same 
quarry as before, this time in the company of Rear Admiral D. Torlesse, 
another livornica, a perfect male, came to our light just after 1 a.m. 


I at once communicated this good news to Mr. E. S. A. Baynes, the 
leading authority on Irish Lepidoptera. He informed me that according 
to the late Col. Donovan, C. galii had only been taken twice in Ireland 
in the last century, once at Howth in 1888. Since then, Mr Baynes has 
had it twice at light, a Glenageary, near Dublin, in October 1955, and 
September 1856, and apparently two larvae of this species were found 
on the East Coast in Co. Wexford and Co. Wicklow in 1961, so perhaps 
our capture might have been bred on the spot. 

As to C. iivornica, it has been seen much more frequently in Ireland. 
In that great year for the species, 1943, no less than 13 were taken at 
Ummera, near Timoleague, Co. Cork, between 23rd May and 20th June, 
by Mrs. Lucas (Entom., 1944, 77: 73). In 1949 several larvae were noted 
on the south coast, and in 1931, two larvae found at Cloyne, Co. Cork, 
were bred by Miss C. Longfield.—C. G. M. bE Worms, Three Oaks, 
Woking. 10.vii.1962. 


THE HaBITATS OF COSCINIA CRIBUM LINN. ON THE DORSET AND HANTS 
BorvDERS.—In Vol. 72 of the Entomologists’ Record at page 92, my friend, 
Mr. S. €. Searsdale Brown, published a note on the localities at St. 
Leonard’s, near Ringwood, of Coscinia cribum Linn., and I a further note 
on p. 142 of that volume. It is not my purpose to recall the difference 
of opinion then expressed, but to emphasise the fact that so-called modern 
progress had wiped out the localities in and around St. Leonard’s. I had 
some time ago noticed that the two small rivers, Moors Water and the 
Crane, were being altered to effect a more rapid flow, and so lower the 
water table in, at any rate, the lower part of the valleys occupied by 
these small rivers. A few weeks ago, I had the occasion to go to Fern- 
down, and decided to go home by way of the Ringwood, Verwood, Cran- 
borne roads. To my horror I found that on both sides of this road the 
Forestry Commission had been doing their damnedest. No longer is there 
a lovely area of open heath, whose colour at all times, but especially in the 
latter months of the year, was a delight; it is just one dismal series of 
closely planted rectangles of fir trees enclosed in wire netting compounds 
and as every naturalist is only too painfully aware, that is death and 
damnation to both beauty and wild life. I did not attempt to walk past 


188 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


the desolation to the southern side of the area to what was, in days gone 
by, a very boggy valley, full of Osmunda regalis which often ran to the 
astonishing height of 7 feet. I realised then the object of the work on the 
lower part of the Crane, to make this area less unsuitable for conifers, 
but it means goodbye to the Royal Ferns. After the destruction wrought 
by the Forestry Commission in Morden Bog, where they attempted to 
grow fir trees after bulldozing the edges of the bog, they probably 
learned that fir trees like to have their feet dry, but if they learnt that 
fact, which it is just possible they may have done, the lesson has been 
learned, as is so usual with this Commission, at the cost of much irreplac- 
able beauty of fauna and flora. 

The action dealt with in this note is well parallelled by the damage 
they have done to the ancient Caledonian Forest in the Grampians around 
Rannoch, the way they have defaced Whinlatter Pass, and the progressive 
despoilation of the New Forest.—W. PaARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.E.S. 


ANARTA MELANOPA THUNB. IN ABERDEENSHIRE.—An Anarta melanopa 
Thunb. was caught less than twenty feet below the summit cairn cf 
Merven, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire, at 16:30 G.M.T., on the hot, sunny 
afternoon of 16th June 1962. On settling, the moth hid itself among 
loose stones and was rather rubbed by the time I had boxed it. As this 
shapely hornblende hill is 2,862 feet high, the statement on page 167 of 
vclume one of the new South will require amendment. 

Ematurga atomaria L. was abundant on the neighbouring granite 
Culblean Hill (1,983 feet), and singletons of Pandemis cerasana Hubn. and 
Ancylis unguicella L. were taken on the 650 foot contour at the base of 
this hill. 

Incidentally, a Pseudargyrotoza conwagana F. was taken at Pitfodels, 
Aberdeen, on 14th June 1962. I have no 20th century text book giving 
the distribution of the Tortrices, but Meyrick’s Handbook (1895) gives 
“Britain to the Clyde, Aberdeen (?), Ireland, very common”.—D. C. 
HuLME, 1 Melton Avenue, Littleover, Derby. 21.vi.62. 


LAPHYGMA ExiIGua HUBN. aT WOKING, SURREY.—On the nights of 6th 
and 14th May 1962, I had single examples of this species in my trap here. 
I had not seen it here since 1952, but I gather that a large number of 
this migrant has been recorded from many parts of the southern haif of 
Britain. —C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 10.vii.1962. 


WICKEN FEN Funp.—Entomologists did a little better last year: 
£79 15/5 reached me, and was passed on to the National Trust through 
the British Trust for Entomology. But I am sure we can do better yet. 
We ought to be able to reach three figures, for what is a pound worth now 
in comparison with those we had before the war? In those days, the 
Fund regularly benefited to the extent of more than £100 each year. Our 
subscriptions have not kept in step with costs; can we catch up? I am 
sure we can. 

Cheques should be made payable to the British Trust for Entomology, 
Ltd., Wicken Fen Fund, and sent, like other remittances, to me person- 
ally at the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 
S.W. 7. 

Thanks are specially due to those generous contributors who already 
send a contribution under a standing Banker’s Order. I should be de- 
lighted to add to their number.—N. D. RILEY. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (49) 


10. Sevenoaks, one, 1887 (Henderson, Young Nat., 8: 140); 1949 
(F. D. Greenwood). Brasted, larva, June 16, 1916 (Gillett, Diary) (R. 
M. Prideaux). Seal Chart, larva (Howarth, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 71). Westerham, larva (Leston, Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1951-52: 72). Sundridge, plentiful, 1962 (C. G. Bruce). 

11. Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)). Tonbridge, one, 1950 (H. E. 
Hammond). Aylesford, c. 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood, plenti- 
ful, also noted flying in sun; March 11, 21, 1954 (P. Cue); four April 2, 
1955 (W. L. Rudland). Sevenoaks Weald, three, 1960 (HE. A. Sadler). 

12. Hothfield, larva, June 13, 1931, d reared (A. M. Morley). Ham 
Street, two, March 12, larva, May 17, 1933, five, March 17, two, March 
22, 1935 (A. M. Morley); one, February 19, one, March 16, 1937 (A. H. 
Lanfear) ; three, March 1939, a larva, June 17, 1939 (C.-H.). 

13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan); one, 1957 (L. R. Tesch, 
teste C. A. Stace). 

14. Woodchurch (Scott (1936)). Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). 

15. Dungeness, pupa, 1934, from which imago emerged, March 24, 
1935 (A. J. L. Bowes). 

VaARIATION.—Kentish specimens are referable to ssp. galbanus Tutt, 
which is described as having the ground colour pale green, with the 
markings not so prominent, the stigmata pale and indistinct. 

I have two ood ab. confluens Klem., taken Broad Oak, 1945, and 
West Wickham, 1951 (C.-H.). 

First Recorp, 1829: Darenth (Stephens, Haust., 3: 55). 


Polyploca ridens F.: Frosted Green. 

Native. Woods; on oak. Mainly Wealden; local. Unusually plenti- 
ful in 1955, 1956. 

1. Shooter’s Hill, three larvae, 1856 (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 
123). West Wickham, one, taken May 1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 1: 
203). Birch Wood, larvae, July 8, 1864, ‘‘I took a great number. . 
beating them from the oaks in Birch Wood”? (Newman, Entomologist, 
37) 147): 

3. Trenley Park, from five cocoons excavated from under moss at 
foot of oak, March 4, 1921, two moths emerged March 23, and two, 
March 30, 1921 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 

6. Near Otford* (Stephens, Haust., 3: 55). 

6a. Chattenden, 1902-03, one or two larvae each year (H. C. 
Huggins). 

11. Hods Wood (Scott (1936)); several, May 10, 1954 (P. Cue); 
twenty-two at m.v., April 29, 1955, the main flight from 10 to 10.30 
p-m.; one, May 14, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Holt Wood, Aylesford, in 
m.v. trap, one, 1953, one, 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, 
one, at m.v., 1960 (KE. A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street, 5, May 11, 5, May 20, 1834; eighteen dd taken 
at light between April 22 and May 4, 1935, by A. G. Riddell, A. G. 
Peyton, E. Scott, and A. M. Morley; a larva on scrub oak bush, 1947 
(A. M. Morley); May 15-16, 1936, May 8, 1938 (Bull, Diary); several at 
light, 1938, a few, 1939, four nearly full-grown larvae beaten out, June 
13, 1947, two worn od at m.v. May 12, 1951, twenty dd, two 99, 
at m.v., mostly in fresh condition, May 5, 1956; all in Long Rope and 
Burnt Oak (C.-H.); several, 1954 (P. B. Wacher); about fifty at m.v., 
one night in 1955 (G. Law, teste P. B. Wacher); plentiful at m.v., May 


(50) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


3, 1956 (EK. J. Hare); 1959 (de Worms, Hntomologist, 93: 158); five, 
May 6, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, scarce (A. D. Reed, fide E. D. Morgan). Goud- 
hurst, not uncommon at light, 1955-61 (W. V. D. Bolt). 

VaARIATION.—T wo ¢ 6d, taken Ham Street, May 7, 1956, are referable 
to ab. erythrocephala Hsp. (C.-H.). 

Frrst Recorp, 1829: Stephens, loc. cit. 


LYMANTRIIDAE. 
Orgyia recens Hiibn. (gonostigma F.): Scarce Vapourer. 

Native; probably long extinct. Woods; on oak, hazel. 

1. Near Lewisham (see First Record). ‘‘It occurs in several places 
near the metropolis, as at Lewisham, Erith. . . .’’ (Stephens, Haust, 2: 
62). Bexley, ‘‘while searching the young oaks in woods, at Bexley, I 
came across a batch of ova of Orgyia gonostigma, July 10, 1898, the 
larvae from which are doing well at the present time’ (Newman, Ent. 
Rec., 10: 277); the same recorder (Ent. Rec., 11: 277) states that on 
September 2, 1899, he found ten young larvae in the same locality as of 
the previous year. [West Wickham, do, seen flying in the sun, May 25, 
1952, but suspected of being an escape, as at that time the species was 
being reared by several collecters in the neighbourhood (C.-H.)] 

6. Greenhithe* (Stephens, Haust., 2: 62) (Curtis, Br. Hnt., 378). 

[11. Tonbridge, two broods, bred 1896 (Bacot, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1897: 2); wants confirmation, particularly in regard 
to locality (C.-H.)] 

First Recorp, 1720: The larva ‘‘was found feeding on the Hastle 

. hear Lewisham in Kent’’ (Albin, Nat. Hist. English Insects, facing 
pl 90): 


QO. antiqua L.: Vapourer. 

Native. Gardens, parks, waysides, hop plantations, woods, etc.; on 
oak, hawthorn, hop, acacia, poplar, buddleia, broom, sycamore, maple, 
rose, willow, elm, laburnum, cherry, apple, holm oak, polyanthus. 
Recorded from all divisions (once only from 15). Fairly numerous and 
occasionally locally abundant among deciduous trees and shrubs in 
urban districts, generally much less plentiful in rural areas, and prob- 
ably absent from purely coniferous woodland. The statement: ‘‘Com- 
mon everywhere’’ (in V.C.H. (1908)), is unsupported by the records. 


The imago usually appears in one generation from July-September. 
Tunaley (Hnt. Rec., 8: 138) records that in 1896, at Chattenden, he 
saw two flying on April 4; Bull (Ent. Rec., 64: 57) noted a 2 at Broad- 
stairs in 1950, on October 17; and Fenn (Diary) writes that at Lee, in 
1861, several were seen on the wing on October 20, and in 1885, one as 
late as October 22. 

The ¢ has occasionally occurred at light, and been found 
in m.v. traps. One, at light, Ham Street, August 8, 1952 (C.-H.); 
one there at light, 1956 (de Worms, Hntomologist, 90: 181); one, in 
m.v. trap, Blackheath, 1959 (A. A. Allen); and on three occasions found 
in an m.y. trap in the morning at Folkestone (A. M. Morley). Despite 
these records, however, there does not appear to be any direct evidence 
of a natural crepuscular or nocturnal flight, and one suspects that in 
each instance the moth was either disturbed, or in the case of being 
found in a trap, possibly entered it during daylight. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (51) 


The species has sometimes been observed in the utmost profusion, 
particularly in its early stages. Thus, Douglas (Hnt. mon. Mag., 17: 
114) records that though always common at Lewisham, in 1880 it ap- 
peared there in prodigious numbers; and A. M. Morley (in litt.) writes 
that in the Sandgate Road, Folkestone, on August 27, 1954, he found 
that a laburnum tree outside a shop had been completely defoliated, 
and that the nearest tree, a cherry about fifteen yards away, was as 
bad. Since about 1950, B. K. West has found larvae, pupae, and ova 
in very large numbers on rose and various cultivated shrubs in a school 
out-house at Crayford, and in 1954, and the year or two immediately 
preceding, they were in such masses there, that the ceiling became 
festooned with their webs. 

Fenn (Lepidoptera Data MS.) records that in 1875, at Erith, larvae 
were found feeding on an evergreen—Holm oak; and A. M. Morley 
observes that at Folkestone in August 1954, one was taken on Poly- 
anthus. A batch of ova that I took at West Wickham off Acacia, in 
1955, produced no larvae, but numbers of a Proctupoideid which was 
determined by G. E. J. Nixon (Br. Mus. (S. Kensington)) as Teleromus 
dalmanm Ratz. (C.-H.). 

Bacot (Hnt. Rec., 10: 30) says that in Kent, the larva of antiqua 
is known as the ‘‘Hop-cat’’; and Anderson (Young Nat., 7: 253-4) 
records that this is particularly so throughout the district between 
Footscray and Sevenoaks. The term ‘‘Hop-cat’’, however, is also locally 
applied to at least one other species of larva in Kent, notably that of 
Dasychira pudibunda lL. (q.v.). 

15. Dymchurch, one, July 27, 1948 (P. le Masurier), is the only 
known occurrence in this division, where it is perhaps casual. 

VaRiaTIoN.—A gynandromorph, bred, East Malling, c. 1930 (A. M. 
Massee). In R.C.K. is a gynandromorph, left side ¢, N. Kent, June 
1928, L. W. Newman. 

First Recorp, 1828: ‘‘A very abundant insect throughout the metro- 
politan district?’ (Stephens, Haust., 2: 61). The first certain Kentish 
record, however, dates from 1861: Lee (Fenn, Diary). 


Dasychira fascelina L.: Dark Tussock. 

Native. Shingle beach, woodland; on broom, bramble, sallow, black- 
thorn, dock, hawthorn. Locally not uncommon in 15, where it is 
mainly on broom; extinct elsewhere. 


In 1828, Stephens (Haust., 2: 59), recorded it as: ‘‘Rather an un- 
common species, occurring most frequently in the woody districts of 
Kent and Bedfordshire’’. 

1. Eltham (see First Record). Farnborough, two larvae, 1903 (H. 
Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 

3. Canterbury* (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 74). 

6. Longfield, 1867 (Jennings, Hntomologist, 4 (54)ii). 

13. Tonbridge*, rare (A. D. Reed, fide E. D. Morgan). 

15. ‘‘Romney Marsh, bred 7. 1909, R. A. N.’’, five specimens so 
labelled in E. Goodwin coll. (C.-H1.). Dungeness.—A larva taken by A. M. 
Morley, on sallow by the pits, June 2, 1928; six larvae, July 8, 1929, 
W. O. W. Edwards; two larvae on blackthorn, May 30, 1931; six larvae, 
June 4, 11, 1932; thirteen larvae, May 6, four, May 26, 1933; one larva, 
June 12, 1941; three larvae, June 16, 1953, two of which were stung; 
“In 1954, I saw two OC in D. More’s m.v. trap, the morning of 


(52) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


August 22, a surprisingly late date’? (A. M. Morley in litt.); thirty 
larvae found in late April (1952) (C. A. W. Duffield, fide A. M. Morley) ; 
many larvae, June 13, 1929 (Kettlewell, Ent. Rec., 42: 76); an imago 
at rest, July 5, 1931, several larvae, May 31, 1931 (de Worms, Hnto- 
mologist, 65: 58, 60); two larvae, May 13, 1937 (A. H. Lanfear MS.) ; 
several larvae, May 29, 1939 (S. F. P. Blyth); seventeen gd at m.v., 
by Pilot Inn, August 3, 1951; several $d, two 99 there at m.v., 
July 25, 1952; eighteen larvae on broom by the level crossing, June 1, 
1956 (C.-H.); a larva found feeding on dock, June 18, 1953 (W. L. 
Rudland); a larva on bramble, and four others on broom, June 7-11, 
1955, near the lighthouse (G. A. N. Davis); three larvae, September 22, 
1955 (EK. CO. Pelham-Clinton); July 1957, at the bird observatory (H. 
Philp) ; 1959 (A. L. Goodson). 

Varration.—According to Strand (in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of 
World: Palearctic Bombyces and Sphinges, 112), fascelina averages 40 
mm. in ¢, and50 mm. in @. The Dungeness specimens may therefore 
be said to be exceptionally large, and in my series of some twenty 
captured examples, most have a wing span of approximately 47 mm. 
and 60 mm. in ¢ and @ respectively, and are, moreover, appreciably 
larger than any specimens from various other British localities in the 
series at the Br. Mus. (S. Kensington) with which I have compared 
them; furthermore, in addition to the above characteristic, all Dunge- 
ness fascelina that I have seen, show the cross lines fairly distinctly, 
and there is little or no marking beyond the second line. Compared with 
the extensive assemblage of extra-British specimens at S. Kensington, 
the Dungeness form appears very similar to that exhibited by a long 
series from Rennes, France, in Oberthiir coll. (C.-H.). 

First Recorp, 1720: The larvae taken ‘‘ on the White Thorn near 
Pecham and Eltham in Kent’ (Albin, Nat. Hist. English Insects, facing 
plt. 26). 


D. pudibunda L.: Pale Tussock. 

Native. Woods, copses, avenues, hop gardens, etc.; on oak, birch, 
hop, willow, lime, Spanish chestnut, elm, alder, hazel, aspen, sallow, 
beech. Recorded from all divisions, except 15. Fairly plentiful, par- 
ticularly in wooded areas, but apparently scarce or casual in 2, 4, 9. 
“Occurs generally, but is not very common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 

The larva, known generally in Kent as the ‘‘Hop-Dog’’, has been 
recorded as being abundant in hop gardens (Chaney (1884-87)), but is 
probably less so nowadays owing to insecticides. In the Tunbridge 
Wells area, Morgan (in Knipe (1916)), stated that the larva which 
‘was formerly abundant has now become much less common, probably 
owing to the increase in the practice of hop-washing’’; and the same 
recorder, writing some thirty years later (in Given (1946)), said that 
the larvae ‘‘so abundant in hop-gardens in old days, is now rarely seen 
on that plant, though still frequent on its other foodplants’’. Evidently 
the larva continues to be fairly numerous on hops however, since we 
have C. A. Stace’s statement (in litt., 1959), that it is still frequent at 
Tunbridge Wells, ‘‘especially so on hop’’. 

Anderson (Young Nat., 7: 253-4) records that throughout the district 
between Footscray and Sevenoaks, the larvae of pudibunda are known 
as ‘‘hop-dogs’’, and those of O. antiqua (q.v.) as ‘‘hop-cats’”’, and that 
both are considered friends by the farmers who imagine they devour 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (53) 


the “fly”. About Gravesend, however, according to Clifford (Young 
Nat., 7: 236), it is apparently the larva of pudibunda that bears the 
name of ‘‘hop-cat’’. 

2. Luddenham (H. C. Huggins). Abbey Wood, 1952 (A. J. 
Showler). 

4. Ickham (D. G. Marsh). 

9. Margate, June 14, 1951 (W. D. Bowden). 

Variarion.—A ferm having a dark grey forewing, unicolorous or 
with only traces of transverse lines, ab. concolor Stgr., has occurred 
during the past fifteen years, and seems to be on the increase. | The 
following all appear referable to this aberration:—1948: Sevenoaks 
(Howarth, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 38). 1952: 
Westwell, ¢, May 28, taken by E. Scott (C.-H. coll.). 1955: Otford, 
6, May 26 (W. B. L. Manley). 1956: Orlestone Woods, one, June 1, 
1956 (R. F. Bretherton). 1959: Shorne, a ‘‘dark aberration”’ (Trundell, 
Proc. 8S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 18). 

In R.C.K. is ab. juglundis Hb., 3, Kent, bred 1920. 

First Recorp, 1828: ‘‘Hop-gardens, Kent, common; the caterpillars 
called ‘hop-dogs’. (Ingpen, in Stephens, Haust., 2: 59). 


Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (phaeorrhoea Don.): Brown-tail. 

Resident.!_ Hedgerows, bushy places, orchards; on sloe, hawthorn, 
bramble, Hippophae rhamnoides, rose, sallow, apple, pear, medlar, 
Euonymus japonicus. Recorded from all divisions (except 5, 10), but 
occurring mainly in coastal areas of 2 (particularly Sheppey), 4, 15. 
Few records for 1, 6a. 11, 13. Local. 


In 1952, the imago was noted at Dymchurch as early as June 26 (S. 
Wakely and T. G. Edwards), and in 1955, at Folkestone as late as 
August 24 (A. M. Morley). 

The larva has perhaps most often been found on sloe, hawthorn, 
bramble, and H. rhamnoides. At Lydd, September 19, 1953, R. F. 
Bretherton found a nest on medlar; A. M. Morley has taken it on 
sallow at Dungeness, and on June 6, 1942, he found two larvae on E. 
japonicus in the town of Folkestone. At Wye during the outbreak in 
1201, both pear and apple were defoliated by the larva of this species 
(Theobald, J. S.-H. Agr. College (Wye), 1902 (11) 51). 

1. West Wickham, 1858 (Perkins, Ent. week. Int., 4: 141). 
Bromley (Colthrup, Entomologist, 35: 321). Brockley, a few, 1887-90 
(Turner, Ent. Rec., 1: 349). St. Mary Cray, one, July 14, 1948 (A. M. 
& F. A. Swain coll.). Lee, one, July 31, 1954 (C. G. Bruce). 

6a. Chattenden (Chaney (1884-87)); 3, July 27, 1951 (B .K. West). 

11. Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). 

13. Tunbridge Wells* (A. D. Reed, in Knipe (1916)). 

The species is subject to vast changes in numerical strength; e.g., it 
was noted as being very plentiful in 1782, 1858-60, 1869, 1871, 1874-75, 
1877, 1898, 1900-01, 1919, 1929, 1931-38, 1941, 1949, 1955; but as ex- 
ceedingly scarce in 1855, 1880-92. In 1782, it swarmed to such a 
degree, that special measures were taken for fear of its becoming a 
serious pest, and the larvae were collected by the bushel and burned; 
in contrast, however, for a decade or more towards the end of the 
nineteenth century, chrysorrhoea was so scarce, that recommendations 
were actually made for its protection; yet again, its numbers reached 
dangerous proportions, and in 1901, the Board of Agriculture issued 


(54) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


instructions for its control. 

The following notes relating to its fluctuations during the past 
hundred years or so, are of interest :— 

1855-1901.—Harding (Ent. week. Int., 8: 123) writing from Deal 
on July 16, 1860, observed that in 1855 it was rare there, but that ‘‘now 
they swarm on every whitethorn bush’’; and Briggs (Entomologist, 6: 
141) mentioned that in 1869, it was exceedingly common in Folkestone 
Warren. On May 17, 1871, larvae were infesting the hedges in the 
neighbourhood of Sheerness, and seemed to attack almost every plant, 
though giving preference to sloe and whitethorn (Mathew, Ent. mon. 
Mag., 8: 18); but that previous to 1868, ‘‘it was quite a rarity in this 
district’? (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 184). Adkin (Entomologist, 30: 
232) said that at Deal, in 1875, the pupae were so abundant, he could 
have ‘‘literally collected the proverbial wagon load’’, but that some 
six years later he searched in vain for it there. The same recorder 
(Moths of Eastbourne, 1: 22) however, stated that it was still abundant 
there in 1877, but was unobtainable in 1879; and added (Proc. S. Lond. 
ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1907-08: 13) that though fairly common in the 
latter year at Higham (div. 2), near Gravesend, he was unable to find 
if at that locality for several years after. 

The species underwent a term of comparative scarcity from about 
1880 to 1892, and there are but few records for this period. Coverdale 
(Entomologist, 16: 220) reported that he found the larvae not uncom- 
monly at Dover (in 1883); Hill (Ent. Rec., 10: 154) recorded a single ¢ 
at light, at Broadstairs in 1885; and Fenn (Diary) observed a 9, August — 
23, 1888, and a larva on hawthorn, July 15, 1889, both at Deal. A 
curious record is of several at Brcckley (div. 1), between 1887-90 
(Turner, Ent. Rec., 1: 349), which is close to the border of the metro- 
polis. 

From 1894, chrysorrhoea was evidently more numerous, and in that 
year, Mathew (Entomologist, 29: 192) recorded that he found a few 
larvae at Sittingbourne. Walker (Ent. mon. Mag., 33: 185) stated that 
the larvae were rather plentiful in 1897 about 1 mile from Sheerness, 
and that it was the first time he had seen the species alive in any of its 
stages since 1872. In 1898, it was in profusion at Deal (Dadd, Ent. 
Rec., 11: 223); in 1900, in quantities at Hythe, as well as in ‘‘countless 
thousands’? at the former locality (Reid, Ent. Rec., 13: 181); and in 
1901, in great numbers in orchards in East Kent (Theobald, Entomolo- 
Gist? ATA), 

1902-1962.—In 1902, though still plentiful at Deal (Carr, Entomolo- 
gist, 35: 246), it had become much less common in the fruit plantations, 
and in the opinion of Theobald (J. S.-E. Agr. College (Wye), 1907 (16) 
53), the rapidity with which it decreased was partly due to a Tachinid 
parasite, Thelymorpha vertigosa Fl., which were bred out in great 
rumbers. 

The species seems to have been scarce in 1915, for in that year 
Theobald states that he could only find two larval tents, at Littlestone; 
but that in 1919 the nests were in countless numbers, both there and at 
Deal (Theobald, Entomologist, 52: 168). Since 1919, it does not at any 
time appear to have been scarce, but in certain years was noted as 
particularly abundant. 

A. M. Morley (in litt.) writes that he has never seen it in such 
numbers as on Sheppey, and says that in 1941, ‘‘the nests were at 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (55) 


close intervals along the side of the road on blackthorn, hawthorn, and 
wild rose, from the near side of Queensferry Bridge to the outskirts of 
Queenborough’’. And he adds that ‘‘on May 20, a rough calculation 
suggests that the number of larvae must have exceeded half a million’’. 
Owen (Entomologist, 82:233) noted larvae in vast swarms in Sheppey 
in 1949, and that they were most in evidence in the south-east corner 
of the island. In May 1950, I noticed that the larvae were very abun- 
dant on hawthorn hedges in Sheppey, between Leysdown and Harty 
Kerry, but were obviously being considerably reduced, owing to the 
numbers of Cuckoos that were feeding upon them (C.-H.). 

Variation.—Vallins (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 
47) exhibited a ¢ with orange tail, bred from Dungeness larva taken 
1948; and Morley (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 38) 
exhibited a ¢ taken Folkestone, 1930, having both the ‘‘body and 
antennae orange’’. 

A g,in J. W. C. Hunt coll., taken St. Peters (div. 9), July 18, 1937, 
is the holotype of ab. fwmosa C.-H., a form in which the white is tinged 
throughout with smoke-grey. 

Specimens bearing a few isolated black dots, ab. punctella Strand, 
occur fairly frequently; but ab. punctigera Teich, in which the spots are 
more numerous and form rows, only occurs occasionally. I have 11 oc, 
3 9° of the former, but only 2 g¢ of the latter; all bred with some 
thirty normal specimens in 1946, from wild Dungeness larvae (C.-H.). 
A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) records that he bred several black spotted ¢ ¢ 
from Herne Bay pupae, and that at Sandwich, he took a few oo, 
August 9, 16, 1939, all of which had black spots. 

In R.C.K., are ab. fumosa C.-H., 92, Folkestone, June 1900, S. G. 
Hills; ab. xanthorrhoea Oberth., two od, bred July 25, 26, 1946, Good- 
son. 

First Recorp, 1782: ‘‘The attention of the public has of late been 
strongly excited by the unusual appearance of infinite numbers of large 
white webs, containing caterpillars, conspicuous on almost every hedge, 
tree, and shrub, in the vicinity of the metropolis’? (Curtis, A Short 
History of the Brown-Tail Moth, 3). The first definitely Kentish record, 
however, dates from 1828: Gravesend (Stephens, Haust., 2: 66). 


1Also classed as a migrant or suspected migrant by Williams, ef al. (1942). 


E. similis Fuessl.: Gold-tail. 
Resident.!_ Hedgerows, gardens, bushy places, etc.; on hawthorn, 
blackthorn, rose, elm, oak, apple, pear, Spanish chestnut, sallow, 


willow, Viburnum lantana, Hippophae rhamnoides. Frequent, and 
found in all divisions. ‘‘Generally abundant’’ (V.C.H. (1908)). 


Barrett (Ent. week. Int., 7: 75) noted an imago in ‘‘fine condition’’, 
at West Wickham, October 4, 1859; and D. F. Owen (per Rothamsted) 
recorded that he took a perfectly fresh specimen at Eynsford, Septem- 
ber 27, 1947; seemingly both instances of a partial second generation. 

The species is subject to marked numerical fluctuation; but there is 
no confirmed record that its numbers ever reach such vast proportions 
as its congener chrysorrhoea. Fenn (Ent. week. Int., 10: 197) recorded 
that in the Lee neighbourhood, though ‘‘usually a pest’’, it was in 1861 
‘practically absent’’; in the same area (in 1894), it was recorded as 


5) 
having become ‘‘very greatly reduced in numbers’’ (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 


(56) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


6: 230); and a few years later was described as ‘‘rare’’ there (Green, 
Trans. W. Kent nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 15). Dadd (Hnt. Rec., 11 
223) found the larvae of both similis and chrysorrhoea in the “greatest 
profusion’, at Deal, June 24-25, 1899, feeding on sloe and H. 
rhamnoides; and Theobald (J.S.-E. Agr. College (Wye), 1910(19)93). 
reported that the larvae were a pest on fruit in Kent, in 1909. 

The larva occurs perhaps most frequently on hawthorn and sloe, 
though is often found on other trees. Kidner (Diary) wrote that at 
Sideup, October 10, 1909, he found two groups of larvae with about 
eight in each group, on the undersides of sallow leaves; and that he also 
noted the larva at this locality in June 1914 on willow. Theobald (J.S.-H. 
Agr. College (Wye), 1899(8)46), reported that in 1898, hosts of these 
larvae were seen towards the end of June in Kent, feeding ravenously 
on the foliage of Spanish chestnut; and the same recorder (op. cit., 
1910(19)94), states that at Dene Park, Tonbridge, apple trees were 
infested with the larvae, which were actually feeding on the fruit. A 
larva collected from V. lantana, at Eynsford, produced a 9, 1948 (J. F. 
Burton) ; 


E. similis Fuessl.: Gold-tail. 

Resident.! Hedgerows, gardens, bushy places, etc.; on hawthorn, 
blackthorn, rose, elm, oak, apple, pear, Spanish chestnut, sallow, willow, 
Viburnum lantana, Hippophae rhamnoides. Frequent, and found in all 
divisions. ‘‘Gener ally abundant’’ (V.C.H. (1908)). 

Barrett (Ent. week. Int., 7: 75) noted an imago in “‘fine cde 
at West Wickham, October 4, 1859; and D. F. Owen (per Rothamenae 
recorded that he took a perfectly fresh specimen at Eynsford, September 
27, 1947: seemingly both instances of a partial second generation. 

The species is subject to marked numerical fluctuation; but there is 
no confirmed record that its numbers ever reach such vast proportions as 
its congener chrysorrhoea. Fenn (Ent. week. Int., 10: 197), recorded 
that in the Lee neighbourhood, though ‘‘usually a pest’’, it was in 1861, 
‘practically absent’’; in the same area (in 1894), it was recorded as 
having become ‘‘very greatly reduced in numbers’’ (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 6: 
230): and a few years later was described as ‘‘rare’’ there (Green, Trans. 
W. Kent nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 15). Dadd (Ent. Rec., 11: 223), found 
the larvae of both similis and chrysorrhoea in the ‘‘greatest profusion’’, 
at Deal, June 24-25, 1899, feeding on sloe and H. rhamnoides; and 
Theobald (J.S.—E. Agr. College (Wye), 1910 (19)93), reported that the 
larvae were a pest on fruit in Kent, in 1909. 

The larva occurs perhaps most frequently on hawthorn and sloe, 
though is often found on other trees. Kidner (Diary) wrote that at Sid- 
cup, October 10, 1909, he found two groups of larvae with about eight 
in each group, on the undersides of sallow leaves; and that he also noted 
the larva at this locality in June 1914 on willow. Theobald (J.S.—E. 
Agr. College (Wye), 1899 (8)46), reported that in 1898, hosts of these 
larvae were seen towards the end of June in Kent, feeding ravenously on 
the foliage of Spanish chestnut; and the same recorder (op. cit., 1910 (19) 
94), states that at Dene Park, Tonbridge, apple trees were infested with 
the larvae, which were actually feeding on the fruit. A larva collected 
from V. lantana, at Eynsford, produced a 9, 1948 (J. F. Burton); and 
Gomm (Diary), observed that in a lane at Minster (div. 9), he found six 
cocoons, July 19, 1915, spun up in chinks of bark of elm, from which 
imagines emerged July 28-August 3, 1915. 


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v 


Change and Decay 

By An Oxtp MotH-HUNTER. 

If one may judge by the reports of lepidopterists in various parts of 
this country, the populations of some of our butterflies have been con- 
siderably reduced during the last two years. The moths seem to have 
held their own, if the quantity visiting mercury vapour lamps is a 
criterion; but the supernumeraries, so to speak, have been scarce indeed. 
By “supernumeraries” I mean the specimens usually to be seen on 
fences, walls, tree-trunks and so on, and above all, the larvae normally 
found by the collector when searching and beating herbage, shrubs and 
trees. These supernumeraries I always regard as a surplus of the 
normal population of a species in a particular habitat. Possibly they are 
in the same box with those of us humans whom the insurance com- 
panies class as “accident prone”; for one reason or another they are 
especially susceptible to predators (including collectors) and probably 
none of them is a factor in the survival of their species—unless it be that 
they play the role of Theseus and his companions, being offered up in 
order to ensure the survival of those left behind. 


Among the reasons put forward by collectors for the general 
scarcity of butterflies and supernumerary moths this year and last, the 
one most usually heard is “spraying”. Yet for my part I doubt if this 
very modern practice of rendering crops immune from the attacks of 
insects has played any considerable part, over all the country, in the 
matter. Here and there, especially on roadside verges, damage has un- 
doubtedly been done by the drift of wind-blown insecticides; but in 
spite of the fact that this island is now so densely overpopulated, con- 
taining 35 million more human beings than it is capable of supporting 

vy its crops and stock, there are still some thousands of square miles 
which have never been sprayed at all. Why have the butterflies become 
scarce in these places as well? 

Surely it is a matter of climate, that supremely important factor in 
the existence of lepidoptera. For of all the environmental factors which 
influence (or allow; which you will), organic evolution, climate is the 
most potent. Its effect upon an animal may not be immediately ap- 
parent; ihe stress of some other factor or factors may be more readily 
distinguished. Yet climate is the “long-term policy” in the phylogenesis 
of a species, and although its effects may be modified from time to time 
by other factors, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, it is the factor which in 
the last analysis determines the course of the evolutionary stream. 


For many years, perhaps ever since the first collector of lepidoptera 
caught butterflies and set them after his fashion and stored their corpses 
in a box, collectors have noticed that a mild winter is succeeded by a 
scarcity of their quarry and conversely that a ‘hard’ winter is likely to 
keep them busy with their nets presently. 


The reason for this truism is to be found in the physiology of dia- 
pause. An unusually mild winter—unusual because it is quite a long 
time since the average temperature, from October to April, of the 
ground an inch below the surface was so consistently high as it was 
from September 1960 to April 1961—curtails or hinders or postpones the 
diapause of a wintering larva or pupa. Anybody can prove this for 
himself by bringing his over-wintering larvae and pupae into his sitting- 


190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


room in October. He will find that a number of species, for example 
the Yellow Underwing, will continue to feed (provided he can find 
foodstuff for them, which usually is not very difficult) throughout October 
and November, pupate in December, and result in imagines in January 
and February. meas 

Something of this kind takes place out of doors in an exceptionally 
mild winter. Either the onset of diapause comes too late or it does not 
come at all, and the insect perishes because its seasonal life-cycle has 
been put out of gear. In rearing lepidoptera we have, all of us, found 
that when once diapause has been broken it cannot be resumed should 
adverse conditions supervene; embryological development, once re- 
started, cannot be stopped arbitrarily, the insect goes on developing or 
it dies. And in the wild state, precocious winter development can only 
have one result. 

There are, of course, species in which pupal development during 
autumn, results in the imago being developed before the normal winter 
cold sets in, diapause being in the imaginal stage and the adult insect 
ercerging from the pupa-case in the spring. A search of entomological 
literature has failed to inform me what is the result, with these species, 
of a sudden considerable rise in winter temperature, prolonged perhaps 
for a fortnight, in their normal environment followed by a sharp and 
considerable fall, and whether continued cold can prolong emergence 
beyond the normal season of emergence and for how long. All animals 
must have a fairly wide range of adaptation if they are to survive; the 
question which interests us breeders of lepidoptera is how wide that 
range is, and papers on this subject—more especially where over- 
wintering larvae are concerned—are few. My own experience with 
seme of our commoner Noctuids has been that it needs only a few 
degrees of temperature to prevent the winter diapause and procure 
continuous breeding: which suggests that, in terms of geological time, 
evolution in these species is slow, and that their present range of adap- 
tation suffices. Here again there seems to be a suggestion that a 
continuation of mild weather from autumn throughout the winter in- 
duces a continuation of embryological development which is, to-day, 
unsuitable in our latitudes. Plainly the ideal condition for an over- 
wintering larva and pupa in our island, ensuring a plenitude of 
imagines in due course, is an unbroken state of diapause from autumn 
until spring, the diapause being brought to an end by a progressive rise 
in the temperature of soil and air. 

I doubi if there is anything in the suggestion sometimes put forward 
that when the surface soil remains soft for several months in wintertime 
more pupae are disinterred by birds and mice, voles and moles. Pre- 
sumably these predators, especially when hungry, do not waste their 
time searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack, and the acci- 
dental disinterring of a few more pupae than usual would hardly affect 
populations. 

We lepidopterists are as prone to wishful thinking as those poor 
bodies who care nothing at all about insects; but it would be rash for 
us to assume that the balance of our butterfly and moth populations 
upset by a succession of mild winters will be righted by a few seasons 
of hard frosts. ‘We all hope that even if some of our best beloved 
species survive only in small populations in widely scattered localities, 


CHANGE AND DECAY 191 


a series of hard winters will enable them, by means of their normal 
spread, to repopulate former habitats. But hope often tells a flattering 
tale and it is now eighty-five years since the Wood White inhabited West 
Essex where Spiller, collecting at Stansted in the ‘seventies’, felt sure 
that its recession was only temporary. 


In a paper in Entomologist many years ago, Allan pointed out that 
the population of an insect in any given place must have what he called 
a ‘survival density’ and that if the population fell below that density 
the species would fail to hold its cwn in that place. Clearly this is 
what happened in the cases of those species which have been described 
as “dwindling to extinction’—the usual process by which, in default of 
some catastrophic event, an insect disappears from a certain place. So 
an adverse climatic factor may well bring about a diminution of numbers 
which reduces the population below the survival density. 


Consider the Black-veined White, the Mazarine Blue the Middle 
Copper, the Large Copper—all widely distributed in this country in 
years gone by and accounted common insects in their heyday. The 
Black-veined White fed on a plant which grows in almost every hedge- 
row in this country and it was a widespread butterfly; the Mazarine 
Blue had two distinct races (one of which perhaps entered what is now 
our island across Channel Land before the last glaciation, the other 
across Dogger Land after it), one on the chalk above 400 feet, the other 
in meadows scarcely twenty feet above the sea, with a wide no-man’s 
land between them; yet both races dwindled to extinction along with the 
Black-veined White. The Middle Copper (confused by Tutt with L. 
dispar, an error which has persisted in the books to this very day), was 
s>? common in the eighteenth century that England’s foremost entomolo- 
gist (whose collections were repeatedly inspected by his friend Fabricius 
between 1767 and 1780—and Fabricius knew the Middle Copper as well 
as he knew his hat), not only posessed it but knew where to take it, and 
offered to supply a correspondent with it; another lepidopterist found 
it flying on a North Country moorland in such plenty that he supplied 
his confréres with it. Yet it was virtually extinct by the end of the 
century. The Large Copper flew on the whole of the vast area of Fenland, 
from Cambridge to North Lincolnshire, perhaps even as far as South 
Yorkshire, as well as in Somerset and the marshlands bordering the 
Severn. 

And what about the Swallowtail, once so common in the marshes of 
our southern counties (not to mention Battersea), from Kent to Devon 
and has been preserved for us only by man’s hand—for it is now known 
that the Norfolk Broads are no more than artificial meres dug by gene- 
rations of men who supplied fuel (peat) for the fireplaces of London as 
well as those in the country far to the south and the south Midlands? 

And the moths—The Reed Tussock, the Gipsy Moth (which Dale took 
in the Somerset marshes), the Marsh Dagger, The Rosy Marsh Moth, the 
Orache, the Small Ranunculus, the Feathered Footman, the Many-lined, 
the Speckled Beauty—all extinct, and some within the memory of us 
older men? Moths come and go in both senses of the phrase, and if 
occasionally we welcome new ones from across the Channel or North 
Sea we must also, from time to time lament the departure of old friends. 
The hymn-writer who penned the line “Change and decay in all around 
I see” might well have been a lepidopterist. 


192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


Abnormal Coloration in Cucullia lychnitis Ramb. 


Larvae 
By RayMonpD F. HayNgEs. 


The Striped Lychnis Shark (Cucullia lychnitis) is a somewhat local 
species, found in a few southern counties of England. Over the years 
I have collected odd caterpillars of the species from Black Mullein 
(Verbascum nigrum) plants, growing within a private locality (Claren- 
don) in the Salisbury district of Wiltshire. Due to accidents and 
misfortunes in rearing, I have at present only four imagines in my 
collection. Being anxious to acquire a slightly larger series, I keep a 
good look-out for more caterpillars each year. when I usually make a 
visit to Salisbury in early August. 

The species, although undoubtedly established in the Clarendon 
locality is subject to annual fluctuations in numbers, as in some years I 
have faiied to find a single caterpillar. However, this may be due to 
the fact that being a conspicuous creature whilst feeding on its food- 
plant (larvae appear to make no attempt to camouflage themselves), 
insectivourous birds probably take a heavy toll. 

Previous to this year (1962) I had found no larvae since August 1960. 
On that occasion I took home about half-a-dozen, but only succeeded in 
rearing a couple of imagines. Not infrequently pupae of this species 
have a habit of going over two winters before producing moths, and 
from one of my 1960 pupae, I had an emergence on 30th June 1962. 

On July 14th, I visited Salisbury on a day trip and carried out an 
inspection of the area; having scrutinised all known patches of Black 
Mullein, no larvae were discovered. The next occasion when I was 
able to reach Salisbury was August 4th. In the evening of that day I 
called on an old friend, Mr. C. M. R. Pitman, a native of Salisbury and 
a keen naturalist, who had very kindly, in the first instance, introduced 
mz to the Clarendon locality. Between us, we proceeded to make a 
careful search of every mullein plant in sight. Having had no success 
I made my way to the nearest ’bus halt, stopping however, on the way 
beside a tall mullein growing within six feet of the carriageway. Mr. 
Fitman immediately spotted a small lychnitis larva, barely out of its 
second instar. This was of the normal type colouring. From the same 
plant I obtained two almost fully grown caterpillars but their appearance 
was so different from the normal, that it was with difficulty we recog- 
nised them as lycinitis. 

According to Mr. W. J. Stokoe’s book “The Caterpillars of British 
Moths”, the typical coloration is described as follows:—“The cater- 
pillar is greenish-white in colour. There is a band of bright yellow, 
spotted and streaked with black on each ring; usually the spots are 
TROUT E(6 eam RE 

These two larvae, which for purposes of description I may call A 
and B, were as follows:— “A” was very unlike a normal caterpillar, it 
was of a pale apple green hue throughout, except for the bands on the 
rings which were buttercup yellow. The black spots, usually such a 
noticeable feature, were completely absent save for a few minute dots 
on the head; there were also diminutive black dots marking the position 
of the spiracles. When found, “A” was approximately 14 inches long; it 
pupated two days later. 


AN UNKNOWN SPECIES NEW TO THE BRITISH ISLES 193 


Caterpillar “B” was not quite so extreme; although the colouring 
resembled that of “A”, the usual black spots were more in evidence, but 
nevertheless were greatly deficient. The general appearance of both 
larvae at first gave rise to supposing that I had found a different species. 
For what purpose in Nature this shedding of black markings serves, is 
difficult to surmise, unless the idea is to make the creature less con- 
spicuous. I shall await the emergences of the moths next summer with 
great interest, but almost certainly they will be typical. An ab- 
normally coloured larva does not apparently pass on any strange 
characteristics to the resuiting imago. 


Before returning home on the dismally wet August Bank Holiday 
Monday, I made a careful search at another spot where Black Muliein 
plants grow and found four more larvae in their first instar. These 
quickly matured, and three have now pupated; none of them showed 
any signs of abnormal coloration. 


Stigmella vossensis Gron. 1932: An Unknown 


Species New to the British Isles 
By S. N. A. JaAcoBs 


Under date of 30th September 1958, Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton sent 
some Nepticulid mines to me for my opinion, and to my shame, these 
found their way into a drawer of my desk and lay there undiscovered 
until about the middle of July this year. 

On finding the mines again, I wrote expressing the opinion that these 
might be referred to St. lapponica Wocke although the frass remained 
linear throughout the latter two-thirds of the mine, whereas in lapponica 
it becomes slightly diffused in the final third of the mine so that the frass 
pellets are to be distinguished. I sent one specimen to Mr. Carolsfeld- 
Krausé of Copenhagen for his opinion and in repiy I received a most 
interesting letter, of which I give extracts below. He writes: 

“Thank you very much for your kind letter and the mine enclosed. The 
mine was a very great surprise to me. It is the mine of Stigmella vossensis 
Gronlien (1932) which is only known from Norway, where Groniien got 
some near the town of Voss in Hordaland, half-way between the Hardanger 
Mountains and Bergen. No imagines were reared from the mines so 
Gronlien established the species on the mines alone in Norsk Ent. Tidsskr. 
BII, h. 4 (1932). It has very often been vehemently discussed whether a 
species may be established on its mine alone and very probably such 
an establishment cannot be allowed, but nevertheless not quite a few 
few Nep. mines have been named although no one has ever seen the 
imagines. I shall not make up my mind as to whether it is right or wrong, 
but I would do just the same myseif if the basis for doing it seems to be 
fair, and as we cannot drop a very remarkable mine because we do not 
know the imago, we have to keep it on the lists in some way, and the best 
way to do it is to name it. If one has tried to remember what Dr. 
Hering’s “telephone numbers” may stand for, one will not care a damn 
for the rules and will prefer a name. Dr. Hering includes all these mines 
in his large work of 1957, but being an important person on the Com- 
mission on Zoological Nomenclature, he cannot use names himself for 
his odd mines, and so we get these troublesome numbers. I have written 


194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


him about this, but have never received a reply on the point, which I 
can only think means that he agrees with me but owing to his position, 
he cannot say so. 


Pt/5g St iqmella vossensis Grénlien (1432) 


As regards vossensis there is absolutely no doubt that the mine belongs 
to a good but still not sufficiently known species, so there is no reason for 
not keeping the name. I write all this because I know that you in Great 
Britain take very great care in being correct in nomenclatural questions. 
To make mention of a similar case, Skala has established a species, St. 
fulvomacula, and although I thought this a figment of his imagination 
at first, I have found the mine here in Islev several times, though 
unfortunately always empty. I have no doubt, however, fulvomacula is 
really a good species, so now I am very busy trying to find the larva. 


It is indeed a fine and very interesting find Mr. Pelham-Clinton has 
got, and that the species is new to Great Britain is only the least of the 
find, the most interesting is that we now have further material for 
meditation as regards its zoographical problems. I have always been 
extremely interested in problems of the immigration of the Neps to the 
Scandinavian peninsula, and I have made some minor studies on the 
topic, and from these I have always believed vossensis to be a North 
Siberian species which has entered Norway by the northern route, but 
now I have to change my mind. 


It is to be hoped that Mr. Pelham-Clinton has tasted blood and that 
we may have more good news from Scotland, possibly about St. nanivora 
Pet. which might well be present there, too, and perhaps the other special 
Norwegian species St. tristis Wocke the imago of which is known but the 
mine is not. It is also apparently attached to Betula nana. 


As regards Gronlien’s description of the mine of vossensis, I cannot 
find it at present, but I can give it to you from memory: ‘Betula odorata 
(=pubescens) in one brood, VII-VIII. Ovum on undersde. The gallery 
starts very broad and rather contorted, and is in the first rather short 


DIARSIA MENDICA F. 195 


part packed by reddish yellow frass. Later the excremental line becomes 
thin, black and broken; the sides of the gallery are irregularly gnawed, 
and the mine crosses the ribs, also often the midrib’. As you will see, 
this description agrees fully with P.-C.’s mine”. 

As regards the nomenclature rules, it is permissible to have named 
unknown animals by their work until 1931, but thereafter the practice 
is disallowed. Such a ruling surely prompts one to heresy in a case 
such as the present. 

The mines were found on 20th July at the Black Wood at Rannoch, and 
might well be sought in similar sites. If, as Mr. Parkinson-Curtis has 
suggested, this site has been destroyed entomologically by the Forestry 
Commission, let it be a gruesome warning to procrastinators in general: 
.1 have taken the lesson to heart, and hope that in future I will not again 
transgress. 


Diarsia mendica F. ( festiva Schiff., primulae Esp.) 


f. congener Hiibn. or f. turbida Hiibn. 
By B. J. LEMPKE 


In the Sammlung Eur. Schmetterl., Noct., fig. 617, Hiibner figured one 
of the many forms of this variable species under the name of turbida. 
Tutt wrote in his table of the variation of this species (Brit. Noct. 2: 119, 
1892): ‘“‘var. congener Hb. (turbida by error).” 

Turner (Suppl. Brit. Noct. 2: 184, 1939) remarked: ‘Tutt says turbida 
is an error for congener. I am unable to trace the basis for this statement, 
and have treated turbida as an aberration”. 

The solution is to be found in the publications of Hiibner himself. In 
fig. 328 of the Sammlung he figured a specimen of Mythimna comma L. 
under the name of turbida. In fig. 618 he figured another specimen of 
comma. Under this figure the name “congener” was printed, and the 
name “turbida” is placed under fig. 617, a form of Diarsia mendica. 

That these names were reversed by mistake can clearly be seen from 
the Verzeichnis. Here Hubner wrote (p. 241): “2395. L. comma Linn. Syst. 
Phal. 156. Pallens Esp. Noc. 11.1.2.. Turbida Hiibn. Noc. 328 and 618.” 

The double proof would, of course, have been that Hiibner had cited 
his fig. 617 under the name of congener with Diarsia festiva (Nr. 2222, p. 
222) but this is not the case. Fig. 617 is not cited at all by him. It is at 
any rate clear that Tutt was right, and that the names were reversed 
by accident. So we must write: D. mendica F., f. congener Hb., and not 
f. turbida Hb., as Turner did. 

Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam, Z 2. 


Scotland 1962 


By R. G. CHATELAIN and B. F. SKINNER 


We left London on the evening of Ist June and arrived at Aviemore 
fifteen hours later to find that the season in Scotland was very backward 
with the oaks just coming into leaf and primroses and violets still in 
full bloom. Fortunately, the weather brightened on our arrival and the 
whole week was dry with temperatures well into the seventies, although 
the nights were cool. 

One of our main objectives was Amathes alpicola Zett. and we were 
lucky to hit on a good year for the species. Conditions were admirable 


196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


for pupae searching and the moss peeled away in neat strips, although 
as the pupae were newly formed it was impossible to avoid damaging 
some during the excavations. A few days later we again ascended the 
Burma Road and found that the moss had dried considerably and search- 
ing was much more arduous. Patches of snow were still present and 
proved a useful means of cooling weary feet. Enough pupae were 
harvested for our needs and, at home, the first moth emerged on 17th June. 

Hyppa rectilinea Esp. was another of our quarries, but it was not 
until 6th June that we saw the bug—two females at sugar. The same 
round produced a male Xylena exsoleta L. The following night one male 
rectilinea was at sugar and on the 8th we had one at sugar and five at 
light. A female was kept for eggs; a goodly number was laid and larvae 
started to appear on 18th June. They are feeding up quite happily on 
sallow and knotgrass. 

Apatele menyanthidis View. was common and encountered at rest, 
sugar and light and we are now breeding the species. A. euphorbiae ssp. 
myricae Guen., on the other hand, was scarce but unfortunately we did 
not realise this until we had killed the only gravid female to be taken. 
Prodigious searching produced three moths and m.v. a further three. 

Hadena bombycina Hufn. (glauca Hiibn.) was not as common as we 
had expected but it is hoped to obtain good series by breeding. The larvae 
of this species also seem happy with sallow. 

We had not expected to do very well with the Anartas. A. cordigera 
Thunb. was still flying on Granish Moor but was in tatters. Three females 
were taken but this species does not seem to lay freely in captivity and 
many of the eggs were infertile. A. melanopa Thunb. was present at the 
top of the Burma Road but was difficult to net and no females were 
taken. A. myrtilli L. was just emerging and very common. One femate 
myrtilli was found in cop with a male cordigera but the eggs were 
infertile. 

An intensive search was made for eggs of Endromis versicolora L. 
and eventually four batches were secured. The larvae started hatching 
before we left. 

Other noctuids noted included a few of Hadena contigua Schiff., many 
Eumichtis adusta Esp. and the boldy marked Scottish Hadena conspersa 
Schiff. 

Geometers were not plentiful. Ortholitha mucronata scotica was 
abundant and Chloroclysta miata L. and Lobophora halterata Hufn. were 
well in evidence at light. A few Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff. and 
Hydriomena ruberata Freyer were also welcomed, together with some 
Pugs, none of which has yet been identified as being out of the ordinary. 

We were not able to devote as much time to larva hunting as we 
should have liked, but beating scrubby birch among the heather at night 
produced Euschesis sobrina Boisd. and searching among grass-stems 
revealed Paradiarsia glareosa Esp. and Erebia aethiops Esp. We scoured 
bog myrtle for larvae of Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn. but found only four 
small ones. We even returned to the locality at the close of the night’s 
operations but without success. The bog myrtle did produce a few 
Geometer larvae including Horisme tersata Schiff., Calostygia didymata 
L., one Oporina filigrammaria H.-S. and a few of what we hope will prove 
to be O. christyi Prout. Other larvae noted, all on heather, were 
Dasyschira fascelina L., Lasiocampa quercus callunae, Amathes castanea 
Esp., A. agathina Dup., and Plusia interrogationis L. 

We left Aviemore on 9th June after a strenuous but rewarding week 
in beautiful surroundings. 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 197 


Yugoslavia Revisited 
| By Raupy L. Coe. 
Ii. 


INLAND SEAS OF NOVI GRAD AND KARIN 


After a late lunch at the hotel it was time for me to leave Zadar on 
the daily bus to Novi Grad. It was already at the stop when I got there. 
My cases were strapped on to the roof, and I joined the crowd of peasants 
inside. We moved off through the town, and were soon out in the open 
country. For the first hour or so of the journey we were passing a 
monotonous succession of flat cultivated fields. Then the bus began to 
climb among bare rocky hills. We were approaching the verge of the 
barren region of the Karst. 

Suddenly, far below on the left, I saw the vast expanse of still water 
that is the inland sea of Novi Grad. Between the road on which we were 
travelling and the water there sloped steep terraces of cultivated vines 
and olive trees. The sun beat mercilessly down on the bare rocky ground 
on our right and on the road itself. The heat in the bus was stifling, but 
the terraces were in complete shade and looked wonderfully cool and 
refreshing. 

Across the water, creeping from the shore for some distance up a steep 
hill-side, were the huddled stone houses of the small community of Novi 
Grad. Behind them the gaunt ruins of an ancient fortress dominated the 
scene. To the east the long rugged line of the Velebit mountains stretched 
from north to south as far as the eye could see, their snow-capped peaks 
glistening against the clear blue sky. 

The road fell gradually, almost to the water-level, and continued 
round the broad sweep of the shore until we came into the little town. 
The bus pulled up outside a low whitewashed building that was the local 
wine-shop. I had been warned that there is no hotel in Novi Grad, so I 
went inside to see if I could get accommodation there. I was greeted by 
the landlord, a small, brown-skinned man in open-necked shirt and shorts 
and with an old blue beret crammed on his head. He spoke no English, 
but I managed to make him understand what I wanted. He went away 
and fetched his wife, and they began to discuss the matter. In the mean- 
time a small group of the villagers had collected in the shop. One of 
them went over to examine the labels on my cases. They read, ‘c/o Konsul 
Britanski, Zagreb’. The British Consul there had given me permission to 
use that address in case I became separated from my luggage at any time. 
Amid general excitement the landlord and his wife were called over to 
read the labels. There was no further hesitation about taking me in, for, 
as I found later, the villagers believed that I was the British Consul 
himself! 

The woman took my arm and led me outside and up some steps o1 
to a flat concrete roof, around which were grouped her family’s living 
quarters. I followed her into a small room. It was furnished with a huge 
wooden chest, which was locked, two beds and a soap-box. There was no 
chair or table or any cupboard for clothes. There was a stump of candle 
on the soap-box. That was all. The woman took me into the passage 
and showed me the bathroom. It had no door, and the concrete floor had 
yawning gaps init. I asked for the toilet, and she took me out on the roof. 


198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


It was a sentry-box affair and the door would not close. It was overlooked 
by a row of windows. 

I went down to the wine-shop for a meal. Peasants were sitting about 
at the bare wooden tables, drinking their beloved red wine from earthen- 
ware mugs. There was a stir when the landlady brought in a white cloth 
and spread it on one of the tables. She beckoned me over, and I sat down. 
She placed before me a bow! of fatty pieces of pork swimming in an 
oily gravy, a hunk of coarse dark bread and a jug of wine. 

As I was smoking a cigarette after my meal, two men and a young 
woman came in and walked straight up to my table. They seemed to be 
people of importance. The men were in lounge suits, and the woman, an 
attractive brunette, looked cool in a white costume. In broken English 
she introduced the older man as the leading citizen in the community and 
the other, a small dark man with glasses, as her husband. He was the 
local doctor, by name Milan Vidakovi¢. She went on to say that for her 
in particular this was a great day, as she was learning English and could 
now improve her conversation by speaking to an Englishman. I told her 
that each day I would be away in the hills collecting, but would be 
delighted to see her in the evenings. It was arranged that I should visit 
them for supper the next evening. 


After they had left, I sat sipping my wine for a little while and then 
went to bed early. But not to sleep. As the evening wore on the 
villagers drinking in the wine-shop below became more and more noisy. 
It was midnight before the landlord closed the door on them. The sound 
of drunken singing died away in the distance. Silence came at last, and 
I buried my head in the pillow and closed my eyes. Just as I was falling 
asleep a blood-curdling cry came from the darkness outside. I had heard 
nothing like it before. After a moment the cry came echoing back from 
the rockface across the water. This went on at frequent intervals the 
whole night long. I learnt later that it is the cry of a night bird. The 
villagers call it the ‘chook’ or foolish one, because they say that it believes 
its own echo to be the cry of an answering bird, and so keeps on and on. 
This maddening night chorus ended in the grey light of dawn, and was 
followed by the braying of donkeys. By three-thirty the peasants were 
tramping by on their way to their little ‘poljes’, or plots, of olives and 
figs. These are mere pockets of fertile soil in the otherwise barren waste 
of limestone rock, sheltered from the sun by laboriously constructed stone 
walls. With them went their donkeys, across whose backs were slung 
small barrels of water for the crops and huge stone jugs of wine. The 
peasants work from soon after dawn until the late morning, when the 
pitiless heat of the sun sends them back to their homes. They spend the 
afternoon indoors, and a stranger wandering into Novi Grad at that time 
of the day would imagine that the place is uninhabited. 


After my disturbed night I rose unrefreshed and went down to the 
wine-shop for breakfast. It consisted of greasy soup and dry bread and a 
weak brown liquid that tasted vaguely like coffee. Then, with some 
bread and cheese and a bottle of wine in my haversack, I set out for my 
first day’s collecting. I followed a dried water-course towards the hills, 
but insects were scarce in the parched vegetation and I realised that I 
must seek my specimens inside the ‘poljes’. So whenever I came across 
one where nobody was working, I had a quick look round to see that I 
was unobserved and then clambered over the rough enclosing wall of 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 199 


piled-up stones. When I heard anyone coming I crouched down until they 
had passed. By midday all the peasants had gone home and I was able 
to go from one polje to another without risk of being turned out. 

In one of the poljes I took a single male of a new Syrphus, which I 
have described as novigradensis (Coe, July 1960, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 
(B) 29, pts. 5-6: 73-74). This new species closely resembles the common 
and widely distributed latifasciatus Macquart, which occurred with it. 
Other Syrphidae occurring in the poljes were Merodon clavipes Fabricius, 
M. spinipes Fabricius and Paragus tibialis Fallén. Among a rich haul of 
other Diptera I netted a single female of a new species of Agromyziidae, 
Liriomyza certosa (Spencer, 1961, Entom., 94: 53-55). 

In the evening I tidied myself and started off for the doctor’s house 
to keep my appointment for supper. He lived in a small building of white 
stone standing by the water’s edge. His wife welcomed me at the door 
and I followed her into the sitting-room, where the doctor, clad only ina 
loose dressing gown, was stretched out on a couch. He jumped up with 
outstretched hands to greet me. We started speaking together in bad 
French. While his wife was preparing the meal, he took some anatomical 
specimens from a cabinet to show me. I was taken aback when he held 
up to the light of the oil-lamp a glass bottle in which a long curved 
bladder-like object floated in alcohol and announced, “‘C’est l’utérus de la 
femme!” Just then his wife came in to say that supper was ready. She 
pointed to the exhibit and asked me if it was not a beautiful specimen. 
I agreed. 

We went through to the next room for supper. As I had feared, 
many strange and rich dishes had been prepared in my honour, and 
the Yugoslav host or hostess is very offended if you refuse anything. 
Dish followed dish and wine followed wine, with a glass of plum-brandy 
slipped in now and again. Just as I felt that I could not eat another 
mouthful, the woman brought in an enormous ‘tortos dobos’ cake, a 
chocolate confection of unsurpassed richness. I took a couple of bites 
and suddenly felt dreadfully sick. I turned to the doctor, trying hard to 
appear normal, and in a discreet whisper asked for the ‘toileta’. He 
picked up the oil lamp and told me to follow him. We went out into the 
passage. Just as he was pointing to the toilet the wine took its toll of 
him, and he fell sprawling. The lamp shot to the fioor, and amid the 
shattering of glass and general confusion I dashed into the small room 
and was comfortably sick without anyone being the wiser. Order was 
restored, a fresh lamp was lit, and the meal went on. At last the table 
was cleared, but wine was still being pressed upon me when at a late 
hour the party ended, and I went dizzily back to my lodging. 

The excessive hospitality at the doctor’s house had unpleasant con- 
sequences for me, for I woke up in the morning in the grip of dysentery. 
Before breakfast I hurried off to ask the doctor for some Sulfagvanadin 
tablets, a prescription that usually works wonders with this complaint. I 
explained my symptoms to him in French. He made rude noises to show 
that he understood me, and fetched me a box of the precious tablets. 


As I was on my way back to the wine-shop I stopped to watch a group 
of boys and girls playing a game by the roadside. Each child in turn 
squatted down by a small pile of round pebbles and flung one in the air. 
Before it came down a second one was picked up with the same hand and 
the first one was caught. The second one was then flung up, and the pro- 


200 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


cess repeated until the child was holding five pebbles. Then the whole 
five were flung up together and as many as possible caught on the back 
of the hand. This game from its simple character is probably of great 
antiquity. I have seen it played by Arab children in Egypt. At home, 
children play at ‘knuckle-bones’, which is very similar. 

Life was indeed simple for the people of Novi Grad. Work in the 
‘poljes’ in the morning for the majority, resting at home in the afternoon, 
and in the evening the wine-shop for the men and gossiping in front of 
the houses for the women. Day in, day out, that was the life of the adult 
population. For the youths and maidens there was a circle of concrete by 
the water-side where of an evening they danced to the tune of a mouth- 
organ. There seemed to be little other source of entertainment. But 
everyone seemed content. 

Day after day during my stay the sun blazed down relentlessly, and 
collecting was often a torment. It was worst of all when I toiled up the 
steep mountain slopes to reach isolated ‘poljes’. Then the sun’s rays were 
thrown back from the bare rock with an almost insufferable heat. It 
was almost like being in an oven. Sometimes I saw flying over in search 
of shade and moisture exquisitely coloured butterflies that were a delight 
to the eye. 

Although Diptera were by no means plentiful on these torrid slopes 
I took as many as eleven species of Sarcophaga (Calliphoridae) resting 
on loose stones, besides several species of Tabanidae, including Tabanus 
rousselii Macquart, T. umbrinus Meigen and T. graecus Fabricius. From 
a clump of low plants growing in the shade of a large rock I swept two 
males of a second new species of Agromyziidae, Napomyza dalmatiensis 
(Spencer, 1961, Entom., 94: 55-56). In the shade of a stone wall enclosing 
an isolated polje a species of Convolvulus provided a welcome display of 
large blossoms, and from these I netted a series of the attractive yellow 
and black-bodied Syrphid, Volucella zonaria Poda. 


The Sunday before I left Novi Grad the doctor’s wife arranged for a 
local fisherman to take us both for a cruise in his motor-boat along the 
sea of Novi Grad and into the adjoining sea of Karin. It was early 
morning when our small party set off over the water. Soon the white 
buildings of Novi Grad were out of sight, as we followed a bend in the 
coast-line to the south. On either side rugged masses of the bare karst 
rock sloped down to the water’s edge, gleaming white in the strong 
sunshine. As far as the eye could see there was no vestige of vegetation 
to relieve the harsh bareness of the landscape. There was no sound but 
for the chugging of the engine and an occasional word that passed 
between us. After a mile or so the waters narrowed for a short distance, 
then broadened again as we entered the sea of Karin. The monotony of 
the rocky shores became relieved here and there by patches of grass and 
an occasional dwarfed pine tree. Suddenly the doctor’s wife drew my 
attention to a cluster of white cottages on the shore ahead of us. It was 
the small village of Karin, situated in splendid isolation at the southern 
end of this strange inland sea. 

Our pilot steered the boat to a landing-stage, and we tied up alongside. 
We carried our picnic lunch ashore, and stretched out on the ground under 
the shade of an ancient olive tree. We had brought four bottles of the 
local red wine, and bread, cheese and cherries. The boatman wrenched 
the cork out of one of the bottles with his teeth, threw back his head and 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 201 


swallowed the contents without drawing breath. 


After lunch we walked along the road that led out of the village. Soon 
we came to the centuries old monastery of Karin. It stood back from 
the road in a wilderness of long grass and stunted pines. It was once 
an important centre of religious activity. Now its small chapel is used 
as a place of worship by the villagers. One old monk remains to act as 
caretaker. He came forward to greet us at the entrance. He was a 
picturesque figure with tonsured white hair and flowing brown habit with 
dangling tassels. We followed him through a stone archway into a cool 
courtyard. In the centre there was a deep well, with a raised surround 
of ornamental stonework, on which rested a chained bucket. We went 
through another archway into the dim chapel. Its interior was divided up 
to an unusual extent by quaint old painted screens depicting Christ, Mary 
and various saints. I looked through a large screen that separated off the 
far end of the nave. A nun was sitting at a small organ playing a hymn 
tune, while a group of girls in colourful costumes stood round her singing 
in harmony. 


We followed the monk up some worn stone steps and along a narrow 
corridor that ran between the inner and outer walls of the building. 
We passed cobwebbed cells where the monks had spent their days in 
meditation. The passage ended in a long, low room that had been the 
monastery library. Packed closely along shelves on either side were 
hundreds upon hundreds of mouldering books and manuscripts. Some 
were printed many centuries ago. The stone floor was worn away in 
places by the tread of countless feet. 


Before we left I photographed the monk sitting on a stone slab by 
the well in the courtyard. As we strolled back to the village we passed 
some girls dancing by the roadside. They wore gaily embroidered dresses 
and little round lace-trimmed caps. They had formed a circle round one 
girl and, holding hands, were moving slowly round her, their feet making 
deft movements to the rhythmic clapping of her hands. 


We returned to the boat, cast off and headed for Novi Grad. After we 
had passed through the sea of Karin it was decided to make a detour and 
travel for a short way along the fabulous Zdrila channel, which joins these 
inland seas to the Adriatic. We turned sharply in a north-westerly 
direction towards a narrow cleft in the mountains. As we neared it the 
boat was caught in a powerful cross-current, but our boatman kept the 
helm steady and soon we were safely past the dangerous entrance to the 
strange channel. On either side there were great vertical walls of rock, 
barren and grey and honeycombed with caves. It was uncannily silent. 
There was no bird-song or sound of any living thing. The narrow 
passage twisted and turned so abruptly that at times we seemed to be 
heading straight for the unbroken wall of rock. At the last moment the 
boat would be steered deftly into the hidden continuation of the channel. 
The sense of isolation was overpowering. It was an unforgettable experi- 
ence. All too soon it was time to turn for home. Dusk was falling as we 
stepped ashore at Novi Grad. 


(to be continued.) 


202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


Notes on the Microlepidoptera 


By H. C. Huaains, F.R.E.S. 


The Irish Status of Platyptilia calodactyla Schiff. (zetterstedtii Zell.). 
In his List of the Microlepidoptera of Ireland (1941) Beirne places the 
name of this beautiful plume in square brackets, quoting one record which 
he states he considers unreliable, whilst in his British Pyralid and Plume 
Moths (1952) he omits all reference to it as an Irish species. The record 
he quotes is one by the late Canon G. Foster of one at Valentia on the 
road beside the old reservoir, in 1932. There is, however, no specimen in 
the Foster collection, and Beirne considered the record unreliable, prob- 
ably referring to the common P. gonodactyla Schiff. 

On 29th June 1962, my wife and I were walking up a bohereen which 
branched off the road from Dingle to the Connor Pass on the right hand 
side about three-quarters of a mile from the town. The whole of the 
bohereen was most attractive, one side being topped entirely with honey- 
suckle and the other with bramble and honeysuckle mixed, whilst the 
foot of the banks was covered with knapweed, foxglove, golden rod and 
other flowers. I gave a few taps to the sides and then went ahead to 
look at a rather dark Pararge aegeria L.; when I returned, my wife told 
me that there was an unusual plume in the grass at her feet. I netted it 
and at first took it for a remarkable form of P. gonodactyla, but on 
setting it the next day thought it looked more like calodactyla. On my 
return home, I compared it with my Kentish series, and it is identical 
with them, a male in perfect condition. I had intended to revisit the 
bohereen after dinner in the evening, when, no doubt, I should have 
seen others, but the weather turned rather chilly, so I abandoned the 
idea, and the next few days were so fully occupied that I did not do so, 
except once in the morning, when nothing much was about. 

It is very interesting to find another of our woodland insects living 
in the open like this; in Kent, where I have over the years seen hundreds, 
I have only seen it in rides in the major woods such as Blean and Ham 
Street, or more especially in flower-covered clearings of the second, third 
and fourth years where coppicing has taken place. Irish collectors will, 
no doubt, recall how Pyrausta funebris Stroem. is also usually found in 
the open where golden rod grows; no doubt, the damper and warmer 
climate has some bearing on this difference in habits. 

I have been unable to trace any further records, apart from the one 
already quoted, the one from the Burren (Entomologist, 88: 105) having 
been corrected as an error of identification (Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla 
Haw.) (Entomologist, $9: 113). It seems to me, however, that it is quite 
probable that Foster’s was a correct record, as the locality is within twenty 
miles as the crow flies from my Dingle one. As the specimen has 
unfortunately disappeared, it must, unhappily, always remain a matter 
of opinion. 

Calodactyla should, I think, turn up in other places in Kerry. It is 
not a very lively insect, though it can usually be disturbed in the late 
afternoon and evening, so may have often been overlooked. 


Breeding Leaf-mining Flies and their Parasites 
By G. C. D. Grirritus, B.A., F.R.E.S. 
(continued from Page 178.) 


BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 203 


3. TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING AND PRESERVING 


The student of mining insects needs to keep three reference collections 
of different types—first the conventional collection of adult insects, pre- 
served dry; secondly a mine herbarium; and thirdly a collection of larval 
slides. It is a mistake to regard the adult collection as of more intrinsic 
value than the others: what is needed above all is accuracy in the associa- 
tion of the right adult stage with the right larva and mine. I have out- 
lined below the methods which I employ in the hope that this account 
may be of assistance to beginners in this field. Of course there are many 
other possible techniques and this account is by no means exhaustive. 


Field Work 

Agromyzid larvae of many species can be collected between the end 
of May and the end of October. The most prolific period is perhaps the 
end of June. During the winter months larvae of a few hardy species 
(such as Phytomyza ranunculi Schrank on Ranunculus and P. ilicis Curt. 
on Ilex) may be found and the puparia of stem-boring Melanagromyza 
spp. can be collected from the previous summer’s stems. Adult 
Agromyzids can be swept from April to October but their period of 
greatest abundance is May and early June. : 

The most important equipment to be taken on a collecting expedition 
is a supply of airtight jars or tins of varying sizes—for the larger sizes the 
normal household preserving jars are very convenient. Mined leaves 
should be placed in these airtight containers as soon as they are picked 
to prevent them drying up, which would kill the larvae. Generally the 
leaves will remain suitable as food for the larvae for about a week. 
This time factor is not so crucial as it may appear at first sight, as 
larval development in the Agromyzidae is usually very rapid, and larvae 
which are already in their second or third instar when collected will 
generally pupate within this time (Agromyzid larvae are not incidentally 
able to transfer themselves to another leaf, when the one they are in 
becomes unsuitable). 

It is generally better to collect large numbers of a species if possible, 
so that a representative series of host and parasites can be bred. Care 
should be taken not to mix up the larvae of different species in the same 
container. If they are species which leave the leaf to pupate, then there 
may be difficulty later in knowing which puparia came from which mines. 

Some empty mines should be taken for adding to the herbarium: these 
should be as typical of the species as possible. 

Stem-boring species are best collected as puparia, as their larval stage 
generally lasts longer than that of leaf-miners. Puparia of Melanagromyza 
spp. can be found from autumn to spring in the stems of many Compositae, 
Umbelliferae and a few other plants. 


Care of Puparia 


It is essential that Agromyzid puparia be kept moist, otherwise very 
poor breeding results will be achieved. The problem is to keep them 
sufficiently moist, but not in so much moisture that the adult will be 
damaged on emergence. As dipterous puparia do not suffer from attack 
by mildew, a simple solution is to place them in sealed tubes with some 
medium for retaining moisture. I have found white sand very suitable, 
as its contrasting colour allows the puparia and anything that emerges 
from them to be seen easily. A reasonably large tube is desirable— 


204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


I use the 3” x 1” variety—to allow the adults room to exercise and develop 
properly on emergence. Some form of identification mark on the tubes 
(or their corks) is necessary, so there can be no confusion about the origin 
of any resulting adults. 

On emergence adult flies or parasites should be transferred to dry 
tubes, as they would soon decay if they died in contact with moisture. 
It is better to allow bred insects to die naturally, as prematurely killed 
specimens are liable to shrink and become distorted. 


Mounting of Adults 

Adult Agromyzids should be “pointed” on one of the smaller sizes of 
micropins, which should then be staged on polyporus strips or card. It 
is fairly easy to pin fresh specimens from beneath so that the tip of the 
point of the micropin only just pierces the mesonotum. But if the speci- 
mens have become hardened and brittle they should be pinned laterallly, 
as the bristles of the mesonotum will snap if they are pinned from below. 

Small parasitic Hymenoptera are best gummed to the tip of a pointed 
card. The adhesive should be smeared over the card and the insect then 
laid on it—adhesive must not be allowed to spread itself over the insect. 
Care should be taken to ensure that the head is over the edge of the card 
so that the mouthparts can be examined. 

Empty puparia should be gummed to the card or polyporus strip 
used for staging. It is not advisable to pin them as they will work loose. 
The empty puparium can sometimes be a very valuable piece of evidence, 
and it should never be discarded. It is possible to reconstruct most of the 
characters of the larva from the puparium—including the cephalopharyn- 
geal skeleton, which remains intact inside the puparium after the adult 
has emerged. With bred parasites the mounting of the host puparium is, 
I think, essential as a check to the data given. Without the puparium it 
is not possible for any future worker to make an objective check on the 
validity of a record, if it turns out to be controversial. 

Labelling 

All relevant data should be included on the label with a bred specimen. 
This data should include the date of collection (of larvae or puparia), date 
of emergence, locality, host-plant, the identity of the specimen and (for 
parasites) the identity of their dipterous host. I think it very important 
not to neglect labelling, as the trouble taken in breeding is largely negated 
if the details are not recorded on the labels. I do not think it satisfactory 
to keep the data elsewhere (e.g. in a breeding-book) as it will inevitably 
one day become separated from the specimens. 


The Herbarium 

A satisfactory herbarium of leaf-mines can be compiled without any 
special equipment. Fresh mines can be laid between sheets of fairly 
absorbent paper, and, providing that there is a little pressure on them, 
they will dry satisfactorily. After they have dried they can be mounted 
with selotape inside a folded sheet of paper—I prefer duplicating paper as 
it is absorbent and will remove any remaining traces of moisture. The 
appropriate data can be written on the outside of the sheet, and the sheets 
then stored in folders according to the various botanical families. 


Larval and Genitalial Preparations 
A similar technique can be used for preparing both larval and 
genitalial preparations—the basic procedure is:— 


BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 205 


(a) Boiling in sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide for about 
10 minutes. 

(b) Immersion in glacial acetic acid for two or three minutes. 

(c) Removal to alcohol or clove oil. 

(d) Mounting in canada balsam or eupara!] 

The (a) stage serves to dissolve soft tissue which would prevent proper 
examination of the important characters. The (b) stage neutralises traces 
of the caustic substances used in (a) and begins dehydration. The (c) stage 
completes dehydration so that the preparation is ready for permanent 
mounting. . 

Other points to notice are:— 

Larvae: Before boiling it is necessary to split the skin in two or three 
places to allow penetration of the caustic. After the boiling stage the 
skins should be placed on a slide blank in water and pounded with a 
brush until the remains of the gut are removed. If this cannot be 
removed easily, it means that the skins have not been boiled enough. 
Agromyzid larvae will always be mounted laterally (because they are 
laterally compressed), but it is often useful at this stage to turn the last 
abdominal segment so that the hind spiracles can be seen in dorsal view. 
This is done by splitting off the last segment from beneath, leaving it 
attached dorsally only, so that it can be turned at right angles to the rest 
of the skin. 

Larval preparations can be made more attractive and easier to work 
with by staining, though this is by no means essential. The method I have 
used (following Professor E. M. Hering) is to remove them, after their 
introduction to alcohol at stage (c) above, to a solution of Magenta-Red in 
95% alcohol, for about three days, followed by a washing in clean 
alcohol to remove surplus colouring matter, and immersion in Orange 
G. for about five minutes. A good preparation will be pale orange in 
colour with the chitinised parts, tubercules, spiracles, etc., well contrasted 
due to their retention of the red stain. 

Genitalia: The whole abdomen should be removed for making prepara- 
tions of the male genitalia. If the specimens concerned are old and very 
britt'e it may be necessary first to relax them by placing them in a con: 
tainer containing wood naphtha vapour for 5-10 minutes. 

The skin of the abdomen should not be removed until the preparation 
is ready for mounting, as it protects the delicate inside parts during hand- 
ling. The ninth tergite (external) is attached to the internal V-shaped 
ninth sternite (internal) and may be left attached or removed as desired. 
Care should be taken when removing the abdominal skin not to overlook 
the ejaculatory bulb. 

Storing of Preparations: Larval preparations are best mounted on 
3” X1” slides and stored in slide boxes. Genitalial preparations should be 
mounted on the pin with the original specimen. A convenient system 
which I use for mounting genitalia is to have 3” x1” cards made with a 
3 diameter circular hole at one end. The preparations are mounted over 
this hole between two coverslips (I find ‘“Durofix” a suitable adhesive for 
joining the card to the coverslip) of a diameter a little larger than the 
hole, and the cards are then stored in normal slide boxes. While I am 
working with the preparations this arrangement is very convenient: later 
the cards are cut down to a suitable size around the preparation and are 
mounted on the pin with the original specimen. 


206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


REFERENCES 

Ferriére, Ch. & Kerrich, G. J. 1958. Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea (part). Hand- 
books for the Identification of British Insects, VIII, 2 (a): 1-40. London: 
Royal Entomological Society. 

Griffiths, G. C. D. 1956. Host Records of Dacnusini (Hym., Braconidae) from 
leaf-mining Diptera. Ent. mon. Mag., 92: 25-30. 

Hendel, F. 1931-6. Agromyzidae, in Lindner, E., Flieg. pal. Reg., 59: 1-570. 
Stuttgart. 

Hering, E. M. 1951. Biology of the Leaf-miners: 1-420. ’s-Gravenhage: Junk. 

. 1957, Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa. ‘’s-Gravenhage : 

Junk. (in three volumes). 

Nixon, G. E. J. 1943-54. A Revision of the European Dacnusini (Hym., Braconidae, 
Dacnusinae). Hnt. mon. Mag., 79: 20-34, 159-168; 80: 88-108, 140-151, 193- 
200, 249-255; 81: 189-204, 217-229; 82: 279-300; 84: 207-224; 85: 289-298; 90: 
257-290. 

Olroyd, H. 1949. Diptera, Introduction and Key to Families. Handbooks for the 
Identification of British Insects, IX, 1: 1-49. London: Royal Entomo- 
logical Society. 


88a Avondale Avenue, East Barnet, Herts. 19th May 1962. 


Current Literature 


JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ Society, 15, No. 3 (21,iii,1962)—Con- 
tains a long paper by Paul Opler and J. A. Powell on the taxonomy and 
distribution of the Western American components of the Apodemia 
morno complex, with a half-tone plate. Noel McFarland contributes 
notes on a Dartis sp. (? howardi) with photographs of the larva and pupa. 
Shigeru Albert Ae writes on interspecific hybrids in black swallowtails 
in Japan with two half-tone plates of larvae, pupae and imagines. R. 
W. Holzman writes on collecting Sphingidae with a mercury vapour 
lamp, and T. E. Emmel writes on collecting in the Gomez Farias region 
of southern Mexico, while the field collecting article is by Norman B. 
Tindale on the use of Chlorocresol crystals for the preservation of 
catches in the field in condition for setting without further relaxing. 
The number finishes with further notes on recent literature. No. 4 
(19.vi.1962)—Opens with some taxonomic notes on some Neartic Rhopa- 
locera, dealing with the Papilionoidea, by C. F. dos Passos. bi gel ey 
Clinch writes on the Lycaenid Panthioides m-album with text figures of 
larval and pupal anatomy and Richard Hertzman on the life history of 
the Saturniid Adelocephala quadrilineata Grote & Robinson with a 
drawing of the larva. B. O. C. Gardiner writes on the emergence and 
longevity of Catocala fraxini L. and the field notes are by G. W. Rawson 
01 the rediscovery of the Lycanid Eumaeus atala Rober. in southern 
Florida, with figures of ova, larvae, pupae and imagines, together with 
details of the genitalia. The presidential address of Takashi Shirozu is 
o1 the study of immature stages and food plants. The number closes 
with further indexing of recent literature. 


ALEXANOR II, No. 5 (1962).—Has a note by M. Lafitte on the Satyrid 
Meclanargia russiae Esp. from the Pyrénées Orientales. C. Herbulot 
continues his list bringing the French Geometridae up to date. Thce 
articles by Jean Bourgogne deal with some errors in stamps depicting 
entomological subjects, a further note in his list of the literature of tie 
Lepidoptera, this time on Claude Dufay’s Lepidoptera volume of his 


CURRENT LITERATURE =: - 207 


land and water fauna of the Pyrenees Orientales, and a ‘note on-Cucullia 
argentea Hufn. C. Dufay has an article on French Noctuidae not men- 
tioned in Lhomme’s catalogue,: with a plate of 24 species. H. Marion 
continues his revision of the French Pyraustidae, with genitalia figures. 
Dr. R. Durand contributes a note on the presence of Clossiana titania 
lemagneni Plantron, and R. Olivier writes on breeding Callimorpha 
quadripunctaria F. lutescens Stand. ab ovo. 


ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN 22, No. 7 (1,vii,1962)—Has an article by 
G. van Rossem, H. C. Burger and C. F. van de Bund on harmful arthro- 
peda in the Netherlands in 1961. C. J. Fischer discusses the various 
works of Linnaeus. T. H. van Wisselingh writes on Macrolepidoptera in 
1961, and W. J. Boer Leffef writes cn Diacrisia sannio L., Scotia puta 
Hiibn., Mesotype virgata Hufn. and Aspitates ochrearia Rossi. in the 
Dutch Island of Schouwen. No. 8 (1,viii,1962)--Has an obituary notice 
of P. van der Wiel. M. P. Peerdeman writes a survey of the flights of 
Anthrographa gamma L. from March to November 1961 with a chart 
which makes interesting comparison with records in this country during 
that period. W. M. Herbulot writes on some Tachinidae bred from 
Geometrid larvae from the Arnhem district, some of which are new to 
the Dutch list. 


ZEITSCHRIFT DER WEINER ENTOMOLOGISCHEN GESSELLSCHAFT 47, No. 1 
(15,1,62)—Leo Schwingenschluss writes some notes on H. Zerny’s 
“Lepidopterifauna von Albarracin in Aragonien”. Dr. L. Issekutz con- 
tributes notes of similar periods in July 1959, 1960 and 1961. Hans 
Reisser writes Part V of his work on the Sterrhinae. No. 2 (15,ii1,1962).— 
F. Kasy writes on the systematic position of the Gelechiid Chilopselaphus 
podolicus Toll with figures of the wing pattern and anatomic details. 
Jacques-F. Aubert writes a revision of Asiatic Xanthorhée (Odontorhée) 
tianschanica Alph. group including the description of a new genus and a 
new species, with four plates of adult insects and genitalia dissections. 
Franz Eichler records Celerio vespertillio Esp. at light. No. 3 (15,iii,1962). 
—Opens with a note by W. Glaser on the appearance of Scoliaula 
quadrimaculella Boh. as a species new to the Austrian list: The deter- 
mination is by J. Klimesch. There is an obituary notice of Karl 
Predota. Jacques-F. Aubert continues his Xanthorhde (Ordontorhée) 
tianschanica Alph. group revision, followed by migration notes by Karl 
Mazzucco, and finished with the customary book notes. No. 4 (15.iv.1962). 
—Has an account of our friend Joseph Klimesch by Hans Reisser on the 
occasion of his sixtieth birthday. Jacques-F. Aubert finishes his 
Xanthorhé6e paper, and Charles Boursin describes a new Cosmia species 
from the Balkans and Asia Minor which he names rhodopsis. There 
are two plates illustrating the species and its allies, together with geni- 
tlia dissections. The number ends with book notes. No. 5 (15 May 1962). 
—Has the opening of an account of the Macrolepidoptera of the Stubach 
valleys in the Saltzberg district, with a map and two plates of views of 
the terrain. This is by E. W. Feichtenberger. Leo Sieder describes a 
new parthenogenetic Psychid Reisseronia gertrudae with a plate, and 
text figures of anatomical details. Charles Boursin writes on Lithophane 
semibrunnea Haw., describing a new subspecies wiltshirei from Iraq. 
There is a plate illustrating the species and subspecies. 


208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA PALEARTICA.—I have received from Dr. Amsel,. the 
brochure describing this projected publication. It is proposed to bring 
out a volume each year, starting in 1963/64 with the Crambinae by Dr. 
Bleszynski and Ethmiidae by Dr. Sattler. This work is intended to carry 
coloured illustrations of all species by Dr. Gregor, whose watercolours of 
Lithocolletidae, which have appeared with his papers, are beyond praise. 
The text will be in German, with the general introductions in English, 
French and Russian. There is an imposing list of first class entomologists, 
specialists in their particular families, who will write up these families, 
and it is not intended to adhere to any order of families, but to publish 
the works, a volume each year, as they become available. The subscrip- 
tion price is set at D.M. 180 (U.S. $43), rising to D.M. 220 (U.S. $52, after 
the closure of the subscription list). 

The editors are Dr. H. G. Amsel of Karlsruhe, Dr. F. Gregor of Brno, 
and Hans Reisser of Vienna, who will doubtless be pleased to hear from 
intending subscribers.—S. N. A. J. 


BEETLES, by Ewatlp REITTER, Paul Hamlyn, London. 200 pp. + 60 
coloured plates, £5 5s 0d.—The reviewing of this book presents some 
problems; the letterpress is a most interesting survey of the world’s 
coleoptera, designed to inspire the beginner, and it includes the anatomy, 
an explanation of the metamorphosis, nomenclature and classification, to- 
gether with notes on breeding. The plates are of superb quality, and 
these are followed by an outline history of the study of beetles from the 
days of Aristotle to the present day. 

The whole makes a sumptuous aperitif for the budding coleopterist 
who may be the happy possessor of a rich relative. 

The problems referred to, arise from the combination of the letter- 
press and the plates. The letterpress would be of great interest to the 
young (and not so young) coleopterist, and could be produced in an 
octavo size for a few shillings; the excellent plates, which are really 
the reason for the publication of this book are of the “(Coo Look” nature, 
illustrating only showy species, and the work of the photographer 
is obviously given precedence over that of the coleopterist. 

The photgraph of the larva of Megasoma gyas Hbst. occupies a full 
page and shows a remarkable depth of focus for such a magnification, 
but from a scientific aspect, half or even one quarter the size would 
have done quite well. A coleopterist would say that sixty plates could 
well illustrate over 2,000 species, but when dealing with the world’s 
coleoptera, even this figure is a mere drop in the ocean, so perhaps we 
should let the matter stay as it is and acclaim a magnificent picture 
book.—S. N. A. J. 


NATURE CONSERVANCY—EFFECTS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS 


Research is now being done by the Nature Conservancy on the side 
effects of toxic chemicals on the British fauna. The entomo- 
logical societies are represented on the Conservancy’s Entomological 
Liaison Committee. which is kept informed of the _ progress 
of this research, and all entomologists are asked to help in keeping 
the review of this subject up to date by recording new developments 
in their areas in the use of toxic chemicals which may harm the 
insect fauna of hedges, ditches, roadside verges, etc. Observations should 
include time, place, name of spray, method of application and brief 
description of habitat affected, and should be sent to Dr. N. W. Moore, 
Toxic Chemicals and Wild Life Section, The Nature Conservancy, Monks’ 
Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (55) 


close intervals along the side of the road on blackthorn, hawthorn, and 
wild rose, from the nearside of Queensferry Bridge to the outskirts of 
Queenborough”. And he adds that ‘on May 20, a rough calculation 
suggests that the number of larvae must have exceeded half a million”. 
Owen (Entomologist, 82:233) noted larvae in vast swarms in Sheppey 
in 1949, and that they were most in evidence in the south-east corner 
of the island. In May 1950, I noticed that the larvae were very abun- 
dant on hawthorn hedges in Sheppey, between Leysdown and Harty 
Ferry, but were obviously being considerably reduced, owing to the 
numbers of Cuckoos that were feeding upon them (C.-H.). 

VaRIATION.—Vallins (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 
47) exhibited a ¢ with orange tail, bred from Dungeness larva taken 
1948; and Morley (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 38) 
exhibited a d taken at Folkstone, 1930, having both the “body and 
antennae orange’. 

A <6, in J. W. C. Hunt coll., taken St. Peters (div. 9), July 18, 1937, 
is the holotype of ab. fumosa C.-H., a form in which the white is tinged 
throughout with smoke-grey. 

Specimens bearing a few isolated black dots, ab. punctella Strand, 
occur fairly frequently; but ab. punctigera Teich, in which the spots are 
more numerous and form rows, only occurs occasionally. I have 11 gd, 
3 9° of the former, but only 2 ¢¢ of the latter; all bred with some 
thirty normal specimens in 1946, from wild Dungeness larvae (C.-H.). 
A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) records that he bred several black spotted dd 
from Herne Bay pupae, and that at Sandwich, he took a few dd, 
August 9, 16, 1939, all of which had black spots. 

jin, B.C.K.,..are. ab. fumosa. .C.-H., 9, Folkstone, June, 1900, 5S. G. 
Hills; ab. xanthorrhoea Oberth., two gd, bred July 25, 26, 1946, Good- 
son. 

First REcoRD, 1782: “The attention of the public has of late been 
strongly excited by the unusual appearance of infinite numbers of large 
white webs, containing caterpillars, conspicuous on almost every hedge, 
tree, and shrub, in the vicinity of the metropolis” (Curtis, A Short 
History of the Brown-Tail Moth, 3). The first definitely Kentish record, 
however, dates from 1828: Gravesend (Stephens, Haust., 2: 66). 


1Also classed as a migrant or suspected migrant by Williams, et al. (1942). 


-E. similis Fuessl.: Gold-tail. 


Resident.! Hedgerows, gardens, bushy places, etc.; on hawthorn, 
blackthorn, rose, elm, oak, apple, pear, Spanish chestnut, sallow, willow, 
Viburnum latana, Hippophae rhamnoides. Frequent, and found in all 
divisions. “Generally abundant’ (V.C.H. (1908)). 

Barrett (Ent. week. Int., 7: 75) noted an imago in “fine condition”, 
at West Wickham, October 4, 1859; and D. F. Owen (per Rothamsted), 
recorded that he took a perfectly fresh specimen at Eynsford, September 
27, 1947; seemingly both instances of a partial second generation. 


The species is subject to marked numerical fluctuation; but there is 
no confirmed record that its numbers ever reach such vast proportions 
as its congener chrysorrhoea. Fenn (Ent. week. Int., 10: 197), recorded 
that in Lee neighbourhood, though “usually a pest”, it was in 1861, 
“practically absent’; in the same area (in 1894), it was recorded as 
having become “very greatly reduced in numbers” (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 6: 


(56) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 


230); and a few years later was described as “rare” there (Green, Trans. 
W. Kent nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 15). Dadd (Ent Rec., 11: 223), found 
the larvae of both similis and chrysorrhoea in the “greatest profusion”, 
at Deal, June 24-25, 1899, feeding on sloe and H. rhamnoides; and 
Theobald (J.S.—E. Agr. College (Wye), 1910 (19)93), reported that the 
larvae were a pest on fruit in Kent, in 1909. 

The larva occurs perhaps most frequently on hawthorn and sloe, 
though is often found on other trees. Kidner (Diary) wrote that at Sid- 
cup, October 10, 1909, he found two groups of larvae with about eight 
in each group, on the undersides of sallow leaves; and that he also noted 
the larva at this locality in June 1914 on willow. Theobald (J.S.—E. 
Agr. College (Wye), 1899 (8)46), reported that in 1898, hosts of these 
larvae were seen towards the end of June in Kent, feeding ravenously on 
the foliage of Spanish chestnut; and the same recorder (op. cit., 1910 (19) 
94), states that at Dene Park, Tonbridge, apple trees were infested with 
the larvae, which were actually feeding on the fruit. A larva collected 
from V. lantana, at Eynsford, produced a 9, 1948 (J. F. Burton); and 
Gomm (Diary), observed that in a lane at Minster (div. 9), he found six 
cocoons, July 19, 1915, spun up in chinks of bark of elm, from which 
imagines emerged July 28-August 3, 1915. 

VARIATION.—The nymotype is the most numerous form in Kent, but ab. 
auriflua Hb., is apparently fairly frequent (C.-H.). 

There is occasionally considerabie variation in size; thus, de Worms 
(Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1929-30: 33) records a 6, taken near 
Tonbridge, August 26, 1925, with al. expanse 23 mm.; and I havea Q that 
I took at Hoads Wood, August 11, 1955, measuring 49 mm. (C.-H.). 

A striking ¢, “with considerable dark scaling on forewings”, taken 
Orlestone Woods, August 24, 1960 (West, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1960: 55), is referable to ab. nigrostriata Cockayne. 

First RECORD, 1858: Deal (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 4: 141). 


1Also classed as a migrant or suspected migrant by Williams et al. (1942). 


Arctornis I-nigrum Mull. (v-nigrum F.): Black V. 

Probable immigrant. 

Three examples only, all before 1830. 

The date of the earliest recorded occurrence in the county is not 
known, but must have been before 1826, for in the preceding year, Curtis 
(Br. Ent., 68) stated that the larva fed on lime and “the moth has been 
fcund upon that tree the middle of August, in the neighbourhood of 
Darent, Kent. 

In 1828, Stephens (Haust, 2: 64), referring to the few examples known 
to him, added: “Another specimen, I believe, was taken at Bromley, in 
Kent, in August 1827, and is in a collection at Birmingham”. Presumably 
this is the same specimen as that mentioned in Curtis’s M.S. Register on 
the authority of Samouelle (per Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 40: 193) as from 
“Bromley, Kent”. 

The only other Kentish l-nigrum known, is that recorded by Morris 
(Br. Moths, 1: 78), who wrote: “A locality for this species is Sole-Street 
House, near Faversham, Kent, where one was taken by my school-fellow, 
Henry Hilton”; and added: “It was for some time in my collection, and is 
now in the cabinet of Mr. Abraham Edmunds of Worcester, who had it 
from me”’?!. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (57) 
First RECORD, 1825: Darenth neighbourhood (Curtis, Br. Ent., 68). 


1Morris (loc. cit.) states that Hilton took the specimen in his school holidays: 
the date of capture must therefore have been about 1825, for according 
to Crockford’s Clerical Directory for 1858, both men graduated at 
university in 1833. 


Leucoma salicis L.: White Satin. 


Resident, perhaps reinforced by immigration!. Marshes, waysides, etc.: 
on Populus calix. Recorded from all divisions (except 5, 6a). Frequent 
in low-lying coastal areas of 2, 4, 15; doubtful if permanently resident 
elsewhere; few records for 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14. 

The species is sometimes abundant very locally, particularly in its 
early stages. Mathew (Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 18) records that at Sheerness 
Dockyard in 1870, the poplar trees were almost stripped of foliage, and 
thousands of pupae were present in clusters of a dozen or more; else- 
where in Div. 2, H. C. Huggins (in. litt.), writes that the larvae swarmed on 
one or two willows by Gravesend Hospital, c.1905. Fenn (Diary), noted 
larvae in profusion at Deal (div. 4), July 5, 1891; and Heitland (Ento- 
mologist, 31: 221), recorded that it was plentiful in all stages at Appledore 
(div. 15), in July 1899. 

During the present century, salicis has probably been most regularly 
observed in div. 15, at least since the 1920’s. There is a record of A. M. 
Swain that he took a number at Littlestone in 1901, and at this same 
locality, many larvae were noted by R. F. Bretherton on July 2, 1954. A. 
M. Morley (in litt.), writes that at Dungeness, there is a permanent colony, 
which was first noticed by him in 1929; since when, larvae and imagines 
have been seen by many observers, both at Dungeness and elsewhere on 
Romney Marsh. Dungeness, many at light, July 19, 1945 (A. M. Morley); 
several, July 1959 (C. R. Haxby). 

In most, if not all other divisions, except 2, 4 and 15, the species is 
apparently seldom numerous, and only intermittent in its occurrence. 
A. J. L. Bowes states that at Herne Bay (div. 3), a flourishing colony was 
found on poplars in Station Road in 1930, but were not in evidence the 
next year, and no more was seen of the species until a ¢ came to light, 
July 31, 1935. W. L. Rudland records that the moth only occurred twice 
at m.v., at Willesborough (div. 12), during the period that it was operated 
from 1954-56, i.e., July 1, 20, 1956; and but once at m.v. at Wye (div. 12), 
from 1953-56, i.e., July 2, 1953. In Folkestone, A. M. Morley only noted 
nine at m.v. from 1951-61, with maximum of two in 1955 and 1958, and 
none in 1951,1957 , 1959 and 1961. In the Lewisham area 1945-47, D. F. 
Owen gave it as “very local and usually rare’, and that larvae found in 
1946 at Abbey Wood Marshes (div. 2), and Lee (div. 1), were all 
ichneumoned. 

There are numerous records of the larva on poplar; probably mostly 
on black poplar, though few specify this. It has also been noted on Lom- 
bardy poplar (Chaney (1884-87)); on “weeping willow” (Jones, Ent. week. 
Int., 10: 188); one, on white poplar, Postling Wents, near Hythe (div. 12), 
July 11, 1953 (A. M. Morley), and on sallow at Dungeness (C.-H.). 

6. Eynsford, pupa (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1904-05: 
32). Pinden (E. J. Hare). 

7. Burham Down (Trans. Kent Fld. Cl. 1961: 1:129). 

8. Folkestone Warren (Ullyett (1880)). Dover (E. & Y. (1949)). 


(58> ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


10. Brasted. occasionally (R. M. Prideaux). Sevenoaks, larva on 
poplar trunk, 1919 (Gillett, Diary). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, two, 1959 (L. N. Tesch). 

14. Tenterden (Stainton, Man.). 

VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is a @ ab radiosa, Gordon Smith, N. Kent, 
August 1922, L. W. Newman. 

First Recorp, 1858: “Excessively abundant on a row of poplars, on 
Chatham Lines” (Crozier, Nat. Hist Rev. (Proc. Dublin Univ. zool, Bot. 
Ass.), 5: 128). 


1Cockayne (Entomologist, 65: 284) suggests the possibility of reinforcement by 
occasional immigration. The species is also classed as a migrant or SuSs- 
pected migrant by Williams et al. (1942). 


Lymantria dispar L.: Gipsy. 

Probable immigrant. Hedgerows, woods, etc.; on hawthorn. 

At least fifteen dispar have been recorded from Kent, including five 
that were bred from feral larvae. 

The earliest known occurrence is of a worn 9, taken by W. C. Chaney 
in Wigmore Wood (div. 7), c.1856 (Chaney (1884-87)). Since then it has 
been noted as follows:—1860: Near Ashford, taken by A. W. Mera (Mera, 
Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1901: 18). 1870: Chattenden Roughs, 
3, taken by J. J. Walker, July 25 (Chaney, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1886: 50). 1885: Bexley, one taken in 1885, exhibited by Allbuary at 
Haggerston Entomological Soc., November 12, 1885 (Ent. mon. Mag., 22: 
166). N.d.: Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)). 1888: Deal, two gd, two 929, 
bred from feral larvae (Tulloch, Entomologist, 60: 164). 1899: Folkestone 
Warren, a 4, reared August 20, 1899, from a larva casually collected in 
July from a hawthorn hedge (Hills, Ent. Rec., 11: 345) (Adkin, Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1916-17: 4, 45), is in Br. Mus. (S. Kensington) 
(C.-H.); Sandgate, a ¢, at light, August 3 (Green, Ent. Rec., 11: 306), is 
in my coll. (C.-H.). 1950: Cliftonville, Margate, ¢, taken by W. D. 
Bowden, July 10 (Bowden, Entomologist, 84: 60). 19511: Dover, dg, taken 
by G. H. Youden, at m.v., July 31 (Youden, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1951-52: 47; idem, Entomologist, 84: 261). 1961: Foikestone Town, 
g, at m.v., August 29, taken by A. M. Morley (A. M. Morley). 

[N.d.: Adam’s Well near Langton, Tunbridge Wells, one, A. L. H. 
Townsend; Tonbridge, one, A. D. Reed (Knipe (1916); Given (1946)). Note: 
R. H. Rattrey (Entomologist, 53: 19), records that he had the species in 
captivity at Tonbridge. ] 

First Noricez, c.1856: Wigmore Wood (Chaney, Rochester Nat., 1885: 1 
(7)119). 


1Jt is noteworthy that in 1951 the species was abnormally abundant in France 
(cf. Dannreuther, Entomologist, $5: 156; Muspratt, op. cit., $5: 263). 


L. monacha L.: Black Arches. 
Native. Woods, copses; on oak. Mainly Wealden; probably casual in 9. 
1. West Wickham, larva, 1859 (Latchford, Ent. week. Int., 6: 123). 
West Wickham and Hayes (Birchenough, fide de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 
126). Petts Wood, rare (S. F. P. Blyth); one ¢, 1947 (E. Evans); 1949, 
frequent, larvae on oak (A. M. Swain). Dartford, two gd, August 24, 1946 
(B. K. West). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (59) 


3. Near Canterbury*, one bred from a larva taken off sugar, 1871 
(Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). Blean Woods, a larva, June 3, 1866 (Fenn, 
Diary). Near Herne Bay, 9, 1926 (D. G. Marsh coll.). Chestfield, near 
the golf-course, “one bred and another on oak trunk” (P. F. Harris in 
lets): 

4. Ickham, one, August 23, one August 24, 1954 (D. G. Marsh coll.). 

6. Eynsford, one on larch trunk, August 19, 1933 (Blair, Proc. S. Lond. 
ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1933-34: 32). | 

6a. Darenth Wood.—(Stephens, Haust., 2: 57); “Mr. Desvignes has 
taken it at Darent” (Curtis, Br. Ent., 767); one, 1861, seventeen larvae by 
various collectors, 1862 (Fenn, Diary); one larva, June 14, 1868, parasitized 
by two worms (Standish, Entomologist, 4: 98-99) (from the description 
they appear to have been nematode worms (C.-H.)). Cobham Woods, one, 
by J. J. Walker, July 28, 1870 (Chaney (1884-87)); one, 1882, one, 1889 (Pye, 
Rochester Nat., 1896: 2 (51), 352); August 4, 1919 (F. T. Grant). 

7. Westwell, four at light, August 18, 1934 (A. M. Morley); August 13, 
1938 (A. J. L. Bowes); “very common lately” (E. Scott, verbatim, 
19.xii.1954). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Folkestone [Reinden Wood], <6, 9, 
taken by J. W. Walton, c. 1898 (A. M. Morley). Moderately common, 
Waldershare and Woolwich Wood; Barfreston (E. & Y. (1949)). Wye, 
September 2, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes). Near Canterbury, larva (H. C. 
Huggins). Gorsley Wood, larvae, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Dover, one, 1945 
(B. O. C. Gardiner). Reinden Wood, <, at light, 1948 (A. M. Morley). 

9. Minster, about four dozen ova found on oak trunk, October 9, 1914, 
from which imagines bred (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 

10. Brasted, a few larvae (R. M. Prideaux). Westerham (R. C. 
Edwards). Seal Chart, larva, June 20, 1948 (Howarth, Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 71). Sevenoaks, at light, 1948-49 (F. D. Green- 
wood). 

11. Wateringbury (Goodwin MS.) (V.C.H. (1908)); imago, 1934 (J. 
Fremlin). Hoads Wood, three at light, August 31, 1931 (A. M. Morley). 
Tonbridge, several larvae on oak, 1951 (H. E. Hammond). Sevenoaks 
Weald, larva, July 7, imago emerged July 24, 1959; imago at m.v., August 
17, 1959 (E. A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street Woods.—About fifty at light, July 26, 1934 (A. M. 
Morley); July 20, 1934, August 20, 1939 (A. J. L. Bowes); fairly numerous 
at light, though mostly ¢ 4; several 99 at m.v., late July 1951 (C.-H.); 
about 12 gd, August 15-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs). Chartham, 
one, 1949 (P. B. Wacher). 

13. Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). Tunbridge Wells.— 
QO, September 1885 (Bone, Entomologist, 18: 263); ¢, 1891 (Beeching, Ent. 
Rec., 2: 229). Broadwater Down, one (Knipe (1916)). Adams Well, near 
Langton, one beaten from oak (Given (1946)). 

14. Hawkhurst (Melvill, Entomologist, 5 (74), ii). Sandhurst; Benenden 
(G. V. Bull). 

16. Near Sandling Junction, 1929 (Morley (1931)). Sandling Park, ©, 
on oak trunk, August 25, 1942; Folkestone Town, two at m.v., 1952, 4, 
at m.v., August 30, 1954 (A. M. Morley). 


VARIATION.—Tugwell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1891: 145) 
records a “very dark specimen’, that he bred from a larva taken at West 
Wickham; and a ¢ ab. taken by me at Orlestone Woods, July 1951, may 


(60) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


be described as having the ground lightly suffused with purplish-brown 
(C.-H.). 

A ¢ ab. in D. G. Marsh coll., bred Herne Bay, 1927, is referable to ab. 
nigrilinea Cockayne. 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—dorsomaculata Lempke, 3 ¢ 6, 6 
2°, bred from larvae, Ham Street, 1937, one, 9, N. Kent, bred; medio- 
fasciata Lempke, ¢, bred from larva, Ham Street, 1937; eremita Hub., 
336, N. Kent, A. W. Mera, bred 1914, 1915, 1916; atra von Linstow, 2 
36, N. Kent, A. W. Mera, 1914, 1915. 

First REcorRD, 1828: Stephens, loc. cit. 


LASIOCAMPIDAE 
Malacosoma neustria L.: Common Lackey. 


Resident, perhaps reinforced by immigration. Bushy places, orchards, 
hedgerows, etc.; on sloe, apple, plum, sallow, elm, laurel. Found in all 
divisions, though seemingly with a preference for low-lying areas on or 
near the coast. Usually fairly numerous, and occasionally abundant, but 
subject to periods of rather marked scarcity. “Generally common; 
formerly too abundant in the larval state, but now much scarcer” (V.C.H. 
(1908)). 

There appears to be only one generation; but in 1879, a single specimen 
was noted at light at Lee on September 18 (Bower, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 
563), an exceptionally late date. 

In the past, neustria has sometimes reached considerable proportions, 
to be followed by an appreciable decline. Thus, Newman (Entomologist, 
4: 104) writing of the metropolitan area in 1868, said that ten years 
previously his apple trees were annually devastated by it, but that since 
that period not one had been noted until the present year, when it was 
again swarming in his neighbourhood; and Fenn (Ent. Rec., 6: 230) re- 
ferring to the same area, observed that in 1894, “though formerly one of 
our greatest pests’, it was at the time of writing comparatively scarce. 
In 1918, Robertson (Entomologist, 51: 162) recorded a plague of larvae at 
Faversham, there being two or three nests on every apple and plum tree; 
and A. M. Massee informed me that in the orchards of East Kent during 
the 1920’s, the species became such a pest, that special prayers were said in 
Canterbury Cathedral for the preservation of the harvest (C.-H.). 

Though intermittent in many localities, in one area at least, notably 
Dungeness, the species seems to be permanently established. Morley 
(1931), in his well-known list, has: “Not common near Folkstone, but 
abundant at Dungeness”; to which I can add that over the past twenty- 
five years, I have myself found the larval nests with greater regularity at 
Dungeness than anywhere else in the county (C.-H.). 

It is an interesting fact that in direct contrast to the foregoing, R. M. 
Prideaux, who resided and collected at Brasted (div. 10) for nearly half 
a century, wrote (in litt., 1950) that he had never once seen neustria there; 
and the scarcity of its occurrence at m.v. at Wye and Willesborough, as 
noted as follows by W. L. Rudland, whose traps were run with great 
regularity, and who moreover kept a careful record of everything that 
appeared, are yet a further indication that the species may be more dis- 
criminating in its choice of habitat than has been generally supposed :— 
Willesborough, two, 1954, two, 1955, one, 1956; Wye, one, 1953, one, 1954, 
none, 1955-56. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (61) 


The larva has often been found on apple, plum, sloe, sallow. R. G. 
Chatelain has noted it on elm at Chattenden; and there is an interesting 
record of larvae having been found on an evergreen, laurel, by G. 
Andrews, at Cliftonville in June 1953, from which imagines were reared 
by W. D. Bowden. 

VARIATION.—I bred a long series from Dungeness larvae, taken June 
16, 1951, and all collected from Salix repens: a few only were nymotypical, 
the majority being referable to ab. virgata Tutt, and ab. pyri Scop. 
(C.-H.). 

Hills (in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 549) notes that the batches from Folkestone 
Warren appear to have a preponderence of reddish-ochreous forms; and 
Tutt (Br. Lep., loc. cit.) states that large broods that he bred from Farn- 
borough were entirely fawn-coloured. 

The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—¢ d—virgata Tutt; 
cervina-virgata Tutt; pyri Scop.; vulgaris Bork.; rufa-unicolor Tutt; bicolor 
Sibille. @ Q—cervina-virgata Tutt; virgata Tutt; pyri Scop.; rufa-unicolor 
Tutt; bicolor Sibille; annularis Fourcroy, Bexley, one; confluens Selys; 
fracta Tutt, one, N. Kent, 1920. 

First RecorpD, 1865: Abbey Wood (A. H. Jones, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 
563). This is the earliest positive reference to Kent that I have been able 
to trace, though the species was doubtless first noticed in the county long 
before. 


M. castrensis L.: Ground Lackey. 
Native. : Salt marshes; on Limonium vulgare, Artemisia maritima, 
Plantago maritima, Trifolium repens. 


2. Appears to be spread over all the saltings from St. Mary’s Marshes 
in the west to nearly to Seasalter in the east. Formerly the distribution 
range was less restricted and extended west as far as Erith according to 
Barrett (Br. Lep., 2: 20); to which may be added the record of Stainton 
(Man., 1: 156) that it occurred ‘fon the banks of the Thames below 
Erith. [de Worms (Lond. Nat., 1953: 127) has “Woolwich Marshes”, but 
without particulars or authority; also “off Erith’, where he says “it is 
still to be found”, but again gives no authority]. It is perhaps now extinct 
on Higham and Cliffe Marshes (frequently referred to under Gravesend 
in the old records), for which there appears to be no definite recorded 
occurrence since 1871 (cf. Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 544-545). 

The species is occasionally subject to intense fluctuation. Thus, Jones 
(in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 543) says that ‘in 1871 in a field on Cliffe Marshes 
... the larvae could have been collected in thousands’; but in the same 
year Walker (Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 185) mentions that at Queenborough, 
he could only find a few starved and stunted larvae although usually 
abundant there; and Ingall (Zoologist, 1655) noted a similar absence in 
Sheppey in 1846. Walker (Ent. mon. Mag., 34: 252) states that in Sheppey, 
the floods of November 1897 proved disastrous to both castrensis and the 
Geometrid Scopula emutaria Hubn. 

The imago is rarely seen wild. Walker took a 92 on a wall opposite 
a lamp post, Sheerness, July 1868; Jones took a @2 near Gravesend; 
Button noted one at Gravesend at light (Tutt, op. cit., 2: 542); and de 
Worms (Entomologist, 69: 133) took two 9° at light between Rochester 
and Sheppey, July 10, 1935. 

Recent records of castrensis are:—Harty, Sheppey, three nests of small 
larvae, on A. maritima and T. repens, May 14, 1950; Chetney Marshes, 


(62) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


three nests totalling about seventy half-grown larvae, June 20, 1953; 
Nagden Marshes, between Faversham and Seasalter, 20-30 full-grown 
larvae, July 17, 1953 (C.-H.). St. Mary’s Marsh, abundant, 1954 (G. A. 
N. Davis). Faversham, June 26, 1955 (Marsh and Youden, Proc. S. Lond. 
ent. nat. “Hist. Soc. 19507 ©16): 

4. Herne Bay* (Daltry, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 545) (there is a short 
stretch of salt marsh, 1 m. east of Reculver, to which this may refer 
(C.-H.)). [(Pegwell Bay, one would expect both castrensis and Leucania 
favicolor Mathew to occur on the saltings here, but careful search has 
so far failed to reveal either.)] 

VARIATION.—In a series of some sixty specimens reared from larvae 
collected by me near Kingsferry, June 26, 1949, the nymotype pre- 
dominates, ¢ ab. albescens Ckne., ¢ ab. pallida Tutt., ¢ ab. intermedia 
Tutt., ¢ ab. bifasciata Tutt, occurred severally, together with two Q ab. 
taraxoides Bellier, two 9 ab. rufa-virgata Tutt, one 9 ab. unicolor Tutt, 
also a number of apparently un-named abs. (C.-H.). 

The following abs. and abnormal specimens from Kent are in R.C.K.: 
oS obsoleta Tutt; pallida Tutt; fasciata Closs, one, Sheerness, 1899; 
intermedia Tutt; brunnea Tutt; hilleri Standfuss; albescens Ckne., holo- 
type. @°9 taraxoides Bellier; virgata Tutt; rufo-virgata Tutt; venata 
Standfuss; unicolor Tutt; hilleri Standfuss. Also a halved gynandro- 
morph, left side d, bred Isle of Sheppey, August 7, 1842, T. Ingall 
(Entomologist, 28: 42). 

A number of other aberrations have been recorded, and were described 
and exhibited by Bull (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1938-39: 14, 22; 
op. cit., 1939-40: 18); several of these examples are in my coll. (C.-H.). 

First REcorpD, 1803: “Larva in Artemisia maritima in Insular Sheppey 
copiose D. Curtis—alibi rarissima” (Haworth, Lep. Britannica, 1: 128). 


Trichiura crataegi L.: Pale Eggar. 

Native. Woods, hedgerows; on hawthorn, sloe, oak, birch, Spanish 
chestnut, aspen. Chiefly Wealden, and mainly, if not wholly, off the 
chalk. 

1. [Near Peckham in Kent (see First Record).] Birch Wood 
(Stephens Haust., 2: 43). West Wickham, larvae, June 1856 (Machin, 
Ent. week. Int., 1: 91). Lewisham, 1847 (Stainton, Zoologist, 1915). Lee, 
one, on a lamp, September 5, 1862 (Fenn, Diary); larvae, 1875 (Fenn, in 
Wool. Surv. (1909)). Blackheath, one, taken at rest on a wall (West, Ent. 
Rec., 18: 171). Eltham, larvae, May 30, 1882 (Bower, in Wool. Surv. 
(1909)). Near Eltham, few at light (Fenn, in Wool. Surv (1909)). 

2. Gravesend.—1890 (R. Adkin, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 496); on street 
lamps, odd ones every year, 1903-06, two 1904 (H. C. Huggins). 

3. Herne, one 1907; Faversham*, one, bred 1903 (J. P. Barrett coll.). 

6. Dartford* (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 4: 23). Cuxton* (Tutt, 
Br. Lep., 2: 497). Longfield 1867 (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54)ii). 

6a. Cockham Wood, larva on blackthorn; larvae common on white- 
thorn hedges at Higham* and about Chattenden, 1875 (Chaney (1884-87)). 
Chattenden, larva, June 9, 1890 (Mera, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 495); larva, 
1902 (H. C. Huggins). Near Darenth Wood* (Stephens, Haust., 2: 43). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Brook*, about eight at light, 1954 
(C.A.W. Duffield, teste E.: Scott). 

11. Bethersden, eight bred, 1928-30, bred 1940 (G. V. Bull). Hoads 
Wood, larvae, 1923 (Scott(1936)); larvae, 1951 (E. Scott); 9, 1954 (CW. L. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (63) 


Rudland); 1957, 1959 (P. Cue). 

12. Ham Street Woods.—Scott (1936); Long Rope, larva, June 17, 
1939, a few off oak and Spanish chestnut, May 1948, having a small 
whitish parasitical ovum attached to the skin externaily; imagines oc- 
easionally at light, but onlyQQ in my experience (C.-H.); larvae 
commoner than usual (de Worms, Entomologist, 83: 101); larva on birch, 
June 10, 1946 (H. King); imago, September 12, 1954 (de Worms, Ento- 
mologist, 88: 61); larva on aspen, June 3, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); ¢&, at 
m.v., Birchett Wood, September 16, 19538 (W. L. Rudland). Ham’ Street 
Village, 1957 (de Worms, Entomologist, 91: 152). Ashford, one on fence 
in the town, 1937 (Scott(1950)). Shadoxhurst, one, bred 1953 (le Ray, 
teste E. Scott). Willesborough, one, September 20, 1955, one, September 
7, 1956; Wye, seven, September 5-14, 1953, one, September 22, 1954, two, 
September 1, 28, 1955, one, September 18, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, scarce (A. D. Reed, fide E. D. Morgan). 

14. Cranbrook, one, 1903 (Goodwin coll.) Near Woodchurch, larva, 
1931 (Scott(1936)). 

16. Folkestone Town, one, September 29, 1955 (R. W. Fawthrop, 
teste A. M. Morley); one, at m.v., September 20, 1957 (Morley, Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 43). 

VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is ab. pallida Tutt, one, 9, labelled “Kent, 1898 
(Smart). Also a halved gynandromorph, left side 9, labelled ‘Kent, B. 
30.ix.09.”’ 

FIRST RECORD, 1720: The larva “ was found on an Oak near Peckham 
in Kent” (Albin, Nat. Hist. English Insects, facing plt. 82). It is not 
absolutely certain that this refers to crataegi, so that the first positive 
record dates from 1795: Dartford (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 4: 23). 


Poecilocampa populi L.: December Moth. 

Native. Woods, lanesides; on birch, oak, elm. 

1. West Wickham (Machin, Ent. week. Int., 1: 91); four, November 
23, 1947 (C.-H.). Bexley; Bromley; Erith; Lee; Crofton Park; Orpington; 
Eltham (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chislehurst (S. F. P. Blyth); larva, May 19, 
1923 (A. R. Kidner). Dartford, not uncommon (B. K. West). Petts 
Wood, 1946, larvae on birch, oak (A. M. Swain); two, 1947, one, 1948, one, 
1949 (E. Evans). Joydens Wood (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 127). 
Bromley, two, November 26, 1961 (D. R. M. Long). 

2. Sittingbourne; Faversham; on street lamps (H. C. Huggins). 

3. Herne Bay, one, c.1919 (A. J. L. Bowes). Chestfield (P. F. Harris). 
Canterbury, c.1948 (J. A. Parry). 

5. Chevening, two, 1917 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Gravesend, 1922, 1925, on street lamps (F. 
T. Grant). Fawkham (E. J. Hare). Meopham, fairly common, November 
1959-61 (J. Ellerton). 

6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record) (E. J. Hare). Chattenden 
(V.C.H., 1908); larva beaten from elm, June 1, 1925 (F. T. Grant). 

7. Westwell (Scott (1936)); 1954 (C.-H.); forty-three, including both 
sexes, at porch light, 7.45 p.m., December 2, 1955 (Scott, Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 49). Boxley (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Reinden Wood (Morley (1931)). Stowting (C. A. W. Duffield). Wye, 
several jd, 1938 (C.-H.). Bridge, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Dover (E. & Y. 
(1949)). 

9. Margate, street lamp, November 24, 1931 (H. G. Gomm) (P. F. 


(64) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 


Harris). 

10. Brasted (R. M. Prideaux); 1912-13; larva, 1918 (Gillett, Diary). 
Sevenoaks, larva, 1919 (Gillett, Diary). 

11. Wateringbury, few specimens 1895 (H. S. Fremlin); (V.C.H. (1908)). 
Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Shipbourne (Buxton coll.). Edenbridge, 1927- 
28, 1930, larva, 1927 (F. D. Greenwood). Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); c. 
1952 (P. Cue). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, November 
2, 14, 23, 25, 1959 (E. A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street (Scott (1936)); larvae on oak trunks in chinks of bark, 
May 1948 (C.-H.). Ashford (Scott(1950)). Willesborough, one, 1953, 
seven, 1955, four, 1956; Wye, 112, October 27-November 29, 1953, including 
11 29 9; 36, October 31-December 1, 1954, including 4 9 9; 39, November 
2-27, 1955; 380, November 4-December 6, 1956, including 151 on December 
2 (W L. Rudland). Willesborough, two, 1958 (M. Singleton). Orlestone 
Woods, three larvae, 1959 (M. Singleton and D. Youngs). 

13. Pembury (V. M. Sage). 

14. Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). Hawkhurst (W. A. Lawson). 

16. Folkestone (A. M. Morley). 

First Recorp, 1828: Lanes about Darenth and Birch Woods (Stephens, 
Haust., 2: 44). 


Eriogasier lanestris L.: Small Eggar. 

Resident, perhaps native. Hedgerows, woods, bushy places; on sloe, 
hawthorn, birch. Local and uncertain in appearance!. Only recorded 
since 1923 from S.E. Kent, and apparently not observed at all since 1951. 

1. Bostall Heath, batch of ova, April 23, 1865 (A. H. Jones, teste 
Fenn, Diary). Abbey Wood (A. H. Jones, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 519), 
probably refers to the preceding record (C.-H.). Kidbrook; Burnt Ash 
Lane, Lee (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 171). Bexley Woods, ova on birch branch, 
April 8, 1871 (B. A. Bower, in Tutt. Br. Lep., 2: 506). Bexley district, 
abundant some years (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Farn- 
borough*, 1893 (H. Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 

2. Minster, Sheppey, two nests, 1923 (H. C. Huggins). 

3. Herne, 1903, four 9° 9, bred by J. P. Barrett (J. P. Barrett coll.). 

6. Darenth Wood*, not uncommon at times in the neighbourhood of 
Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 45). Between Darenth Wood and 
Dartford*, nine larvae June 22, 1862 (Fenn, Diary). Longfield, 1867 
(Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54) ii). Dartford*, two, bred 1888, in Br. Mus. 
(S. Kensington) (C.-H.). Strood*; Cuxton* (Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 519). Green- 
hithe* (V.C.H. (1908)). Eynsford, larvae on sloe, June 30, 1891 (R. Adkin, 
in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 518) (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 
90; idem, op. cit., 1904-05: 31); four, bred 1905, B. W. Adkin, in Br. Mus. 
(S. Kensington) (C.-H.) Wilmington*; Little Darenth* (C. Fenn, in Wool. 
Surv. (1909)). Dartford Brent* (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 171). 

6a. Chattenden Roughs, larvae not uncommon (Chaney (1884-87)). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880); two taken by J. W. Walton, c. 1898 
(A. M. Morley). Lyminge (S. G. Hills, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 519). Dover 
(Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 519); “once found round Dover, but has not been seen 
for several years” (E. & Y. (1949)). 

10. Sevenoaks* (V.C.H. (1908)). 

11. Maidstone* (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 82). Wateringbury (Frem.in, 
ia uatt lOc. cit): 

12. Shadoxhurst, larval nests near Shadoxhurst in 1929 and 1933 (Scott 
(1936)). Near Kingsnorth, larval nest on sloe, June 21, 1946 (E. Scott). 


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(glass lids), £32 10s—Humphreys, 38 High Street, Ruislip, Middx. Ruislip 
6264. 

For Sale.—Complete set, Vols. 1 and I! of J. O. Westwood’s F.L.S. Famous 
“British Moth Books’, all the coloured plates intact (124). In very good 
condition, £12.—Mr. FE. Vinnicombe, 31 Dresden Road, London, N.19, Eng- 
land. 

Lepidoptera of the Isle of Wight._I am preparing a new County list using a 
card index, and would be most grateful for records since 1906 of ALL species 
with FULL data (e.g. numbers of commoner species are important).—R. P. Knill- 
Jones, ‘““Brooklands’’, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. 


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AUCTION pees ANNOUNCEMENT. 


The late CANON GEORGE WATKINSON COLLECTION (ist Portion). 


>! be sold, by auction, on THURSDAY, 25th OCTOBER, at 12.30 p.m. 

- prompt (viewing All Day Wednesday, 24th October, and Morning of Sale), 

ae Messrs Debenham, Storr & Co. Ltd., 26 King Street, Covent Garden, 
Wed: 


x Consisting of MORPHOS, rare and common species, many as pairs; 
4 Caligo species, some 8 seperate lots; Casnia species, four distinct species; 
 P. antimachus, (2) Ornithoptera, in large numbers, including rarities such 
as O. joiceyi, O. paradisea, O. alexandra, O. victoria regis, O. lydius, O. 
cuneifera, O. pegasus, O. trojanus, O. ritsenae, and many local Island 
forms, PAPILIOS in great numbers, sold in short series or by the half 
_ drawer, including P. homerus, A. lidderdalii, T. imperialis, P. ulysses and 
' named vars of this species, P. stresemanii (3), P. weiskei, Delias species, 
- in numbers, Heliconius, long series, Catagramma, Callicore, Callithea, 
_ + very showy species, Parnassius group well represented, rare species, L. 
dispar, var. rutilus, bred series, Continental Blues, Fritillaries and Erebias, 
_ and Satyrid species, etc. Autso: Saturnid moths in series, and a great 
_ many drawers of Indian, African, North and South American Messier 
in series. 
® BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. Part of the Rev. Canon Watkinson’s a 


representative collection will be offered, including the Sphingidae, Lasio- — 


oe campidae, Arctiidae, Notodontidae, and some WNoctuae, contained in 

4 numerous ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS of 30 drawers, two 40 drawers, 
20 drawers, two 12 drawers, and five cabinets with 8 drawers each, and 
one of 6 drawers, containing one of the finest and most complete col- 
lections of MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA ever offered by Auction. 


e Sale arranged and catalogued by: L. Hugh Newman, F.R.E.S., “The 
Butterfly Farm Ltd.”, 42 Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent, England 


Cahn CRAYFORD 22686). 


EXOTIC INSECTS 

Ss Especially Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from India, Japan, Formosa, 

mc: \ West Africa, Australia, S. America, etc. 

a A large and varied selection of the following in stock— 

_ Lepidoptera—Papilionidae, Pieridae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Lycaeni- 

a dae, Satyridae, Heliconiidae, Riodinidae, Morphidae, Brassolidae, 

Po Saturniidae, Chalcosiinae, Urantidae, ete. 

_ Goleoptera—Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Cerambyci- 

= dae, Curculionidae, Lucanidae, Scarabaedae, etc. 

Living stages of lepidoptera avaiable when in _ season include: Ova, 

Larvae and Cocoons of Saturniidae, etc. Papilio chrysalids, and — 
certain moth Pupae. 


= Price Lists sent free on request 
4 RAN, BAXTER, 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, Engiand 


ail Orders only 
In your ahs ede mention ‘‘Entomological Record’’ 


LIVING LEPIDOPTERA AND SET SPECIMENS 


B We specialise in living Lepidoptera and set specimens from this anes ee 
and overseas. We also stock equipment for breeding Lepidoptera and 
- some collecting equipment. Send for our illustrated catalogue and our 
ee ; catalogue of set specimens. 


a ; WORLDWIDE BUTTERFLIES LTD., 
ae ‘Seafields House, Charmouth, eho Dorset, England 


Legiiiptont: Dr. H. _B. Wee Q. C., cia LD. E 
D. K. McE. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F. R.E.S.; € 
ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. see E.R. E. 8.5 
Fonseca, F. R. K.S. 4 


CONTENTS © 
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SCOTLAND 1962. Lets G. CHATELAIN and B. us Eat SKINNER . 
YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED. RALPH L. Con. | 


GRIFFITHS, B. A., FR. ES. 
CURRENT LITERATURE . 


‘ACCOUNT, AR od dee relics or "OHAMERS-IUNT ae 


All ae for the TEXT of he magazitio must the | 
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Shas i ecabades 1962 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.2.s. 


with the assistance of 


A. ALLEN, B.80., A.B.C.S. C. A. CoLLINGWwoopD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 
EVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. Hueeins, F.R.£.8. 
se rt L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. 
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F . 
i 


BRITISH PYRALID AND 


PLUME MOTHS 


BRYAN P. BEIRNE, M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.; M.R.I.A., 
P.R.E.S., E.L.S., ae 


A descriptive history of all the British species of 
moths of the families Pyralidae, Pterophoridae and 
Orneodidae. The book summarises all that is known 
of these moths in the British Isles. The drawings 
of the moths, the keys describing the distinguishing 
features, and the line drawings illustrating the 
characters of each species enable specimens to be 
identified without difficulty. 

Emphasis is given to the natural history aspect. 
Everything that is known of the life history, habits 
and distribution of each species is summarised. 
The classification and nomenclature of the moths 
are brought in line with modern concepts. 


405 figures of which 216 
are drawings in full colour by S. N. A. Jacobs, F.R.E.S. 
21s, net. 


THE CATERPILLARS 
OF BRITISH MOTHS 


W. J. STOKOE and C. H. T. STOVIN . 


In two volumes all the more important families of 
British Moths have been described and iliustrated, 
which will enable the reader to identify the various 
species and study the changes that take place in the 
life-cycle of these interesting and fascinating 
creatures. Included are the eggs, chrysalids and 
food plants. An article on Mendelism in Entom- 
ology by Dr. Stovin appears in Series 1. 


Yolume 1: 251 illustrations in full colour 
451 illustrations in black and white 


Volume 2: 190 illustrations in full colour 
596 illustrations in black and white 


Each 17s. 6d. net 


FREDERICK WARNE & CO LIMITED 
1-4 BEDFORD COURT, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2 


209 


The Costa Del Sol, April 1962 


By C. G. M. pE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. 


The Costa del Sol is a stretch of coast running eastwards from Gibral- 
tar some 70 miles to Malaga and thence further east along the foothills 
of the Sierra Nevada, in fact, the greater part of the southern coastline 
of Spain. In April 1961, Mr. J. A. C. Greenwood had a most enjoyable 
and profitable collecting holiday in that area (vide Ent. Rec., 74: 72) and 
I was so taken with the lepidoptera that he brought back, that I was 
tempted to follow in his footsteps a year later. My object in writing up 
an account of my own experiences is to record my own observations on 
this delightful area and to elaborate on several of his own. 


I set out from London Airport at dawn on 18th April, and touched 
down at Gibraltar three hours later in mist and rain. A BEA ’bus con- 
necting with the ’plane took many travellers along the coast, putting 
them down at intervals at various hotels, etc. We travelled through un- 
dulating country of heathland, later interspersed with orchards of lemons, 
oranges and figs. We covered the 45 miles in three hours to my destina- 
tion, the Alhamar Hotel at Calahonda, situated on the edge of the sea 
in the middle of a forest of umbrella pines. This was the headquarters 
which Mr. Greenwood had found so congenial and productive. But I 
was soon to realise that I should not be encountering the wealth of 
lepidopterous life that he described. The day before I arrived it was so 
cold that there were fires in the hotel on this most southerly shore of 
the mainland of Europe. The first two days were very dull and cool, 
but I was able to explore the countryside which consisted of undulating 
slopes, mainly cultivated, but with a superb and rich flora with species of 
wild lavender and cistus, mainly on the edge of the pines. Two small 
ravines with steep banks ran inland crossing the very busy main coastal 
road. These were veritable suntraps, and were bordered by large olive 
groves. 


In spite of dull conditions, I was struck by the abundance of Pyrameis 
cardui L., with an occasional Colias croceus Fourc., and Pieris rapae L. 
But it was on Good Friday, the 20th that I was able to estimate the 
general local population of lepidoptera, both by day and night, as for the 
next four days over the Easter week-end, real summer warmth prevailed, 
with unbroken sunshine. It was soon to become obvious that not only 
was the season a very late one, but that insects were far scarcer than 
usual in these parts, and much more so than in the previous year. Though 
the countryside within a mile radius of the hotel was almost a carpet of 
wild flowers, it was at times possible to go quite a long way in full sun- 
shine without seeing a single butterfly or day-flying moth, a great 
contrast to Mr. Greenwood’s experience. But during this Easter week- 
end, several species appeared, though never in numbers. I was pleased 
to find that most attractive insect, Melanargia ines Hffsg., fluttering 
somewhat sporadically on the edge of one of the small ravines and in 
another colony on a small hill in the vicinity. It is much paler and more 
lightly marked than our Marbled White, and is only found in Southern 
Spain and North Africa, mainly Morocco. On the way to this hilly 
valley on 20th April, I netted several Euchloe belemia Esp. which were 
careering mainly over the open fields with an occasional E. ausonia 


210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


Hbn. distinguished by its more mott.ed underside. Both were very diffi- 
cult to catch, except when settled. It was on the small hill already 
mentioned, which was covered with broom bushes, that I took the first 
Maniola pasiphae Esp., just appearing with their curious habit of flitting 
low down in ard out round those bushes which makes them quite hard 
to net, Euchloe euphenoides Stg., often so common in these southerly 
regions, was virtually absent, and even Maniola jurtina with its very 
bright females referable to f. hispulla, was quite rare. 

The fine garden of the hotel and its immediate surroundings hardly 
yielded any butterflies, and I saw no sign of either Lampides boeticus L. 
or Syntharucus telicanus Hbn., apparently so numerous there in 1961, but 
on the various species of vetch along the seashore were flitting lots of 
Polyommatus icarus Rott. On 24th April I made an all-day excursion by 
motor coach, covering some 90 miles to Granada. But the tortuous road 
from Malaga, over the mountain passes was mostly shrouded in mist, and 
as we approached Granada, our view of the Sierra Nevada was obscured 
by cloud and rain. The famous Generalife Gardens near the Alhambra 
Palace did not produce any insects owing to unfavourable conditions. 


On the 28th, I made another expedition to Ronda, again by coach. The 
winding road over the mountains, with a good many hairpin bends, was 
bordered with pines and slopes of flowering cistus bushes, but in spite of 
sunshine I hardly saw anything on the wing. Only when we were in 
the garden of the Hotel Reina Victoria, at Ronda, did I see several 
butterflies, including Pyrameis atalanta L., Papilio feisthameli Dup., now 
separated from P. podalirius L. which it replaces in that part of Spain. 
But both sped over the precipitous and sheer cliffs below the hotel, before 
capture was possible. 

April ended with some fine days after an interval of dull and wet 
ones, and I was once more able to replenish my series of most of the 
butterflies already mentioned, especially as such species as M. ines Hfisg. 
and M. pasiphae Esp. were now more plentiful, and on my last day, Ist 
May, at Calahonda, Pararge megaera L. appeared. 


During my fortnight I also paid special attention to the night-flying 
species. The tall, bright lamps round the hotel car park and at the 
entrances, which shone all night and were so productive for Mr. 
Greenwood, were the main source of attraction, though on several | 
occasions there were a number of visitors after dark to my bedroom 
lights. But I did not see anything like the abundance that he described, 
in fact not a single Sphingid appeared. Among the commonest moths 
were Coscinia cribraria L. in its pure white form candida, together with 
Thera firmata Hbn. in a very pale form, very different from that occur- 
ring in Britain. But only two Hoplitis milhauseri Fab. were seen, no 
doubt feeding on the nearby cork oaks, while the little grey Bryophila 
pineti Staud., which Mr. Greenwood said was in numbers on the pine 
trunks, only came very sparsely to the lights. An interesting capture at 
them were two examples of Drymonia querna Fab., rather larger than 
our own two Marbled Browns, and with pure white hindwings, a very 
handsome insect. Other moths of interest noted during the period in- 
cluded Eilema caniola Hbn., Eriopus juventina L., Cleophana diffluens 
Fab., and Eumichtis adusta Esp.; and among the geometers, Sterrha 
degeneraria Hbn. and S. eburnata Wocke, together with the emeralds 
Chlorissa faustinata Mill, and C. pulmentaria Guen., also Dyscia 


NOTES ON THE LARVA OF BOMOLOCHA FONTIS THUNB. 211 


lentiscaria Donz., and Earophila abruptaria Thunb. Several of the spiny 
larvae of Thais rumina L. were found crawling about in search of sites to 
pupate. 

I spent my last day, 2nd May, at Gibraltar in glorious weather, but 
little was on the wing, except a few Pararge aegeria L., Colias croceus 
Foure., and Pyrameis cardui L. on the wooded slopes of the Rock, a 
marked contrast to Mr. Greenwood’s account of the profusion of butterflies 
there. 

As will have been gathered, though this part of Spain is an ideal 
place to stay, and a first-class collecting area, I happened to strike a very 
lean and somewhat disappointing season of its lepidoptera. 

Three Oaks, Woking. 20.ix.62. 


Notes on the Larva of Bomolocha fontis Thunb. 
By H. SyMEsS 


For many years I have been wanting to extend my very poor series of 
Bomolocha fontis Thunb. (crassalis Fab.), but have always found it a diffi- 
cult moth to take in good, or indeed in any, condition. Only once have I 
taken it in the day-time, and that was near Newbury almost thirty years 
ago, and a poor specimen at that. The last time I saw it was one evening 
towards the end of June 1954, when the late Dr. H. King took me to 
Boldrewood in the New Forest, where we were joined by Captain R. A. 
Jackson. The moth begins to fly at dusk, and I remember wandering about 
through the bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) with a net in one hand and 
a Tilley lamp in the other, on the lookout for a pale shape that might or 
might not be fontis, and fervently praying not to trip up over a branch 
that had fallen from a beech tree overhead. I netted only one specimen 
myself, and believe our total bag amounted to no more than four or five, 
and these not all in perfect condition. And so when I was considering 
plans for the season during the long winter months, I determined to make 
a real effort to find the larva this summer. For in the end this might well 
be the easiest way to obtain the moth, and a bred specimen must be a 
beautiful creature. But nobody knew anything about the larva, except 
the name of its food-plant. To the best of my knowledge, none of my 
entomological friends, past or present had ever reared the little beast, or 
even seen it. Strangely enough it is not mentioned in Tutt’s “Practical 
Hints”, and there is no account of it in Buckler. What are its habits? Did 
it hide by day low down in the undergrowth and come up to feed at night? 
Or did it spin the terminal leaves of bilberry together and spend most of 
its time there? In this case it ought not to be difficult to collect a few 
larvae. I now know that it does neither of these things. 


On 4th September I drove to Boldrewood with the Rev. F. M. B. Carr. 
He told me that once, and only once, had he ever seen the imago in large 
numbers, but never a larva. I began by searching the bilberry, but soon 
found that this was getting me nowhere. To have any chance of getting 
the larva in this way, one would, I think, have to lie down and wriggle 
through the bilberry among the adders, a task only for the very youngest 
of entomologists. So I switched to beating, but this was a tricky business. 
Much of the bilberry had been cropped short, presumably by fallow deer, 
and it was impossible to bring the beating tray into action except in the 


212 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


case of the taller plants, most of which seemed to be entangled with 
bracken. However, it was not long before a larva appeared in the tray. 
It was quite unmistakabie. In rather over half an hour I got three more. 
By this time a succession of sharp showers had made the undergrowth 
sopping wet and brought my operations to an end. Meantime Mr. Carr 
had been beating trees of various kinds without much success, his best find 
being a larva of Apatele leporina L. in its last instar. When I showed him 
my modest haul of fontis larvae, he told me quite frankly that he had not 
expected me to get any at all, though he had tactfully refrained from say- 
ing so in advance. On 8th September I went back again to the same piace, 
and beating in dryer and much pleasanter conditions I collected eleven 
larvae in about an hour and a half. They were well distributed over the 
area and there was seldom more than one larva at a time in the tray, and 
never more than two. Most of the bilberry was growing in partial shade. 
I beat without success quite the finest bush I saw, and then knocked a larva 
from a scruffy little plant close by. 

The larva resembles that of Hypena proboscidalis L. very closely, but it 
is a brighter green than any of the latter that I have seen, and the hairs are 
not nearly so conspicuous as in the illustration in the o'd edition of 
“South”. When full grown it is about an inch long. On landing in the 
beating tray it stays perfectly quiet, but when transferred to a pill box it 
often indulges in a series of convulsive jerks, or rushes madiy round the 
box. If one opens the breeding cage and disturbs the larva feeding, it 
immediately “freezes”. It feeds by day and has a very small appetite, 
spending most of its time sitting quietly on the food-plant. Its colour 
matches the bilberry leaves so perfectly that I have found it difficult to 
detect one, even in a small breeding cage. Though it is not a Geometrid, 
its movements closely approximate to those of a typical “looper”. One of 
the larvae I obtained on 4th September spun up on the 8th in a top corner 
of its wooden cage, forming a whitish cocoon. As this is a late season, [ 
think it would be safe to assume that in a normal year the larva would be 
full fed by Ist September. All mine were in their last or penultimate skin. 

Finally a point of nomenclature. The beautiful snout is a queer enough 
name in English, but I have often wondered how such an attractive moth 
came to be saddled with its generic name, for Bomo!ochos is a perfectly 
good Greek word for an unpleasant lay-about who used to lurk around the 
altars begging for scraps from the sacrifices. 


52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 


A suspected migration of Loxostege frustralis 
Zell. (Pyralidae). 


By J. S. TAYLOR 


Loxostege frustralis Zell. is well known in the Karoo districts of the 
Eastern Cape Province where its larva, commonly called the Karoo Cater- 
pillar, is a serious pest of the valuable and indigenous fodder-plant Pentzia 
incana, a member of the Compositae. It has been found on other indigenous 
plants as well and is widely distributed in South Africa, although little 
is known of its biology except in the Karoo. It generally occurs in large 
numbers after rains. 


NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT 213 


While there is karroid country within a few miles of Port Elizabeth, 
it is unusual to find the Karoo Moth in numbers in the town, but on the 
night of 27th-28th March 1962 it was invaded by countless millions of the 
adults of L. frustralis. They were first reported from shop windows in 
the centre of the town and from railway trucks in the harbour area. Con- 
siderable public concern was evinced; many enquiries were received and 
the event was even announced on the radio. Lawns and gardens were 
found to be swarming with the moths, which arose in clouds as one walked 
along the grass verges of streets and roads, while many were to be seen 
at rest on the walls of buildings. The moths remained abundant through- 
out the day but the invasion disappeared as suddenly as it had come. 
By the early morning of the following day only an odd individual was to 
be seen, although the species was still said to be plentiful on the Hume- 
wood Golf Course, three or four miles to the south. Moths were also 
reported from the inland town of Uitenhage, some twenty-two miles from 
Port Elizabeth, but not so abundantly. On 27th March none were seen 
in the Addo district, a karroid area some thirty miles to the north. How- 
ever, there had been recent reports of damage from karoo districts 
further inland. 

The moths were of both sexes, in fresh condition, and generally per- 
fect specimens. They were certainly not of local origin. 

Such sudden invasions are typical of migratory Lepidoptera, and it 
would seem safe to assume that Loxostege frustralis is a migratory species. 
The three British species of Loxostege are at least suspected of being 
immigrants, and one of them L. sticticalis L., commonly known as the 
Sugar-beet Webworm in America, has been reported as migrating in large 
numbers under certain climatic conditions there. It has also been recorded 
as a migrant in Eastern Russia where flights of up to 155 miles have been 
known. 

Climatic conditions have an important influence on the incidence of 
L. frustralis in South Africa. At Port Elizabeth there had been a moderate 
to fresh S.E. wind (from the sea) for at least two days before the invasion; 
this changed to S.W. on the night of 28th March. 

Box 7011, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 30.viii.62. 


Notes from the Isle of Wight 


By S. WAKELY 


The Island was visited by me at the week-end 23-24 June, 1962, and 
several of the species of lepidoptera found were of such interest that I 
decided to write these notes. 

My main object was to visit St. Helens, where I had found numerous 
empty spinnings of what I thought to be Caloptilia semifascia Haw. on 
maple in 1959 (Ent. Rec., 71: 279). After my experience in 1961 of finding 
sO many spinnings on maple at Cranmore which proved to be those of 
Euspilapteryx pyrenaeella Chret. (Ent. Rec., 74: 120-1), I promised myself 
a trip to St. Helens at an earlier date to check up the identity of the species 
occurring there. 

Accordingly, on 23rd June, I made the journey to Ryde, where I was met 
by Mr. J. Lobb, and together we went to St. Helens. The date was late, 
but chosen deliberately on account of the lateness of the season and the 
fact that Mr. Lobb had reported a fortnight earlier that no spinnings were 
visible on the maples at Cranmore. 


214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


We soon found the characteristic spinnings at St. Helens and verified 
that larvae were still feeding in them, so a good sample of the “cones” was 
collected. Moths emerged later at home from 10th to 15th July, and proved 
to be pyrenaeella, with the emergence of a solitary semifascia on 26th July, 
which date verifies the conclusion that the latter species is several weeks 
later in its occurrence than pyrenaeella. A larva of semifascia found at 
Box Hill, Surrey, this year on 21st July emerged on 29th August, and I 
would like to mention that semifascia larvae are widely distributed in the 
Box Hill area although the moth is rarely seen. 

To return to my account of the St. Helens visit, several tortricid pupae 
were found in spun leaves of maple, and from these I bred Epinotia 
trimaculana Don. and one Ptycholoma lecheana L., but it is not possible 
to state that the larvae of these species actually fed on the maple. 

In the afternoon we continued our Island journey via Sandown and 
Newport to Cranmore. Walking from the omnibus stov to Mr. Lobb’s 
house, we found several microlepidoptera larvae of interest to me. The 
roadside verges had large clumps of Pulicaria dysenteria growing on them 
and we soon found larvae of the common Coleophora troglodytella Dup. by 
looking on the undersides of leaves showing the characteristic brown 
blotches made by the larval feeding. Many years ago I found larvae of 
the very local C. inulae Wocke at Gurnard, a few miles away, and a 
search was made for this local species, and it was found to be almost as 
common as troglodytella. The larval cases of these two species have 
several very distinct differences. The case of troglodytella is carried at 
an angle from the leaf, whereas that of inulea is carried parallel to, and 
almost touching the leaf for its whole length. The full grown inulae case 
is also double the length of troglodytella, but if examined against a light, 
the posterior end appears to be empty. A number of larvae of C. conyzae 
Zell. were also found on the same plant. The cases of this species are 
much more robust looking than those of the other two species. 


After tea we prospected Mr. Lobb’s garden where more larvae of the 
three Inula feeding species were found. Larvae of Acrolepia granitella 
Treits. were also common on the Inula. The fresh mines of this species 
are not easily discerned on the plant, but their presence can be detected 
readily by the little heaps of black frass ejected from the lower portion of 
the mine. The brown older mines are very conspicuous, but are, of course, 
untenanted by the larva. 

After the light trap was switched on, we decided to beat the cypress 
trees in the garden and were rewarded by obtaining two larvae of Litho- 
phane leautieri Boisd. The larvae feed on the newest growths at the tips 
of the branches after dark, but owing to the formation of the cypress trees 
and the height at which the larvae feed, it is a difficult larva to obtain. 
Unfortunately both my larvae died when full fed some weeks later. | 


Larvae of Mecyna asinalis Hbn. were found on the. wild madder (Rubia 
peregrina), a common hedgerow plant at Cranmore. In June the larvae 
are full fed and may easily be found after dark feeding on the tops of the 
new shoots; they drop readily and in dense hedgerows are more easily 
seen than taken. 

The most interesting moth I saw among a lot of species taken that week 
in Mr. Lobb’s trap was a specimen of Apamea unanimis Hbn. 

During a walk on some heathy ground near the house, a much-rubbed 
specimen of Acosmetia caliginosa Hbn. was flushed and quickly netted. It 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED Fah 4) 


was good to see this local species again after a lapse of nearly forty years, 
when I used to take it in Parkhurst Forest and also in the Cranmore area. 

It is now established that E. pyrenaeella occurs at both ends of the 
Island, at localities nearly twenty miles apart, and it would not be sur- 
prising if it were found to occur in the south of the Island a!ong the 
Undercliff, whence there are already old records of the occurrence of C. 
semifascia. 

Genista tinctoria (Dyer’s Greenweed) is a rather common plant in the 
Island and it grows by the roadside at Cranmore as well as on heathy 
ground. Seeing larval spinnings on the shoots, I collected a number of 
these and was fortunate in breeding out one Agonopteryx atomella Schiff. 
together with a few of the very common A. costosa Haw. It was the first 
time I had succeeded in getting atomella as all previous efforts had only 
provided costosa. 

26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. 


Yugoslavia Revisited 
By Raupu L. COE 
III 
MONTENEGRO REVISITED—THE VILLAGE OF KOLASIN 


The news had got around that I was leaving the following morning, 
and the wine-shop was crowded that evening while I was having my 
supper. The villagers wanted to have a last glimpse of the Englishman. 
Even while I was undressing later on some women were pulling aside the 
curtains of my open window. I blew out the candle and got into bed. 
But in the middle of the night I woke to find two women in my room. 
They had relit the candle and were making up the spare bed. I wondered 
what was coming next. They went out, and came back supporting a 
drunken man. They took off his coat and boots, pulled down the hed- 
clothes and pushed him into bed. Soon his snores were adding to the 
usual chorus of night noises. I had just settled down again to try and 
snatch some sleep when a cat came through the window, went berserk and 
clawed down the curtains, rail and all. Then it crawled under the other 
man’s bed and began mewing. I crawled after it and put it out of the 
door. 

Soon after dawn the bus for Zadar pulled up outside the wine-shop. I 
pushed my way in with the usual jostling crowd of peasants, and managed 
to get a seat. By the time we set off it was an almost solid jam of 
humanity. All along the route people were trying to scramble aboard, 
but it was physically impossible. 

When we reached Zadar I hurried to the hotel where I had stayed 
earlier, and was soon enjoying a wonderful breakfast of eggs, white rolls 
and butter, jam and several cups of tea. Then I went to the shipping 
office on the quay to book a passage on the next boat to Dubrovnik, which 
left at midnight. But it was closed, and a notice stated that it did not 
open until 11 p.m. Some Yugoslav offices keep strange hours. I reconciled 
myself to joining in a mad rush for tickets with the usual arguments at 
the counter and a last-minute dash for the boat. 

I spent the day sight-seeing, and towards the appointed time joined 
the crowd waiting outside the shipping office. The door was opened, and 
everyone pushed and shoved to get in first. It was a sultry night, and 


216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


by the time I had got my ticket perspiration was dripping off me. I got on 
the boat with only a few minutes to spare. It was a small, overcrowded 
vessel, very different to the spacious ‘Dalmatija’ on which I had travelled 
to Zadar. There was an immediate rush for the quite inadequate supply 
of deck chairs. I managed to get one and took it up on deck. But sleep 
was impossible with the unholy noise of children shouting and running 
about. Their parents made no attempt to quieten them. But they were 
mostly Yugoslavs, who love to turn night into day. 

The boat docked at Gruz, the landing place for Dubrovnik, the follow- 
ing evening, and I booked a room at the Hotel Lapad for the night. Early 
the next morning I caught the south-bound bus for Titograd, from where 
I planned to travel on to Kolasin, a mountain village in Montenegro. I 
was going to spend a week there. The route to Titograd lay over the 
spiralling mountain road above the bay of Kotor, by which I had travelled 
two years earlier. I had vowed never to experience its terrors again, but 
there is no other way to the south from the west coast of Yugoslavia. This 
time I occupied a seat by the driver, and was given the job of handing 
out large envelopes to those women passengers who showed signs of 
imminent sickness during the dizzy climb. We breasted the pass and 
descended into the wild mountain fastnesses of Montenegro. 


Night was falling when we arrived at Titograd. I went straight to the 
Hotel Grand and booked a room. I asked the clerk what time the bus left 
for Kolasin in the morning. He told me 7 o’clock. I checked this with 
the hotel porter. He said it would leave at 5 o’clock. So I went out and 
enquired at the bus station, where I was told 6 o’clock. In Yugoslavia 
it is often a problem to find the correct time of buses. People pretend to 
know simply in an effort to please. This habit makes travelling to a fixed 
plan very difficult at times. 

When I reached the bus stop in the morning, several buses were 
standing there. I asked a driver which one went to Kolasin. He pointed 
to one that was nearly full, and I got on. But while my luggage was 
being strapped to the roof I found that it was not going there at all. I 
jumped out, reclaimed my cases, and managed to scramble on the right 
bus just in time. 

Soon after leaving Titograd the road divided. We took the left-hand 
fork, and quickly climbed into the mountains. It was an exciting journey, 
with the road winding and twisting and at times skirting some fearsome 
precipices. Gradually the bare and rugged scenery gave way to beauti- 
ful green hills and valleys. 

As we approached Kolasin the road surface deteriorated, and a fine 
white dust was thrown up by the wheels. When I unpacked my cases 
later on I found that everything in them was coated with a thick layer. 

It was late afternoon when we stopped outside the small timber-built 
hotel in the village. I booked a room without any difficulty. The only 
other guests were several Yugoslav army officers. Kolasin only boasts the 
one hotel. I was very comfortable there. My bedroom was simply but 
adequately furnished. The food was good, and unexpectedly varied for 
so remote a locality. There’ was a spacious terrace with ornamental 
fish-pools, and a grand view of the countryside. 

Kolasin is indeed a delightful little village, and ideal for a quiet 
holiday. It lies in a green valley among picturesque scenery. Through 
it flows the broad Tara river. All around rise the majestic Bjelasica 
mountains, their slopes covered with ancient forests of pine, beech and 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 217 


other trees. There are rich upland meadows carpeted with wild flowers. 
Wherever I wandered during my stay I was always discovering fresh 
scenes of beauty. 

The waiter who served me at tea was an extraordinary man. Unlike 
most Yugoslavs he had blond hair, which hung over his shoulders. As he 
walked across the room he waggled his hips, and while serving me at 
table he was always putting on exaggerated postures. He was a complete 
misfit among the rugged men of Montenegro. 

I set off the next morning for my first day’s collecting. Crossing a 
long wooden bridge that spanned the river, I went on along a rough 
road that led to the mountains. I passed a straggling procession of peasants 
coming the other way. Some had their donkeys with them, laden with 
panniers of farm produce and sometimes carrying the oldest member of 
the family besides. It was market day in Kolasin, and most of these 
people had set out hours earlier from their homes in the surrounding 
hills. For a mile or so the road hugged the steep river bank to the left, 
while on the right there rose an almost vertical face of rock. Then I came 
to a place where the hills receded, and a flowery meadow ran up from 
the roadside. I clambered up to it and started collecting. 
| The meadow was alive with insects. There were conical ant-heaps, 

and over these were hovering some uncommon Syrphidae that I had not 
come across before in Yugoslavia. They were Chrysotoxum vernale 
Loew , C. elegans Loew, Microdon mutabilis Linnaeus and Eumerus 
tricolor Meigen. Sweeping low vegetation produced a series of both sexes 
of a new species of Psilidae, Psila strigata (Collin, 1959, Entom., 92: 241). 


By midday I had made a fine haul. I sat down and began pinning 
away the specimens into small boxes. Suddenly a little black dog came 
running up, seized my net and started to worry at it. I jumped up and 
tried to drag the net away, but the dog held on tightly with its teeth, 
growling menacingly. Then I heard a shrill whistle, and looking round 
saw a young boy standing a few yards away. The dog let go, and ran 
back to him. A cow was placidly munching away at the grass on the 
lower slopes of the meadow. The boy came shyly up, and holding the 
dog by its collar, watched me pinning my specimens. When I had put 
my boxes away in my haversack, he sat down beside me and from a 
tattered satchel slung round his waist brought out a school book. It 
had pictures of animals, birds and insects with their names printed 
below in Yugoslav. He wanted me to give him a lesson in English, and 
handed me a pencil and a piece of paper. He pointed to a picture, and 
I wrote down the English word for the object. This he laboriously copied 
out, and then held it out to me for my approval. I glanced up and saw that 
the cow, with the innate curiosity of its kind, had joined our small group. 
The dog licked it affectionately on the face. The cow put out its long 
tongue and licked the dog’s face in turn. They were a trio of really 
good companions. 

After they had left, I started climbing a wooded hill above the meadow. 
I was pushing my way through a tangle of vegetation when suddenly 
there was a terrific commotion and a soldier with rifle held high above 
his head came leaping down from a steep bank and landed almost on top 
of me. As I stood there, tense and shaken, more and more soldiers came 
dashing by. With them I recognised some of the officers who were 
staying at my hotel. The soldiers were on manoeuvres all the time I was 
at Kolasin, and after this first frightening encounter I became used to 


218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


them appearing from all sorts of unexpected places. When I started walk- 
ing back along the road a lorry full of them stopped and the driver 
signalled to me to jump on. I accepted the lift and held tightly on to the 
side while he tore along at a reckless speed over the uneven surface 
with the wheels at times only a few inches from the big drop to the 
river. I was relieved when we reached Kolasin. 

A couple of miles out of the village there was a wonderful old forest 
where I collected several times. It covered the lower slopes of a steep 
mountain. Amongst the trees there were some enormous beeches of great 
age, their trunks almost hidden by masses of tangled moss. The ground 
beneath them was rotten and with treacherous fissures hidden by a thick 
layer of decayed vegetation. Down the mountain-side meandered an 
almost dried-up stream, bordered with masses of wild flowers, its deep 
bed composed of slimy rocks over which water still trickled. 

Sweeping along the course of this stream resulted in the capture of as 
many as thirty-six species of Mycetophilidae. These were Macrocera 
centralis Meigen, Mycomia cinerascens Zetterstedt, M. prominens Lund- 
stroem , Neoempheria lineola Meigen, Boletina basalis Meigen, Leia 
bimaculata Meigen, Exechia fusca Meigen, Rhymosia rustica Edwards, 
R. excogitata Dziedzicki, Allodia alternans Zetterstedt, A. triangularis 
Strobl, A. verralli Edwards, A. sericoma Meigen, Brachypeza armata 
Winnertz, Cordyla brevicornis Staeger, C. murina Winnertz, Trichonta 
vitta Meigen, Phronia signata Winnertz, P. vitiosa Winnertz, Dynatosoma 
major Landrock, Zygomyia valida Winnertz, and no fewer than fifteen 
species of Mycetophila. The Empididae were represented by Oedalea 
stigmatella Zetterstedt, O. zetterstedti Collin, and Rhamphomyia nigri- 
pennis Fabricius. During this exciting spell of collecting I was plagued 
by the persistent biting of the mosquito, Aedes geniculatus Fabricius. 

I did not see any of the wild animals that roam about these old 
forests, although more than once I heard a heavy body crashing through 
the undergrowth. There are bears, wolves and wild bears in many of 
the larger Yugoslavian forests, but they are so accustomed to being 
hunted that they usually keep well out of the way. 

(To be continued.) 


Notes on the Microlepidoptera 
By H. C. Hucerns, F.R.E.S. 


Confirmation of the Irish status of Homoeosoma nebulella Schiff. In 
his “List of the Microlepidoptera of Ireland” (Proceedings of the Royal 
Irish Academy, 1941, 64) Beirne gives three records for this moth; Wicklow 
coast and Malahide and Howth, all Birchall 1866, and states that these 
are probably correct, but confirmation is desirable. 

In “British Pyralid and Plume Moths’, p. 86, he says it has been 
found on the east coast of Ireland and probably is more widely distributed 
in that country. So far as I am aware, these rather ancient records of 
Birchall’s are the only ones to date, at least I have not been able to trace 
any others. It was therefore with considerable pleasure that I found 
a perfect specimen of nebulella in my mercury vapour trap at Dingle on 
12th July 1962. My friend Dr. Beirne always held, and I agree with him, — 
that though careless and apt to trust too much to his memory, Birchall 
was far more reliable than Donovan considered, and quite a number of 


A SHORT ACCOUNT OF EMUS HIRTUS L. IN BRITAIN 219 


his records have been confirmed of recent years, such as Sterrha muricata 
Hufn. . 

It was, however, very unexpected to find nebulella on this peat forma- 
tion; had it been on the sand at Brandon Bay, Inch or Smerwick, I should 
have been less surprised. I have always found it associated with a light 
soil, mostly on the brecks of East Anglia, in the Isle of Wight on chalk, 
and also once at Faversham in Kent on gravel. The moth has, in my 
experience, become in recent years a good deal rarer than formerly. 
Before the 1914 war it was common in the Tuddenham district; it was 
easy to flush a dozen or so by day when working for Scopula rubiginata 
Hufn., and in 1920 I saw it there again. 

In 1926 the late Sir John Fryer wrote and asked me to help him in 
obtaining the larva of H. cretacella Rossl. in quantity if possible. He was 
then working in the laboratory at Harpenden on the problem of obtaining 
an insect to send to New Zealand to destroy the seed heads of the imported 
ragwort, which was becoming a dangerous pest, and explained to me that 
all the larvae he could get in East Anglia turned out to be nebulella, 
which was inadmissible for introduction as it showed too much tendency 
to become a general feeder. When I began again to work East Anglia 
generally and the Brecks in particular from 1933 onwards with my late 
friend W. S. Gilles, nebulella had become a scarce moth, and we seldom 
found more than one in a year, and since the 1939 war, I have not seen it. 
I have no doubt other collectors have taken it at mercury vapour light 
there but it can no longer be kicked up casually in a short time. 


The casual importation of insects. On 12th June 1962 I was sitting 
reading in my front room when I felt some insect on my face. I flicked 
it off and was amazed to see a perfect specimen of Laspeyresia conicolana 
Heylaerts which I promptly captured and set. As there are no firs here I 
could not account for it at all, until my wife told me that when we had 
visited Wisley on 18th May she had picked up four cones from the ground 
and, on our return, had put them on a shelf in the room. I have little 
doubt the one that settled on me was not the only one to emerge, and 
had there been firs handy a new colony might have started. 

65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. 


A Short Account of Emus hirtus L. in Britain 


By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc. 


Emus hirtus L. is our most spectacular Staphylinid and rare enough to 
have been regarded, at most times, as one of the greatest prizes that can 
fall to the collector’s lot. Reaching a length of 30 mm. or thereabouts 
(though of course many specimens are much smaller), and broad and 
stoutly built, it is unmistakable by its clothing of long, dense parti- 
coloured pile of black, grey, and golden-yellow; and is bound to attract 
the attention of even the non-coleopterist. Were it more common it 
would certainly merit a popular name—the obvious one being ‘the bee 
rove-beetle’ from its general resemblance on the wing (except only in the 
matter of shape) to a large Bombus. Since it flies freely in hot sunshine, 
and is altogether more diurnal in habits than our other large Staphy- 
linids*, it is as likely to be so encountered as in any other way. 


*With the exception, perhaps, of its closest allies Creophilus and Ontholestes. 


220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


The beetle is attracted to fresh cow- and horse-dung from late May 
to July as a rule, but mostly in June—very seldom in autumn—and the 
chance of meeting with it (almost always remote) is greatest if the weather 
be warm and bright. 

Its British distribution has always been most restricted, with two 
centres, outside of which only occasional captures have been reported— 
as for instance at Redruth, S.W. Cornwall (autumn, 1881), and Guildford, 
Surrey (twice). These and other odd finds may be the result of casual 
immigration from the Continent; but in its two ‘centres’ in Hampshire and 
Kent there can be no doubt that it is, or was, truly resident. Curiously 
enough the other intervening county of Sussex appears to be without a 
record, so far at least as I am aware. 

Whether Emus still survives in its old haunts in the New Forest is 
more than doubtful, in fact I am of the opinion that it became extinct 
there during the latter part of the last century. Fowler (1888, Col. Brit. 
Isl., 2: 248) wrote, ‘... it appears to be found at intervals, and probably 
occurs there every year in small numbers’, but mentioned only one captor, 
George Lewis. The lack, however, of records from that time on, when the 
Forest continued to be worked with undiminished zeal by our most active 
and experienced collectors, hardly admits of any interpretation but the 
one I have suggested. As the peak period of the species in its Kentish 
headquarters was yet to be attained, the reason for this decline remains 
quite obscure. I remember Mr. W. H. Janson telling me that his grand- 
father, the late E. W. Janson, used to get it—mainly, I believe, on the 
‘lawns’ at Brockenhurst—by following the horses; and I have in my 
collection a fine example captured by him near Lyndhurst (1.vi.1871). One 
was taken by G. C. Champion in late June of the same year ‘just under 
the edge of some fresh cow-droppings amongst heath’, and another by 
Lewis at Lyndhurst (10.vi.78). I have seen no later record than this for the 
Forest. It is strange, in view of Fowler’s statement, that more specimens 
are not extant in our older collections from that source, but probably 
some of those without data originate from it. 


The Kentish stronghold of E. hirtus is more extensive, yet occupies only 
a narrow (estuarine) strip along the middle of the northern edge of the 
county, comprising a small part of both vice-counties: Rochester, Chatham, 
Chattenden, Gillingham, Grain, Sheppey, Sittingbourne, Faversham. For 
some of these places the records go back to early times; but all relate to 
single or very few captures only (as far as is known) up to 1909, when 
the ‘new era’ of comparative plenty was inaugurated with the finding of 
sixteen specimens by the late Dr. Malcolm Cameron under the edges of 
fresh cow-dung on the Harty Marshes, Isle of Sheppey. In subsequent 
years series were obtained at Port Victoria and in another part of the Isle 
of Grain by several collectors—Donisthorpe, Harwood, Bedwell et al. (the 
last-named took it almost regularly over a number of years on numerous 
visits, though in very varying quantity). By 1948, if not before, it 
appeared to have vanished from the Port Victoria locality—a field near 
the hotel, where it occurred on and under horse-dung—at least, Donis- 
thorpe and I failed to find it there that year; but only a few years earlier 
it was still being taken rather freely in one or two cattle-pastures on the 
Grain marshes by my friend Dr. A. M. Massee. Here again, however, 
a determined hunt for it in ideal conditions in June 1950 was fruitless 
(so that at any rate the oil-refinery installations on the ‘island’, established 


A SHORT ACCOUNT OF EMUS HIRTUS L. IN BRITAIN 2A 


some time afterwards, can hardly be held to blame for its disappearance! ). 
Its further history is of sporadic examples from time to time in such 
places as Faversham Marshes, though my information here is vague—the 
records being unpublished; but one was certainly taken there only a few 
years ago. The capture of a specimen (in 1950) on the north bank of the 
Thames, at Benfleet, S. Essex, is of interest in being the first outside Kent 
for many years. It was found running amongst grass, and had probably 
strayed across the estuary. 

At present, therefore, Emus has reverted to its earlier status of a highly 
erratic rarity. It is to be hoped that the recession is only temporary, so 
that, given a run of good seasons (with which I suppose we shall again be 
favoured some day) coleopterists of this and later generations may ex- 
perience the same thrill as did those of the past in their first meeting 
with so fine a beetle. 

The virtual restriction of such a powerfully flying insect to a short and 
narrow strip of North Kent seems extraordinary. Why, for instance, is 
it absent from the favoured and well-worked eastern strip from Thanet to 
Dungeness, where the climate is at its most ‘continental’, and which 
receives the highest proportion of immigrants?* Even within its chosen 
area it must be extremely local at any given time and place, seeming 
confined to one or two fields out of a multitude of equally suitable ones; 
for during its period of maximum frequency I made a number of visits 
to the Isle of Grain and worked for it in perfect conditions, covering a 
considerable area, but in vain—not then knowing its precise location in the 
district. 

What is known of the biology of the species sheds little light on the 
problem. It has been recorded on the Continent as preying on dung 
beetles of the genus Onthophagus. One of these, O. vacca L., abounds 
throughout the Thames-Medway estuary area, but is widely dispersed 
over England; while in the New Forest the common species are O. similis 
Scriba (=fracticornis auct. Brit.) and O. ovatus L. It is very likely, 
however, that Emus does not limit itself to species of Onthophagus but 
will feed also on other dung beetles such as Aphodius. The larva has, 
almost certainly, never been recognised in this country. It may be 
remarked that the fresh dung which attracts the adults very seldom 
contains any Scarabaeids, these as a rule arriving considerably later; the 
first beetles to arrive are usually other Staphylinids and Sphaeridium spp. 
Dr. Massee told me that it is surprising how an Emus, having suddenly 
dropped from the air on to a cow-pat so fresh as to be practically liquid, 
and plunged into its depths, will after a few moments emerge at the side 
with its handsome coat spotlessly clean. 

Mention should be made of the very early records by Curtis for Devon 
Cocality unspecified?), Dorset (Parley Heath), Surrey (Coombe Wood and 
Guildford), and Norfolk (Beachamwell). There seems no reason to doubt 
them, but whether the insect occurred regularly or in numbers at any of 
the places is not, apparently, known. 

I would add in conclusion that any unpublished record of this very 
interesting rove-beetle would be most welcome; and that if any reader 
living in or often visiting the part of Kent above indicated should be so 
fortunate as to turn it up, I should be grateful to hear from him. 


*It has been found plentifully about Boulogne (see Lewis, 1879, Ent. mon. Mag., 
16: 90). 


222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


Notes and Observations 


LAPHYGMA ExIGUA Hs. In East DEvon.—Among the few visitors to my 
light trap last night was a specimen of Laphygma exigua Hb. in poor 
condition.—_F. H. Lyon, Sampford Peverell, Tiverton. 9.ix.1962. 


LAPHYGMA ExIGUA Hs. IN SURREY.—Since my previous note in the 
June/July issue, I have taken six more examples of this species at m.v. 
in my garden. One on the evening of 28th June, two, 24th July, and 
one each on 29th and 30th July, and again on ist August. On each occasion, 
Nomophila noctuella Schiff. was present.—E. A. SaDLER, 1 New Farm 
Cottages, Knowle Lane, Cranleigh, Surrey. 5.ix.1962. 


COLIAS CROCEUS FOURC. AND PYRAMEIS CARDUI L. IN IRELAND.—I have just 
returned from a short holiday in Co. Cork, and think it is of interest that 
I saw a specimen of Colias croceus at Lough Ine, near Skibbereen, on 
5th September. On the next day I saw one Pyrameis cardui at Kilbrittain, 
Co. Cork. On both occasions, a light south wind was blowing. I gather 
that these immigrants are not common in Ireland.—Rev. PETER. HAWKER, 
Cherry Willingham Vicarage, Lincoln. 11.ix.1962. 


HETEROGRAPHIS OBLITELLA ZELL. IN KENT.—A single fresh 9 of this scarce 
Phycitid was. taken by me on Ist August on the edge of Stoke Saltings, 
a wild and desolate extent of saltmarsh situated between Rochester and 
the Isle of Grain. It appeared flying amongst Halimione portulacoides, 
and was attracted to my Coleman lamp. I have only once previously 
taken this species, a ¢ in 1956, in similar type of terrain, on the south 
side of the Isle of Sheppey (cf. Ent. Rec., 68: 246).—J. M. CHaLMERS-HUNT, 
St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 


CRAMBUS CONTAMINELLUS HB. AND ITS AB. STICHELI CONSTANTINI IN KENT.— 
I was very pleased and not a little surprised this year to find a strong 
colony of this local species virtually on my doorstep. The first specimen 
was noticed on 2nd August, and a few examples were still about and in 
fairly good condition when I last visited the locality on 2nd September. 
The colony occurs on a small stretch of dry flat sandy ground where the 
grass grows quite short, but I suspect there may be other colonies in the 
neighbourhood as I have taken odd specimens at places some distance 
away, including one on a gas-lamp. The moths fly freely at dusk, and 
may be found at rest at night on the short grass stems, and also come 
readily to light; and shortly after dusk on 13th and 16th August, in 
rather warm and windless conditions, they were noted in abundance in 
this restricted area. 

Compared with Deal examples, West Wickham contaminellus are 
appreciably dusky, and Mr. Huggins, to whom I sent a series, tells me 
that the form is the same as that which occurs on Tresco, Scilly Isles. 
Many of those that occur at West Wickham are “liver-coloured”, as Mr. 
Huggins calls them, but amongst the 9 9, in particular, there quite fre- 
quently occur paler specimens of a rather dark putty colour; on the other 
hand, three ¢d¢ were taken that are completely black, ab. sticheli.—J. M. 
CHALMERS-Hunt, St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 223 


SPILOSOMA LUTEA HUFNAGEL AB. TOTINIGRA SEITZ IN SURREY. — On the 
morning of 10th August last I found in my light trap here an extremely 
aberrant male Spilosoma lutea—head, thorax and abdomen entirely black, 
hindwings black except for a little buff at the base, forewings black except 
for the veins and a small central area. It was, unfortunately, a little 
rubbed and lacking in fringes. Baron de Worms has pointed out to me 
that it is almost identical with the specimen of ab. totinigra Seitz caught 
by Mr W. Reid in Sheffield in 1951 and figured and discussed by Dr. 
Cockayne in this journal (Ent. Rec., 63: 266 and Plate VIII, fig. 1). That 
was the first recorded British specimen, and I know of none since. On 
the Continent the form originated in Heligoland, but Dr. Cockayne re- 
garded its connection with the well-known ab. zatima Cramer, from the 
same place, as doubtful or at best obscure. He thought that its appearance 
in Sheffield might have been due to a local mutation and that, if that 
were so, more might be taken in future. Its appearance at Ottershaw is 
perhaps the more remarkable because the usual form of S. lutea here is 
very pale, with a tendency towards obsolescence of the black markings. 
Of the two thousand which have passed through the trap since 1950, I have 
not before this noticed any with enough melanic tendency to be worth 
keeping.—R. F. BRETHERTON, Ottershaw, Surrey. 9.i1x.1962. 


HERSE CONVOLVULI L. aT MORECAMBE.—A short note on the front page of 
to-day’s edition of our local weekly newspaper, the Morecambe and 
Heysham Visitor, announced that “An unusual moth striped like a tiger 
and with a three-inch wingspan was found by Mr. Richard Brisco, of 75 
Windermere Road, Lancaster, in rubbish at the North Western Electricity 
Board yard at Woodhill Lane, Morecambe, on Monday (10th September). 
He brought it to the Visitor office for identification. Lepidopterists can see 
it there”. I duly went to see it, and found it to be a female Herse 
convolvuli L., in surprisingly good condition considering it had been kept 
alive in a small tin box for two days. Records from North-West England 
are few, the last to my knowledge being Dr. N. L. Birkett’s report of one 
at Kendal on 9th August 1960 (Ent. Rec., 72: 197).—C. J. Goopatu, 2 
Derwent Avenue, Morecambe, Lancs. 12.ix.1962. 


Current Literature 


THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF WILTSHIRE, Baron de Worms, 1962, xv + 177 
pp. + 10 plates: Wiltshire Archaeological and natural History Society. 
This would seem to be the first local list for Wiltshire to cover the whole 
county, and the task of collating the smaller lists and published and 
unpublished records represents no mean task. There are several very 
efficient entomologists resident in the county, some of them of very long 


standing, who have worked well together to produce this very well- 
produced list. 


After a foreword by Mr. Egbert Barnes, the president of the Society, 
we have eleven pages of an enlightening Introduction, with sub-headings 
such as General Ecology, Analytical Review of the County Macrolepi- 
doptera, Division of the County, Nomenclature, Aberrations. Acknowledg- 
ments, Photographs and Map. 


224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


The treatise of insects follows and each species is accorded brief but 
succinct mention including country and county status, distribution in the 
county, and notes of any special aberrations encountered. The first plate 
is the county map which forms the frontispiece, and the remainder, with 
the exception of a normal Celerio livornica Esp., illustrate gynandro- 
morphs and aberrations encountered in the county. 


Finally there is a table summarising the number of species in each 
family found in the north vice-county, the south, and in the whole county, 
showing the appropriate percentages of the number on the British list. 
646 species of macrolepidoptera are mentioned from the county. There is 
also a bibliography of publications cited, and indices of both scientific 
and of popular names.—sS. N. A. J. 


BULLETIN ET ANNALES DE LA SOCIETE ROYALE D’ENTOMOLOGIE DU BELGIQUE, 
98, Fasc. III, consists of part II of S. G. Kiriakoff’s work on the Notodontid 
Pydna and allied genera, with four plates illustrating 65 species. 


ALEXANOR 2, part 6, 1962. J. T. Betz opens with an article on partial 
and total melanism. Jean Bourgogne contributes four articles, two of 
them on current literature; the one covering P. C. Rougeot’s Les Lepi- 
dopteres de l’Afrique noire occidentale, Fasc. IV, J. F. Aubert’s Papillons 
d’Europe and G. Cola’s Guide de l’Entomologiste; the other dealing with 
two Japanese publications: Iconographia Insectorum Japonicorum, Vol. I, 
Lepidoptera, by Hiroshi Inone and Masao Okano, and Butterflies of 
Formosa in Colour. 


The others deal with the locality Pralognan-la-Vanoise and the 
Entomological Year 1961. G. Varin writes on Erebia medusa auct. in the 
Parisian basin, and C. Dufay continues his account of French moths not 
mentioned in Lhomme’s catalogue, with a plate showing 23 insects. A 
continuation of H. Marion’s revision of the Pyraustidae deals with Scoparia 
of the ambigualis group. Jean-Marie Fontenau discusses Corsica in 
August, and C. Herbulot mentions some Geometridae of Llanos de Urgel 
(Aragon) citing 42 species. Under the title of Interesting Captures, A. 
Dumez mentions Hydraecia leucographa Borkh. on 19.ix.1961 at Poce sur 
Cisse, Indre et Loire and Mesographe itysalis Wlk. from Ailefroide, Hautes 
Alpes, vii.1961. R. Levesque writes on collecting in Andorra, Alain 
Crosson du Cormier and Pierre Guerin write on Boloria aquilonaris 
Stichel in Southern Poland, and P. C. Rougeot gives an account of Lycaena 
dispar Haw. on the Oise.—S. N. A. J. 


ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN, 22, No. 9, 1.ix.1962. P. H. van de Pol 
writes on light traps, P. van de Wiel on Dutch beetles, and G. L. von 
Eindhoven on mites. Chas. S. Pall describes a new American Histerid 
beetle, Saprinus mayhewi, and other American Histeridae.—S. N. A. J. 


We regret the late appearance of this issue. It is due to the sudden 
illness of our Editor, who is in hospital. Happily he is making good pro- 
gress and expects to resume his editorial duties soon.—J. M: C.-H. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (65) 


15. Bonnington, nest, June 8, 1922 (G. V. Bull). Military Canal, larval 
nest, 1951 (E. Scott). Near Warehorne, July 18, 1948 (E. Scott). 

First Recorp, 1797: “Caterpillars are not very common... especially 
in Kent” (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 6: 74). 


1The moth has been known on the continent to remain in the pupal stage for 
one, two, three, five, six, and seven years (cf. Becker teste Newman, 
Entomologist, 1: 229), a characteristic that may to some extent account 
for this behaviour. 


Lasiocampa quercus L.: Oak Eggar. 

Native. Woods, commons, lanesides, chalk downs and eclifis, etc.; on 
oak, sloe, broom, bramble, hazel, ash, elm, maple, Hippophae rhamnoides. 
Recorded from all divisions. Though still fairly frequent, especially in 
the woods of the Weald and Blean area, it appears to be generally less 
plentiful than formerly, the decrease being particularly noticeable in 
div. 1. Few records for 4, 9, 15. “Generally distributed but getting 
scarcer” (V.C.H. (1908)). 

There do not appear to be many instances on record of the species 
having occurred plentifully during the present century. In the Dover 
district, it is stated that in 1921, larvae were abundant on bramble over 
a wide area, the imago appearing in thousands, but that it has been fairly 
searce there ever since (FE. & Y. (1949)); and at the other end of the 
county, at Keston (div. 5) in 1922, larvae were noted in abundance on 
herbage (F. A. Swain). At Edenbridge (div. 11), a dozen or more gd 
were attracted to bred 9 2 in 1933 (F. D. Greenwood; and in Old Park, 
Canterbury (div. 3), larvae were abundant on broom, c. 1944 (J. A. Parry). 
Larvae were fairly common at Fawkham (div. 6) some ten to fifteen years 
ago, and particularly so in 1951 (G. G. E. Scudder); and at Long Rope, 
Ham Street; about a dozen 99 were attracted to light, end July 1951 
(C.-H.). 

1. Lewisham district, 1894: “Formerly abundant as larvae; now a 
day’s work within a radius of ten miles from Lewisham would hardly 
yield a dozen” (Fenn, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 60). 

The only recent records for this division are:—Farningham Wood, two 
larvae, September 1930; young larva on hazel, September 27, 1934 (A. R. 
Kidner). Wilmington, two, bred 1939 (S. Wakely); still there (L. T. Ford, 
in litt., x.1952). Elmstead Woods, one, August 1, 1946 (D. F. Owen). 
Dartford, larvae not uncommon most years throughout district (B. K. 
West, in litt., 1952). Joydens Wood (Owen, teste de Worms, Lond. Nat., 
1953: 128). 

4, Ham Marshes, one, August 5, 1889 (Fenn, Diary). Deal, larvae on 
H. rhamnoides, June 11, 1908; larvae, May 9, 1909 (P. A. Cardew, Diary). 

9. Nash Court, 9, July 20, 1925 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Westgate, 
full-grown larva, c.1929 (C.-H.). 

15. Dungeness, one taken, 1953 (R. Pank, teste A. M. Morley). 
Greatstone, larva on H. rhamnoides, June 1958 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 71: 94). 

VariaTIon.—The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—(¢¢ abs. 
curvata Tutt, several, N. Kent; latovirgata Tutt, several, N. Kent; ab. 
with “elongated discoidal spot’, one, N. Kent; basipuncta Tutt, N. Kent; 
marginata Tutt, one, “Folkestone, Aug. 1934, L. W. Newman”, one, 
“Dover, 1896 (Morgan). ©9Q abs. virgata Tutt, several; rufescens- 
virgata Tutt, several; ochracea-virgata Tutt, one, N. Kent; ferruginea 
Lambillion, two, N. Kent. 


(66) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


Newman (Ent. Rec., 10: 48) records an ab. bred 1896 from Darenth 
larva, “the forewings being entirely of a dull smoky colour, the trans- 
verse bar being also dull brown, ... hindwings are of a very distinct 
pale brown”; Colthrup (Proc. S. Lond, ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1902: 102) 
exhibited a ¢ bred from a Deal larva, “with splashes of yellow, or 
epaulettes, at base of forewing”; and in Br. Mus. (S. Kensington) is aQ, 
labelled ab. olivacea-fasciata Cockll., Herne Bay, A. West (C.-H). 

First Recorp, 1794: Darenth Wood (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 
3: 84). 


L. trifolii Schiff.: Grass Eggar. 

Native. extinct. Chalk downs; on “trefoil”. 

6. Near Darenth Wood (see First Record); formerly taken in toler- 
able plenty by Lewin, but has not occurred in the neighbourhood of late 
years (Stephens, Haust., 2: 40). 


Ssp. flava Tutt. 
Native, Shingle beach; on broom, Hippocrepis comosa, ‘dock’, 
“clover”, Arrhenatherum elatius. Local in 15. 


[8. Folkestone-—‘‘Cocoons under stones in Warren; in August. I do 
not know to what other species these can be referred’ (Knaggs (1870)) 
(“Dover” (V.C.H. (1908)) may be based on this record). Doubtful if trifoli 
(C.-H.).]J 

[9. Ramsgate, common (Stainton, Man., 1: 153). Probably erroneous 
(C.-H.).] 

15. The range of flava in Kent extends from Greatstone to the Sussex 
border. It is restricted to the shingle, is chiefly maritime, and does not 
appear to extend inland for more than about 2 miles. Its headquarters 
are evidently at Dungeness and the immediate vicinity , and it has 
been taken principally about the level-crossing, the Open Pits, lighthouse, 
and the bird sanctuary. 

First recorded from Romney Marsh [Dungeness] by R. Mitford, who 
states that he found larvae there in May 1866, ‘feeding in the tufts of a 
very wiry grass growing in the shingle above high water mark” (cf. 
Bond, Proc. ent. Soc: Lond., 1867: lxx; Bond, .op. cit., 1871.7 xxx1x);) and 
since noted by many other observers but until the late 1920’s the locality 
appears to have been known to only a few. The place of capture on 
labels of old specimens is usually disguised as “Romney Marsh” or “East 
Kent’, and there are many such examples in Hope Department, R.C.K.., 
and Goodwin coll., dating back to 1871, 1896, 1903, 1909-17. Several of 
these are labelled “Dover”, doubtless in error (they were probably 
received from Sydney Webb, who resided at Dover, and hence assumed to 
have been taken there); and a few others are labelled ‘Deal’, also 
doubtless in error. 

Imagines, mostly 9 9, often occur at light, but are usuaily not very 
numerous; de Worms (Entomologist, 70: 80, 92: 73) however, states that 
it was plentiful at light, August 18, 1936, August 30, 1958. On the other 
hand, dd will assemble freely, and occasionally in great abundance; 
thus, A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) records that on the night of August 17, 1936, 
h2 saw 150 dd assemble to a freshly emerged 9. It is interesting to 
note, incidentally, that Kettlewell (Ent. Rec., 49: 45) found the habit of 
assembling at Dungeness to be quite different from that of trifolii in 
Cornwall. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (67) 


The larva is chiefly found on a dwarf form of broom. It has also been 
noted on H. comosa (Symes, Ent. Rec., 66: 288); on “grasses, dock, and 
clover” (A. J. L. Bowes, in litt.); and on A. elatius, by E. C. Pelham- 
Clinton, who writes (in litt.) that he noted many on this, June 6-7, 1950, 
mostly at night and feeding on the flower-heads. Although larvae are 
normally found singly, and often scattered over wide stretches of shingle; 
comparatively large numbers have sometimes been located within a 
relatively small area. Thus, on June 16, 1951, for half an hour before 
dusk, I noted about forty nearly full-fed larvae within an area of roughly 
20 yards square; such concentrations, however, do not appear to constitute 
permanent colonies (C.-H.). 

E. Scott informed me (personal communication, 1953) that the larva 
appears to have priority as a diet for the fledgling of the Wheatear; and 
that this habit of the Wheatear feeding larvae of trifolii to its young, was 
first noticed by the late bird warden Major Elliot. 


VARIATION.—Tutt (Br. Lep., 3: 10) distinguishes as ab. flava, a pale 
yellow form with distinct dark, transverse, pale-edged band. The form 
is fairly variable inter se, and a number of modifications have been 
named :—ab. obsoleta-flava Tutt, without any markings; ab. pallida-flava 
Tutt, with indistinct pale band between the lines; ab. contracta-flava 
Tutt, with median band constricted or interrupted. Tutt. UoeEy cit.) 
grouped the above abs. together as belonging to a “distinct yellow race’, 
which he said “appears to be confined to the coasts of Kent and Sussex, 
between Rye and Lydd”!, and added that it had not been noted from any 
other part of the Palaearctic region. 


The majority of Dungeness specimens are pale fulvous, ab. mitfordi Ob.; 
and nymotypical flava is relatively uncommon. Ab. obsoleta-flava, a 
striking ab., is comparatively rare, being approximately 1% only of the 
population, and of which the two examples I possess are both gd. Ina 
number of specimens in my series, there is a tendency for the ground to 
become fawn-grey, particularly in the 9 9, and in this respect apparently 
resembling cervina Tutt (C.-H.). 


In R.C.K. is a very large series of ¢d¢ and 2 9 from Kent, referable to 
flava Tutt (sens. lat.), including the following:—d Jd abs. pallida-flava 
Tutt, fourteen, including one, “Romney Marsh”, bred September 1903, 
“larva from S. G. Hills’, and one, “East Kent, Aug. 9, 1917; L. W. 
Newman”; obsoleta-flava Tutt, twenty-one, including one, “Romney 
Marsh”, bred July 1912, C. W. Colthrup, and one, “1896, Romney Marsh, 
bred’, S. Webb; contracta-flava Tutt, eight; “ab. contracta”’, two, Romney 
Marsh, 1911, one, Romney Marsh, 1912; “contracta with elongated spot’, 
one, “Romney Marsh, 9.8.1910, B. W. Adkin’’, one, “Romney Marsh, 1911”. 
2 © abs. pallida-flava Tutt, numerous; cervina Tutt, fifteen; obsoleta-flava 
Tutt, seven; contracta-flava Tutt, twenty-two. Also a gynandromorph, 
right side 9, “East Kent, August 1923, L. W. Newman”. 


A number of other abs. and abnormal examples have been recorded 
(cf. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 89; 1919-20: 88; 1931-32: -91; 
1932-33: 107; 1945-46: 30. Ent. Rec., 26: 166. Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 190). 
Also, a gynandromorph, exhibited by Eagles, bred from larva found by 
Bull at Dungeness (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1932-33: 108); and 
an intersex, bred from larva collected, 1949, exhibited by Christie (Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 25). 


(68) ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


First Recorp, 1793: “The larva feeds on trefoil, pupates in June, the 
imago coming forth the latter end of August. These larvae are to be met 
with on the uncultivated grassy chalk-hills of Kent, particularly near 
Darenth Wood; they secrete themselves under stones in the day, and 
come forth to feed in the evening’ (Lewin, Trans. Linn. Soc., 3: 3, plt. 
2, figs. 1, 2). “In 1790 I kept two pupae”... which produced Inchneumon 
chrysopus Marsham (Lewin, op. cit., 4). 


1But it appears that the range does in fact extend as far as Eastbourne; and in 
R.C.K., is a ¢ ab. obsoleta-flava, “‘Eastbourne, Sharp, 1909”. 


Macrothylacia rubi L.: Fox. 


Native. Chalk downs and banks, woods (especially amongst heather), 
coastal sandhills, waste places, rough fields, etc; on Helianthemum 
chamaecistus, Poterium sanguisorba, Wild rose, “heath”, Hippophae 
rhamnoides. Recorded from all divisions, except 2, 10-11, 14 (probably 
present in at least the last three). Frequent in 3-8, 12-13, 15; rare or 
extinct in 1; few records for 9, 16. ‘Generally distributed, sometimes 
common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


Obs.—Folkestone, 1892, larvae in enormous numbers, nearly all with 
conspicuous white ichneumon eggs attached (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 75). Deal, larvae on H. rhamnoides (Westwood, per 
Ent. mon. Mag., 13: 168). North Downs, larvae on heath, etc. (F. T. Grant). 
Wye, hoards of larvae, autumn, 1895 (Theobald, Ent. mon. Mag., 32: 39). 
Long Rope, Ham Street, two dd at m.v., May 30, 1950 (C.-H.). 

1. Shooters Hill (Stephens, Haust., 2: 39). Birch Wood (Courtney, 
Entomologist, 1: 227). Abbey Wood, one, May 14, 1864 (Fenn, Diary) 
(Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 60). Dartford Heath, C. Fenn; 
Keston, W. Barnes; Eltham, formerly common, A. H. Jones; Shooters Hill, 
W. West (Wool Surv. (1909)). [West Wickham; Keston; Hayes (de Worms, 
Lond. Nat., 1953: 128), want confirmation]. 

9. Between Margate and the River Stour (H. C. Huggins). 

16. Folkestone (A. M. Morley). 


Vart1aTIon.—The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—d¢ abs. 
ferruginea Tutt, one, “Folkestone, bred 6.1903”, one, N. Kent, bred 1931; 
ferruginea-unilinea Tutt, one, “Shoreham, Kent, H. H. Clarke, 3.6.11”. 
29 abs. pallida Tutt, four; grisea Tutt, three; labicans Cockayne, para- 
type, “North Kent, vi.1919”; cervina-approximata Tutt, E. Kent, 1917, bred 
L. W. Newman. 


First RECORD, 1828: Stephens, loc. cit. 


Philudoria potatoria L.: Drinker. 


Native. Marshes, ditches, lanesides, woods, etc.; on Phragmites 
communis, Calamagrostis [epigejos], Carex paniculata. Recorded from 
all divisions, except 9. Fairly plentiful, particularly in 2, 4, 15; but 
apparently extinct in 1. “Generally common, abundant at some places” 
(V.C.H. (1908)). 

Although generally a species of wet environment, it is stated (Tutt, 
Br. Lep., 3: 176) that around Chattenden Woods, the larvae abound in the 
long grass growing on the inside of all hedges in quite dry situations; and 
according to Stockwell (in Tutt, op. cit., 3: 177), typical habitats at Dover, 
are hedgerows, thickets, copses, and banks. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (69) 


The larva is frequently found on Reed (P. communis); it was also 
noted plentifully on Calamagrostis, in a ditch at Cliffe, June 11, 1939 (A. 
R. Kidner); and on Carex paniculata near Hothfield Lake, autumn 1954 
(E. Scott). Occasionally, the larvae are noted in extreme abundance; thus, 
Courtrice (Ent. mon. Mag., 4: 37) records that at Folkestone, in 1867, they 
might have been “gathered literally by pints’. 


1. The species has not, to one’s knowledge, been observed in this 
much-worked division for over 50 years, a remarkable fact considering the 
number of references to its widespread occurrence here between 1860 and 
1896, of both larvae and imagines. Tutt (Br. Lep., 3: 167, et seq.) gave 
the following localities: Lee, Lewisham, Erith, Bexley, Eltham, Kidbrook, 
and Burnt Ash. Also recorded from Sydenham (Sellon, Ent. Rec., 2: 
164) (Buckle and Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 60); 
Farnborough (Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909); and Bexley district, common 
(Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). In the spring of 1909, Sperring found 
larvae at Shooters Hill (Ent. Rec., 22: 13); its last known appearance in 
the division. 


VARIATION.—The nymotype is the commonest form of the @ in Kent, 
but ab. lutescens Tutt is frequent; and ab. diminuta Tutt is probably the 
commonest form of the ¢, though many d<¢ that I have seen might be 
called nymo-typical (according to the description of the d type of 
potatoria as fixed by Lempke)!. In my series are several 9 9 abs. from 
Sandhurst, bred by G. V. Bull, two of which closely approach typical d 
coloration, also one of an unicolorous pale brown which is perhaps re- 
ferable to ab. inversa Caradja. A Qo ab. berolinensis Heyne, taken by me 
at light, Ham Fen, near Deal, July 2, 1955, is only the third yellow ¢ 
to have been noted in the county (C.-H.). 

Newman (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1897 (2): 149; Ent. Rec., 10: 
48) described and exhibited a ¢, bred from among 600 larvae taken at 
Darenth, 1896, as “of yellow coloration, somewhat similar to that usually 
found in the Qs, the antennae, also, are of the same colour’; and Ovenden 
(Ent. Rec., 18: 18) recorded that from a larva found in the Rochester 
district, he bred in 1905, a ¢ of “the coloration of the lightest Qs”’. 

In R.C.K. are the following abs.:—(¢ ab. lilacina Cockayne, paratype, 
E. Kent, 1929, L. W. Newman. 9Q abs. berolinensis Heyne, several, Dym- 
church, 1932; lutescens Tutt, several; obscura Closs, one, Deal, bred 1938; 
obsoleta-potatoria Tutt, one, Bexley, 1903. 

A number of other abs. have been recorded (cf. Entomologist, 24: 223, 
26: 50, 69: 133, 72: 241; Ent. Rec., 2: 203; Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1891: 130, 1910-11: 141, 1931-32: 88; Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 161-162). 

First REcorpD, 1828: “Sundridge, Kent, in plenty” (Ingpen, in Stephens, 
Haust., 2: 52). 


1Cf. Lempke, in Ent. Rec., §2: 1-11, for much valuable information on the 
variation of this species; also, Cockayne, in op. cit., 62: 65-66. 


Gastropacha quercifolia L.: Lappet. 


Native!. Hedgerows, bushy places, orchards, marshes; on blackthorn, 
hawthorn, apple, dogwood. Not usually a plentiful species, but markedly 
more numerous some years. 

Obs.—Newman (Ent. Rec., 12: 219) states that in Kent, he normally 
found larvae early in April, low down on the stems of blackthorn, that 
they were always on the young wood, and particularly favoured hedges 


(70) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


that had been cut down, or a bank where there were young suckers among——— 
grass. He added that he had occasionally found it on apple, once on 
dogwood, but that the principle foodplant is blackthorn. 

- 1. Recorded from many localities in this div. Recent records are:— 
Bexley (Edwards, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1944-45: 13). Dart- 
ford, fairly common throughout district (B. K. West). Petts Wood, both 
sexes frequent at light, 1947-49, scarcer 1950 (E. Evans). West Wickham, 
1951 (E. Trundell). Footscray, larvae, 1949 (J. F. Burton). Orpington, 
* 1954 (L. W. Siggs); four, 1957 (R. G. Chatelain). 

2. Gravesend, larva and imago; Faversham, larva (H. C. Huggins). 
Dartford (B. K. West). 

3. Herne, 3, bred 1903, J. P. Barrett (J. P. Barrett coll.). Herne Bay, 
occasional; July 22, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes). Eddington, as many as three 
or four at light in a night, c. 1950 (D. G. Marsh). Whitstable (P. F. 
Harris). Broad Oak, <6, at light, July 21, 1938, larva on apple, c. 1940, 
3, at light; July 22; 1951 (C:-H:). 

4. Deal; Ham; Sandwich; single specimens (E. & Y. (1949)). Ickham, 
quite plentiful at light (D. G. Marsh, in litt., 1962). 


5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Springhead (E. Andrews, in Chaney (1884-87)). Greenhithe (Farn 
MS.). Gravesend, larva and imago (H. C. Huggins); larvae on stems of 
sloe, April 12, 1914, larva, May 9, 1919, larva, April 5, 1926 (F. T. Grant). 
Ryarsh, larvae, 1934 (J. Fremlin). Eynsford (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1933-34: 33, 1934-35: 10). Pinden, common (E. J. Hare). 

6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record). Chattenden, larva, 1904 (Oven- 
den, Ent. Rec., 16: 159). 

7. Westwell, ¢, July 7, 1945, very common, mid July 1946 (E. Scott) 
(Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1946-47: 168). 


8. Folkestone Warren (Knaggs (1870)); one, July 30, 1946 (R. Fairclough, 
teste A. M. Morley). Brook; Wye (C. A. W. Duffield). Dover, one, 1954 (B. 
O. C. Gardiner). River, one (EB. & Y. (1949)). 


9. Ramsgate (Willson, Entomologist, 23: 139). Margate, larvae, 1901 
(Colthrup, Ent. Rec., 13: 306); 2 $d, bred 1905, g, bred 1907 (J. P. 
Barrett coll.); larva on hawthorn, June 18, 1931 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 

10. Sevenoaks, 1949, at light (F. D. Greenwood). 

11. Tonbridge (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79). Yalding; Maidstone 
(V.C.H. (1908)). Bethersden, larva (Scott (1936)). Aylesford (G. A. N. 
Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, one, July 1, 1960 (E. A. Sadler). Hoads Wood 
(P. Cue). 

12. Sellinge, imago, 1930, larva, 1931 (Serpyll, teste A. M. Morley). 
Mersham and Kennington, larvae (Scott (1936)). Wye, one, July 10, 1953, 
three, July 21-August 19, 1954, none, 1955, one, July 23, 1956; Willesborough, 
two, July 21-24, 1954, one, July 18, 1955, four, July 22-August 15, 1956 
(W. L. Rudland). Ham street, one, July 20, 1934, by W. O. W. Edwards, 
one, July 11, 1947 (A. M. Morley). Orlestone Woods, one, July 22, 1938, 
about 12 jd at mv., July 6, 22, 27, 1951 (C.-H.). Ashford (P. Cue). 

13. Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). Tunbridge Wells, 
on lamp-post, August 1948 (R. Crowson, in Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tun- 
bridge Wells MS.). 

14. Hawkhurst; Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). Hawkhurst, three, 1952 (B. G. 
Chatfield). Iden Green, two at light, 1951 (H. Boxall). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (71) 


15. Dymchurch, 1952 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 65: 43). Appledore, August 6, 
1956 (W. L. Rudland). Dungeness, 1955 (de Worms, Entomologist, 89: 93); 
one, 1957 (Haxby, teste A. M. Morley). 

16. Folkestone, cocoon found in gooseberry bush, by D. Smith, May, 
from which 2 emerged, July 9, 1945 (A. M. Morley); 3 gd, 1951 (Morley, 
Ent. Rec., 64: 170); ¢, July 23, 1952, two, 1954, one, 1958, one, 1960 (A. M. 
Morley). 


VARIATION.—A < taken by me at Orleston Woods, 1951, is almost mark- 
ingless, lacks the normal violet gloss in the marginal area, and the 
darkness towards the costal margin, and may be transitional to ab. pallida 
Spuler (C.-H.). In a @ ab., taken by R. G. Chatelain, Orpington, 1957, 
the markings are very pronounced and blackish. 


The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—d abs. purpurascens Tutt, two, 
Kent; suffusa Tutt, three, Bexley; hoegei Heuacker, one, “Kent, 1918”. 

Also in R.C.K., are two remarkable melanic 9 9, labelled “North Kent, 
bred vii.1954, R. L. E. Ford’’, which may be described as having the upper 
and undersides strongly suffused with blackish-grey, markings outlined 
darker, but with cilia of more or less normal coloration (C.-H.). 

First RecorpD, 1798: Darenth Wood (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 7: 
43). 


10One noted on N. Goodwin Light Vessell, 7 miles off Ramsgate, August 2, 1954 
- (T. Rouget, teste French, Entomologist, 88: 129) suggests migration. 


BOMBYCIDAE 


Endromis versicolora L.: Kentish Glory. 


Native, extinct. Open woodland heaths; on birch. Recorded from 1, 
6, 6a, 10-12. 

Apart from a few doubtful reports, the Kentish Glory has not been 
seen in the county since 1861, is now certainly extinct, and has probably 
been so for a very long time. It formerly occurred on heather-birch 
terrain in central and west Kent, and its range extended from Ashford 
in the east to well into the metropolitan area. So far as can be judged, it 
appears to have been generally fairly scarce. 


Early Records.—The earliest recorded occurrence is to be found in 
Wilkes (120 Copper Plates of English Moths and Butterflies, 41), who 
wrote: “The Glory of Kent... was found about the Middle of April, 1741, 
flying in a Wood in the Day-time, near Cookham, by Westram in Kent. 
It was taken by William Constable”. The only other reference to the 
species in Kent during the 18th century is that of Donovan, who in 1796 
(Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 5: 63-64) made the following observation: “We 
cannot hesitate to suppose that this Moth has been found in England 
several times, particularly in Kent, but none of these remain at this 
period in the collections of the curious”. 

19th Century Occurrence.—J. P. Neale (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (1812), 
1: 324-5), who appears to have made quite a study of the species, wrote: 
“The larva of Bombyx Versicolor here delineated was beat off the Birch in 


Darent wood, near Dartford in Kent, June 6th, 1805, ... the perfect 
insect ... appeared 20th of March following, ...a Collector has since had 
two of the same, both of which came forth crippled’. “From that to 


the present period I have continued to search for more Larvae of this 
Moth; but my endeavours were ineffectual till the spring of 1810, when 


(72) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


in the same wood I beat another”. ‘The two before alluded to were taken 
in the same wood, and a third (a female) by another person”. 

In 1828, Stephens (Haust., 2: 34) stated that for several successive 
years he found the larva at Darenth-wood; in Dale coll., according to 
Walker (Ent. mon. Mag., 45: 107), there is a 92, labelled: “Old Standish, 
1820, Darenth Wood”; and Edward Newman (Ent. Mag., 1: 319) observed 
that in 1832, about mid-April, he saw numbers of gd on the heathy 
common on the south side of Birch Wood. No further mention of the 
species in Kent appeared until 1857, when Stainton (Ent. week. Int., 2: 
10) wrote in reply to a correspondent: “We have known the larva of the 
insect to be taken at Dulwich Wood [probably just over the border in 
Surrey], but that was before the Crystal Palace came to its present locality 
._.. Birch Wood and Darenth Wood are probably now the nearest metro- 
politan localities”. Possibly by this time however, versicolora had already 
become extinct at these two places, for Stainton does not include them 
among the localities for the species in his Manual. 


In Maidstone Museum are two ¢., each labelled as having been bred 
from “ovum found at Wateringbury in 1859 by the late R. H. Fremlin”. 
The history of these insects was given by S. G. Reid, who wrote (S. E. Nat., 
1904: 51): “My friend Mr. R. H. Fremlin informs me that he found a batch 
of 15 to 20 eggs ... near Wateringbury, many years ago, all of which 
were successfully bred, the perfect insects being given away to friends. 
There is I believe no subsequent record of the occurrence of this fine 
species in this neighbourhood, and Mr. Goodwin has recently taken freshly 
emerged females up to the woods where the eggs were found without any 
‘assembly’ resulting, so that it is probably extinct at the present date”. 


What appears to have been the last authentic occurrence of versicolora 
in Kent, took place at Ashford in 1861. On April 5 that year, J. Dowsett 
wrote (in Ent. week. Int., 10: 35): “A capture of this splendid insect was 
made here by a friend of mine at the beginning of this week; it flew to 
the gas-light between 8 and 9 p.m., and he has given it to me”. 


[West Wickham Wood, one flying, May 3, 1867; identification very 
uncertain (Blackburn, Ent. mon. Mag., 4: 42). In 1916, C. H. Williams 
(Proc. Lond. nat. Hist. Soc., 1916: 20) exhibited a series stated to have 
come from Sevenoaks, no further particulars were published however, 
and if genuine Kentish specimens, they were presumably very old.] 


First ReEecorpD, 1773: Wilkes, 120 Copper Plates of English Moths and 
Butterflies, 41. 


[(Bombyx mori L.: Mulberry Silkworm. 
Doubtless an escape. 


1. “Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited a specimen of Bombyx mori L., bred 
from a cocoon found by him on a mulberry tree growing in his garden 
at Beckenham, Kent, and remarked that the cocoon was placed against 
the trunk, and had not the usual loose silk around it.... He had made 
every possible inquiry to ascertain whether any one in the neighbourhood 
had been rearing silkworms, but no one appeared to have been doing so”. 
It was remarked that the wings of the specimen were fully developed, 
which was not usual with those reared in captivity; Mr. South adding, that 
in Japan there were two forms—a domesticated one and a wild one (Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1891: 135).)] 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (73) 


SATURNIIDAE 


Saturnia pavonia L. (carpini Schiff.): Emperor. 

Native. Woods, commons, bushy places, heaths, waste places, etc.; 
on bramble, sloe, birch, hawthorn, hazel, oak, “sweet briar”’, elder. Mainly 
distributed in north and west Kent; apparently scarce and of rather un- 
certain appearance. 

Note.—Not included by Scott (1936, 1950) for the Ashford district; nor 
by Embry and Youden (1949) for the Dover and Deal areas; and apparently 
extinct in the Folkestone area. 

1. Birch Wood (Anon., Ent. Mag., 3: 309). West Wickham, ten gd 
assembled, April 18, 1857 (Barrett, Ent. week. Int., 2: 29). Farnborough 
(Alderson, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 339). Keston (Colthrup, in Tutt, loc. cit.). 
Hayes Common, 9 (W. A. Cope). Lee, bred 1861 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.). 
Near Bromley, © at light, April 24, 1868 (Jenner-Fust, Ent. mon. Mag., 
5: 24). Pauls Cray Common, larvae on birch, June 15, 1889 (Fenn, Diary). 
Chislehurst, pupa, cocoons spun on heather, October 11, 1891 (Bower, in 
Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 335). Eltham, 1880 (A. H. Jones, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 
319). Plumstead (West, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 339). Abbey Wood, 3 dod 
assembled, 1952 (A. J. Showler). Upper Belvedere, 9, 1952, dg, 1954 (R. 
G. Rigden, teste A. J. Showler). Bexley, 1893 (Lathy, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 
337); common (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Dartford Heath, 
April 25, 1870 (Bower, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 335); not uncommon, 1909-10 
(H. C. Huggins). 

2. Gravesend (H. C. Huggins); brood of larvae on sloe, June 1946 
(B. K. West). Stone Marshes, one half-grown larva found on hawthorn, 
June 2, 1952 (J. F. Burton). 

3. Canterbury* (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 92). Blean, brood of larvae on 
sloe, 1922 (L. T. Ford); odd imagines (J. Shepherd). Calcott, 9, April 17, 
1949; Broad Oak, 9°, taken flying at dusk at edge of wood, May 21, 1950 
(C.-H.). Rough Common, Canterbury, one, c. 1947 (A. G. Mackonochie). 
Swalecliffe, one (J. Shepherd). South Street, Whitstable, larvae on 
bramble, many ¢¢ assembled (P. F. Harris); several in P. F. Harris coll., 
labelled, Whitstable, 1942-47 (C.-H.). 

6. Rochester district*, not common (Chaney (1884-87)). Otford (New- 
man, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 339). Greenhithe* (V.C.H. (1908)). Gravesend, 
2, May 6, 1912, thirty-one larvae, August 2, 1913, two $d assembled April 
29, 1914, thirteen larvae on sloe, June 11, 1915, ¢ assembled, May 5, 1916, 
batch of ova on sloe, May 18, 1925 (F. T. Grant). Longfield (Jennings, 
Entomologist, 4 (54), ii); 9, at street light, April 15, 1949, 92, April 17, 
1952 (G. G. E. Scudder). Pinden, larva occasionally (E. J. Hare). Cuxton* 
(Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 339). Stone* (Bower, in Tutt, loc. cit.). Fairseat, one, 
April 9, 1961 (J. Ellerton). 

6a. Darenth, larvae on blackthorn, June 18, 1861 (Jones, Ent. week. 
Int., 10: 187). Chattenden, larval nest on hazel, June 21, 1884 (R. Adkin, 
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1886: 42); larva on oak, June 1, 1896 
(Bower, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 319). 

7. Sittingbourne, larva; Faversham, larva (H. C. Huggins). 

8. Folkestone Warren, larvae on bramble (Knaggs (1870)). Folke- 
stone*, two larvae on sweet briar, 1892 (Russell James, Entomologist, 26: 
50); young larvae, May 1897 (Lane, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 337); ¢ seen, 
Canterbury Hill, May 7, 1928, ¢ seen, Golf Course, April 30, 1932, both 
by A.M.M., one, seen by E. C. Joy, May 7, 1933 (A. M. Morley). 


(74) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


10. Brasted, July 6, 1901 (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 
1901: 22). Near Sevenoaks, ¢ ¢ assembled (W. A. Cope). 

13. Tunbridge Wells Common, larvae, 1913 and 1918 (H. Hockey, teste 
E. D. Morgan) (W. A. Cope). Groombridge, larvae on elder, August 3, 
1888 (Blaber, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 319). 

16. Lower Sandgate Road, Folkestone (Knaggs (1870)); larvae swarm- 
ing on bramble bushes. “in the hollow past the turnpike gate” (Ullyett 
(1880), 10). 

VARIATION.—The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—d¢ abs. 
lutescens Tutt, one, N. Kent, 10.v.1909, L. W. Newman; subobsoleta Tutt, 
one, Bexley, bred 1942, one, N. Kent, bred May 1927; ochraceofasciata 
Schultz, several; decorata Schultz, one, N. Kent, 1905, L. W. Newman; 
ab. “inner wavy line hind wing obsolescent’”, one, “R. H. Rattray, Kent, 
11 May 1914”. ©O9 abs. trans. ad rosacea Newnham, several; flavomacu- 
lata Schultz, one, ‘“Bexley, bred March 1912, L. W. Newman”. Also, ab. 
nigrescens Cockayne, holotype @, Tunbridge Wells, 1878, J. A. Clark 
(Entomologist, 42: 319, 84: 245; and presumably the one exhibited by J. 
A. Clark at Haggerstone Ent. Soc., November 1886, and recorded in 
Young. Nat., 7: 248). 

A gynandromorph, mostly ¢, N. Kent, May 4, 1909, in R.C.K., is 
probably the one described as a partial gynandromorph, Bexley, 1909, 
which was recorded and exhibited by L. W. Newman (cf. Ent. Rec., 21: 
185; Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1909-10: 78). 


First Record, 1836: Birch Wood (Anon., Ent. Mag., 3: 309). 


DREPANIDAE 


Drepana binaria Hufn.: Oak Hook-tip. 
Native. Woods, parkland, etc.; on oak. Frequent in 1, 6a, 10-14. 


Obs.—Imagines of the second generation were particularly plentiful at 
m.v., at Orlestone Woods, the end of July 1951, including many Q 9 
(C.-H.). The larva has been recorded as having been found on oak, 
Sidcup, October 14, 1912 (A. R. Kidner). 

3. Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Blean Woods (D. G. Marsh). Eddington, 
2, September 7, 1945; Broad Oak,. °, at light, September 9, 1945 (C.-H.). 

4. Ickham (D. G. Marsh). 

5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Gravesend, one, 1910, at street lamp, one, 1912 (F. T. Grant). Fawk- 
ham, one larva (E. J. Hare). 

7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney (1884-87)). Long Beech Wood (Scott (1936)). 
Westwell, 1951, 1953 (E. Scott). Boxley (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Reinden Wood (Knaggs (1870)). Wye* (Scott (1936)). Stowting (C. 
A. W. Duffield). Woolwich Wood (E. & Y. (1949)). 

15. St. Mary-in-the-Marsh, one at car lights, July 31, 1948 (P. le 
Masurier). Dungeness, one, August 5, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). 

16. Folkestone Town, at m.v., three, August 20-25, 1951, three, July 
30-August 18, 1953, three, May, three, August 12-September 2, 1954, three, 
August 6-29, 1955, three, August 3-8, 1959 (A. M. Morley). 

VARIATION.—Second generation specimens occur more frequently in my 
experience, and are noticeably smaller and darker, being referable to 
gen. aest. aestivaria Lempke. A 9 of the spring form, Ham Street, June 
5, 1954, has al. expanse 36 mm. (C.-H.) 

First REcorD, 1835: Birch Wood (J. Standish, in Curtis, Br, Ent., 555). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (75) 


D. cultraria F.: Barred Hook-tip. 

Native. Woods, particularly those on chalk; on beech. Frequent in 6, 7. 

Obs.—It appears that the imago very occasionally comes to sugar, a 
single instance of this having been noted at Chatham (Esam, Ent. Rec., 7: 
90). The larva has been recorded as having been beaten from beech at 
Shoreham (S. F. P. Blyth); also five larvae on beech, Culverstone (div. 6), 
October 10, 1922 (F. T. Grant). 

1. West Wickham (Wells, Ent. Rec., 3: 35). Bexley, scarce (V.C.H. 
(1908)). Keston, one imago and several larvae beaten, September 1951 (W. 
A. Cope). Orpington, 1954 (L. W. Siggs). Greenwich Park, one, August 10, 
1953 (J. F. Burton). Bromley, several at m.v., 1960-62 (D. R. M. Long). 

5. Chevening, several, May 8-26, 1912; 1918 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham 
(R. C. Edwards). 

6a. Knights Place (Pye, Rochester Nat., 1896: 2 (51), 352). 

8. Dover, 1900 (Stockwell, Entomologist, 34: 26); one, 1954 (B. O. C. 
Gardiner); one, September 9, 1962 (G. H. Youden). Cooting Down, near 
Barham, 9°, May 13, 1930 (Morley (1931)), Barfrestone; Kearsney; Whitfield 
(EB. & Y. (1949)). Wye; Brook (C. A. W. Duffield). Chilham, June 10, 1951 
(W. D. Bowden). 

10. Seal (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 41); one, 
on fence, 1913 (Gillett, Diary). Brasted, occasionally at light (R. M. 
Prideaux); larva, 1916 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (Carr and Turner, 
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1924-25: 107); 1934 (J. L. Atkinson). 
Sevenoaks, 1946 (F. D. Greenwood). Knole Park, one imago, August 24, 
1956 (A. A. Allen). 

11. Wateringbury, fairly common (V.C.H. (1908)). Aylesford (G. A. N. 
Davis). 

12. Chartham (P. B. Wacher). Wye, one, June 11, twelve, August 11-26, 
1953; one, May 27, one, August 4, 1954; one, June 8, three August 18-24, 
1955; one, May 28, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ashford, May 19, 1954 (P. Cue). 

13. Tunbridge Wells district (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (62), ii). 

14. Tenterden, one (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). Cranbrook, one, 1956, taken 
by D. Streeter (C.-H.). 
16. Sandling Park, taken by D. Saunders, 1929 (Morley (1931)). 


VARIATION.—Second generation specimens apparently occur more fre- 
quently than those of the first brood, and are noticeably smaller and 
darker, being referable to gen. aest. aestiva Speyer. 


First REcorD, 1853: Tenterden (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). 


D, falcataria L.: Pebble Hook-tip. 


Native. Woods, commons, etec.; on birch, alder. Fairly plentiful, 
particularly in the Weald, and recorded from all divisions, except 5 
(probably present), 15; once only from 9, where it is perhaps casual. 
“Generally distributed and not scarce” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


Regularly double-brooded, imago appearing May-June and again in 
August. In 1961, Long (Ent. Rec., 73: 133) recorded one at ary: April 
17. 

The larva has mostly been found on birch. S. Wakely took larvae at 
West Wickham, 1927-30, on alder as well as on birch; and M. Enfield states 
that he found a colony of falcataria in 1959, in a small alder wood at 
West Ashford (div. 12). 


(76) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


9. Margate (P. F. Harris). 


VARIATION.—Rather variable, particularly with regard to the ground 
colour. Ina d and Q that I have, taken Ham Street, July 29, 1946, and 
end July 1951 respectively, the ground is of an unicolorous deep brownish- 
ochreous, similar to that of D. harpagula Esp.; in another ¢ and Q, from 
the same locality, taken May 1950, June 15, 1951, respectively, the ground 
is abnormally pale, having forewings of a pale straw, hindwings almost 
white, and may be referable to ab. pallida Stephens; the latter two 
specimens contrast strongly with a d¢, also from Ham Street, taken June 
5, 1954, in which there is dark fuscous suffusion, especially on the forewing 
(Ce): 

The following abs. and named forms from Kent are in R.C.K.:—ab. 
ochracea Lamb., gen. vern., four; tenuistrigaria Lempke, gen. aest., 
several; ab. infernalis Hoffmann, one, Bexley, bred 1906; “diaphanous” ab., 
3 299,N. Kent, one 6, Bexley. . 

First REcorD, 1834: Darenth and Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 4: 6). 


D. curvatula Borkh: Youden’s Hook-tip. 

Vagrant? 

8. Dover.—A single 2 taken by G. H. Youden in m.v. trap in his 
garden, August 13, 1960. From this, D. G. Marsh obtained ova, and in 
October 1960, twenty pupae, from which three imagines emerged, Novem- 
ber 1960, and twelve others, April 17-25, 1961. Altogether 2 ¢¢,13 99 
were bred, a number of which were exhibited at S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., October 28, 1961, and there first recognised by C. G. M. de Worms 
as curvatula (Youden and Marsh, Ent. Rec., 74: 44, plt. 1, figs. 1-6). 

First REcorRD, 1960: Dover (G. H. Youden). 


D. lacertinaria L.: Scalloped Hook-tip. 

Native. Woods, heaths; on birch. Frequent in 1, 6a, 10-12; apparently 
rather uncommon in 3-8, 13-16; probably casual in 15. “Generally dis- 
tributed and not scarce” (V.C.H. (1908)). 

3. Between Milsted and Canterbury* (Morris, Week. Ent., 3: 285). 
Blean, several, 1902-04 (J. P. Barrett coll.); two, bred 1934 from larvae 
(J. L. Atkinson). Bysing Wood (H. C. Huggins). Sturry, one, 1915, larvae 
on birch, August 23, 1919, from which three reared 1920 (H. G. Gomm). 
Herne, one, May 17, 1942 (P. F. Harris). Eddington, occasionally at light 
(D. G. Marsh). 

4. Ickham, one, July 28, 1956 (D. G. Marsh). 

5. Downe (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 131). 

6. Longfield (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54), ii). Culverstone, twelve 
larvae on birch, September 18, 1924 (F. T. Grant). Eynsford (Blair, 
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1933-34: 33). Shoreham, larvae, 1940 
(H. E. Hammond). Fairseat, July 30, August 12, 1960 (J. Ellerton). 

7. Park Wood, near Rainham (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell, August 6, 
1945, May 21, 1953 (E. Scott). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Denton (Morley (1931)). West Wood, 
one, May 5, 1933 (A. M. Morley). Bridge, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Waldershare 
(E. & Y. (1949)). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, one, 1958 (L. R. Tesch, fide C. A. Stace). 

14. Tenterden (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). Sandhurst (G. V. Bull), Hawk- 
hurst, singletons, 1952-53 (B. G. Chatfield). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (77) 


15. Dungeness, @ at m.v., August 3, 1951 (C.-H.). 

16. Folkestone Town, one, August 30, 1951, one, August 21, 1952, one, 
August 5, 1957, several, August 7-September 4, 1958, several, August 1959- 
60; all at m.v. (A. M. Morley). 

VARIATION.—Schulze (Berl. ent. Zeitschr., 57: 118-119, plt. 3, figs. 10-12) 
described and figured ssp. tacoraria on the basis of 3 ¢ ¢, West Wickham, 
May 14, 1896, 2 9 9, Darenth Wood, May 17, 1896. The main distinguishing 
features appear to be its small size; and in dd, absence of dark freckling, 
and lack of subterminal line on forewing. Note:—In my series of Kent 
spring brood lacertinaria, which includes 4 ¢d,1 9, from West Wickham, 
in addition to specimens from other localities; al. expanse of dd is 
30-33 mm., and of 9 9, 33-35 mm.; in more than half the number of dd, 
there is considerable dark freckling on forewing, and in many the sub- 
terminal line is fairly clearly indicated; two ¢¢, West Wickham, May 
1951, are fairly strongly dusted with silvery-grey, and thus seem to ap- 
proach ssp. scincula Hiibn. in appearance (C.-H.). 

In R.C.K. is ab. erosula Lespeyres, 9°, “Bred Fordwich, Vaughan sale’’, 
36, North Kent, July 1922. 

First Recorp, 1834: Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 4: 5). 


Cilix giaucata Scop.: Chinese Character. 

Native. Hedgerows, woods, bushy places; on hawthorn, bramble. 
Found in all divisions. Fairly plentiful, and apparently well distributed 
throughout the county. “Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


On the basis of light captures alone, specimens of the aestival brood 
normally appear much more numerous than those of the darker vernal 
generation obscurata Lempke. 

Gillett (Diary) records breeding an imago, March 29, 1918, from a larva 
taken at Chevening on hawthorn; the larva has also been taken by A. A. 
Allen, at Blackheath, on bramble as well as on hawthorn. 

First REcORD, 1860: Dartford Heath (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 7: 188). 


ARCTIIDAE 
NOLINAE 
Nola cucullatella L.: Short-cloaked. 


Native. Bushy places, hedgerows, wood-sides, orchards, gardens; on 
sloe, hawthorn, apple, plum. Fairly frequent, and found in all divisions. 


I have frequently beaten the larva in fair numbers from sloe and 
hawthorn, but do not often see the moth, the only times being occasionally 
at m.v., and once on a fence beside a hawthorn (C.-H.). H. C. Huggins 
states that he has noted imagines sometimes swarming on plum trunks in 
orchards at Faversham. A. M. Morley has mostly observed imagines at 
m.v., but never in large numbers, also one at rest on a horse chestnut, at 
Folkestone. F. T. Grant records a larva in a garden at Gravesend on 
apple, May 24, 1926. 

VaRIATION.—In R.C.K. is ab. fuliginalis Steph., several, “England, Kent, 
Bexley, R. L. E. Ford, 1954”. I have two extreme examples of fuliginalis, 
in which the ground is unicolorous blackish, bred bye EH . .. Torner. 
Brockley, 1890 (C.-H.). 


First REcorpD, 1859: Tenterden (Stainton, Man., 2: 157). 


(78) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


N. striguia Schiff.: Small Black Arches. 

Native. Woods; [on oak]. 

Normally single brooded, but in 1951, J. L. Atkinson took one on 
September 19, a very late date, and suggestive of a partial second genera- 
tion. 

1. West Wickham Wood (Douglas, Zoologist, 3183). Joydens Wood, 
one, August 1, 1887 (Fenn, Diary); five, 1922, one, 1925, all at rest on 
trunks (L. T. Ford). Bexley, one, 1899 (Carr, Entomologist, 33: 46). 

3. Bossenden Wood, one, July 12, 1925, two, July 16, 1925 (H. C. 
Huggins). Clowes Wood, five, 1935, one, 1936, one, 1937, one, 1943 (P. F. 
Harris). Blean Woods, one fresh specimen, taken September 19, 1951 (J. 
L. Atkinson). 

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.); (V.C.H. (1908)). [Gravesend], one (Button, 
Entomologist, 5: 221). 

6a. North Kent [Chattenden], 1875 (Tugwell, Entomologist, 8: 293). 
Chattenden Roughs, not common, sometimes at sugar (Chaney (1884-87)). 
Darenth Wood, 1856 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76); one, in Hope Dept. 
(Woodforde, Entomologist, 54: 9); noted up to 1910, but very scarce (H. C. 
Huggins). 

7. (Chatham* (Stainton, Man., 2: 157): 

[8. Hawkinge, June 19, 1910 (Bell, Ent. Rec., 22: 176) (The locality 
and early date strongly suggest Celama confusalis H.-S. (q.v.) (C.-H.)).] 

11. Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); August 3, 1954, one, July 13, 1955 (P. 
Cue). 

12. Ashford neighbourhood (Chittenden, Proc. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1899: 107). Ham Street Woods (Scott (1936)); one, July 15, 1939, one, July 
22, 1946, about 12, July 6-7, and as many again July 20-30, 1951, one, June 
21, 1952; all at light in Long Rope (C.-H.); two, July 21, 1939, one, June 23, 
1946; one, by R. Lovell (in 1953) (A. M. Morley). Bourne Wood, nine one 
night, 1953 (G. H. Youden, teste E. Scott). } 


13. Kilndown, one, July 10, 1987 (G. V. Bull). 
14. Tenterden, two (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). 
First Recor, 1851: Douglas, Zoologist, 3183. 


N. albula Schiff. (albulalis Hubn.): Kent Black Arches. 


Resident. Woods, bushy places, waste land, etc.; on dewberry. Vaunly 
maritime and submaritime. Local. 


4. Sandwich, ¢, worn, flying at dusk, August 1, 1948 (C.-H.). Ickham, 
one, August 3, 1954 (D. G. Marsh). 


6a. Chattenden!.—1859, two, July 10, two, July 15, taken by W. H. 
Allchin and W. Chaney (see First Record; Ent. week. Int., 6: 188, 8: 5, 
9: 59; Chaney (1884-87)); one, July 1860, by W. H. Allchin (Stainton, Ent. 
Ann., 1861: 86); very common in 1874, according to A. H. Jones; less 
common in 1875, but eight taken by C. Fenn, and a few by other col- 
lectors, July 13, 1875 (Fenn, Diary). At Chattenden Roughs, 1876, so 
common that one might easily have taken a hundred larvae in an afternoon 
from dewberry leaves in spring, or forty moths during twilight in July 
(Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1926-27: 50). Larvae not 
uncommon [at Chattenden], 1880 (Porritt, Entomologist, 13: 163). “The 
keeper told me that the second plantation albulalis comes out a fortnight 
later than in the old locality” (Fenn, Diary, 21.vi.1884). Twelve taken by 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (79) 


Auld, July 1894 (Fenn, Diary). Four imagines taken in 1902 [at Chatten- 
den], “in as many evenings” (Ovenden, Ent. Rec., 18: 18). Huggins 
(Ent. Rec., 65: 308-9), in an interesting article on this species at Chatten- 
den, states that Peek, the keeper, took a moth in 1901, and three larvae 
in 1902. It is noteworthy that there is no definite record of the occurrence 
of albula at Chattenden between 1860 and 18742, or since 1902 (C.-H.). 

8. Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)). Walmer, one, 1914 (H. G. Gomm coll.). 
Haddling Wood, near Dover, two at light, July 1937 (Embry, Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1937-38: 22). Dover, one, July 1950 (B. O. C. 
Gardiner); singletons in garden at m.v., August 12, 1953, July 4, 1957, 
August 10, 1958, July 4, 8, 1959, July 16, 28, 1960 (G. H. Youden). Folke- 
stone Warren, three, July 30-August 1, 1946 (R. Fairclough). Wye Downs, 
©, at light, July 24, 1949, taken by C. A. W. Duffield (Scott (1950)). 

9. Margate, July 20, 1919 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 

12. Ham Street.—One, July 1950 (E. J. Hare); one, 1951 (G. Law); one, 
at m.v., Long Rope, June 27, 1952 (C.-H.); one, June 24, 1953 (W. L. 
Rudland); one, August 5, 1954 (P. B. Wacher); one, July 1959, in the 
village (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 177). Ashford Town, one, July 21, 
1955, at light in garden (P. Cue). 

14. Tenterden, six, c. 1855 (S. C. Tress Beale, Diary). Sandhurst, one, 
July 13, 1952 (G. V. Bulb. 

15. Dymchurch, fifteen, July 1-10, 1952, on some waste land (Wakely, 
Ent. Rec., 65: 42; Marsh, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-53: 40); 
in 1953 and 1954, saw many and took ten good specimens (G. H. Youden). 
Dungeness, one, July 18, 1947 (R. Demuth, teste A. M. Morley); one, August 
1954 (Michaelis, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 37); one, August 
5, 1955 (de Worms, Entomologist, 89: 93); one, July 28, 1956 (W. L. Rud- 
land); one, 1959 (C. R. Haxby, teste A. M. Morley). Greatstone, one, 1957 
(Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 15); one, at light, August 
1960 (D. Youngs). 

VARIATION.—In my series of eighteen Kentish albula, including sixteen 
from Chattenden, are three examples assignable to ab. fascialis Spuler, 
bred Chattenden, 1899 (C.-H.). 

In R.C.K. are ab. nivalis Caradja, two, “North Kent, received from 
F. J. Hanbury, 1907”; ab. fascialis Spuler, two, Kent. 

First REcORD, 1859: “On the 15th of July last I captured two fine 
specimens of this insect, also one a few days previously; the former were 
flying amongst long grass during hot sunshine; the latter was beaten up 
later in the evening” (Allchin, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1859: 77)%. This is 
also the first record for Britain. 


1The following references to this species in Kent, probably allude to Chattenden : 
‘Entomologist, 7: 180, §: 218, 292; Ent. mon. Mag.. 11: 68, 12: 166. 


2The statement by Bird (Entomologist, §: 238) that specimens were taken by 
Packman, July 1872, “no great distance from Dartford’’, possibly refers 
to Chattenden. 


3But recorded in error as Celama trituberculana Bosc (centonalis Hijbn.), cf. 
Ent. week. Int., 8: 5. 


Celama confusalis H.-S.: Least Black Arches. 
Native. Parks, woods, orchards, etc.; foodplant unknown. Mainly on 
chalk. Apparently extinct in West Kent. 


(80) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 


Obs.—Imagines have been mostly found by day, at rest on tree trunks. 
The species is normally single brooded; in 1950, however, P. B. Wacher 
took an imago in good condition on July 14, a very late date. 

1. West Wickham Wood, June (Douglas, Zoologist, 3183); May 1857 
(Tugwell, Ent. week. Int., 3: 11); one, June 6, one, June 29, 1861 (Fenn, 
Diary). Bostall Wood, May 16, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). Erith Wood (Fenn, in 
Wool. Surv. (1909)), may refer to the preceding record. Joydens Wood; 
Birch Wood (Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 

3. Blean (V.C.H. (1908)). Bysing Wood (H. C. Huggins). Whitstable 
(P. F. Harris). ' 

4. Ickham, one, June 11, 1959 (D. G. Marsh). 

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 

6a. Darenth Wood, June 23, 1860 (Fenn, Lepidoptera Data MS.); one, 
May 31, 1863 (Fenn, Diary); May 1863 (Leigh, Week. Ent., 2: 135). Cobham 
Wood, 1910 (H. C. Huggins); one, May 23, 1913, two, June 4, 1913, June 
9 and 16, 1914 (F. T. Grant). 


7, Not uncommon in and about Wigmore Woods, May 10-20 (Chaney 
(1884-87)). Woods near Chatham* (Ovenden, Ent. Rec., 21: 31). Chatham, 
one or two, 1908 (Poundall, teste E. D. Morgan). Sharsted, 1927 (H. C. 
Huggins). Westwell, one, May 19, 1948, and of fairly regular occurrence 
since (E. Scott, personal communication, 1954). 


8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Ellinge, 9, June 9, 1928 (Morley 
(1931)). Folkestone Warren, two, May 26, 1929, one, May 21, 1933, several, 
May 27, 1938; Reinden Wood, five, May 21, one, June 26, 1929, four, May 
28-29, 1930 (A. M. Morley). Folkestone*, one, June 2, 1945 (KE. D. Bostock). 
Dover, one, 1896, one, 1898, two, 1932 (H. D. Stockwell coll.). Dover to 
Deal, ‘found all over the district in moderate numbers” (E. & Y. (1949)). 
Ewell Minnis, May 30, 1932 (J. H. B. Lowe). Tilmanstone, one, June 7, 
1934; Wye, two, May 28, 1928; Brook, one, May 8, 1937 (A. M. Morley). 
“Common on the downs from Brook to Crundale” (Scott (1936, 1950)). 
Whitehill Wood, Bridge, one, July 14, 1950+ (P. B. Wacher). [Hawkinge, 
one, June 10, 1910 (Bell, Ent. Rec., 22: 176); recorded as Nola strigula 
Schiff., but very probably C. confusalis in view of early date and locality 
(C.-H.).] 

9. Margate.—June 24, 1915, one, June 4, 1919, one, May 1, 1920, two, 
May 7-8, 1921 (H. G. Gomm); common on sycamores in Northdown Park 
(P. F. Harris); two, May 28, 1951 (W. D. Bowden). St. Lawrence, May 31, 
1949 (A. H. Lanfear). 

11. Wateringbury, two (E. Goodwin coll.). 


12. Ashford, frequent at light, 1951-55, several, early May 1957 (P. 
Cue); one, May 12, 1954 (E. Scott); 1958 (de Worms, Entomologist, 92: 69). 
Wye, one, May 29, 1953, one, May 28, 1955; Willesborough, three, May 
14-26, 1954, one, June 7, 1955, one, May 31, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ham 
Street Village, 1960 (de Worms, Entomologist, 94: 159). 

13. Tunbridge Wells district, scarce (Knipe (1916)); usually scarce 
(Given (1946)). Near Groombridge (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 
1932-33: 85). 

16. Folkestone Town, on trunks, etc., two, May 1, 8, 1944, one May 1, 
1945, two, May 14, 24, 1947, one, May 16, 1952; at m.v., four, 1953, one, 
1954, two, 1956, four, 1958, one, 1961 (A. M. Morley). 

First RECORD, 1851: Douglas, Zoologist, 3183. 


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225 


Notes on Collecting in 1962 
By H. Symes, M.A.(Oxon). 


The travesty of a summer which we have just experienced came as a 
nasty shock to those who believed that a cold winter is likely to be 
followed by a fine summer and a good season for entomologists, as has 
often been the case. Personally, I did not find 1962 much, if any, worse 
than its predecessor, but my activities this year were restricted to the 
day-time, and it may be that night operators have a different tale to tell. 


March was a cold month and passed without my seeing a single 
lepidopteron. On 2nd April I found an Orthosia stabilis Schiff. on the 
pavement not far from my house, and next evening there was one on 
sallow in the garden. Three O. gothica L. were on this sallow on 12th 
April, one of them being an unusually large and well-marked specimen. 
Two gothica came to the sallow on 17th April. On 23rd, I saw a Nymphalis 
io L. in the garden, and next day two Pieris rapae L. I made three visits 
to the New Forest with the Rev. F. M. B. Carr to look for Celastrina 
argiolus L. On 25th April we did not see any, and as everything seemed 
to be about three weeks late, it was presumably not yet on the wing. On 
3rd May we saw four, but they were flying high, and none was taken. The 
species was certainly scarce this year, and I have not heard any reports 
of the second brood being seen. 

On list May, Mr. Carr and I went to Badbury Rings and took Pararge 
aegeria L. on blackthorn flowers, of which there was a remarkable pro- 
fusion. Mr. Carr beat two larvae of Lasiocampa quercus L. from small 
hawthorns and I found a batch of the eggs of Orgyia antiqua L. on a 
withered leaf of dogwood (Cornus sanguinea L.). On 17th May we went 
there again; wind and showers kept butterflies at home and made larva 
beating difficult. Our total bag was one Trichiura crataegi L. and one 
Allophyes oxyacanthae L. Mr. Carr found a lovely Selenia tetralunaria 
Hufn. 9, which obliged him with a batch of fertile eggs. On 22nd May, 
we paid our usual visit to Whiteparish. Frequent showers again interfered 
with beating, but we did enough to realise that larvae were uncommonly 
scarce. Quite apart from the chance of finding an Apatura iris L., one 
can nearly always pick up a Brachyonycha sphinx Hufn. or two, but we 
did not see this or any of such common species as Orthosia munda Schiff. 
or O. cruda Schiff. One small green larva, beaten from sallow and un- 
identified at the time, turned out, when the moth emerged on 18th July, 
to have been Zenobia retusa L. During the afternoon, we decided to drive 
on the Test Valley and look for larvae of Plusia chryson Esp. In a good 
locality for this species we found plenty of the foodplant, Hemp Agrimony 
(Eupatorium cannabinum L.) at just the right stage for searching, but 
could not see any leaves with their mid-rib bitten through, hanging down 
and providing shelter for the larva. After I had searched one plant which 
showed signs of having been eaten, I saw a larva on the ground beneath 
it. That was the only one we found. 

On 30th May, Mr. Carr and I went to the New Forest to look for 
Hemaris tityus L. I thought I caught a glimpse of one. Several species 
of Rhopalocera were seen, including Pararge megaera L., Lycaena phlaeas 
L., Erynnis tages L., and Pyrgus malvae L. On 5th June we paid a second 
visit to this locality, and Mr. Carr took two H. tityus. Next day, in beauti- 
ful weather, Mr. R. W. Watson drove Mr. Carr and me into the heart of 
Dorset to look for larvae of Eriogaster lanestris L. We made our way 


226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ X1I/1962 


slowly along the country lanes for some time without seeing a nest, but 
then in quick succession we found four, three on hawthorn and one on 
blackthorn. After lunch, we proceeded to Hod Hill, where we found 
several other entomologists and plenty of Euphydryas aurinia Rott., 
Lysandra bellargus Rott., and Aricia agestis Schiff., and one or two 
Vanessa cardui L. Mr. Carr took one Parasemia plantaginis L. On 12th 
June I drove with Mr. Carr to a locality near Glanville’s Wooton, and 
at Sturminster Newton we saw a badger run across the road a few yards 
in front of us, at about 11 a.m. B.s.T. We found plenty of aurinia rather 
past their best, afew very fresh Argynnis selene Schiff. and some Hemearis 
lucina L. On 21st June, I drove to Morden Heath with Mr. Carr, who took 
two Dyscia fagaria Thunb. Diocrisia sannio L. was not yet out. That 
day I found a Hemerophila abruptaria Thunb. on our garden fence, surely 
a very late date. I had previously seen one on 3rd June. On 26th June 
I met Mr. D. R. M. Long in the New Forest and we looked for Bomolocha 
fontis Thunb. (crassalis Fab.) at Bolderwood, but without success. In 
another locality we took one Eustrotia uncula Cl. Later in the day I 
found nine larvae of Orthosia gracilis Schiff. var. rufescens on bog myrtle 
(Myrica gale L.). On 28th June, Mr. Carr and I went to Morden Heath, 
but as there was nothing of interest there we drove on to Hod Hill, where 
we found more moths on the posts than I have ever seen there before: 
one Sphinx ligustri L. 2 (which laid a large number of eggs), one Apatele 
psi L. (or possibly tridens Schiff.) with the trident and other black marks 
on the forewings extremely faint, three Hadena serena Schiff. and five 
Cuculiiza umbratica L. (This must have been a good season for serena, a 
moth which I had not seen for more than twelve years, as I took one on a 
pine trunk at Morden Heath on 17th July and saw another on a pine 
trunk in Boscombe on the 18th). I also took a Pyrgus malvae L. in perfect 
condition (another very late date), a Meristis trigrammica Hufn. sitting 
on the ground, and saw two P. plantaginis of which I took one ¢. 

On 3rd July Mr. Carr and I paid another visit to the New Forest and 
looked without success for larvae of C. argiolus on holly berries, which 
are plentiful this year. We also failed to find B. fontis at Bolderwood. 
Then we went to the locality for E. uncula but saw only two. Here we 
put up two or three D. sannio ¢ ¢. Ona post at Holmesley I found a 
Polia nebulosa Hufn. On 10th July we went to Morden Heath. D. sannio 
was out, but scarce. I saw only three males, of which two were remark- 
ably small, probably due to the cold weather when the larvae were feed- 
ing up. One that I took was not so large as the second brood males that 
I reared in 1960. Mr. Carr took one female that laid fewer eggs than is 
normal. We did not see anything of Coscinia cribraria L., but Plebejus 
argus L. was very plentiful. There must have been a recent invasion of 
Plusia gamma L., of which I saw at least fifty, and this is the only time 
this year when I have seen them in any numbers. Some of them were 
unusually small and pale. We also saw a few Nomophila noctuella Schiff. 
Our next visit to Morden Heath was on 17th July, when we saw about 
half-a-dozen Sterrha muricata Hufn., of which I took two beautiful speci- 
mens. Maniola tithonus L. was abundant. On 18th July I found a P. 
nebulosa on a pine trunk in Bournemouth, and, on the 22nd, a very pale 
one in my garden, on a silver birch trunk, where it was most incon- 
spicuous. On 31st July, Mr. Carr and I went to the New Forest, and as 
the weather was too dull for butterflies we beat for larvae. I got twelve 
Panolis flammea Schiff., one Lymantria monacha L. (a very late date: the 
imago, a ¢, emerged on 30th August), one Notodonta anceps Goeze and 


NOTES ON COLLECTING IN 1962 227 


one Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. 

On 3rd August I spent a short time at Morden Heath. It was very 
windy and my visit was cut short by rain. I took a Phytometra viridaria 
Cl. and saw a S. muricata. A spell of bad weather followed. On 9th 
August I met Brig. Warry and Miss Pengilly, and we searched for larvae 
of Cucullia lychnitis Ramb., but without success. Rain curtailed our 
activities. We met again at Badbury Rings on 16th August. The weather 
was dull and windy, unfavourable to butterflies and to beating. We found 
three larvae of Macrothylacia rubi L. and half a dozen of S. ligustri, 
which seemed to prefer small isolated privet bushes to those growing ina 
hedge. On 22nd August I paid my first visit to Hod Hill for two months. 
Mr. Carr came with me, and took two Vanessa cardui, one of which was a 
very brightly marked specimen. I was pleased to see two Polygonia 
c-album L. Lysandra coridon Poda was out in good numbers and fine 
condition. On 29th August I went to Morden Heath in optimistic mood 
to search for larvae of Heliothis maritima Gras., but as I had not seen 
the imago this year it was hardly surprising that I failed to find any. 
Two N. noctuella were seen, but nothing else of any interest. Proceeding 
to the Badbury Rings area, I found Gonopteryx rhamni L. in fair numbers, 
and was interested to see a group of six P. rapae on the flowers of a single 
plant of Black Horehound (Ballota nigra L.). I have always regarded this 
as a dull, dingy-looking plant with a disagreeable smell, and had no idea 
that it was attractive to lepidoptera. G. rhamni, however, did not visit it. 
August ended on a good note. On 31st, a beautiful day, I met Brig. Warry 
at Hod Hill. We saw two V. cardui and a number of G. rhamni, including 
several females. There were a few newly-emerged L. bellargus (males 
only) and plenty of L. coridon, some of them quite fresh. I took two 
aberrations, both of the obsoleta form but quite different from one 
another. 

During the first week of September I made two expeditions to the 
New Forest and collected fifteen larvae of Bomolocha fontis Thunb. Bil- 
berry keeps fresh for several days, but when the leaves begin to drop off 
the twigs, it may be assumed that it is no longer fit for larval consumption, 
and so on the 14th September I paid a hurried visit to the Forest to pro- 
cure a fresh supply of food, and as five larvae had already died (one had 
been ‘stung’ and two, I think, had been injured in beating), I spent rather 
more than an hour beating bilberry and collected seven more larvae, one 
of which was by far the smallest I had seen. I suspect that a good many 
will prove to have been ‘stung’. On 18th September I saw, through a 
flimsy, transparent cocoon, a newly-formed pupa: the abdomen was light 
brown and the front part was green, turning later in the day to dark 
brown. But two other cocoons contained a smaller white cocoon that 
was clearly that of a parasite. 

On 11th September I drove to Bloxworth to meet Brig. Warry, who, 
while beating without much success for larvae, took a very dark specimen 
of Sarrothripus revayana Scop. Unfortunately, the weather was foul— 
even by 1962 standards—and steady rain made us call it a day early in 
the afternoon. 

On 17th September, Mr. Carr and I went to Hod Hill. It was a fairly 
sunny day, but there was a distinct touch of autumn in the air, and when 
the sun was obscured by heavy clouds that threatened rain more than 
once, conditions on the Hill were very bleak. In spite of that, we saw 
a good number of butterflies: Pararge egeria L. and P. megaera L..., 
Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Vanessa atalanta L. 


228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ X1/1962 


V. cardui L., Aglais urticae L., Aricia agestis Schiit., Polyommatus icarus 
Rott., Lysandra coridon Poda, L. bellargus Rott. and Lycaena phlaeas L 
We did not, however, see any G. rhamni, that had been plentiful on 31st 
August. I took a bellargus Jd in beautifully fresh condition, with a well- 
marked row of black spots on the outer margin of the hind wings, and 
an icarus @ with unusual markings. We also beat a few privet bushes 
and obtained five larvae of Craniophora ligustri Schiff., and I found an 
almost full-fed larva of Apatele tridens Schiff. on hawthorn. 

Driving to the New Forest on 19th September, I caught sight of a 
large larva of Smerinthus ocellatus L., its pale green standing out con- 
spicuously against a background of darker sallow leaves. I got out of 
the car and soon found two more larvae. On 22nd September I visited 
Bloxworth with Mr. Carr and we beat for larvae. Our principal objective 
was Tethea duplaris L. of which we got four: besides these we collected 
nine Anagoga pulveraria L. and one Lophopteryx capucina L., beaten 
from hazel. A small, black, hairy larva, beaten from sallow, I thought 
to be one of the Footmen, but after changing its skin it turned out to be 
Colocasia coryli L. I beat another just like it, but from birch, when I 
paid a second visit to Bloxworth on 25th September, and met Brig. Warry. 
We had an interesting day with our beating trays, and obtained a mixed 
bag that included Pheosia gnoma Fab. (3), L. capucina (2), T. duplaris 
(2), Dasychira pudibunda L. (only one!), Drepana falcataria L. (2), D. 
lacertinaria (1), two or three Bena fagana Fab., and A. pulveraria (6). 
Brig. Warry beat a lovely Citria lutea Strom. from sallow, and we saw a 
number of G. rhamni, mostly on the flowers of devil’s-bit scabious 
(Scabiosa succisa), and two or three V. atalanta. At a certain stage of its 
growth, the larva of duplaris bears a close resemblance to that of a species 
of saw-fly that also feeds on birch. They both spend most of their time 
curled up, but I noticed that duplaris has its head inside while the saw-fly 
has its head outside. 

On 27th September, I saw a full-fed larva of S. ligustri on a hedge near 
Ringwood. There followed two or three stormy days, but on 4th October, 
in weather that would have been a credit to August, I went to the New 
Forest with Mr. Carr to beat for larvae. We devoted most of our atten- 
tion to birch. Larvae were scarcer than they had been at Bloxworth, but 
we obtained a good variety, including Pheosia tremula Clerck (1, on aspen) 
and P. gnoma (1), L. capucina (2), Pterostoma palpina Clerck (1, on aspen), 
a few full-fed Phalera bucephala L., D. falcataria (2), and D. lacertinaria 
(1), a few B. fagana, A. psi (2), and a green Noctuid about the size of the 
fagana, which we could not identify at the time. After consulting Buckler, 
I believe it to be Hadena contigua Schiff. There were also a number of 
Geometrids, mostly Deilinia pusaria L. Some of the larvae were extra- 
ordinarily small for the time of year, especially the gnoma and one of 
the capucina. Despite the warm, sunny weather, the only butterflies seen 
were three G. rhamni and one N. io. 

It seems to be generally agreed that the season has been a poor one 
for most butterflies. Of the spring or early summer species, I saw very 
few P. egeria and P. megaera and, incredible as it may seem, only one 
Anthocharis cardamines L. As already stated, C. argiolus was very scarce. 
Of the Satyrids, Maniola tithonus L. was far and away the most abundant, 
and was plentiful in such different localities as New Forest enclosures. 
Morden Heath and Hod Hill. It was much commoner than M. jurtina L. 
Satyrus semele was in fair numbers, Coenonympha pamphilus L. rather 
less plentiful than usual, and little was seen of Aphantopus hyperanthus 


NOTES ON COLLECTING IN 1962 229 


L. Of the Fritillaries, Argynnis selene Schiff. and E. aurinia were plenti- 
ful in the right localities, but A. ewphrosyne was very scarce. On the one 
day when I might have expected to have seen it, A. paphia L. did not 
appear. I saw two or three A. cydippe L. and only one A. aglaia L., a 
© taken by Brig. Warry at Bradbury Rings on 16th August. Of the 
Vanessids, larvae of Aglais urticae L. were abundant at Hod Hill on 6th 
June, and the imago was plentiful there in September. I saw more of 
P. c-album than last year, but that is not saying much. Four came to 
buddleia in my garden on 5th, 15th and 30th August and 8th October. I 
saw two at Hod Hill. Several others were seen in Bournemouth. I did not 
see Limenitis camilla L. but it was reported to be plentiful in one of the 
enclosures in the New Forest. Of the Blues, Plebejus argus L. was 
abundant, both at Morden Heath and in the New Forest. A. agestis was 
plentiful at Hod Hill, but Polyommatus icarus Rott. seemed to be scarcer 
than usual. L. coridon and L. bellargus are holding their own at Hod 
Hill. Lycaena phlaeas was rather scarce, and Callophrys rubi L. was the 
only Hairstreak I saw. Of the Skippers, E. tages and P. malvae were on 
the wing from the end of May until the middle of July. Ochlodes venata 
Br. & G. and Thymelicus sylvestris Poda were less abundant than usual. 
Hesperia comma L. was not seen. It appears to have vanished from Hod 
Hill and Badbury Rings. 

I have referred to the unusually late appearances of one or two 
insects: to these must be added a Spilosoma lutea Hufn. found on a wall 
near my house on 13th August, and, I think, newly emerged. 

It has been a disappointing season for larvae. Many that I have found 
have been singletons, including T. crataegi and M. oxyacanthae (Badbury 
Rings), P. chryson (Test Valley), Dasychira pudibunda (Bloxworth), 
Apatele leporina L. (Ferndown), A. aceris L. (Boscombe), A. tridens (Hod 
Hill), P. tremula, P. palpina, N. anceps, D. dodonaea, L. monacha and 
H. contigua (all New Forest). On the other hand, I have seen more larvae 
of S. ligustri than for several years. 

In my experience, the infestation of larvae by parasites has been 
exceptionally heavy this year. I do not know whether this has been the 
case in general, or whether I have merely been unlucky. Out of twenty- 
two larvae of B. fontis, eight were ‘stung’. Most of these were able to 
spin their fragile, transparent cocoon, and then, after two or three days, a 
single green parasite grub could be seen inside the cocoon, shorter than 
but otherwise as large as its host. A day or two later, this grub spun a 
tight-fitting white cocoon, inside which it turned into a light-brown pupa. 
In one or two cases, the fontis larva failed to spin up, but lay on the floor 
of the cage: the parasite broke out in due course but always died. 

Other larvae that suffered severely from parasites were O. gracilis, 
P. flammea, the only two A. leporina that came into my possession, and 
H. contigua. 

A pleasanter feature of the season has been the scarcity of biting 
flies, such as the cleg, Haematopota pluvialis, and the huge Tabanus 
sudeticus, which are often a perfect pest in the New Forest enclosures 
and other woodland areas, but one can endure these if they are accom- 
panied by plenty of desirable lepidoptera. 

In conclusion. I saw more Vanessids in my garden during the second 
week in October than in the whole of August and September. They were 
attracted to Michaelmas daisies and physotegia, and consisted lof V. 
atalanta, V. cardui, A. urticae, N. io, and P. c-album: once they were 
joined by a G. rhamni and always by several P. gamma. 

52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth, Hants 


230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


Random Notes for 1962 
by Col. H. G. ROSSELL 


This note, for what it is worth, is in compliance with a further 
editorial request to “fill a gap”. As regards immigrants, Bodinnick has 
had a poor year in general, in contrast to Polperro, six miles away, where 
Mr. Puckey has entertained several V.I.P.s. No doubt, however, he will 
himself discourse on these. We think Polperro is on a regular migration 
rcute, and that at Bodinnick we have only those travellers who mistake 
the sign-posting. Anyway, this season I can only report one Rhodometra 
sacraria L., an unlimited number of Laphygma exigua Hubn., from May 
onwards, the usual August flight of Lithosia quadra L., one Heliothis 
peltigera Schiff., and a few Leucania unipuncta Haw., and L. vitallina 
Hiibn. These were all from the two m.v. traps I maintain in my garden 
and on the adjacent cliff. Results might possibly be better were this 
cottage actually on the coast instead of a mile up from the Fowey 
estuary. 

As regards local species, the continual rain and bitter winds of spring 
and early summer, retarded emergence by at least three weeks, as ! 
think, judging by later experience, was more or less universal. However, 
I completed a small series of Leucania putrescens Hiibn., and Dr Good- 
all took some Hadena barrettii Doubl., when staying here in June, while 
Dr. Clarke captured Bodinnick’s annual Antitype xanthomista Hubn., at 
the end of September. Singletons of Jodia croceago Fabr. and Tiliacea 
citrago L., have, for the first time, turned up in the trap in the last few 
days. 

I started my collecting travels this year by joining Dr. Clarke at Cam- 
bridge, whence he most kindly had crganized a short tour of the Fens 
and Breck. Mr heart sank when I saw the half-frozen East Anglians 
detraining at Liverpool Street. Nor were my fears unjustified, as on the 
night of 31st May we had 13 degrees of frost in Wood Walton, and nearly 
froze in our gumboots. The only pleasant feature was the number of 
nightingales (also cuckoos, with whom we associated ourselves) singing, 
presumably to keep themselves warm. Needless to say, no moth flew, 
and we packed (after a quick look at Wicken—not seen by me since 
schooldays in 1909—and an unproductive visit to Monkswood) to visit 
Brandon, with not much better results except for a small series of 
Mesotype virgata Rott. at Grimes Graves. Lamping produced little but 
derisive woodcock roding over the light. We decided to return to 
Oxford, so, being joined by Mrs. Clarke in Cambridge, we arrived at 
Studley on 5th June, picking up a single Leptidea sinapis L. at a picnic 
lunch in Salcey. The frost had treated Studley more kndly, and a few 
days of collecting, most kindly organized by Dr. Clarke, produced several 
species of great interest to me—notably, two larvae of Strymon pruni L., 
and three of Thecla betulae L., which Dr. Clarke subsequently reared 
with his usual skill and generously gave me. We also had a most suc- 
cessful morning with Lycaena bellargus Rott. in Berkshire. 

On Whitsunday I went by coach to Bournemouth to stay with a friend, 
who among other kindnesses, took me for a picnic to Corfe Castle. We 
subsequently walked down to the coast at Winspit where I took a few 
bellargus and Cupido minimus Fuesll., while my hostess discovered a 
large clump of “wild” gooseberry bushes which yielded enough fruit for 
our supper. 


RANDOM NOTES FOR 1962 Zot 


I went home, again by coach, in time to entertain Dr. and Mrs. Goodall 
for a few reasonably successful days and nights. One of our endeavours 
‘was to obtain some live females of a certain butterfly which is locally 
threatened by the depredations of the Forestry Commission, for Mr. 
Heslop to release on his land in the hope that it may become established 
there. The day was overcast, and it was the eyes of the lady of the party 
(who had never seen the insect before) which spotted the butterflies 
camouflaged on the bents and grasses. It was thus that we were able 
successfully to send to Somerset, two females found “in cop”. 


The Goodalls left for Morecambe on 21st June, and I followed by train 
on the 26th, Dr. Goodall, with his usual kindness, meeting me at Lancaster 
and driving me to Witherslack, where Mr. and Mrs. Tierney received me 
at the Derby Arms with their constant consideration and hospitality. I 
had lured Dr. Clarke, who had not collected in the North before, to 
Witherslack, and he and Mrs. Clarke, with her sister and brother-in-law, 


Mr. and Mrs. Austin, arrived on 30th June. We had a most pleasant and 
successful fortnight, the party being joined by the Rev. G. Ford and Mrs. 
Ford of Balsham, later, Mr. Ford was fortunate in taking Hyppa rectilinea 
Esp. near Windermere, a first record I believe. 

We took, among many other species, Tethea fluctuosa Htibn., and 
Plusia interragationis L. (the last, a first record), at Newby Bridge, by 
Wndermere, and all the usual species occurring on Meathop Moss, except 
Carsia paludata, for which we were too early. My bag of Anarta myrtilli 
L. (which normally is too quick for me), was entirely due to Mr. Austin 
who, though not a collector, is always ready to take a net, and is far 
more dexterous with it, or with a pill box, than some I could name. A 
scramble up Langdale Pikes (which I was supposed to direct, but on 
which I was soon outpaced by Dr. Clarke, whose net, much like the 
“Excelsior” banner, was always waving several hundred feet above the 
two of us toiling below), produced only four Erebia epiphron Knoch., and 
two Parasemia plantaginis L., the day becoming overcast. This was, 
however, balanced by a visit to Grey Knotts above the Honister Pass, a 
much easier proposition, as we were able to drive to 1,200 feet, while 
the remaining 1,000 feet was an easy slope on which our ladies had no 
difficulties. Here, epiphron was flying in quantity, and I am afraid to say 
how many were netted and boxed (Mr. Austin had 7 in his net at one 
time). After releasing about 50%, we still had a series each, and enough 
for my friends in Cornwall. Collecting time was limited by the gather- 
ing clouds, but even after epiphron had ceased flying, our ladies spotted 
many at rest on the short mountain grass. I have long maintained 
that the wandering collector’s most essential equipment should include 
one or more capable ladies, whose quickness of recognition far surpasses 
dull male vision. Discretion, however, should be exercised in introducing 
her or them to difficult ground on moss or mountain, since the following 
exchange is burnt into my memory—“R., we are not enjoying ourselves”! 
“It’s all right girls, quite dry and safe this way”. Splash!!! 

The view of Great Gable, Helvellyn, Skiddaw and Scafell from the 
crags on the summit was magnificent. We were joined at lunch by a 
wandering foxhound who accepted a share in a gentlemanly way. Dr. 
Goodall again guided us to many excellent collecting spots, including 
Sandscale on the N. Lancashire coast, where we took two good Dasychira 
fascelina L., and among other desiderata, Heliothis albicolon Hiibn., a 
first record for that place; and Arnside Knott in pursuit of Phothedes 


232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/XI1/1962 


captiuncula Treits., and the salmacis variety of Aricia agestis Schiff., 
which we also found at Grange-over-Sands. 

Dr. Clarke and I had, for quantity, one really first-class night in Black 
Tom’s Lane, where we were joined by two young collectors up for the 
night from Blackpool, and were able to give them a lot of moths they 
needed. As seems usual nowadays, their sugar had been a complete 
failure. 

On 12th July, I left Witherslack for Stirling to spend another fort- 
night with my old friend Mrs. Home at Aberfoyle. The trap (which I 
am told has become one of the recognised features on the Glasgow- 
Trossachs road), did not yield as well as usual, though I was able to send 
to friends a fair number of Plusia bractea Schiff. I had previously 
written to the local Forester, Mr. Ross, in the hope of getting up 2,000 
feet or over for a night on Ben Venue or another of the local mountains, 
which I believe have not yet been explored with m.v. However, the 
weight of my little generator (which has given as good service as the 
one I referred to in last year’s note, consistently failed me), limited me to 
the Forestry Landrover tracks, which in that area do not go over 1,200 
feet. I was most kindly driven up the Mentieth Hills, and lamped from 
dusk to dawn at 1,250 feet, being picked up again at 6 am. There was 
a keen wind blowing and a nearly full moon, so results were not as 
hoped, though two P. interrogationis and two very dark Trichiura 
crataegi L., were taken. The dawn over the Trossachs at 4 a.m. was 
wonderful, with the grouse waking in the heather all around, but I was 
glad of my borrowed plaid. 

The following night, Mr. Ross drove me into the heart of the great 
Flanders Moss below the Stirling road (the largest peat moss in Scotland, 
and said to have once been Rob Roy’s hideout for stolen cattle). Here 
I took two perfect, very dark Eurois occulta L., three D. fascelina, and 
two Dyscia fagaria Thunb., among other species. Again both sunset and 
dawn were splendid with the three Bens—Lomond, Venue and Ledi— 
looming into the sky. There was no wind, but a sudden queer half hour’s 
chill at 1.30 during which not a moth flew. 

I collected in the Mentieth Hills by day on several occasions, as in 
past years, finding Caenonympha tullia Miull., ssp. scotica Stgr. (rather 
worn) on the mosses at 1,100 feet or over, a contrast to its ssp. philoxenus 
Esp., which flies at Witherslack at sea level. There was little else of note 
flying except Argynnis aglaia L. and A. euphrosyne L., and a very few 
P. interrogationis, on the heather. After a very pleasant fortnight I came 
home on 26th July and had the pleasure of putting up Dr. Clarke in late 
September—the weather was vile, but he took a few moths he wanted. 

The only noteworthy incident occurred when lamping on the beach 
near Polperro, where a most inebriated lady appeared out of the night 
sat on the moth sheet, and told us her life-story, including her more 
interesting divorces. 

Old School House, Bodinnick, by Fowey, Cornwall. 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. IN CUMBERLAND.—I recently had given to me a 
fine male Death’s-head Hawk which had been found at Millom in South 
Cumberland about the end of April this year. The donor was unable 
to give me full details of the capture. I may add that I have not heard 
of any other atropos being noted in this district this year—Dr. NEVILLE 
L. BrrKETT, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 30.ix.1962. 


NOTES FROM CAMBER, SUSSEX 233 


Notes from Camber, Sussex 
By S. WAKELY 


A pleasant holiday was spent at Camber from 21st July to 4th August, 
1962. A number of particularly interesting Pyrales were taken as well as 
other species. 

Our bungalow was situated near the sand dunes to the east of Camber, 
and a number of moths were taken at m.v. there, although weather condi- 
tions were not really ideal. Results at sugar were very poor and included 
nothing of note. The best results were obtained at dusk with the help of 
a Tilley hand-lamp—the type with reflector which gives a powerful beam 
of light. 

I was very keen to know how to take Gymnancla canella Schiff. in its 
natural haunts and I knew one spot at the west end of Camber where its 
foodplant (Salsola kali) occurred and where in previous years I had found 
the larvae. Several visits were paid to this spot at dusk, but it was not 
until the 27th that I succeeded in seeing and capturing a specimen. The 
next night I caught another. I had expected to find the moth flying round 
or resting on the clumps of Salsola, tut it was not to be, and it is possible 
I was too early for the main emergence owing to the lateness of the 
season. Otherwise the moth must have been even more rare than I had 
thought. 

Mr. Tweedie, who lives about a mile away, joined me on several nights 
and I decided to let him have the next canella which came my way. When 
I did manage to net another (as I thought) it seemed darker and smaller 
than the others, but I passed it over to him. On the 31st I took two others, 
followed by one on lst August, another on the 2nd and on arriving back 
at the bungalow found another on the sheet under the m.v. These last 
five were all darker and smaller than the first two canella and it was not 
until I examined them later at home that I realised they were 
Heterographis oblitella Zell.—the species that turned up in numbers in 
May 1956, near Pitsea, Essex (Entomologist, 89: 152-4). This species had 
been classed as a very rare immigrant, but my five specimens were in 
perfect condition and it seems probable that they had been breeding 
locally—probably in the adjoining salterns. As far as I know this is the 
first time this moth has been taken in Sussex. 

On several nights, moths swarmed at the seedheads of the marram 
grass, which was sometimes sugared after drawing several heads together 
and placing a rubber band round them. The 27th was particularly good— 
the only night when I saw Agrotis ripae Hb. really common. Leucania 
litoralis Curt. and Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. were not uncommon on the 
marram, with litoralis also appearing occasionally at m.v. Only one 
Euxoa tritici L. was seen—probably an early one. 

Other species taken with the aid of the hand lamp included: Apamea 
oblonga Haw. (two on the salterns), Scopula emutaria Hb., Anerastia 
lotella Hb., Homoeosoma saxicola Vaugh., Aphomia sociella L., Platytes 
alpinellus Hb., Zeiraphera insertana F., Argyritis pictella Zell., and 
Bryotropha desertella Dougl. 

On the 24th, Mr. Tweedie invited me to accompany him on a trip in the 
evening. We went to Beckley, and soon got the generator running and 
the light fixed up. It was a really good night and among the species 
noted were: Tethea duplaris L., T. ocularis L., Ewproctis chrysorrhaea L., 


234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


Miltochrista miniata Forst., Apoda avellana L., Cucullia gnaphalii Hb., 
Paracolax derivalis Hb., Eana incanana Steph., Spilonota laricana Hein., 
Paltodora cytisella Curt., Sophronia semicostella Hb., and Coleophora 
spissicornis Haw. 

Pupae of Nephopteryx genistella Dup. were quite common spun up in 
webs on gorse on the west side of Camber. I have met with this locat 
species at many places from Dorset to Kent, but never in such numbers as 
at Camber. 

Pediasia aridellus Thunb. (Crambus salinellus Tutt.) was a species 
which really surprised me. I first netted one on the dunes, then another 
on the salterns. The lamp was placed on the ground while the latter was 
boxed, and I boxed another haif-dozen which fluttered about in the beam 
of the light. Then one was seen freshly emerged and drying its wings. 
On looking round I was amazed to see others drying their wings on the 
grass. Every few feet there was either a moth at rest or one drying its 
wings. The grass the moths were resting on was obviously its foodplant 
and I am grateful to Mr. C. A. Stace, who identified it as Puccinellia (Poa) 
maritima (Huds.), a grass already known as the foodplant of this loca) 
species. A few nights later, at the same spot, scores of others were seen 
again, many drying their wings from recent emergence. I had previously 
thought this a comparatively rare species occurring chiefly in small num- 
bers, but one lives and learns! 

On the 31st I was joined by Cant. Ellerton. He wanted Leucoma salicis 
L., pupae of which I had seen a few days previously spun up on willow 
in a nearby hedge. On visiting the spot not only pupae were found, but 
also larvae and several of the moths at rest on the leaves. Pupae of 
Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. were also common in webs in the hedges. In 
the afternoon we all went to Dungeness, some Mesotype virgata Hufn. be- 
ing taken at Lydd on the way. At Dungeness, a few larvae of Calophasia 
lunula Hufn. were found. We arranged to meet again next day when we 
had a trip to Appledore, where larvae and pupae of Nonagria sparganii 
Esp. were found in stems of the reed mace. 

At our m.v. light at the bungalow several insects of note were taken, 
including: Tethea duplaris L., Cossus cossus L., Arenostola elymi Treits. 
(one only), Earias clorana L., Semiothisa alternaria Hb., Parapoynx 
stratiotata L., Chilo phragmitellus Hb., Phalonia rubigana Treits. (badiana 
Hb.), Acleris comariana Z., Dichrorampha alpinana Treits., Calypha 
purpurana Haw., Aristotelia lucidella Steph., Agonopteryx propinquella 
Treits., and Argyresthia brockeella Hb. 


26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. 


New Records for British Ants, 1961-1962 


By C. A. COLLINGWOOD 


Several interesting discoveries have been made since my last notes on 
this subject (Collingwood, 1961a) and seem worth enumerating here. 

Formicoxenus nitidulus Nyl. This was discovered in strength in the 
Oid Wood of Meggernie in Upper Glen Lyon, mid-Perths. A number of 
males were promenading on the domes of two nests of the wood ant, 
Formica aquilonia Yarrow, 15/9/62. This adds a new locality and. 
county to those already given for Scotland (Collingwood, 1961b). I also 


NEW RECORDS FOR BRITISH ANTS, 1961-62 235 


had the pleasure of re-discovering F. nitidulus near Nethy Bridge, again 
with F. aquilonia in the same neighbourhood where Donisthorpe took it 
after much search in 1913. Mr. L. Weatherill tells me that he has also 
seen F. nitidulus near Aviemore in the same vice-county. This rather 
elusive little inquiline has still to be recorded from large areas of Britain 
where wood ants are to be found. 

Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. This was the only ant seen when passing 
through Co. Fermanagh in June this year. It is now recorded from 
every vice-county and island group in the British Isles. 

Myrmica rubra L. This was taken in S. Tipperary, near Tipperary 
itself. 

Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl. A single worker was taken in late October, 
1961, on the slopes of Dunkery Beacon, S. Somerset. 

Myrmica sabuleti Mein. There are specimens in the Dublin Museum 
from S. E. Galway, a new vice-county record. Other new records include 
Ballymacomma, E. Cork and Rhyd Llanfair, Denbighshire, 5/62. 


Myrmica schencki Em. I found this ant in 9 localities this year in 
S.W. Ireland where it is certainly much more common than it is in 
England. New vice-county records include Cong, E. Mayo, 2/6/62, where 
I took a worker on a limestone outcrop above the river; and Deal, E. 
Kent, 29/7/62, where I found it on the golf course, rather to my surprise. 
One of the Irish colonies was located under a stone at Murrogh, Co. Clare. 
On disturbance, the workers promptly attacked a group of 8 dealate 
Lasius flavus queens sharing the same stone. I recorded M. schencki from 
a peat track in Somerset in 1960. The species was still there in 1961 but I 
was unable to find it again this year when the site was largely over-run 
by M. rubra. The suppression of M. schencki may have been due to 
direct aggression by M. rubra which is very abundant in the neighbour- 
hood, but the two species do not normally occur in the same sort of 
habitat; M. schencki is usually found in full sun exposure and it is at 
least as likely that the overgrowth of grass and other plants rendered 
this place unfavourable and correspondingly more favourable to the 
other species. I have noted another unusual juxtaposition before, where 
a nest of M. schencki in the Wyre Forest, Worcs. was adjacent to one of 
M. lobicornis. Here it was the M. lobicornis which had disappeared by 
the following year. 


Myrmica puerilis Staercke. I visited Deal again to follow up my 
discovery of this ant there in 1961 (Collingwood, 1962). I only found one 
nest at that time, but on this occasion, 29/7/62, several nests were seen 
on either side of the path between the golf course and the sea bank, and 
it is evidently well established there. M. sabuleti was also present in 
the neighbourhood, but not M. scabrinodis which would easily be confused 
with the very similar M. puerilis without careful examination. 


Myrmica lobicornis Nyl. Two nests of an almost black form of this 
species were disclosed under stones at Maryloch, Selkirks., 21/9/62. 

Leptothorax acervorum Fab. New records include Tunstall, E. Suffolk, 
Radwinter, N. Essex, 6/61, Cong, E. Mayo, Glengort, Limerick, and Mur- 
rogh, Clare, 5/6/62, and Rhayader, Radnor, 9/62. A nest of this ant was 
found in the Mourne mountains, C. Down, consisting of normal brood 
and 13 ergatoid or microgyne queens without workers. Donisthorpe 
(1927), describes a curious queen taken by Butterfield, near Keighley, 
Yorks., which had no trace of a petiole or postpetiole. I have an exactly 
similar specimen taken from a normal nest of L. acervorum at Cromford, 


236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


Derbyshire, 23/7/62. The gaster is joined directly to the epinotum by a 
neck, just as Donisthorpe described. No other queen was found in the 
nest which contained normal workers, males and brood. 

Tetramorium caespitum L. New records include Hamptsworth, S. 
Wilts., 9/61, and Knockadoon Head, E. Cork, 5/62. I am told that Mr. 
D. P. Walls has also taken this species in E. Cork in recent years. It is 
quite common on the Mizen peninsula of W. Cork, but it has not yet 
been found on the west coast north of there. 

Lasius niger L. This was abundant at Loughross Point, W. Donegal, 
6/62, the most northerly Irish locailty to date. 

Lasius brunneus Latr. This was found in some oak trees near Fleet, 
N. Hants. As in most other L. brunneus localities, Leptothorax nylanderi 
Foerst. was also present on the same trees nesting under bark. 

Lasius flavus Fab. This was common at Cong, E. Mayo, 5/62. 

Lasius mixtus. Nyl. New records include Wern Gron, Merioneth, in 
the vicinity of a thriving L. fuliginosus colony, Murrogh, Co. Clare and 
Cong, E. Mayo, 5/62. This ant was also found at Sneem, S. Kerry and 
Strand Bridge, Wicklow. It is apparently much more common in Ireland 
than L. umbratus sensu Donisthorpe. L. mixtus has also been taken re- 
cently at Hartland, N. Devon, and Bath, Somerset, confirming older re- 
cords for these vice-counties. 

Lasius fuliginosus Latr. A colony was found at the base of an oak 
tree near Redlynch, S. Wilts. 

Formica rufa L. I saw a nest of this species about 25 years ago near 
Llandiloes, Montgomeryshire. I have only recently been able to confirm 
this record from scrubby oak woods in the same neighbourhood, and also 
from a wooded hillside near Machynlleth in the same county, 5/62. 


Formica lugubris Zett. This was found in great strength along an oak 
wood just outside Rhayader, Radnorshire, on the mountain road leading 
towards the Devil’s Bridge. This interesting site is far to the south of 
recorded localities in N. Wales and England. Wales does not seem to be 
much visited by ant enthusiasts, and many areas of woodland have prob- 
ably yet to be explored. 

Formica fusca L. This was taken at Holme, Huntingdonshire, 7/62. 
There are specimens in the Dublin Museum from Howth, Co. Dublin, and 
a single queen from Meath. These are the only two additions to the 
known county distribution in Ireland. I searched for it in the counties 
of Wicklow, Wexford and Waterford, but could only find F. lemani Bond. 
So far, F. fusca appears to be common only around Glengarrif and Kil- 
larney in Cork and Kerry respectively. 

Formica sanguinea Latr. I had the pleasure of finding a small nest of 
this species in a bank in the Hamptsworth Heath area of S. Wilts., 9/61. 
This seems the most likely of our more conspicuous Formica species to 
turn up in fresh localities. 


REFERENCES 


Collingwood, C. A. 1961a. New vice-county records for British ants. Ent. Rec., 
73: 90-93. 

. 1961b. Ants in the Scottish Highlands. Scot. Nat., 70: 12-21. 

. 1962. Myrmica puerilis Staercke, an ant new to Britain. Ent. Mon. Mag., 
98: 18-20. 

Donisthorpe, H. 1927. British Ants, 2nd Ed. London. 


N. A. A. S., Burghill Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 


A RARE FORM OF APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS BOISD 237 


A Rare Form of Aporophyla australis Boisd and 
Migrant Leucanias at Dungeness, Kent, in 


October 1962 


By A. J. WIGHTMAN, F.R.E.S. 


1 spent the first four days of October at Dungeness, working sugar and 
not light apart from a Primus lantern, which I carried around and to 
which a few months were attracted. The weather was extremely good, 
with no wind and temperature above 60°F.; there was heavy rain on the 
3rd, but this cleared up at dusk, and the moths swarmed in. Having all 
day to prepare my round I sugared 250 posts and used the same posts on 
all four evenings. 

Very large numbers of moths visited the sugar and I estimate that 
during the four evenings over 2500 Phlogophora meticulosa L. alone put in 
an appearance. Among the more interesting species Leucania vitellina 
was fairly common and I counted in all twenty-five, of which the bulk of 
specimens were referable to ab. pallida Warr-Stz., but a few were very 
large and dark, a form between typical vitellina Hb. and the highly red ab. 
saturatior Dnhl. of L. albipuncta I counted twenty-two, all of a brownish 
ochre form, which I take to be the type form. As I was not taking either 
of these two Leucanias, apart from the high colour vitellina, some may 
well have paid several visits to the sweets and have been counted more 
than once. 

My real quest was for the very dark form of Aporophyla australis L., 
nearly unicolorous black examples of which had been taken by Mr. R. E. 
Scott of Dungeness last year at m.v. light, and in this I was successful. The 
form varies somewhat in the intensity of the black, some examples being 
dark brown, much the tone of the allied Aporophyla lutulenta and the 
size of the insects also varies greatly. I have examples of this form from 
East Suffolk which came from the recently disposed of collection of P. J. 
Burton, and there is a record from Sandwich. An insect taken there by 
Mr. A. J. L. Bowes is figured in Ent. Rec. 52: 33, where on the authority 
of H. J. Turner it is called ab. ingenua Freyer. There are two figures 
in Seitz Pal. Noct. Vol III, plate 30, named as ab. ingenua Fr., which to me 
represent these dark British forms, but in the supplement to that work 
the correctness of this determination as ab. ingenua is questioned, Count 
Turati having supposed that a second and larger species might be re- 
presented by those figures. As australis is a very variable species as to 
size, size alone could not sustain this supposed second species; but it may 
be that there are other points and that Turati was right in doubting that 
the figures were A. australis. Jules Culot Noctuelles et Geometres 
d’Europe Vol. I of the Noctuae has a really good figure of the dark Dunge- 
ness and East Suffolk forms which is a good deal blacker than the 
Sandwich example, and this figure is taken from an insect in the Turati 
Coll, from Sicily. 

Barrett records a very dark form of Aporophyla australis from the Isle 
of Wight, in Lepidoptera of the British Isles, Vol. IV, page 282, which had 
been taken by L. Prout, and it seems therefore that these dark forms 
occur in small numbers in many different areas, and may well be very 
widely distributed, but only likely to be recorded from areas where the 
species is sufficiently plentiful to be examined in large numbers, for 


238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


although Dungeness is well known to be an area where darkish forms 
occur, the Isle of Wight and Sandwich are reputed to be pale form areas, 
and the dark blackish forms must certainly occur in Cornwall where all 
the specimens seem dark compared to the forms usually found on the 
South Downs. 

Considerable numbers of Vanessa atalanta visited my sugar patches at 
Dungeness by day, and in the evenings many were to be found apparently 
asleep on the posts, and were easy to examine critically, and all I found 
were in bred condition. As there were no nettles at or very near to this 
spot, it is possible that these butterflies had assembled for migration, but 
they were resident for the period of my stay as the numbers seen on the 
three dry days and evenings were much the same each day. 


Butterflies in Provence and in England 
By S. R. BOWDEN 


I have recently returned from a visit (primarily photo-botanical) to 
the Provencal Alps. What is, in fact, most surprising about the Alpine 
countries is that everything is just as one had been told it would be. 
Butterflies are incredibly numerous and our rarities seem to be especially 
common. In late May and the first days of June the common white butter- 
flies were Leptidea sinapis L. and Aporia crataegi L., Graphium podalirius 
L. was commoner than Papilio machaon L., Cyaniris semiargus Rott. the 
commonest blue. Having an interest, I went after several butterflies that 
I thought might be Pieris napi L., but all were Pontia daplidice L. It 
becomes clear very rapidly that the limitation of a collection of Lepi- 
doptera to British-caught specimens is just another expression of the 
Englishman’s well-known determination to make his pleasures as difficult 
as possible. 

It is too late for me to begin a European collection, even if I still 
thought I could do any good with it. I did catch a good many species, but 
I should not add to scientific knowledge by listing such casual captures 
here. A much more comprehensive recent list for very much the same 
area, though about six weeks later in the year, has been given by G. 
Hesselbarth and H. G. Allcard (Ent. Rec., 68: 88-91). I identified my 
specimens with reasonable proximity from Le Cerf’s little book, Atlas des 
Lépidoptéres de France, I, Rhopalocéres (1960), which I found more con- 
venient to handle in the wilds than my backless copy of Lang’s Butterflies 
of Europe (1884). Whether, after all this time, it is more reliable, I do 
not know. One would also like much additional information, which it 
could easily have included. 

A butterfly which we saw repeatedly, but never in circumstances that 
allowed a capture, was a white admiral. Whether the insects were 
Limenitis camilla or sibilla or both I cannot be sure. Even specimens 
would not necessarily have decided the matter, as Le Cerf (like Lang) 
calls our white admiral sibilla L. (and the other camilla Schiff). I thought 
that this question was settled long ago in favour of camilla L. 

It was somehow disconcerting to find Colias hyale L. a common 
resident. When, on the way home on 6th June, I tried to capture a female 
in Haute-Saone, I soon found that males much outnumbered females, 
though this was not the beginning of the flight period. The same dis- 
crepancy is often found in Colias croceus Fourc. when it has invaded 


BUTTERFLIES IN PROVENCE AND IN ENGLAND 239 


England—as though some difference in behaviour has led to a separation 
of the sexes and falsified the ratio. Perhaps someone will do more than 
speculate as to what this difference may be. 

Presumably Colias croceus is a migrant even in Provence and we saw 
very few indeed. Vanessa cardui L. was numerous at widely separated 
places and probably was migrating northwards; during a short stop about 
fifteen miles east of Aix-en Provence (very light S.W. wind) I noticed 
several dozen flying past in the expected direction and only one apparently 
aimless. Two seemed to be chasing one another, but even if so did not 
lose much northerly speed. This was on 2nd June; on the following day 
we noticed many cardui going north over Mt. Ventoux (30 miles N.E. of 
Avignon). ; 

On 29th May, east of La Palud (Basses-Alpes), I picked up a large 
Parnassius larva feeding on Sedum by the roadside. This travelled round 
with us in the car, feeding voraciously when taken out for an airing at 
our many stops and biding its time, until three days later in the Esterel 
it deserted its box, which I had placed for maximum sunshine on a 
mountain road. I have no doubt it found plenty of Sedum if it still 
wanted any. 

An incident that may illustrate either the omnipresence of supposed 
rarities, or an extreme of unfortunate coincidence, occurred near Séderon 
on 38rd June. While I was rather idly examining the less spectacular 
weeds by the roadside, I put up my hand and grasped a young tree. 
Feeling something crush slightly, I withdrew my hand and found on it a 
viscous yellow fluid. On the far side of the trunk was a pupa of G. 
podalirius, showing the wing-pattern fully developed. It had certainly 
been within a day of emergence. 

It was during another roadside stop, this time N.W. of Annécy on 5th 
June, that we made an observation that might perhaps have been made 
at home, since it concerned Gonepteryx rhamni L., not cleopatra L. A 
male brimstone flew about us repeatedly and ultimately drew my full 
attention. I then noticed that it appeared to be attracted to the light 
yellowish-green cap of our vacuum flask. I moved the cap around the 
vicinity, but in each place the butterfly soon found it—even on the warm 
car-bonnet. Finally, after fluttering inside the cup for some time, rhamni 
decided that something was lacking which it had hoped to find, and 
lost interest. Strictly scientifically, what took place in the butterfly when 
it ‘lost interest’? For those who wish to take the matter further, the 
colour of the plastic was close to Munsell ref. 7.5 GY 8/5. 

A spring emergence of Lysandra coridon Poda, the males perhaps 
slightly duller than ours, was flying in many places (for example on Mt. 
Ventoux on 3rd June) though it was not as generally distributed as 
L. bellargus Rott. Presumably coridon is single-brooded farther north 
in France, as Le Cerf gives only July-August for its flight. 


The time has surely come for some study of the different European 
populations of coridon (including perhaps the Spanish hispana H.-S. and 
albicans H.-S.), somewhat on the lines of Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis’s work on 
British Aricia agestis Schiff. (Ent. Rec., 70: 141-148 and 169-178; Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 94-103). Major A. E. Collier’s results 
(Ent. Rec., 73: 71-73) imply that even English coridon is potentially 
double-brooded, and that the tendency is sometimes not without un- 
fortunate practical effect. How much does our blue differ in this respect 
from the Provencal insect, and how would each behave in the other’s 


240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


environment? However important temperature and day-length may be, 
one would expect some quantitative genetic difference. Experiments 
might be unexpectedly rewarding, but only an amateur is ever likely to be 
able to afford the time that they would demand. Time presses, as the 
chalkhill blue’s few remaining English localities diminish. One of the 
most interesting of European butterflies is not to be neglected merely 
because the attention that its imaginal variation received in the past 
from our insular specimen-hunters now seems rather pointless. 
Redbourn, Herts. June 1962. 


Notes on Microlepidoptera 
By H. C. Huggins, F.R.E.S. 


Crambus contaminellus Hiibn. This difficult insect is now being found 
in a good many southern localities, where no doubt it was previously 
overlooked. Its flight is of very short duration at dusk and it is difficult 
to disturb by day, so that unless one turns up at light to show it exists 
locally it may pass unnoticed for years. Further, it does not seem to 
wander to any great extent. It is found about two miles from this house 
at Leigh-on-Sea, but I have never found one in my trap here. The closely 
related C. salinellus Tutt is equally secretive by day, and of as short a 
flight at dusk, yet, although its haunts are at least four miles away as the 
crow flies I take one or more every year in the garden and Mr. D. Down 
has taken it at m.v. in the heart of the town. 

Another strange point about contaminellus is the prevalence to- ade of 
the black ab. sticheli of Constantini. I have a specimen taken at Leigh- 
on-Sea in 1950 and in the past three years have heard of two series of 
captures in the London area. So far as I know apart from my odd Leigh 
specimen, it was not known in this country till 1960, the only dark speci- 
mens I have seen taken before that date were of a rich dark brown, quite 
unlike sticheli, and were from Deal sand-hills. It might be inferred from 
the London captures that contaminellus is succumbing to the spread of 
melanism which has overtaken so many insects, but the blackest sticheli 
I have seen were caught by me in 1960 on the pure white sand at Tresco, 
Isles of Scilly, where the chalk white forms of Agrotis ripae Hubn. occur. 
As Mr Wackford Squeers remarked: ‘“She’s a rum un, is nature”. 


Agdistis bennetii Curt. The remarkable powers of flight of this frail- 
looking insect never cease to surprise me. On 8th August the night was 
very hot and overcast with a light south west wind, and no fewer than 
five bennetii came to my trap here. The nearest salting is at Leigh-on-Sea, 
three miles as the crow flies. It is somewhat spoilt by various commercial 
activities and I have not seen Crambus selasellus Hiibn, there since 1934 
and C. salinellus Tutt has always been an absentee, but bennetii is still 
common enough, so I suppose mine came from there. However, to cap 
this, Mr. D. Down had nearly a dozen on the same night at his m.v. light in 
the heart of Westcliff, to reach this the moths would have to have flown 
over four miles and passed several roads lit with sodium or in one case 
mercury vapour lamps. 


Old Irish micro records. A friend has asked me why, now that I have 
taken Platyptilia calodactyla Huibn. in West Kerry, I still consider that 
Foster’s record cannot definitely be adopted, as his insect is missing. The 
answer to this may be found in Dr. Beirne’s “List of the Microlepidoptera 


NOTES ON COLEOPTERA 241 


of Ireland,” p.58. Both the Johnson and Foster collections are extant, and 
Beirne found that many insects in them were wrongly identified, which 
was by no means re-assuring. Worse still, however, in the case of a 
number of species recorded by both these collectors, no specimen was to 
be found in the collections, and it appeared possible to Beirne that they 
had subsequently corrected their identifications but not their records. 


COLEOPTERA 


Notes on Coleoptera 
by A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc. 


Stenelmis canaliculata Gyll. (Elmidae)—This exceedingly interesting 
addition to the British List is brought forward in the Ent. mon. Mag. 
for June 1960 (96: 141-3) by M. F. Claridge and B. W. Staddon, who give 
a very full account of its discovery in Lake Windermere, with ecological 
and other details, and excellent drawings of the larva and perfect insect. 
As they point out, Canon Fowler, as long ago as 1889 (Col Brit. Isl., 3: 
375) wrote: “.... it is most probable that Stenelmis at least will be at 
some future period, established as British’—a ‘prophecy’ destined to be 
fulfilled seventy years later. A specimen was first taken by Mr. A. 
Amsden (4.vii.60), which led to its being found in some numbers, to- 
gether with its larvae, under flat stones in about 18 inches of water. 
Only a very high degree of localization could account for so distinctive a 
member of our fauna having escaped notice for so long—assuming it to 
have been with us from early times, which there is not much reason to 
‘doubt; and indeed, the authors of the above paper state that all their 
specimens came from the one small area, while intensive search at other, 
and apparently similar places along the lake edge, yielded none. The 
hypothesis of a more recent arrival in this country cannot, perhaps, be 
altogether ruled out, but there seems to be no evidence that Elmids ever 
migrate over long distances. 

As a further instance of very restricted range and high localization in 
the family, one may mention the curious spidery-looking Macronynchus 
4-tuberculatus Mull., for many years known only from a short stretch of 
the river Dove in Derbyshire, but discovered much later in the river 
Teme in Herefordshire (whence most of our present-day specimens come). 

Of another species, Riolus sodalis Er., there is but one British example 
ov record (S. Devon); it may have been a casual adventive, but it is more 
likely just extremely local and thus overlooked—besides which, it is not 
nearly such a distinctive insect as either of the other two mentioned. 

S. canaliculata is the ‘giant’ among the British species, reaching a 
length of 4.5 mm., and cannot possibly be mistaken for any other by 
reason of its elongate parallel form and squarish channelled thorax with 
prominent and truncate front angles; the elytra too, are furnished with 
strong raised lines. The larva is very elongate and resembles that of 
Latelmis volckmari Panz. 


Two new ‘British’ weevils of conifer plantations.—Two examples of 
Otiorrhynchus niger F. were taken in June 1950, in Rockingham Forest, 
Northants., by beating young trees of Sitka spruce (see Thompson and 
Styles, 1958, Ent. mon. Mag., 94: 183). These trees were grown from 
seed imported from British Columbia, but the beetle is a native of central 


242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


and southern Europe, living on various conifers. It somewhat resembles 
a small O. clavipes Bonsd. or fuscipes Ol—species which are not conifer- 
feeders in Britain—but, among other differences, is more rugose and has 
dark knees to the red legs. 

At the same time and place, Mr. Styles took, also from the Sitka spruce, 
a specimen of Polydrusus impar Gozis—a species found commonly in 
France on pine and spruce, and recorded as spreading northward in the 
last fifty years. It is a handsome and easily recognised species, 6-8 mm. 
long and clothed with fine, hair-like golden-green to partly-blue scales, 
except on the first and last elytral interstriae; the scutellum is conspicu- 
ously whitish, and the legs yellow-brown. (See Thompson, 1959, ibid, 95: 
15.) 

It may be premature, as yet, to claim these two weevils for the 
British list; but, while it may of course be that neither species will re- 
cur here, it is on the whole more likely that they will both be found 
again, probably before long, and will succeed in establishing themselves. 
Even if so, they are unlikely to become serious pests in this country. 
At any rate, coleopterists having easy access to plantations of young 
conifers, especially in the southern half of England, should keep a good 
look-out for either of them. 

Two other Continental beetles associated with these trees, and known 
to have been lately extending their range north-westward, may be briefly 
mentioned as not unlikely to occur here eventually. They are Laricobius 
erichsoni Rosen., a small but taxonomically interesting species, and the 
very large Scolytid Dendroctonus micans Kug. (which in Denmark, etc., 
has developed a strong liking for Sitka spruce, but appears not to be a 
major pest). The former belongs to a family, Derodontidae, hitherto un- 
represented in Britain, and is beneficial in feeding on aphides destructive 
to conifers. 


A postscript on Polydrusus prasinus Ol., ete.—Since writing on the 
British status of this species (1959, Ent. Rec., 71: 156) I have found three 
more specimens in collections beyond the three already referred to— 
one of them actually turned up in my own, of all the unlikely places! 
It was purchased some 30 years back, along with very many other ‘good 
things’, from the late E. W. Janson’s collection, but was among a number 
of beetles put away in a corner of an odd drawer for further inspection, 
and forgotten at the time of writing. Presumably, I had doubted its 
identity for some reason, but examination now proves it to be a genuine 
(and very fine) P. prasinus. On the back of the card is scrawled ‘Llandud 
5/65’, which clearly fixes it as having been taken by Sidebotham at Llan- 
dudno at the same time(or at any rate in the same month) as the examples 
in the Power collection from that place mentioned in my note. There is, 
moreover, a specimen in the Champion collection bearing a label ‘ex 
coll. Sidebotham’, and yet another in the Sharp collection without data— 
these also in the British Museum. It thus transpires (what is not specified 
by Fowler, Brit. Col., 5: 202) that at least four specimens, and very prob- 
ably more, were taken in the above Welsh locality. (There may, for 
instance, be others in Sidebotham’s own collection in the Manchester 
Museum.) The fact, therefore, that the species bred there seems certain, 
and its position on our list decidely strengthened. 

Among the more noticeable points serving to distinguish this beetle 
from the superficially rather similar Phyllobius maculicornis Germ., 
which has been mistaken for it (cf. Fowler, l.c.), the following should be 


A FEW NOTABLE DIPTERA FROM SURREY AND KENT, 1962 243 


added to those already given by me: the shortness of the antennal scape, 
the presence of the frontal impression, and the absence of erect pale hairs 
oa the elytra towards apex. 

Regarding Cassida prasina Ill., whose status I reviewed in a note 
following that already cited, I may add here that Mr. Lionel Cowley has 
kindly written to say that the Welsh specimen is in fact (as I had rather 
supposed) in the Tomlin collection at the National Museum of Wales, 
Cardiff, and is labelled ‘Candleston, May 1889’. I have since inspected 
the single examples in the Sharp and Champion collections. The former, 
with only a number beneath the card, is doubtless one of those on which 
Fowler’s Scottish record was based, and there should be at least one or 
two further specimens from this source extant. The Champion specimen 
is labelled ‘Otterbourne/Hants/H.S.G., and is, thus, evidently that re- 
corded as taken by Gorham at Twyford—the two places being only about 
three miles apart. 


DIPTERA 


A Few Notable Diptera from Surrey and Kent 
1962 


By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc. 


Two additions to the list of flies of Bookham Common.—As the 
Calliphorid Pollenia vagabunda Meig. is so rare in Britain and I had 
already taken a specimen at Clandon, Surrey, two years ago (1961, Ent. 
mon. Mag., 97: 88), I was astonished to come across it again so soon after- 
wards at Bookham Common (in the same county) on 13th April of the 
present year; the more so as the Diptera of the locality have been well 
worked and this species not previously found. Moreover, not just a single 
specimen but at least four were seen that day, of which I managed to 
capture two. All were sitting on tree trunks in the sun; those caught on oaks 
in the woods near the station, the others on birches in a more open heathy 
area. Its common congener P. rudis F. (from which the present species is 
readily known by its bluish abdomen with the shifting patches less broken 
up, its altogether darker aspect, and average larger size) occurred, more 
freely of course, in the same situations. On a later visit (26.iv) no further 
P. vagabunda were seen; on the trunks then the dominant fly was the 
glittering gold green Tachirid Gymnochaeta viridis Fln. Considering its 
previous British history—a mere handful of specimens from scattered 
localities—it is hard to avoid the conclusion that Pollenia vagabunda has 
of late years been increasing and spreading in Surrey, and may now be 
in process of colonizing the Bookham area. Oxshott (in coll. B.M.) should, 
by the way, be added to the few places cited in my 1961 note where the 
species has been taken. 

On my second visit to the Common this spring, as above, I netted among 
some old grass tussocks in an open place by the side of a path through the 
woods a Muscid fly which proved to be Phorbia grisea Ringd. 
(Anthomyiinae). The host plant of this species appears to be Molinia 
caerulea, which was almost certainly the grass just mentioned. The 
specimen was kindly determined by Mr. E. A. Fonseca, and revresents 
another addition to the published list for Bookham Common (Parmenter, 
1949, Lond. Nat.: 98-133; supplement: (?date) ibid. 39: 66-76). 


244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


Ditricha guttularis Meig. at Box Hil!.—This Trypetid seems far from 
common in at least the metropolitan district, if not the south-east gener- 
ally. Niblett (1956, The Flies of the London Area (3, Trypetidae): 1955, 
Lond. Nat. (Reprint 101): 86) records it from four localities only, ali in 
the Surrey sector of the area: Bookham Common, Farthing Down 
(Coulsdon), Fetcham, and Lacey Green. Although Box Hill is just outside 
the London Area as defined (a 20-mile radius from St. Paul’s) it may be 
worth reporting the capture of three examples of the fly by sweeping 
there on list August where its foodplant, Achillea millefolium, grows 
scattered about the bottom of Juniper Valiey near the entrance from 
Headley Lane. 

Gonioglossum wiedemanni Meig. new (?) to N.W. Kent.—Another 
Trypetid which seems quite scarce in this part of the country; it is not in 
H. W. Andrews’ List of Trypetidae taken in North Kent (1939, Ent. Rec., 
51: 153-5), and in the 1956 list for the London area cited in the preceding 
note the only records are for five Surrey localities. At Abbey Wood on 
2nd July—the occasion of first taking Solva marginata as under—I had the 
satisfaction of finding a specimen of G. wiedemanni in my net after sweep- 
ing in a hedge where some white bryony—its foodplant—was trailing; but 
on neither this nor later visits were any further specimens forthcoming. 
The plant was not as luxuriant as in several places nearer here where, 
however, I have never seen the fly. It appears to be a local species of 
very irregular frequency, and to have a rather short adult life so that the 
imagines are not often met with at large, except in odd individuals; but is 
occasionally to be bred in numbers from the berries. ; 

Solva (=Xylomyia) marginata Meig. in a new suburban locality.—A 
strong colony of this interesting Stratiomyid was found at the beginning 
of July on and about old black poplars on the edge of a large housing- 
estate occupying what was formerly part of the Abbey Wood Marshes, 
near Plumstead. A dozen examples were collected—a week later they 
were much fewer. Most likely, from the great numbers of empty puparia 
or larval skins present under the bark of one quite dead poplar, the 
species might at suitable times be considerably more abundant—perhaps 
rather earlier in the year. No living larvae or pupae were discovered; 
they doubtless occur in the rotten interiors (the outer wood, even when 
dead, being hard). The flies are sluggish, sitting about on the trunks and 
amongst any foliage near at hand, and only rather reluctantly taking to 
the wing even when disturbed. They were not to be found on wholly dead 
trees, nor on quite sound ones, but only on some of thcse which were 
partly dead or dying; three flies was the most yielded by any single tree. 


S. marginata tends to be erratic in occurrence and used formerly to be 
regarded as very rare and as attached to decayed poplars in Cambridge- 
shire, but was once or twice taken in profusion. Later records are far 
more scattered and include such places as London (Bedford Park and the 
grounds of the Natura! History Museum, singly). Mr. L. Parmenter once 
took a specimen while travelling on a bus, and further tells me that the 
nearest locality to Abbey Wood, where he knows it to have occurred, is 
Beckenham, also in N.W. Kent. The late Mr. Philip Harwood records in 
his diary the capture of three specimens in his garden at 
Wimborne, Dorset, between 6.30 and 7 p.m. on 23.vii.56, and another the 
next day at the same time. This suggests the possibility of habitual 
evening flight. Probably the species has been oftenest obtained freely by 
breeding. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245 


Acrocera globulus Panz. at Darenth, Kent—On 21st June I took a 
specimen of this curious little spider-parasite by beating apple trees in an 
orchard at Darenth Wood (the scene of so many captures, mostly in 
earlier times, of choice insects of various orders) whilst in search of cer- 
tain weevils of the genus Anthonomus. Though the afternoon was warm, 
the fly was extremely sluggish, even seeming at first to be dead, but was 
not in fact so since it clung motionless to the cork of its tube until killed 
the next day. This quiescence (unless, indeed, it had been induced by the 
impact of my beating-stick!) appeared rather to be normal, reminding 
one in that respect of some of the small Stratiomyids such as Pachygaster. 
The species, no doubt, is the least uncommon of our three British Cyrtidae; 
and to judge from the localities attached to the long series in the British 
Museum—including one so near to Darenth as Dartford—is widely spread 
in at least the south-eastern districts, yet is, I believe, seldom found any- 
where in any numbers. 


Notes and Observations 


ABNORMAL COLORATION IN COLOUR OF CUCULLIA LYCHNITIS Ramb. Larvae. 
—I was interested in the note under the above heading by Raymond F. 
Haynes in the September number, page 192. This species is very abun- 
dant in West Sussex in some seasons, and then almost absent for a year 
oz so, due I am sure, to the fact that the foodplants Verbascum nigrum 
and V. lychnitis are most plentiful on waste ground, and are liable to 
disappear from their known stations for a year or so and then appear 
again at a different spot in the same area, and also to the fact that this 
species often lies over as a pupa for up to seven years occasionally, and 
for two or three years quite often. 

This is a most variable larva, and while the figure mentioned as re- 
presenting the usual form in W. J. Stokoe’s book does represent a very 
common form, it is only one among many variants. I have taken the 
form described by Mr. Haynes, it is figured by Buckler, Vol. VI, figs. 3 
and 3a on plate XCVII. Having examined many hundreds, if not 
thousands of these larvae, in the search for unusual forms, I can say 
that the larva of this species can be unicolorous yellow, apple green or 
pale green, and from these extremes have a marking that is anything be- 
tween these rare extremes to the Stokoe figure mentioned, and 
thence to very heavily black-marked bands, as figured by Buckler in 
figure 3d. The imagines of this species are not so varied in colour, but 
nevertheless there are a number of shade variations——A. J. WIGHTMAN, 
Pulborough, Sussex. 


NOTES ON SOME LEPIDOPTERA AT BROMLEY.—I wonder if any reader has 
had difficulty in rearing Morma maura L.? In the autumn of 1960 I found 
half-a-dozen young larvae on ivy-blossom when inspecting it for the more 
usual reason, and last winter I found a half-grown larva crawling up a 
roadside fence. All these larvae fed up easily enough on dock and, in 
the spring, on hawthorn. During the winter they appeared to eat when- 
ever the weather was mild. Nevertheless, none of these larvae pupated. 
They formed loose cocoons in a mixture of earth and peat which had 
proved satisfactory for larvae such as Lampra fimbriata Schreber which 
had been brought through the winter with them. In each case, the larvae 
appeared to have died while in the process of pupating as the pupal 


246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


integument was partially evident. They appeared to have been attacked 
by mould, but I am unable to say whether this was the reason for, or the 
result of their demise. : 

Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. has been unusually evident in my garden 
this year. I have noticed some 14 specimens in and around my m.v. trap, 
compared with only 1 last year. All my attempts at obtaining eggs have 
failed. I do not know whether this species lays less readily than its allies 
or whether my separation of females from males has been faulty. On the 
other hand, I was pleased to get plenty of eggs from a female Sterrha 
straminata Borkh. These were laid in a curious manner—either one or 
several eggs up to about four being attached to the top of a slender fila- 
ment fixed at the base to the surface of the box in which the moth was 
confined—somewhat reminiscent of lacewing eggs. I did not observe the 
actual egg-laying or how the filament was produced. It would be interest- 
ing to discover exactly what advantage this particular moth obtains from 
the method of deposition, but I do not suppose that anyone has found an 
egg of this species in nature. Does any related species have a similar 
habit.—D. R. M. Lone, White Croft, Mavelstone Close, Bromley Kent. 
15.x.1962. 


PAPILIO MACHAON LINN. IN KENT.—On 26th August 1962, a specimen of 
Papilio machaon Linn. was caught whilst visiting Sweet William 
(Dianthus), by hand, by Geoffrey Howe, aged 5, in his garden at Bexley- 
heath. The specimen, now rather the worse for wear, has been examined 
and is ssp. gorganus.—A. J. SHOWLER, 28 Lynsted Close, Bexleyheath, 
Kent. 


EUPITHECIA INTURBATA Hb., at CHATTENDEN.—Although Eupithecia intur- 
bata Hb. is usually associated with large maples, two larvae were beaten 
from the branches of a young tree at Chattenden, Kent, on 25th May 
1962. Both had spun up by 30th May, and one moth emerged on 26th 
July. Is this insect really restricted to large maples, or is it that a large 
tree is easier to beat and provides more flowers for less effort on the 
part of the beater?—A. J. SHOWLER, 28 Lynsted Close, Bexleyheath, Kent. 


VANESSA CARDUI LINN. IN Kent.—The first Vanessa cardui Linn. of the 
year was noted at Shorne, Kent, on 13th June 1962. Three more were 
observed on the following day, two at Cobham and one at Wilmington. 
On 15th, five were seen around Eynsford and Shoreham, and one more 
was reported from Chatham, whilst on the next day, two were noted at 
Tunbridge Wells. On 17th, a specimen of V. atalanta Linn. was seen 
Ovipositing on nettle in Joydens Wood, Bexley. The evidence suggests 
a fairly widespread migration into Kent during this period, borne out by 
the fact that both insects have been quite common during September.— 
A. J. SHOWLER, 28 Lynsted Close, Bexleyheath, Kent. 


NEw Forest IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA, 1962.—I have been spending the 
summer in the New Forest, and early in June when visiting Mr. F. W. 
Gardner of Brockenhurst he showed me a superb long series of Laphygma 
exigua Hubn. in remarkably fresh condition which he had taken on the 
night of 6th-7th May at his m.v. trap there. He told me that on going out 
to the trap in the morning there were, at a rough estimate, at least one 
hundred specimens of this species in and around the trap, and that the 
birds in all probability had taken at least as many! Small numbers of 
this species were recorded widely from several Southern English localities 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247 


on this particular night and subsequently, but Mr. Gardner’s massive 
record seems to indicate that the centre of the immigrant wave on that 
night may well have been the Hampshire coast line. This supposition is 
supported by the fact Mr. L. W. Siggs of Minstead also had a large number 
in his trap on the same night. Small numbers of L. exigua continued to 
enter all our New Forest traps throughout the summer in decreasing 
numbers and condition, and I found no evidence of a subsequent home 
bred generation. 

In June Vanessa cardui L. was common in gardens, and a few fresh 
specimens appeared in September, together with a few V. atalanta L. 
Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and Plusia gamma L. were common but not 
swarming throughout the summer, and the latter at least produced a good 
autumn brood. Mr. F. W. Gardner also took a good female Rhodometra 
sacraria L. on 31st July in his m.v. trap. We both also had one or two 
Leucania vitellina Hiibn., mine coming unexpectedly to m.v. in the depths 
of one of the enclosures! Caradrina ambigua Schiff. was abundant in 
good condition in September, and these may well have bred locally. One 
very worn Palpita unionalis Hibn. entered my m.v. trap on 14th September 
at Lyndhurst.—Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), Neadaich, Newton- 
more, Inverness-shire. 10.x.62. 


SALDULA PALLIPES F. (HEm.-HET.): A CORRECTION.—In a note in 1958, Ent. 
Rec., 70: 197-8, I recorded the jumping bug Saldula pallipes F., among 
other species of the genus, from Lymington Salterns (S. Hants.) and 
Yarmouth (I. of Wight). Since that was written, however, it has been 
established that most maritime and estuarine records of this species 
actually refer to S. palustris Doug.—a species so nearly related as to be 
scarcely separable in individual cases, yet now thought to be distinct. 
(Cf. Southwood and Leston, 1959, Land & Water Bugs of the British Isles: 
333.) As expected, all my exponents of pallipes from the above places 
turn out to be palustris—as kindly confirmed by Mr. R. J. Izzard of the 
Dept. of Entomology, British Museum. It is desirable therefore to make 
this correction.—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 14.x.62. 


ZYGAENA PURPURALIS BRUN. ON THE ISLE oF E1Gc.—It is well known 
that a colony of Zygaena purpuralis Briin. occurs on Rhum, and Campbell 
has introduced the insect on Canna, but I have seen no mention of its 
occurrence on either of the other Small Isles. Muck is rather low lying 
and the ieast likely of the islands on which to find it, but on 31st July 
1961, I was fortunate in finding one purpuralis at rest on a patch of Thyme 
on the rocky south coast of Eigg. This is a late date for the moth, and 
no others were seen, so I am unable to suggest how common or other- 
wise it might be—A. J. SHOWLER, 28 Lynsted Close, Bexleyheath, Kent. 

NORTHERN LIMIT OF XYLOMIGES CONSPICILLARIS Linn.—While collecting 
in Randan Wood, Worcs., on the night of 2nd of June 1962, with my 
friend E. A. B. Stanton and his son John, I had the good fortune to find 
X. conspicillaris Linn. crawling in the herbage some two yards from the 
edge of the m.v. sheet. From other records at my disposal it would 
appear that this is the most northerly limit to date, only being 15 miles 
South-West of Birmingham.—L. J. Evans, 73 Warren Hill Road, Birming- 
ham, 23. 


248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


SCHRANKIA COSTAESTRIGALIS STEPH. IN WORCESTERSHIRE.—On another 
oceasion at Randan Wood (17.vii.62) we were just packing up when John 
Stanton picked up what he thought to be a micro, but it was not until the 
insect was being set that it was found to be S. costaestrigalis Steph. A new 
record for this area.—L. J. Evans, 73 Warren Hill Road, Birmingham, 23. 


Current Literature 


WaTER BEETLES AND OTHER THINGS, HALF A CENTURY’S WoRK. By Frank 
Balfour-Browne. 83” xX 5”. Pp. viii, 219, 4 figures and 7 tables. Blacklock 
Farries & Sons Ltd., Dumfries. N.D. Price 25/-. 


It is unfortunate that the date of publication is not shown. A reader 
in years to come may not look through the bibliography, but if he does he 
will find (on p. 158) a reference to a publication of 1960 and from this infer 
that the book appeared soon after (in 1962 in fact). 

The Historical Introduction tells the story of the author’s career and 
makes interesting reading. 

In Chapter II he discusses the lists of Marsham, Stephens, Schaum, 
Hamlet Clark, David Sharp and Fowler. He then deals with the additions 
since 1887 and concludes with some amusing references to nomenclature. 

Chapter III is headed “The County and Vice-County System”. It gives 
a very readable account of the various attempts to devise a system and it 
explains in detail the Typomap of the British Isles. This explanation will, 
one hopes, often be consulted. There follows an account of “My Method”, 
most instructive and written in the author’s lively style. This Chapter has 
its own bibliography, as also have Chapters VII and VIII. Now a 
peculiarity of the book is that Chapter IX is entirely devoted to biblio- 
graphy. It covers over 60 pages and will be of the greatest value to the 
student but he must be careful because the items listed in the earlier 
bibliographies are mostly (perhaps wholly) omitted from Chapter IX. 

The Chapters dealing with Habitat (V) and Types of Collecting (VI) 
will be eagerly read by those studying water beetles. There is much with 
which some wili disagree in Chapter VII where the author treats of the 
origin of British water beetle fauna but it is enjoyable reading. He 
concludes his text with a Chapter entitled “Problems” chiefly devoted to 
Classification and to Reproduction: Sexual and Parthenogenetic. This last 
is numbered “3” for no apparent reason but once again the treatment is 
a delight to read, whether one agrees or not. 

In this book there is much for the general entomologist, more for the 
coieopterist and still more for those interested in water beetles. For them 
it is altogether indispensable. In addition to the usual general index there 
is at the end an Index of Authors which should be useful. But the great 
joy of the book is the feeling one gets that here in truth is an account of 
Half-a-Century’s Work, an account written by one who knows his subject 
and has known his places and his people.—T. R. EaG Les. 


ERRATUM.—I must apologise for an error in the penultimate paragraph 
of the article “Scotland 1962” in the September issue. The reference to 
Horisme tersata Schiff. should, of course, have been to Scopula ternata 
Schrank.—R. G. CHATELAIN. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (81) 


Nudaria mundana L. Muslin Footman. 

Resident, perhaps native. Woods, wet places, gardens; foodplant un- 
known. Scarce and uncertain in appearancee. Apparently extinct in 
W. Kent. 

1. Lewisham, 1845 (Stainton, Zoologist, 1194). Hither Green, Lee, 
two, July 27, 1861, sixteen taken, July 17, 1862; Eltham Swamp, abundant, 
July 14, 1866 (Fenn, Diary). Blackheath, on fences (W. West, in Wool. 
Surv.(1909)). Sydenham, quite common (Barrett, Br. Lep., 2: 199). 

2. Gravesend* (see First Record). Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 

3. East Blean, 1926 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Ridgeway (A. J. L. Bowes). 
Whitstable, several ¢¢ (P. F. Harris). Broad Oak, one, August 2, 1946, 
one, July 31, 1948; both at light (C.-H.). 

4. Deal, one, July 28, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 203). Minster*, 1914 
(H. G. Gomm, Diary). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 84). Chattenden Roughs 
(Chaney (1884-87)). 

7. Darland Hill; Wigmore (Chaney (1884-87)). Boxley, one, “Boxley, 
E. Bartlett”, in Maidstone Mus. (C.-H.). Bearsted (G. Law, teste E. J. 
Hare). Westwell, 1948 (E. Scott). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Stowting (C. A. W. Duffield). Stelling 
Minnis, one, July 15, 1931 (G. H. Youden). Haddling Wood, Waldershare, 
two, July 16, 1937 (E. & Y.(1949)). ; 

10. Sundridge, July 1825 (Ingpen, in Stephens, Haust., 2: 84). 

11. Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Wateringbury, eight (E. Goodwin coll.). 
Hoads Wood, August 3, 1954 (P. Cue). 

12. Hothfield (H. C. Huggins). Near Sellinge (Morley (1931)). Hinx- 
hill, July 24, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes). Wye* (Scott (1936)). Birchett Wood, 
Ham Street, one at dusk, July 16, 1932 (A. M. Morley); at light, July 24, 
1934 (A. J. L. Bowes); July 27, 1951 (E. H. Wild). Brook (Scott (1950)). 
West Ashford, two 9 9, taken along a hawthorn hedge, August 1960 (M. 
Singleton and M. Enfield). 

14. Sandhurst, July 17, 19-21, 23, 30, 1932, July 10, 20, 26, 1933, July 
24, 1934, July 16, 1935, July 4, 13, 16, 1937, July 19, 1939, July 3, 1943, July 
5. 1945, July 12, 19, 1949, July 7, 15, 20, 1953; mostly noted at light, but not 
seen here previously to 1932, i.e., from 1923-31 (Bull, Diary). Hunts 
Wood, one, July 27, 1951 (G. H. Youden). 

First Recorp, 1809: “. . . prope Gravesend Com, Cantii, copiosissime’”’ 
(Haworth, Lep. Brit., 2: 156). 


Comacla senex Hiibn.: Round-winged Footman. 
Native. Marshy places, carr; foodplant unknown. Extinct in 1. 


1. Lee (see First Record); eleven, July 16-17, 1863 (Fenn, Diary) 
(Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 58); disappeared soon after 
1878 (R. Adkin, in Wool. Surv. (1908)) (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1934-35: 56, 126). Eltham (V.C.H. (1908)); may refer to the preceding 
records. 

2. Fairbrook Alders, near Faversham (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 46). 
Dartford Marshes, one, July 20, 1887; three, July 6, 1889 (Fenn, Diary). 
Greenhithe (V.C.H. (1908)). Shorne Mead (H. C. Huggins). Higham, July 
29, 1926 (F. T. Grant). Sittingbourne, several, June 26, 30, 1949 (C.-H.). 
Aylesford, 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). 

4. Deal (Harding, Entomologist, 2: 194); July 9, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 
2: 203). Sandwich (V.C.H. (1908)). Reculver, not uncommon on sedges, 


(82) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ X1/1962 


33d, 29, July 21, 23, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes). Westbere, a few, July 23, 
1946 (C.-H.). Ickham, plentiful at m.v. (D. G. Marsh). 

6. Springhead, common (H. C. Huggins). 

7. Bearsted (G. Law, teste E. J. Hare). Westwell, 1951 (E. Scott) 
(Scott, Ent. Gaz., 5: 123). 

11. Hoads Wood, c. 1953 (P. Cue). 

12. Near Canterbury*, one, at sugar (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). 
Hothfield Bog, common; Hinxhill (Scott (1936)). Orlestone Woods, two, 
July 2, 1946 (C.-H.). Brook, 1951 (C. A. W. Duffield, teste E. Scott). 
Willesborough, one, August 3, 1954 (W. L. Rudland). Ham Street, 1959 
(de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 177). 

13. Tunbridge Wells (Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tunbridge Wells MS.). 

14. Tenterden (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 46). 

15. Appledore, very plentiful, July 1898 (Heitland, Entomologist, 31: 
221). Dungeness, one, August 15, 1931, ten at dusk, July 23, 1932, many 
at dusk, August 3, 1934, one, August 4, 1935, three, August 11, 1946 (A. 
M. Morley); common at the ponds, August 5, 1934; July 22, 1935; August 
6, 1938 (A. J. L. Bowes); fairly common, 1949 (Morley, Trans. Folkestone 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1949: 17); four at light, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); one, 
August 19, 1958 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton); 1959 (C. R. Haxby). Dymchurch, 
one, July 7, 1933 (A. M. Morley); 1952 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 65: 44). 

16. Folkestone Town, one, at m.v., 1954 (R. W. Fawthrop, teste A. M. 
Morley); one, at m.v., June 4, 1960; one, at m.v., June 7, 1961, “both un- 
usually early dates” (A. M. Morley) (these abnormally early appearances 
are very remarkable (C.-H.)). 

First RecorpD, 1861: Manor Farm Lane, Lee, “Stainton says he has 
taken it at the sallow pit’ (Fenn, Diary, 2.viii.1861). 


Miltochrista miniata Forst.: Rosy Footman. 

Native, Woods; foodplant unknown. Frequent in 3, 6a, 10-14. 

Obs.—Usually fairly numerous at light in Orlestone Woods, and on a 
good night, as many as 20-30 may be noted (C.-H.). Stone-in-Oxney 
(div. 14), one by day, July 4, 1933, near the border of div. 15 (A. M. 
Morley). 

1. The only comparatively recent records for this division are:— 
West Wickham, at sugar, 1926 (S. Wakely); 1951 (E. Trundell). Lessness 
Abbey Woods (Newell, Trans. Plumstead & Dist. nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 
12); 1953 (J. Green). Woolwich (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 138); refers 
to the preceding occurrence. Dartford district (B. K. West). Farning- 
ham Wood, several, June 26, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). 

2. Sheppey, one, June 16, 1868 (J. Walker MS.). 

4. Ickham, not uncommon at m.v. (D. G. Marsh). 

5. Halstead, 1925 (Frampton, Entomologist, 59: 173). 

6. Pinden (E. J. Hare). 

7. Westwell, July 5, 1932 (Bull, Diary). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Har- 
bottle). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Reiden Wood, 1882 (Salwey, 
Entomologist, 15: 198); two at light, July 27, 1948 (A. M. Morley). White- 
hill Wood, near Bridge, one, July 6, 1930 (A. M. Morley). Near Walder- 
share; Dover (E. & Y. (1949)). 

16. Folkestone Town, ¢, at mv., July 2, 1952; one, by R. W. Faw- 
throp, at m.v. (in 1954) (A. M. Morley). 

VARIATION.—The ab. in which the wings are pale yellow without any 
trace of red, flava de Graaf (= crocea Bign.) appears to be rare, and only 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (83) 


two specimens from Kent are known:—Orlestone Woods, g, June 27, 
1952 (C.-H., Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 21); Holt Wood, 
Aylesford (div. 11), 1956 (Davis, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 
25). 

First RrEcorp, 1829: Near Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 91). 


Setina irrorella L.: Dew Moth. 

Native. Chalk downs and undercliff, shingle beach; foodplant un- 
recorded. Very local. Doubtless long extinct in 1; probably casual in 11. 

1. “Several specimens have been caught on Dartford-common and 
near Birch-wood” (Stephens, Haust., 2: 99). 

6. Near Rochester* (see First Record). Shoreham, one, 1904 (R.C.K.). 
Shoreham; Otford (V.C.H. (1908)). Kemsing, one taken, June 1938 (A. M. 
Swain). 

8. Dover.—‘taken in some plenty”, near Dover, June 1851 (Spilsbury, 
Zoologist, 3289). On the downs between Dover and St. Margaret’s Bay, 
four; June 27-28, 1908 (P. A. Cardew, Diary). In 1932, J. H. B. Lowe, B. 
Embry, and A. M. Morley found between eighty and ninety larvae in 
April below Shakespeare Cliff by day; from those kept by A. M. M.,3 dd, 
6 29 were bred June 24-July 10 (A. M. Morley). Deal.—1858 (Baldwin, 
Ent. week. Int., 4: 134); 1859 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 6: 91). St. 
Margaret’s Bay, one, by J. W. Tutt, August 1, 1890 (Fenn, Diary). Folke- 
stone.—Nineteen, June 1858 (Drury, Ent. week. Int., 4: 102); 2 gd, June 
5, 1859 (H. Tompkins MS.); August 1-2, 1860 (Fereday, Ent. week. Int., 9: 
139); Warren, common, 1869 (Vaughan, Ent. mon. Mag., 6: 94); common in 
the Warren towards the shore (Knaggs (1870)); July 1898 (Butler, Entom- 
ologist, 31: 243); in 1932, a larva, May 18, below the Royal Oak (A. M. 
Morley); two there, April 23, 1962 (C.-H.). Folkestone Warren.—One, at 
dusk, July 24, 1931, one, July 22, 1935, one, July 1, 1937, two, June 25, 1946, 
two, June 26, 1948 (A. M. Morley); a larva, below Capel, April 23, 1938, 
a larva, August 30, 1952, 2 ° 9, July 2, 1955 (C.-H.); two imagines, May 25, 
1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

11. Holt Wood, Aylesford, one at m.v., 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). 

15. Dungeness.—Larva not uncommon on stones, 1935, 1938 (H. C. 
Huggins); locally very abundant in the Bird Sanctuary, June 22, 1938 (A. 
G. Peyton, teste A. J. L. Bowes); 20-30 disturbed from rough herbage by 
the Hope and Anchor, July 4, 1950, all in good condition (A. M. Swain); 
three, June 6, 1950 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton); June 30-July 3, 1954 (R. F. 
Bretherton); July 28, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); at light, July 7-8, 1959 (C. R. 
Haxby, teste A. M. Morley). 


VARIATION.—In R.C.K. are the following abs.: signata Borkh., one, 
Folkestone, 1879, one Folkestone, 1885; brunnescens Hirschke, one, Kent, 
1883, one, Dungeness, bred H. B. D. Kettlewell, 1938; andereggii H.-S., one, 
“Shoreham, 1904”. Also, a heavily streaked ¢ ab., “Folkestone’’, “Coll. 
Boot of Derby”’. 

All Dungeness specimens that I have seen have been of particularly 
good size; I have 1 ¢, 5 9 9, taken by A. G. Peyton, June 19, 1938, al. exp. 
of 9 9 25-28 mm., ¢ 31 mm. (C.-H.). 

First REcorpD, 1816: “Taken copiously near Rochester in 1816, and the 
following year’ (Henslow, in Stephens, Haust., 2: 99). 


Cyhbosia mesomella L.: Four-dotted Footman. 
Native!. Woods, heaths, carr, etc.; foodplant unknown. Mainly off the 
chalk. No recent records for W. Kent, and apparently extinct in 1. 


(84) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 100). West Wickham (Barrett, 
Ent. week. Int., 4: 109). Pauls Cray Common, one, June 26, 1888, one, 
July 15, 1893 (Fenn, Diary); fairly common, 1911 (S. F. P. Blyth). Chisle- 
hurst (A. H. Jones, in Wool. Surv. (1909)), probably refers to St. Pauls 
Cray Common (C.-H.). Bexley dist. (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. 
(1909)). 

3. Blean Woods, twenty-four taken, June 10-11, 1865 (Fenn, Lep. Data 
MS.). Near Canterbury*, a few at sugar (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). 
East Blean Wood, Church Wood, and Clowes Wood, 1922-27 (H. G. Gomm, 
Diary). Mincing Wood, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes). Timber Wood and Paddock 
Wood, common, 1938-39; Great Hall Wood, 1949; Church Wood, one, June 
13, 1953 (C.-H.). 

4. Ham Fen, five, July 9-11, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 203); one, c. 1955, 
one, July 3, 1960 (C.-H.). Deal (E. & Y. (1949)). 

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.); one, June 21, 1862 (Fenn, Diary). 
Chattenden, two, July 16, 1869 (Walker MS.); one, June 24, 1884 (Fenn, 
Lep. Data MS.); two or three annually, 1902-10 (H. C. Huggins) [Chatten- 
den] (Porritt, Entomologist, 7: 181). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Near Barham, one, 1926 (KE. & Y. 
(1949)). Elham (W. E. Busbridge). West Wood, one, 1935 (C. J. Goodall, 
teste A. M. Morley); one, beaten out of spruce, June 19, 1950 (A. M. 
Morley). 

10. Brasted, July 6, 1901 (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1901: 22). Sevenoaks (W. E. Busbridge). 

11. Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Hoads Wood, 1951, common, 1953 (E. 
Scott); 1956 (C.-H.). Aylesford, c. 1954 (G. A. N. Davies). 

12. Ham Street Woods.—(Scott (1936)); of regular occurrence in many 
parts of Orlestone Woods, particularly so in the more open places, and 
heathy spots (C.-H.); June 2-5, 1950 (R. F. Bretherton); June 10, 1960 (R. 
G. Chatelain). Brook* (Scott (1936)); 1951 (C. A. W. Duffield, fide E. 
Scott). Wye, one, June 22, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Hothfield, July 6, 1957 
(Philp, Bull. Kent Pid’ Cl. 3=s): 

13. Tunbridge Wells district (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (62), ii). Tunbridge 
Wells (E. D. Morgan). Groombridge (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1931-32: 59). 

14. Tenterden, common (Stainton, Man.). Hunts Wood, one, July 9, 
1949 (G. H. Youden, teste A. M. Morley). Hawkhurst, two, 1952-53 (B. G. 
Chatfield). 

15. Dungeness.—A. L. Goodson informed me that near the Lighthouse 
on the night of June 29-30, 1954, he and G. Rance of Tring Mus. witnessed 
at m.v. the sudden appearance around midnight of about a hundred 
mesomella; the visitation lasted for about half an hour, nearly all were ab. 
flava de Graaf, and at times they appeared in such numbers that it was 
like “golden rain” (C.-H.); at light, July 7-8, 1959 (C. R. Haxby, teste 
A. M. Morley). 

VariaTION.—I have frequently noted ab. flava de Graaf (flava Preiss) 
at Blean, and I also possess five flava, taken Ham Street, 1951 (C.-H.). 


FIRST RECORD, 1829: Stephens, loc. cit. 


1Possibly also an occasional migrant, judging by the extraordinary visitation 
at Dungeness on the night of June 29-30, 1954. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (85) 


Lithosia quadra L.: Four-dotted Footman. 

Probable immigrant. Woods, etc. Recorded from all divisions, except 
3, 5-7, 14. 

Altogether some sixty to seventy examples of quadra have been noted 
in Kent, all imagines so far as is known. It is interesting to observe that 
none was reported for the period 1908-34, but that in 1951, after a severe 
thunderstorm, the insect appeared in southern England over a very wide 
area, and in Kent alone a total of twenty-seven individuals (27 ¢d,1 @) 
was seen; thus strongly indicating a migratory movement from abroad, 
resulting in widespread invasion. 


The earliest reference to the species in Kent is by Stephens (Haust., 2: 
97), who gives Darenth and Birch Woods as localities. Thereafter, it was 
recorded as follows—(1853): ‘‘Kentish coast’ [Deal], exhibited by H. J. 
Harding at Society of British Entomologists, September 6, 1853 
(Zoologist, 4071). 1856: Near Dover (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 132) 
(St. Margaret’s Bay (Tutt, Br. Moths, 67), and “near Dover” (S. Webb, in 
V.C.H. (1908)), may both refer to Harding’s record); New Brompton, near 
Chatham, °, July (Chaney (1884-87)). N.d.: Ramsgate (Stainton, Man.). 
[2. 1870]: Folkestone neighbourhood, one, by Mr. Blackhall (Wellman, 
Entomologist, 13: 241). 1872: Sheppey, 3, beaten out of ash tree (Walker, 
Ent. mon. Mag., 9: 162). 1875: North Kent [Chattenden], July, “rare 
visitor to sugar” (Tugwell, Entomologist, 8: 292) (Chattenden Roughs, rare 
(Chaney (1884-87)), may refer to Tugwell’s record); Darenth Wood, 
exhibited by Messrs C. & S. Channon at South London ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
November 4, 1875 (Ent. mon. Mag., 12: 167). 1880: Between Folkestone 
and Sandgate, 2 (Wellman, Entomologist, 13: 241) (Folkestone (Ullyett 
(1880)), may refer). 1891: New Cross, 9, July 18, taken by A. E. Cook 
(Cook, Entomologist, 24: 196). [c. 1895]: Folkestone Town, “J. W. Walton 
said that there had been a small invasion and he had taken some at 
street lamps”; “W. J. Austen told me several were taken in Folkestone” 
(A. M. Morley, in litt.). 1902: Maidstone, ¢, August 12, J. Lower, in 
Maidstone Mus. (C.-H.). 1906: Chattenden, ¢, July 4, beaten out by H. 
C. Huggins (C.-H. coll.). 1907: Tunbridge Wells, ¢, on sunflower in 
Queens Road (E. D. Morgan). N.d.: Bexley (C. Fenn, in V.C.H. (1908)). 
1935: Ham Street, ¢, June 26 (H. C. Huggins). 1938: Dover, d, at sugar, 
August 5, 9, August 15, taken on the cliffs (Embry, Entomologist, 72: 15). 
1939: Ham Street, ¢, August 20, taken by Russell James (Bowes, Ent. 
Rec., 52: 77); 9, at light, August 21 (H. C. Huggins); Sandwich, one, taken 
by T. Robinson (A. J. L. Bowes). 


1951: Margate, ¢, July 31 (W. D. Bowden); Dover, eight jd, August, 
at m.v. (Youden, Entomologist, 84: 261); Folkestone Town, ¢, July 31, d, 
August 4 (Morley, Ent. Rec., 64: 171); Brook, three ¢ ¢, July 31 (Duffield, 
Ent. Rec., 63: 179); Aylesford, ¢, @ (G. A. N. Davis); Dungeness, <, 
August 4 (C.-H., Ent. Rec., 63: 247); Orlestone Woods, three 3d, August 1, 
two ¢o, August 2 (C.-H., Ent. Rec., 63: 247); one ¢, August 3, one d, 
August 7 (E. J. Hare); two ¢.¢, August 3 (G. Haggett); ¢, August 3, H. S. 
& P. J. Robinson (R.C.K.); Folkestone Town, ¢, September 25 (R. Lovell). 


1953: Ham Street, one 6, July 6 (E. J. Hare). 1955: Dover, d, August 
16, at m.v. (Youden, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955, 47); Folke- 
stone Town, 9, September 23, 1955, taken by R. W. Fawthrop (A. M. 
Morley). 1956: Dover, ¢, July 27, 6, July 31, both at m.v. (G. H. 
Youden); Wye, 9, at m.v., July 27 (W. L. Rudland); Ham Street, ¢, August 
2 (D. G. Marsh); Folkestone Town, ¢, August 13 (A. M. Morley). 1957: 


(86) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/XI/1962 


Ashford Town, ¢ (P. Cue). 1960: Shorne Ridgeway, ¢, June (E. Trundel)); 
Folkestone Warren, June 29, ¢, at m.v. (Mere, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1960: 15); Ham Street, ¢, June 24 (de Worms, Ent. Rec., 72: 
246). 

VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is a ¢ ab. luteomarginata Lamb., Ham Street, 
August 3, 1951. 

First RECORD, 1829: Stephens, Haust., 2: 97. 


Eilema deplana Esp. (depressa Esp.): Buff Footman. 


Resident. Wood borders and bushy places on chalk; foodplant un- 
recorded. Local. Probably in more localities than the records indicate 
and perhaps increasing. 


6. Near Kemsing (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 177). 

7. Westwell, ¢, July 26, 1951, taken by E. Scott (C.-H., Ent. Rec., 63: 
299); two, 1952, one, August 7, 1953 (E. Scott), ¢, August 10, 1956 (Marsh, 
Proc: S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 36).. Boxley,° one, 19539(AC we 
Harbottle). Kings Wood, Challock, two larvae beaten from ancient yews 
by L. C. Bushby, May 27, 1956 (Scott, Trans. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 
1956: 5); “resulting from Bushby’s discovery of the larvae on May 27, he 
and I together later collected 6-8 larvae, three of which I took and bred 
two months, June 29, July 5, 1956” (P. Cue, in litt.). 

8. Dover, one, in m.v. trap, in garden, July 1, 1952 (G. H. Youden). 
Betteshanger, two 3, at light, July 6, 1957 (R. F. Bretherton). 

9. Margate neighbourhood, several specimens exhibited by S. A. 
Blenkarn, December 14, 1911 (Blenkarn, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1911-12: 89). 

First REcoRD, 1880: Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 77. 


E. griseola Huibn.: Dingy Footman. 
Native. Marshy places, damp woods; foodplant unknown. Extinct in 1. 


1. Eltham Swamp, three, July 20, 1865; Lee, one, July 21, 1865 (Fenn, 
Diary). 

2. Greenwich Marshes, one, July 19, 1865 (A. H. Jones, teste Fenn, 
Diary). Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Gravesend, one at street lamp, July 21, 
1914 (F. T. Grant). Burham Marsh, near Aylesford, one, 1954, one, 1955 
(G. A. N. Davis). 

3. Between Whitstable and Chestfield, singletons, 1936, 1942-43, 1946 
(Po EF; Harris): 

4. Deal neighbourhood*, 1858 (Baldwin, Ent. week. Int., 4: 133). 
Minster Marshes, three, August 11, 1915, one, July 28, 1921, four, July 25, 
1925, one, August 9, 1927 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Sandwich (V.C.H. (1908)); 
July 30, 1951, three, August 3, fairly common, August 30, 1954 (W. D. 
Bowden); August 5, 1957 (R. F. Bretherton). East Stourmouth, four in 
bushes by day, July 28, 1933 (A. M. Morley). Ham Fen, about twelve at 
light, August 6, 1950 (C.-H.). Ickham, plentiful at m.v. (D. G. Marsh). 

6a. Chattenden, odd ones, 1902-10 (H. C. Huggins). 

7. Wigmore Wood, uncommon (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell, one, 
August 5, 1952 (E. Scott). 

8. Folkestone Warren, 1882 (Salway, Entomologist, 15: 198). Kings- 
down, one, August 15, 1884 (Fenn, Lep. Data, MS.). St. Margarets, 1890 
(Fenn, Ent. Rec., 1: 204). Folkestone*, one, August 16, 1907, in Br. Mus. 
S. Kensington (C.-H.). Whitfield, one, 1933 (E. & Y. (1949)). Reinden Wood, 
one at light, July 27, 1948 (A. M. Morley). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (87) 


9. Ramsgate, one, c. 1914 (J. W. C. Hunt). Birchington, 9°, August 8, 
1915; Quex Park, one, August 19, 1915; Nash Court, one, August 13, 1915 
(H. G. Gomm, Diary). 

11. Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Wateringbury (Goodwin MS.). Hoads 
Wood, 1951, August 6, 1953, 1954 (E. Scott); 1956 (P. Cue). 

12. Near Canterbury*, a few at sugar (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). 
Canterbury*, one, 1904, five, 1906, two, 1907 (F. A. Small coll.). Ham 
Street, July 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes); two, Orlestone Woods, 1960 (C. R. 
Haxby). Brook; Hothfield; Little Chart (Scott (1936)). Chartham (P. B. 
Wacher); 1958 (P. Cue). Willesborough, one, July 12, 1954; Wye, one, 
August 15, 1953 (W. L. Rudland). 

13. Broadwater Down, one at light (Townsend, fide E. D. Morgan). 

14. Great Heron Wood, one, July 23, 1949 (C.-H.). 


15. Hythe, four among reeds by the canal at dusk, July 27, 1929, with 
W. O. W. Edwards (Morley, 1931); W. Hythe, common, 1956, six, 1957 
(P. Cue) Dymchurch, one, August 12, 1932, one, July 28, 1933 (A. M. 
Morley); 1947 or 1948 (P. le Masurier); two, 1952 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 65: 
43). Dungeness, at light, July 30, 1932 (A. M. Morley). Military Canal 
near Kenardington, one, August 1959 (M. Enfield). 

16. Folkestone Town, at m.v., one, 1951, two, 1952, three, 1953, two, 
1954, three, 1955, none, 1956, one, 1957, four, 1958, two, 1959, none, 1960-62; 
in 1951, one September 5, a late date (A. M. Morley). 


VaRIATION.—Of ab. flava Haworth (= stramineola Doubleday), a very 
distinctive yellow form, so frequent in many parts of the range of this 
species in England, it is remarkable that the only known occurrence in 
Kent is of one taken by D. G. Marsh, at m.v., at Ickham (div. 4), July 18, 
1961 (C.-H.). 


First ReEcorpD, 1858: Deal neighbourhood (Baldwin, Ent. week. Int., 4: 
133). 


E. lurideola Zinck.: Common Footman. 


Native. Woods, gardens, marshes, etc.; foodplant unknown. Found 
in all divisions; generally fairly common. Rather scarce in 1; few records 
for 2,15. “Getting scarce” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


Obs.—G. A. N. Davis states that at Holt Wood, Aylesford (div. 11), it 
is “commoner than L. complana’”. At Ham Street, July 14, 1934, twenty 
noted at light (A. M. Morley); many at m.v., 1946, 1951 (C.-H.). 


The feral larva has been noted on three occasions:—Broad Oak (div. 
3), one, full-grown, in my garden at sugar, on a lichen-covered apple 
trunk, July 3, which produced a 9, July 23, 1946 (C.-H.); Margate (div. 9), 
one taken June 17, from which an imago was reared, July 6, 1951 (W. 
D. Bowden); Farningham Wood (div. 1), one, nearly full-grown, May 22, 
imago reared June 22, 1957 (A. A. Allen). 

1. Recent records for this division are:—Dartford, 1952 (B. K. West). 
West Wickham, one, August 12, 1953 (E. Trundell); 9, at house light, 
August 1962 (C.-H.). Orpington, one, 1955 (L. W. Siggs). Lee, one, 1961 
(C. G. Bruce). 

2. Gravesend district (H. C. Huggins). 

15. Dungeness, ¢ at light, 9 at sugar, both July 26, 1935 (A. M. 
Morley); @ at mv., July 25, 1952 (C.-H.); July 7, 1959 (C. R. Haxby). 
Greatstone, “fairly common at light”, August 1960 (D. Youngs). 


First Recorp, 1859: Near Deal (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 6: 140). 


(88) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 


E. complana L.: Scarce Footman. 


Resident, perhaps native. Woods, heaths, chalk downs, etc. [on Lotus 
corniculatus.] “Searcer than formerly” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


1. Dartford Heath (Jenner, Week. Ent., 2: 197); 1867 (Wormald, Ent. 
Ann., 1868: 113); common (B. K. West); larva swept from heather, June 
6, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). Abbey Wood, one, August 30, 1862 (Fenn, 
Diary). Sydenham (Sellon, Ent. Rec., 2: 164). St. Paul’s Cray (Carr, 
Entomologist, 33: 46). Bexley dist., rare; Bostall Heath; Plumstead Com- 
mon; Pauls Cray Common; Blackheath; Chislehurst (Wool. Surv. (1909)). 
Chislehurst, three, August 4-6, 1909; one, August 18, 1910; not seen since 
(S. F. P. Blyth). West Wickham, at sugar, 1926, 1929 (S. Wakely); one, 
August 12, 1953 (E. Trundell). Belvedere, 1954 (C. Hards, fide A. J. 
Showler). Farningham Wood, June 26, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). 

2. Between Kingsferry and Chetney Marshes, seven fresh specimens 
including a pair in cop., June 26, 1949 (C.-H.). 

3. Canterbury, a series at sugar (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394); com- 
plana exhibited by A. U. Battley at North London Natural History Soc., 
September 29, 1896 (Ent. Rec., 8: 224). Blean (V.C.H. (1908)); larva, 
imago reared July 19, 1924 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Bossenden Wood, 1927, 
larva on oak stump (H. C. Huggins). Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Den 
Grove, July 14, 1939; Broad Oak, July 27, 1946, July 31, 1948 (C.-H.). 

Near Deal* (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 163, 6: 140) (Baldwin, op. 
cit.. 4: 133). Deal, a few along dyke sides (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 1: 204). 

5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Cuxton* (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 4: 249, 275). 
Eynsford, one, July 4, 1934 (Kidner, Diary). Fawkham (E. J. Hare). 

6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record). Chattenden Roughs, one, July 
12, 1857 (Chaney (1884-87)). 

7. Westwell, July 21, 1934, August 4, 1945, July 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 1946 
(G. V. Bull, Diary). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Many records for this division, particularly for the coastal areas. 
The following are among the more interesting:—Dover, a larva, 1857, 
imago reared (Turner, Ent. week. Int., 3: 13). Dover Cliffs, larva, May 1, 
imago emerged July 5, 1932, larva, May 23, imago emerged July 6, 1934 
(J. H. B. Lowe). Dover district, “larvae may be found in company with 
those of irrorella” (E. & Y. (1949)). Folkestone.—July 24-August 1, 1858 
(H. Tompkins MS.); “Not uncommon in Warren; July. Larvae on Lotus 
corniculatus; May” (Knaggs (1870)); on paths leading to the Warren, two 
larvae, April 30, two larvae, May 20, 1932, they were fed on faded leaves 
of L. corniculatus, and the imagines emerged July 5-August 19; on paths 
leading to the Warren, a larva, April 4, 1948, imagines numerous, 1935, 
about 30 imagines at night, June 30, 1936 (A. M. Morley). Reinden Wood, 
several, July 27, 1948 (A. M. Morley). Chilham, not uncommon, by 
beating hawthorn bushes on the downs, July 23, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes). 
Brook (C. A. W. Duffield). 

9. Quex Park, July 18, 1932 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 

11. Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood (P. Cue). 

12. Ham Street—Is of regular occurrence, and usually fairly 
numerous at light. Occasionally abundant, as in 1934, when A. M. Morley 
(in litt.) wrote that he and three others counted 70 at dusk and light, 
July 20; and on July 22, when A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) noted that “it 
almost entirely replaces lurideola’, adding that it “swarmed at car lights, 
July 22, 1934”. Very common at m.v., August 15-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby 


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249 


Dingle in 1962 


By H. C. Huaerns, F.R.E.S. 


In a former note (Ent. Rec., 73: 203-6) I gave an account of the ex- 
pedition made in 1961 by Mr. E. S. A. Baynes and myself to Inishvickilaun 
in the Blaskets in search of Euphyia bilineata L. ssp. isolata Kane. Al- 
though we saw one, which we were unable to catch, I was not satisfied 
until I had taken the moth, and resolved to go again in 1962 to look for 
isolata and also for any more of the Dingle Cryphia muralis Forst. I 
might be lucky enough to find. 

This year I sent a moth trap in advance, for use in the month I pro- 
posed to stay in Dingle (June 27-July 24) which arrived all right, but 
unfortunately, I also sent some luggage in advance in a suit case and put 
the choke in this, but the suitcase went astray until we had been twelve 
days at Dingle. I was therefore not able to set the trap at once. After 
nine days I was rescued by the great kindness of Mr. Baynes, who, on 
hearing of my misfortune, posted his own choke to me from Dublin, but 
it was maddening to have the fine weather and heavy overcast nights, and 
be able to do nothing. 

I may perhaps at the outset deal with the two main objects of my 
visit, isolata and muralis. As I have previously pointed out a visit to 
Inishvickilaun is no joke, and can only be attempted under ideal condi- 
tions, owing to the difficulty of landing. I was at Dingle for twenty-eight 
days, and only on five was sailing possible, and on three of these the boat 
could not go. On Ist July, an ideal day, I got across and saw no less 
than four isolata, all males, without getting a chance to make a stroke 
at one. Only one of these came from a possible position and then went 
straight up the cliff, the rest I disturbed by dropping rocks over the edge 
into favourable places, and none came near me. On 8th July we fixed 
a party, but sailing was impossible, but on the 15th I was able to get 
across again; it was a lovely day, but our stay was cut short as mist be- 
gan to rise about 4.30, and we did not wish to spend a night under the 
shelter of Great Blasket waiting for it to clear. I was thus only two 
hours on the island, but luckily I took a spare net and Mr. S. Nolan who 
owned the boat, came ashore with me and left the rest of the party to go 
pollack fishing with his boatman. Almost directly after I landed, whilst 
Mr. Nolan was having a swim, ! put up an isolata by rock-dropping, 
which flew into a very nasty place, where I left it. After this I gave Mr. 
Nolan the spare net and in about an hour-and-a-half, by working all 
possible (and nearly impossible) places, we each got a male isolata in 
fresh condition. I also had a great disappointment, I put up the only 
female I have seen, and it flew over comparatively accessible ground, 
straight to a small clump of bracken. Had I rushed it, I should most 
probably have caught it, but I resolved to make a “sitter” of it and iet 
it settle in the brackens. After taking a deep breath or two, I advanced 
to the bracken and utterly failed to put it up, either by beating or by 
puffing a whole pipe of tobacco intc it, so the moth must have gone down 
a narrow cleft amidst the bracken roots. On our rather hurried return 
to the boat, owing to the mist, the fishing party, having caught some thirty 
pollack, came ashore and one of them, Mr. J. Ringrose (a cousin of the cele- 
brated show jumper) started up the cliff to try to look into a puffin’s hole. 
In so doing, he put up the isolata I had given up as too dangerous, 
directly we landed; it went up to a still more hazardous place, but he 


250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 


came down, grabbed my net, and going up like a steeple jack, caught it 
and brought it down. I had told him not to go as no moth was worth 
the risk, but he did it and the moth is now in my collection. It will thus 
be seen that on my second trip I also saw four, but this time got three, 
all males. Of the nine specimens in all I have seen on Inishvickilaun, 
all except one were males. The males are very small, much smaller than 
Kane’s old ones from Tearaght; the females, judging by the one brought 
back by Mr. Flynn in 1953, and given by Mr. Baynes to the R.C.K. col- 
lection at Tring, and the one I saw flying, are of normal size. The moth 
appears to be both rare and secretive, it only lives on cliff faces, most of 
which overhang and are completely inaccessible, and I think that the 
female lives in clefts and is not easy to disturb. The whole island is 
difficult ground, there is only one path from the shore to the top, and this 
is a rather nasty one; a member of the fishing party, who was wearing 
leather shoes, thought it safer to go up in his stockinged feet. 

Whilst we were at Benners, the wife of one of the 1953 ornithological 
expedition came there for the night and sat with my wife and myself for 
dinner. She told us that her husband’s party arranged to go on a Friday, 
and be picked up on the following Sunday, but it was not until the 
Saturday a week later that they could be taken off. After Tuesday, all 
provisions ran out, and they lived on half-raw rabbit and pollack frizzled 
over a primus stove! 

The Inishvickilaun isolata males seem to be exactly alike, almost jet 
black with a fine metallic shine on the forewings. The nine isolata I 
have now seen were the only bilineata I saw on the island; there are no 
yellow or brownish ones as in other Irish cliff localities, and none what- 
ever anywhere on the island but on the cliffs and rocks. It is evident 
that the accounts given by Bower and Westropp, that Kane found only 
isolata on the Tearaght, are quite correct, and that it is a true subspecies 
arising from a different genetic make-up than the fine dark aberrations 
(ab. ethelae Huggins, ab. hibernica Prout, etc.) existing in very small 
numbers amongst the yellow ones on some mainland cliffs. 

Muralis was later in 1962 than usual and did not appear until 14th 
July. After that we saw it every day, but as in 1961, we found it very 
scarce. In all, we saw 22, including one cripple, which did not average 
one for an hour’s searching, and none came to the trap. This year’s work 
confirmed my previous opinion that the Dingle muralis is a very distinct 
race. In the two years, I have seen in all, 35 specimens, and none is of 
the typical black-patterned form. The Dingle ones are all dull mottled 
green or greenish-grey, with the exception of a very occasional rare 
aberration. My wife took a second ab. nigra Huggins, and I took one of 
the very rare ab. castanea C. & W. so far only known from two Cork 
specimens taken by Westropp. In addition, we took three blackish-green 
insects of the same pattern as nigra and castanea except that the whole 
ground colour was blackish-green. These appear to be quite new, but 
are too near nigra in my opinion to require a name. 

On our arrival at Dingle on 27th June we immediately saw Vanessa 
cardui L. and Nomophila noctuella Schiff. with a few Plusia gamma L., 
all in bad condition. These extended from the Connor Pass at the back 
of Dingle, as far as Slea Head. They gradually became less, although 
after the trap began working, gamma and noctuella appeared every night 
until the night of 14/15th, when a tremendous fresh invasion of both, 
particularly noctuella, took place. On the 15th, Inishvickilaun was 


DINGLE IN 1962 251 


plastered with noctuella, which proved a nuisance when I was working 
rough places for rarer things. I also took three very worn Laphygma 
exigua Hiibn. in the trap in the town. I was too late for the invasion 
of the rarer hawks in the district. 

Baron de Worms has suggested (antea 187) that his Celerio galii Rott. 
taken at Glenbeigh on 6th June might have been bred on the spot . I do 
not think that this is likely, as apart from the fact that western Ireland 
is much too wet to make a good colonising site for immigrants, the 
winter of 1961-62 was the worst in the memory of man in Kerry. 
Although there was not the frost and snow of 1916-17 and 1946-47, a con- 
tinuous cold wind played havoc with the tender and subtropical plants 
which usually flourish there. The feature of this part of Ireland is the 
enormous unchecked growth of the fuchsia hedges, sometimes fifteen feet 
or more in height. In spring 1962, many of these had been killed to 
within four feet of the ground. I have been visiting south-west Ireland 
oa and off since May 1914, and I have never seen such havoc before, 
although I was there in May 1917 and May 1947 after both these extreme 
wi.nters. 

A few words may prove interesting on the remaining fauna observed 
on Inishvickilaun. Moths seen in addition to isolata and noctuella al- 
ready mentioned, included a fair number of Polychrosis dubitana Steph. 
(littoralis Westw.) and Argyroploce cespitana Hitibn. Cespitana was small 
and very pale in colour, quite unlike the brilliant form found on the 
rocks of the Dursey peninsula, and dubitana was below the average in 
size, whereas in Bantry Bay, on the rocks off Adrigole, it is larger than 
anywhere else I have been. From a small bag of seed-heads of Silene 
maritima I obtained ten larvae of Hadena caesia Borkh., a number of H. 
lepida Esp. ssp. capsophila Dup., four larvae of Eupithecia venosata Fab. 
and a few of a Cnephasia, probably a form of C. conspersana Doug]. but 
these must await examination of the genitalia. All the venosata pupated 
successfully, but in packing my pupae away before our return I crushed. 
one unfortunately, as they are almost certainly the ab. plumbea Huggins 
I described recently (antea p. 171). 

The caesia on Inishvickilaun are the so-called blackish form which 
oecurs all along the coasts of west Cork and Kerry. I bred one from 
Adrigole some years ago, and one from Slea Head which emerged on the 
journey to Dingle from a larva taken the previous year, and also two from 
Inishvickilaun a day or so later. 

There seems to be a good deal of unnecessary difficulty about rearing 
caesia. Many people, probably following Donovan (p. 50), search for the 
larva under the prostrate stems of Silene. This is tiring and disappoint- 
ing; one or two in an hour is a good average, and of these, probably 
two-thirds are parasitised. I have found an easy way is to collect a bag 
of seed heads, about a pint was all I took in 1962, and turn them out on 
a newspaper every day, when young larvae will appear. I put these 
separately in a two-ounce tobacco tin, with a few layers of cellulose 
wadding at the bottom, and feed them on either Silene maritima or sweet 
William; they feed readily on either, and when full grown get below the 
surface of the wadding and pupate without trouble. I keep the pupae 
perfectly dry in the house, and near emergence time, put them in moss 
in a large glass-lidded metal box with a piece of wet sponge in one 
corner. I had three pupae from last year when I set out for Ireland, and 
took them in a box like this, and all emerged successfully, one in the 


252 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XI11/1962 


train just outside Fishguard, and two in the hotel at Dingle. Caesia is 
often said to be a cannibal, but I have not found it to be so, although, to 
take no chance, I isolate my larvae. On more than one occasion, how- 
ever, when feeding half-grown larvae with seed heads of Silene maritima, 
a small larva has emerged from these and been found uninjured in the 
box with the larger one. I have no doubt that a larva will eat a newly- 
formed pupa whilst it is still soft, but capsophila and others will do the 
same, and I do not regard this as evidence of habitual cannibalism in 
captivity. 

I have already dealt with my confirmation of the status of Platyptilia 
calodactyla Schiff. and Homoeosoma nebulella Hutibn. as Irish insects 
(antea 202 and 218-9). One other most disconcerting incident concerning 
a knothorn must be recorded. On 18th July on opening the trap, I saw a 
Phycita betulae Goeze in perfect condition walking on the egg cartons. 
When I went to box it, it dropped to the bottom, and when I began to 
look for it I saw a very large perfect Plusia bractea Fabr. quivering its 
wings preparatory to taking fiight, so I immediately boxed the bractea, 
and when I turned back to the trap the betulae had disappeared and I 
never saw it again. I had intended taking it as I had no Irish specimen, 
but on reaching home I found it is hitherto unrecorded from Ireland. 
As there were several specimens of Dioryctria fusca Haw. present every 
morning in the trap, I feel that it is quite inadvisable to record the betulae. 
although I take both species in my garden trap here every year, but I am 
mentioning this to put other Irish collectors on the qui vive. 

Other captures that may be of interest are: Spilosoma lubricipeda L. 
(menthrastri Esp.) very common, from white to yellowish buff. I also 
took a female, from which I obtained eggs, of a dirty buff colour with the 
veins outlined in pale grey. Phalera bucephala L., common; I took the 
only aberration I have ever obtained, with the buff marking greatly ex- 
tended towards the anal angle. Eumichtis adusta Esp. several, almost 
uniform blackish-brown. Caradrina taraxaci Hiibn., common; about one 
in four of the very dark blackish form mentioned by Kane as occurring 
on the Kerry coast; I have not seen it before. Perizoma blandiata 
Schiff., three; not an insect usually associated with gardens, where it was 
found in the trap. I have usually found it on limestone in the Burren, 
but Donovan gives several peat localities. Eupithecia pulchellata Steph., 
several in the trap, all ssp. hebudium Sheldon. E. goossensiata Mab., two 
in the trap, both of the typical small form. E. distinctaria H.-S., one, 
rather large and dark; on the cliff face at Slea Head. Cleora repandata 
L., common: mostly greyish, but rather small; none like the beautiful 
dove-grey insects I used to take at Glengarriff. 


INFESTATION IN DorRsET.—I was interested in Mr. Jacobs’s note (antea 
186). One night about the middle of August, my mercury vapour light 
sheet and myself were almost completely covered with Hyponomeuta 
padella L., but I thought it strange that only one female could be seen 
amongst the swarm. Two nights later, there were not more thah a 
dozen padella to be seen. The following week, numerous small beetles 
covered the sheet, and since then, the crane fly has had it all its own 
way, and even on 25th October I counted over fifty. It is high time 
that macro-lepidoptera came into their own again.—Brig. H. E. Warry, 
Upwey, Dorset. 3.xi.1962. 


ON LEARNING LATIN 253 


On Learning Latin 


By A. D. IRVIN 


“Learn the Latin names, then, even if you don’t pronounce them cor- 
rectly”. 

The above quotation comes from P. B. M. Allan’s excellent little book, 
A Moth Hunter’s Gossip (Watkins and Doncaster, 1947); I wonder, though, 
whether Mr. Allan appreciates the magnitude of this task in this post- 
Latin era, and when Latin is no longer an essential subject in gaining 
entry to most universities. To quote South: “The number of moths 
occurring in the British Isiands is well over two thousand” (The Moths 
of the British Isles—Warne, 1961); of these, some eight hundred are 
grouped as macro-lepidoptera, there are approximately seventy butter- 
flies on the British list, and if one includes family and sub-family names, 
the number of Latin names the budding entomologist has to learn (as- 
suming he confines himself at first to macro-lepidoptera) is something 
like one thousand; if he is really ambitious, and collects micro-lepidoptera 
as well, he must learn about three thousand Latin names. 

Any lepidopterist who rises above the “stamp collecting” variety, 
will appreciate the need for learning the Latin names of the insects he 
studies, so that his hobby will be on some form of scientific basis. 

There are two ways in which one can learn the latin names; the first is 
to sit down with a check-list, pencil and paper, and write out and com- 
mit to memory all the one thousand or three thousand names—there must 
be very few entomologists who tackle their hobby in this way, and one 
wonders whether their prime interest is entomology or etymology. The 
second way to learn the Latin names is gradually to acquire (rather 
than learn) them by catching the insects, reading the literature, and talk- 
ing with other entomologists. 

I have caught, read and talked “bugs” for some ten years now, and 
have learned the Latin names of the Rhopalocera, and about as many 
Heterocera (about fifteen per cent. of the names I should know). Much of 
the fault in this respect lies with myself, my lack of time, my laziness, 
and my inherent dislike of Latin; but apart from myself, I feel there are 
two other reasons for my lack of knowledge. The first is the decline of 
the use of Latin in schools and literature, and the second is the use of 
Latin in the entomological literature of to-day. The former is beyond 
the control of entomologists, but the latter is very much in their control. 

Entomologists of the older generation were brought up on books in 
which very little consideration was given to the English names of the 
insects, in fact, some of the earliest works were written entirely in Latin; 
also, many of these men will have had a far greater knowledge of Latin 
even before they began entomology, than the average person leaving 
school to-day. The times have changed now, but unfortunately the 
literature has not changed accordingly, to cater for the younger gene- 
ration of entomologists who wish to be scientific in their approach to 
such a fascinating subject. 

Most of the current entomological journals refer to insects solely by 
their Latin names, and when I glance through them I am often not sure 
whether I am reading about a moth, a beetle or a dragonfly, until some 
remark such as “the eggs are laid in fast-running water” or “the larvae 
live in fresh horse manure”, helps to enlighten me. When I have some 
spare time and am able to read the journals more thoroughly, I am 


254 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 


tremendously hampered by my lack of Latin; one article I read recently, 
akout four pages long, took me two-and-a-half hours, and involved looking 
up eighty-three Latin names to find out which insects were being dis- 
cussed. Unfortunately, I do not often have as much time as this, and lose 
much of the benefit from these articles. I am extremely envious of those 
who know their Latin and immediately are able to picture the insect in 
question; how much more enjoyable it would be for me and others in my 
position, if we could say “I have never caught so-and-so as late as that” 
or “my larvae of such-and-such preferred elm’, without having to spend 
sd) long looking up the Latin name, and then writing the English one in 
the margin, before we know what is being talked about. 

While most of the entomological journals use only Latin names, the 
majority of standard reference books use primarily English ones. Anyone 
to-day who wishes to start collecting and studying lepidoptera, will go 
out and buy the standard works, and because the English names are 
printed first, and in heavy type, and the Latin names in italics afterwards, 
the majority of people will learn the English names first, and secondly, 
if ever, the Latin ones. When the entomologist wishes to expand his 
knowledge, he will then think in terms of entomological journals, but to 
his dismay, his beloved insects have all assumed different names; if he is 
a true entomologiat, he will only pale slightly at the task of learning 
another set of names (and perhaps he has acquired some aiready), but for 
some, the task may be too great and they will either revert to the 
English names or perhaps “walk no more”. What a pity that such men 
should be lost to entomology, when they might, perhaps have become 
Haworths or Tutts, if in their young and tender days they had been 
weaned less abruptly. 


No serious entomologist will deny the importance of learning the 
Latin names—but how I wish it wasn’t such a task for those of us brought 
ui on English names and with limited Latin knowledge. With this 
plaintive cry, may I make two very humble pleas for the younger gene- 
ration of entomologists: 


1) That the authors of the standard works on entomology should place 
the Latin name first, in heavy type, and the English name in brac- 
kets afterwards. 


2) That the contributors to the entomological journals should, where 
possible, give the popular English names of insects mentioned, in 
brackets after their Latin name, or when an insect is mentioned 
more than once in an article, to insert the English name after it 
the first time and subsequently just use the Latin one. 


With regard to my first plea, I realised that the English names aie 
placed first in most of the present standard works in an effort to 
popularise entomology; but I feel that this perhaps goes too far in the 
opposite direction. Those who take up entomology seriously, are greatly 
hampered by the undue emphasis on English names, and in many cases 
finish up having learned both English and Latin names, whereas many of 
the older generation have never bothered with the English at all. There 
will always be entomologists of the “stamp-collecting” variety who will 
not bother with Latin names, but how many of these would have become 
true entomologists, if in their early days they had been given more op- 
portunity of learning the Latin and hence going on to read more scientific 
literature? 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 255 


There are some very beautiful and descriptive English names of 
Lepidoptera, and some very clumsy Latin ones; but the Latin must come 
first (however difficult it may be) if one’s hobby is to rise above “stamp- 
collecting”. We must never drop the English names, but we must re- 
member that entomology should be a scientific subject, therefore it should 
b2 treated on a scientific basis, and, as our forefathers have chosen Latin 
as the scientific language, we must use that language before any other. 

My final plea, therefore, to all writers on entomology is: ‘Please 
make Latin easier for us, the English-speaking ignorami, to learn’. 
(There—I’m learning already!) 

Downing College, Cambridge. 


Yugoslavia Revisited 


By Rawru L. Cor 


IV 
THE FAR SOUTH AGAIN AND GOLEM GRAD, THE STRANGE ISLAND 


My week at Kolasin passed pleasantly, and all too soon the time came 
for me to resume my journey to the south. Early one morning I left 
Kolasin by bus for Pec. As we started off the air was delightfully cool. 
But as the sun rose higher the heat inside the crowded vehicle became 
stifling, while a choking dust spiralled up from the road. Relief came 
when we reached a place where a river ran by the road and spread wide 
into an uneven rock basin. The bus stopped and everyone got out and 
laid down on their stomachs to bathe their faces with the cooling water 
end to suck it down their parched throats. It was comical to see all the 
prone bodies scattered alongside the road. 

From Peé I went on by train to Skopje, arriving there soon after mid- 
night. I managed to book a room at the Hotel Makedonija for the three 
nights that I planned to stay at the Macedonian capital. I spent my time 
there in studying the insect collections at the local museum. 

When I got up one morning I took the rare luxury of a hot bath. But 
the plumbing at Yugoslav hotels is not always all that it should be. 
You must be prepared for anything to happen. This time I turned on 
the tap marked ‘toplo’ (hot) and cold water gushed out. The ‘hladno’ 
(cold) tap ran hot. In due course I stepped from the bath and pulled out 
the plug. A fountain of hot water shot up between my legs from a grating 
in the floor! I put back the plug hastily. 

Ordering food in a restaurant can also have unexpected results. One 
day I ordered ‘rumstek’ for lunch, which is usually a safe choice. But 
this time, after a long delay, the waiter brought along a frying pan with 
a fried egg in it and put the lot down on my table. He placed it there so 
triumphantly that I had not the heart to complain. Besides, I knew from 
past experience that the language difficulty would probably have caused 
one or both of us to lose his temper before things were sorted out. 

I finished my work in Skopje and moved on further south to spend a 
week at Lake Ohrid. This time I went by bus instead of taking the train 
to Bitola and going on by bus from there. As a result I was able to see 
some fresh places. Among them were the picturesque town of Tito Veles 
with its old Turkish houses and Prilep, thriving centre of the Macedonian 
tobacco industry. Then came Bitola, and from there we took the winding 
mountain road over which I had travelled to Ohrid two years before. 


256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/XI1I/1962 


But that time the journey was by day. Now it was less pleasant, for 
dusk had already fallen as we started climbing into the mountains. The 
driver had been at the wheel for over eight hours without a break, and 
as the bus was turning a particularly nasty bend he dozed off. The bus 
swung towards a precipice that yawned on our left. We were less than a 
foot from the edge when a man sitting by the driver leaned over and 
twisted the steering wheel round just in time. A few weeks later I was 
shown a newspaper cutting with a picture of a wrecked bus lying on its 
side at the foot of this same precipice. Fifteen passengers had been killed 
in this awful accident. I wondered if it was the same driver. 

At Ohrid I found that a palatial new hotel occupied the site where 
the old-fashioned Hotel Bellevue had been when I was there before. No 
expense had been spared in its construction. In front stretched a paved 
courtyard with an ornamental fish-pool in one corner. The majestic 
entrance hall had massive pillars of imitation marble. But although it 
was the height of the summer season I found only two or three guests 
there when I arrived. Perhaps by now the vast expenditure of govern- 
ment funds on this luxury hotel has been justified, but at that time the 
lack of local amenities for the tourist would hardly encourage anyone to 
pay a second visit. 

For instance, walks along the shore from the hotel would be a great 
source of enjoyment. But when I set off in one direction my way was soon 
barred by a barbed wire fence. I crept under it, but a soldier came 
running up and signalled me to turn back. It was military land, and 
trespassing was forbidden. If I wanted to go further I would have had to 
make a detour inland for over a mile before I could get back to the shore. 

I tried walking the other way, but after a few hundred yards I reached 
a point where a canal ran into the lake. When I was at Ohrid before 
I was able to cross it by means of a wooden bridge. The bridge was still 
there, but when I started to cross over I almost stepped into space, for 
the further half had either been removed or possibly swept away by 
winter storms. There was no warning notice. 

My room at the hotel was comfortable enough, but there was no 
supply of hot water. There was a spacious dining-room from which one 
looked out in all directions through sheets of plate glass reaching from 
floor to ceiling. The kitchen was separated off by a glass partition so 
that the diners could see everything that was going on there. When I 
sat down for my first evening meal a group of waiters were standing 
about in a corner with nothing to do. One of them came across to take 
my order. I chose a meat dish, sweet, coffee and liqueur. After a long 
wait, he came back with the entire meal on a tray. The coffee was cold 
long before I was ready for it. 

I started off for my first day’s collecting by way of the old part of the 
town, which I had not explored on my previous visit. Built on the slopes 
of a steep hill, it is a maze of narrow cobbled lanes with centuries old 
white-fronted houses of Turkish and Macedonian origin, many falling into 
ruin. I climbed higher and higher along ever twisting paths until the 
houses were left behind and I reached the wooded summit of the hill. It 
was dominated by the massive walls of a ruined castle. To the north there 
was a Sweeping view of vast cultivated valleys with a background of high 
mountains. I began collecting in the sheltered space inside the walls, as 
there was a strong wind blowing. The ground was covered with grasses 
and several different sorts of wild flowers. To my surprise the blossoms 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 257 


swarmed with the common Syrphid, Eristalis tenax Linnaeus, which 
breeds in sewage. It was strange to find this moisture-loving species on 
the summit of a high hill. But the explanation was simple enough. All 
that remained of the castle besides the walls was a gloomy dungeon, 
which I discovered had been used as a lavatory for a very long time. 
Also visiting the flowers were two interesting species of the Stratiomyiid 
genus Lasiopa villosa, Fabricius and L. balius Walker (=tenuirostris 
Walker). The characters separating these closely allied species had not 
hitherto been properly understood, and my later study of the long series 
that I captured on this occasion enabled me to separate them correctly. 
(Coe, 1960. “Notes on the Stratiomyiidae”. Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Bel- 
grade, ser. B, Livre 16: 47-48.) 

While I was collecting I was joined by three fascinating little girls who 
lived in old Ohrid. The castle ruins was their playground. They ran 
about on top of the crumbling walls with a complete disregard of danger. 
When I sat down to eat my sandwich lunch they came and joined me. 
Their eyes opened wide when I brought out a bar of English chocolate 
from my haversack, and they all held out a grubby hand for a piece. 
They looked thin and hungry, and their clothes were patched and torn. 
But they were full of life. One was Macedonian, one Croatian and the 
other Bulgarian. Ohrid has many nationalities among its population. 
There are Turks and Albanians as well. 

One evening as I was sitting in the hotel lounge, a swarthy, middle- 
aged man came in and introduced himself as Dr. Vasil Lahtov, a local 
archaeologist. He said that he had written a paper on his subject, and 
was including a summary in English. Hearing that an Englishman was 
staying in Ohrid he had hurried along to ask me to check the English 
part for him. He placed the manuscript on the table. I practically re- 
wrote it for him, for the English was simply terrible. He went away a 
happy man. 

I was collecting in the castle ruins one day when I looked up and 
noticed an armed policeman eyeing me suspiciously. He went away with- 
out saying anything, but turned up at the hotel in the evening to see my 
passport. Any foreigner who behaves differently from the ordinary 
tourist is invariably an object of suspicion, and my entomological activities 
never failed to raise doubts in the official mind. The Yugoslav policeman 
is very different from our own. For one thing, he is inclined to be 
arrogant, and he is armed. One is acutely aware of the revolver that he 
carries in a holster strapped to his belt. He also carries a truncheon, 
which I have seen used on a single occasion. It was on a dark night when 
a policeman aimed a blow with this weapon at a cheeky boy and nearly hit 
me by mistake. 

I spent most of my time at Ohrid collecting inside the castle walls. 
It was almost the only place in the district where the natural fauna and 
flora had survived. The lowlands were so intensively cultivated that it 
was little use collecting there. Besides, peasants were everywhere in the 
fields, and no sooner did they spy my waving net than they crowded 
round, curious to see what I was doing. 

From Ohrid I went on by bus to spend a week at Otesevo, the workers’ 
holiday resort on the shore of beautiful Lake Prespa. Nothing had 
changed since my visit two years before. The clerk at the reception 
office recognised me, and gave me a hearty welcome. I managed to book 
the same room as before, with the verandah overlooking the lake. A 


258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 


professional entomologist from Belgrade, Dr. Slobodan Glumac, had 
arranged to join me for my week at Otesevo. An old friend, he was the 
finest type of Yugoslav, cultured, intelligent, and with a bubbling sense 
of humour. I looked forward immensely to having his company. He 
arrived soon after me, and booked an adjoining room. It was a great 
boon to have a Yugoslav with me who also spoke good English. Another 
advantage was that I was charged less for my accommodation and meals. 
In Yugoslavia there is one price for tourists and a much lower one for 
their own people. 


The day after our arrival, Slobodan and I went collecting in an oak 
wood above the lake. Suddenly we found ourselves in the middle of a 
war-time ‘planting’ of anti-personnel bombs. It was a nasty situation, 
especially as many of the weapons were almost hidden by dense under- 
growth. We picked our steps cautiously until at last, to our relief, we 
got clear of the area From there we climbed with some difficulty up a 
steep slatey hill slope, and were soon busily netting a long series of the 
large Asilid, Selidopogon diadema Fabricius. This handsome species has 
the abdomen in the male wholly shining black, and in the female with the 
last few segments reddish. It is extremely hard to capture, making short 
flights and settling only momentarily on the ground. 


That evening as we sat at supper on the terrace overlooking the lake 
there was dancing to the music of a small band. One Macedonian dance 
was new to me. It was performed entirely by men. About twenty of them 
stood in a long line, holding hands. The band struck up, and with graceful 
side-steps the dancers gradually formed a hollow circle. When this was 
completed a narrower circle was formed inside the original one, and so on 
until it seemed that they would never unravel themselves. All the time 
they held hands. The key man at either end flourished a handkerchief 
above his head with one hand, holding the other on his hip. Slowly the 
intricate pattern unwound, until the dance ended with all the dancers in 
a single line again. 

Whenever we sat down to a meal there were always groups of men 
placing cards at the tables. Breakfast, lunch or supper, it was always the 
same. As soon as they had finished eating, out came a pack of cards. 
When I asked Slobodan whether they had money on the games, he said that 
‘they invariably do, although the government prohibits this form of 
gambling. But the law is only rarely enforced in this respect nowadays. 
When it was rigidly kept the men used to flip a matchbox from one end 
of the table to the other and gamble on which way up it landed. Some- 
times the card players would start arguing over some points of the 
game, and what began as a mild squabble would work up to a crescendo 
with everyone shouting at the top of their voices. Then just as a fight 
seemed imminent they would suddenly calm down and go on playing. 
This is typically Yugoslav. They argue with a vociferous show of passion, 
and you can see that they love it. 


My main object in revisiting Otesevo was to collect insect specimens 
on the small island of Golem Grad, close to the Albanian shore of Lake 
Prespa. The Yugoslavs claim Golem Grad as their own territory, but the 
Albanians resent this. Actually the frontier passes through the island. 
My imagination had been stirred by an account that I had read of this 
island in an old travel book. It was described as rising sheer from the 
water to a considerable height, with only a small cove where a landing 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 259 


could be made. It was said to be rich in ancient trees and with a wealth 
of wild flowers. 

But when Slobodan tried to hire a rowing boat for us to visit the 
island, his request was met with the utmost suspicion. So many political 
refugees from Yugoslavia have escaped to Greece by rowing across the 
great lake. It only meant a slight deviation to the south-east when we 
were out of sight of Otesevo and we could land on a desolate stretch of 
the Greek shore. Slobodan was persistent, and at last the hotel manager 
said that we could go on the condition that we had a military escort. We 
readily agreed to this, and it was arranged that we should go on the 
following day. But when we went down to the shore at the appointed 
time no boat turned up. The manager explained that the boat had been 
needed elsewhere, and we must wait until the next day. This went on for 
séveral days, until we despaired of ever getting to the island. On the day 
before we left Otesevo, however, we were overjoyed to find a motor-boat 
waiting for us. We stepped aboard, followed by a soldier carrying a 
rifle. A grizzly old man took the helm. The engine started up, and 
we were off. Gradually the little settlement of Otesevo receded in the 
distance, and we drew nearer and nearer to the rugged mountains of 
Albania. 

As we approached the Albanian shore a dark mass rising from the 
water resolved itself as the disputed island of Golem Grad. True to the 
description that I had read it rose from the water in an apparently 
unbroken line of unscalable cliffs. But suddenly a small sandy cove came 
into view. The bows of the boat swung towards it, and presently we 
ground ashore. We pulled the boat up on the beach, and walked to the 
base of a tremendous cliff that loomed above. In the rock face there was 
a slanting cleft, hidden from the lake. A rough path ran up it to the tree- 
covered plateau of the island. We started climbing in single file. Along 
the path huge snakes lay basking in the hot sun. At our approach they 
uncoiled and slithered away into the dry undergrowth with a rustling 
sound. At the top a fantastic scene stretched before us. The plateau was 
a veritable jungle of overgrown vegetation. Everywhere were great 
spreading mulberry trees, incredibly old, their trunks bound tightly in 
the strangling grip of massive ivy branches, some as thick as a man’s 
arm. 

The soldier and the pilot stretched themselves on the ground in a 
shady spot by the top of the path, while Slobodan and I went off to explore 
the island. It was disappointing to find that all the plants had finished 
flowering. Instead tiny prickly seeds stuck to our clothes as we pushed 
our way through the tangled undergrowth. It was impossible to avoid 
them. They were everywhere. Before long our trousers were covered 
with a solid layer of the seeds. It took us over an hour to pick them off 
afterwards, for they clung so tenaciously. A large black hare leapt up in 
front of us, and vanished in the undergrowth. The island was overrun 
with them. 

We came to a tiny church, close by the cliff edge. It was obviously 
very old, but in a wonderful state of preservation. The outside walls of 
smooth plaster were decorated with frescoes of biblical scenes, so faded 
that the details could hardly be made out. Inside we found the walls 
and ceiling to be similarly decorated. There was one large fresco of a 
saint with flowing locks and long plaited beard, his head encircled by a 
halo. Rudely scratched over his face and on other parts of the walls 


260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/XI1I/1962 


were various initials. According to Slobodan the Albanians had occupied 
the island during the last war, and it was their soldiers who had desecrated 
the place. At one end there stood a tiny shrine with a figure of the Virgin 
Mary. Before it lay a posy of withered flowers. 

We walked on until we had reached the southern end of the island, 
which was the nearest point to the Albanian mainland. Range upon range 
of bare desolate mountains reached away into the far distance. There 
was no sign of life or habitation. Close to where we were standing a 
great mulberry tree lay uprooted by the cliff edge, its branches jutting 
out into space. In turn we stretched ourselves out along a stout branch 
and gazed at the wild scene below. The rockface fell sheer into the lake. 
A multitude of gulls rose with harsh cries from the water. 

It was time for us to go back and join the others. As we retraced our 
steps we were startled to hear a shot ring out. Presently the soldier 
appeared from the trees holding by the hind legs the body of a fine black 
hare. We found the old man asleep under the tree where we had left him. 
We all went down the cliff path, pushed out the boat and clambered 
aboard. Soon we were heading back for the mainland. Slobodan and I 
had not caught many specimens, but it had been a wonderful day. We 
vowed to return to Golem Grad on some future occasion during the flower- 
ing season, when the island must be a paradise for the dipterist. My 
outstanding capture on this present visit had been a series of both sexes 
of a new species of Trichoscelidae, Trichoscelis coei (Bequaert, 1960. Bull. 
et Ann. Soc. R. d’entom. Belg., 96 (3-4): 61-64). This handsome little 
Acalypterate was swept from mixed vegetation beneath a mulberry tree. 

Early the next morning we left Otesevo by bus for Bitola, the first 
stage on our long journey north to the capital city of Belgrade. 

(To be continued.) 


Aviemore 1962 


By F. A. Nos es, F.R.E.S. 


Saturday, 9th June 

Mr. and Mrs. King and myself started for Aviemore from Birmingham 
at 4.40 am. The weather through England was fine and warm; but there 
was rain through the Cairngorms and at Aviemore it was cloudy. 
Apparently they had been having good weather there; but, as so often 
happens, my arrival heralded the commencement of three weeks of 
cloudy, gusty weather. 


Sunday, 10th June 

This day was spent acclimatizing ourselves and visiting favourite 
haunts in the area such as Tromie Bridge, Bridge of Dulsie and Daltulich 
Bridge where some ephemeroptera were taken. 


Monday, 11th June 

During the day we visited the Culbin Sands. The weather was cloudy; 
but as is so often the case in this district, very warm. A search was made 
on the birches for the larvae (or ova) of Endromis versicolora L., but 
without success. I had taken larvae here the first week in June two years 
previously. Lycaena phlaeas L. was flying over the blossoms of Armeria 
maritima, and along the rides through the pines Parasemia plantaginis L. 
was found. 


AVIEMORE 1962 261 


In the evening the mercury vapour lamp was used near Aviemore, 
and posts were sugared. The temperature at 11.20 was 61°. 


Licut: Lycophotia varia Vill., Lophopteryx capucina L., Harpyia 
furcula Cl., Ortholitha umbrifera Prout., Lampropteryx suffumata Schf., 
Electrophaes corylata Thun., Gonodontis bidentata Cl. and Drepana 
lacertinaria L. 


SucarR: Tethea duplaris L. (many), Hada nana Hufn. (3), Hadena 
contigua Schf. (1), Eumichtis adusta Esp. (many), Apatele menyanthidis 
View. (3), A. ewphorbiae Schf. ssp. myricae Guen. (4), Rusina tenebrosa 
Hutibn. (1), Apamea crenata Hufn. (1), A. obscura Haw. (1), and Hyppa 
rectilinea Esp. (5). 

Throughout the whole of the three weeks I was in Scotland corylata 
was one of the commonest moths, and several specimens of the variety 
albocrenata Curtis were seen. A female of this var. was retained for her 
egg-laying propensities. She had none. 

E. adusta was another common moth, and until the last few nights was 
the most abundant species on the sugar. It varied considerably in size and 
markings. 


Tuesday, 12th June 


The morning was spent recovering from the previous day, and setting 
specimens that had been taken. 

In the afternoon we visited Loch-an-Eilean which, despite its popu- 
larity, is one of the loveliest in the area. Here I saw a specimen of 
Dyscia fagaria Thun. which was very worn, also O. umbrifera, Ematurga 
atomaria L., Bupalus piniaria L., and Semiothisa liturata Cl. In this area 
by the shore of the loch I captured a number of ephemeroptera. There 
are three different species, but I have not had the time to identify them. 

In the late afternoon we went to Loch Vaa. Nothing was seen in the 
way of lepidoptera, but the Demoiselle-fly, Enallagma cyathigerum Charp., 
was common. 

At night we sugared, but did not have the light. At dusk the usual 
species were flying with the addition of Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. 
Throughout the holiday a number of specimens of this moth were taken, 
usually with a pale grey ground colour, but sometimes with a faint 
pinkish tint. 


SuGAR: H. rectilinea (many), E. adusta (many), A. obscura (2), A. 
crenata (3), A. myricae (2), Euplexia lucipara L. (1), Hadena thalassina 
Hufn. (2), Diataraxia oleracea (1), H. nana (1), R. tenebrosa (5), 
Ochropleura plecta L. (1), T. duplaris (many). 


Wednesday, 13th June 


The day was cloudy and windy, but I could wait no longer to visit a 
favourite haunt of mine, the Findhorn valley up to Coignafearn. In the 
mountains a herd of Red Deer was seen, and a buzzard with its prey, 
which it dropped upon being disturbed by myself. Very few moths were 
seen, those recorded being:—Epirrhoe tristata L. (1), Hydriomena 
coerulata Fab. (several), and Colostygia pectinataria Knoch. The last two 
species were taken in an alder plantation on the side of the valley. The 
larvae of Eupithecia sobrinata Hb., Thera cognata Thun. and T. juniperata 
L. were beaten from Juniperus communis. 


262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XI1/1962 


In the evening we sugared again at Aviemore and had the mercury 
vapour light going. Mr. Gibb and his two sons accompanied us. The 
results were as follows :— 


Sucar: O. plecta (1), E. lucipara (1), Apatele leporina L. (1), A. myricae 
(2), A. crenata (2), E. adusta (many), H. rectilinea (6), H. contigua (1), H. 
thalassina (2), Apatele psi L. (2), H. nana (3), T. duplaris (7), E. corylata 
(3), and C. albipunctata (1). 


Licut: E. adusta (3), D. lacertinaria (1), Lyncometra ocellata L. (1), 
E. corylata (many), Selenia bilunaria Esp. (1 2), Gonodontis bidentata Cl. 
(3), Biston betularia L. (4), and C. albipunctata (3). 


Thursday, 14th June 


In the afternoon we tackled the Kinrara Hill Road, and walked to its 
summit. The weather was cloudy with intermittent sunshine, and almost 
gale-force winds. This made the journey rather toilsome, but the view 
from the top was well worth the effort. There were several mountain 
hare about and also a Golden Plover. On the slopes at the summit we 
grubbed about amongst the Reindeer Moss and found a number of pupae 
of Amathes alpicola Zett. These have since emerged and are very beauti- 
ful specimens. 


Friday, 15th June 


A visit to the valleys of the Dee and Don via the Lecht Road wa 
made this day. By the Dee we saw Coenonympha pamphilus L., E. 
atomaria and O. umbrifera. From bushes of Juniper we beat larvae of 
T. juniperata. Near Loch Kinord, in Aberdeenshire, E. atomaria was 
abundant, there being a wide variety of markings in both male and 
female. The Demoiselle-fly, E. cyathigerum, was common and I obtained 
also a specimen of Pyrrhosoma nymphula Sulz. 

Returning over the Lecht Road we halted at the summit to visit a 
patch of snow. Cloudberry, Rubus chamaemorus, was growing here in 
profusion, as also was Crowberry, Empetrum nigrum. Eupethecia 
satyrata Hb., the moorland form, was flying here in quantity. We saw 
also a raven, buzzards and another golden plover. 

In the evening, work again at Aviemore, but sugar only. O. plecta (3), 
Apamea sordens Hufn. (3), E. lucipara (2), A. obscura (6), H. nana (3), 
R. tenebrosa (2), E. adusta (many), H. contigua (2), H. thalassina (several), 
A. crenata (several), A. psi (1), A. leporina (1), A. menyanthidis (2), T. 
duplaris (many), E. corylata (7), Eupithecia nanata Hb. (1), and Semiothisa 
notata L. (1). One specimen of Xanthorhoe montanata Schf. was netted. 


Saturday, 16th June 


The morning was spent in setting, letter writing and being generally 
lazy. In the afternon we went over the Cromdale Hills past Lochendorb, 
along the Dorbach Burn and on to Daltulich Bridge over the Findhorn. 
Here we saw a red squirrel which refused to have its photo taken, and 
chattered in a most angry fashion. Lepidoptera were absent, but a fine 
collection of bryophites was gathered. 

At night we were sugaring again, and had the mercury vapour lamp 
going also. 


Licut: E. adusta (1), E. corylata (many), E. nanata (several), and L. 
varia (3). 


AVIEMORE 1962 263 


Sucar: Ceramica pisi L. (1), Hadena bombycina Hufn. (1), H. 
thalassina (4), E. adusta (many), R. tenebrosa (several), O. plecta (2). Ed: 
rectilinea (several), A. sordens (1), A. obscura (3), A. crenata (5), A. psi 
(1), H. nana (1), T. duplaris (several), E. corylata (several), Cabera 
exanthemata Scop. (1), E. satyrata (1), and L. varia (1). There were also a 
number of caddis flies and the plecopteron, Isoperla grammatica Poda. 


Three specimens of C. albipunctata and one of D. fagaria were netted. 


It was a windy night with a moon and clear sky. The temperature at 
11.0 p.m. was 52°, but by 1.0 a.m. this had fallen to 45°. 


Sunday, 17th June 


In the morning I was at the Rothiemurchus Episcopal Church, and 
after the service searched the slopes of Craigellachie opposite Kinakyle. 
Nothing was to be seen. 

In the afternoon we encircled the Monadhliaths going to Spean Bridge, 
Fort Augustus, Errogi, Daviot and back to Aviemore. Between Errogi 
and Daviot, Bog Myrtle was beaten and the larvae of Colostygia didymata 
L. were obtained. ; 

The evening was cloudy and promised good mothing. At 11.30 p.m. th 
temperature was 53° and by 1.45 a.m. it had risen to 55°. 


Licut: E. nanata (many), C. exanthemata (1), E. corylata (many), L. 
capucina (1), E. adusta (8), Laothoe populi L. (5), O. umbrifera (7), 
Opisthograptis luteolata L. (1), Cabera pusaria L. (4), A. crenata (3), 
Leucania comma L. (2), L. varia (3), G. bidentata (2), R. tenebrosa (5), 
H. nana (2), B. betularia (3), L. ocellata (1), C. albipunctata (1), Pheosia 
gnoma Fab. (1), and Xanthorhoé designata Hufn. (1). 


SuGaR: R. tenebrosa (several), E. adusta (many), A. sordens (4), A. 
crenata (5), A. obscura (5), O. plecta (3), A. leporina (1), E. lucipara (2), 
H. thalassina (several), H. nana (2), T. duplaris (many), C. pisi (1), H. 
rectilinea (several), L. comma (2), L. varia (1), E. corylata (many), E. 
nanata (2), and E. satyrata (1). 

On the sugar also were Sialis lutaria L. (Alder Fly) and Chloroperla 
torrentium Pictet—one of the Stone Flies. Both these species were on 
the sugar throughout the whole period of the holiday. 


Monday, 18th June 


This was a lazy day. We set about beating for larvae near Carr Bridge 
in a most half-hearted fashion, and in consequence obtained very little. 
In the early evening we were by the River Druie and captured one 
specimen each of Eupethecia helveticaria Bdv. and Perizoma blandiata 
Schf. 


Tuesday, 19th June 


In the afternoon we went to the Ryvoan Pass and climbed a stream to 
its source. Mosses and liverworts were abundant. On the downward 
journey the larvae of Lasiocampa quercus L. were found feeding on 
Calluna vulgaris. The only lepidoptera seen flying were specimens of 
E. atomaria. This was not surprising as there was a strong wind and 
occasional showers. 

Driving back to Aviemore we stopped by some Cytisus scoparus and 
found the larvae of Chesias legatella Schf. 


264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 


Wednesday, 20th June 

The weather was not very promising; heavy clouds and rain threaten- 
ing. At first we went to Glen Tromie where the only moth to be seen 
was H. coerulata. This was abundant amongst the alders by the river. 
Despairing of sunshine in this area we went north to Dulsie Woods in 
the County of Nairn. Here there was an improvement in the weather. We 
followed a stream which was sheltered from the wind, and found the 
afternoon quite pleasant. A number of ephemeroptera were flying (I 
hope to report on these at a later date), and so also were E. corylata, E. 
atomaria, E. satyrata, E. montanata and Cabera pusaria L. On Birch we 
found the larvae of Colotois pennaria L. and L. quercus. With regard. to 
the latter species over the last eleven years I have found the larvae on 
birch more often than any other plant. 

Along the stream, bobbing up and down on the stones, was a dipper. 

At night the light and sugar were in use again at Aviemore. 


DuskING: C. albipunctata (2), S. notata (2), C. pusaria (2), C. umbrifera 
(several), E. corylata (many), L. ocellata (several), O. luteolata (1), and 
T. duplaris (several). 


SuGcaR: O. plecta (2), Diarsia festiva Schf. (2), E. adusta (many), 
A. obscura (many), H. contigua (1), H. thalassina (3), H. nana (2), A. 
crenata (many), A. sordens (4), R. tenebrosa (7), L. varia (1), E. lucipara 
(2), C. pisi (2), L. comma (4), H. rectilinea (many), T.duplaris (many), E. 
corylata (several), L. ocellata (3), and E. nanata (2). 


Licgut: L. capucina (5), Notodonta dromedarius L. (1), E. adusta (2), 
R, tenebrosa (several), L. populi (2), P. gnoma (1), H. nana (1), T. duplaris 
(many), E. corylata (many), E. nanata (several), C. pusaria (3), S. notata 
(1), B. betularia (2), G. bidentata (1), L. ocellata (3), C. albipunctata (2), 
and O. umbrifera (1). 


Thursday, 21st June 

The morning was spent setting, but in the afternoon we went north to 
Daviot and then along the road towards Fort Augustus. We stopped 
beside the road beyond the Flichity Inn, and near Easter Croachy. The 
hillside here was covered with Myrica Gale and there were several 
geometer larvae feeding on it. Again I obtained the larvae of Ypsolophus 
costella Fab. It appeared to be abundant here, and some of the imagines 
which have emerged are albinistic. On the ling there were larvae of 
Trichiura crataegi L. and Hydriomena furcata Thun. 

Higher up the hill, beyond the Bog Myrtle, I captured specimens of 
Gymnoscelis pumilata Hb., E. satyrata, E. nanata and another Eupithecia 
as yet unidentified. Also there were specimens of E, atomaria and 
Anarta myrtilli L. 


Friday, 22nd June 

Although it was gusty, and at times there were heavy clouds, I decided 
to tackle the Kinrara Hill Road again. At the summit I obtained more 
pupae of A. alpicola, but saw no other lepidoptera. I lunched at the side 
of a wee lochan where Mountain Azalea was just beginning to bloom. 
I had intended searching a wider area for alpicola, but the wind increased 
in velocity and it commenced to sleet. Discretion, I felt, was the better 
part of valour and began to descend. 


AVIEMORE 1962 265 


On the downward journey I had the good fortune to see a bird that 
was new to me; this was the Pied Wheatear, Oenanthe leucomela. 
In the evening Mr and Mrs. King returned to Birmingham. 


Saturday, 23rd June 

To-day, for the first and only time on my holiday, I saw L. quercus 
flying over the heather in Aglaia Valley (my name). Also captured, C. 
pusaria and Erynnis tages L. 

The afternoon was spent at Dulsie Woods where E. satyrata was 
abundant. The only new species seen was Lomaspilis marginata L. There 
were a few ephemeroptera flying or resting on herbage at the side of the 
stream, and on a boulder in the middle of the burn I found a freshly 
emerged specimen of the Dragonfly Cordulegaster boltonii Dor. 


Sunday, 24th June 

It poured with rain all day. The mountains disappeared and we were 
left on a flat, wet plain. However, it cleared for a while in the evening 
and I decided to sugar. At 11.15 p.m. the temperature was 44° and at 
12.30 a.m., when it had commenced to rain again, it had dropped to 43°. 


SuGaR: E. adusta (32), A. crenata (5), A. obscura (4), D. festiva (3), 
R. tenebrosa (4), Polia tincta Hb. (3), E. nanata (1), and E. corylata (1). 


FLYING: O. umbrifera (1) and X. montanata (1). 


Monday, 25th June 

A day of showers and blustery winds and so, as usual when it is wet, I 
headed north east. At Findhorn it was dry and warm with a strong wind. 
I found nothing of interest in the realm of Insecta, but took various photo- 
graphs of flowers growing on the sand-dunes. 

Near Forres I beat the larvae of legatella from Common Broom, and 
H. furcata from Ling. At Drynachan, County of Nairn, I saw a male 
Twite and photographed a young Woodcock. 


Tuesday, 26th June 

The doctor informed me that I was suffering from rheumatism and so 
had to take things easy. In the afternoon I went to Dulsie Woods where 
the only new species recorded were the imago of Xanthorhoe spadicearia 
Schf., and the larva of Amathes agathina Dup. The last named was, of 
course, stung. 


Wednesday, 27th June 

In the morning I followed the burn at the side of the Kinrara Hill 
Road. There was not a great deal about although the weather was warm. 
I saw E. corylata and O. umbrifera flying, and feeding on birch the larvae 
of L. quercus and Erannis defoliaria Cl. 

After lunch I went to the marsh and pine wood near Doorback, beyond 
Nethybridge, but there was nothing to be seen flying. Larvae of Achlya 
flavicornis L. were feeding on birch. 

From Doorback I went to Grannish Moor where Bupalus piniaria L. 
was flying in quantity, also O. umbrifera, E. corylata and a Scoparia 
species. 

At night light and sugar were in operation again at Aviemore. At 
11.30 p.m. temperature was 51°, at 12.45 a.m. 50°. 


266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 


SuGaR: A. obscura (many); A. crenata (many), A. sordens (2), E. 
adusta (not so many), T. duplaris (many), O. plecta (3), P. tincta (1), L. 
varia (3), A. psi (2), A. leporina (1), H. nana (1), L. comma (2), E. lucipara 
(1); H, rectilinea (7), D. festiva (3), R. tenebrosa (several), Diarsia rubi 
View. (1), Diataraxia oleracea L. (1), Thyatira batis L. (1), E. corylata 
(several), E. nanata (1), L. ocellata (1), and Thera obeliscata Hb. (1). 


Licut: E. adusta (2), A. crenata (3), T. duplaris (1), R. tenebrosa (1), 
L. varia (4), E. corylata (several), B. betularia (2), L. ocellata (2), O. 
umbrifera (3), and C. pusaria (1). 

Up to this night E. adusta had been the commonest moth on the sugar, 
but now A. obscura took the lead. 


Thursday, 28th June 


In the afternoon I went to the now spoilt Cairngorm. I failed to find 
any lepidoptera, but there were plenty of empty beer cans, and even dis- 
carded thermos flasks. 

Sugar and light again in the evening. At 11.30 the temperature was 
51°, but by 1.0 a.m. this had dropped to 45°. Windy. 


SuGaR: E. adusta (many), A. obscura (many), A. crenata (many), P. 
hepatica (9), C. pisi (1), D. festiva (4), O. plecta (2), L. varia (2), R. 
tenebrosa (several), H. rectilinea (1), L. comma (3), Triphaena pronuba L. 
(1), T. duplaris (1), E. corylata (3), L. ocellata (1), and E. nanata (1). 


Licut: E. adusta (2), L. populi (1), P. gnoma (2), R. tenebrosa (2), 
L. varia (3), L. ocellata (3), Alcis repandata L. (1), Eupithecia vulgata 
Haw. (1), E. nanata (1), O. umbrifera (1), B. betularia (1), and E. corylata 
Cl). 

There were also three ephemeroptera on the sheet belonging to the 
genus Caenis. 


Friday, 29th June 


This was my last day at Aviemore. It was still and warm, with cotton- 
wool clouds in a deep blue sky. For the first time butterflies were about 
in numbers. I saw: Pieris napi L. (I had seen this several times during the 
holiday), P. brassicae L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., 
Aricia agestis Schf. var. artaxerxes, Argynnis selene Schf., Coenonympha 
pamphilus L., and C. tullia Mull. was seen by another entomologist at the 
hotel. 

A beautiful day, but it was sad that it should be the last. 


CELASTRINA ARGIOLUS L. IN DorRsET.—In my garden in Upwey, and in 
the garden on the opposite side of the road, the holly blue in spring is 
usually fairly common, but from my observations, the second brood de- 
pends on the time of emergence of the spring brood. If the spring 
brood emerges in April, there is a chance of a second brood. This is 
because the spotted flycatcher has not yet arrived. Here, this bird 
arrives regularly between 6th and 8th May, and devours every butterfly 
on the wing, except cabbage whites. 

This year I saw the first holly blue on 2nd May and the last on 8th 
May, the day after the flycatchers arrived. This year, I did not see a 
single holly blue of the second brood. It will be interesting to see the 
result in 1963.—Brig. H. E. Warry, Upwey, Dorset. 3.xi.1962. 


THE GENUS APION HERBST IN EAST KENT 267 


Which Dagger Are You? 


By The Rev. F. M. B. Carr 


Are you Apatele psi Linn. or Apatele tridens Schiff.? The specimens in 
my cabinet, not having been submitted to a genitalia specialist, for the 
most part remain mute. The few that bear the legend Apatele tridens can 
give a satisfactory reply without having their tails cut off with a carving 
knife. I have known them from their larvahood, but they are few indeed, 
most of the larvae of A. tridens I have taken having been attacked by 
something deadly. 

The rest of my “daggers” are lumped together as A. psi, whether bred 
or taken as moths. A disgraceful state of affairs, which ought to have 
been remedied long ago, at least so far as acquiring an authentic series 
of the commoner species. Box every dagger you see until you get a 
fertile female. But surely never were daggers so scarce: up to 9th August 
I had only seen one, and that was a male. On that day I journeyed to Hod 
Hill in Dorset. The weather was anything but promising; it was more like 
winter than many a winter day, cold and sunless. Never a thought of 
daggers had I in mind; I climbed the hill, and the weather went from bad 
to worse, and a strong cold wind became a gale, but there, on a post, sat 
a dagger, and I boxed her. Then down came the rain, and down came I, 
and got drenched in the process. I looked at my dagger, who had already 
deposited a number of her almost transparent, bun-shaped eggs on the 
glass of the box. 

She did me proud, laying about 80 eggs. On 17th August they hatched, 
the larvae, like the eggs, being nearly colourless, but with some of the 
segments darker. In a few days the larvae were altogether darker, and 
by 24th August I was nearly sure, and of course very pleased, that these 
larvae were not A. psi but A. tridens. Three days later, this was con- 
firmed: they had an orange-red dorsal stripe, a white cross on the 12th 
somite, and the 13th was bright red. 

I gave Mr. H. Symes 21 larvae. I had few, if any casualties, and the 
larvae began making their cocoons in rotten wood and sawdust on 15th 


September. 
Flat F.8, Pine Grange, Bournemouth. 


The Genus Apion Herbst and some other notable 
Weevils in East Kent 


By Joun Parry, M.P.S. 


For some years now I have sporadically collected coleoptera in Kent, 
particularly in the Canterbury and Ashford districts of East Kent. I have 
seldom recorded observations in the entomological journals, and although 
I should like to claim altruistic motives for this (i.e. to preserve local 
species from attacks by the human race) this does not quite ring true 
where coleoptera are concerned, and I must confess therefore that this is 
not the truth: rather I have taken much more pleasure in seeking and 
finding species for myself than in recording such captures when made. If 
you like, I have been lazy. 

In taking up the study of the coleoptera I have followed the accepted 
pattern and assaulted one particular group at a time. Enthusiasm for 


268 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 


each group has been prefaced by the fortuitous discovery of some species 
of that group that is regarded as a particular prize, the group of interest 
at that time being immediately dropped in favour of the new. 

The first section that I attacked in earnest was the sub-order 
Rhynchophora, the incitement being the discovery one day (23.vi.1949) on 
the banks of the Basingstoke canal at Fleet, Hants, of a number of the rare 
Tapinotus sellatus Fab. The group is so large that I attacked first a con- 
venient sub-section, namely the genus Apion, and the following is an 
account of the species found. 

I concentrated on a small area within a 10 mile radius of Canterbury, 
and in all I came across 60 of the 78 species that may be accepted as 
indigenous to this country within this small area. This wou'd seem to 
indicate a very general distribution of this genus. Whilst those species 
not mentioned were diligently sought for, this does not mean that they are 
necessarily absent, since some species are so local that every field would 
have to be quartered before this could be said. 


Twenty-one species were fairly abundant and well distributed, viz. 


. radiolus Marsh (Malva sylvestris). 
ervi K. (Lathyrus pratensis). 

. curtirostre Germ. (Rumex acetosella)t. 
. hydrolapathi K. (dock). 

. loti K. (Lotus corniculatus). 

. simile K. (birch Betula). 


718: 
ae: 

20. 
*21. 


*1. A. miniatum Germ. (dock). (Rumex obtusifolius). 
*2. A. frumentarium Pk. (Rumex acetosella). 
*3. A. malvae Fab. (Malva sylvestris). 
*4. A. ulicis Forst. (Gorse). 
5. A. nigritarse K. (Trifolia generally but particularly hop trefoil, 
Trifolium campestre.) 
6. A. flavipes Pk. (all vegetation in woods, abundant on Mercurialis 
perennis). 
7. AL piciae PK. (Vici@ cracca). 
8. A. aestium Ge. (Trifolia especially clover). 
9. A. pisi Fab. (vetches, mainly V. cracca). 
*10. A. aeieium Fab. (Malva sylvestris). 
11. A. seniculum K. (Trifolia). 
*12. A. ononicola Bach. (Ononis repens and O. spinosa). 
13. A. apricans Herbst (Trifolia, especially clover). 
*14. A. carduorum K. (thistles). 
*15. A. onopordi K. (thistles). 
A 
A. 
A 
A 
A 
A 


*As far as could be ascertained, specific to the plant named in 
parenthesis. 


*generally found on R. acetosa (A.A.A.). 


A further 27 species were easily discovered, but their distribution was 
very localized, and with most of them only a few (but at least three) 
localities were found. This was often due to localization of the food plant, 
and in the case of A. fuscirostre Fab., A. limonii K. and A. meliloti K. the 
weevil was found only where the foodplant grew in sufficient abundance. 
These were :— 

*22. A. fuscirostre Fab. (broom) (Cytisus). 
*23. A. rufirostre Fab. (Malva sylvestris). 


THE GENUS APION HERBST IN EAST KENT 269 


?*24. A. difforme Germ. (swept from vegetation where Polygonum was 
always present but the insect was not actuaily found thereon). 

25. A. varipes Germ. (on Trifolia but found on the coast abundantly 
where only Ononis and hare’s foot clover (T. arvense) are 
present. 


26. A. assimile K. (Trifolia chiefly). 

27. A. pomonae Fab. (Vicia sepium and other species). 
*28. A. subulatum K (Lathyrus pratensis). 

*29. A. craccae L. (Vicia cracca). 

*30. A. stolidum Germ. (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). 
*31. A. hookeri K. (Matricaria chamomilla). 

*32. A. confluens K. (M. chamomilla). 

*33. A. vicinum K. (Mentha aquatica). 

*34. A. atomarium K. (Thymus serpyllum). 

*35. A. limonii K. (Statice limonium). 

*36. A. immune K. (broom (Cytisus)). 

*37. A. striatum K. (broom (Cytisus)). 

*38. A. filirostre K. (Medicago). 

*39. A. ononis K. (Ononis repens only). 

40. A. punctigerum Pk. (Vicia spp.). 

*41. A. marchicum Herbst (Rumez acetosella). 

42. A. aethiops Herbst (Vicia spp.). 

43. A. waltoni St. (swept from herbage including Vicia but not Anthyllis). 
44. A. reflexum Gyll. (swept with waltoni). 

*45. A. vorax Herbst (Mercurialis perennis). 

46. A. meliloti K. (Melilotus). 

47. A. virens Herbst (Vicia spp.). 

*48. A. tenue K. (Medicago). 


In this group A. vicinium is worthy of note. Although found in three 
separate localities, individuals were few in number and had to be carefully 
sought for. 

The remaining twelve species were found in one or two localities only, 
and then only after the most intensive and widespread search had been 
made for them over the whole area. They are:— 

1. A. urticarium Herbst. This was found in numbers in an old orchard 
near Whitehall, Canterbury, 20.vii.1952. This orchard had been quite 
neglected for many years and was later to produce for me both A. millum 
Bach and A, semivittatum Gyll. This coincidence led me to speculate 
whether the rarity of these species, the foodplants of which are very 
abundant, might be due to an inability to migrate to new pastures when 
disturbed. Dr. Massee suggested to me that A. urticarium was often not 
found because of its preference for the smaller of the two stinging nettles, 
Urtica urens, but I did not find this to be so. Urtica urens was present 
here and the creature was to be found on it, but it was much more 
abundant on U. dioica. 

2. A. rubens Steph. Six specimens only were found (9.viii.1950) at roots 
of Rumez acetosella in rough pasture. Similar to A. frumentarium Pay. at 
first glance, it is at once separated by its slender parallel-sided elytra and 
by its smaller size. 

3. A. cruentatum Walt. One only was taken, in June 1950, amongst 
a number of A. frumentarium, but undoubtedly this is cruentatum. A. 
frumentarium from all localities were examined without finding any more 
cruentatum. 


270 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII /1962 


4. A. semivittatum Gyll. This was found in the orchard mentioned 
above on Mercurialis annua where the soil had been half-heartedly dug 
and a few vegetables planted. The colony is still there. About 30 were 
taken on the first occasion (27.vii.1952). 

5. A. laevicolle Kirby. I took laevicolle in large numbers in the 
autumn of several seasons by beating an old hawthorn hedge near Little- 
bourne. The summer time produced no particular growth of any legume 
which could be the foodplant; the foodplant may be polygonum, but I was 
quite unable to trace any of this weevil on the ground at all. The obvious 
explanation is that the species feeds on hawthorn, which explanation is 
rather unsatifactory. It is more likely that it ascends into the hedge to 
hibernate. 

6. This same hedge supplied a number of A. curtisii Steph., but again 
I am in the dark as to the foodplant. Sweeping and searching the grass 
verge on both sides of the hedge produced no beetles whatsoever at any 
season of the year, but about thirty were taken by sweeping mixed 
vegetation including clover and vetches at Canterbury on 14.viii.1950. 

7. A. flavimanum Gyll. I could not find this species anywhere on 
wood sage, but at two localities I found it on the flower-heads of marjoram. 
At Wye, near Ashford, I found about 30 by sweeping marjoram after 
finding an individual on that plant (21.vii.1950), and at Canterbury, six 
by visual searching (16.vii.1952). . 

8. A. millium Bach. (=annulipes Wencker). I obtained considerable 
numbers from a mass of very short stunted Prunella vulgaris on 9.x.1952, 
in the old orchard mentioned under A. urticarium. It was searched for 
intensively elsewhere but was not found. It was still present the next 
spring and summer, but appeared more abundantly in the next autumn. 

9. A. gyllenhali Kirby. Two specimens only were taken by sweeping at 
Whitstable. 

10. A. violaceum Kirby. This species, so abundant in other counties, 
was apparently absent altogether except for one specimen I have labelled 
“Chilham 7.iii.1948”. I have never taken it since. 

11. A. pubescens Kirby. A series was taken from willow on the Old 
Park golf course at Canterbury on 8.vii.1952, and the species may still be 
founfound there. 

12. I have a single specimen of A. lemoroi Bris. taken by sweeping a 
grass verge with Lathyrus, Medicago, vetches and clover at Bridge, near 
Canterbury. Perhaps this species is of wider distribution than was at 
first thought. 

I found that the host plants given by Joy (1932, A Practical Handbook 
of British Beetles, 1: 164-173) were accurate with the particular exception 
of A. flavimanum, which was found only on marjoram and could not be 
swept from Teucrium anywhere. A. curtisii was found in abundance when 
there was no Onobrychis, but where there may have been the previous 
year. 

Some of the absences were undoubtedly due to the absence or scarcity 
of the foodplant, for example, Genista is scarce, though a little was found 
in the Weald and at Whitstable, and A. genistae was absent; Astragalus 
glycyphyllos is rather scarce though there is a nice patch in the Faversham 
area, and A. astragali was absent. 

Many of the species I found were easily bred by collecting seed pods of 
the particular plant (usually a legume) in the region where I had found 
an adult, and keeping them in a well-ventilated cage sprayed with a very 


THE GENUS APION HERBST IN EAST KENT 271 


little water from time to time. The adults emerged usually within a 
month, together with the usual miscellany of Bruchus and Sitona species, 
though some overwintered within the pods if allowed to do so._ I obtained 
the impression that the generations were endless unless the foodplant’s 
short cycle or some other factor interfered. 

Hibernation always occurred in the adult phase, at the roots of vegeta- 
tion often far removed from the host plant. This might indicate an 
autumn migratory tendency, since at other periods the more specific forms 
are hardly ever found away from the foodplant. However the foodplant 
may have been there and died, or the insect may have been carried to the 
foreign spot by winds or flood debris. 


Some species have a habit of ascending hedgerow shrubs in autumn 
and can be beaten therefrom. It is frustrating to find them in numbers 
there and to be unable to trace the food plant nearby. 


Amongst other Rhynchophora, the following may be of interest:— 
Gymnetron rostellum Herbst with a single specimen of G. melanarium 
Germ in heads of Matricaria chamomilla and Anthemis cotula, in one 
locality only, Petts Bottom, near Canterbury. G. linariae Panz. is locally 
common throughout, and so is G. beccabungae L. G. rostellum has to be 
dug out from the flower-head. 

Pissodes notatus F. and P. pini L. was abundantly found with Ips 
sexdentatus Born. in hordes under pine bark at Littlebourne. 


Liparis germanus Pz. is locally common at the roots of Heracleum 
sphondylium. 

Magdalis armigera Geof. and M. carbonaria L. I have found to be 
locally common on elm and birch respectively. The former seems to 
favour old trees, and the latter the young birch that springs up in wood- 
land after clearing. 

Tropideres sepicola F., common in dead boughs of oak in several 
localities, was a pleasant discovery. 

I once bred from very small larvae a number of the large relative of 
this species, Platyrhinus resinosus Scop. (= latirostus F.); the larva lives 
in the fungus Daldinia concentrica and a number of the growths gathered 
showed marks of the woodpecker’s beak. Since the fungus is conspicuous, 
the larva is presumably very frequently attacked in this way, and 
although in appearance very helpless (rather like the larva of the common 
cockchafer but with the head bent backwards), it appears to have 
developed a mode of defence. When disturbed the head is moved back 
sharply, and at the same time the jaws give forth a loud snap. I myself 
was deterred from handling them by this, and a bird might well be 
frightened also. When ready to pupate, the larva bores through the 
fungus into the supporting twig, and makes a long pupal gallery down the 
centre, overwintering within the twig in the adult state. I found larvae 
and pupae of T. sepicola around Canterbury within the wood of oak 
branches, and the larva resembles that of P. resinosus, probably also 
feeding on a fungus and pupating within the solid wood. 


As Mr. Parry’s paper contains a number of original observations of 
special interest to the coleopterist, a few brief comments may perhaps be 
in order. 

Firstly his finding of the two very local Apions, laevicolle and curtisii 
(whose foodplants are not securely identified), in numbers on a hawthorn 


272 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 


hedge in several successive seasons is specially noteworthy. As this was 
always in autumn, it seems not improbable that it was connected with 
hibernation; I have occasionally beaten Apions such as flavipes (and once 
varipes) out of evergreens, thick ivy, etc., between November and March, 
but only by odd specimens. The two species in question, however, more 
often occur in quite open situations far from hedges or trees—usually near 
the coast—and so presumably hibernate, as a rule, at roots of herbage in 
their breeding-places or not far away. (I have taken laevicolle at roots 
of Ononis and other low vegetation at Deal in October.) At the same 
time I would agree with Mr. Parry’s observation that Apions do rather 
often hibernate at a distance from the host plant and that there may be 
mass movements in autumn towards suitable hibernacula—as has been 
found to occur in a number of Hemiptera-Heteroptera species, for 
example. 

On the other hand, the phenomenon of congregating periodically on 
bushes or trees unrelated to their foodplants, not only in autumn, but in 
spring and summer too, is well known in this and some other weevil 
genera; but not previously recorded, I think, in these two species. Its 
purpose, however, appears to be quite unknown. One may mention in 
this connection A. craccae, gyllenhali and flavipes; also laevigatum Payk. 
(=sorbi F.) which is more often so encountered than on its true hosts. 
Another striking case is afforded by A. pubescens Kby., which is constantly 
found upon willows, yet has also occurred freely amongst low herbage a 
long way from such trees and has in fact been stated (on the continent) 
to breed in species of Trifolium. The whole matter presents a curious 
problem, and one not easy of solution. 


Mr. Parry’s perplexity at finding A. flavimanum on the “wrong” plant 
—marjoram instead of wood sage, its alleged host—is understandable. 
However, my experience with this species is entirely comparable, except 
that I find it also on Calamintha, besides Origanum. I have long been of 
the opinion that the customary attribution of Teucrium to A. flavimanum is 
incorrect, at least as regards south-east England and published a note to 
that effect in 1960 (Ent. mon. Mag., 96: 166). It is satisfactory to have one’s 
own findings thus independently corroborated. 


The most notable single capture by Mr. Parry is undoubtedly A. 
lemoroi Bris., the last species of Apion to be added to our list; it had been 
recorded previously only from Effingham (Surrey) and near Cambridge, 
and lives on knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare) in stubble fields in autumn. 


Mr. Parry is to be congratulated on having discovered what is probably 
the primary foodplant of Gymnetron rostellum in Britain, and also its 
breeding site. Earlier data were vague and unreliable, and though Joy 
gives Filago this now seems doubtful. Its occurrence in heads of 
Matricaria, etc., confirms a German record of Reitter’s for that plant. The 
finding of a single G. melanarium in the same situation is, however, more 
puzzling, since the association of this species with Veronica chamaedrys 
appears well established, and I am therefore inclined to regard it as 
accidental. 

For the Anthribids, Tropideres sepicola and Platyrhinus resinosus, 
Mr. Parry’s interesting notes on certain aspects of their biology, especially 
as to the true habitat of the former in all stages, and a remarkable 
defensive habit of the larva of the latter, provide valuable additions to our 
knowledge of these rare species in Britain—A. A. ALLEN. 


SIREX NOCTILIO F., A RECENT INTRODUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA Pils 


Sirex noctilio F., A Recent Introduction in 
South Africa 


By J. S. TAYLOR 


In January 1961 a portion of 6” X 2” timber of Baltic origin in a Port 
Elizabeth timber yard was found to be infested by a wood-boring insect 
and was handed over to the local office of the Division of Plant Control 
and Quarantine. Subsequently the infested piece of timber, together with 
some living insect material, was passed on to the Entomologist’s office. 

The infested portion of timber measured some eighteen inches in length 
and contained a number of burrows and flight holes 2 to 3 mm. in diameter. 
With the timber were three adult female siricid wasps and one living 
pupa, while a few days later a male wasp and another female emerged. 
The piece of timber is being kept intact in case of further emergences. 

The siricid was identified as being Sirex noctilio F., otherwise known 
as the Steel-Blue Wasp or Horntail (Step, 1932). It is a common European 
species, and has been recorded as a timber pest in Germany and Northern 
Europe where it causes serious damage in the forests. It also occurs in 
Britain where its numbers are often augmented by shipments of timber 
from abroad. It is not thought to be indigenous there and is not of major 
economic importance. 

This wood-boring wasp was introduced into New Zealand about 1900 
and became a serious pest; it has also been recorded in Canada. It is 
usually found in pine, but will attack spruce, silver fir and larch as well. 
There is a fairly extensive literature and most authors state that sickly 
trees are preferred by the insect. Felled timber and poles are likewise 
subject to attack. 

The eggs are deposited under bark in tunnels a quarter of an inch 
in depth and the larvae bore through the softwood to the hardwood and 
even into the pith (Clark, 1933). Chrystal (1928) states that the incubation 
period occupies 3 to 4 weeks, the larval period c. 21 months, and the 
pupal period 5 to 6 weeks; the total period from egg to adult taking c. 
2 years. The average number of eggs dissected from large females was 
from 300 to 400, and up to six oviposition tunnels were found in one 
square foot of bark. Duffield (1927) mentions that the larvae bore into the 
hardwood, and generally pupate just below the bark, the adults emerging 
the following spring. The larval galleries spoil the wood for technical 
purposes. A German author (Scheidter, 1923) gives the number of eggs 
per female as c. 400, and adds that very few males were found among some 
hundreds of females. Poles are preferred for oviposition because the 
relatively short ovipositor is unable to pierce the thick bark. Painting 
with carbolineum or creosote will prevent attack on freshly-felled timber, 
but felled or broken trunks should not be left about as they are used for 
breeding by the wasp. In Germany, woodpeckers are the principal natural 
enemies. The horntail has been satisfactorily controlled in New Zealand 
by introduced parasites, notably by Rhyssa persuasoria L., a large species 
of ichneumonid from Europe (Cawthorn Institute, 1946). 

S. noctilio does not appear to have been observed in South Africa 
before, and there are only three other records of Siricidae in the archives 
of the Division of Entomology, all concerning interceptions in timber of 
foreign origin. One was Xeris spectrum L., ex crate wood from Germany; 
another involved unidentifiable specimens in American lumber; and the 


274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ X11 /1962 


third was probably Sirex gigas L., in German crate wood. In this con- 
nection Mr. R. B. Benson of the British Museum of Natural History and 
an authority on Siricidae writes as follows: “I am most interested, but not 
in the least surprised, to hear of Sirex noctilio being found alive in South 
Africa in timber of Baltic origin. I have no actual note of this or any 
other siricid being introduced previously into South Africa, and it may be 
the first, although I have not had time to make a thorough search. There 
are, of course, two native species of siricid in tropical Africa belonging 
to the endemic genus Apotremex, but these species are presumably on 
hardwood trees. The introduction of Sirex or other Siricinae is fraught 
with danger in South Africa, because of your introduced conifers. So 
far as I know, S. noctilio only feeds on trees of the Pinaceae, and would 
perhaps readily attack your species of Pinus”. 

It remains to be seen whether this wood-boring wasp becomes estab- 
lished in South Africa. Few, if any, individuals can have escaped on this 
particular occasion but other introductions could easily take place and 
remain unnoticed. Should this wasp become established and assume 
serious proportions the introduction of Rhyssa persuasoria, which has 
been so effective in controlling it in New Zealand, would appear to be 
the obvious remedy. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
The writer is much indebted to Mr. R. B. Benson of the British Museum 
of Natural History, London, for information on the distribution and status 
of S. noctilio. 


REFERENCES 


Cawthorn Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. (1946). Annual Report, 1945-46. 

Chrystal, R. N. (1928). The Sirex Wood Wasps and their influence in Forestry. 
Bull. ent. Res., Xix: 3, 219-247. 

Clark, A. F. (1933). The Horntail Borer and its Fungal Association. N.Z. Jl. 
Sci. Tech., 15, 3, 188-190. 

Duffield, C. A, W. (1927). Wood Wasps. Gdnr‘s. Chron. 1, XXXif: 21, 31, 348. 

Scheidter, F. (1923). Zur Lebensweise unserer Holzwespen. Zeitschr. 
Schadlingbekampfung, i, 2, 89-98. 

Step, E. (1932). Bees, Wasps, Ants and Allied Insects of the British Isles. Lon- 
don, F. Warne and Co. 


The Treasurer’s Appeal 


With the December issue of 1961 I made an appeal to all subscribers 
who pay by cheque to subscribe by Banker’s Order, and I had a fairly 
good response. Nevertheless I wish to appeal again. Many subscribers 
can save themselves and the treasurer much trouble and expense by using 
a Banker’s Order. 

I will, on request, send a Banker’s Order for 1963 onwards to sub- 
scribers. It is payable on 1st February each year and can be cancelled 
at any time should the necessity arise. 

I also hope that subscribers not using a Banker’s Order will send me 
their subscriptions before 1st February. If a subscription is not paid 
before the end of February I shall assume that the Record is no longer 
required and will withhold the March and further issues. This applies 
also to those who subscribe through subscription agencies. 

I assure subscribers that I am not being high handed in this matter; 
the Record has to pay its way even though it is not run for profit, and 
your co-operation will be sincerely appreciated. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 275 


Notes and Observations 


DEILEPHILA LIVORNICA Esp. IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—On the morning of 
28th July I was pleased to find a specimen of Deilephila livornica Esp. in 
my mercury vapour trap, which was set in the garden of my home at 
Rodmanton Manor, Cirencester, Gloucestershire—JASPER BIDDULPH, c/O 
C.N. C. Apprson Esq., Warre House, Eton College, Windsor, Berks. 


A Visit TO BRownsEa IsLanp.—On Saturday, 13th October, one hundred 
and forty members of the Dorset Naturalists’ Trust were allowed, by 
courtesy of the National Trust, to visit Brownsea Island. Most of us 
spent about four hours on the island and were taken round in small 
groups. The Warden told me that he had recently taken four Leucania 
vitellina Hubn. and one Lithophane leautieri Boisd. at sugar. I was not 
surprised at the latter, for there are some magnificent specimens of 
Cupressus macrocarpa on the island, far and away the largest I have 
ever seen. I was also told that Limenitis camilla L. is found there, 
honeysuckle being abundant, but no fritillaries of any species. I think 
it is not unlikely that there may be a colony of Coscinia cribraria L. on 
Brownsea, as the island lies midway between Parkstone and Studland, 
twe localities where it occurs. There is plenty of heather, most of it so 
tall and dense as to be almost impenetrable, and this much - harassed species 
would receive a measure of protection. The heather, some of it still in 
flower, was interspersed with masses of golden gorse (Ulex nana) in full 
bloom. There were thickets of rhododendrons of prodigious size, and we 
walked along a tunnel that had been cut through them. Besides conifers, 
there were plenty of deciduous trees, chiefly oak, beech, sycamore, lime 
and birch, with a few sallows and aspens on the low ground. There may 
have been others which I do not remember. But the only lepidoptera 
which I saw that day were a Vanessa atalanta L. sunning itself on a 
brick wall and three very dead moths: Noctua pronuba L., Apamea mono- 
glypha Hufn. and Plusia gamma L. Finally, I was particularly pleased to 
hear that the resident squirrels are red ones.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther 
Road, Bournemouth. 17.x.1962. 


OTHER OCCURRENCES OF HERSI CONVOLVULI L. IN 1962.—Dr. Goodall’s 
most interesting report of the finding of a convolvulus hawk moth in 
rubbish at Morecambe on the 10th September 1962, reminds me that a 
week or two ago I was turning over the pages of Country Life (October 
11th issue). In this was a letter from Mr. C. C. Petch, of Brill, Bucks., in 
which he described the finding of a similar moth on the passenger’s seat 
of his car at Dinas Cross, in Pembrokeshire on, I believe, the 16th Sep- 
tember 1962, or thereabouts (I quote from memory). The intruder had 
been sat on by his wife, but happily without further damage, apparently, 
than the loss of a few scales. 

Mr. Petch described himself as “a keen collector for many years’, but 
the sex of the insect was, I believe, not given. He also referred to an 
earlier report in a London daily paper of one taken in the London area, 
but the newspaper correspondent was no entomologist, as he published 
a photograph of a Herse convolvuli L. and gave it the caption, “death’s- 
head”! 

I remember, in September 1960, in central Italy at Lerici, how the 
convolvulus hawks came to the petunias every evening punctually at 7.20 


276 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 


p.m., and with such regularity that you could almost set your watch by 
them. By about 7.45 they had usually completed their evening repast 
and disappeared, and I used to wonder what they did with themselves for 
the rest of the night. 

In this country it appears almost impossib!e for them to breed, and 
it would be interesting to know how many recorded instances there are 
of the larva having been found in Great Britain.—J. H. REpDFERN, Brackens, 
78 Park View Road, Lytham, Lancs. 14.xi,1962. 


Late APPEARANCE OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. IN DORSET.—A 
specimen of Opisthograptis luteolata L. came to my light at Upwey on 5th 
October, and on the 22nd I flushed one from a hedge while beating. On 
the same day I beat two small larvae of this insect from oak.—Brig. H. E. 
Warry, Upwey, Dorset. 3.xi.1962. 


LaTE EMERGENCE OF LYSANDRA CORIDON Popa.—-A co!d and wet latter end 
of the summer sometimes has its consolations as it tends to prolong the 
butterfly collecting season well past the last official day of summer and 
into the autumn. For some reason, which may well be connected with 
this season’s weather, the main emergence of Lysandra coridon Poda on 
a certain Wiltshire down did not take place until the end of August and 
early September. At the height of its main period of emergence the 
butterfly was particularly common on the down although it showed no 
tendency to vary. Captain Jackson and myself visited the colony for 
what we thought was to be the last time on 29th September. It was a hot 
and particularly fine and warm day, but both sexes were still well repre- 
sented, although numbers naturally had fallen off considerably from the 
peak period. Two pairs were noted in cop. with the females wings still 
limp. 

That same night we suffered a 70 m.p.h. gale accompanied by torren- 
tial rain, the latter lasting, with varying degrees of intensity, for several 
days. To-day, 7th October, a cold and foggy morning developed into a 
bright and sunny afternoon, so much so, in fact that I was tempted to 
make a further visit to the down. For various reasons I did not get there 
until nearly 4 o’clock, then the sun was already low, but in spite of this I 
was delighted to find that there were still plenty of butterflies about—I 
netted six perfectly fresh coridon males and examined a number of 
females, many of them being recently emerged, but alas, all quite 
ordinary. For the most part, they were competing with a number of 
silver ys, small tortoiseshells, meadow browns, and a few painted ladies 
for what scabious flowers were still out. Again two pairs were seen in 
cop. but this time, only in one case was it the lady’s first marriage. The 
majority of the meadow browns were in very good condition and several 
pairs were seen in cop. 

From the foregoing, I am wondering whether I shall be looking for 
L. bellargus Rott. in November, but whether this materialises or not, the 
results of to-day’s expedition are, I feel, most unusual.—Major-General 
C. G. Lipscoms, Crockerton House, Nr. Warminster, Wilts. 7.x.1962. 


MIGRANTS IN BERKSHIRE—I would like to record the capture in my 
light trap here of one Leucania albipuncta Schiff. on 21st September, 
and one Leucania vitellina Hiibn. on 3rd October, both in excellent condi- 
tion. During the latter part of September, eight Laphygma exigua Htbn. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS PUT 


were found in the trap, most of them only in moderate condition.—Air 
Marshal Sir Rosert SaunpBy, Oxleas, Burghclere, Nr. Newbury, Berks. 
21.xi.1962. 


LapHyGMaA Exicua, AN APpPEAL.—In yet another year of scarcity of 
lepidoptera, particularly migrant lepidoptera, the presence of so many 
Laphygma exigua Hiibn. is of particular interest. This moth, which was 
first recorded in Britain in 1856, has only twice before exceeded two 
hundred records per year, that was in 1906 (235) and 1958 (300). In both 
these years there was almost certainly an early immigration followed by 
successful breeding during the summer. It is probable that the same 
situation has occurred again. An immigration into southern England 
occurred in early May and these moths gave rise to large numbers of 
offspring in August and September. In view of the fact that 1962 is 
likely to be a record year for this moth, I would very much appreciate 
details of any records, and also records of other immigrants which occur- 
red at the same time.—R. A. FRENcH, Rothamsted Experimental Station, 
Harpenden, Herts. 14.xi.1962. 


AN IRREGULAR PAIRING OF TIPULIDAE.—Among numerous Tipulids in my 
mercury vapour moth trap on 28th August 1962, wasa d Tipula paludosa 
Meigen in cop. with a 92 T. fulvipennis Deg. The smaller wing-length of 
the former (16-25 mm.) made a striking contrast.—L. W. Siaaes, “Sungate’’, 
Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 19.xi.1962. 


On BREEDING ALAPTUS PALLIDICORNIS FORSTER (Hym. CHaALc. MyMaRIDAE). 
—In September 1960 I collected some egg-masses of a species of Psocoptera 
on aspen in my garden in Bournemouth. Later in the month I bred out 
about thirty imagines of a Mymarid. Samples were sent to Dr. W. D. 
Hincks of Manchester Museum, but in consequence of his untimely death, 
I was unable to obtain an identification from him. However, as a result 
of the assistance of Debauche’s monograph, I am satisfied that they are 
Alaptus pallidicornis Forster, a known parasite of Psocid eggs. The 
species belonging to this genus are the smallest known insects; one, A. 
magnanimus from India, measures only 0-21 mm. The British species, 
Alaptus minimus, measures about 0-4 mm. in length, while pallidicornis 
is about 0-45 mm. These two rank as the smallest known British insects. 

It is impracticable to mount members of this genus dry, owing to 
their minuteness; it is necessary to use a slide, preferably a cavity slide, 
which prevents distortion. 

Reference: Debauche, H. R. 1948. Etude sur les Mymarommidae et 
les Mymaridae de la Belgique (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Mem. Mus. 
Hist. Nat. Belg., 108, pp. 248, 24 pls—S. C. S. Brown, 454 Christchurch 
Read, Bournemouth. 16.xi.1962. 


IMMIGRANT SYRPHIDAE.-We have had two waves of immigrants to 
this district, but nothing so spectacular as the vast swarms I reported be- 
fore. 

Up to 13th August, insects were scarce in the garden and hover flies 
quite infrequent. On the 13th, the garden was full of hover flies and 
white butterflies (mainly large whites) so much that my wife and a 
neighbour remarked on “all the flies everywhere”’. I could detect no 
settled direction of flight, but the butterflies were swarming in from the 
south east, from whence there was a steady breeze. A friend, about a 
mile-and-a-half east of here reported “great swarms of flies—two sorts, 


278 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 


black and white, and small, black and yellow”. Perhaps I was on the 
edge of a mass immigration. The flies gradually thinned out to-what one 
might call a normal summer density. 

On 31st August, vast numbers of white butterflies again appeared 
coming from the south east. Again there were many more large than 
small whites. My Brassicas and Nasturtiums were plastered with masses 
of large white eggs—five batches on one Nasturtium leaf! Many more 
hover flies came in.—W. H. SpREAaDBURY, 3 Sherwood Road, Seaford, 
Sussex. 

A random sample swept from a bush of Bupleurum fruticosum by Mr. 
Spreadbury consisted of Scaeva pyrastri L. a black and white hover fly, 
and the yellow and black hover flies Syrphus balteatus Deg. and S. 
corollae Fab.—lL. PARMENTER. 


LAPHYGMA EXIGUA AND LEUCANIA VITELLINA AT MUDEFORD, HANTS.—Two 
examples of Laphygma exigua Hiibn. came to light at Mudeford in 1962; 
the first, just recognisable, on 2nd June, and the second in good condition 
on 15th July. 

One Leucania vitellina Hiibn. came to treacle in the garden on 26th 
September.—Rev. F. M. B. Carr, Flat F.8, Pine Grange, Bath Road, 
Bournemouth. 17.x.1962. 


THE Hasits oF BOMOLOCHA FONTIS THUNB.—With reference to Mr. 
Symes’s note on this moth (antea 211) I have several times found it quite 
easy to disturb in the day. In 1936, W. S. Gilles and myself went to a 
locality near Minstead, where the late L. T. Ford had found it. The 
place was planted with old Scots firs, about 30 feet apart, with an under- 
growth of bracken and rather tall bilberry. It was a very hot day, and 
although the copse was no more than 100 yards long by 30 broad, we put 
up 30 or 40 moths (it was difficult to tell whether some were not those 
previously roused). They were rather difficult to catch as they zigzagged 
very quickly in the bright sunlight, but we each caught about a dozen; 
oddly enough, we only took one male apiece. They were nearly all in 
very good condition; one or two were chipped by the bracken and dead 
pine boughs. I do not think I could find the place again, as I destroyed 
the locality directions about ten years ago and did not mark the way, as 
we went by car. 

Fontis is pretty common in the demesne at Glengarriff, Co. Cork, and 
in one place, very easy to get. On the road from Glengarriff to Kenmare 
is a lodge and gate leading into the demesne. After passing through the 
gate, the path leads over a foot-bridge across the river, and almost im- 
mediately after has, on the left side, a tall overhanging bank with a 
fringe of heather and bilberry on the top. A rattle with a stick in the 
hollow caused by the overhang produces fontis fairly frequently, and it 
zigzags across the path to the hollies on a rather sharp drop on the other 
side. It is not difficult to catch as the path is clear, although on a sunny 
day, the dapple of light from the leaves of the hollies and oaks is rather 
misleading. In the same place are plenty of Lygris populata L., Chloro- 
clystis debiliata Hiuibn., and very occasionally an Angeronia prunaria L., 
a very scarce insect in Ireland. 

The oak and birch trunks on the side of this path are the best 
locality I have found for the scarce ab. verkruzeni Heynm. of the very 
lceal Kerry slug, Geomaiacus maculosus Allman. This is a yellow form 


CURRENT LITERATURE 279 


with black spots which is very difficult to obtain; the usual form found 
on the rocks is the ab. allmani Heynm., black with yellow spots. On a 
wet day the slug may be found crawling up the tree trunks in the rain; 
it is not seen in dry weather. This need not make any malacologist 
despair; he will get all the rain he wants at Glengarriff. On one occasion, 
my wife and I stayed there five weeks, and had some rain each day. 

Fontis is thinly scattered all over the demesne, with concentrations in 
suitable localities. I have always found it fairly easy to disturb, but as 
in walking up pheasants, the hen rises more readily than the cock.—H. C. 
Huaeins, F.R.E.S., 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea. 


EMUS HIRTUS L. IN THE SOUTHEND DistRIcTt.—I read with great interest 
Mr. Allen’s paper (antea 219-221) on this remarkable beetle, and see that 
he only gives one Essex record, at Benfleet in 1950. I can add another 
fairly recent one to this, at Shopland, near Southend, in 1947. Shopland 
is about two miles from Southend, on the road to Wakering and Barling 
marshes. 

In 1951, Mr. D. Down, a keen entomological member of the South 
Essex Natural History Society, told me he had a queer beetle, like a 
devil’s coach horse, covered with golden hair, which flew across the road 
at Shopland and collided with a fence, so that he was able to pick it up. 
This occurred about the middle of June 1947. I recognized it at once 
from the description, but at my request, he brought it to me a few days 
later, and as I anticipated, it proved to be a fine E. hirtus. I recorded 
this in The Entomologist (84: 264). 

Although a chance capture such as this is not likely to have been the 
only local specimen, I think that the beetle is very rare here, if indeed it 
was not a stray from Sheppey. 

Until quite recently, I worked all the local marshes pretty regularly 
from 1932 onwards, at Benfleet, Leigh-on-Sea, Barling, Paglesham and 
Canewdon (Creeksea), and although I do not collect beetles, I always. 
keep my eyes open for anything unusual, and I do not think I would have 
overlooked this striking insect flying in the sun. 

I remember that when I was at Horning in 1923, the late Oliver 
Janson told me he had taken a number on Sheppey, but he did not 


mention the date.—H. C. Huaeins, F.R.E.S., 65 Eastwood Boulevard, 
Westcliff-on-Sea. 


Current Literature 


From the South African Department of Agriculture, I have received 
four books of its ENTOMOLOGICAL MEMOIRS. 

Vol. 4, Part 1, “The Morphology and Bionomics of the European House- 
borer, Hylotrupes bajulus L.”, by H. J. R. Durr, D.Sc. (1957), gives a very 
full account, profusely illustrated with photographs and line drawings, of 
this insect and its habits. 

Vol. 4, Part 2 (1956), is entitled “Studies on the Insecticidal and 
Aricicidal Properties of New Systemic and Non-Systemic Chemicals”, by 
E. H. W. Lochner, B.Sc., which deals very fully with the subject and, 
in addition, gives interesting techniques for handling these small subjects 
and keeping them in place for experiments. 


280 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII /1962 


Vol. 5 is on Genera of the Mymaridae with illustrations of some of 
these minute Chalcids. 

Vol. 6 is on the Taxonomy of the African Membracidae, and part 1 
covers the Oxyrhachinae, by A. L. Capener. It consists of 164 pages and 
is profusely illustrated with anatomical drawings and illustrations of 
upwards of sixty species of these “thorn bugs” showing both frontal and 
profile views, and with dorsal views where these illustrate particularly 
distinctive features. There are also illustrations of the immature stages 


of some species. 
S. N. A. J. 


RopBER FLIES OF THE WORLD. THE GENERA OF THE FAMILY ASILIDAE. 
Frank M. Hull. Smithsonian Institution Bulletin, 224. Parts 1 & 2. 
Washington D.C. 1962. 

These two volumes of 907 pages, 2 photographes and 2571 figures (by 
Mr. Arthur Smith and the author) form a monumental work on this 
family of predatory flies. 212 pages are devoted entirely to figures of 
antennae, wings, head, male and female genitalia of representative species 
of the genera. The brief introduction of 19 pages treats chiefly of the 
morphology of the adult flies but short paragraphs deal with such matters 
as prey, mimicry and larval habits. The lack of information on the 
immature stages is emphasized in that the larvae and pupae of only some 
50 species have been studied by about 50 authors whereas 4761 species in 
400 genera and subgenera are known in the world. The family has been 
studied for 200 years and Dr. Hull’s bibliography covers this period with 
1344 titles by over 380 authors. 

Keys are provided to the subfamilies, tribes and then down to each 
genus. A description of every genus is given quite fully and the type 
species is stated. Twenty-three of these genera are newly described by 
the author who is already responsible for 16, including his Oldroydia, 
named after Mr. H. Oldroyd of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). 

be. 


VIDENSK. MeEppD. FRA DANSK NATURH. FOREN, 124. 1962.—Contains 
another study on the habits of crane-flies, Tipulidae, by Dr. Axel M. 
Hemmingsen of Strgdam Biological Laboratory, Hillerod, Denmark. It is 
entitled “Copulatory Adaptions of male Hypopygium to female Tergal 
Ovipository Valves (Cerci) in Certain Crane-Flies (Tipulidae)”. It has 
22 excellent photographs of Pales quadrifaria Mg., Cylindrotoma dis- 
tinctissima Mg. and of the following species of Tipula: paludosa Mg., 
luna Westh., pruinosa Wied., lateralis Mg., fulvipennis Deg., variicornis 
Schum., scripta Mg., unca Wied., staegeri Nielsen, juncea Mg., caudatula 
Lw., lunata L., cava Riedel, dilatata Schum., livida v.d. Wulp, lesneri 
Pierre. These help to illustrate his remarks on many species of Tipula 
and a few related species in the family Tipulidae. The mating habits are 
described and their relation to the genital armature is discussed. The 
paper includes distribution data on several species, many of them occur 
in Great Britain. 

It is in English and concludes with a useful list of references. This is 
the fifteenth paper in our language on the Tipulidae by this author. They 
are well worth the interest of the many collectors of Tipulidae in this 
country as a large number of the flies dealt with are found in both Britain 
and Denmark. 164P: 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (89) 


and J. Briggs). Warehorn, July 17, 1937 (Bull Diary). Willesborough, 
one, 1954, eight, 1955, none, 1956; Wye, nine, 1953, nine, 1954, five, 1955, 
two, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ashford Town (P. Cue). 

13. Bedgebury, July 10, 1937 (Bull, Diary). Tunbridge Wells, imago 
in the town; larva found on Tunbridge Wells Common (Morgan, Lepidop- 
tera of Tunbridge Wells MS.). 

14. Sandhurst, July 17, 1932, August 6, 1951; Benenden, July 13, 1937, 
August 4, 17, 1939, August 5, 1946 (Bull, Diary). Hawkhurst, 1952 (B. G. 
Chatfield). 

15. Dymchurch, 1902 (Browne, Entomologist, 35: 269). Dungeness, °, 
at m.v., August 3, 1951 (C.-H.). 

16. Folkestone Town, at m.v., five, 1953, seven, 1954, one, 1956, one, 
1957, one, 1961; none, 1951-52, 1955, 1958-60 (A. M. Morley). 

VARIATION.—Tutt (Ent. Rec., 13: 359; Br. Moths, 68) states that “one 
finds, as a rare aberration, occasional specimens of L. complana in Kent, 
with the superficial appearance of sericea [E. sericea Gregson] very 
strongly developed”. 


FIRST (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1829: Lithosia depressa Stephens, one ‘“‘taken 


at Darenth-wood about ten years since” (i.e., c.1819) (Stephens, Haust., 
2:=.96)i 


E. pygmaeola Doubl. (lutarella auctt., non L.): Pigmy Footman. 
Native. Coastal sandhills; foodplant unknown. Local. 


Note: The larva (including that of s.sp. palifrons Zell.) does not yet 
appear to have been found in Britain. 


4. Distributed from Deal to Sandwich Bay, occurring mainly near the 
shore, and apparently nowhere ranging inland for more than about a 
mile. Mostly noted at light, or at rest at night on grass stems or at 
marram; also, occasionally at sugar. 

First discovered by H. J. Harding, at Deal, c. 1842 (cf. Harding, 
Zoologist, 2547); and subsequently recorded as fairly plentiful by many 
observers during the 19th century. Known as the “Deal Footman” (1907, 
South, Moths Br. Isles, 185). In 1898, according to Conquest (Entomol- 
ogist, 32: 21), it was still fairly abundant and occurred over a large area 
of sandhills. However, construction of the golf-course about the turn 
of the century on the site of its habitat, evidently caused much concern 
for both this and other local specialities, and a contemporary note by 
Webb (1899) stated that “it is now in some danger of being exterminated”’. 
Since then though, it seems, the resulting golf course “rough” may have 
helped to some extent to conserve it. 

V.C.H. (1908) has: “Deal, formerly abundant; getting scarcer’. Per- 
haps a true prophecy, since there appear to be few references to its 
occurrence during the period that followed to 1930. P. A. Cardew (Diary) 
took it at Deal, July 24, 1908; and two at Sandwich, July 19, 1909, ‘“‘on the 
ground near the hotel”. Metcalf (Entomologist, 47: 244) records that he 
found numbers at Deal in 1914; and H. G. Gomm (Diary) mentions finding 
one on St. George’s golf course, July 25, 1923. 

A. M. Morley (in litt.) writes that in 1931, he and Proudfoot found five 
at night on August 10, at the Deal end of the sandhills; and in 1933, with 
J. H. B. Lowe, he noted on July 16, about 100 at dusk and at light, at 
Sandwich Bay. Noted by many observers since, e.g., August 20, 1936, 
in fresh condition; August 16, 1939 (A. J. L. Bowes); at Sandwich Bay; July 


(90) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 47 15/ XII/1962 


27, 1939; July 25, 1946; about 20 in fresh condition, including several in 
cop., July 2, 1949 (C.-H.). 


VARIATION.—The records show that pygmaeola is occasionally subject 
to extreme variation, particularly regarding colour of forewings. Thus, 
Barrett (Br. Lep., 2: 217) mentions (a) one of a “pure silvery-white”; (b) 
one “entirely of a dark smoky-grey, approaching to slate-colour”; and 
another (c) “entirely grey”. Tutt (Ent. Rec., 6: 220) gives the colour range 
as from bright golden-yellow to almost black; and adds (Br. Moths, 170) 
that occasionally dark forms occur with a pale costa. 

I have never seen any of the striking abs. mentioned above in the 
many collections that I have examined, and would be interested to know 
if they still exist, as they must, I consider, be pretty rare. One that I 
have, a ¢, taken July 27, 1946, has grey hindwings, darker in the costal 
area, and greyish forewings (C.-H.). 


Ssp. pallifrons Zell. 
Resident. Shingle beach; foodplant unknown. Very local. 


15. So far as is known, the distribution of pallifrons in Britain is con- 
fined to Dungeness and its immediate vicinity, where it appears its range 
does not exceed some two miles in length. It occurs mainly between the 
lighthouse and the level-crossing, about the Long Pond, and has also been 
seen at the Open Pits. The records do not, however, show that the 
distribution extends as far north as Lydd-on-Sea coastguard station, nor 
west to reach the Hope and Anchor, though it is quite likely that it does 
SO. 

First noticed by H. B. D. Kettlewell on August 5, 1931, who records 
that he took two ¢., at his car lights at the level-crossing (cf. Kettlewell, 
Ent. Rec., 44: 8-9). Observed fairly regularly since, and is sometimes 
not uncommon, particularly at light:—August 6, 7, 1935, “I have seen it 
coming freely to light both at the level-crossing and at the pits, and out 
on the shingle half-way to the pits’ (A. J. L. Bowes). On August 3, 1951, 
I saw it in abundance on the rough ground between the Pilot Inn and 
the old railway to the lighthouse; some were at rest on grass, but the 
majority came to my roving Coleman lamp (C.-H.). About 100 on P. 
Cue’s sheet, in 1955 (A. M. Morley). Thirty, at light, July 27, 1957 (R. F. 
Bretherton). One, August 18, 1958 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton). July 6, 1959, 
July 30, 1960 (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 177, 94: 162). Two, at rest 
on Silene otites, July 22, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). 


VARIATION.—Broadly speaking, the form differs from typical pygmaeola 
by its larger size, and pale yellow (not pale straw) forewing. Seitz (Pal. 
Bomb. and Sphinges, 68) says that, compared with pallifrons, pygmaeola 
is “perhaps a separate species”; and Draudt (in Seitz, Suppl. Pal. Bomb. 
and Sph., 68) writing some thirty years later, emphasised this by saying 
that they were probably specifically distinct. According to Pierce and 
Beirne (Genita of Br. Rhop. and Larger Moths, 56), however, there are 
no differences in the genitalia. 

Morley (Trans. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1958-59: 9) states that on an 
average, specimens have become smaller since the original pair were 
taken at Dungeness, and tentatively suggests that the race there may 
represent a relatively recent immigration from the Continent, and a 
rather rapid change to something like the type, though yellower and with 
less grey shading on the forewings. These observations would have been 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (91) 


of greater value, however, had they been accompanied by detailed com- 
parisons of a more precise nature, based on material taken over the 
years. 

In my series of twenty-four pallifrons, all taken in 1951, several 
examples are very similar in appearance to typical pygmaeola. In 
general, however, the specimens are larger and of a deeper yellow, the al. 
expanse of the largest, a ¢, measuring just over 32 mm. Six, all dd, 
are of a deep golden-yellow (C.-H.). 


First (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1847: Lithosia pygmaeola. “This small 
species, which appears to be new, has been taken on the coast of Kent 
among rushes” (Doubleday, Zoologist, 1914). 


E. caniola Hiibn.: Hoary Footman. 
Perhaps resident, though apparently now extinct}. Shingle beach; 
foodplant unrecorded. 


15. Romney Marsh?.—Between 1866 and 1871, “while hunting for 
these larvae [Lasiocampa trifolii], Mr. Mitford’s son found smaller cater- 
pillars, which produced Lithosia caniola” (Bond, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 
1871: xxxix). In Meldolla coll. are three labelled “Romney Marsh, 1895” 
(Woodforde, Entomologist, 54: 12). In Br. Mus., S. Kensington, are three 
caniola labelled “Romney Marsh, S. Webb, 16.2.96” (C.-H.). “In May, the 
larvae of Lithosia caniola have been found commonly on Romney Marsh, 
on the low plants growing on the shingle just above high-water mark” 
(1901, Tutt, Practical Hints, 1: 35). 

FIRST (PUBLISHED) RrEcoRD, 1871: Bond, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1871: 
REMIX 180, 
1It is interesting to note that in 1939, a ¢ (now in my coll.) was taken by the 


late Dr. G. V. Bull on July 23, on Rye Golf Course, just over the Kent- 
Sussex border (C.-H.). 


2Possibly some of the caniola so recorded may have occurred just in Sussex. 
In R.C.K., are five small specimens, labelled ‘“‘Rye, Sussex, R. H. Mitford’; 
and Barrett (Br. Lep., 2: 221) has ‘‘near Rye, Sussex; and at Romney 
Marsh, Kent’’. 


E. sororcula Hufn.: Orange Footman. 
Native. Woods; foodplant unrecorded. Rather scarce; much more 
plentiful some years. Apparently extinct in N.W. Kent. 


1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 94). West Wickham, one, May 
1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 7: 188). Joydens Wood; Birch Wood (C. 
Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Bromley (H. Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 

3. Thornden Wood, one, June 4, 1902 (J. P. Barrett coll.). Pine Wood, 
one, June 2, 1904 (J. P. Barrett coll.); c. 1946 (J. A. Parry). Blean (V.C.H. 
(1908)). Sturry Woods, several, 1913 (Spiller, Entomologist, 46: 318). Den 
Grove, one, 1938 (C.-H.). 

6. Birling, one, 1905 (H. C. Huggins). 

6a. Swanscombe Wood, twenty-four, 1848 (Hodgekinson, Zoologist, 
2328). Greenhithe*, one, May 23, 1859 (Fenn, Diary). Darenth Wood, 1856, 
1858-59 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76, 4: 84, 6: 75); one, May 30, 1863 
(Fenn, Diary) (W. West, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chattenden, one, June 12, 
1884 (Fenn, Diary); not uncommon (Chaney (1884-87)); 1899 (Russell James, 
Ent. Rec., 12: 102); 1901-10 (H. C. Huggins). 

7. Belmont, 1926-27 (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, June 2, 1923 (Bull, 
Diary) (Scott (1936)). 


(92) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 47 15/X11/1962 


8. Chilham Downs, one, June 10, 1922 (Gomm, Diary); one, May 22, 
1938 (C.-H.). Sole Street, June 8, 1935 (J. H. B. Lowe). Brook; Crundale 
(Scott (1936)). Barham, one, taken by B. Embry (A. M. Morley). Dover 
district, ‘““widespread, not uncommon” (E. & Y. (1949)). West Wood, <6, 
beaten out of spruce, June 19, 1950 (A. M. Morley); one, May 13, 1961 (D. 
G. Marsh). 

11. Tonbridge (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 50). Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); 
1955, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). 

12. Ham Street.—One, May 31, 1932, one, May 26, 1933, one, May 22, 
thirty at light, June 1, 1934, one, May 24, 1936, one, May 29, 1946, one larva, 
September 9, 1946 (A. M. Morley); larvae, August 5, 1934 (de Worms, 
Entomologist, 68: 103); common at light, June 1, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes); 
May 12, 1936, June 11, July 3, 1937 (Bull, Diary); about twenty rather 
worn 64, at light, June 6, one very worn, June 11, 1938, one, May 25, 
1951, one at m.v., May 31, 1958; all in Long Rope (C.-H.); two, 1960 (M. 
Singleton & D. Youngs). Kingsnorth (Scott (1936)). Chartham, one, 
1952 (P. B. Wacher). Wye, eight, May 26-June 11, 1953, twelve, May 25- 
June 29, 1954, not seen 1955-56; Willesborough, one, May 27, 1954, not seen 
1955-56 (W. L. Rudland). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, one, 1857 (Andrews, Ent. week. Int., 2: 71); May 
13, 1943 (Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tunbridge Wells MS.). Pembury dist. 
(Cox, Entomologist, 4 (61), ii). Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe 
(1916)). 

16. Folkestone Town, one, June 14, 1952, one, June 28, 1953, one, June 
1956 (A. M. Morley). 


VariIaTION.—Howard (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 10) 
exhibited an ab. taken by A. G. Peyton, June 1, 1934, near Ashford [Ham 
Street], and which was described as “dull brown in colour instead of the 
usual orange”. 


First REcorD, 1829: Stephens, loc. cit. 


Pelosia muscerda Hufn.: Dotted Footman. 


Resident, perhaps extinct. Fens, marshes; foodplant unknown. 

Note.—Although specimens were frequently labelled “Deal”, “Eastry”, 
“HK. Kent”, or just “Kent’’, in order to disguise the true locality, there is 
no evidence (excepting the single record for 15) that the species was ever 
found anywhere in Kent other than at Ham Fen. 


4. Near Deal [Ham Fen] (see First Record). Ham Fen.—A few taken 
by H. Vaughan, 1891 (Fenn, Diary, 11.xii.1891); two fresh specimens, “by 
mothing along ditchside”’, August 8, 1892, one fresh specimen, August 17, 
1892 (Fenn, Diary; idem, Ent. Rec., 3: 285; idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1892: 48); one, “Eastry, Kent, 1903”, one, “Kent, 1907”, both in 
Meldola coll. (Woodforde, Entomologist, 54: 12); I have nine from E. D. 
Bostock coll., labelled ‘‘Kent, 6.07, Lister”, and presumably taken by W. K. 
Lister, who resided at Eastry (C.-H.). In R.C.K., are several of Lister’s 
specimens labelled E. Kent, 1905, 1907; in Goodwin coll., are seventeen 
specimens from “East Kent’, including fourteen by T. Blest and E. Good- 
win, August 1907, and three, bred E. Goodwin, August 1908; Blest 
informed me that his and Goodwin’s muscerda came from Ham Fen; W. 
A. Cope told me he saw muscerda in numbers at Ham Fen in 1908 and 
1909, and showed me about twelve specimens in his coll. from there so 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (93) 


dated, some of which he had bred from ova (C.-H.). Five, labelled 
“Eastry Kent”, followed by the date, three on July 30, 1910, two on July 
25, 1911; all from an old collection (G. H. Youden). 

15. Appledore, on the marsh, July 1898 (Heitland, Entomologist, 31: 


222). . 
First REcorRD, 1887: “Dykes near Deal” (Webb, Dover, Deal and Dis- 
trict Descriptive Pictorial, 9). 


Atolmis rubricollis L.: Red-necked Footman. 

Resident, perhaps native. Woods, etc. [on Plewrococcus naegelii on 
oak, fir, beech]. Uncertain in appearance; usually scarce. Apparently 
extinct in N.W. Kent. 

1. Near West Wickham (Simson, Ent. week. Int., 1: 116). West Wick- 
ham, ©, June 8, 1860 (H. Tompkins MS.); bred 1861, from “larva feeding 
on oak” (Huckett, Ent. week. Int., 10: 51—the record does not make it 
clear whether this or Darenth Wood is intended (C.-H.)); two larvae, 
August 24, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). Near Lewisham [West Wickham], “larvae 
common on fir’ (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 10: 195), Petts Wood, beat two 
larvae from oak, August 31, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). Shooters Hill (W. West, 
in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 

3. Canterbury* (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 54). Sturry, June 10, 1914 (H. G. 
Gomm, Diary). 

4. Ickham, one, June 28, 1957; one, July 3, 1958 (D. G. Marsh). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 198); two, June 21, 1862 (Fenn, 
Diary). 

7. Wigmore, one, on larch trunk, June 1854 (Chaney (1884-87)). In 
Maidstone Mus. are:—One, “Boxley, E. Bartlett” [c. 1890]; one, “Boxley 
Hill, 18.vi.1917, H. Elgar” (C.-H.). Hollingbourne, not uncommon in heat- 
wave year of 1921, from May 29-June 22 (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, three 
larvae resting or crawling on branches of beech, September 18, 1932, from 
which an imago was reared June 10, 1933 (A. M. Morley); noted annually 
1945-53, but altogether only a few (E. Scott, personal MASE Re ie 
19.x1i.1954); one, July 1, 1957 (G. H. Youden). 

8. Martin, swarming in a pine wood, July 1, 1856 (Harding, Ent. week. 
Int., 1: 116). Deal.—G. H. Youden has four old undated specimens labelled 
“Deal”, given to him by H. D. Stockwell, and which he says probably came 
from S. Webb coll. (C.-H.). Shepherdswell (V.C.H. (1908)); (W. E. Bus- 
bridge). Near Whitfield, scarce (E. & Y. (1949)). Atchester Wood, near 
Elham, one, June 15, 1930; Dover, three at m.v. trap in garden, June 21, 
1951, the only occasion here (G. H. Youden). Elham (W. E. Busbridge). 
Reinden Wood (Knaggs (1870)). Bridge, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Wye (Scott 
(1936)); (C. A. W. Duffield). 

9. St. Peters, one, at m.v., June 30, 1956 (W. D. Bowden). 

11. Holt Wood, Aylesford, one at m.v., 1953 (G. A. N. Davis). Maid- 
stone Town, one, July 16, 1955 (E. Philp). 

12. Ham Street.—At light, June 18, 1934, June 30, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes); 
one, at light, Long Rope, July 2, 1946; 2, June 13, 1947, beaten out of oak 
bush-in Burnt Oak; 9°, June 6, 1948, beaten out of sloe bushes, in Long 
Rope (C.-H.); June 11, 1937 (Bull, Diary); one, July 4, 1938 (A. H. Lanfear); 
one, June 30, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); one, 1957 (P. Cue). 

16. Folkestone, one, June 16, 1951, taken by A. G. Riddell (Morley, 
Trans, Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1950-52: 11). 


(94) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 47 15/XI1I/1962 


First ReEcorp, 1829: Not uncommon in the lane leading into Darenth 
Wood from the village; and occasionally found in other parts of the 
wood” (Stephens, loc. cit.). 


Celama trituberculana Bosc (centonalis Hiibn.): Scarce Black Arches. 
Resident. Coastal sandhills, etc.; foodpiant unknown. Mainly (if not 
wholly) maritime in distribution. Verv local. 


[2. Sittingbourne, a few specimens (Wigan, Entomologist, 7: 205). 
Faversham, “has been taken at Faversham” (Chaney (1884-87)).] 

4. Deal.—One taken by Mr. Dow, July 1858 (see First Record). Appeared 
again there in 1878 (Tugwell, Young Nat., 9: 54), in a very restricted 
locality near Sandown Castle, of which W. H. Tugwell wrote in a note to 
Charles Fenn (Fenn, Diary, 24.vii.1892): “The old spot where I discovered 
it was a small hillock immediately behind the iron target on sandhills in 
long grass and little bushes of Sea Buckthorn. If you take the target 
as one angle, the old tumbledown shed on the left hand just beyond on left, 
and sandy parlour as extreme limit, centonalis is, or was, at home there. 
I rarely did much until 10 p.m. I have netted it on the wing but rarely, 
it is rather by close search round the small bushes of Sea Buckthorn 
where they go for shelter; you may even see them scuttling up and down 
the stems, grass, etc., on flighty nights or more generally sitting quietly 
often in cop. after 11 p.m.” Thereafter the moth was taken in numbers 
annually by various collectors, at least until 1882!, in which year on July 
18, Tugwell (Young Nat., 4: 81) recorded that, accompanied by R. Adkin, 
he noted in an hour, nineteen examples, including three pairs in cop., “by 
closely inspecting the grass stems and stunted bushes of Hippophae 
rhamnoides”’. 

I have a number from Deal from E. D. Bostock coll., that were bred 
by Howard Vaughan in 1882, and E. Sabine in 1892 (C.-H.); Webb (1891) 
has “Deal sandhills, 1889; and in R.C.K. is one labelled “Deal Sandhills, 
1895”. By 1893, however, it had evidently very much decreased at Deal?, 
and one taken by G. H. Conquest (Entomologist, 32: 21), July 24, 1898, 
appears to have been the last to have been seen there. 

8. Langdon Hole (Webb (1891), 7). Folkestone, centonalis, a “species 
new to Folkestone recorded by Mr. Austen in July” (1892) (Proc. Folkestone 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 26), 

12. Ham Street. <4, at light, at south-east corner of Long Rope, July 
24, 1955 (Haggett, Ent. Gaz., 8: 78). 

15. Littlestone, one taken, c. 1910 (F. J: Hanbury, fide H. M. Edelsten). 
Lydd-on-Sea, one, June 28; one, June 29, 1957—both at m.v. (Edwards & 
Wakely, Ent. Rec., 70: 93; Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 
14). 

16. Folkestone Town, ¢, ab. atomosa Brem., at m.v., July 22, 1956 
(Morley, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 38). 

VARIATION.—Very variable. My series of twenty-six Deal trituberculana 
from the coll. of the late E. D. Bostock consists of twelve examples that 
may be classed as more or less typical, but show some degree of variation 
inter se regarding the extent of dark marking; three ab. atomalis Brem.; 
one ab. candidalis Stgr.; three ab. fasciata Rebel; and seven others transi- 
tional to atomalis (C.-H.). 

In R.C.K. are the following abs.:—alfkeni Warnecke, numerous, Deal; 
atomosa Brem., several, Deal; contrarialis Heydermann, one, “Deal Sand- 
hills? 1695,” 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (95) 


First REcorp, 1858: “My friend Mr. Dow, while in company with me at 
Deal, in July last, had the pleasure of capturing a fine specimen of Nola 
Centonalis” (Standish, Ent. week. Int., 5: 74). 


1Cf. Ent. mon. Mag., 16: 206; Entomologist, 13: 42, 218; 14: 19, 2415, 226; 15: 205. 
2In 1893, Tutt (Ent. Rec., 4: 76) said he believed it to be extinct at Deal owing 
to the destruction of the locality by conversion into a golf course. 


ARCTIINAE 


[Coscinia striata L. (grammica L.): Feathered Footman. 
Doubtfully genuine. 


13. In J. C. Stevens’s catalogue of the sale on March 15, 1905, of the 
P. B. Mason coll., one finds at p. 21, under lot 272:—‘Grammica, ¢, Tun- 
bridge Wells, 21/7/52, Warner collection” (Anon., Entomologist, 38: 136).] 


C. cribraria L. (cribrum L.) ssp. arenaria Lempke: Speckled Footman. 
Immigrant!? Coastal sandhills. Very rare. 


4. Sandwich, one, taken at night on St. George’s Golf Course, in mid- 
July 1914, by J. W. Metcalf (Metcalf, Entomologist, 47: 245); one, taken 
at Sandwich Bay, on Echium, in July 1922, by a collector, name unknown, 
and shown fresh to H. C. Huggins (H. C. Huggins); ¢, taken at Sandwich 
Bay, at light, August 7, 1937, by A. J. L. Bowes (Bowes, Entomologist, 73: 
2a-2Ge ie 3): 

15. Dungeness, ¢, taken at light, July 21, 1934, by R. P. Demuth 
(Bowes, loc. cit.). [The statement in South (1961, Moths Br. Isles, edit. 
Edelsten, Fletcher and Collins, 2: 68) that arenaria has occurred more 
than once at Dungeness, is erroneous, and should be amended to accord 
with the above (D. S. Fletcher).] 

VARIATION.—The Kent specimens are referable to ssp. arenaria 
Lempke, which has whitish forewings, is smaller, and much less heavily 
marked than the native Hants and Dorset race (ssp. bivittata South= 
anglica Ob.). 

The Bowes specimen is almost spotless, and thus referable to ab. 
trans. ad unicolor Closs; the Metcalf and Demuth specimens are more 
noticeably spotted, and apparently conform to nymotypical arenaria 
(Bowes, Entomologist, 73: 27, 190). The Bowes and Metcalf specimens 
are in Hee Ke (C.F). 

First Recorp, 1914: Sandwich (Metcalf, Entomologist, 47: 245). Only 
recorded tentatively at the time, but later confirmed as this (cf. Bowes, 
Entomologist, 73: 190). 


10n the continent, ssp. arenaria is found on the coastal sandhills of N. France, 
Belgium, and Holland. In Britain, so far as is known, arenaria has only 
occurred in Kent, to which it has been suggested the specimens were 
immigrants from abroad. A curious fact, however, and one that tends 
to dispel the immigration theory, is that all four examples were taken 
on or in the close vicinity of coastal sandhills, which are very restricted 
in Kent, and that three of them occurred at the same locality. 


Utetheisa pulchella L.: Crimson-speckled Footman. 

Immigrant. Stubble fields, waste places, gardens, etc.; foodplant un- 
known. 

Altogether, there are records of some sixty pulchella for Kent, all of 
them imagines, and mostly from the east coast. 1874, 1886, 1892 and 1961, 


(96) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL: 47 15/ XII /1962 


were good years, and it seems probable that in at least the last three, 
the species survived to produce a generation in Kent. 

Note: Tutt (1896, Br. Moths, 73) states that ‘on one occasion a fairly 
numerous brood was captured near Folkestone by two collectors who 
provided themselves with a long piece of rope which they dragged over 
the stubble-field, and thus disturbed the moths”. 

The earliest known occurrence of pulchella in Kent is that recorded 
by the Rev. F. W. Hope (in Stephens Haust., 2: 198), who states that it 
was found at Gravesend (in 1828). Subsequently the moth was noted 
as follows:—(1853): Tenterden (div. 14) (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). 1862: 
St. Margaret’s Bay (West Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1910-11: 103). 
1869: Uphill, near Alkham, October 1 (Briggs, Ent. mon. Mag., 6: 141). 
1271: Dover, September 5 (White, Entomologist, 5: 412); Belvedere (div. 
1) (Wood, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 111). 1873: Cobham (div. 6a), two, in 
Maidstone Mus. (C.-H.). 

- 1874:Folkestone Warren, September, one taken, several others seen 
(Ullyett, Ent. mon. Mag., 11: 210); Folkestone Warren, one, October 26 
(Blackall, Ent. mon. Mag., 11: 210); Alkham Valley, October 28 (Briggs, 
Ent. mon. Mag., 11: 157); one in R.C.K., “Dover, 11.8.1874, G. Wood” (C.-H.). 
(1874): Deal (Stevens, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1874: xxiii). 

1876: In R.C.K., one, Folkestone, September (C.-H.); in Selwyn Image 
coll., ©, “Kent, Folkestone, Oct. 1876, Austen, C. A. Briggs c.”, 9, “Kent, 
Fclkestone, 13.10.76, Austen, C. A. Briggs c.” (C.-H.); Deal, one, R. Har- 
bour, Briggs coll. (Stevens, Cat. P. B .Mason coll. Sale, March 14-15, 1905, 
21) (probably the one recorded by Harbour in Entomologist, 14: 18). 
[18762]: Folkestone, “W. J. Austen, the professional, told me that one 
year he had 8 specimens in October, some taken by him and some 
brought to him by people who found them on rocks on the beach” (A. 
M. Morley, in litt.). 1880: Near Dover, September 12 (Austen, 
Entomologist, 13: 241); Folkestone, October 8 (Melville, Entomologist,, 
13: 281). ec. 1880: Herne Bay, one taken by W. Bowes (A. J. L. Bowes 
coll. now in R.C.K.). 1885: Folkestone, September 7 (Chittenden, 
Entomologist, 18: 262). 

1886: Near Folkestone, June 1 (Salwey, Entomologist, 19: 169); 
Diggles Folly, Dover, one, June (Tulloch, Entomologist, 60: 164); St. 
Margaret’s Bay, one captured at rest “on a piece of seaweed”, by Mr. 
Hanson of Plumstead, and exhibited at Haggerstone ent. Soc., November 
1886 (Anderson, Young Nat., 7: 247); Dover (Skinner, Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1887: 74); Ramsgate (Wood, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1886: 18; idem, Entomologist, 19: 280); Ramsgate, taken by Mr. 
Buckmaster (Waterhouse, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1886: liii); Folkestone, 
August (Burr,, Ent. mon. Mag., 24: 132). 

1887: W. A. Cope told me that while staying at Ramsgate in Septem- 
ber 1887, he was shown two freshly caught pulchella, one of which had 
just been taken at ivy blossom (C.-H.); Poulton, one in R.C.K., “Taken 
at Poulton, nr. Dover, Oct. 19 ,’87, by Mr. Marsh” (C.-H.). 1890: One 
in R.C.K., Folkestone, June (C.-H.). 

1892: St. Margarets Bay. ore, May 28, one, May 30 (Williams, 
Entomologist, 25: 167); Shorncliffe, May 29 (Partridge, Ent. mon. Mag., 
28: 191); Folkestone, May, specimens by Messrs. Hills and Gordon 
(Proc. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 26); Dungeness, June 1 (Postans, 
Ent. Rec., 3: 131); Smeeth (div. 12), June 4 (le Grice, Ent. Rec., 3: 159); 
Folkestone, August i7 (Austen, Entomologist, 25: 288; idem, Ent. Rec., 3: 


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