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THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS
LIBRARY

From the collection of
James Collins,
Drumcondra, Ireland.
Purchased, 1918.

594.9
W58e

TO THE

RIGHT HON. JOHN FOSTER,

CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER, PRE-
SIDENT OF THE FARMING SOCIETY OF
IRELAND, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE
DUBLIN sociIETy, &c. &c.

SIR,

TuE many wise and salutary regu-
lations, which you have made for the
good of your country, the zeal which
you have always evinced for the ad-
yancement of its agricultural interests,
and the encouragement which you
have given to every undertaking tend-
ing to promote that end, are motives
which would induce me, as an Jrish-
man, to select you as the person of
all others under whose patronage 1 |

Ag would

IV DEDICATION.

would wish to place the following
pages. 7
But there are other motives which
induce me to solicit your protection.
There are private obligations which I
rejoice to have an opportunity of thus
publicly acknowledging, To you lam
indebted for the enjoyment of my
present situation. It was you who first
introduced me to that liberal and en-
lightened body of Noblemen and Gen-
tlemen whom I have now the happiness
to serve. Through you I am enabled
to cultivate that science which is the
pride and comfort of my life. In short,
you have on all occasions proved your-
self my patron and benefactor. Permit
me, therefore, to inscribe to you the
following treatise, and however unwor-
thy it may be of such an honor, I trust

its

r@ tht si | on
% a.
gs | |

5 DEDICATION. Vv
pe ' its object will be with you a sufficient
oy 1m) 5

\ e ° °

«a apology for its imperfections; and that
wy > i
Qs. : : i
ye you will’ consider it as a small token
r ’ of esteem, veneration and gratitude.
6») |

I have the honor to be,
B With the greatest respect,
SIR,

Your most obliged, obedient,

And very humble servant,

JOHN WHITE.

404219

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PREFACE.

‘THE natural grasses produced in each
country, and particularly in Ireland,
whose mild, open, moist climate, and
whose soil is by nature congenial to
their growth, make no small class of
its most beneficial although in gene-
ral most neglected herbage.

When we consider that the produce
of milk, butter, beef, mutton, tallow,
leather, wool, &c. &c. depends in a
great measure upon the proper culti-
vation of the indigenous grasses, any
attempt to render them better known,
and to improve that cultivation, can-
not be uninteresting to the agricultu-
tist; for however useful those grasses
which are called artificial may be,

| they

VIEE PREFACE.

they are by no means of equal im-
portance with the natural produce of
the country; for were there not such
a variety of grasses growing in diffe-
rent soils, springing and flowering at
different seasons, and thriving best in
various situations, we could expect.
but little from the cultivation of arti-
ficial grasses, as they would be alto-
gether inadequate to the support of
our cattle.

The choice and culture of natural
grasses is a part of agriculture which
our predecessors seemed to take little
notice of. This may be justly attri-
buted to their ignorance of their
number and specific differences; for
heretofore there were but very few
natural grasses known to our ances-
tors, or if known they have not been
handed down to us in the native
language.

Those they have taken notice of

they seemed to rank in sets, and to
| each

nije ge kappa IX

each of these sets she gave a name ;
but they seem to have had no name
for the individuals of these sets. Thus
under ‘the name of Bruimsean, or
Couch-grass, they included Triticum
repens, Poa pratensis, Holcus mollis,
and all those grasses which have
creeping roots. Briza media, Cyno-
surus cristatus, and all those with
small naked wiry stems, they ranked
under the name of Cuisog, or Trath-
nin. Lolium perenne, Lolium temu-
lentum, and those with imbricated
spike-like heads, they called Raith-
feadh ; and all coarse, harsh or ‘strong
grasses, such as Poa aquatica, Schoe-
nus mariscus, Arundo colorata, and
all the strong carices, they knew by
the name of Feur seasglar.

This ignorance of the number and
specific differences of the grasses, was
one great cause why their cultivation
has been so much neglected by our
predecessors. In order to remedy this
b defect,

x PREFACE.

defect, I have compiled the present
generic and specific names in Irish
for our indigenous grasses, that those
unacquainted with Botany may know
that under each of the common names
there have been included a variety of
different species.

The cultivation of grasses at pre-
sent is but in an infant state, and
will continue so until Gentlemen ob-
tain a knowledge of the different spe-
cies, so as to be able to remark the
yarious soils most congenial to their
crowth. For without this knowledge
no scientific experiments can be per-
formed, nor can their best assort-
ments, or their true culture, be ascer-.
tained.

The mode of experiment which I
would recommend, in order to ascer-
tain the grasses that would constitute
a good meadow in every soil and si-
tuation, would be the following.

Suppose a farm which abounded

| with

PREFACE. XI

swith hills, plains, vallies, &c. I would
about the month of July, when most
grasses are in flower, perambulate that
farm. I would take a view of the
moist meadows or low grounds, and
note down those grasses which ap-
peared most luxuriant. Where I found
any material difference in such situa-
tions, I would naturally conclude there
must be a change in soil: I would
therefore examine the soil in the dif-
ferent places, according to the luxu-
riance of the grasses. ‘The declivities
and their different aspects, on the
summits and on the levels, in each
part of the farin, I would also exa-
mine; for, according to observations I
have made in the Botanic gardens,
and elsewhere, I find a material dif-
ference between the luxuriance of many
plants, from their not growing in the
same situations. These remarks I would
sum up, and from them conclude
which were the most beneficial grasses,

b 2 as

kan. > PREFACE.

as a mixture, for each soil. Then, if I
did not choose to try my experiments
on a large scale, I would break up a
perch or more on the different soils,
and sow those grasses which appeared
to me when in flower most productive
and beneficial for constituting a good
meadow. By these experiments I would
be enabled to judge of their future
utility; and the result would deter-
mine whether it would. be advisable
to break up the remainder of the
different soils, and pursue the same
methods.

The agricultural advantages likely
to result from the establishment of a,
Botanical garden, were wisely foreseen’
by the Dublin Society. These advan-
tages we already experience; for it has’
been the cause of displaying a variety
of grasses, which heretofore were un-
noticed, or perhaps unknown, in this’
country. Every year since it was first
instituted, additional discoveries have

, been

PREFACE. XIII

been made in the natural grasses, as
well as in the other indigenous herbage.
So anxious are Gentlemen to acquire
a knowledge of the true grasses, that
they wait impatiently for the time
when the subject of this most useful
tribe is discussed by the Professor*
appointed by that spirited body. of
Noblemen and Gentlemen, the Dublin
Society.

The subject is handled in a manner
which reflects equal honor on the
Gentleman himself and on the Dublin
Society; the talents and information
which he displays, amply justify ~
choice which they have made. |

We may shortly expect to have
some valuable additions made to the
knowledge of our indigenous plants:
as the taste for Botany is becoming
very general, and is pursued by some
with ardour and with effeet.
ice. Phinity

* Walter Wade, Esq. M.D. M.L.S. &c. &c.

XTV PREFACE.

Trinity College has also established
a Botanic garden, about a mile from
the Castle, towards the east, and are
making much progress. towards its
completion. Their present Professor*
has been elected for the second time,
and latterly almost unanimously ; which
circumstance fully demonstrates the
high value set on this Gentleman's
abilities by that antient seminary of
learning, and that unwearied pains
had been taken by him to promote
this delightful study.

There is also a Botanical garden
establishing at Cork; and it 1s said
that similar ones are in contemplation
elsewhere in the kingdom.

Botanical gardens are among the
most important institutions. They af-
ford us the means of acquiring a
knowledge of all the native plants,
and as many of the foreign as can

be
* Robert Scott, Esq. M.D. &c. &e.

PREFACE. XV

be collected. By them we are ena-
bled to discriminate the different spe-
cies, and when discriminated to make
trial of their utility. Without know-
ing the different grasses, it is impos-_
sible to determine on their agricultural
merit; or not being acquainted with
the different herbage, to know their
ceconomical or medicinal use; or even
were” wé! tn possession of ali their
virtues, what doth it avail, if we be
incapable of selecting one species from
another.

The number of natural grasses in
Ireland, as well as that of its other
herbage, is as yet far from being fully
Known; nor is it likely to be disco-
vered until each county is separately
botanized, and that at different sea-
sons of the year. For a tract of
ground may be traversed by many,
who are botanically acquainted with
plants, yet new discoveries may be
made by others who follow.

What

XVI PREFACE.

What must Ireland, or even one
county produce, when Howth, a small
tract of ground contiguous to Dublin,
‘containing about 900. acres, produces
such varieties; and although often
searched with diligence by many pro-
fessed adepts in botany, yet scarce
any return without a fresh discovery.

This remark has also been made to
me by a man whose general know-
ledge of plants is scarcely to be
equalled in the British dominions;
and to whose abilities I acknowledge
myself much indebted, for the many
instructions, 1 have received from him

Ct t, aL

at the commencement of my botani-
‘cal studies.*

Many persons may be desirous of
knowing the cause, and upon what
foundation | have taken to compile

generic and specific names in, Irish
for

* Mr. John Underwood, head gardener. to the ‘Right

Hon. and Hon. the Dublin Society.

PREFACE. XVI1L

for our mdigenous produce. ‘The rea-
son of this I will explain. Having
been enabled by the Dublin Society
to make some excursions in search
of plants, through the different parts
of the kingdom, I got possession of
many of their Insh names. Upon
looking over these names some time
after, and seeing the confused, irre-
gular manner in which they stood,
when compared with the Linnean
method, I thought from the language
there could be a regular system
formed. ‘This I for some time kept
in view. I then collected many of
their old Irish names from such books,
ancient and modern, as I could pro-
cure. Some time after a book fell
into my hands, the work of a Gen- |
tleman, an enlightened member of
society, whose name will he ever
held in veneration by the lovers of
Gaelic, and to whom Ireland is in-

G debted

XVIII PREFACE.

debted for rescuing from utter obli-
vion its ancient tongue.* I was roused
‘by the accounts given of this lan-
guage, its copious and _ expressive
terms, to carry on my former design
of compiling the generic and specific
names after the manner mentioned,
following the Linnzan method as
nearly as possible.

The scientific names, which are
marked by a circumflex, are given in
the Irish character, and also in the
Italic, for the use of those who may
not be acquainted with the Irish let-
ter. And those that follow are the
synonimous names by which they are
generally known.

Seeing that a eatalogue of the
names, scientifically compiled, would
appear rather bare, I proceeded fur-
ther, so as to give generic and spe-
cific descriptions of each, in which I

was

* General Vallancey.

PREFAGE. | XIX
was assisted by Wildenow’s Species
Plantarum, Smith’s Flora Britannica,
and Hudson’s Flora Anglica.

I have also mentioned their natural
habitats, and local places of growth,
with the situations in which | have
found them myself, and also the places
in which they have been found by
others. —

Their manner of growth, time of
flowering, duration and utility in
mixtures, &c. I have given from
experience and observations I have.
made on them for some years back.
And according to the arrangement in
the Botanic gardens, in that division
called Pecudarium or Cattle division :
as also from observations I have made
in the neighbouring fields and _ else-
where, I have mentioned the different
species of cattle which eat or reject
each grass.

At a future time I intend publish-
ing an account of the Trees, Shrubs,
c 2 and

EX PREFACE.
cd

and herbaceous Plants, which are in-
digenous to Ireland, on a plan similar
to that of the Grasses, with the uses
to which they were applied in medi-
cine, &c. as appears from antient Irish
manuscripts.

I have had an opportunity of ac-
quiring a knowledge of the medicinal
virtues of many plants, in my occa-
sional excursions to the country, and
from the numerous applications which
have been made for herbs in the
Botanic gardens for the purposes. of
medicine, and have always taken a
memorandum of the plants applied
for, how used, the disorder, their ef-
fect, &c, Ilowever, the publication of
this work must be postponed until I
am enabled to collect the proper ma-
terials, such as their habitats, their
uses in the different provinces, their
common Irish names, &c. &c.

SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.

THOMAS Acton, Esq. Westaston.
William Rebert Adair, Esq. Brookfield.
Henry Adair, Esq. Antrim, 2 copies.
Mr. William Adams, Portglinone.
Doctor Agnew, Ballyclare.

Edward Jones Agnew, Esq. Kilwater.
Samuel Allen, Esq. Ballymoney.
Mr. John Allen, Collin.

Mr. Hugh Anderson, Bushmills.

Mr. Thomas Annesly, Ballykean.
Captain Atkins, Arklow.

Doctor Milner Barry.

Mr. Thomas Barry, Wexford.

Robert Battersby, Esq. Beleny.

Mr. John Beal, Antrim.

William Beamish, Esq. |

Rev. Doctor Beaufort, Collon.

Doctor Bennet. ,

George Binks, Esq. Croneyharn.

John Blashford, Esq. Altidore.

Mr. James Blow, Dunnadry.

Mr. Robert Boston, Wexford. |
Wallop Brabazon, Esq. Dunneany, 2 copies.
James Brown, Esq. M.D. Abbey-street,
Rev. Thomas Brownrigg.

Mr. James Burbridge, Arklow.

Nir.

XXII SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.

Mr. John Bull, Ballykean.

Doctor Bullen.

Thomas Burgh, Esq. Sackville-street, 4 copies.
John J. Burke, Esq. M.D. Arran-quay.
George Burlugh, Esq. Carrickfergus.

Francis Burton, Esq. 36th regiment.

Mr. Lawrence Byrne, ‘Bonogruadh.

Mr. Mark Byrne, Ballyarthur.

Mr. Daniel Byrne.

C.
Rev. Robert Campbell, ‘Templepatrick.

Archdeacon Carey.

Roger Casimont, Esq. Ballymena.

Right Hon. Lord Castlecoote, Leopardstown.
Mr. William Chain, Antrim.

James Chrichly, Esq. Grangebeg. »-

Mr. Statford Church, Ballymena.

George Clarke, Esq. M.D.

James Clarke, Esq. Rutland-square.

Mr. Joseph Clarke, Quarry-lane.

William Clements, Esq. Coolbeg.
Christopher Clinch, Esq.

Abraham Coates, Esq. Wicklow.

Doctor Colles.

Richard Cotter, Esq. Coolawinna.

William Colvill, Esq. Cavendish-row.

John Connel, Esq. Belfast.

Gilbert Conroy, Esq. Clonake.

Mr. James Cooper, Nursery-man, Rosehill.
Mr. John Costnett, Rathfarnham, 6 copies.
William Cotton, Esq.

Mr. John Courtney, Ballymoney.

Mr. Thomas Coyle, Athgoe.

Mr. Samuel Crawford, Portglinone.

Mr. Thomas Crawford.

William Crawford, Esq. ,
John

4
OO EE

SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. XIII

John Cromie, Esq. Coronore.

John Crossthwaite, Esq.

Mr. Samuel Cunningham, Ballymena.
Mr. John Cunningham, Ballymena.
Mr. John Curill, Ballymena.

Miss Curran, Priory,

John Cuthbert, Esq.

Mr. Robert Darlington, Bullfort.

John Davison, Esq. Cullybackey.

Bernard Delany, Esq Castle Darra.

Rev. Doctor Dealtry, Dunganstown glebe.
James Dickey, Esq. Ballymena. :
Thomas Dickey, Esq. Ballymena. ,

Messrs. Gijlelan and Dickson, Ballymena.
Mr. William Dickson, Ballymena. :
Rev. Robert Disney, Glassnevin, 2 copies.
William R. Dobbs, Esq. Carrickfergus.

Mr. Patrick Donegan, Capel-street, 4 copies.
Master John Donegan, Capel-street, 2 copies.
Mr. David Douglass, Bantra.

Mr. Edward Dowling, jun. Drogheda,

The Bishop of Down, Portglinone, 4 copies.
Mr. Nicholas Downey, Belfast.

Mr. William Dowse, Springfield.

Surgeon Doyle, Arran-quay.

Mr. Frederick Drought.

Mr. Adam Duffin, Broughshane.

Watkins Dunn, Esq. Winetavern-street,
Hely Dutton, Esq.

Mr. James Edmonston, Ballymena, -

John Egan, Esq. Dunmore.

Thomas Egan, Esq. M.D. Sackyille-street,
Mr. Etkins.

James

XXIV SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.

Lod.

James Agnew Farrell, Esq. Larne.

Mr. William Fawcett, Seapark.

William Ferguson, Esq. Ballyclare.

Mr. John Fitzsimons, King-street.

Rey. John Fitzsimons, Ballymena.

Rev. John Fortescue.

The Right Hon. John Foster, Chancellor of the Exche-
quer, Collon, 20 copies.

Major General Freeman.

John Smith Furlong, Esq.

William Gabbat, Esq.

Mr. William Galt, Dough.

Doctor Gibbons.

Mr. William Gibson, Ballymena.

H. Giffard, Esq. 10, Fitzwilliam-street.

John Gouldsbury, Esq. Longford.

Mr. John Goodkin, Callinacarrig.

Mr. John Grange, Ballyman.

Francis Gregory, Esq. Blackhall-street.

Mr. Graves, nurseryman to the Rt. Hon. John Foster,
Collon.

Mr. James Grubb, Clonmel.

H.
William Halliday, Esq.
William Orr Hamilton, Esq. 4 copies.
Joho Hamilton, Esq. Assistant Secretary to the Right
Hon. and Hon. the Farming Society of Ireland.
Rev. William Hamilton, Ballymena.
Mr. Robert Hanley, Carrickfergus.
Mr. Edward Hardall, Britain-street.
William Hargraft, Esq. Chapelizod.
Michael Harrison, Esq. Ballymena.
Rey. John Hartley, Grace-hill.
Mr. Edward Hay, Church-street, 3 copies.
Mr.

SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. XXV

Mr. Thomas Henderson, Kilbria.

Alexander Henry, Esq. Ballymoney.

Colonel Hill, Rockfield.

Rev. Thomas D, Hinks.

Mr.. Edward Hodgins, Nursery-man, Dunganstown,
3 copies.

William Hoey, Esq. Strangford.

Mr. William Hogg, Portglinone.

Mr. Gerald Hope, Abbey-street.

Walter Hore, Esq. Seafield.

Iidward Houghton, Esq. N. Frederick-street.

Adam Hunter, Esq. Coleraine.

George Hutchinson, Esq. Ballymoney.

Mr. Edward Hutton, Ballynacarrig.

Mr. John Hutton, Summer-hill.

Langford Hylands, Esq. Glenoake.

Mr. Charles Hyndman, Ballymena.

G. D. Irvine, Castle-Irvine.

Mr. James Jackson, Broomvilla. _
Mr. John Johnston, Portglinone.
Thomas Harris Jones, Money-glass.
George Joy, Esq. Belfast.

Mathias J. Kelly, Esq. J ames’s-street.
Mr. John Kennedy.

Mr. J. Kennedy, Ratoath.

Captain Keoghe, Wicklow.

Stewart King, Esq.

Rev. P. Kinsela, Harold’s-cross.

Peter Digges Latouche, Esq.
Gustavus Lambert, Esq. Beaupark.
Thomas Lee, Esq.- M.D.
William Lefanu, Esq.
a Mastee

XXXVI SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.

Master Joseph Lefanu, Glasnevin.
William Leggs, Esq. Malone.
Christopher Leynns, Esq.

Rev. 8. C. Littlehales.

Mr. James Logan, Ballymena.
John Longfield, Esq.

Mr. John Love, Ballymena.

Mr. John Lyttle, Portglinone.

Mr. Alexander Mackay, Greenmount.
Mr. Alexander Makenzie, Dungannon.
Rev. George Macartney, Whitehall.
Patrick Mackin, Esq. A. B. T.€.D.
Mr. John Mackin, Ballyconolly.
Mr. John Mackin, Thomas-street.
Mr. William M‘Auley, Ballymena.
Captain M‘Dugull, Antrim, 2 copies.
‘Justin M‘Carthy, Esq. |
Bucknall M‘Carthy, Esq. Assistant Secretary to the
Dublin Society.
James M‘Cabe, Esq. M. D.
Mr. John M‘Cleland, Longford.
William M‘Clure, Esq. Belfast.
William M<‘Canna, Esq. Belfast.
John M‘Comis, Esq. Belfast.
Mr. Pat. M‘Kenna, Drogheda.
Mr. William M‘Master, Belfast.
John M‘Namara, Esq. Anderson’s-court.
Alexander M‘Neill, Esq. Ballycastle.
Alexander M‘Peak, Esq. Ballymena.
Mr. James Magill, Rose-hill.
Francis Manning, Esq. Drakestown.
Mr. William Martin, Planter to the Right Hon. John
Foster, Collon.
Arthur Martin, Esq.
Rev. Arthur Martin, Collon, 2 copies.
Edward

SS i

: _

SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. XXVIL

Edward May, Esq. jun. Belfast.

The Countess of Mazarene, Antrim.

Mr. John Meniss, Antrim.

Mr. John Miller, Ballymena.

Michael Millar, Esq.

John Mills, Esq. Wicklow.

B. Molloy, Mellicent.

Hugh Montgomery, Esq. Benwarden.

Robert Moore, Esq. Richmond.

Sampson Moore, Esq. Ballymena.

James Stewart Moore, Esq. Ballymoney, 2 copies.

George Moore, Esq. Ballymoney.

Mr. Michael Muldcon, Budder and Grafter to the.
Right Hon. John Foster, Collon.

J.C. Newingham, Esq.

Mr. Joseph Nicholl, Cullybackey.

George Nolan, Esq.

Right Hon. Lord Norbury.

Mr. Michael Norton, Hacketstown.

Rev. John Nowlan, Willsborough,

John Nuttall, Esq.

Sir Edward O’Brien, Bart. Dromoland.
Donough O’Brien, Esq. Counsellor at Law.
Connel O’Hara, Esq. Ballymoney.

Mr. Peter O’Rielly, Killincarrick.

Sir Hugh O’Rielly, Bart.

Thomas Herbert Orpin, Esq. M. D.’

Mr. Samuel Orson, Denmark-street.

Mr. John Patrick, Ballymena.
Francis Penrose, Esq. Ballykean.
Mr. Joseph Pim, Wicklow.
d 2 ; Mr.

XXVIII SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.

Mr. J. Quinn, Grangegorman-lane.

Mr. John Rainey, Baliymena.

Mr. James Reed, Baliymartin.

William Revell, Esq. Ballymoney.

John Revill, Esq. Seapark.

Mr. John Revill, Kilmacrea.

William Ridgeway, Esq.

Mr. John Roarke, Flower Gardener to the Right Hon.
John Foster, Collon.

Mir. William Robinson, N ursery-man, Kilkenny.

Mr. Patrick Savage, Bolton-street.

Mr. Nicholas Savage, Henrietta-street.

Robert Scott, Esq. M.D. Professor and Lecturer on:
Botany to Trinity College.

Mr. David Scott, Mary-street.

Mr. Robert Sharp, Westaston.

Mrs. Shaw, Carrickfergus,

Hugh Sheill, Esq. Cottage.

Mr. William Sheppard, Oatlands.

Mr. John Sheppard, Ballymurrin.

William Sherlock, Esq.

Mr. William Shine, Hardwicke-street.

William Simms, Esq. Belfast.

John Simmons, Esq.

Messrs. Benjamin and Thomas Simpson, College-green,
3 copies.

Thomas Smith, Esq. Craddockstown.

William Smith, Esq. Lisburn.

Nathaniel Sneyd, Esq. Sackville-street.

James Stun, Esq. Antrim.

Haywood St. Leger, Esq.

Hays St. Leger, Esq.
Mr.

SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. AXIX

Mr. James Swan, Islandriagh.

Mr. Bartholomew Sweeny, Rathdrum.

Rev. Henry Symms.

The Rt. Hon. the Dublin Society, 50 copies.

The Rt. Hon. the Farming Society of Ireland, 50

copies.
©.

William Tenant, Esq. Belfast.
George Tisdall, Esq.

Edward Tuke, Esq. Stephen’s-green.
Thomas Tyrell; Esq. Kilreny.

Mr. John Underwood, Head Gardener in the Dublin
Society’s Botanic Gardens, at Glasnevin.
Colonel Vesey.

Luke Wall, Esq. Steevens’-hospital.
Surgeon Walsh, 49th Regiment.

Rev. Robert Walsh, Finglass.

Mr. James Walsh, Excise Officer, Drogheda,
William Walsh, Esq. Glenarm.

Mr. James Watt, - Ballyclose.

Thomas Weaver, Esq. Cronebane.
Samuel Whiteside, Esq. Springfield.
Thomas Williams, Esq. Bank of Ireland,
William. Williams, Esq. Antrim.

Henry Wray, Esq. Bushmills.

Jackson Wray, Esq. Ballymena.

Mr. John Wright, Dunganstown.

Tye
Mr, William Young, Ballymena.

ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED.

Cal. calyx.

Cor. corolla,

A. annual.

P. perennial.

Ob. observations.
Fl]. Dub. Flora Dubliniensis.

ERRATA.

Page 20, line 17, for Hiyleoreey read Wyteoyee pn.
22, line 19, after inches insert ,
——. 31, line 6, for dbac read abaé.

—— 31, line 7, for abhac read abhach.

—— 32, line, 6, for robheg read robhég.

emi SF y NG us hor Spasyen read Sypuds efi.
42, line 12, for prelojsyeen read WMectojsxep

—— 48, line 13, for PELOJZLEp read. Wielojsyeen.

entered at Srationer’s-fall-

se ‘

AN ESSAY

INDIGENOUS GRASSES
“IRELAND,
Ko. Ke.

DIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

ANTHOXANTHUM.
Cal. Hutk of 2 valves, and 1 flower; Cor. Hutk

2 valves tapering toa point. Seed 1.

A. Spike oblong-egefhaped: florets longer than
the awns, on fomewhat of foot-ftalks. .
Common in meadows and pattures. It alfo

abounds in young plantations, and peat bogs, flou-

rifhing in a particular manner in the latter. As

a meadow grafs, it is infignificant from its naked

ftem and fhort foliage; as a pafture, it may be

ufeful from its early fpring, before others are far
in vegetation, but when feparate it has a tolerable
produce, particularly in moift or fhady places, as
young plantations, &c. I have {een it in great
perfection through a planting at Margarets, on

the

2 DIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

the eftate of the Right Hon. John Fofter, Collon;
and it appeared to me to be the predominant
erafs. It is an early flowering grafs, and is faid to
occafion the delightful fmell of new mown hay.
However, my opinion is, that hay will have a
delightful {mell exclufive of it, but not in fo
great a degree. For it certainly poffeffes a more
pleafant odour than any other fpecies cultivated
in the botanic gardens. This | have experienced
in the prefent fpring. For I found by chewing
each fort which the garden contains, feparately

and at different periods, that none emitted fo

pleafant a {cent as this Anthoxanthum Odoratum.

It is therefore a grafs, although not very pro-
lific, fit to make a proportionable part when any
eround is laying down for meadow, as its flavour

would probably caufe other grafles, when made

into hay, to be more relifhed by cattle. It is

alfo faid, that if it be gathered whilft in bloffom,
wrapt in a paper, and carried in the pocket, it
retains the fmell of new mown hay for a long
time. It is but of little confequence to the farmer,
as being not very productive, nor yet palatable
to cattle, unlefs when made into hay. Cows,

goats, fheep, and horfes eat it.
P. May. July.
IRISH.

DIANDRIA DIGYNIA. a

dans bs a DEDbOLAD-
Errachfhér dedhbholadb.
ENcLIsH.—Sweet-/cented Spring-grafs. Sweei-
Smelling Vernal-grafs.

Ob. Stems one foot or more, fimple, flender,
furrowed, often knotted, naked at top. Leaves
fhort, flat, acuminated; thofe on the ftem very
fhort, fpreading. Sheath very long, fomewhat
bellying, furrowed, with a fpear-fhaped, upright,
fkinny fheath-fcale. Spike terminating, upright,
acute, many-flowered. Flowers on fhort foot-ftalks.
Calyx, valves fkinny, acute, fometimes with fmall
hairs, rough on the keel. Corolla, valves nearly
equal, fhorter than the calyx.

B2 TRIANDRIA

vaginatum.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

_ERIOPHORUM.

Hujfks chaff-like, tiled on every fide: Blof. None,
Seed 1, encompaffed by very lode wool-like hairs.
E. Stem cylindrical, necked : {pike folitary :
hufk fkinny. 7
Frequent in moors and upland bogs. A grafs

of little worth for cultivation. P. Feb. April.

§Cennaban monad.

Cennabhan monadh.

TRisH.

EnGuLisH.—Mountain Cotton-gra/s. Single-headed
Cotton-grafi. Hairs-tail-grafs. Hares-tail-rufb.
Mofs-crops. |
Ob. Roots clofely matted... Stems nearly cylin-

drical, twice as long as the leaves. Root-leaves —

fkinny at the bafe, fheathing, linear, and imper-
feily three-fided, {triated and fomewhat recurve.
Sheaths inclofing the ftem, rather bulging; the
uppermoft purple at the bafe. Spike egg-fhaped,
folitary, terminating. Glumes fkinny, {fpear-

fhaped,

e i Ss ate Y =

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 5

fhaped, brown; the lower ones barren. After
impregnation and flowering, the upper glumes

throw forth a very long white wool, which re-

mains on until the middle of fummer or longer,

It may be diftinguifhed from the two next {pecies

by its fingle head.

E. Stems cylindrical: leaves flat: fpikes on fruit- polysiachion.

{talks.

It grows in bogs and marfhy places, particularly
in holes or drains where water lodges. It is a_
grafs of no great confequence, agriculturally
{peaking, as it does not thrive out of marfhy or

watery fituations. P. May. June.

; i Takes lectanduslteé,
Cennabhan lethandhuillech.
Ceanabhan mona. Céanach na mona. Keanuan

ban. Sioda mona. Siodba mona, Sgathoga
fiona. Scahog fiona.

_Encuise.—Broad-leaved Cotton-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, cylindrical,
ftriated, leafy, fmooth. Leaves broad, flat, linear-
lancefhaped, acutely keeled towards the top,
fheathing each other at the bafe. . Spikes many,

fupported by foot-ftalks, egg-fhaped. Glumes

linear-

angustifo-
d2u0.

6 TREANDRIA MONOGYNEIA.

linear-lancefhaped, {kinny. After impregnation
and flowering, the glumes fend forth a. long
white wool drooping upon lengthened’ foot-ftalks,
It may be diftinguithed from the next {pecies by
its roots not creeping, by its broad leaves, and

the drooping manner of its woolly fpikets.

E. Stems. cylindrical : leaves channelled and three-
cornered: {pikes nearly upright, on fruit-ftalks.

This is a very common grafs in all bogs and
boggy fituations. Cattle feed on it during the
winter, but in fummer they pafs it over un-
touched. It forms a great part of the cover in
moft bogs, and is an ufeful fpecies at a feafon
when others lie inactive. It requires no cultiva-
tion, as all bogs naturally produce it, nor would
it bear cultivation out of marfky or boggy fitua-
tions. The down produced from the heads of
the above three fpecies is often colle€ted by poor
people to fluff their pillows with. They alfo ufe
it to make wicks for candles, but it becomes
brittle when very dry. P. June.

Cennabin cumangoullec.
Cae fae cumbangdhuillech.
EncuLisn.—-Narrow-leaved Cotton-gra/s,

Ob.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. q

Ob. Roots creeping. Stems cylindrical, flen-
der, ftriated, {mooth. Leaves fomewhat fhorter
than ‘the \ftems, fetnicylindrical, channelled, three-
cornered at top, fheathing at the bafe. Spike
egg-fhaped, three moftly on each-ftem, and-upon
foot-ftalks. .Glumes brownifh, {kinny on the
edges., After impregnation and flowering, the
glumes fend forth a long white wool ftanding
‘hearly upright.. It .is diftinguifhable from the
former ‘by its)narrow leaves; by. its creeping
roots; and by its down being nearly ered.

NARDUS.

Calyx, None. Corolla, 2 valves.
N. Spike briftle-like, ftraight : the florets pointing
in one direction.

A common grafs in heaths and mountains, and
in fuch places is ufeful to fome fpecies of cattle at
times. :

It is a ftiff, hard grafs to the touch, generally
fhort, and for agricultural purpofes of little merit,

Cows and fheep are not fond of it. Goats and’

horfes cat it. P. June, Aug.

IrisH.

stricta.

8 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

at — DIpech.
| Fitigh direch.

EnciisH.—Matweed. Small matweed. Heath
matweed. Mat-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems about eight inches,
fomewhat curved inward, rigid, nearly three-cor-
nered. Leaves, thofe from the root clofely mat-
ted, fpreading, very narrow, acute, four-fided,
lightly pubefcent, and fomewhat of a fea-green.
Spike terminating, folitary, flender. florets all
pointing to one fide.

TRIANDRIA

LRIANDRIA DIGYNITA.

PHALARIS.
Cal. 2-valved, keeled, of an equal length to, and
inclofing the corolla.

P. Panicle cylindrical, fpike-like, awnlefs: glumes
of the calyx keeled, very entire, ciliated: ftems
Branched at the bate.

It grows on fandy banks along the fea. Abun-

dantly along the fand banks at Howth, and be-

tween Howth and Baldoyle. At Sandymount
along the banks, county of Dublin.
A. grafs of no merit in an agricultural point of
view, being of a diminutive fize, A. June.
There is a fpecies of the Phalaris (not indige-
nous) cultivated in the botanic gardens, called
Phalaris nodofa, or knotted canary grafs, and
from my obfervations on it for years back, I
would confider it as a good meadow’ grafs. It is
a perennial, and not over coarfe; it produces root
leaves, ftems, and ftem leaves in abundance ; it is
a fizable grafs, freely growing from feeds, not
C furnifhed

Qrenarieé,

sanguinale.

10 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

furnifhed with creeping roots, and apparently
thrives well on any foil. It were to be withed
that the praétical farmer would turn his attention
for a year or two, on a {mall feale, to this orals,
as it might prove more beneficial for meadow than
fome highly recommended.
ts nae: cpagajnned.

Sleghfhér traghainmhech.
EncLIsu.—Sea Canary-gra/s.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, cylindrical,
about fix inches, widely ftanding out, naked at
top. Leaves fheathing, lance-fhaped, fomewhat
rough on the edges. Sheath bellying, ftriated,
without hairs. Spike oval-lancefhaped, terminat-
ing, fomewhat fimple, fearcely panicled, or in
divided lobes. Calyx egg-fhaped: valves equal,
lancefhaped, flatted, three-nerved, minutely point-

ed. Corolla, valves equal, blunt.

PANICUM, é

Cor. 3-valved, the third valve very {mall.

P. Spikes finger-like, knotty on the infide of the
bafe: flowers in pairs, awnlefs: fheath dotted.

A few

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 11

A few fpecimens of this very fcarce grafs were
found on the fand hills of Doagh, county of Clare.
Door Wade’s Plant: Rariores.

I do not know of what utility this grafs is, in

an agricultural point of view. A. July.

§Panjczep Coy-soyly5.
°C Panicfhér cofcheiligh.
BiicsLitees imitators Panic-gra/s.

IRISH.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, decumbent,
one foot, knotted, branched. Leaves, even on
the furface, fometimes with long hairs. Sheath
ftriated, fometimes hairy, dotted. Spikes finger-
like, flender. | :

PHLEUM,

Cal. 2-valved, {trap-fhaped, ending in two dagger
points including the corolla.

P. Spike cylindrical, very long: calyx ciliated on pratense.
the keel, awned: ftems upright.

Moift. meadows a, paftures. This is a very
productive grafs in moift meadows, furnifhing
leaves and {tems in abundance, and alfo very pro-
lific in feed. Itis a tall coarfe grafs, and if culti-

mt C2 vated

12 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

- vated feparately in low grounds, would give an
ample crop. . It would anfwer in mixture with
the Agroftis {tolonifera, which is alfo moft pro-
ductive in the like fituations. Grounds liable to
inundation are beft adapted for thefe two, and in
conjunction their produce muft be great. Phleum
pratenfe is a late flowering grafs, which fends
forth numerous {trong ftems, furnifhed with ftem
leaves better than half way. The Agroftis ftolo-
nifera alfo furnifhes many ftems, and abundance
of leaves; but, from the debility of its ftems,
and weight of the panicles when appearing, is
obliged to lean on the under part, which, by this
time, is fending forth frefh flowering ftems, whofe
tops foon appear through thofe parts leaning, and
in a fhort time become matted, to the great detri-
ment of the whole. As the Agroftis ftolonifera
foon fpreads over the furface, it would make a
great progrefs in its leaves and ftems before the
other began to fpring, and would be ina ftate
to be fupported and raifed gradually, by the
{trong and leafy ftems of the Phleum pratenfe.
T hrough the gradual elevation of the Agroftis
ftolonifera thus raifed, and its feeble ftems crof-
fing the {tem leaves of the Phleum pratenfe, there
would be an admiffion of air to the bottom, which

would

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 13

would encourage and facilitate its under growth,
and preferve it from fcalding, which otherwife
would be, or generally is the cafe. The Agroftis
in this mixture would qualify the more coarfe
Phleum: they might be cut about the latter end
of June; after which the former would hoot
afrefh and flower the latter end of Auguft, form-
ing a fine verdure, an after-grafs, or cover to the
_ naked butts of the Phleum pratenfe, which fhoots
not a frefh that feafon after being cut. Cows,
horfes, and goats eat it. Swine refufe it. Sheep
diflike it. | Pp, June. July.
(Loreajceen Lena.
Cbapaispt léna.
EnGiisH.—Meadow Cat’s-tail-grafs. Common:
‘Timothy-grafs. Ha d-grafs.
| Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, from three

IRISH.

to four feet, ftriated, leafy, naked at top.. Leaves
fomewhat rough. Sheath long, cylindrical, ftriat-
ed, with a blunt, fhort, fkinny fheath-fcale,
Spikes folitary, erect, cylindrical, fometimes from
four to fix inches long, blunt. Calyx, valves
ciliated on the keel. It may be diftinguithed from
the Alopecurus pratenfis by its fpikets not lying
clofely tiled, and by its long rough cylindrical
fpike,

P. Spike

nodosum.

alpinum.

14 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

P. Spike cylindrical: ftems knee-bent at the bafe::

eaves flanting: roots bulbous.

Along the fandy banks between Clontarf ana
Howth, county of Dublin. On ‘the fides of
Mount Oriel and Carrickmagough, near Collon,
county of Louth. A grafs of little confequence
to the farmer, being neither early, produétive,
nor fizable. P. June. July.
GLoyéascpen cnapac.

d Lofchaitfhér cnapach.
Encuisu.—Knotted cat’s-tail-grafs. _ Bulbous-
rooted cat’s-tail-grafs.

IRISH.

Ob. Roots bulbous. Stems decumbent and
knee-bent at the bafe, then upright. Leaves
pointing in two oppofite directions, fmooth except
at the edges. Spike cylindrical, blunt, from one
and one-half to two inches long. It refembles the
former, but diftinguifhable by its fmaller fize, its
knee-bent ftems, and by its fheaths covering the
{tems. 3
P. Spike egg-cylindrical: awns the length of the

hufks.

Near the fummit of Lettery Mountain, Ballina-
hinch, in Cunnamara, county of Galway, a few
fpecimens flowering in Auguft. Doctor Wade’s

Plante

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 15

- Plante Rariores. A grafs of no merit in an agri-

cultural point of view. . P. July.

i ita ae aylyp.
CLofchaitfhér ailp.
EncuisH.—Alpine Cat’s-tail-grafs.

Ob. Roots tuberous, fomewhat creeping. Stems
folitary, afcending, one foot, leafy, naked at top,
fmeoth. Leaves rough on the edges, with very
fhort fheath-feales. Spike fcarcely one inch, egg-
cylindrical, blunt, dark purple. Calyx, glumes;
ciliated with long hairs, which are fomewhat,
ftradling. Awn ftraight, nearly the length of the.

glumes.
ALOPECURUS.
Cal. 2-valved. Cor. 1-valve.
A. Spike cylindrical, tapering. | | pratensis.

Common in meadows and. paftures.—This is an
excellent meadow grafs, and one the farmer fhould
delight to behold in his meadows, as it has to re-
commend it, earlinefs, quantity, quality, and good
fize : not being too rigid, and affording a plentiful
after-grafs. When the Alopecurus pratenfis is
| cultivated

16 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

cultivated alone, it 1s very apt to lodge, as ap-
peared to me from the obfervations | had made
on a fquare plot allotted to it, in the farmers
divifion, botanic garden. It retained its plot, and
although placed in a dy fituation, and without
the help of manure, appears very luxuriant. Not-
withftanding this, it is faid to grow in moift foils
only. I allow it thrives well in a moift foil, and
I alfo know its produce would be litcle inferior in
adry one. Were a field to be laid down with
the feed of Alopecurus pratenfis, in mixture with
thofe of Feftuca pratenfis and Poa trivialis, they in
conjunétion would form a fine meadow. ‘The
Feftuca pratenfis being a ftouter grafs, but not fo
lofty as the Alopecurus pratenfis, would contribute
to fupport the latter, and prevent its being lodged
by rain or high winds, whilft the Poa trivialis,
which flourithes beft when in mixture with others,
would produce a fufliciency to qualify the other
two. The Feftuca and Poa flowering the latter
end of June or beginning of July, the Alopecurus
would fuftain no material lofs by waiting the time
of their cutting, as its {tems continue green long
after the {pikes decay. The after-grafs from thefe
three would alfo be abundant; for, with the
ample produce of Alopecurus pratenfis and Feftuca

pratenfis,

TRIANDRIA DIGY NIA. lV

_ pratenfis, the Poa trivialis would continue fending
forth flowering ftems in fucceffion until late in
September. Sheep, horfes, and goats eat it. Cows
and {wine are not fond of it. P. May. June.

TaisH. yar ee chen Lena.
Ulplosfhér léna.
Encuish.— Meadow Fox-tail-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems two feet or more,

upright, leafy. Leaves fomewhat rough. Sheath-

feale hort, ftriated. Spike from one to two inches,
upright, clofe, foft, acute, many flowered. To

the eye of the inexperienced botanift it may ap-
pear as Phleum pratenfe, but is readily diftin-
guifhed from it by its long awns, its clofe tiled
florets, its foft feel when drawn between the
hand, and by its tapering fpike.

A. Stems feeble, knee bent ; fpike cylindrical ;
awns of the calyx longer than the valves ; blof-

fom awnlefs.

- Common in ftagnant waters, in muddy ditches,
and where water lodges during the winter;
~ marthes in the Phoenix Park, North-wall, in the
Lots, in muddy ftreams and ditches about Glafsne-

vin, Finglafs and Drumcondra, county of Dublin.
D | This

geniculatus.

18 TREANDRIA DIGYNIA.

This fpecies, as a meadow grafs, is of no great
¢onfequence to the farmer, for in general it ex-
tends along the furface, putting fibres from the
joints, and produces but a fhort flowering ftem,
which rather afcends* than grows upright. It is
far preferable as a pafture grafs, and this only in
low or moift grounds. It naturally grows in
muddy ditches, ponds, and fides of rivulets, and
in fuch places from its Iyxuriant foliage is not
worthlefs. It is very acceptable to fome fpecies of
cattle who retire to fuch places through thirit,
and are often detained a confiderable time browl-
ing on it. It does not bear cultivation well on
dry grounds. A variety of this {pecies, with filver
ftriped leaves, has been found growing in the
éounty of Wicklow, by Mr. Edward Hodgins,
nurferyman, Dunganftown. He has furnifhed the
botanic gardens eight years ago with this elegant
variety, and it has retained its variegation ever
fince, Mr. E. Hodgins’s exertions in collecting
and cultivating curious varieties of fhrubs, herba-
etous plants, &. claim public notice. Sheep,
goats, cows, and horfes eat it. Swine refufe it.

P. May. Aug. ”

* By an ascending stem is meant one that grows obliquely

vpwards.
in TRisH.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIAs 19
§Ulplogfhen stuntubce.
" UUlplosfhér glunlibtha.
- Enenisn.—Knee-bent Fox-tail-grafs. Float Fox-
tail-grafi. Spiked float-grafs. Spiked water-
Brapne(™

Ob. Roots fibrous. Sfems very long, floating

TaisH

when in water, knotted, knee-bent; lower joints
_ putting forth fibres; upper ones afcending, leafy,
branched, fmooth. Leaves fomewhat rough.
Sheath-fcale very flender, whitifh. Spike cylin-
drical, fhort, bluntifh, many-flowered, inclining to
purple. Calyx, valves nearly equal, very bluat.
Awns longer than the calyx. |

MILIUM. .

Cal. 2 valved, 1 flowered : valves nearly equal.
Cor. very fhort. Summits pencil-fhaped.

M. Flowers in panicles, fcattered, awnlefs.

It generally grows in moift fhady woods, but is
met common. In a wood at Tinnebinch, on the
eftate of the Right Hon. Henry Grattan, county
of Wicklow. Mr. John Underwood.

R 2 Were

effusum.

20 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Were this grafs to be introduced in a meadow,
it might, from its fize, and the fpreading manner
in which its {tems grow, be a mean of fupporting
others, which, from their debility, are unable to
fupport themfelves until they arrive to perfection.
It is far preferable for meadow than for pafture.
It produces many long ftems, which are not very
coarfe, and alfo a tolerable quantity of leaves ;
but the leaves are fhort, and do not endure incle-
ment weather. In fhady woods not overgrown,
this grafs would bear cultivation, and have an
ample produce. It is a grafs that has not been
noticed by the agriculturalift, perhaps owing to
its rare habitats. Sheep, goats, cows, and horfes
eat it. P. June. July.

nae: srt" cosecjon.
Miledfhér coitchion.
Enciisu.—Common Millet-grafs. Soft Millet-gra/s.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, upright, three
feet or more, leafy, fmooth, ftriated. Leaves half
an inch broad, flat, rough on the edges. Sheath-
feale, egg-thaped, rent-like at top. Panicle ter-
minating, upright, loofe, many-flowered ; little
branches fpreading, waved, rough on the upper
part. Glumes egg-thaped, concave, fomewhat

rough.

TRIANDRIA \DIGYNIA. aL

rough. | Stamens double the length of the glumes.
Style feather-like, {tanding out from the fides.

eee es

AGROSTIS.

Cal. 2 valved, 1 flowered, rather {maller than the
bloflom. Swmmits fet lengthways with ftiffith
hairs.

G1) With Azuns.

A. Calyx egg-fhaped ; valves nearly equal; awn
bent, twice the length of the corolla, fixed juft
below its middle; ftems proftrate, fomewhat
branching.

Moift meadows, paftures, and in the vallies of
mountain grounds. Marfhy fituations at the foot
of the Dublin mountains, and Howth, county of
Dublin. Moift meadows about Collon and Tinure,

county of Louth. Common in fimilar fituations.

Were the farmer or grazier acquainted with this

_grafs, and obferved, by their cattle, what nourifh-
ment it affords to fome fpecies in the vallies of
they mountain grounds, and in their low moitt
meadows, they would not perhaps pafs it over fo
often unnoticed. They are not aware that this

EQNINE,

{pecies |

a¢ TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

fpecies is a great mean of fupplying them with
good mutton, milk, &c.; and although a {mall
grafs, it is more beneficial to them than many mor€
lofty which furrouad it. It is a low growing
grafs, producing much foliage, which is very fine,
and has one good peculiarity, that of growing in
the dead feafon, when others more noticed lie
dormant. As a meadow grafs, no way defirable :
as a pafture grafs, very acceptable in moift low
meadows or boggy grounds. Cows and horfes
eat it. P. July.

5 Cacnpey DON.

Ip ISH.
d Taenfhér donn.

Encuisu.—Brown Bent-gra/s.

Ob. Stems decumbent, from one to two feet,
fomewhat branched, fmooth, leafy. Leaves rough
on each fide. Panicle elongated, often from four
to five inches upright: little branches clofe, in-
clining to a purple. Calyx, valves nearly equal,
¢oloured, nearly double the length of the corolla.
Awn briftlelike, white, upright, marked with a
brown knot towards the middle, double the length
of the corolla, and fixed juft beneath its middle.

(2) Without

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 2S

(2) Without Awns.

A. Panicle, little branches {preading, awnlefs ;
{tems creeping : calyx, valves equal, lance-
fhaped, pubéfcent:

Itis avery common grafs in moift meadows,
paftures, and on cold {tiff arable lands. This
grafs increafes very faft by rooting at each joint,
getting to a confiderable length, and furnifhing
amazingly at bottom before it rifes for flower.
Then it fends forth flowering ftems in abundance,
which, from their debility, and the want of other
grafles as a fupport, prefs down on the under
foliage which had become fo prolific whilft enjoy-
ing the air. Thus, in a little time, this under
- foliage is excluded from air and fun, and, from
having been in fuch perfection and high verdure,
Shortly after it becomes yellow, and is fcalded by
the multiplicity and preflure of the flowering
ftems, there remaining no verdure but that part
which appears on the furface. I have remarked,
when treating on the Phleum pratenfe, that were
this grafs cultivated with it, as the fame foil and
fituation agree with both, an advantage might
refult therefrom, For the Phleum pratenfe being

a a flrong

stolonifera,

24. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIEA.

a ftrong grafs from the time it begins to fpring
for flower, it would.gradually fupport the debi-
lity of the other, and admit air and fun to the
under-foliage, which would preferve an effential
part thereof without injury to itfelf. As the
Agroftis ftolonifera is a grafs which is fine both in
leaves and ftems, it would anfwer in mixture with,
and qualify the coarfer Phleum. The Phleum
pratenfe might alfo with propriety be cut when
the Agroftis ftolonifera is in perfection, for I cons
ceive it beft to cut the Phleum pratenfe before it
gets in full perfeftion, as then it becomes hard
and wiry. The Agroftis tolonifera is a grafs that
freely admits of, and will thrive in mixture with
‘moft others. It would be a valuable grafs to cul-
tivate in worn out bogs, or even bogs not ex-
haufted, if the furface be firft fkinned and burnt,
as it would fpeedily form a fod and become a
defirable pafture. In Mr. J. T. Mackay’s catalogue
of rare Blades there is a paragraph which men-
tions the mode of culture, the utility, and pro-
duce of this grafs in fome of the weltern parts of
this ifland, which.1 think worthy of infertion, for
the benefit of thofe who perhaps may have and.
with to reclaim fimilar grounds. ‘* Samuel
Connys, Efq. has land on the Cunnamara coaft, a
great

TRIANDRLA DIGYNIA. 25

great de of sie is now in an uneultivated
ftate, being chiefly turf bog. In this ftate the
principal plants that grow upon it are, Erica
vulgaris, and Melica ceerulea, a coarfe grafs that
cattle are not fond of. He is reclaiming this by
degrees, by the application of fea fand, which is
on that part of the coaft a mixture of fea fhells
and granitic particles. He in the firft place has
the ground made fomewhat even, and then the
fand laid upon it; fometimes a mixture of fand
and fea weed is applied. The firft crop he grows
is potatoes in beds; the fecond crop is barley or
oats, which are generally very good; and the
third year the land produces fpontaneoufly a
good crop of hay, chiefly compofed of Agroftis
ftolonifera, a number of the plants of which are
probably brought with the fand, and in that fhort
{pace of time overrun the whole furface. Mr.
Connys has never obferved a plant of it in flower,
although he frequently has had feveral acres of it
growing together.

An acre of land thus reclaimed will produce
two ton of excellent hay, worth from four to five
pounds per ton. <Agroftis folonifera is a remark-
ably {weet and ; juicy grafs, and cattle of every fort
are fond of it, when made inte hay.”’ |

8 dn

26 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

In the interior parts of the country, hay is fe-
leGted where’ the greateft quantity of the Agroftis
ftolonifera is, that it may be preferved for making
hay water as drink: for.-cows;'.to increafe their
milk.: ‘tds alfo given to young calves-in mixture
with’ new. milk, and confidered very nourifhing.
Theresis a variety of this grafs with filver-{triped
leaves, which I have met with growings

Ob. Roots perennial, fibrous, branching much.
Syems decumbent, branching; leafy, putting forth

roots from its numerous joimts as they advance,

TRISH. ;

then getting mpright. Leaves from 1 to 3 inches
long, veined, rough on each fide, broad in pro-
‘portion to the length. Sheath-fcale many cleft.
Panicle from 3 to 5 inches long, upright, com-
pact: Branches from half an inch to an inch long,
crowded with florets down to the union with the
main ftem. Calyx, valves equal, bluntith, keeled,
inclining to purple, pubefcent outfide: Corolla
fhorter

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. QF

fhorter than the calyx: valves unequal, blunt,

awnlefs,

A. Panicle clumfy, rather fpreading: branches,
Jonger ones naked; fhorter ones crowded with
florets at the bafe: calyx, inner valve {mooth ;

outer ferrulated upwards.

It generally*grows on moilt banks along the
coaft. Banks along the S.W. fide of Howth,
county of Dublin, On the banks along the coatt
between Green-caftle and Kirkeel, ‘county of
Down. This grafs is by no means an indifferent
one. I have not feen it cultivated in any great
quantity, fo as to form a juft opinion as to its
agricultural merit; however upon the {mall fcale
in which feveral of the graffes are cultivated in
the Botanic Gardens, this appears not unworthy
of notice, aS it is as luxuriant there as in its
natural foil: On the banks on the fea fhore, this
grafs, from its long {tems and abundant foliage,
would appear to be extremely produttive; and I
make no doubt but it might turn out a valuable
{pecies, if cultivated in the interior of the country,

Por June: July.

E 2 TRisH.

maritima.

28 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

IRISH. panos sbi
Taenfhér mara.
Encuisu.—-Sea Bent-gra/s.

Ob. Stems creeping, ftriking out fibres froma
the joints, then afcending. Leaves, and fheaths,
rough. Panicle from 3 to 4 inches, compact.
Calyx, inner valve {mooth; outer valve ferrulated
towards the top. Corolla, outer valve narrowelt,

_ and near half as fhort as the inner.

alba.

A. Panicle loofe: calyx, glumes equal, rough on
the keel, awnlefs: ftems creeping.

It grows in bogs, marfhes, and wet places.
Marfhy fituations at Balalla, and along the foot
of the Dublin mountains, county of Dublin.—
Marfhy and wet fityations about Rabran, ‘Tinure
and Mount Oriel, near Collon, county of Louth.
As a pafture grafs in fuch fituations it is not un-
profitable, being abundant in foliage and ftems,
and endures the feverity of winter and drought
of fummer amazingly. As a meadow grafs not
worthy of cultivation. Small cattle eat it.

P. July.

Trisk.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 29

a ad ban.
Taenfhér bin.
Encuisu.—White Bent-grafs.

Ob. Roots perennial. Stems trailing at the
bafe: under ones putting forth fibres from the
joints, leafy, fmooth.. Leaves rough. Sheath
even, with a blunt bifid theath-fcale fometimes
appearing rent-like. Panicle compact, bearing

flowers clofely from the bafe to the top. Calyx,

valves equal, acute, green, rough on the keel.
Corolla fhorter than the calyx; valves unequal,

acute. Anthers, violet colour.

A. Panicle. {preading: branches ftradling, hair-
_ like, bare at the bafe: calyx valves equal :.
corolla, inner valve blunt, half the fize of the
outer. : |

Common in dry fandy foils, and on the fides of
hills. About Finglas quarries, Feltrum hill,
Knockmarron hill, and Howth, county of Dublin.
This grafs is fine in its leaves, ftems, and panicle;
it is more defirable as a pafture grafs than as a
meadow. Its fmall fize, and very flender flems,
give us an unfavourable opinion of its worth as a
meadow grafs. It grows abundantly in fandy
fields along the fea fhore, and even there has

nothing

vulearie.

pumila.

30 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

nothing to recommend it except the beauty of its

appearance, nor do better grafies thrive when in
mixture with it. ~ P. July.

TrIsH. C anette ec aadal
Taenfhér coitchion.

EnciisH.—Common Bent-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems about 1 foot, up-
right, fmooth, ftriated, leafy. Leaves narrow,
acute, fomewhat rough. Sheath very long, with a
very fhort fheath-fcale which runs down the fheath,
and appearing as if gnawed. Panicle upright, .
{preading, inclining to purple: branches hair-like,
extending and fubdivided by 2 or 3 forked leffer
divifions. Calyx, valves nearly equal, acute, awn-
lefs, purple at the bafe and round the edges.
Corolla, outer valve twice the length of the inner,
nearly equal to the calyx: inner valve blunt,

{mooth.

A. Panicle nearly pointing in one direction, awn-

Jefs: ftems upright, in bundles.

It grows in poor barren grounds. Howth,
and the ifland of Lambay, county of Dublin.
This grafs, although never rifing to any great
fize, is very prolific, and produces foliage in

abundance.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. jt

abundance. It is far preferable to the former, as
it continues in verdure longer, and is earlier in its
{pring. It would do well for pafture, but is not
adapted for meadow. P. July.

¢Caenyhen abbac.

rei ¢ Taenfhér abbac.

EncuLisH.— Dwarf Bent-gra/s.

Ob. Roots’ many. Stems in many bundles,
fmooth, about two {mall finger lengths, and fur-
nifhed with leaves refembling thofe of the roots.
Sheath {triated, fomewhat rolled inwards. Panicle
very much fpreading and fomewhat pointing one
way. Florets coloured, awnlefs, ending in a {mall
pom, (0

re Panicle threadfhaped, awnlefs; bloffom
hairy. | 3

It grows in dry barren places. I have found
' this grafs in the month of September, without a

grain of feed in the panicle, on a dry bank, about -

two miles fouth of Tuam, county Galway—and
in June faplefs, and full of feed, along the fouth
fide of Mount Oriel; and on the lands of Mulla-
ruagh, near Collon, county Louth. It has alfo
been found, flowering in Auguft, near the fummit

MINNA

32 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

of Lettery mountain, Ballinahinch, Cunnamara.
See Dr, Wade’s Plante Rariores.
A. March. April.
tepeieil Cacaghep pes,
( Taenfhér robheg.

Encuisu.—Leaft Bent-gra/s.

Ob. Roots annual, very flender. Stems from
2 to 3 inches, nearly upright, without knots,
thread-fhaped. Leaves moftly from the bafe,
linear, blunt, folded, running down the fheath
in a fkinny-like ‘fubftance. Panicle very flender,
upright, fimple, terminating: the flowers pointing
one way. Calyx, valves equal, keeled, fhining,
blunt. Corolla fhorter than the calyx, hairy,
veined, gnawed-like at top.

AIRA.

Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered: without any inter-
vening fubftance between the florets.

(1) Flowers awnle/s.
aquatica. A. Panicle fpreading: florets without awns,
{mooth, longer than the calyx; leaves flat.
It grows generally on the margins of pools,
- ftanding

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA., $8

ftanding waters, and in muddy ftreams. In ditches
each fide of the Royal Canal from the North
road to the Obfervatory—along the ditches from
the turnpike to Glafnevin, county of Dublin.
Very common in fimilar fituations. This is a very
defirable grafs, could it bear cultivation out of
watery fituations, but it will not; for it has re-
- peatedly been tried in the Botanic Gardens, and
from the time of its removal, notwithftanding
regular watering, declines, and feldom appears in
the enfuing feafon. . It produces much foliage
from its long ftems, which ftrike out fibres from
the joints; and it fends forth flowering ftems in
abundance. Itis much relifhed by horned cattle
and horfes; and they often run great rifks in
quelt of it, eating it down even below the furface :
of the water. I have frequently feen cows and.
horfes wade to a confiderable depth in water and
mud, feeding with avidity on this grafs, and in
deep places they wonld even venture beyond
their depth in browfing on it, fo attraéting is this
fpecies to their appetite. Sheep, cows, and
horfes eat it. : P.. June. July.

F. , TrisH,

cristata.

SA, TRIANDRIA DIGYNTA;

aps gm 8 WTS
Gruag fhér uifee.
Encuisu.—Water Hair-gra/s.

Ob. Roots creeping, with very long white’
fibres. Stems very long, floating when in water,
branched: putting forth fibres from the joints of
the under branches, leafy, upright at top. Leaves
flat, fmooth. Sheath fcale flender, white, fhort,
entire. Panicle upright; fomewhat in whirls:
little branches unequal, fpreading, {mooth, con-
taining many flowers. Calyx, valves unequal,
inclining to purple: outer one with three nerves
at the bafe: Corolla, valves’ equal, nerved,

folded, fining at top, blunt.

A. Panicle fpike-like: calyx fomewhat hairy,
rather 3-flowered, longer than the little fruit-
ftalks: corolla valves unequal, terminating.

awn-like,

Plentiful along the banks, the eaft and fouth
fides of Howth, county Dublin. On ditch banks.
near Cahir, at the bottom of the Galty moun-
tains, county. Tlpperary. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s.
Catalogue of rare Plants. This grafs is not
adapted for meadow, as it is fhort both in its

a a8 ° i a ~ 4 "4 ft .
1 ‘ E aah dap Bags aw no
foliage and ftems; it might amiwer as a paiture

TRIANDRIA DIGYNTA. 35

etafs on high grounds, intermixed with others,
as it is capable of withftanding drought; and it
would be acceptable as a variety to fome {pecies
of cattle in dry feafons, when other herbage is
injured by drought and heat in fuch places.

P. July. Aug.

CSuacsyhen ciptinad.

TrIsH.. one
Gruag fhér cirinach.
EncuisH.—Crefted Hair-gra/s.
Ob. Roots matted. Stems upright, 1 foot,

leafy, and curved at the bafe, fmooth and quite

ftraight above. Leaves linear, {mooth, fomewhat

rigid, with long fheaths, but fhort fheath-fcales._

Panicle {pike-like, about 23 inches, upright,
clofe: peduncles branched, pubefcent, having
each floret fitting, on a very fort ere fruit.
ftalk. Corolla, outer valve fimilar to the calyx:
inner valve more flender but fomething fhorter,

and both pointed.

(2) Florets awned. |

A. Panicle large, wide fpreading: petals awned
and woolly at the bafe: awn ftraight, fhort:
leaves flat.
it generally grows in moift meadows and

U2 woods.

Cuspitose,

356 “TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

woods. Howth and Dublin mountains along the
vallies, and along the banks of the canal from the
Crofs-cuns to Caftleknock—low meadows at
Scribbleftown, Santrywood, and about Feltrum,
county of Dublin. ‘This is a very coarfe grafs,
and the rougheft of all the graffes which grow in
pafture or meadow grounds, and therefore very
unacceptable to cattle, for in general they do not
touch it unlefs forced by hunger. It is very
abundant in leaves, but not in flowering ftems.
It often occupies much ground, and is very apt to
grow in tufts, occafioning irregularities on the
furface of meadows, which appear very difagree-
able, and it often occupies much ground which
might be made to produce better graffes. Far-
mers’ boys are very often annoyed when going
barefooted through ground this grafs inhabits, as
the fharp edges of its leaves coming acrofs. the
bare legs often leave them as if fcarified, and by
drawing the leaves through the hand are very apt
to cut, and that imperceptibly. It is a grafs no
way defirable either for meadow or pafture.
Cows, goats and {wine eat it. Horfes are not
fond of it. | | *P. July.

TRIsH.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 37

SSnazren pEpacagac.
Gruag fhér ferathagach,
EncuisH.—Turfey Hair-grafs. Haffocks. Rough-
caps. Bulls-faces. ,

TRISH.

Ob. Roots fibrous, clofely matted. Stems 3
feet, upright, even, leafy, two-knotted. Leaves
flat, narrow-pointed, {ftiff, nerved; underneath
even, nerved and rough above; root-leaves widely
ipreading, fheathing. Sheath-fcale elongated,
acute, bifid. Panicle before expanfion drooping
and pointing one way, but when in flower widely
{preading. very much branched, and of a beau-
tiful purple filk appearance. Calyx, valves fome-
what equal, rough. Corolla, valves {mooth,
villous at the bafe: outer one wideft, snawed-like
at top. Awns fhort, feldom longer than the
glumes. There is a variety of this grafs with .
{carce any awns, which grows in the woods about
Collon, on the improvements of the Right Hon.
John Fofter. :

A. Panicle ftradling, three-forked: fruit-ftalks flexuosa.
zigzag: leaves briiile-fhaped: ftems almoft
naked: awns knee-bent. |
It grows in heaths, woods, on rocky and bar-

ren places. Howth, Baby na and

mountains

PLY

JO TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

mountains of Wicklow. Mount Oriel and Wind-
mill-hill near Collon, county of Louth: as alfo
on the Saddle and Trumpet mountains, and
mountains of Carlingford in faid county.

As a meadow grafs, this fpecies could not at-
fraét the notice of the farmer, for it delights on
mountain grounds on the furface of rocks, where
it makes a very good appearance, but when taken
from fuch places and planted on levels or low
grounds, it makes but very little progrefs, as I
have experienced:in the Botanic Garden. In
mountain grounds it is no unprofitable grafs, as

craffes would fail; and in fuch fituatious I have

it will grow on rocks and declivities, where other

frequently feen it eaten down by cattle, which
were chiefly fheep; and I make no doubt but it
is a fpecies they relifh much. Sheep, horfes, and
cows eat it. P. July.

TRISH —— fit ft.
Gruag fhér Snimbain.

Enewisu.—Zigzag Hair-gra/s.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 1 to 17 feet,
almoft naked, upright, fmooth, with one knot
towards the bafe. Leaves briftle-fhaped, wide-

fpreading, fheathing at the bafe, with a fhort
blunt

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. JY)

‘blunt bifid fheath-fcale. Panicle 3-forked, fpread-
ing, few-floweréd; branches rough, changing
their dire@ion in a curve; flowers hairy at the
bafe, placed on alternate upright fruit-ftalks.
Glumes, all nearly of a- length, gnawed-like at
top: inner valve of the corolla narrowelt, and
hairy at the bafe. Awn knee-bent, twilted,
half as long again as the bloffom, and placed near
its bafe, |

A; Panicle fpike-like: florets fitting, awned at
the bafe: leaves briftle-like: fheaths angular,

furrowed.

This delicate grafs is to be met with on dry
commons, and on bare rocky grounds. On dry
heaths and rocks, at the foot of the Dublin
mountains, Howth, Lambay, and Ireland’s-eye,
county of Dublin—on the rocks about Culfuar,
Tinure, and Monefterboyce, county of Louth.
It is a handfome delicate low grafs, of little

_ confequence to the farmer, except that early in

preécoz.

the {pring it may cover a part of his grounds

which abounds with rocks, and may be accept-
able to fheep, or other of his fmall cattle, at that
feafon, A. May.

TRisH.

earyophyllea.

40 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

TRisH. : One arte
Gruagfhér moch.

Encuiisu.—Early Hair-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous, fmall. Stems upright,
from 2 to 3 inches, and in fertile grounds often
6 inches high. Leaves briftle-fhaped: thofe from
the root foon withering: thofe on the ftems with
long fheaths. Sheaths furrowed, with blunt
fheath-{cales. Florets fitting. Calyx, valves nearly
equal, naked at the bafe: outer valve with a
briftle-like knee-bent awn, nearly twice the length
of the calyx, placed on the back a little below
the middle.

A. Panicle fpreading: florets diftant, fitting,
awned ; leaves briftle-like.

This grafs grows in the fame fituations with
the former. Its only fuperiority over the Aira
precox is, that it is nearly three times its fize.
It is, however, from its filvery. appearance, no

unfightly grafs amongft a collection. |
| A. June.

IRISH.

ETRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Ad

fei: hor tai AjPBYO.
Gruag fhér airgid.
ENcLisH.—Si/very Hair-gra/s.

Ob. Roots fmall, fibrous. Stems from 4 to 12
inches, branched at the bafe, fmooth. Leaves
briftle-thaped ; thofe at the bafe foon decaying,
but not falling off: thofe on the {tems with long
fheaths and fpear-fhaped elongated theath-fcales.
Panicle terminating, dividing by threes and
_ widely fpreading : florets fitting, fhorter than the

calyx. Corolla, valves fhining at top; outer

valve with a knee-bent briftle like awn, placed |

on the back a little below its middle, and which

is longer than the calyx.

MELICA.

Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered, with a little fubftance
on a pedicle betwixt the florets.

M. Panicle thinly fet: calyx 2-flowered: one

floret hermaphrodite, the other neuter,

It grows in woods and fhady glens. Abun-
dantly in Luttrell’s-town wood, county of Dublin.
G - About

unzflora.

caerulea.

49 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

About Cong, at the fubterraneous river, county
of Galway—along a glen between Ballyleddy
and Newtown-Kennedy, county of Down. Shady
woods and mountains about Knappen, Glenarm,
and low glens, county of Antrim. In woods and
fhady glens this grafs furnifhes much leaves, and
may be acceptable to cattle which retire to fhade
in fummer during the fun’s meridian each day,
but as a pafture or meadow grafs of no great
value. P. June. July.

¢metojspen aonblaca.

TrisH
“tu eloig fhér aonbhlatha.

EncuLisH.—One-flowered Melic-gra/s.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 1 to 14 feet.
Leaves flat, rough underneath and on their edges.
Sheaths about half the length of the leaves, with
blunt fheath-fcales which affume different forms.
Panicle upright, few flowered; little fruit-ftalks
pointing one way; lower ones in pairs. Calyx
purple; valves nearly equal, {mooth, awnlefs,

nerved, containing one fertile flower.

M. Panicle clofe: flowers upright, cylindrical.

Common in boggy meadows and paftures. This

grafs is common in moft bogs, but the harfhnefs
of |

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 43

of its leaves and ftems, which are not very pro-
_ duétive, renders it of very little confequence to
the farmer. It may however contribute with
other graffes to form a cover in bogs, and in fuch
fituations is not without utility. A variety (pa-
nicula pallida) was obferved growing in a bog
near the houfe of Ralph Marfhall, Efq. at Cal-
naferry, county of Kerry, and in various other
parts of that county. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Cata-
logue of rare Plants. Horfes, fheep, and goats
eat it. P. Aug.

TRisH. el a COPCUIp.
Meloigfhér corcuir.

Encuisu.— Purple Melic-grafs.

Ob. Roots bulbous, with thick twifted fibres.
Stems from 1. to 14 feet, upright, ftiff, cylindri- |
cal, fmooth, leafy, with one knot towards the
bafe, but naked at top. Leaves ftiff, acuminated,
lightly rough, with a few very fhort hairs on the
fheath-feale. Panicle upright, branched, clofe:
flowers upright, cylindrical. Calyx 3-flowered,
fometimes four, purple: the two under florets
fertile. . A pedicle knobbed at the end rifes from
betwixt the florets. Anthers dark purple.

G2 POA.

aquatica.

AA TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

POA.
Cal, 2-valved, many-flowered: /pikets egg-fhaped:
valves fkinny at the edge, rather acute.

P. Panicle upright, fpreading: fpikets ftrap-

fhaped, 6-flowered: leaves fword-fhaped.

It grows in marfhes, and along the banks of
rivers. Along the edges of the Grand canal from
James’s-flreet to Ringfend, and from James’s-
{treet to Salens, county of Dublin. This is a
very good grafs, and although very ftrong look-
ing, is very tender and {oft in its ftems and fo-
Jiage, fending forth both in abundance. ‘There
are thany of the {tems which do not flower, but
are plentifully clad with leaves, which renders
it a very valuable grafs for pafture. It may
be imagined from its natural places of growth
in waters, that it would not bear cultivation
in other fituations. But this is not the cafe,
for in different fituations where it is cultivated im
the Botanic Gardens it thrives amazingly, not-
withftanding the foil is naturally a dry one. It
is a grafs that encreafes very faft by its roots,
although not creeping, and would be an excellent

| te

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Ab

one for moift or low grounds; and where the
ground is inclined to be marfhy it would be a
valuable pafture, as cattle are remarkably at-
tached to it, particularly horfes and cows. Along
the fides of the Grand canal, where this grafs
grows, it is generally eat down to the furface of
the water within the reach of cattle. It is alfoa
very ufeful grafs:to fow upon the banks of rivers,
as it would prevent them from being worn away
by the rapidity of the water. Horfes, cows and
fheep are remarkably fond of it. P. july,

§Cuye clears.

TrisH. 4.
ne U Cuife cuilcambutil.

Encisu. — Reed-like Meadow-grafs. Water
, Meadow-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, from 3 or
4 to 6 feet high, 2-edged, leafy, knotted: knots
towards the bafe fending forth fibres. Leaves
broad, fword-fhaped, acute, upright, keeled,
rough on the edges and keel. Sheath fcored,
fmooth, with a very blunt fheath-fcale abruptly
terminating awn-like. Panicle upright, branch-
ing, fomewhat fpreading. Calyx, glumes nearly
equal, whitifh, fhining, containing from 5 to 6

florets,

alpina.

46 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

florets. Corolla, outer valve with 7 nerves: “inner
one notched at the end.

P. Panicle widely fpreading, very much branched:
{pikets 6-flowered, heart-fhaped: under fheath-
_ deales very blunt.

It grows on and near the fummits of high
mountains. Found on the fummit of Brandon,
near the well, on the rock, thinly covered with
earth—alfo on the fammit of Cruach Phadruic,
county of Mayo—-likewife on Benbulben, and
other mountains, near Sligo. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s
Catalogue of rare plants. This grafs, although
not high, fends forth abundance of fide fhoots
and leaves. It may anfwer well enough as a pat
fare grafs on the fummits of mountains, where

there is but a thin cover, and furnifh {mall cattle

with nourifhment in dry feafons, when the her-

bage nearly perifhes on {uch fituations. From

its being a very clofe grafs in its leaves, and

matted like at the bafe, it retains moifture, and

continues in verdure where others perifh for
want of fuch convenience. As a meadow grals

it is of no value. P. June. July.

TrIsH,

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. AT

mere re ajlp.
Cuife ailp.

Enciisu.— Alpine Meadow-gra/s.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 7 to ro inches,
fomewhat afcending, cylindrical, two-knotted,
naked above. Leaves, thofe from the root
many, fpreading, bluntith at top, but ending in a
fudden point: thofe on the ftem 2, very fhort.
Sheath very long, with a fpear-fhaped acute
fheath-feale on the upper leaves, but very fhort
and round on the lower. Panicle fhort, {pread-
ing, nearly eou-thaped. Calyx, valves nearly
equal, egg-fhaped, acute, rough on the keel,
fomewhat hooked at top. lorets ego-fhaped,
fomewhat acute, often filky and fkinny on the

edges: inner valve notched, ciliated.

#. Panicle fpreading: fpikets 3-flowered, woolly
_ at the bafe: ftems upright, cylindrical, rough:

fheath-fcale tapering to a point: roots fibrous.

Common every where, particularly in moift
and fhady fituations. This I confider as a good
meadow grafs when in mixture with others, as it
furnifhes well both in leaves and ftems. It is early
‘in its foliage, and continues leafing and flowering

fucceilively

trivinlis.

48 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIEA.

fucceffively for three months. Dr. Richardfon,
in his valuable treatife on indigenous graffes, ob-
ferves, that it difappeared fooneft from its plot:
his remarks indeed-are juft, and thew his treatife
to be a work of experience, for when fown
feparate, in an open fituation, it makes but an
infignificant appearance, and rather feems to
decline each year, but growing promifcuoufly
with any other grafles, it appears as. luxuriant
in proportion as any. When firft fpringing
its {tems grow proftrate, rooting at the under
joints, and being fhaded and kept moiflt by
others it is ftrengthened, and fends up its flower-
ing {tems in greater perfection. A fquare plot
of this grafs, which is cultivated in the Botanic —
gardens, in the farmer’s divifion, to the obferver
of graffes would give but a very indifferent idea
of its worth. But were he to look at other con-
tiguous plots, where this grafs had got in, he
would be led to form a more favourable opinion
of it. Here would he fee, and might contraft,
the difference between this grafs feparate, and
in mixture. It is a grafs that does not thrive
well without fhade, is well adapted for young
plantations, and in fuch fituations becomes valu-
able. On the eftate of the Right Hon. John

Fofter,

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 49

Fofter, at: Collon, where planting is conftantly:
going on, this grafs might be feen in great per-
fection. Sheep, goats, cows, horfes and fwine
eat it. P. June. Sept.

Hails yey Sanbbagac.
| CCuife garbhghafach.

EncuisHi—Rough-ftalked’ Meadow-grafs. Folds.
grafs. Fowl-grafs. Bird-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems decumbent at the
bafe, then rifing upright, 2 feet or more, cylin-
drical, roughifh, leafy, often inclining to purple.
Leaves nearly upright, weak, fomewhat acute,
keeled, rough underneath and on the edges.
Sheath almoft the length of the leaves, ftriated,
fomewhat preffed, rough, with an, elongated
fheath-fcale ending acute. Panicle upright,
lengthened, terminating, acute, very much,
branched, widely fpreading, and fomewhat rough.
Calyx, valves equal, rugged on the back: outer
valve linear-lancefhaped; pointed: inner one
with three nerves. Corolla, valves fomewhat
blunt, 5-nerved, fkinny at the top, with a
number of fine woolly hairs at the bafe,

Ng P. Panicle

angustifolia,

50. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA:

P. Panicle f{preading:- fpikets 4-flowered, pubef-
. cent: ftems upright,- cylindrical: root-leaves
~ lender, edges rolled inwards.

It grows in meadows and on dry banks. This
is a good meadow and paftute grafs; it furnithes
much leaves from the roots, which aré numerous
and long; its leaves are not fo broad as the next
fpecies, but the deficiency is fupplied by number
and length, it alfo continues longer in verdure,
is fomewhat taller, and fends forth more flower-
ing ftems. It is not a bad grafs as a mixture,
as it will thrive in moft foils and fituations.
Sheep, goats, cows and horfes eat it.

P. June.
be ay cumansoutlec.
seen Cuife cumbangdbuillech,
Encxisu.— Narrow-leaved Meadow-gra/s.

_ Ob. Roots creeping, fending up fuckers.
Stems from 13 to 2 feet or more, upright,
knotted, fmooth, fhining. Leaves narrow,
acute, edges rolled inwards, refembling thofe
of Feftuca duriufcula.. Panicle fomewhat fpread-
ing, but pointing one way, fomewhat drooping
before expanfion for flower, rifing rather upright

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 51

jn its floral ftate, and again affuming a drooping
appearance in its feminal. Calyx, valves nearly
equal, keeled, with a ridge of tranfparent teeth
on the keel. Corol/a, valves nearly equal, with

ov wool-like hates at the bafe.

P. Panicle fpreading: {pikets 5- flowered, esi
ftems cylindrical, upright, fmooth : fheath- feale

fhort, blunt: roots creeping.
?

Bile het in. ee, dry. seat and on old
Ait This is a very good grafs when in mix-
ture,’ both, for meadow and pafture, but far pre-
ferable for, pafture, from the numerous leaves it
fends.forth from its, roots, and its furnifhing after-
grals in quantity. It is not very abundant in its
ftems,, but neverthelefs, is no way difadvantageous
_in: meadows; for, the ftems being pretty f{tout,

and not very tall, fupport other weaker graffes |

which furmount them, It isa grafs. which will
grow in almoft any foil and poffeffes the good
quality of withftanding the. drought of fummer.
Tf cultivated feparately for meadows, it is not a
defirable grafs. Cows, horfes, goats, fheep and
{wine eat it. subse: ALL

H 2 TRISH, |

pratensis.

52 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
Tesi Ne pig tail
Cuife minghafach.
Eno iisH:—Smooth-ftatked Meadow-gra/s.

‘Ob. Roots creeping, fendiig up fuckers. Stems
upright, from ito 2 feet, cylindrical, ftriated,
{mooth, leafy. Leaves fpreading, bluntifh, keeled,
{mooth, fometimes glaucous. Sheath the length
of the leaves, ftriated,; f{mooth, with a fhort blunt
theath-fcale. Panicle fpreading, upright, ending
rather blunt. © Calyx, valves acute, fomewhat un-
equal, threenerved, with a rugged prominence
‘on the back. “Corolla, valves fomewhat blunt,
acutely five-nerved, ‘fkinny at top, hunched ‘and
rough on the back, with a’number of very long
‘villous ‘hairs at the bafe.

enna. ‘P, Panicle triangular, fpreading ‘horizontally:
fpikets moftly 4-flowered, blunt: florets point-

‘ing one’ way: ftems flanting, flatted.

‘Very common in paftures, ‘road fides, paths,
‘gravel walks, and borders of ‘fields. Although
a fmall'grafs, it is not unprofitable to the farmer;
‘for on many parts of his grounds liable to watte,
this dwarffpecies furnifhes a delicious, and fome-
times a welcome bit, to many {pecies of his cattle,
nay of his fowl; and it poflefles thefe excellent
properties, of growing, flowering and feeding

almoft

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 53

_ almoft throughout ‘the year, and is browfed on
by his cattle and fowl at a feafon when more
lofty graffes lie in a ftate of inaction. It is a fweet
and fine: grafs, and by no means unacceptable in
paftures. As a meadow-grafs; of no value.
Bhetip, goats, cows, horfes and {wine eat it.

A. Flowering all fummer,

i eee bodajnca.
RISH. su
Cuife blidbainta.

Enc iisn.—Annual Meadow-grafi. Suffolk-grafs. |

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, from 4 to
“‘¥2 inches, flatted, leafy, {mooth. Leaves {pread-
ing, ‘flat, linear, pointed, rough on the edges,
very often with tranfverfe wrinkles on fome part
of them. Sheath elongated, ‘flatted, fmooth,
ftreaked, ‘pale, with a fhort gnawed- like fheath-

feale. Panicle triangular, upright, inclining one

fide, thinly’ ‘branched. Calyx, valves Jance-fhaped,
_ acute, ‘keeled, ‘unequal. Corolla, valves oval-
lancefhaped, blunt, five-nerved, hunched, with

a fkinny-like fubftanee on the edges, and without _

any woolly hairs or down at their bafe as in the
Poa trivialis.
P. Panicle clofe, nearly pointing one way: fpikets

many-flowered, nearly columnar: florets diftant:
flems afcending,
It

marrtondg.,

54 TRIANDRIA ‘DIGYNIA.

It generally grows along the fea coaft in falt
marfhes. This grafs is. but of little worth in an
agricultural’ point of view} for in its natural fitu-
ation of growth the appearance’ of its foliage or
Stems is not fuch as could recommend it®to the
notice of the farmer, nor does it thrive: well-out

of maritime fituations. — P. June. July.

eo "You seaside
Cuife Car

Bi NGLISH. —Sea, or Salt manfb Meadow rales

Ob. pone creeping. Stems decumbent at the
bafe, about 1. foot, very fmooth, leafy. Leaves,
edges rolled intwatdss glaucous, acute. Sheath
long, with a blunt fheath-{cale, which is often-
times acute. Panicle upright, ftraight; branches
for the moft part in pairs, rough, fpreading before
flower, afterwards becoming erect. _Spikets linear,
fmooth, about five-flowered, inclining to purple.
Galyx, valves unequal, fomewhat acute: outer
one with three nerves. Corolla, inner valve rough
on the margin, bifid at top.

gigida, P. Panicle fpear-fhaped, fomewhat branched:
little branches alternate, pointing one way.

It grows on dry fandy or ftony places, walls
and

TRIANDRIA DIG¥NIA. * 55

and roofs. It is neither-ufeful in meadows, paf-
tures or waite sire unlefs to {mall birds for its
feed. mH ft | A, July.

felien’, Cure cpuoacd.
| Cuife cruidhata.

ENcLIsH.—Stiff,, or Hard Meadow-gra/s.

Ob. Reots fibrous. Stems many, upright,
from 3 to 6 inches, ftiff, very fmooth. Leaves
acute, flender, rolled in at the edges, very, even
underneath, rough above. Sheath-/cale blunt,
finely cut. Panicle {pear-fhaped, ftiff, decom-
pound: little branches alternate; little fpikes on
inflexible fruit-{talks which are fhorter than the
fpikes they fupport, ftrap-fhaped, containing
about 8 florets in ‘each. Calyx, valves nearly
equal, keeled, acute. . Corolla, valves’ fomewhat
acute, eeayat top: inner valve ciliated.

P.. sD mie pointing one way ; {tems flant-
| ‘
ing, flatted: roots creeping.

It grows on walls, houfe-tops, and on other
very dry places. On walls and dry banks be-
tween Galway’ and ‘Tuam—about Tighmhuillin
and Tullyallen, county of Louth. Although
this grafs encreafes fat by its roots, and fends

: Ld forth

COMPTESSE..

56 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIAs

forth a tolerable quantity of foliage, yet its leaves
are but fhort, as likewife its ftems. I: don’t con-
fider it as a grafs much worthy the notice of the
farmer, neither is it one to be recommended for
meadows or paftures, as it rather inclines to. grow
upon old walls and fuch dry fituations, and even
there it has but an unfightly appearance. Sheep,
goats, cows, and horfes eat. it. P. June. July.

Cuye yayysenmul.
MSF ee faifgembuil.

EncLisH.—Comprefed Meadow-gra/.

Ob. Roots creeping. Stems trailing, then -
afcending, from 8.to 12 inches, knotted, {mooth,
leafy, very much flatted. Leaves flat, acute,
fmooth, inclining to a fea-green, colour. Sheaths
the length. of the. leaves, two-edged, ftreaked,
with fhort. blunt fheath-feales. . Panicle. clofe,
nearly inclining one way, bluntifh ; little branches
angular, rough, fomewhat weaved, fpreading
before flower, afterwards becoming clofe. Calyx,
valves nearly equal, egg-fhaped, nerved, contain-
ing from 4 to 9 florets. Corolla, valves. egg-
fhaped, three-nerved, fkinny at top, and of 2
purplifh colour towards the bafe.

P. Panicle.

TRIANDRIA’ DIGYNIA. S57

'P. Panicle flender, tapering: fpikets moftly two-
flowered, rough, pointed: ftems and leaves
flender: fheath-fcale very fhort, notched.

It grows in woods and fhady places. In Lut-
trell’s-town wood, county of Dublin. In. the
woods about Roftrever, and the wood on the
fide of Knockcree, county of Down—woody
mountains about Knappen, county of Antrim.
Either wild or cultivated, in both which ftates I
have feen it grow, I confider it as a good and
beneficial grafs;. ‘and, although flender in its
leaves and ftems, it is pretty tall, and produces
both in great plenty. From fome obfervations I
have made in the Botanic gardens, in the far-
mer’s divifion, where there are plots 20 feet
fquare, in which are cultivated feveral of the
grafles feparately, I have remarked this grafs to
hold its plot, and without any way appearing to
decline during the fucceflive years it has occupied
it, whilft others from their declining ftate were
obliged to be renewed. It alfo produces a fecond
€rop not much inferior to the firft; a property
which makes it the more valuable as an after.
grafs. If an equal quantity of this grafs and of
the Avena flavefcens were mixed with double the

I quantity

nemoralis,

58° TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

quantity of the Feftuca pratenfis, 1 fhould not be
at all furprifed to fee a very fine fleece produced
therefrom. For as I have already remarked
when fpeaking of other grafles, the Feftuca pra-
tenfis being a pretty ftout grafs, and fomewhat
coarfe, it would encourage and fupport thefe
other two, which are finer in leaves and flems,
and more produétive; and the latter would an-
{wer well, in the above proportion, to qualify the
coarfer Feftuca. The P. nemoralis thrives well
in the different fituations where it is placed in the
Gardens, oP. June. Auguft,
Cuife coiltembuil.

Enciiss.—Wood Meadow-gra/i.

Ob. Reots fibrous. Stems from 1+ to 2 feet
er more, upright, flender, fomewhat flat, {mooth,
leafy. Leaves moftly from the root, narrow,
tapering, briftle-fhaped, acute; thofe on the ftem
rough on each fide and on the margin. Sheath
not fo long.as the leaves, compreffed, fomewhat
{mooth, with a very fhort fheath-fcale notched at
the end. Panicle tapering, nearly upright, loofe ;
branches flender, in femiwhirls, angulated, rough,
often waved, and more or lefs branched. Calyx,

‘ valves

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, 59

valves nearly equal, very little fhorter than the
fpiket, lance-fhaped, 3-nerved,. ferrulated, and
containing from 3 to 5 florets. Corolla, valves
lance-fhaped, acute; inner valve keeled, and
fomewhat pubefcent on the margin.

P. Panicle with fubdivided branches: lower
branches pointing downwards ; fpikets 5-flow-
ered ; florets diftant, blunt.

It grows in fields and among rubbifh along the
fea fhore. Along the way fide from Ballybough-
bridge to Clontarf—Lots at the N. Wall, and
between Dublin and Irifhtown, county of Dublin.
I know of no advantage which could be derived
from this fpecies in an agricultural point of view ;
‘for from what I could obferve by it in the Botanic
gardens, it does not thrive well out of maritime
fituations. ROEM BE? Fates ifaly:

ey (Baolceblacaé.

IRISH.

Cuife {gaaltebhlathach.
Encuis.—Loofe-flowered Meadow. gras.

Ob. Roots fibrous. - Stems bent at the lower
joints, nearly 1 foot, cylindrical, leafy, {mooth.

Leaves fomewhat acute, {mooth, of a fea-green:

colour, flat’: thofe from the roots fomewhat rolled,

12 inwards.

distans.

medias

€6 TRIANDRIA DIGYNYIS.

inwards. Sheath-fcale blint, notched at top.
Panicle upright; branches diftant in femiwhirls,
fomewhat waved, of various lengths: the under
ones pointing downwards. Calyx, valves unequal,
keeled, {mall, blunt, fkinny on the edges. Florets
diftant, nearly cylindrical, very blunt: inner valve

notched and rough on the edge.

BRIZA.

Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered. Spikets, 2-rowed.
Bloffam, 2-valves, bellying- out: valves heart:
fhaped, blunt; the inner minute. Seed, de-
prefled, adhering to the corolla.

air

B. Spikets egg-fhaped, 7-flowered: calyx fhorter

than the florets: fheath-feale blunt, very
fhort:

Common on fides of hills, in paftures, and in
meadows. This grafs is of no great worth, either
as a pafture, or for meadows. It is not very
prolific in ftems, neither are they very high: the
leaves are but fhort, nor do they hold their ver-
dure long; and, in fhort, it has very little to re+

| | commend

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 61

commend it except the beauty of its panicle,
Cows, fheep and goats eat it. P, July.

‘sie (are mie DON.

"lL Luafcadhfbér medhon.

Eneisu.— Middle Qyaking-grafs. Cow-quakes.
Ladies-hair.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems 1 foot or more,
upright, leafy, very {mooth. Leaves nearly up-
right, acute, flat, fomewhat rough. Sheath long,
ftriated, fmooth, with a very fhort blunt fheath-
fcale. Panicle, widely fpreading, many-flowered :

little branches brownith. Spikets drooping, ,

quaking, egg-fhaped, or nearly heart-fhaped,
fmooth, fhining, containing 7, fometimes g florets.
Calyx, valves nearly equal, hollow, blunt, fkinny
at the edges, and fomewhat fhorter than the
floret. Corolla, valves fimilar to the calyx;
euter one notched. by

DACTYLIS.
Gal. 2-valved, flatted: one valve larger, keeled.
D. Panicle crowded, pointing one way: calyx

4-dowercd,
Very

EZlomerata.

62 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Very common in meadows and fhady places.
This is a very produétive grafs both in leaves and
{tems ; it will thrive almoft in any foil or fitua-
tion; and, as I have experienced in the Botanic
gardens, in the farmer’s divifion, where a plot is
allotted to this grafs, it retains its. ground with-
out appearing any way to decline, and produces
a heavy fleece; it alfo produces aftergrafs in
abundance. It is a coarfe grafs, and from the
quantity of feed it bears muft be very nutritious.
It has the ftrongeft powers of vegetation of any
grafs 1 know; and may be eafily pointed outa
little time after cutting in any meadow, being
the firft vifible after raking. Other grafles do
not feem to thrive well alongfide of it, being
overfhaded and fcalded by its numerous and long
foliage, and the ground is generally found bare
for an inch or more round its bafe. If cultivated
feparately, it would produce an abundant crop; —
and, although a coarfe grafs, a method might be
taken to meliorate and make it more palatable to
cattle, (i. e.) by having it judicionfly intermixed
in the rick at the time of drawing home to the
farm-yard. It.is.a grafs that would anfwer well
in young fhady plantations, as it is not injured by
* fhade ; and in fuch fituations, where other graffes

iat) would

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 63

would not thrive, it would be well worth ¢ul:.
vation. I have often heard it faid, that cattle do
not eat this grafs when in a recent ftate; but this
opinion feems to have originated from feeing it in
tufts in meadows fome time after the cattle are
taken off for the feafon. However, I can fay
from experience, that cattle do eat it in a recent
ftate, and that with avidity. There are grounds
adjoining the fouth and weft fides of the Botanic
gardens, which are now, and have been under
meadow before the formation of the Gardens,
Thefe meadows abound with Daéylis glomerata :
the aftergrafs is generally fet to dairymen, and I
have frequently ftood a confiderable time to ob-
ferve whether cattle refufed the Daétylis or not,
but I never found that they had any objection to
it; and, in the courfe of time, the entire of the
graffes being eaten to a level, is a clear demon-
ftration that they do not refuafe it. The reafon of
this grals appearing in tufts is, when cattle eat
the entire pafture or aftergra{s bare, they are.
generally removed to another field; and as the
Daétylis glomerata poflefles the quickeft powers
of vegetation of any other grafs, it very foon fur-
mounts all the reft, and being of a {trong Juxu-

riant nature appears in tufts, which occafiohs

people

04 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

people not acquainted with this circumftance to
imagine that cattle leave it untouched. Horfes,
fheep and goats eat it. Cows it is {aid are not —
fond of it. | P, June. July.

— aa cojeetyjon.
ue Cailechosfhér coitchion.

Encuisu.—Common Cack’s-foot-zra/s.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, 3 feet,
cylindrical, naked above, rough. Leaves linear,
acute, fpreading, dark green, rough on the edges.
_ Sheath {triated, flatted, rough, with a jagged
elongated fheath-fcale. Panicle, branches alter-
nate; little branches diftant, very rough, fiff,
decompound.. Spikets in little tufts, pointing one
way, rough. Calyx, valves very unequal, keeled,
pointed; outer one 3-nerved, ciliated on the
keels; inner one fkinny-like. Florets 3 or 4,
feldom fingle, larger than the calyx, | ciliated
tooth-like on the keel ; inner valve bifid, ciliated,

Anthers purple, ftanding out, trembling,

CYNOSURUS.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 65

CYNOSURUS.

Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered, placed one fide on
a peculiar leafy receptacle.

C. Floral leaves with winged clefts: fpike imple,
| femicylindrical, tapering.

Common in dry pattures, The leaves of this
grafs are very fhort, the ftems hard and tough,
and not very high ; and as a meadow grafs of no
utility. “As the leaves are pretty fine, abundant
and clofe, it would anfwer near the fummits and
on fides of hilly grounds, as a pafture for fheep ;
for in fuch places it is moft frequently met with,
and particularly on thofe parts’ which are {tocked
by that fpecies of cattle. The {tems being hard

and wiry; forall cattle do not like it; and’ on this

account it is’ frequently confpicuous in’ paftures,
being left ftanding, whilft its leaves, and alfé the
{tems and leaves of other herbage around it, are
eaten clofely down. By thefe means its feed
is preferved, and falls at a proper feafon. This I

look upon to be the caufe of the predominance
of this grafs in fheep-walks and paftures. Sheep

eat the’ eats but not the ftems.
A. July. Auguft,
K [RIsH,

cristatus,

bromoides.

66 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

1 Sail jiretsies cipjude.
) Trathninfhér cirinach.

Cuifiog.

EnciisH.——Crefted Dog’s-tail-grafs. Windle-

firaws.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, ftraight,

1 foot, very fmooth, naked at top. Leaves

linear, acute. Sheath ftriated, very fmooth,
with a fhort blunt gnawed-like fheath-fcale.
Spike fimple, linear, upright, blunt, with all the

florets pointing one way.

FESTUCA.

Cal. 2-valved: /pikets oblong, roundifh. Hujfks
tapering to a point. Panicles poimting one

way.

F. Panicle pointing one way: fpikets upright,
{mooth: calyx valves, one entire, the other
tapering to an awnlike point: leaves briftle-
fhaped, fhorter than the heath.

It grows in dry fandy places. Way fides

about Dundrum, county of Dublin—high grounds
| above

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 67

above Bray, county of Wicklow. A grafs of
little or no confequence to the farmer, as being
profitable neither for meadow nor pafture. It
would however caufe a verdure on a thin gravelly
foil, where others would not thrive.

A. May. June.

PAP TEXCUPEN AMD.
( Fefeufhér aimrid.

Ene.isu.—Barren Fefcue-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, from 6 inches
to nearly 1 foot, upright, very fmooth, leafy
towards the bafe, with from 3 to 4 joints or
knots. Leaves pale green, upright, briftle-’
fhaped, acute, fmooth, fhort. Sheath longer
than the leaves, fomewhat bellying out, fur-
rowed, fmooth, with a fhort fheath-fcale. Panicle
upright, from 1 to 2 inches in length, pointing
one way. Spikets 6-flowered, upright, fmooth.
~ Calyx, valves acute, {mooth; outer valve very
narrow, almoft briftle-fhaped: inner valve much
longer, and nearly three times as broad as the.
other. Corolla, inner valve fomewhat acute,
pubefcent on the edge. Awn, ftraight, twice
the length of the bloffom or more. ©

K2 F. Panicle

ovina,

68 =§ TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA:
F,

Panicle compact, pointing one way, awned:
ftems 4-cornered, almoft naked; leaves briftle- .
. fhaped. :

Common on dry hills and mountains. As@
meadow grafs, it is of no confequence to the
farmer; for unlefs in fandy clayey foils it makes
but little progrefs, and even in fuch is not worthy
of cultivation for meadow. Neither is it valuable
to the grazier on any part of his grounds, unlefs
dry hills and fides of mountains; and in fuch
places this grafs is valuable as to pafture, it being
the grafs preferred by fheep above all others. In.
a plot allotted to this grafs in the Botanie gar-
dens, in the farmer’s divifion, it appears very.
luxuriant; and by a comparifon here, and in its
wild fituation, they would appear not the fame.
The plot has a northern afpeé, and is a clayey
gravelly foil. Although a {mall grafs, it is fuccu-
lent, and continues in verdure during winter and.
{pring, affording nourifhment at a feafon of the
year when others are froft-bitten and disfigured
by inclemency of weather, holding itfelf thus
until the recovery of others to fucceed it, There
is a {mall ifland off Ballycaftle, in the county, of
Antrim, which abounds with this grafs; and }

have

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 69

have been informed, that Jean meagre fheep are
fent there to recover and fatten. It is alfo re-
marked, that the mutton fed on this ifland is
fuperior in flavour to any other in that country:
it is likewife afcertained, that the tallow produced
from the feeding here, incorporated with one-
third of Ruffian, is far fuperior to the Irifh or
Ruffian tallow feparately. Sheep, goats, cows
and horfes eat it. | P. June. July.

IR1sH gFeqcupen CaOfide.
d Fefcufhér caorach.

EneLisH.—Sheep’s Fefcue-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous, matted. Stems from 6 to 8
inches, upright, flender, fomewhat rigid, fmooth,
leafy at the bafe, four-cornered toward the top.
Leaves varying in length and direction, very
flender, briftle-like but angular, acute, often a
fea green colour. Sheath {mooth, with a very
fhort fheath-fcale. Spikets upright, oval-lance-
fhaped, fmooth. Calyx, valves unequal, linear-
lancefhaped, pointed, keeled, {mooth, containing
from 4 to 5 flowers. Corolla, inner valve awn-
lefs, fomewhat acute, concave, fmooth on the
edges, i

F, Panicle

eivipara.

70 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

F. Panicle pointing one way, compact: florets
comprefied, keeled: calyx fomewhat pubefcent:
ftems four-cornered: leaves _ briftle-fhaped,
{mooth. |

It grows on and near the fummits of high
mountains. Carlingford mountains, county of
Louth—Mourne mountains, county of Down.
Mangerton and Purple mountains, Killarney.
Door Wade’s Plante Rariores. Plentiful on
feveral of the Dublin mountains, Doétor Stokes,
and on many of the high mountains in the coun-
ties of Kerry and Clare, Mr. J. T. Mackay’s
Catalogue of rare Plants. Ina ftate of cultiva-
tion, as alfo in its wild fituations, this grafs ap-
pears more luxuriant in leaves and ftems than the
former. It is no unprofitable grafs on the fummits
of mountains, as it pofleffes the good quality of
continuing in verdure during the winter, being
very acceptable to thofe fpecies of cattle which
eafily afcend fuch places. On Mourne mountains
1 have feen it eaten pretty clofe, but fheep were
the chief inhabitants. It is fimilar ta the former,
but may be readily diftinguifhed when in fruétifica-
tion, by the appearance of young plants growing
on the panicle refembling feedlings. It continues

viviparous

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. vat

wrviparous in the Botanic gardens fince firft intro-
duced. P. June. July.

§regcugen beotuymyscad.

I
— d Fefcufhér beothui ‘hes Visa

Encuisu.—Viviparous Fefcue-gra/s.

F. Panicle pointing one way, rough: fpikets
6-flowered, awned: floret at the end awnlefs:
ftems femicylindrical.

It grows on mountains and mountain paftures,
- and on high banks along the fea coaft. Below
Killincarick on high banks along the coatt, county

of Wicklow—at Roche’s-town, on banks along -

the wall hard by the fhore, county of Dublin—
on the eaft fide of Carlingford mountains next
the fea, county of Louth. In dry fandy paftures,
particularly at an old building called Warren-
houfe, between Clontarf and Howth. Do@or
Wade’s Fl. Dub. Plentiful on the fea fhores in
many places of the county of Dublin, and not

uncommon on the fouthern coaft. Mr. jude

Mackay’s Catalogue of rare Plants. This grafs
fends forth a great quantity of leaves, that get to

a confiderable length and become much entan-

gled, but it produces few flowering ftems. So

_ Clofely

rubra.

72 TRIANDRIA DIGYNYIA.

clofely matted aré thé leaves, as alfo’ the roots,
that it is with difficulty they are cut through with
the fpade. In a fquare plot in the Botanic gar-
dens, in the alphabetical arrangement of the
Gramina vera, or true grafs divifion, where this
erafs is cultivated, it has no unfightly appearance |
in foliage. As a pafture grafs it may not be un-
acceptable, as it vegetates fpeedily after being
cut, and holds in verdure during the winter. As
a meadow grafs not defirable; for fo matted are
the roots it is with difficulty any other could grow
amongtt it. P. June. July.

tris cudnt.
Fefcufher cruan.

Encuisu.—Red Fe/cue-grafs.

Ob: Roots creeping, very long. Stems r foot,
decumbent, leafy at the bafe, very {mooth,
ftriated. Leaves linear, rolled inwards, fome-
what fharp-pointed, fmooth underneath, furrowed
above, pubefcent. Sheaths futrowed: thofe on
the {tem very long, fmooth; thofe from the root
fhort,. pubefcent. Sheath-feale very fhort, gnawed-
like. Panicle poiuting one way, branched; pe-
duncles furrowed, with the angles rough. Calyx,

valves

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 73

valves linear-laneefhaped, acute, unequal, fmooth,

containing 5 or 6 flowers. Corolla, inner valve
fomewhat fhorter, bluntifh, pubefcent on the
edge. | Mi

F. Panicle oblong, pointing one way: fpikets
oblong, 6-flowered, fmooth: leaves briftle-
~ fhaped.

_ Common in dry meadows and paftures. This
is a good grafs in paftures, producing foliage ‘in
abundance, and continuing in verdure during the

winter; but as a meadow grafs not very defirable,

unlefs in fmall quantity, for it is not prolific in

flowering flems, and the leaves alfo become fo
matted at the bafe, that it would be an annoy-
ance to others more beneficial. It would be a
defirable fpecies in theep-walks, as its foliage,
which is fine, {prings early, and vegetates quickly
after cutting; and it is a grafs that might be
worthy of cultivation, as fheep relifh it much.
dt encreafes faft by fuckers, will grow in any foil,
and withftands the drought of fummer. Cattle
eat it. P. June: July.

E lRIsH.

duriuscula

74 TRLANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Bag ates sels cpucd.
Fefeufhér cruadh.

EncuisH.—Hard Fefcue-gra/s.

Ob. Roots creeping. Stems from 1 to 2 fect,

upright, cylindrical, leafy, fmooth. Leaves vary-

ing in their length, narrow, acute: thofe from
the root briftlefhaped and rough: thofe on the
{tem flat and fometimes pubefcent at top. Sheath

very long, fmooth, with a fmalf fheath-fcale.

daunetorun.

Panicle much larger in every part than the Fef-
tuca ovina, the flowers Jarger and keeled, with
the inner glume pubefcent at the edge. It differs
from the Feftuca dumetorum by its hufks being
fmooth, from the Feftuca rubra by its contracted
panicle and longer awns, and from the Feftuca

ovina by its long panicle and cylindrical {tems.

F. Panicle fpike-like, pubefcent: leaves thread-

fhaped, - ,

It grows in woods and fhady hedges. On
fhady banks at the flood-gate along the demefne-
wall belonging to the Rt. Hon. David Latouche,
Marly, county of Dublin—at Mount Oriel, and
on many parts of the improvements of the Right
Hon. John Fofter, Collon—at the foot of the

Saddle

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. £75

Saddle and Trumpet mountains, county of
Louth. This grafs is equal to the former, if not
better. It rather agrees with fhade, although i»
feveral fituations where it is placed in the Botanic
gardens, it has a fine appearance, and being a
productive grafs would anfwer well as pafture.
it alfo retains its verdure during winter, and
fprings early in the feafon. Asa meadow grafs
not very profitable, as producing few flowering
ftems, and impatient of mixture with any other.
The three laft mentioned fpecies are not proper
to mix with other graffes for meadow; as they
do not admit the growth of any other kind,
from their matted leaves and roots.

P. June. July.

IRisH. att belles mujt.
Fefcufhér coilltembuil.

EnciisH.—Wood Fefcue-grafs. Pybefcent Fefcue-
gras.
— Ob. Rogts creeping. Stems 2 feet, upright,
cylindrical, pubefcent at top. Leaves 1 foot long
ot more, narrow, roundifh, pubefcent: thofe on
the {tem fhort, ftriated and pubefcent. Panicle
fmall, fpike-like. Sheath long, pubefcent, with
a fhort theatn-fcale. Ca/yx, inner valve nearly as

4 {hort

decumbens.

76 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

fhort again as the outer, and ending in an awn-
like point. Corolla, valves nearly equal, pubef-

cent; outer valve ending in a {mall awn.
Panicles equal.

I. Panicle upright, clofe: fpikets nearly egg-
fhaped, awnlefs: calyx larger than the florets ;

ftems lying down: fheath-fcale ciliated.

Tt grows in barren moiftifh paftures, particu-
larly about mountain grounds, as at Howth, Ire-
land’s-eye, the Dublin mountains, &c. &c.. This
grafs is but of little worth, being fhort in leaves

and ftems, nor is it very productive of either. It

is generally to be met with on the fides of hilly

grounds and mountains, where it forms a tolera-
ble part of the verdure ; and in fuch places, from
its large feed which is nutritive, may be much
relifhed by fome fpecies of cattle, but in an agri-
cultural point of view, otherwife, of little value.
Sheep refufe it. P. July. Auguft.

gFereuchepn INTE.
d Fefeufbér Jfinte.

Eno uisH.—Decumbent Fefcue-gra/s.

TrIsH.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 4 to 6 inches, de-
cumbent, knotted, ftiff, very {mooth, leafy. Leaves
linear,

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. G7

linear, fomewhat blunt, rolled inwards, ftiffith,
and very rough on the back towards the top.
Sheath ftriated. Sheath-fcale very fhort, ciliated -—
with fine upright hairs. Panicle upright, fimple,
about 12 inches long, few-flowered: /pikets egg:
fhaped, bulged, {mooth, containing from 3 to 5
flowers, and often inclining to purple. Calyx,
valves the length of the fpiket, nearly equal,
_ egg-fhaped, rough on the keel. Corolla, valves
awnlels, hairy at the edge and fometimes at the
bafe: outer valve trifid at the end.

F. Panicle loofe, very much branched, fomewhat edaiior.
drooping and pointing one way: {pikets fome-

what awned: the outer ones cylindrical.

It grows in boggy mountains and fides of wet
ditches. This is a very tall, ftrong, produétive
_ grafs in leaves and ftems, and although coarfe not
unacceptable to moft cattle. It would anfwer beft
for meadow, if cultivated feparately, and would
produce a great crop, which would. likewife be
fucceeded by an abundant aftergrafs, as it has
_ very ftrong powers of vegetation. It is not a
defirable fpecits in mixture. This I have expe-
rienced in the Botanic gardens, where a plot is
allotted to it in the farmer’s divifion. It retains

its

78 TRIANDRIA BIGYNIA.

its plot, and from obfervations I have made,
other graffes, which happened to be amongft it,
feemed to make but flow progrefs; for, from the
luxuriance of its leaves in fpring, it rather keeps
under and {mothers others which have not fuch
quick powers of vegetation as to rife before this
extends its foliage. If cultivated and treated after
the manner which I have recommended for the
Da@ylis glomerata, it might become’a beneficial
erafs, See Dattylis glomerata, page 62. It
thrives amazingly well in every fituation where it
is placed in the Gardens. Sheep, cows, and
goats eat it. P. July. Auguft.

§fexeuthen aproe.
i: Fefcufhér airde.

EncuisH.—Tall Fefcue-gra/s.

TrisH

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 3 to 4 feet,
ftriated, leafy, {mooth. Leaves linear, flat,
broadifh, rough on the edges. Panicle drooping
‘but fomewhat upright, about 7 inches long, de-
compound. Calyx, valves unequal, from § to 6
florets in each.

calamaria. F, Panicle pointing one way, upright, very much
branched, compact: florets oblong, angulated,

~ awnlefs: leaves fword-fhaped, ftriated.
ty aoe It

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 79

It grows in moift woods. In addition to its’
being found in a wood near Newtown-barry, by
the Rev. Mr. But, the woods of the Dargle,
county of Wicklow, and thofe near Derry and
Roftrevor, afford it in abundance. Dr. Wade’s
Plante Rariores. In Mr.Tighe’s woods at Wood-
ftock, county of Kilkenny. Mr. J.T. ight i S-
Catalogue of rare Plants,

This grafs an{wers very well in moift woods.
It is quick in vegetation after being cut, and af-
fords a good crop, although not very profitable
when cultivated out of fuch habitats. P. July.

tai sy ahi capnenujt.
“C Fefeufhér cainnembuil,

Enciisu.—Reed-like Fefcue-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, upright,

3 feet, reed-like, ftraight, very fmooth, knotted
and inclining to purple. Leaves upright, flat,
{word.fhaped, pointed and rough on the edges.
Sheath nearly the length of the leaves, cylindrical,
ftriated, fomewhat rough, with a very fhort blunt
gnawed-like fheath-feale. Panicle {mall in pro-
portion to the plant, upright, inclining one way,
very much branched; branches in two's and
three’s, angulated, rough, Spikets {mall, heaped,
| upright,

pratensis,

SO TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA-

upright, egg-oblong, and appearing fomewhat
pubefcent. Calyx, valves briftle-fhaped, pointed,
keeled, nearly equal. orets, from 3 to 5; in
oppofite rows, fomewhat diftant; valves, nearly

equal, bowed, lance-fhaped, pointed.

F. Panicle pointing one way, nearly upright,
loofe; fpikets nearly ftrap-fhaped, flatted,
bluntifh; florets cylindrical, lightly nerved.

It grows common in rich meadows and paf-

tures. This is an excellent grafs both for meadow

‘and patture, is of a defirable fize in its ftems,

producing aftergrafs in plenty ; it is alfo quick in
its growth, is a profitable fpecies to the grazier or
farmer, and forms a part in every good meadow.

Were an equal quantity of the feed of the Avena

ia.

flavefcens and Poa nemoralis mixed, and to this

mixture were added an equal quantity of the feed

of Feftuca pratenfis, I would confider them in

fuch mixture as the foundation of a good mea-

dow. And, as the Avena flavefcens and Poa

nemoralis are fine in leaves and {tems, they would

in fuch proportion qualify the Feftuca pratenfis,

which is much coarfer than either; whilft the.

tout manner in which the Feftuca pratenfis
grows, would fupport and prevent the others
from

TRIANDRIA’ DIGYNTA. 81

from being lodged, which otherwife would happen
from the debility of their ftems. Thefe three
would likewife produce an abundant aftergrafs ;
for, as the Avena flavefcens and Poa nemoralis
incline much to a fecond crop within the feafon,
they would be greatly aflifted by the Feftuca
pratenfis, which fends forth leaves in abundance
after mowing. I don’t confider it as a defirable
grafs to cultivate feparately, not being very
‘prolific in ftems. Horfes, theep, cows and goats
eat it. i were: | fiecPy Janie july.

rghit ean léna.
- Ckefeufhér léna.

Encxisx.— Meadow Fefcue-grafs.

» Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems erect, nearly 2 feet,
“cylindrical, fmooth,: and leafy Leaves linear,
pointed, {preading; upper leaves rough on each
fide. “Sheath firiated, very fmooth, with a very
fhort theath-fcale furrounding the ftem.. Panicle
nearly upright, branched, pointing one way;
‘branches in pairs, unequal, fimple for the moft
part, and rough. Spikets on fhort foot-ftalks,
alternate, fomewhat blunt, {mooth, and many-
flowered. Calyx, valves unequal, fomewhat

M acute,

fruitans.

82 ERIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

acute, fmooth, one of them broader, threes

nerved. Corolla, inner valve hollow, jagged at

top and pubefcent on the edges.

F. Panicle upright, branched; fpikets. nearly
fitting, cylindrical, preffed to the fpike-ftalks,

awnlefs.

Common in wet muddy ditches and ponds.
In vacant fpots in marfhy and moift meadows
where water generally lodges, and in ditches,
where few others would grow, this grafs woultl
be valuable to the grazier or farmer. It is a
fpecies of which cattle are remarkably fond, and
in queft of which they often rifk their lives.
There are many ufelefs fpots for the cultivation of
grain on farms, fuch as marfhes, ditches, or {pots
in which water lodges, but which have no depth
of foil for tillage. In fach places this would be a
very ufeful and beneficial grafs; for it is abundant
in Jeaves and ftems, and grows remarkably faft
after being eat down; fo that while cattle would
be foraging after and’ picking it in fuch places,
time would be afforded for the recovery of the
higher pafture elfewhere, for I have remarked,
that cattle will continue browfing an hour or
two on a very {mall compafs where this grafs is.

I therefore

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 33

{ therefore confider fuch fpots of ground where
it may be cultivated, to be as valuable as the dry
pafture, if not more fo.

It does not do well on dry grounds, as I have
experienced in the Botanic Gardens, for by re-
moving it out of its natural places of growth, it
declines gradually, and feldom appears the third
feafon. It is faid that the bran produced from
the feed, when ground into meal, is given to
horfes troubled with worms; but they muft be
kept from water fome hours afterwards. Geefe
and ducks are very fond of the feed, and become
fat on them. Cows, horfes, and {wine eat it.

| P. Flowering all faummer,

GPepcupéy friamujsylt.

Tarsit,
CFefeufhér faambuighill.

Encuisn.—Flote Fefcue-grafs. Water Fefcue-
grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems trailing at the bafe,
and putting forth fibres at the joints, branched,

~ ftriated, leafy, fmooth. Leaves flat, fomewhat
blunt, and broad: under ones feeble, floating.
Sheath long, flatted, ftriated, fmooth, with a very
fhort flender gnawed-like fheath-fcale, Panicle
| nearly

loliacea,

84 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

nearly upright: branches alternate, fpreading.
Spikets alternate, nearly fitting, lying clofe to the
branches, ftrap-fhaped, containing from 8 to
10 florets. Calyx, valves fkinny, blunt, with a
green keel. Corolla, inner valve notched at the
end, It is often found with the panicle fearcely
branched, and fometimes {pike-like.

F. Spike 2-+rowed, drooping: fpikets nearly
"fitting, many-flowered, diftant, awnlels.

It grows in low moift meadows, particularly
along river fides. This is a good meadow and
pafture grafs, furnifhing plenty of foliage and
flower {tems, and where it happens to be in a
meadow, caufes a good f{ward. It alfo gives very
good aftergrafs. A circumftance attending this
{pecies is, that it does not produce feed ; for
although it flowers as perfectly in appearance as
any other grafs, yet a fingle feed is not formed
within the flower. Therefore unlefs growing
naturally in fome part of a farm, it does not
anfwer the agriculturift; for were he to culti-
vate it in quantity, he fhould colle& the plants
from fuch fpots as naturally produce it.

P. June. July.

IRISH,

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. “85

Tris } Fereuren polleamul.
Bei | efeufhér roilleambuil.

Enciisu.—Darnel-like Fefcue-grafs.
Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, nearly 3

feet, -fimple, ftriated, leafy, Leaves linear,
pointed, fpreading, ftriated, even. Sheath long,
ftriated, fmooth, with a very fhort fheath-fcale
furrounding the ftem. Spike 8 or 10 inches
long, fomewhat bowed, 2-rowed, many-flowered,
fometimes a little branched at the bafe. Spikets
alternate, fitting, nearly upright, many-flowered,
fmooth; lower ones often upon foot-ftalks and in
pairs. Calyx, glumes awnlefs, unequal: one of
them fhort, 3-fided but awl-fhaped; the other
longer and much broader, with many nerves but
fcarcely keeled. Florets in two oppofite rows;
fomewhat diftant, acute, fcarcely awned, cylin-
drical, even, and without nerves, This grafs
bears a great refemblance to the Lolium pe-
renne, but may be diftinguifhed by its calyx
being of two valves, which is not the cafe in
the Lolium, the latter being of one valve only.

BROMUS;

secalinus.

$6 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

BROMUS.

Cal. 2-valved. Spikets, oblong, cylindrical,
2-rowed: awn beneath the point.

B. Panicle nodding: fpikets egg-fhaped, flatted:
hufks naked; feeds diftin&t, awns awl-fhaped,
fhorter than the bloffom, not quite ftraight.

It grows in corn fields, and in meadows near
the fea fhore. Alongfide the Royal canal, be-
tween Dublin and Blancher’s-town—on the lands
of Santry—in fandy meadows between Clontarf
and Howth, county of Dublin. Barrack and
Brick-fields, on the eftate of the Rt. Hon. John
Fofter, Collon, county of Louth. On the banks
of the Grand canal, near to where it joins the
Shannon. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Catalogue of
rare Plants. |

This is a tall-growing grafs, producing ftems,
leaves, and feeds in abundance. The feeds are
large, and muft be very nutritive; and I pre-
fame, if mixed with other graffes when made
into hay, would be very acceptable to cattle. It
being an annual grafs, it would not anfwer very
well in meadow; moreover, if introduced by
mixture when laying down a meadow, there
would but very few plants of it appear the fol-

lowing

TRIANDRIA DIGYNYA. 87

lowing feafon after the firft year’s crop; for the
feed is not apt to drop out of the hufk, but con-
tinues there until the ftem rots, and the entire
panicle falls to the ground. The quality which
this grafs poffeffes, of not thedding its feeds, may
be turned to account by the farmer; as it might
be very advantageoufly mixed with red clover,
and would produce in the firft feafon a very plen-
tiful crop, without annoying the clover on the
enfuing year. Care mult be taken, however, that
the proportion of the feed of this grafs to that of
the clover be not too great, as it might grow too
thick, and prevent the fubfequent growth of the
latter. If cultivated feparately, like barley and
oats, and the crop judicioufly intermixed with
other graffes in the hay-rick at the time of draw-
ing home, it would make the whole very accep-
table to cattle; as the Bromus fecalinus bears
abundance of feed, which is large and mealy,
and of courfe nutritive and- fubftantial, The
flowers dye green, Sheep, cows, goats and
_horfes eat it. A, July.
| Trist.

* I would not be underftood to difcourage the ufual
practice of fawing barley or oats with red clover, or to re-

commend this grafs in preference; but it may fometimes

happen, that from a {carcity of meadow the above praGice
may be advifable.

mollis.

88 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Sbpuntphén fésalamul..

Iris.
¢ Brumfbér fégalambuil.

Enc iisH.—Rye-like Brome-grafs. Field Sens
graft |
Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 2 to 3 feet,
upright; leafy, cylindrical, {mooth. Leaves,
linear, fpreading, hairy above and. on the mar-

gins, rough underneath. Sheath even, with a

fhort. gnawed-like hairy fheath- {cale. Panicle

nearly 6 inches, clofe before flower, fpreading

when in’ flower, and becoming again clofe in its

feminal flate. Spikets egg-fhaped, containing

from g to-12 florets; thofe at the bafe diftant.
Calyx, valves unequal, awnlefs, fmooth, 3-nerved,
fkinny at the edges. Corolla, outer valve
fwollen, awned beneath the top: inner valve
more narrow and flender, concave, ciliated on
the edges. Awn not quite ftraight,; and fhorter

than the outer valve.

B. Panicle nearly upright : : fpikets ege-fhaped,
pubefcent; awn ftraight, leaves very foft,

aoally

A very common grafs, growing in many fitu-
ations, as meadows, paftures, banks or hedges,

.» OD

TRIANDRIA DIGXYNIA. 89

‘on way fides and on walls. This fpecies, like the
former, is an annual, but an earlier grafs. It is
Produétive in leaves, ftems, and feed; agd to
obtain a good crop, annual fowing and broken
ground is moft congenial to it. Ina the Botanic
Gardens, in the farmer’s divifion, where a plot
is allotted to this fpecies, it looks remarkably
well, and is much earlier in its {pring than
the former. This may be accounted for by its
fhedding its feed early, which vegetates and be-
comes ftrong before the approach of winter.
Were it the farmer’s defire to have a crop of hay
off his ground the feafon in which he fows his
red clover, and that he wifhed, when cutting his
clover the enfuing year, to have a mixture of
grafs, this {pecies I take to be very defirable for
that purpofe, as it feeds early. And as the
feed foon drops, (which is not the cafe with the
Bromus fecalinus,) a fufficient quantity would fall
to have the defired effe&. And fram its being
an early grafs, and fending up flowering ftems
fucceflively, it might, at the option of the pro-
prietor, be either cut in a fucculent or in a more
advanced flate. It would alfo be lefs dangerous
for cattle to eat the clover when in mixture with

N this

90 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

this grafs. Sheep, cows, goats and horfes ‘eat
ig af Asta 7 A. June. July.
poder each bos.
Brumfhér bog. -
EncuisuH.—Soft Brome-gra/s. Lob-grafs. Oat-
grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, 2 feet,
cylindrical, ftriated, often fmooth, fometimes
pubefcent, with fwoln knots. Leaves and fheaths
ftriated and covered with foft villous hairs. Pa-
nicle upright, clofe but fomewhat fpreading:
branches in femiwhirls of. various lengths, pu-
befcent. Spikets nearly upright, egg-fhaped,
acute, lightly compreffed, containing from 5 to
10 florets which lie over each other tiled-like.:
Calyx, valves unequal, pointed, fkinny on the’
edges, keeled, covered with foft hairs, and
having from 7°to.g green nerves on the back.
Corolla, valves fimilar to the calyx: mner valve
very flender: Awn rough, the length of the

valves.

erectus, B, Panicle upright; peduncles fomewhat fimple:
| : Me florets

TRIANDRIA DIGYNTIA. Ol

florets lance-fhaped,: nearly columnar: root-
leaves very narrow, ciliated with fine hairs.

Plentiful on the lands of Santry and Coo-
lock—along the fides of the Royal canal, and
fouth fide of the river Toker, county of Dublin.

From my obfervations on this fpecies, both in
its wild and cultivated ftate, I confider it as a
good grafs both for meadow and pafture. It is
of good fize, not too coarfe, early in its fpring,
quick in vegetation, and furnifhes exceedingly
well ‘in leaves and ftems. In laying down mea-
dows it would be a good grafs as a mixtures
' for although flender, it is an upright ftiff grow-
‘ing grafs, not apt to lodge, or be any way in-
jured by high winds or heavy rains, and would
be a mean of preferving others from thofe ca-
fualties which otherwife might happen from their
debility. It is my opinion, that in laying down
meadows, a portion of ftrong, {tiff, or coarfe
grafles ought to be introduced, for the above
purpofe; and as this fpecies anfwers both for
meadow and aftergra{s, it would be a very defi.
rable one for the purpofe. This day, Jan. 19th,
it 1s more forward in its growth, by an inch and
half in the blade, than any other grafs in the

ee _ Garden.

92 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Garden. There is a variety of this fpecies,

whofe fpikets are longer, narrower, and fmooth;

which frequently grows along with the other.
P. july.

Sbpumypbéep rnezg.
| Brumfbér fneigh.

TRIsH.

Enciish.—Upright Brome-grafs.

Ob. Rosets fibrous. Stems nearly 3 feet, up-
right, ftraight, cylindrical, fmooth, leafy better
than half way, 4-knotted. Leaves nearly acute,
ftriated; thofe from the root very narrow, with
Jong white fine hairs which afcend but not in
regular order. Sheath ftriated, fmooth, with .a
very fhort gnawed-like fheath-feale. Panicle up-
right; branches upright, many, and of various
lengths. Calyx, valves Jance-fhaped, acute,
keeled; inner valve largeft, three-nerved. Florets
from 5 to 9, tiled. Awas, fearce the length of
the glumes. Corolla, inner valve lightly ciliated
comb-like. Anthers, deep faffron colour. The
cilia on the inner valve is lefs confpicuous in

this fpecies than in any other of the genus.

asper, B, Panicle branched, drooping, fomewhat
Ms rough: fpikets ftrap-fhaped, fomewhat cylin-

drical,

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. G3

drical, 1o-flowered, hairy, awned: ftems and
leaves hairy.

It grows in woods and hedges, particularly
among under fhrubs, briars, &c. It is a tall
grafs producing much leaves, but few items,
and in an agricultural point of view of no great
value. It thrives beft among buthes. Cattle
. are not fond of jit. ~P. July. Aug.

bet onsen Zjobae.
Brumfhér giobach.

Enevisy.—Hairy Lrome-grafs. a

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from is to 5 feet,
upright, cylindrical, ftriated, {mooth at top,
three-knotted. Leaves {preading, « flat, acute,
rough with hair, and nearly of a length. Sheaths
cylindrical, fcarcely keeled; lower ones covered
‘with numerous long hairs which are curved at
top. Sheath-feale fhort, rent-like, Panicle 1
foot, drooping ; leffer branches moftly in pairs,
drooping, rough. Spikets from 6 to 10-flow-
ered, long, flender, nearly cylindrical, pendu-
lous. Calyx, valves very unequal ; larger valve
ribbed: fmaller one keeled. Corolla, larger

valve

sterilis.

94. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

valve ribbed towards the end. Aww fthorter

than the bloffom. (USE ov es

B. Panicle fpreading: fpikets oblong: florets
2-rowed : calyx taper-pointed 5 awns _very

long: leaves pubefcent.

“Common i woods, fides ‘of hedges, and ‘on

dunghills. This fpecies is more defirable-for ‘its

jeaves than for its tems; for although prolific ‘in
ftems, and thofe not very coarfe, they are not
palatable to cattle, owing to thei very long
awns, which are rough and ftick in the mouth
when chewing. It is the moft forward and
hardy of all our grafles, and much more pro-
du@ive in foliage. It feeds early, drops its
feed foon, vegetates quickly, and furnifhes ina
very little time after, a very thick cover, of fine,
long, foft leaves, that continue green ‘during
the winter, and are very acceptable to cattle
at that feafon. It would be a good ¢grafs
to throw upon any wafte, barren, or gravelly
place, for where other better grafies would
make but little progrefs, this would be a cover
almoft the year round. Sheep, cows, ‘goats ‘and
horfes eat it. A. June. July.

TRISH.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. O5

rree | sesir a aM HtJD.
Brumfbér aimrid.

ENciisH.—Barren Brome-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 13 to 2 feet,
upright, flender, leafy nearly to the top, from
§ to 6-knotted. Leaves f{preading, flat, fome-
what weak, narrow, very foft on each fide,
pubefcent and fomewhat rough on the margin.
Sheath cylindrical, covered with very foft hairs
which are fomewhat bowed. ‘Sbheath-fcale, ob-
long, rent-like. Panicle drooping: branches
often by three’s, drooping, rough, very long,
fimple, rarely fubdivided. Spikets. flat, broader
upwards. Calyx, 6 or 8-flowered; valves very
unequal, rough: larger valve ribbed, tapering
to a point: fmaller one keeled. Corolla, larger
valve ribbed, very rough, not hairy. <Awns
longer than the blofflom.

B. Panicle drooping: fpikets ege-oblong, 8-flow-
ered: florets tiled, depreffed, nearly fmooth.

Found in low meadows, near Cullinagh,
Queen’s county, Mr. J. E Mackay’s S orien
of rare Plants,

| Not

arvensis,

sylvaticuse

96 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Not recollecting to fee this fpecies cultivated
in any quantity in the Botanic gardens, I can
form no judgment as to its agricultural value.
I have given it as a native grafs on the autho-
rity of Mr. J. T. Mackay. A. July.

ghpum phen macayne.

YRIsH.
¢ Brumfbér machaire.

Encuisu.—Field Brome-gra/s.

B. Spike fimple, drooping, pointing one way:
fpikets fitting, diftant, nearly cylindrical:
awn longer than the bloffom: leaves hairy.

Common in woods and hedges. It 1s a
fpecies of little worth for cultivation, being a
harfh looking grafs, not very prolific in either
{tems or leaves. It appears beft on the fides
of fhady ditches, and in low bufhy places at
the verges of woods; and in fuch places may

afford nourifhment to cattle in warm weather,

when they withdraw to fhade, but I have often

remarked they feemed not to like it.
P. June. July.

IRISH.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. O7

Pa i bara: yjonbad.
Brumfhér fiodhbhadh.

Enexise.—Slender Wood Brome-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems 2 feet, upright,
fimple, leafy, inclining to taper near the top.
Leaves {preading, fomewhat broad, pointed,
ftriated underneath, fringed with long white
hairs. Sheath ftraight, ftriated, hairy, with a
fhort blunt rent-like fheath-fcale. Spike fimple,
drooping, 3 inches long. Spikes 6 or 7, al-
ternate, fitting, pointing one way, | pubefcent,
and containing from 6 to 9 florets each.
Calyx, valves unequal, lance-fhaped, pointed
awn-like, and hairy towards the top. Corolla,
inner valve linear, ciliated with upright ftiff
awn-like hairs. Aan longer than the bloffom,

B. Spike fimple, upright, 2-rowed: fpikets fit.
ting, nearly cylindrical: awn fhorter than
the bloffom: leaves almoft without hairs.

It grows in dry hilly woodlands. Found’

by Doétor Scott in the county of Fermanagh,
and in hedges near Cullinagh, Queen’s county,
by Mr. Bradbury. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Cata-

Q logue

pinnatus,

08 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA:

logue of rare Plants. A more harfh grafs
than the former, and worfe in every refpect

for agricultural purpofes.

P. July. Aug.

gbpumbhen (Bpecanac.

IRIsH.
Brumfhér [eiathanach.

emeag —Winged, or Pinnated Brome graf.

Ob. Roots fibrous but fomewhat creeping.
Stems from 14 to 2 feet, upright, fimple, cy-
lindrical, very fmooth. Leaves nearly upright,
fpear-fhaped, pointed, ftifith, rough, feldom
hairy. Sheath-fcale thort, blunt, ciliated. Spike
fimple, upright, of various length: Spikets from
6 to 10, alternate, fitting, two-rowed but not
pointing one way, and their flat fides turned
towards the ftem, containing from 6 to 10°
florets each, which lie clofely tiled. Calyx,
valves nearly equal, lance-fhaped, fomewhat
awned, many-nerved, and hairy at the margin.
Corolla, inner valve retufe, ciliated with upright
briftle-like hairs as in the former. 4wn fhorter

than the bloffom, terminating.

giganteus. B,. Panicle drooping: fpikets 4-flowered, fhorter

than the awns: leaves fword-fhaped, nerved.
It

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, 99

It grows in woods and moift hedges. Lut-
trell’s-town wood, county of Dublin—Grey-
“Abby wood, county of Down—-Knappin wood,
county of Antrim. |

This is a tall coarfe grafs, which produces
leaves in quantity, but not very productive in
ftems. In a ftate of cultivation it appears
well as a coarfe grafs, but requires a renewal
every three years; for thofe {tems with their
root-leaves, which flower, generally rot the
following year, and caufe a great deficiency
in the plant. It is alfo liable to be injured
by cattle feeding on it, being fo eafily pulled
out of ground by their nipping; for it gene-
rally encreafes by offsets, whofe fibres take
but a flight hold in the earth, I don’t con
fider it as a grafs worthy of cultivation, unlefs
in fhady woods or fuch like places, where its
fibres would take better hold, and where others
more valuable would’ not thrive, Sheep, cows,
goats and horfes eat it. P. June. July.

TRIsH.

100 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Pics scale ajfcede.
Brumfhér. aitheach.

ENGLIsH.—Gizantic Brome-gra/s.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 3 to 4 feet,
upright, cylindrical, ftriated, leafy. Leaves
nearly upright, fword-fhaped, pointed, £ foot
long or more, broad, flat, rough on each fide
and on the margin. Sheath long, ftriated,
fmooth, without hairs, with a fhort purple
enawed-like fheath-fcale furrounding the flem.
Panicle drooping : branches in pairs, fubdivided,
angulated, rough. Spikets alternate, fmooth,
drooping, and containing from 4 to 6 florets.
Calyx, valves unequal, keeled, tapering to a
point ; inner one broadeft and three-nerved.
Corolla, inner valve as long, and nearly as
broad as the outer, acute, not ciliated. Awn
twice the length of the bloflom or more. |

AVENA.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 101

AVENA.

Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered: awn from the
back of the bloflom, twifted.

A. Panicled: calyx 2-flowered: male floret
awned: hermaphrodite floret fometimes awn-
lefs: roots bulbous.

It grows in meadows, paftures, wet damp
places, and hollow ways. This grows very
tall, furmounting all others in meadows where
it naturally inhabits. It is a good grafs as
hay, furnifhing well in leaves and ftems, and
has the good property of fending forth after-
grafs in abundance. It is not very apt to lodge,
and it continues flowering fucceffively a con-
fiderable time. It anfwers in moft foils, and
is not choice in its fituations. Were an equal
quantity of the feed of Poa trivialis and Poa
nemoralis mixed, and if to this quantity in mix-
ture were added an equal quantity of the
Avena elatior, I fhould imagine a good crop
of hay would be the refult. For Avena ela-
tior being a tall grafs, fomewhat coarfe and
ftrong, it would in fuch proportion be a fup-

port

elatiar.

102 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

port and a fhade to both thefe other graffes,
whofe leaves and ftems are fine, and thrive
beft when in fhade and mixture. They would
befides be an improvement to the Avena ela-
tior, to qualify and make it more palatable to
cattle. They are three graffes which give great
aftergrafs, therefore the produét as fuch muft be
valuable in conjunction. There is a variety of
this grafs without awns, which grows near
Luttrell’s-town along the way fide. :

P. July. Aug,

ee ae AINDE.
Coirce airde.

Enexisu.—Tall Oat-grajs.

Ob. Roots bulbous, fometimes a double pear-
fhaped bulb one above the other. Stems upright,
from 3 to 4 feet or more, fimple, leafy, {mooth.
Leaves rough above and on the edges. Sheath-
feale fhort, dented. Panicle upright: branches
in femiwhirls, rough. Male floret with a large
awn placed towards the bafe: hermaphrodite ~

floret very fhort, nearly terminating.

pubescens. A. Panicle fpike-like: calyx 3-flowered: bloflom
bearded at the bafe; leaves flat, downy.
Frequent

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 103

Frequent in dry paftures and meadows. This
is not a very prolific grafs, bearing but few ftems
which are feeble, and its foliage fhort which are
very bitter. It is an early grafs, and fheds its
feed vety foon after being ripe. In an agricultu-
ral point of view of no great value, unlefs as a
variety among{t others, being a fightly grafs,

from its purplif and filvery white flowers.
P.. June.

_— §Coyice clujniad.

IRisH.>

( Coirce cluimbadb.

EncLisH.—Downey Oat-grafs. Pubefcent Oat-
grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 1 to 2 feet,
upright, fimple, nearly cylindrical, fmooth, leafy.
Leaves {preading, fhort, biunt, flat, covered each
fide, as likewife the lower fheaths with foft downy
hairs. Panicle upright, fpike-like, not much
branched, nearly inclining one way. Calyx, valves
very unequal, rough on the keel, acute at top,
awnlefs: inner valve double the length of the
outer, Corolla, inner valve fmalleft, and nar-
rowelt, awnlefs and rough on the edge: outer
valve with an awn placed on the back below

the middle. Awn twice the length of the calyx.
P. June. July.
A. Panicle

flavescens.

104 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

A. Panicle loofe; calyx 3-flowered, fhort: all
the florets awned: leaves flaccid, moftly pu-
befcent.

It grows in meadows, paftures, on hills and
way fides. A good meadow grafs, producing
much ftems which are very fine, as likewife its
foliage, and would be an acceptable fpecies as
a mixture in any meadow. From obfervations
I have made in the Botanic gardens, in the
farmer’s divifion, where a plot is allotted to this
grafs, it always appeared to be in good quantity,
and looked remarkably well. It holds its ground
but is generally lodged, owing to the debility of
its {tems, and is, on this account, more defirable
in mixture than feparate.

P. June. Sept.

GCoyice onfolicac.

IRIsH. r Coirce orfholltach.

Encuisu.—VYellow Oat-grafs. Yellow Oat. Tel-
low-haired Oat-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous, fomewhat creeping. Stems
14 feet, upright, fomewhat branched at bate,

leafy, ftriated, 3-knotted, and often with {mall
hairs

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 105

hairs under the knots. Leaves flat, acute, lefs or
more pubefcent. Sheath ftriated, with a fome-
what hairy fheath-fcale. Panicle fomewhat droop-
ing, loofe, firft a yellow green, then changing to
a goldert yellow; very much branched: branches
in femiwhirls: little branches rough, fomewhat

waved. Calyx, valves acute, keeled, very une-

qual. Corolla, inner valve fomewhat fhorter but

more narrow. Awn nearly twice as long as the

bloffom. Ls 3

A. Panicle fpike-like: calyx s-flowered : leaves
{tiff, edges rolled inwards.

Heaths and high chalky grounds. I have
entered this fpecies as a native on the autho-
rity of the Botanic Catalogue, by Mr. John
Underwood.

This grafs is not very prolific in ftems, nor

are its leaves very long. It is a fpecies not

pratensis,

worthy the notice of the agriculturift, either —

for meadow or pafture, as being rigid in its
leaves, and not a very -defirable fize in ftems.

Sheep, goats, cows and horfes eat it.

i. Jane. July,

P . IRISH.

. 106 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

(Coppice mojnFeyt.

leisn. < ... pathy
¢ Coirce moinfhér.

Enciisu.—Meadow Oat-grafs.

Ob. | Roots. fibrous. Stems 1 foot or more,
upright, ftraight, fimple, ftriated, with one knot
towards the bafe. Leaves, thofe from the root
{trap-fhaped, acute, rigid, and doubled together: —
thofe on the ftem broader, nerved. Sheath very
long, fmooth, with a fpear-fhaped fheath-feale.
Spike upright, moflly fimple ; /pikets, upper ones
fitting: lower ones on foot-ftalks, thofe feldom
in pairs. Calyx, ‘valves nearly equal, acute,
three-nerved, and the length of the under
floret. Corolla, inner valve very flender, fringed
with {mall hairs. Awa twice the length of the
ploffom. | |

ARUNDO.

Cal. 2-valved: florets heaped together, awale&,
furrounded with down at the bafe.

Phragmitise A. Calyx 5-flowered : panicle loofe.

Common in rivers, lakes and ditches, This ts
a very

oy .

TRIANDRIA’ DIGYNIA.: 107

a very tall grafs, abundant in leaves and ftems,
but very coarfe. It is frequently to be met
with in low marfhy meadows, and at the edges
of rivers; and although naturally growing in
fach fituations, it bears cultivation on dry ground.
amazingly; for in feveral of the divifions in the
Botanic gardens, where it happens to fall in the
arrangements, it thrives remarkably, and foon
would extend itfelf were it permitted. However
its utiity to the agriculturift would be of little
value, being a grafs, from its creeping roots,
that he ought rather to extirpate than encourage.
In its natural fituations it may not be fo ufelefs,
as it forms a cover, and may be relifhed at
times by fome fpecies of his cattle; it would
alfo anfwer for thatching, being more durable
than ftraw, and might likewife be ufed acrofs
the frame of wood-work, as a foundation for
plaifter floors. The flowers dye woollen green.
Cows, goats and horfes eat it. 'P. July.

Fy
i)

IaisH.

108 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

ee 5 C vile Cc nvigBjonnas.
Cuile Cruifgiornagh.

Biorach lachan. Birah laghon.. Cruifgiornab.
Ene iise.—Common Reed grafs.

Ob. Roots creeping. Stems upright, from 4
to 6 fect, fimple, knotted; leafy. Ieaves lance-
fhaped, pointed, fpreading, fmooth, rough on

_ the, edges, very even underneath, glaucous.
Sheath cylindrical, ftriated, {mooth, with a very
fhort gnawed-like fheath-feale furnifhed with
hairs on each fide. Panicle nearly upright,
{preadicg, very much branched and_ inclining
one way. dSpikets upright, from 4 to 6-flow-
ered; flowers furrounded with down at the
bafe, which down is about the Jength of the
florets, and rifes from the fpike-ftalk. Calyx,
valves very unequal, lance-fhaped, acute, keeled:
larger valve with three nerves. Corolla, inner

valve double as fhort as the outer, and ciliated.
coloraiz. A. Calyx 1-flowered, keeled: panicle upright,
heaped: flowers pointing one way, awnlefs :

leaves broad: flat.

Common

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 109

Common on the banks of rivers and fides
- of ponds. This, is a tall fpecies which is abun-
dantly fupplied with Jeaves and ftems; it is a
ftrong coarfe grafs, which would be very pro-
ductive in moift fituations. If cultivated in fuch
places; and a certain number of cattle put on
jit at a proper feafon, fo as to keep it in
check, it might anfwer well as pafture; for
the oftener it is cropt the more acceptable it
is to cattle. It is very quick in growth, and
would even thrive well in drier fituations than
where it naturally inhabits; for in the Botanic
gardens, in feveral parts, where it happens to
fall in an arrangement, it thrives amazingly,
and, although in dry fituations, furnifhes an
abundant crop. It is an excellent. thatch for
ricks or cottages, and lafts much longer than
ftraw. There are two varieties of this {pecies,
one with filver-ftriped, the other with gold-
{triped leaves, which are often met growing
with it: they are accidental varieties, and if
taken in and cultivated will continue their
variegation. The two varieties are in the Bo-
tanic gardens, and were introduced from their
wild fituations fome years back. Sheep, cows,
goats and horfes eat it. P. July.

> TrRIsH,

G@renuria.

{10 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

Yael pe joloataé.
IRISH. ,
; Cuile ioldathach.

EncuisH.—Canary Reed-grafs. The variegated
hinds are known by the names of Ribband-grafs.
_ Painted Lady grafs. Ladies Traces, Se.

Ob. Roots creeping, matted. Svems from 3
to 5 feet, upright, cylindrical, leafy, fmooth,
many-knotted. Leaves fpreading, lance-fhaped,

fomewhat acute, even on each fide and on the

edges. Sheath nerved, fwoln, fmooth, with a

fhort and fomewhat blunt fheath-fcale. Panicle
upright, branched, dividing in little lobe-like —
clufters : little branches angulated, rough. Calyx,
valves unequal, flatted, keeled, three-nerved,
nearly acute, rough on the keel, and con-
taining one floret. Corolla, valves equal, hairy
on the outfide: outer valve broadeft and en-

clofing the inner,

A. Calyx one-flowered, longer than the co-
rolla: panicle fpike-like: flowers upright,
awnlefs: leaves, edges rolled inwards, pointed

thorn-like at the end. -

This

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. \ib

This plant is generally met with on dry
fandy fea fhores, and in fuch places is not
without. value, for it forms great tufts, and
would,. if cultivated upon the fea fhore, pre-
vent the wind from .difperfing the fand over
many fertile acres of land’ adjoining.* Mr. Jj.
T.. Mackay,. in .his) Catalogue of, rare Plants,
mentions it as growing abundantly on the fandy
beach at the bottom of Burren mountains,

| county

* There are three grafles, although not indigenous,
that may not be unworthy of notice in this place, from
their utility in forming a bank againft the irruptions of
the waves; they are all of the genus Elymus, and the
fpecies are the arenarius, geniculatus, and giganteus. ‘To
Gentlemen, whofe grounds extend along the fea fhore,
the cultivation of thefe grafles would be of the utmoft
importance. They are {trong and tall-growing, thick and
prolific in their ftems, and the roots extend and go fo
deep in the ground, that any cover thrown on them by
the tides would rather improve than retard their growth:
they would foon form a bamk that would effectually pre-
vent the encroachments of the fea, In ftopping the fly-
ing fands they are fuperior to the Arundo arenaria. A.
line of thefe graffes, planted along the fea fhore from
Clontarf to Sutten, would have prevented the banks from
being worn away by the waves, and would have preferved
the car-way, which was formerly paffable, but is now a
flooded ftrand. Gentlemen who vifit the Botanic gar-
dens, by viewing thefe three fpecies, may judge of their.
utility for the above purpofe.

112 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

county of Clare, and it is there confidered
valuable for feeding cattle in winter, as in that
country ftraw and hay are both very {earce.
It makes an excellent thatch for houfes, and
will fometimes laft for twenty years. Cattle
will eat of it in winter, but in fummer they
leave it untouched. The flowers and feed are
poffefled of an emetic quality, and may be
ufed where the ordinary emetics cannot be ob-
tained. They vomit ftrongly, but are not
dangerous in their operation. P. July.

Cule mvpyunad.
IRIsH.< — ’ on oth

Cuile Muiriunadb.
Muiriunach. Maithine. _Mebhain.

Encxiisu.——Sea Reed-grafs. Sea Matweed.
Marram. Helme.

Ob. Roots creeping, jointed, extending widely
and to fome diftance. Stems afcending, nearly
3 feet, ftiff, fmooth, knotted, knee-bent at the
bafe, leafy. Leaves upright but {preading,
ftraight, rigid, rolled inwards on the edges,
ending dagger-pointed, furrowed above, and
very even underneath. Sheath nerved, fmooth,
with an elongated acute fheath-fcale. Panicle

upright,

TRIANDRIA |'DIGYNIA. 113

upright, fpike-like; branches fhort, upright, and
lying clofe. Ca/yx, valves nearly equal, acute,
rough on the keel, and fomewhat longer than
the floret. Corolla, valves lance-fhaped, unequal,
rough on the keel: outer valve gnawed-like at
top and enclofing the inner.

LOLIUM,
Cal, t-valve, fitting, ‘many-flowered: florets
2-rowed.

L. Spike awnlefs: fpikets compreffed, many-
flowered, longer than the calyx.

A very common grafs in meadows, paftures, —

perenne.

way-fides and wafte places. It is a good grafs _

for cither meadow or pafture. As a meadow
grafs, whén in mixture with others, or even
feparate, it is valuable, from its ftems being
abundant, of good fize, not coarfe, and its feed
being nutritive; it alfo carries weight, though
it does not bulk well. As a pafture grafs, it
is hardy, early, continuing its verdure during

Q | the

414 TRIANDRIA /DIGYNIA.

the winter, viii in the growth of «its foliage,
and not averfe to any foil. Notwithftandingyall
thefe good qualities, I have often heard) cit
fpoken lightly of. However, many gentlemen
and farmers are not aware that this«grafssin
its feed fhould be changed once in every: four
years at leaft; as is commonly the cafe through
out this ifland with potatoes and oats. This I
have experienced in the Botanic gardens; for I
have remarked whenever I brought in a variety
of this grafs from any. diftance, fuch as eight
or ten miles, it throve better than any I had
colleéted in or about the ground.

From what I had heard at Leéure, I con-
fider Mr. Pacey’s Ray-grafs (for which he has
fo confiderable demand) to be an improved
variety of the Lolium perenne. ‘This improve-
ment I take to be owing to nothing elfe than
the change of foil;. for, as I have: remarked,
jt will. degenerate, as’ potatoes and corn do,
if there be not a change either in feed or
foil.

About thirty years ago l recollect that whole
fields of this grafs were cultivated at Rathef-
ear, a country feat belonging at that time to
the Rt. Hon. John Fofter, and was .efteemed

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 115

by the oldeft men and farmers as the moft
valuable grafs. If I do not miftake the feed
was imported; however in the fourth crop it
began to decline, which circumftance confirms
mein the opinion, that change of feed is ne-
ceflary inthis fpecies. I therefore fhould con-
fider Mr. Pacey’s’ Ray-grafs to be no other
than the Lolium perenne.

The feed he colleés from a wild flate, and
fows, it improves by the change; with. this
improved feed he fupplies his cuftomers, with
whom it ftll further improves from the varia-
tion of foil.. This. procefs he repeats annually,
and thus I would account for the fuperiority
of the Ray-grafs for which this gentleman is
diftinguifhed. If any gentleman or farmer will
eaufe to be collected a {mall quantity of the
Lolium perenne, which grows fome miles dif-
tant from his eftate or farm, particularly if
he colle& it from old paftures or mountain
grounds, and that he fows it in a part of his’
foil which is neither too rich nor too poor,
the refult will demonftrate that the fuperior
excellence of Mr. Pacey’s Ray-grafs depends on
that’ operation. He may likewife obferve, that
in ‘the courfe of the fourth crop, if not re-

Oe. newed

116 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA,

néwed as above, it will degenerate fo its for-
mer natural manner of growth. There are
varieties of this grafs, one with broad pikes,
one with round fpikets, and oné whofe {pike
is fomewhat branched; they aré all to be met
with pretty frequently. Cows, horfes and fheep
eat it. Goats are not fond of it.

P, June. July.

Liéider yack mMaptandé.

koille marthanach.
Raidhblead. Reoille.

ENGLIsH.— Perennial Darnel-gra/s. Ray-graft.
Red Darnel-grafs. Crap.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems 1 foot or more,
upright, knotted, knee-bent at the bafe, leafy,
cylindrical, {mooth. Leaves linear, keeled,
fmooth. Sheath ftriated, fmooth, with a fhort
blunt fheath-fcale furrounding the ftem. Spike
nearly upright, two-rowed, flatted. Spikets al-
ternate, upright, egg-fhaped, comprefs, many-
flowered, and fometimes awned. Calyx of one
valve, lance fhaped, fomewhat hollow infide,
acute, awnlefs, and nearly twice as fhort as

the

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 117

the fpiket. Cirle: inner valve fmalleft, cili-

ated, concave.

L. Spike ash ievghecbe ice {fpikets three-

flowered.

It generally grows in dry paftures, and on
declivities. On the lands about Collon, Tinure,
and Fuinfog, county of Louth. Above Scrib-
ble’s-town. near the Obfervatory, where it had
been previoufly obferved by Doétor Brinkley,
county of Dublin. It is a flender grafs in its
leaves, ftems and fpikes, and very little infe-
rior to the former, except that it is {maller
im every refped.

I prefume it is only a variety of the for-
mer; for although I have frequently found it
with its fpikets containing but three florets,
yet when I introduced and cultivated it in the
Gardens, its fpikets produced five florets, and
the whole plant appeared very little inferior
to the Lolium perenne. Perhaps this may be
attributed to change of foil, Cattle eat it.

P. June. July.

Ir isx,

tenue.

temulentium.

Tis TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

i cdot.
IRISH.
Raille caol.

Encursy.—Slender Darnel-grafs. Slender Ray-
gra/s.

Ob. Similar to the former in every refpect
but being more flender, and its calyx being
fomething longer, alfo its fpikets containing

but three florets when in its wild ftate.

L. Spike awned: fpikets fhorter than the

calyx: ftems rough at top.

It generally grows in ploughed lands, among
oats, wheat, and fometimes flax. This grafs
bears ftems, leaves and feed in abundance;
the feeds are large, meéaly and nutritive, and
were it relithed by cattle, when made into
hay, muft be very fabftantial.

It might be fown with red clover, and
would anfwer as fodder in a recent ftate.
Its further utility, in an agricultural point of
view, would be but little. In wheat and oat
fields it is a great pelt; the feed is often
ground with them into meal, and when made
into bread, if eaten when hot, caufes a diz-

zinefs

TRIANDRIA’DIGYNIA. 119

zinefs. in. the; head not unlike © drunkenn fs,
but if: eaten when. cold produces but little
effet... Brewers and diftillers, when purchafing
barley, do not think it difadvantageous to have
a fmall quantity of this grain mixed therein ;
as it is of an inebriating quality, as its name
imports. In Oughterard, in that part of the
county of Galway called Cunnamara, the in-
habitants are obliged, before they ftack their
‘grain, to open every fheaf, and glean out. this
grafs.. Sheep are not fond of it.

A.» June, July.

IRIsH

f Rolle brcoltean.
‘CRoille Brevillean.

Ruinhelais. Ruinhelean? Bod a rinker.

ENGLIsH.— Annual Darnel-grafs. Rivery.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, 2 feet,
firm, cylindrical, ‘three-knotted, © leafy, very
fmooth below, rough above. Leaves lance.
fhaped, fpreading, rough. Sheath © ftriated,
fomewhat rough, with a very fhort blune cre-_
nulated fheath-fcale. Spike upriglit, fimilar ‘to
the former, but much grofler, Calyx, valve
lance-fhaped, fomewhat acute, awnlefs, ftriated,

and

arversse.

120 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

and generally longer than the fpiket; the ter-
minating fpiket with a two-leaved calyx: and
the lowermoft fpikets have a minute inner leaf
to the calyx. Corolla, inner valve awnlefs, con-

cave, fomewhat ciliated.

L. . Spike awnlefs, rather fhorter than the ca-

lyx: ftems very {mooth.

It grows among corn, and in potatoe fields.
In corn fields about Roche’s-town, and potatoe
fields about Glafnevin, county of Dublin. Its
value in agriculture may be confidered in the
fame point of view as the Lolium temulentum.

A. June. July.

eek band.

TRIsH.

Roille branar.
Encuisu.—Corn, or White Darnel-grafs.

Ob. It is not fo common as, the former,
to which it is very fimilar, but may be dit
tinguifhed from it by its ftems being fmooth;
its calyx not being longer than the fpiket, and
by the latter being awalefs.

ROTBOLLIA.

TRIAMDRIA DIGYNIS. “X21

ROTBOLLIA.

Cal. of 1 or 2 valves, egg-fpearfhaped, flat:
florets alternate on a zigzag fpike-ftalk.

R. Spike cylindrical, awl-fhaped, curved: ca-
lyx, hufk awlfhaped, lying clofe to the
fpike-ftalk, divided into two.

It grows in wet paftures, and places along
the fea fhore. In old quarries at the fand
banks between Baldoyle and Howth. In wet
marfhes below Irifhtown, county of Dublin. In
a falt marfh a little below Cork, and on the
fouth ifles of Arran. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Ca-
talogue of rare Plants, It is a grafs of little
or no value to the farmer. A. Aug.

Inisn. } Sune CAINS.
Durfbér fairge.

ENncLIsH.—Sea Hard-gra/fs.

_ Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, decumbent
at the bafe, branched, very {mooth, leafy.
Leaves fpreading,. linear, acute, flat, rough
above and on. the edges, Sheath fhorter than

R the

InCcUurvata.

caninus.

122 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

the leaves, fomewhat fwollen, with a fhort
blunt fheath-fcale.. Spike terminating, folitary,
cylindrical, fomewhat bowed, fmooth, and con-
taining many florets. Calyx, valves placed out-
wardly, ftrap-fpearfhaped, acute, fmooth; one
valve expanding when the pollen is ripe.
Flowers {folitary, fomewhat fhorter than the ca-
lyx: valves fkinny on the edges, nearly equal,

awnilefs.

ELYMUS.

Cal. lateral, 2-valved, feveral together, many-

flowered.

FE. Spike upright, compact; fpikets upright,
without an involucrum: the lowermoft in

pairs.

It grows in woods and hedges. On the
way-fide and in hedges between Knockmarren-
hill and Lucan-bridge.. In the wood, and in
hedges at Luttrell’s-town, county of Dublin.

This grafs grows pretty tall, furnifhing well
in leaves and ftems, yet not very defirable for

meadow

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 123

meadow or pafture, as being rather wiry, and
as its fpikes have Jong awns, which would
caufe the hay to be rather unpalatable to
cattle, nor is its aftergrafs prolific. It bears a
great refemblance to the Triticum repens, or.
Couch-grafs, but may be diftinguifhed from it
by its fibrous roots, which do not creep in
the ground as thofe of the Triticum repens,

P. July. Aug.

govt , veusasac.
| Aolfhér feufagach.
Encuisu.—Bearded Lyme-grafs. Bearded Wheat-
gra/s. !
Ob. Roots fibrous, not creeping. Stems
_ many, upright, ftraight,-2 feet or more, leafy,
very {mooth. Leaves ftrap-fpearfhaped, acute,
nerved, flat, rough on each fide and fometimes
hairy. Sheath ftriated, {mooth, with a very
minute fheath-feale. Spike from 3 to, 4 inches,
nearly upright. Calyx, valves equal, lance-{haped,
ending awn-like. Corolla, inner valve ciliated :

awns twice as long as the florets.

R 2 HORDEUM.

MUPrINwn.

124 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA,

HORDEUM.

Cal. Lateral, 2-valved, 1-flowered; 3 together.

H. Lateral florets male: awned: involucrum of
the intermediate florets fringed.

Very common along way fides and walls,
particularly about the vicinity of Dublin. This
grafs fends forth. leaves and ftems in great
quantity, and before the flower {pike appears
is relifhed much by cattle; but afterwards is
rather difagreeable and injurious to them, from
the awns or beard of the ears which ftick in
their mouths and caufe a forenefs that renders
them incapable of eating for fome time. -
| Along the pathways in the vicinity of Dub-
lin, where this grafs is to be met with, I
have obferved that whilft it is in foliage, it is
generally kept down by cattle, but when fhoot-
ing for flower is afterwards left untouched.

Unlefs for its leaves before the appearance
of the fpike, it is an unprofitable and unfit
grafs for cultivation, being one that fhould be

| eautioully

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 125

cautioufly avoided in a farm for the reafons
above-mentioned. Sheep and horfes eat u.
A. July. Aug,

ee balla.
IRISH.
Forna balla. |

Cuifog fhinn.

Encuisah.—Wall Barley. Way Bennet. Wild
Rye. Rye-grafs. Moufe-ear Barley.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, 1 foot,
nearly upright, decumbent, knotted, and knee-
bent at the bafe, fpreading, leafy. Leaves
fpreading, ' linear-lanceolate, acute, ftriated,
rough. Sheath almoft the length of the leaves,
fomewhat bellying out, ftriated, very fmooth,
with a very fhort fheath-feale. Spike upright,
from 2 to 3 inches, many-flowered. Spikets
2-rowed, tiled. Calyx, outer valve briftle-like;
inner one three-nerved, ciliated comb-like and
all awned. Awns ftraight, very rough, and
double the length of the glumes. Jorets fo-
litary, lance-fhaped, awned: Awns longer than
thofe of the calyx: inner valye blunt, pointed.

Hi. Lateral

pratense.

126 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

H. Lateral florets male, awned: involucrum

briftle-thaped, rough.

Moift meadows and paftures. Meadows along
the Royal canal from the Crofs-guns to Blan-
cherftown—meadows between the Crefcent and
Clontarf, county of Dublin. The foliage of
this fpecies is far inferior to that of the for-
mer in quantity and fize, yet in mixture with
other graffes it produces a tolerable fhare of
ftems, which are not fo injurious to cattle in
their effe& as the other, but neverthelefs a
grafs not to be recommended to the agriculturift

tor cultivation either in mixture or feparate.

P. July. Aug.

(Copna lend.

TRISH. ;
Eorna léna.

Encuiisu.—Meadow Barley.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems 14 feet, upright,

flender, leafy, naked above, {mooth. Leaves

fpreading, linear, acute, fomewhat rough.
Sheath not much bellying, ftriated, f{mooth,

with a {mall fheath-feale, Spike as in the for-
mer,

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. sg

mer, but more’ flender, and its awns fhorter.
Calyx, valves equal, very narrow, briftle-fhaped,
rough, awned. florets moftly as in the for-
mer, but the lateral ones on longer foot-ftalks,

and much {fhorter in the awns.

H. Lateral florets male, awned, rough on the maritinam.
back; middle floret hermaphrodite, with a

long awn: involucrum rough.

{In fandy and gravelly banks along the fea
fhore between Swords and Ruth, but not in
quantity. A grafs of little value. It is rather
injurious to cattle, if accidentally introduced
among hay, from its {tiff awns.

Aso’ pulyst Ale.

i Copnna mana.
Inst} r r
‘( Eorna mara.

ENGLIsH.—Sea Barley. Sea-fide Barley. Squir-
rel-tail-grafs.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, about 4
inches high, decumbent at the bafe, then up-
right. Spike about 1 inch, compact. Its fize
will readily diftinguifh it from the two former,

ae and

yunceuin.

128 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

and as there are but three of the genus
found to be indigenous, it may be eafily
known.

TRITICUM.

Cal. 2-valved, folitary, moftly 3-flowered : floret
bluntifh.

T. Calyx 5-flowered, lopped: leaves, edges
rolled inwards.

Common on fandy fea fhores. A ftiff hard
grafs in leaves and ftems, and of little confe-
quence to the agriculturift. It would be a
good grafs to encourage along the fea fhore,
to prevent the fands from difperfing over the
adjoining fields, particularly if in mixture with
Arundo arenaria and the three fpecies of Ely-
mus I have recommended for fuch purpofes
when fpeaking of the Arundo. P.. July.

IRISH.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 129

Chucne deo luddajparul.
Tris.
Cruithneachd luachairambuil.

Enciisu.—Ruj/b-like Wheat-grafs. Sea Wheat-
grafs. ! |

Ob. Roots very much creeping. Stems nearly
upright, inclining to purple towards the bafe,
cylindrical, very even, leafy as far as the
middle, naked at top. Leaves nearly upright,
narrow, fharp-pointed, rolled in on the edges,
glaucous, very even underneath, ftriated above
and fomewhat rough. Sdeath ftraight, fmooth,

with a very fhort fheath-feale. Spike upright,.

ftraight, glaucous, about 3 inches. Spikets
folitary, nearly upright, 2-rowed, fomewhat

diffant,. often f{mooth. or pubefcent with or

without awns. Calyx, valves furrowed, blunt.
Flowers 5 or 6, the length and fhape of the
calyx, fomewhat keeled, bifid at top; inner
valve fomewhat fmaller than the outer, and

ciliated.

T. Calyx 4-flowered, awl-thaped, tapering to
a point: leaves flat.

Common in ditches, hedges and cultivated

s . places.

oh bia:

130 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

places. This is a produétive grafs in roots,
leaves and ftems; very often too much fo, as
is well known to the farmer, gardener, &c.
who I prefume are fo well acquainted with this
fpecies, that any opinion of mine as to its me-
rit in agriculture, would be needles. Although
this grafs has its difadvantages, it is not al-
together without utility; for it is faid that
‘in times of fcarcity the roots, if gathered,
dried and ground into meal, form an agree-
able fubflitute for bread. My opinion is, that
where this grafs grows naturally, it is an in-
dication to the farmer that fuch part of his
foil is m good heart; for in fituations where
the foil is naturally good, or has been made
f9, Triticam repens will be found in greateft
juantity. Cows, fheep and goats eat it. Horfes
alfo eat the leaves when young, but leave them

untouched when fully grown. P, July.

IRISH.

TBRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 15)

ee cae bujmean.
sae Cruithneachd Bruimfean.
Bruimfean. Bruimfbeyr. Fisthran. Urin. |

Encuisu.—Wheat-grafs. Sqguitch-grafs. Quick-
grafs. Quitch-grafs. Skully-grafs. Dog’ s-
grafs. Dogs-wheat. Couch-grafs.

Ob. There is a variety of this grafs pa-
nicled; the fpike is alfo often with and often
without awns. - |

T. Spike fimple, comprefs: fpikets egg-fhaped,
pointing one way: calyx blunt, many-flow-
ered.

It grows on fandy fea fhores. Along the
fandy and gravelly fea fhore under Sutton, at
Howth, county of Dublin. From the diminu-
tive fize of this fpecies, and the natural fitu-
ations in which it grows, it is of very little
ufe in an agricultural point of view. How-
ever it is eaten by fome fpecies of cattle; as
I have frequently feen it kept clofe down by
their nipping, and therefore muft conclude it
not unacceptable to them. A. June.

‘

$2 IRISH.

loliaveum.

132 MTRIANDRIA DIGYNIA-

' * HVTHEAED abaé.
RIS H. a f
Cruithneachd abhach.

ENGLish.——Dwarf Wheat-grafs. Sea Wheat.
Dwarf Sea Wheat-grafs. |

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, nearly up-
right, branched, rigid, fomewhat compreffed,
leafy, from 3 to 5 inches. Leaves linear-lance-
fhaped, fomewhat acute, ronghifh on the back.
Sheath fomewhat bellying, fomewhat ftriated,
{mooth, with a fhort blunt gnawed-like fheath-
{cale. Spike upright, ftiff, 2-rowed, pointing
one way: /pikets alternate, lance-fhaped, moftly
folitary: the under ones often in two’s, three’s,
and fometimes in four’s. Calyx, valves equal,
blunt, keeled: florets many, tiled, 2-rowed,
{mooth, bluntifh, awnlefs, and as large as the
glumes of the calyx. It is not unlike the Poa
rigida, but may be diftinguifhed by its fpikets
prefling clofe to the fpike-ftalks. :

POLYGAMIA

133

POLYGAMIA MONOECIA.
HOLCUS.

Hermapy, Cal. Hufk of 1 or 2 flowers.
Cor, 2 valves, outer one awned. Stam. 3.
Styles 2. Seed 1. 3

Mae. Cal. Hutk of 2 valves. Cor. either
wanting or of 2 valves. Stam. 3. |

H. Hufks woolly: hermaphrodite floret awn-
Jefs: male floret with a bent awn, inclofed
in the calyx: roots fibrous.

Common in meadows and paftures, particu.
larly in light and moift foils, fuch as turf or
peat lands. This grafs vegetates rather late in
the feafon, yet produces an abundant crop.
When fown feparate, it does not continue
more than four years productive; nor do I
confider it as a grafs fit to be fowed fepa-
rate. It is a fpecies, if not mixed with other
ftronger graffes, that rather inclines to be
proftrate; and from its abundant produce of

leaves

lanatus.

134 POLYGAMIA MONOECIA.

Jeaves and ftems, the under part generally
fuffers materially. When fowing fome of the
flrong or coarfe graffes, fuch as Dadtylis glo-
merata, Feftuca elatior, Avena elatior, or
Phieum pratenfe, I would advife a certain por-
tion of the Holcus lanatus to be fown with
them. For the ftrong foliage and ftems of
the above four, would fupport the weak pro-
lific leaves and ftems of this Holcus, and
caufe them to incline upright, by which an
eflential part of its produce, that next the
earth, might be preferved, which otherwife
would be injured for want of air. There are
two varieties of this plant, one with filver-
ftriped, the other with gold-ftriped leaves, which
1 have often met growing. Cattle eat it.

P. June. July.

pms oe bipcalgaé.

CU Minfbér birchalgach.

Enciisu.—Short-awned Soft-grafs. Englifo Hay-
feed. - Soft, or Meadow Soft-gra/s.

Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, upright,
ftriated, leafy. Leaves flat and foft to the
touch, hairy underneath. Sheath-/cale truncated,

fhort,

POLYGAMIA MONOECIA, 135

fhort, toothed. Panicle upright, compact, foft
to the touch, often inclining to purple: Iittle
branches in femiwhirls, very much branched,
and hair-like. Calyx, glumes equal, pointed,
villous, eften coloured. Florets on jhort pe-

dicles: the upper one hermaphrodite, awnle(s:

the other male, with an awn not longer than
the bloffom.

H. Hufks nearly equal, hermaphrodite floret
awnlefs: male awned: roots creeping ; joints

woolly.

Tt is generally to be met with along wood-

fides, hedges, and other fhady places.

A grafs much more early in its foliage than

the former, and far better as a pafture grafs.

It is not liable to decay, nor is it apt to lofe

ground as the Holcus lanatus does, and this |
may fay is owing to its creeping roots. It
would bear to be cultivated on dry, gravelly,
or fandy foils, efpecially if on a northern af-
pect, and is capable of fuftaining drought equal
to any grafs. It is not abundant in flowering
flems, nor is it to be confidered as a good
meadow grafs, It thrives beft at the foot of
hills or mountains, particularly on the northern

fide,

mollis.

136 POLYGAMIA MONOECIA.

fide, and in fuch produces much foliage. I
don’t confider it as a fit grafs for cultivation
in meadows, except for its leaves, or that by
its creeping roots it might bind the furface of
the earth, and prevent the ground from crack-
ing-in very dry weather, which is a thing that
often happens. Cows, horfes and fheep eat it.

P. July. Aug.

ee tae KADEALS AT.
Minfhér fadchalgach.
Encuisu.—Long-awned Soft-grafs. Creeping

Soft-gra/s.

Ob. Roots creeping, widely extending. Stems
folitary, afcending, leafy, fmooth, woolly on the
knots. Sheath-/cale roundifh, dentated. Panicle
upright, loofe, thinly fet, purplith-white; little
branches moftly in pairs, hair-like, villous.
Calyx, valves nearly equal, ciliated on the keel.
Florets as in the former, but hairy at the bate.
Awn twice the length of the bloffom.

All

137

Ail the Graffes. mentioned in the preceding pages,
with a concife account of their properties, may

be feen at one view in the following table.

af Fee inci ( Fou good early graffes,
‘ yh oe. which thrive in almoft
Lolium perenne,

every foil.
Bromus ereétus, y

duce a fecond crop,and
Poa nemoralis,

thrive beft when in
mixture.

Avena flavefcens, | his Bralicn which pro-
Poa trivialis,

] Produces good aftergrafs,
and endures drought;
by its creeping roots it

= ergs

Poa pratenfis,
keeps the furface of
the ground from crack-

ing ina dry feafon.

Aeaieeentin) odors. From its flavour makes

other grafles more pa-
tum,

Jatable to cattle.

T Dattylis

138

Age very produétive

Daétylis elomerata,
Feftuca elatior, .
Avena elatior,

Phleum pratenfe,

grafles, capable ef be-
ing cultivated feparate-
ly. They are. coarfe
graffes, but might be

judicioufly — intermixed

jn the rick at the time

_ of drawing home... |

* Aoroftis ftolonifera,
Agroftis maritima,
Holcus lanatus,

Feftuca loliacea,

_
|
ap.
I%
] Three eraffes which’ from
|
J

the debility of their
ftems are incapable of
rifing without the fupe
port of ftronger orafies,

fuch as the above four.

A grafs good for meadow
or pafture in moift
foils, but from abor-

tion in feed is only to

be propagated by part-

ing the roots.

Bromus

* A variety of this {pecies, rit filver-{triped leaves, has
been fent from Dungan’s-town, in the county of Wicklow,
to the Botanic gardens, by Mr. Edw. Hodgens, nurferyman.

139

) Two nutritive graffes to
fow with red clover,
They might be made

‘ into hay, or cut as
Bromus fecalinus, y

|
fodder. If fo:
Bromus mollis, ~ ee ae
Lertolteins hay, they ought to be
intermixed in the rick
| at the time of diawing
J home.
}

Hoe eomnyectte: Fight grafles.. growing

Phleum nodofum, on mountains, _ hilly

Phieum alpinum, grounds, and other

Feftaca decumbens,
Agroftis hifpida,
Agroftis pumila,

places. They produce
verdure on different

parts where the better

Aira criftata,

graffes would not

| meadow or ‘pafture
Aira flexuofa, | |
J

thrive.

aks ) Three graffes growing
Briza media, | on high grounds, and
| ‘

which are more profi-

Cynofurus criftatus,
“vena. pubefcens, |

table for their leaves

hy than their ftems.

T 2 | Milium

140

Milium effufum, } Nine graffes growing in
Melica nutans, woods, glens, ditcnes
& other fhady places,
more efteemed for their
leaves than — ftems.
Thefe furnifh pafture
in the above fituations,

Melica uniflora,
Bromus afper,
Bromus pinnatus,

Bromus fylvaticus,

Bromus giganteus, where better grafles
Feftuca calamaria, could not be cultiva.
*Holcus mollis, J ted. sei |

Alopecurus geniculatus ) Five grafles growing in

Agroftis canina, moift meadows, marfh-
Feftuca fluitans, \ es, and watery places,

Poa aquatica, | where others would

Aira aquatica, not thrive,
Poa maritima,
Poa diftans,

Rotbollia incurvata,—

Three graffes growing in

and about falt marfhes.
Fefttica

* A variety of this fpecies, with filver-ftriped leaves, has
been fent to the Botanic gardens by Mr. Edward Hodgens,
nurferyman, which he found growing in - the ona of
Wicklow.

t+ Found in a ftate of great luxuriance, on the fouth
bank of the river Liffey, between Ifland-bridge and Cha-
pelizod, by Mr. Luke Wall of Steevens’s Hofpital.

Feftuca ovina,
Feftuca vivipara,
Feftuca rubra,
Feftuca duriufcula, |

Feftuca dumetorum,

141
Six graffes. which hold

their verdure during

the winter.

Poa anguttifolia, | |

Eriophorum angultifo- > Five graffes that grow in
lium, mountain bogs, and

Eriophorum polyfta- | boggy fituations, and
chion, ; - afford nourifhment to

Eriophorum-vaginatum cattle in winter, but

Nardus ftriaa,
Melica cerulea,

Lolium temulentum,

Lolium arvente,

Bromus fterilis,
Hordeum murinum,

Poa annua,
Bye eae hy eke

in fummer they are
left untouched.

Two graffes that might
be fown with red clo-

( ver to produce green

fodder.

] Three graffes which pro-

| duce early foliage in
gravelly or watte places,

" the laft grows in almoft
every foil and fituation.

f It continues growing,

| flowering and feeding,
almoft the whole year
round ; ; Is alow grafs,

but very produdive.
Triticum

142

An early graf in foliage,
ei and chiefly to be found
Triticum repens, - in old kitchen gardens,

and in good fpots of

farms.

A grafs growing in moift
rich meadows, more.

Hordeum pratenfe, >
\ defirable for its leaves

than ftems.

Arundo colorata,

Aira czfpitofa,
Arundo Phragmitis, Four graffes ufeful for
\ thatching ricks, Sc.

Elymus caninus,

Three graffes, not indi-
Elymus arenarius, |
genous, ufeful for the

fame purpofes as the

Elymus giganteus,

Elymus geniculatus, two lat mentioned.

our graffes growing in

Hordeum maritimum, F
fandy and gravelly

Phalaris arenaria,
foils near the fea fhore,

Triticum loliaceum,
affording fome nou-

Panicum Crus galli, rifhment in fuch places.

Aira

143

Aira precox,. ,
Aira. caryophyllea,
verdure where better
grafles would _ not
thrive.

|
cy RY
Fef{tuca, bromoides, |
Poa rigida, . |
: iy 1 : ) A fmall grafs flowering
Agroflis minima, -- § early.in-the feafon, on
i Lick barren clayey hills.
l I fhall fay nothing of its
Bec ae ocnks, merit, not having it
4 for any length of time
in cultivation.

An attentive perufal of the above table will
be fufficient to convince any reflecting man of
the futility of an opinion which generally pre- _
vails in this country, namely, that there are
but fix or eight graffes worthy of cultivation,
and that all the reft are worfe than ufelefs.
For it will be feen that each grafs, however
infignificant in appearance, may be of ufe in
its proper place, that each fituation has its pe-
culiar herbage, and that mountains, bogs and
ditches, which would be totally barren if thofe
grafles which are reputed ufclefs were eradi-

cated,

144

‘cated, afford no fmall quantity of excellent
pafture. It will be feen that the ‘lefs valuable
grafles often afford a neceflary fupport to the
“more produétive; and that fome, which are
comparatively infignificant when cultivated fepa-_
rately, become in conjunétion with others of
the utmoft utility. It will be feen that the
great Creator of the univerfe, who has made
nought in vain, has given to each foil its
peculiar grafs, and to each animal his appro-

priate food.

FINIS.

ane saute iff ro es Jos

AsO,

{

Ye aA shen 49 : Ha ih
ae verti ‘, a hes il

ee, a a ee ar ee

ae OO Sea

REFERENCES TO PLATE I.

Roots:

Root leaves.

Stem or culm.

Stem leaves.

Knots or joints.

Sheath with the spike bursting forth. —
Sheath enclosing the stem.
Sheathscale.

A spiket or little spike.

Valves of the calyx.

Valve of the corolla magnified.
Keel of the corolla.

Awns.

An awn magnified.

The stamens, or male parts.

.. The anthers supported by the filaments.
Anthers bursting forth from the corolla magnified.

Styles, or female parts.

Do. magnified.

A seed covered by the corolla.
A naked seed. :

REFERENCES TO PLATE I.

1, Roots:
2. Root leaves.
3. Stem or culm.
4, Stem leaves.
5. Knots or joints.
6. Sheath with the spike bursting forth. —
7. Sheath enclosing the stem.
8. Sheathscale.
9. Aspiket or little spike.
10. Valves of the calyx.
11. Valve of the corolla magnified.
12. Keel of the corolla.
13. Awns.
14, An awn magnified.
15. The stamens, or male parts.
16.. The anthers supported by the filaments.
17. Anthers bursting forth from the corolla magnified.
18. Styles, or female parts.
19. Do. magnified.
20. A seed covered by the corolla.
21. A naked seed. :

“Lute. 7

lant
i

boyy he

A tea bile

la wi

, I No) en

OOM TP &

ft tl hd
tls A

13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Di
26.

27.

REFERENCES TO PLATE II.

Roots.

Do. proceeding from the joints whilst the stems are
in a procumbent state.

Root leaves.

Stem in a procumbent state covered by the sheaths.

Do. rising upright and covered by the sheaths.

Stem leaves.

Knots or joints.

Sheath with the spike bursting forth.

Do. inclosing the stem.

Sheathscale.

Branches of the panicle.

A little branch.

A spiket.

Do. magnified.

Valves of the calyx after drawing up the endosed
florets.

Keel of the calyx. 4

Valves of the corolla.

Keel of the corolla.

Stamens, or male parts.

Do. the natural size.

Anthers supported by the filaments.

Do. magnified.

~ Styles, or female parts.

Do. magnified.

A seed.

A woolly substance adhering to the seed, particularly
in the Poa trivialis, and the Poa pratensis.

A woolly substance which appears when the glumes
of the corolla are drawn out of the glumes of the
calyx,

SAEs Se

' [Ne] —

21.
22.

20n

27.

REFERENCES TO PLATE II.

Roots.

Do. proceeding from the joints whilst the stems are
in a procumbent state.

Root leaves.

Stem in a procumbent state covered by the sheaths.

Do. rising upright and covered by the sheaths.

Stem leaves.

Knots or joints.

Sheath with the spike bursting forth.

Do. inclosing the stem.

Sheathscale.

Branches of the panicle.

A little branch.

A spiket.

Do. magnified.

Valves of the calyx after drawing up the endosed
florets.

Keel of the calyx. :

Valves of the corolla.

Keel of the corolla.

Stamens, or male parts.

Do. the natural size.

Anthers supported by the filaments.

Do. magnified.

. Styles, or female parts.

Do. magnified.

A seed.

A woolly substance adhering to the seed, particularly
in the Poa trivialis, and the Poa pratensis.

A woolly substance which appears when the glumes
of the corolla are drawn out of the glumes of the
calyx,

Fhe Lale 2

ae ee a : i Soot '

a7 a + eee
ee ae
rr. - .

‘cabelas a

LATIN INDEX.

Agrostis
ULIDA inciticioan shfatieds death
GADARA ciacin shividditers
vulgaris .
FUVATICIMA, «ass das Klee
STVUDT TOD ane aiid dla sloltol
PUMILA ...ccegeseenonie
stolonifera ..2..

Fuiiay |
aquatica .s......

cespitosa oee0000568008
caryophyllea ....0.
cristata “eaeo @e0e8e 0949°S
HMEXUOSA” ...,945 eat
PTLCOXscceesseovoeres
Alopecurus
geniculatus @00000008
PVALENSIS ....eeeeeeee
Anthoxanthum
odoratum e00008000008
Arundo
AGCNIATIO. cates beleves

colorata
Phragmitis ...-s0+0
Avena
elatior
flavescens..cesrecees ;
PIAtENSIS J.ccesssoces
PUDESCEDS....eeeeeers
Briza
MEGIS ohare

eeoesseeenseonaes

aenonsoneee

PTALCNSIS sreesseeeere

at Tre
Page Page
Bromus
28 ATVENSISisimnsgeene OO
21 ASPET ecacsacgecess ye
29 SV ECHUS ie iwscasacgomar cy ROO
cals GISANTEUS seererereeee YS
31 THOUS v5 ce anceamnone | ee
30 PIDMALUS .o.cscaceses D4
23 SECAIINUS | ccvaceleneee OO
StErWlIs” Peirce ene ee
32 SY] VALICUS...c0eeevere 96
35 Cynosurus
4.0 Cristatus ..edesedetee 9.5
34 - Dactylis
37 glomerata......re0 Gf
ay Elymus
CANUEUSs 06ers cenesesse le
: Eriophorum
angustifolium ...... 6
polystachion ...... 9
: Vaginatum severe 4
hie Festuca
108 bromoides......++04+6 66
106 CAlANTATIE iacsee codons 73
decumbens) ..2..6064, 7G
dumetorum ....6.00. 74
101 QUTIUSCUIA....cccsceee | LO
104 CLAMOL ie desdgee ese t
10% AEBS Soi ocseedewse'. 1 Oe
102 VOLIACEA ie caecnfaseese eae
OVUM ye she dele sic ee Ow
60 80

U Festuca

Festuca

rubra
VIVIPara weeee

Holcus

lanatus ae teit@ erates (sie es
mollis
Hordeum
maritimum .
murinum

Lolium

ATVENSE dis sce ciesb cbse
perenne
temulentum
tenueé

Melica

czertilea
uniflora

Milium

7 EfOSUM; .cv00cesssed e

Nardus

stricta eoeeeeeseves eee
Panicum
SANGUINAlE seviseere

seeeseeeeees

zeeesosoces oeer

seoececoecceee

pratense. eeesaogee eeo

eseococes sos
eeeceoved

fd 6rtescvere

Phalaris

arenaria eenesseeeeceee 0)

Phleum

alpinum bide ee
MOdOSUTMA: §..5ce00.20- 2
PTAtENSE vecseeeceeee IL
Poa
Alpina séssscscesessee 46
angustifolia ......... 50
ANNUA sssesces bonus) Pee
AGUALICA seseeeee soe 44
COMPTESSA..eeseeeeeee 55
distatiS dcsvecestaavees Slaw
MAritiMA ..codecese 2 8
nemoralis ... ess 7
PFateNsiS secceseeeese IL
TIGIVA seseoveccoecces 54
trivialiscse.cstessecss 47

Rotbollia

INCULVALA seccccceeeee 121

Triticum

JUNCEUM .cocceseesee 128
loliaceumM «..scesseee 191
repens @enceeooececreo 129

IRISH

eS Se

IRISH INDEX.

Page Page
Qlolyen Coyice
NeuUfdgZac- + --123 AfpDE 102
brumeep elvimad -+--103
AJMPJD --+-++ Q5 opyolltaé --104
AJTEAG-+---- 100 = mojnyep ----100
(lo) 90 Crvicneato
yjoobad ---- 97 abat -+----132
sjobaé -++-++ 93 _Onvimyean -+15]

Matafie +--+» 96 Lludtajpanvyt 129
fésalamyl -- 88 Crile
f5jatande ++ 9B eptvigsjoptnad 108

Las Bee eat 92 jolnoataé ----110
Caslecor rey mrnjunddD +112
cojctjon +--+: 64 Crwye
Cennabin Alp creeeees A7

cumangovllée 0 blyoajnta---- 5

letanovllée 5 cojlcemyt -. 58

MONAD:-+++. 4 Cyviddta-.+-- §
U2 Cvite

148

| Page
Crit e
evleamyl -+ 49
cumanZovllée 50
yaypsemvil -+ 56
Zapbsarate ++ 49
Minsgagae ++ 52
mupvige -+:+ 54
fssolceblatae 59

Dup yep
SAINTE ste cee ere 121
Canpacyey
DeDbalaD «> 38
Copna
balla ++++>- 125
(be, Wa i i 126
Maid -reres 127
Fexrcure pt
aAJmpJD-- ne 7 67
APD e756 he as 78
beocvymstae 71
eaqynnemyl +--+ 79
caopae +--+ 69
cojlicemyil +: 75
CAUdD.- +226: rE}

Page
Fercurey
CHUGHE «ont (2
Leads essere 81
pojiléamvl -- 89
AINE 0 9 te 76
enamvsjll ++ 85
FyejS
DAES --+-++ 8
Stuasye
AYEJPO -+ e+ Al
Ciudad . 3a
MO «seer ee 4.0
f5factadZde -- 37
snypinayn - 38
Vin SE Par) Sie ‘S34,
Logeajeyxe yt
ajlyp oeiar ees +48 15
Cnapac - 14
LEvid ob eh ee 13
LuaycaDyeyt
MEDON +++: OF
Welojsyep
aonbldta---+- 49
copicyipt - AS

Wyleore tt

| Mijleoee yn

COFTCJON +++:

COynge pn
iypcalgac

VADCALBAS ++.

Paneeep
COL-COjl{s

Rojtle
bpanap
bpeojllean

MaApTANde -

SLESLE
TAS aAnmer?

149°

. +120
n- £19

118

-116

Page
Taenye pt /
abdt creer Bl
DOAN «reres | 29
COJTCION - 30
DONN rere 22
LOnjn Weide 96
Mapid «seers 2S
fObES -++++- 32
Chactnjneer
cjpjnae +--+ 66
Ulptog cep |
slunlibta -- 19.
TEM vsnies 17

6). oe ae S
ny AY . = Pou -
en , -
’ #y}
ee a. * 8 “oY
Pog .
¥ er :
a2) °
Cty ee
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4 ’
Neh i
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APO Ante
ree Js athe 1,9 hee :

nse Lsie SR

has

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F zi 7 5 Pair | 5 76 , :
. |

. i 2 r T 4 ve f “a 4 ,
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e. : ue a. :
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7 ‘ ‘ si Bf, Zz * A
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£ , ro ~
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‘
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‘

IRISH INDEX,

FOR THE USE OF THOSE WHO ARE UNACQUAINTED WITH THE
IRISH LETTER,

WRITTEN. PRONOUNCED. PAGE.

PAOMPICE 4... oc se aus .el-ear
POUSAC AC, sla sesnos ine <csseseres «sO SA-Ga , onarsesncinee l 23
Brumiher + ........... Bram-ear

aimrid Miele siekcin shears 0:4 main'cawwie eividiie ANAL ML Wud wid aa ehpreshs «0 95
AUMBCAC HEN vwaxzesds cagece vas eega ants AV-ACN | jssensceeseses.- 100

Be Shsbencatinapi Hiseaes dengie sae oy DUS dncandisiasssinee GO
fiodhbhadh ............ ee tape gh@O- eV aheaen ale erojae «0 97
BOC Facet lat tee ompyrriasanoisez0- DAC, diddgencinns . 0S
machaire ....... isbn. 5 ara SMa dacteiss a tlehaie47.° OG
SEGAL AMUIICLL 5 wince sping Sd vee se .»».Shea-ga-la-will ...... 88
SPIAIMAMAC ais sereksnce-ase 000040 Sgee-ha-nach .,....... 98
-sneigh Spdine ec etey stats anaheim a vesne PSTD jetois stcardoatelsio h secs SP
Cailechosfhér .......Kalea-chos-ear
<4 OR ls ih CKMDUIKGIIN eivindawaiges caaene 64
Cennabhan ......... -Ken-na-vaun
cumhangdhuilléch .........00608 .koo-vang-ullech....... 6
Peandhuilléch.......0..0.0.0+.+s-1e4-han-ullech ..... cH
WHOMAGN... 2.0 dos caine i, So aspdetea dca PUG AVA io bile van eose ithe ck
Meier... ys... Ruir-ka

RIA. custo, focaiieascloni's os Bendeet cas MURUh-® vdasapetinn espa cesl Oe
RAINY, « oo cios edits dvvic hie e'e a s-4cexClOO- VAN ss) ok sone ss mad bOs
GMPOESCH. adie tins dupe cds non eves ..or-hol-tach
MUGUAUBEN («es tnctanseacesssdeceoesseMOY-MAL .5.s¢.nteass 106
Cruithneachd

‘

® Ch is always te be sounded guttural,

152

WRITYEN. PRONOUNCED. PAGE.

Cruithneachd .......Krun-neacht

abhach \..0s% ESAS Ab ods OEE, .ccdasb crvedsenenre
Bruimsean .,ccecceees secssesssesesDFUM-Shane ..... rs | |
Juachairam huths as cs eivesies oes ae sieens loo-cha-ra-will ......129
Guile sy 0 BO ik
Cruisgiornadh ..cscseceveees Sasser croose-geer-na_ ntbo 108
VOlatMAGh, yes. cescevecameceeesonens eel-da-hach ......... 110
Muiriunadh ..... sc etnautiebeenee ce mur-ri-u-na ..... eye |
Cuis@e a oe be Oe 3
DIIP sevcsceeessseens Beceaees ese secAlP iadesines Wangs #0 ae 47
blidhainta ........ dn sislgealibe.c Peas ating blee-yean-ta «sss... 53
eciltembull) casvesssescaveccrds sins kufl-teastwilli,...css..0. 58
cruidhata ..sccsseses didi nina states éoesCPOC-Va-ta wecveceee soe 9D
cuilcamhuil ........ ddA RS bs me cts Buds kul-ca-will ....... feiss ae
cumhangdhuilléch .....0..4.-+«««koo-vang-ullech...... 50
faisgemhuil ....scsceereeeeeeeseaees fas-gea-Will..sssceeeeee 56
garbhghasach ...seecceereeeesee +s QarVv-ya-sach ...s..e0 49
minghasach ..... Winerecees ansaeas smeen-ya-sach.......+. 52
MULUISC..s000- Pid ein onsen en pubany MMUT-USE siccecdsccccice OF
sgacitebhiathach ..... juedizadecs .sgul-te-vla-hach...... 59
Darkhér sya e- eer
Fal Ge sepeceeceessersceressececees sfar-rad-€ ...sccccerevees I ZL
EFarrachfhér........ .Er-rach-ear
dedhbholadhi.ferssciese.ccvessadave déa-Vo-lasstiis sissecoed
TiO arn ol Meee) cain »
balla siaceeek sdence sucbocewnvanaleistges bawl-a ....:scents BE oaine 125
FGAINA cca Geet aehcabe howe eyeker inant <2. STCA- IS ke aceeenee ps abi 126
TOLATA cecceccecccccsicces RES Oe eMMLAL-T'A. | imepddeionscesauea ad
Fescufhér......... .Fes-ku-ear
ET's ce RE ee ee AMLPiseae ia saceanrsene HO
IVE eed cnace eoace ed auashubeneners 1, CeAIEU-6 Ses tenbinknlers cams 78
beothuismighthach ......-sss00es. bau-hus-mee-hach ... 71
Cainnembuill ....5..csencuesvsvens ses G@AW-NEAWAIE sinc cssenaee 79
caorach..... shed Mieka Orenak veoh Gece KGO-TH hes en cconssameess 69
Coiltemhuil ccscocccscscssoseoveeceekUl-tea-Will ...s0eee. 75

Fescuf hér

153

WRITTEN. PRONOUNCED, PAGE.

Peseur bér i. 30). oes. Fes-ku-ear

cruadh ..... eM selaty NASA a sitdeo Gk Ul vduginaaae sdestiaaeitce (has

COBAIN abide dt diets Lelotek Midd cin deinmecandias eCTUSAD moan odes OD J sialelilabe.'/i ae

FOWA bade asians SREY adhe cisnOhornia ain’ » sleaaNay Liv uuesanse eevee (On

rowleamihiul Leah evens sevdoosooLOl=beacw allie Wai. atest ade 85

SUE Cea. a ii eek. eo STATS |. edie alates Ob

Sap USI) ps pesiaeceoesecoreesesSDA-NU Will) svinvadvensee BS
Wise ep iesoaneid V2 Fee-tee

GIPECHY » seacsa Pe ee! dee rally: iu. as SP
Grogether.....¢.uc6.........Groorgear

airgidys) tia... Wapewale saga nae sny fos ce MME rlge aso abiiadeer suas 41

CATACH as iat ay eds ise aes sian weablallts pKOE-PECrA. .oee. sider oD

moch..... weet WOW EY Nicciee eal hctaroreraashes HIGOH: Gs 0390s) a Tae CLs 40

sgrathagach ....... Weis seneragety oS QMiclalNas SA aie e}aebas ide ST,

SHIM AIE dada edivlere eNcbel conic cio vp ecoua+SMMCOr NILE »\, » acldialaieile ds L138

WUISSE: 6. ihdldety seleg ho dddsiges omar ps yeQS-BQ)) odds th opmeneaerea ye
Loschaitfhér....... .Loss-cuit-ear

OR) ear ca de eel Pada ne'cteacs GLP), «aely ag ve ete eapehioeapabnl

GUA PAG dh ciohcledeep re diese dene ge ey MA PACD 6b ovcaes 14

eB), 3's « clerguaphola neiaels aiciteiswe 5 sea @EL SMMC Meals e dug. AM cua We
Luascadhfhér ,......,Loose-ka-ear

BRIE AGG: b's ole sainitelss os'gaic'e dis nae erasins MIGAsVOM. ..ss<>asveue OL
Meloiefhér ty... .. .Melig-ear

BOM LEA, Ys, se eulel tocol as ROM Cano iaeia’ Ue eaese 4A

OLOUBLL is « (sil ohides sdna's oa'cdlo'e Lea eR LAN ia Maltalt les a's 4.3
Miledfhér..........Mee-led-ear

COMehion F7. ve esses a aie is alta ULE TUM ass w selene ayaiee «EOF
PTE BET) 4, ais Pinca a) ae WLM ar

Direhaloacly \..5 snc. 5045 noe eee bir-cal-gach ...,.....134

PACHA ACW sed. ce dues socks se Vela fad-cal-gach .........136
Pamiefhéer. .:'.. .. . JPanie-ear

CO EROUIGT ve vecaacenvdsncescasesoKOSoKAleG\ \ssacddsecces Ty)

x Roille

154

WRITTEN. PRONOUNCED. FAGE,

Roille. ..... .t6o.08.271. Roill-lea

Pala: \ necrosis dele bpmemecrgaeanpe VAG epics ene kd she
breaillean conpsiietsdiesonpsincwenen OTE y Viana aie ees 119
WAN, y srciaisbininieiare «BLE Bibbkiccwndwasqnateon lus sis dankes evans eeene Ce
marthanach )..e.cecterscesecreeeeeeeMNalr=ha-Mach wis. see. 116

Sleghfhér .......... .Slea-ear

traghainmhech .......c0eeeceeeeeee ta-yan-Vech wees. 10

Taenfhér..... . 24292). Phane-ear

abhaeht veer ee leo ecgedee ieee ss AV ROD srcadvides dagnableds 3
Ban seseavsetdaetiners MT Pe dn nse DAUM. seaseegesdecsonves 29
COUGHION, .cedel netheews eo eee kutalein yg e8hs< tbh chee 30
GONA |. .we0ikid iv hE GEL BAe awonuee uti kkenciooene 22:
Pov s ckiissdinend hae Bs Foe fa-#een, “cad... Geen 20
SADATIAN ns Fh acesea ees «ds sn a ey WMar-3..sdep~ ates 2
TODHES ...sesceessvaddeeeccenceengneeLO-VEL caenesemesmane ces 32

Trathninfhér....... .Tra-neen-ear

CirINachiesecesesee eseasoee eoeeeseeesa kee-ree-na cesses eecetse 66

Ulplosfhér...........Ulp-loss-ear

glunlubiha Bs pk OE aeeereo ocvees 21UN-100-DO.. sees eeeed. 19.
lena scocasent es ascicaccdegpe deane Tht qgevesaeggaresws

ENGLISH

ENGLISH INDEX.

Barley,

WICAULOW , | opp ovelebings
“lop ieee opine Meier nt ;
RA sot ew pip cece Salle
Bent-grass,
Drow | sbs.8/s Lewatsiand
COUMDON 6b sbnepascsa
CLC PINS ocr aceianvn oy
GWAEL f. senseies ad oks
NOG Sy. basis
BOA GES. ot. Ey Mia ae
aehtaee her aauewse :
Brome-grass,
BAVEEM 25. 040% ApS
TANS sic’. ales recta o
SIVANLIC eenresrecees
HAILY -cocereecsnaces
punated seca aac te.
Tye-like seessseas se
BERL n te side sie aac Ay
TIPUI ti... fameewien. ts d .
WOOW i witeadecuties Sieh
Canary-grass,
BEA bas oo LL, ae
Cat’s-tail-grass,
NITE oss en daw plalnelee :
Ponte d ss sees ee! ily
TRE SC OME). oat Ms
Cock’s-foot-grass,
COLMEIOT . .o 2 aleve des
Cotton-grass,

broad-leaved.e.casves

Page Page
Cotton-grass,
126 narrow-leaved ...... 6
127 PROUNCI, Jes see odes 4,
125 Darnel-grass,
AUBREY sataeauerrcnrs LES
22 perennial ........+6. . 116
30 SICNGED « voidckanidtoespe hEO
26 white ....- feild jak OO
31 Dog’s-tail-grass,
As Crested csesssveccsoeee 66
5, Fescue-grass,
arrebis.asaeddiacsedy OF
; darnel-like ......... 89
95 decumbent .......- SE je"
96 POLE. sesh cases dans Scam
100 firdiavse) sacree aan) 74
93 WIEAGOW" ahcccsaceagen OL
98 Fea es her aa ake Sapa Eo
8& reed-like ...... Poem 79
90 SHECP’S ves sence 4 SEALS
92 bat een a: Bega 78
97 VIVIPALOUS....6.sseee aE
WOE Goat crsiocadeudd La: eee
10 Fox-tail-grass,
KG e-DENE on. fsceccete ED
15 WICAD OW el cedastocte he
, Hair-orass,
13 o
CHESECRS saies stately: |e
CAL) aeo55 sabes» 40
64 SIVELY -..sceseeeeees 5 | (Aad
turfey c.eceeeeeeeeee Sic Oe
2 WALEE sss plows ceves uae) Loe
Haire

*
o
Hair-grass,
Zigzag eeo2vreeodseHnneb@
Hard-grass,
sea eveeeeeoeSeees080@
Lime-grass,
DEATCE © yee ceccc cee.
Mat-grass,
heath... 20005 ieee
Meadow-grass,
RIPINE! ~reomnassppres
BMW AL 2. oss ceesinn s
Compressed ....ss.0.
BIBI cece ees cece tae
loose-tlowered ......

narrow-leaved ......
reed-like CORA OOOO)
rough-stalked g9enece

salt mrarsh.,...c.ecees

smooth-stalked ......
wood e220 g ger eveasese
Melic- grass,
one-tlowered ......
purple Cre seosegreeoeg

156.

Page

Millet- STass,

COMMON: | .sesceesesws “20
Oat-grass,

GOWNY «cceceseeee vhs HOS

meadow ..... SRS, 106

1) US AR Ae 102

yellow ..... sisietste cs tag 104
Panic-grass,

cock’s Tooter Miesd Gd

Quaking-grass,

middle ....... somhesee Mod
Reed-grass,

CANATY -eecssseseeeeee 110

COMMON ,........ «.. 108

SCA...0- ebb tas vesnteees il@
Soft grass,

long-awned........ i 13G

short-awned ......... 134
Spring- grass,

sweet-scented ...... 3
Wheat-grass,

dwarf sea.........05. 132

couch or creeping 13%

Be Arcccrevccvccvcarneceg 1298

Pie i dy §

3 0112 067883980

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