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AN 


ETYMOLOGICAL  DICTIONARY 


OF  THE 


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ROMANCE  LANGUAGES; 


CHIEFLY    FROM    THE    QERM^IST 


OF 


FRIEBfi^ICH  DIEZ. 


BY 


T.  C.  DOJTKIN,  B.  A. 


WILLIAMS  AND  NORGATE, 

14,  HENRIETTA  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  LONDON; 

AND 

20 ,  SOUTH  FREDERICK  STREET ,  EDINBURGH. 
1864.  ^^ 


.^'-^       S^X'jK^^'"^ 


tt 


■k-^t 


N. 


LEIPZia:    PBINTED    BY   B.  O.  TEUBNEB. 


V^ 


LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 


A.  S. 

—  Anglo-Saxon. 

Lorr. 

—  Lotharingian(Lorraine) 

Alb  an. 

—  Albanian. 

M.  Du. 

—  Middle  Dutch. 

Andal. 

—  Andalusian. 

M.  H.  G. 

—  Middle  High  German. 

Arag. 

—  Aragonese. 

Mil. 

—  Milanese. 

B. 

—  Basque. 

Moden. 

—  Modenese. 

Beam. 

—  Bearnese. 

Neap. 

—  Neapolitan. 

Berr. 

—  Berrichon. 

Norm, 

—  Norman. 

Bret. 

—  Breton. 

0.  E. 

—  Old  English. 

Burg. 

—  Burgundian. 

0.  H.  G. 

—  Old  High  German. 

Cat. 

—  Catalonian. 

O.N. 

—  Old  Norse. 

Champ. 

—  Champenois  (Cham- 

0. S. 

—  Old  Saxon. 

pagne). 

Occ. 

—  Languedocian. 

Com. 

—  Comasque. 

Farm. 

—  Parmesan. 

Cremon. 

—  Cremonese. 

Pg. 

—  Portuguese. 

Dauph. 

—  Dauphinese. 

Pic. 

—  Picardian. 

Du. 

—  Dutch. 

Piedm. 

—  Piedmontese. 

E. 

—  English. 

Pr. 

—  Provencal. 

Flor. 

—  Florentine. 

Rh. 

—  Rhseto  -  Romance  (Gri- 

Fr. 

—  French. 

son). 

Fris. 

—  Frisian. 

Romagn. 

—  Romagnol  (Romagna). 

Galic. 

—  Galician. 

Rou. 

—  Rouchi. 

Gasc. 

—  Gascon. 

Sard. 

—  Sardinian. 

Gen. 

—  Genoese. 

Sic. 

—  Sicilian. 

Genev. 

—  Genevese. 

Sp. 

—  Spanish. 

Goth. 

—  Gothic. 

Sw. 

—  Swiss. 

H.  G. 

—  High  German. 

Swed. 

—  Swedish. 

Ir. 

—  Irish. 

Val. 

—  Valentian. 

It. 

—  Italian. 

Van. 

—  Venetian. 

L. 

—  Latin. 

Ver. 

—  Veronese. 

Lim. 

—  Limousin. 

Wal. 

—  Walachian. 

L.  G. 

—  Low  German. 

Wald. 

—  Waldensian. 

L.  L. 

—  Low  Latin. 

Wall. 

—  Wallon. 

Lomb. 

—  Lombardian. 

/ 


PREFACE. 


The  present  work  is  based  on  the  '^Etymological  Dictionary 
of  the  Eomance  Languages"  by  Friedrich  Diez  (2"^  edition, 
Bonn  1861).  The  Author  has,  however,  availed  himself  of 
the  labours  of  other  eminent  writers  on  the  same  subject, 
amongst  whom  he  would  specially  mention  Wedgwood  (Dic- 
tionary of  English  Etymology),  Littre  (Histoire  de  la  Langue 
fran9aise)  and  Mahn  (Untersuchungen  auf  dem  Gebiete  der 
Romanischen  Sprachen).  He  is  also  indebted  to  various  papers 
in  English  and  Foreign  Periodicals,  reference  to  which  is 
made,  where  due. 

As  to  the  plan  of  the  work,  the  very  inconvenient  ar- 
rangement adopted  by  Diez  has  been  abandoned,  and  the 
whole  Dictionary  reduced  to  one  Alphabet,  a  Vocabulary 
being  added  of  such  English  words  as  are  connected  with 
any  of  the  Romance  words  treated  of. 

To  prevent  excessive  bulk,  words  are  excluded: 

(1)  where  the  etymology  is  unknown,  and 

(2)  where  it  is  so  obvious  and  familiar  as   to  require 
no  explanation. 

For  the  general  principles  of  Romance  etymology,  Diez's 
Introduction  to  the  Grammar  of  the  Romance  Languages 
(translated  by  C.  B.  Cayley  B.  A.)  may  be  consulted. 


'Ay 


A. 

A  ad  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  a,  Pr.  a  az ,  Fr.  a,  Wal.  a  from  the  Lat.  ad, 
sometimes  an  abbreviation  oi  apud,  Rom.  Gr.  3,  145.  From 
de  ad  is  formed  the  It.  da,  Rh.  dad,  which  correspond  to  the 
O.  H.  G.  fona,  N.  H.  G.  von  from  «/  ana  (Grimm  4,  782).  The 
Pr.  dans  (in  meaning  =  Fr.  des)  is  prob.  from  de  ab  with  an 
epenthetic  s,  O.  Wald.  </05. 

Ab  —  appo. 

Aba  —  ^/rtJ^^. 

Ababa  ababol  Sp.,  V^. papoula  a  red  poppy,  corn-rose:  a  cor- 
ruption oi  papaver ,  v.  pavot. 

Abait,  abah  Pr.  in  Gir.  de  Rossillon,  a  henchman;  from  ambac- 
tus  or  andhahts,  v.  ambascia. 

Abalear  —  balicare. 

Abandonner  —  bando. 

Abarca  Sp.  Pg.  a  coarse  shoe  of  untanned  hide  worn  by  the 
Spanish  peasants ,  used  as  a  nickname  of  Sancho  one  of  the 
kings  of  Navarre:  from  the  Basque  abarquia  which  is  made 
up  of  abarra  twigs  (of  which  these  shoes  would  originally  be 
made)  and  quia  things :  so  =  things  made  of  twigs. 

Abarear  —  barcar.  > 

Abbaeo  It.  arithmetic,  Pr.  abac;  from  abacus. 

Abbagliare  —  bagliore, 

Abbandono  —  bando. 

Abbedul  —  beiula. 

Abbeille  —  ape. 

Abbentare  —  avventare. 

Abbozzare  —  bozzo. 

Abbrivo  —  brio. 

Abeja  —  ape. 

Abellucar  —  bellugue. 

Abequer  —  becco. 

Ab^s  —  avieso. 

Abisso  It.,  Pr.  abis  abisme,  Fr.  abime  or  abyme,  Sp.  Pg.  abismo, 
Sard,  abismu,  an  abyss;  It.  abissare  and  sobbissare,  Pr.  abissar, 
Sp.  abismar,  Fr.  abimer  or  abymer  to  precipitate;  from  abyssus 
(apvaaog).    Abisme  abismo  is  a  substantival  superlative  like 

DIEZ,    KOMANCE    DICT.  ^ 


2  ABLE  —  ABRIGO. 

the  L.  ociilissimus,  L.  L.  dominissimus ,  It.  casissimo  &c.  cf. 
Rom.  Gr.  1,  48-  3;  14.  The  It.  nahisso  arose  from  the  frequent 
comhination  in  ahisso  like  ninferno  from  in  inferno;  hence  the 
G.  nobis. 

Able  Fr.  a  whiting,  L.  L.  abula;  from  alhulus  euphon.  for  r//W^ 
(cf.  foible  for  floible),  Swiss  albele,  Austr.  «/^^/,  Triers  «//*,  fol- 
lows in  meaning  the  L.  alburnus  (Ausonius),  Sp.  albur, 

Abonner  Fr.,  s'abonner  to  subscribe;  from  bomts  good,  well- 
secured,  cf.  Sp.  abonar  to  bail,  secure,  E.  bonus. 

Abois  —  aboyer. 

Abome  abosme  O.  Fr.  dejected;  from  abominains  one  who  feels 
abhorrence  or  aversion  (past  passive  becoming  present  active) 
R.Gr.  3,253. 

Aboyer  to  bark,  O.  Fr.  abayer,  abboyer;  from  adbanbari  (bcni- 
bariLtUCY.).  Hence  a  sbst.  aboJr.,  etre  aux  abois  to  be  in  the 
last  extremity,  properly  of  a  stag  ^^at  bay'\  —  The  Eng.  bay 
(and  perhaps  the  form  abayer)  is  from  bada,  badare  q.  v. 

Abra  Sp.  Pg.  a  bay,  cove,  defile,  fissure.  The  Fr.  havre  differs 
from  it  both  in  gender  and  in  sense.  Its  primary  notion  ig 
that  of  an  ^^ opening^',  so  that  hke  some  few  other  nouns  from 
verbs  of  the  fourth  conjugation  (nmlla  from  mollirey  tupa  from 
Uipir)  it  may  come  from  abrir ,  Lat.  aperire. 

Abrego  Sp.  the  South -West  wind;  from  africns,  It.  affrico. 

Abrieot  v.  albercocco. 

Abrigo  Sp.  Pg. ,  Pr.  abric ,  Fr.  f//;r/ shelter;  abrigar ,  ab7icar, 
abriter  (for  abrier  with  euphonic  /  as  in  cafeiier  ^  caillouteux, 
juteiix  ivovRJus  &c.)  to  shelter,  cover.  In  the  Jura  avriller  is 
used  for  ahriier  of  which  it  is  a  diminutive.  The  Bernese  has 
aprigd  with  the  tenuis.  Mahn  (Etym.  Untersuch.)  and  Littre 
(Journal  d.  Savans)  support  the  old  derivation  from  apficus. 
The  original  and  principal  meaning  of  the  liom.  word  is  a 
place  of  shelter  from  cold,  rain,  and  bad  weather  generally. 
-This  notion  would  be  involved  in  the  Lat.  locus  ap?icns,  which 
meant  sunny  in  contradistinction  to  opacus  shady.  In  Wallon 
ese  a  Vabri  de  V  plaive  =:  etre  expose  a  la  pluic,  which  perhaps 
points  to  the  fact  that  abri  once  bore  the  meaning  of  ^' expo- 
sures^ and  after,  by  association  of  contrast,  that  of  ^' shelter s\ 
Diez,  without  noticing  this,  argues  against  the  Lat.  etymology. 
Besides  the  difference  in  meaning  the  Lat.  deriv.  is,  he  says, 
rendered  suspicious  by  the  fact  that  the  Rom.  word  is  not 
found  in  the  It.  dialects ,  except  in  the  Sard,  which  borrowed 
many  words  from  the  Span.  {Aprico  is  indeed  found  in  some 
of  the  poets  in  its  Lat.  sense.)  It  seems  to  have  taken  j'oot 
espec.  in  Spanish,  which  has  numerous  compounds  and  deri- 
vatives :  desabrigo  desabrigar  to  strip,  abrigada,  abrigatta,  abri- 
gamienio,  abrigador  (Pg.).    Diez  derives  it  from  the  0.  H.  G. 


ABROJO  —  ACCEGGIA.  3 

rihan  to  cover,  whence  hirihan  A.  S.  bevrihariy  a  being  prefixed 
as  in  numerous  Sp.  words.  It  is  noticeable  that  the  meaning 
^Uo  cover^^  is  found  in  O.  Fr.:  la  ires  precieiise  corone  que  Jhesu 
Crist  ot  en  sa  teste,  si  com  li  Juis  ten  ahrierent.  He  also  sug- 
gests the  O.  G.  hergan  (hergen)  to  protect,  hide.  The  sbst. 
hero  geherc  asylum  would  be  nearer  ahric  in  meaning  than 
apricum. 

Abrojo  —  hroglio. 

Abrojo  Sp.,  Pg.  ahrolho  a  thistle,  caltrop;  a  compound  from 
ahrc  (el)  ojo  open  the  eye  i.  e.  beware. 

Abrostino  It.  a  sort  of  wild  grape;  from  lahruscum ,  Sp.  lam- 
hrusca;  sc  becomes  st  as  in  mistio  for  mischio,  I  being  rejected 
as  though  it  were  the  article. 

Abrunho  —  hrngna. 

Abubilla  —  upiipa. 

Abutre  —  avoltore, 

Abuzzago  —  huse. 

Aea  —  qua. 

Acabar  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  achever ,  to  bring  to  a  head,  finish, 
achieve;  from  caput  which  in  Rom.  meant  the  end  as  well  as 
the  beginning  of  a  thing :  far  capo  =  to  commence ,  venire  a 
capo  to  accomplish. 

Acaecer  Sp.  Pg.  (O.  Pg.  also  aquecer  to  be  distinguished  from 
aguecer  to  warm  v.  calentar)  to  happen;  from  accadere  (for 
accidere)  accadescere. 

Acamar  —  cama  (1). 

Acarar  —  cara. 

Acariatre  —  cara. 

Acatar  —  catar. 

Accabler  —  caahle. 

Aecattare  It.,  O.  Sp.  acdbdar ,  0.  Pg.  acliatar  S.  Eos.  to  earn, 
gain,  0.  Fr.  acater  to  procure,  Fr.  acheter  to  buy.  Neap,  ae- 
cattare; It.  accattOy  Pr.  acapta  acapte ,  Fr.  achat;  from  ad- 
captare  (L.  L.  accapitare)  to  take  to  oneself,  to  buy,  a  mean- 
ing first  developed  in  Fr. ,  and  supported  by  the  passage  in 
Festus:  emere,  quod  nunc  est  mercari,  antiqui  accipiehant  pro 
sumere.  On  emo  (orig.  =  to  take  up,  cf.  eximo,  dirimo,  promo, 
demo,  sumo,  como)  cf.  Donald.  Varronianus.  Hence  the  com- 
pound It.  raccatlare,  Pg.  regaiar,  Fr.  racheter  to  redeem  =  Sp. 
rescatar,  Pg.  resgatar ,  from  re-ex-captare ,  subst.  rescate, 
resgate. 

Acceggia  It.,  Sp.  arcea,  Prov.  Fr.  acee  a  snipe,  L.  L.  accia,  ac- 
ceia;  from  acies^  or  c?xif  a  point,  so  =  bird  with  the  pointed 
bill.  The  word  has  very  ancient  authority,  for  in  the  Erfurd 
Glossaries  p.  259  *"  we  find  accega  holtana  or  acega  holtana 
=  A.  S.  holt-hana  a  woodcock,  snipe. 

1* 


4  ACCERTELLO  —  ACCORDO. 

Aceertello  It.  a  bird  of  prey :  dimin.  from  accipiter. 

Accliinea  —  haca. 

Aceia  azza  It.,  Sp.  hacha,  Pg.  facha  acha,  Pr.  apcha  for  achUj 
Fr.  hache  (h  asp.),  E.  adze.  Whence  M.  H.  Gr.  hdtsche  and 
hcische,  a  hatchet,  axe;  It.  acciare,  Fr.  hacher  to  hash,  cut  in 
small  pieces.  The  form  of  the  Rom.  words  is  against  their 
deriv.  from  the  Lat.  ascia,  but  the  Fr.  agrees  with  the  N.H.  G. 
andDu.  hacke  a  mattock,  hoe,  a  word  not  found  in  the  O.H.G. 
but  supported  by  the  masc.  form  hacco  (a  hook)  and  the  A.  S. 
haccan  to  hack.  The  German  k  is  preserved  in  the  Picard.  vb. 
hequer  to  hew  wood  =  Fr.  hacher.  The  other  Eom.  forms  are 
all  derived  from  the  Fr. ,  the  Pg.  /  representing  the  aspirate, 
V.  sub  arpa.  The  It.  ascia,  Pr.  aissa,  is  a  different  word  com- 
ing from  the  Lat.  ascia;  the  Sp.  aza  or  axa  is  not  found,  but 
there  is  a  derivative  from  it  in  O.  Sp.  axada,  Sp.  azada,  Pg. 
enxada  mattock,  hoe;  also  a  Sp.  form  azuela  an  adze. 

Aceiaceo  —  achaque. 

Acciajo  It.,  Sp.  acero,  O.  Pg.  aceiro,  N.  Pg.  aco,  Pr.  Fr.  acier, 
Wal.  otziil,  Hung,  atzel,  L.  L.  aciare  aciarmm  steel;  from 
acies  sc.  ferri.  Acies  ferri  is  used  by  Pliny  for  steel.  Hence 
also  It.  acciale,  Ven.  azzale  &c. ,  O.  H.  G.  ecchil,  M.  H.  G. 
eckel. 

Aeeidia  It.,  Sp.  acidia,  Pr.  accidia,  O.  Fr.  accide  laziness,  sloth. 
Chaucer  uses  accidie  =  lukewarnmess  in  religion  to  be  cured 
by  fortitude,  inFr.  theology  acedie;  cf.  the  accidiosi  in  Dante's 
Inferno.  The  word  comes  from  the  Gr.  dxr^dia  through  the 
L.  L.  accidia  acedia. 

Aecism.are  —  esmar. 

Aeciuga  It.,  Sp.  anchoa  anchova,  Pg.  anchova  and  enchova,  Fr. 
anchois,  anchovy;  from  aphya,  apua  (used  by  Plin.  =  small 
fry  of  any  fish) ,  dcpviq ,  with  the  suffix  uga  might  be  formed 
in  Italian  aeciuga  =  apj-uga,  the  other  words  being  corrup- 
tions of  this.  The  Piedm.  and  Sicil.  form  is  anciova,  Veron. 
ancioa,  Gen.  anciua,  Ven.  anchioa.  But  Malm  (Etym.  Untersuch.) 
refers  the  word  to  the  Basque  antzua  to  dry  so  =  the  dried 
or  salted  fish.  A  dialectical  form  of  antzua  is  anchua  in  Bis- 
cay anchuba  (pronounced  anchuvci).  Both  these  are  represented 
in  the  Span.  Tz  and  ch  are  frequently  interchanged  in  Basque, 
thus:  baltza,  heltza,  halcha  black,  aitza  acha  a  rock,  itzuli 
and  ichuli  to  turn,  alter,  ortza  and  orcha  a  tooth.  Anchua  in 
Basque  also  means  a  weaned  lamb ,  doubtless  from  the  same 
root.  In  the  It.  aeciuga  there  is ,  probably ,  a  reference  to  as- 
ciugare  to  dry,  the  truer  form  being  preserved  in  the  dialects. 

Aceointer  —  conto. 

Aceordo  It.,  Sp.  acuerdo,  Pg.  acordo,  Pr.  accort,  Fr.  accord 
agreement,  accordare ,  accorder  &c.  to  agree:  formed  in  ana- 


ACCORGERE  —  ACHARNER.  5 

logy  to  the  Lat.  concordare ,  discordare  from  cor,  not  from 
chorda.  The  Swiss  cordere  cordre  =  Wall,  keure  opp. :  mes- 
keure  to  grudge. 

Accorgere  —  corgere. 

Accoutrer  —  cucire. 

Acebo  Sp. ,  holly -tree;  abbreviated  from  aquifolium  with  the 
accent  thrown  back  as  in  trebol  from  trifolium.  An  old  form 
aceveto  is  found.  Hence  also  Pg.  azevinho.  The  Cat.  grevol  is 
from  acrifolium. 

Aeechar  Sp.,  Pg.  asseitar  to  lie  in  wait  for,  spy,  from  assectari. 

Aceite  Sp.  Pg.  oil;  from  the  Arab,  al-zait  (azzait),  Heb.  zait 
Freyt.  2;  269. 

Acelga  Sp.,  Pg.  also  selga  beet;  from  Arab,  selg  (Freyt.  %  344), 
which  prob.  came  from  the  Gr.  (SLXsXog  Sicilian,  whence  the 
Gr.  tavT^ov  or  6svrXov,  M.  Gr.  dsvTcXov,  6€07cXov  N.  Gr. 
6£v%lov,  whence  it  has  passed  into  many  of  the  Sclavonic 
languages. 

Acero  It.,  Pg.  acer,  O.  Sp.  asre,  Sp.  arce,  Cat.  ars  maple;  from 
acer.  The  Fr.  has  erahle  (Grenoble  izerablo)  =  erarbre  es- 
rarbre  =  acer  arbor, 

Acesmer  —  esmar. 

Acetre  —  secchia. 

Acezar  0.  Sp.  to  pant,  acezo  breath;  from  Basq.  hatsa  breath 
with  the  same  suffix  as  bostezar  to  yawn. 

Acha  —  ascla. 

Achaque  Sp.  Pg.  illness,  disorder,  pretext,  excuse,  whence  It. 
acciacco;  from  the  Arab,  al-schakd  aschschakd  sickness.  The 
It.  cagione  also  unites  the  meanings  ^^ illness"  and  ^^ excuse". 
O.  Pg.  achague  =  accusation. 

Aehar  Sp.  Pg.  to  find.  A  word  as  obscure  as  its  synonymous 
trovare.  The  oldest  form  found  is  aflar  (A.  D.  1166  S.  Kosa), 
ch  =1  fi  as  in  enchar  from  inflare  (but  Mahn  derives  enchar 
from  inchoare).  In  the  Rh.  we  find  aflar,  Wal.  afla,  Neap. 
asciare  {set  for  fl  as  in  sciume  from  flumen),  also  acchiare  (Sic. 
asciari).  It  prob.  comes  from  the  Lat.  afflare  to  blow  upon, 
then  to  touch,  meet  with.  Conflare  besides  the  sense  of 
^^ blowing  together"  has  that  of  ^^ bringing  together",  ^^ join- 
ing". From  the  notion  of  blowing  we  easily  get  that  ot  striking 
cf.  the  Eng.  blow  and  the  Germ,  puffen  (the  Pg.  ache  =  a 
hurt),  and  the  German  treffen  means  both  to  hit,  and  to  hit 
upon,  to  find  (cf.  the  Lat.  offendere).  In  old  glosses  we  find 
adflavit=^  adtegit  (attigit):  adfulavit  (for  afflavit)  leviter  tetigit; 
afflata  pifundan  (befunden):  Papias  has  afflare  =  aspirare, 
aspergere,  attingere.  In  It.  we  have  inaffiare  =  to  besprinkle. 
V.  s.  hallar. 

Acharner  Fr.  to  set  on ,  incite ;  from  caro  flesh ,  prop,  of  dogs 


b  ACHAT  —  ADDOBBARE. 

to  urge  on  by  offering  flesh :  part,  acharne  provoked ,  exas- 
perated*, It.  accarnare  to  penetrate  into  the  flesh,  of.  the  Pg. 
encarnicar  to  provoke,  exasperate. 

Achat  acheter  —  accattare. 

Ache  Fr.  a  sort  of  parsley;  from  apium,  It.  appio,  Sp.  atpo. 

Aehever  —  acahar, 

Achier  —  ape, 

Aciago  —  auce. 

Acibar  Sp.,  Cat.  cever  aloe -tree;  from  Arab.  al~cahir  accaMr. 

Aeiealar  Sp.,  Pg.  acicalar  acacalar  to  polish;  from  Arab,  cagala 
Freyt.  2,  509. 

Acicate  Sp.  Pg.  a  spur  with  a  single  prick  instead  of  a  rowel; 
according  to  some  from  the  Arab,  al-schavkah  aschschavkah  a 
goad;  Larramendi  derives  it  from  the  Basq.  cicatea  in  same 
sense. 

Acier  —  acciajo. 

Acipado  Sp.  well -milled,  compact  (of  cloth);  frorn  the  Lat. 
stipatus. 

Aconchar  —  conciare. 

Acontecer  —  contir. 

Acotar  —  cotejar. 

Acotar  —  quota. 

Acre  Fr.  a  square  measure,  acre;  from  G.  acker,  E.  acre. 

Acucia  Cucia  0.  Sp.  agility,  dexterity,  acuciar  to  hasten,  Sp. 
accioso  diligent;  from  the  Lat.  acutus  v.  Ducange  s.  v.  acutia. 

Acudir  —  cudir. 

Adaga  —  daga. 

Adala  —  dala. 

Adalid  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  adalid,  adalir,  Pg.  adail  a  commander,  ge- 
neral; from  Ar.  ad-dalil  guide,  vb.  dalla  to  lead. 

Adarga  —  targa. 

Adarve  Sp.  a  rampart  with  battlements ;  from  Ar.  al-darh  a  nar- 
row way,  Freyt.  2,  19. 

Adastiare  —  astio. 

Addobbare  It.,  O.  Sp.  adohar,  0.  Pg.  adiibar,  Pr.  addbar,  O.  Fr. 
adouber  to  fit  out,  equip,  N.  Sp.  Pg.  to  prepare,  pickle,  tan. 
From  the  A.  S.  dubhan,  O.  Norse  dubba  to  strike  (Fr.  dauber 
to  beat),  and  first  used  of  the  accolade  or  blow  with  the  sword 
given  in  the  ceremony  of  knighting:  A.  S.  dubban  to  riddere 
to  dub  a  knight,  Fr.  addubber  ii  chevalier ;  it  was  next  used 
of  any  solemn  preparation  or  equipment,  cf.  Ducange  s.  v. 
adobare:  Kaoul  Vadoube  qui  estoit  ses  amis:  premiers  li 
chausse  ses  esperons  massis  e  puis  li  a  le  branc  au  costel  mis, 
en  col  le  fiert  si  con  il  ot  apris :  hence  adouber  richement  to 
equip  magnificently,  se  douber  to  arm  oneself,  this  simple  form 
being  rare.    Wedgwood  (s.  v.  dub)  considers  that  the  notion 


ADELENC  —  AFFANNO.  7 

of  preparation ,  -equipment  &c.  is  the  primary  one  and  traces 
the  word  to  a  Sclavonic  root,  Bohem.  dub  an  oak,  oak -bark, 
tan ,  duhiti  to  tan.  From  dressing  leather  the  term  got  to  be 
used  of  any  kind  of  dressing  or  preparation ,  the  dubbing  of  a 
knight  consisting  in  investing  nim  with  the  habiliments  of 
his  order.  In  Eng.  to  duh  cloth  is  to  dress  it  with  teasles ;  to 
dub  a  cock  to  prepare  it  for  fighting  by  cutting  off  the  comb 
and  wattles ;  dubbing  a  mixture  of  tallow  for  dressing  leather, 
also  a  dressing  used  by  weavers. 

Adelene  Pr.  of  noble  birth  (only  in  Girard  de  Roussillon),  O.Fr. 
elin;  from  the  O.  H.  Gr.  adalinc  editing,  A.  S.  ddheling ,  Eng. 
Atheling  (prop,  name),  L.  L.  adalingus. 

Ademan  Sp.  Pg.  motion,  look,  bearing;  from  the  Basque  adie- 
man  (aditzera  eman)  to  give  to  understand,  from  adi  aditu  to 
understand  and  eman  to  give;  desman  =  des- ademan. 

Aderedor  —  redor. 

Adas  —  esso. 

Adeser  adaiser  0.  Fr. ,  Pr.  adesar  to  stick  to,  touch,  lay  hold 
of:  a  frequent,  from  adhcerere  adhcesus  v.  s.  aerdre. 

Adesso  —  esso. 

Adizzare  —  izza. 

Admoneter  —  amonestar. 

Adonare  It.  to  subject,  subdue,  Dante  Inf.  6,  34:  V ombre  ch' 
adona  la  greve  pioggia.  The  Pr.  has  adonar  to  give  in,  Sp.  ado- 
narse,  Fr.  s'adonner  to  suit  oneself  to,  from  donare;  hence  the 
notion  of  subduing,  cf.  Sp.  rendir  from  reddere. 

Adouber  —  addobbare. 

Adrede  Sp.  Pg.  purposely;  prob.  from  the  Prov.  adreit  rightly, 
exactly ,  cf .  Cat.  adretas  (1)  rightly  (2)  purposely. 

Aduana  —  dogana. 

Adur  aduras  O.  Sp.  =  Lat.  vix;  from  durus. 

Adurer  O.  Fr.  Wall. ,  Pr.  abdurar  to  harden ,  also  to  endure, 
like  Fr.  endurer.  Adure  adur  at  enduring  was  a  frequent  epi- 
thet of  warriors;  from  obdurare  with  change  of  prefix,  cf. 
entamer. 

Aerdre  aderdre  O.  Fr.  Pr.  to  hang,  attach  to:  from  adhcerere 
(pronounced  adherere  aderre)  with  a  d  inserted.  It.  aderire. 

Afa  — -  affanno. 

Afagar  —  hatagar. 

Afeitar  Sp.  Pg.  to  trim,  curl  the  hair;  from  affectare,  the  Sp. 
coming  through  the  Pg.  The  Pg.  enfeitar  is  from  infectare 
inficere. 

Afeurer  • —  foro. 

Affaler  Fr.  a  nautical  word  =  to  let  down;  from  Du.  afhalen 
to  haul  down. 

AjBTanno  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  afan,  O.  Sp.  afano  anxiety,  fatigue, 


8  AFFARE  —  AFFUBLER. 

Fr,  ahan  hard  labour;  affannare  to  grieve  a  person,  Sp.  afa- 
nar  y  Fr.  ahaner  to  labour,  toil,  frequentl}^  of  field -labour  in 
L.  L.  and  0.  Fr.  terram  ahanare,  whence  ahans  cultivated 
fields,  also  ahanableSy  Rouchi  ahan  culture,  Wall,  ahans  (re- 
sults of  it)  =  legumes  encore  en  terre.  The  oldest  meaning 
we  can  arrive  at  is  that  of  ^^ bodily  pain^\  which,  under  the 
forms  afan,  ahan,  aan,  it  bears  in  some  of  the  earliest  extant 
poems;  in  other  early  passages  it  signifies  grief,  torture,  and 
bodily  toil,  fatigue.  Carpentier  notes  also  an  O.  Fr.  vb.  haner 
to  work,  whence  enhaner  e.  g.  un  cortil  to  work  a  garden. 
The  word  is  of  French  origin ,  being  found  neither  in  Latin 
nor  in  German.  From  ahan  to  afan  the  transition  is  easy ,  v. 
Rom.  Gram.  1,  311?  and  for  the  Fr.  affanner  v.  Pougens  arch, 
franc.  1,  11.  The  derivation  from  the  It.  afa  anguish  is  not 
to  be  thought  of,  since  no  suffix  ann  is  known  to  the  Rom. 
languages ;  it  would  rather  appear  that  afa  is  shortened  from 
afi^anno.  Ducange  and  others  derive  it  from  an  interjection 
han,  which  expresses  the  want  of  breath  caused  by  a  stress 
of  bodily  exertion.  This  is  preserved  in  the  Berrichon  ahan- 
ner  to  be  out  of  breath  (which  meaning  it  bore  in  0.  Fr.  up 
to  the  16^*^  century),  and  also  in  the  Rouchi  e-han-cer  to  be 
out  of  breath,  cf.  Ven.  afana  to  pant,  gasp.  The  Celtic  lan- 
guages present  no  roots  identical  with  these  Rom. ,  the  Gael. 
fann  W.  gwan  weary  being  certainly  not  so ,  for  the  /  =  giv 
gives  in  Rom.  not  /  but  v.  As  to  W.  afan  dispute,  tumult, 
which  owen  quotes  from  Taliesin,  it  only  remains  to  consider 
whether  their  form,  confined  to  one  of  the  Celtic  dialects,  and 
based  on  no  native  root,  be  still  indigenous,  or  whether  it  be 
merely  adopted  from  the  Rom.  The  root  han  is  doubtless  one 
of  those  onomatopoeia  for  which  the  language  is  indebted  to 
itself  alone. 

Affare  It.  (m.),  Pr.  afar  afaire  (m.),  Fr.  affaire  (f.,  probably  be- 
cause chose  is  f.,  in  O.Fr.  m.),  O.  Sp.  afer,  affair;  from  a  fare 
in  such  phrases  as  avere  a  fare  con  uno;  in  the  Romagna  dafe 
i.  e.  da  fare.  Cf.  It.  avvenire,  Fr.  avenir  the  future  =  il  tempo 
a  venire. 

Afficher  —  ficcare. 

Afilpontare  It.,  Sp.  afrontar  afrentar,  Pr.  afrontar,  Fr.  affronter 
to  affront,  to  contradict  or  insult  one  to  his  face  (ad  frontem). 
Hence  the  It.  affronto,  Fr.  affront ,  Sp.  afrenta,  affront.  The 
Fr.  effronte,  Pr.  esfrontat,  It.  sfrontato  shameless  (Eng.  ef- 
frontenj)  is  from  effrons  (Vopiscus  Num.  13.  consilium  ef- 
frons), 

Affubler  to  mask,  muffle;  for  affbler,  L.  L.  se  afftlmlare  to  wrap 
oneself  up,  prop,  to  fasten  the  mantle  with  the  fibula,  Pr. 
fievela.  It.  afftbbiare,  Rom.  afube. 


AFFUT  —  AGIO.  9 

AflFut  —  fusta. 

Afouto  —  hoto. 

Afre  0.  Fr.  (Fr.  plur.  affres,  Burg,  afre)  fright,  dismay,  Fr.  af- 
freux  frightful ,  from  the  0.  H.  G.  sbst.  eiver  eipar.  The  It. 
afro  sour  may  be  referred  to  the  same  origin. 

Afrenta  —  affrontare. 

Afro  —  afre. 

Agace  —  gazza. 

Agalla  —  gale. 

Agasajar  —  gasalha, 

Agastar  —  agazzare. 

Agazzare  It. ,  Fr.  agacer  (Pg.  agastar)  to  irritate ,  entice ,  set  on 
edge  (teeth);  from  0.  H.  G.  hazjan  G.  hetzen  to  bait,  the 
Rom.  a  being  prefixed  to  help  the  pronunciation  of  the  h  which 
becomes  strengthened  into  a  g. 

Age  Fr. ,  O.  Fr.  edage  aage  eage;  from  cetaticum  (setas) :  so  hom- 
mage  ^=  Jiominaticum ,  Pr.  antigatge=  antiquaticum.  YoYce  =  a 
cf.  O.Fr.  ae  =:  cetatem.  The  ed,  which  in  the  Lat.  was  no  part 
of  the  root  (a^tas  =  cevitas) ,  has  vanished. 

Agencer  —  gente. 

Ageno  Sp.,  Pg.  alheo  strange,  foreign;  from  alienus,  It.  alieno, 
0.  Fr.  aliene.    Sard,  allenu  is  used  for  It.  altrui,  like  the  Sp. 

Agenuz  Sp.  fennel,  flower;  from  Ar.  asch-schenuz ,  v.  Engelmann. 

Aggecchire  —  gecchire. 

AgguefFare  It.  to  add ,  Dante  Inf.  23 ;  1 6 :  se  V  ira  sovra  U  mal 
voter  s'  aggueffa;  prop.  =  ^Ho  weave  on^'  from  0.  H.  G.  wi- 
fan  to  weave,  cf.  adtexere.  Of  the  same  origin  is  the  Lomb. 
iviffa,  guiffa  a  mark  of  possession  attached  to  a  property,  vb. 
guiffare  to  attach  such  a  mark  to  a  thing.  Hence  Fr.  giffer  to 
mark  a  house  with  chalk,  confiscate  it;  v.  Genin. 

Aghirone  It.  Pr.  aigron,  Cat.  agro,  Sp.  airon,  O.  Fr.  hairon, 
Fr.  heron  (h  asp.),  Berrichon  egron,  a  heron;  Fr.  dim.  aigrette, 
E.  egret,  and  heronceau,  heronshaw;  from  the  0.  H.  G.  heigir 
heigro. 

Agina  gina  swiftness,  strength;  a  grande  aina  Dante  de  Vulg. 
Eloq.  1,  11,  0.  Sp.  agina  and  ahina,  O.  Pg.  aginha  swift.  In 
a  L.  L.  glossary  we  find  agina  i.  q.  festinancia  et  inde  agino 
festinare.  It  cannot  be  the  same  as  the  word  in  Festus  agina 
^^-  the  opening  in  the  upper  part  of  a  balance  in  which  the 
tongue  plays:  it  comes  from  ago  as  ruina  from  ruo  and  in 
meaning  approaches  agitatio,  agilitas. 

Agio  It.  (rarely  asio)  y  Pr.  ais  aise,  Fr.  aise  (m.),  Pg.  azo,  ease; 
Pr.  ais,  Fr.  aise,  easy;  It.  ad  agio,  Pr.  ad  ais,  O.  Fr.  a  aise, 
Fr.  a  I' aise  comfortably,  conveniently,  whence  It.  adagio,  O.  Fr. 
aaise,  O.  Pg.  aaso  convenience  &c.;  agiare  adagiare,  Pr.  aisar, 
O.  Fr.  aisier ,  aaisier  to  take  care  of,  agiato,  aise  comfortable, 


10  AGLAN  —  AGUGLIA. 

well-off.  In  Pr.  there  are  still  more  derivatives :  aisir  to  house, 
harbour,  ^/^Hodging,  dwelling,  «m>?rt  facility ,  opportunity, 
aizinar  to  arrange  &c.;  so  that  the  word  probably  spread  from 
this  source.  Its  derivation  is  uncertain.  Menage  refers  it  to 
otium,  Ferrari  to  adaptare,  Frisch  to  the  German  hchagen  to 
please.  We  require  a  form  ais  or  cm.  According  to  Perion 
Ling.  Gall.  p.  45,  it  comes  from  the  Gk.  aL0Log  luck -fore- 
boding, necessary,  proper,  convenient,  pleasant.  Others,  as 
Junius,  Schilter,  Castiglione,  recognise  in  it  a  Gothic  root 
found  in  the  adj.  azets  easy,  pleasant,  azeti  comfort.  J.  Grimm 
inclines  to  this  etymology,  v.  Wiener  Jahrb.  46,  188,  and  his 
Hist,  of  the  Germ,  language  p.  352,  where  the  Goth,  word  is 
referred  to  the  A.  S.  eaclhe,  N.  H.  G.  odi.  The  Pr.  vim^e  ad 
ais  =  Goth,  vizon  in  azetjam  to  live  in  ease  and  luxury.  To 
hold  this  derivation  we  must  suppose  a  substantive  azi  which 
is  very  doubtful.  The  Basque  aisia  rest,  aisina  leisure  are 
rather  from  the  Prov.  than  vice  versa,  such  double  forms  (m. 
and  f.)  as  aisi  aisina  being  common  in  the  latter:  cf.  plevi  ple- 
vina,  trahi  trahina:  aisina  would  be  from  the  Pr.  aise  (ph.  in 
older  form  aisi)  as  the  adj.  aisa  agrees  with  the  Pr.  ais.  Among 
the  compounds  from  agio  are  It.  agevole,  disagio,  malagiato, 
Fr.  malaise  hardship.  The  It.  aggio  agio,  rate  of  ex(ihange  &c., 
is  from  agio  with  a  different  spelling  for  distinction.  The 
Piedm.  agio  combines  the  meanings  of  both  words. 

Aglan  Pr. ,  Cat.  agld^  O.  Fr.  agland  which  is  still  preserved  in 
Berry,  in  Lorrain  aiguiand  an  acorn;  from  the  Lat.  glans  in- 
fluenced by  the  Greek  a^cvAog  or  rather  by  the  Goth,  akran 
(acorn) ,  the  prosthetic  a  being  unusual  in  Pr. 

Aglayo  —  ghiado. 

Agognare  It.  to  desire  anxiously,  Gr.  dycoviav. 

Agora  —  or  a  (2). 

Agraffer  —  graffio. 

Agreable  agreer  —  grado. 

Agres  Fr.  (m.  pi.)  rigging;  vb.  agreer  to  rig;  O.Fr.  flf/7m  =  pre- 
paration, agreier  to  prepare,  fit  out;  from  Du.  gereide  gerei 
apparatus  (with  prefix  «),  vb.  gereeden  parare  =  Goth,  ga- 
raidjan,  M.  H.  G.  gereiten  to  make  ready ,  v.  redo. 

Agresto  It.,  Sp.  agraz ,  Pg.  agraco,  Pr.  agras,  O.  Fr.  aigret, 
Dauph.  aigrai,  Wal.  agrisi  unripe  grapes,  juice  thereof,  ver-, 
juice;   from  acer ,    O.  Sp!  agre^  Fr.  aigre  with  the  suffix  as, 
corrupted  in  It.  into  est.    Agraz  corresponds  closely  to  pira- 
cium  perry  (Jerome). 

Agrotto  grotto  It.  a  pelican;  from  onocrotalus. 

Aguet  —  guadare. 

Aguglia  It.,  Sp.  aguja,  Pg.  Pr.  agulha,  Fr.  aiguille  a  needle. 
Not  from  aculeus:  the  It.  agocchia  requires  a  L.  acucula  (cf. 


AGUIJAR  —  AIRAIN.  1 1 

colucula,  conucula,  conocchia,  quenouille),  which  was  thus  al- 
tered from  acicula  whilst  the  c  was  still  pronounced  as  a  gut- 
tural, cf.  genuculum  for  geniculum  &c.,  v.  Rom.  Gr.  2,  265. 
Among  the  derivatives  are  Sp.  aguijar,  Pg.  aguilhar  to  goad, 
Fr.  dim.  aiguillette  tag  for  drawing  a  lace  through  an  eyelet 
hole,  English  aglet. 

Aguijar  —  aguglia. 

Aguilen  —  aiglen. 

Aguzzino  —  alguacil. 

Ahan  —  affanno, 

Ahi  —  ivi. 

Ah  or  a  —  or  a  (2). 

Alb  alp  Pr.  quality,  disposition,  manners,  character,  aihit  gifted. 
Diez  derives  it  from  a  very  doubtful  Goth,  word  aibr  =  gift, 
which  occurs  only  once  in  (jlfilas  S.  Matt.  5,  24.  Mahn  (Etym. 
Untersuch.)  points  out  the  true  derivation  from  the  Basque 
aipua  report,  reputation,  which  is  from  aipatu,  aippatcea  to 
speak  of,  mention.  The  Pr.  argued  from  effect  to  cause  so 
aib  aip  meant  character,  espec.  good  character.  Aipatu  bears 
a  striking  resemblance  to  the  Gr.  EiTteiv  (J^£;r.),  Lat.  vocare, 
Sansk.  vach,  v.  Pott,  Et.  Forsch.  1,  180,  234. 

Aide  —  ajuto. 

Aie  Fr.  an  interjection  of  pain;  an  old  imperative  of  aider:  aie 
nos  MahumI  Ch.  d.  Rol.  p.  74. 

Aieul  Fr.  a  grandfather;  dimin.  from  avtis,  It.  avolo,  Sp.  abuelo, 
Pg.  avo.  For  a  similar  use  of  diminutives  in  O.  G.  cf.  Grimm 
3,677. 

Aiglent  0.  Fr. ,  Pr.  aguilen  thorn;  hence  Pr.  aguilancier,  aiglen- 
tina,  Fr.  eglanticr  eglantine,  eglantine;  from  aiguille  aguilha 
with  the  suffix  ent,  as  if  from  a  Lat.  acuculentus  prickly. 

Aigrette  —  aghirone. 

Aigu  Fr.  sharp;  from  acutus.    Hence  E.  ague. 

Aiguille  —  aguglia. 

Ailleurs  Fr. ,  Pr.  alhors  otherwise ;  from  aliorsum  which  became 
obsolete  after  the  time  of  Cato  and  the  Comic  writers,  and  was 
revived  in  L.  L.,  v.  Miiller's  Festus. 

Aimant  —  diamante. 

Ain  0.  Fr.  a  fish-hook;  from  hamus,  It.  amo. 

Ain9ois  ains  —  anzi. 

Ainda  —  inda. 

Aine  —  Aine,  inguine. 

Aine  Fr.  elder;  from  ains -ne  (ante- natus);  cf.  alnado. 

Ains  —  anche. 

Ainsi  —  con. 

Air  —  aria. 

Airain  —  rame. 


12  AIRE  —  ALAGA. 

Aire  —  aria. 

Airon  —  aghirone. 

Ais  Fr.  a  plank;  from  axis  assis,  It.  asse;  dimin.  aisseau  a  shingle, 
from  axicellus  assiceiius,  It.  assicella. 

Ais  —  asco, 

Ais  aisina  —  agio. 

Aisil  aissil  0.  Fr.  vinegar;  a  corruption  of  acetum,  It.  acetOy 
Wal.  otzet,  Rh.  as-chaid,  ischeu.  The  same  word  is  the  E.  eisil, 
esil,  O.  E.  aisyl,  A.  S.  aisil,  eisele.  The  common  Rom.  term  is 
vinum  acre ,  vinaigre  &c. 

Aisne  O.  Fr.  grape;  from  acinus ^  It.  acino, 

Aisso  —  cib. 

Aja  It.  a  threshing-floor;  from  area,  Fr.  aire ,  Pg.  eira. 

Ajar  to  maltreat;  identical  with  the  Pg.  achar,  Obs.  Sp.  fl;«r 
to  find  =  hallar;  cf.  the  Lat.  offendere  to  hurt  and  to  hit 
upon ,  find ,  Pg.  ache  =  hurt. 

Ajo  —  ayo. 

Aj  outer  —  giusta. 

Ajuto  It.  help;  from  adjuius  -W5  (Macr.  Sat. 7,  7);  fem.  Sp.  ayuda, 
Pg.  Pr.  ajiida,  O.  Fr.  aiie ,  Pic.  a'iude;  It.  ajutare,  Sp.  ayu- 
dar,  Pg.  Pr.  ajutar  from  adjutare.  By  the  side  of  this  we  have 
a  shortened  form  It.  a'ita,  Pr.  ahia,  O.  Fr.  «/V;?^  ate,  Fr.  «?</^, 
Eng.  «/^,  It.  aitare,  Pr.  aidar,  Fr.  aider;  the  last  two  =^  «/- 
/«r^,  which,  however,  does  not  suit  the  accented  i  of  It.  aito 
(attare). 

Al  0.  Sp.,  O.  Pg.,  Pr.  al  ais,  0.  Fr.  al  el  a  neuter  pronoun  some- 
times joined  with  a  sbst.  (al  ren,  ren  al),  from  aliud,  or,  better, 
from  alid  (Lucil.,  Catull.,  Lucret.),  neut.  of  alis,  v.  Ritschl 
de  declinatione  quadam  latina  reconditiore. 

Ala  —  enola. 

Alabar  Sp.  Pg.  to  praise ;  from  allaudare  (Plant.) ,  Pr.  alaiizar. 
The  d  being  dropped  the  u  takes  a  consonantal  form  as  in  Paolo 
=^  Paulus.    In  loar  from  laudare  the  vowel  is  kept  (o  =  au). 

Alabarda  labarda  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  alaharda,  Fr.  hallebarde  (h  asp.), 
a  halbert;  from  theM.  H.  G.  hehnbarte  ((}.heUeharte) ;  the  purest 
form  is  found  in  the  Rh.  halumbard. 

Alabe  Sp.  a  branch,  espec.  one  drooping  to  the  ground,  an  olive 
branch ,  the  ladle  of  a  wheel ,  the  eaves  of  a  house ;  from  the 
Basque  aUibea  'Hhat  which  bends  or  droops"  v.  Larramendi. 
Hence  Pg.  aha  a  projecting  surface,  eaves,  cf.  paco  from 
palaco. 

Alacha  —  laccia. 

Alacran  Sp.,  Pg.  alacrao  scorpion;  from  Arab,  al-dqrah. 

Alafe  alahe  alae  an  interjection  of  cheering,  rousing  up  &c., 
prop,  of  protestation  from  fe  =  fides. 

Alaga  Sp.  spelt ;  from  alica  a  sort  of  wheat. 


ALAMBIC  —  ALBERARE.  13 

Alambic  —  lamhicco. 

Alamo  Sp.,  Pg.  ala?no  alemo  a  poplar  -  tree  •,  the  Sp.  philologers 
derive  it  from  ulmus  comparing  the  N.  almr  aim,  Eng.  elm; 
but  ph.  better  from  alnus.  The  alder  is  called  alamo  negro, 
the  poplar  alamo  bianco.  The  Sp.  avoids  the  conjunction  of  the 
consonants  In  (ana  =  alna,  jalde  ^=  jalne) ,  so  almo  alamo 
from  alno. 

Alano  It.  Sp.,  Pg.  aldo,  O.  Fr.  alan  a  mastiff;  Menage  shows 
that  Ala7io  was  used  for  Albano,  and  so  Alano  would  be  a  dog 
of  Albania  (Epirus);  cf.  the  Lat.  Molossus,  also  from  Epirus. 

Alarbe  Sp.,  Pg.  alarve  a  clown,  rustic,  prop.  =  an  Arab;  from 
Ar.  al~arab. 

Alarde  Sp.  Pg.  a  review  of  soldiers;  from  Ar.  al-afd, 

Alare  —  lar. 

Alarido  Sp.  Pg.  a  confused  battle-cry,  outcry;  from  Ar.  al-ar\r 
a  song  of  victory,  din,  clatter  Freyt.  1,  24.  In  the  O.  Fr. 
Chans.  d'Antioche  the  Saracens  cry  aridel  aride! 

Alazan  Sp.,  Pg.  alazao  reddish -yellow,  sorel  (of  a  horse);  from 
the  Arab,  al-has-an  beautiful,  Pihan  Gloss.,  Freyt.  1,  381, 
or,  according  to  Sousa,  from  al-^hacan  a  strong  tine  horse. 
Hence  Fr.  alesan. 

Alba  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  Pg.  Rh.  alva,  Fr.  aube  dawn;  from  albus  light, 
clear,  bright,  as  in  alba  stella  (H.),  cf.  lux  albescil,  ccelum  al- 
bet  (Albunea,  according  to  Pott  =  Matuta'),  Dante  ^'il  sol  im- 
bianca  i  fioreUV\  Ariosto  gives  the  dawn  more  colours:  pot 
che  V aliro  mattin  la  bella  Aurora  V aer  seren  fe'  bianco  e  rosso  e 
giallor^,h% 

Alban  Pr.,  also  albanel,  It.  albanello,  Fr.  aubrier  a  bird  of  prey. 
The  corresponding  Pg.  form  alvdo  signities  another  kind  of 
bird.  Trevoux  explains  aubrier  by  aubere  =  white  and  dap- 
pled, from  albus. 

Albanal  albanar  a  sewer,  gutter;  from  alveus, 

Albarda  —  barda. 

Albaro  albero  the  black  poplar,  Fr.  (Berrichon)  aubrelle,  O.H.  G. 
albari,  G.  alber.  In  Cat.  the  poplar  (of  any  kind)  is  called 
alba,  Pr.  aubra  (aoubre)  =  the  white -poplar,  Piedm.  albra 
arbra  ■=.  the  black  poplar,  albron  arbron  =  the  white.  Mil. 
albera  (It.  alberelki)  =  the  aspen.  From  albus,  so  prop.  =  the 
white  poplar,  afterwards  used  generally.  The  dialectical 
forms  disprove  Blanc's  derivation  from  albero  (arbor),  as  being 
the  commonest  tree. 

Albazano  —  baio. 

Albedrio  Sp.  free-will;  from  arbitrium,  Pr.  albire. 

Albedro  Sp.,  Pg.  ervodo  from  arbutus;  Cat.  arbosser  from  arbu- 
teus,  Sp.  (dialect.)  alborzo,  Fr.  arbousier. 

Alberare  It.,  Sp.  arbolar,  enarbolar,  Fr.  arborer  to  raise,  rear 


14  ALBERCOCCO  —  ALBRICIA. 

(e.  g.  a  mast);  from  arbor,  It.  albero,  0.  It.  alhorc  &c.  For 
similar  formations,  cf.  viiulari  to  skip  like  a  calf,  It.  piomhare 
to  fall  like  lead,  hrillare  to  shine  like  beryl,  hraccare  &c. 

Albereoeco  albieooeo  It.,  Roman  hericuocolajo  bricoccolajo,  Ven. 
haricocolo  y  Sien.  hacoco,  Sp.  alharicoque  albarcoque  albercoqne 
alvarcoque,  Pg.  alhricoque  albercoqne  alboquorque ,  Fr.  abricoty 
»N.  Pr.  ambricoty  aubricot  auricoi,  M.  Gr.  psQvxoTtov  fiaQt- 
TtoTcov,  M.  Grr.  TtQarAO'/ixiov,  Psqlxovxlk^  psQhxoxxLa,  fisQi- 
xoxKiov,  psQLXOXxov,  O.  Eng.  apricock,  an  apricot,  Diez 
derives  it  from  ikv^X^^i.  prcecoquus ,  apricots  ripening  earlier 
than  other  fruits  of  the  same  kind.  (Martial  has  prwcoqna 
=  apricots :  Vilia  maternis  fueramus  Prcecoqua  ramis  Nunc  in 
adoptivis  Persica  cara  sumus.)  He  adds  that  the  Latin  word 
finds  its  truest  expression  in  the  M.  Gr.  TiQaiKoxxiov ,  the 
Kom.  forms  having  been  influenced  by  the  Arabic  al-berqiiq. 
This  account  is  not  quite  right.  The  Kom.  words ,  doubtless, 
came  direct  from  the  Arabic  through  the  Span.  The  Ara- 
bians, probably,  got  the  word  from  Dioscorides,  who  has 
(1,  165):  xa  ^rjXa  dQ^rjvtaxd,  'Pco^al'^zl  dh  TtQULXOTacc,  and 
whose  works  were  early  translated  into  Arabic.  The  Arabic 
has  no  p  and  therefore  represents  the  Latin  p  hj  a  b.  V. 
Mahn  Etym.  Untersuchungen. 

Albergo  It.,  O.  Sp.,  Sp.  Pg.  albergiie,  Pr.  alberc,  and  O.  Fr.  her- 
berc  Qielberc  Ch.  d' Alexis  st.  51,  65),  fem.  Pr.  alberga,  O.  Fr. 
herberge  Ch.  d' Alexis  116  &c.  &c.,  N.  Fr.  auberge  an  inn,  O. 
Eng.  herberive;  It.  albergai-e,  Sp.  albergar^  Pr.  albergar  ar- 
bergar ,   Fr.  lieberger ,    O.  Fr.  herbergier;  from  the  O.  H;  G. 
,  heriberga  (f .)  (Jieer  army  and  bergen  to  shelter  =  station  of  an 
'  army  on  its  march  through  the  provinces),  O.  N.  herbergi  (n.), 
O.  H.  G.  verb  heribergdn.    The  0.  Fr.  kept  the  original  mean- 
ing ^' army -station".    Brut.  2,  160  ses  herbcrges  et  ses  foillies 
the  tents  and  huts  of  the  army.    Through  the  Fr.  come  the 
'Eng.  forms  herberwe ,  herber,   harbour,    arbour,   herbergage, 
herbergeour ,  harbinger  (one  who  looks  out  for  a  harbour  or 
lodging  for  another):  in  Wiclif  we  find  "I  was  herbariveles 
and  ye  herboriden  me'\  S.  Matt.    Hence  E.  harbinger  for  her- 
bergeour, the  n  being  inserted  as  in  messenger,  scavenger  &c. 

Albornoz  Sp.  Pg.  a  woollen  mantle,  Fr.  bournous;  from  the  Ar. 
al-bornoz  a  cloak  with  a  cape  to  it,  Freyt.  1,  115. 

Alboroto  Sp.,  Pg.  alvoroio  outcry,  riot*,  from  Arab,  al-foro^i 
^'what  is  beyond  measure'^  Freyt.  3,  336.  Hence  alborozo  joy. 

Albran  —  halh^an. 

Albrieia  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  alvistra,  Pg.  alvicara  (generally  in  plur. 
only)  reward  for  good  tidings;  from  the  Ar.  al-baschdrah 
good  tidings,  vb.  basclmra  Freyt.  1 ,  124.  In  the  Sp.  the  r  is 
transposed  not  inserted ,  though  alvicia  is  found  in  Berceo. 


ALCABALA  —  ALCHIMIA.  15 

Alcabala  duty  on  goods  sold ;  according  to  Sousa  from  Ar.  al- 
(jahalah  (which,  however,  has  a  different  sense,  Freyt.  3,  394) 
which  is  from  the  verb  giibala  to  take,  to  receive  a  price. 
Engelmann  refers  it  to  the  Ar.  al-gabdlah  a  tax. 

Alcachofa  —  ariiciocco. 

Alcahuete  Sp.,  Pg.  alcayote,  Pr.  alcaot  alcavot  a  pander;  Ar. 
al-qauvdd. 

Alcaide  Sp.  Pg.  an  alcaid,  chief  magistrate;  from  Ar.  al-qdid 
Freyt.  3,513. 

Alcalde  Sp.  a  justice  of  the  peace;  from  Ar.  al-qd^di  judge 
Freyt.  3,461. 

Alcali  It.  Sp.  &c.  alkali,  from  Ar.  al-qali  salt  of  ashes  Freyt.  3;  494. 

Alcanoe  Sp.  Pg.  pursuit,  capture,  grasp,  reach,  means,  alcan- 
zar  to  pursue,  capture;  from  Ar.  al-qanac  prey,  booty  (of 
hunters),  vb.  qanaca  to  hunt,  Freyt.  3,  504.  The  Pg.  alcancos 
is  of  the  same  origin. 

Aleandara  Sp.  a  falcon's  roost;  from  Ar.  al-kandarah. 

Alcaparra  —  cappero. 

Alcaravea  —  carvi. 

Alcarraza  Sp.  an  earthen  pitcher;  from  Ar.  al-korraz. 

Alcatraz  alcartaz  Sp. ,  Pg.  cartaz  bill ,  account ;  from  chartaceus 
with  the  Ar.  article. 

Alcavala  —  gabhdla. 

Alcazar  a  fort,  also  a  quarter-deck;  from  Ar.  qacr  (Freyt.  3, 
452),  pi.  =  castle.   Hence  It.  cassero. 

Alchimia  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  alquimia,  Pr.  alkimia,  Fr.  alchimie,  M.  Gr. 
dgxYj^La  alchemy,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  chimica,  Fr.  chemie,  chemistry. 
There  are  three  derivations  given  (l)  from  Gr.  %v^6g  {xico, 
Xvco)  =  juice,  sap,  espec.  the  liquor  obtained  by  infusion  and 
decoction  of  herbs.  (2)  from  the  Arab,  al-kimia  which,  how- 
ever (as  Diez ,  who  holds  this  etymology ,  remarks) ,  has  no 
native  root.  (3)  from  chemia,  ir\^iaj  Egypt,  so  called,  ace. 
to  Plutarch,  from  its  dark  soil  (the  Coptic  kame  kami  =  black). 
So  the  word  would  orig.  mean  the  Egyptian  science.  This 
last  derivation  is  the  one  now  generally  maintained  (amongst 
others  by  Humboldt  Kosmos  2,  451):  it  is,  however,  rejected 
by  Mahn  (Etym.  Unters.)  who  successfully  asserts  the  Greek 
origin  of  the  word.  The  word  xrj^sia  (v.  1.  xv^slo)  is  first 
used  by  Suidas  (c.  A.  D.  1100).  Jlchefnia  (or  chemia)  is  first 
found  in  J.  Maternus  Firmicus  (c.  A.  D.  340),  where  it  means 
the  art  of  gold -making.  Up  to  the  middle  oi  the  fourth  cen- 
tury ;ft>fAffca  was  used  by  the  Greek  physicians  to  mean  the 
art  of  extracting  juices  from  plants  for  medicinal  purposes. 
From  then  up  to  the  middle  of  the  16"^  century  it  meant  the 
art  of  gold -making,  transmuting  the  baser  metals  into  gold, 
which  was  supposed,  in  its  liquid  form  (aurum  potabile),  to 


16  ALCOHOL  —  ALENARE. 

lengthen  life ,  renew  yotith ,  and  cure  diseases ,  such  as  gout, 
leprosy  &c.  The  art  of  gold -making  was  much  practised  by 
the  Egyptians  and  Alexandrian  Greeks.  Hence  it  was  that 
%vyi,ua  in  becoming  pi^Bia  was  influenced  by  XTj^ta  which 
was  the  native  name  for  Egypt.  From  the  Alexandrians  the 
word  passed  to  the  Arabs ,  who  devoted  themselves  to  the 
study  of  chemistry  and  alchemy  about  the  middle  of  the  8^'^ 
'  century.  The  Arabic  word  was  introduced  into  Spain  and 
thence  into  the  other  Romance  languages. 

Alcohol  from  the  Arabic  al-kohl  the  impalpable  powder  of  an- 
timony used  in  the  East  for  darkening  the  eyebrows.  From 
the  extreme  fineness  of  this  powder  the  word  got  to  be  used 
of  any  pure  fine  substance,  and  espec.  of  refined  spirit,  pure 
spirits  of  wine.  cf.  Pihan,  Glossaire  des  mots  frangais  tires 
de  TArabe. 

Aleor  Sp.  a  rugged  hill;  from  Ar.  al-qdrah,  pi.  alqiir. 

Aleornoque  Sp.  Pg.  (m.)  cork-tree,  whence  It.  alcornoch;  from 
quern- oco  spungeous  oak?  oco  =  hiteco  q.  v. 

Alcorque  Sp.  Pg.  (m.)  a  shoe  with  cork  sole  =  Sp.  corche, 
whence  our  cork.  From  the  Lat.  cortex^  so  =  alcorgue,  cf. 
codigo  from  codex,  peja  ivova.  pix,  pulga  from  piilex. 

Aloova  It.,  Sp.  alcoba,  Fr.  alcove  (f.),  Pr.  alcuha,  O. Fr.  auciibe, 
an  alcove ,  recess  in  a  room  &c.  Introduced  from  Spain  and, 
therefore,  most  likely  of  Arabic  origin:  al-gohhah  in  Arab, 
means  a  vault  or  tent  (Freyt.  3 ,  388  ^).  It  occurs ,  under  the 
form  Alcoba,  as  the  name  of  a  Portuguese  village ,  v.  Sousa. 

Aleuno  It.,  Sp.  alguno,  Pg.  algum,  Pr.  alcun,  Fr.  aucun;  from 
aliqtiis  unus.  In  the  0.  Fr.  (Burgundian)  we  find  the  forms 
alquen  auquen  alcon  (m.)  (f.  auciine),  which  seem  to  point  to 
aliquis  homo  alduen,  ale' on,  though  the  word  is  also  used  as 
an  adjective.  The  Norman  dialect  has  an  analogous  form 
cascons  for  quisque,  chescon;  also  ascons  (aliqtiis  homo  7)^  ascun. 

Aleuno  Sp.  a  surname ;  from  the  Ar.  kunje  =  a  christian  or  sur- 
name. The  0.  Sp.  feni.  alcuna,  Pg.  alcunha  sex,  seems  rather 
to  be  connected  with  the  Goth,  kuni  genus,  athala-kuni  =  0. 
H.  G.  adal-kunni  nobile  genus.  But  Engelmann  gives  Ar.  al- 
konjah  "renombre  de  linage". 

Aldea  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  a  hamlet;  from  Ar.  al-^dafah  an  estate 
Freyt.  3,  34,  like  Sp.  almea  from  Ar.  almai^ah. 

Aleee  —  laccia. 

Aledano  Sp.  a  boundary,  adj.  =  contiguous;  from  limitaneus; 
so  =  alendano. 

Alenare  It.,  Pr.  Cat.  alenar  to  breathe,  Fr.  halener  to  scent;  It. 
alena  lena,  Pr.  alena,  Fr.  haleine  (h  mut.)  breath.  From  an- 
helare  (l)  to  pant,  (2)  in  later  writers  to  breathe;  It.  anelare, 
Sp.  anhelar,  Fr.  anheler;  the  sbst.  comes  from  the  vb.  the 


ALENE  —  ALGEBRA.  17 

termination  ena  being  too  rare  and  doubtful  to  allow  the  de- 
rivation from  halare, 

Alene  —  lesina. 

Alerce  Sp.  the  larch;  from  larix,  It.  larice ,  with  Arab,  article, 
perhaps  influenced  by  Ar.  al-arzah  cedar  =  Pers.  arz  pinus. 

Alerte ,  alerto  —  erto, 

Alesna  —  lesina. 

Aleve  Sp.  faithless,  O.  Sp.  sbst.  aleve,  Pg.  aleive  perfidy;  not 
from  allevare  (which  verb  is  not  found  in  Sp.),  but,  perhaps, 
from  the  Goth,  levjan  to  betray,  A.  S.  Iwva  a  traitor. 

Alezan  —  alazan. 

Alfaee  Pg.  lettuce;  Ar.  al-khass. 

Alfadia  Sp.  a  bribe;  Ar.  al-hadiyyah. 

Alfalfa  Sp.  lucerne;  Ar.  al' half  ah. 

Alfana  Sp.  a  strong  spirited  horse;  hence  O.Fr.  destrier  aufaine. 

Alfange  Sp.  Pg.  a  sabre;  from  Ar.  al-khangar  a  dagger,  Freyt. 
1,530. 

Alfaraz  Sp.  Pg.  a  light  Moorish  cavalry  horse;  from  Ar.  al-faras. 

Alfarda  —  far  do. 

Alfarma  alharma  Sp.  wild  rue;  Ar.  al-^harmal, 

Alferez  Sp.  Pg. ,  0.  Sp.  alferece  alferce  an  ensign,  in  earlier 
times  =  a  high  dignity :  alferez  del  rei  comes  stabuli ,  con- 
stable; from  the  Ar.  al- fares  a  knight;  It.  alfiere. 

Alfldo  alfiere  It.,  Sp.  al/il  arfd,  Pg.  alfd  alfir,  O.Fr.  aufm  a  bishop 
at  chess;  from  the  Pers.  fil  elephant,  with  the  Ar.  article,  v. 
Due.  s.  alphinus;  cf.,  however,  Pott  in  Lassen's  Zeitschr.  4, 12. 

Alfiere  —  alferez, 

Alfil  —  alfido. 

Alfiler  alfllel  Sp.,  Pg.  alfinete  pin,  pi.  Sp.  alfileres  pin-money; 
from  Ar.  al-khildl  a  skewer. 

Alfoeigo  alfostigo  alfonsigo  Sp.,  Pg.  alfostigo  pistachio  tree; 
from  Ar.  al-fostoq. 

Alfombra  Sp.,  Pg.  alfambar  a  small  carpet;  from  Ar.  al-khom- 
rah  a  prayer -carpet. 

Alforga  Sp.,  Pg.  al  forge  a  wallet;  from  Ar.  al-khorg ,  Freyt. 
1,  472. 

Alfoz,  Sp.  Pg.  district;  from  Ar.  al-hauz. 

Algalia  bp.  Pg.  civet-cat;  from  Ar.  al-galiyah. 

Algar  Sp.  Pg.  a  grotto;  from  Ar.  al-gdr,  Freyt.  3,  301. 

Algara  Sp.  Pg.  a  marauding  party  (like  It.  gualdana)\  from 
Ar.  al-gdrah,  Freyt.  3,  301,  whence,  too,  algarear  to  shout 
hurrah ! 

Algarrobo  —  carrobo. 

Algebra  It.,  Sp.  algebra,  Fr.  algebre,  algebra;  from  the  Ar.  al- 
gabr  a  resetting  of  anything  broken  (e.  g.  limbs) ,  a  meaning 
it  still  bears  in  Sp.;  hence  a  combination  into  one  whole,  a 

DIEZ,    ROMAN    DICT,  2 


18  ALGEZ  —  ALLEGRO. 

representation  of  several  operations  by  means  of  a  few  sym- 
bols. V.  Golius  p.  462,  Freytag  1,  293''.  Contrary  to  the 
usual  rule  in  Arabic  words ,  the  accent  is  on  the  article. 

Algez  Sp.  gypsum,  whence  it  is  derived,  Sp.  also  ffeso,  It.  ffesso. 

Algier  algeir  a  spear,  Ch.  d.  Rol.*,  from  0.  H.  G.  azger,  A.  S. 
dtgdr ,  O.  N.  atgeirr. 

Algo  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  alque  alques,  0.  Fr.  (tuques  (in  Lorrain  eque, 
in  Champ.  gauque)\  from  aliquody  aliquid;  cf.  Sp.  alguien,  Pg. 
cdguem,  from  cdiquem. 

Algodon  —  cottone. 

Alguaeil  alvaeil  Sp.,  Pg.  alguazU  alvacil  alvacir  a  magistrate, 
bailiff  &c.,  Pg.  guazil  a  governor;  from  Ar.  vazlr,  cd-vazir  the 
manager  of  a  state,  a  vizier,  which  from  vazara  to  bear,  Freyt. 
4,  461.  From  alguaeil  =  an  overseer  comes  the  Fr.  argousin, 
It.  aguzzino  an  overseer  of  slaves. 

Alguien  —  quien. 

Algures  Pg.  =  Lat.  usquam,  O.Pg.  algur  alhur,  for  algubre  from 
alicubi ,  like  alubre  from  aliuhi.    Cf .  nenhures. 

Alholba  Sp.  a  plant,  foenum  Grsecum;  from  Ar.  ^holbah,  Freyt. 
1 ,  415;  Basque  allorhea. 

Alhondiga  —  fondaco. 

Alhondre  —  =  aliunde. 

Alice  —  laccia. 

Aliento  Sp.,  Pg.  alento  breath,  vb.  alentar;  from  anhelare,  n 
and  /  being  transposed ;  cf .  peligro  from  periclum. 

Aliso  Sp.  an  alder- tree;  cf.  the  G.  form  else,    Aliso  from  alysson, 

Alize  Fr.  service -berry,  service-tree;  from  G.  else  (-beere). 
O.  Fr.  alie,  alier. 

Aljaba  Sp.,  Pg.  aljaha  quiver;  from  the  Ar.  al-gahali,  Freyt. 
1,281. 

Aljofar  Sp.  Pg.  a  small  pearl;  from  Ar.  al-gauhar  a  pearl,  a 
word  of  Persian  origin,  Freyt.  1 ,  327. 

Aljnba  —  giuhha. 

Alia  —  la. 

AUarme  It.  (m.),  Sp.Pr.  alarma,  Fr.  alarmey  Wal.  larme,  alarm; 
cdlarmare  &Q,.\,  from  the  cry  alC  armel  to  arms!  Hence  ala- 
rum,  and  occ.  alarmo  an  interjection  expressing  wonder,  It. 
armUirmel 

Allazzare  It.  to  tire;  from  Goth,  lafjan,  O.  H.  G.  lezjan  to  let, 
hinder,  Goth,  hits,  O.  H.  G.  laz,  lazy. 

AUeger  —  lieve. 

AUeggiare  —  lieve. 

Allegro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  alegre,  Fr.  alegre  sprightly,  merry ^  with 
several  derivatives ;  from  alacer  alacrem  witn  the  accent  on 
the  penult.  From  the  change  of  a  into  e,  the  word  would 
seem  to  have  been  orig.  Fr. ;  we  find  an  O.  Fr.  halaigre  pre- 


ALLENDE  —  ALLODOLA.  19 

served  in  the  proper  name  Aligre,    The  Basque  alaguera  is 
nearest  the  original. 

AUende  O.  Sp. ,  Pg.  alem  on  the  other  side;  from  alii  ende. 

AUer  —  andare. 

Alleu  —  allodio.  - 

AUevare  It.,  Pr.  alevar,  Fr.  elever  to  rear,  bring  up  (tollere pue- 

rum).  Partly,  perhaps,  from  the  carrying  the  child  at  baptism. 

In  O.  Sp.  alevo  a  baptized  person,  It.  alievo,  Fr.  eleve  pupil. 
AUi  —  II 

Alligator  —  lacerta. 

Allodio  It.,  Sp.  alodio,  Pr.  alodi  aloe  alo,  Fr.  alleu,  an  allodium, 
allodial  lands  &c. ,  held  in  absolute  independence  without  ac- 
knowledgment of  any  lord  paramount,  opp.  to  fief.  The  Lat. 
allodium  suits  all  the  Rom.  forms ;  for  the  Pr.  aloe ,  cf.  fastie 
=  fastidium,  Fr.  aleu  =  aloe ,  as  feu  =  foe,  lieu  =  loe,  Alo- 
dis  (Lex  Salic.)  alaudis  are  older  forms  of  allodium.  Grimm 
(Rechtsalt.  p.  493,  950)  gives  a  conjectural  derivation  from  a 
Germ,  compound  al-6d  ^^all  one^s  own'\  But  Wedgwood, 
with  more  probability,  connects  it  with  the  Icel.  odal  in  same 
sense,  Dan.  Sw.  odel  a  patrimonial  estate.  The  landed  pro- 
prietors of  the  Shetland  Isles  are  still  called  udallers  according 
to  Sir  W.  Scott.  Ihre  (s.  v.  od)  derives  it  from  the  Gothic 
^'alldha  odhoV^  an  ancient  inheritance,  like  allda-vinr  an  ancient 
friend,  allda-hcefd  an  ancient  possession.  The  L.  L.  form 
alaudis  was,  probably,  influenced  by  laus  in  L.  L.  =  a  grant 
made  by  a  feudal  lord,  who  was  said  '' allaudare^^  to  make  a 
grant,  whence  ^^ allow,  allowanee^^ j  v.  allouer. 

AUodola  lodola  It.,  Sicil.  lodana,  O.  Sp.  aloeta  (aluda  Cane,  de 
Baena),  Sp.  alondra,  Pr.  alauza  alauzeta,  O.  Fr.  aloe  (whence 
O.  N.  Ida,  Grimm  Reineke  Fuchs  p.  370),  aloue,  aloele,  Fr. 
alouette,  L.  L.  laudila  a  lark.  This  is  one  of  the  few  words 
which  we  may  certainly  refer  to  a  Celtic  origin.  It  was  known 
to  Caesar  who  raised  a  ^^legio  Alauda^^  in  Gaul.  This  Suet, 
says  was  the  Celtic  for  galerita  or  lark.  Pliny  and  Gregory 
of  Tours  also  refer  it  to  the  Celtic.  Various  derivations  have 
been  given  of  the  Celtic  word:  (l)  from  W.  al  excellent  and 
awd  song,  so  =  excellent  songstress;  (2)  Villemarque  and 
others  refer  it  to  the  Breton  alchoueder  eehoueder  ehoueder, 
W.  alaiv -  adar  =  \i\Y^  of  harmony;  (3)  from  alaw-hedez  alaw- 
hed  (Jiedeg  to  fly);  (4)  Bullet  derives  it  from  al  qui  s'^leve 
ehivedl  chant:  alehiveder  qui  s'eleve  en  chantant.  llie  W.  for 
lark  is  uchedydd  ehedydd  hedydd  Qiedegu  to  fly,  uchedu  to  soar) 
=  prop,  the  soaring  bird;  the  Cornish  form  is  evidit  for  echi- 
dit,  whence  the  Breton  ecJiouedez  chouedez,  eehoueder  ehoueder, 
alehouedez  alehoueder.    The  Lat.  alauda  dropped  the  guttural. 

2* 


20  ALLOUER  —  ALMIZCLE. 

It  is  noticeable  that  other  names  of  birds  of  the  same  genus 
came  from  the  Celtic ^  e.  g.  finch,  It.  pincione,  Sp.  pinzon,  Fr. 
pincon,  from  the  W.  pine;  Pg.  catovia,  Sp.  totovia,  Fr.  coche- 
vis  tufted  lark  from  the  Bret,  kodioch.  V.  Mahn  (Etym.  Un- 
tersuch.)  p.  23.   V.  also  Dief.  Or.  Eur.  p.  219. 

AUouer  It.,  E.  alloiv  to  praise,  approve,  permit;  from  laudare, 
Pr.  lauzar  alauzar ,  O.  Fr.  loer  louer  alloner.  Alloi/et^,  allow  in 
the  sense  of  granting  (an  allotvance)  is,  however,  from  louer 
=  locare,  It.  cillogare  to  assign,  hence  also  alloue  an  attorney, 
substitute  (alloeatus).  As  laudare  and  locare  coalesced  in  louer 
the  confusion  was  carried  back  to  the  L.  L.,  where  allocare 
=  to  approve ,  laus  =  a  feudal  grant. 

Alloza  Sp.  green  almond,  allozo  almond,  tree;  from  Ar-  al-lau- 
zah  almond -tree. 

Alma  —  anima. 

Almacen  • —  magazzino. 

Almaden  Sp.  mine,  ore;  from  Ar.  al- madden. 

Almadraque  —  materasso. 

Almagre  Sp.  Pg.  red  ochre;  from  Ar.  al-magrah  red  earth. 

Almanaeeo  It.,  Sp.  almanaque,  Fr.  almanac,  Eng.  almanack. 
Perhaps  from  the  Ar.  al-mana^h  a  present,  vb.  mana^ha  to 
give  as  a  present.  The  Ar.  expression  is  taquim  (v.  Pihan 
p.  33).    See  Engelmann,  p.  50. 

Almea  —  aldea, 

Almear  —  meta. 

Almeee  Pg.  whey;  from  Ar.  macL 

Almena  Sp.  a  battlement;  from  the  Lat.  m)na  (only  in  plur.), 
with  the  Ar.  article  prefixed. 

Almendra  —  mandorla. 

Almete  —  elmo. 

Almez  Sp.  nettle -tree,  celtis  australis;  from  Ar.  al-mais. 

Almidon  —  amido. 

Almirante  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  It.  almiraglio  ammiraglio,  Pr.  amiran  ami- 
rahl  amiratz ,  O.  Fr.  amir  ant  amiral  amir  as,  Fr.  amiral ,  L. 
Gr.  d^rjQalijg  d^rjQcclLog  an  admiral,  L.  L.  admiraldus  admira- 
hilis,  in  which,  of  course,  there  is  a  reference  to  admirari. 
The  Fr.  amiral  and  the  Pr.  amirahl  present  the  most  correct 
form,  coming,  as  they  do,  from  the  Ar.  am\r  al  bahr  chief  at 
sea.  The  last  syllable  was  dropped,  when  the  word  was  in- 
troduced into  the  Eom.  during  the  Crusades.  So  Mahn.  But 
Diez  considers  the  forms  without  the  final  /  as  older,  and  de- 
rives from  amir  simply,  the  various  terminations  being  used  to 
give  the  word  a  Rom.  appearance.  Almirante  on  the  analogy  of 
imperante,  comandante.  The  orig.  meaning,  too,  was  '^ chiefs 
not  ^^ chief  at  sea". 

Aliuizcle  —  musco. 


ALMOFALLA  —  ALEOTAR.  21 

Almofalla  0.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  an  army;  from  Ar.  alma^hallah  a  camp. 

Almofar  almofre  Sp.^  Pg.  almafre  a  cap  of  mail;  from  Ar.  al- 

migfar, 
Almogarave  —  mugavero. 

Almohada  Sp.^  Pg.  almofada  a  bolster;  from  Ar.  al-mekhaddah. 
Almohaza  Sp.,  V^.almofaca  a  curry-comb;  from  Ar.ai-me^hassah. 
Almoneda  Sp.  an  auction,  Pg.  almoeda;  from  Ar.  al-monddiya 

auction ,  from  nada  to  cry. 
Almoradux  —  majorana. 
Almorranas  Sp.  (plur.) ,  Pg.  almorreimas,  Cat.  morenas  ^^  hce- 

morrhoides,  of  which  it  is  a  corruption. 

Almoxarife  Sp.  Pg.  custom-house  officer;   from  Ar.  al-moshrif 

overseer. 
Almud  Sp.,  Pg.  almude  a  \  bushel -measure;  from  Ar.  almudd. 
Almuerzo  Sp.,  Pg.  almorco  almoco  breakfast;  vb.  almorzar  (Cat. 

esmorzar) ;  from  admorsus  (Symmachus) ,  /  for  d  as  in  Alfonso 

=  Adfonsiis  (Hadufuns),  cf.  M.  H.  G.  anbiz. 

Almussa  Pr.,  Fr.  aumusse,  O.  Fr.  aumuce  (whence  Du.  al- 
miitse  amutse),  Sp.  almucio  (Seckendorf) ,  Pg.  mursa;  dim.  Pr. 
almucela,  0.  Pg.  almucella  almocella,  Sp.  almocela  (almucella 
cdmocala  Ducange),  O.  Fr.  aumucette,  Sp.  muceta,  It.  mozzetta. 
These  words  signify  a  headgear  falling  down  to  the  shoulders, 
worn  chiefly  by  ecclesiastics,  in  the  dim.  form  =  a  short 
mantle.  They  do  not  belong  to  the  Arab.,  though  like  many 
others ,  they  have  assumed  the  Ar.  article ,  but  are  evidently 
the  same  as  the  G.  miitze ,  cap,  bonnet,  Du.  miUse ,  usually 
derived  from  the  vb.  mutzen  to  crop.   v.  sub  mozzo, 

Alna  auna  alia  It.,  0.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  Pr.  alna,  Sp.  ana,  Fr.  aune  an 
ell.  Probably  from  the  Goth,  aleina,  O.  H.  G.  elina  which  is 
of  the  same  gender.  This ,  Grimm  (3,  559)  says ,  comes  from 
ulnus.  So  Diez.  But  there  is  no  word  ulnus  in  Class.  Lat.; 
ulna  =  elhow~=  Gk.  coX-evi],  G.  ellen-hogen. 

Alnado  andado  Sp.,  Pg.  entendo  a  stepson,  from  antenatus,  Sp. 

also  antenado,  Isid.  Gloss,  antenatus  privignus;  Gr.  Trpoyovog. 
Alocco  —  locco, 
Aloi  —  lega  (2). 
Alors  —  or  a  (2). 
Aloser  —  lusingar, 
Alosna  —  aluine. 
Alouette  —  allodola. 
Alquile  Sp.  Pg.  hire,  alquilar  to  take  on  hire;  from  Ar.  al-kird 

wages. 
Alquitran  —  catrame, 
Alrededor  —  redor. 
Alrotar  —  arlotto. 


22  ALTALENO  —  AM  AGO. 

Altaleno  It.  a  swipe ;  altalena  a  see -saw,  swing*,  from  tolleno 
and  alhis. 

Altresi  It.;  Sp.  otrosi,  Pg.  outrosim,  Vv.  altresi  atresi,  O.  Fr.  au- 
tresi;  from  alterum  sic,  as  aussi  from  «/m<?  sic. 

Altrettale  It.,  Sp.  otro  tal,  Pg.  outro  tal,  Pr.  altretal  atretal, 
O.  Fr.  autretel,  from  ^/^^r  ^rtf//s.  So  altrettanio  &c. ,  from  «//6^r 
tantus;  Pr.  atrestal,  atrestan  from  alter -sic -talis,  alter  sic 
tatitus. 

Alubia  Sp.  a  French  bean;  from  the  Ar. ,  Gk.  Xofiog. 

Alubre  O.  Sp.  (and  in  Berceo  a  iiibre)-^  from  aliuhi. 

Aluine  Fr.  wormwood;  from  aloe  with  suffix  ine  (as  in  arnaran- 
tine,  argentine,  avelline,  halsamine,  eglantine^,  id  for  0/ as  in 
muid  from  modius  &c.  Another  form  with  weak  n  is  found, 
O.  Fr.  alogne,  Sp.  Pg.  alosna,  losna. 

Aluir  Pg.  to  rock,  swing,  knock  at  or  against,  to  hollow  (of 
water);  from  alludere  or,  perhaps,  alluere. 

Alumelle  —  lama  (2). 

Alvacil  —  alguacil. 

Alverja  —  ervo. 

Alvicara  —  alhricia. 

Alzare  It.,  Sp.  alzar ,  Pr.  alsar  ausar,  Fr.  hausser  (h  asp.,  of. 
haut  II.  c),  O.  E.  haivse  (whence  hawser),  Wal.  in-altza  to 
raise;  from  altus  (altiare).  The  Fr.  exhausser  (Pr.  eissausar, 
Sp.  ensalzar)  deserves  consideration  from  its  assuming  a  dis- 
tinct form  exaucer  with  the  meaning  to  hear  (a  petition)  thus : 
Dieu  a  exauce  mes  prieres  =  has  heard  (prop,  has  exalted, 
favoured)  my  prayers. 

Ama  Sp.  Pg.  housewife,  mistress,  hence  amo  master  of  the 
house;  Isidorus  uses  amma:  hsec  avis  (strix)  vulgo  '^amma" 
dicitur  ab  amando  parvulos ,  unde  et  lac  prsebere  fertur  nas- 
centibus.  The  word  is  prob.  the  same  as  the  Gael  am,  W. 
mam,  Basq.  ama  mother,  Occ.  ama  grandmother,  Ar.  amm, 
Sansk.  ambd,  O.  G.  amma,  G.  amme  a  nurse. 

Amaca  It.,  Sp.  liamaca,  by  transpos.  amahaca,  Pg.  maca,  Fr. 
hamac  (ji  asp.),  Eng.  hammock  from  the  Du.  hangmak,  G.  han- 
gematte  (lit.  =  suspended  bed),  or,  more  probably,  a  native 
American  word,  the  Du.  being  adapted  to  a  false  etymology. 

Amadouer  Fr.  to  allure ,  caress ,  hence  sbst.  amadou  tinder,  also 
a  lure,  cf.  esca;  hence  ramadouer.  The  O.  N.  vb.  mata,  Dan. 
made,  meant  to  feed  young  birds  (Goth,  matjan  to  eat),  Eng. 
meat,  hence  with  ou  (=  0  cf.  evanouir)  a-mad-6uer  to  give 
meat  to,  entice  with  meat.  It.  ad-escare.  The  Goth,  t  becomes 
d  as  in  guider  from  vitan,  hadir  hair  from  hatan. 

Amagar  —  dmago. 

Amago  Pg.  the  core,  innermost  part  of  a  thing,  vb.  Cat.  Pr. 
amagar  to  conceal.    The  Sp.  dmago.  Cat.  dmag  dmad  denotes 


AMALGAMARE  —  AMBASCIATA.  23 

a  peculiar  taste  of  honev;  Sp.  dmago  also  =  disgust,  aversion. 
The  connexion  has  not  been  made  out. 

Amalgamare  It.  &c,  to  amalgamate,  to  form  a  mixture  (amalgam) 
of  mercury  and  some  other  metal;  from  the  Gk.  fidXay^cc. 

Amande  —  mandorla, 

Amanevir  —  manevir. 

Amapola  Sp.  a  poppy;  from  the  Basque  emalopa  ^Hhat  sends  to 
sleep  ^^,  from  ema  eman  to  give  and  lopa  lopea  to  sleep.  Cf.  the 
Sp.  adormidera. 

Amargo  —  amaricare. 

Amaricare  It.,  also  amareggiare,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  amargar  to  em- 
bitter; from  amarus  v.  Ducange.  Adj.  Sp.  Pg.  amargo,  Cat. 
amarg,  sbst.  amargor.  Hence  It.  rammaricarsi  to  lament,  ram- 
mdrico  lamentation,  adj.  amaro  grieved  (Sic.  amaru),  Wal. 
amar  an  interjection  of  grief:  so  in  O.  Pg.  amaro  de  mil  Gil. 
Vic.  2,  465. 

Amarillo  Sp. ,  Pg.  flr;w«r^//o  yellow,  amber-coloured;  ior  amha- 
rillo  from  ambar  amber  which  is  of  Arab,  origin  anbar  being 
prop,  a  fish  supposed  to  yield  ambergris.  The  word  was  in- 
troduced into  Europe  by  the  Phoenicians,  v.  Mahn  (Etym. 
Unters.  p.  62). 

Amarrar  Sp.  Pg. ,  Fr.  amarrer  to  moor  a  vessel,  Fr.  demarrer 
to  unmoor;  amarra  amarre  a  mooring- cable;  from  the  Du. 
marren  to  moor,  also  to  delay,  retain  =  O.  H.  G.  marrjan  to 
stop  (v.  s.  marrire)'.  the  form  merren  has  also  both  meanings 
=:rr  A.  S.  merrau  to  hinder  (mar). 

Amatita  matita  red  chalk,  Fr.  hematite;  from  haematites. 

Ambasciata  It.,  Sp.  embaxada,  Pr.  ambaissada,  and  m.  ambaissat, 
Fr.  amhassade  embassy;  It.  ambasciadore  &c.,  ambassador ;  from 
the  L.  L.  ambaxia  ambactia  commission,  charge,  business. 
This  ambaxia  is  seemingly  connected  with  the  word  ambactus 
used  by  Csesar  (B.  G.  6,  15)  for  servant,  vassal:  ^^equites 
circum  se  ambactos  clientesque  habent'\  From  ambactus  comes 
ambactia ,  afterwards  pronounced  in  France  ambacsia  (amba- 
xia) and  by  transposition  ambascia,  cf.  Brescia  for  Brixia. 
The  verb  ambasciare  to  convey  a  message,  serve  on  an  em- 
bassy, from  which  the  Rom.  derivatives  immediately  come, 
was  also  known  in  L.  L.  The  Pr.  masc.  =  ambasciatum.  Fes- 
tus  says  the  word  is  Gallic  ''^ambactus  apud  Ennium  lingua 
Gallica  servus  appellatur'\  Hence  Zeuss  1,  89,  179  refers  it 
to  a  Celtic  origin,  viz.  the  W.  amaet  husbandman,  workman, 
for  ambaeth  (the  b  being  dropped,  as  often  happens  after  m, 
cf.  amarillo).  J.  Grimm  derives  the  word  from  the  Gothic 
andbahts  a  servant,  O.  H.  G.  ambaht  (Goth,  andbahti  service, 
M.  G.  amt  office,  charge).  Andbahts  he  resolves  into  and  and 
bak  (back)  whence  the  meaning  back -holder ,  supporter,  ser- 


24  AMBIARE  —  AMMAINARE. 

vant  (cf.  henchman  =^  haunchman).  Pott  and  Bopp,  however, 
connect  and -hah- ts  with  the  Sanskrit  hhaj  colore,  venerari, 
partic.  hhakta  (=  -hactus)  deditiis ,  devotus.  In  favour  of 
Grimm's  etymology  it  may  be  urged  that  the  Rom.  amhactia 
(which  does  not  occur  in  Latin)  is  not  so  easily  obtained  from 
ambactus  (the  suffix  ia  being  unusual)  as  from  the  Goth,  and- 
hahti  whence  it  would  be  regularly  formed,  like  the  Pr.  fanha 
=  fania  from  the  Goth.  fani.  The  notion  of  manual  labour, 
which  appears  in  the  W.  word,  is  preserved  in  the  Du.  am- 
hagt  a  handicraft;  amhagts-mann  an  artizan.  Icel.  ambatt  a 
female  slave.  The  It.  uses  amhascia  amhascio  to  mean  short- 
ness of  breath ,  distress,  anxiety;  ambasciare  tramhasciai^e  io 
be  out  of  breath,  be  in  distress  &c.,  prop.  =  to  be  oppressed 
with  work;  for  a  similar  connexion  of  meanings  cf.  s.  a/fanno. 
Diefenbach  (Goth.  Diet.  1,  255)  has  a  learned  discussion  on 
andbahts  and  ambactus. 

Ambiare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  amhlar,  Fr.  ambler,  to  amble;  from  am- 
bulare  not  used  in  Class.  Lat.  in  this  sense,  which  was  first 
introduced  some  time  after  the  9^**  century.  The  Wal.  embla 
still  keeps  the  Classical  meaning. 

Ambidos  amidos  O.  Sp.  unwillingly;  from  invHits,  It.  invito, 
O.  Fr.  envis. 

Ambone  It.,  Fr.  ambon,  an  ambo,  a  kind  of  pulpit  in  the  choir 
from  which  the  lessons  were  read;  from  the  Gk.  a^^av  any 
rising  as  a  hill,  a  stage  &c.  (umbo). 

Ambra  It.  (f.),  Sp.  Pg.  ambar  alambar  alambre  (m.),  Fr.  ambre 
(m.),  amber,  M.  H.  G.  amber  dmer,  G.  ambra;  from  the  Arab. 
anbar  a  sweet  -  scented  resin  (Freyt.  3 ;  227) ;  orig.  the  name 
of  a  fish  from  which  ambergris  was  supposed  to  come.  The 
w^ord  was  probably  introduced  into  Europe  by  the  Phoenicians 
who  used  it  to  express  the  yellow  amber  found  on  the  shores 
of  the  Baltic  and  called  by  the  ancient  Germans  glees  or  gles 
(Tacit,  gloisum)^  v.  Mahn  (Etym.  Unters.) 

Ame  —  anima. 

Amenaza  —  minaccia. 

Amender  Fr.,  amende,  amendement ,  E.  amend,  used  by  Boethius 
(c.  1150)  who  writes  both  emendament  and  amendament;  from 
emendare. 

Amido  It.,  Pg.  amido  amiddo,  Sp.  almidon,  Fr.  amidon  starch; 
from  Lat.  amylum  (a^vXov).  ,The  only  instance ,  says  Diez, 
of  /  becoming  d  in  Rom. ;  but  we  have  Pg.  escada  =  scala. 
In  Latin  the  interchange  was  not  uncommon :  calamitas,  cada- 
mitas,  scando  scala  &c. 

Amiraglio  ammiraglio,  amiral  —  almirante, 

Amito  Sp.,  O.  Fr.  amit  amice;  from  amictus. 

Ammainare  Sp.  Pg.  amalnar ,  Fr.  amener  (les  voiles)  to  lower 


AMMAN  ARE  —  ANCHE.  25 

sails.  From  ad  manus  cf.  defnener  from  de  manus,  L.  L.  minare 
to  lead  drive,  which  is  better  der.  from  manus  than,  with 
Diez,  from  minari.    For  a  =^  e,  cf.  menottes  handcuffs. 

Ammanare  —  mafia. 

Aininazzare  —  mazzo. 

Ammiccare  It.  to  wink;  from  admicare. 

Ammutinare  —  meute. 

Amo  —  ama. 

Amojar  Pg.  to  milk;  from.  Ar.  mascha^ a? 

Amonestar  Sp.  Pr.,  Pg.  amoestar,  0.  Fr.  amonester,  Fr.  admo- 
neter,  to  admonish ,  Pr.  also  monestar,  O.  Fr.  sbst.  monneste; 
from  monitare  (used  by  Venantius  Fortunatus ,  A.  D.  600), 
with  s  inserted  to  distinguish  it  from  montar  which  would  come 
from  monitare  as  vantar  from  vanitare.  But  v.  Littre  p.  34, 
who  derives  it  from  monestus  a  partic.  of  mon^re,  cf .  semondre. 

Amortiguar  —  santiguar. 

Amparar  —  par  are. 

Amusco  —  musco. 

Amuser  —  muser. 

Ananas  It.  Fr.,  Sp.  anana  mne - si^^Xe ,  Pg.  ananaz  (tree),  ana- 
nazeiro  (fruit);  a  South  American  word. 

Anappo  nappo  It.,  Pr.  enap ,  O.  Fr.  hanap  henap  (h  asp.);  from 
O.H.Gr.  hnapf  hnap,  G.  napf  a  bowl.  Hence  L.L.  hanaperium 
a  cup -basket,  E.  hamper. 

Anc  —  anche. 

Anca  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  hanche  (h  asp.),  haunch  (henchman),  Sp. 
Pg.  plur.  ancas  the  croup  of  a  horse  &c.  Hence  It.  sciancato, 
Fr.  ehanche  hip-shot.  From  (1)  Gk.  ayxri  a  bend,  or  (2)  from 
G.  anke,  O.  H.  G.  ancha  nape  of  neck,  neck,  prop,  a  curve. 
The  Rom.  languages  have  made  use  of  the  Greek  word  in  an- 
other instance  (y.anco),  and  Festus  even  mentions  a  Lat.  ancus 
=  ^^Qui  aduncum  brachium  habet  ut  exporrigi  non  possit^^ 
But  the  German  word,  particularly  in  its  chief  meaning  (a 
Joint)  lies  nearer  the  Rom.  than  the  Gk.  or  the  obsolete  Latin. 
From  the  0.  H.  G.  ancha  =  tibia,  crus,  is  derived  the  Fr. 
anche  a  pipe  or  tube  (of  an  instrument  &c.),  from  Avhich  hanche 
was  distinguished  by  the  aspirate  (cf .  the  Friesl.  hancke  henke 
Kil.). 

Anceis  —  esso. 

Ancetres  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  ancestres,  ace.  ancessors,  ancestors;  from 
antecessores. 

Anche  anco  It.,  Rh.  aunc  aunca,  also,  still  (etiam),  Pr.  anc, 
0.  Fr.  ainc  (==  unquam),  Wal.  ince  Q=^  adhuc).  From  adhuc, 
whence  adunc  aunc  (cf.  O.  Fr.  ainsinc  =■  ceque  sic),  Sp.  aun 
(Pg.  aindd)  cf.  Sp.  nin  =  nee ,  Pg.  assim  =  sic,  allin  =  illic. 
In  It.  a  d  between  two  vowels  is  seldom  lost,  so  the  process 


26  ANCHE  —  ANDARE. 

would  be:  adunc,  ctd'nc,  anc,  anche.  The  derivation  from  ^«^j^ 
(sc.  Jioranij  cf.It.  issa  sc.  hord)  suits  the  form  but  not  the  sense; 
moreover,  we  should  have  a  supply  ad  as  well  as  lioram.  For 
the  O.  Fr.  ainc  Ave  sometimes  have  ains  e.  g.  Alex.  66,  3, 
which  must  be  distinguished  from  ains  =  Sp.  antes.  Anc  (eu- 
phon.  anca,  of.  Rh.  aunca)  is,  probably,  the  first  syllable  of 
the  compounds  Pr.  ancui,  O.  Fr.  encui,  It.  «wco2  to-day,  Pr. 
ancanuech,  O.  Fr.  enquenuit  to-night. 

Anche  —  anca. 

Ancho  Sp.  Pg.  broad;  from  amplus  (It.  ampio  &c.),  like  henchir 
from  implere;  ensanchar  to  widen  =  examplare. 

Anchoa  anehois  —  acciuga. 

Anciano  aneien  —  anzi. 

Ancidere  It.  (poet.)  to  kill;  from  inciderCf  of.  anaffiare,  ancxide, 
anguinaglia  for  inaffiare  &c. 

Ancino  It.,  Sp.  anzuelo,  Pg.  anzol,  Fr.  hamecon  a  fish-hook; 
from  hamus. 

Anco  Pg.  an  elbow,  a  bending;  from  the  Gk.  ccyxog  a  bend,  a 
valley;  Sp.  ancon  (m.)  a  bay,  a  road,  from  dyxav  =  elbow, 
recess.  In  Breton  aiik  =  a  corner  (angulus).  v.  Ducange,  s. 
ancus. 

Ancolie  Fr.  columbine  (a  plant),  G.  aglet;  from  L.  aquileja  (un- 
class.).  It.  aquUegia:  for  the  insertion  of  n  cf.  s.  anche,  andare. 

Ancona  anconeta  Bresc.  a  small  image;  from  slxcjVj  whence 
also  Wal.  icoane. 

Ancora  —  ora, 

Ancse  —  se, 

Andado  —  alnado. 

Andamio  —  andama. 

Andana  Com.  Piedm.  (1)  gait,  manner  of  life;  (2)  the  sweep 
that  the  mower  takes  at  each  stride,  swath  =  Fr.  andain  (f.), ' 
Norm,  andain  (m.)  step,  Berrichon  andain  a  layer  of  mown 
grass  &c.,  a  swath,  Sp.  andana y  Pg.  andaina  a  row,  rank; 
from  andare.  The  first  meaning  would  be  ^^ stride",  then  the 
length  or  extent  of  a  stride,  and,  lastly,  layer,  row;  so  the 
G.  schwaden,  Eng.  swath  =  both  the  sweep  of  the  scythe  in 
mowing  and  the  row  or  layer  of  mown  corn.  Hence,  with  un- 
usual suffix,  the  O.Sp.  andamio  gait,  L.L.  andamius  a  passage, 
=  O.  Pg.  andamo  (cf.  Rouchi  andame  =  Fr.  andain)-^  hence, 
too,  the  Sp.  andamio,  Pg.  andaimo  andaime  a  passage,  gang- 
way, also  a  scaffold  in  which  sense  some  refer  it  to  the  Arab. 

Andare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  andar,  Cat.  Pr.  anar,  Wald.  anar,  Lomb. 
ana  to  go.  The  Fr.  has  another  word  aller;  the  Rh.  and  Wal. 
have  neither  of  these  forms,  the  former  making  up  a  verb 
from  ire,  vadere  and  meare,  the  latter  using  mearge  (from 
emergere) ,   which  in  conjugation  (mearsi,  mers)  betrays  its 


AND ARE.  27 

Latin  origin.  The  verb  is  complete  in  Sp.  and  Pg.  and  was 
once  so  in  It.  (as  it  is  still  in  some  of  the  dialects ,  e.  g.  the 
Sard.).  It  is  now  mixed  up  in  conjugation  with  vadere  which, 
in  Latin  wanting  the  perfect  and  tenses  thence  derived,  had 
to  supply  them  from  elsewhere ;  ivi  would  have  been  too  short, 
so  andare  was  coined.-  This  had  the  accent  on  the  syllable  of 
flexion  (whilst  vadere  is  marked  on  the  root -syllable),  and 
was,  therefore,  used  in  those  parts  of  the  conjugation  which 
bear  that  accent:  vo,  vai,  va:  andiamo,  andate,  vanno;  an- 
dava;  andai  &c.^  cf.  esco  (exire) ,  esci,  esce:  usciamo  (ostium), 
uscite,  escono.  Andare  and  stare  in  Rom.  were  two  parallel 
auxiliaries :  what  wonder  then  if  they  tended  to  adopt  similar 
forms  in  their  conjugation?  Such  analogous  formations  are 
not  uncommon.  Thus  the  Sp.  anduve  corresponds  to  estuve, 
andido  to  estido,  andudo  to  estudo;  O.  It.  andetti  to  stetti,  an- 
diedi  to  stiedi.  In  Sp.  other  verbs  of  the  1^'  conj.  had  similar 
forms:  entrido  from  entrar,  catido  from  catar  (v.  s.  fegato\ 
demandudo  from  demandar.  It  is  usually  derived  from  the  G-. 
wenden  wandern  as  alter  from  wallen;  but  the  G.  w  does  not 
disappear  thus  in  Rom.  (the  Sp.  andalucia  came  through  the 
Arab. ,  which  avoided  the  harsh  gu  (=  lo)  of  the  Rom.  Guan- 
dalucia:  so  impla  ior  guimpla^  Wenden,  Goth,  vandjan  would 
be  in  Rom.  guandir,  wallen  in  Fr.  would  be  gauler.  A  Celtic 
verb  W.  athu,  Ir.  eath  to  go,  would  deserve  more  considera- 
tion were  not  the  derivation  from  the  Lat.  aditare,  quite  re- 
gular and  complete.  Ennius  uses  the  word  once:  ad  eum  adi- 
tavere;  its  meaning,  '^io  enter  often'',  ^^to  go  in  and  out", 
occurs  in  the  various  Rom.  derivatives:  thus,  Sp.  andante 
cavallero  =  a  knight  -  errant ,  andorro  a  rambler  r=  Sard,  an- 
daredda.  The  n  was  inserted  to  give  the  word  more  force  as 
in  render e  from  reddere,  cf.  s.  anche,  ancolie,  and  cf.  andido 
=  aditus,  L.  L.  c.  800  cum  viis  et  aquis  et  anditis  suis  v.  Mura- 
tori  and  Ducange.  For  the  termination  cf.  O.  It.  O.  Sp.  renda 
for  reddita.  The  Fr.  alter  is  for  0.  Fr.  aler  {altar  occurs  in 
the  Pass,  de  J.  C.  str.  114),  which  was  for  aner  (cf.  Chron.  de 
Benoit  1 ,  p.  92,  si  qiien  exit  nos  en  anium,  Choix  6,  300,  que 
vos  anez  por  moi  fors  terre) ,  the  two  forms  being  current  at 
the  same  time,  like  venin  and  velin,  orphenin  and  orphelin. 
From  aditato  by  syncope  of  the  d  may  come  the  Com.  aitee 
~z  andato;  similarly,  from  adita  the  Yen.  aida  ^=  vanne  (im- 
perat.).  The  Wal.  defective  verb  aide  aidatzi  =  dsvQO  dsvrs, 
Goth,  hiri  hirjith,  perhaps  =■  adita  aditate,  unless  it  be  of  the 
same  origin  as  the  Servian  ajde  ajdate.  From  adire  comes  the 
Burg,  a'i  (air)  =  alter.  From  alter  comes  the  sbst.  atlee  an  alley 
which  Ducange  refers  to  taie  (q.  v.) ;  cf.  It.  andata.  But  v. 
Littre,  Hist,  de  la  langue  fran^.,  vol.  I,  p.  40. 


28  ANDARIO  —  AXGRA. 

Andario  Sp.  a  water -wagtail;  from  andar  to  go  and  rio  a  river. 

Andas  Sp.,  Pg.  andes  (only  in  plur.)  a  sedan,  litter,  bier;  from 
amites;  amites  hasternarum  ^=  the  poles  of  the  sedans  (Palla- 
dius).  Cf.  hante,  and  for  the  change  of  mt  into  nd  in  Spain  cf. 
conde,  duendo,  lindar,  senda  &c. 

Andorinha  —  rondine. 

Andouille  Fr.  a  sausage,  black -pudding,  Rh.  andiichiel,  Basque 
andoilla.  For  endouille  from  inductilis,  by  Avhich  word  the  O.  G. 
scuhiling  (a  sort  of  sausage)  is  translated  in  old  Glossaries,  v. 
Graff,  6,  409,  Schmeller  3,  313.  This  latter  is  from  O.  H.  G. 
scioban,  G.  schiehen,  shove,  both  being  named  from  forcing  the 
meat  into  the  skin  (indue ere) ;  for  in  =  an  cf.  ancidere, 

Andromina  Sp.  a  fib,  a  tale  told  to  deceive,  trick,  artifice;  from 
the  Basque  andraminac  women's  sickness  (as  being  often  al- 
leged as  a  pretext) ,  which  is  compounded  of  andrea  a  woman 
and  mina  pain. 

Anegare  —  negar, 

Angar  hangar  {h  asp.  and  unasp.)  a  carnage- shed.  It  is  difficult 
to  see  the  connexion  between  this  and  the  Lat.  angaria  ser- 
vice, soccage.  It  meant  orig.  a  covering,  and  is  especially 
used  in  the  Wall,  (angdr).  It  occurs  also  in  Celtic,  at  least 
in  the  Gaelic. 

Angarde  engarde  O.Fr.,  Pr.  angarda  vanguard,  also  =^  a  watch- 
tower;  from  ante  and  garde,  like  avant-garde  (vanguard). 

Angarier  angariser  Fr.  to  compel  a  vessel,  even  though  neutral, 
to  do  service  for  the  government  (hence  generally  to  compel); 
such  compulsion  was  called  angarie.  In  Eng.  we  have  anga- 
risation  =  compulsion;  from  the  Gk.  ccyyaQog,  ccyyaQSvc). 

Angaro  Sp.  a  signal -light;  from  the  Basque  garra  flame,  an 
garra  ^-^  yonder  flame,  v.  Larramendi.  The  word  is  remark- 
ably like  the  Gk.  ayya^oq,  Aesch.  Ag.  a^'  dyyccQOV  TtVQog  ^ 
from  the  beacon -fire. 

Anglar  Pr.  stone,  rock ;  prop,  something  angular,  from  angularis. 

Angoscia  It.,  0.  Sp.  angoxa,  Pr.  engoissa,  Fr.  angoisse,  anguish; 
angosciare,  angoisser  to  vex;  from  angustia.  The  Sp.  (Pg. 
and  Cat.)  is  congoxa,  in  which  the  supposed  prefix  an  is 
changed  into  con,  whilst  in  Pr.  it  became  en.  The  idea  of 
pressure  easily  yields  that  of  vexation,  torment,  cf.  oppress, 
Fr.  grever.  The  original  meaning  of  anger  was  oppression, 
trouble,  torment  (angor).  Ang  as  a  root  meaning  pressure  is 
widely  spread:  ^sjifi^.  an-hu  =  lyyvg,  ay%L  (cL presso),  G. 
enff  compressed  enge  distress,  angere,  angina,  ccyxco,  dyxovrj, 
Sansk.  an-hura  distressed. 

Angra  Sp.  Pg.  a  bay,  a  cove:  in  a  L.L.  Glossary  we  have  ancra 
ayxEa,  avX^vEg,  cf.  dyacdv,  ccyTcog  a  valley,  dyxvXog  curved, 
anguius,  dyxvXi]  &c. 


ANGUINAGLIA  —  ANAFIL.  29 

Anguinaglia  —  inguine. 

Angurria  Sp.  a  water-melon;  according  to  Larramendi;  a  Basque 
word. 

Anima  It. ,  Pr.  anma  Booth.,  O.  Fr.  anime  anme,  Fr.  dme,  in  It. 
(poet.)  Sp.  Pg.  alma,  Rh.  olma,  also  Pr.  arma,  O.  Fr.  arme 
airme,  soul;  Wal.  m?>we  soul,  and  heart;  ivovo.  anima  hveii\\\, 
life.  The  Lat.  animus  is  not  found  in  Fr.  and  Pr. ,  one  of  its 
meanings  being  supplied  by  courage,  coratge. 

Annegare  —  negar. 

Anqui  —  qui. 

Ansare  —  asma. 

Ansi  —  cost. 

Antano  Sp. ,  O.  Pg.  antanho,  Pr.  antan,  O.  Fr.  antan  entan 
=  "Isi^t  year''  (<^PP-  ^logaho,  v.  uguanno)j  once:  from  ante 
annum.   Hence  O.  Fr.  antenois. 

Antes  —  anzi.  , 

Antienne  Fr.  an  anthem;  from  antiphona  (cf.  Etienne  from  Stepha- 
nus),  A.  S.  antefn,  En.  anthem,  as  from  A.  S.  stefn,  En.  5^^;/?. 

Antif  O.  Fr.  old;  from  aniiquus,  as  O.  Fr.  eve  from  aqua.  Antif 
in  the  sense  of  "high"  must  be  for  altif  =  Pr.  altiu,  Sp.  ^Z- 
tivo  (haughty). 

Antojo  Sp.,  whence  Pg.  antojo  for  antolho  y^\\\VL\ ^  freak;  from 
ante  oculum.    In  the  plur.  Sp.  anteojos,  Pg.  antolhos  spectacles. 

Antoreha  —  torciare, 

Antuviar  —  tuviar. 

Anzi  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  antes ^  Pr.  ans,  0.  Fr.  ans  ains  a  preposition 
and  adverb  from  the  Lat.  ante  with  the  adverbial  suffix  s  so 
that  the  It.  form  is  for  ansi.  From  antea  would  have  come  in 
It.  not  anzi  but  anza,  cf.  poscia.  A  longer  form  of  antes  is 
found  in  the  Pr.  anceis,  O.Fr.  aincois,  from  ante  ipsum.  Hence 
the  It.  anziano ,  Sp.  anciano,  Pr.  ancian,  Fr.  ancien,  ancient; 
It.  avanti,  Pr.  abans  avant,  Fr.  avant,  from  ab  ante;  It.  avan- 
zare,  Sp.  Pr.  avanzar ,  Fr.  avancer  to  advance  (where  the  d 
has  been  inserted  from  a  false  notion  of  the  etymology) ;  It. 
vantaggio  for  avantaggio ,  Pr.  avant atge,  Fr.  avantage,  Sp.  2^^w- 
/^7«,  Pg.  ventagem,  vantage,  advantage;  also  It.  davanti,  Pr. 
davans,  O.  Sp.  Fr.  devant ,  from  ^^  fl'^  «;^/^;  Pr.  davancir,  Fr. 
devancer;  It.  innanzi  innante ,  O.  Sp.  enante,  Pr.  enan(s);  Pr. 
enantar  enantir;  It.  dinanzi,  Sp.  denante  delante,  Pg.  diante, 
Pr.  denan;  It.  dianzi  &c. 

Anzuela  —  ancino. 

Anadir  Sp.  to  add,  exaggerate;  from  inaddere,  0.  Sp.  ennadir, 
O.  Pg.  emader,  Wal.  innedi. 

Anafil  Sp.,  Pg.  fm«/^/  a  pipe  or  trumpet;  from  the  Ar.  al-naftr 
annafir  a  brasen  trumpet.    The  Ar.  is  derived  from  the  Per- 


30  ANAGAZA  —  APPO. 

sian  (Freyt.  4,  312'^).  Pr.  has  amaftl  ^^parva  tuba  cum  voce 
aha". 
Anagaza  nagaza  Sp.,  negaca  Pg.,  a  bird-call,  lure.  Larramendi 
derives  it  from  the  Basque  ana  goza  a  sweet  mirse !  Ferreira 
(Lus.  1,  86)  from  Lat.  illex,  whence  enagaza  (cf.  encina  from 
ilex)  J  anagaza  as  anadir  from  enadir.  This  etym.  suits  the 
meaning  well,  though  an  easier  change  would  be  that  from 
enganaza  {enganar  to  deceive). 

Anil  anir  Sp.,  Pg.  anil  indigo  -  plant ;  from  Ar.  an-nilah  ^^indigo- 
fera  tinctoria",  which  is  from  Pers.  nil  (Sansk.  nila  black, 
dark -blue). 

Anusgar  Sp.  to  be  choked,  stifled;  from  the  Basque  ahusca  the 
throat. 

Apaciguar  —  santiguar, 

Apanar  —  pan. 

Ape  Tt.,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  es  for  ejjs  a  bee,  from  apis;  It.  pecchia,  Sp. 
ahcja,  Pg.  Pr.  ahelha^  Fr.  aheille,  from  apicida ,  Norm.  dim. 
avette.  Hence  too  It.  apiario,  Pr.  apiari,  Fr.  achier,  a  bee- 
hive, L.  apiarium  (Gellius),  v.  Rom.  Gr.  1,7.  In  Wal.  the 
bee  is  called  albine,  from  alvus  a  hive. 

Apear  Sp.  Pg.  to  alight,  remove;  from  pes  Sp.  pie. 

Apenas  —  appena, 

Apero  Sp.,  Pg.  apeiro  implements,  farm-implements,  sheep-fold; 

aprisco  sheep-fold,  cf.  Com.  aper  a  partition  between  a  stall 

and  a  hayrick;  from  apparare,  whence  a  sbst.  apparitmi  might 

be  formed. 
Apesgar  ■ —  peso. 
Apitar  —  pito. 
Aposentar  Sp.  Pg.  to  lodge  a  person,  aposetito  a  lodging,  room; 

a  participial  verb  from  posar  (L,  pausare).    It  should  have 

been  ajmsanlar,  but  was  spelt  as  if  connected  with  sentar  to 

fit,  set  up. 
Apostille  —  postille. 
Appaner  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  apanar  to  provide  for,  maintain,  whence 

Fr.  apanage  a  provision  for  a  child,  jointure,  Eng.  appanage; 

from  pains. 
Appareil  —  parecchio. 
Appat  —  pasta. 

Appeau  Fr.  lure,  bird-call.  Wall,  apell;  from  appellare. 
Appena  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  apenas,  Fr.  a  peine  =  vix;  from  poena  prop. 

painfully,  so  =  with  difficulty,  hardly,  scarcely,  cf.  L.  cegre, 

O.  H.  G.  Aumo.    Fix  is  found  in  Sp.  aves,  q.  v. 
Appiecare  —  pegar. 
Appo  It.,  from  apud.    Hence  Pr.  ah  amh  am  eml),  Bern,  dap,  Cat. 

ah,  AVald.  au,  O.It.  am,  O.Fr.  ah,  r/,  oh,  o.    In  the  oldest  L.L. 


APPROCCIARE  —  ARANCEL.  31 

apud  was  used  =  cum  (cf.  Rom.  Gr.  3,  157);  but  its  orig. 
meaning  was  more  usual:  e.  g.  encusar  ah  alcun  to  accuse  to 
a  person,  Leodegar  str.  13;  aprendre  ab  alcun  Parn.  Occ.  142; 
fud  enseveliz  od  ses  ancesires  Liv.  d.  rois  p.  304.   v.  s.  avec. 

Approeeiare  approcher  —  proche. 

Appui  —  poggio. 

Apres  —  presso. 

Aprisco  —  apero. 

Aquecer  —  calentar. 

Aquende  O.  Sp.,  Pg.  aquem  =  Lat.  citra;  from  aqin  hide  (Lat. 
eccu  inde)  =  It.  quindi. 

Aquese  Sp.,  O.  Pg.  aquesse,  demonstr.  pron.;  from  eccu  ipse. 

Aqueste  —  questo, 

Aqui  —  qui. 

Ara  —  or  a. 

Aragan  haragan  Sp.  lazy,  inactive:  probably  from  the  O.H. G. 
arag  arg  worthless,  lazy,  G.  arg  bad,  IceL  argr  lazy,  cowardly 
(Eng.  arch  =  mischievous),  hence  as  a  term  of  abuse;  its  use 
was  forbidden  by  the  Lombard  law :  si  quis  alium  argam  per 
furorem  clamaveritf  Paul.  Diac.  6,  24:  memento  quod  me  ... 
vulgari  verbo  arga  vocaveris.  In  the  district  of  Como ,  the  an- 
cient abode  of  the  Lombards,  the  word  is  preserved  (arg an) 
■=  poltrone.  The  Sp.  word  could  hardly  come  from  the  Gk. 
ccQyog. 

Araldo  It.,  Sp.  haraldo  heraldo,  O.  Sp.  haraute,  Pg.  arauto,  Fr. 
heraut  for  heralt  (Ji  asp.),  Sp.  Pg.  faraute  a  herald;  from  the 
L.  L.  haraldus  heraldus.  This  would  be  in  O.  H.  G.  hariowalt 
(G.  heer  army,  walien  to  rule)  an  army-officer;  a  proper  name 
Chariovaldus  occurs,  in  O.  Sax.  Hariolt ,  Eng.  Harold y  O.  N. 
Haraldr. 

Aramir  arramir  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  aramir,  0.  Cat.  aremir  (Ducange)  to 
assure  judicially,  to  assure,  promise,  appoint  &c.  e.  g.  ara-^ 
mir  im  sairement  to  promise  the  performance  of  an  oath ,  ara- 
mir oujurer  to  promise  or  swear,  aramir  bataille  to  proclaim 
a  combat  (notify  i.  e.  the  time  and  place) ,  aramic  a  combat  so 
proclaimed,  in  M.  Norm.  =  arrangement.  So  in  L.  L.  aiTa- 
mire  sacramentum ,  bellum.  In  old  MSS.  various  forms  of  the 
word  are  found :  adrhamire,  adchramire ,  adcramire,  agramire, 
adframire.  These  point  to  a  German  word  beginning  with  hr, 
with  the  Lat.  ad  prefixed.  Grimm  refers  it  to  the  Goth,  hram- 
jan  to  fasten  on  the  cross,  fasten,  fix,  appoint,  akin  to  the 
O.  H.  G.  rdmen  to  aim  at,  strive  for.  According  to  Miillen- 
hoff  L.  Sal.  p.  277;  adhramire  =  adripere,  rap  tare.  Cf.  Dief. 
Goth.  Lex.  2 ,  589. 

Arancel  Sp.  Pg.  a  fixed  price  of  things,  a  rate;  perhaps  from 
the  Ar.  al-risula,  ar-risdla  a  letter. 


32  ARANCIO  —  ARCIONE. 

Aranoio  It.,  Milan,  naranz ,  Ven.  naranza,  Sp.  naranja^  Pg. 
laranja  (Basq.  larania),  Cat.  taronja  (sic),  Wal.  neranze,  L. 
Gr.  vsQccvT^iov,  N.  Gr.  vsQavr^tj  Fr.  orange,  an  orange.  Not 
as  Salmasins  says  from  aurantia  =  aurata  (aurea  mala),  which 
would  give  not  orange  but  orance.  The  word  came  from  the 
Persian  ndrang  through  the  Ar.  ndrang  (Golius  2346).  The 
Fr.  had,  undoubtedly,  a  reference  to  aurwn;  but  arangia  is 
the  L.  L.  form  (end  of  the  13'^^  century).  From  arancio  comes 
the  It.  adj.  rancio  orange  (of  colour). 

Aranar  Sp.  to  scratch,  scrape,  sbst.  arano,  also  arunar  anmo 
(pop.).  The  former  word  is  derived  from  the  latter,  with  a 
reference  to  radere.  Is  arunar  from  arare,  as  rasgmar  from 
rasgar,  or  from  the  Sp.  roha  (Pr.  runha,  v.  rogna^  itch? 

Aratro  aratolo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  arado.  Cat.  arada  (f.),  Pr.  araire, 
O.  Fr.  arere,  Wal.  aratru  aratu  plough.  The  Fr.  has  substi- 
tuted charrue  from  carruca,  Pg.  charrua  a  kind  of  plough,  a 
ship.  The  G.  pflug ,  Yi.  plough  is  also  found  in  Rom.,  L.  L. 
pious,  Lomb.  pib,  Tyrol.  plof  =  \i.  L.  plouus  or  plovus.  Piedm. 
sloira,  Lomb.  sciloira  =  an  O.  Fr.  silleoire,  silloire  from  siller  to 
furrow  the  sea.   Piedm.  am  is  a  corruption  of  aralrum, 

Arazzo  razzo  It.,  tapestry,  arras;  from  Arras  (Atrehates) ,  in  the 
Pas -de -Calais,  w-liere  it  was  manufactured. 

Arbalete  Fr.,  Pr.  arhalista  an  arhalist;  from  arcuballista  (Veget.). 

Arban  O.  Fr.  feudal  service;  for  harhan  from  O.  H.  G.  herihan 
summons  to  military  service;  v.  Ducange  heribannum. 

Arbolar  —  alberare. 

Arborer  —  alberare, 

Arbousier  —  albedro. 

Arcame  —  carcasso. 

Arcasse  Fr.  st^rn- frame  (in  a  ship);  it  is  the  same  word  as  the 
It.  arcaccia,  Sp.  arcaza  a  chest,  from  area. 

Atqq  Sp. ,  Cat.  ars  a  maple;  from  acer.  It.  acero,  O.  Sp.  asre, 
Pg.  acer. 

Arcea  —  acceggia. 

Arehal  —  oricalco. 

Areigaye  —  zagaia, 

Arcigno  —  reche, 

Arcilla  Sp.  clay;  from  argilla.  A  similar  change  of  the  medial 
into  the  tenuis  is  found  in  arcen  (agger),  encia  (gingiva),  ercer 
(erigere) ,  uncir  (jimgere).  In  the  Vocab.  S.  Gall,  we  find  at- 
cilia  laimo  (loam) ,  and  the  Wall,  has  arzeie  =  Fr.  argile. 

Arcione  It.,  Sp.  arzon ,  Pg.  arcao,  Pr.  arson,  Fr.  arcon  saddle- 
bow ,  saddle.  Not  from  arctio,  but  from  arcus  with  the  termi- 
nation ion  (like  clercon  from  cler'cus,  oison  from  auca,  ecusson 
from  scntxmi)  ■=  ^^  something  bowed  or  benf ,  cf.  G.  bogen, 
sattelbogen ,  Eng.  bow. 


ARCOBUGIO  —  ARDOISE.  33 

Arcobugio  archibuso  It. ,  Sp.  arcdbuz,  Fr.  arquebuse,  Eng.  ar- 
quebuss;  from  the  Du.  haak-bus,  haeck-buyse,  haeck-busse,  G. 
hakenbuchse  =  a  gun  fired  from  a  rest  (haak  haeck  haken  a 
hook  or  forked  rest,  buss  busse  biichse  a  fire-arm);  this  inO.Fr. 
became  harquebiise ,  Wall,  harkibuse  (^  asp.).  The  Italians 
altered  the  word  so  as  to  convey  a  meaning  to  themselves, 
arco  bugio  or  buso  meaning  a  hollow  or  perforated  bow ;  for 
similar  false  popular  etymologies  cf.  palafreno,  battifredOj 
baccalaureus ,  malvagio,  mainbour. 

Ar9on  —  arcione. 

Arda  ardilla  Sp. ,  Pg.  harda  a  squirrel.  Larramendi  derives  it 
from  the  Basque  ^' ari  da^^  ^^he  is  ever  moving^',  but  the  B. 
name  is  different.  Perhaps  from  the  Lat.  nitella  by  prosthesis 
anedilla,  ■^\i.Q\vQ.^'aredilla  ardilla  arda. 

Ardid  ardil  —  ardire. 

Ardiglione  It.,  Fr.  ardillon,  Pr.  ardalhd  the  tongue  of  a  buckle. 
The  derivation  is  uncertain.  An  old  glossary  has  ardelio  acu- 
tus  (Class.  Auct.  6,  509^);  but  here  we  should  read  glutus. 
Against  Casaubon's  der.  from  agdig  an  arrowhead  is  to  be 
urged  the  rare  use  of  this  word.  Menage  gets  it  from  dard 
thus:  dardillon  (which  still  exists  in  Mod.  Prov.),  lardillon, 
V  ardillon  J  ardillon.    The  Sp.  for  ardillon  is  re  jo. 

Ardire  It.  to  venture ,  dare ,  Pr.  ardir  en  -  ardir,  Fr.  enhardir  to 
embolden.  The  Fr.  hardir  (Ji  asp.)  evidently  comes  from  the 
O.  H.  G.  hartjan  to  harden.  The  adj.  ardito  ardit  hardi  (Eng. 
hardy)  must  be  a  participle  of  this  verb  since  there  were  few 
Rom.  adjectives  in  it,  like  theL.  auritus,  pellitus.  The  participle 
of  ardere  (ars)  to  burn  is  quite  different  in  form.  In  Sp.,  how- 
ever, they  gradually  came  to  refer  ardito  to  arder  and  used  it 
as  =  "inflamed,  incensed^';  but  the  O.  Sp.  fardido  bold,  cor- 
responds to  the  Fr.  hardi  (Pom.  Gr.  1,  311).  It  is  curious 
that  in  Pic.  hardiment  is  used  just  like  0.  G.  H.  harto:  har- 
diment  dur  ==-.  harto  herti.  Hence  come  the  Pr.  ardit  and  0.  Sp. 
ardil  boldness:  but  the  Sp.  ardid  crafty,  Sp.  Pg.  ardid  craft, 
cunning,  seem  to  come  from  artitus,  v.  artigianOy  the  /  being 
assimilated  (ardid  for  artid). 

Ardite  Sp. ,  an  ancient  Spanish  coin,  Limous.  ordi:  from  the 
Basque  ardita  which  from  ardia  a  sheep  (ef.  pecunia  from  pe- 
cus ,  and  cf.  Lecluse ,  Basque  gram.). 

Ardoise  Fr.  O.  Fr.  erdoice,  L.  L.  ardesia,  ardosia,  ardesius  la- 
pis, It.  ardesia  (and  lavagnd)^  Pg.  ardoisa  (and  picarrd)  slate. 
Adelung  says  it  is  Celtic,  but  without  any  evidence.  The 
Celtic  words  are  connected  with  the  English:  W.  llech,  Gaelic 
sgleat  leac,  Ir.  leac.  Vergy  derives  it  from  Jrdes  in  Ireland, 
a  place  not  to  be  found  in  the  maps.  The  slate  used  in  France 
probably  came  from  the  Ardennes  where  the  hills  are  composed 

DIKZ,     ROMANCE    DICT.  3 


34  AKENGA  —  ARIA. 

of  slate;  hence  the  name:  Ar duenna,  Ardenna,  Ardennensis, 
Ardenois,  pierre  Ardenoise,  pierre  Ardoise,  lapis  Ardesius  (cf. 
Burdigala,  Burdigalensis ,  O.  Fr.  Bordelois,  Carthago,  Cartha- 
giniensis,  Carthaginois). 

Arenga  • —  aringo. 

Aresta  —  arista. 

Arete  —  arista-. 

Arezzo  —  rezzo. 

Argano  It.,  Sp.  argano  argana  argiie  a  windlass ,  crane ,  Cat. 
arga,  Pg.  argao  a  crane;  Fr.  argue  a  wire  -  drawing  machine; 
It.  dim.  arganello,  Sp.  arganel,  Fr.  arganeau  a  ring,  anchor- 
ring  ;  according  to  Menage,  for  organo  from  organum,  oQyavov 
a  tool.  Vitruvius  uses  ergata  =  sl  windlass,  which  comes 
from  the  same  root,  so,  perhaps,  from  ^gydrrjg,  which  was 
altered  so  as  to  present  a  more  familiar  form. 

Argine  It.  (m.)  a  dam;  from  agger,  cf.  cecino  from  cicer  and  the 
Ven.  form  arzare  which  preserves  the  r.  Ar  in  Lat.  =  ad  as 
in  ar  cesser  e  &c. ;  so  argine  points  to  a  Lat.  arger  =  agger  (ad- 
gerere).  Argine  =  Sp.  arcen  an  edge ,  border  (cf.  arcilla  for 
argilla).  Cf.  the  Ven.  ar/iare  =  adflarc  and  v.  Pott  (Auf- 
recht  and  Kuhn's  Zeitschr.  1 ,  326)  who  quotes  armessarius 
from  the  L.  Sal.  and  Wal.  armesariu  =  admissarius. 

Argolla  Sp.,  Pg.  argola  an  iron  ring,  iron  collar,  pillory:  from 
aro  hoop  and  gola  throat,  the  Sp.  /  being  liquefied  as  in 
gollete. 

Argot  Fr.  slang,  thieves'  talk:  the  etymology,  according  to 
Diez,  is  unknown.  Was  argot  a  term  of  reproach  from  G. 
arg  bad ,  mischievous ,  with  a  termination  formed  on  the  ana- 
logy of  bigot,  cagot?  Some  write  it  ergot  from  ergo  a  word 
usual  in  scholastic  disputes,  ergoter  to  dispute,  wrangle.  Arc- 
age  is  found  =  dialect,  perhaps  formed  of  the  analogy  of 
lang  -  age. 

Argot  ergot  Fr.,  Champ,  artot  the  end  of  a  dead  twig,  the  spur 
of  a  cock  &c.   Der.  unknown. 

Argousin  —  alguacil. 

Arguer  Fr.,  according  to  Diez,  to  embroider,  from  0.  H.  G. 
arahon,  Grimm  2,  311,  but  arguer  is  to  wire -draw  gold  with 
an  argue  a  machine  for  drawing  it  =  Sp.  argiie  for  which  v. 
argano. 

Aria  It.  (poet.  aere)y  Sic.  ariu  (m-);  ^P*  ^^^^^  Pg-  ^^^  P^^*  ^'^^ 
aire,  Fr.  air,  air  all  masc;  irom  aer,  the  It.  fem.  coming 
either  from  the  L.  L.  plur.  aer  a  (air  a  arid),  or  from  an  adj. 
aerea.  The  same  word  means  also  ^'outward  appearance'^, 
'^ disposition",  and  the  Pr.  aire  means  "family",  "race", 
whence  de  ton  aire,  de  mat  aire,  de  gentil  aire  &c.  This  is  the 
L.  L.  arum  =  ager,  farm,  house,  family.    The  Fr.  aire  (f.), 


ARINGA  —  ARLOTTO.  35 

E.  aery  is  the  same  word:  un  faucon  de  bonne  aire  of  good 
nest  =  of  good  family. 

Aringa  It.,  Sp.  arenque  (m.),  Pr.  arenc,  Fr.  hareng  (Ji  asp.),  Wal. 
hering ,  a  herring ;  from  the  O.  H.  G.  harinc,  A.  S.  hcering, 
G.  hering.  Called  in  Du.  nering  =  G.  ndhrung  nourishment, 
food. 

Aringolt. ,  a  pulpit,  rostrum,  place  of  combat,  course,  ring, 
Sp.  ¥g.  arenga,  Pr.  arengim,  Fr.  harangue  (h  asp.)  an  haran- 
gue; It.  aringare,  Sp.  arengar,  Fr.  haranguer  to  harangue. 
The  Fr.  asp.  shows  that  the  word  comes  from  the  O.  H.  G. 
hring,  G.  ring  a  ring,  circle,  stage,  place  of  combat  &c.  Hence 
the  Rom.  word  =  a  speech  delivered  before  an  assembly,  of, 
homily  (b^ikCa). 

Ariseo  Sp.  Pg.  wild,  un  tractable,  shy,  according  to  Constancio, 
who  derives  it  from  arena,  =  also  (dry,  e.  g.  terra  arisca.  Not 
from  rigidus  (riisco  risco),  the  prosthesis  of  the  a  in  adjectives 
being  supported  by  no  analogy,  but  from  arriscado  bold,  free, 
rugged  &c. 

Arista  It.,  the  chine  of  a  pig,  Sp.  aresta  coarse  tow,  sack-cloth, 
thorn,  fish-bone,  Fr.  arete  iish-bone,  Sp.  arista,  Fr.  areste 
arete y  Eng.  arris  edge  of  a  stone.  It.  resta  an  ear  of  corn; 
from  arista  an  ear  of  corn,  a  fish-bone. 

Arlecchino  It.,  Sp.  arlequin,  Fr.  arlequin  (formerly  harlequin) , 
a  harlequin  J  a  comic  personage  on  the  Italian  stage,  a  buf- 
foon &c. ,  Sp.  arnequin  =  a  mannikin:  of  unknown,  and  per- 
haps quite  fortuitous ,  origin.  For  the  various  etymologies  v. 
Flogel,  Gesch.  des  Grotesken  p.  35.  Genin  gets  it  from  arle- 
camps  (=  Ely  camps  =  Champs  Ely  sees)  a  churchyard  at  Aries, 
next  =  a  ghost -chorus,  the  chief  of  which,  Hellequin,  was 
afterwards  ludicrously  represented  in  masquerades.  This 
wants  corroboration,  though  we  may  concede  a  connexion 
between  harlequin  and  hellequin  (g.  v.).  The  word  occurs  so 
early  in  Fr.  (Ren.  4,  p.  146:  a  sa  siele  et  a  ses  lorains  oc  cine 
cent  cloketes  au  mains  [moins^,  ki  demenoient  tel  tintin  con  li 
maisnie  hierlikin)  that  its  der.  from  the  It.  seems  doubtful.  It 
has  a  Du.  appearance. 

Arlotto  It. ,  Sp.  arlote,  Pr.  arlot,  0.  Fr.  Pic.  arlot  harlot  (Jierlot 
Trist.  1,  173)  a  glutton,  idler,  O.  Eng.  harlot  herlote  a  rascal; 
a  word,  says  Trench,  which  though  for  the  most  part  implying 
slight  and  contempt  (but  cf.  Chauc.  Prol. :  he  was  a  gentil 
harlot  and  a  kind) ,  implied  nothing  of  that  special  form  of 
sin  to  which  the  modern  harlot  refers :  cf.  for  a  similar  process 
of  meaning  ^4ewd":  it  was  formerly  used  of  both  sexes  but 
now,  like  so  many  other  words  (bawd,  courtesan,  hoyden, 
shrew,  termagant &c.),  is  confined  to  females.  From  theW.A^r- 

3* 


36  ARMA  —  ARPA. 

lawd,  herlod  a  youth,  lad,  herlodes  a  damsel.  Cf.  L.  adulter 
orig.  -  r:  a  young  man. 

Arma  —  anima. 

Armadillo  Sp.,  whence  E.  armadillo;  from  armado ,  so  =  the 
armed  beast. 

Armellino  ermellino  It.,  Sp.  armiho,  Pr.  ermini  ermin,  O.  Fr. 
erme  ermine,  Yv.hermine  ermine;  from  armenius  because  found 
in  Armenia  (O.  Fr.  Ermenie),  by  the  Eomans  ^^  Mus  ponticus^^ 
(PontusJ.  Others  derive  it  from  the  G. ;  O.  H.  G.  liarmo,  dim. 
harmelin,  M.  H.  G.  hermelin,  harmo  =  Lith.  szarmu. 

Armet  —  elmo. 

Armoire  Fr.  a  cupboard,  for  armeoire  which  would  correspond- 
to  an  It.  armatoja,  prop.  ==  a  chest  in  which  arms  are  kept, 
armarium,  whence  0.  Fr.  armaire,  =  It.  armaria,  Sp.  armaria 
almario,  W.  armari,  Bret,  armel,  G.  aimer,  L.  L.  armaria  al- 
maria  a  bookcase,  armarium  a  librarian,  Eng.  amhry  almery 
aumbry  aumher.  The  ambry  in  churches  is  the  niche  by  the 
side  of  the  altar  to  hold  the  sacred  utensils. 

Arna  Pr.  Cat.  Sard,  a  moth  (also  arda),  N.  Pr.  darna,  arnar  to 
gnaw.  Der.  unknown.  The  Rh.  has  tarna,  which  corresponds, 
however,  to  the  It.  tarma. 

Arnese  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  arnes,  Fr.  harnois  harnais  (Ji  asp.),  har- 
ness; O.  Fr.  harnas  for  harnasc ,  Fr.  harnacher,  Pr.  arnescar 
arnassar  to  harness;  hence  M.  H.  G.  harnasch,  N.  hardneskja. 
Not  from  the  O.  N.  idrn  jam  (iron) ,  which  would  have  given 
another  form  in  the  Rom.,  cf.  joli  from  jol,  but  from  the  W. 
haiarn,  O.  Bret,  hoiarn,  Ir.  iaran  (iron)  =  G.  isdrn.  It  is  not 
usual  for  a  language  to  form  a  derivative  from  a  foreign  root 
which  it  has  not  itself  adopted.  We  must,  therefore,  hold 
that  from  the  W.  haiaiiiaez,  iron -tools,  was  formed  the  Eng. 
harness  and  from  this  the  Rom.  words,  v.  Villemarque  (houar- 
.  nach),  Schmeller  2,  238,  Diefenb.  Goth.  AVb.  1,  15,  Orig.  Eu- 
rop.  p.  367. 

Arnia  It.,  Sp.  Cat.  arna  bee-hive;  from  Gael,  arcan  cork?  cf. 
Sp.  corcha,  Pg.  cortico  (1)  cork,  (2)  bee -hive. 

Aro  Sp.  Pg.  a  hoop,  ring  &c.,  0.  Pg.  circuit  of  a  town;  from 
aXog  ? 

Arpa  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  harpe  =  (l)  a  harp,  (2)  Sp.  Pr.  Neap, 
claw,  hook;  Pr.  arpar,  O.  Fr.  harper,  It.  arpeggiare  to  play 
the  harp;  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  arpar,  Fr.  harper  to  seize,  hook,  tear; 
It.  arpicare  inerpicare  to  clamber ;  Fr.  harpin  a  hook ,  whence 
se  harpigner  and  se  harpailler  to  grapple  together,  scuffle;  It. 
arpignone  a  large  hook,  arpione  a  hinge;  Sp.  arpon,  Pg.  ar- 
pao,  Fr.  harpon,  a  harpoon,  Fr.  harpeau  a  grappling-iron.  For 
Sp.  arpa  a  hook  the  Pg.  has  farpa  (/=  aspirate),  so  also 
f arpar  farpao,  whence  ph.  the  \i.  frappa  a  lappet,  frappare 


ARPENT  —  ARREL.  37 

snip  out,  slash,  and  the  Pg.  farapo^  Sp.  harapo  a,  shred, 
tatter.  All  these  forms  have  their  origin  in  the  Gr.  harfe,  0. 
H.  Gr.  harplia,  O.  N.  harpa,  A.  S.  hearpe;  Venant.  Fort,  who 
first  uses  harpa,  calls  it  a  barbarous,  i.  e.  a  Teutonic  instru- 
ment. (Romanusque  lyrd,  plaudat  txbi  harharus  harpd).  The 
hooked  shape  of  the  harp  gave  rise  to  the  second  meaning. 
The  Gk.  aQnri  would  scarcely  have  had  an  aspirate  in  Fr., 
nor  can  harpon  come  from  harpago  for  then  we  should  have 
had  an  O.  Fr.  harpaon  harpeon.  The  Sp.  Pg.  farpa  ^^  shaft 
or  point  of  a  banner  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  Arab. 
^harbah  a  short  spear,  Freyt.  1,  361^,  -whence,  perhaps.  It. 
frappa,  frappare,  cf.  Pg.  farapo,  Sp.  harapo. 
Arpent  Fr.,  Pr.  arpen,  0.  Sp.  arapende  =  Lat.  arepennis  Colum. 
5,  1,  6:  Gralli  semijugerum  arepennem  vocant.  The  Lat.,  how- 
ever, is  probably  from  the  Celtic. 

Arquebuse  —  arcobugio. 

Arrabalde  arrabal  Sp.  Pg.  a  suburb;  from  the  Ar.  al-rdba^d, 
Freyt.  2,  111. 

Arracher  Fr.,  Pr.  araigar  eradicar  esraigar  to  pull  out,  extract; 
from  eradicare  exradicare  (Plant. ,  Ter. ,  Varro) ,  It.  eradicare 
sradicare.  With  arracher  araigar  cf .  pencher,  Pr.  pengar  from 
pendicare, 

Arraffare  —  raff  are, 

Arraial  —  real  (2). 

Arrappare  —  rappare.  ■-' 

Arrate  Sp.,  Pg.  arratel  a  pound  of  16  ounces;  from  Ar.  rati  12 
oz.   Freyt.  2,  160. 

Arrebol  Sp.  Pg.  red  appearance  of  the  sky  at  sunrise  or  sunset ; 
from  the  Ar.  rahdh  (with  the  article  prefixed)  nubes  alba  aut 
quae  modo  alba  modo  nigra' apparet,  ph.  contracted  from  ar- 
rebabol  the  final  /  as  in  admiral  being  the  article  which  be- 
longed to  some  fuller  expression ,  v.  Mahn.  But  Diez  derives 
it  with  more  probability  from  rubor  with  the  Ar.  article,  /  for 
r  as  in  marmol,  arbol,  bergel,  e  for  u  (or  o)  as  in  arredondar 
from  arrodondar.  The  verb  arrebolar  would  =  It.  arrovellare 
(rubellus)  and  the  subst.  may  come  from  the  verb  the  ar 
=  Lat.  ad. 

Arrecife  Sp.,  Pg.  arrecife  recife,  Fr.  recif  ressif,  Eng.  reef\  from 
the  Ar.  al-racif  arracif  a  row  of  stepping-stones  across  water, 
O.  Pg.  arracef, 

Arrecisse  —  recio. 

Arredio  —  radio. 

Arredo  —  redo. 

Arrel  arrelde  Sp.  a  4  lb.  weight;  from  the  Basque  erraldea  a  10  lb. 
weight. 


38  ARREO  —  ARS. 

Arreo  —  redo. 

Arresto  It.  O.  Sp. ,  Pg.  aresto  from  the  Fr.  arret  the  decree  of  a 
supreme  court  of  justice  from  which  there  is  no  appeal;  pro- 
perly =  the  conclusion  of  a  law  -  transaction  from  arresiare, 
arreter  to  stop,  L.  ad-restare,  cf.  G.  beschiuss. 

Arriba  Sp.  Pg.  =  supra;  from  npa  cf.  derrihar. 

Arriar  —  arriser. 

Arriere  —  retro. 

Arriere-ban  —  hando. 

Arriero  Sp.,  Pg.  arrieiro  a  mule  driver;  from  their  shouting 
arre  (N.  Pr.  It.  arrt)  to  urge  on  their  mules :  the  word  is  prob. 
Arabic. 

ArrifiTare  —  riffa. 

Arrimar,  arrimer  —  rima, 

Arripiar  Pg.  to  shudder;  from  liorripilare? 

Arriser  Fr.,  ^^.  arriar  to  let  fall,  let  down,  lower  sails  =  prendre 
les  ris ,  replier  les  voiles  par  moyen  des  ris  et  des  garcettes ; 
from  the  O.  H.  G.  arrisan  to  fall  down.   Is  ris  from  arriser? 

Arrivare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  arribar,  Pr.  aribar,  Fr.  arriver  to  arrive; 
from  ripa,  L.  L.  adripare,  It.  arripare  to  come  to  shore.  The 
introduction  of  this  verb  caused  advenire  to  assume  a  special 
meaning,  v.  avventura. 

Arroba  Sp.  Pg.  a  25  lb.  weight;  from  Ar.  alrob\i  arrob'a  a  4^^ 

part  (sc.  of  a  cwt.)  Freyt.  2,  113. 
Arroche  Fr.  a  plant,  arrach,  Wall,  aripp  (f.) ;  from  atriplex  (n.). 

It.  atrepice, 

Arrogere  arrosi  arroso  It.  (antiquated)  to  add;  from  arrogare; 
for  the  change  of  conjugation  cf.  Rom.  Gr.  2,  118. 

Arrojar  Sp. ,  Pg.  arrojar  to  fling,  dart,  sprout,  arrojo  intrepi- 
dity, fearlessness;  possibly  from  ruar,  as  the  Fr.  ruer  tr  kick 
,from  mere  with^"  inserted  to  prevent  the  hiatus  rujar  rojar 
arrojar;  v.  trage. 

Arroser  —  ros  (l). 

Arrostire  —  rostire. 

Arroyo  Sp.,  Pg.  arroio  a  rivulet,  brook,  arroyar  to  overflow, 
O.  Sp.  arrogio,  L.  L.  arrogium;  ph.  connected  with  the  Lomb. 
rogia  a  stream  for  watering  meadows,  L.L.  rogium  (9*'^  cent.), 
which  Murat.  (It.  Antiq.  2,  1105)  refers  to  qoh]  qsg).  Cf.  also 
the  Wal.  eruge,  Hung,  urok, 

Arroz  —  riso. 

Arrufar  —  ru/j^a, 

Arrtimar  —  rombo. 

Arrumer  —  rombo. 

Ars  0.  Fr.  plur.  the  fore  -  quarters  of  a  horse;  from  armus,  m 
vanishing  between  r  and  a  dental,  cf.  dors,  dort,  ferte  from 


ARSENALE  —  ASCLA.  39 

dorms,  dormt,  firm'tas,  Fr.  saigner  un  cheval  des  quatre  ars  fore 
and  hind- quarters. 

Arsenale  arzana  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  E.  arsenal,  L.  Gr.  aQ6EVuXr]s'^  It. 
darsena,  Sic.  tirzana  the  part  of  a  harbour  which  is  chained 
off,  a  wet- dock  =  Fr.  darse  darsine ,  Sp.  atarazana,  ataraza- 
nal  covered  shed,  Vg.taracena  tercena;  from  the  Ar.  ddr  ac- 
cind^a  house  of  industry,  Freyt.  2,  69,  526. 

Artalejo  —  artoun. 

Artesa  —  artoun. 

Articiocco  It.,  Fr.  artichaut  an  artichoke;  perhaps  corrupted 
from  It.  carcioffo,  Sp.  alcachofa,  Pg.  alcachofra  which  is  from 
the  Ar.  al-^harshaf  ov  al-harshof. 

Artiga  Sp.  Cat.,  Pr.  artigua  land  newly  broken  up  for  culture; 
Adelung  refers  it  to  the  W.  aru  to  plough.    The  Lat.  arare 

\  would  be  nearer.  The  Basque  has  artica  artiga  y  and  to  this 
language  the  word  probably  belongs. 

Artigiano  It.,  Fr.  artisan,  Sp.  artesano,  Pg.  artezao  an  artisan; 
prob.  =  artitianus  from  artitus  =  bonis  instructus  artibus  Fest. 
Then  the  Sp.  must  be  for  artezano.  Cf.partigiano  horn,  p artitus. 

Artiglio  It.  a  claw,  talon,  Sp.  artijo,  Pg.  artelho  a  limb,  joint, 
Pr.  0.  Fr.  arteil  Twhich  form  is  still  found  in  some  of  the  dia- 
lects) ,  Fr.  orteil  tne  toe ;  from  articulus. 

Artilha  Pr.  a  fortification ,  entrenchment  (?) ;  O.  Fr.  artillier  to 
fortify;  Pr.  artilharia,  O.  Fr.  artillerie,  0.  Pg.  artelharia  cata- 
pults &c.  or  wagons  for  transporting  them,  Fr.  artillerie.  It. 
artiglieria  heavy  guns,  artillery.  From  ars  artis,  cf.  engin  from 
ingenium,  machine  from  ^i^xavij.  0.  Fr.  artilleux  =  crafty, 
cunning. 

Artisan  —  artigiano. 

Artoun  N.  Pr.  bread,  It.  artone  (Veneroni) ;  Sp.  artalejo  artalete 
a  tart,  artesa,  Pg.  arteca  a  kneading  trough.  Not  from  agtog 
but  prob.  from  the  Basque  artoa  maize-bread,  which  Humboldt 
says  meant  orig.  acorn -bread,  from  artea  a  sort  of  oak. 

Arunar  —  aranar. 

Arveja  —  ervo. 

Arzon  —  arcione. 

As  —  asso. 

Asca  Lomb.  a  preposition  =:^prceter;  from  absque? 

Ascella  It.,  Pr.  aissela.  Cat.  axella  shoulder ;  from  axilla,  whence, 
accord,  to  Cicero,  ala  a  T\[ing,  shoulder.  Axilla  became  ascilla 
as  early  as  Isidorus. 

Ascia  —  accia, 

Asciolvere  It.  to  breakfast,  Rh.  ansolver  =  solvere  jejunia. 

Asciugare  asciutto  —  suco. 

Ascla  Pr.  Cat.  a  splinter,  asclar  to  split;  from  astula  (MSS.  for 
assula) ,  asfla ,  ascla.   Hence ,  too ,  the  Sp.  astil  handle  of  an 


40  ASCO  —  ASPO. 

axe,  astilla  a  chip,  splinter,  0.  Fr.  astele,  astillar  to  splinter, 
astillero  a  spear-stand,  Fr.  attelle  (=dtelle)  a  splint  (in  surgery) 
also  =  hames  (v.  atteler  =  to  yoke),  Pr.  astela.  In  Occ. 
fend-  asclat  =  fendu. 

Asco  Sp.  Pg.,  Sard,  ascu,  Pr.  ah  loathing,  disgust,  ascoso  asco- 
roso  asqueroso  loathsome.  Some  derive  from  the  Gk.  al(5%oq 
cciOxQogy  but  the  Goth,  aiviski,  A.  S.  avise,  adj.  Du.  aisk 
aisch,  of  the  same  signification,  would  be  nearer:  cf.  the  G. 
inter] .  of  disgust  aiks!  Larramendi  and  Diefenbach  refer  the 
word  to  the  Basque  asco  (asqui)  much,  too  much;  but  the  B. 
word  for  asco  is  nasca  which  from  the  Sp.  would  have  had  no 
reason  for  altering.  Cf.  also  the  Rh.  ascher  impure,  aschria 
impurity.    The  Sp.  has  also  usgo  for  asco. 

Ascoltare  scoltare  It. ,  O.  Sp.  ascuchar,  Sp.  escuchar,  Pg.  escu- 
tar,  Pr.  escoutar,  Fr.  ecouter  to  listen;  from  auscultare  which, 
however,  would  not  have  given  ascuUare,  so  that  this  latter 
form  must  have  existed  in  the  Latin.  Hence  It.  ascolfa  scolta, 
Sp.  escucha  a  scutry,  scout. 

Aseua  Sp.  Pg.  red-hot  coal;  prob.  from  the  0.  H.  G.  ascd,  Goth. 

azgo,  G.  asche,  E.  ash,  ascua  from  asca  as  esUngua  from  slinga. 

Cf.  the  Lat.  favilla  =  ashes  and  spark.    The  Basq.  auscua  is 

ph.  of  the  same  origin. 
Ascar  Sp.,  Pg.  asseiar  to  adorn;  from  assidere  to  suit,  become? 
Asermar  asesmar  —  esmar. 
Asestar  —  sesia. 
Asi  —  cost. 
Asiento  —  sentare. 
Asinha  Pg.  adv.  for  L.  statim;  from  agina,  or  from  ad  signum? 

Asir  Sp.  Pg.,  0.  Sp.  azir  to  grasp,  seize;  from  the  Lat.  apisci, 
whence  apiscire  (cf.  sequi  sequire)^  apsir,  asir,  Pres.  apiscor 
apsco  asgo. 

Asma  asima  ansima  It. ,  asthma;  horn,  asthma  (aed-^a).  Hence 
ansimare  (l)  to  pant,  (2)  to  desire  eagerly,  cf.  Sp.  anhelar.  For 
ansimare  are  used  also  a?isiare  ansare,  from  anxius  (Sp.  ansiar 
=  to  covet).  Ansimare  ansima  are  formed  as  if  connected  with 
anxius. 

Asolare  —  scialare. 

Asomar  —  sommo. 

Aspettare  to  wait  for ,  Wal.  asteptd.  If  from  adspectare  (aspetto 
look  =  adspectus)  the  0.  H.  G.  warten  =  aspicere  and  ex- 
pectare  may  be  compared ;  if  from  expectare,  cf .  asciutto  from 
exsuctus. 

Aspo  naspo  It.,  Sp.  aspa,  O.  Fr.  hasple.  Pic.  haple  a  reel;  from 
O.  H.  G.  haspa  haspel.  The  gender  in  It.  has  conformed  to 
that  of  naspo  ivomjnaspare. 


ASSAI  —  ASSOUVIR.  41 

Assai  It.,  0.  Sp.  asaz,  Pg.  assaz,  Pr.  assatz,  Fr.  assez;  from 
ad  satis. 

Assassino  It.,  Sp.  asesmo,  Pr.  assassin,  Fr.  assassin,  an  assassin. 
From  the  Ar.  ^hasMshm  the  members  of  an  Eastern  sect, 
who,  intoxicated  by  a  drink  ('hashish  Golius  p.  613)  pre- 
pared from  the  hemp -plant,  took  an  oath  to  the  Sheik  or  Old 
Man  of  the  Mountain  f  Shaikh  al-gahal)  that  they  would  do 
murder  in  his  service  if  required.  The  word  was  unknown  in 
Europe  before  the  12*^  century. 

Assembler  —  sembrare, 

Assentare  —  sentare. 

Assettare  It. ,  to  arrange ,  set  in  order ,  put  on  table  (Pr.  asse- 
tar)]  hence  It.  rassettare  to  mend.  It.  assetto  ornament,  Pr. 
assieta  an  arrangement,  Fr.  assiette  a  place  at  table  (v.  Case- 
neuve)  whence  =  a  plate.  The  It.  assettare  also  means  "to 
cut  off^',  '^castrate'',  in  which  sense  it  must  come  from  secare 
sectus.  This  sense  may  have  given  rise  that  of  "ordering, 
arranging^'  just  as  O.  H.  G.  skeran  to  shear  is  connected  with 
skerjan  to  portion  off,  arrange.  It.  assetto  a  little  board,  is 
from  assis. 

Assez  —  assai. 

Assiette  —  assettare. 

Assisa  —  assises. 

Assises  Fr.  (plur.),  E.  assizes,  an  extraordinary  session  of  a 
court  of  justice,  a  session  on  a  certain  day  named  beforehand. 
0.  Fr.  also  sing,  assise,  Pr.  asiza,  which  meant,  besides,  a 
decree  passed  at  such  a  session,  a  decree  for  taxing,  a  tax, 
hence  L.  L.  levare  assisiam  to  raise  a  tax.  It.  assisa  tribute,  ex- 
cise. Neap,  assisa  an  impost  on  provisions.  It  is  a  participle 
from  the  0.  Fr.  Pr.  assire  to  place,  place  oneself,  Lat.  assi- 
dere,  and  so  meant  anything  placed  or  laid  in  position,  Fr. 
assise  =  a  layer  of  stones,  Pr.  =  place,  position  (also  cizias 
plur.).  Thus  it  would  prop,  mean  not  the  session  itself  but 
the  day  appointed  for  it  or  the  decree  passed  in  it.  A  variant 
form  of  assise  is  found  in  the  Fr.  accise  (formed  as  if  from  ac- 
cidere)  ~-  E.  excise. 

Asso  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  Fr.  as,  Pg.  az  an  ace;  from  the  Lat.  as  which 
denoted  a  unit.  Muratori,  misled  by  the  expression /«!5cmr<? 
uno  in  asso  to  leave  one  in  the  lurch,  derived  it  from  L.  L.  ab- 
sus  ==  ager  incultus.  But  this  phrase ,  like  the  corresponding 
G.  einen  im  stiche  lassen  (stich  =  ace)  is,  probably,  borrowed 
from  card  -  playing. 

Assoager  assouagier  Fr. ,  Pr.  assuaviar  to  assuage;  from  suavis 
cf.  levi-are,  molli-are  &c. 

Assommer  —  salma. 

Assouvir  Fr.  to  satiate.   Perhaps  from  the  Goth,  ga-sothjan  (xoq- 


42  ASSOVIAR  —  ATABALLO. 

rd^Siv)  V  =  th  SLS  in  pouvoir  =  O.  Fr.  podoir,  Pr.  poder.  The 
deriv.  from  adsatire,  adsair,  assa-ou-ir  (cf.  evanouir),  assouir, 
assouvir,  is  inadmissible.  We  should  expect  assavouir.  Gachet 
instances  an  0.  Fr.  asouffir,  which  points  to  sufficere,  a  more 
satisfactory  etymon  than  ga-s6thjan,  which  is  too  remote. 

Assoviar  —  soffiare, 

Astilla  —  ascla. 

Astio  aschio  envy,  rancour,  adasiiare  to  envy,  grudge;  from 
the  Goth,  haifst-s  discord,  haifst-j-an  =  ast-i-are. 

Astiou  —  hate. 

Astore  It. ,  O.  Sp.  aztor,  Sp.  Pg.  azor  (whence  the  name  of  the 
islands  Azores),  Pr.  austor,  O.  Fr.  ostor,  Fr.  autour  a  goshawk. 
Usually  derived  from  astiir  (=  the  bird  of  Asturid) ,  Matornus 
Firmicus  A.  D.  400;  but  this  would  have  given  astre.  The 
grammarian  Caper  mentions  a  word  acceptor  as  vulgarly  used 
for  accipiter;  azor  would  =  acceptor  em  just  as  rezar  =  red- 
tare.  The  Pr.  austor  is ,  probably,  an  irregular  form  of  astor, 
like  austronomia  =  astronomia.  The  N.  Pr.  is  aston.  From 
azor  may  come  the  Sp.  verb  azorar  to  frighten,  bewilder, 
orig.  of  birds  chased  by  the  hawk,  perdiz  azorada;  cf.  Sp. 
amilanar  to  frighten,  from  milano  a  kite.  Cat.  esparverar  from 
esparver  a  sparrow-hawk. 

Astre  aistre  0.  Fr.,  Fr.  dtre  hearth,  L.  L.  astrum;  hence  Lomb. 
astraCy  Sic.  astracu,  L.  L.  astricus  plastar  (pavement),  Vocab. 
S.  Galli,  0.  H.  G.  astrihj  G.  estrich.  Diefenbach  derives  it 
from  the  Lat.  asser.  The  addition  of  the  article  gives  the  It. 
lastra  a  slab,  lastrico  pavement,  Sp.  lastre  lastra,  Pg.  lastro 
a  stone -slab,  ballast. 

Astreindre  —  etreindre. 

Astro  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  Fr,  astre j  a  constellation,  also  =  fate, 
luck.  Hence  Sp.  Pg.  astroso  unlucky  (Isidor.  astrosus  quasi 
malo  sidere  natus);  0.  Sp.  astrugo,  Pr.  astruc  lucky.  Hence 
Pr.  henastre ,  henastruc,  0.  Sp.  malastrugo ,  Pr.  malastre,  ma- 
lastruCf  O.  Fr.  malostru  for  malastru,  Fr.  malotru  (=  inep- 
tus);  It.  disastro,  Sp.  desastro,  Fr.  desastre,  E.  disaster. 

Astueeio  It.,  Sp.  estuche  (estui  in  Berceo),  Pg.  estojOy  Pr.  estug 
estui,  Fr.  etui  a  case,  box,  repository;  Pg.  estojar,  Pr.  estuiar 
estoiar,  O.  Fr.  estuier  to  preserve,  store  up.  Estug  etui  come 
from  the  M.  H.  G.  stitche  stauche  a  case  for  arms  (v.  Adelung); 
the  form  astueeio  (Veron.  stuccio)  must  be  referred  to  an 
O.  H.  G.  stuchjo,  cf.  guancia  from  wankja. 

Asurarse  Sp.  to  be  burnt  (of  meat);  for  arsurarse,  cf.  It.  Pr. 
arsura,  Sard,  assura  (and  Lat.  assus  =  arsus). 

Ataballo  taballo  It. ,  Sp.  atahal,  Pg.  atdbale  a  Moorish  kettle- 
drum, liJimballo,  ^^Mmhal  (timbrel) ;  iromAr.al-tabl/aU-Uabl, 


ATAL  —  ATTACHER.  43 

Atal  —  cotale. 

Atalaya  Sp.  a  watch-tower;  from  Ar.  ^tal^aah  a  view,  Freyt. 

3;  65. 
Atambor  —  tamburo. 
Atancar  —  stancare. 
Atanto  —  cotanto. 

Atar  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  to  tie,  lace*,  from  aptare  (cf.  ccQinot^Hv), 
Atarazana  —  arsenate. 
Atarfe  Sp.  tamarisk;  from  Ar.  aH-^tarfd. 
Atargea  —  targa. 
Ataud  Sp.  Pg. ;  Pr.  tauc,  0.  Fr.  taut  taiic,  Neap,  tavuto  a  box, 

coffin;  from  Ar.  al-tdbict,  at -t abut. 
Ataviar  Sp.  Pg.  to  adorn,  atavio  embellishment;  from  the  Goth. 

ga-tevjan  to  set  in  order,  teva  order,  or  better  from  Goth. 

taujan  (pret.  tavidd)^  A.  S.  tavian,  E.  taw,  Du.  touwen,  O.  H.  G. 

zaivjan  to  prepare,   dress,  cf.  Sp.  parar  to  prepare,  adorn. 

The  a  =  Lat.  ad. 
Ate  0.  Fr.  hot,  rash,  Charlem.  v.  613  (not  ate's),  also  aate,  aatir 

to  incite,  aatie,  atine  deadly  enmity.   From  the  Norse  atm- 

citement  to  fight ,  att  incited  (hence  ate') ,  etia  to  incite.    The 

form  aastie  is  not  connected  with  the  It.  astio. 
Ate  —  te. 
Atear  —  tea. 
Atelier  Fr.  a  workshop  =  Pr.  astelier,  Sp.  astillero  (from  hasta 

but  V.  ascld)  a  lance -stand,  stand  for  tools,  workshop.   The 

N.  Pr.  astelier  astier  =  an  andiron  (place  for  laying  logs). 
Aterecer  —  intero. 
Atisbar  Sp.  to  search,  inquire  into ;  from  Basque  aiisbeatu  which 

is  compounded  of  ateis  closed  doors ,  and  beatu  to  spy. 
Atizar  —  tizzo. 
Atoar  —  touer. 

Atobar  Sp.  to  astonish ;  from  tuba ,  cf .  aitonare  from  tonus. 
Atorar  —  tuero. 
Atracar  Sp.  a  nautical  word  =  to  come  alongside  a  ship ;  from 

attrahicare  or  better  from  Du.  trekken,  aantrekken. 
Atravesar  —  travieso. 
Atre  —  astre. 
Atreverse  Sp.  to  be  too  forward,  to  venture,   0.  Sp.  treverse. 

From  sibi  attribuere,  sibi  tribuere  =^  to  presume,  be  arrogant. 

The  existence  of  the  verb  atribuir  tribuir  does  not  affect  this 

etymology.   The  Sp.  keeps  the  Lat.  accent  atrevo  =  attribuo. 
Atril  Sp.  a  reading-desk,  lectern;  ph.  corrupted  from  latril  letril 

as  if  from  lectorile,  0.  Fr.  letrin,  el  atril  being  a  mistake  for 

el  latril.   The  form  letril  occurs. 
Atropellar  —  tropa. 
Attacher,  attaquer  —  tacco. 


44  ATTELER  —  AUFERRANT. 

Atteler  —  teler. 

Attelle  —  ascla, 

AttifFer  —  tiffer. 

Attillare  It.^  Sp.  atildar,  Pg.  aiilar,  Pr.  atilhar  to  deck ,  trim ; 
from  a  L.  attitulare  to  below  the  utmost  care  on  dress  &c., 
prop,  to  forget  not  a  jot  or  tittle,  from  It.  titolo  =  dot  over  a 
letter ;  Sp.  tilde ,  Pg.  til,  L.  L.  attitulare  =  to  mark  (adorn): 
cnicis  signactdo  frontem  ejus  attitulans. 

Attimo  It.  a  moment ;  from  ato^og.  Papias  has :  hora  habet  ato- 
mos  XXII  milia, 

Attiser  —  tizzo. 

Attizzare  —  tizzo. 

Atturare  It.  to  stop,  Sp.  Pg.  aiurar  to  hold  out,  persevere, 
endure  (ph.  for  aturarse),  Cat.  Pr.  aturar  to  stop,  shut  up, 
keep  back,  s' aturar  to  hold  up,  exert  oneself,  persevere,  atur 
exertion;  from  ohturare  (with  change  of  prep.)  to  stop  up, 
hence  =  to  stop,  hold  out,  persevere  (cf.  G.  use  of  aufhalten). 
The  Sp.  occurs  in  the  Lat.  sense.  Shortened  from  atturare  is 
the  It.  turare  (hence  tura  a  dam) ,  Sp.  turar,  not  from  a  Lat, 
primitive. 

Attutare  —  tutare, 

Atufar  —  tufo. 

Aturdir  —  stordire. 

Aubain  Fr.  a  foreigner,  L.  L.  alhamis;  from  alibi  with  the  suffix 
anus  which  is  frequently  added  to  adverbs,  cf.  proche  pro- 
chain  y  loin  loin  tain,  ante  ancien. 

Aube  —  alba. 

Auberge  —  albergo. 

Aubier  Fr. ,  Pr.  alhar  sap ,  the  white  soft  wood  next  the  bark ; 
from  albus  (albarius)  whence,  too,  L.  alburnum,  0.  Fr.  aubour, 
Lim.  ooubun. 

Aubour  —  aubier. 

Auce  abce  0.  Sp.  (f.)  fate,  lot,  con  dios  e  con  la  vuestra  auce 
Poem.  d.  Cid  v.  2376;  buen  auce  v.  2379;  the  etymology  is 
doubtful.  Apul.  Met.  9  has:  bona  et  satis  secunda  aucilla  which 
may  come  from  auce  (v.  s.  bubbone),  but  it  is  better,  perhaps, 
to  refer  it  to  auspicium  which  might  follow  the  gender  of 
suerte.  With  auce  abce  is  connected  the  Sp.  aciago,  Pg.  aziago 
unlucky  through  the  0.  Val.  form  abziach;  the  i  of  the  Sp. 
supports  the  derivation  from  auspicium,  though  the  suffix  ago 
for  aco  is  unusual.  Diez  thinks  that  the  etymology  remains 
to  be  discovered.  May  not  auce  abce  come  from  avis  avica, 
aucilla  =  avicella?  If  so  the  words  abce  mala  (Alex.  545)  would 
correspond  to  the  Lat.  mala  avis. 

Aucun  —  alcuno. 

Auferrant  —  f errant. 


AUPIN  —  AUSSI.  45 

Aufin  —  alfido. 

Auge  It. ;  Sp. ;  Pg.  the  highest  point  (of  glory  &c.) ;  from  the 
Ar.  aug  an  astronomical  word  borrowed  from  the  Persian 
auk,  Freyt.  1,  69. 

Auge  Fr.  (f.)  a  trough;  from  alveus,  It.  alveo. 

Augurio  It. ;  Sp.  aguero,  Pg.  agouro,  Pr.  auguri  augur  agur,  aur, 
0.  Fr.  eur  heiir,  Fr.  heur,  Wall,  aweure,  omen,  luck;  It.  au- 
gurare,  Sp.  Pr.  augurar  agurar,  Fr.  augurer  to  augur,  Pr.  ahu- 
rar,  O.  Fr.  heiXrer  to  bless,  Wal.  ura  to  wish  luck ;  from  augu- 
rium  augurare,  the  derivation  of  lieur  &c.  from  hora  being  suf- 
ficiently disproved  both  by  the  gender  and  by  the  forms  in 
Pr.,  O.  Fr.,  and  Wallon,  though  the  h  may  have  been  pre- 
fixed from  a  false  notion  of  the  etymology,  cf.  heureux,  O.Fr. 
eiireux  =■  Pr.  aiiros.  It.  auguroso,  L.  L.  auguriosus ;  horosus  is 
nowhere  found.  Hence  we  have  Pr.  honaiir,  Fr.  honheur,  ma- 
laiir,  malheur;  It.  sciagurato ,  sciaurato,  0.  Sp.  xaurado,  Sp. 
xauro  wretched  from  exauguratus ,  It.  sciagura,  sciaura  mis- 
fortune; E.  enure;  It.  uria  is  a  plur.  form  from  augurium. 

Aujourd'hui  —  oggi. 

AuUar  Sp.  {aiular  Berceo)  to  howl ;  -from  ejulare  as  ayuno  from 
jejunium. 

Aumaille  Fr.  horned  cattle  (f .,  and  generally  in  plur.) ;  from  anima- 
lia  (cf.  merveille  from  mirabilia,  and  v.  oca).  Kh.  armal.  Wall. 
amd  a  bullock,  Piedm.  Parm.  animal  =  a  pig,  Eom.  animela 
a  sow,  cow,  mare,  bitch  &c.:  v.  Pott,  Hofer's  Zeitschr.  3;  161. 

Aumone  —  limosina. 

Aumusse  • —  ahnussa. 

Aun  ■ —  anche. 

Aune  —  alna. 

Aunee  —  enola, 

Auques  —  algo. 

Aura  ora  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  Kh.  aura,  O.  Fr.  ore  a  breeze  from 
aura;  hence  thePr.  aur  at,  O.Fr.  ore;  Pr.  auratge,  O.Fr.  or  age 
a  breeze  (lo  dous  auratge,  lo  fer  auratge) ,  Fr.  or  age  a  storm, 
Sp.  orage;  Sp.  orear,  Cat.  oretjar  to  refresh,  oreo  oretj.  It. 
oreggio,  Pr.  aurei  a  gentle  gale.  From  oreggio  is  to  be  distin- 
guished It.  orezzo  rezzo  a  cool ,  shady  place ,  from  a  form  au- 
ritium.   Arezzo  is  also  found,  a  =  au  SiS  in  ascoltare. 

Aurone  Fr.  the  plant  southernwood;  from  abrotonum,  It.  abro- 
tano. 

Aus  N.  Pr.  (m.)  al.  aou.  Champ,  ause  the  fleece  of  a  sheep ;  from 
the  Lat.  hapsus  (Celsus)  on  which  the  grammarian  Caper 
(Putsch  p.  2249)  remarks:  hapsum  vellera  lance  non  hapsus,  cf. 
hapsum  vellus  lame  Gloss.  Isid,  The  p  is  lost  as  in  neipsum, 
Pr.  neus,  malaptus  malaut. 

Aussi  Fr. ,  O.  Fr.  alsi  ausine,  Florent.  alsl;  from  aliud  sic. 


46  AUTANT  —  AVEL. 

Autant  Fr.;  0.  Sp.  autan;  from  aliud  tantum, 

Autel  Fr. ;  from  alius  talis, 

Autillo  Sp.  a  screech-owl;  from  otm  {(orog)  a  horned- owl,  for 
a-  otilla. 

Auto  Sp.  a  decree,  edict;  from  actum,  It.  atto.  Hence  auto  de 
fe,  Pg.  auto  da  fe  a  religious  decree. 

Autour  —  astore. 

Autruche  —  struzzo. 

Auvent  Fr.  a  shed,  awning;  apparently  the  same  as  the  Pr. 
anvan  amban  a  projection  or  balcony  to  defend  the  entrance 
to  a  town;  an  =  au  as  in  erraument  =  erranment.  Anvan  may 
be  from  an  =  ante  (cf.  angardd)  and  vannus  or  vertus. 

Avaeciare  It.  to  hasten,  avaccio  (accio)  haste;  a  participial  verb 
like  cacciare;  ahigere  dbactus  dbactiare;  hence  O.  Cat.  adv. 
yvac,  V.  Chron.  d'Esclot. 

Avachir  Fr.  to  relax,  give  in,  languish,  to  become  weak,  flaccid; 
from  O.  H.  G.  weichjan  to  weaken,  the  a  prefixed  as  in  avilir, 
attendrir  &c.  (Kom.  Gr.  1,  296).   Wall,  s'avachi  =  to  sink. 

Avalange  avalanche  (cf.  O.  Fr.  fresenge  =  fresenche) ,  whence 
It.  valanga  an  avalanche;  from  avaler  to  descend  (O.  Fr.  aval 
=  down,  amont  =  up,  whence  montare,  monter,  mount,  amount\ 
which  has  also  given  avalaison  a  torrent.  Another  form  is 
lavange  lavanche,  Pr.  lavanca  partly  from  avalange,  partly 
from  L.  L.  Idbina  (Isidorus ,  who  derives  it  from  lahi) ,  Rh. 
lavina,  G.  lawine.  Others  derive  these  from  G.  lauen  to  thaw. 
Valance  is  the  same  word. 

Avancer  avant  avantage  —  anzi, 

Avanid  It.  Pg.,  Fr.  avanie  oppression,  exaction,  prop.  =  a  poll- 
tax  extorted  from  the  Christians  by  their  Turkish  rulers. 
Probably  a  Turkish  word,  M.  Gk.  dpavta. 

Avannotto  It.  a  fish  of  not  more  than  a  year  old ;  from  ab  anno 

(Menage). 
Avanti  avanzare  —  anzi. 
Avaria  It.  Pg.,  Fr.  avarie,  E.  average  prop.  =  damage  at  sea; 

from  the  G.  haferei;  Du.  haverij  =  sea- damage,  haf  =  sea 

(Scandin.). 
Avec  Fr.  prep.  =  It.  vSp.  con,   0.  Fr.  avoc  avuec  avec;  from 

O.  Fr.  ah  =  apud  and  oc  =  hoc;  cf.  O.Fr.  por-uec  ^^by  means 

of  this"  Rom.  Gr.  2,  405.    Another  form  is  avecques.   Cf.  appo 

and  0. 
Aveindre   Fr.  to  take  out,   take  forth,   Occ.  avedre,    Champ. 

avainder  (l^*  conj.);  from  abemere  to  take  away  (Festus:  abe- 

mito  significat  demito  auferto). 

Avel  0.  Fr.  Champ,  (plur.  aviaux)  =  anything  precious ;  not 
from  velle  but  from  lapillus,  It.  lapillo  (==  bijou).    The  first 


AVELLO  —  AVOLTORE.  47 

syllable  was  mistaken  for  the  article  and  thus  the  word  be- 
came avel ,  cf.  It.  avello  from  labellum. 

Avello  It.  a  stone  coffin,  Mod.  lavello,  Mil.  navell  a  vessel  of 
marble  &c.;  from  labellum  a  vessel ,  L.  L.  (9^^  century),  lavel- 
lum  =  a  coffin,  v.  Muratori  and  Rom.  Gr.  1,  240.  Vas  also 
in  L.  L.  =  a  coffin. 

Avenant  Fr.,  Pr.  avinen  (hence  It.  avvenante  avvenente)  becoming, 
next ;  from  adveniens,  cf.  conveniens,  hecoming,  G.  bequem  from 
hiqueman  to  come. 

Averiguar  —  santiguar. 

Aves  abes  O.  Sp.  adv.  =  vix;  from  ad  vix  like  assaz  from  ad 
satis,  Eh.  vess.   Hence  malavez. 

Avestruz  —  struzzo. 

Aveu  —  voeu. 

Aveugle  —  avocolo. 

Avieso  Sp.,  Pg.  avesso  perverse;  from  averso,  0.  Sp.  envesar 
=  enversar,  cf.  rivescio. 

Aviron  Fr.  an  oar,  L.  L.  ahiro.  Perhaps  from  ad  gyrum  as 
moving  circularly.  This  derivation  is  supported  by  the  Lothr. 
aiviron  an  instrument  which  in  working  describes  a  circle. 

Avis  aviser  —  viso. 

Avocolo  vocolo  It.,  Fr.  aveugle  blind.  It.  avocolare,  Fr.  aveugler, 
Pr.  avogolar  to  blind.  From  dboculus,  on  the  analogy  of  db- 
normis  amens  &c.,  cf.  the  L.  Gr.  d%  ofL^dtcov  or  ccTto^^arog 
i^oa^arog. 

Avoi  0.  Fr.  interjection  expressing  ill-humoured  astonishment. 
Various  derivations  have  been  given:  (l)  ah  voie  =:lt.  eh  via, 
(2)  Lat.  evoe,  (3)  an  ecclesiastical  refrain  evovce,  the  vowels 
of  " seculorum  amenV^  The  true  etymology  is  ah  voi  ah!  see! 
=  Span,  afe  (Cid  1325);  where  v  =f  (cf.  he)  =  ah  ve.  Cf. 
O.  Fr.  voici  and  veci. 

Avol  Pr.  bad,  wretched,  sbst.  avoleza.  The  word  occurs  also, 
but  very  rarely,  in  O.  Sp.,  O.  Cat.,  and  O.  Pg.  Avolome 
(Berceo)  =  ladron  (Sanchez).  In  Pr.  the  word  is  commonly 
used  as  the  opposite  to  pros,  Fr.  preux,  and  is  written  dul,  cf. 
fre'ul  from  frevol.  It  comes  from  a  L.  L.  advolus  (=  ad  vena) 
mentioned  by  Ducange.  Advolatus  would  make  advolus  avol, 
just  as  cordatus  gives  Sp.  cuerdo,  clinatus  Pr.  din  &c.  The 
first  meaning  would  be  stranger,  homeless ;  cf.  G.  elend  =  (l) 

•   peregrinus,  (2)  miser. 

Avoltore  avoltojo  It.,  Pr.  voltor,  Fr.  vautour,  E.  vulture;  from 
volturius,  Sp.  biutre,  Pg.  abutre,  from  vultur.  Hence  Sp.  bui- 
tron  a  partridge -net,  a  fish -net;  cf.  Fr.  epervier  =  sparrow- 
hawk  and  fish -net.  Littre  (hist,  de  la  langue  franc.),  instead 
of  viclturius,  gives  vulturem  (for  vulturem)  as  the  original  of 
the  Fr.  vautour  &c. 


48  AVORIO  —  AZA. 

Avorio  It.,  Pr.  avori  evori,  Fr.  ivoire  (m.)  ivory;  from  ehoreus. 
Avouer  Fr. ,  Pr.  avoar,  E.  avow  to  confess ,  own ,  acknowledge. 

not  from  advotare  but  from  advocare^  as  avoue  =  advocatus. 

Pr.  Pg.  avocar  meant  to  call  to  one,  own,  acknowledge,  L.  L. 

advocare  ut  filium  suum.   Hence  aveu. 
Avoutre  O.  Fr.  Pr.  a  bastard,  Bret.  avouUr;  from  adulter,   It. 

avoltero  an  adulterer,  Wal.  votru  a  pandar.  Hence Eng.«i;ow^ry. 

For  the  v  v.  Eom.  Gr.  1,  164.   The  Wall,  avotron  avuiron  has 

also  the  sense  of  a  shoot,  sapling. 
Avutarda  —  ottarda. 
Avvegnache  It.  =  Lat.  etsi;  from  avvenire  =  prop,  it  might 

happen  that. 
Avvenente  —  avenant. 
Avventare  It.  to  throw.    The  Pr.  ventar,    O.  Fr.  venter  =  to 

throw  to  the  wind,  whence  the  It.  word.   Aventare  to  thrive 

is  from  avvenire,  Sic.  ahhentare  to  find  rest ,  ahento  rest  =  ad- 

ventus  (sc.  Christi). 

Avventura  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  aventura,  Fr.  aventure,  E.  adventure, 
Gr.  abenteuer,  accident ,  luck ,  peril  {aventure  de  mort  =  death- 
aventure) ,  particularly  of  knightly  combat  5  from  advenire  to 
happen  (cf.  arriver). 

Axedrez  Sp.,  Pg.  xadrez  enxadrez  the  game  of  chess;  from  Ar. 
ash-sheHrang  chess-board,  this  from  the  Persian,  which  has 
taken  the  word  from  the  Sanskrit  cliatur-anga,  lit.  ^^  having 
four  members^^,  viz.  the  four  sets  of  men  with  which  the  game 
was  originally  played  in  the  East,  or  the  four  different  arms 
of  which  each  set  was  composed. 

Axedrea  —  satureja. 

Axenjo  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  enxenso  wormwood;  from  absinthium. 

Axuar  axovar  Sp.  bride's  trousseau;  from  Ar.  ash-shuwar. 

Aye  Fr.  (also  a'ie)  interjection;  from  the  old  imperative  aie 
^^help"! 

Ayer  —  ieri. 

Ayo  Sp.  governor,  tutor,  ay  a  nurse.  It.  ajo  aja.  The  O.  H.  G. 
has  hagan  hagjan  to  nurse ,  hence  hagjo  and  heio  a  warden ; 
but  the  Sp.  is  more  probably  derived  from  the  Basque  ayoa 
^^one  who  guards  and  attends  ^%  whence  zaya  a  guardian, 
seinzaya  a  nurse.  Is  the  It.  word  from  theSp.?  Others  derive 
ay  a  from  avia,  ayo  from  a  corresponding  avius. 

Ayunar  —  giunare. 

Ayunque  —  incude. 

Aza  —  haza. 

Aza  Pg.  (1)  a  handle,  ear  of  a  pitcher  &c.  =  Sp.  asa,  Cat.  ansa, 
nansa,  Lat.  ansa,  (2)  a  bird's  wing  =  Sp.  ala  not  used  in  Pg., 
perhaps  also  from  ansa,  the  wing  being  regarded  as  a  handle. 


AZADA  —  AZZURO.  49 

The  Gloss.  Isid.  has:  acia  ala,  but  whence  is  this?   Graevius 

mentions  in  connection  with  it  axilla,  whence  ala. 
Azada  —  accia. 

Azafate  Sp.  Pg.  a  low  basket,  tray:  from  Ar.  al-safaH  as-safaU, 
Azafran  —  zafferano. 
Azagaya  —  zagaia. 
Azaut  adaut  Pr.  agreeable,  azautar  to  cheer,  enliven:  from 

adaptus,  adaptare  (cf.  malaut  from  malaptus),  thus  ==  It.  adatto 

adopted,  fitting,  agreeable. 
Azcona  Sp.,  corrupted /a5C0w«,  Tr.ascona,  0.  Cat.  escona  a  dart: 

prob.from  O.H.G.  asc,  G.  esche  an  ash  (eschiner  schaft  Nibel. 

537).   Pg-  ascona  =  comet  (Lat.  hasta). 
Azemar  —  esmar. 
Azesmar  —  esmar. 
Azevinho  —  acebo. 
Azienda  —  faccenda. 
Azinho  —  elce. 
Azofar  Sp.  brass,  latten:  from  Ar.  al-cofr  ac-cofr. 

Azogue  Sp.,  Pg.  azougue  quicksilver:  from  Ar.  al-zuwaq  az- 
zuwaq  or  alzibaq  azzibaq,  which  comes  from  the  Persian. 
Freyt.  2,  219. 

Azor  —  astore. 

Azote  Sp.,  Pg.  acoute  a  whip,  azotar,  acoutar,  It.  ciottare  to  flog: 
from  Ar.  al-sauU  as-sauH. 

Azuear  —  zucchero. 

Azueena  Sp.a  white  lily;  irom. Kr.al-susan  assusan,  Heb.shushan, 
Gr.  6ovi5ov,  Freyt.  2,  375,  whence  the  name  Susanna. 

Azufaifa  azufeifa  Sp.  Pg.  jujube -tree,  fruit  of  jujube -tree: 
from  Ar.  al-zofaizef  az-zofaizef. 

Azufre  —  solfo. 

Azza  —  accia. 

Azzardo  It.,  Fr.  hasard  (h  asp.),  Pr.  azary  Cat.  atsar  hazard 
chance,  Sp.  Pg.  azar  an  unlucky  throw,  unforeseen  accident, 
ill-luck;  jeu  de  hasard  =  game  of  chance;  It.  azzardare,  Fr. 
hasarder,  to  hazard,  stake,  wager,  h.  h.  ludere  ad  azarum. 
O.  Fr.  hazart  =  a  dice -player,  hazarder  to  be  fond  of  dice 
or  hazard -playing.  The  Fr.  d  is  epenthetical ,  and  the  It.  is 
derived  from  tne  Fr.  The  original  form  is  evidently  the  0.  It. 
zaro,  It.  zara  =  a  throw  of  3  aces.  Perhaps  from  the  Kv.zahr, 
a  die  (root  zahara  to  glisten,  be  white  Freyt.  2,  261).  The 
Ar.  article  prefixed,  al-zahr  az-zahr,  gives  the  commoner 
Rom.  form,  v.  Mahn  (Etym.  Untersuch.). 

Azzimare  —  esmar. 

Azzuro  azzuolo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  azal,  Pr.  Fr.  azur,  dark  blue  azure: 
from  Pers.  Idzuward,  whence  lapis  lazuli  the  sapphire. 
DiKz,  romance:  dict.  4 


so  BABA  —  BACCALARE. 

B. 

Baba  babieea  babosa  —  hava. 

Babazorro  Sp.  a  coarse,  ill-bred  fellow:  prop  =  a  sack  of 
beans ,  a  nickname  of  the  Alabenses ;  from  the  Basque  baha 
bean  and  zorro  sack. 

Babbaccio  babbuasso  • —  hdbbeo. 

Babbeo,  babbaccio,  babbano,  babbuasso  It.  a  blockhead:  Pr. 
habau,  Pic.  baba  a  fop,  dotard;  It.  babbole,  Fr.  babioies, 
baubles;  the  root  is  seen  in  the  Lat.  babulus  (Apuleius),  babnr- 
rus  stultus  Gloss.  Isid.;  baburra  stultitia  Gloss.  Placid.;  cf. 
Irish,  W.  baban  a  child,  Eng.  babe,  babby. 

Babbo  It.  father,  Dante  Inf.  32  ne  da  lingua  che  chiami  mamma 
0  babbo,  only  used  by  children,  but  in  Sard,  babu  is  the  proper 
word  for  father;  so  Kh.  bab,  Wal.  fem.  babe  a  midwife,  Hung. 
baba,  M.  H.  G.  babe.   The  word  belongs  to  many  languages. 

Babbuino  It.,  Sp.  babuino,  Fr.  babouin,  Eng.  baboon;  probably 
akin  to  the  -Fr.  babine  an  ape's  or  cow's  lip ,  and  to  the  G. 
provincial  bdppe  a  mouth,  v.  beffa. 

Babeurre  Fr.  buttermilk  =  hat-beurre:  battre  le  beufTe  =  to 
make  butter. 

Babil  Fr.  babiller,  Eng.  babble,  G.  babbeln;  an  onomatop. 

Babine  —  babbuino. 

Babioies  —  babbeo. 

Babord  Fr.  larboard ,  left  side  of  a  ship ;  from  Du.  bak  -  boord, 
A.  S.  bcecbord  back- board,  because  in  steering  the  helmsman 
turns  his  back  to  that  side. 

Babouches  Fr.  (f.  pi.)  whence  Sp.  babuches  Turkish  slippers; 
from  Ar.  bdbiig,  bdbush,  this  from  Vers,  pdpiish  foot-covering. 

Bac  Fr.  a  flat-boat,  ferry-boat,  Rouchi  =  a  trough;  cf.  Du. 
bak  a  tray,  trough,  Bret,  bag  bak,  v.  bacino.  Hence  dim. 
baquet  (E.  bucket),  and  bailie  (bac-ula),  whence  Du.  balie, 
Swed.  balja,  G.  balge. 

Bacalao  —  cabeliau. 

Baccalare  It.,  Pr.  bacalar,  Fr.  bachelier,  in  later  It.  baccelliere, 
Sp.  bachiller,  Pg.  bacharel.  Diez  is  unable  to  fix  the  etymo- 
logy: he  mentions  some  attempts  that  have  been  made,  e.  g. 
Fr.  bas- cavalier ,  Lat.  baculus,  or  G^ael.  bachall  f=baculusj. 
Littre  gives  vassal  as  the  etymon.  Better  from  the  Celtic,  W. 
bach  little,  bachgen  a  boy,  bachgenes,  baches  (dim.)  a  little 
darling,  bachigyn  a  very  little  thing.  Hence  Fr.  bacelle,  bace- 
lote,  bachele,  bachelette  a  young  girl  or  servant,  baceller  to 
make  love,  serve  apprenticeship,  commence  a  study;  bacel- 
lerie  youth;  bachelage  art  and  study  of  chivalry.  Hence  bache- 
ler,  bachelard,  bachelier  sl  young  man ,  aspirant  to  knighthood, 


BACCELLO  —  BADALUCCO.  51 

apprentice  in  arms  or  sciences,  v.  Wedgwood.  The  L.  L. 
was  haccalarius ,  which,  in  the  sense  of  an  academician  not 
yet  admitted  to  his  degree,  was  corrupted  into  baccalaureus : 
do  haccharo  e  do  sempre  verde  louro,  Lusiad  3;  97. 

Baecello  It.  hull,  pod,  husk,  also  blockhead;  from  L.  hacca. 
The  Sp.  haya  (from  hacca)  also  means  husk  or  pod. 

Bacchetta  It.,  Sp.  baqueta,  Fr.  baguette  a  switch;  from  bacillus 
with  a  change  of  suffix,  cf.  Rom.  Gr.  II,  224. 

Baohele  —  bagascia. 

Bachelier  —  bacca. 

Baehiller  —  baccalare. 

Bacia  Sp.  Pg.  a  basin:  L.  L.  baccea,  v.  bacino. 

Baeino  It.,  0.  Sp.  Pr.  bacin,  Fr.  bassin,  Eng.  basin:  first  found 
in  Gregory  of  Tours :  pateris  ligneis  quas  vulgo  bachinon  (bachi- 
nosj  vocant,  v.  Ducange.  The  Isid.  Glossary  has  bacca  vas 
aquarium.  It  cannot  be  from  the  G.  becken,  wnich  would  have 
given  baquin  in  French,  v.  s.  franco.  The  Du.  bak  bowl, 
trough,  must  be  referred  to  the  same  root,  which  is,  probably, 
the  Celtic  bac  a  cavity,  cf.  bacia. 

Bacio  It.  (a  better  but  scarcer  form  is  bagid)y  Sp.  beso,  Pg.  beijo, 
Pr.  bais,  E.  buss  a  kiss;  vb.  baciare  &c.;  from  basium  basiare 
(mostly  poetical). 

Bacio  It.  a  site  exposed  to  the  North,  adv.  a  bacio  towards  the 
North.  It  is  formed  on  the  analogy  of  solatio  a  place  exposed 
to  the  sun  (from  solata  sunshine  with  the  suffix  ivus)y  and 
meant  properly  a  shady  place,  obacio  for  opac-io;  the  Cat.  has 
obaga,  N.  Pr.  ubaCj  Dauph.  lubac  (=Vubac),  Com.  ovich  and 
vagh,  Romagn.  begh,  Gen.  luvegu. 

Baeiocco  a  blockhead,  =  baecello  with  a  change  of  suffix;  cf. 
Augustus  using  baceolus  =  stultus  Suet,  Aug.  c.  27. 

Bacler  Fr.  to  bar,  bolt;  horn,  baculus. 

Baco  It.  a  silk -worm,  worm  generally;  from  bombyx  (fio^pv^), 
L.  L.  bombaxy  whence  bombdco  baco,  Parm.  beg  bega.  The 
Wal.  has  bambdc  from  bombyx.  The  form  big-atto  big-attolo 
is  best  referred  to  bombyx,  and  so  shortened  from  bombigatto. 

Bacocco  —  albercocco. 

Bacon  O.  Fr.  Pr.  E.,  from  the  O.  H.  G.  bacJio,  Du.  bak,  E.  back 
a  chine,  but  Wedg.  from  O.  Du.  backe,  Du.  bigge  a  pig. 

Baeoro  Pg.  a  one-year-old  pig;  perhaps  from  Arab,  bekr  the 
first  born,  a  young  beast,  Freyt.  1,  145^.  Nothing  to  do  with 
the  preceding  word. 

Badalucco  It.  a  skirmishing  (velitatio),  a  trifling  or  toying,  Pr. 
badaluc  baluc,  Ven.  badaloco,  Com.  barloch  baloch.  It.  balocco 
a  gaper  (also  =  badalucco),  It.  badaluccare  baluccare  baloc- 
care,  Piedm.  badole.  Menage  gives  badare  whence  could  come 
only  baduccare.   Diez  suggests  Pr.  badalhar  to  gape ,  badaluc 

4* 


52  BADANA  —  BAGASCIA. 

=  badalhuc.  A  writer  in  the  Journal  of  Classical  iand  sacred 
Philology  (June  1855)  says  that  hadalucco,  if  not  from  the 
Ostrogoths,  is  prob.  of  Etruscan  origin.  He  compares  is  with 
the  Rhseto-Rom.Z?«<?flf/5/?  fight,  quarrel,  which  seems  connected 
with  the  Goth,  haidjan  vexare ,  Sansk.  bddh  or  vddh  vexare. 

Badana  Sp.  Pg.  dressed  sheep's  leather;  from  Ar.  hi-^tdndh. 
Hence  Fr.  basane,  adj.  hasane  of  the  colour  of  tanned  sheep's 
skin,  tawny. 

Badare  It.,  Pr.  Cat.  hadar,  0.  Fr.  haer  heer,  Fr.  bayer  (in  Berry 
bader)y  E.  bay.  The  word  meant  (l)  to  gape,  Pr.  Cat.  Fr.  Clt.^, 
in  Pr.  also  =  to  scoff,  in  Occit.  badado  =  scoffing,  (2)  to  tarry, 
loiter  (stop  with  open  mouth),  It.  Pr.  O.  Fr.,  (3)  to  long  after 
a  thing  (to  gape  after),  It.,  0.  Fr. ;  Sbst.  Pr.  bada  a  sentinel, 
adv.  de  bada,  a  bada,  0.  Fr.  en  bades  to  no  purpose.  It.  stare 
a  bada  to  stay  with  open  mouth,  wait.  It  is  probably  an 
onomatop.  from  ba  expressing  the  opening  of  the  mouth, 
whence  ba-itare  or  ba-are,  badare.  Hence  It.  badigliare,  sba- 
digliare,  sbavigliare,  Pr.  badalhar,  O.  Fr.  baailler,  Fr.  bdiller 
to  gape ;  Fr.  badaud,  Pr.  badau  gaper,  fool,  dotard ;  Pr.  badoc, 
baduel,  badiu;  Fr.  &«fi?m  jester,  badiner;  It.  baderla  a  simple, 
foolish  woman,  Com.  baderla  to  waste  time,  Rh.  baderlar  to 
prate,  chatter. 

Badaud,  badiu  —  badare. 

Baderla  —  badare. 

Badigliare  —  badare. 

Badile  It.,  Sp.  badil,  badila  a  fire-shovel;  from  batillum. 

Bafo  0.  Sp.  Pg.,  Sp.  baho.  Cat.  i;^/' breath,  steam;  Sp.  avahar, 
Pg.  bafar  to  warm  with  the  breath;  an  onomatop.,  cf.  Mil. 
banfa  to  snort ,  Ar.  bakhara  to  emit  vapour. 

Bafouer  —  beffa. 

Bafre  Fr.  a  rich  feast,  bdfrer,  N.  Pr.  hraffd.  Pied,  bafre  (and 
balafre)  to  gourmandize,  Rouchi  bafreux,  Piedm.  bafron  a 
glutton.  Perhaps  of  the  same  root  as  bave  slaver,  cf.  Pic.  bafe 
a  gourmand,  baflier  a  sloverer  &c.;  r  is  found  in  It.  bdvaro, 
whence  Ven.  bavarolo  a  bib ;  v.  safre. 

Baga  Sp.  packthread,  Pr.  bagua;  O.  Fr.  bague  a  bundle,  cf. 
Lomb.  baga  a  wine -bag;  hence  It.  bagaglia,  Pr.  Fr.  bag  age, 
baggage.  The  word  is  Celtic,  Gael,  bag ,  W.  batch,  Bret. 
beadh  a  bundle,  bag,  Gael,  bac  to  hinder,  Norse  baga. 

Bagage  —  baga. 

Bagarre  Fr.  a  tumult,  contention;  from  0.  H.  G.  baga  strife  (?). 

Bagascia  It.,  Sp.  bagasa  (by  metath.  gavasa),  Pg.  bagaxa,  Pr. 
baguassa,  O.  Fr.  bagasse  bajasse  &c.,  a  prostitute,  E.  baggage. 
The  term,  assa  =  Lat.  acea,  in  It.  ascia.  This  would  make  it 
from  baga  a  pack  (for  the  connexion  v.  s.  basto).  Other  deriv- 


BAGATELLA  —  BAGUE.  53 

ations  are  (1)  the  Celtic  bach  (v.  haccalare),  baisele,  bachele, 
a  maid  -  servant ;  (2)  the  Arab,  bagi  a  strumpet. 

Bagatella  It.  a  conjuror's  trick,  a  trifle,  Sp.  bagatela,  Fr.  baga- 
telle a  trifle.  Muratori  derives  it  from  the  Modenese  bagattare 
to  bungle,  huddle,  and  both  words,  as  well  as  bagattino  a 
small  coin,  presuppose  a  sbst.  bagatta  or  baghetta  which  may- 
come  from  baga  (supra),  and  so  =  a  ''small  property"  which 
meaning  belongs  to  the  Parm.  bagata. 

Bagliore  It.  a  sudden  and  blinding  splendour,  a  dazzling,  ab- 
bagliare  to  dazzle,  abbaglio  abbagliore  illusion,  error,  also 
sbaglio  sbagliare,  barbaglio  abbarbagliare  ^  where  the  bar  is  the 
same  as  that  in  barlume  (q.  v.).  Menage  derives  it  from  bal- 
luca  gold -sand,  so  of  anything  glimmering  and  dazzling,  but 
this  word  was  scarcely  known  in  It.  (v.  bdluz) ;  perhaps  it  is 
of  the  same  origin  as  the  Fr.  berlue  (v.  beUugue)^  so  for  bar- 
gliare  =  bar-lucolare  (cf.  diluculum,  anteluculus) ;  mbarbagliare 
there  is  a  reduplication.  The  Gen.  abbarlugd  has  the  same 
meaning,  and  comes  nearer  the  original  form. 

Bagno  It.,  Sp.  bano,  Pr.  banh,  Fr.  bain  a  bath;  bagnare  &c.,  Fr. 
baigner;  from  balneum  with  elision  of  the  I,  balgno  being  im- 
possible (Basque  mainhud).  The  Wal.  bae  (fem.  pi.)  answers 
to  the  Lat.  baioe, 

Bagordo  bigordo  It.,  0.  Sp.  bohordo  bofordo,  O.  P.  bofordo  bo- 
far  do,  L.  L.  bufurdium,  Pr.  beort  biort  bort,  0.  Fr.  bohort 
bouhourt  behort  a  sort  of  knightly  exercise,  a  joust,  also  a 
lance  or  other  weapon  used  therein;  bagordare  &c.  to  joust, 
break  lances.  In  France  the  knights  rode  at  the  'quintain' 
with  the  lance  (v.  Ducange  s.  quintana),  in  Spain  the  bafordo 
was  used  for  throwing  at  the  tablado,  in  Germany  the  buhurt 
was  a  sort  of  combat  between  two  bodies  of  troops.  The  G. 
origin  of  bohorder  (whence  Fr.  bohort)  is  almost  demonstrated 
by  the  Sp.  f  (cf.  faraute  from  heraut),  and  the  It.  g  (cf.  gufo 
for  huette)=^v[ie,  aspirate.  The  latter  part  of  the  word  is  prob. 
not  from  hurten  to  thrust,  for  this  gives  in  Fr.  hurter,  but 
from  G.  Mrde,  0.  H.  G.  hurt,  O.  Fr.  horde,  vb.  horder,  the 
form  hordeis  a  fence ,  hurdle  corresponding  to  bohordeis  =  ba- 
gordo. Hourdum  in  L.  L.  =  Sp.  tablado  ==  a  scaffolding, 
hoarding  =  Rouchi  hourd.  Perhaps  the  first  part  of  the  word 
contains  the  root  botar  (butt  v.  s.  botta);  hence  bot-hort  bo- 
hort (t  being  dropped  before  the  aspirate)  =  something  to 
strike  the  stage  or  scaffolding. 

Bague  Fr.  a  ring  set  with  precious  stones ,  also  =  the  ring  of  a 
circus;  from  bacca  a  pearl,  link  of  a  chain.  Also  from  baca 
bacca  is  the  Fr.  baie  a  berry,  Pr.  baga  baca,  Sp.  baca,  Pg. 
baga,  It.  bacca. 


54  BAGUETTE  —  BAJARE. 

Baguette  —  hacchetta. 

Bahari  Sp.,  Vg.bafartB,  kind  of  sparrow-hawk*,  =prop.  marine, 
from  the  Ar.  ba^hr  sea  (ba^hrt  marinuS;  Freytag  1,  88). 

Bahut  —  baule. 

Bale  —  baja. 

Bagner  —  bagno. 

Bailler  —  bailo. 

Bailler  —  badare. 

Baillet  —  bajo. 

Baillif  —  bailo, 

Bailo  balio  It.,  Sp.  bayle  baile,  Pg.  bailio,  Pr.  baile,  0.  Fr.  bail 
(whence  E,  bail)  a  guardian,  tutor,  manager,  bailiff,  Fern.  It. 
baila  balia,  Pr.  Rh.  baila  a  nurse;  It.  balia,  Sp.  Vwbailia,  0.  Fr. 
teV//^  a  bailiffs  office  or  jurisdiction,  bailiwick;  It.  balivo,  Pr. 
bailieu,  Fr.  bailli  a  bailiff,  or  land-steward;  It.  balire,  Pr.  bailir, 
O.Fr. baillir  to  manage,  take  care  of,  so  also  the  Pr.  bailar,  0. 
Fr.  bailler  to  reach  forth,  present,  Wal.  beia  to  foster,  educate, 
beiat  a  boy.  From  the  Lat.  bajulus  (Dante  bajulo)  in  L.  L.  = 
a  tutor  &c.,  prop,  one  who  carries  children,  baila  =■  a  nurse. 
Hence  =  a  warden ,  bailiff  &c. 

Bailie  —  bac. 

Bain  —  bagno. 

Baionnette  Fr.  a  bayonet;  so  called  from  Bayonne  where  they 
were  first  made  or  used. 

Baire  It.  to  be  astonished  or  amazed;  0.  Fr.  adj.  ba'if,  Rouchi 
bahi  astonish;  hence  It.  sbaire,  Pr.  esbahir,  Fr.  e'bahir  to  be 
astorended,  Sp.  embair  to  deceive,  delude,  prop,  to  amaze. 
From  the  sound  bah  (which  is  used  in  N.  Pr.  as  an  exclama- 
tion of  astonishment).  Thus  it  would  be  connected  in  origin 
with  badare. 

Baisele  —  bagascia. 

Baja  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  Sard,  bahia,  Fr.  bate,  E.  bay ;  Isidorus  quotes 
it  as  a  Latin  word:  hunc  portum  mercatores  a  bajulandis  merci- 
bus  vocabant  baias.  Frisch  derives  it  from  the  Fr.  bayer  to 
open  the  mouth,  so  that  baie  =:  prop,  an  opening,  and  this 
seems  to  be  confirmed  by  the  Cat.  form  badia  from  badar,  the 
d  of  which  had  disappeared  from  the  Sp.  before  Isidore's 
time.  Others  make  bahia  a  Basque  word  whence  Bayonne 
(baia  harbour  and  ona  good) ;  others  refer  it  to  the  Grael.  bddh 
or  bdgh  with  which  the  Rom.  forms  agree  well  enough. 

Bajalt.,  Sp.Pg.  vaya,  Fr.  toe  jest,  jeer;  whence  It. &«;'MCfl5  a  jest, 
a  trifle.  The  Gk.  ^aiog  and  the  Fr.  baie  a  berry,  have  been 
proposed,  but  it  is  better  to  refer  the  word  to  the  Pr.  bada, 
O.  Fr.  baie,  adv.  en  bada  in  vain,  in  jest,  Fr.  donner  la  baie 
=  Sp.  dar  vaya  to  make  light  of  one ,  v.  badare. 

Bajare  abbajare  It.  to  bark;  from  the  O.Fr.  abayer,  which  from 


BAJO  —  BALCO.  55 

hauhariy  or  formed  from  the  sound  like  hauharL   The  Sard,  is 
baulai  (haubulari)  and  Ijeliai  dbeliai, 

Bajo  It.,  Sp.  hayo,  Pr.  hai,  Fr.  hat,  Eng.  hay  (of  colour);  from 
the  Lat.  hadim  used  by  VaiTO  of  the  colour  of  a  horse.  The 
Sp.  has  also  hazo  =  brown  fpan  bazo  =  pain  his).  Hence  Fr. 
haillet  light -red,  chesnut,  L.  L.  hadiolettus;  It.  hajocco  a  cop- 
per-coin, so  called  from  its  colour,  like  the  Fr.  hlanc,  G. 
weisspfennig.  The  Sp.  alhazano,  Pg.  alvacao  chesnut  =  alb- 
bazano ? 

Bajocco  —  hajo. 

Bajuea  —  haia. 

Baladi  Sp.  mean,  worthless.  According  to  the  Sp.  etymologists, 
from  Ar.  halad  a  city ,  haladi  civic ;  haladi  would  then  be  a 
word  used  by  the  country  -  people  who  had  been  cheated  in 
the  towns. 

Baladrar  Sp.  to  bleat;  prob.  a  corruption  of  O.Si^,halitar  formed 
on  the  model  of  ladrar  to  bark. 

Balafre  Fr.  a  gash  or  scar  in  the  face,  Rouchi  herlafe,  Mil.  bar- 
leffi,  It.  sherleffe  (=  grimace),  vb.  Fr.  halafrer.  Prob.  a  com- 
pound from  the  part,  his  =  bad ,  and  the  O.  H.  G.  le/fur  = 
lip^  so  =  bad  lip,  then  of  a  gaping  wound,  like  ^fUog.  In 
Champ,  herlafre  =  a  sore  lip. 

Balai  Fr.  a  besom ,  halayer  to  sweep.  The  Pr.  halai  =  a  stalk, 
rod,  switch,  so  too  the  0.  Fr.  halais  (balai?),  0.  Eng.  haleis, 
Pr.  balaiar  to  whip.  Prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  the  W.  bala  =  a 
shoot  plur.  balaon  =  buds,  balant  a  twig,  Bret,  balaen  a 
besom,  0.  Fr.  halain  a  whip,  Bret,  halan.  But  the  Rom.  has 
no  substantival  suffix  ai  so  that  the  entire  form  must  have 
been  adopted ,  but  W.  balai  means  the  tongue  of  a  buckle. 

Balais  —  balascio. 

Balance  —  hilancia. 

Balandre  —  palandra. 

Balanza  —  hilancia. 

Balascio  It.,  Sp.  halax  balaxe ,  Pg,  halais  halache,  Pr.  halais  ba- 
lach,  Fr.  halais  a  precious  stone,  a  sort  of  ruby,  so  called 
from  Badakschan  (Balaschan,  Balaxiam)  where  it  is  found. 
Cf.  Ducange  s.  halascus, 

Balaustro  It.,  Sp.  halaustre,  Fr.  balustre,  E.  baluster  (corrupted 
banister  and  ballaster),  hence  balustrata  &c.;  from  L.  L.  ha- 
laustium  (PaXav0tiov)  the  flower  of  the  wild  pomegranate, 
Sp.  It.  halaustra. 

Balco  palco  It.  a  scaffold,  stage,  whence  Sp.  Vg. palco;  hence 
It.  balcone,  Sp.  holcon,  Pg.  halcao,  Fr.  halcon,  E.  balcony; 
from  the  0.  Ht  G.  halcho  palcho ,  G.  balken,  E.  haulk  a  beam, 
Du.  halke  a  loft,  cf.  0.  N.  balkr  an  enclosure.    In  Picardy 


56  BALDACCHINO  —  BALLARE. 

batique  retains  the  German  signification.  Others  derive  bal- 
cone  from  the  Pers.  hdlkdna  a  grated  window  or  more  probably 
from  hdld-khdna,  ^'an  upper  chamber '\   See  harhacane. 

Baldaech-ino  It.,  Sp.  haldaquino,  Fr.  baldaquin  a  canopy;  from  It. 
Baldacco,  Bagdad,  whence  was  brought  the  peculiar  stiff 
(woven  of  gold-thread  and  silk)  of  which  they  were  made. 
Another  form  in  O.  Fr.  is  boudequin ,  E.  baivdekin  a  rich  em- 
broidered cloth  used  for  copes,  palls  &c.,  also  the  portable 
canopy  borne  over  shrines  in  processions. 

Baldo  It.,  Pr.  baut,  0.  Fr.  0.  Cat.  baud,  bold,  wanton  &c.,  Pr. 
baudos;  It.  sbst.  baldore,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  baudor  wantonness,  mer- 
riment, It.  baldoria  a  bonfire,  feu  de  joie;  0.  It.  sbaldire,  Pr. 
O.  Fr.  esbaudir  to  be  bold  or  wanton;  from  the  Goth,  balths, 
O.  H.  G.  bald  bold,  frank,  Goth,  balthjan  to  be  bold,  to  ven- 
ture. The  languages  of  the  S.  W.  of  Europe  have  a  similar 
form  baldo  empty,  bare,  de  balde,  em  balde  in  vain ,  to  no  pur- 
pose, ^<z^^/o  useless,  refuse,  uncultivated,  balda  a  useless  thing, 
a  trifle ,  baldar  to  maim ,  baldon  baldao  =  affront ,  insult  (prop. 
=  worthlessness ,  cf.  0.  Sp.  en  baldon  =  en  balde),  baldonar 
baldoar  to  insult.  If  from  the  Germ,  the  idea  of  wantonness 
must  have  passed  into  that  of  idleness  and  worthlessness  ,  cf . 
the  0.  H.  G.  gemeit  =  insolent  and  idle.  But  this  is  improb. 
for  the  notion  of  boldness  is  nowhere  met  in  the  Sp.,  and  the 
Sp.  words  stand  quite  apart  from  the  rest.  Prob.  from  the 
Arab.  baHala  to  be  useless,  whence  batla  balda,  just  as  spatula 
becomes  espalda,  rotulus  rolde. 

Baldonar  —  baldo, 

Baldoria  —  baldo. 

Baleno  It.  lightning,  balenare  to  lighten;  from  psXsfivov  a  dart 
(Psls^vLtrjg  =  a  thunderbolt).  The  proper  form  would  have 
been  belenno.  Hence  It.  arcobaleno  rainbow ,  also  called  arco 
celeste,  arco  piovoso ,  Sic.  arcu  de  donno  deu,  Ven.  arco  de  ver- 
zene,  Sic.  arcu  de  Nue. 

Balevre  Fr.  the  lower  lip;  for  basse- levre. 

Balicare  It.  (Lomb.  balica),  0.  Fr.  baloier  to  move  to  and  fro, 
to  flutter.  Cat.  bale  jar,  Sp.  Pg.  abalear  to  winnow;  perhaps 
from  ballare  to  dance.  The  Pr.  balaiar  to  flutter,  to  lash,  is 
different  in  form. 

Balija  —  valigia, 

Balla  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  bala,  Fr.  balle  a  ball;  It.  ballone,  Sp.  balon,  Fr. 
ballon,  a  foot -ball  (E.  balloon).  The  It.  has  also  palla  pallone 
which  leaves  no  doubt  of  the  derivation  from  the  O.  H.  G. 
balla  palla,  M.  H.  G.  bal,  O.  N.  bollr  (which  Benecke  derives 
from  the  G.),  E.  ball.  The  G.  is  nearer  than  the  Gk.  ^dXlBiv 
TtdXXsLv,  sbst.  TtdXXa. 

Ballare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  bailar,  Pr.  balar,  O.  Fr.  baler  to  dance;  It. 


BALME  —  BAMBAGIO.  57 

hallo,  Sp.  Pg.  haile,  Pr.  Fr.  hal  a  dance;  E.  ball.  From  halla 
a  ball  •,  the  Sp.  hailar  is  for  an  orig.  halear  (cf .  guerrear,  ma- 
near),  whence  baelar  hailar ,  in  0.  Sp.  also  hailar,  Pg.  halhar. 
Ball-play  in  the  Middle- Ages,  as  in  ancient  Greece,  was  often 
associated  with  singing  and  dancing.  Hence  Rom.  hailar e  got 
to  mean  to  dance;  so  in  O.  Sp.  hailar  meant  to  sing,  whence 
It.  hallata,  Fr.  hallade  a  hallad. 

Balme  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  Cat.  halma  (in  the  modern  dialects  haumo)  a 
cave  or  grotto  in  a  rock,  Swiss  halm.  Some  consider  the  word 
to  be  Celtic  (Schmeller  s.  v.  hal  fen),  but  in  the  above  sense  it 
does  not  occur  in  this  family  of  languages.  The  G.  has  harm 
a  bosom  (for  the  change  of  r  into  /,  cf.  Pr.  Alvernhe  alhre), 
which  is  found  even  in  Rom.  (v.  Schott  deutsche  spr.  in  Pie- 
mont  p.  242);  but  the  sense  of  cavity,  sinus  terrse ;  seems  for- 
eign to  the  G.  word.  Steub  (Rhset.  Ethnol.)  considers  the 
Rhset.  palva  to  be  the  original  form  (found  in  many  names  of 
places);  hence  Bav.  Tyrol,  hal  fen,  Rom.  halma,  Rh.  hova. 

Balocco  —  hadalucco. 

Baloier  —  halicare. 

Balordo  —  I  or  do. 

Balourd  —  lordo. 

Balsa  Sp.  Pg.;  Cat.  hassa  a  pool;  also  a  raft;  Pg.  also  =  straw- 
mat;  from  the  Basque  halsa  a  collection  or  heap.  Humboldt 
refers  the  name  of  the  town  Balsa  in  Bsetica  (Pliny)  to  this 
word. 

Baluardo  —  boulevard. 

Baluc  —  hadalucco. 

Balustre  —  halaustro. 

Baluz  O.  Sp.  a  small  nugget  of  gold;  Lat.  halux  hallux  goldsand 
(Pliny);  halluca  (in  later  authors),  prob.  an  old  Sp.  word;  v. 
Pott;  Etym.  Forsch.2;  419;  510.  Baluz  (also  haluce)  is  formed 
by  Rom.  writers  from  halux. 

Balza  It.  the  hem  or  border  of  a  garment;  from  halteus,  Wal. 
baltz  a  snare.  Hence  halzano,  Pr.  hausan,  O.  Fr.  haucant, 
white  (prop,  striped);  generally  used  of  animals;  espec.  as  the 
name  of  the  boar  in  fables ;  Fr.  halzan  a  dark  horse  with 
white  feet;  E.  hawson  a  name  of  the  badger  from  the  white 
streaks  on  its  face. 

Balzan  —  balza. 

Balzare  It.  to  jump;  spring;  bound  upwardS;  Vr.balsar,  It.balzo, 
Cat.  hals,  O.  Fr.  haus,  a  bound  or  leap;  in  It.  also  =  a  cliff 
(for  which  a  fem.  balza  is  also  used) ;  It.  shalzare  to  swing; 
vibratC;  sbst.  shalzo.  The  word  is  prob.  Italian;  being  chiefly 
used  in  that  language  (cf.  balzellare,  halzellonf):  so,  perhapS; 
from  the  Gk.  fiaXkC^Hv  to  hop  or  bound. 

jBambagio  bambagia  It.  cotton ;  Milan,  homhds,  E.  bombast  prop. 


58  BAMBIN  —  BANDO. 

=  cotton- wadding ;  from  homhyx  (Po^pv^)  silk,  cotton,  M.  Gr. 
pa^pdxtov ,  L.  L.  hambacium.  Hence  It.  hambagino,  Sp.  hom- 
tasi,  Fr.  homhasin  basin,  E.  bombasin,  L.  adj.  bombycinus. 

Bambin  bamboehe  —  bambo. 

Bambo  It.  childish,  silly,  Sp.  bamba  a  simpleton  (Covarruvias) ; 
hence  It.  bambino,  bambolOy  bambola,  bamboccio  (Fr.bamboche), 
Sp.  bambdrria  (m.)  a  child,  baby,  childish  man  &c.,  Austrian 
bams  a  child.  The  root  is  the  same  as  that  of  bambalio  (Cicero) 
and  of  ^a^^aXog,  pcc^paXc^SLv  ^  pa^PatvsLv  to  lisp  &c.  The 
Sp.  bamba  =  a  swing,  bambolear  to  swing.  Norm,  bamboler, 
Wall,  bambiio  waver.  Burg,  vambe  the  swing  of  a  bell;  the 
It.  bamboleggiare  (bambolo  a  child)  corresponds  exactly  with 
bambolear:  cf.the  cognate  babbeo.  It.  bimbo  is  a  weakened  form 
of  bambo. 

Ban  —  bando. 

Ban  bana  Pr.,  Cat.  bang  a  a  horn,  a  stag's  horn;  prob.  from  the 
W.  ban,  cf.  also  O.H.  G.^«m,  Bavar.  hirschbain  a  stag's  horn. 
Hence  Occit.  banarui  homed,  banar(d)  a  horned  beetle. 

Banasta  —  benna. 

Banco  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  Fr.  banc,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  banca,  Fr. 
banque,  a  bench;  from  O.  H.  G.  banc.  There  is  also  a  W. 
banc  (Gael,  binnse),  but  the  It.  form  panca  vindicates  the  G. 
derivation.  Hence  It.  banchetto,  Fr.  E.  banquet,  Sp.  banquete, 
prop.  =  a  light  ornamental  dessert,  from  vb.  banchettare  to 
give  a  banquet,  prop,  to  arrange  tables  and  benches;  ban- 
chiere  &c.,  banker. 

Banda  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Fr.  bande  a  band,  string,  also  a  band==  a 
troop;  from  the  Goth,  bandi  (f.),  O.H.G.  band  (n.).  Hence  It. 
bandiera,  Sp.  bander  a,  Pr.  bandiera  baneira ,  Fr.  banniere 
(Q.panier,  E.  banner) y  a  standard,  cf.  Goth.bandva  an  ensign, 
and  Paul.  Diac.  1,  20:  vexillum  quod  bandum  appellant;  the 
simple  bannum  is  found  only  in  0.  Fr.  ban,  Pr.  auri-ban  (cf. 
auriflamma);  hence,  too,  Sp.  bandear,  Pr.  bandeiar  baneiar 
float  (as  a  banner),  intrans.  to  pass  to  and  fro,  to  pass  across, 
O.Fr.  banoier,  esbanoier,  M.H.G.  baneken,  whence  orig.  Rom. 
form  banicare,  still  seen  in  Com.  banga  to  waver. 

Bande  bander  —  benda. 

Bandibula  Sp.  the  .jaw;  from  mandibula. 

Bando  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  JPr.  ban,  Fr.  ban  a  public  proclamation,  bann; 
It.  bandire,  Sp.  Pr.  bandir,  Pg.  bandir  banir,  Fr.  bannir  to 
proclaim,  denounce,  banish,  whence  It.  bandito  a  bandit  an 
outlaw.  L.  L.  bannum  ==  interdictum,  bannire  =  edicere, 
relegare.  The  root  is  German,  but  G.  bannan  would  have 
given  bannare  banner;  so  that  it  is  better  to  derive  bandire  &c. 
from  the  Goth,  bandvjan,  bannir  from  another  form  banvjan; 
some  G.  dialects  omit  the  v.   The  0.  Fr.  arban  service  =  G. 


BANLIEUE  —  BARATTO.  59 

harihaUf  heerhan,  whence  by  a  corruption  Fr.  arriere-han. 
From  bando  comes  the  O.  Fr.  Pr.  bandon  generally  with  a 
=  (1)  ban:  vendre  gage  a  bandon^  (2)  will;  discretion  (price): 
prenez  tot  a  vostre  bandon.  From  this  adv.  a  bandon  is  formed 
a  sbst.  abandon,  It.  abbandono  abandonment,  abbandonare  &c. 
to  abandon.  Trench  gets  the  sense  of  abandon  differently, 
viz.  from  that  of  denouncing:  "what  you  denounce  you 
detach  yourself  from,  you  abandon^\  Another  derivative  is 
0.  Fr.  forbanir  to  outlaw  (for  =  foras),  It.  forbannuto  an  out- 
law, O.  ¥v.  forban  banishment,  also  =  an  outlaw,  a  pirate 
(Fr.  forban)y  L.  L.  forbannitus ,  ferbannitus.  It.  contrabbando, 
Fr.  contrebande  =  non-observance  of  an  edict,  smuggling. 
Hence  E.  contraband. 

Banlieue  Fr.  prop.  =  a  league's  jurisdiction,  so  a  district  under 
such  jurisdiction,  suburbs,  environs.  So  too  0.  Fr.  ban-moUn 
mill  -  territory ,  v.  Due.  s.  bannum  leucce. 

Banne  —  benna. 

Bannir  —  bando. 

Banque  —  banco. 

Banse  —  benna. 

Baquet  —  bac. 

Bara  It.,  Fr.  bar  usu.  biere,  Pr.  bera  a  bier,  Eh.  bara  a  corpse; 
from  O.  H.  G.  bara,  A.  S.  beer  bere,  E.  bier,  Du.  berrie. 

Baraeane  It.,  Sp.  barragan,  Pg.  barregana,  Pr.  Fr.  barracan  a 
stuff  made  of  goat's  hair,  barracan ;  from  Ar.  barrakdn  a  dark 
dress,  Freyt.  1,  113,  which  according  to  Sousa  comes  from 
the  Persian  barak  a  stuff  made  of  camel's  hair. 

Baracca  It.,  Sp.  barraca,  Fr.  baraque  a  hut,  tent,  barrack;  from 
barra  a  bar,  like  It.  trabacca  from  trabs. 

Baragouin  gibberish;  from  the  two  Breton  words  bara  bread  and 
givin  wine  coined  by  the  French  who  heard  these  words  often 
uttered  by  the  Bretons  whom  they  regarded  as  barbarous,  cf. 
bretonner  to  talk  unintelligibly.  Wedgwood  refers  it  along 
with  barbarous,  bargain,  barter  &c.  to  the  root  bar  signifying 
confused  noise,  squabble,  tumult. 

Baraja  —  baro. 

Baratto  It.,  O.  Sp.  barato,  Pr.  barat,  Fr.  barat,  O.  Sp.  Pr.  barata, 
O.  Fr.  barate  a  fraudulent  bargain;  It.  barattare,  Sp.  Pr.  ba- 
ratar,  O.  Fr.  bareter  to  cheat,  truck,  exchange  barter,  Sp. 
baratear  to  cheapen,  O.  Pg.  baratar  to  destroy;  It.  sbarattare, 
Sp.  Pr.  desbaratar,  O.  Fr.  desbareter  to  distroy,  disorder;  Fr. 
baratter  to  churn  (to  mix  up  and  stir  confusedly);  Sp.  bara- 
teria  fraud,  espec.  by  master  of  a  ship,  E.  barratry.  Barratry 
ace.  to  Blackstone  is  the  offence  of  stirring  up  quarrels. 
Several  derivations  are  given:  (l)that  from  li.barareio  cheat 
(baro)  would  not  be  regular  in  form;   (2)  the  Pers.  bardtel 


60  BARBA  —  BARDA. 

bribery  could  only  have  been  introduced  during  the  Crusades, 
whereas  the  Rom.  word  occurs  as  early  as  the  first  half  of 
the  12^*^  cent.-,  (3)  the  0.  N.  hardtta  battle  corresponds  to 
Dante's  use  of  haratta,  but  this  rather  means  the  entangle- 
ment, and  bustle,  and  tumult  of  a  fight,  0.  Fr.  harate,  0.  Sp. 
harata;  besides  the  meanings  of  ^combat'  and  ^ fraud ^  (en- 
tanglement) could  hardly  be  of  common  stock.  It  is  best  per- 
haps, to  derive  it  from  TtgdrrsLv  (cf.  boite  from  Ttvl^tg)^  a  word 
which  may  have  been  introduced  by  the  Gk.  merchants. 
Wedgwood  gets  it  from  the  root  bar,  v.  haragouin  s.  fin.  The 
Sp.  harato  =  cheap,  sbst.  cheapness,  vb.  haratar  to  buy 
cheap. 

Barba  It.  (m.)  uncle,  father's  brother,  Dante  Par.  19?  37,  Rh. 
larba,  L.  L.  harhas,  It.  harhano,  L.  L.  harhanus;  from  harha 
a  beard.  In  Com.  it  is  used  generally  as  a  title  of  honour,  so 
Neap,  zi  =  It.  zio. 

Barbacane  It.  (m.),  Sp.  Pr.  barbacana,  Pg.  barbacao,  Fr.  barba- 
cane  a  barbican;  from  the  Pers.  bdld-khdna  upper  chamber, 
a  word  which  also  gives  balcony,  prob.  brought  from  the  East 
by  the  Crusaders ,  Wedg. ;  but  v.  balco. 

Barbasco  Sp.  a  plant;  from  verbascum,  like  O.Sp.  bardasca  from 
verdasca  (viridis)  a  rod. 

Barbassero  —  vassallo. 

Barbeeho  Sp.,  Pg.  barbeito  a  fallow;  from  L.  vervacium.  In  the 
North  West  the  v  (as  in  other  instances  v.  Rom.  Gr.  I,  187) 
has  become  g;  thus  Pr.  garag,  Fr.  gueret,  Valen.  guaret,  Cat. 
guret. 

Barbotar  barbulhar  —  borbogliare. 

Barca  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Wal.  barce,  Fr.  barque  a  small  trading 
vessel,  a  bark,  barge,  L.  L.  barca.  The  Pr.  barja,  0.  Fr. 
barge,  Fr.  berge,  E.  barge,  requires  an  orig.  barica  (cf.  carrica 
charge,  serica  serge),  which  may  be  from  ^ccQcg  (parts  Proper- 
tius)  like  anca  avica  from  avis.  Many  marine  terms  are  bor- 
rowed from  the  Gk.  cf.  poggia,  sesto,  gol/o,  artimone.  Others 
derive  it  from  0.  N.  barkr,  E.  bark,  prop.  =  a  vessel  made 
of  bark. 

Barcar  Sp.  Pg.  found  in  abarcar  to  embrace ,  sob ar car  to  carry 
under  the  arm.  Not  from  brachiare  which  would  give  brazar, 
but  from  brachicare ,  like  caballicare.  Sp.  sobaco  =  armpit  is 
the  L.  L.  subbrachium. 

Barda  It.  Sp.,  O.  Fr.  barde  horse -armour  of  iron -plate,  Pg. 
barda,  Fr.  barde  a  saddle,  also  a  slice  of  bacon  so  called  from 
its  being  placed  round  fowls  before  roasting:  hence  Fr.  bar- 
deau  a  shingle.  It.  bar  delta,  Fr.  bardelle,  Pr.  bar  del  a  pad, 
pillion,  It.  bardotto,  Fr.  bar  dot  a  saddle -mule  (one  which  the 


BARDASCIA  —  BAEO.  61 

driver  rides).  Perhaps  from  the  N.  bardi  a  shield ;  though  the 
Pg.  harda  a  hedge.  Sp.  barda  the  fencing  on  a  wall  belongs 
to  the  Basque  abarra  "it  is  grafted"  (Larramendi).  Or  all 
the  above  words  may  with  the  Sp.  abbarda  a  saddle  and  a 
slice  of  bacon  be  referred  to  the  Ar.  al-barda^ah  a  pad  or 
cloth  put  under  the  saddle  to  prevent  its  hurting  the  back. 
Freyt.  1,  106.  The  0.  Fr.  Champ,  barde  a  carpenter's  axe, 
^A.barde,  Dauph.  j9«r/ow  a  bill  is  prob.  from  a  different  root, 
0.  H.  G.  barta,  Du.  barde  a  pick- axe. 

Bardascia  It.,  Sp.  bardaxa,  Fr.  bardache  =  pathicus;  from  the 
Ar.  bardag  a  slave?  Lomb.  and  Piedm.  bardassa  =  merely 
"boy",  the  Sard,  bardascia  has  both  meanings.  On  the  O.  Fr. 
bardache  sl  stake,  v.  Grrandgagnage  v.  bardahe. 

Bardeau  —  barda. 

Bardosso  —  bisdosso. 

Barga  Sp.  0.  Pg.,  Fr.  berge  a  steep  slope;  prob.  from  the  Celtic, 
cf.  W.  bargodi  to  hang  over,  bar  god  the  eaves  of  a  house. 

Bargagno  It.,  Pr.  barganh,  Pg.  Pr.  barganha,  E.  bargain,  0.  Fr. 
bargaine  {■=  ceremonie  Roquefort);  It.  bargagnare,  Pg.  Pr. 
barganhar  to  bargain,  Fr.  barguigner  (for  bargaigner,  cf. 
grignon)  to  hoggle,  loiter.  The  L.  L.  barcaniare  shows  that 
the^  is  for  c,  so  that  the  word  prob.  comes  from  barca,  which, 
according  to  Isidore,  was  used  for  traffic,  so  that  bargagno 
would  be  properly  =  trafficking.  Wedgwood  derives  it  from 
the  root  bar  (in  barbarous  &c.)  from  the  notion  of  squabbling 
and  haggling.  Genin  derives  it  from  Rom.  particle  bar  = 
bis,  ber  and  gagner,  but  the  L.  L.  barcaniare,  and  the  constant 
form  bar  and  gagn  for  guadagn,  are  against  him. 

Bargello  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  barrachel,  O.  Fr.  barigel  a  police-officer, 
a  bumbailiff;  from  L.  L.  barigildus,  certainly  a  G.  word,  but 
of  unknown  derivation,  cf.  Grimm,  Rechtsalt.  p.  314. 

Barigel  —  bargello. 

Baril  barile  —  barra. 

Barioler  Fr.  to  speckle,  make  a  medley  of;  if  from  variare,  va- 
riolare  the  b  must  be  due  to  the  particle  bar  {=  bis),  for  L.  v 
does  not  become  b  in  Fr.  (brebis  is  from  L.  berbex),  or  it  may 
be  from  bar  and  riole  striped. 

Baritone  It.  Sp.,  Pg.  bariton,  Fr.  baryton  (obsol.),  E.  barytone; 
from  ^aQvzovog. 

Barlong  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  berlong  (a  garment)  of  unequal  length;  for 
beslong  =  It.  bislungo,  bis  =  anything  uneven  &c.,  q.  v. 

Barnatge  —  barone. 

Baro  barro  It.  a  rogue;  whence  barone,  bar  are  barrare  to  cheat. 
From  the  same  root  prob.  come:  Pr.  baran  fraud.  It.  barocco 
usury,  O.  Sp.  baruca  craft.  It.  barullo  a  fruiterer  (cf.  treccare 
to  cheat,  trecca  a  huckster);  Sp.  baraja,  Pg.  Pr.  baralha, 


02  BAROCCO  —  BARRUCCO. 

O.  Fr.  herele  a  tumult;  brawl,  bar  ajar,  baralhar  to  throw  into 
confusion.   Perhaps  from  the  root  bar,  v.  s.  baratto. 

Barocco  —  baro. 

Barone  It.,  Sp.  varon,  Pg.  vardo,  Pr.  bar  (ace.  baro),  0.  Fr.  ber 
(ace.  baron),  Fr.  E.  baron  orig.  =  vir  or  maritus,  next  as  adj. 
=  manly,  whence  Pr.  barnatge,  0.  Fr.  baronie  barnie  prowess, 
embarnir  to  be  courageous,  next  in  L.  L.  =  lord,  ^^ gravis  et 
authenticus  vir",  bar  ones  ==  nobles  or  vassals  of  the  crown. 
L.  baro  =  a  fool,  simpleton,  in  Scholiast  on  Persius  is  ex- 
plained to  be  ^' servus  militum"  and  is  said  to  be  of  Gallic 
origin.  We  find  a  Gael,  bar  =  champion ,  but  words  formed 
like  bar  baron  are  either  from  the  L.,  as  drac  dragon,  laire 
lairon,  or  from  the  G.,  as  fel  fellon,  Uc  ugon;  so  it  is  better  to 
refer  it  to  the  0.  H.  G.  bero  (ace.  berun  beron)  porter,  from 
vb.  ber  an,  Goth,  bairan  (bear);  others  make  it  radically  the 
same  word  as  the  L.  vir ,  Goth,  vair ,  A.  S.  luer ,  Gael,  fear  a 
man,  v.  Bopp.  Gloss,  s.  vira.  Com.  Bergam.  bar,  Piedm. ^^rro, 
Romag.  berr  =  ram,  Lorr.  berra  (berardj,  cf.  s.  mar  rone. 

Baroque  —  barrucco. 

Barque  —  barca. 

Barra  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Fr.  barre,  E.  bar;  hence  Sp.  barrio,  Pr.  Cat. 
barri  2i  wall,  a  suburb,  L.  L.  barrium;  Fr.  barreau.  It.  bar- 
riera,  Sp.  barrera,  Fr.  barriere,  E.  barrier  &c.;  Sp.  barrar 
barrear,  Fr.  barrer  &c.  From  the  Celtic:  W.  bar  =  a  bough; 
M.  H.  G.  bar  barre  is  used  in  Rom.  sense.  Hence  Sp.  barras 
a  bar,  Sp.  embarazo,  Fr.  embarras,  Sp.  embarazar,  Fr.  emba- 
rasser,  debarrasser,  E.  embarrass  &c. ;  Sp.  barrica,  Fr.  barrique 
a  barrel,  whence  barricata  a  barricade  (of  casks  &c.);  It.  ba- 
rile,  Sp.  Pg.  barril,  Fr.  baril,  W.  baril,  Gael,  baraill,  E.  bar- 
rel, Sp.  barral.  We  find  the  same  word  in  the  Fr.  names  of 
places,  e.  g.  Bar-sur-Aube,  Bar -le- due. 

Barraehel  —  bargello. 

Barragan  Sp.,  Pg.  barragdo  a  companion,  a  bachelor.  As  it  is 
used  for  a  man  of  prowess  {buen  barragan  Poem  d.  Cid),  it 
may  be  identical  with  barragan  (=  baracane  q.  v.)  which 
meant  a  strong  durable  stuff. 

Barrette  —  berretta. 

Barrica  barril  • —  barra, 

Barriga  Sp.  Pg.  the  abdomen.  Not  from  barra  since  the  Sp.  has 
no  suffix  iga.  As  poitrine  prop.  =  breast -girdle,  so  barriga 
may  =  girth,  from  the  O.  H.  G.  baldrich,  baldriga  barriga 
(cf.  Rodrich  Rodrigo) ;  baldriga  appears  in  Parm.  bodriga  = 
belly  (o  =  alj.    In  Berry  baudru  =  ventru,  cf.  baudre, 

Barro  Sp.  Pg.  mud,  clay;  from  Ar.  barj  earth,  potter's  clay. 

Barrocho  ■ —  biroccio. 

Barrucco  berrucco  Sp.,  Pg.  barroco  a  pearl  of  uneven  shape 


BARRUNTAR  —  BASTA.  63 

not  round,  in  Pg.  also  =  an  uneven  rock,  Fr.  harroque  oval. 
Three  derivations  are  given,  (l)  verruca  which  Pliny  uses  to 
express  the  unevenness  of  a  precious  stone;  the  Lat.  uca, 
however,  is  not  exchangeable  with  Rom.  oc,  (2)  hrochus  a 
prominent  tooth,  (3)  his-roca  an  uneven  rock  (v.  his),  Brochus 
has  the  advantage  in  gender,  bis  roca  in  sense  and  sound. 
Hence,  perhaps,  too  the  Pg.  harroca  an  uneven  stony  district, 
which  some  connect  with  the  Ar.  borqah  Freyt.  1,  111. 

Barruntar  Sp.  Pg.  to  foresee,  guess,  0.  Sp.  barrunta  foresight, 
barrunte  a  spy,  a  scout.  Prob.  =  barutar  with  n  inserted,  cf. 
garganta  for  gargata,  encentar  for  encetar,  cimenterio  for  cime- 
terio,  T}edant  for  edat;  barutar  =  to  sift,  cf.  cernere,  tiqCvelVj 
V.  blutar.  The  N.  Pr.  has  the  same  word  barountd  to  shake 
which,  doubtless,  comes  from  the  notion  of  sifting,  cf.  Sp. 
mecer  =^  to  mix ,  to  shake. 

Baruffa  —  ruff  a. 

Barullo  —  baro. 

Bas  —  basso. 

Basane  —  badana, 

Basca  Sp.,  Pg.  vasca  disgust,  nausea,  O.  Sp.  bascar  to  feel  dis- 
gust. Prob.  from  the  Basque,  v.  Larramendi.  The  Rh. 
baschizzi  has  the  same  meaning. 

Bascule  Fr.  counterpoise  belonging  to  a  swipe  or  a  weigh- 
bridge, see -saw  &c.;  from  bas  and  cul  according  to  Frisch 
and  Scheler.   The  N.  Pr.  leva-coua  (=^  cauda)  is  more  clear. 

Basin  —  bambagio. 

Basire  It.  to  die,  N.  Pr.  Dauph.  basir;  from  Gael,  bas  death, 
basaich  to  die ,  N.  basa  to  kill.  The  Com.  has  sbasi  to  die  and 
to  grow  pale,  Piedm.  sbasi  in  latter  sense. 

Basquiner  O.  Fr.,  Wal.  bosconi  to  bewitch;  from  pa^xaLvetv. 

Bassln  —  bacino. 

Basso  It.,  Sp.  baxo,  Pg.  baixo,  Pr.  Fr.  bas  low;  It.  bassare  &c. 
The  Isid.  Gloss,  has  bassus  crassus  pinguis,  Papias  bassus  cur- 
tus  humilis;  the  former  is  the  earlier  meaning ;  in  fact ,  the  It. 
has  bassotto  thick  =  O.Fr.  bas  broad.  The  word  is  a  genuine 
Latin  one,  Bassus  having  been  used  very  early  as  a  family- 
name,  which,  like  many  others,  had  reference  to  personal  pe- 
culiarity. Perhaps,  the  orig.  meaning  of  bassus  was  that  which 
extends  in  breadth  not  in  height,  whence  the  senses  of  "thick" 
and  "short".  From  the  adj.  comes  It.  sbst.  basso  the  under- 
part,  Fr.  bas  stocking  (prop,  bas-de-chausse,  cf.  haut-de- 
chausses),  Sp.  baxosy  Pg.  baixos  (pi.)  under  garments,  also 
shoes ,  nothing  to  do  with  L.  baxea,  which  would  have  given 
baisse  in  Fr. 

Basta  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  a  basted  seam,  O.  Fr.  baste,  Occ.  basto  (a 
coat -lap?);  Fr.  bdtir,  Sp.  bastear,  It.  imbastare,  Sp.  Cat.  em- 


64  BASTAR  —  BATIR. 

hastar  to  haste;  from  O.  H.  G.  bestan  to  repair^  M.  H.  G. 
besien,  which  from  sbst.  bast. 

Bastar  —  basto. 

Bastare  bastione  —  basto. 

Bastilla  —  basia. 

Bastille  bat  —  basto. 

Basto  It.  Sp.;  Pr.  bast,  Fr.  bat  (E.  bat-hox^e)  a  pack-saddle; 
Pr.  bastar,  Fr.  bdter  to  saddle.  It  is  generally  referred  to  the 
G.  hast  of  which  the  materials  for  the  fastenings  might  be 
made.  Wedgwood  refers  it  to  basta  (sup.)  the  pad  being  orig. 
a  quilted  (stitched)  cushion.  Diez  is  led  from  a  comparison 
with  bastone  to  attribute  to  basto  the  notion  of  ^^prop" 
"trestle"  on  which  the  burden  rests,  so  that  it  would  be  akin 
to  pa6rd^8Lv.  Basterna  a  litter  may  be  referred  to  the  same 
root  (but  V.  Grimm,  Geschichte  d.  deut.  spr.  p.  461).  But  Gk. 
pdiSra^  {fia0rdt,c3)  a  porter  is  found  in  Pr.  bastais.  Cat.  bastax, 
Sp.  bastage,  It.  hastagio.  Of  the  same  origin  are  It.  bastone 
(Fr.  baton,  Wal.  heston  &c.);  It.  bastire,  0.  Sp.  Pr.  bastir,  Fr. 
bdtir  to  build  (prob.  to  prop?),  whence  0.  Sp.  Pr.  hastida,  It. 
bastia,  bastione,  Fr.  bastille  &c. ;  Sp.  Pg.  basto  close,  compact, 
Sp.  also  =  thick,  coarse  (espec.  in  moral  sense);  It.  bastare, 
Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bastar  to  be  sufhcient  (prop,  to  fill  out,  cf.  Sp. 
harto  filled  out,  sufficient),  Ven.  bastare  to  hinder  (stop  up), 
O.  Sp.  bastir  io  furnish,  provide  for.  Hence,  too,  probably 
comes  It.  Sp.  Pp.  bastar  do,  Pr.  bastart,  Fr.  bdtard^  0.  Fr.  E. 
bastard,  also  called  in  0.  Fr.  fils  de  bast  and  by  corruption 
fds  de  has ,  son  of  a  pack-saddle.  The  termin.  ard  is  common 
in  a  bad  sense  (cf.  Kom,  Gr.  2,  310,  such  E.  words  as  drunk- 
ard, niggard  &c.).  The  word  prob.  had  its  origin  in  Provence 
and  Spain,  where  the  licentious  muleteers  were  accustomed 
to  use  the  pack-saddles  and  furniture  of  their  mules  for  bed- 
ding, cf.  Don  Quixote,  p.  1,  cap.  16,  where  the  muleteer's 
bed  is  spoken  of  as  being  "fabricado  de  las  enjalmas"  "y  de 
todo  el  adorno  de  los  dos  mejores  mulos  que  traia".  The 
rest  of  his  story  affords  further  illustration,  cf  G.  bankert, 
bankart  a  bastard,  from  hank.  Wedgwood  derives  bastard 
from  the  Celtic  baos  (Gael.)  lust. 

Batafalua,  batafaluga  Sp.  (obsolete),  with  m  for  b,  matalahua, 
-hug a,  -huva.  Cat.  Sard,  matafaluga  anise;  from  Ar.  ^hahbat- 
al-'^lialwah. 

Bataille  —  hattere. 

Bat  ard  —  bastar  do. 

Batassare  It.  to  shake;  prob.  from  the  Gk.  Jtatccacstv  to  strike, 
to  rattle,  not  from  buttare,  for  the  It.  has  no  suffix  ass. 

Bateau  —  batto. 

Batir  baton  —  basto. 


BATTERE  —  BAVA.  65 

Battere  It.;  Sp.  hatir,  Pg.  hater,  Pr.  batre,  Fr.  hattre,  Wal.  hate, 
Serv.  hdtati,  E.  ^^a^;  from  hatuere,  shortened  to  batere  (Rom. 
Gr.  1,  162).  This,  though  rare  in  classical,  occurs  often  in 
L.  L.  where,  however,  it  takes  a  different  flexion:  pf.  battidi 
(like  prendidi ,  ostendidi),  partic.  battutus.  Among  the  deriva- 
tives are  It.  battaglia,  Sp.  batalla,  Fr.  bataille,  Wal.  betde,  E. 
battle;  It.  battaglio  and  batacchio,  Sp.  badajo  for  batajo  clapper 
of  a  bell;  It.  battigia  epilepsy;  Sp.  batan  a  fulling-mill;  Pr. 
bataria  fray,  battery,  Fr.  batterie  mounted  ordnance,  a  battery. 

Battezzone  It.  a  coin  bearing  the  image  of  John  the  Baptist, 
from  battezzare ;  hence  G.  batzen.  It.  bezzo. 

Battifredo  It.,  Fr.  be/froi,  O.  Fr.  berfroi  beffroit  a  tower,  belfry; 
from  M.  H.  G.  bercvrit  bervrit  a  tower  for  shelter  or  assault, 
L.  L.  berfredus  belfredus.  The  It.  word  has  a  reference  to 
battere.  For  similar  secondary  etymologies  cf.  palafreno,  bac- 
calaureus,  lanthorne  &c. 

Batto  It.  a  rowing-boat;  hence  battello,  Sp.  batel,  Pr.  batelh, 
Fr.  bateau  a  boat;  from  A.  S.  bat,  0.  N.  bdtr,  W.  bad,  E.  boat. 

Bau9ant  —  balza. 

Bauche  0.  Fr.  plaster- work  on  a  wall,  or  a  workshop;  hence 
ebaucher  to  work  in  the  rough,  embaucher  to  engage  a  work- 
man, debaucher  to  lead  astray,  to  decoy  a  workman,  E.  de- 
bauch. Cf.  Gael,  bale,  O.  N.  bdlkr  partition -wall,  baulk 
between  furrows. 

Baud  Fr.  a  stag-hound,  also  called  chien  muet;  from  Gael,  baoth 
deaf,  dumb,  Goth,  bauth  Kcacpog,  cf.  Norm,  baude  numb. 

Baudet  Fr.  an  ass,  fem.  baude,  in  fables  Boudouin;  from  baud 
frolicsome  (v.  haldo). 

Baudre  O.Fr.,  Pr.  baudrat,  Yv.baudrier,  Fg.boldrie,  It.  budriere. 
From  the  0.  H.  G.  balderich,  0.  E,  baldrick  baudrik.  Hence 
0.  Fr.  esbaudre  the  waist,  cf.  cmge  (cingulum).  V.  s.  barriga. 

Baule  It.,  Sp.  bahul  baul,  Pg.  baliul  bahu,  Pr.  bauc ,  Fr.  bahut, 
bahu,  a  trunk,  valise.  From  M.  H.  G.  behut  (used  by  Luther 
=  magazine,  repository)  which  is  from  behuten  to  cover, 
keep.  The  O.  Fr.  bahud ,  L.  L.  behudum  is  the  orig.  form: 
V.  Mahn,  Etym.  Untersuch.  p.  89.  Diez  wrongly  refers  it  to 
bajulus. 

Bausan  —  bugia. 

Bausia  —  bugia. 

Bava  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  baba,  Fr.  have  spittle,  slaver;  Pg.  Pr.  bavar, 
Fr.baver,  Si^.bavear  to  drivel.  An  onomatop.,  expressing  prop, 
the  drivelling  of  an  infant  fcf.  pa^d^SLV  to  stammer),  hence 
E.  babe,  baby,  Fr.  have  =  also  childish  talk,  baveux  bavard 
a  gossip;  Sic.  vava  =  slaver  and  child.  Hence  Sp.  babieca 
foolish  (prop.  =  drivelling,  foaming,  whence  its  use  as  the 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  5 


66  BAXO  —  BECCO. 

name  of  the  Cid's  horse);  Sp.  babosa  =  a  slug,  &c.,  Cat.  emba- 
biecar,  Pg.  embabacar,  Sp.  embaucar  to  cheat,  impose  upon. 

Baxo  —  basso. 

Baya  Sp.  a  berry;  from  bacca  baca,  Pg.  baga. 

Bayer  —  badare. 

Bazo  Sp.  Pg.  spleen,  cf.  N.  Pr.  bescle,  0.  Fr.  bascle. 

Bazo  —  bajo. 

Bazza  It ,  Sp.  baza,  Cat.  basa  good  luck,  trump  in  cards ;  from 
M.H.G.^^zz^gain  Cbaz=besse?'J.  It  was  prob.  introduced  by 
the  G.  mercenaries.  Hence  It.  bazzica  a  game  at  cards,  baz- 
zicare  to  have  intercourse  with,  frequent. 

Beau  Fr.  in  beau-pere ,  beau-fils,  beau- fr  ere,  belle-mere,  belle- fille, 
belle 'Sceur,  N.  Pr.  beou-pero,  bela-mera,  father-in-law  or 
step -father  &c.  Formerly  there  were  words  for  each:  sogre, 
sogredame,  gendre,  bru  or  ?iore,  serorge  (m.  f.)  to  express  rela- 
tionship in  law;  for  step  -  relationship /?«r«5^r^,  marasire,  ftli- 
astre  (m.f.),  frerastre,  sorastre.  When  marasire  got  to  mean  a 
bad  step -mother,  belle- mere  came  into  use  vjcoKOQianxcogy 
and  then  beau-pere  &c.  The  words  were  afterwards  used  for 
relations  in-law.  The  Du.  has  schoon  (fair),  the  Bret,  kaer  to 
express  step-relationship.  The  Mil.  ?nessee,  Yen.  missier  =  fa- 
ther-in-law, madonna  =  mother-in-law. 

Beaueoup  Fr.,  whence  It.  belcolpo  =  multum ;  from  beau  fine, 
great  (cf.  beau  mangeur  =  grand  z».),  raid  coup  a  stroke  or 
throw,  a  heap,  cf.  Sp.  golpe  =  a  multitude.  In  0.  Fr.  we  find 
grandcoup,  rr.  mancolp. 

Becasse  beche  —  beoco. 

Beccabungia  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Fr.  becabunga,  Russ.  ibunka,  a  plant, 
brook-lime;  from  Du.  becke-bunge  (brook -clod),  G.  bachbunge 
one  of  the  very  few  names  of  plants  which  the  G.  has  given 
to  the  Rom.  languages.   The  usual  Fr.  is  berle  de  riviere. 

Becco  It.,  Pr.  Fr.  bee,  Pg.  bico  beak,  bill;  Sp.  bicos  (pi.)  small 
gold  tags.  A  Celtic  word:  cui  Tolosw  nato  cognomen  in  pueritid 
Becco  fuerat,  id  valet  gallinacei  rostrum  Suet.  Vitell.  c.  18; 
Gael,  beic,  Bret,  bek,  Du.  bek,  IV.  pig.  Hence  Pr.  beca,  Fr. 
beche  for  beche  a  spade,  though  0.  Fr.  has  besche;  It.  beccare, 
Pr.  bechar,  Fr.  becquer  to  hack,  becher  dig,  G.  bicken picken, 
lEi.pick;  It.  beccaccia,  Fr.  becasse.  Cat.  becada  a  snipe;  Fr. 
bequille  a  crutch,  Fr.  abequer  to  feed  young  birds ;  Pg.  debicar 
to  eat  daintily.  It.  bezzicare  to  pick  with  the  beak  may  in- 
clude the  two,  becco  Sind pizza  (q.  v.). 

Becco  It.  goat.  This  word  is  found  in  very  old  inscriptions.  It 
cannot  be  of  the  same  origin  as  the  Pr.  boc,  Fr.  bouc,  but  is 
connected  with  Fr.  bique  =  chevre,  in  the  Jura  bequi  =  che- 
vreau,  =  Camp,  bequat,  Rouchi  bequeriau  =  lamb,  Norm. 


BECERRO  —  BELE.  67 

''■'1 

becard  =  a  wether.    The  Serv.  has  bekawitza  sheep  from  be- 
knuti  to  bleat,  Serv.  bik  =  an  ox. 

Beeerro  Sp.  Pg.  a  calf,  Pg.  fern,  becerra;  from  Basque  beicecorra, 
from  beia  a  cow  (W.  biiv)  and  cecorra  a  calf.  Hence  Sp.  &?- 
cerr«  a  wild -goat,  bizerra  a  roe. 

Bedaine  —  bed  on. 

Bedeau  —  bidello. 

Bedel  —  bidello. 

Bedello  —  betulla. 

Bedon  Fr.  a  tambour ,  small  drum ,  also  =  a  big  belly  (=  be- 
daine), Com.  bidon  fat  and  lazy,  Rouchi  bidon  a  fat  lazy  man, 
Fr.  bidon  a  big -bellied  pitcher.  Bed  =  bid  in  bidet  (p.  v.). 
Rouchi  bedene  =  bedaine  and  bidet. 

Beer  —  badare. 

Befana  It.  a  large  doll  with  which  children  are  frightened  on 
the  Epiphany  (befania),  whence  the  name.  So  in  Germany 
an  image  of  Bertha  was  used  on  the  same  day  for  the  same 
purpose. 

Beffa  It.,  Sp.  befa,  O.  Fr.  be/fe,  O.  Sp.  Pg.  bafa  a  scoffing,  de- 
rision; It.  beffare,  Sp.  befar,  O.  Sp.  bafar  to  scoff,  Yr.bafouer 
to  treat  shamefully;  Sp.  befo  the  underlip  of  a  horse,  also  = 
thick-lipped  (written  also  belfo),  Cat.  bifi,  Occ.  befe;  Pic. 
bafe  a  glutton.  Prob.  from  the  G.,  cf.  Bav.  be/fen  to  bark,  to 
scold.  Frisch  refers  to  the  Thuring.  bdppe  mouth.  Mil.  babbi, 
Com.  bebb,  Occit.  bebo  a  lip ;  the  Gen.  fa  beffe  =  pout  the  lips 
at.  From  be/j^a  comes  the  Fr.  better,  E.  ba/fle  (formerly  r= 
mock;  put  to  scorn,  espec.  a  recreant  knight). 

Baffler  —  be^a. 

Beflfroi  —  battifredo. 

Befo  —  beffa. 

Begue  Fr.,  Pic.  beique  bique  a  stammerer;  hence  0.  Sp.  vegue, 
Pic.  Norm.  Burg,  beguer,  Fr.  begayer  to  stammer,  Fr.  begai 
stammering.  Perhaps  contracted  from  the  Pr.  bavec  a  silly 
babbler,  Sp.  babieca  a  booby,  O.  Fr.  begaud,  Norm,  begas. 
For  the  contraction  cf.  Pr.  sageta,  O.  Fr.  sette. 

Begueule  Fr.  a  booby,  prop,  a  gaper:  from  beer  and  gueule. 

Behetria  Sp.  Pg.  a  free  town;  from  Basque  beret -iria  a  town 
for  itself,  i.  e.  independent;  according  to  others  from  bene- 
factoria  (A.  D.  1020),  benfetria  (A.  D.  1129). 

Beignet  —  bugna. 

Beira  —  riviera. 

Belare  It.,  Fr.  beler  to  bleat;   from  belare  used  by  Varro  for 
balare.   Hence  Romagn.  be  =  bleating.  Cat.  be  a  sheep,  Norm. 
bai  a  wether,  cf.  bidet. 
Beldroega  —  portulaca. 

Bale  O.  Fr.  a  weasel,  Fr.  (dim.)  belette,  Sp.  beleta,  Mil.  bellora, 

5* 


68  BELENO  —  BELLUGUE. 

Com.  herola,  Parm.  benla,  Gen.  hellua,  Sic.  baddottula  (for 
ballottula  hellottuld).  In  form  bele  corresponds  to  the  W.  bele 
a  pole-cat,  0.  H.  G.  bille,  but  it  is  more  probably  the  same  as 
the  Lat.  bella  beautiful,  so  bellora  =^  bellida ,  cf.  the  Bavar. 
schonihierlein ,  schondiglein ,  Dan.  den  kjonne  (pulchra),  a  pro- 
pitiatory epithet  for  an  animal  which  was  thought  to  possess 
mysterious  power,  O.  E.  fairy.  The  Norm,  word  is  roselet 
(red),  Lorr.  moteile  (mustela),  Norm,  bacotdette. 

Beleno  Sp.  henbane;  from  venenum,  It.  veleno?  More  probably 
connected  with  the  A.  S.  belene  belone  belune,  Russ.  belena, 
Pol.  bielun,  Bohem.  bljn,  Hung,  belend-fu,  O.  H.  Gr.  bilisa. 

Belier  Fr.  a  ram,  in  fables  Belin,  whence  Norm,  blin;  from  Du. 
bel,  E.  bell,  cf.  Du.  bel-hamel,  E.  bell-ivether,  in  Fr.  also 
clocheman  and  mouton  a  la  sonnette,  L.  L.  aries  squillatus.  The 
Fr.  beliere  the  ring  on  which  a  bell  -  clapper  hangs ,  is  of  the 
same  origin. 

Belitre  Fr.  a  beggar,  a  scoundrel,  whence  Sp.  belitrey  Pg.  Mitre; 
li.belitrone.  Prob.  from  the  G.bettler,  the  0,Fr. belistre  having 
an  s  inserted  before  the  t. 

Bellaco  —  vigliacco. 

Belleguin  Sp.,  Pg.  beleguim  a  bailiff;  according  to  Sousa  from 
Ar.baleguin,  according  to  Larramendi  from  Basque  bella=Sij^, 
vela,  watch. 

Belletta  It.  sediment,  mud.  The  Mil.  has  Utta.  It  can  hardly 
CO  we  from  TCrjXog  as  Blanc  suggests. 

Belletto  It.  paint;  from  bello,  cf.  faitibello  =  bellelto. 

Bellezour  O.Fr.,  Fr.bellazor  a  comparative  from  bel,  Pr.nomin. 
bellaire;  from  the  L.  bellatior,  from  bellatus  (Plaut»  bellatulus): 
cf.  ebriolatus,  pullatus,  bifidatus.  Bellatus  is  found  in  Q.  Fr. 
bele.  The  0.  Sp.  had  a  peculiar  form  belido  (bellitus).  Con- 
nected with  this  is,  prob.,  the  Neap,  belledissemo, 

BeUico  —  ombelico, 

Bellicone  —  wilecome, 

Bellizear  —  pellizcar. 

Bellota  Sp.,  Pg.  belota  bolola  boleta  acorn ;  =  Ar.  ballu^t  Freyt. 
1,  153,  which  answers  to  \he\^2ii.balanus.  Hence,  too,  It. 
ballotta. 

Bellugue  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  beluga,  whence  Norm,  beluette,  Fr.  bluette, 
Yx.belugeiar  (belugueiari),  Fr.  Z>/w^^^^r  to  emit  sparks.  From 
the  part,  bis  and  lux,  so  =  properly  ^^  feeble  light '^  =  It.  bar- 
lume,  Sp.  vis-lumbre,  l^orm..  berluette.  Beluga  =  bes-luga  as 
O.  Fr.  beloi=  bes-loi.  The  Fr.  berlue  a  dazzling  is  only  an- 
other form  of  the  same  word,  Berrichon  eberluette,  Pr.  abel- 
lucar,  Piedm.  sbaluche,  Ber.  eberluter.  Champ,  aberluder  to 
dazzle.  In  the  Mil.  barluss  (=  berlue)  lux  is  preserved  not 
altered  to  luca. 


BEND  A  —  BERLE.  69 

Benda  It.  Pr.,  Lomb.  hinda,  Sp.  venda,  Fr.  bande  vitta,  taenia, 
fascia,  It.  hendare  &c.;  from  O.  H.  G.  hinda,  O.  H.  G.  Goth. 
hindan  to  bind.    G.  biindel,  E.  bundle  =  O.  Fr.  boundle. 

Benna  It.  a  basket  -  cart ,  Com.  a  cart,  or  basket  for  a  cart,  Rh. 
a  carriage ,  Fr.  banne  a  large  covering  for  the  protection  of 
goods  &c.,  a  tarpaulin,  Com.  benola,  Rh.  banaigl,  Fr.  banneau. 
benneau,  banneton.  Festus  says:  benna  lingua  Gallica  genus 
vehiculi  appellatur,  so  inL.L.=  vehiculum  and  also  a  kind  of 
vessel.  The  Sp.  Cat.  N.  Pr.  banasta  is  connected,  but  it  must . 
be  through  the  0.  Fr.  banastre  as  no  ending  asta  is  found. 
The  Goth,  banst  is  found  in  the  prov.  Fr.  banse  (f.)  a  large 
basket,  L.  L.  bansta. 

Beodo  O.Sp.t=  drunken,  from  bibitus,  cf.  comido  =  one  who  has 
eaten,  R.  Gr.  3;  241.   Beo  =  bib, 

Bequille  —  becca. 

Berbice  It.,  Wal.  berbeace,  Pr.  berbitz,  Fr.  brebis,  Pic.  berbis 
a  sheep;  from  berbex  a  form  used  by  Petronius  for  vervex, 
L.  L.  berbix.  Hence  Pr.  bergier,  Fr.  berger  a  shepherd,  L.  L. 
berbicarius;  0.  Fr.  bercil  a  sheep-cote  ==  vervecile;  Fr.  ber- 
cail  =  vervecale. 

Berbiqui  —  vilebrequin. 

Bercail  —  berbice. 

Berceau  —  bercer  (2). 

Bercer  (generally  berser)  O.  Fr.  to  shoot,  also  to  hunt;  0.  Fr. 
bersail,  It.  bersaglio,  berzaglio  a  butt,  bersailler  berseiller  to 
hit.  In  an  old  It.  chronicle  we  find:  trabs  f errata  quern  ber- 
cellnm  appellabant  i.  e.  a  battering-ram,  evidently  from  ber- 
bex vervex;  from  berbex  would  be  formed  It.  berciare  (imber- 
ciare  is  found),  Fr.  bercer  =  to  pierce,  cf.  Wal.  berbeca  inber- 
beca  to  hit. 

Bercer  Fr.,  Pr.  bressdr,  O.Sp.  brizar  to  rock;  O.Fr.  bers  (whence 
Pic.  ber)y  Pr.  bers  bres,  O.  Pg.  breco,  Fg.'berco,  0.  Sp.  brizo, 
whence  Fr.  berceau  a  cradle,  L.  L.  berciolum.  Prob.  from 
berbex  (v.  preced.),  the  notion  being  got  from  the  swing  of  the 
battering-ram,  cf.  L.  L.  agitarium  in  same  sense.  Fr.  berceau 
=  also  an  arch  of  vines  &c.,  from  the  resemblance  to  the 
covering  of  a  cradle.  Besides  brizo  the  Sp.  has  brezo  and 
blezo  =  a  wicker-work  bed,  combleza  =  concubine. 

Bergante  —  briga. 

Berge  —  barca. 

Berla  Mil.  a  waggon -basket;  from  0.  H.  G.  biral  cophinus. 

Berlanga  —  brelan. 

Berle  Fr.  a  water -parsnip;  Marc.  Empiricus  has:  herbam  quam 
Latini  berulam,  Greece  cardaminen  vacant.  This  may  be  the 
orig.  of  berle  for  though  the  plants  are  distinct ,  yet  both  are 
found  growing  in  brooks ,  ana  both  were  used  for  salad. 


70  BERLINA  —  BERTA. 

Berlina  It.  Rh.  a  whipping -post.  Muratori  gets  it  fromFr.jo//on 
as  if  for  pilorina;  but  no  It.  dialect  has  the  tenuis.  Perhaps, 
from  Bavar.  Z?r^c^^  pillory,  whence  hreche-lin  herchlin  berlina? 
or  from  M.  H.  G.  hritelin  a  small  bridle. 

Berline  Fr.  a  herlin  (carriage);  from  Berlin. 

Berlingare  It.  to  feast,  regale  oneself,  herlingozzo  a  tart,  ber- 
lingoccio  =  Jeudi  gras.   From  O.  H.  Gr.  prezilinc  a  cake. 

Berlue  —  belluca. 

Berlusco  It.  squinting.  Com.  balosc  blusc;  for  bilusco  (v.  bis)  = 
Rouchi  befiou  berlouque;  ivarlouque  seems  a  different  compound 
connected  with  Piedm.  galuce  to  squint. 

Berme  Fr.,  whence  Sp.  berma,  narrow  path  at  the  foot  of  a 
rampart;  from  Du.  breme,  A.  S.  brrjmme,  E.  brim. 

Bermejo  —  vermiglio. 

Berner  Fr.  to  toss  a  ball,  toss  in  a  blanket,  scoff.  The  Romans, 
says  Cujacius,  used  the  sagum  for  this  purpose:  sagwn  =  0.¥i\ 
berne  (v.  bernia),  whence  berner.  The  Neap,  bernare  to  amuse 
oneself  is  from  the  French. 

Bernia  sbernia  It.,  Sp.  bernia,  Fr.  bernie  berne  a  coarse  stuff  for 
cloaks  &c.,  also  a  cloak  made  of  it,  a  rug;  from  Hibernia 
where  it  was  manufactured.  Cf.  Sp.  holanda,  Holland,  cam- 
bric &c. 

Berretta  It.,  Sp.  birreta,  Pr.  berreta  barreta,  Fr.  barrelte,  0.  Sp. 
(m.)  barreie,  Fr.  birret  a  cap ;  from  the  late  L.  birrus  (byrrhus) 
a  coarse  cloth ,  v.  bujo. 

Berro  Sp.  water- cress;  the  same  as  the  W.  berwr,  Bret,  beler, 
whence  L.  benda  used  by  Marcellus  Empiricus :  herbam  quam 
Latine  berulam ,  Greece  cardaminen  vacant. 

Berroviere  —  berruier. 

Berruier  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  berrovier  champion.  Murat.  (Ant.  Ital.  2, 
530)  makes  the  berruiers  =  les  hommes  perdus  du  seigneur, 
little  different  from  the  ribaldi.  Properly  =  a  man  of  Berry. 
As  in  the  case  of  chaorcia  we  have  no  means  of  determining- 
how  it  came  to  be  used  as  an  appellative.  Hence  the  It. 
berroviere  sl  highwayman,  a  birro,  police-officer,  O.  Gen. 
berruel, 

Bersaglio  —  bercer. 

Berser  —  bercer. 

Berta  It.  bantering,  railing,  Lomb.  Piedm.  a  magpie,  chatter- 
box; It.  berteggiare  to  jeer;  Vr.bertaut  a  sorry  wight?  Rouchi 
bertaud  an  eunuch,  bertauder,  Fr.  bretauder  to  castrate.  Com. 
bertolda  to  crop  the  ears  or  hair;  It.  bertone  a  crop-eared 
horse;  bertuccio  an  ape.  Is  this  root  bret  or  bert  (mutilating, 
deriding)  from  the  O.  N.  britian  to  cut  in  pieces,  or  from 
breton  in  the  lay  of  Hildebrand  translated  by  Lachmann  to 
mutilate?   The  It.  berta  has,  however,  another  meaning,  viz: 


BERTOUSER  —  BETULA.  71 

that  of  a  rammer  or  beetle  for  driving  posts  into  the  ground, 
Fr.  demoiselle.  The  origin  of  this  is  clear  enough  when  we 
consider  that  the  hideous  and  cruel  Bertha  of  the  German 
tales  also  bore  the  name  of  Stempfe,  from  her  stamping  on 
those  obnoxious  to  her  (e.  g.  refractory  children  who  used  to 
be  threatened  with  her  vengeance).  Whether  the  other  Rom. 
words  are  connected  with  this  or  not,  is  not  clear. 

Bertouser  —  bis. 

Bertovello  It.  a  weel,  bownet.  The  L.  L.  vertebolum  (L.  Sal.), 
a  dim.  of  vertebra,  but,  in  meaning,  directly  from  vertere, 
the  neck  of  the  weel  being  turned  inwards,  cf.  It.  ritroso 
(==  retrorsus)  mouth  or  neck  of  a  weel.  Hence  Ven.  bertevelo, 
Pied.  Crem.  Mil.  bertavel,  Com.  bertavelle  bertarel;  It.  berto- 
vello, as  martello  from  martulus,  Fr.  verveux  (mo»e  correctly 
verveu)  is  for  vertveu  =  vertovello. 

Berza  —  verza. 

Bes  N.  Pr.  Cat.  a  birch -tree;  from  the  Celtic:  Corn,  bes  bezo, 
Bret,  bezo,  W.  bedw  =  Lat.  betula, 

Besaee  —  bisaccia. 

Besaigre  Fr.  sourish ;  from  part,  bis  and  acer, 

Besaigue  —  bicciacuto. 

Besant  —  bisante. 

Bescio  besso  It.  blockhead ;  from  bestia,  like  Pr.  pec  from  pecus, 
cf.  Com.  bescia  a  sheep,  Rh.  beschlar  to  bleat. 

Besi  Fr.  (in  the  W.)  a  wild  pear ;  cf.  Du.  bes  besie  a  berry. 

Beside  Fr.  (f.  usu.  plur.)  spectacles.  Not  from  bis-cyclus,  but 
=  bericle  (O.Fr.  Pr.)  =  beryllus  (used  in  L.  L.  =  spectacles), 
Occ.  mericle.  Gen.  bericle,  Wall,  berik.  The  form  beside  may 
have  originated  in  Paris,  yvh^vQ  frese = frere,  misesese  =  mise- 
rere, cf.  chaise  and  pomsiere. 

Beso  —  bacio. 

Besoin  —  sogna. 

Bestemmia  —  biasimo. 

Bestordre  bestors  —  tordre. 

Beta  —  veta. 

Betarda  —  ottarda. 

Beter  0.  Fr.  to  muzzle  =  A.  S.  bcetan,  Du.  beeten,  M.  H.  G. 
beizen  to  make  bite  (the  curb),  also  to  bait,  M.  H.  G.  erbeizen. 
Hence  L.  L.  abettum,  0.  Fr.  Pr.  abet  deceit,  trick,  Pr.  0.  Sp. 
abetar,  0.  Fr.  abeter  to  cheat,  Norm,  abet  a  bait,  abeter  to 
bait,  E.  abet.  The  O.  Fr.  bete,  Pr.  betat  often  used  with  mer 
==  coagulatum;  cf.  M.  H.  G.  lebermer  from  liberen  to  curdle, 
E.  beestings  =  colostrum.  This ,  too ,  is  prob.  from  G.  beizen 
to  bite ,  be  tart  or  sour. 

Betula  betulla  It.  Pg.,  It.  bedello  (Crem.  beddol),  Cat.  bedoly, 
^^.abedul,  Pic.  Champ. ^ow^e  (for  beoule?),  whence  Fr.  bouleau 


72  BEUGLER  —  BIANCO. 

a  birch -tree;  from  hetula  hetulla,  which  is  of  Celtic  origin, 
V.  hes. 

Beugler  Fr.  to  bellow  like  an  ox;  from  huculus,  whence  hengle 
an  ox. 

Bevero  It.,  Sp.  Uharo,  0.  Sp.  hefre,  Fr.  hievre,  Wal.  hreh,  N.  Pr. 
vihre  a  heaver,  0.  Norse  hifr,  A.  S.  ^?^/br  heofer,  O.H.G.  Mhar, 
G.  &/&^r,  Lith.  behru,  Rnss.  &o&^r,  Gael,  heahhar,  Corn.  /^6?/>r 
:^  L.  fiber,  the  asp.  of  which,  according  to  rule,  becomes  a 
medial  in  German,  Lithuanian,  Sclavonic  and  Celtic,  cf.  Zeuss 
1,  44.    Behrinus  is  found  in  scholia  in  Juv.  12,  34. 

Bevue  Fr.  a  false  view,  an  error;  from  his  (q.  v.)  and  vue, 

Bezzicare  —  becco. 

Biacca  It.  pale- white;  from  G.  bletch,'\ 

Biadetto  —  biavo. 

Biado  0.  It.,  Pr.  Gsii.Mat,  O.Fr.  bled  bleif,  Fr.  bled  ble,  It.  biada, 
Mil.  Ven.  Piedm.  biava  (cf.  Rovigo  =  Rhodiginni)^  O.  Fr.  blee, 
L.  L.  bladum  blatum  corn.  Hence  Pr.  bladaria,  Fr.  blairie  rent 
of  pasture ;  It.  imbiadare,  Fr.  emblaver  (cf.  gravir,  parvh,  pou- 
voir)  to  sow  with  corn.  The  usual  derivation  is  from  the  A.  S. 
bleed  (f.)  fruit,  but  Romance  terms  of  husbandry  are  not  likely 
to  have  come  from  so  remote  a  source;  rather  is  bleed  from 
the  Rom.  as  G.  fruht  from  Lat.  fructus.  Diez  derives  it  from 
the  neut.  plur.  ablata,  with  the  Rom.  article  /'  ablata  V  abiada 
la  biada,  ra.  biado  (ablatum);  for  the  meaning  cf.  G.  getreide 
(produce)  and  G.herbst,  Gr.xaQTtos  =  that  which  is  gathered. 
In  L.  L.  ablatum  abladus  abladium  occur  =  messis.  The  Crem. 
biada  =  Fr.  oublie  (oblata).  Mahn  makes  the  Pr.  blat  the  ori- 
ginal form  and  asserts  its  identity  with  the  G.  blati  a  leaf,  in 
Bret,  and  W.  blot,  blend,  bled,  blawd  meal,  all  which  belong 
to  the  Sansk.  root  phull,  phal,  E.  blow,  whence  also  folium 
and  g)vXXov. 

Biais  Fr.  Pr.  Val.  O.  Cat.,  N.  Cat.  biax,  Sard,  biasciu  (m.),  E. 
bias,  Pg.  viez  obliquity.  It.  s-bescio  awry  (cf.  Piedm.  sbias, 
N.  Pr.  es-biai),  Fr.  biaiser,  Pr.  biaisar,  Sard,  sbiasciai.  In  the 
Isidor. Gloss,  we  find  bifax  duos  habeas  obtutus  double-sighted, 
squinting,  like  the  Sp.  bisojo,  cf.  Bavar.  zweidugeln  to  squint. 
From  bifax  (bis -fax  for  bis-oculusj  would  come  bifais  biais 
(cf .  refusar  reusar  profundus  preon)  first  used  as  an  adj .  {via 
biayssa  Choix  5;  64)  afterwards  as  a  substantive.  L.  L.  bifa- 
cies  bifaciare  =  biais  biaiser. 

Bianco  It.,  Sp.  bianco,  Pg.  branco,  Pr.  Fr.  blanc  white;  from 
0.  H.  G.  blanch,  M.  H.  G.  &c.  blanc  a  shining  white.  Con- 
nected with  blinken  to  glitter,  E.  blink.  It  was  the  common 
word  to  represent  the  Lat.  albus  which  became  extinct  in  the 
North-West,  in  the  South- West  (Sp.  albo,  Pg.  alvo)  =  snow.- 


BIANTE  —  BICOCCA.  73 

white,  in  Italian  dull -white,  turbid,  dull.  Alhus  is  retained 
in  Rh.  and  Wal.,  where  blank  is  not  found. 

Biante  It.  a  vagabond :  for  viante  from  viare  to  wander  (Menage) 
or,  perhaps  =  the  Pr.  viandan  (via  andare)  wanderer.  The 
Parm.  is  big  ant. 

Biasciare  biascicare  It.  to  munch,  mumble ;  perhaps  from  blcesus 
whence  blasare  (Com.  blassa). 

Biasimo  It.,  0.  Sp.  blasmo,  Pr.  blasme,  Fr.  blame,  E.  blame;  It. 
biasimare  &c. ;  from  ^Idacpri^ov  (adj.),  pXaacprj^stv.  From 
pXa6(prj^ta,  with  a  change  of  the  /  into  t,  comes  It.  biastemma 
bestemmia,  Rh.  biastemma,  Pr.  blastenh,  O.  Fr.  blastenge, 
Wal.  blestem  blasphemy;  It.  biastemmare  &c. ;  with  loss  of  the 
f  (as  in  lacio  for  flacio)  Sp.  Pg.  lastima  abuse,  grief,  lamenta- 
tion, lastimar  to  abuse,  move  to  pity. 

Biastemma  —  biasimo. 

Biavo  Ven.  It.  (Boiardo  2,  37),  O.  Sp.  blavo,  Pr.  blau  (f.  blava), 
Fr.  bleu  (like^j^w  ivom.  pan),  whence  It.  blii,  E.  blue;  It.  dim. 
biadetto;  It.  sbiavato  sbiadato;  from  0.  H.  G.  bldo  blaw.  The 
Rom.  blave  also  =:  green,  blavoyer  =  verdoyer.  Hence  Wedg- 
wood derives  biada  (q.  v.)  first  used  for  the  brilliant  green 
of  young  corn,  then  for  corn  itself.  Biavo  also  =  pale  straw- 
colour.  The  word  is  widest  spread  inPr.:  blavenc ,\blaveza, 
blaveiar,  blavairo,  emblauzir. 

Biaza  —  bis-accia. 

Bica  It.  a  circle  of  sheaves ,  a  stook ;  abbicare  to  set  up  sheaves, 
to  heap  together  (Dante  Inf.  9 ,  of  frogs  crouching) ;  from  O. 
H.  G.  big  a  a  heap. 

Biccliiere  It.,  Rh.  biche'r  a  drinking  vessel,  E.  beaker,  also  It. 
pecchero  a  goblet,  W2I.  pehar,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  pichier  pechier,  Sp. 
Pg.  pichel,  Basque  pitcherra  a  tankard,  pitcher;  L.  L.  bicarium 
picarium;  O.  N.  bikar,  0.  H.  G.  pehhar,  G.  becher.  The  radical 
i  will  not  allow  it  to  come  from  L.  bacar  (Festus).  It  may  be 
from  becco  a  beak  =  mouth  of  pitcher  (cf.  E.  beaker),  or  from 
Gk.  /3tzog  an  earthen  vessel ,  the  p  for  b  coming  through  the 
0.  German. 

Bicciacuto  It.  two-edged;  corrupted  from  bisacuto,  O.Yv.be- 
saigu. 

Bicha  biclio  —  biscia. 

Biche  Fr.  a  hind,  0.  Fr.  E.  bisse,  Wall,  bih,  N.  Pr.  bicho,  Piedm. 
becia.    The  form  bisse  will  not  suit  the  der.  from  bique  a  goot, 

P  N.  Pr.  bico,  so  it  is  better  to  refer  it  to  L.  ibex,  0.  Fr.  ibiche. 

Biche  O.  Fr.  a  bitch;  from  A.  S.  bicce,  E.  bitch,  N.  bikkia,  cf. 
G.  betze;  but  Frisch  makes  it  for  babiche  =  barbiche  (barbe) 
a  shaggy  dog,  whence  It.  barbone,  Gen.  barbin.  From  biche 
comes  bichon  a  small  long  -  haired  dog. 

Bicocca,  biceiocca,  bieicocca  It.  a  watch-tower,  Ven.  bicoca  a 


74  BIDELLO  —  BIGIO. 

ruinous  house,  Sard,  hicocca  a  hut,  stairs  with  two  landings, 
terrace,  Lomb.  a  reel,  Sp.  hicoca  a  sentry-box,  a  narrow 
chamber,  small  town,  Fr.  hicoque,  hicoq.  Cf.  also  Sp.  bico- 
quele  a  bonnet,  bicoquin  cap  with  two  lappets,  Piedm.  bicochin 
a  priest's  cap.  The  first  syllable  is ,  perhaps ,  bis  (cf.  bicocca, 
bicoquin),  but  the  sense  of  cocca  here  is  doubtful. 

Bidello  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  bedel,  Fr.  bedeau,  E.  bedell;  corresponds 
exactly  with  the  O.  H.  G.  petil  emissarius ,  less  exactly  with 
the  A.  S.  bydel  =  0.  H.  G.  butil,  G.  biitiel,  E.  beadle. 

Bidet  Fr.  E.  a  little  horse,  a  nag.  It.  bidetto.  From  a  Celtic 
root,  Gael,  bideach  little,  bidein  a  little  creature,  cf.  W.  bidan 
a  weakling. 

Bidon  —  bedon. 

Bieco  sbieeo  oblique,  awry,  squinting;  from  obliqiius  which 
should  have  given  obbico  bico,  but  the  e  is  inserted  as  in  piego 
=  plico.  Dante's  plurals  bieci  Par.  5,  65,  biece  Ini,  2^,  31, 
come  immediately  from  obliqui  obliquce, 

Bied  0.  Fr.  the  bed  of  a  river,  whence  Norm,  bediere  (cf.  lit 
Mere);  from  A.  S.  bed,  0.  N.  bedr  =  0.  H.  G.  betti,  whence 
Fr.  biez  mill-pool,  h.h.biezium  bietium.  From  bed  come  Burg. 
bief,  Norm,  bieu,  Piedm.  bial,  Gen.  beo,  L.  L.  bedum. 

Biere  —  bara, 

Biere  —  birra. 

Biffera  It.  a  woman  who  has  two  husbands;  from  bivira,  cf. 
fiasco. 

Bifolco  It.  one  who  tills  with  oxen ;  from  bubulcus  {f  =b,  cf . 
tafano). 

Biga  Piedm.  a  sow;  Du.  big  bigge  (f.),  E.  pig. 

Bigarrer  Fr.  to  variegate.  Cat.  bigarrar,  Sp.  abigarrar  (from  the 
Fr.).  Menage  derives  it  from  bis-variare,  but,  perhaps,  better 
from  bi-  carrer  (carre  square)  properly  =  to  make  square, 
oi.O.  scheckig ,  E.  checkered.  Bis  here  denotes  irregularity 
(v.  bis). 

Bigatto  —  baco. 

Bigio  It.,  Pr.  Fr.  bis  dark -grey,  dark- coloured.  Hence  Piedm. 
Pr.  bisa,  Fr.  bise  the  North -wind,  Bret,  biz  North -East -wind 
(cf.  aquilo  from  aquilus).  The  Pg.  buzio  and  Sp.  bazo  dark 
(pan  bazo  =  pain  bis)  are  probably  connected  (but  v.  bajo), 
all  coming  from  bombycius  bambucinus  or  bombacius.  Silk  and 
woollen  stuffs  were  dyed  scarlet  or  purple  before  being  im- 
ported to  Europe,  hence  L.  L.  bombicina  =  scarlet,  It.  bam- 
bagello  purple  pigment,  0.  H.  G.  stdin  ==  coccineus.  The  first 
syllable  was  dropped,  probably,  from  its  likeness  to  bombus 
(cf.  L.  L.  bacius,  It.  baco,  Fr.  basin).  Diez  formerly  derived 
the  word  from  bysseus:  Mahn  refers  it  to  the  Basque  baza 
beza  =  baltza  beltza  dark,  but  the  radical  i  is  an  objection. 


BIGLE  —  BIOTTO.  75 

Bigle  Fr.  squinting,  higler  to  squint.  Probably  =  Sp.  bis-ojo 
from  his-oculus,  when  it  would  stand  for  hisigle,  contr.  hisgle, 
cf.  icle  in  hornide  hournicler  (Jura). 

Biglia  It.;  Sp.  billa,  Fr.  hille  a  ball;  probably  from  the  M.  H.  G. 
bickel  a  knuckle-bone,  Du.  bikkel  a  bone  with  which  children 
play.   Hence  Fr.  billard  (E.  billiard)  and  billot  a  lay  of  wood. 

Eigne  —  bugna. 

Bigorne  Fr.  an  anvil  with  projections  like  horns  (incus  cornuta) ; 
from  bicornis,  It.  bicornia,  Sp.  bigornia. 

Bigoncia  It.  a  tub ,  a  liquid  measure ;  from  bis  congius. 

Bigot  Fr.  E.  bigot.  In  0.  Fr.  it  was  used  as  a  nickname  of  the 
Norman,  its  modern  sense  being  unknown  before  the  16^^  cen- 
tury. An  old  anecdote  gives  the  following  account  of  its 
origin.  Duke  Rollo  when  called  upon  to  kiss  king  Charles' 
foot  made  answer:  ne  se  bi  god  whence  the  Normans  were 
termed  bigots,  cf.  sandio.  But  we  should  in  this  case  have  ex- 
pected bigoi  rather  than  bigot  (cf.  bruth  brui  v.  bru).  Others 
derive  it  from  Visi-gothus  like  cagot  from  canis  gothus.  This 
is  too  artificial.  Trench  and  others  derive  the  modern  sense 
of  the  word  from  the  Pr.  Sp.  bigote  a  moustache,  hombre  de 
bigote  a  firm  resolute  (and  so  bigoted)  man.  It.  sbigottire  = 
frighten,  disconcert,  put  out  of  countenance.  We  find  also 
O.  Fr.  bigote,  bigotelle,  bigoterre  a  purse  hanging  at  the  girdle, 
bigoter  to  provoke.  Wedgwood's  etymology  (from  bigio  grey) 
is  untenable. 

Bijou  Fr.  a  jewel;  from  a  compound  bisjocare,  bijouer,  so  = 
something  doubly  sparkling.  Then,  why  not  bijeu?  no  verb 
bijouer  is  found.  Perhaps  it  is  from  the  Celtic  (0.  Corn.)  bisou 
"anulus^^,  Bret,  bizou  =  W.  byson  (from  bgs  a  finger?). 

Bilancia  It.,  Mil.  Ven.  Sp.  balanza,  Pr.  balans  balansa,  Fr.  ba- 
lance, E.  balance;  from  bilanx  bilancis. 

Bileneo  It.  crooked,  askew;  from  G.  link? 

Billard  bille  —  biglia. 

Billet  —  bolla. 

Biltre  —  belUre. 

Bimbo  —  bambo. 

Bindolo  —  ghindare. 

Binocolo  It.,  Fr.  binocle  an  opera -glass;  from  bini  oculi. 

Bioceolo  It.  flock;  ivom  floccus ,  cf.  bonte  (dialect.)  ior  fonte. 

Biondo  It.,  Pr.  blon  (f.  blonda),  Fr.  blond,  whence,  probably,  the 
Sp.  biondo,  G.  blond,  E.  blond.  The  A.  S.  has  blonden-feax 
=  of  blended -hair  grey -haired,  but  the  transition  from  grey 
to  blond  is  difficult.  Perhaps  it  is  from  the  0.  N.  blaud,  Dan. 
blod  soft,  weak  (in  colour  or  quality).  The  It.  biondella  (the 
plant  centaur)  is  so  called  from  its  blond  tresses. 

Biotto  It.  wretched,  Lomb.  biott  blot,  Rh.  blutt  naked,  Ven.  bioto 


76  BIQUE  —  BIS. 

simple,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  hlos  destitute,  N.  Pr.  hlous  pure  (of  water 
&C.),  Mod.  hioss  naked,  Basque  huluza.  Of  German  origin: 
Bavar.  hlutt,  Sw.  hlutt  and  hlutz,  vb.  hlutten,  L.  L.  blutare  to 
empty,  M.  H.  G.  hloz  (whence  Pr.  hlos)^  G.  bloss, 

Bique  —  hecco, 

Birar  —  virare. 

Birba  birbone  —  bribe, 

Bircio  It.  weak-eyed,  sbirciare  to  blink,  bercilocchio  a  squinter. 
Perhaps  connected  with  O.  H.  G.  brehan,  Bav.  birg-aug, 
Aust.  bir-augig  all  of  which  express  a  defect  in  the  sight. 

Biroccio  baroceio  It.  a  two  wheeled  vehicle,  Sp.  barrocho,  a 
barouche;  from  birotus  with  the  ending  formed  on  the  model 
of  carroccio.   The  Fr.  is  brouette  for  bi-rouette,  Wall,  berwette. 

Birra  It.,  Fr.  biere,  Wal.  &^«r^beer.  Another  expression  for  the 
O.  Rom.  word,  It.  cervigia,  Sp.  cerveza,  O.  Fr.  cervoise,  L.  cere- 
visia.  The  It.  birra  is  from  the  G.  bier,  the  Fr.  biere  from  the 
M.  H.  G.  bier  (as  one  syllable),  a  German-Celtic  word ;  0.  H. 
G.  A.  S.  beor,  E.  beer,  O.  N.  bior,  Gael.  ^>e^2r,  Bret.  &?orcA. 
The  G.  bier  is,  according  to  some,  only  the  L.  inf.  bibere, 
sbst.  biber,  It.  bevere,  beere,  bere,  Sard.  &/^re,  cf.  Wal.  beu- 
ture,  prop.  =  drink ,  E.  bever  =  lunch ;  according  to  others 
the  H.  G.  bier  is  to  be  referred  to  Goth,  bins  and  this  to  the 
Sansk.  piv,  pib  from  ji?«  to  drink. 

Birraechio  —  birro. 

Birreta  —  berreta. 

Birro  sbirro  a  serjeant,  police-officer,  whence  Sp.  esbirro;  prob. 
from  birrus  (v.  berrettd),  the  dark  cloth  with  which  he  was 
clothed.  So  Menage,  who  also  derives  birraechio  a  steer  one 
year  old  from  birrus  in  its  sense  of  rufus. 

Bis  (sometimes  in  the  forms  ber  bre  bar)  a  Romance  particle  used 
in  composition  to  denote  that  which  is  wrong ,  false,  counter- 
feit &c. ;  It.  biscantare  to  sing  irregularly,  trill,  hum  a  tune, 
Pr.  beslei  bad  faith ,  It.  barlume  weak  light  (twilight),  Fr.  ber- 
touser  bertauder  to  shear  unevenly,  Piedm.  berliche  to  taste  a 
little,  berlaita  whey  (poor  milk  =  petit  lait),  cf.  R.  Gr.  2,  357. 
Various  derivations  are  given.  The  form  is  against  the  G. 
W25,  both  sense  and  form  against  the  Bret.  besk.  The  Lat. 
vice  (=  something  not-real,  fictitious)  would  suit  the  It.  and 

.  Sp.  where  v  may  become  b ,  but  not  the  Fr.  Perhaps  it  is  the 
adv.  bis,  which  from  the  sense  of  double  passed  into  that  of 
oblique,  awry  (as  in  Sp.  bisojo  squinting,  Fr.  biais),  and  then 
=  wrong,  counterfeit,  bad,  e.g.  besivre  badly  drunk,  bes- 
order  to  pollute,  besanca  hip -shot,  bevue  (Fr.)  an  error.  Of 
the  same  origin  is  the  Sp.  bisel,  Occ.  bizel,  Fr.  biseau  sloping 
edge,  oblique  surface,  E.  basil  bezel.   When  a  joiner's  tool  is 


BIS  —  BIZCO.  77 

ground  away  to  an  angle  it  is  called  a  hasil  edge  (Fr.  taille  en 
biseau). 

Bis  —  bzgio. 

Bisaeeia  It.,  Sp.  hisaza,  Fr.  besace  a  wallet;  from  bisaccium,  pi. 
bisaccia  (Petroniiis).  So  Pr.  Fr.  bissac,  Piedm.  bersac,  from 
bis-saccus.  For  bisaza  is  found  also  biaza,  perhaps  on  the 
analogy  of.  via  viage. 

Bisante  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  besante,  Pr.  bezan,  Fr.  O.  E.  besant  a  By- 
zantine coin,  from  L.  L.  byzantius,  Gr.  pv^dvtLog. 

Bisarma  —  guisarme. 

Bisbiglio  It.  whispering,  noise  of  talkers,  bisbigliare,  G.  pispeln, 
Pic.  bisbille;  formed  from  the  sound. 

Biscanto  —  canto. 

Biscia  It.  a  serpent,  Lomb.  bissa,  N.  Pr.  bessa,  O.  Fr.  bisse^ 
ViQ^LUi.  biesso ,  l^omb.biss,  It.  biscio  a  flesh -worm.  Usually 
derived  from  bestia,  but  this  would  give  bescia.  Better,  per- 
haps ,  from  the  0.  H.  G.  bizo  a  biting  creature  =  A.  S.  bita. 
The  Lomb.  has  bisia  besia  to  prick,  bisient  biting,  bisiell  a  bee's 
sting,  bisioce  an  insect  with  sting.  The  Sp.  bicho  bicha  a  grub 
may  also  come  from  bizo  biza. 

Biscotto  It.,  Sp.  bizcocho,  Pr.  biscueit,  Fr.  biscuit,  E.  biscuit;  from 
bis-coctus.    So  It.  giiascotto  from  quasi- cactus. 

Bisdosso  bardosso  without  saddle;  andare  a  bisdosso  to  ride  on 
the  bare  back,  bis  expressing  the  discomfort  (v.  bis). 

Bise  —  bigio. 

Bisel  biseau  —  bis. 

Biset  —  bigio. 

Bislessare  —  lessare. 

Bislungo  —  barlong. 

Bismalva  —  malvavischio, 

Bisogno  —  sogna. 

Bisojo  Sp.  squint-eyed,  prop,  double -eyed  from  bis-oculus,  cf. 
biais,  Sard,  bisogu,  however,  =  one-eyed  (Fr.  louche,  luscus). 

Bisse  —  biscia. 

Bissetre  bissestre  O.  Fr.,'  Norm,  bisieutre,  Piedm.  bisest  disaster; 
prop.  =  intercalary  day,  from  bissextus,  which  was  even  with 
the  jRomans  considered  unlucky,  v.  Ducange. 

Bistensar  —  stentare. 

Bistondo  —  tondo. 

Bitta  It.,  Sp.  Cat.  bita,  Fr.  bitte  a  piece  of  wood,  stake  (pitas 
Sp.,  Fr.  bittes  =  bits  to  belay  the  cable),  from  the  0.  N.  biti 
a  beam,  E.  bit,  Sw.  bissen;  L.  L.  bitus  =  lignum  quo  vincti 
flagellantur. 

Bivao  bivouac  Fr.,  E.  bivouac,  vb.  bivouaquer ;  from  G.  biivacht, 
beiwacht  an  extraordinary  watch ,  Sp.  vivac  vivaque. 

Bizco  Sp.,  Pg.  vesgo  squint-eyed.  The  coptraction  from  bisoculus 


78  BIZERRA  —  BLECHE. 

(whence  Sp.  hisojo)  would  be  harsh.    Larramendi  derives  it 
from  the  Basque. 

Bizerra  —  hecerro. 

Bizma  Sp.  (f.)  a  plaster,  epitima  (f.)  a  poultice;  from  epiihema, 
It.  epittima,  pitiima,  Fr.  epitheme,  E.  epithem. 

Bizoeeo  (Menage)  It.,  hizzoccone  a  blockhead.  From  bliteus 
(Plautus)  (cf.  Papias,  hlitea  stnltitia)  came  hizzo,  with  suffix 
iizzocco. 

Bizzarre  It.  irascible,  capricious,  sprightly,  Sp.  Pg.  bizarro 
gallant,  high-spirited,  Fr.  bizarre  whimsical,  extravagant. 
For  the  It.  word  a  prinjitive  bizza  wrath  is  given  which ,  if 
not  of  G.  origin  (cf.  O.  H.  Gr.  bizon  to  gnash)  must  be  from 
bizzarro,  there  being  no  suffix  arr.  The  Sp.  is  found  also  in 
the  Basque,  where  another  word  bizarra  =  beard  (=  bizarra 
"he  is  manly''),  whence  the  wider  sense  in  Sp. 

Blafard  Fr.  pale;  from  the  O.  H.  Gr.  bleih-faro  (G.  bleifarb) 
pale -coloured,  d  epenthetic  as  in  homard. 

Blaireau  Fr.  a  badger,  also  written  blereau,  blereau;  from  bla- 
darellus  (It.  biadarello)  dimin.  of  L.  L.  bladarim,  It.  biadajuolo 
(cf .  O.  Fr.  blairie  =  Pr.  bladaria)  -.^=  corndealer.  The  E.  badger 
is  from  the  same  word  bladarius  (bladiar,  bladger  badger)  and 
in  0.  E.  meant  also  corndealer.  The  badger  is  an  "animal 
omnivorum"  and  lays  up  store  for  the  winter.  This  store  was 
popularly,  but  wrongly,  supposed  to  be  corn ,  hence  his  name 
"little  corndealer''.  Diefenbach  derives  it  from  the  W.  blawr 
iron-grey  (cf.  E.  gray  =  badger,  Fr.  grisard),  but  aw  would 
not  become  at  in  Fr.  The  It.  grajo  is  not  from  E.  gray  but, 
probably,  =  agrarius.  Another  Rom.  word  for  badger  is  tasso 
(It.),  Fr.  taisson  &c.  (q.  v.).  In  O.  Fr.  it  was  called  bedoneau 
bedouan,  Norm,  bedoxi  =  big -bellied. 

Blame  —  biasimo. 

Blanc  —  bianco. 

Blandir  —  brando. 

Blasone  It.  blazonry,  heraldry,  Sp.  blason,  Pg.  brasao  also  = 
fame,  renown,  Fr.  blason  coat  of  arms,  escutcheon;  It.  blaso- 
nare,  Fr.  blasonner  to  paint  arms,  Sp.  blasonar  to  blazon,  extol. 
First  found  in  Fr.  where  it  meant  a  shield  or  scutcheon,  Pr. 
blezo  blizo.  It  is,  doubtless,  derived  from  the  A.  S.  blcese ,  E. 
btaze,  whence  the  sense  of  'Hustre^^  would  do  both  for  the 
device  on  an  escutcheon  and  for  fame,  renoivn;  cf.  O.  H.  G. 
bldsa  a  trumpet,  Du.  blazen  to  boast.  The  Pr.  blezon  takes  its 
e  from  the  A.  S. 

Ble  —  biado. 

Bleehe  Fr.  weak,  weakly,  Norm,  bleque  mouldering,  decaying; 
fromGr./3Aa5  /3Aa;{dg  mollis  (L.lj.blax=stultus),  Qi. moustache 


BLEDO  —  BLOSTRE.  79 

from  ^v6ta^.    Grandgagnage  (v.  hleque)  derives  it  from  G. 
hleich  pale. 
Bledo  Sp.,  Pg.  hredo,  Cat.  hred  the  wild  amaranth ,  or  a  kind  of 

watercress;  iov  hlitum  {^kCtov). 
Bleme  Fr.  pale,  hlemer  to  grow  pale.   The  O.  Fr.  has  hleme  and 
hlesme,  the  s,  therefore,  is  inserted;  from  0.  N.  btdmi  blue 
colour  (hid  blue),  cf.  O.  Fr.  hlemir  to  beat  (prop,  make  blue), 
E.  blemish  (prop,  of  dark  colour  of  lifeless  flesh). 
Blesser  Fr.  to  wound,  O.Fr.also  to  injure:  quant li  quatre  angles 
sont  bleciet  Liv.  de  Job  503.   The  0.  Fr.  c  often  =  G.  z,  so, 
perhaps,  from  M.  H.  G.  hletzen  to  patch,  hletz  (0.  H.  G.  pletz) 
culf  leather,  whence  blesser  to  slash,  M.  H.  G.  ze-bletzen  to 
hew. 
Blet  Fr.  rotten,  now  only  in  the  phrase  poire  blette,  Pied,  biet, 
Rouchi  bletir  to  rot;  cf.  0.  H.  G.  bleizza  a  livid  spot  from  a 
bruise. 
Bleu  —  biavo. 
Blezo —  bercer. 

Bliaut,  blizaut,  blial,  bliau  (robe,  habit,  justaucorps),  blezo 
bleso  (tunique),  O.  Fr.  bliaut  bleaut  bliaus  bliaux  (justaucorps, 
manteau),  Sp.  Pg.  brial  a  rich  petticoat,  L.  L.  bliaudus  blial- 
dus,  bliaus.  The  M.  H.  G.  blialt  blidt  denotes  the  stuff  merely, 
so  also  in  O.  Fr.  Diez  suggests  that  the  root  bli  or  blid  is 
oriental,  and  Malin  refers  to  the  Pers.  baljad  a  plain  garment, 
from  Ar.  root  bald  to  wear  a  garment.  The  Fr.  blouse,  Pic. 
bleude,  Norm,  plaude  (cf.  the  forms  blizant,  bliaus  &c.)  is  the 
same  word.  Ducange  derives  bliaud  &c.  from  the  W.  bliand  a 
fine  linen -stuff,  O.  E.  bleaunt,  blehand. 
Blinder  Fr.  to  cover,  blind;  from  Goth,  blindjan,  O.  H,  G.  blen- 

dan,  G.  blenden,  E.  blind.   Hence  sbst.  blindes,  It.  blinde. 
Bloc  Fr.  a  block,  bloquer  (It.  bloccare),  Sp.  bloquear  to  blockade; 
from  O.  H.  G.  bloc  block,  G.  E.  block ,  which  Grimm  derives 
from  bi-loh  a  bolt  (Goth,  lukan  to  shut).    The  Fr.  blociis  is  the 
G.  blochiis  blockhaus. 
Bloi  0.  Fr.  Pr.  light -coloured,  yellow,  espec.  of  flowers  and  of 
hair,  L.  L.  bloius  blodius.    Thus  we  find:   Yseut  la  blonda  and 
Ysseultz  ab  lo pel  bloy.    From  A.  S.  bled  blid  colour,  so  light- 
colour  as  opp.  dark ,  or  better  to  consider  bloi  another  form 
of  bleu,  both  coming  from  the  O.H.G.^/rtO  =  flavus  and  cseru- 
leus ,  cf.  poi  and  peu  from  pau  (paucus). 
Blois  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  bles  =  blcesus. 
Blond  —  biondo. 
Bloquer  —  bloc. 
Bios  —  biotto. 

Blostre  O.  Fr.  a  little  hillock  or  mound;  from  Du.  bluyster,  E. 
blister. 


80  BLOUSE  —  BOFE. 

Blouse  —  hlimit. 

Blu  —  biavo. 

Bluette  —  hellugue. 

Bluter  Fr.  to  bolt  meal;  separate  it  from  the  bran,  bluteau  blutoir 

a  bolting-sieve.  Bluter  is  for  briiter  Tan  O.S^.brutar  is  found). 

Bluter  is  the  L.  L.  buletare,  Kouchi  bulter,  bluteau  the  L.  L. 

buletellum.    The  O.  Fr.  buretel  is  nearer  the  original,  and  = 

It.  burattello  from  buratto  a  sieve,  prop.  =  a  thin  stuff,  v. 

bure,  and  cf.  etamine.   From  buretel  came  buletel  blutel  bluteau. 

For  buratel  the  Pr.  has  barutel,  Dauph.  baritel,  Bret,  burutel, 

Occ.  barutd,  baruteld.    Others  derive  the  word  from  the  G. 

beuteln.y  M.  H.  G.  biuteln.  • 

Bobine  Fr.  a  spool,  bobbin,  ViQdLm.bobina.    From  bombus  because 

of  the  humming  noise  it  makes  (accord,  to  Nonius). 
Bol>6  Com.,  Gen.  bubii  drink  (a  word  used  by  chimren).    Varro 

has  bua  in  the  same  sense,  which  onomatop.  seems  to  have 

been  reduplicated  in  the  Rom.   The  words  involve  the  same 

root  as  bi-bo.    The  It;  bombo  bombare  bombettare  is  rather  from 

Gk.  po^fistv,  bombola  a  flask  from  po^i^vXog. 
Bobo  Sp.  Pg.,  Sard,  bovii  blockhead,  simpleton;  from  balbus, 

It.  balbo,  Pr.  balb  &c.,  cf.  Sp.  farfulla  a  stammerer,  Basq. 

/«r/w27/rt  a  blockhead,  and  for  the  form,  oi.  popar  ivom.  pal- 
pare. 
Boca  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  boga,  Pr.  buga,  Fr.  bogue  the  sea-bream ;  from 

L.  box  bocis  (m.)  (Pliny),  Gk.  /36«5  ^^i- 
Bocage  bois  —  bosco. 
Boeca  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  boca,  Fr.  bouche  a  mouth,  from  bucca. 

Hence  Pr.  bucello  (L.  buccella  Martial),  bossi,  0.  Fr.  bomsin  a 

morsel',  Sp.  bozal  a  muzzle  =  a  L.  bucceale,  from  buccea. 
Boecale  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  Wal.  bocal  a  mug,  pitcher;  from  L.  L.  bau- 

calis,  which  from  Gr.  ^avxdkiov  a  vessel,,  v.  Journ.  d.  Sav. 

1833,  p.  478. 
Boceia  —  bozza. 
Bocear  Sp.  to  move  the  lips,  0.  Sp.  Pg.  bocejar  to  gape,  Sp.  bo- 

cezar  and  bostezar  (for  suffix  cf.  tropezar) ;  probably  from  Sp. 

buz  a  lip  (q.  v.). 
Boeel  • —  buz. 
Bocha  —  bozza. 
Boehorno  Sp.  Pg.  a  sultry  East -wind;  from  vulturnus. 

Bociare  It.  to  cry,  publish;  from  vox,  It.  boce, 

Boda  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  a  wedding,  nuptials.  From  vota  pi.  oivotum, 
cf.  Cod.  Justin,  ad  tertia  vota  migrare.  An  O.  Sp.  word  for 
vow  is  vota.  It.  boto. 

Bode  Sp.  Pg.  a  he -goat;  cf.  Com.  bida  a  goat. 

Bofe  Sp.  Pg.  lung;  from  bufar  to  blow,  Pg.  also  bofar  cf.  Ttv^v- 


BOPE  —  BOLLA.  81 

ii(ov  from  nvstv y  It.  mantaco  wind-bag,  lung;  hence  Sp.  ho- 

fena  hohena  a  pudding  made  of  pig's  lung. 
Bofe  O.  Pg.  adv.  =  L.  certo;  for  a  boa  fe. 
Bofeton  —  huf. 


Boffice 

—  huf. 

Boga  — 

hoca. 

Bogar  — 

-  vogare. 

Bohena 

—  hofe. 

Boisie  boisdie  — 

■  hugia. 

Boisseau  boiter  - 

—  hoite. 

Boisson  Fr.  drink;  from  hoire  (hibere) ;  hoisson  =  hetson  (hibitio). 

Boite  Fr.,  Pr.  hostia  hoissa,  also  hrostia  hrustia  a  box.  From 
pyxis  was  formed  L.  L.  huxis,  whence  the  Pr.  hoissa;  in  the 
10*^  cent,  huxida  from  ace.  pyxida  (Ttv^tda)  was  corrupted  into 
buxdia  bustia ,  whence  Pr.  hostia,  O.  Fr.  hoiste,  Bret,  boest.  In 
a  9^^  cent.  Glossary  we  find:  pyxides  vulgo  poxides.  From 
boite  come  dehoiter  to  wrench,  sprain,  bolter  to  limp,  Eouch. 
hotier.  Hence,  too,  Fr.  boisseau  (E.  bushel)  a  dialectical  form 
of  which  is  hoisteau  h.Li.  hustellus.  This  is  to  be  distinguished 
from  the  O.  Fr.  houcel  bouchiau,  Pr.  hossel  a  liquid  measure 
=  It.  botticello  from  botte  (q.  v.). 

Boja  O.  It.,  Pr.  hoia,  O.  Fr.  buie  a  chain,  fetter;  from  hoja 
(Plautus  &c.);  M.  H.  G.  hoije.  The  Sp.  boya,  Pg.  boie,  O.  Fr. 
boye,  Fr.  bouee,  G.  boje,  E.  buoy  is  the  same  word,  prop.  = 
a  floating  piece  of  wood  fastened  by  a  rope  or  chain  (boja). 

Boja  It.  an  executioner,  O.  Sp.  boy  a,  N.  Pr.  boiou,  Wall,  boie, 
Kh.  hojer.  The  It.  forms  no  masculine  in  a  (though  it  uses 
some  masculines  as  f.,  e.  g.  il  camerata,  lo  spia),  so  the  word 
must  have  existed  before  in  a  different  sense.  It  is  the  0.  It. 
hoja  a  fetter,  halter,  cf.  Papias:  boja  tormenta  damnatorum. 
In  Sp.  the  same  word  is  used  for  ^^rod^^  and  ^^ executioner ^\  v. 
verdugo. 

Bojar  Sp.  to  sail  round  an  island  or  a  promontory;  from  Du. 
bogen,  G.  hiegen  heugen  to  bend,  cf.  L.  flectere  promontorium. 

Boldrone  —  poltro, 

Bolegar  —  houger. 

Boleta  —  holla. 

Bolgia  It.,  O.  Fr.  hoge  a  sack,  Fr.  houge  a  little  room;  hence 
Sp.  burjaca  a  knapsack;  Fr.  hougette  a  travelling  bag,  O.  E. 
hogett  hougett,  E.  budget,  which  last  has  travelled  back  to 
France  in  its  new  sense.  It  is  the  Lat.  hulga  (Lucil.)  which 
Festus  mentions  as  a  Gallic  word;  the  O.  Irish  is  bole,  Gael. 
huilg,  W.  hwlch  hole&c,  O.H.G.  hulga  (belgen  to  swell).  The 
Rom.  forms  come  through  a  L.  adj.  hulgea. 

Bolla  bulla  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  hola  hula,  Pg.  holha  bulla,  Fr.  hoide  bulle, 
a  bubble,  bladder,  ball,  and,  from  the  form,  a  seal  affixed  to 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  6 


82  BOLSA  —  BONDIR. 

records  (for  which  the  form  with  u  is  generally  used^  ISi.buU); 
from  L.  bulla.  The  Sp.  bola,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  boule  =  brag,  deceit 
arose  out  of  the  meaning  '^ bubble",  hence  bouler  (of  pigeons) 
to  swell  the  crop.  From  bolla  &c.  come  It.  bolletta  bulletta, 
Fr.  billet  note  {~=  sealed  paper),  It.  bulletino,  Fr.  E.  bulletin; 
Sp.  bollon,  Fr.  boulon  a  thick-headed  nail,  O.  Fr.  =  bolt,  cf. 
L.  bulla  =  head  of  a  nail.  From  the  same  root,  through  L. 
bullire,  come  It.  bollire ,  Sp.  Pr.  bullir ,  Pg.  buiir  bolir,  Fr. 
bouillir  to  boil;  hence  It.  bollone,  Fr.  bouillon  broth  (E.  bullion), 
cf.  Sp.  caldo,  Pic.  caudiau,  O.  Fr.  caudel,  E.  caudle;  Sp.  /^m//^/, 
Pg.  Z?mM«  noise,  whence  Cat.  esbulyar  to  disturb,  and,  per- 
haps, Vg.  esbulhar  to  search  thoroughly,  bereave,  which  is 
gen.  derived  from  spoliare. 

Bolsa  —  borsa. 

Bolso  It.  asthmatic,  (of  a  horse)  broken -winded.  Mil.  sbolza  to 
cough;  iroTd  pulsus ,  whence  also  Yv.  pousse ,  poussif,  Limous. 
poussd  to  breathe  with  difficulty,  Sw.  biUsi  have  a  dry  cough. 
Cf.  Pr.  bols  ^^equus  nimis  pulsans'\ 

Bolzone  It.,  0.  Sp.  0.  Fr.  bozon,  Pr.  bosso  an  arrow  with  blunt 
point,  also  a  battering-ram;  from  bulla  the  head  of  a  nail 
with  the  suffix  cion  (cf.  boulon  Fr.  a  bolt,  arrow),  cf.  hamecon 
from  hamus.  There  is  no  necessity  to  derive  it  from  the  Gr. 
bolz  bolzen. 

Bomba  Pr.  O.  Valen.  brag,  pomp,  show;  It.  boynbanza  rejoicing, 
O.  Fr.  bombance  sumptuous  cheer  &c.,  bobance,  Pr.  bobansa 
=  bomba;  Pr.  bobans  for  boban,  O.  Fr.  bobant.  From  bombus 
buzzing,  bustle,  bombicus  noisy,  boastful  (Venant.  Fort.), 
whence  also  bomba  bombarda  a  noisy  missile,  a  bo7nb,  bombar- 
dare  to  bombard  &c. ;  It.  rimbombare  to  re-echo. 

Bomba  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.,  Fr.  pompe,  Yi.  pump.  So  called,  according 
to  Adelung,  from  the  noise  which  it  makes,  but,  perhaps, 
better  from  the  Eom.  bombare  to  drink,  suck,  which,  how- 
ever, is  itself  an  onomatop.,  cf.  bobo.  In  Italian  it  is  called 
tromba,  which  represented  the  L.  tuba,  and  =  a  water-pipe. 

Bombasin  —  bambagio. 

Bombero  It.  a  ploughshare,  Ven.  gomiero;  for  vomero,  L.  vomer. 

Bomerie  Norm,  bottomry ;  from  Du.  bodemerij,  Gr.  bodmerei,  E. 
bottomry,  these  from  boden,  bottom  (of  a  ship)  ~~  a  ship. 

Bonaceia  It.,  Pr.  bonassa,  Fr.  bonace,  Sp.  bonanza  a  calm;  from 
bonus,  cf.  Sp.  bonazo  peaceful,  good-natured,  Wal.  resbune  it 
clears  up.  Malina  in  O.  Sp.  =  bad  weather,  a  storm,  from 
malus. 

Bonde  Fr.  a  sluice,  tap,  bondon  a  bung  (Pr.);  from  the  Sw.punt, 
Swab,  bunte,  O.  H.  G-.  spunt. 

Bondir  Fr.  to  bound,  leap,  bond  a  bound.  The  O.  Fr.  Pr.  meant 
to  hum,  sound,  doubtless  from  bomlntare  to  hum,  bondar.    As 


BONETE  —  BORDO.  83 

is  often  the  case  in  intransitives ,  hondir  took  the  form  of  the 
S'^'^  conj.;  cf.  tentir  from  tinnitare. 

Bonete  Sp.  Pg.^  Pr.  boneta,  Fr.  E.  bonnet.  It  was  orig.  the  name 
of  a  stuff,  but  whence  derived  is  uncertain  (Bonnet  in  Ire- 
land?). J.  Grimm  connects  with  this  obbonis  {obpinis  abonnis 
a  sort  of  net  or  coif),  Merkel,  L.  Sal.  p.  54. 

Bonheur  —  augurio. 

Bonina  Sp.  Pg.  ox-eyed  camomile;  prob.  a  corruption  of  Ar. 
bdbunag=:  Pers.  bdbunahy  Freyt.  1,  78. 

Bor  —  ora. 

Borbogliare  It.,  Pic.  borbouller  to  mutter,  Sp.  borbollar,  Pg.  bor- 
bolhar  borbulhar  to  bubble  out.  Cat.  borbollar  to  cheat,  con- 
fuse; Sp.  burbuja,  Pg.  borbulha  a  bubble,  a  knob.  The  Sp. 
is  prob.  from  a  reduplicated  form  of  L.  bullare,  the  rest  are 
more  doubtful  though  the  meanings  "murmur^'  and  '^sputter'' 
may  easily  be  connected.  Besides  borbogliare  there  is  another 
form  borbottarey  0.  Fr.  borbeter,  Pic.  borboter,  and  another 
word  for  the  Sp.  borbollar  is  borbotar,  prob.  formed  from  the 
sound  like  PoQ^vQi^stv,  Gael,  borban  a  muttering.  It.  burbero 
morose.  Another  form  (influenced  by  barbd)  is  Sp.  barbotar, 
Mil.  barbotta,  Pic.  barboter,  Cat.  barbotejar,  hence  It.  barbu- 
gliare,  Sp.  barbullar  to  talk  confusedly. 

Borboleta  Pg.  a  butterfly ;  from  borbolhar  to  ramble,  bound ,  cf. 
Kh.  bulla  =  borboleta,  bugliar  =  borbolhar,  cf.  also  Loth. 
bouble,  Du.  bobbeln  to  rove,  v.  mariposa. 

Borbottare  borbotar  —  borbogliare. 

Borchia  It.  a  buckle  on  horse -trappings,  a  large  head  of  a  nail, 
a  golden  heart  or  similar  ornament  worn  by  women.  Prob. 
from  bulla  though  it  is  difficult  to  get  bul-cula  from  bullacula. 
Cf.  the  O.  H.  G.  bolca  =  Lat.  bulla, 

Borda  Pr.  Cat.,  0.  Fr.  borde  a  hut;  from  Goth,  baurd,  O.  N. 
bord ,  O.  H.  G.  bort,  E.  board,  cf.  Ir.  Gael,  bdrd,  W.  bwrdh. 
Hence  It.  bordello,  Pr.  Fr.  bordel ,  Sp.  bur  del ,  O.  Fr.  bordela 
(fem^,  E.  brothel. 

Borde  Sp.,  Pr.  bort,  O.  Fr.  borde  a  bastard.  Prob.  the  original 
of  the  late  Lat.  burdo  a  mule  (burdonem  producit  equus  con- 
junctus  asellce.  Due),  which  some  derive  from  the  G.  beran 
to  draw. 

Bordel  bordello  —  borda. 

Bordo  It.  Sp.  (also  borde)  Pg.,  Fr.  bord,  O.  Sp.  Pg.  borda  hem, 
border,  side  (e.  g.  of  a  ship);  from  O.  H.  G.  bort,  0.  S.  bort 
rim ,  &c.  Hence  Sp.  bordar,  Fr.  border,  E.  border.  The  Sp. 
verb  also  means  to  embroider,  for  which  the  others  have  a 
distinct  form ;  Cat.  brodar,  Fr.  broder,  E.  broider,  W.  brodio, 
cf.  Gael,  brod,  O.  E.  brode  a  prick,  s^ prod,  embroidering  and 
pricking  (Fr.  brocher)  being  cognate.    Another  form  is  the 

6* 


84  BORDONE  —  BORNIO. 

Wall,  hrosder,  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  hroslar  for  brosdar  (L.  L.  hrostns, 
hrustus),  evidently  from  the  0.  H.  G.  ga-prorton  (from  a  Grotli. 
hruzdon,  cf.  A.  S.  hrord,  O.  N.  hroddr  a  point). 

Bordone  It.^  Sp.  Pr.  bordon,  Fr.  horddo,  Fr.  hour  don  a  pilgrim's 
staff,  which  he  might  regard  as  his  mule  (hurdo)  from  its  sup- 
porting him.   Cf.  Sp.  muleta  =  both  ^^mule^'  and  ^^ci^utch^\ 

Bordone  It.,  Sp.  bordon,  Pg.  bordao,  Fr.  bourdon,  E.  burden  (of 
a  song);  Fr.  also  =  humble-bee;  Fr.  bourdonner  to  hum.  If 
it  be  true  that  this  word  meant  orig.  a  long  trumpet  or  organ- 
pipe  ,  it  may  be  the  same  as  the  preceding  bordone  from  the 
resemblance  to  a  staff.  In  this  case  the  Gael,  biirdan  a  hum- 
ming ;  0.  E.  bourdon  are  of  foreign  origin. 

Borgne  • —  bornio. 

Borgo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  bur  go,  Pr.  bore,  Fr.  bourg  a  small  town,  a 
borough.  The  word  is  of  G.  origin,  Goth,  baurgs,  O.  H.  G. 
burg  (from  bairgan  berg  an  to  shelter),  E.  burgh  borough.  Burgus 
was  also  a  late  L.  word,  cf.  Veget.  de  re  milit.  4,  10:  castel- 
lum  parvum  quern  burgum  vocant;  if  this  be  from  the  G.,  it 
seems  to  owe  at  least  its  masc.  form  to  the  Gk.  Tivgyog.  It  is 
from  this  L.  word  that  the  Eom.  forms  come,  for  the  G.  burg 
could  not  have  given  the  soft  g  in  It.  borgese,  Sp.  burges,  Pg. 
bur  gel,  Fr.  bourgeois,  though  its  influence  was  sufficient  to 
create  other  forms.  It.  borghese,  Pg.  burguez,  Pr.  borgues,  O. 
Fr.  borgois.  The  Sp.  town  Burgos  is  a  relic  of  the  same  word, 
L.  Burgi-orum. 

Boria  It.  pride,  arrogance,  boriare  boriarsi  to  be  arrogant;  per- 
haps from  the  O.  H.  G.  burjan  to  uplift,  G.  em-pOren  to  rebel. 
According  to  others,  from  Boreas  or  from  vapor eus  (v.  brhui). 

Borino  It.,  Fr.  burin,  Sp.  Pg.  buril,  O.  Sp.  boril,  E.  burine  a 
graving- tool;  perhaps  from  O.  H.  G.  bora  terebra,  boron 
terebrare ,  E.  bore. 

Borla  —  burla. 

Borne  Fr.  (f.)  a  boundary -stone,  L.  L.  bonna,  O.  Fr.  bonne 
boune  bousne,  N.  Pr.  bouino,  and  L.  L.  bodina  bodena,  O.  Fr. 
bodne.  The  oldest  form  is  bodina,  which  would  give  both 
bonne  (bodna)  and  borne.  The  root  bod  is  found  also  in  Pr. 
boz-ola  C==  borne)  contr.  bola,  L.  L.  bodida,  v.  bonder . 

Borni  Sp.  Pg.  a  kind  of  falcon;  from  Ar.  burnt,  plur.  bardni, 
said  to  come  from  the  province  of  Bornou  in  Africa. 

Bornio  It.,  Cat.  borni,  Fr.  borgne  one-eyed;  O.  Fr.  borgnoier  to 
be  one-eyed.  Orig.  =  squinting,  cf.  bornicle  (E.  barnacles) 
squint-eyed.  Jura  bournicler  to  squint;  Sp.  bornear  to  bend, 
twist,  evade,  is  of  the  same  origin;  cf.  /?/^r^o= twisted,  squint- 
ing, and  one-eyed.  The  derivation  is  uncertain,  the  Bret. 
born  seeming  to  come  from  the  French.  The  Limous.  has 
borli.   Hence  It.  borniola  a  false  sentence. 


BORRA  —  BOSSO.  85 


• 


Borra  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Fr.  hourre  short  wool,  goat's  hair,  flock  &c. 
It  is  the  sing,  of  Ausonius'  hurrcB  =  quisquilise,  ineptise,  in 
which  sense  It.  borre,  and  Sp.  borras  (pi.)  are  also  used  (cf. 
fiocco  in  both  senses).  From  this  hurra  comes  the  L.  L.  rebur- 
rus  rugged,  rough.  Hence  come  Sp.  borra  borro  a  lamb  (with 
short  wool)  also  borrego;  It.  borraccia,  Sp.  borracha  a  wine- 
skin (of  goat's  skin?);  Pr.  borras,  Fr.  bourras  a  coarse  cloth; 
Fr.  bourrer,  It.  abborrare  to  stop  with  wool,  Sp.  Pg.  borrar  to 
blot;  Sp.  borron,  Pg.  borrdo  a  blot,  cf.  burro. 

Borraecia  borracha  —  borra. 

Borrace  It.,  ^^.borrax,  Yr.^.borax;  ixovuKv.biiraq,  Vers.burah. 
It  comes  from  China  and  Japan. 

Borraggine  It.  (contr.  borrana),  Sp.  borraja,  Pg.  borr agent,  Pr. 
borrage,  Fr.  bourrache,  Wal.  borantze,  E.  borage,  L.  Lat.  bor- 
rago;  prob.  formed  from  borra  (q.  v.),  with  the  suffix  aggine 
=  L.  ago  (cf.  capr- ,  fus-,  lent- ,  uliv- aggine),  because  of  the 
its  rough  hairy  leaves,  unless,  indeed,  the  word  be  of  Oriental 
origin.  It  is  found  in  the  Levant  countries,  espec.  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Aleppo. 

Borrasca  —  burrasca, 

Borrego  borro  —  borra. 

Borrero  — p  bourreau. 

Borrico  —  burro. 

Borro  It.  the  bed  of  a  mountain -stream,  dell,  clift,  Moden.  bu- 
drione;  from  ^od'Qvg  ^od'Qtov.  Hence  burratto  (Dante)  a  broken 
precipice,  burr  at  o  an  abyss.  Cf.  Wal.  buture  a  cave,  Sp.  town 
Val-de-buron,  N.  Pr.  bauri  a  precipice. 

Borrofler  —  bouder. 

Borsa  It.  Pr.,  Sp.  Pg.  boha,  Fr.  bourse,  E.  purse,  from  L.  L.  byrsa 
(PvQiSa)  =  leather.   Hence,  too,  Wal.  boase,  Basque  molsa. 

Borzacchino  It.,  Sp,  borcegui,  Fr.  brodequin,  E.  buskin;  from 
Du.  broseken,  brosekin,  a  dimin.  of  broos  (f,),  probably  a  cor- 
ruption of  bgrsa  leather,  cf.  leerse  =  boot  from  leer  leather. 

Bosco  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  bosque,  Pr.  bosc,  Fr.  bois,  L.  L.  boscus  buscus 
a  wood.  J.  Grimm  refers  this  word  to  the  Gr.  bauen  to  build, 
whence  buwisc  buisc  building -material,  wood  (cf.  Fr.  bois). 
The  G.  u  has  been  shortened  in  the  Kom.  bosco  for  busco,  cf. 
busca.  The  Fr.  bosquet  and  bocage  for  the  obs.  boschet  boschage 
are  formed  after  It.  boschetto,  Sp.  boscage;  Fr.  bouquet  is  for 
bousquet  (for  the  meaning  cf.  L.  silva).  Hence  It.  imboscare, 
Sp.  Pr.  emboscar,  Fr.  embusquer  (0.  Fr.  embuscher  and  embuis- 
sier)  to  lie  in  ambush,  embuche,  E.  ambush. 

Bosquet  —  bosco. 

Bosse  —  bozza. 

Bosseman  Fr.  from  the  Du.  bootsman,  boosmann  a  boatman. 

Bosso  It.,  Sp.  box,  Pg.  buxo,  Pr.  bois,  Fr.  buis,  ^.  box  (tree)  ; 


86  BOSSOLO  —  BOUC. 

m 

from  buxus.  Hence  It.  huscionej  Fr.  buisson ,  Pr.  boisson  a  bush 
(not  from  bois  bosc  which  would  have  given  in  Pr.  boscon) ;  It. 
bossolo  box -tree  and  a  box,  Sp.  bruxida  a  compass  (for  the 
inserted  e,  cf.  Pr.  brostia  with  boite),  Fr.  bomsole,  also  Sp. 
buxeta,  Pr.  bosseta,  Fr.  bossette. 

Bossolo  ^0550. 

Bostar  Sp.,  Pg.  bostal  an  oxstall.  The  Gloss.  Isid.  has:  bostar 
locus  ubi  stant  boves:  some  compare  the  Gk.  ^ovotdaiovy  from 
which,  however,  the  Rom.  word  could  hardly  come. 

Bostezar  —  bocear, 

Bot  —  botta, 

Botequin  Sp.  a  small  boat;  from  Du.  bootje  (orig.  ph.  bdtkin), 
Rouchi  botequin  bodequin. 

Botta  It.,  0.  Fr.  botte  (and  boz)  a  toad,  Champ.  Dauph.  bote; 
from  a  G.  root  which  appears  in  bdtzen  to  thnist,  drive,  so 
=  that  which  is  banished,  driven  out.  Hence  Sp.  boto  dull, 
Fr.  bot  {pied  bot  clump  -  footed)  botte  a  lump,  Rh.  bott  a  hill, 
Wal.  butaciu  dull;  the  G.  butz  butzen,  L.  G.  E.  butt  are  con- 
nected. 

Bottare  It.  (in  dibottare  to  strike,  agitate),  butt  are  to  bud  (of 
trees),  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  botar,  Fr.  bouter,  E.  butt;  from  M.  H.  G. 
bozen  to  strike.  Hence  Mil.  butt  a  bud.  It.  botto,  botta,  Sp. 
bote,  Fr.  botte  a  push  &c.,  bout  end,  whence  debout,  aboutir, 
E.  abut,  buttress.  Hence  It.  bottone,  Sp.  Pr.  boton,  Fr.  bouton, 
E.  button,  ph.  =  O.  G.  bdzo  a  lump.  The  W.  bot  bdth  a  round 
substance  is  sometimes  compared,  but  the  It.  forms  with  the 
double  t  and  double  z  (v.  bozza)  seem  to  come  from  a  G. 
source. 

Botte  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  bota,  Fr.  botte  boute,  Wal.  bote  bute  tub,  skin, 
boot  &c.  The  word  is  common  to  many  languages ,  cf .  Gr. 
PovtLg  ^vtig  a  flask,  A.  S.  butte,  G.  biitte  a  butt  (vessel),  Gael. 
bot  a  boot.  Hence  It.  bottiglia,  Sp.  botilla  botiga,  Fr.  bouteille, 
L.  L.  buticula,  E.  bottle  pottle  (cf.  L.  L.  ivovo.  puticla) ;  It.  ^o^ 
^mo  a  cistern,  O.  H.  G.  butin,  A.  S.  byden  &c. 

Bottega  It.,  Sp.  botica,  Pr.  botiga ,  Fr.  boutique,  E.  booth;  from 
apotheca,  Nq^^.  potiga,  Sic.  putig a. 

Bottino  It.,  Sp.  ^o^m,  both,  probably,  from  the  Fr.  butin  booty; 
from  N.  bgti,  M.  H.  G.  buten. 

Bou  O.  Fr.  a  bracelet;  from  O.  H.  G.  boug  (from  biugan),  O.  N. 
ftflJM^r  a  ring.   The  Pr.  was  bauc. 

Bouc  Fr.,  Pr.  &oc  a  he -goat,  Rh.  bitck  (E.  buck)^  Com.  bocch, 
Cat.  &0C,  Arag.  boque,  0.  Sp.  &mco.  A  word  common  to  the 
Celtic  and  German  languages ,  but ,  according  to  Grimm ,  in- 
troduced into  the  G.  from. the  Rom.  The  It.  has  instead  becco, 
the  Sp.  bode.  Hence  Fr.  boucher  (==  It.  beccaro),  Pr.  bochier, 
E.  butcher,  pr.  =  one  who  kills  goats  (cf.  It.  beccaro)^  Fr, 


BOUCHE  —  BOULANGER.  87 

boucherie,  Pr.  hocaria,  Cf.  brecaria  a  place  for  slaughtering 
sheep ;  cabreria  for  goats  &c.  The  O.  Fr.  for  boucher  was 
maiselier  =  macellarius. 

Bouohe  —  bocca, 

Boucher  —  bom. 

Bouclier  Fr.  to  stop  up ,  bouchon  a  stopper ,  =  Pr.  boco,  It.  boc- 
cone  meaning  prop,  mouthfull,  so  =  that  which  fills  the  mouth 
of  bessels  &c. 

Boucle  Fr.  (f.)  a  metal  ring,  a  lock  of  hair  (Sp.  bucle);  O.  Fr. 
bode  blouque,  Pr.  boca  bloca,  0.  Sp.  bloca  =  clasp  of  a  shield, 
L.  L.  bucula  scuti,  M.  H.  G.  bucket,  E.  buckle;  hence  Fr. 
bouclier y  Pr.  bloquier,  It.  brocchiere,  O.  H.  G.  buckeler,  E. 
buckler  a  shield  with  a  buckle ;  from  buccula  dim.  of  bucca  a 
cheek. 

Bouder  Fr.  to  pout,  boudin  (com.  bodin)  a  black-pudding  (=  E. 
pudding ,  W. poten),  boudine  a  knot,  0.  Fr.  the  navel,  N.  Pr. 
boudoli  boudougno  a  buckle,  a  tumour,  Piedm.  bodero  thick- 
set; hence  N.  Pr.  boud-enfld  boud-oufld  boud-ifld  to  blow;  Fr. 
bour-souffler  (=  boud-souffler) ,  borrofler  (but  cf.  Wal.  ^05- 
unfld  from  borsa  a  tumour,  and  inflare).  The  root  is  bod  which 
denotes  something  projecting  (e.  g.  in  bouder  the  underlip), 
and  which  also  gives  rise  to  bodina  a  boundary  (v.  borne),  cf. 
G.  schwelle  a  threshold  from  schwellen.  The  root  bot  is  found 
in  L.  bot-ulus,  v.  bottare,  botte, 

Boudin  boudine  —  bouder. 

Boue  Fr.  mud,  0.  Fr.  boe;  prob.  the  W.  baw  (m.). 

Bouee  —  boja. 

BouflEler  bouflPon  —  buf. 

Bouge  —  bolgia, 

Bouger  Fr.,  Pr.  bojar  to  move,  cf.  Wall,  boge  to  retreat.  From 
0.  H.  G.  biugan,  G.  biegen  (to  give  in,  yield),  or,  perhaps, 
better  from  O.  H.  G.  bogen,  Du.  bogen,  Sw.  bojen,  O.  N.  buga, 
G.  beugen  to  bend;  the  former  would  require  a  radical  u 
(buger).  The  proper  Pr.  word  is  bolegar  =  It.  bulicare,  from 
bulir  bolir  to  boil,  cf.  Sp.  Z>w//«r  to  move  about,  bustle,  Pg. 
bulir  to  move  a  thing  from  its  place  (cf.  bouger). 

Bougie  —  bugia. 

Bougran  —  bucherame. 

Bougre  Fr.  =  Bulgarus,  and  meant  orig.  a  heretic,  Bulgaria 
being  the  chief  seat  of  the  Manichsean  heresy,  bougerie  = 
heresy.  Bougre  =  pcedico,  the  punishment  of  this  and  of  the 
heretic  being  the  same.  Menage.   V.  Ducange,  s.  Bulgarus. 

Bouhourt  —  bagordo. 

Bouillir  bouillon  boule  —  bolla. 

Boulanger  Fr.  a  baker.  Cf.  Sp.  bollo  a  roll.  Com.  bulet  a  sort  of 
bread.   The  word  is  prob,  from  boule,  whence  would  come  a 


88  BOULEAU  —  BOURSE. 

form  houlange  =  bread  in  a  round  form.  Bulengarius  is  found 

in  the  12^^  century. 
Bouleau  —  hetula. 
Boulevard  boulevart  Fr.  (houlever  Moot)  a  fortification ,  hence 

It.  haluardo ,  Sp.  haluarte;  from  G.  holhverk  a  hulwork,  cf. 

Estr abort  from  Strdzhurc.    Roquefort  has  holleiverque. 
Bouleverser  Fr.  prop.  =  to  turn  over  like  a  ball  (bottle).    The 

Lim.  has  corrupted  it  into  polo -versa  {polo  clunis). 
Boulimie  —  bulimo, 
Bouline  Fr.  (naut.)  bow -line,  0.  Fr.  boline,  boeline;  Du.  boe- 

lijne,  E.  bowline,  G.  boleine, 
Boulon  —  bolla. 
Boundle  —  benda. 
Bouquer  Fr.  to  yield,  to  truckle;  from  N.  bucka,  to  stoop,  G. 

bucken. 
Bouquet  —  bosco. 
Bouquin  Fr.  a  bad  book;  from  Du.  boeckin  (G.  buch-chen).    Cf. 

mannequin,  brodequin,  helleqiiin,  Rouchi  peneqnin  =■  bad  bread, 

verquin  a  small  glass. 
Bourbe  Fr.  (f.)  mud,  Wall,  borboii;  cf.  Gr.  PoQ^ogog. 
Bourde  Fr.,  Pr.  borda  a  lie,  vb.  bourder.    The  old  sense  of  the 

word  (jest,  pastime)  points  to  thePr.&o/Y  for  biort  {y .bagordo) ; 

the  O.  Fr.  behorder  had  the  meaning  ^Ho  sport,  jest'\   From 

^^y^or^  jest  came  the  E.  boord,  Gael,  biird. 
Bourdon  —  bordone. 
Bourg  —  borgo. 
Bourgeon  Fr.,  E.  burgeon.   Perhaps  from  the  0.  H.  G.  burjan  to 

lift,  so  =  something  protruding,  breaking  out.     In  Langued. 

boure  =  the  eye  of  a  shoot. 
Bournous  —  albornoz. 
Bourrache  —  borraggine. 
Bourras  —  borra. 
Bourrasque  —  burrasca. 
Bourre  ■ —  borra. 
Bourreau  Fr.,  Pr.  borel  an  executioner.   The  contraction  from 

bouchereau  (boucher)  would  be  too  violent.    Borel  might  come 

from  boja  (q.  v.)  with  the  double  suffix  er-el,  cf.  Fr.  mdtereau 

from  mat,  thus  =  an  hypothetical  boi-er-ello,  cf.  Rh.  bojer, 

0.  Sp.  borrero.    From  bourreau  comes  bourreler  to  torture.   Or 

it  is  the  same  as  the  O.Fr.  borel,  buret,  O.E.  borel  a  clownish, 

common  fellow,  prop.  =  clad  in  borel  or  the  undyed  wool  of 

brown  sheep,  v.  buio. 
Bourreler  —  bourreau. 
Bourrer  —  borra. 
Bourrique  —  burro. 
Bourse  —  borsa. 


BOURSOUFLER  —  BRAGIA.  ,  89 

Boursoufler  —  houder. 

Bouse  Fr.,  Pr.  boza  buza  cowdung.  The  Rh.  has  bovatscha,  Com. 
boascia,  Parm.  boazza,  so  we  might  have  a  Fr.  bouasse;  but  it 
is  doubtful  whether  this  could  give  bousse  bouse,  such  a  trans- 
position of  the  accent  from  the  suffix  to  the  root  being  un- 
known in  French.  Better  from  M.  H.  G.  butze  clod,  cf.  etron 
s.  stronzare. 

Boussole  —  bosso. 

Bout  —  boitare, 

Boute  bouteille  —  botte. 

Boutique  —  bottega. 

Bova  It.  (only  in  pi.),  Lomb.  boga  fetters  for  the  feet;  from  0. 
H.  G.  bouga  an  armlet,  L.  L.  bauca  armilla  Papias:  cf.  bou. 

Boveda  —  volta. 

Box  —  bosso. 

Boya  —  boja  (2). 

Boyau  —  budello. 

Bozal  —  bocca. 

Bozar  —  versare. 

Bozza  It.,  Pr.  bossa,  Fr.  bosse,  Pic.  boche  a  lump,  a  boil,  Eng. 
boss  J  Fr.  bossu  humpbacked.  It.  boccia  a  bud,  ball,  Sp.  bocha 
ball,  bowl,  Pg.  bochecha  the  cheek  puffed  out ;  the  same  word 
as,  thetl.G.&M^^:^  butzen  any  blunt  point  or  lump,  oi.JyM.butse 
a  boil ,  from  M.  H.  G.  bozen  to  thrust  (protrude),  v.  bottare. 
The  It.  bozzo  and  bozza  mean  a  rougn  unformed  block  of 
stone,  whence  abbozzare  to  work  in  the  rough,  to  sketch,  E. 
boast,  Pg.  esbocar,  Sp.  bosquejar,  O.  Sp.  esbozo  =  abbozzo,  Fr. 
bossage  any  stone  indeed  for  sculpture.  Other  forms  have  a 
radical  u  instead  of  the  o:  thus  It.  buzzo  a  belly,  a  pincushion, 
Sp.  buche  crop,  bosom,  pad;  Sp.  buchete  =  bochecha-^  Fr.  but 
a  raised  knob,  a  butt,  whence  scope,  design  (cf.  Gr.  6K07t6g, 
G.  zweck),  whence  debut;  Fr.  butte  (f.)  a  raised  mound.  From 
buzzo  in  the  Mil.  buzzecca,  Piedm.  buseca,  It.  busecchio  the 
bowels ,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  gebuzze  exta.  From  Sp.  buche  seems  to 
come  bucha  a  bread-chesty  money-box,  bucliar  to  hide.  From 
boccia  a  bud  prob.  come  bozzacchio  and  bozzacchione  (Dante 
Parad.)  a  withered  plum. 

Braca  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  braga,  Pr.  braya,  O.  Fr.  braie  breeches  (usu. 
in  pi.),  Sp.  braga,  Fr.  braie  a  child's  napkin;  from  Lat.  braca 
of  Gallic  origin ,  Bret,  brages, 

Bracco  It.,  Sp.  braco  brae,  Fr.  braque  a  hunting  dog,  pointer; 
It.  braccare  to  track;  from  O.  H.  G.  braccho,  G.  bracke.  The 
Sp.  adj.  braco  =  flat -nosed.  From  0.  Fr.  bracon  came  bra- 
connier  a  poacher,  braconner  to  poach. 

Braeonnier  —  bracco. 

Bragia  brascia  bracia  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  brasa,  Pg.  braza,  Fr.  braise 


90  BR  AGO  —  BRANCA. 

glowing  coal,  Fl.  hrase;  It.  ahhragiare,  Sp.  abrazar,  Fr.  em- 
braser,  O.  Fr.  esbraser  to  set  on  fire.  From  the  O.  N.  brasa 
solder,  whence  A.  S.  brdsian  to  braze,  whence  It.  bragiare; 
bracia  is  like  cacio  from  casern.  Mil.  brasca  ^^  embrassei\ 
Hence  E.  vb.  brase,  sbst.  braser  a  pan  of  hot  coals.  E.  brass 
is  from  the  same. 

Brago  It.,  Pr.  brae  mud,  mire,  O.  Fr.  brai  mire,  whence  le pays 
de  Bray,  Pr.  =  matter.  Cat.  brae  ulcer,  pitch,  Fr.  brai  pitch 
whence  Sp.  brea,  Pg.  breo  breu,  vb.  brayer,  brear,  cf.  Wall. 
briac  mire.   From  Gk.  Pgccyog  =  sXog  (Menage)  ? 

Brague  0.  Fr.  diversion,  Fr.  braguer  to  be  merry,  N.  Pr.  braga 
to  E.  brag ,  O.  Fr.  bragard,  E.  braggart,  Du.  braggaerd.  It  is 
not  found  in  0.  Pr.,  hence  prob.  from  the  N.  brak  noise,  braka 
to  brag.  Dief.  Goth.  Worterb.  1.  268,  derives  it  from  the 
Celtic,  W.  brag  =  malt,  bragiaw  to  swell,  brew. 

Brai  ■ —  brago. 

Braidif  • —  braire. 

Braie  —  braca. 

Brailler  —  braire. 

Braiman  Pr.  a  freebooter;  prop.  =  a  man  of  Brabant,  0.  Sp. 
hreimante,  v.  Due.  (s.  Brabanciones). 

Braion  —  brandone. 

Braire  Fr.  E.  bray,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  Norm.  Pr.  braire  generally  to 
cry,  also  to  trill  (of  birds) :  (lo  rossinhols  brai),  particip.  brait, 
whence  brait  a  cry.  As  0.  Fr.  muire  from  mug  ire,  bruire  from 
L.  L.  brugire ,  so  braire  from  L.  L.  bragire.  Prob.  the  same 
as  raire  (q.  v.),  cf.  bruire  from  rugire.  From  brait  comes  Pr. 
braidar,  Pg.  bradar,  whence  Pr.  braidiu,  O.  Fr.  braidif  im- 
petuous, stormy;  prob.  also  Pr.  O.  Fr.  braidir,  0.  It.  bradire. 
The  Fr.  brailler,  Pr.  braillar  to  blare  (for  braailler?),  Piedm. 
braje  may  come  from  braire  as  criailler  from  crier,  piailler  from 
a  form  pier,  It.  piare. 

Braise  —  bragia. 

Bramare  It.,  Rh.brammar  to  long  for,  Sp.  Vr.bramar,  Fr. bramer 
to  scream,  N.  Pr.  bramd  in  both  senses,  cf.  0.  Cat.  glatir  to 
bark,  N.  Cat.  to  desire,  and  Festus  has:  latrare  Ennius  pro 
poscere  posuit.  It  is  the  O.  H.  G.breman,  Du.  bremmen  to  roar, 
Gr.  ^QS^Siv,  L.  fremere,  Sansk.  bhram. 

Bramangiere  It.  a  first  course;  from  Fr.  blanc- manger  a  blanc- 
mange ,  dish  made  with  milk,  M.  H.  G.  bldmenschier. 

Bran  —  brenno. 

Branca  It.  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  branche,  Pr.  also  m.  branc,  E. 
branch,  Wal.  brence  a  forefoot,  L.  L.  branca  leonis  a  plant. 
The  L.  brachium  could  only  have  give  brancia.  Branca  was 
probably  an  old  Rom.  word,  perhaps  even  used  in  the  spoken 
Latin.    The  O.  Gael,  brae,  Corn,  brech,  W.  breich  arm,  are 


BRANCHE  —  BRATTA.  91 

connected ,  the  Bret,  branc  preserving  the  purer  form.   From 
hranca  comes  It.  hrancolare  to  grope. 
Branche  —  hranca. 

Brande  Fr.^  N.  Pr.  brando  brushwood ,  Berr.  brande  broom. 

Brandir  brandon  branler  —  brando. 

Brandistocco  It.  a  javelin;  from  brandire  to  brandish  and  stocco 
a  stick. 

Brando  It.,  Pr.  bran,  O.  Val.  brant,  0.  Fr.  brant  branc  bran  a 
sword -blade  (branc  de  Vespee);  from  O.  H.  G.  brant  a  brand, 
O.  N.  brandr  a  sword,  cf.  Sp.  Tizon  Tizona  (titio)  the  sword 
of  the  Cid.  This  from  G.  brennen  to  burn.  Hence  come  It. 
brandire,  Pr.  Fr.  brandir,  Sp.  blandir,  E.  brandish;  dimin.  Fr. 
brandiller,  cont.  branler,  ebranler,  for  brandoler,  E.  brandle, 
orig.  used  of  waving  a  brand  or  sword.  Hence  too  Pr.  brando, 
Fr.  brandon,  Sp.  blandon  a  stake,  a  torch;  O.  Fr.  brander  to 
brand,  N.  Pr.  brandd,  Piedm.  brande  to  boil,  O.  Pr.  abrandar 
to  ignite.  Thus  Diez,  but  Wedgwood  connects  brand  with 
the  following  word  (^fire-brand  =  prop,  a  splinter  or  faggot). 
Brandish  &c.  he  gets  from  the  Manx  brans  to  dash.  This  is 
prob.  related  to  the  Sansk.  bhranc  cadere,  in  Cans,  dejicere. 

Brandone  It.,  cont.  brano  a  piece  or  collop  of  flesh ,  shred  of 
cloth  &c.,  O.  Sp.  brahon  (for  bradon)  a  patch  of  cloth,  Pr. 
bradon  brazon  braon,  O.Fr.  braion,  Lorr.  bravon,  WslX.breyon, 
E.  brawn  a  lump  or  roll  of  flesh,  the  buttocks;  It.  sbranare, 
O.  Fr.  esbraoner  to  tear  piece -meal,  from  the  O.  H.  G.  brdto, 
ace.  brdton  a  lump  of  fleshy  the  calf  of  the  leg. 

Brano  —  brandone. 

Brana  —  brenno. 

Braque  —  bracco. 

Braquer  Fr.  to  bend,  manage;  from  O.  N.  brdka  to  subdue  (E. 
break). 

Bras  O.  Fr.  malt,  L.  L.  bracium,  Fr.  brasser  to  brew,  O.  Sp. 
brasar,  L.  L.  braxare;  from  Gallic  brace  (Pliny),  Gael,  braich 
bracha,  W.  brag.  The  Wallon  form  is  bra  or  brau,  Wal.  brahe 
malt.  From  the  L.L.  comes  the  Q^.brauen  (J.Grimm);  whence 
E.  brew. 

Brasa  —  bragia. 

Brasile  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  brasil,  Fr.  bresil  a  wood  furnishing  a  red 
dye;  found  in  Brazil  to  which  it  has  given  its  name.  Some 
connect  it  with  brasa  glowing  coal ,  because  of  its  bright  red 
colour,  but  Diez  prefers  to  make  the  vb.  bresiller  to  dye  with 
Brazil-wood,  the  same  word  as  bresiller  (Pr.  brezilhar)  to 
break  in  small  pieces,  splinter  (briza),  the  wood  being  usually 
brought  to  Europe  in  splinters. 

Brasse  —  braza. 

Bratta  Gen.  dirt,  whence  It.  imbrattare  to  soil  {Imbratta  a  nick- 


92  BRAVO  —  BRENNA. 

name  in  Bocc.  Dec.  6,  10),  sbrattare  to  purify.  Diez  gives  no 
derivation.  Perhaps  it  is  shortened  irom.  baratta  which  =  en- 
tanglement, trouble,  v.  s.  haratto. 

Bravo  It.  Sp.  Pg.;  Pr.  hrau  (f.  hrava),  Fr.  brave  (G.  brav ,  E. 
brave);  Sp.  Pg.  bravio.  Diez  traces  the  meanings  thus:  bravo 
meant  (l)  unruly,  stormy;  0.  It.  unde  brave;  it  was  then  used 
specially  of  wild  animals  or  plants:  L.  L.  bravus  bos,  It.  bue 
brado  (a  young  untamed  o^^  ^^.ganso  bravo  a  wild  goose,  Pg. 
uva  brava  wild  grape;  thence  it  came  to  mean  impetuous, 
valiant,  fine.  The  Fr.  preserves  the  orig.  sense  only  in  ebrotier 
and  rabrouer.  Diez  prefers  the  derivation  from  O.  H.  Gr.  faiv, 
E.  raw  (cf.  bruire,  brusco,  braire),  and  compares  the  senses  of 
crudus.  Wedgwood,  however,  refers  it  to  the  same  root  as 
brag  (v.  braguer),  viz.:  the  N.  brak  braka  crash,  noise  (cf.  use 
of  crack  in  0.  Eng.  =  boast,  brag).  Brag  =  Gael,  breagh 
fine,  Sc.  braWf  Bret,  brao  brav ,  whence  the  Rom.  words. 

Braza  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  brassa,  Fr.  brasse  a  fathom;  from  brachia  the 
(outstretched)  arms,  cf.  0.  Fr.  brace  levee  with  open  arms.i 

Brea  —  brago. 

Brebis  —  berbice. 

Breccia  —  breche, 

Breeha  —  breche. 

Breche  Fr.,  E.  breach,  Pr.  berca  a  notch,  and  from  breche  It. 
breccia,  Sp.  breeha,  Pr.  bercar  enbercar,  Pic.  eberquer ,  Fr. 
ebrecher;  from  O.  H.  G.  breeha  a  breaking,  cf.  W.  breg  a 
breach.  The  It.  briccola,  Sp.  brigola,  Fr.  bricole  a  battering- 
ram  ,  belong  to  the  M.  H.  G.  brechel  a  breaker. 

Bredouiller  Fr.  to  stutter ;  prob.  from  O.  Fr.  bredir,  Pr.  braidir 
to  sing,  warble  (v.  braire). 

BretLaigne  Fr.  barren  (of  animals),  0.  Fr.  baraigne,  Wall,  brou- 
hagne,  Pic.  breine,  Burg,  braime,  Bret,  brechan,  O.  E.  barrayne, 
E,  barren.  Diez  makes  baraigne  the  orig.,  and  derives  from 
baro  a  man,  cf.  Sp.  machorra  from  macho,  Pr.  tauriga  from 
taur.   Wedg.  from  the  Du.  braeck  sterilis. 

Brelan  Fr.  a  game  at  cards ,  brelander  to  play  at  such  game, 
brelandier  a  gamester.  The  O.  Fr.  form  was  brelenc  berlenc 
=  a  dice -board;  from  the  G.  bretlin  or  bretling  a  little  board. 
Hence  Sp.  berlanga  a  game  of  chance.  ^ 

Breloque  —  loque. 

Breme  Fr.  (E.  bream)  for  bresme,  from  G.  brachsme,  brassen, 
N.  Pr.  bramo. 

Brena  Sp.,  Pg.  brenha  ground  covered  with  brambles,  L.  L. 
brenna  (Ducange).  Perhaps  from  G.  brahne  a  bush  or  hedge. 
Diez.  May  it  not  be  connected  with  bren  refuse  (v.s.  brenno)'} 

Brenna  It.  a  jade,  a  sorry  nag;  cf.  Serv.  barna  a  nag,  brnja  a 
horse  with  a  blaze  or  white  mark. 


BRENNO  —  BREZZA.  93 

Brenno  Gen.,  Com.  Piedm.  Pr.  0.  Fr.  O.  Sp.  hren,  Piedm.  also 
hran  bran,  Fr.  bran  refuse,  Sp.  hrana  dung,  withered  leaves*, 
Fr.  hren  ordure,  herneux  snotty;  a  Celtic  word,  W.  hrdny  Gael. 
hrarij  Bret,  hrenn,  E.  hran. 

Brenta  It.,  Piedm.  hrinda,  Rouchi  hrande  a  wine -vessel,  G. 
hrente,  brdnte  a  wooden  vessel. 

Bresca  Mant.  Sard.  Sp.  Cat.  Pr.,  Sic.  vrisca,  0.  Fr.  hresche,  L.  L. 
brisca  a  honey-comb.  Prob.  Celtic:  Ir.  briosg,  W.  bresg,  Bret. 
bresk;  Diez  after  Villemarque.  But  the  Ir.  briosg  ==  brittle, 
and  no  W.  bresg  exists.  Slahn  connects  it  with  the  Pro  v. 
brusc,  L.  L.  ruscus,  Fr.  ruche  a  bee -hive,  which  is  from  the 
Celtic :  W.  rhisg,  Bret,  rusk,  Gael,  rusg  bark.  Pott  connects 
bresca  &c.  with  ^ICtxslv,  /3/lr<?at,  Brisceus  (Kuhn's  Zeitsch. 
Vol.  6,  p.  328). 

Bressin  Fr.  (naut),  E.  brace,  Du.  Sw.  bras,  G.  brasse;  all  from 
Fr.  bras,  the  rope  having  the  appearance  of  an  arm,  e  for  a  to 
distinguish  it  from  brassin  brewing. 

Bretauder  —  berta. 

Bret  Pr.  ^^homo  linguae  impeditse",  Yr.  parler  bret  or  breionner 
to  stammer*,  prop,  to  speak  Breton,  cf.  Sp.  vascuence,  al- 
garabia. 

Brete  Sp.  fetters,  Pg.  a  snare  for  birds  =  Pr.  bret,  O.  Fr.  bret; 
hence  0.  Fr.  broion  a  noose,  Fr.  bretelle  a  strap,  brace.  Com. 
breiela  bartela  a  crupper,  Sp.  bretador  a  bird-call,  Sp.  bretel 
brace,  N.  Pr.  bretella,  bratella.  From  the  0.  G.  brettan  strin- 
gere,  gabrettan  contexere;  A.  S.  bredan  bregdan  to  weave, 
braid;  E.  to  braid  and  braid  in  O.  E.  =^  to  deceive  (Chaucer: 
brede).  Wedg.  connects  braid  with  bray  to  make  a  noise  (to 
rush,  to  bend,  to  twist). 

Brette  Fr.  (f.)  a  backsword,  vb.  bretailler;  cf.  N.  bredda  a  short 
sabre. 

Brettine  ■ —  brida, 

Bretto  O.  It.  unfruitful,  poor.   Cf.  bretauder,  s.  berta, 

Brettonica  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  bretonica;  from  betonica,  Fr.  betoine,  E. 
betony,  cf.  s.  brida. 

Breuil  —  broglio. 

Breuvage  Fr.  beverage;  for  beurage,  Pr.  beuratge,  It.  beveraggio, 
from  boire,  L.  bibere;  abbreuver  for  abbeurer,  Pr.  abeurar,  Fr. 
embreuver  to  moisten,  soak,  embruer  =  E.  imbrue. 

Brezo  —  bercer  (2). 

Brezza  It.,  Fr.  brise,  E.  breeze,  Sp.  briza  brisa  a  North -East- 
wind.  Hence  It.  ri-brezzo  a  shudder.  Perh.  from  It.  rezzo. 
Wedgwood  says  that  the  origin  is  in  the  imitation  of  a  rust- 
ling noise.  He  makes  the  Fr.  bise.i\ie  same  word  as  brise,  but 
V.  bigio. 


94  BRIAL  —  BRIG  A. 

Brial  —  hliaut. 

Bribe  Fr.  0.  E.  a  lump  of  bread,  Wall,  hrib  alms,  E.  bribe; 
Wall,  briber,  Pic.  brimber  to  beg.  For  b?ibe  the  Pic.  has  brife, 
whence  O.  Fr.  brifer  to  be  greedy,  brifaud  glutton,  Bret,  brifa 
brifoad,  It.  briffcdda  a  vagrant  woman.  Hence  Sp.  bribar  to 
be  a  vagrant,  briba,  It.  birba  a  vagrant  life;  Sp.  bribon,  It. 
birbone,  birbante,  O.  Fr.  b7iban,  O.  E.  bribour  a  vagrant,  a 
rogue,  a  robber  (v.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  the  English  language). 
Diez  suggests  the  derivation  from  0.  Gr.  bilibi  bread,  A.  S. 
bilifen;  others  derive  it  better  from  W.  briwo  to  break,  briw 
a  fragment ,  bar  a  briw  a  lump  of  bread. 

Brieco  It.,  Fr.  brique  a  brick;  from  A.S.  brice  a  bit^or  fragment, 
E.  brick  (from  break);  brique  de pain=^  K.  S.  hldfes  brice  a  bit 
of  bread.  It.  briccolino  briciolo  a  crumb.  Connected  with  these 
are  It.  bricca  a  rough  country,  Piedm.  brich,  Com.  sbrich  a 
precipice. 

Brieco  It.,  in  sbricco,  whence  briccone,  Pr.  brie  bricon  a  rogue, 
knave.  Prob.  from  O.  H.  G.  brecho  a  violator,  breaker,  A.  S. 
brie  a. 

Brieco  —  burro. 

Briecola  —  breche. 

Brieia  brieiolo  —  briser. 

Brico  Sp.  a  sandbank;  from  N.  breki  a  sunken  rock. 

Brida  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  bride,  O.  Fr.  A.  S.  bridel,  E.  bridle,  It. 
predello;  from  the  O.  H.  G.  brittil,  pritil  (M.  H.  C  briten)  to 
weave.  Another  form  is  briglia  (from  britl)  Wal.  bregle;  also 
It.  brettine  (for  brettile?).  Wedgwood  gets  it  from  Icel.  bitill 
a  bridle  from  bit  (that  which  the  horse  bites)  by  insertion  of 
r,  cf.  brettonica  betonica,  brulicame  bulicame,  Du.  broosekens, 
E.  buskins  &c. 

Brifer  —  bribe. 

Briffalda  —  bribe. 

Briga  It.  0.  Pg.,  0.  Fr.  brigue,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  Cat.  brega  strife, 
quarrel  (It.  also  trouble,  business.  Cat.  also  tumult,  Fr. 
convassing);  It.  brig  are,  Fr.  briguer  to  strive,  Sp.  bregar,  Pg. 
brigar  to  quarrel ,  Pr.  Cat.  bregar  to  rub ;  It.  brig  ante  a  busy- 
body, intriguer,  pirate,  Pg.  brigdo  a  quarreller,  Sp.  bergante, 
Pg.  bargante  a  rogue,  Fr.  brigand  a  skirmisher,  a  light-armed 
trooper,  a  brigand  (cf.  latro  and  It.  malandrino).  The  under- 
lying notion  of  briga  is  exertion,  trouble,  from  root  brak 
(brachium,  break),  whence  r—  business,  so  brigata  =  a  com- 
pany (engaged  in  same  business),  Fr.  E.  brigade.  From  b?i- 
gante  a  pirate  come  brigantare  to  rob,  brigantino  a  pirate-ship, 
a  small  two -masted  vessel,  E.  brigantine,  brig,  Fr.  E.  brigan- 
dine  a  sort  of  scale  armour,  so  called  because  worn  by  the 
Brigands. 


BRIGAND  —  ERISA.  95 

Brigand  —  hriga. 

Brigantino  —  briga, 

Briglia  —  hida. 

Brignole  —  brugna. 

Brigola  —  breche, 

Brillare  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  brillar,  Fr.  briller  to  shine,  hence  brilliant, 
Diez  refers  it  to  O.  Fr.  bericle  from  beryllus,  but  Wedgwood, 
with  more  probability,  to  makes  it  the  same  word  as  griller 
to  crack,  crackle;  gresiller  griller  corresponding  to  breziller 
briller.  Words  denoting  light  are  commonly  derived  from 
those  expressing  sound,  e.  g.  Gr.  hell  clear,  from  hall  a  sound, 
etincelle  from  tinkle,  so  bright  in  O.  E.  was  used  of  sound. 

Brimborion  Fr.  a  trifle,  bawble;  ph.  from  brimber  (v.  bribe)  to 
beg,  with  a  Lat.  ending  (brimborium). 

Brin  Arag.  Pr.,  Pg.  brim,  Fr.  brin  a  fibre,  blade  of  grap  &c.  v. 
brenno,  with  which  it  is  prob.  connected. 

Brin  O.  Fr.  noise.  Ph.  from  O.  N.  brim  surf,  roar  of  the  sea, 
or  connected  with  O.  Fr.  bramer  to  cry  with  desire,  bram  a  cry, 
It.  bramare  (fiQS^Siv). 

Brin  d*estoc  Fr.  a  leaping -pole;  from  G.  springstock, 

Brina  It.,  Langued.  ^rmo  breino,  Wi\. prinna  rime,  hoar-frost. 
From  pruina  the  b  for  p  being  unusual  but  not  unexampled ; 
or,  better,  from  vapor,  through  the  Ven.  borina  (cf.  boricco, 
bricco)\  cf.  Ven.  borana  bur  ana  a  cloud,  Wal.  bore  steam, 
rime  (Wal.  abor  =  vapor).  Sard,  borea.  Cat.  boira  a  cloud 
come  from  vaporea  better  than  from  boreas. 

Brincar  Sp.  Pg.  to  leap,  skip,  dance,  play,  brinco  a  leap  &. 
brincos,  jewels  (play  things).  Prob.  from  G.  blinken  to  glitter, 
cf.  micare,  coruscare  &c. 

Brindar  —  brindisi. 

Brinde  —  brindisi. 

Brindisi  It.,  Sp.  brindis  a  health  (propinatio) ;  from  G.  bring  dii^s. 
Hence  Fr.  brinde,  horr.  bringue'i  to  drink  a  health,  Sip.  brindar. 
The  O.S^.carduz  in  the  same  sense  Covarruvias  derives  from 
G.  gar-aus,  but  more  prob.  it  comes  from  Du.  kroesen  krosen 
(kruyse  a  cup,  cruse)  to  tipple,  whence  carouse. 

Brio  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  briu,  O.  Fr.  bri,  vivacity,  courage,  spirit; 
hence  Pr.  brivar  abrivar  to  press,  partic.  abrivatz,  O.  Fr. 
abrive  hasty ,  ph.  also  It.  abbrivo  way  (of  a  ship),  abbrivare  to 
get  underway,  and  not  from  ab-ripare.  Brio  is  probably  con- 
nected with  the  0.  Ir.  brig,  Gael,  brigh  strength  (i^Qi^v  to  be 
strong),  cf.  Pr.  crau  from  crag. 

Brique  —  bricco. 

Brisa  Sp.  (common  in  Aragon  and  Catalonia)  skins  of  grapes; 
from  L.  brisa  (Columella). 

Brisa  —  brezza. 


96  BBIRCAR  —  BROCCO. 

Briscar  Sp.  Cat.  to  embroider  with  gold  twist  (O.  Fr.  hroissier). 

Brise  —  hrezza. 

Briser  Fr,^  Pr.  hrisar  hrizar  to  break,  Fr.  hris  rubbish,  Pr.  hriza 
a  crumb,  E.  hreeze  dust  &c.,  hriss  hrist  rubbish.  It.  hricia  2i. 
crumb  (cf.  A.  S.  hrice  =  a  bit,  E.  brick),  briciola  hriciolo  (v. 
hricco),  shriciolare  to  crumble;  hence  Pr.  desbrizar,  abrizar, 
desabrizar  to  shatter,  Fr.  debris  rubbish ;  Fr.  bresiller,  Pr.  bi^e- 
zilhar  to  break  up ,  Fr.  bresilles  bretilles  little  bits  of  wood. 
From  a  G.  root  brist  found  in  O.  H.  G.  brestan  (pres.  bristu) 
O.  N.  bresia  to  break,  G.  bersien  to  bursty  O.  N.  brestr,  M.  H. 
G.  breste  a  breach,  O.  E.  brise  to  crush.  The  Fr.  bruiser  (q. 
v.),  E.  bruise,  A.  S.  brysan  are  connected.  There  is  also  a 
Gael,  bris  to  break.  It.  bricia,  briciola,  briciolo  may  be  a 
form  of  Lomb.  brisa  (cf.  cucire  from  cusire),  Pr.  briga,  Lomb. 
brica  &c.,  vb.  Pr.  esbriga  =  brizar  may  belong  to  G.  brechen, 
E.  break, 

Britar  0.  Pg.  to  break  =  A.  S.  brittian  to  break ,  whence  brit 
brittle,  connected  with  the  former  word. 

Brive  Fr.  fragments  a  Celtic  word  found  in  Samarobriva  (inter- 
sected by  the  Somme).  Humboldt  makes  it  the  same  as  the 
Celtic  briga  (q.v.).  Dauph.  briva  brio  =  rosidj  cf.  route,  O.Fr. 
bris  =  fragment  and  road. 

Brizar  brizo  —  bercer  (2). 

Brocard,  broche,  brocher  —  brocco. 

Brooca  It.,  Pr.  Fr.  a  jug,  Sw.  broke  brog  tub.  Ferrari  derives 
it  from  7tQ6%ov£,  but  more  prob.  connected  with  brocco  (q.  v.), 
so  =  a  vessel  with  a  projecting  nose,  a  beaker.  Dim.  Prov. 
broisson  (broccio)  neck  of  a  vessel,  Pic.  brochon  also  =  vizor 
of  a  helmet,  prop,  something  projecting.  Hence  Fr.  E.  embro- 
cation. 

Broceliiere  • —  bouclier, 

Brocco  It.  (sbrocco  sprocco)  a  sharp  stump,  or  spur  of  a  tree,  a 
snag ,  bud ,  peg ,  short,  Parm.  broch  a  bough ,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  b7^oc 
a  point,  spike,  also  Pied,  brocio  =  It.  brocco,  Lomb.  broc  = 
broch.  It.  f.  brocca  a  split  stick,  Sic.  brocca  also  a  shoot, 
sucker.  Pied.  Parm.  Ven,  broca  a  small  nail,  Lomb.  a  bough, 
Sp.  broca  a  reel,  drill,  Pr.  broca,  Fr.  broche  a  spit,  skewer 
(v.  Due.  brocca)  &c.,  Sp.  brocha  a  button ,  broche  clasp,  =  E. 
brooch;  dim.  It.  broccolo,  Sp.  broculi,  E.  broccoli  (cf.  It.  sverza 
a  cabbage  sprout  and  splinter);  It.  broccare,  Pr.  brocar,  Fr. 
brocher  to  prick,  embroider  (E.  broach  abroach),  broccato  bro- 
card brocade,  Sp.  broccado,  brocadel.  Brocard  Fr.  n=  taunt 
may  be  the  same  word,  though  usu.  derived  from  Burchard 
Bishop  of  Worms,  author  of  treatise  called  ^^Brocardica^\ 
The  Lat.  has  brocchus  broccus  (Plaut.  Varro)  =  a  protruding 
tooth  (whence  the  name  Brocchus):  from  this  we  easily  get 


BROCHET  —  BRONZO.  97 

the  senses  of  the  Romance  words.  Wedgwood  traces  all  to 
the  root  'brak ,  E.  'break.  From  hroclie  comes  Fr.  hrocart,  E. 
brocket  a  hart  2  years  old ,  because  of  the  single  snag  on  his 
antler.    The  fallow-deer  was  called  d^. pricket. 

Broehet  Fr.  apike  (fish);  from  broche  (brocco),  because  of  its  sharp 
head;  cf.E.j92/r^(in  two  senses),  Yv.bequet  a  beak,  bill,  and  also 
2^ pike,  Fr.  lanceron  a  young  pike,  from  lance.  The  It.  broc- 
chetto  (=  brocket)  means  a  small  bough. 

Broder  —  bordo. 

Brodo,  broda  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  brodio  bodrio,  Pr.  bro,  whence  Fr. 
brouet  broth;  from  O.  H.  G.  brod,  A.  S.  brodh,  G.  briihe,  E. 
broth,  Ir.  broth,  Gael,  brot,  from  G.  brilhen  to  pour  boiling 
water ,  W.  brivd  hot. 

Broglio  bruolo  It.  (Dante  brolo  a  crown),  Pr.  bruelh,  Fr.  breuil, 
fem.  Pg.  brulha,  Pr.  bruelha,  0.  Fr.  bruelle,  G.  briihl  a  bushy 
place;  It.  brogliare,  0.  Sp.  broUar,  Pg.  Pr.  brolhar,  Fr.  brouiller 
(Pg.  also  abrolhar,  sbst.  abrolho,  Sp.  abrojo)  to  sprout,  break 
out,  rebel,  raise  a  disturbance,  It.  broglio,  E.  broil.  Prob. 
from  the  Celtic:  W.  brog  a  swelling,  whence  brog-il  in  O.  G. 
From  brouiller  comes  brouillon  a  disturber,  a  makebate,  also 
=  a  sketch,  rough  copy. 

Broigne  brunie  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  bronha,  L.  L.  brugna  (A.  D.  813)  a 
coat -of- mail;  from  Goth,  brunjo,  O.  H.G.  brunjd,  which  from 
brinnan  brennen  to  burn,  glitter. 

Broion  —  brete. 

Broissier  —  briscar. 

Broisson  —  brocca. 

Broneher  —  bronco. 

Broncio  It.  morose,  angry  look,  imbronciare  =■  pigliar  broncio  to 
wear  such  a  look,  L.  L.  broccus  obstinatus,  O.  Fr.  embrons 
soucieux,  E.  in  a  broivn  study  (v.  Wedgw.);  perhaps  connected 
with  Sw.  briitsch  morose,  vb.  brutschen,  (j.protzen. 

Bronco  It,  a  stock,  trunk,  Sard,  bruncu  a  shoot,  Fr.  f.  bronche 
a  bush,  O.  Sp.  broncha  a  bough;  It.  broncone  a  broken  bough, 
Fr.  broneher  to  stumble  (cf .  It.  cespo  a  bush ,  cespicare  to  tot- 
ter), Vr.abroncar  to  knock  at.  Perhaps  fromPr.^rwc  a  stump, 
trunk,  burcar  (brucar?)  to  stumble,  with  inserted  n  (cf.  Parm. 
brocon  =  broncone.  Mil.  brocca  =  bronche),  so  that  bronc  may 
be  referred  to  the  same  origin  as  brocco,  viz.  luSit.broccus  bron- 
cus.  It  may,  however,  be  from  O.  H.  G.  bruch,  Du.  brok  any- 
thing broken,  a  stump,  v.  brocco  ad  fin.  The  Sp.  Pg.  bronco 
=  rude,  coarse,  morose,  cf.  L.  truncus,  G.  klotz. 

Bronde  O.Fr.,  YiQdiVCi.bronda,  Langued.  broundosi  twig,  whence 
Pr.  dim.  brondel  brondill. 

Brontolare  It.  to  murmur:  Pqovttj'? 

Bronzo  It.,  Sp.  bronce,  Fr.  E.  bronze.  It.  abbronzare ,  O.  Sp. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  7 


98  BROSSE  —  BRU. 

'bronzar,  Fr.  hronzer  to  scorch,  bronze,  Ven.  hronza,  It.  pi. 
&ronz^ glowing  coals.  The  metal  is  so  called  from  being  used  in 
soldering,  an  operation  performed  over  hot  coals ;  cf.  brass 
from  brasa  embers.  Bronza  coals  is  prob.  of  same  origin  as 
G.  brunst  heat,  brennen  to  burn.  Connected  with  bruno,  brown, 

Brosse  —  broza. 

Brote  brota  Sp.,  Vr.brot,  Fr.  brout  a  bud,  sprout;,  Sp.  Pr.  broton; 
Sp.  Pr.  brotar  to  sprout;  from  O.  H.  G.  bi^oz  a  sprout,  brozzen 
to  sprout. 

Brouailles  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  breuilles  the  entrails  of  birds  or  fishes, 
L.  L.  burbalia  intestina  (Gloss.  Isid.).   V.  Dief.  Celt.  1,  200. 

Brouee  Fr.  mist;  a  participial  form  \i\ieguilee,  gelee,  S'p.nuvada. 
Pic.  brouache  =  fine  rain,  Berrichon  brouasser  to  drizzle, 
berrouee  =  brouee.  Ph.  from  A.  S.  brodh,  G.  brodem,  Sc. 
Z^ro^/i  =  steam  (from  heated  bodies):  brouillard  fog,  from  a 
form  brodel  brudel  rising  damp.  v.  brodo. 

Brouet  —  brodo. 

Brouette  ■ —  biroccio. 

Brouillard  —  brouee. 

Brouiller  brouillon  —  broglio. 

Brouir  Fr.  to  burn;  from  M.  H.  G.  bruejen,  Du.  broeijen,  G. 
bruhen.  Piedm.  broe  brove,  Ven.  broare,  Mil.  sbroja.  Langued. 
braouzi  =  brauzir  which  is  related  to  brouir,  as  auzir  to  ouir, 
jauzir  to  jouir,  blauzir  to  blouir. 

Brouques  Pic.  breeches;  from  Du.  broek  =  O.  H.  G.  bruoch, 
V.  braca. 

Broussaille  —  broza. 

Brout  —  broie. 

Brouter  — •  broza. 

Broyer  —  briga. 

Broza  Sp.  fallen  leaves,  chips,  rubbish,  also  a  brush  (bruza), 
Pr.  brus  (but  v.  bru),  Fr.  brosse  small  bushes,  heath,  brosse 
also  =  a  brush;  hence  Fr.  broussailles  brush -wood.  It.  bruz- 
zaglia  rabble.  The  O.  Fr.  broce.  Pic.  brouche  shows  that  ss 
=  St,  so  the  Pr.  brostar,  Fr.  brouter  (brouter)  to  browse  (O.  Fr. 
broust  fallen  leaves  &c.,  pasturage)  belong  here;  the  It.  brustia 
=  Sp.  bruza  points  to  the  same  fact.  The  origin  is  to  be 
sought  in  the  O.  H.  G.  burst  brusta  a  bristle,  comb  (something 
bristly),  plainly  seen  in  Fr.  rebours y  against  the  grain,  re- 
bourser  rebrousser  to  stroke  against  the  grain  (stringere),  L.  L. 
rebursus  bristly.  The  forms  with  st  favour  the  derivation  from 
the  A.  S.  brustian  (burst)  to  sprout,  Bret,  broust  a  bramble 
bush,  brousta  to  browse. 

Bru  Pr.  heath  (only  found  in  the  nom.  brus),  Langued.  Mil. 
brug,  Gen.  briigo;  from  the  W.  brwg  bush,  Bret,  briig,  Sw. 


BRU  —  BRUNO.  99 

l)ruch  heath  (but  v.  hrozd).  Hence  Fr.  hruyere,  Cat.  bruguera, 
O.  Fr.  hrueroi. 

Bru  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  Z^rw?/ =  belle  -  fille ,  a  daughter-in-law.  From 
Goth,  hruths,  O.  H.  Gr.  M.  H.  Gr.  brut,  G.  hraut,  0.  S.  brud, 
Du.  bruid,  A.  S.  bryd,  E.  bride ,  O.  N.  brudhr,  Swed.  ^rw^. 
Norm.  Champ,  bruman  =  briidhgumi  =  bridegroom,  Swed. 
brud -man  a  bridesman. 

Bruces  —  buz. 

Bruciare  brusciare  (in  ahbrusciare)  It.,  Pr.  bruzar  bruizar,  Rh. 
brischar;  hence  It.  brustolare,  ab -brustiare ,  Pr.  bruslar,  Fr. 
brider,  E.  broil,  Diez  derives  from  Lat.  perustus  whence  per- 
ustare  prustare  brustare  brusciare  bruciare  (cf.  cacio  for  cascio), 
Pr.  bruzar  =  brussar;  also  from  perustulare  brustolare  &c., 
which  represent  the  O.Rom,  ustolare  (ustulare)  found  inO.Sp. 
uslar,  Vv.usclar  (ustlar),  W^sX.ustura.  Wedgw. makes  all  these 
words  onomatopoeia,  and  compares  Sc.  birsle  brissle  to  broil, 
G.  prasseln,  E.  brustle  to  crackle,  also  Fr.  griser,  gresiller 
griller,  grill,  It.  grullo  =  brullo  parched. 

Brueio  —  bruco, 

Bruco  It.  a  caterpillar,  Sp.  brugo  a  worm,  from  bruchus  (Pru- 
dentius),  PQOv%og'^  hence  brucare  to  strip  off  leaves.  The  form 
brueio  points  to  an  adj.  hrucheus.    Cf.  Wal.  brug  a  cockchafer. 

Brugna  It.,  Pg.  brunho  abrunho,  Sp.  bruno,  Fr.  brugnon,  Mil. 
brugnoeu,  Fr.  brignole  a  plum,  plum-tree.  Brugna  =  prugna, 
brugnoeu  =  pruynuolo  and  prugna  =  prunea,  cf.  ciriegia  = 
cerasea.  The  ^i^. bruno,  however,  seems  to  connect  itself  with 
the  adj.  bruno.  Brignole  in  Provence  (Broniolacum)  was  noted 
for  its  plums. 

Brugnon  —  brugna. 

Bruine  Fr.,  Pr.  bruina  cold  fine  rain.  Not  from  pruina,  but  ana- 
logous to  the  Pr.  forms  calina,  plovina  &c.  The  root  is  per- 
haps found  in  brugir  bruir  bruire,  which  last  in  Champ.  =  to 
make  a  noise  and  to  be  foggy.  Is  it  the  same  as  the  bru  in 
bruma  (not  brevima). 

Bruire  It.  Fr.,  Pr.  brugir  bruzir,  Com.  brugi,  O.  Cat.  brogir  to 
rumble,  make  a  noise;  It.  bruitOj  Fr.  bruit,  Pr.  bruit  bruida; 
from  rugire,  or  ph.  connected  with  Sansk.  bru  to  speak,  W. 
brud  a  chronicle,  Sc.  bruidhean  to  talk,  E.  to  bruit. 

Bruiser  bruser  0.  Fr.  to  bruise,  whence  combruisser,  debruisier, 
O.  Sp.  abrusar.  From  A.  S.  brysan,  E.  bruise;  connected  with 
briser. 

Bruit  —  bruire. 

Bruler  —  bruciare. 

Bruma  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  brume.  Cat.  broma  vapour,  mist,  Wal. 
&rwm^' hoarfrost ;  from  bruma  which  in  L.  L.  =  hoar-frost. 

Bruno  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  Fr.  brun^  brown;  from  0.  H.  G.  brun, 

7* 


100  BRUNO  —  BUCHE. 

G.  hraun,  E,  hrown.    Hence  hrimire,  Sp.  brumr  hrohir,  Pg. 
hornir,  Pr.  Fr.  hrunir,  E.  burnish,  cf.  M.  H.  Gr.  hriunen. 

Bruno  —  hrugna. 

Brusca  —  husca. 

Brusco  It.  Sp.;  Fr.  hrusc  (whence  G.  briisch),  Pg.  fern,  brusca 
holly;  from  ruscum,  cf.  JPr.  brusc  bark,  bee -hive  from  rusca, 
It.  bruscare  to  strip  bark  from  Com.  rusca.  Hence  Pr.  brusca 
a  rod  (cf.  Fr.  houssine  from  houx). 

Brusco  It.  sour  (e.  g.  of  wine),  rude,  abrupt,  Sp.  Pg.  brusco 
morose,  gloomy,  Fr.  brusque  passionate  &c. ;  Fr.  brusquer  to 
treat  rudely.  Prob.  from  0.  H.  G.  bruttisc  brutfsc  gloomy. 
But  Ferrari  derives  it  from  the  LtSit.  labruscus,  the  It.  dropping 
the  first  syllable. 

Brustolare  —  bruciare. 

Bruttolt. ugly,  rude, misformed ;  irovabrutus senseless,  shapeless. 

Bruxa  Sp.,  Pg.  Cat.  bruxa  a  screech-owl,  a  witch,  cf.  siriga  (It. 
Strega),  bruxo  a  wizard,  sorcerer.  Perhaps  another  form  of 
bruza  bristle,  the  owl  being  so  calledfrom  its  shaggy  head.  A 
rough-haired  man  is  called  in  Sw.huwei=owL  Witches  were 
thought  to  take  the  form  of  owls  (convertidas  en  gallos,  ^'lechu- 
zas'^,  0  Cuervos  Cervant.  Nov.  6),  v.  Ducange,  s.  broxa. 

Bruxula  —  bosso. 

Bruyere  —  bru  (l). 

Bruza  —  broza, 

Bruzzaglia  —  broza, 

Bubbola  —  upupa. 

Bubbone  It.,  Sp.  bubon,  Pg.  bubdo,  Fr.  bubon,  Wal.  buboin  a 
bubo,  a  tumour;  from /3oL>/3a3V,  h.  bubo.  Hence  Si^.  buba  bua, 
Pg.  bouba  bubo,  Fr.  bube,  Wal.  bube,  unless  these  are  to  be 
referred  to  a  lost  Lat.  primitive,  cf.  s.  manto,  mazza,  mozzo, 
frag  a,  sap, 

Buc  —  buco. 

Bucato  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  bugada,  Fr.  buce  buck-\men,  bucking.  Burg. 
buie.  It.  bucaia  ^wcA-- ashes  ;  bucatare.  Ph.  buadar,  Bret,  buga, 
Fr.  buguer  buqiier  buer  to  buck,  G.  beuchen,  buchen  &c.  Diez 
derives  bucato  from  buca  a  hole,  because  the  ashes  were 
strained  through  a  pierced  dish,  cf.  Sp.  colada  lye  from  colare 
to  strain.  But  bucare  does  not  mean  to  strain,  so  Wedg. 
would  refer  the  word  to  the  Celtic  bog  =  moist,  Sclav,  mok 
(whence  L.  macero  to  soak).  In  l^.imbuere  the  guttural  is  lost 
as  in  Fr.  buer. 

Buccio  buccia  bark ,  peel,  skin.  Perhaps  from  lobuccio,  from 
Xo^og  or  Xonog  peel.  Cf.  loppa  and  Rom.Gr.  1,  240,  253.  The 
lo  was  perhaps  mistaken  for  the  article ,  cf.  lierre. 

Bucha  buchar  buche  —  bozza. 

Buche  • —  busca. 


BUCHEEAME  —  BUGIA.  101 

Bueherame  It.,  Cat.  hocaram,  Tr.bocaran  hoqueran,  Yr.bougran, 
E.  buckram  coarse  stiffened  stuff  with  open  interstices ;  from 
It.  bucherare  to  perforate.  Others  derive  it  from  boc  a  goat 
(boc-ar-an)  so  =  stuff  made  of  goat's  hair. 

Bueo  buca  It.,  Sp.  buco  buque,  Cat.  buc  a  hole,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  buc, 
Com.  bugh  a  trunk,  Pr.  buc  (which,  however,  Mahn  makes 
=  brusc)  a  bee -hive;  It.  bucare  to  perforate;  from  0.  H.  G. 
buh,  M.  H.  G.  buch,  O.  N.  bukr,  Du.  buk  bulk  =  belly,  trunk. 
Hence  Sp.  Pr.  trabucar,  Fr.  trebucher  to  fling  to  the  ground, 
to  stumble,  prop,  to  overthrow  in  wrestling,  cf.  tram-bustare 
from  busto.  Hence  Sp.  trabuco,  Pr.  trabuc,  trabuquet,  Fr.  tre- 
buchet  a  catapult.  The  It.  traboccare  trabocco  trabocchetto  have 
reference  to  bocca  (mouth);  theVen.  trabucare,  O.  It.  trabucco, 
Com.  trabuc ,  Ver.  strabuco  preserve  the  original  form. 

Buda  burda  It.  =  Gk.  rvcprj ,  L.  tomentum.  Servius  has:  ulvam 
dicunt  rem,  quam  vulgus  budam  vocat. 

Budello  It.,  O.  Sp.  budel,  Pr.  Fr.  boyau  (0.  Fr.  boel),  E.  bowel; 
from  botellus  (Martial)  a  sausage;  L.  L.  botelli  =  bowels. 
Gellius  17,  7  gives  botulus  as  a  word  used  by  the  vulgar. 
Wedgwood  says  the  word  is  probably  derived  from  the  rumb- 
ling of  the  bowels,  but  it  would,  perhaps,  be  better  to  connect 
it  with  It.  boite,  Sp.  bota  &c.,  A.  S.  butte  =  a  hollow  recept- 
acle, V.  s.  botte. 

Budget  —  bolgia. 

Budriere  —  baudre. 

Buega  Sp.  a  boundary-stone ;  cf.  G.&wX:  a  boundary,  buiky  Frisch 
1,  151;  cf.  also  E.  balk,  q.  v.  s.  balco, 

Buer  —  bucato, 

Buf  Pr.  Fr.  an  interjection;  It.  buffo.  Mil.  boff  2^,  puff  of  wind; 
It.  buffa,  Sp.  bufa  a  scoff  (whence  buffone  &c^,  0.  Fr.  buffe  a 
buff,  blow,  bufet  a  box  on  the  ear,  a  buffet,  Wall,  bofet  a  pin- 
cushion, Sp.  bofeton  =  O.  Fr.  bofet,  N.  Pr.  buffo  the  buttock; 
It.  buffare,  Parm.  boffar,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bufar,  Fr.  bouffer  bouffir 
buffer,  N.  Pr.  buffd  bouffd  to  puff,  blow,  O.Yv.buffler  a  buffet; 
for  the  connexion  in  meaning  cf.  blow  in  its  two  senses ,  and 
Fr.  souffler  soufflet.  From  buf  an  imitation  of  the  sound  of  a 
blow.  The  G.  has  buf  puf,  puff,  puff  en,  puffer,  Fr.  pouf,  pouf- 
fer.  The  It.  boffice  soft,  yielding,  is  formed  on  the  analogy  of 
soffice.  The  Fr.  buffeter  meant  to  ^^mar  wine  by  often  tasting 
it^^  (Cotgrave)  properly  to  let  in  air  by  taking  out  the  vent- 
peg  ,  then ,  generally,  to  tap ,  vin  de  buffet  wine  on  tap ,  buf- 
fetierh.  L.  bufetarius  (E.  corr.  beef -eater)  a  tapster.  Hence 
buffet  would  =  the  tap  of  a  tavern,  next  in  E.  any  sideboard, 
in  Sp.  a  writing -desk,  in  Fr.  an  office  for  business. 

Bufera  It.  a  hurricane;  from  the  root  buf  n.  supr. 

Bugia  It.,  Lomb.  busia  a  lie,  Pr.  bauzia  and  bauza,  0.  Fr.  boisie 


102  BUGIA  —  BULLIR. 

deceit;  hugiare  to  lie,  hauzar  hoiser  to  deceive;  Vv.haussan 
(f.  -anci)  a  deceiver;  Sp.  hausan  an  effigy.  Prob.  from  the 
0.  H.  G.  l)6si,  G.  hose  wicked,  hosa  =  tricks  (=  Pr.  hauzd), 
bdson  to  slander  (cf.  nugari  =  to  lie).  The  It.  hugiare  husare 
also  =  to  perforate,  hugio  O.  Sp.  huso  =  a  hole.  It.  hugio 
huso  =  perforated ,  empty.  These  are  referable  to  the  same 
word  host  =  vain,  idle,  empty.  The  Fr.  hoisdie  ^adj.  hoisdif) 
is  formed  on  the  analogy  of  voisdie  (v.  vezzo). 

Bugia  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  hogia,  Fr.  bougie  a  wax- taper;  from  Biigie 
in  North  Africa,  whence  the  wax  was  imported  (Menage). 

Bugna  Mil.  Ven.,  Romagn.  hogna,  N.  Pr.  hougno,  0.  Fr.  hugne, 
Fr.  higne  (Menage  heugne)  a  bump  (from  a  blow),  boil  &c., 
also  in  masc.  Mil.  hugn,  Sard,  hugnu,  Romagn.  hogn;  Veron. 
hugnon  a  blow,  ^.hunion  a  lump  on  the  foot,  hun?iy  a  swelling; 
Crem.  hugnocca  a  boil;  E.  hun,  N.  Pr.  hougneto ,  Fr.  heignet 
hignet,  ^i^.bunueio,  Limous.&ow;i/a  small  round  cake,  properly 
a  lump,  cf.  Gael,  bonnach  =  bannock.  The  origin  is  in  the 
idea  of  striking,  Bret,  bunia,  E.  to  bunt,  Du.  hunsen  to  strike. 
The  Manx  bun  =  butt -end,  Gael,  bun,  Ir.  bon  =  a  root  or 
stump,  Prov.  E.  bun  =  the  tail  of  a  rabbit,  hence  hwmy  = 
rabbit. 

Bugno  It.  a  bee-hive,  bugna  bugnola  a  basket  of  straw- work, 
O.  Fr.  hugnon  =  bugno,  N.  Pr.  bugno  =  stump  of  a  tree,  v. 
bugna  (Celtic  bun), 

Buho  Sp.,  Pg.  bufo,  Wal.  buhe  an  owl;  from  bubo  influenced, 
however,  by  the  O.  H.  G.  hitf  huf. 

Buie  —  boja  (l). 

Buis  buisson  —  bosso, 

Buitre  —  avoUore. 

Bujo  It.  dark,  Ijomh.buro  (bur).  From  bureus  burius  for  burrius 
from  burrus  which  Festus  says  =  ?ntfus  (cf.  fujo  from  furvius 
for  furvus).  0.  Fr.  hure  huire,  Pg.  Pr.  buret,  Sp.  buriel  dark- 
brown,  specially  of  sheep,  then  =  a  coarse  woollen  cloth 
made  of  the  fleeces  of  such  sheep.  This  being  worn  by  the 
lower  orders  gave  rise  to  the  O.  E.  horet  a  layman,  a  boor, 
cf.  grisette.  Bureau  was  properly  a  desk  covered  witli  such 
cloth.  The  It.  huratto  a  coarse  cloth,  buratelto  &c.,  hurelta, 
bujose  dungeons  are  from  bujo  huro.  For  the  same  L.  word 
in  another  form  (hirrus  =  a  coarse  mantle  Vopiscus  and  Pa- 
pias)  V.  berretta, 

Bula  — •  hotta. 

Bulicare  —  bouger. 

Bulimo  sbulimo  It.  intense  hunger;  from  ^ovXi^og^  Fr.boutimie. 

Bulla  —  bolta. 

Bulletin  —  hotta. 

Bullir  —  bottire. 


BULO  —  BUSCA.  103 

Bulo  Ven.  Piedm.  Lomb.  a  fop,  beau,  a  fighter,  bully;  from  Gr. 
huhle  a  lover. 

Bulto  vulto  Sp.,  Pg.  vulto  a  lump,  bulk,  pillow-case,  also  = 
form ,  figure.  In  the  latter  sense  evidently  from  vuUus,  in  the 
former  from  the  Du.  hult,  E.  bulch  hulk  a  hump,  of.  Wedgw. 
s.  bulge,  holster,  and  v.  holgia.  Diez  refers  it  to  volutuSy  so  ::= 
volumen,  cf.  volta, 

Bunuelo  —  hugna. 

Buquer  Fr.  to  knock;  from  the  Du.  heuken.  Hence  prob.  houc, 
E.  huck,  W.  Invch  from  its  hutting.  Butt  and  huck  are  con- 
nected ,  cf .  rehuter  with  rebuke. 

Bur  Norm,  a  dwelling,  O.  Fr.  huron  a  hut;  from  O.  H.  G.  hiir 
a  house ,  G.  hauer. 

Bur  at  bureau  —  hujo. 

Burbero  —  horhogliare. 

Burbuja  —  horhottare. 

Burella  —  hujo.  ' 

Burga  Sp.  a  hot -spring;  from  Basque  hero-ur-ga  warm- water- 
spot,  V.  Larramendi.  ' 

Burgo  —  horgo. 

Buriel  —  hujo. 

Buril  —  horino. 

Burin  —  horino. 

Burjaca  ■ —  holgia. 

Burla  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  N.  Pr.  hourlo  scoff,  jest;  It.  hurlare,  Sp.  Pg. 
hurlar  to  scoff;  Pr.  hurlaire,  O.  Fr.  hourleur;  It.  hurlesco  &c. 
Ausonius  has  hurra  a  jest,  prop.  =  shaggy  hair,  cf.  It.  fiocco 
=  flock  of  wool  and  trick;  hence  hurrula  hurla,  Sp.  horla  =  a 
tassel.  Wedgw.,  however,  traces  the  word  to  the  Celtic  hurd 
hurl  mockery,  whence  0.  E.  hourd  a  jest. 

Burrasca  li.  (sidi^.h or r a scosd),  Sp.Pg.  Cat.^orr^scflf;  Yr.hourasque 
a  storm,  tempest.  As  Sp.  nieve  gave  nevasca,  so  It.  horea, 
Mil.  Ven.  Romagn.  hora  (=  h.horeas)  horrasca  hurrasca.  Per- 
haps the  double  r  shows  a  reference  to  hurrus  dark -red  (of  a 
tempestuous  sky),  v.  hujo. 

Burro  Sp.  Pg.  an  ass.  Hence  Pg.  hurrico,  Sp.  Neap,  horrico,  Fr. 
hourrique ,  l^omh.horich,  It.  t^ricco  an  ass.  Buricus  a,  nag  is 
found  as  early  as  the  5*'^  century.  Isidorus  has :  equus  hrevior 
quem  vulgo  huricum  vocant.  So  called  either  from  its  shaggy 
hair  (v.  horrd),  or  from  its  dark  colour  (huricus  from  hurrus, 
V.  hujo). 

Burrone  ■ —  horro. 

Busare  —  hugia. 

Busart  —  huse. 

Busca  Lomb.  Piedm.  Pr.,  Sic.  vusca,  0.  Fr.  husche  a  splinter. 
Cat.  hrusca  husca  a  rod,  Fr.  hiiche  a  log,  Fr.  hucher  to  hew 


104  BUSCARE  —  CA. 

wood.    Prob.  connected  with  hois  hose  (v.  hosco),  cf.  O.  Fr. 

emhuscher  with  It.  imhoscare. 
Buscare  It.  to  catch,  Sp.  Pg.  huscar,  0.  Sp.  hoscar  to  search, 

track,  Yr.husquer  to  seek  after,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  husca  seach.   From 

the  Sp.,  where  huscar  =  lt.  cercare,  YY.chercher.    The  original 

meaning  was  ^^to  go  through  the  bush''  (hosco)  (cf.  montar  to 

go  up  a  hill),  hence  to  hunt,  track;  Sp.  husca  =  a  hunting 

dog,  O.  Sp.  husco  =  a  track. 
Buschetta  —  husca, 
Buscione  —  hosso. 
Buse  Fr.  a  sort  of  falcon,  also  husart,  Pr.  huzac,  It.  hozzago 

ahuzzago  =  L.  huteo,  G.  huse,  hufshart, 
Busecehio  —  hozza. 
Busquer  —  huscare. 
Bussare  It.  to  knock;  from  G.  huchsen  (E.  hox),  cf.  hossen  to 

knock,  beat,  Du.  hmjsschen.   Hence,  too,  the  0.  Fr.  huissier, 

which  Roquefort  refers  to  hiisqiier. 

Busse  buse  buee  0.  Fr.,  L.  L.  hucia  huza,  Pr.  (m.)  hus,  0.  Sp. 
huzo;  from  A.  S.  hutse  {hutse-carlas  =  shipmen),  E.  huss,  Du. 
buyse,  0.  N.  hussa  a  fishing -boat.  A  particular  application, 
says  Wedgw.,  of  the  many -formed  word  meaning  bulk, 
trunk  &c.,  v.  boss,  hox,  hulch,  hust.   V.  seq.  and  hulto. 

Busto  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  hust,  Fr.  huste ,  E.  hust.  L.  L.  husta  = 
arhor  ramis  truncata.  Ph.  connected  with  husca  (huche  =  a 
log),  E.  husk  J  Sp.  hucha  =  a  chest,  huche  =  breast,  L.  L. 
husta  =  area  (from  huxida,  pyxida,  y.hoite),  cf.  area,  It.  casso, 
E.  chest,  Gr.  rumpf.  Hence  It.  imhusto  bodice,  busk,  Sp.  e?n- 
huste  gewgaw,  artful  story  &c.,  emhustero  an  importer,  It. 
tramhustare  to  fling ,  overthrow. 

But  buto  —  hozza. 

Butin  —  hottino. 

Buttare  —  hottare. 

Buz  Sp.  Pg.  a  reverential  kiss ,  Pr.  hus  lip ,  E.  huss.  From  the 
Celtic  hus  a  mouth  or  lip.  Sp.  huces  or  hruces  =--  upper  lips, 
bocel  edge  of  a  vessel,  bocera  crumbs  sticking  to  the  lips, 
though  the  two  last  may  be  from  bocca.  The  L.  hasium  and 
Pers.  bds  are  perhaps  connected. 

Buzzo  —  hozza. 


C. 

Ca  0.  It.  O.  Sp.  0.  Pg.  =  L.  nam;  from  qua  re  (Pr.  Fr.  car), 

or  from  quia.    O.  It.  ca  after  comparatives  =  quam. 
9a  —  qua. 


CAABLE  —  CACHO.  105 

Caable  cliaable  0.  Fr.  a  machine  for  throwing  stones,  from 
caddble  L.  L.  chaddbula.  The  Pr.  is  caldbre  (I  for  d),  O.  Fr. 
cadbles  also  =  fallen  branches  of  trees  ^  Fr.  chablis.  Hence 
Fr.  accdbler  to  crush.  The  der.  from  TcatapoXfj  would  suit 
both  form  and  meaning  of  caable.  Wedgw.  makes  calahre  the 
original  form,  and  connects  cable,  cable,  but  Y.cappio,  calibro. 

Cabal  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  exact,  perfect;  from  cabo  (caput). 

Cabala  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  cabale,  E.  cabal  \  from  the  Hebr.  kabalah 
a  secret  traditional  interpretation  of  scripture.  Hence  the 
secondary  meaning  of  a  conclave  of  secret  plotters. 

Cabane  cabinet  —  capanna. 

Cabana  —  capanna. 

Cabaz  • —  cava. 

Cabdal  —  caudal. 

Cabe  Sp.,  0.  Sp.  cabo,  O.  Pg.  cabe  cabo  =  juxta;  prop.  =  a 
cabo,  O.  Fr.  a  chief  at  the  end  or  side,  sbst.  cabe  a  shake. 
O.  Sp.  cabear  =  to  adapt. 

Cabeliau  Fr.  a  cod-fish;  from  Du.  kabeljaauw,  whence,  too,  per- 
liaps  with  a  reference  to  baculus,  the  Sp.  bacalao,  Basque  ba- 
cailaba,  Ven.  Piedm.  bacala. 

Cabestan  Fr.  (m.),  E.  capstan;  from  ^^^.cabrestante  =  standing- 
goat  (cabra),  cf.  G.  bock ,  E.  ram  (aries). 

Cabeza  —  cavezza. 

Cable  cabo  —  cappio. 

Caboral  — ■  caporale. 

Caboz  —  chabot. 

Cabrer  Fr.,  N.  Pr.  cabrd  (reflex.)  to  rear;  from  caper. 

Cabus  Fr.  in  chou-cabus  a  cabbage  with  a  head;  ■-=■  It.  capuccio 
(caput),  G.  kappes,  E.  cabbage. 

Cacao  caccao  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Fr.  Yj.  cacao  fruit  of  a  South  American 
tree,  Sp.  Pg.  cacao-tree;  from  the  Mexican  kakahuatl.  The 
tree  is  also  called  in  Sp.  cacagual,  Pg.  cacaoeiro,  Yr.cacaoyer, 
cacaotier. 

Ca9apo  —  gazapo. 

Cacciare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  cazar,  Pr.  cassar,  O.Yr. chacier,  Pic.  cacher 
(whence  E.  catch),  Fr.  chasser  (whence  chase);  sbst.  caccia, 
eaza,  cassa,  chace  chasse  &c.  This  word  is  the  representative 
of  the  L.  venari,  and  comes  from  captus,  whence  captiare  cac- 
ciare, cf.  succiare  (suctiare)  from  suctus,  conciare  (comtiare) 
from  comtus,  pertugiare  (pertusiare)  horn,  pertusus. 

CachCj^cacher  cachot  —  quatto. 

Cacho  —  quatto. 

Cacho^Sp.  a  slice,  a  piece,  cachar  to  break  in  pieces;  from  L.  L. 
capillar e  caplare  to  cut  off?  Cf.  cacha  handle  of  a  knife,  from 
capulus,  and  cf.  ancho  =  amplus. 


106  CACHOKRO  —  CAGNARD. 

Caehorro  Sp.  a  whelp,  cub.  Prob.  from  catulus  caflus,  as  ca- 
chonda  from  catuliens.  The  suffix  is,  however,  of  Basque 
form,  and  the  word  may  be  of  Basque  origin,  B.  chakhuira 
=  dog. 

Caco  Pg.  a  potsherd  5  from  cacabus  (xdTcxajiog)^  cf .  Jaffo  from 
Jacobus. 

Cadahalso  —  catafalco, 

Cadalecho  —  cataletto. 

Cadastre  —  ccitastro, 

Cadauno  It.  cadiino,  Sp.  cada  uno,  Pg.  cada  hum,  Pr.  cada  un 
(cadun),  O.  Fr.  cadhun,  clieun  =  L.  quisque.  From  usqtie  ad 
unum  (cf.  Rh.  s-cadin  -—  s-cadim),  or  from  quisque  ad  unum  (cf. 
O.  Sp.  quiscadauno,  O.  Pg.  quiscadaun).  Cada  was  afterwards 
used  as  an  independent  pronoun ;  cf.  N.  Gr.  xad-svag  =  quis- 
que, from  xad"^  sva^  Tcdds  like  cada  being  used  as  an  ad j .  xccd-s 
devdgov  --  Sp.  cada  arbol. 

Cadeau  Fr.  a  flourish  of  caligraphy,  an  ornament  (hence  = 
present),  vb.  cadeler  (obs.);  from  catellus  a  dim.  of  catena,  cf. 
It.  catenella  a  chain -like  ornament  in  needle -work. 

Cadenas  —  candado. 

Cadera  Sp.  Cat.,  Pg.  cadeira  hip,  hip -joint;  from  cathedra. 
Hence  Sp.  caderillas  (pi.)  ladies'  hoops. 

Cadet  Fr.  E.  the  younger  son  of  a  family;  from  capitettum 
(caput),  a  little  chief. 

Cadimo  Pg.  crafty;  from  Arab,  kadem  (kadim)  Freyt.  3,  409, 
which,  however,  has  only  the  meaning  of  vatia?it.  Pr.  cairn 
is  the  same  word. 

Cadran  Fr.,  Pr.  quadran  a  sun-dial;  from  quadrans,  It.  Sp. 
quadrante,  a  quadrant. 

Cadre  —  quadro, 

Caes  —  cayo. 

Cafard  —  cafre. 

Caffe  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  cafe,  coffee;  from  Ar.  qahivah  a  sort  of  wine, 
a  drink  prepared  from  berries,  the  form  following  the  Turkish 
pronunciation  kahve. 

Caffo  It.  an  uneven  number:  giuocare  pari  0  caffo  =  iudere  par 
impar.  From  capo  that  exceeds  measure  (rcEQi^Oog) :  essere  il 
caffo  =  7teQt6(S6g,  sans  pareil,  unique;  or  from  the  L.  caput 
in  the  formula  caput  aut  navem. 

Cafila  a  caravan;  from  Ar.  qdfilahy  a  coffle  of  slaves. 

Cafre  Sp.  Pg.  rude,  barbarous;  from  Ar.  kdfr  unbelieving, 
profligate.   Hence  Fr,  cafard  a  hypocrite. 

Cage  —  gabbia. 

Cagione  It.  occasion,  pretext  (Pr.  ocaison,  O.Yr.ochoison);  from 
occasio,  cf.  Wald.  cay  son,  0.  Pg.  cajdo. 

Cagnard  —  casnard. 


CAGOT  —  CALAMITA.  107 

Cagot  Fr.  a  hypocrite.  The  Goths  and  Arabs  fled  from  Spain 
to  Aquitaine,  where  they  were  protected  by  Charles  Martel 
and  his  successors ;  by  the  French  they  were  regarded  as 
Arian  heretics ,  and  called  canes  Gothi,  cagots  (Pr.  cd  a  dog 
and  Got  :=  Goth).  From  unbeliever  the  jivord  came  to  mean 
hypocrite,  cf.  cafard,  Frisch  derives  it  from  cap-gott  =  Caput 
Dei;  an  expression  used  in  oaths. 

Cahier  Fr.  pamphlet,  copy-book,  quire.  Pic.  has  coyer,  quoger, 
E.  quire;  from  codicarium,  not  from  quaternio  (Dante  qua- 
derno),  which  gives  carrignon,  quaregnon. 

Cahute  Fr.  a  hut,  O.  Fr.  chahute  and  cahuette.  Perhaps  a  com- 
pound oi  ca-hutte,  diimm.  cahuette  for  cahutette.  Or  cahuette 
is  the  original  form  and  cahute  a  contraction.  Cf.  Norm,  cave 
a  ship  (Due.  s.  cayurri).    Cajute  is  from  the  Du.  kajuit. 

Caille  —  quaglia, 

Cailler  —  quagliare. 

Caillou  Fr.,  Pic.  caliau,  0.  Fr.  caillo  chaillo,  Pr.  calhau,  Pg. 
calhao  flint.  Prob.  from  cailler  to  coagulate,  so  =  a  fused 
mass  of  silex ,  cf .  G.  kiesel  =  any  fused  mass ,  stone  or  hail, 
kes  =  glacier-ice,  both  from  kisan  to  coagulate.  Littr6  makes 
caillou  from  calculavus  (calculus)  caillo  caillou,  cf.  Andigavus, 
Pictavus,  which  give  Anjou,  Poitou,  clavus  clou  do,  travum  trou 
tro,  papaver  papou.  The  Berrichon  caille  preserves  the  simple 
form,  cf.  also  W.  cellt. 

Cais  —  casso. 

Caisse  —  cassa. 

Cajoler  —  gabbia. 

Calabaza  Sp.,  Pg.  cabaca,  Cat.  carabassa.  Sic.  caravazza  a 
pumpkin,  a  calabash,  Fr.  calebasse;  ph.  from  Ar.  qerbah 
(qerbat),  PI.  qerabdt  a  water-skin,  with  Rom.  suffix. 

Calabre  —  caable. 

Calabrone  sealabrone  a  hornet;  from  crabro ,  L.  L.  scabro,  Pa- 
pias:  carabrio  genus  animalis  muscce  similis.  The  Occit.  has 
chabrian. 

Calafatare  It.,  Sp.  calafatear,  Pr.  calafatar,  Fr.  calafater  cal- 
feutrer,  M.  G.  ocaXacpatstv  to  caulk  a  ship ;  from  the  L.  cale- 
fectare. 

Calamandrea  It.,  Sp.  camedrio,  Fr.  germandree  a  plant,  ger- 
mander; from  chamaedrys  (xaiiaCdgyg). 

Calambre  Sp.,  Pg.  cambra  cramp ;  M.  H.  G.  klamphern  to  sufi'er 
cramp,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  chlampheren. 

Calaminaria  sc.  pietra  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  calamina,  Fr.  E.  calamine; 

from  cadmia  (xad^sta  TcaS^La)  with  adjectival   suffix,    G. 

galmei. 
Calamita  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  Cat.  caramida,  Fr.  catamite  a  magnet. 


108  CALAN  —  CALIBRO. 

From  calamus,  the  needle  being  inserted  in  a  stalk  or  piece  of 
cork;  so  as  to  float  on  water. 

Calan  —  chaland. 

Calafia  Sp.  sample,  quality 5  from  qualis. 

Calandra  It.  Pr.,  S^.  Cat.  calandria,  P^.  calhandra,  N.  Pr.  ca- 
liandro  cariandro,  Fr.  calendre,  M.  H.  G.  galander  a  tufted 
lack.  From  galerita  with  perhaps  a  reference  to  caliendrum 
(tuft).  The  Sp.  caladre  suits  the  Gk.  laQadgiogy  L.  L.  cara- 
drius  translated  in  the  Glossaries  by  the  0.  H.  G.  lerihha  (G. 
lerche  lark). 

Calandre  Fr.  a  cylinder,  E.  calander,  from  cylindruSy  prop,  ce- 
lendre;  calandre  is  a  corruption  of  colendre,  cf.  coing  from 
%vdc6vL0v. 

Calappio  —  chiappare. 

Calare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  calar,  Fr.  caler  to  let  down ;  from  %alav 
to  loose,  let  go,  L.  chalare  (Vitruvius),  Rh.  calar  to  desist. 
Pic.  caler  to  give  way,  withdraw,  drop;  Pg.  Pr.  calar  also 
-—  to  be  silent,  Sp.  callar.  N.  Pr.  cald  unites  both  senses  to 
drop  and  to  be  silent.  Hence  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  cala,  Fr.  cale, 
It.  N.  Pr.  calanca  a  bay  {calare  ==  to  drop  anchor),  Gael,  cala 
a  bay,  cal  to  drop  anchor.  Hence,  too,  Sp.  cala  a  peg,  Sp. 
Pg.  a  notch,  calar  to  penetrate,  pierce,  Fr.  cale  =  a  flat  piece 
of  wood,  a  trestle,  unless  these  are  from  L.  cala  a  piece  of 
fire- wood  (xdlov)  in  Lucilius. 

Calavera  Sp.,  Pg.  caveira  a  skull;  from  calvaria. 

Caldaja  It.,  Sp.  caldera,  Pr.  caudiera,  Fr.  chaudiere  a  pot,  L.  L. 
caldaria;  from  caldarius;  hence  It.  calderone,  Sp.  calderon, 
Fr.  chaudron ,  cauldron. 

Caleclie  —  calesse. 

Calecon  —  calzo. 

Caleflare  It.  to  mock,  jeer;  from  G.  klaffen  to  yelp,  bark. 

Calentar  Sp.  to  heat,  from  calens,  caleo;  hence  Sp.  escalentar, 
Pg.  esquentar,  acaentar  aguentar  (0.  Sp.  calecer,  escalecer,  Pg. 
aquecer  from  calescere).  Hence  ^ip.calentura  a  fever,  ^.calen- 
ture. 

Calere  It.,  0.  Sp.  Pr.  caler,  O.  Fr.  chaloir  verb  impers.  with 
dat.  of  the  person,  to  be  of  importance ,  to  concern;  from  L. 
calere,  non  mi  cale  =  non  mihi  calet ,  cf.  i^e  ovdhv  %'dX%ei 
xBQdog.   Hence  Fr.  nonchalant ,  nonchalance. 

Calesse  ealesso  It.,  Sp.  calesa,  Fr.  caleche,  E.  calash  caloch  an 
open  carriage;  from  Bohem.  kolesa  wheel -work  (Russ.  koleso 
wheel). 

Calha  quellia  Pg.  a  canal,  from  canalicula,  cf.  funcho  from  fce- 
niculum. 

Calhao  —  caillou. 

Calibro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Fr.  ^.calibre,  Yi.caliver  calliper  (- compasses), 


.  CALINA  —  CAMBIARE.  109 

"the  bore  of  a  cannon.  Diez  derives  it  from  the  Arab,  qctlib  a 
model,  pattern  (O.  Sp.  has  also  calibd);  Mahn  from  qua  libra; 
Wedgwood  makes  caliver  =  an  arquebuss  or  small  cannon 
the  original  sense,  and  this  from  calahre  (y.caable)  an  engine 
for  casting  stones,  =  carabe  for  cabre  from  cabra  a  goat, 
calabre  orig.  =  a  battering,  ram,  G.  bock. 

Calina  Sp.  dense  vapour;  ph.  originally  =  steam,  from  caleo, 
cf.  bruine.    Diez  suggests  caligo. 

Calma  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  calme  (m.)  absence  of  wind,  calm,  Du. 
kalm  kalmte;  calmare  &c.  to  calm,  Fr.  chommer  for  chaumer  to 
make  holiday.  Sp.  calma  =  heat  of  the  day  Gk.  xav^a,  L.  L. 
cauma,  Al  =  au  (v.  goto),  though,  perhaps,  in  calma  there 
was  a  reference  to  calor.  The  noon-heat  was  the  time  of  rest. 
N.  Pr.  chaume  =  time  when  the  flocks  sought  the  shade, 
Rh.  cauma  a  shady  place  for  cattle. 

Calpestare  It.  to  tread  under  foot,   sb.   calpestio;  from  calqe^ 
pistare,  Pr.  calpisar,  y.  pest  are.  i 

Calterire  —  scalterire. 

Calueo  It.  poor,  needy,  from  caducus. 

Calzada  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  caussada,  Fr.  chausse'e,  E.  causeway.  From 
calceata  (calx  chalk),  prop,  a  pavement  strengthened  with 
mortar.  Wedgwood  from  calceata  because  shod  or  protected 
with  stone,  Sp.  calzar,  Fr.  chausser  to  shoe. 

Calzo  calza  It.,  Sp.  calza,  Pr.  caussa,  Fr.  chausse,  whence  cal- 
zone  &c.,  Fr,  calecon;  from  calceus.  Hence  It.  discalzo  scalzo, 
Sp.  descalzo,  Pr.  descaus,  Fr.  dechaus,  Pic.  decaus,  Lor. 
deichaux,  L.  L.  discalcius  for  discalceatus. 

Cama  Sp.  Pg. a  bed,  a  lair.  Isidorus  has:  in  camis  i.e.  in  stratis. 
Ph.  from  la^aC  (cf.  acamar  to  stretch  on  the  ground)  so  = 

Cama  Sp.  (only  in  plur.)  bridle-bits ;  from  camus,  K7]^6g  a  halter, 

O.  H.  G.  chamo. 
Camaglio  It.,  Pr.  capmalh,  O.  Fr.  camail  the  collar  of  a  coat-of- 

mail,  serving  also  to  cover  an  head,  Fr.  c«/w«?7  a  mantle ;  from 

cap  and  malha  mail.    Hence  Sp.  camal  a  halter,  gramalla  a 

coat -of -mail. 
Camaieu,  camee  —  cameo. 

Camangiare  It.  pulse,  vegetables;  for  capo-mangiare  Menage. 
Camarlingo  It.,  Sp.  camarlengo ,  Pr.  camarlenc,  Fr.  chambrelain, 

chamberlain ;  from  0.  H.  G.  chamarlinc,  G.  kdmmerling. 
Camba  —  gamba. 
Cambellotto  ciambellotto  It.,  ^^.camelote  chamelote,  Yr.ca?nelot, 

E.  camlet  chamlet  a  stuff  of  camxVs  hair.    It  had  a  wavy  or 

watered  surface,   hence  Fr.  se  cameloter  to  grow  wrinkled. 

Ph.  from  Ka^rjXcotr]  camel's  skin. 
Cambiare  cangiare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  cambiar,  Pr.  cambiar  camjar,  Fr. 


110  CAMBEER  —  CAMOZZA. 

changer y  E.  change;  L.  L.  camhiare  from  camhire  in  Apnleius 
(Tcd^Ttrsiv  ad^^Eiv).  Wedgwood ^  with  less  probability, 
considers  it  to  be  the  nasalised  form  of  E.  chap  chop  (G.  kau- 
fen),  cf.  Chaucer's  champmen  for  chapmen. 

Cambrer  Fr.,  N.  Pr.  camhrd  to  bend,  curve:  from  earner  are  to 
arch. 

Cambron  Sp.,  Pg.  camhrao  (only  in  pi.)  buck -thorn;  from 
camurus  ? 

Camedrio  —  calamandrea, 

Camerata  It.  (m.),  Sp.  camarada  (m.,  Pg.  m.  f.),  Fr.  camerade 
(m.  f.),  E.  comrade;  formerly  t=:  a  company  occupying  the 
same  chamber  (camera) ^  thence  =  one  of  such  company,  a 
tent- fellow.  Cf.  Piedm.  mascrada  (1)  a  company  of  maskers, 
(2)  one  of  them. 

Camicia  eamiscia  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  camisa,  Fr.  E.  chemise,  Wal. 
cemase,  Alban.  cemise,  whence  It.  camiciola,  8p.  cainisola,  Fr. 
E.  camisole;  It.  incamiciala ,  Sp.  encamisada ,  Fr.  E.  camisade 
a  night  -  attack ,  the  shirt  being  worn  over  the  armour. 
Hieronymus  has:  solent  mililantes  habere  lineas  quas  camisias 
vocant.  Various  derivations  are  given:  (l)  0.  H.  G.  hamidi 
hemidi  indusium,  (2)  cama  a  bed,  Isidor:  camisias  quod  in  his 
dormimus  in  camis,  but  neither  of  these  account  for  the  ter- 
mination isia.  That  is  is  part  of  the  root  we  see  from  It.  cd- 
mice,  0.  Fr.  chainse.  So  it  will  be  better  to  refer  the  word 
either  to  the  Gael,  caimis  a  shirt,  W.  camse,  or  to  the  Ar. 
qamlc  an  under -garment,  which,  however,  is  not  foimd  in 
other  Sem.  dialects,  and  is  prob.  from  the  Rom. 

Caminata  camminata  It.  a  room  (prop,  with  a  fire-place  in  it), 
Fr.  cheminee,  E.  chimney.  L.  L.  caminata  =  a  room  with  a 
caminus.  The  E.  chimney  now = the  gorge  or  vent  of  a  furnace, 
once-=  the  fire  itself,  cf.  Sir  John  Cheke,  Matt.  13,  50:  the 
chimney  of  fire. 

Cammeo  It.  (Cellini  in  16'^  cent.),  Fr.  camee  (m.)  and  cama'ieu, 
Sp.  camafeo,  Pg.  camafeo,  camafeu,  camafeio,  E.  cameo,  G. 
gamaheu,  L.  L.  camaheu,  camahelus ,  camahuius.  Mahn's  der. 
is  the  most  probable:  from  gemma,  gama,  cama,  cammaeus 
and  iroTo.  cammaeus  attus,  camahutus.  But  the  hardening  of  the 
g  is  without  analogy.    V.  seq. 

Cammino  It.,  Sp.  c amino ,  Pg.  caminho,  Pr.  camin,  Fr.  chemin, 
L.  L.  caminus  a  way,  from  the  Celtic,  W.  cam  a  step,  caman 
a  way.  Others  derive  this  and  the  previous  word  from  the 
Slavonic  kamen  a  stone,  though  neither  are  likely  to  have 
come  from  such  a  source. 

Camoseio  —  camuso. 

Camozza  It.,  Sp.  camuza  gamuza,  Pg.  camuca  camurca.  It.  ca- 
moseio, Fr.  E.  chamois,  M.  H.  G.  gam-z,  G.  gemse.   Perhaps 


CAMPAGNA  —  CANCELLARE.  Ill 

the  original  word  is  seen  in  the  Sp.  Pg.  gamo  gama  a  deer  (E. 
gamut  f).  This  may  be  from  Ij.  dama,  ci.golfin  =  dolfin  del/in, 
gragea  =  dragea,  gazapo  =  dasapo  (?).  But  a  </  is  not  thus 
hardered  in  Rom.  It  may  be  connected  with  Celtic  cam 
crooked  (-horned). 

Campagna  It.,  Sp.  campaha,  Fr.  campagne  (O.  Fr.  Champagne) y 
E.  champain;  from  Campania,  first  used  as  an  appellative  by 
Gregory  of  Tours.  E.  campaign  =  time  an  army  serves  in 
open  field. 

Campana  It.  Sp.  Cat.  Pr._,  Pg.  campainha  a  bell;  the  Fr.  has 
cloche,  but  the  Limous.  has  campano,  Berr.  campaine  a  bell. 
From  Campania  where  bells  were  first  used  in  churches,  v. 
Ducange.  Isid.  has:  campana  (statera  uniiis  lands)  e  regione 
Italice  nomen  accepit,  thus  also  =  a  steel-yard  (Wal.  cumpene), 
which  meaning,  however,  it  soon  lost. 

Campeggio  It.,  Sp.  campeche,  Fr.  campeche  log- wood;  from 
Campeche  in  South  America. 

Campione  It.,  Sp.  campeon,  Pr.  campion,  Fr.  E.  champion;  from 
L.  L.  campio,  which  is  from  campus  as  tabellio  from  tabella. 
From  campus  also  come  It.  campeggiare,  Sp.  campear  (campea- 
dor),  O.Fr.  champeler  to  be  in  the  field,  to  encamp.  The  A.S. 
has  camp  a  fight,  Du.  kamp ,  Du.  kempen  to  fight  &c.  These 
may  be  from  the  L.,  though  the  Scand.  kapp  would  seem  an 
older  form  than  ca?np.  Ic.  kajip  =  fight.  So  in  vulgar  E.  to 
cap  =  to  excel.  W.  camp  =  a  feat,  game,  campio  to  strive, 
Sp.  campar  to  excel. 

Camuffare  —  muff  are. 

Camuso  camoseio  It.,  Fr.  camus,  O.  E.  camous  flat -nosed,  Pr. 
gamus  camus  awkward,  camusat=  camus.  The  root  is  W.  cam 
(cf.  cam-ard  =  camus),  and  the  2"''  part  is  prob.  muso  snout. 
Others  derive  it  from  camurus  nothwithstanding  the  difference 
of  accent.  With  It.  camoseio  cf.  Fr.  adj.  camoissie  bruised, 
black  and  blue,  cf.  Rou.  cflfMOW^s^' pock -marked. 

Canaglia  It.,  Sp.  canalla,  Fr.  canaille,  0.  Fr.  chienaille  rabble; 
from  canis,  cf.  Sp.  perreria. 

Canape  It.,  Wal.  cenepe,  Sp.  canamo,  Pr.  canehe  cambre,  Fr. 
chanvre  hamp ;  from  cannabis  cannabus.  Hence  It.  canavaccio, 
Sp.  canamazo,  Pr.  canabas,  Fr.  canevas,  E.  canvas. 

Canape  —  canope. 

Canapsa  Fr.  a  knapsack ;  from  G.  knappsack  {knappen  to  cat, 
munch). 

Canard  —  cane. 

Canasto  canasta  Sp.  N.  Pr.  a  canister;  from  canistrum,  It.  ca- 
nestro. 

Canavaccio  —  canape, 

Caneellare  —  chance. 


112  CANDADO  —  CANS  ARE. 

Candado  Sp.  (ynlg.calnado),  O.^^.cahado,  cadenado  a  padlock; 

from  catenatum;  0.  Sp.  candar  to  lock.   Cf.  It.  catenaccio,  Fr. 

cadenas. 
Cane  O.  Fr.  a  ship ,  Fr.  canot  a  small  boat  (the  E.  canoe  is  from 

Sp.  canoa  an  Indian  word) ;  Fr.  cane  a  duck,  canard  a  drake. 

^ot  from  canna  but  from  Du.  kaan,  G.  A-«/m  a  boat. 
Candire  It.,  Fr.  se  candir,  to  candy,  become  candied ,  cf.  It.  z?/c- 

c/i^ro  candito,   Sp.  azucar  cande,   Fr.  ^wcre  candi,  E.  sugar- 
candy.    The  Ar.  is  ^«;?6?  or  qandah  and  is  from  the  ^\i.khanda 

a  piece,   a  piece  of  cristallized  sugar  (khand  to  break),   v. 

Mahn,  p.  47. 
Canevas  —  canape, 
Canezou  Fr.  a  light  muslin  jacket,  worn  by  women.    Orig.  = 

hot  weather,  a  corruption  of  quinze  aout,  v.  V.  Hugo,  Les 

Miserables  1,  p.  356. 
Canfora  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  camphre,  E.  camphor;   from  Ar.  al-kdfur 

with  inserted  nasal,  Sp.  alcanfor;  without  the  nasal  It.  ca- 

fura,  M.  H.  Gr.  gaffer.    The  word  is  of  Indian  origin,  Sansk. 

karpura. 
Cangiare  —  camhiare. 

Ganglion  Sp.,  Tg.cangirao  a  liquid  measure,  ajar;  fr om.  congius. 
Cangrena  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  cangrene,  Sp.  gangrena,  Fr.  gangrene,  E. 

gangrene;  from  gangrcena  {ydyyQaiva)^  spelt  with  a  c  from  a 

false  reference  to  cancer. 
Canho  Pg.  left,  canhoto  left-handed,  sbst.  a  crooked  piece  of 

wood;  from  cam  crooked  (v.  gamba). 
Canif  Fr.  a  penknife;  from  O.  N.  knifr,  A.  S.  cnif ,  E.  knife, 

G.  kneif.     Dim.  ganivet ,  0.  Fr.  cnivet,  Pr.  canivet,  whence 

O.  Sp.  cahivete,  Pg.  canivete, 
Canivete  • —  canif. 
Cannamele  It.,  Sp.  cahamiel,  L.  L.  canamella  sugar-cane,  prop. 

=  honey- cane. 
Cannella  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  canela,  Fr.  cannelle,  whence  T>u.kaneel 

cinnamon;  from  canna. 
Cannibale  It.,  Sp.  canihal,  Fr.  cannihale,  E.  cannibal;  prop,  an 

inhabitant  of  the  Antilles,  a  Carib  or  Canibal;  the  Sp.  caribe 

is  used  in  the  same  sense. 
Cannone  It.,  Sp.  canon,  Fr.  canon,  a  large  pipe  (canna),  also  = 

cannon. 
Canope  It.,  Wal.  canapeu,  Sp.  Fr.  canape  (O.  Pg.  ganape)  a 

couch;  E.  canopy;  from  conopeum  (xavcoTtelov)  a  mosquito- 
net,  then  =  a  bed  or  couch  protected  by  such  a  net,   cf. 

bureau  =  (l)  coarse  cloth,  (2)  a  desk  covered  with  it. 
Canova  It.  a  store  room,  cellar;  Isid.  Gloss,  canava  camera  post 

ccenaculum. 
Cansare  scansare  It.  to   turn  aside.     From  O.  Lat.  campsare 


CANSAR  —  CAPITOLO.  113 

(Ennius) ;  cf.  campsare  Leucaten  with  cansar  la  morte  &c.  Pris- 
cian  derives  it  from  Tid^itteiv. 

Cansar  canso  —  cass. 

Cantiere  It.;  Pg.  canteirOy  Fr.  chantier  a  stand,  trestle,  E.  gaun- 
tree.  Sip.cantet  a  rope  for  binding  casks ;  from  canterius  a  yoke- 
beam,  Bavar.  gander. 

Cantimplora  —  chantepleure. 

Canto  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  O.  Fr.  cant  a  corner,  angle,  Sp.  Pg.  also  = 
stone.  It.  =  side,  region  (Fr.  champ ,  orig.  chant).  The  word 
is  widely  spread.  Gr.  7iav%'6g  =  corner  of  the  eye,  or  rim  of 
a  wheel  (L.  canthus).  The  W.  cant  =  circumference  rim, 
border.  O.Fris.  kaed,  ^.kantr,  T>Sin.kant,  Q.kante  =  corner, 
rim ;  E.  ca7it  canted  in  carpentry  used  to  express  the  cutting 
off  the  angle  of  a  square.  Hence  It.  cantone,  Sp.  Pg.  Fr.  E. 
canton,  Wald.  canton  a  partition;  Sp.  cantillo  a  small  stone, 
Pr.  cantel,  Fr.  chanteau,  E.  cantle  a  corner  -  piece ,  a  piece  (of 
bread  &c.);  It.  Sp.  cantina,  Fr.  cantine,  E.  canteen  a  wine- 
cellar  (prop.  =  a  corner).  It.  hiscanto  =  a  dark  hole,  Piedm. 
hescant  -^  oblique,  awry.   Vid.  Dief.  Orig.  Europ.  p.  278. 

Canaherla  Sp.  a  plant,  fennel;  from  canna  s^ndi  ferula,  Ceit.canga- 
fera.   The  Sp.  cahaheja  is  from  cannafericula. 

Canamo  —  canape. 

Capanna  It.,  Sp.  cabana,  Pg.  Pr.  Piedm.  &c.cahana,  Fr.  cabane, 
E.  cabin.  Not  from  capere  nor  from  cappa  a  mantle,  since 
anna  is  not  a R.term.,  but  imviiW.caban  (dim.  of  cab);  hence 
E.  cabin,  Fr.  cabinet,  It.  gabinetto,  Sp.  gabinete. 

Capazo  —  cappa. 

Capdel  —  capitello. 

Capere  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  caber  to  contain  and  (intrans.)  to  have 
room,  cf.  verbum  meum  non  capit  in  vobis  S.Joan.  {%c3Q£t)'^  sub. 
locum. 

Capezzale  —  cavezza. 

Capitano  It.,  0.  It.  catanno,  Sp.  capitan,  E.  captain  from  capi- 
tanus  (caput);  L.L.  capitaneus  gives  Tr.capitani,  ¥r.  capitaine, 
0.  Fr.  chevetaine  chatainCj  E.  chieftain. 

Capitare  It.  to  end  (intrans.);  from  caput,  v.  chef.  Scapitare, 
Pr.  descaptar  to  lose  in  traffic,  summam  imminuere. 

Capitello  It.  dim.  of  capo,  Sp.  caudillo,  0.  Sp.  capdiello,  Pr. 
capdel  the  captain  of  a  troop ;  from  capitellum  dim.  of  capitu- 
lum.  ^"^.acaudillar,  ^v.capdelar  to  head  a  troop,  O.Fr. cadeler. 
caieler. 

Capitolo  It.,  Sp.  capitulo  cabildo,  Pg.  cabido,  Pr.  capitol^  Fr. 
chapitre,  E.  chapter  in  the  sense  of  an  ecclesiastical  (or  se- 
cular) assembly;  from  capitulum  a  heading,  chapter  (principal 
section  of  a  book):  either  because  the  chapters  of  statutes 
were  read  in  the  assembly,  or  because  they  were  a  governing 

DIEZ,    BOMANCE    DICT.  '  8 


114  CAPOCCHIA  —  CARA. 

body,  cf.  capiiol  in  S.  France  =  a  town  -  council ,  ccqntoul  an 
individual  member  of  such  a  council. 

Capoeeliia  It.  the  knob  of  a  stick,  capocchio  dull,  stupid;  from 
capUulum  corrupted  into  capxitidxim. 

Caporale  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  caporal,  Rouchi  coporal  corporal,  E.  cor- 
poral; from  capo,  caporalh ,  prob.  formed  on  the  analogy  of 
corporalis,  with  which  it  was  afterwards  confounded. 

Capot  —  cappa. 

Cappa  It.;  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  capa,  Fr.  chape,  E.  cape,  A  very  old 
word,  prob.  used  in  the  spoken  Latin.  Isidore  has:  capa, 
quia  quasi  totum  capiat  Jiomiiwm.  From  capere  as  O.  H.  G. 
gifang  a  garment,  from  fdhan  G.  fangen  to  hold.  For  the 
double^,  cf.  cappone  from  capo.  Hence  It.  cappello,  Fr.  cha- 
peau  a  hat,  0.  Fr.  chapel,  chapelet,  E.  chaplet  a  garland. 
Boccaccio  has :  capello  ghirlanda  secondo  il  volgar  francese;  It. 
cappella,  E.  chapel  &c.,  are  so  called  from  the  covering  or 
canopy  over  the  altar,  the  name  being  extended  to  the  recess 
in  which  the  altar  was  placed.  Ducange  derives  the  name  from 
the  chapel  where  St.  Martin's  cloak  was  kept.  Hence  cappotfo, 
cappuccio,  capperone  &c.,  Fr.  chaperon;  Sp.  capazo,  Sp.  Pg. 
capacho  a  frail  or  basket. 

Cappero  It.,  Fr.  cdpre ,  E.  caper;  from  capparis,  Ar.  alcahar 
whence  Sp.  Pg.  alcaparra,  Arag.  caparra, 

Cappio  It.  loop,  knot,  Sp.  Pg.  cable,  Fr.  cable  (O.  Fr.  chable 
cheable),  ^. cable.  From  h.h.capidum  {funis  a  capiendo  Isid.), 
M.  Gr.  TtaTclCoVj  Du.  kabel.  The  Sp.  caho  is  a  contraction.  For 
another  der.  v.  s.  caable. 

Capre  —  cappero. 

Capre  Fr.  a  pirate  j  pirate-ship.  From  Du.  kaper  which  is  from 
kapen  to  rob  (Lat.  capere?). 

Capriccio  It.,  whence  Sp.  capricho,  Fr.  E.  caprice;  from  capra, 
cf.  ticchio,  verve y  and  Com.  nucia  =  kid,  nucc  =  caprice. 
Thus  Diez.  WedgAv.,  however,  makes  capriccio  ^=  arriccia- 
capo  =  a  shivering  fit,  a  fantastical  humour  (making  the  hair 
to  stand  on  end).  It.  7iccio  =  a  hedgehog,  L.  ericius,  con- 
nected with  bricciare,  gricciare,  Fr.  he'risser,  Gr.  cpQtaasLV. 

Captener  —  ?nantenere. 

Car  fqiiarj  Pr.  Fr.  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  particle  =  na?n;  from  quare^ 
Boeth.:  morz  a  me  quar  no  ves  Death,  ivhy  comest  thou  not  to 
me?   Dante's  quare  (Inf.  27,  72)  is  a  Latinism,  v.  ca. 

Cara  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  O.  Fr.  chiere,  Fr.  cherc,  whence  It.  Rh.  cera, 
O.  Eng.  chear  cheer.  Faire  bonne  chere  =  to  make  good  cheer 
to.  The  word  meant  (l)  countenance  (cf.  this  word)  (2)  favour 
(3)  favourable  entertainment  (4)  banquet.  Corippus  (6^''  cen- 
tury) has :  postquam  venere  verendam  Ccesaris  ante  car  am  (face). 
Perhaps  from  the  Gk.  xccqcc,  TcaQT],   Hence  Sp.  carear  acarar. 


CARABA  —  CARCAVA.  115 

O.  Fr.  acarier  to  confront;  Fr.  acaridtre  stubborn,  whimsical. 
Wal.  o-cdre  affront  from  a-carare?  Fr.  contrecarrer  to  thwart 
is  from  carrer  u=  qnadrare  to  arrange,  cf.  contrecarre  =  an- 
tisopMsma, 

Caraba  Sp.  a  vessel ;  from  carahuSj  ^^parva  scapha",  zccQu^og, 
Celtic  carhh  =  plank ,  ship ,  carhad  a  chariot ,  whence  carpen- 
tum,  carpenter.  Hence  Sp.  carabela ,  It.  caravella,  ¥r.  cara- 
velldy  Yi.  caravel.  The  A.v.qdrih,  Anglo-Indian  ^r^Z^  is  perhaps, 
the  same  word. 

Carabina  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  carabine,  E.  carbine,  Fr.  carabin  a 
carabineer,  O.  Fr.  calabrin.  It.  calabrino;  from  Pr.  calabre  (v. 
caable),  cf.  E.  caliver,  a  machine  for  casting  stones.  Cf.  mus- 
quet,  It.  moschetia  originally  =  a  missile  discharged  from  a 
machine,  Qi.catapnlta  used  to  translate  gun,  v^^.V^.espingarda 
=  the  ancient  springald. 

Caraeca  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  carraca^  Fr.  caraque,  E.  carack  a  large 
ship,  galleon,  Du.  kraecke.  Not  from  Ar.  ^harraqah  fire  ship, 
the  "^h  not  =  c,  so  cable  (cappio)  not  from  ''hahl. 

Caraeca  —  carraca, 

CarafiFa  It.,  Sp.  garrafa,  Fr.  caraffe.  Sic.  carrabba  a  pitcher; 
from  Ar.  qirdf  ?i  measure,  qarafa  to  draw  water. 

CaragoUo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Fr.  caracol  a  snail,  winding -staircase, 
turn  of  a  horse  (E.  caracol,  It.  caracollo).  From  Gael,  car  a 
twist,  carach  winding,  A.  S.  cerran  to  turn. 

Caramillo  —  chalumeau. 

Caraque  —  carraca. 

Caratello  It.  a  small  barrel;  for  carratello  from  carrata  a  car- 
load. 

Carato  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  quilate,  O.  Pg.  quirate,  Fr.  E.  carat;  from 
Ar.  qtrd^t  a  carob-bean,  from  Gk.  xeqcctlov,  Ven.  carato.  The 
bean  was  used  for  a  weight.  Isid.  cerates  oboli  pars  ?nedia, 
siliquam  habens  imam  et  se??iis. 

Carauz  —  trincare. 

Caravella,  earavelle  —  caraba. 

Carcame  —  carcasso. 

Carcan  Fr.  Pr.  a  collar,  pillory.  From  O.  H.  G.  querca,  O.  N, 
qverk  the  throat.    O.  Fr.  has  charchant  cherchant,  Du.  karkant, 

Carcasso  It.,  Sp.  carcax,  Pg.  carcas,  Fr.  carquois,  N.  Gr.  ^dg- 
%a6i  a  quiver;  It.  Pg.  carcassa,  Sp.  carcasa,  Fr.  carcasse,  E. 
carcass  a  skeleton.  Wedg.  derives  from  W.  carcli  restraint 
(whence  career)^  so=:a  box  or  chest,  v.  carcava.  But  -asso  is 
not  a  Rom.  suffix,  so  Diez  refers  it  to  caro  and  capsus  (v. 
casso).  It.  carcame  being  formed  on  the  analogy  of  arcame 
from  area. 

Carcava  Sp.  Pg.  an  enclosure,  pit,  ditch,  vb.  carcavar.  Diez 
gets  it  from  concava  (1)  cor  cava  (v.  corcovar)  (2)  carcava.    But 

8* 


116  CARCIOFO  —  CARNEVALE. 

may  it  not  be  connected  with  carcasso,  the  latter  part  being 
cavus,  and  the  former  the  car  or  care  of  career? 

Carciofo  —  articioceo. 

Carcomer  Sp.  to  gnaw,  ear  coma  a  wood-louse;  according  to 
Covarruvias ,  from  earo  and  comedere ! 

Cardo  It.  Sp.  Pg.  a  thistle ,  teasel  for  dressing  cloth ;  from  car- 
duus;  hence  Sp.  Pr.  eardon,  Fr.  char  don,  It.  eardare,  Fr. 
carder  &c. ;  It.  seardo  a  card,  Fr.  echarde  a  splinter,  Sp.  escar- 
dar  to  weed  out  thistles,  Norm,  echarder  to  scale.  Rouchi 
eeardy  Wall,  hard  a  notch,  vb.  eearder,  harder  are  from  O. 
H.  Gr.  seartij  O.  N.  skard,  0.  H.  G.  skertan,  0.  N.  skarda  to 
notch. 

Careme  —  quaresma. 

Carestia  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  L.  L.  earistia  deamess,  scarcity;  from 
earns.  Cf.  Basque  garestia  =  earns.  The  termination  is  not 
easily  accounted  for.  Fin.  karista,  which  Wedg.  connects 
with  earns  and  E.  care,  means  to  moan,  to  grumble  (for 
want). 

Carieare  carcare  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  car  gar,  Pg.  earregar,  Fr.  charger, 
E.  charge;  It.  carico,  Sp.  cargo,  Pr.  care,  It.  earica,  Sp.  Pr. 
carga,  Fr.  charge,  E.  cargo  (from  the  Sp.)  charge.  St.  Jerome 
has  earrieare  from  carrus.  It.  carieare  also  =  to  overload, 
whence  caricatnra ,  earicainre  an  overcharged  representation. 

Carmesino  eremisi  cremisino  It.,  Sp.  earmesi,  Pg.  carmesim,  Fr. 
cramoisi,  E.  crimson;  from  Ar.  qermez  (=  Sansk.  krimis,  L. 
vermis,  W.  pryf ,  Goth,  vaurms,  E.  worni)^  the  cochineal  in- 
sect, adj.^^r;wf/z/.  Pott  refers  the  word  to  the  Sansk.  AT//W2-y« 
worm -born.    Hence  too  It.  carminio,  Sp.  Fr.  carmin,  E.  r«r- 

Carmin  carminio  —  carmesino. 

Carnasciale  ■ —  carnevale. 

Carnaval  —  carnevale. 

Came  Fr.  corner.  Diez  derives  this  from  cardo  cardinis  a  hinge 
(cf.  Fr.  charniere  a  joint),  but  it  is  better  to  connect  the  word 
with  eran,  E.  cranny ,  corner. 

Camel  eameler  —  eran. 

Carnero  Sp.,  Pg.  carneiro  a  sheep,  wether;  from  L.  erena  so  = 
the  notched  or  castrated  animal  (cf.  Fr.  crenel  =■  camel),  cf. 
montone,  moltone,  mouton  (mntton)  from  L.  mutilus,  and  G. 
hammel  =  mutilated. 

Carnevale  carnovale  It.,  whence  Sp.  Fr.  E.  caimaval  (E.  also 
carnival)  the  festive  period  before  the  Lenten  fast;  not  from 
came  vale  fare  well  flesh !  but  from  carnelevale  a  corrupt  form 
of  the  L.  L.  carnelevamen  solace  of  the  flesh.  Other  forms  are 
L.  L.  carnelevarinm ,  Sic.  carnilivariy  Pied,  ear -lave.  It.  car- 
naseiale  is  from  carne-lasciare.  Other  expressions  for  the  same 


CARNICOL  —  CARRUBA.  117 

thing  are :  carnicapium,  carniprivium,  Sp.  carnestolendas,  N.  Pr. 
carmentran  =  careme  entrant, 

Carnieol  —  carnero. 

Carogna  It.,  Fr.  charogne,  Kouchi  car  one,  E.  carrion;  from 
carOf  carnis,  by  dissimilation  for  carnogna. 

Carole  querole  O.  Fr.,  whence  It.  carola,  E.  carol  a  circular 
dance,  vb.  caroler  &c.  Then  =  song  (cf.  halade  from  halare, 
and  Gr.  ^oXitrj).  The  Bret,  has  /corolla  to  dance,  W.  coroli, 
Gael,  coiriolt ,  Pro  v.  corola,  corolar,  Diez  derives  it  from 
chorulus  (a  for  o  as  in  calandre,  canape),  and  objects  to  co- 
rolla which  does  not  suit  the  sense  and  would  have  given  in 
Fr.  caroule.  Wackernagel  gives  a  verb  coraidare  (from  cho- 
rauld),  whence  sb'st.  cor  aula,  carole. 

Carosello  —  carriera. 

Caroube  carouge  —  carroho, 

Carozza  < —  carriera. 

Carpa  Sp.,  Fr.  carpe,  Wal.  crap,  Pr.  escarpa,  It.  carpione,  E. 
carp,  G.  karpfen;  from  L.  L.  carpa  (Cassiodorus). 

Carpentiere  It.  a  cart-wright,  carpenter  (Sp.  carpintero),  Pr. 
carpentier,  Fr.  charpentier;  from  carpentarius  in  L.  a  cart- 
wright  (carpentum),  in  L.  L.  =  a  worker  in  wood.  Fr.  ^/j^r- 
j9^wife=:  carpenter's  work.  The  word  is  of  Celtic  origin,  Gael., 
carhh  a  plank,  carhad  a  chariot. 

Carpone  adv.  "on  all  fours ^\  Properly  =  "on  the  hands", 
from  carpo  (L.  carpus)  the  wrist,  whence  carpiccio  a  blow, 
N.  Pr.  carpa  to  strike. 

Carrasca  Sp.  Cat.,  Sp.  Pg.  carrasco  an  evergreen  oak;  from  L. 
cerrus,  cf.  lagarto  for  lazarto,  r  eg  alar  for  rejalar, 

Carre,  carreau,  carrer,  earriere  —  quadro. 

Carrefour  Fr.,  Pr.  carrefore  a  place  where  four  roads  meet  5  from 
quadrifurcum. 

Carriera  It.,  Fr.  earriere,  Sp.  carrer  a,  Pg.  carriera  a  highway, 
^ixQQi,  career.  Yrom.  carrus.  The  O.Fr.c^^m'^r^  is  better  than 
earriere,  which  also  means  a  stone  pit  (quadro).  From  carrus 
also  come  It.  carrozza,  Sp.  carroza,  Fr.  carrosse  (carriage); 
Fr.  carrousel  a  tilt-yard.  It.  carosello. 

Carrignon  —  cahier. 

CarrUlon  Fr.  a  chime ;  properly  of  four  bells ,  from  a  form  qua- 
drilio. 

Carrizo  Sp.,  Pg.  carrico  sedge;  from  carex,  It.  carice. 

Carrobio  It.  =^  L.  quadrivium ,  cf .  gdbbia  from  cavea. 

Carrosse  ■ —  carriera. 

Carrouse  —  trincare. 

Carruba  It.,  Sp.  garroba  garrofa  algarroha,  Pg.  alfarroba,  Fr. 
carouhe  carouge^  E.  caroh\  It.  carroho  carruhhio ,  Sp.  garroho 
algarrobo,  Pg.  alfarrobeira  carob-tree;  from  Ar.  kharriib. 


118  CARVI  —  CASNARD. 

Carvi  It.  Sp.  Fr.,  ^.Vv.charui,  Yi,caraivay;  jirom  caretim  (xcHqov) 
whence  also  Ar.  al-karvit/d,  which  is  nearer  in  form  to  the 
Rom.  words ;,  espec.  to  the  Sp.  alcaravea, 

Casa  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Wal.  case,  L-  L.  casa  for  the  L.  domm, 
^SLvd.  domu.  Hence  Rh.  casar  to  dwell,  li, casare,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr. 
casar  to  many,  prop.  =  to  house. 

Casacca  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  casaca,  Fr.  casaque,  E.  cassock;  from  casa 
a  hut  (cf.  casipola,  and  G.  E.  hose).  For  the  suffix  cf.  It. 
guarnacca. 

Casamatta  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  casamata,  Fr.  E.  casemate,  L.  L.  ca- 
samatta.  According  to  Mahn,  from  casa-matta  a  weak,  poor 
hut  hastily  constructed,  cf.  carro  matto,  penne  matte  pen- 
feathers,  jjeli  matti  down.  According  to  Diez,  from  xd6^a^ 
10.6 ^ata.  Wedgwood  derives  it  from  casa-mata  (Sp.  mata 
slaughter)  so  =  slaughter-house,  G.  mordkeller,  the  casemate 
being  properly  a  loop-holed  gallery  in  a  bastion,  whence  the 
garrison  could  annoy  an  enemy  in  possession  of  the  ditch. 
May  it  not  be  connected  with  mattone  a  brick  (q.  v.)? 

Casare,  casar  —  casa. 

Cascajo  cascara  casco  —  cascar. 

Cascar  Sp.  to  break,  Pg.  to  bruise,  Sard,  cascai  to  maltreat  := 
quassicare  from  quassare.  Hence  casco  =  potsherd,  skull  (cf. 
testacy  cask,  casca,  cascara  husk,  peel,  shell,  cascajo  broken 
potsherds,  gravel.  Casco  Sp.,  Fr.  casque  a  head -piece;  but 
V.  Wedgwood,  s.  case. 

Cascare  cascata  —  casco. 

Cascio  cacio  It.,  Sp.  queso ,  Pg.  queixo  cheese;  from  caseus,  cf. 
Sp.  quepo  from  capio. 

Casco  It.  old,  decaying ;  from  caseus  old  (Ennius,  and  Ausonius). 
Hence,  perhaps ,  It.  cascare  to  fall ,  unless  this  be  from  casare 
(Plautus),  casicare,  or  connected  with  cascar  (q.  v.)  so  =  to 
fall  with  a  crash.  From  cascare  comes  It.  cascata,  Fr.  E. 
cascade. 

Casco  —  cascar. 

Caserma  It.,  W.  cesarme,  O.  G.  casarm,  Sp.  Pg.  cascrna,  Fr. 
caserne  a  barrack ;  from  casa  d'arme  (Mahn)  or  from  casa  like 
caverna  from  cava  (Diez).  Perhaps  it  will  be  best  to  take  the 
former  derivation,  allowing  that  the  form  of  the  word  was 
modified  by  its  resemblance  to  caverna. 

Casimiro  Sp.,  Pg.  casimira,  Fr.  casimir,  E.  kerseymere;  from 
Cashmire. 

Casipola  casupola  It.  a  little  hut,  hence  Fr.  E.  chasuble,  Sp. 
casulla,  L.  L.  casula;  casipola  is  prob.  formed  on  the  analogy 
of  manipuhis.  For  the  connection  of  meanings,  cf.  casacca, 
and  cappa  capanna. 

Casnard  O.  Fr.  a  flatterer,   fawner.     Quintilian  has:   casnar 


CASQUE  —  CATAPALCO.  119 

assectator  e  Gallia  ductum  est,  Casnard  is  prob.  for  canard  or 
cagnard  (N.  Pr.  =  loiterer),  Pic.  cagne  acagnardi  lazy.  Berr. 
cagnaud  =  casnard.  The  origin  is  prob.  the  root  cagti  L. 
cam's. 

Casque  —  cascar. 

Cass  Pr.  O.  Fr.  broken ,  Pr.  casser,  Fr.  casser  to  break ;  from 
qiiassus  qiiassare.  It.  accasciare  to  fail  in  strength,  is  from  a 
form  quassiare.  With  an  inserted  n  we  have  Sp.  canso  weary, 
cansar  to  weary. 

Cassa  It.,  Sp.  caxa,  Pg.  caixa,  Pr.  caissa,  Fr.  caisse,  E.  c^/5^, 
a  chest,  Fr.  chdsse  a  setting;  from  ^«/?5«  (Diez),  or  from  the 
sound  of  a  blow  quash!  cass!  whence  cassus  hollow,  and  caisse, 
cask,  casco&c.yin  the  sense  of  a  hollow  receptacle  (Wedgwood). 
Hence  It.  cassetta,  cassettone,  castone,  vb.  Pg.  encaixar,  Fr. 
enchdsser,  It.  incassare,  to  enchase,  chase;  also  Cat.  encastar, 
Sp.  engastar.  It.  incastrare,  Pr.  encastrar,  and  Pr.  encastonar, 
Pg.  encastoar,  Sp.  engastonar,  cf.  L.  L.  incastraiura. 

Cassero  —  alcazar. 

Casserola  casserole  —  cazza. 

Casso  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Vr.cass,  O.Fr. quas  empty,  void;  from  cassus. 
Hence  cassare,  casser,  h.cassare  for  cassum  reddere  inSidonhis 
and  Cassiodorus. 

Casso  It.  the  breast,  chest,  L.  L.  cassum  cassus;  from  capsus  a 
receptacle,  cf.  L.  L.  area.  Hence,  also,  Pr.  cais  the  jaw,  as 
eis  from  ipse.  Wedgwood  gives  a  different  account  (v.  cassa). 
Related  to  cais  are  Pg.  queixo,  Cat.  quex,  where  Pg.  queixada, 
Sp.  quixada,  and  perhaps  Sp.  quixera. 

Casta  Sp.  Pg.,  E.  caste;  from  castus  pure? 

Castaldo  castaldione,  Ven.  gastaldo  a  steward,  cf.  Fr.  Gastaud 
as  a  proper  name;  from  L.  L.  gastaldius  gastaldio  which  is 
from  Goth,  ga-staldan  to  acquire,  possess. 

Casulla  —  casipola. 

Catacomba  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  catacumba,  Fr.  cataconibe,  E.  catacomb, 
a  subterranean  burial-place.  According  to  Diez,  from  Sp. 
catar  to  view  and  comha  for  tomba  a  tomb  (cf.  Mil.  catatomba, 
O.  Sp.  catatumba).  The  Roman  catacombs  contained  the 
remains  of  the  martyrs,  and  were  visited  for  purposes  of 
devotion.  In  support  of  this  der.  cf.  catafalco,  calaletto. 
Others  propose  xatatv^^Lov ,  or  xccrcc  and  xv^^og  a  cavity, 
or  the  Sabine  cumba,  cf.  Festus:  cumbam  Sabini  vocant  cam 
quam  militares  lecticam. 

Catafalco  It.,  Sp.  cadafalso  cadahalso  cadalso,  Pr.  cadafalc,  O. 
Cat.  cadafal,  Val.  carafal,  O.  Fr.  escadafaut ,  Fr.  echafaut, 
M.  Du.  scafaut,  G.  schaffot,  E.  scaffold.  The  orig.  form  is 
cata-falco,  Sp.  cadafalso  is  from  Pr.  nom.  cadafalcs,  thee 
becomes  t  in  Fr.  as  in  Estr abort  for  Estraborc  (Strasbourg). 


120  CATALETTO  —  CAVALLO. 

Catafalco  is  from  Sp.  catar  to  view  and  falco  =  It.  palco  or 
halco  (q.  v.);  cf.  catacomha,  cataletto.  Fr.  catafalque  and  Sp. 
cadafalco  are  from  the  Italian. 

Cataletto  It.  a  bed  of  state,  prop.  =  show  -  bed,  from  catar  and 
letto,  V.  catacomha  and  catafalco.  The  same  word  is  found  in 
Sp.  cadalecho  a  rush-bed,  N.  Pr.  cadaliech,  Fr.  chdlit  a  tenter- 
bed  ,  O.  Fr.  calit. . 

Catar  0.  Sp.  to  see,  view,  Sp.  Pg.  to  search,  examine,  taste, 
cata  inquiry  (also  =  mine,  cf.  ^letaXXov),  recatar  to  taste 
again ,  to  keep  carefully ,  to  hide ,  recato  prudence ,  acatar  to 
inspect ,  respect ,  &c.  Menage  gives  a  Fr.  dim.  catiller  to  spy 
out.  Rh.  Parm.  Ven.  catar,  Lomb.  cata  =  to  find,  seize.  Its 
sense  of  to  "view"  is  found  in  It.  cata-comba,  cata- falco, 
cata -letto,  Sp.  cata-lecho,  catarihera,  cata-viento.  Wal.  ceuta 
=  to  view,  seek,  keep.  Isidorus  has:  cattm  (a  cat)  quod 
cattat  i.  e.  videt.  It  is  from  the  L.  captare  (sc.  oculis)  to  lie  in 
watch. 

Catarana  Sp.  a  sheldrake.   Prop,  a  diver,  from  catarractes? 

Catasta  It.  a  wooden -pile;  from  L.  catasta  a  scaffold. 

Catastro  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  cadastre  a  register  of  taxes,  a  tax;  from 
capitastrum  a  poll-tax,  cf.  Sp.  cahezon  from  cabeza, 

Catir  —  quatto. 

Catrame  It.,  Pg.  alcatrao,  Sp.  alquiiran,  Fr.  guitran  goudron, 
L.  L.  catarannus  tar.    From  Ar.  al-qatrdn. 

Cattivo  It.,  Sp.  cativo,  Pr.  caitiu,  Fr.  chetif  2i  wretch,  E.  caitiff; 
from  captivus,  which  is  also  found  in  its  proper  sense.  It.  cat- 
tivo, Sp.  cautivo,  Fr.  captif,  E.  captive, 

Cau  eaucala  —  choe. 

Cauehemar  Fr.  a  ghost,  night -mare;  from  vb.  caucher  (obs.), 
Pic.  cauquer.  Burg,  coquai  =  It.  calcare,  E.  cauk,  and  G.  7nar 
in  nachtmar,  E.  nightmare.  Occ.  has  chaouclie-vielio  pressing- 
old  woman,  witch,  also  cf.  pesant  peant  peen,  greou,  ploumb  all 
==  something  weighty,  an  incubus,  Sp.  pesadilla,  O.  Sp. 
mampesada.  Rouchi  has  coquenoir.  Wall,  marke,  v.  Grand- 
gagnage. 

Caudal  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  cabdal,  O.  Fr.  chaudel  superior,  rich,  sbst. 
power ,  wealth ,  capital ,  abundance ;  from  capitalis.  Sp.  cau- 
daloso  =  very  rich. 

Caudillo  —  capitello. 

Causer  —  cosa. 

Cautivo  —  cattivo. 

Cava  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  cave  a  cellar,  E.  cave;  from  cava. 
Hence  Pg.  cabaz,  Fr.  cabas  a  large  basket,  whence,  ph.  Sp. 
capazo,  but  v.  cappa. 

Cavallo  It.,  Sp.  cab  alio,  Pr.  caval,  Fr.  cheval  (Fr.  chevale  a  mare, 
chevallerie,  chivalry  &c.),  WaL  cal,  Alb.  cale  calle  a  horse; 


CAVARE  —  CE  BELLING.  121 

from  cab  alius  (xapdXXrjg).  Hence  cavalcare,  Sp.  cdbalgar,  Fr. 
chevaucher  (Fr.  E.  cavalcade)  to  ride  (cf.  uTtTtsvsLv  from  iTtTtog)^ 
L.  L.  cahallicare  cavallum  =  It.  cavalcare  un  cavallo.  Equus 
remains  only  in  Sp.  f.  yegua,  Pg.  egoa,  Vr.egua,  O.Fr.  aigue, 
Wal.  eape,  Sard.  ebba.  From  caballus  we  have  also  L.  L.  ca- 
ballarius,  It.  cavalliere  &c.,  and  cavalleria,  cavallerie,  cavalry; 
It.  cavallettaj  Sp.  caballeta  a  field -cricket  (cf.  G.  heupferd  = 
grass -hopper),  Sp.  caballete  =  a  wooden  horse,  easel  &c. 

Cavare  It.  to  take  out;  prop,  to  dig  out,  L.  cavare. 

Cavelle  covelle  It.  (Boccaccio)  =  qualche  cosa;  perhaps  ix.quod 
vellety  so  =  qualsi  voglia? 

Cavesson  —  cavezza. 

Cavezza  It.  a  halter,  O.Yx.chevece  a  collar,  Sp.Pg.  c«&^z«  head, 
Pr.  cabeissa;  also  Sp.  Pg.  cabezo,  Pr.  cabes^^  top  of  a  thing; 
hence  It.  cavezzone,  Fr.  cavesson  cavecon,  E.  caveson  a  nose- 
halter,  whence  G.  kapp-zaum  spelt  as  if  from  happen  to  cap 
and  zaum  a  bridle,  Sp.  cabezon  =  shirt -collar.  From  L.  L. 
capitium,  so  =  (1)  head  (2)  hood  (3)  collar.  It.  scavezzare  to 
sever  =  scapezzare ,  Sp.  descabezar,  prop.  =  to  behead. 

Caviale  It,,  Sp.  cabial,  Pg.  Fr.  caviar,  M.  G.  TtavLaQi,  caviare 
the  salted  roe  of  the  sturgeon. 

Cavicchia  caviglia,  caviechio  caviglio  It.,  Pg.  Pr.  cavilha,  Fr. 
cheville  a  peg.  From  clavicula  clavicla  for  euphony  cavicla. 
The  Sp.  has  clavija. 

Cavolo  It.,  Sp.  col,  Pg.  couve,  Pr.  caul,  Fr.  c^ow  cabbage;  from 
caulis  whence  also  Bret,  kaol,  W.  cawl,  G.  A"0^/,  E.  cole. 

Caxa  —  cassa. 

Cayado  Sp.,  Pg.  cajado,  Cat.  gayato  shepherd's  crook;  from 
%«rog? 

Cayo  Sp.  (usu.  plur.),  O.  Fr.  cage  a  sandbank,  shoal,  Pg.  caes, 
Fr.  quai,  Du.  kaai,  kaje,  E.  ^w«?/.  Isidor.  has:  kaij cancelli. 
It  is  the  W.  cae  hedge,  enclosure,  Bret,  kae  2X^0  =  a  dam, 
ph.  also  the  origin  of  the  0.  H.  G.  cahot  munimentum. 

Cayo  Sp.  a  daw;  cf.  0. H. G.  kalia  a  craw,  Du.  kauw;  so  called 
from  the  noise  it  makes ,  cf.  E.  caw. 

Cazar  —  cacciare. 

Cazza  It.,  Cat.  cassa,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  casse.  Eh.  cas,  Sp.  cazo  a 
saucepan,  a  ladle;  from  0.  H.  G.  chezi  (kezi),  0.  N.  kati, 
whence  G.  kessel,  E.  kettle.  Hence  It.  cazzuola,  Sp.  cazuela, 
Fr.  casserole  (cf.  mouch-er-olle ,  mus-er-olle  &c.)  a  frying-pan, 
whence  It.  casserola,  Pic.  Champ,  castrole,  G.  castrol. 

Ce  —  cid. 

Ceans  —  ens. 

Cebada  Sp.,  Tg.cevada  barley,  Cat., Tr.civada  oats;  from  cibare, 
Sp.  cebar  to  feed ;  fatten.    Sp.  cibera  corn  is  from  cibaria  (pi.). 

Cebellino  —  zibellino. 


122  CECE  —  CENNO. 

Ceee  It.,  Sp.  cMcliaro,  Vv,cezer,  Fr.  chiche  (usu.pl.)  =  L.  cicer; 

It.  cicerchia  &c.  from  cicercuta. 
Ceeero  It.,  0.  It.  cecino,  L.L.  cecitms,  cico;  fromL.c/c6V';  which 

(in  It.  cece)  =  the  knob  or  tubercle  on  the  swan's  bill,  cf. 

Cicero.   From  cecimis  rather  than  from  cygnus,  comes  Sp.  Pg. 

O.  Fr.  cisne,  O.  Pg.  cirne. 
Cedazo  —  staccio. 
Cederno  —  cedro. 
Cedilla  cedille  —  zediglia. 
Cedola  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  cedilla ,  Fr.  cednle  schedule;  from  L. 

schedidcij  as  cisma  from  schistna.    From  another  pronunciation 

arose  the  Sp.  esquela. 
Cedro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  cidrUy  Pg.  also  cidrcio,  Fr.  E.  citron  (fruit); 

It.  cedro,  Sp.  cidi'O,  Fr.  citronnier  (tree);  from  citrus,  citreum. 

It.  has  cederno  on  analogy  of  quernus.    The  usu.  word  is  the 

foreign  limone,    q.  v.     The  variable  quantity  of  the  L.  ac- 
counts for  the  double  form  in  e  and  /;  hence  It.  cedronella^ 

Sp.  cidronela,  Fr.  citronelle  balm,  L.  citrago;  also  It.  citriuolo, 

Fr.  citrouille  pumpkin. 
CefFo  It.  a  snout,  muzzle,  ceffare,  Parm.  cifar  to  snap,  seize; 

Com.  zaf  =  ceffo,  zafa.   Sic.  acciaffari  =  ceffare,  Piedm. 

ciaflu  =  ceffvto,  Sic.  ciaffa  =  claw.  It.  za/fo  =  bailiff.    Prob. 

from  a  G.  pronunciation  of  the  root  tap  (v.  tape),  whence  also 

It.  ciampa  =  Sic.  ciaffa. 
Ceindre  Fr.  to  gird;  from  cingere,  as  peindre  from  pingere. 
Cejar  Sp.  {^xo^.cexar  as  inO.  Sp.)  to  recede;  from  cessare  \f\viQ)i 

in  It.  =  to  escape. 
Celadon  Fr.  sea-green  (also  lover,  gallant);  from  the  name  of 

a  shepherd  (clad  in  green)  in  D'Urfe's  Astrsea  (1610). 
Celata  It.,  Sp.  celada ,  Fr.  salade  a  helmet,  O.  Eng.  salet,  W. 

saled,  from  ccelata  (cassis  cantata  Cicero). 
Celda  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  ceila  cell;  from  L.  cella,  whence  also  Sp.  ciiia 

a  granary;  cillero,  Pg.  cilleiro  from  cellarins. 
Celeri  —  sedano. 
Celui  —  qiielio. 
Cembel  —  zimbello. 
Ceneerro  Sp.  a  bell;  Basque  cincerria  cinzarria,  a  name  derived 

from  the  sound. 
Cenefa  zanefa  Sp.,  Pg.  sane  fa  a  frame,  fringe,  border;  from 

Ar.  canefah  the  hem  of  a  garment. 
Cenelle  Fr.  the  holly-berry ;  from  coccinella  (coccina  for  coccum) 

scarlet  berry. 
Cenno  It.,  Rh.  cin  a  nod,  Sp.  ceho  a  frown;  It.  accennare,  O. Sp. 

acenar,  O.Fr.  acener  to  nod,  make  signs.  In  the  old  Glossaries 

we  find  cinnus  lortio  oris  and   cynnavit  innuit.     It  is  prob. 

shortened  from  cicinnnus  (mKLvvog),  so  that  cinnare  cennare 


CENOGIL  —  CERDO.  123 

would  denote  prop,  some  peculiarity  in  the  "chevelure",  cf. 
Fr.  harlocher  to  agitate ,  from  haarlocke,  v.  locher. 

Cenogil  Sp.  a  garter ;  from  It.  ginocchiello  prop.  =  kneeband. 

Cenoura  —  zanahoria. 

Centeno  Sp.,  Fg,centew  senteio  rye;  from  centenus  as  it  was  sup- 
pose to  produce  a  hundredfold. 

Centinare  It.,  Fr.  cintrer  to  vault  or  arch;  sbst.  centintty  Fr. 
cintre ,  E.  centre  centering  the  wooden  frame  for  building  an 
arch ;  from  cinciurare  (cinctura) ;  It.  n  for  r  as  in  cecino  from 
cicer.  The  Cat.  is  cindria,  the  Sp.  cimbria  cimbra,  nib  from 
cimhorio  a  dome. 

Centinela  —  sentinella. 

Cenzaya  Sp.  a  nurse;  from  Basque  seinzaya,  from  seina  a  child 
and  zaya  watch. 

Cepillo  Sp.,  Pg.  cepilho  a  plane  (tool),  brush;  from  Sp.  cepo  a 
block,  L.  cippus. 

Ceramella  cennamella  a  shawm;  a  corruption  of  Fr.  chalemel? 
V.  chcdumeau. 

Cercare  It.,  Wal.  cerca,  Pr.  cercar  sercar,  Fr.  chercher  (by  assi- 
milation for  cercher,  O.  Fr.  cerchier,  Pic.  cerquier,  cf.  Ciciglia 
for  Siciglid),  E.  search.  The  orig.  meaning  is  to  ^'search 
through^',  Dante,  Inf.  1,  84:  che  ni  han  fatto  cercar  il  tuo 
volume  J  0.  Fr.  cerchier  les  montagnes  &c.  Sp.  Pg.  cercar  =  to 
enclose,  but  O.  Pg.  also  to  search  through.  Cercare  is  the 
Propertian  circare:  fontis  eg  ens  erro  circoque  sonantia  lymphis 
(4,  9,  35);  Isid.  circat  circumvenitf  L.  L.  circator  a  watchman, 
cf.  Alb.  khercoig  to  seek,  from  TaQXOvv^  W.  kyrchu,  Bret. 
kerchat  from  the  same  root  as  cercare.  Hence  Pr.  ensercar  to 
distinguish,  Pg.  enxergar;  L.  L.  cercitare,  Wal.  cerceta. 

Cerceau  Fr.  a  ring,  circle,  O.  Fr.  recercele  encircled;  from  cir- 
culus  circellus. 

Cerceta  zarzeta  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  sercela,  Fr.  cercelle  sarcelle  a  widgeon, 
teal;  from  querquedula,  It.  also  cercedula,  cercevolo.  The  It. 
garganello  (E.  gargane)  is  a  corruption. 

Cercine  It.  a  ring,  Fr.  cerne  (=  cerc'ne)  a  circle,  Sp.  cercen 

(adv.  =  thoroughly),  Pg.  cerce;  Fr.  cerner  to  encircle,  Sp. 

cercenar  to  pare  round;  from  circinus  a  circle,   circinare  to 

circle. 
Cercueil  Fr.  a  coffin.    Sarcophagulus  would  have  given  sarfail; 

it  is ,  therefore ,  better  to  derive  from  the  O.  H.  Gr.  sark  (G. 

sarg)  a  coffin,  with  suffix  el  =  0.  Fr.  sarqu-el  sarqu-eu 

care  ■•  ti. 
Cerda  ■ —  cerdo. 
Cerdo  Sp.  Pg.  a  hog;  according  to  Larramendi,  from  the  Basque 

cherria  a  hog,  but  it  may  be  derived  from  sordidus  [suerdo 


124    .  CEREZA  —  CHABLIS. 

serdo  v.  f rente).    Sp.  cerda  (f.)  =  a  hog's  bristle,  or  horse's 

hair,  ph.  from  cerdo  so  =  (l)  the  hog's  hide  (2)  the  bristles. 
Cereza  —  ciriegia. 
Cerfoglio  It.,  Sp.  cerafolio,  Fr.  cerfeuil  a  plant,  chervil;  from 

caerefolium  {y^aiQi^)vXXov). 
Cerise  —  ciriegia, 

Cernada  Sp.  lie;  =  cinerata,  Cat.  cendrada,  from  cinis, 
Cerne  eerner  —  cercine. 
Cerneechio  It.,  Sp.  cerne ja,  Pg.  cernelha  a  fetlock.   From  dis- 

cerniculum  {acus  quce  capillos  disseparat  Nonius),  so  =  prop. 

parted  hair. 
Cerquinho  Pg.  in  carvalho  cerquinho  a  holm-oak;  a  corruption 

of  quercinho  =  It.  quercino. 
Cerrar  —  serrare. 
Cerre  ■ —  cerro, 
Cerretano  —  ciarlare, 
Cerrion  Sp.  an  icicle;  from  L.  stiria ,  st  =  c  (cf.  mozo  from 

mustum). 
Cerro  It.  (l)  a  Turkey -oak,  from  cerrus,  Fr.  cerre;  (2)  a  bob, 

toupet,  from  cirrus.  , 

Cerro  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  ser  a  hill,  a  backbone;  from  Basque  cerra 

(which,  however,  may  be  from  the  Spanish  word),  or  from 

L.  cirrus  =  a  top -knot,  so  =  top. 
Cers  Pr,  Cat.,  Sp.  cierzo  a  north -east -wind;  from  L.  cercius 

circius  a  word  used  in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  v.  Pott.  Etym. 

Forschung.  2,  499.     Hence,  perhaps  Sp.  cecina  dried  beef, 

cecial  dried  fish  (for  cercina  ceciat). 

Cervello  It.,  Pr.  cervel,  Fr.  cerveau  brain,  Pr.  Rh.  cervella  (fem. 
=  It.  pi.  cervella),  Fr.  cervelle;  from  cerebellum ,  L.  L.  cer- 
bellus.  From  cerebrum  come  Sp.  Pg.  celebro  cerebro,  Wal.  crieri 
(pi.),-  from  creebrum. 

Cesoje  It.  (pi.)  scissors ;  from  caesus  as  rasojo  from  rasus. 

Cespo  It.  a  bush,  shrub;  ^r  om.  cespes  tur^  y  brush -wood;  hence 
cespuglio;  cesto  is  from  cespitem.  In  Placidus  we  find  caespiies 
frutices.   Hence  It.  cespicare,  Wal.  ceaspeta. 

Cespuglio  —  cespo. 

Cesso  It.  retreat,  privy;  from  secessus. 

Cesto  —  cespo, 

Cet  —  questo, 

Cetrero  Sp.  a  falconer,  =  accipitrarius ,  cf.  accertello. 

Cetto  It..  0.  Sp.  0.  Pg.  cedo  (encedo)  adv.  from  cito, 

Cha  —  te, 

Chabasea  Sp.  a  twig,  rod;  from  clava  a  graft,  whence  also  Sp. 
chaborra  a  young  maiden. 

Chablis  —  caable. 


CHABOT  —  CHAMARASCA.  125 

Chabot  Fr.  a  fish ,  the  miller's  thumb ,  Pg.  cahoz ;  from  capvt 
because  of  its  thick  head,  cf.  L.  capito,  Gk.  x8(paXog, 

Chabraque  Fr.  a  horse-cloth,  housing;  the  G.  is  schabracke; 
both  words  come  from  the  Persian  tschdbrdk, 

Chaehara  Sp.  chatter;  an  onomatopoeion;  Sic.  ciacciara,  It.  chi- 
dcchiera. 

Chacona  Sp.  the  name  of  a  Spanish  dance ;  from  Basque  chocuna 
neat,  pretty. 

Chaeun  —  ciascuno. 

Chagrin  Fr.  grief,  chagrin.  From  the  Fr.  chagrin,  shagreen  the 
shark -skin,  which,  being  used  as  a  rasp,  came  to  typify  the 
gnawing  of  grief,  cf.  It.  lima.  Shagreen  in  It.  was  zigrino, 
Ven.  Romagn.  sagrin,  Du.  segrein,  M.  H.  G.  zager.  Gen. 
sagrind  =  to  gnaw,  sagrindse  to  fret,  consume  with  anger. 

Chainse  —  camicia. 

Chair e  Fr.  a  pulpit,  Pr.  cadeira,  O.  Fr.  chayere  chair  seat;  from 
cathedra,  whence  0.  Sp.  Cat.  Basque  cadira,  Piedm.  Com. 
cadrega  seat. 

Chaise  Fr.  a  chair,  seat.  This  is  not  found  in  the  oldest  dic- 
tionaries, so  prob.  a  Parisian  mispronunciation,  cf.  beside. 
Palsgrave's  French  Grammar  (1530)  mentions  cheze  SiS  a  faulty 
Parisian  pronunciation  of  chaere. 

Chaland  Fr.  a  flat-bottomed  boat,  a  transport,  0.  Fr.  chalandre, 
O.  Cat.  xelandrin,  L.  L.  chelandium  chelinda  zalandria,  M.  Gr. 
Xsldvdiov.  These  boats  were  chiefly  used  by  the  Byzantines, 
and  prob.  derived  their  name  from  xsXvdQog  a  turtle.  Fr. 
chaland,  Sp.  calan  a  trafficker  are  from  chaland  a  boat,  cf.  bar- 
guigner  from  barca.  Others  derive  chaland  from  calo  (Papias : 
calones  negotiatores)  and  make  the  sense  of  boat  a  secondary 
one.   But  the  form  will  hardly  suit  this  etymology. 

Chalit  —  cataletto. 

Chalonge  chalenge  0.  Fr.,  calonja  Pr.  a  disowning,  disputing 
a  claim,  chalongier,  calonjar,  E.  challenge,  to  call  in  question, 
claim;  to  challenge  one  to  fight  is  to  call  on  one  to  decide  a 
disputed  matter  by  combat;  from  calumnia  a  false  charge, 
chicane. 

Chaloupe  Fr.,  hence  Sp.  chalupa,  It.  scialuppa,  E.  shallop;  cor- 
rupted from  the  Du.  sloep  (from  sloepen  to  glide,  slope,  as  Du. 
schuit  from  schieten  to  shoot),  E.  sloop. 

Chalumeau  Fr.  for  chalemeau,  O.  Fr.  chalemel,  Pr.  caramel,  Sp. 
caramillo  flute,  E.  shawm;  from  calamus,  L.  L.  calameL 

Chamade  Fr.  E.  a  trumpet-signal  calling  to  a  parley;  from  Pg. 
chamada  a  shout  (chamar  =  L.  L.  clamare). 

Chamar  —  chiamare. 

Chamarasea  Sp.  a  bundle  of  twigs,  for  fire- word;  from  Basque 
chamar -asca  ^^very  smalP',  Larramendi. 


126  CHAMARRA  —  CHAPA. 

Chamarra  chamarrer  —  zamarro, 

Chamberga  Sp.   a  long,    wide  coat;   so  called  from  Marshal 

Schomberg  (v.  Seckendorf). 
Chamois  - —  camozza, 
Chamorro  Sp.  Pg.  shorn,  chamorra  a  shorn  or  bald  head;  from 

clavus  (for  calviis)  and  Sp.  morra  crown  of  the  head. 
Champ  —  canto. 
Champignon  Fr.  a  mushroom ;  from  campus,  agaricus  ca??ipesiris 

(Linnaeus),  It.  camjngnuolo. 
Champion  —  carnpione. 
Champis  O.  Fr.  still  used  in  Berry  and  South  -  East  of  France 

for  a  bastard,  enfant  trouve  (dans  les  champs);  from  L.  L. 

campilis  (O.  Fr.  also  champil).   Wall,  cliampl  =  mener  paiti'e, 

conies  from  a  form  campicare,  which  would  he  in¥r. champier. 
Chamuscar  Sp.  Pg.  to  singe,  O.  Sp.  xafnuscar;  from  flarmna, 

Pg.  chafna. 

Chanca  chanclo  ehanco  —  zanca. 

Chance  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  chcance  (E.  chance)  from  chcoir  L.  cadere. 
M.  H.  G.  schanze,  It.  cadenza  &c.  Hence  clianceler  to  totter, 
Pr.  cliancelar,  whence  It.  cancellare, 

Chanceler  ■ —  chance. 

Chaneir  Fr.  to  get  moudly ;  from  canescere,  Sp.  canecer.  Norm. 
chanir  from  canere. 

Chancre  —  granchio. 

Chanela  chinela  Sp.  an  overshoe,  slipper  :=  It.  pianclla  from 
pi  amis. 

Change  changer  —  cambiarc. 

Chanteau  —  canto. 

Chantepleure  Fr.  a  watering-pot;  from  Fr.  chanter  and  plenrer ; 
hence  It.  Sp.  cantimplora. 

Chantier  —  cantiere. 

Chanvre  —  canape. 

Chanza  —  ciancia. 

Chaorcin  Pr.  a  usurer,  L.  L.  caoi^simis  catnrcinvs  cawarsinus, 
G.  kaivartsch  gaivertsch  kauwerz.  From  Cadurcintts ,  Pr.  caoi^- 
cin  chaorcin  a  native  of  Cahors,  which  Dante  makes  the  abode 
of  usury :  e  perb  lo  minor  giron  suggella  del  segno  suo  e  Sodoma 
e  Caorsa  Inf.  11,  49. 

Chapa  Sp.  a  plate  of  metal  or  leather,  E.  chape  a  plate  of  metal 
at  the  point  of  a  scabbard,  the  white  tip  of  a  fox's  tail.  Hence 
chapar  to  plate,  Pg.  chapear;  chapeleta  de  una  bomba  Sp.  = 
Fr.  clapet,  the  clapper  or  sucker  of  a  ship's  pump.  From  root 
klap  clap  the  representation  of  the  sound  made  by  two  flat 
surfaces  striking  together.  Hence  Sp.  chapin  a  shoe  with 
cork  sole,  E.  chopine  a  clog,  this  last,  perhaps,  connected 


CHAP  AREA  —  CHARME.  127 

with  Du.  kloppen  to  knock,  from  the  clumping  sound  of 
clogs. 

Chaparra  ehaparro  Sp.  a  kind  of  oak;  from  Basque  achaparra 
a  claw,  its  branches  resembling  claws. 

Chape  chapeau  ehapelle  chaperon  ■ —  cappa. 

Chapitre  —  capitolo. 

Chapler  chapeler  chaploier  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  chaplar  to  cut  down, 
sbst.  Pr.  chaple,  whence  0.  Fr.  chaple'i's,  Pr.  chapladis;  from 
capulus  a  sword,  sword-hilt,  L.  L.  capulare  to  cut  off.  Or  is 
it  connected  with  chapuiser? 

Chapuiser  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  capusar  to  cut  off,  cut  in  pieces ;  chapuis 
=  a  carpenter.  L.L.  capus  capo  =  a  castrated  cock,  whence 
Sp.  capar  to  geld.  Chapuiser  is  formed  on  the  analogy  of  its 
synonyme  menuiser;  cf.  0.  Fr.  chantuser  from  chanter. 

Chapuzar  zapuzar  zampuzar  Sp.  to  dive,  duck,  cf.  Cat.  cabus- 
sar,  Pr.  cacabustar;  perhaps  from  capo  cabo,  so  =  to  plunge 
in  over  head,  ci.  chapuiser;  zampuzar  prob.  took  its  form  from 
zampar  (v.  tape),  the  Pg.  chafundar  from  fundus. 

Chaque  Fr. ,  Pr.  cac  each.  Rather  from  chac-un  (quisque 
unusj  than  immediately  from  quisque,  cf.  ciascuno  and  cadauno. 
Pr.  quecs  is  for  quescs  (quisque),  Com.  ciasche.  There  is  no 
need  to  have  recourse  to  the  Ir.  each,  Gael,  ceach,  where  the 
c=.p,  cf.  0.  W.  poup,  Corn,  peb,  Bret.  pep. 

Charade  Fr.  E. ;  perhaps  from  Neap,  charada  (-o)  r=.  It.  ciarlata 
chatter,  whence  "play  on  words ^\ 

Charco  Sp.  Pg.  a  standing -pool,  puddle,  slough;  from  Basque 
charcoa  bad ,  disgusting. 

Chardon  —  cardo. 

Charge  —  caricare. 

Charivari  Fr.  cat's  music,  clatter,  L.  L.  charivariwn,  chalvari- 
cum,  O.  Fr.  caribari,  chalivali.  Pic.  queri-boinj ,  Dauph.  cha- 
navari,  N.  Pr.  taribari.  Orig.  used  of  the  discordant  music 
used  on  the  occasion  of  a  man's  second  marriage ,  Sp.  cencer- 
rada  from  cencerro  a  bell.  Cat.  esquellotada.  The  termination 
is  common,  e.  g.  ourvari,  /?OMre;an  hunting  cries.  Pic.  Norm. 
Champ.  Gen.  boulevariy  Pied,  zanzivari,  Norm,  varivara,  Rh. 
virivari  (G.  wirrwarr  clatter).  The  former  part  of  the  word 
is  made  to  rhyme  with  the  latter  (cf.  hurly-burly),  and  may  be 
the  L.  calix  (cf.  chalivali  and  Wall,  pailtege  from  paill  =  Fr. 
pottle).  Dante's  caribo  Purg.  31;  132  is,  probably,  from  chari- 
varium. 

Charlatan  —  ciarlare, 

Charme  0.  Fr.  an  incantation,  Fr.  a  charm.  It.  carme  carmo, 
Fr.  charmer  to  charm,  0.  Fr.  charmeresse  =  enchantress ;  from 
carmen,  L.  L.  carminare  to  enchant.  From  carmen  also  comes 
O.  E.  charm  a  hum,  murmuring  noise  of  birds  &c.    A  charm 


128  CHARME  —  CHAUVE-SOURIS. 

of  goldfinches  =  a  flock.     In  O.  Fr.   charraie  charroie  = 

witchcraft;   charroieresse  a  witch,  vb.  encharrauder ,  Norm. 

enquerauder  for  charmeraie  &c. 
Charme  Fr.  the  horn -beam,  Berr.  charne ,  Rouchi  r^/rwe;  from 

carpmus  (carpinus),  L.  L.  carpenus,  It.  carpinOy  Wal.  car  pin  j 

Sp.  carpe, 
Charniere  —  cran, 
Charogne  —  carogna. 
Charpa  —  sciarpa. 
Charpente  • —  carpeniiere. 
Charpie  Fr.  lint,  li, carpia;  participle  of  the  O.  Fr.  verb  charpir 

(carpere)  found  in  escharpir  descharpir.    This  latter  =  O.  E. 

verb  to  stickle ^  to  separate  combatants  (with  sticks). 
Charraie  charroie  —  charme  (l). 

Charro  Sp.  Pg.  a  churl ;  from  the  Basque  charro  =  bad  (?). 
Charrua  ■ —  aratro. 

Chartre  charte  Fr.  a  deed,  record,  E.  chart;  from  charta. 
Chartre  O.  Fr.  (f.)  prison;  from  career  (m.),  Sp.  carcel  (f.).  It. 

carcere  (m.  f.). 
Chasco  Sp.  the  lash  of  a  whip;  probably  from  the  sound,  G. 

klatschen  to  clash,  lash,  cf.  E.  lash, 
Chasse  —  cassa. 
Chasser  —  cacciare. 
Chasuble  —  casipola. 
Chat  —  gal  to. 

Chat  -  huant  chauana  —  choe. 

Chatier  Fr.,  E.  chastise;  from  castigare,  It.  gastigare, 
Chato  —  piatto. 
Chatouiller  Fr.  to  tickle ;  from  catullire  (neut.),  whence  catulliare 

(act.)  cf.  camhire,  cambiare. 
Chaudiere  ehaudron  —  caldaja. 
Chauffer  Fr.,  Pr.  calfar  to  heat,  whence  echaiiffer,  escalfar;  from 

calefacere, 
Chaume  Fr.  (m.)  stubble,  whence  chawniere  a  straw-hut;  from 

calamus  J   whence   also  L.  L.  calma:   vineas  deplantassent  aut 

calmas  rupissent,  G.  halm,  E.  haulm. 
Chaumiere  —  chaume. 
Chaupir  caupir  Pr.  to  take  or  seize  a  thing;  from  Goth. kaupdn, 

0.  H.  G.  chaufan,  G.  kaufen  to  buy,  orig.  to  take  in  exchange, 

exchange.   For  the  connection  between  taking  and  buying  cf. 

L.  emere,  Fr.  acheter, 
Chausse  —  calza, 
Chaussee  —  calzada. 
Chauve-  souris  Fr.  a  bat,  prop.  =  bald  mouse,  from  the  wings 

being  destitute  of  feathers.    Grandgagnage  suggests  that  it  is 

a  corruption  of  c/?ow6?-50wm=50Mm-/i2Y>ow  mouse  owl,  the  Wall. 


CHAVIRER  —  CHETIF.  129 

being  chawesori,  chansori,  cliehausori;  so  the  Pic.  casseuris  and 

cateseuris  may  be  =  cave-seuris,  cavette-seuris,  v.  choe.   Lorr. 

is  ho  -  volant  =^  flying -toad,  Pr.  soritz  -  pennada  =  G.  fleder- 

maus, 
Chavirer  Fr.  to  capsize;   from  caput  virare;  It.  capo-volgere^ 

capo-voltare. 
Chaza  Sp.  chace  in  ball -playing,  point  where  the  ball  stops; 

chazar  to  stop  the  ball;  from  Fr.  chasse,  chasser. 

Che  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  Fr.  que  pronoun  and  conjunction;  from 
quidf  whence  also  Wal.  ce,  ce\  ca.  Fr.  quoi  from  que  y  as  moi 
mei  from  ml.  It.  chi,  Fr.  qui  from  quis;  Sard,  chini,  Sp.  quien^ 
Pg.  queniy  from  quern,  v.  quien. 

Chef  Fr.  head,  Sp.  xefe,  E.  chief;  from  caput.  Hence  chevir  = 
O.  Fr.  venir  a  chief;  chief  Pr.  cap,  It.  cfljpo  =  ^^  beginning '^ 
and  also  ^^end",  de  chief  en  chief;  rechief,  rechap  =  vqgoth- 
mencement.  From  chevir  comes  chevance  profit ,  and  It.  civire 
to  provide,  m'«/iz«  profit.  (7/?et;^/(Fr.)=a  pillow  (for  the /?e«^). 

Chegar  —  llegar. 

Cheirar  —  flair  ar. 

Chelme  (sehelme)  0.  Fr.  a  disturber,  makebate ;  from  G.  schelm 
rogue,  knave. 

Chemer  —  scemo, 

Cheminee  —  caminata. 

Chemise  —  camicia. 

Chenapan  Fr.  highwayman,  G.  schnapphahn. 

Chene  Fr.  (f.),  O.  Fr.  chesne,  Prov.  Fr.  quesne,  Pr.  casser  (m.) 
for  casne  as  Roser  for  Rosne  from  Rhodanus,  Gasc.  casso  (m.), 
Bern,  cassoura,  L.  L.  casnus.  Prob.  from  quercus,  quercinus 
quercnus  quecnus  quesnus,  O.  IV.  quesne  chesne;  for  qu=^  ch 
cf.  chascun  from  quisque. 

Cheneau  Fr.  a  gutter ;  from  canalis. 

Chenet  Fr.  an  andiron,  fire-dog ;  from  canis,  being  usually  made 
with  feet  like  dog's  paws.   Langued.  cha-fuec. 

Chenille  Fr.  a  caterpillar,  Pr.  canilha.  From  canicula  a  little 
dog ,  from  a  supposed  likeness  in  the  head  or  eyes ;  cf .  Mil. 
can  cagnon  a  silk  -  worm ;  in  Lomb.  it  is  called  gatta  gattola 
(cat),  in  Sp.  felpilla  (if  not,  as  is  more  prob.,  from  felpa^  = 
felis  pilosa  hairy  cat  =  Norm,  chatte  pelouse ,  whence  E.  (cor- 
rupted) caterpillar.    The  Pg.  is  lagarta  (prop,  lizard). 

Chente  It.  pronoun,  from  che  ente  (ens  entis)  ^^what  a  thing" 
formed  on  the  analogy  of  niente. 

Chereher  —  cercare. 

Chere  —  cara. 

Chervis  —  chirivia. 

Chetif  —  cattivo. 

DIEZ,    BOMANCE    DICT.  9 


130  CHETO  —  CHICHE. 

Cheto  It.;  Sp.  Pg.  quedo,  0.  Fr.  coit  coi  recoi,  E.  coy;  from 
quietus;  hence  vb.  It.  chetare,  Sp.  Pg.  quedar  (also  intrans.), 
Fr.  coiser  (whence  E.  cosy  =  coise),  like  hausser  from  alius. 
Hence  also  Fr.  quiite,  O.  Fr.  cuite,  Pr.  quiti,  Sp.  ^m^Yo^  E. 
quit,  G.  quitt  =^  absoiutus  (L.  L.  quietus);  Sp.  Pg.  quitai^  to 
absolve  make  void;  take  away,  Fr.  quitter  to  release,  let  go, 
E.  ^w//,  It.  quittare  chitare  to  cede  one's  rights;  sbst.  quitanzaj 
quittance  &c.  For  cheto  It.  has  chiotto  prob.  from  Fr.  roxY, 
Neap,  cuoto. 

Cheval  ehevaucher  —  cavallo. 

Chevet  —  chef. 

Chevetre  Fr.  a  halter;  from  capistrum.  It.  capestro. 

CheviUe  —  cavicchia. 

Chevir  —  chef. 

Chevrette  —  crevette. 

Chevron  Fr.,  Pr.  cdbrion  cnhiron  a  beam,  Sp.  cahrio  a  rafter, 
cabria  axle-tree,  cabrial  beam;  from  capreolus  (caper) ^  cf. 
Wal.  cafer  =  a  rafter,  Gr.  bock  =  a  block  or  piece  of  wood 
on  which  anything  rests.  A  chevron  in  heraldry  is  the  repre- 
sentation of  two  rafters. 

Chez  Fr.  =  L.  apud  for  en  chez  =  O.  Sp.  encas  =?  in  casd,  Cf. 
O.  N.  prep,  hid  from  hi,  Dan.  hos  from  hus. 

Chi  —  Che. 

Chiamare  It.,  Wal.  chiema,  Sp.  llamar,  Pg.  chamar,  to  call,  Pr. 
clam'ar,  O.Fr.  claimer  to  call  out,  E.  claim;  from  clamareh.  L. 
fsi  quis  alterum  vulpem  clamaverit)  =  nominare. 

Chiappare  It.  to  catch;  from  O.  H.  G.  klappen  to  clap,  clap  to, 
klappe  a  trap;  Com.  ciapa  (cia  =  cla,  ciama  =  clamare). 
Hence,  too.  It.  calappio  ffalappio  a  tvR^.  Clap  klapi)en  is,  of 
course,  an  onomatopoeion. 

Chiarina,  elarinetto,  clarone  It.,  Sp.  clarin,  clarinete,  Fr.  cla- 
rinelte  clairon,  O.  Fr.  Pr.  E.  clarion,  E.  clarionet;  from  clarus. 

Chiasso  It.  from  the  Pr.  clas  a  crying,  bawling,  O.  Fr.  glas 
(chlaz)  the  sound  of  bells,  Fr.  glas  a  knell  for  the  dead,  Ir. 
glas  wailing,  Wal.  glas  sound,  E.  clash.  These  may  be 
referred  to  the  Sansk.  Mas  sonare  (cf.  hldd  and  glad),  and  are, 
doubtless,  derived  from  the  sound.  Diez,  however,  makes 
chiasso  &c.  =  Lat.  classicum  a  trumpet  -  signal ,  L.  L.  a  sound 
of  bells ,  cf.  conclassare  conclamare  Isid.  Gloss. 

Chiavica  It.  sewer,  conduit ;  coriiipted  from  cloaca^  L.  L.  clavaca, 
cluaca. 

Chiazza  It.  scab,  chiazzare;  from  G.  kletz  dirty,  bekletzen  to  soil. 

Chibo  —  ziba. 

Chicane  chiclie  ehicot  —  cica. 

Chieehera  —  xicara. 

Chiehe  —  cece. 


CHICHARO  —  CHIODO.  131 

Chieliaro  —  cece, 

Chieharro  —  cigala. 

Chico  —  cica. 

Chiedere  It.  to   demand,  =  poet,  cherere  from  qucerere,    Sp. 

querer  &c.,  r  =  ^  as  in  fiedere  from  ferire  &c.    Conquidere 

from  conquirere. 
Chien  Fr.  dog.    Canis  would  give  chain,  as  pants  pain.    The  / 

must  be  euphonic  (chiain,  chien)  as  in  lieu  for  leu  &c.,  or  must 

be  from  the  fem.  chienne  from  cania  (cf.  It.  cagnd)  as  Guienne 

from  Aquitania. 
Chieppa  cheppia  It.  a  fish ;  from  clupea  v.  Menage. 
ChiflFe  Fr.  poor  stuff;,  chiffon  rag.   Pic.  chifer,   Fr.  chiffonner, 

Champ,  chifouiller  to  tear,  rumple,  Piedm.  cifogne.    Grand- 

gagnage  makes  chiffonner  =  Wall,  cafougni,  chiffon  =  Wal. 

cafu,  Champ,  caftit  rubbish,  from  Du.  kaf  chaff.   But  cf.  E. 

chife  a  fragment,  chibble  (to  break  in  pieces)  shiver,  Du.  scheve, 

E.  shives. 
Chiflo  —  cinfolo. 
Chifre  —  cifra. 
Chiglia  It.  (chiela),  Sp.  quilla,  Fr.  quille,  E.  keel;  from  O.  H.G. 

kiol,  O.  N.  kiolr.   Fr.  quille  also  =  G.  kegel,  O.  H.  G.  ^e^?/. 
Chignon  Fr.  the  nape  of  the  neck,  O.  Fr.  chaaignon  chaignon 

for  chaignon  =  ring  or  link  of  a  chain  and  nape ;  from  cha'ine 

(O.  Fr.),  L.  catena.   Nicot  has:  chainon  du  col  vertebra  of  the 

neck,  Langued.  cadena  daou  col. 
Chillar  Sp.  to  scream,  cry  &c.;  from  sifflare  like  sollar  from 

sufflare.   Cf.  cigolare. 
Chimera  It.,   Sp.  quimera,  Fr.  chimere,   chimera  whim;   from 

chimaera. 
Chimica  cliiinie  —  alchimia. 
Chinehe  Sp.  Pg.  a  bug;  from  cimex,  It.  cimice. 
Chinea  —  haca. 
Chinquer  ■ —  escanciar. 
Chioceare  It.  to  beat;  O.  H.  G.  klochdn,  whence  also  cloche, 

clock,  G.  glocke. 
Chioeciare  crocciarelt.,  Sip.cloquear,  ^.Vr.clouchd,  Fr.glousser, 

Wal.  clocei  to  cluck,  G.  glucksen;  an  onomatop.  as  also  L. 

glocire,  cf.  A.  S.  cloccan,  E.  cluck.  It.  chioccia,  Sp.  clucea,  Pg. 

choka,  Wal.  cloce,  G.  glucke  a  brooding  hen;  hence  It.  chioccio, 

Sp.  clueco  llueco  hoarse. 
Chiocciola  It.  a  snail ;  for  cloce-iola,  dim.  of  a  form  cloccia  from 

coclea. 
Chiodo  cMovo  It.  a  nail  =  chiavo  from  clavus,  Sp.  clavo,  Fr. 

clou  &c.   From  chiavo  came  first  chio-o  =  Pr.  clau,  O.  Fr.  do, 

the  hiatus  being  filled  up  with  d  or  v^  cf.  padiglione  from 

pa'iglione  papiglione,  Rovigo  from  RoHgo  Rhodigium.    The  E. 

9* 


132  CHIOMA  —  CHORLO. 

form  is  clove  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  nail;  It.  cliiodo 
di  girofano ,  Fr.  clou  de  girofle,  Sp.  clavo  di  especias. 

Chioma  It.  the  hair  of  the  head;  from  coma,  i  =  1  inserted;  v. 
Kom.  Gr.  1,  269;  cf.  fiavo  =  favo  &c. 

CtLiotto  —  cheto. 

Chiourme  —  ciurma. 

Chiovo  —  chiodo, 

Chiquet  —  cica. 

Chirivia  Sp.,  Pg.  cherivia,  Fr.  chervis  chiroui  (m.),  E.  skirret,  a 
parsnep;  L.  siser. 

Chirlar  —  zirlare. 

Chisme  Sp.,  Cat.  xisme  slander ;  malicious  tale;  a  corruption  of 
schisma  (though  sch  does  not  regularly  =  Sp.  cli),  or  from  the 
Gk.  6L6ii6g  a  hissing? 

Chitarra  It.;  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  guitatTa,  Fr.  guitar e,  E.  guitar;  from 
Gk.  xLd'ccQa.  From  L.  cithara  come  It.  cetera  cetra,  Pr.  cidra 
citola,  0.  Fr.  citole  &c. 

Chito  —  zitto. 

Chiudere  It.;  Sp.  cluir  (in  compos.);  Pr.  claure,  Fr.  clore  to  close; 
from  cludere  and  claudere.  Hence  Pr.  esclaure,  Fr.  eclore  (ex 
and  claudo);  Pr.  esclure,  Fr.  exclure  (excluder e). 

Chiurlare  —  urlare. 

Choc  —  ciocco. 

Clioclio  Sp.  Pg.  of  weak  intellect ;  doting ;  prob.  from  suctus  for 
exsuctus,  cf.  sciocco. 

Choeolat  —  cioccolata. 

Choe  O.  Fr.;  Pic.  cave,  Pr.  cau  cliau  r=  L.  hubo.  Hence  Fr. 
chouette,  Pic.  cavette  a  screech-owl;  whence  It.  ciovetta  civetta, 
Ven.  zovetta,  Wal.  ciovice;  Pic.  also  cavan,  Anj.  chouan,  Berr. 
chavant,  Pr.  chauana,  Bret,  kaouan,  L.  L.  cavanus,  cauatina. 
The  Fr.  chat-huant  (hooting -cat)  is  prob.  a  corruption  of 
chouan.  From  the  same  root  comes  Pr.  caucala,  Fr.  choucas 
a  grey  croW;  also  Sp.  chova  (=  Fr.  choe)  a  jay;  Sp.  clioya 
a  jackdaw.  The  root  is  found  in  the  M.  H.  G.  chouh  an 
owl;  cf.  E.  chough  J  Du.  kauio  a  croW;  cf.  E.  caw. 

Choisir  Fr.;  Pr.  causir  chausir,  whence  It.  ciausire,  O.  Sp.  cosido 
(adj.);  O.  Pg.  cousimento  =  Pr.  causimen,  Pr.  escausir,  0.  Cat. 
scosir  to  choose ;  Fr.  choix,  Pr.  causit,  E.  choice;  from  Goth. 
kiusan,  0.  G.  kiosan  kiesen,  A.  S.  ceosan,  E.  choose,  or  from 
Goth,  kausjan  to  prove,  try,  which  suits  the  form  causir 
better? 

Chommer  —  calma. 

Chopine  Fr.  a  liquid  measure ;  Rouchi  chopc^  from  G.  schoppen* 

Chopper  —  zoppo. 

Cheque  choquer  —  ciocco. 

Chorlo  Sp.  iron-stone;  from  G.  schorl. 


CHORRO  —  CIARLARE.  133 

Chorro  Sp.,  Vg.chorro  andjorro  a  gush  of  water;  £rom  susurrtis ? 

Chose  —  cosa, 

Chotar  choto  —  ciocciare, 

Chou  —  cavolo, 

Chouan  choucas  chouette  —  choe. 

Choupo  —  pioppo. 

Chouvir  —  chiudere. 

Chova  choya  —  choe. 

Choza  Sp.  Pg.  a  hut.  Perhaps ,  from  plutea  for  pluleum  L.  L.  a 
shelter;  it  is  not  the  same  word  as  Sp.  llosaj  Pg.  chousa  an 
enclosed  place,  L.  clausa. 

Chubarba  — jusbarha, 

Chubasco  — pioggia. 

Chucho  Sp.  a  long- eared  owl,  so  called  from  its  cry,  or  from 
its  being  supposed  to  suck  the  blood  of  children,  Pg.  chuchar 
to  suck,  Piedm.  ciuce, 

Chuchoter  chut  —  zitto. 

Chufa  —  ciufolo. 

Chulo  Sp.  Pg.  a  jester;  cf.  It.  zurlare  to  jest. 

Chumazo  Pg.  a  pillow ;  from  plwna ,  It.  piumaccio  and  pimaccio. 

Chupar  —  sopa. 

Chus  O.  Sp.  adv.  of  comparison ,  froiaplus,  0.  Pg.  chus,  chos, 

Chusma  —  ciurma. 

Chuva  —  pioggia. 

Chuzo  Sp.  Pg.  head  of  a  spear,  spear.  Perhaps  from  pilum  piluzo 
pluzo  chuzo. 

Ci  —  qui. 

Cia  —  te. 

Ciabatta  It.,  Sp.  zapata,  Fr.  savate  an  old  shoe,  Sp.  Pg.  zapato 
a  shoe.  From  Arab,  thahhdt ,  and  perhaps  the  same  word  as 
Fr.  sahot  a  wooden  shoe.  It.  ciahattajo  ciahaitiere,  Sp.  zapa- 
tero,  Fr.  savetier  a  cobbler.  But,  according  to  Mahn,  from 
the  Basque  zapata  a  shoe,  zapatu  to  tread,  root  zap,  Gr.  sap- 
pen  to  tread  heavily. 

Ciacco  It.  a  pig.  Perhaps  from  Gk.  Ov^a^  Ov^axos  whence 
siacco  ciacco,  cf.  camicia  for  camisia. 

Ciampa  —  tape  (2). 

Ciancia  It.  raillery,  jest,  trifle,  ciancare  to  jest,  mock,  Rh.  cion- 
cia  tattling,  Sp.  Pg.  cMw2:«  joke,  facetiousness ;  formed  from 
the  sound,  cf.  Sp.  chdchara,  E.  chatter,  N.  Gr.  Tt,dtt,ala,  E. 
chaff. 

Ciarlare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  charlar ,  Val.  charrar ,  Norm,  charer  to 
chatter,  prattle.  It.  ciarlatano,  Fr.  E.  charlatan  a  tattler, 
mountebank.  Like  ciancia,  a  word  derived  from  the  sound  of 
chattering  or  chirping.  Cf.  Sp.  chirlar  to  chirp,  prattle.  It. 
zirlare,  Basque  chirchila  =  charlatan.   From  Norm,  charer  is 


134  CIARPA  —  CIGOLARE. 

prob.  formed  charade.  The  It.  cerretano  =  ciarlatano  is  said 
to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  a  town  Cerreto. 

Ciarpa  —  sciarpa, 

Ciascuno  It.,  Pr.  0.  Sp.  cascun,  Fr.  chacun,  from  quisque  uniis, 
cf.  chaque;  It.  ciascheduno  from  quisque  et  unus,  or  quisque  ad 
unum,  like  O.  Sp.  quiscadauno,  v.  cadauno, 

Ciausire  —  choisir. 

Cibera  —  cibada. 

Ciborio  It.  Pg.,  Fr.  ciboire,  the  vessel  for  containing  the  con- 
secrated elements,  Pr.  cihori,  O.  Fr.  ciboire,  Sp.  Pg.  cimborio 
the  cupola  or  dome  over  the  altar,  L.  L.  ciborium,  M.  Gr. 
XLJicjQiov'^  from  kl^coqiov  a  seed-vessel  of  a  plant,  a  "vessel". 

Ciea  It.  a  trifle,  adj.  cigoio  single,  Sp.  chico,  Cat.  xic,  chic  small, 
Fr.  chiche  parsimonious  (cf.  Gr.  6^LXQLvr]g  parsimony).  Fr. 
chiquet  a  morsel,  chicot  a  sprig,  stump,  Sp.  chicotc  end  of  a 
rope,  chichota  (Sp.)  a  trifle,  Fr.  chichoter  to  wrangle  about 
trifles,  Sp.  cicatear  to  be  parsimonious.  From  L.  ciccum  (cic- 
cum  non  interduim  =  non  darei  ciea),  c  =  ch  as  in  Sp.  chicharo, 
Fr.  chiche  from  cicer.  Hence  also  Fr.  chicane  (l)  a  crumb  (2) 
hair-splitting,  wrangling,  E.  chicane. 

Cieigna  It.  blind -worm;  for  ciciglia  from  caecilia,  with  change 
of  suffix  to  distinguish  it  from  Ciciglia  =  Sicilia. 

Cieisbeo  It.,  from  Fr.  chiche  (little)  and  beau. 

Ciclaton  Sp.,  Pr.  sisclaton,  0.  Fr.  siglaton,  Sp.  also  ciclada,  a 

woman's  dress ;  from  cyclas  cycladis. 
Cidra  cidro  cidronela  —  cedro. 
Cidre  —  sidro. 
Ciera  —  cara. 
Cierge  Fr.,  Pr.  ciri  wax -taper;  from  cereus. 

Cierna  Sp.  the  flower  or  best  of  anything,  Pg.  cerne  the  heart  of 
wood ,  cf.  It.  cerna  choice ,  and  refuse ;  from  cernere  to  sift, 
Sp.  cerner  to  sift,  to  blossom. 

Cierzo  —  cers. 

Cifra  cifera  It.  cipher  (secret  writing),  Sp.  Pg.  cifra  a  numeral 
figure,  Fr.  chiffre,  E.  cipher  in  both  senses.  Grig,  a  figure 
denoting  a  blank  or  nought,  cifra  figura  nihilij  Wal.  cifre, 
From  Ar.  cifr  empty,  nought,  cafira  vacuum  esse.  Accord- 
ing to  Malin,  it  is  the  same  word  as  Sp.  Pg.  It.  E.  zero,  Fr. 
zero. 

Cigala  It.  Pr.  Cat.,  Fr.  cigale,  ^^.cigarra  a  grass -hopper;  from 
cicada.  The  Sp.  chicharra  imitates  the  chirping  noise  it 
makes. 

Cigarra  —  cigala. 

Cigolare  It.,  scivolare  to  creak;  from  sibilare  (Ferrari).  Cf.  Ven. 


CIGOLO  —  CINGHIA.  135 

cigare  to  creak,  It.  cingottare  to  chirp.     These  may  be  all 
onomatopoeia. 

Cigolo  —  cica. 

Cigiiena  Sp.,  Pg.  cegonha  a  crane  for  pumping  water  &c. ;  from 
ciconia, 

CiUa  —  celda. 

Cima  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  cime  top.  From  cyma  a  tender  sprout, 
Wal.  chime,  0.  Sp.  cima  a  twig,  orig.  =  the  top  of  a  plant, 
cf.  It.  vetta.  Hence  It.  cimiero,  Sp.  cimera,  Fr.  cimier  a  crest, 
Wal.  tzimiriu  a  token,  coat-of-arms,  M.  H.  G.  zimier  zimierde. 

Cimbel  —  zimbello. 

Cimbra  —  centinare. 

Cimbrar  Sp.  to  brandish  a  rod  (prop,  to  bend),  cimbreho  pliant ; 
according  to  Larramendi,  from  Bascjue  cimela  pliant;  but  cf. 
cimbra. 

Cimento  It.  proof,  experiment,  risk,  cimentare  to  put  to  the 
proof  &c.,  cimentoso  nazardous,  cimento  also  =  cement,  Sp. 
cimiento  =  foundation,  cimiento  real  cement,  prop,  a  composi- 
tion of  vinegar,  salt,  and  brick- dust  used  in  the  refining  of 
gold ,  cimento  cement ,  cimentar  to  found ,  refine  gold ,  Fr.  ci- 
ment,  cimenter,  E.  cement,  L.  L.  cimentum  fundamentum;  cae- 
mentare  sedificare,  caementarins  qui  muros  struit.  The  Sp.  and 
Fr.  words  are  easily  traced  to  the  L.  caementum.  The  It.  ci- 
mento =  proof,  presents  more  difficulty.  Diez  follows  Ferrari 
in  deriving  it  from  specimen  specimentum  (cf.  cantamen  canta- 
mentum  &c.,  for  the  rejection  of  the  first  syllable,  baco  for 
bombaco,  ciulla  iov  fanciulla  &c.).  The  meaning,  however,  of 
^'experiment"  may  without  much  difficulty  be  deduced  from 
that  of  "a  composition  for  refining  gold",  v.  Mahn. 

Cimeterio  It.,  Sp.  cimenterio,  Fr.  cimetiere,  0.  E.  centric,  E. 
cemetery;  from  coemeterium  (xoi^TjTTJQLOv).  For  cemetery  we 
have  It.  carnajo,  Sp.  carnero,  Pr.  carnier,  Fr.  charnier,  E. 
charnel-house,  O.  H.  Gr.  charnare;  from  carnarium. 

Cimeterre  eimitarra  —  scimitarra. 

Cinabro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  cinabrio,  Fr.  cinabre,  Pr.  cynobre,  E.  cin- 
nabar; from  L.  cinnabaris;  Wal.  chinovar  from  xivvapdcQig. 

Cincel  Sp.,  Pg.  sizel,  Fr.  ciseau,  chisel,  Fr.  ciseaux  scissors; 
ciseler  &c.  to  chisel.  From  secellns  dim.  of  secula  a  sickle ,  or 
from  sicilicula  (sicilis)  in  Plautus ,  whence  sicilicellus,  scilcellus. 
This  latter  is  supported  by  the  wavering  between  c  and  s,  and 
also  by  the  Sp.  ti  for  /,  cf.  zonzo  from  insnlsus. 

Cincilio  —  cencio. 

Cinghia  It.,  Wal.  chinge,  Pg.  cilha,  Pr.  singla,  Fr.  sangle  a  belt, 
chingiare  &G.  to  gird;  from  cingida;  It.  cinto  cinta,  Sp.  cinto 
cinta  cincha,  Pr.  cinta  from  cinctus  (sbst.).  From  cingere  It. 
cigna,  Pr.  cenha,  0.  Fr.  segne. 


136  CINGHIALE  —  CITRON. 

Cinghiale  It.,  Pr.  senglar,  Fr.  sanglier  a  wild  boar,  L.  L.  singii- 
laris  epur.  So  called  from  its  solitary  habits ,  cf.  Gk.  ftoviog, 
Sard,  sulone,  and  cf.  Gk.  otavog  (bird  of  prey)  from  olog. 
Cinghiale  for  sitighiale  as  concistorio  for  consistorio,  camicia 
for  camisia. 

Cingler  Fr.  to  whip,  from  cingulum.   Berr.  sillon  =  whipcord. 

Cingler  —  singlar, 

Cingottare  —  cigolare, 

Cintre  —  centinare. 

Cio  It.,  Pr.  aisso  so,  0.  Fr.  ico  co  (ceo),  Fr.  ce  from  ecce  hoc; 
Pr.  aquo  aco  from  eccu'  hoc, 

Cio  —  zelo, 

Cioeciare  It.  to  suck,  G.  zutschen;  It.  ciotola  a  drinking- cup, 
Sw.  zotteli,  G.  zaiite;  Sp.  chotar  to  suck,  choto  a  sucking-kid. 
Com.  dot  a  child,  ciotin  a  lamb,  Rh.  ischutt;  Champ.  txUer  to 
suck  the  fingers.    All  onomatopoeia. 

Ciocco  It.  a  block,  O.  Fr.  choquc  chouquet  a  root,  Fr.  choc,  Sp. 
choque  a  thrust,  shock,  chocar  choqiier  to  thrust,  G.  schock 
schocken,  E.  shock;  cf.  also  It.  ciocca  a  tuft  with  G.  schock  a 
heap.    Cf.  /o/?/?o. 

Cioccolata  It.,  Sp.  chocolate,  Fr.  chocolat,  E.  chocolate,  Vn^m 
Mexican  chocollatl. 

Ciofo  It.  wretch ,  base ,  mean  fellow ;  from  G.  schuft. 

Cioncare  It.  to  break,  mutilate,  Rh.  ciuncar,  Wal.  citing  nuitil- 
atod,  Hung,  tsonka;  from  truncare,  or  from  It.  ciocco? 

Cioppa  —  giubba, 

Ciotola  —  cioeciare, 

Ciottare  —  azote. 

Ciriegia  ciliegialt.,  Sp.  cereza,  Pg.  cercja,  Pr.  serisia,  Fr.  cerise, 
Wal.  cercise,  E.  cherry;  from  adj.  ceraseus,  like  many  others 
names  of  trees  ffaggio,  prugna,  quercia),  It.  ciriegia  Rsprimiero 
from  prima r ins. 

Ciro  It.  a  pig;  from  x^^Q^s"^ 

Ciruela  Sp.  a  plum;  from  cereola,  cf.  prunum  cereum  (Virgil). 

Cirzir  —  znrcir, 

Cisale  —  cisoje. 

Ciseau  ciseler  —  cincel. 

Cisemus  O.  Fr.  con-upted  from  the  O.  H.  G.  zisi-miis,  A.  S. 
sise-mm,  L.  L.  cisimus,  G.  ziselmans  a  shrew-mouse. 

Cisma  It.  Sp.,  Pr.  scisma,  O.  Fr.  cisme,  schism;  from  schisma, 

Cisne  —  cecero. 

Citano  —  zutano. 

Citriuolo  It.  a  cucumber,  Fr.  citroiiille  a  gourd;  irom  citrenm, 

V.  cidro. 
Citron  citronnelle  citrouille  —  cedro. 


CITTA  —  CLAVICEMBALO.  137 

Citta  It.,  Wal.  cetate,  Sp.  ciudad,  Pr.  ciutat,  Fr.  cite,  Pr.  nom. 
ciu,  0.  Fr.  cit,  E.  ciiy;  from  civitas. 

Ciudad  —  citta, 

CiufiFo  It.  a  top,  top -knot;  from  G.  scJiopf,  or  from  zopf,  Lomb. 
zuff,  V.  zuffa. 

Ciufolo  zTifolo  It.,  Sp.  chufa,  Pr.  chiifla;  O.  Fr.  chtifle,  Sp.  Pr. 
^^^yZflf  whistle ,  taunt,  jest;  Yh.  zufolare  Slc.  A  word  formed 
from  the  sound ,  influenced  by  the  L.  sihilare  and  sufflare  v. 
siffler.  Some  make  zufolo  the  same  as  the  Etrurian  subulo  a 
flute  -  player. 

Ciurmalt.,  Sp.Pg.  chusma,  Pg.  also  churma  chulma,  Yv.chioiirme 
the  crew  of  rowers  in  a  gallery.  From  neXsv^^a  the  signal 
for  the  rowers,  whence  it  came  to  designate  the  rowers  them- 
selves, cf.  G.  commando.  From  TceXsva^a  came  cleusma  chusma, 
as  from  clamare  chamar,  Sic.  chiurma  for  clurma  clusma,  It. 
ciurma  for  chiurma  as  jmorcia  from  morchia.  Of  the  same 
origin  is  It.  ciurmare  to  charm  with  mystical  words  and  signs. 

Civada  —  cebada. 

Civaja  It.  vegetables ;  from  cibaria. 

Civanza  —  chef. 

Give  Fr.,  civette,  E.  chive;  from  c^j9«  an  onion. 

Civeo  — •  civiere. 

Civetta  —  choe. 

Civire  —  chef. 

Cizza  —  tetta. 

Clabaud  —  glapir. 

Claie  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  cloie,  Pr.  cleda  hurdle -work,  basket-work, 
L.  L.  clida,  clia,  dim.  cletella.  It  is  a  Celtic  word,  Fr.  cliath, 
W.  clwyd.  L.  L.  cretellw  =:  clitellm  a  pack-saddle  (prop,  of 
basket-work). 

Clairon  clarinette  —  chiarina. 

Clamp  Fr.  Wall,  a  clamp,  Norm,  acclamper  to  clamp;  from 
O.  N.  klampij  M.  H.  G.  klampfe,  G.  klammevj  E.  clamp. 

Clap  Pr.  a  heap,  mass,  clapiera,  O.  Fr.  clapier,  aclapar  to  heap 

lip ;  =  W.  clap  clamp  a  heap ,  lump. 
Clapier  —  clapir. 
Clapir  Fr.  (se  clapir)  to  run  to  burrow  (of  rabbits) ;  clapier  a 

burrow,  prop,  a  heap  of  stones,  E.  clapper,  from  clap  in  Lang. 

=  a  stone,  =  W.  clap,  Iclamp  a  lump.   Diez  refers  clapir  to 

L.  clepere  to  steal. 
Claque  Fr.  a  crack,  sound  of  a  blow  &c.,  claquer  to  clack,  clap, 

clatter;  an  onomatop.,  Du.  Mack,  vb.  klakken.' 

Clarinetto  —  chiarina. 

Clatir  —  ghiattire. 

Clavicembalo  gravicembalo  It.,  Sp.  clavecimhano,  Fr.  clavecin  a 


138  CLEDA  —  COBRAR. 

harpsichord;  from  clavis  a  key,  stop  (Fr.  clavier  a  row  of 
keys),  and  cymbalum, 

Cleda  —  claie, 

Cligner  Fr.  to  wink,  Pic.  O.  Fr.  diner  dinner ,  sbst.  din,  Fr. 
din  d'ceil;  from  dinar e  to  nod.  For  digner  for  diner  cf. 
O.  Fr.  crigne  for  crine,  Fr.  harpigner  from  harpin.  O.  Fr. 
dingier  is  from  a  form  dinicare. 

Clinehe  Fr.,  Norm,  danche,  Champ.  Wall.c/?>Ae,  O.Fr.  denque, 
Pic.  diquet  a  latch ;  from  G.  klinke,  Du.  A7mA-,  a  word  derived 
from  the  sound  ("unhfted  was  \\ie  d inking  latch''),  or  =  a 
fastener,  and  connected  with  ding,  dench,  dinch,  Dii.  klinken 
to  fasten. 

Clinquant  Fr.  tinsel ,  dincaille  pots  and  pans ,  corrupted  quin- 
caille  frippery,  vb.  se  requinqxier  to  bedizen  oneself;  from  Du. 
klinken,  G.  klingen,  E.  dink,  Fr.  qmncailler  ^=  a  tinman. 

Clique  Pic.  a  slap,  vb.  cliquer,  Fr.  diquet  diquclte,  E.  dicket  a 
clapper  &c.,  vb.  diqueter.  An  onomatop.  G.  klick,  E.  dick. 
The  Fr.  E.  clique  perhaps  =  a  noisy  conclave. 

Clisse  eclisse  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  dice  esclice  a  splint;  from  O.  H.  G. 
kliozan  to  split  (i  from  io  as  in  quillc  from  kiol). 

Cloche  Fr.  =  campana  in  the  south,  a  bell,  Pr.  cloca  clodia, 
Piedm.  Com.  cioca,  O.  Fr.  vb.  dochcr,  Pr.  docar;  from  L.  L. 
clocca  cloca  =  A.  S.  clucge,  N.  klucke,  O.  H.  G.  docca,  glocca, 
G.  glocke,  E.  clocks  Ir.  c/o^/,  W.  ^/oc^.  Clock  is  a  variation  of 
clack  and  is  imitative  of  the  sound  made  by  a  blow. 

Clocher  —  clop. 

Clop  O.  Fr.  Pr.  lame,  halting  (W.  kloff),  sbst.  0.  Fr.  clopin, 
dopinel,  E.  doping,  vb.  eloper,  dopiner,  Fr.  edope.  L.  L. 
cloppus  ==  ;ta3A6g.  More  likely  from  the  G.  klopfcn  kloppen  to 
knock  (cf.  club-footed),  than,  as  Diez,  from  xokoiTiovg.  An- 
other word  for  eloper  is  clocher.  Pic.  cloquer,  Pr.  dopchar, 
from  L.  L.  doppicare,  cf.  It.  zoppicare. 

Clore  —  chiudere. 

Clou  —  diiodo. 

Coalla  —  quaglia. 

Cobalto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  E.  cobalt,  Fr.  cobolt;  from  G.  Xro^rt/^  (from 
Boh.  /:o?^^  metal,  or  =  kobold  mountain -goblin). 

Cobarde  —  codardo. 

Cobe  —  cupido. 

Cobrar  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  O.  Fr.  coubrer  to  recover,  O.  H.  Q^.koboron; 
from  recuperare ,  the  simple  form,  preserved,  like  so  many 
lost  Latin  words,  in  the  Rom.  cuperarCy  would  be  from  capere, 
formed  perhaps,  on  the  analogy  of  super  are,  to  which  it  is  akin 
in  meaning.  The  Lat.  verb  recuperare'\'^  preserved  in  the  Rom. 
but  with  a  different  meaning :  It.  ricovrare  to  escape,  Sp.  reco- 
brarse,  Pr.  recobrar,  O.  Fr.  recouvrer  to  recover  (from  sick- 


COCAGNE  —  COCHIGLIA.  139 

ness);  cf.  L.  L.  rex  cegrotavit  quo  recuperante  filius  cegrotare 
caepit.   Cf.  ressortir  (v.  sortir)  and  Gk.  avccao^ClaCd'm. 

Coeagne  —  cuccagna. 

Co9ar  Pg.  to  scratch,  tickle;  perhaps  from  coquere  to  burn, 
coctus,  coctiare.   Hence,  too,  Sp.  coscar,  cosquillas? 

Coearde  —  coq, 

Cocca  It.,  Pr.  coca  (in  encocar),  Fr.  coche,  E.  cock  the  notch  of 
a  cross-bow;  It.  coccare  to  cock,  to  lay  the  bowstring  in  the 
notch ,  scoccare  to  discharge  an  arrow ,  Fr.  encocher  &c.  Of 
uncertain  derivation.  Wedg.  derives  the  verb  cock,  coccare 
from  the  sound  of  a  quick  sudden  motion  imitated  by  the  syl- 
lable cock ,  which  word  is  also  used  to  express  sharp  projec- 
tions {cog  of  a  wheel)  or  indentations  (notch). 

Cocca  It.,  Sp.  coca,  O.  Fr.  coque,  Fr.  coche,  E.  cock  =  cock- 
hoat,  cf.  coxswain.  From  concha  as  cocchiglia  from  conchylium. 
We  have  also  O.  H.  G.  koccho,  Dan.  kog,  W.  cwch,  Bret. 
koked.  From  concha  also  come  0.  Sp.  coca,  Sard,  conca  head 
(cf.  testa,  Grk.  'ii6y%v\)^  Sp.  cogote,  Pr.  cogot  the  occiput,  also 
Fr.  coque  egg-shell,  cocon  cocoon;  from  concheiis  come  It. 
coccio  potsherd,  coccia  head,  Sp.  cuezo  cueza  basket. 

Cocchio  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  coche  (m.),  E.  coach.  According  to  some, 
from  Hung,  kotczy  (Wal.  code,  Alb.  cotzi);  others  make  it 
etymologically  the  same  word  as  couch,  from  Du.  koetse  = 
couch  or  coach  (litter),  which  from  koetsen  =  coucher  to  lie. 
Diez,  however,  makes  cocchio  a  masc.  dim.  oi  cocca  a  boat, 
and  from  cocchio  Fr.  coche,  Sp.  coche,  Gr.  kutsche,  cf.  from 
It.  nicchia,  Fr.  niche,  Sp.  nicho. 

Coccia  coccio  —  cocca. 

Cocciniglia  It.,  Sp.  cochinilla,  Fr.  cochenille^  E.  cochineal;  from 
^^.cochinilla  a  wood-louse  (dim.  of  cochina  a  sow);  the  Spani- 
ards gave  this  name  to  the  Mexican  insect,  which  resembles 
a  wood-louse.   The  It.  spells  the  word  as  if  from  coccinus, 

Cocear  —  coz. 

Cochar  —  coitar. 

Coche  Fr.  a  sow,  whence  cochon  and  Sp.  cochino,  cochastro, 
cochamhre.  Perhaps  the  same  word  as  coche  a  nick  or  notch 
(cocca),  cf.  Sp.  earner 0  from  crena,  Piedm.  crina  sow,  from 
crena. 

Coche  —  cocca. 

Coche  —  cocchio. 

Cochenille  cochinilla  —  cocciniglia. 

Cochevis  Fr.  a  tufted  lark  =  Pg.  cotovia,  Sp.  totovia;  from  the 
Bret,  kodioch,  v.  Mahn  Unters.  p.  26. 

Cochiglia  It.,  Fr.  coquille  a  mussel;  from  conchylium ,  as  Sp.  co- 
quina  from  concha. 


140  COCHINO  —  COGOTE. 

Coehino  —  coche. 

Cocon  —  cocca  (2). 

Cocu  —  cucco. 

Coda  It.;  Pr.  coa,  Fr.  queue,  Sp.  Pg.  cola  (cf.  esquela  for  esqueda 
=  scheda  &c.,  O.  Sp.  co(i)  a  tail  5  from  cauda.  Hence  It.  codi- 
one  codrione  a  bird's  tail,  O.  Sp.  codilla  the  nimp,  codasta  the 
stern  of  a  ship;  vb.  It.  scodare,  Fr.  ecoiier  to  dock  the  tail. 

Codardo  It.,  Pr.  co«r^,  O.  Fr.  coart  coard  couard  (whence  E. 
coward),  Sp.  Pg.  cobarde,  O.  Sp.  cohardo  (from  coardo  as 
juvicio  from  juicio),  Fr.  couard.  From  cauda  a  tail ,  so  =  one 
who  holds  back,  cf.  O.  Fr.  couarder  to  retire.  Or  there  is  \.\ 
reference  to  a  terrified  animal  with  his  tail  between  his  legs. 
In  heraldry  a  lion  so  depicted  is  called  a  lion  couart.  Mahn, 
Unters.  p.  76,  says  that  couart  was  a  name  used  by  the  old 
fabulists  for  a  hare,  cod-ard-o  =  badly -tailed,  short -tailed, 
V.  Rom.  Gr.  2,  311. 

Codaste  —  coda. 

Codea,  codena  —  coienna. 

Codeso  Sp.  from  cytisus,  corrupted  cutesus, 

Codieia  —  cupido. 

Codillo  codo  —  cuhito. 

Codol  Pr.  Cat.,  Parm.  Crem.  codol,  N.  Pr.  codou  a  sort  of  stone; 
from  cos  cotis. 

Codrione  —  coda. 

Coello  —  coniglio. 

Cofano  cofaro  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  cofre,  Fr.  coffre,  E.  coffer,  also  Sp. 
cuehano  a  large  basket,  Sp.Pr.^o/?;?,  Fr.  coffin  a  small  basket, 
E.  coffin;  from  cophinus.  Bret,  kof  =  thc^  belly,  A.  S.  co/a 
cave.  Sp.  cofa,  cofe,  It.  coffa  =  the  scuttle  of  a  mast.  The 
same  root  appears  in  cavus. 

Cofe  eofifre  —  cofano. 

Cofla  —  cuffia. 

Coger  —  cogliere. " 

Cogliere  It.,  Sp.  coger,  Pg.  colher,  Pr.  Fr.  cuiellir  (E.  coil),  Wal. 
culedge  to  collect;  from  coUigere.  Hence  Sp.  escoger  to  select; 
O.  Pg.  sbst.  escol  the  best  of  anything,  Pr.  escolh  species. 

Coglione  It.  dial,  cojon,  ^\i.cojon,  Pr.  Ywcoillon  testiculus;  from 
coleus,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  coil,  Wal.  coiu.  Coglione  also  =  coward, 
wretch  ,  Sp.  collon,  Fr.  coy  on. 

Cognato  It.,  Sp.  cuhado,  Pr.  ciinhat,  Wal.  cumnat  (fem.  cognafa 
&c.)  brother-in-law;  from  cognatus.   The  Fr.  has  beau-frere. 

Cogno  It.  a  wine -measure;  irora  congius. 

Cogollo  Sp.  the  heart  of  a  cabbage  &c. ;  perhaps  a  corruption  of 
cologlo  from  cauliculus. 

Cogoma  It.  a  pot;  from  cucuma,  whence  also  Fr,  coquemar. 

Cogote  —  cocca. 


COGOTZ  —  COLMENA.  *     141 

Cogotz  COgul  —  CllCCO. 

Cogujada  Sp.;  Cat.  cogiiUada  a  crested  lark.  It.  cappelluta;  from 
cogulla  a  hood,  L.  cucullus.  Hence  also  cogujon  the  corner  of 
a  pillow  or  bolster. 

CotLue  Fr.  noise,  bustle;  perhaps  from  con  and  huer  to  cry?  The 
Berrichon  has  calmer  from  huer. 

Coi  —  cheto. 

CoifiPe  —  cuffia. 

Coillon  —  coglione. 

Coin  Fr.  corner,  wedge;  from  cuneus,  It. conio  &c.  Hence  cogne'e 
an  axe;  quignon  for  cuignon  a  lunch,  whence  Sp.  quihon,  Pg. 
quinhao  a  share. 

Going  —  cotogna. 

Cointe  —  conto. 

Coitar  eoehar  O.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  O.  Fr.  cotter  to  push,  throng, 
press,  hasten;  sbst.  O.  Sp.  Pr.  coita;  adj.  coitoso  hasty.  From 
a  freq.  form  coctare  (coquere),  Cf.  0.  Sp.  cochado  =  oocido, 
0.  Pg.  coito  ==  coctus. 

Coitare  O.  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  cuidar,  O.  Fr.  cuidier,  Fr.  cuider  to 
care;  from  cogitare.  O.  It.  cotOj  O.  Sp.  cuida,  Sp.  Pg.  cuidado 
care.  Hence  It.  tracotanza,  Fr.  outrecuidance  presumption,  = 
uUracogitantia. 

Coite  —  coUrice. 

Cojon  —  coglione. 

Col  —  cavolo. 

Cola  It.,  Sp.  aculldf  Pg.  acold^  Wal.  colea  adverb  of  place;  from 
eccv!  iliac. 

Cola  —  coda. 

Coleare  eorcare  eoricare  It.,  Wal.  culca,  Pr.  colgar,  Fr.  coucher 
to  couch,  Sp.  Pg.  colgar  to  suspend.  Cat.  to  cover  with  earth, 
lay  a  shoot  (It.  eoricare);  from  collocare,  L.  L.  culcare. 

Coleha  —  coltrice. 

Colchete  —  croc. 

Colgar  —  coleare. 

Colla  It.,  Sp.  cola,  Fr.  colle  glue;  from  Tiolka. 

Collare  It.  to  torture,  colla  a  rope  for  torturing;  prob.  from  M. 
H.  G.  quellen,  kollen  to  fetter,  punish  (G.  qudleii);  from  the 
punishment  of  mast-heading,  collare  came  to  mean  "to  hoist 
sails''. 

CoUazo  Sp.  a  foster-brother;  from  collacteus  for  collactaneus. 

Collon  —  coglione. 

Collottola  It.  the  nape;  from  collum. 

Colmena  Sp.,  Vg.colmea  a  bee-hive.  Not,  as  Diez  gives,  follow- 
ing the  Spanish  etymologers,  from  the  Arsih.  kuwdra  min  nahl 
a  hive  of  bees,  but,  probably,  from  the  Basque  koloenwenan 
a  bee -hive  (koloen  a  straw -fabric  and  gwenan  bees),   spelt 


142   '  COLMILLO  —  COMBRO. 

colmena  as  if  =  colmena  a  well -stocked   place  (colmar)j  v. 
Mahn,  Unters.  p.  54. 

Colmillo  Sp.,  Pg.  colmilho  a  tusk,  fang;  from  columella,  so  = 
dens  columellaris;  Sp.  columelares  =  incisors.  Isid.  has :  denies 
caninos  vulgus  colomellos  vocant. 

Colmo  It.  Sp.;  Fr.  comUe  heap,  summit,  vb.  colmare  &c.,  to  heap 
up.  From  cumulus  and  culmen,  the  latter  being  found  also  in 
'^'^.cumhre,  Vg.ciime  summit,  the  former  in  Pg.  fo/woro  combro, 
L.  L.  combrus  a  mound ,  Pr.  comol  =  It.  colmo  full ;  from  cu- 
mulus also  come  Pr.  Yr.encombre,  li.ingombro  an  incumbrance, 
encombrar ,  encombrer  combrer,  ingombrare,  E.  cumber  in- 
cumber; Fr.  decombres  rubbish.  It.  sgoinbrare  to  remove.  G. 
kummer,  E.  comber  grief,  trouble  are  from  the  Rom. 

Coiodra  Sp.  milkpail,  wine -vessel.  Of  micertain  origin.  Prob- 
ably, a  compound  with  uter,  Diez.  Perhaps  the  col-  is  the 
same  as  in  colostrum.  From  coiodra  comes  Sp.  colodrillo  the 
occiput,  cf.  testa, 

Colpo  It.,  0.  Sp.  colpe,  Sp.  Pg.  golpe,  Pr.  colp,  Fr.  coup  a  blow; 
It.  colpire  to  strike,  O.  Sp.  colpar,  Fr.  couper  to  knock  off, 
cut  off.  From  colaphus,  which  in  L.  L.  appears  as  colapus 
colopus, 

Coltrice  It.  (for  colcitre),  O.  Sp.  colcedra,  Pr.  cousser  cosser  a 
mattress;  from  culcitra;  It.  coltra  coltre  (f.),  0.  Fr.  cotre,  Fr. 
coultre  from  culctra;  Sp.  Pg.  colcha  from  cnlcta  for  ctdcita, 
whence  also  Fr.  coidte  (E.  quilt),  coite  couette,  O.  Fr.  coute 
keute  quieute  (for  colte  &c.),  Vv.cota  (for  colta  as  mot  for  »io/^). 
From  ctdcita  punct a  came  Fr.  coulte - pointe ,  courte-pointe,  by 
corruption,  contre  -  pointe ,  whence  E.  counterpane,  Culcita  is 
from  the  Celtic,  W.  cxjlch  a  circle,  cylched  bed-clothes.  From 
ctdcita  would  be  formed  a  dim.  culcitlnum  culctinum,  whence 
It.  cuscino,  Sp.  coxin,  Fr.  coussiyi,  E.  cushion,  G.  kiissen. 

Colui  —  quello, 

Comadreja  Sp.  a  weasel,  properly  =  a  little  godmother,  cf.  bele 
and  Grimm's  Reinhart,  p.  224. 

Combagio  It.  a  joining,  combagiare  to  join  =  combaciare  (bacio) 
to  kiss,  to  jom,  perhaps  with  some  reference  to  L.  compages^ 

Comble  —  colmo, 

Combleza  —  bercer. 

Combo  Sp.,  Pr.  comb  bent,  crooked;  Sp.  comba  a  bending,  Pr. 
comba,  O.  Fr.  combe  a  deep  valley  (cf.  Alta- comba y  Comba- 
longa,  Como),  Piedm.  conba,  Com.  gomba;  Sp.  combar  to  bend, 
Gen.  ingumbdse.  From  W.  cwm,  E.  combe  a  valley.  There 
is  no  necessity  to  have  recourse,  with  Diez,  to  the  L.  con- 
cavus, 

Combrer  —  colmo, 

Combro  —  colmo. 


COME  —  CONCERTO.  143 

Come  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  O.It.  como,  Sic.  comu,  O.Sp.  O.Pg.  Pr.  O.Fr. 
com  cum,  Wal.  cum,  Fr.  comme,  Pr.  coma;  from  L.  quomodo. 
Hence  Pr.  cotnent,  Fr.  comment,  Sard,  comenti;  also  Pr.  co552, 
COW552  from  quomodo  sic.  The  Pr.has  also  t?o  for  co7n  as  L.  ^wo 
for  quomodo. 

Comer  Sp.  Pg.  to  eat;  from  comedere. 

Cominciare  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  comenzar,  Pg.  comecar,  Fr.  commencer, 
E.  commence;  from  cum  and  initiare  (Mil.  inza);  O.Sp.  compen- 
zar  compezar.  Sard,  incumbenzai  from  in-cum-initiare ;  Sp.  ^m- 
pezar  from  in -initiare,     Wal.  has  incepe  from  incipere,  Rh. 

Comment  ■ —  (^o/^if*. 
Comoro  —  colmo. 

Compagno  It.,  Sp.  compaho,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  compaing,  Gr.  companion; 
compagnia  &c.  company;  compagnare  accompagnare  &c.  From 
the  L.  L.  companium,  from  cw^  and  ^flr/?25  on  the  analogy  of 
the  O.H.  (ji.gi?nazOj  gileip  from  ^^  =  cm;;?  and  m«2ro  meat,  /6'?/? 
bread.  ThusDiez,  who  rejects  the  derivation  from  co;w-/?«^^;iW5 
(pagus),  there  being,  he  alleges,  no  instance  of  a  similar  change 
of  accent  in  derivatives  from  words  in  -anus.  But  the  change 
of  accent  may  have  arisen  from  the  growing  usage  oi  pagano 
in  another  sense,  the  commoner  word  naturally  taking  the 
shorter  form.  The  g  is  found  in  the  oldest  L.  L.  ubi  habuisti 
mansionem  hdc  node  compagn,  cf .  O.  Fr.  compaing.  Moreover, 
the  meaning  of  compagnia  =  confederation,  points  rather  to 
pagus  than  to  panis.  The  derivation  from  pagus  would  be 
further  supported  by  the  word  semipaganus  in  Persius ,  if,  as 
has  been  suggested,  the  meaning  be  not  "half  a  clown ^^,  but 
"a  poor  half-brother  of  the  guild '^  (Prof.  Coningtonj. 

Compasso  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  Fr.  Vr.cofnpas,  ^.compass;  compassare  &c. 
to  compass.  I'rom  cum  and  passus  a  step,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  compas 
=  equal  step,  compasser  to  keep  equal  step,  so  in  Sp.  compas 
=:time  in  music.  Others  der.  from  the  W.cwmp  circle,  czvm- 
pas  compass. 

Complot  Fr.  a  plot,  comploter  to  plot.  From  complicitum  com- 
plidtum  =  complicatio.  Complot  for  comploit,  as  f rotter  for 
froiter. 

Compote  Fr.  preserved  fruit;  for  compote j  It.  composta  =  com- 
posita. 

Comprare  —  par  are. 

Compter  —  contare. 

Comte  —  conte. 

Concerto  It.,  Sp.  concierto,  Fr.  E.  concert  agreement;  vb.  con- 
certare  to  agree.  From  L.  concertare,  or,  better,  from  con- 
sertare;  It.  conserto  =  agreement,  consertare  to  concert,  agree. 


144  CONCIARE  —  CONTO. 

Conserto  afterwards  borrowed  the  c  of  concenio,  with  which  it 
was  confounded  from  the  similarity  both  in  sense  and  sound. 

Coneiare  It.  acconciare  (Sp.  aconchar)  to  attire ;  trim,  adj.  and 
subst.  concio  acconcio  J  Wal.  concin.  A  participial -verb  from 
comtus  comtiare,  cf.  cacciare  (captus),  succiare  (suctus). 

Concierge  Fr.,  Pic.  conchierge  a  jailor. 

Condore  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  E.  condor;  a  South  American  word. 

Confortare  It.,  Sp.  conliortavj  Pr.  conortar  (cf.  preon  from  pro- 
fundus), Fr.  conforter,  E,  comfort  to  strengthen;  "an  angel 
from  Heaven  comforting  him  (Jvi6%v(x)vy^  -^  from  L.  L,  con- 
fortare. 

Conge  Fr.;  Vv.comjat  leave;  from  commeatus;  Fr.  congedier  from 
It.  congedOj  which  from  the  0.  Fr.  conget, 

Congedier,  eongedo  —  conge. 

Congegnare  It.  to  join;  from  concinnare,  influenced  by  It.  ^d'^i/o^ 
Pr.  genh  art. 

Congoxa  —  angoscia, 

Conheeer  Sp.  =  L.  cognoscere. 

Conhortar  —  confortare, 

Coniglio  It.,  Sp.  conejo,  Pg.  coelho,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  conilj  E.  coney; 
from  cuniculus;  Fr.  (with  change  of  suffix)  conninj  connine; 
Fr.  vb.  conniller  to  have  recourse  to  subterfuges. 

Connetable  —  contestahile. 

Conoechia  It.,  Fr.  quenomile  a  distaff;  Li.h.conucula  for  colucula 
from  colus,  O.  H.  G.  kuncla,  G.  kunkel, 

Conquidere  —  chiedere. 

Consoude  Fr.,  Sp.  consuelda  a  plant;  from  consolida. 

Contadino  contado  —  conte. 

Contare  It.,  Sp.  contar,  Pr.  comtar  to  county  Fr.  compter,  also  to 
,tell,  narrate,  Fr.  conter;  from  computare,  cf.  the  two  senses  of 
O.  H.  G.  zeljan  and  E.  tell.   It.  computo,  conto  &c.  =  L.  com- 
putus (Firm.  Maternus). 

Conte  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  conde,  Pr.  corns ^  0.  Fr.  quens,  Pr.  and  O.Fr. 
accus.  comte,  Fr.  comte,  E.  count;  from  comes  =  a  companion 
of  the  prince;  hence  contado  &c.,  county,  contadino  a  country- 
man. 

Contestabile  eonnestabile  It.,  Sp.  condestdble,  Fr.  connetable,  E. 
constable;  orig.  =  Master  of  the  Horse,  from  comes  stabuli, 
then  =  commander  of  the  army  or  of  a  fortress  (constable  of 
the  Tower  &c.),  then  restricted  to  mean  a  petty  officer  of  the 
peace. 

Contigia  —  conto. 

Contir  O.  Sp.  to  happen,  cuntir  acuntir,  contescer,  Sp.  Pg.  aeon- 
tecer;  from  contingere. 

Conto  It.^  O.  Fr.  cointe  acquainted,  O.Fr.  Pr.  cointe  coinde  neat, 
pretty,  Ya.  quaint;  from  co^mVw5  known,  intimate,  agreeable j 


CONTRADA  —  CO QUE.  145 

cf.  M.  H.  G.  maere  known  and  agreeable.  Hence  Pr.  coindar 
acoindar,  YY.accointer,  ^.acquaint  =  lu.adcognitare,  Vwacoin- 
dansa,  O.  Fr.  accointance ,  E.  acquaintance.  In  L.  L.  we  find 
cogniter  cognite  benigne  humane.  From  comtus  comes  It.  con- 
tigia  ornament^  v.  conciare. 

Contrada  It.  Pr.,  Yx.contreCj  Ya.  country;  properly  =  that  which 
lies  over  against  one,  from  contra  with  suffix  -ata^  cf.  G. 
gegend  from  gegen.   Pr.  has  also  encontrada  from  encontrar. 

Contreindre  —  etreindre, 

Contrebande  —  hando, 

Contrecarrer  —  cara, 

Controle  —  rotolo. 

Convier  —  convitare. 

Convine  Fr.  behaviour,  It.  convegno,  Sp.  convenio  convention,  E. 

j,    covin  a  deceitful  agreement;  from  convenire;  for  the  loss  of 

i  i'the  n  in  E.  cf.  covenant,  O.  E.  covent  (for  convent). 

Convitare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Vr.  convidar,  Fr. convier  to  invite;  convito, 
Sp.  convite,  Pr.  convit,  O.  Fr.  convi  invitation,  feast.  From 
invitare,  the  con  being  taken  from  convivium. 

Convoiter  —  cupido. 

Convojare  —  voyer. 

Convoyer  —  voyer. 

Copeaii  Fr.  a  chip  or  splint;  from  coupe  a  slice  (couper);  or  is 
copeau  the  same  word  as  O.Fx.cospel  coispel  (cuspis?)  a  thorn? 

Copete  copo  • —  coppa. 

Coppa  It.^  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  copa,  Fr.  coupe,  Wal.  cofe,  E.  cup;  from 
cuppa  a  form  of  cupa,  L.  L.  cuppa  =  cup.  Hence  also  Sp.  Pg.^ 
Pr.  cuha,  Fr.  cuve,  O.  H.  G.  kupa,  E.  coop.  Hence  Pr.  cuhel 
a  tub;  Sp.  cubilete,  Pr.  Fr.  gohelet,  L.  L.  gubellus  a  cup;  also 
It.  E.  cupola,  Fr.  coupole,  coupe.  The  same  root  is  found  in 
O.Yr.cope,  Pic.  coupet  couplet  a  hill,  W.  cop  copa,  E.  cop,  Du. 
kop,  G.  kopf  and  kuppe  head,  top;  Fr.  coupeauio^j  Sp.  Pg. 
copa  copo  bunch,  copete  top,  tuft_,  v.  toppo. 

Copparosa  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  caparrosa,  Fr.  couperose,  E.  copperas; 
from  cupri  rosa  =  %dky,avd'ov. 

Coppia  It.,  Fr.  E.  couple;  from  copula;  hence  also  O.  It.  cohhola, 
Pr.  cohla,  Fr.  E.  couplet.  The  It.  scoppiare  to  uncouple  is  to 
be  distinguished  from  scoppiare  from  schioppo  (q.  v.). 

Coq  Fr.  =  A.  S.  cocc,  E.  cock,  Wal.  cocos,  Eh.  cot;  so  called 
from  its  cry,  cf.  vb.  coqueriquer,  coqueliner,  Du.  kokelen.  From 
coq  come  coquet,  E.  cocket  swaggering  (from  the  strutting 
pride  of  a  cock);  cocarde,  E.  cockade.  Wall,  cockad  prop.  = 
the  comb  of  a  cock;  0.  Fr.  cocart  coquart  vain.  For  coq  the 
Pr.  and  O.  Fr.  have  the  Eom.  gal,  jal.  Norm.  Berr.  jau,  jollet 
Ijor.JauJalle,  Champ,  gati. 

Coque  —  cocca. 

DIfiZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  XQ 


146  COQUELICOT  —  CORDOVANO. 

Coquelicot  Fr.,  E.  cockle  wild  poppy.  From  coccum  xoxxog  the 
kermes-insect,  coque  de  kermes.  By  a  false  association  coque- 
licot has  taken  the  same  form  as  the  word  for  the  cry  of  a 
cock  =  coquelicot,  coquericoty  the  red  comb  of  the  fowl  being 
the  point  of  connexion.  Cf.  Occ.  cacaracd  =  crow  of  a  cock 
and  poppy,  Pic.  cocriacot  =  cock  and  poppy. 

Coquemar  —  cogoma. 

Coquet  —  coq. 

Coquille  —  cochiglia. 

Coquin  Fr.  a  beggar,  rogue;  according  to  some,  a  dim.  of  ro- 
quuSf  prop.  =  kitchen -boy,  scullion.  Others  make  it  from 
O.  N.  kok  throat,  koka  to  swallow.  The  best  way  is  make  it 
a  dim.  of  O.  Fr.  cocs,  queux  a  cook,  for  L.  coquinus  would 
give  cuisin. 

Coquina  - —  cochiglia. 

Cor  —  or  a  (2). 

Coraggio  It.,  Sp.  corage,  Fr.  E.  courage;  from  cor  the  heart, 
coraticum,  cf.  omaggio  &c.  from  hominaticum  (homo). 

Corazza  It.,  Sp.  coraza,  Pr.  coirassa,  Fr.  cuirasse,  E.  cuirass; 
from  coriacea  (corium),  cf.  L.  lorica  from  lorum. 

Corbaeho  Sp.,  Fr.  cravache  a  scourge,  prop,  the  Nubian  lash  of 
rhinoceros  hide,  G.  karbatsche;  borrowed  from  the  Turk. 
kyrbdch,  Russ.  korhatsch. 

Corbata  —  cravata. 

Corbeille  Fr.  a  basket;  from  corhicula  (Palladius). 

Corbeta  Sp.,  Vg.corveta,  Fr. Ft. corvette;  from  corblta  a  merchant- 
vessel,  with  a  Romanised  ending. 

Coreare  —  colcare. 

Gorchete  —  croc. 

Coreho  Sp.  cork-tree,  corcha  a  cork  -  receptacle ;  corc/^e  sandal ; 
from  cortex,  as  pancho  from  pantex. 

Corcovar  Sp.  Pg.  to  bend,  corcova  a  hmnp;  from  con-curvare, 
cf.  Sp.  cofxusir  for  concusir.  Pg.  corcos  =  corcovado  hump- 
backed. 

Cordero  Sp.,  Pg.  cordeiro  lamb ;  from  agnus  chordus  (Varro  and 
Pliny). 

Cordoglio  It.,  ^T^.cordojo,  Vr.cordolh,  Rh.  corfl^o// grief ;  from 
cordolium  (Plautus  and  Apuleius).  Dolium  =  Fr.  deuil,  It. 
doglia, 

Cordonnier  —  cordovano. 

Cordovano  It.,  Sp.  cordoban,  Pr.  cordoan,  Fr.  cordouan,  E.  cor- 
dovan, cordwain  =  Cordovan  leather,  Ar.  kortoba?ii.  An  older 
form  was  cordovesus,  cordebisus,  from  L.  cordubensis,  Sp.  cor- 
dobes.  Hence  cordovaniere ,  O.  Fr.  cordoannier,  Fr.  cordonnier 
a  shoemaker,  E.  cordivainer. 


COREGGIA  —  CORRUCCIO.  147 

Coreggia  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  correa,  Vv.correja,  Yr.courroie,  Wal.  cwrm 
a  strap;  from  corrigia.   Hence  It.  scoreggia,  E.  scourge. 

Corgere  It.  in  accorgersi  (Rli.  ancor seller)  to  perceive,  and  scor- 
gere  (1)  to  perceive '(2)  to  escort.  Accorgere  =^  ad-corrigere 
expressed  orig.  the  correction  of  an  error.  Scorgere  =.  excor- 
rigere  got  its  sense  of  escorting,  leading  from  that  of  ruling 
and  guiding.  From  it  is  derived  scortare,  scorta,  Fr.  escorler 
escorte,  E.  escort,  Sp.  escoltar  escolta. 

Corine  —  corruccio. 

Corisear  Pg.  to  lighten,  corisco  lightning,  Sic.  surruscu,  from 
coruscare, 

Corlieu  O.  Fr.  Pr.  runner;  from  corre  to  run,  lieu  light.  Hence 
Fr.  courlieu,  courlis,  E.  curlew. 

Corma  Sp.  fetter;  from  ^oq^o^  a  block? 

Cormano  —  hermano. 

Corme  Fr.  Pg.  a  fruit,  O.  E.  corme;  from  cornum? 

Cormoran  Fr.,  E.  cormorant;  from  corb  ■==■  corvus  a  crow,  and 
Bret,  mor-vran  (mor  sea,  bran  crow),  thus  a  pleonasm  like 
loupgarou.    The  Pr.  is  corp-mart. 

Cornamusa  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Yr.cornemuse  a  bag-pipe;  from  cornu 
Musw.  Pr.  coma,  O.Yv.corne  =  a  horn  (musical  instrument), 
Pr.  musa,  O.  Fr.  muse  =  pipe. 

Cornard  Fr.  cuckold,  =  It.  becco  cornuto  or  becco,  Sp.  cabron. 
A  derisive  expression,  a  cornut  or  bestia  cornuda  (Pr.)  being 
taken  as  synonymous  with  a  fool.  Cf.  Pr.  soffren.  It.  bozzo 
(prop.  =  a  rough  stone),  Fr.  soi  all  used  in  the  same  sense  as 
cornard. 

Cornia  corniolo  It.,  Sp.  cornizola,  Pg.  cornisolo,  Fr.  cornouille, 
Wal.  coarne,  cornel  plum;  It.  cornio  corniolo,  Sp.  cornejo  cor- 
nizo,  Pg.  corniso,  Fr.  cornouiller,  cornel -tree]  from  cornum, 
cornus,  or  from  corneus  corneolus  (cf.  s.  ciriegio),  corniculum 
(cornejo)  cornuculum  (cornouille). 

Cornice  It.,  Sp.  cornisa,  Fr.  corniche,  Wall,  coroniss,  Gr.  carnies, 
E.  cornice;  from  coronis  (TcoQcovig)  a  cornice,  in  Rom.  con- 
founded with  comix,  cf.  xoQcSvri  =  curve,  crown,  and  crow. 

Corniola  It.,  Sp.  comerina,  Pg.  Pr.  cornelina,  Fr.  comaline,  E. 
cornelian;  from  cornu,  because  in  colour  it  resembles  the  horny 
nail  of  the  finger,  whence  also  its  Gk.  name  ovv^^  v.  nac- 
chera. 

Corral  —  corro. 

Corredo  —  redo. 

Corro  Sp.  a  ring;  from  currere;  correr  toros  to  exhibit  a  bull- 
fight; hence  Sp.  corral  a  court,  yard  &c. 

Corroyer  —  redo. 

Corruccio  It.,  Vr.corrotz,  Fr.coi^rrowo:  anger;  ior  colleruccio  &c., 

10* 


148  CORSAEE  —  COSCOJO. 

from  cholera  gall.     Hence  It.  corucciare  crucciare,   Pr.  cor- 

rossar,  Fr.  courroucer.    O.  Fr.  corine  as  if  cholerina. 
Corsare  eorsale  It.,  Sp.  corsario  cosario,  Pr.  corsari,  Fr.  corsaire, 

E.  corsair;  from  cursus,  whence  Sp.  cor^a  corso  a  course  or 

cruise  at  sea. 
Corset  Fr.  E.  bodice ;  from  Fr.  cors  =  corpus^  cf .  cors-age.   The 

It.  has  corpetto,  and  also,  from  the  Fr.,  corsetto. 
Corte  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  cort ,  Fr.  cour,  Wal.  cwr^e,  E.  court;  from 

L.  c^ors  choriis  a  cattle- yard.   From  cor/^  &c.  in  the  sense  of 

a  prince's  court,  come  It.  cortese,  Sp.  cortes,  Fr.  courtois,  E. 

courteous  (=  cortensis);  Sp.  cortesano,  Fr.  courtisan,  It.  cor- 

tigiano,  L.  L.  cortisanus;  It.  corteggiare ,  Sp.  cortejar,  Pr.  ^or- 

/^^■«r  cortezar,  Fr  courtiser  to  court;  It.  corteggio,  Fr.  cortege. 
Corteccia  It.,  Sp.  corteza,  Pg.  cortica  rind,  bark,  from  corticea 

(cortex);  It.  scorticare,  Pr.  escorgar,  N.  Pr.  escourtegd,  Fr. 

ecorclier,  Sp.  Pg.  escorchar  to  peel,  flay,  L.  L.  escorticare. 
Cortege  —  cor/^. 
Corteza  —  corteccia. 
Cortina  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Fr.  c  our  tine ,  Wal.  c  or  tine ,  E.  curtain,  from 

<?/?or5  as  aulmum  from  «M/flf.   L.  L.  cortina  =  a  little  court,  a 

hanging,  a  covering  (L.  cortina). 
Cortir  —  curtir. 
Corvee  Fr.  soccage,  L.L.  corvada.   From  corrogata  like  enterver 

from  interrogare,  Rouchi  courowee,  Lang,  courroe.    The  orig. 

meaning  was  ^^ summons^',   cf.  O.  Fr.  roi'er  ^=  rogare)   to 

command. 
Corveta  —  corheta. 

Corvetta  It.,  Sp.  corveta,  Fr.  courhette,  E.  curvet;  from  curvus. 
Corvette  —  corheta. 

Corzo  eorza  Sp.  Pg.  a  roe;  from  Jd()|  Jo^;«og  a  form  of  ^o^| 
do();cdg,  or  from  caprea  caurea  corea  corja  (cf.  granea  granjd) 
corza,  cf.  ar cilia. 

Cosa  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  chose;  from  causa,  in  L.  L.  =  a  thing; 
the  orig.  L.  form  is  preserved  in  the  orig.  sense,  It.  Sp.  causa, 
Vg.cousa,  Fr.  cause,  Wal,  cause,  the  Pr.  causa  having  both 
meanings.  The  same  connexion  of  meanings  is  found  in  the 
G.  sache,  and  the  N.  Gk.  Ttgdy^a.  From  causari  come  It.  cu- 
sare  to  assert,  Pr.  chaubar,  O.Fr.  choser  to  dispute,  Fr.  causer 
to  talk  is  from  O.  H.  G.  choson ,  G.  kosen. 

Coscar  —  cocar, 

3 

Coscia  It.,  Pg.  coxa,  Pr.  cueissa,  Fr.  cuisse,  Wal.  coapse  the 
thigh;  from  coxa  the  hip.  Sp.  coxo  lame,  Isid.  claudus  coxus. 
Hence  Sp.  quixote,  Val.  cuixot  armour  for  the  thigh,  Fr. 
cuissot. 

Coseojo  Sp.,  Cat.  coscoly  the  berry  of  the  scarlet -oak,  L.  cuscu- 


COSECHA  —  COTALE.  149 

Hum  (Pliny).   The  tree  is  called  coscoja,  Cat.  coscolya,  Basq. 
coscoUa  cusculla.   An  old  Spanish  word. 

Cosecha  Sp.  harvest;  from  consecare  consectus.  O.  Sp.  cogecha 
■•=  Pg.  colheita,  L.  collect  a. 

Cosensa  —  cuire. 

Coser  —  cucire. 

Cosi  It.  =  O.  Sp.  and,  O.  Fr.  ainsinc  (Burg,  ansin,  Pic.  ensin), 
Fr.  ainsij  Sp.  asi,  Pg.  assim,  Pr.  aissi,  Wal.  asa.  From  ceque 
sic,  qu  =  cu,  whence  cusi  cost,  Sic.  accussi.  As  the  Sp.  aun 
from  adhuc ,  nin  from  nee,  sin  from  52C,  so  an  for  «c  or  ^c, 
whence  ansi,  asi.  The  Pr.  has  acsi  for  «/55/,  Eomagn.  acse, 
Brescian  icsi,  Lomb.  inset  for  eosu 

Coso  Sp.  a  corso,  place  for  a  bull -fight;  for  corso  from  cursus, 
It.  corso.  Hence  Sp.  co5^r  war-horse  =  It.  corsiere,  ^.courser, 
Sp.  acosar  to  pursue. 

Gospel  —  eopean. 

Cosse  ecosse  Fr.  (f.)  a  pod,  husk  or  shell,  ecosser  to  shell  &c. 
From  Gr.  schote  pod  (Du.  schosse)  =  W.  cod  cwd  a  bag,  Bret. 
kod,  E.  cod.    Cosse  would  be  from  ecosse. 

Cesser  —  cozzare. 

Cossi  —  come. 

Cosson  Fr.  a  weevil;  from  cossus,  Bret,  kos, 

Costa  It.  Pg.  Pr.,  Sp.  cuesia,  Fr.  cote  fE.  coast),  rib,  side,  coast; 
fromcos^^  a  rib;  nence  It.  costato,  op.  costado,  Fr.  co^e'  side; 
It.  costerella  a  little  hill ,  Fr.  coteau  for  coteau  a  declivity,  side 
of  a  hill;  It.  accostare,  Sp.  acostar,  Fr.  accoster  to  approach 
(cf.  C05^«  =juxta),  Sp.  acostar  to  incline,  lay  down,  E.  accost, 

Costa,  eosti,  costinci  adverbs;  from  cccm'  ?5^«c,  eccw'  istic,  eccv! 

istinc-ce. 
Costra  Sp.  crust;  from  crusta. 
Cestui  —  questo. 
Costuma  It.  Pr.,   Sp.  costume,   Fr.  coutume  (all  fem.V  It.  Pg. 

costume,  Sp.  costumbre,  Pr.  Cat.  costum,  Fr.  costume  (all  masc, 

Cat.  also  fem.),  E.  custom  (and  in  der.  sense  costume);  from 

consuetudin  costudn,  through  the  medium  oi  2i  ioYm.consuetumen, 

ume  being  a  Kom.  termination  for  expressing  qualities,  cf.  It. 

asprume,  Pg.  ciume,  Vv.  frescum,  and  cf.  from  mansuetudin  Sp. 

mansedumbre,  Pg.  mansedume,  also  Pg.  mansidao,  Pr.  mansueza. 
•  The  masc.  costume  is  the  earlier  form,  the  fem.  being  formed 

from  a  neut.  plur.  costumina,  0.  Pr.  cosdumna. 
Cota  eotar  cotejar  —  quota, 
Cota  —  coltrice, 
Cotale  It.,  Wal.  cutare  a  pronoun,  from  ceque-talisl  Hence  also 

Sp.  atal  =  Pr.  aital,  O.Fr.  «m/e/  itel,  Norm,  entel,  0.  It.  aitale, 

V.  s.  cosi. 


150  COTANTO  —  COULER. 

Cotanto  It.  from  ceque  tantus?   O.  Sp.  atanto,  Pr.  aitant,  O.  Fr. 

itantf  V.  cotale. 
Cotar  —  cote. 
Cote  Pg.  in  a  cote  de  cote  adv.  =  daily;  from  quotidie,  whence 

also  cotio  every-day,  common ,  Sp.  dia  de  cutio  a  work-day. 
Cote  coter  coterie  —  quota. 
Cote  cote  coteau  —  costa. 
Cotenna  codenna  It.,  Pr.  codena,  Fr.  couenne  skin,  Sp.  codena 

thick  cloth.     Couenne  is   prob.   for  couaine,   O.  Fr.  codaine 

(whence  codena),  from  cutaneus.   Pg.  ^o<?^«  rind  may  be  from 

cutica,   whence  It.   co^/crt  (Parm.  codga,   Ven.  coega,   Gen. 

quigd),  and  cuticagna. 
Cotesto  cotestui  It.  from  e<7co^2  ^5^0,  L.  eccxi  tihi  iste. 
Cotillon  —  cotta. 
Coto  Sp.  an  enclosure,  boundary,  Pg.  couto  asylum,  sanctuary. 

From  L.  cautum  an  order,  mandate  (so  in  O.  Sp.),  whence  = 

limit  &c.,  L.  L.  infra  cautos,  infra  cautum,  lapis  cauti. 
Cotogna  It.,  Pr.  codoing,  Fr.  coing,  E.  quince,  Wa\.  gutuie;  from 

cydonia,  xvdcSvLOv^  L.  L.  cotonium  cottanuniy  so  called  from 

Cydon  in  Crete. 
Cotone  It.,  Fr.  coton,  Sp.  algodon,  E.  cotton;  from  Ar.  qo^ton,  al- 

qoHon.    Sp.  algodon  and  alcoton  also  =  wadding,  whence  Pr. 

alcoto,  O.  Fr.  auqueton,  Fr.  hoqueton. 
Cotovello  —  cubito. 
Cotovia  Pg.  lark ,  whence  Sp.  totovia  tufted  lark ,  It.  tottovilla, 

Fr.  cochevis;  from  Bret,  kodioch.    V.  Mahn,  Unters.  p.  25. 
Cotta  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  cota,  0.  Fr.  cote,  Fr.  cotte,  E.  coat,  cotte 

de  maille  a  coat  of  mail,  Pr.  cot  (m.);  L.  L.  cotta  cottus;  hence 

F'r.  cotillon  cotteron  &c.    Cottus  cotta  =  a  coarse  woollen  mat, 

a  monk's  tunic,  from  Gr.  kotze  a  shaggy  covering,  overcoat, 

E.  cot  =  a  matted  lock,  a  fleece  of  wool.    Others  derive  cotta 

&c.  from  E.  cote,  cot  a  hut,  a  covering. 
Couard  —  codardo. 
Couchant  — ponente. 
Coucher  —  colcare. 
Coucou  —  cueco. 
Coude  —  cubito. 
Coudel  —  capitello. 
Coudre  —  cucire. 
Coudre  Fr.  hazel;  from  corylus,  colrus,  coldrus,  Com.  coler,  It, 

corilo. 
Couenne  —  cotenna. 
Couette  —  coltrice. 
Couire  0.  Fr.  cuevre  cuivre ,  E.  quiver;  from  0.  H.  G.  kohhar, 

A.  S.  cocer,  G.  kocher. 
Colder  Fr,  to  trickle,  flow;  from  colare.   Hence  adj.  coidis,  Pr. 


COULIS  —  CRAG.  151 

coladis,  as  if  colatichis,  sbst.  coulisse  a  sliding  -  door ,  E.  cullis 

a  groove  or  channel,  O.  Fr.  coleice  =  E.  portcullis. 
Coulis  coiilisse  —  couler. 
Coup  ■ —  colpo. 
Coupe  eoupeau  —  coppa. 
Couper  —  colpo. 
Couple  —  coppia. 
Cour  —  corte. 
Courage  ■ —  coraggio. 
Courbette  —  corvetta. 
Courge  —  cucuzza. 
Courroie  —  coreggia. 
Courroux  —  corruccio. 
Courtier  —  cura. 
Courtine  ■ —  cortina. 
Courtisan  courtoie  —  corte. 
Cous  —  cucco. 
Cousin  • —  cugino. 

Cousin  Fr.  a  gnat;  dim.  of  culex,  as  if  culicinus. 
Coussin  —  coltrice. 
Couter  Fr.  E.  cost,  sbst.  coiit  cost;  from  constare,  to  stand  one 

in,  It.  costare  &c.   Hence  0.  Fr.  coste  a  drug,  M.  H.  G.  koste 

victuals,  cf.  Gr.  speise  prop.  =  expense;  O.  Fr.  Wall,  costenge 

-■=  expense. 
Coutre  Fr.  a  plough  -  share ;  from  culler,  It.  coltro ;  Com.  coltra 

contra  a  plough. 
Coutume  —  costuma. 
Couve  —  cavolo. 
Couver  —  covare. 
Covare  It.,  Pr.  coar,  Fr.  couver  to  brood;  from  cubare  (=  incu- 

hare).   It.  covo  cova  a  den,  lair,  Sp.  cueva  a  cave,  from  cubare 

in  its  proper  sense. 
Covone  It.  a  sheaf,  Lomb.  cov,  Piedm.  clieuv,  as  much  as  can  be 

held  in  the  hollow  of  the  hand,  from  cavus,  cf.  chiovo  from 

clavus. 
Coxa  —  coscia. 
Coxin  —  coltrice. 
Coyon  —  coglione. 
Cozzare  It.,  Fr.  cosser  to  butt;  sbst.  cozzo.   A  participial  verb, 

from  coctus  =  coictus  (co-icere),  cf.  dirizzare,  cacciare  &c., 

Rom.  Gr.  2,  323.   It.  cozzare  con  uno  =  co-icere  cum  aliquo. 
Cozzone  It.,  Pr.  O.Cat.  cusso,  O.Fr.  cosson,  Wal.goson  a  factor, 

dealer,  espec.  in  horses,  a  groom.  Yvom.  cocio  (Plautus  and 

Gellius),  coctio  (Festus).  Hence  It.  scozzone. 
Crae  Fr.,  vb.  craquer;  an  onomatop.,  cf.  O.H.G.Ar«c,  G.  krach, 

'Ei.crack,  Gael.cmc.   Fv.craquelin,  Du. krakeling,  IE,,  crackling. 


152  CRACHER  —  CREMAILLON. 

Craeher  —  racher.  _ 

Craie  Fr.  chalk;  from  creta,  Sp.  greda  &c. -^ 

Craindre  Fr.  to  fear,  0.  Fr.  cremhre ,  cremir,  cremmoir,  pret. 
creins  cremi  cremu^  part,  craint  cremi  cremu.  Prob.  from  tre- 
mere  (cr  =  tr),  cf.  empreindre  from  imprimere,  geindre  from 
gemere,  raembre  (cf.  crembre)  from  redimere. 

Cramoisi  —  carmesino. 

Crampe  crampon  —  grampa. 

Cran  Fr.  a  slit ,  a  notch ,  Rouchi  crener  to  notch ;  hence  Fr.  cre- 
neau,  O.Fr.  Y'c.  camel  an  embrasure  of  a  battlement,  a  crenelle 
(whence  crenellated) ,  Fr.  carneler  to  notch,  sbst.  charniere  a 
joint.  From  L.  crena  (Pliny),  Rh.  crenna,  Lomb.  crena,  Pied. 
cran,  cf.  carnero,  Cf.  also  Du.  karnj  vb.  karnen,  Bavar.  sbst, 
krinneny  v.  Fr.  came  a  corner. 

Crane  —  grancMo. 

Cranequin  —  crone. 

Crapaud  Fr.,  Pr.  crapaut  grapaxit,  Cat.  gripau,  Lim.  gropal  (for 
grapat)  a  toad.  From  E.  creep  grope,  A.  S.  creopan,  Du.  krui- 
pen,  O.H.  G.A'n/o/z.  Or  from  ^r«/)^=scales  on  the  skin,  so  = 
the  blotched  animal,  cf.  Pr.  graissant  from  graissa  =  Fr. 
graisse,  crasse. 

Craquer  —  crac. 

Crau  Pr.  the  name  of  a  stony  district  near  Aries ,  whence  adj . 
crauc  stony,  Norm,  crau  sl  peculiar  sort  of  stone.  The  word 
is  Celtic:  W.craig,  Bret  crag,  GsieX.creag  crag,  IE,,  crag.  Crau 
==■  crag,  as  fau  =  fag,  esclau  =  sclag. 

Cravaehe  —  corhacho. 

Cravanter  —  crehantar. 

Cravatta  It.,  Sp.  corhata,  Fr.  cravate,  E.  cravat;  introduced  into 
France  in  the  first  half  of  the  17^'^  century.  It  was  so  called 
from  being  worn  by  the  Cravats  (Fr.  Cravates),  or  Croatian 
soldiers.   The  It.  is  croatta,  Rouchi  croate  croyatte. 

Creanter  O.  Fr.  to  assure,  creant  bail;  from  credentare  a  form 
from  credens'^  other  forms  are  craanter  cranter,  graanter  gran- 
ter,  whence  E.  grant. 

Crebantar  Pr.,  O.Fr.  cravanter,  Sp.  Pg.  qiiehrantar  to  break; 
from  crepare  (crepans). 

Creche  —  greppia. 

Crema  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Fr.  creme,  E.  cream,  L.  L.  crema  n.  (Venant. 
Fort.) ;  from  L.  cremor.  AVedg.  mentions  the  cognate  words 
kraumr  kraum  in  Icelandic  (=  It.  cremor e,  crema),  A.  S.  ream, 
E.  rime,  grime,  Gr.  ralim.  The  accent  in  Fr.  prop,  belongs  to 
cresme,  chrism,  iqCg^u,  It.  cresima. 

Cremaillon  cremaHlere  Fr.,  whence  ^^.gi^amallera  a  pot-hanger. 
Burg,  cramail,  Wall,  cramd.  Champ,  cramille,  L.  L.  crama- 
culus,  cramacuta.   From  G.  h^am  an  iron  hook,  v.  grampa. 


CREMBRE  —  CROCCHIARE.  153 

Crembre,  cremir  —  craindre, 

Cremisi  —  carmesino. 

Crena  querena  Pg.  a  keel;  from  carina ^  It.  Sp.  carena,  Fr.  ca- 

rene;  hence  carenare ,  carener,  E.  careen. 
Creneha  erenehe  Sp.^  Pg.  crencha,  Cat.  clenxa  a  parting  in  the 

hair;  from  criniculus,  or,  better,  from  crenicula  (crena  a  slit). 
Creneau  —  cran. 
Crepare  It.,  Pr.  crebar,  Fr.  crever,  Sp.  Pg.  quebrar  to  break; 

from  crepare. 
Crepe  Fr.,  E.  crape  (O.Fr. crespe  culled,  frizzled);  from  crispus. 
Crepore  It.  animosity,  rancour;  prop,  of  anger  suppressed  and 

eager  to  break  out  (crepare). 
Crescionelt.,  Yr.cressony  Csit.  crexen;  formed  as  ii  {rora  cresciare 

fa  celeritate  crescendi),  but  really  derived  from  another  source, 

A.  S.  caersCj  Du.  kersse,  Sw.  crasse,  E.  cars,  cress,  G.  kresse. 
Cresson  —  crescione. 
Creuset  creusequin  —  crisuelo. 
Creux  Fr.  hollow,  sbst.  creux,  Pr.  cros  a  hole,  vb.  creuser^  Com. 

croeuss.   From  corrosus. 
Graver  —  crepare. 
Crevette  Fr.  a  small  crab;  from  carahus,  or  G.  krdbhe,  E.  crab, 

whence  also  Rouchi  crape.    Chevrette  a  shrimp  is  from  cJievre, 

cf.  G.  bockle. 
Criado  Sp.  Pg.  a  servant  (It.  creato);  from  criar  to  breed,  bring 

up,  from  creare,  so  ==  prop,  one  brought  up  in  the  house 

(verna). 
Crier  —  gridare. 
Criquet  Fr.,  N.  Pr.  cricot,  E.  cricket,  Pic.  crequeillon;  krekkel  a 

cricket,  W.cricell.    An  onomatop.,  cf.  Yr.criquer,  Du.krieken, 

E.  creak,  Gk.  xqlkelv,  jcql^slv. 
Criquet  Fr.  a  small  horse;  from  G.  kracke;  E.  cricket  prop.  = 

a  trestle ,  then  =  a  wicket. 
Cris  Pg.  an  eclipse;  from  eclipsis. 
Crisuelo  Sp.  a  lamp,  crisuela  a  lamp -pan;  from  Basque  criselua 

cruselua.    Hence  also  crisol  a  crucible.   Diez.   But  the  Basque 

is  more  probably  from  the  Sp.,  which  is  the  same  as  the  Fr. 

creuseul ,  croisel  a  lamp,  connected  with  G.  krus,  E.  cruse,  Fr. 

cruche  (q.  v.),  Du.  kruyse,  whence  also  Fr.  creuset  croiset  a 

crucible  or  cruet,  Fr.  creusequin,  E.  cruskin,  Ir.  criusgin;  L.  L. 

crucibolum  =  Fr.  creusseul,  croissol.   V.  Wedgwood,  s.  crock. 
Croc  Fr.  Pr.  Rh.  a  hook,  whence  crochet  crochu  accrocher;  O.  N. 

krokr,  Dan.  krog,  E.  crook,  Du.  krooke,  W.  crog;  hence  L.  L. 

incrocare,  Fr.  encrouer,  Y.  encroach.   From  crochet  comes  Sp. 

corchetCyVg.  colchete. 
Croccliiare  It.  to  clatter  ,'"from  crotalum  (jCQOtdXov),  cchi  =  tl  as 

in  vecchio.    Sp.  crotorar  to  cry  like  a  crane  is  the  same  word. 


154  CROCCIA  —  CUAJAR. 

Croceia  grueeia  It.,  E.  crutch.  It.  cruccia  a  spade,  O.  Sp.  croza, 
Pr.  crossa,  Fr.crosse,  'E.  cross,  crozier.  From  crux,  \Csjq  pancia 
pansa pause  from  paniex,  or  perhaps  better  from  adj.  crucea, 
whence  also  O.  H.  G.  krukja. 

Crochet  —  croc. 

Crogiare  It.  to  roast.  Connected  with  O.  H.  G.  chroste,  roast, 
cf.  agio  asio, 

Croi  —  crojo, 

Croissir  eroistre  —  cruxir. 

Crojo  0.  It.  stiff,  rude,  coarse,  Pr.  croi.  From  crud-i-us  a  by- 
form  of  crudus,  as  hajo  from  hadius.  For  other  instances  of 
similarly  lengthened  adjectives,  cf.  ^.  fujo.  The  long  vowel 
is  shortened  by  its  position  crudjus,  and  passes  into  o. 

CroUare  It.,  Pr.  crollar  crotlar  to  shake,  Fr.  cr outer  to  fall  to 
ruin,  O.  Fr.  croler  crodler  crosier.  The  orig.  form  is  crotlar 
which  is  from  co-rotulare,  as  rotlar  from  rotulare.  So  Fr. 
crouler  agrees  with  router,  and  we  see  the  original  sense  in 
the  phrase  crouler  un  Mtimetit. 

Crone  Fr.  (m.)  a  crane  (instrument);  from  Du.  krdn,  E.  crane 
=  G.  kranich  a  crane  (bird),  cf.  Fr.  grue,  Gk.  ysQavog. 
Hence  O.  Fr.  cranequin  (for  crossbows).  Wall,  crenekin  a 
crossbow. 

Croseiare  It.,  Sp.  cruxir,  Pr.  O.Fr.  croissir,  Wal.  croht  to  gnash. 
The  Goth,  has  kriustan  to  gnash,  e.  g.  Mark  9,  18:  kriustith 
tunthuns  =  Sp.  cruxe  los  dientes,  Pr.  cruis  las  dens  =  tgi^si 
tovg  odovtag.  The  Rom.  forms  would  not  come  directly  from 
this,  but  from  a  form  kraustjan  (cf.  kiusan  kaitsjan  Fr.  choisir), 
stj  =  It.  sci  as  in  angustia  =  angoscia.  We  find  also  in  the 
2"^^  conj.  Cat.  croxer,  Rh.  scruscer  (O.  Fr.  eroistre), 

Cro,torar  —  crocchiare. 

Crotte  Fr.,  Pr.  crota  mud,  dung  of  sheep,  goats  &c.  Prob.  from 
the  L.  G.  Swed.  klot,  G.  kloss,  E.  clod,  clot, 

Crouler  —  crollare. 

Croupe  croupir  —  groppo. 

Cruecia  —  croceia. 

Cruceiare  —  corruccio. 

Cruehe  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  cruye,  Gasc.  cruga,  Pr.  crugo,  Fr.  cruchon, 
E.  cruse  (v.  s.  crisuelo);  from  W.  crivc  a  pail,  cf.  O.  H.  G. 
cruoc  crog ,  O.  Fris.  krocha,  A.  S.  crocca,  E.  crock  (whence 
crockery),  G.  krug,  Rh.  criiog  liruog. 

Cruna  It.  eye  of  a  needle.  From  corona,  as  cruceiare  from  cor- 
rucciare;  for  u  from  o,  cf.  giuso,  tutto. 

Crusca  It.  bran.  O.  H.  G.  cruse  =  furfur,  Sw.  kriisch,  Swab. 
grusche,  Fr.  gruis,  Piedm.  grus.   N.  Pr.  vb.  crusca  =  to  crush. 

Cruxir  —  croseiare. 

Cuajar  —  quagliare. 


CUBEBE  —  CUCITZZA.  155 

Cubebe  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  cuheha,  Fr.  cuhehe,  E.  cubeh  the  name  of 
an  Indian  plant  which  yields  a  sort  of  pepper;  Ar.  kdbdbat, 

Cubito  It.;  Sp.  codo,  O.  Sp.  cdbdo,  Pg.  covado  coto,  Fr.  coide 
code,  Fr.  coude,  Wal.  cot  elbow;  from  cubitus.  It.  has  also 
gomito  gombito,  Rh.  cumbet.  Hence  Pg.  cotovello  =  coto  by- 
corruption  from  covetello?  Sp.  codillo  knee  of  a  horse  &c.,  Sp. 
recodo  an  angle,  cf.  ayncav. 

Cucar  —  cucco. 

Cuceagna  It.,  Sp.  cucana,  Fr.  cocagne,  O.  E.  cokaygne,  E. 
cockney  (cokenay  coknay),  Utopia  or  land  of  plenty,  thence 
applied  in  E.  to  one  brought  up  in  such  a  land,  pampered. 
The  orig.  meaning  was  Land  of  Cakes,  from  Cat.  coca,  Rh. 
caeca,  Langued.  coco,  Pic.  couque  a  cake,  from  coquere  as 
torca  from  torquere.  Wall,  cocogne  =  Easter  eggs.  For  a  full 
discussion  of  the  w^ord,  v.  Notes  and  Queries,  Vol.  4.  Wedg. 
makes  the  orig.  sense  oi  cockney  =  rocked,  dandled,  ci.coque- 
liner,  E.  cockle  cocker, 

Cucchiajo  It.,  O.  Pg.  colhar,  Pr.  culhier.  It.  fem.  cucchiaja,  Sp. 
cucchara,  Pg.  colher,  Fr.  cuiller  cuillere  a  spoon;  from  cochle- 
ar lum  cochlearia.    The  Wal.  is  lingure  =  L.  lingula. 

Cucoio  It.,  Sic.  guzzu  (also  guzza  cuccid).  Cat.  Pr.  gos,  Fem. 
gossa,  Sp.  gozque  a  cur,  Wall,  go  a  dog.  Cf.  Sic.  guzzu.  It. 
cucciolo  small,  Sp.  cuco,  perhaps  from  It.  cucco  nestling, 
fondling.  But  the  word  is  found  in  Illyr.  kutze,  Hung,  kuszi 
a  little  dog. 

Cucco  It.,  Ven. cuco,  Romag.  cocch  &c.,  Pg.  cuco  a  cuckoo;  from 
the  Old  Latin  cucus  (Plautus);  It.  cuculo,  Pr.  cogul,  Fr.  cocu 
coucou,  E.  cuckoo,  from  cuculus,  Sp.  cuquillo,  cucUllo.  In  the 
derived  sense  of  the  Fr.  cocu  we  have  Pr.  cogotz  (cf.  Cat. 
cucut)  coutz,  O.  Fr.  cous,  E.  cuckold.  Sp.  cucar  to  scoff  is 
from  the  form  cucus, 

Cuchara  —  cucchiajo. 

Cucina  It.,  Sp.  cocina,  Fr.  cuisine,  Wal.  cocne,  also  O.  H.  G. 
kuchina,  A.  S.  cycene,  E.  kitchen,  0.  Fr.  cugami,  W.  cegin; 
from  L.  coquina  for  culina.  Vb.  cucinare  &c.,  from  coquinare 
(Plautus). 

Cucire  It.  (prop,  cuscire,  sc  =  s),  Sp.  C05^r  cw5/r,  Pg.  coser,  Pr. 
co5^r  ^w5/r,  Fr.  coudre,  Wal.  coase  to  sew;  from  consuerCy  L.L. 
cusire.  Hence  It.  costura  (for  consutura),  Fr.  couture,  whence 
accoutrer,  E.  accoutre.  It.  sdrucire  sdruscire  to  unsew,  is  from 
resuere  with  privative  5  and  euphonic  <?,  sdrecire,  then,  on 
analogy  of  cuscire,  sdruscire, 

Cucuzza  It.  (1)  a  gourd  (2)  a  head;  corrupted  from  cucurbita. 
It.  zucca,  whence  Pr.  0.  Fr.  sue,  Pr.  zuquet  head,  is  prob. 
corrupted  from  cuzza  for  cucuzza.    The  N,  Pr,  is  tuca.   From 


156  CUDIR  —  CULVERT. 

cucurhita  comes  also  Fr.  gourde,  gougourde,  N.  Pr.  cougourdo, 

E.  gourd,  Fr.  courge,  in  the  Jura  coudre. 
Cudir  Sp.  Pg.  in  acudir  to  help,  recudir  to  return,  assist.   From 

recutere  to  strike  back,  in  reflexive  sense,  to  sprink  back, 

comes  recudir  (cf.  sacudir  from  succutere,  precudir  from  percu- 

tere);  acudir  was  formed  on  the  analogy  of  recudir. 
Cuebano  —  cofano. 
Cueillir  —  cogliere. 
Cuento  —  contare. 
Cuerdo  Sp.,  Pg.  cordo  prudent;  for  cordado  from  cordaius  (En- 

nius ,  Plautus  &c.) ;  cf .  pago  from  pagado,  manso  =  mansueius. 
Cuesco  Sp.,  V^.cosco  kernel,  coscorron  coscorrao  a  bruise,  a  blow 

on  the  head,  a  crust  (cf.  Fr.  grignon  from  granum).    Basq. 

coskha  =  butting  (of  a  ram). 
Cueva  —  covare. 
Cueza  —  cocca  (2). 
Cuffia  seuffia  It.,  Sp.  cofia  escofia,  Pg.  coif  a,  0.  Pg.  escoifa,  Fr. 

coiffe  (coeffe),  Wal.  E.  coif,  Du.  coi/ie.   From  O.  H.  G.  kuppa 

kuppha  kuphja  =  mitra,  E.  cap  (cf.  krippa  kripjci)  came  L.  L. 

cofea  cuphia.   Kuppha  ■=  L.  cuppa  a  cup  (v.  s.  coppa  &c.)  cf. 

L.  galeola  in  both  senses). 
Cugino  It.,  Pr.  cosin,  Fr.  E.  cousin,  fem.  cugina  &c.;  from  con- 

sobrinus,  Rh.  cusrin  cusdrin.   The  Sp.  is  sobrino. 
Cuidado  cuidar  —  coitare. 
Cuider  —  coitare, 
Cuiller  —  cucchiajo. 
Cuirasse  —  corazza. 
Cuire  Fr.  to  cook,  Pr.  cozer,  from  coquere;  cuisson  pain  from 

coctio;  cuistre  a  pedant,  from  coquaster,  cf.  Vx.coguastro,  L.  L. 

cocistro;  Pr.  cosenza  pain,  from  coquentia,  Fr.  cusencon;  It. 

cociore,  Sp.  escozor  sharp  pain. 
Cuisine  —  cucina. 
Cuisse  —  coscia. 
Cuistre  —  cuire. 

Cuivre  Fr.  copper,  brass;  from  cuprum,  adj.  cupreum. 
Culantro  Sp.,  from  coriandrum. 
Culbute  Fr.  a  summersault,  vb.  cidbuter;  from  cid  rump,  and 

bute  a  projection. 
CuUa  It.  cradle;  from  cunula,  as  lulla  from  lunula;  Neap,  con- 

nola,  Romagn.  conla. 
Culvert  cuivert  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  culvert  roguish,   impious,  infidel. 

From  collibertus  a  term  which  denoted  one  whose  condition 

was  little  above  that  of  a  slave  inasmuch  as  he  could  be  sold 

and  bought.   Matt.  Paris  has :  sub  nomine  culvertatis  et  perpe- 

tuceZservitutis.   The  association  of  ideas  is  obvious,  cf.  knave, 

villain  &c. 


CUMBRE  —  DADIVA.  ]  57 

Cumbre  cume  —  colmo. 

Cundir  Sp.  Cat.  to  increase,  spread  (neut.).  From  Goth.  A-w/?/ 
=  yavog,  0.  N.  kynd,  A.  S.  gecynd,  E.  kind. 

Cupido  It.,  Pr.  cobe;  whence  It.  cupidigia  cupidezza,  Sp.  codicia, 
O.  Sp.  cdbdicia,  Pr.  cobiticia  cohezeza,  Fr.  convoitise  (for  co- 
voitise),  (E.  covetousness)  from  a  Lat.  cupiditia  (cupidus);  It. 
cubitare,  Pr.  cobeitar,  Fr.  convoiter,  E.  cdvet,  Pr.  <?o^/r  =  fall 
to  one's  share,  e.  g.  jots  lu'es  cobitz;  from  cupere  alicui  to  wish 
one  well,  Rh.  cuvir;  Pr.  encohir,  0.  Fr.  encovir  to  covet. 

Cupo  It.  hollow;  from  c*mj9«  a  cask,  v.  Rom.  Gr.  2,  232.  Sard- 
has  cupudu  =  cupo. 

Cura  Sp.  Pg.  (m.)  a  clergyman,  prop,  one  who  takes  charge,  in 
which  sense  cura  was  used  even  in  Lat.,  and  in  L.L.  as  masc. 
From  cura  come  It.  curat o,  Fr.  cuf^e,  E.  curate;  also  It.  curat- 
iiere,  Pic.  couratier,  Fr.  courtier  a  factor,  one  who  has  charge 
of  business. 

Curtir  Sp.,  Pg.  cortir  to  tan  leather.  From  conterere,  coterere 
with  r  transposed  corter  cortir j  cf.  derretir. 

Cusare  —  cosa. 

Cusc  Pr.  pure,  clean,  adv.  cuschement;  from  0.  H.  G.  kiisc,  G. 
keusch  pure,  chaste. 

Cuseino  —  coUrice. 

Cusir  —  cucire. 

Cuspir  cospir  Pg.  to  spit ;  from  conspuere. 

Cusso  —  cozzone. 

Cutieagna  —  coienna, 

Cutio  —  cote. 

Cutir  Sp.  to  strike  against,  strike,  defend.  Perhaps  from  com- 
petere  cumpiir  cuptir  cutir,  as  from  conterere  cuterir  cutrir. 

Cutretta  cutrettola  It.  a  wagtail.  From  coda  retta  (recta),  so  for 
cudretta,  =  Fr.  hochequeue;  It.  coditremola  =  Fr.  branlequeue, 
G.  wedelsterz,  E.  wagtail,  W.  tinsigl,  Gr.  (SsiGOTtvytg ,  Lat. 
motacilla  &c. 

Cuve  —  coppa. 


D. 

Da  —  a. 

Da  Fr.  in  oui-da,  nenni-da.  The  oldest  form  is  diva,  shortened 
ded  (one  syllable)  used  to  express  an  urgent  summons:  diva, 
ne  me  celerl  diva  tu  nCas  lionil  v.  Rom.  Gr.  2,  413.  The  orig. 
meaning  was  ^^say  on!'^  from  imperat.  of  dire,  and  va  imp. 
of  aller. 

Dace  —  dazio. 

Dadiva  Sp.  Pg.  a  present;  =  dativa  L.  L.  for  donativa. 


158  •  DADO  —  DANDIN. 

Dado  It.  Sp.  Pg.;  Pr.  dat^  Fr.  de^  E.  die;  from  dare  r=:  to  tlirow 
(dure  ad  terram).  The  Fr.  de  =  dez  thimble  is  from  digi- 
tus (?). 

Daga  It.  Sp.  Pg.  (also  Pg.  adagd),  Fr.  dague,  E.  <^«^  dagger, 
Du.  dagge,  G.  degen,  also  in  the  Celt.,  Gael,  ^^^rt  pistol,  Bret. 
^«^  dager  a  dagger  (of.  s.  pistola).  Fr.  daguet  =  a  spade. 
The  root  is  ^</^  to*  thrust  ^^  6??V7;,  O.  E.  dag  to  pierce. 

Dagorne  Fr.  a  one -horned  cow;  from  dague  2^vA  come ,  cf.  M- 
gorne  for  hicorne, 

Daguet  —  guatare, 

Daim  Fr.  a  deer,  fem.  daine,  O.  Fr.  dain  (m.),  whence  It. 
daino,  Pied.  ^«w,  O.  Sp.  daxjne,  Du.  </6fy;^;  from  rfrtw«  (It. 
dammd). 

Daino  —  daim. 

Daintie  O.  Fr.  (m.),  also  daintier ,  daintee,  E.  dainty  (sbst.  and 
adj.).  This  is  from  the  Celtic,  W.  daintaith  (daint  =  densj. 
O.  E.  deintee  value  (daintg  worthy)  is  the  0.  Fr.  deinetet  dein- 
tet  (=  dignitas),  which  some  indentify  with  the  foregoing 
words. 

Dais  Fr.  a  canopy,  E.  daiSj  O.  Fr.  dois,  Pr.  deis  a  table,  from 
discus,  It.  desco  (E.  desk\  G.  tisch.  Dais  was  a  corruption  of 
dois,  cf.  epais  and  espois.  The  name  was  then  transferred  to 
the  raised  step  (E.  dais)  on  which  the  high  table  was  placed, 
or  the  canopy  over  it.  Wedgw.  Others  derive  from  dorsum 
dossium,  which,  however,  could  not  give  the  form  deis;  the 
Sp.  dosel,  It.  dossier e  may  be  from  the  old  form  dois,  or  from 
dor  sale  dorsarium,  E.  dorsal,  doser,  dosel  =  hangings  round 
the  walls  of  a  hall  or  church  (at  the  l)ack  of  the  priests),  v. 
Parker,  Glossary  of  Architecture. 

Dala  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  dalle,  a  pump-^^f/;/  (naut.).  The  Sp.  adala 
points  to  the  Ar.  dalla  ducere,  dalalah  ductus.  Cf.  It.  doccio 
from  ducere. 

Dalle  Sp.,  Pr.  dalh,  O.  Fr.  dail,  Dauph.  dailli  Si  sickle;  vb.  Pr. 
dalhar,  0.  Fr.  dailler  to  slash,  fight,  s'entredalier.  Perhaps  a 
dimin.  from  daga, 

Damasco  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  damas,  E.  damask;  from  Damascus  where 
it  was  made;  the  It.  has  also  damasto.  Damascus  was  also 
noted  for  its  sword-blades,  whence  It.  damascJiino  &c.,  and 
also  for  its  plums,  whence  Sp.  damascena  &c.,  E.  damascene, 
damson. 

Dame  —  donno. 

Dame  Fr.  interjection;  from  domine,  cf.  dame-dieu  =  domine  deus, 

Damigello  —  donno. 

Dandin  Fr.  a  simpleton,  dandiner  to  rock,  dandle;  cf.  G.  land, 
tandeln,  E.  dade,  dandle,  dandy ,  It.  dondolare.  Wal.  tendale 
=  It.  dondolo  a  toy ;  v.  Wedg.  s.  dade. 


DANGER  —  DEC.  159 

Danger  Fr.,  E.  danger,    Bangcrium  or  domigetium  (domager  or 

damager,  from  damnum,  to  fine  or  seize  for  trespass)  was  orig. 

a  feudal  word,    and  meant  the  right  of  inflicting  fines  for 

breach  of  territorial  rights,  fief  de  danger  a  fief  held  under 

strict  and  severe  conditions,  sergent  dangereux  the  officer  who 

looked  after  the  dangeria,   Wedgwood.    Se  mettre  en  danger 

de  quelqu'im  to  be  in  the  danger  of  one  came  to  mean  to  be 

in  his  power,  liable  to  a  penalty,  hence  the  present  meaning. 

Danger  also = difficulty,  refusal:  faire  danger  de  dire  to  refuse, 

Lim.  dondzie  refusal.    But  Littre  remarks   that  the  O.  Fr. 

dangier  =  authority,  and  thus  corresponds  better  to  a  Lat. 

dominiarium^  cf.  dominicelhis ,  damohel,  dansel. 
Dans  —  ens. 
Danzare  It.  (for  dansare,  as  anzare  for  ansare),  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  dan- 

sar,  Fr.  danser,  Wal.  dentzui,  E.  dance,  G.  tanzen.  It.  danza  &c. ; 

from  O.  H.  G.  danson  to  draw,  extend;  from  dinsan,  Goth. 

thinsan. 
Danar  Sp.,  Pg.  danar  to  hurt;  from  damnare  to  hurt,  cf.  L.  L. 

condemnare ,  L.  Sal.:  si  quis  terram  alienam  condemnaverit ,  O. 

Fr.  comdemner. 
Dardo  It.  Sp.,  Pr.  dart,  Fr.  dard,  Wal.  darde,  Hung,  darda; 

from  A.  S.  daradh  darodh,  E.  dart,  O.  N.  darradhr,  0.  H.  G. 

tart.    Others  from  doQV  doQazog. 
Darga  —  targa. 
Darne  Fr.,  N.Pr.  darno  a  slice;  from  Bret.  W.  darn  a  fragment, 

Sansk.  darana  (dri  to  tear).   Hence  E.  darn  prop.  =  to  patch. 
Darse,  darsena  —  arsenate. 
Dartre  Fr.,  Provincial  Fr.  dertre  =  A.  S.  teter,  E.  tetter,  G.  zit- 

ter.   Pictet  derives  the  word  through  the  Celtic  (W.  tarwden) 

from  the  Sansk.  dardi^u  a  tetter. 
Datil  datte  —  dattero. 

Dattero  It.,  Sp.Fr.  datil,  Fr. datte,  F.date  (fruit);  from  dactylus, 
Daus  —  «. 
Davanti  —  anzi. 

Dazio  It.,  Sp.  dacio,  Fr.  dace  (f.)  impost,  tax;  from  datio. 
De  —  dado. 
Debaueher  —  bauche. 
Debicar  —  hecco. 
Debit  Fr.  sale,  debiter  to  sell,  prop,  to  enter  as  debitum  (debt) 

in  an  account  book,  to  debit. 
Debonnaire  —  aria. 
Debout  —  bottare. 
Debris  —  briser. 
Debut  —  bozza. 
Dec  deeh  Pr.  (l)  command  (2)  government,  province  (3)  tribute 

(4)  fine,  fault,  deficiency,  Fem.  deca  decha  =  (4) ;  N.  Pr.  deed 


160  DECENTAR  —  DEMOISELLE. 

to  break  off;  0.  Pr.  dechar  to  deceive.   From  edictum.   From 

indicium  come  Pr.  endec  injury^  defect^  endechat  defective;  Sp. 

endecha  a  dirge  for  the  dead;  O.  Fr.  enditier,  to  indite  =  in- 

diciare, 
Decentar  —  enceniar, 
Dechado  Sp.  a  sample;  from  dictatum,  Pr.  dechat,  O.  Fr.  ditie, 

E.  ditty;  Pr.  dechar  =  diet  are, 
Dechat  —  dechado. 
Deehirer  —  eschirer. 
Dechouer  —  echouer. 
Deeiller  dessiller  Fr.  to  open  the  eyes;  from  ciliwn,  It.  disci- 

gliare. 
Decombres  —  colmo, 
Defalquer  —  falcare, 
Defaut  —  falta. 
Defl  defter  —  disftdare, 
Defiler  —  fda. 
Defrayer  —  frais. 
Degre  Fr.;  degrat  (degra)  Pr.;  Pg.  degrao;  for  gre  =  gradus,  the 

preposition  from  degradare  being  added  to  distinguish  it  from 

gre  =  gratum, 
Deguerpir  —  guerpir. 
Begun  Pr.  =  nullus,  O.  Sp.  degun;  from  the  O.  H.  G.  dik-ein, 

cf.  maint. 
Deh  It.  interjection,  Fr.  dey;  probably  shortened  from  deo  as  V 

from  io. 
Dehesa  Sp.;  0.  Sp.  defesa,  Cat.  devesa  pasturage;  L.  L.  defensa 

defensum,  0.  Fr.  defois, 
Deitar  —  gettare. 
Deja  —  gia. 
Dejeuner  — ■  giunare, 
Delabrer  —  lambeau, 
Delai  Fr.,  E.  delay;  from  dilatum,  It.  fern,  dilata.   Hence  vb. 

dilayer,  0.  Fr.  delayer,  It.  dilajare  to  delay. 
Delante  —  anzi. 
Delayer  —  dileguare, 
Deleznar  —  liscio. 
Delie  Fr.;  O.Fr.  also  ^/^w^^V  delicate ;  from  delicatus,  asj3/?Vfrom 

plicatus,  Pr.  delguat,  Sp.  delgado  slender. 
Demain  —  mane. 
Demanois  0.  Fr.;  Pr.  demanes,  =  statim.   From  de  manu  with 

suffix  ipsum  =  "off  hand^^;  Gk.  sk  xscQogj  M.  H.  G.  zehant. 

For  demanois;  de?nanes  we  also  find  manois  manes. 
Demarrer  —  amarrar, 
Demas  —  mai. 
Demoiselle  —  donno. 


DEMONIO  —  DES.  161 

Demonio  It.  Tg.,  Sp.  demonio  dimono,  Pr.  demoni  a  demon;  from 

dcemonion  (Tertullian). 
Denaro  danaro  It.,  Sp.  dinero,   Pr.  Fr.  denier  from  denarius. 

Hence  It.  derrata,  Sp.  dinerada  prop.  =  a  sum  of  money  or 

its  worth;  Fr.  denree  commodity,  food,  cf.  Bav.  pfennwerth. 
Dende  —  i7idi. 
Dengue  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.,  Sard,  denghi  prudery,  affectation;  from 

denegare,  It.  diniego. 
Denier  denree  —  denaro. 
Dentello  It.,  Pr.  dentelh,  Sp.  deniellon  moulding  of  a  cornice  &c., 

It.  dentelli  (pi.),  Fr.  denielle  point -lace;  from  dens  a  tooth. 
Denuedo  Sp.,  Pg.  denodo  boldness,  denodarse  to  be  bold;  from 

nodus  knot,  restriction. 
Denuesto  Sp.,  Pg.  doesto  insult,  Sp.  denostar,  Pg.  doestar,  de- 

ostar;  from  dehonestum,  dehonesiare.    Pr.  desnot  =  denost? 
Depeeher  —  pacciare. 

Depens  depense  Fr.,  from  dispendere  dispensus. 
Depetrer  —  pastoja. 
Depit  Fr.,  Pr.  despieg  displeasure;  from  despecius  disdain,  It. 

dispetto,  Sp.  despecho,  E.  despite.   Adj.  despit.   Vb.  despire,  E. 

despise  from  despicere.    Cf.  repit. 
Depouille  —  spoglio. 
Depuis  — poi. 
Derate  —  rate. 
Dernier  —  retro. 
Derober  —  roha. 
Deroute  —  rotta. 
Derramar  Sp.  Pg.  to  pour  out,  spread;  for  des-ramar  to  sever 

branches,  divide.  It.  disramare ,  Pr.  desramar  derramar,  Wal. 

derema  to  prune ,  Fr.  deramer  desrasmer  to  tear.    Opposed  to 

it  is  the  Com.  rafna  to  collect. 
Derrata  —  denaro. 
Derrear  —  derrengar. 
Derrengar  Sp.,  Pg.  derrear  (for  derrenar),  Pr.  desrenar,  deregnar, 

O.  Fr.  ereiner,  Fr.  ereinter  to  sprain  the  hip ;  from  ren  renes, 

the  Sp.  through  disren-icare.    It.  has  only  sbst.  direnato,  but 

the  Piedm.  derne  =  Pr.  desrenar. 
Derretir  Sp.,  Pg.  derreter  to  melt.    From  deter  ere  or  disterere. 

Sbst.  derretimiento  =  detrimentum.   V.  ciirtir. 
Derribar  Sp.  Pg.  to  demolish,  ruin ;  from  7ipa  a  bank,  It.  a  pre- 
cipice, Sp.  ribazo;  cf.  derrocar. 
Derriere  —  retro. 
Derrocar  —  rocca. 
Des  0.  Sp.,  O.  Pg.,  Sp.  Pg.  des-de,  Pr.  des  deis,  Fr.  des  =  Lat. 

ex  or  usque  a,  It.  da.   From  de  ex,  des  tors  =  de  ex  ilia  hord, 

desormais  ==  de  ex  hord  magis;  cf.  O.  Fr.  desanz  =  de  exante, 

DIEZ,    ROMANCK    DICT.  H 


162  DESCAPTAR  —  DESSEIN. 

O.  Sp.  desent  =  de  exinde,  desi  ==  de  ex  ibi,  Sp.  despues  (v. 
poi)  =  de  ex  post;  exante  and  exinde  are  found  in  Latin. 

Deseaptar  —  capitare. 

Deseer  Pg.  to  descend;  O.  Sp.  decir.   From  desidere. 

Desde  —  des. 

Deseo  —  disio. 

Desguinzar  —  esquinzar, 

Desi  —  qui. 

Designare  —  disegnare. 

Desinare  disinare  It.,  Pr.  disnar,  dmiar,  dinar,  O.  Fr.  disgner, 
disner,  digner,  L.  L.  disnar e,  E.  dine.  Among  the  etymons 
given  are  dHitvstv,  dignare  (the  beginning  of  a  grace),  decima 
(hora).  Diez  derives  it  from  decoenare  (cf.  devorare  depascere^^ 
whence  Fr.  deciner,  desner,  diner,  as  from  decima,  desme,  dime, 
from  huccina,  busna,  cf.  O.  Fr.  reciner  a  hinch,  from  recoenare, 
cf.  also  It.  pusigno  =  postcoenium.  But  Mahn  wishes  to  prove 
that  it  is  merely  another  and  earlier  form  oi  sdigiunare ,  de- 
jeuner =  disjejunare,  so  that  disinare  would  be  the  orig.  form. 
The  s  is  radical  as  shown  by  the  Pr.  dirnar.  For  the  double 
form  of  the  same  word ,  cf.  scvrer  and  separer,  chose  and  cause, 
hotel  and  hopital  &c.  But  though  "breaking  the  fast"  would 
be  a  proper  designation  for  the  first  meal  in  the  day,  it  would 
not  apply  equally  well  to  a  later  meal,  nor  would  the  same 
word  be  used  for  two  distinct  meals. 

Desleir  —  dileguare. 

Deslizar  —  liscio. 

Desman  —  ademan. 

Desmayar  —  smagare, 

DesoUar  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  desfollar,  Pg,  esfolar  to  flay;  from  follis. 

Desormais  —  des. 

Despaehar  —  pacciare. 

Desparpajar  —  parpagiione. 

Despedir  Sp.  Pg.  to  discharge,  dismiss,  despedirse  to  go  away; 
from  de-expedire.   Hence  also  Pg.  despir  to  strip. 

Despejar  —  specchio. 

Despertar  —  espertar. 

Despir  —  despedir. 

Despojo  —  spoglio. 

Despues  —  poi. 

Desrener  O.  Fr.,  0.  E.  darraign,  darreine,  darreine  the  battle 
Chauc.  =  fight  it  out,  let  the  battle  decide,  daiTcine  by  battle 
=  settle,  but  darraign  your  battle  (Shaksp.  H.  VI)  =  array.  It 
is  from  derationare ,  rationes  =  accounts,  whence  aresner  ar- 
raigner  arraign  to  call  to  account,  darraign  &c.  to  clear  the 
account,  settle  the  controversy. 

Dessein,  dessin,  dessiner  —  disegnare. 


DESSERT  —  DIANA.  163 

Dessert  — ■  serviette.  • 

Desso  It.,  Wal.  densu  pronoun.  According  to  Pott  from  idem 
ipsuSj  but  the  loss  of  the  ?n  is  against  all  analogy.  It  is  from 
the  L.  L.  id  ipse,  ille  est  id  ipse,  ilia  videtur  id  ipsa  =  desso, 
dessa  only  used  in  the  nom.  case. 

Dessous  —  sotto. 

Dessus  —  suso. 

Destare  It.  to  awake;  from  de-exciiare ,  Mil.  desseda.  Cf.  dor  are 
from  deaurare. 

Destriero  It.,  Pr.  O.Fr.  O.E.  destrier  a  war-horse,  L.  L.  dextra- 
rius,  so  called  because  led  by  the  esquire  on  the  right  of  his 
own  horse,  v.  Ducange. 

Destrozar  —  torso. 

Desver  derver  O.  Fr.  to  be  out  of  one's  senses,  rave;  O.  Fr.  adj. 
desve  derve  frantic,  sbst.  desverie  derverie  madness.  Fr.  endever 
to  rage,  rant^  faire  endever  to  vex;  prob.  from  desipere,  with 
change  of  conjugation. 

Deteler  —  teler. 

Detraquer  —  trac. 

Detresse  Fr.,  Pr.  detreissa,  E.  distress.  Not  from  destrictus,  Pr. 
destreit,  whence  It.  distrettezza  is  regularly  formed,  but  from 
a  verb  destreissar  to  distress  L.  L.  destrictiare.  The  L.  L. 
distringere  (Fr.  distraindre,  E.  distrain)  was  us^  for  constrain- 
ing a  person  to  do  something  by  exaction  of  a  pledge  &c. 
Hence  distrain  for  rent.  The  pledge  was  termed  districtio 
distress.  The  right  of  exercising  such  authority,  and  the  ter- 
ritory over  which  it  was  exercised ,  were  called  districtus ,  It. 
disiretto,  O.  Fr.  destroict ,  E.  district. 

Detrier  —  trigar. 

Detroit  —  etroit. 

Dette  Fr.,  E.  deht;  from  pi.  dehita,  Sp.  deuda. 

Deuil  —  cordoglio. 

Devant  —  anzi. 

Devanar  —  dipanare. 

Devider  —  vide. 

Devis  —  diviso. 

Devouer  —  voeu. 

Dexar  Sp.,  Pg.  deixar  to  leave,  from  a  form  desitare  des^tare 
(desinere  desitus).   Cf.  quexar. 

Diamante  It.  Sp.,  Pr.  diaman,  Fr.  diamant,  E.  diamond;  from 
adamas  adamantis,  prob.  influenced  by  diafano  transparent. 
Another  form  is  the  Pr.  adiman,  aziman,  aiman,  O.Fr.  aimant, 
Fr.  aimant,  Sp.  Pg.  iman  a  magnet,  in  which  sense  L.  L.  ada- 
mas was  used. 

Diana  It.  the  morning  -  star ,  prop.  Stella  diana,  from  an  old  adj. 

11* 


164  DIANE  —  DIO. 

diano  (dies);  whence  tlie  expression  hattere  la  diana,  Fr.  hattre 

la  diane  to  beat  the  reveille  (railit.). 
Diane  —  diana. 
Diante  —  anzi. 

Diantre  Fr.  interj.,  corrupted  from  diahle,  Rh.  dianser, 
Dianzi  —  anzL 
Diapre  —  diaspro. 
Diaspro  It.,  Sp.  diaspero  a  jasper;  from  jaspis,  cf.  It.  (pro v.) 

diacere  from  jacere.    O.  Fr.  dkispre  diaspe  flowered  stuffy  Fr. 

diapre  variegated;  diapered;  whence  E.  diaper. 

Dieha  Sp.;  Pg.  dita  luck;  from  dictum,  pi.  dicta,  cf.  fatum  from 

fari.   So  also  It.  delta. 
Die  O.Fr.;  Pr.  dia  =  henchmau;  feudal  dependant?   Prob.  from 

the  O.  H.  G.  deo  (for  theo,  thio  -~  Goth,  thins,  A.  S.  theov) 

with  a  term,  in  a  (like  hada,  crida,  uca,  sira)  to  distinguish  it 

from  derivatives  of  Deus. 

Dieta  It.  Sp.;  Fr.  diete,  E.  diet;  from  diaeta  {dCaita). 

Dieta  It.  Sp.;  Fr.  diete,  E.  diet  =  day  of  assembly;  then  the 
assembly  itself;  from  dies,  cf.  dietim  L.  L.  for  quotidie. 

Dietro  —  retro. 

Diga  It.;  Fr.  digue ,  Sp.  dique  a  dam  for  stopping  water;  from 
Du.  dyk,  A.  S.  die,  E.  dike  (=  ditch),  v.  Wedg.  dike. 

Dilayer  —  delai. 

Dileggiare  It.  to  deride  =  Pr.  desleyar  to  decry ;  sbst.  deslei  =r= 
dis-lex. 

Dileguare  It,;  Pr.  deslegar,  Fr.  delayer,  O.  E.  delay ,  to  dilute; 
from  dis-liquare.  The  Sp.  desleir  is  prob.  a  corruption  of  the 
Pr.  deslegar.  The  O.  E.  delay  often  =  allay,  cf.  Surrey :  the 
watery  showers  delay  the  raging  wind ;  Holland  speaks  of  the 
delaying  of  wines. 

Dimanche  —  domenica. 

Dinde  Fr.  a  turkey- hen,  dindon  a  turkey-cock;  from  coq  d'Tnde 
the  Indian  (American)  bird.  Cat.  gall  dindij  indiot. 

Diner  —  desinare. 

Dinero  —  denaro. 

Dintel  —  linde. 

Dio  It.;  Sp.  dios,  O.  Pg.  Sard,  deus,  Pg.  deos  (deos),  Pr.  dieu, 
Fr.  dieu  (0.  Fr.  deo).  In  the  South  West  deus  was  treated  as 
a  proper  namO;  cf.  Carlos ;  Marcos ;  Reynaldos  &c.  The  ano- 
malous pi.  dioses  is  also  found.  Such  anomalies  are  usual  in 
sacred  names ;  cf.  It.  gli  dei  and  v.  Grimm  1;  1071,  Dief.  2; 
416.  The  Wal.  for  God  is  dumne-zeu  =  It.  domeneddio ,  Pr. 
dame- dieu,  O.  Fr.  dame -dieu,  domhre-dieu.  From  domeneddio 
comes  the  It.  iddio  for  eddio,  cf.  iguale  for  eguale.  It.  addio 
=  Sp.  a  dios,  Fr.  adieu,  Pr.  a  dieu  siatz,  O.  Fr.  a  dieu  soyez, 


DIPANARE  —  DOCCIARE.  165 

O.  Cat.  a  deu  siau.    It.  madio,   8p.  madios,  Fr.  maidieu  = 
nUaide  dieu,  O.  Fr.  si  m!ait  dieus  =^  ita  deus  me  adjuvet. 

Dipanare  It.,  Pr.  debanar,  Sp.  devanar  to  wind  off;  from  partus 
a  bunch  of  wool  for  spinning. 

Dirupare  It.,  Pg.  dcrruhar,  Sp.  derrumbar  to  precipitate  from  a 
rock  (rupes);  hence  dirupo  a  precipice,  0.  Fr.  desrube,  des- 
ruhle,  also  desruhant  defile,  Pr.  deruhen;  O.  Fr.  desruhison;  Sp. 
derrubio  a  fall  of  earth  on  the  banks  of  a  river,  also  =  an 
overflow  of  water. 

Discolo  It.  Sp.  Pg.  unruly,  fro  ward ;  from  dv^xolog. 

Disegnare  designare  It.  (l)  to  point  out,  mark  out,  (2)  to  draw, 
^^.designar,  0.^^,desemr,  Vwdesegnar  designar,  Fr.  designer, 
E.  design  =  (l),  Sp.  disenar,  Fr.  dessiner,  E.  design  =  (2); 
sbst.  It.  disegno,  Sp.  diseho  designio,  Fr.  dessein  =  E.  design 
(in  both  senses).   From  L.  designare. 

Disette  Fr.  want;  from  desecta. 

Disfidare  sfldare  It.,  Pr.  desfizar,  Fr.  defter,  Sp.  Pg.  desafiar, 
0.  Pg.  desftar,  E.  defy  =  to  retract  one's  confidence  (fides)  in 
a  person,  to  renounce,  disclaim,  cf.  Henry  IV,  1,  3.  "All 
studies  here  I  solemnly  defyJ^ 

Disfrazar  —  farsa. 

Disio  It.,  Sp.  deseo,  Pg.  desejo,  Pr.  desig  a  longing;  vb.  desi- 
are  &c.  Not  from  desiderium,  but  from  dissidiiim  (cf.  Cat.  de- 
sitj),  so,  like  Pg.  saudade,  prop.  =  separation,  then  =  the 
consequent  longing. 

Ditello  It.  the  armpit  =  ditale  a  thimble,  Eom.  didel,  O.  Fr. 
deel,  Fr.  deau  (prov.)  de.  For  ditello  Neap,  has  tetelleca,  from 
tellecare  to  tickle. 

Diva  —  da. 

Diviso  It.,  Pr.  Fr.  devis,  E.  device  plan,  contrivance.  It.  divisa, 
^^.divisadevisa,  Yy.  devise,  Yi.  device  i  distinction,  distinguish- 
ing mark,  cognisance;  It.  divisare,  Sp.  divisar  to  divide,  ar- 
range, dispose  (O.  Fr.  deviser),  E.  devise.  From  dividere,  Pr. 
devire,  whence  freq.  divisar.  Wedgw.  makes  2  words  (1)  =  a 
badge  &c.  from  dividere  (2)  =  a  plan  &c.  from  viso  (visum) 
view ,  opinion.  The  expression  a  point  devise ,  E.  point  device, 
=  in  a  condition  of  ideal  excellence ,  such  as  one  can  devise 
or  imagine. 

Docciare  It.  to  douse ,  pour  water  on,  sbst.  doccia,  Fr.  douche, 
Sp.  ducJta  a  spout  &c.,  from  ductiare  (ductus)  as  succiare  from 
suctus.  Cf.  ductus  =  O.  Fr.  duit  (conduit).  Norm,  doui,  from 
ductio,  Pr.  dotz,  O.  Fr.  dois,  whence  dusil,  E.  dosii  a  spigot. 
But  Wedgw.  derives  doccia  &c.  from  G.  docke,  E.  dock  a 
bunch,  tap,  whence  the  sense  of  spout,  conduit  &c.  From 
Gael,  dos  a  tuft,  E.  doss  a  hassock,  dossel  a  plug;  E.  dosil 
a  tent  for  a  wound  prob.  from  Fr.  dusil. 


166  DODU  —  DONDOLARE. 

Dodu  — ■  dondon. 

Doga  It.  Pr.  Cat.,  Wal.  doage,  Alb.  dogCy  Fr.  doxive,  Mil.  dove 
the  stave  of  a  cask,  Du.  duyglie,  duig ,  Sw.  dauge,  G.  dauhe 
staff;  hence  Sp.  dovela  duela,  Pg.  aduela ,  Norm,  douvelle  dou- 
elle,  Lor.  doule.  The  Pr.  doga.  Norm,  doiwe  also  =  a  dam, 
a  bank:  L.  L.  douvam  sive  aggerem  (Carpentier).  It.  doga  = 
also  a  stripe,  It.  dogare  to  gird  (Dante),  Sp.  dogal  a  halter, 
from  the  notion  of  hemming  in,  confining,  like  the  staves  of 
a  barrel.  Gregory  of  Tours  has  doga  in  the  sense  of  conduit: 
ne  forte  dogis  occultis  lymphm  deducerenlur.  From  doga  in 
Lat.  =  a  vessel  (Vopiscus)  =  Gk.  8oir{  a  receptacle.  From 
this  it  would  come  to  mean  a  dam  for  holding  in  water,  the 
staving  of  a  cask ,  a  stave.  Wedgw.  derives  it  from  a  dif- 
ferent source,  viz.  the  G.  docke,  E.  dock  a  bunch,  a  plug,  a 
stopple,  a  tap,  whence  dock  an  inclosed  basin  which  keeps 
out  the  water  by  grent  flood -gaies.  From  the  sense  of  plug 
comes  (1)  that  of  dam  (doga,  douve  &c.),  (2)  that  of  conduit 
(doga,  doccia,  douche  &c.). 

Dogana  It.,  Pr.  doana,  Fr.  douane,  »Sp.  Pg.  aduana,  custom- 
house, excise,  toll.  From  the  Arab,  divan  ad- divan  a  state- 
council  (for  excise),  whence  diuana  doana  duana  with  inserted 
g  in  It.,  ph.  with  a  reference  to  doga  a  cask -stave.  The  Sp. 
duan  =  divan.  Or  it  may  be  from  divan  in  the  sense  of  an 
account-book,  Freyt.  2,  74,  cf.  Boccaccio  Dec.  8;  10:  i  do- 
ganieri  poi  scrivono  in  siU  libro  del  I  a  dogana  &c. 

Doge  —  duca. 

Dolequin  O.  Fr.  a  short  dagger;  from  M.  Du.  dolckin,  dim.  of 
dolk,  G.  dolch. 

DoHiani  —  mani. 

Dome  —  duomo. 

Domeniea  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  doming o,  Pr.  dimenge  dimergne ,  Fr.  di- 
manche  sunday;  It.  from  dominica,  Sp.  from  dorninicns,  Pr.  Fr. 
from  dies  dominica,  whence  O.  Fr.  diemenche  =  Gk.  TcvQiaxyj. 

Dominio  It.  Sp.  Pg.  lordship,  possession,  Fr.  domainc  (m.),  E. 
domain,  Fr.domaine  domeni,  O.Fr.  also  demaine  dcmenie,  Yi.de- 
main  demesne ,  O.  It.  diminio;  from  dominium,  ai  from  i  as  in 
daigner  from  dignari,  O.  Fr.  adj .  demaine=o^\i,  L.  L.  demanius. 

Dommage  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  Wal.  E.  damage,  Pr.  dampnatge;  from 
damnum. 

Donaire  Sp.  Pg.  grace,  elegance,  prop.  =  natural  gift,  from 
donarium.   Adj .  donoso  graceful ,  from  don  =  donum. 

Done  —  dunque. 

Donde  —  onde, 

Dondolare  It.  to  rock ,  E.  dandle.  From  the  same  root  as  the 
Yr.dodiner  dodeliner,  from  ^o^o  a  word  used  in  rocking  children 
to  sleep.  Bodo  is  a  child's  word  formed  by  reduplication  from 


DONDON  —  DORCA.  167 

dormir.  Wedgw.  connects  these  words  with  E.  dade  =  to 
teach  a  child  to  walk,  dading  strings  =  It.  dande^  Fr.  dada 
=  a  child's  hobby  -  horse ;  hence  daddle  doddle  diddle  toddle, 
wdth  nasal  dande,  dandle,  dondeliner  dodeliner  to  rock,  dan- 
diner  It.  dondolare  dandle,  idle,  dandolo  a  ninny,  dandolo  dan- 
dola  a  toy,  doll,  E.  dandy ,  Sc.  dandilly, 

Dondon  Fr.  f.  a  plump  woman;  from  E.  dump  in  dump -ling, 
dump-ty  (donde).  Dondon  is  connected  with  bedon  (q.  v.)  don- 
daine  =  bedondaine.  Perhaps  dodu  may  be  also  referred 
hither,  though  the  loss  of  the  nasal  is  unusual. 

Dongeon  donjon  Fr.,  Pr.  donjo,  E.  donjon,  dungeon,  a  strong 
lofty  building  in  a  fort,  so  called  from  its  commanding  the 
rest,  dominio  domnio  dongeo  (as  songer  from  somniare)  donjon. 
But  Diez  rejects  this  derivation,  and  refers  the  word  to  the 
Irish  diin  a  fortified  place  (v.  duna)  whence  dimion,  O.  Fr. 
dognon  donjon.  Zeuss  1,  30  gives  as  the  orig.  form  dangio 
Fr.  daingean.   V.  Murat.  2,  500. 

Donno  donna  It.,  Sp.  don  dona  dueha,  Pg.  dom  dona,  Pr.  don 
(fem.  dons),  dombre  (in  dombre-dieus)  domna,  O.  Fr.  masc. 
dame  (in  da?ne-dieu)  dan  dant,  O.  E.  dan,  O.  Fr.  Fr.  fem. 
dame  (whence  Pr.  Fr.  Sp.  damd),  Wal.  domn  doamne;  from 
dominus  domina  in  inscriptions  domnus  domna,  L.  L.  donnus 
donna.  Hence  Sp.  doncel  doncella,  Pr.  donsel  donsella,  O.  Fr. 
donciaus  (nom.)  dancel  danzel  (oblique  cases),  damoisiel,  da- 
moiseau,  damoisele,  Fr.  demoiselle,  hence  It.  damigello  dami- 
gella,  Sp.  Pr.  damisela,  as  if  from  a  L.  dominicillus,  Wal. 
domnisor.  Vb.  Pr.  domneiar,  O.  Fr.  donoier  to  court  women, 
whence  It.  donneare,  sbst.  domnei  donnoi.  For  the  Fr.  a  =  o, 
cf.  damesche  from  domesticus,  danter  (daunt)  from  domitare. 
From  domen  for  domin  comes  the  Prov.  and  Cat.  abbreviation 
en,  used  before  proper  names,  e.g.  En  Barral  (O.It.  Imberal), 
from  domna  Na  as  Na  Maria  &c.  For  the  degradation  in 
meaning  of  damoiseau  and  donzelle  in  0.  Fr.  cf.  valet  (Berr. 
valet  =  a  help),  vassal j  varlet.  Mesquin,  on  the  contrary,  orig. 
=  poor  wretch ,  came  to  be  used  of  young  persons  even  of 
highest  rank ,  the  idea  of  youth  being  got  from  that  of  weak- 
ness, wretchedness. 

Donnola  It.  a  weasel;  prop.  =  little  woman,  from  donna,  cf.  Sp. 
comadreja,  G.  jimgferchen,  M.  Gr.  vv^cpvta,  Basq.  anderei- 
gerra  from  andrea  a  woman.  Cf.  bele.  The  name  was  derived 
from  the  character  usu.  assigned  to  the  weasel  in  the  fables. 

Dont  —  onde. 

Dopo  —  poi. 

Doppiere  It.  a  taper;  from  duplus,  the  which  being  formed  of 
double  thread ,  cf .  G .  zivirn  from  zivir. 

Dorca  dorc  Pr.  a  jug;  from  orca,  v.  R.  Gr.  1,  264. 


168  DORELOT  —  DRAGUE. 

Dorelot  O.  Fr.  a  darling ,  Fr.  doreloter  dorloter  to  fondle ;  from 
A.S.  deorling,  E.  darling ^  or  from  W.  dorlawd,  dawr  dear  and 
llaivd  a  boy. 

Dorenavant  Fr.  =  dehinc;  from  de  hora  in  ah  ante. 

Dorna  Pr.  a  pot,  N.  Pr.  dourno;  from  iirna,  cf.  dorca  from  orca. 
Hence  Sp.  dornajo  dornilla  a  trough. 

Dosel  —  dais. 

Dossiere  —  dais, 

Dotta  —  otta. 

Douaire  —  doner. 

Douane  —  dogana. 

Douche  —  docciare. 

Doudo  Pg.  a  ninny;  from  the  Eng.  dolt,  dold,  A.  S.  dol,  con- 
nected with  G.  Wlpel. 

Douer  Fr.  to  endow;  from  dotare;  douaire  (m.)  Pr.  doariy  E. 
dower  dowry;  douairiere  a  widow  who  has  a  jointure,  E. 
dowager. 

Douille  doille  0.  Fr.  weak;  from  duciilis,  Pr.  ductil  &c.;  Fr. 
dim.  douiUet  (not  from  dulcis). 

Douille  Fr.  a  tap,  L.  L.  ductile  a  channel;  cf.  Com.  indoja  a 
husk,  from  inductile,  v.  andouille.  From  ducere  also  comes 
Fr.  dusil  a  spigot,  E.  dosel,  but  v.  doga,  docciare  for  another 
derivation. 

Dour  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  dorn  of  a  hand's  breadth.  It.  dorone;  from  the 
Celtic,  Gael,  dorn,  W.  dwrn,  Bret,  dorn  a  hand.  Pliny  Nat. 
Hist.  35,  14:  tegulce  apud  G alios  didoron  dictw  a  longitudine 
duorum  palmorum,  di  =  Gael,  da  or  de ,  W.  dau  dwi,  Bret. 
daou  div  two. 

Douve  —  doga. 

Dove  —  ove. 

Dovela  —  doga. 

Doyen  dean;  from  decanus. 

Dragee  —  treggea. 

Drageon  Fr.  a  shoot,  sprig;  from  Goth,  draihjan  to  push,  O.  H. 

G.  treibjan  (Fr.  ge  =  bj,  cf.  Rom.  Gr.  1,  166),  cf.  bouton  from 

bouter,  pousse  from  pousser. 

Dragomanno  It.,  Sp.  dragoman,  Fr.  drogman,  M.  H.  G.  trage- 
munt ,  E.  dragoman  an  interpreter,  also  It.  turcimanno ,  Sp. 
trujaman,  Fr.  trucheman  truchement,  O.  E.  trucJiman;  from  Ar. 
targomdn,  torgomdn  an  interpreter,  from  targama  to  explain, 
Chald.  targum  a  translation. 

Drague  Fr.  brewer's  grains;  hom.^.  dragg,  ^.  dreg  dregs,  which 
Wedgw.  connects  with  E.  dra^,  G.  trciber  brewer's  grains,  Pr. 
draco  dregs  of  the  vintage,  drasche  dreche  draff,  husks  (this 
last,  however,  Diez  derives  from  O.H.G.  drescan,  G.  dreschen 


DRAGUE  —  DUCA.  169 

to  thrash),  0.  E.  drasl  drest,  G.  trestern,  A.  S.  dresien  faeces, 
also  A.  S.  dros  fssx,  whence  E.  dross. 

Drague  Fr.,  E.  drag  (for  water). 

Drappo  It.;  Pr.  Cat.  Fr.  drap  cloth,  whence  drappello,  drapeau 
a  rag,  a  banner,  L.  L.  drappus,  Fr.  draper,  drapier,  E.  drape, 
draper.  In  Sp.  and  Pg.  it  has  the  tenuis :  trapo,  trapaijo,  tra- 
pero,  Iraperia,  but  also  drapero,  and  gualdrape  =  trappings  of 
a  horse,  giialdrapazo  flap  of  the  sail  against  the  mast,  gual- 
drapear  to  flap.  Frisch  derives  from  trappen  to  tread,  so  of 
closely- trodden  or  woven  stuff  (Sp.  /r^j^flf  =  stamping),  but 
ph.  better  from  trap  the  sound  of  a  flapping  piece  of  cloth. 

Drasche  —  drague. 

Dredre  —  trillare. 

Dresser  —  rizzare. 

Dridriller  —  trillare. 

Drille  Fr.  (m.)  comrade;  from  O.  H.  Gr.  drigil  lad,  servant,  fel- 
low, O.  N.  thrmll,  E.  thrall,  v.  Grimm  3,  321. 

Drille  Fr.  (f.) 

Drizzare  —  rizzare. 

Droga  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  drogue,  E.  drug  spices,  aromatics  &c., 
so  called  from  their  hot,  dry  nature,  Du.  droog  dry,  dried 
goods. 

Drogman  —  dragomanno. 

Droit  —  ritto. 

Drole  Fr.  facetious,  droll;  not  found  in  the  Fr.  dictionaries  of  the 
16^^^  century.  It  is  the  same  word  as  the  E.  droll,  G.  drollig, 
cf.  Du.  drol,  0.  N.  drioli,  Gael,  droll  a  blunt,  awkward  man. 

Dromon  O.  Fr.  a  large  ship  of  war,  0.  N.  dromundr,  M.  H.  G. 
tragmunt  dragmunt  (hwi  v.  dragomanno);  from  dromo  Sqo^cov 
^^  genus  navigii  velocissimP^  Fulgent.  Plancus.  Pr.  dromd  =  a 
platform.   Wal.  drom  a  street,  course,  from  dQo^og. 

Drudo  druda  It.  0.  Pg.,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  drut  druda  drue  a  friend,  a 
lover;  hence  0.  Fr.  drugun  druiun  intimate.  The  word  is 
found  both  in  the  Celtic  and  the  Teutonic:  Gael.^rw/A  a  harlot, 
O.  H.  G.  drill  triit,  driid  (in  comp.  Drudbald,  Wieldrud)  friend, 
lover,  fem.  triutin  (all  related  to  triuwi,  G.  treu,  true).  In  Rom. 
it  is  often  found  in  connection  with  ami  "mes  amis  et  mes 
drus^^  &c.  There  is  also  an  adj.  It.  drudo  beloved,  pretty, 
also  =  gallant,  Fr.  dru  sprightly,  wanton,  luxuriant,  vb.  en- 
druir  to  make  thick,  dense.  Gen.  druo  thick,  fat,  drueza 
abundance,  Piedm.  N.  Pr.  dru  luxuriant,  fruitful.  The  adj. 
is  best  referred  to  the  Gael,  driith  wanton,  W.  drud  vigorous. 

Duca  It.,  Wal.  duce,  Sp.  Pg.  duque,  Pr.  Fr.  due,  E.  duke;  It. 
ducaiOy  Sp.  Pg.  ducado,  Pr.  ducat,  Fr.  duche  (in  O.  Fr.  fem. 
whence  It.  ducea)  E.  duchy,  L.  L.  ducatus  for  ductus.  Duca  is 
not  immediately  from  dux,  which  would  have  doce  (Yen.  doge), 


170  DUCHA  —  DURETA. 

but  from  the  Byzantine  dov^,  dovxa,  v.  Diicange.  From  duca 
come  It.  ducato  ducatone,  Sp.  ducado  ducaton,  Fr.  G.  ducat y 
first  used  c.  1140  by  Roger  II.  of  Sicily  who  held  the  duchy 
of  Apuglia  (ducato  d'Apuglia). 

Ducha  —  docciare. 

Duela  —  doga. 

Duello  It.,  Sp.  duelo,  Fr.  E.  duel;  from  duellum.  The  word  in- 
troduced into  the  Rom.  at  a  late  period,  and  was  adopted 
from  a  mistaken  notion  of  the  etymology  of  the  L.  word. 
Battaglia  was  used  previously. 

Duendo  Sp.,  Pg.  dondo,  Pr.  domde  domestic,  tame,  vb.  Pr.  dom- 
tar  dondar,  O.Fr.  donter,  Fr.  dompter  {Ya.  daunt);  from  domitus 
domitarc.  Hence,  too,  Sp.  Pg.  duende  a  fairy,  ghost,  prop. 
house -ghost  (Sp.  duende  de  casa).  The  words  are  not  derived 
from  doinus. 

Duire  O.  Fr.  Pr.  to  lead,  instruct,  pf.  doist,  part,  dozen,  O.  Fr. 
Pr.  adj.  duit  clever,  sbst.  duison  neatness;  from  ducere  (doist 
=  duxit),  cf.  Sp.  ducir  ^=^  duire,  ducho  =  duit  and  cf.  G.  Ziehen, 
L.  educare. 

Duna  It.  Sp.,  from  Fr.  dune  a  sand-hill;  from  Du.  duin  ==  A.  S. 
dim  (f.),  E.  doivn,  don  in  names  of  places,  which  from  the 
Celtic,  Fr.  dim,  W.  din  a  hill,  a  strong  place  (dinas  a  city), 
whence  dunum  in  August odu?ium ,  Zugdunum  =  Ravenhill  &c. 
The  root  of  the  Celtic  words  is  in  the  Ir.  dimaim,  Gael,  duin 
to  shut  in,  surround,  thus  showing  a  community  of  origin 
with  the  G.  zaun,  0.  H.  G.  zim,  0.  S.  tim  tyne  enclosure,  O.  N. 
tim  (E.  town,  0.  E.  tune)  from  G.  source,  A,S.tgnan  to  enclose. 
V.  Mahn,  Diefenbach. 

Dunque  adunque  It.,  O.  It.  do?iqua  adonqua,  dunche  adunche, 
'O.  Sp.  doncas,  Fr.  done  particle  for  L.  ergo.  O.  Fr.  dune,  don- 
ques  adunc,  Pr.  done  adonc  =  L.  turn;  whence  sense  of  ^'ergo^', 
cf.  igitur  =  inde  and  postea,  Festus,  E.  then,  Sip.  pues,  luego. 
Adimc  is  the  orig.  from  for  a  or  ad  and  time.  A  tunc  and  ad 
tunc  are  found  in  old  documents. 

Duomo  It.  a  cathedral,  =  the  house  (domus)  ''par  excellence'', 
Fr.  dome,  E.  dome  ^=z  cupola,  most  ot  the  churches  in  Italy 
being  built  with  cupolas. 

Dupe  Fr.  (f.),  E.  dupe,  vb.  duper,  dupe.  Frisch  connects  it  with 
the  Swab,  diippel  a  blockhead;  Wedgw.  makes  it  from  dupe 
duppe  a  hoopoe  (so  called  from  the  tuft  on  its  head),  cf.  It. 
hubhola  a  hoopoe,  huVbolare  to  cheat  (E.  huhhle?). 

Durare  It.,  Sp.  durar,  Fr.  durer,  E.  dure,  G.  dauern  to  hold  out; 
from  durare  to  harden,  for  which  indurare  was  used. 

Durazno  Sp.  a  peach ;  from  persica  duracina,  cf .  It.  duracine  firm 
(of  fruit). 

Dureta  Sp.  a  bathing- chair.  Suet.  August.  82;  insidens  ligneo 


DURFEI'J  —  ECCO.  171 

solio,  quod  ipse  hispnnico  verbo  duretam  vocabat,   Larramendi 

refers  it  to  the  Basq.  ura  water. 
Durfeii  0.  Fr.  wretched,  pitiable;  from  dure  fatalus  (cf.  malfeii 

:=  Pr.  malfadat,  Sp.  malfadado)  with  a  substitution  of  the 

suffix  utus  for  atus, 
Dusil  —  douille. 
Dusque  —  jusque. 
Duvet  Fr.  doivn  of  feathers ,  O.  Fr.  dum,  Provin.  E.  dum,  Norm. 

dumet,  L.  L.  dumciy  from  0.  N.  diin.    Duvet  is  a  corruption  of 

dumet. 


E. 

Ea  Sp.,  Pg.  eia,  Sic.  ejajeja  inter].,  Lat.  eja,  O.Fr, aye,  Basq.  ea. 

Eau  Fr.  (f.)  water;  from  aqua,  O.  Fr.  aigue,  eve  (cf.  yve  from 
equa),  whence  evier  a  vase,  O.  Fr.  aiguiere,  E.  ewer  (aqua- 
rium), from  eve,  ieve  iave  eaue  eau  (so  bel  Met  bial  beau). 
Gris.  aua. 

Ebahir  —  baJiir, 

Ebaubi  Fr.  astounded;  from  an  old  Nh.  ebaubir  abaubir;  from 
balbus,  O.  Fr.  baube,  prop,  to  make  to  stammer. 

Ebauclier  — •  bauclie. 

Ebbio  It.,  Sp.  ycdgo  ijezgo,  Pg.  engo,  Pr.  evol,  Fr.  hieble  (h  asp.), 
Berr.  geble,  Ven.  gevalo  dwarf-elder;  from  ebtdus.  Sp.  d  for  / 
as  in  sendos  from  singulos. 

Ebbriaco  imbriaco  ubbriaeo  briaeo  It.,  O.  Sp.  embridco,  Pr. 
ebriac,  Fr.  (Berr.)  ebriat  imbriat;  from  L.  ebriCicus  (Plautus) 
formed  like  merCicus  from  merus.  Hence  Pr.  abriga,  Fr.  ivraie 
darnel. 

Ebe  Fr.  (f.)  ebb;  from  Du.  ebbe ,  E.  ebb. 

Eblouir  Fr.  to  dazzle,  Pr.  esbalauzir  for  esblauzir  to  stun,  em- 
blauzir  to  dazzle.  From  O.  H.  G.  blodi  weak,  dull  (Sc.  blait, 
E.  blunt),  ^/o^2  bluntness,  whence  G.  blode,  blodsichtig  weak- 
sighted.  The  O.  H.  G.  verb  was  blddauy  Pr.  blauzir  =  a  Goth. 
blauthjan. 

Ebranler  —  brando. 

Ebrouer  —  bravo. 

Ecaille  ecale  —  scaglia. 

Ecarlate  —  scarletto. 

Ecarter  —  scartare. 

Ecco  It.,  Wal.  eace,  Pr.  ec,  O.  Fr.  eke  an  adv.  from  eccum,  often 
with  pronouns;  It.  eccomi,  eccoti,  eccolo,  eccola,  eccoci  &c., 
Wal.  eaceme,  Vv.ecvos,  O.  Fr.  ekevos;  Sp.  ele,  eloy  ela  (for  ec-le 
&c,).  Pr.  vec  ■=■  ve  (imper.  of  vezer,  L.  vide)  and  ec ,  whence 
vecvos,  veus;  so,  too,  It.  vecco  veccolo.   From  ecce  is  Pg.  m, 


172  ECHAFAUT  —  ECORCE. 

O.  Fr.  eis  es  ez  whence  a  verbal  plur.  estes-vos,  cf.  eglino.  For 
other  combinations  cf.  qua,  quello,  questo,  qui. 

Echafaut  —  catafalco, 

Echalas  Fr.  a  wine- prop ^  0.  Fr.  escaras,  Pic.  ecarats,  Berr. 
charisson,  Piedm.  scar  as.  From  L.  L.  carratium  (with  prefix 
es)j  which  from  Gk.  xdgai,  (Wal.  herdc). 

Echalier  Fr.  a  hedge,  paling.  From  scala,  from  its  resembling 
a  series  of  ladders. 

Echandole  Fr.  shingle ;  from  scandula,  Lorr.  chondre,  Wal.  scen- 
dure. 

Eehanson  —  escanciar. 

Echantillon  Fr.  a  sample,  Eouch.  ecantillon  a  rule,  ruler  (Sp. 
escantillon  descantillon)  y  E.  scantling  =  the  dimensions  of  a 
piece  of  timber  in  breadth  and  thickness.  From  0.  Fr.  cant 
chant  corner,  piece  &c.  (v.  canto),  O.  Fr.  eschantelet  =  chant. 

Echapper  —  scappare. 

Eehar  • —  gettare. 

Eeharde  —  cardo. 

Echarpe  —  sciarpa. 

Echars  —  scarso. 

Echasse  Fr.  stills,  O.  Fr.  eschace,  Rouch.  ecache\  from  Du. 
schaats,  E.  skate. 

Echaugette  Fr.  a  watch-tower,  O.  Fr.  eschar gaite  eschirgaite  a 
spy,  eschar gaitier  to  watch;  irom.  O .  schaar - ivacht  a  night- 
patrol  ,  also  a  watchman.  The  Fr.  echaugette  is  a  corruption 
of  escharguete  eschalguete. 

Echee  —  scacco. 

Echemer  —  sciame. 

Eeheveau  Fr.  strong  thread  or  yarn.  Ph.  from  scapus  =  a  twist 
or  roll  of  paper,  so  =  a  skein  or  hank  of  thread  (0.  Fr. 
eschevete). 

Echevin  —  scahino. 

Echine  —  schiena. 

Echiquete  echiquier  —  scacco. 

Echome  —  scalmo. 

Echoppe  Fr.-,  from  O.  H.  G.  schupfa,  G.  schuppen,  E.  shop, 
Wal.  sopru. 

Echouer  Fr.  to  strand,  dechouer  to  set  a  float.   From  cautes? 

Eclair  Fr.  lightning ;  from  eel  air  er,  L.  exclarare,  like  fulmen  and 

^  fulgur  from  fidgere.  Champ,  turner  to  lighten  from  lumen. 

Eelater  —  schiantare. 

Eclisse  —  clisse. 

Eclore  —  chiudere. 

Ecluse  —  esclusa. 

Ecope  Fr.  a  water-can,  from  Sw.  skopa. 

Ecorce  ecorcer  —  scorza. 


ECORCHER  —  EFFARER.  173 

Ecoreher  —  corteccia. 

Eeore  Fr.  a  steep  part  of  the  shore;  from  O.H.Q.scorro  a  rock, 
A.  S.  score,  E.  shore,  Dii.  schorre  schore,  cf.  Gael.  sgdr. 

Eeornifler  Fr.  to  spunge  (as  a  parasite).  Norm,  to  pilfer;  =  ecoi^- 
ner  (cornu)  to  break  off  the  horns  or  ends ,  to  pinch  off, 

Ecosse  —  cosse. 

Eeot  —  scotto. 

Ecoufle  Fr.  a  kite  (bird),  Norm,  a  flying -dragon;  0.  Fr.  escofre 
escoufre  from  G.  schupfer  (from  schupfen)  a  missile.  So ,  con- 
versely, projectiles  had  their  names  from  birds  of  prey  (v. 
terzuolo). 

Ecourgee  —  scuriada. 

Ecouter  —  ascoltare. 

Ecouvillon  Fr.  a  duster  or  small  broom,  Sp.  escovillon;  from 
scopa. 

Ecran  Fr.  a  screen;  from  O.  H.  G.  scranna,  E.  screen. 

Ecraser  to  crush;  a  Norman  word,  from  O.N.  krassa,  Sw.  krcisa 
bruise,  E.  crash.    An  onomatopcBion. 

Eerevisse  Fr.  a  crab,  O.  Fr.  escrevisse  also  =  armour,  O.  E. 
creveys,  crevish,  corrupted  craw-fish;  from  O.  H.  G.  krehiz, 
Du.  krevisse,  krevitse,  G.  krehs,  Kouch.  graviche.  Wall,  grevess, 
with  s  prefixed  (perhaps  from  scarahceus).  So  called  from  the 
grabbing  action  of  the  animal,  Sp.  escarbar  to  scrabble,  escara- 
bajo  beetle  (scarabceus),  escarabisse  a  crayfish. 

Eorou  Fr.  (m.)  screw;  from  G.  schraiibe,  E.  screw. 

Ecrouelles  Fr.  (f.  pi.)  scrofula;  from  scrofella  (scrofula)  a  swell- 
ing in  the  throat. 

Ecu  Fr.  shield;  from  scutum,  It.  scudo  &c.,  whence  ecuyer,  Pr. 
escudier,  It. scudtere,  ^.esquire,  Yr.e'cusson,  1^.  escutcheon  (from 
a  form  scutw  as  from  at^cus  arcio  arcon). 

Ecueil  —  scoglio. 

Ecuelle  Fr.,  Pr.  escudela,  E.  scull  (scullion,  scullery)  dish;  from 
scutella,  It.  scodella  &c. 

Eoume  —  schiuma. 

Eeurer  —  sgurare. 

Ecureuil  —  scojattolo. 

Eeurie  Fr.,  escuria  escura  Pr.  a  stable;  from  O.H.G.5cwr«  skiura, 
L.  L.  scuria,  G.  scheuer,  whence  also  Wal.  sure.  Hung,  tsiir. 
Hence  E.  equerry.  W.  connects  these  words  wrongly  with 
ecuyer  (v.  ecu). 

Eeusson  ecuyer  —  ecu. 

Edera  ellera  It.,  Sp.  hiedra,  Pg.  her  a,  Pr.  edra,  Fr.  lierre  (0.  Fr. 
Pic.  hierre  yerre  with  the  article,  oi.lendemain  &c.,  ^eai^.lellira, 
Gen.  lellua)  ivy;  from  hedera. 

Effacer  —  faccia. 

Effarer  Fr.  to  perplex,  surprise;  not  from  efferare,  but  from 


174  EFFONDRER  —  ELSA. 

ferus  =  shy,  timid;  cf.  farouche  from  ferox,  Pr.  esferar  to 
scare. 

EflFondrer  —  fondo. 

Effrayer  eflfroi  —  frayeur. 

Effronte  —  affrontare. 

Egarer  —  garer. 

Eglantier  —  aiglent. 

Egli  It.,  0.  It.  ello  el,  Sp.  el,  O.  Sp.  elle  elli,  Pg.  elle,  O.  Pg".  el 
elli,  Pr.  el  elh,  Fr.  il,  Wal.  eL  Partly  from  ille,  partly  from 
illic  (==  ille  Terence).  It.  Pr.  Fr.  Wal.  lid,  from  illujus  or  from 
ilhiic,  V.  Rom.  Gr.  %  66;  fem.  It.  Pr.  Wal.  lei,  O.  Fr.  lei  and 
lie,  from  illae  or  ?7/«d'c  for  illi;  pi.  It.  /oro,  Pr.  Wal.  lor,  Fr. 
/^wr;,  from  illorum  (Sard,  insoru  =  ipsorimi).  In  It.  pi.  eglino, 
ellenOj  no  is  a  verbal  suffix:  egli  -  no ,  canta-no. 

Egout  Fr.  sewer;  from  eg  outer  to  drip,  cf.  Pr.  goteira,  Fr.  gout- 
tiere  =  egout. 

Egrafflgner  —  greffe. 

Egratigner  —  grattare, 

Egruger  —  gruger, 

Eis  ele  ■ —  ecco. 

Eisaurar  —  sauro. 

Eissernir  —  scernere. 

Elaguer  Fr.  to  prune,  or  thin  trees.  From  O.  li.  G.  lah  incisio 
arborum,  or  from  Du.  laecken  to  lessen,  impair.  With  lalt  is 
connected  G.  leek,  our  leak. 

Elan  —  lancia. 

Elan  Fr.,  E.  eland,  from  G.  elen-thier,  from  O.  H.  G.  elalio,  M. 
H.  G.  elch,  E.  elk. 

Elee  It.,  Pr.  euze,  Fr.  yeuse  holm-oak,  from  Hqx;  It.  leccio,  from 
4licius,  lecceto  from  ilicetum.  Another  form  of  elee  is  It.  elcina, 
Sp.  encina,  Pg.  enzinha  azinho,  azinheira,  Pr.  olzina. 

Elclie  Sp.  Pg.  an  apostate;  from  Ar.  elg  a  proselyte. 

Eleetuaire  —  lattovaro. 

Elingue  —  slinga. 

Elissire  It.,  Sp.  E.  elixir,  Fr.  elixir;  from  Ar.  al  and  ikslr  the 
philosopher's  stone,  elixir,  essence;  cf.  Chauc.  ^^ The  Philo- 
sopher's stone,  Elexir  cleped^', 

Ella  —  enola. 

Elmo  It.  Pg.  O.  Sp.,  Sp.  yelmo,  Pr.  elm,  Fr.  heaume  (h  asp.); 
from  O.  H.  G.  helm,  O.  N.  hidbnr,  Goth,  hilms,  E.  helm.  In 
O.  Pg.  the  word  meant  ^'a  covering'^  generally.  Sp.  Pg.  almete 
for  elmete  =  O.  Fr.  healmet,  E.  helmet;  hence  Fr.  ar?tiet  head- 
piece. 

Eloendro  —  oleandro. 

Elsa  elso  It.  hilt;  from  0.  H.  G.  helza  hilt.    O.  Fr.  helt  {li  asp.). 


EMAIL  —  EMPEGUNTAR.  175 

also  heux  (nom.);  O.  N.  hiolty  A.  S.  E.  hilt  (n.\  whence  vb. 
enheldir. 

Email  —  smciUo. 

Embair  —  haire. 

Embalde  —  haldo, 

Embarazo  —  harra. 

Embargar  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  to  arrest,  lay  an  embargo  on,  sbst.  em- 
bargo, embarc  a  seizure:  from  barra  (q.  v.)  a  bar,  whence  It. 
imbarricare. 

Embarras  —  barra. 

Embaucar  —  bava, 

Embauclier  —  baucJie. 

Embaxada  —  ambasciata, 

Embelenar  —  beleho. 

Erablaver  —  biado. 

Embler  O.Fr.,  Vr.emblar  to  steal;  from  involare=^  volatu  rapere 
(Petron.  &c.),  L.  L.  imbulare,  It.  involare,  Flor.  imbolare,  Gris. 
ingular  angular.    Shortened  from  involare  is  Fr.  voler. 

Embora  —  ora. 

Emborear  —  volcar. 

Embraser  —  bragia. 

Embrone  O.  Fr.  Pr.  bent,  bowed,  pensive,  sad,  Val.  enbronch 
crooked.  Pic.  embron  awkward,  vb.  embroncher,  Burg,  rem- 
broncher,  O.  Sp.  broncar  to  bend.  From  pronus?  embrone  = 
impronicatus?  But  in  O.  Fr.  Pr.  the  vb.  is  used  of  covering, 
esp.  the  face.  Wedgw.  derives  the  E.  phrase  "brown  study '^ 
from  Fr.  embron,  which  he  refers  to  broncio  anger,  grief  (q.  v.), 
imbronciare  =  embroncher. 

Embudo  —  imbuto. 

Embusquer  —  bosco. 

Embuste  —  busto. 

Embutir  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  to  inlay,  impress;  from  the  same  G.  root 
as  boiar  (v.  boUare),  cf.  M.  H.  G.  biiz  a  blow. 

Emeraude  —  smeraldo. 

Emeri  —  smeriglio. 

Emerillon  —  smerlo. 

Emeute  —  meute, 

Emoi  ■ —  smagare. 

Emousser  —  mozzo. 

Empachar  —  pacciare. 

Empan  —  spanna. 

Emparar  emparer  —  parare. 

Empeeer  O.  Sp.  Pg.  to  injure,  with  dat.  or  ace;  for  empedecer 
from  impedire,  or,  better,  for  emperdecer  (per da). 

Empecher  —  pacciare. 

Empeguntar  —  pegar. 


176  EMPEINE  —  ENDICA. 

Empeine  Sp.  tetter;  ivova  impetigo ,  \i.  empetiggine ,  ^^X.pecin- 
gine.    For  empeine  =  groin ,  cf .  pettine. 

Empeltar  Pr.  Cat.  to  graft,  sbst.  Cat.  empelt,  Pr.  empeut,  O.  Fr. 
empeau  a  graft  5  from  pellis  (=  Lark),  or ,  better ,  from  dim. 
Pr.  peleta  (E.  pelt,  Fr.  pelletier),  so  empeletar  =  to  insert  in 
the  bark,  E.  pelzen. 

Empeser  empois  —  pegar. 

Empetrer  — pastoja. 

Empezar  ■ —  cominciare. 

Empiffrer  —  pipa. 

Emplasto  —  piastra. 

Emplatre  ■ — piastra. 

Emplear  —  piegare. 

Emplette  Fr.  a  purchase;  for  0.  Fr.  emploite,  Norm,  empleite, 
from  implicitus  implid'tiis,  implicare  in  Rom.  sense  to  employ. 
O.  Fr.  emploiter,  Pr.  empleitar  =  implicit  are.  Cf.  exploit. 

Employer  —  piegare. 

Empreinte  —  imprenta. 

Emprunter  —  improntare. 

En  —  indi. 

En  sbst.  • —  donna. 

Encan  —  incanto. 

Encausar  —  incalciare. 

Enceinte  —  incinta. 

Enceitar  —  encentar. 

Eneentar  Sp.,  Pg.  enceitar  encetar  to  begin,  to  cut  (at  a  meal). 
From  inceptare  to  begin.    Sp.  has  also  decentar. 

Eneher  —  henchir. 

Encia  —  gengiva. 

Eneima  • —  cima. 

Eneina  —  elce. 

Enclenque  Sp.  weak,  feeble;  from  cliniciis  bedridden,  with  en 
as  in  endeble  from  debilis. 

Enelume  —  incude. 

Encombre  —  colmo. 

Eneono  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  enconia  malevolence;  enconar  to  irritate,  in- 
flame, enconarse  (of  a  wound)  to  fester.  Ph.  from  Sp.  malen- 
conia  ill-will  (melancholia) ,  wrongly  supposed  to  be  com- 
pounded with  mal. 

Encore  —  07^a  (2). 

Encre  —  inchiostro. 

Endeeha  —  dec. 

Enderezar  —  rizzare. 

Endever  —  desver. 

Endica  It.  the  buying  up  of  goods  to  sell  again,  also  =  a  store- 
house (Murat.);  from  ivd-TJuTj. 


ENDILGAR  —  ENHIESTO.  177 

EndUgar  Sp.  to  lead  away,  persuade ;  from  indelegare  to  send  to, 
direct  to ,  lead. 

Endillar  —  relinchar, 

Endivialt.Sp.  Pg.Pr.,  Yv.^, endive;  from  intybus  or  adj.  intyhea, 

Endro  —  eneldo, 

Endroit  —  ritto, 

Enebro  —  ginepro. 

Eneldo  Sp.,  Pg.  endro  dill;  a  corruption  of  anethum? 

Enfoncer  —  fondo. 

Enfreindre  —  fimndre, 

Enfrum  enfrun  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  enfrun  greedy,  s'enfrunar  to  be 
greedy,  to  gorge  oneself;  horn,  frumen  the  throat,  wind -pipe, 
with  en  =  in. 

Engano  —  inganno, 

Engar  —  enger, 

Engarrafar  —  graffio, 

Engastar  —  cassa. 

Engeance  —  enger. 

Enger  Fr.  to  pester,  fill,  surfeit:  Nicot  a  enge  la  France  de  Vherhe 
nicotiane.  Yvova.enecareio^\ixgVie,en^caref  asvindicare,  vin'care, 
venger.  The  Pg.  has  enyar  to  throng,  press  on  hostilely,  not 
from  G.  eng.  O.  Fr.  enger  also  =^  to  increase,  prevail  (of  dis- 
eases &c.),  la  pesie  enge  fort,  hence  engeance  a  brood,  not  from 
ingignere.   Lim.  s'endzd  to  produce,  Sard,  angiai  to  hatch. 

Engle  —  inguine. 

Engloutir  —  ghiotto. 

Engo  —  eppio. 

Engodar  —  goda. 

Engouer  —  gave. 

Engrant  engrande  O.  Fr.  greedy,  desirous.  Prob.  a  corrupt 
form  from  Gr.  E.  hunger.  Sachet  makes  it  from  an  O.  N.  part. 
angraidr  disturbed. 

Engreir  Sp.  to  make  proud;  from  ingredi  used  trans;  cf.  Sp. 
escurrir  trans. 

Engres  O.  Fr.  engrais  engrois  (f.  engresse),  Pr.  engres  hot,  passi- 
onate, sbst.  engreste,  vb.  s'engresser.  Perhaps  from  agrestis 
wild,  as  engrot  from  cegroius.  Villemarque  derives  it  from 
Bret,  enkrez  inkrez  unrest,  grief.  So  Diez.  The  verb  engresser 
may,  however,  come  from  increscere  in  It.  =  to  be  irksome, 
and  the  rest  be  thence  derived. 

Engriman9o  —  grimoire. 
Engrudo  —  glu. 
Enherdir  —  yerto. 

Enhiesto  Sp.  erect,  vb.  enhestar,  enfestar.  ¥vom  fastigium  (O.Pg. 
festo),  so  enhiesto  =  in  fastigio. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  12 


178  ENHO  —  ENTECO. 

Enho  Pg.  a  one-year-old  fawn ;  from  hinnuleus  for  enhlo  ?  or  from 

ennius  in  hi-ennius,  cf.  cohrar, 
Enie  Pr.  unwilling;  from  iniquus. 

Enjoler  —  gahhia. 

Enlear  Pg.  to  fetter,  hinder ,  O.  Fr.  enloier;  from  the  O.  Fr.  en- 
laier  =  inligare. 

Enne  O.  Fr.  a  particle  of  interrogation  and  exclamation :  from 
interrogative  et  and  the  negative  particle ,  Lor.  enne. 

Ennodio  O.  Sp.  a  young  hart  5  from  enodis  branchless^  hornless. 

Ennui  —  noia, 

Enojo  —  noia. 

Enquar  Pr.  to  begin;  from  inchoare,  one  of  the  few  L.  words 
confined  to  the  Pr. 

Enqui  —  qui. 

Enrouer  Fr.  to  be  hoarse ;  from  raucus. 

Ens  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  ins;  from  intus;  O.  Fr.  dens,  Fr.  dans,  dedans, 
Pr.  dins,  dedins,  from  de  intus,  de  de  intus;  O.  Fr.  saiens  laiens, 
Pr.  sains,  lains  (compounded  with  the  Rom.  particles  sai  and 
lai),  Fr.  ceans,  leans.  Another  O.  Fr.  form  for  dens  was  deinz, 
whence  deinzein^  opp.  forein  (foraneus),  E.  denizen. 

Ensalmar  Sp.,  Pg.  enxalmar  to  enchant ;  from  psalmus. 

Ensalzar  —  alzare. 

Ensanchar  —  ancho. 

Ensayo  —  saggio. 

Enseigne  —  insegna. 

Enseigner  —  insegnare. 

Ensemble  —  insemhre. 

Ensement  —  esso. 

Ensenada  Sp.,  Pg.  enseada  bay,  creek;  from  sinus,  insinuare, 
Sp.  ensenar, 

Ensena  —  insegnare. 

Entanaer  Fr. ,  Pr.  entamenar,  Piedm.  antamna  to  cut,  notch, 
wound.  Not  from  ivts^vsiv,  but  from  L.  at-taminare  to  injure, 
with  a  change  of  preposition  (R.  Gr.  2,  391),  cf.  convitare  for 
invitare,  atturare  for  dbturare  &c. 

Ente  Fr.  a  graft,  Piedm.  Parm.  enta,  Mod.  entin,  Fr.  vb.  enter 
to  graft.  From  £^g)vrov,  i^cpvtsvsiv^  whence  also  O.  H.  G. 
impiton,  M.  H.  G.  impfeten,  G.  impfen,  E.  imp.  L.  L.  impotus 
=  s^q)VTOv,  cf.  colapus  =  colaphus.  Others  derive  from  in 
and  Du.  poot  =  foot,  hence  impotus,  Bret,  em-bouden,  but  this 
der.  will  not  sait  the  Fr.  form,  and  the  Bret,  may  come 
through  the  0.  Fr.  emhoter.  Pott  derives  the  word  from 
im-putare. 
Enteado  —  alnado. 

Enteeo  Sp.  infirm,  sickly;  from  hecticus,  0.  Pg.  etego.  It.  etico. 
For  c  =  Sp.  n,  cf.  anche. 


ENTEJAR  —  envoi)  TER.  179 

Entejar  Pg.  to  loath,  entejo  loathing;  from  tcedium. 

Entercier  0.  Fr.  to  recognise,  acknowledge,  par  Civre  Ventercad 
=  cestimavit  earn  temulentam  Liv.  d.  Kois  p.  3 ;  from  intertiare 
to  put  in  a  third  person's  hands.  This  was  a  legal  phrase, 
and  used  of  a  person  who ,  detecting  his  lost  property  in  the 
possession  of  another,  placed  it,  as  by  law  permitted,  in  the 
hands  of  a  third,  till  the  right  owner -ship  should  be  proved. 
V.  Ducange. 

Entero  —  intero. 

Enterver  —  rover, 

Entibo  Sp.  a  prop,  entibar  to  prop;  from  stipes,  Basq.  estiha. 

Entieher  Fr.  to  infect  (with  disease  &c.) ;  from  the  G.  anstecken, 

Entier  • —  intero. 

Enton  O.  Sp.,  Pg.  entdo  =  L.  turn,  from  in  turn;  Sp.  entonces, 
O.  Sp.  estonze,  0.  Pg.  entonces,  from  in  tuncce,  ex  tuncce. 

Entrailles  Fr.,  Pr.  intr alias,  E.  entrails.  L.  inter aneum,  pi.  in- 
ter anea,  whence  It.  entragno,  Sp.  entranas,  0.  Fr.  entraigne, 
L.  L.  intrania.  The  Fr.  has  taken  the  collective  suffix  aillej 
following  the  analogy  of  tripaille  (trippa). 

Entraver  entraves  —  travar. 

Entrechat  Fr.  a  caper;  from  It.  capriuola  entrecciata. 

Entregar  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  give  up,  deliver,  entrego  delivered  up, 
entrega  entrego  delivery;  from  integer  for  entrego,  O.  Pg.  en- 
tregue  =  entero,  enteiro  =  integer;  prop,  to  make  reparation, 
restore. 

Entr ernes  Sp.  interlude;  from  It.  inter-mezzo  =  L.  inter-medium. 

Entresait  O.  Fr.,  Norm,  antresiais,  Pr.  atrasait  atrasag  uncondi- 
tionally, entirely.  From  prep,  en,  a,  and  tresait  trasait  = 
transactus.  In  O.  It.  trasatto:  hen  e  ragione  che  7  nostro  amore 
si  parta  in  trasatto  =^  unconditionally.  Cf.  It.  trasattarsi  to 
appropriate,  make  oneself  master  of. 

Entroido  antruido  O.  Sp.,  N.  Sp.  antruejo,  0.  Pg.  entr oy do,  Pg. 
entrudo  the  last  three  days  of  the  carnival;  from  introitus  (sc. 
of  Lent). 

Envahir  Fr.  to  seize  forcibly,  Pr.  envazir;  from  invader e, 

Envelopper  —  viluppo, 

Envie  Fr.  envy,  desire;  from  invidia;  adv.  d  I'envi  in  emulation, 
with  the  final  vowel  elided,  cf.  chez  for  chese,  or  for  ore. 
A  r envie  was  used  up  to  the  16^''  century. 

Environ  —  virar. 

Envis  and  d  envis  O.  Fr.  adv.  against  one's  will.  Wall,  eviss, 
Burg,  anvi;  from  invitus  invite,  v.  Sp.  ambidos. 

Envoisier  —  vezzo. 

Envouter  Fr.  to  curse,  imprecate  evil  on  (by  means  of  waxen 
images);  Ovid,  devovet  absentes  simulacraque  cerea  fingit  Et 
miserum  tenues  in  Jecur  urget  acus.   From  devotare  (Apul.)  for 

12* 


180  ENXADA  —  EPOUILLER. 

devovere.  In  L.L.  we  find  invuUare  from  a  mistaken  reference 

to  vultus, 
Enxada  —  accia. 
Enxalma  —  salma, 
Enxambre  —  sciame, 
Enxarcia  —  sarte. 

Enxeco  0.  Sp.;  0.  Pg.  enxeco  eyxeco  difficulty,  harm,  punish- 
ment 5  from  Ar.  esh-shaqq  difficulty. 
Enxergar  —  cercare. 
Enxerir  Sp.,  Pg.  to  graft;  from  inserere,  as  enxertar  from  in- 

sertare. 
Enxuagar  Sp.  to  rinse,  clean;  from  ex-aquare,  It.  sciacquare. 
Enxugar  —  suco. 
Enxullo  —  subbio. 
Enxundia  Sp.  fat;  from  axungia  cart -grease,  Fr.  axonge,  cf. 

8ugna, 
Enxuto  —  suco. 
Envoy  er  —  voyer. 
Epa  It.  belly ;  from  Jiepar, 
Epais  —  spesso. 
Epancher  Fr.  to  pour  out;  from  expandkare  ( expander e.  It. 

spandere),  cf .  pendere  pendicare  pencher. 
Epanouir  Fr.  to  unfold;  a  form  of  the  0.  Fr.  espanir  for  espan- 

dir  =  espandre  (expander e),  cf.  tolir  =  tolre;  v.  e'vanouir, 
Epargner  —  sparagnare, 
Eparpiller  • —  parpaglione. 
Epaule  —  spalla. 

Epave  Fr.  a  runaway.   From  expavidus. 
Epeautre  —  spelta. 
Epeiche  Fr.  =  pic,  O.  Fr.  espeche,  Pic.  epeque;  from  O.  H.  G. 

spehj  Gr.  specht  a  woodpecker. 
Epeler  Fr.  to  spell,  O.  Fr.  espeler  to  say,  mean,  Pr.  espelar  to 

explain;  from  Goth,  spillon,  0.  H.  G.  spelldn,  E.  spell. 
Eperlan  Fr.  (Sp.  eperlano  esperlan)  a  smelt;  from  G.  spierling, 
Eperon  —  sperone. 
Epervier  —  sparaviere. 
Epiee  —  spezie. 
Epier  ■ —  spiare. 
Epieu  Fr.  a  spit ,  O.  Fr.  espieil,  from  spicuhim,  as  essieu  from 

axiculus. 
Epinard  —  spinace, 
Epineeler  epineer  —  pizza. 
Epingle  —  spillo. 
Eplueher  —  piluccare. 
Epois  —  spito. 
Epouiller  —  pidocchio. 


EPOUVANTER  —  ESBULHAR.  181 

Epouvanter  —  spaventare. 

Epoux  —  sposo. 

Epreindre  —  preindre. 

Equerre  —  quadro. 

Equi  —  qui. 

Equiper  —  schifo. 

Era  It.  Sp.  E.;  Fr.  ere;  from  L.  cera  (ces)  counters,  items  in  an 

account;  hence  L.  L.  cera  cerce  (cf.  R.  Gr.  2,  21)  a  number 

forming  the  basis  of  a  calculation ,  an  epoch. 
Era  —  or  a  (2). 
Erable  —  acero. 
Ercer  —  erguir, 
Ereinter  —  derrengar. 
Ergo  0.  Pg.  except;  from  L.  ergo?  Diez  also  suggests  prceter- 

quod,  cf.  algo  =  aliquod. 
Ergot  —  argot, 
Ergoter  Fr.  to  dispute  about  trifles,  to  caid ;  from  L.  ergo,  which 

was  much  used  in  disputations. 
Erguir  Sp.,  Pg.  erguer  to  erect;  from  erigere.   Another  form  in 

ercer,  cf.  s.  ar cilia  for  c  =^  g. 
Erial  erio  Sp.  a  uncultivated  piece  of  ground,  from  era,  L.  area, 
Erizo  —  riccio. 
Ermo  It.,  Sp.  yermo  desert,  sbst.  a  desert;  from  sQrj^og,  L.  ere- 

mus  (Prud.  er^?nus),  L.  L.  ermus  hermus,  Eng.  hermit  from  aQfj- 

^Ltrjg.  Hence  N.  Pr.  hermds  a  heath. 
Erranment  —  erre. 
Erre  O.  Fr.  (f.)  a  way,  O.  E.  eyre  (Justices  in  Eyre)  journey, 

errer  to  travel,  also  to  treat,  behave  (mes-errer  to  ill-treat), 

hence  chevalier  errant,  luiighi- errant,  juif  errant ,  adv.  err  an 

erranment.  The  oldest  form  is  edrar,  from  L.  iter  iterare.  The 

Prov.  errar,  however,  is  the  L.  errrae, 
Ers  —  ervo, 
Erto  It.  steep,  partic.  of  ergere  =  erigere,  sbst.  erta  an  acclivity, 

all'erta,  on  the  alert,  prop.  =  on  an  eminence,  hence  adj.  Sp. 

alerto,  Fr.  alerts,  E.  alert,  Rh.  erti. 
Ervo  and  lero  (=  Vervo)  It.,  Sp.  yervo,  Pr.  Fr.  ers  tares;  from 

ervum,  ers  conforming  to  the  G.  erdse,  O.  H.  G.  arwiz.    From 

the  der.  h.ervilia  (vetch)  come  Sp.  arveja  alverja,  Com.,  erbeja. 

It. rubiqlia  ^r transposed,  as  in  rigoglio  =  orgoglioj,  Miherbion 

(for  erviglione). 
Ervodo  —  alhedro. 
Esbahir  —  hadare. 
Esbalauzir  —  eblouir, 
Esbanoier  —  banda. 
Esbozar  —  bozzo. 
Esbulhar  —  bolla. 


182  ESCA  —  ESCARCELA. 

Esca  It.  Pr.,  0.  Fr.  eche,  Sp.  yesca,  Wal.  easce  iindie,v  \  from  L. 

esca.    Isidorus  has:  esca  vulgo  dicilur  fungus,  quod  sit  fomes 

ignis.   Pr.  vb.  escar  to  bait,  Pg.  iscar  to  bait  a  hook  for  fish, 

Sard,  escai,  It.  adescare,  Sp.  enescare,  ^^,esquero=2i  leathern 

bag  for  fire  -  materials  &c. 
Escada  Pg.  stairs;  a  corruption  of  escala  from  scala,  v.  Rom. 

Gr.  1,  241  *,  or  from  escalada. 
Eseadre,  eseadron  —  quadro. 
Escai  O.  Pr.  left,  =  Gr.  C%ai6g. 
Escalin  —  scellino. 

Escalio  Sp.  a  fallow -field;  from  squalidus, 
Escalmo  —  scalmo. 
Escalona  —  scalogno. 
Escamel  Sp.  Pg.  a  sword -maker's  bench,  Pr.  escaimel ,  0.  Fr. 

eschamel;  not  from  scdbellum  (It.  sgabello,  Fr.  esccibeau,  Cat. 

escamhelt),  but  from  a  form  scamellum  (al.  scamillum ,  scamnel- 

luni)  Priscian  (from  Apuleius). 
Escamondar  Sp.  to  prune;  from  escc/mi-mondctr  to  scale,  cleanse; 

cf.  mani-aiar,  perni-quehrar. 
Eseamoter  Fr.  to  remove  clandestinely,  to  juggle,  whence  Sp. 

escamotar.   Perhaps  from  squama,  Sp.  escamar  to  scale  fish, 

to  clean,  remove,  cf.  G.  wegpuizen ,  and  v.  forhire;  Sp.  esca- 

mato  =  tutored  by  experience ,  cunning. 
Escanciar  Sp.,  Pg.  escancar,  O.Fr.  escliancer  to  pour  in  wine  &c. 

(Rh.  schangliiar  to  present);  Fr.  echanson,  Sp.  escanciano ,  Pg. 

escancao  a  cup-bearer;  from  O.  H.  G.  scencan,  sbst.  scenco, 

orig.  scancjan,  scancjo,  L.L.  scancio  scantio.  From  G.  schenken 

comes  Fr.  chinquer  to  drink,  tipple,  Prov.  Fr.  chiquer.  The  It. 
-  has  scancia  scansia  a  tray  for  glasses  or  books,  =  L.  L.  scan- 

cia,  Bav.  schanz ,  G.  schenke. 
Eseandallo  —  scandaglio. 
Eseandia  —  scandella. 
Escantir  Pr.  to  extinguish;  from  candere  to  glow,  so  for  escan- 

dir,  can  glowing  =  candidus.    Or  from  a  G.  source:  0.  G. 

kenten,  0.  N.  kinda,  E.  kindle,  0.  N.  kindir  fire. 
Escapar  —  scappare. 
Escara  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  escara,  Fr.  escarre  scurf;  from  L.  eschara 

Esearabajo  —  scarafaggio, 

Escaramuza  —  scaramuccia. 

Esearapelarse  Sp.  Pg.  to  wrangle;  hom.lt. scarpell are  to  scratch, 

from  scarpelio  =^  L.  scalpellum. 
Esearbar  Sp.,  Pg.  escarvar.  Cat.  esgarrapar  to  scratch;  from  Du. 

schrapen,  M.  H.  G.  schrapfen. 
Esearbot  —  scarafaggio. 
Escareela  eseareelle  —  sciarpa. 


ESCARCHA  —  ESCLAVO.  18.3 

Esearcha  Sp.  Pg.  hoar-frost,  escarchar  to  congeal,  curl;  from 

B.  ecachea  fine  rain. 
Escarda  —  cardo. 

Escargot  Fr.  a  snail;  probably  from  the  same  as  caracoi,  with 
a  strengthening  prefix. 

Escarir  —  schiera. 

Escarlate  —  scarlatto. 

Escarmentar  Sp.  Pg.  to  correct  severely,  warn,  sbst.  escarmiento 
warning.  Three  derivations  are  given,  (l)  ex-carminare, 
which,  however,  should  give  excarmenantar,  (2)  It.  schermo 
=  from  G.  schirmen  to  defend ,  but  this  has  given  Sp.  esgri- 
mir,  (3)  It.  scarnamento  a  tearing  of  the  skin,  chastisement. 

Escarmouche  —  scaramuccia, 

Escarnio  escarnir  • —  scherno. 

Escarpa  escarpe  —  Scarpa, 

Escarpelo  —  escopro. 

Escarzar  Sp.  to  castrate  bee-hives;  from  ex-castrare ,  by  transp. 
excarstare. 

Escaso  —  scarzo. 

Escatima  Sp.  Pg.  a  diminution,  escatimar  to  curtail,  boggle. 
From  Basque  escatima  a  quarrel. 

Esehevi  escavi  O.Fr.,  Vr.escafit  slender,  Cat.  esco/ida=  a  bodice. 
From  0.  H.  G.  scafjan  to  arrange,  make,  partic.  gascafit  for 
wola  gascafit,  cf.  Fr.  mole  iov  Men  mole,  scant  for  hien  scant, 
Lat.  compositus  for  bene  compositus,  E.  cheap  for  good  cheap  &c. 

Escliiele  —  schiera, 

Eschiele  —  squilla. 

Escliirer  O.  Fr.,  Wall,  hire,  Pr.  esquirar  to  scratch;  from  O. 
H.  G.  skerran  to  scratch,  whence  also  Fr.  dechirer,  Pic.  de- 
kirer. 

Eschiter  O.  Fr.  to  soil;  from  0.  H.  G.  skizan,  A.  S.  scitan, 
whence  Wall,  hiter.  The  G.  word  must  also  have  influenced 
the  formation  of  the  Fr.  chier  which ,  if  immediately  from  the 
L.,  would  have  given  chayer  (cf.  pacare  payer\ 

Escire  It.,  commonly  uscire,  Wal.  est,  O.  Sp.  exir,  Pr.  0.  Fr. 
eissir  issir  nssir,  E.  issue;  from  exire.  Hence  It.  riiiscire,  Fr. 
reussir  to  succeed,  O.  Fr.  rissir  to  go  out  again.  The  u  in 
uscire,  ussir  is  derived  from  It.  uscio  (ostium),  O.Fr.  us  a  door, 
cf.  B.  athea  =  uscio y  atheratu  =  uscire,  forasire,  d'VQcc^s 

Esclandre  Fr.  bustle,  alarm,  slander;  from  scandalum,  O.Fr. 

better  eschandre,  v.  Kom.  Gr.  I.  269. 
Eselate  —  schiatta. 
Esclave  —  schiavo, 
Esclavin  —  scahino, 
Esclavo  —  schiavo. 


184  ESCLENQUE  —  ESCRAPER. 

Esclenque  O.Fr.  left  hand,  esclenge,  Wall,  hieing;  from  O.  H.  G. 

slinc,  Du.  slink  =  G.  link. 
Esclet  —  schietto. 
Esclier  O.  Fr.  to  split;  slice  *,  from  0.  H.  G.  scUzan,  G.  schleissen 

to  split,  A.  S.  sUtan,  E.  slice. 
Esclistre  O.  Fr.  lightning;  ecliste,  Rouchi  ecliire;  from  O.  N. 

glitra,  Eng.  glitter,  glisten. 
Esclo  O.  Fr.;  Pr.  esclau  track;  from  O.  G.  slag  slac,  sclag,  G. 

schlag  (hufschlag  =  track)  a  blow;  cf.  fau  from  fagus,  and 

Sp.  hatuda  =  blow  and  track. 
Esclusa  Sp.;  Fr.  ecluse  a  sluicC;  L.L.  exchisa  sclusa;  from  exclu- 
der e,  not  from  G.  sliozan  schliessen,  E.  sluice,  which  would 

have  given  Fr.  eclusse  educe. 
Escodar  Sp.  Pg.  to  hew  stoneS;  prop.  =  to  remove  angles,  from 

codo  an  elboW;  corner.  Hence  escoda  stone-breaker's  hammer. 
Eseolh.  —  cogliere. 
Escolimoso  Sp.  hard,  obstinate;  from  scolymus  (axoXv^og)  a  sort 

of  thistle. 
Escollo  —  scoglio. 
Escolta  —  corgere. 
Escondire  0.  Fr.  Pr.  to  excuse;  L.  L.  ex- con- dicer e,  like  bkIo- 

Escopeta  eseopette  —  schioppo. 

Escoplo  Sp.,  Pg.  escopro,  estoupro,  Val.  escapre,  O.  Fr.  eschalpre 
a  chisel;  from  scalprum,  Sp.  escarpelo,  It.  scarpello,  from  scal- 
pellum. 

Escoreer  escorzar  —  scorciare. 

Escorre  —  scuotere. 

Escorte  —  corgere. 

Eseorzon  —  escuerzo. 

Escola  Sp.  Pg.  a  sheet  (naut.);  from  Du.  school,  E.  sheet  (from 
schiessen,  shoot). 

Escota  —  scotta. 

Escote  Sp.  a  round  piece  cut  out  in  shaping  a  garment,  vb.  esco- 
tar.   From  G.  schoofs,  Goth,  skaut-s  &c.  a  lap. 

Escote  —  scotto. 

Escouade  —  quadro. 

Escousse  —  scuotere. 

Escozar  —  cuire. 

Eseramo  0.  Sp.  a  javelin.  We  find  it  in  L.  Wisig.  9;  2,  1 :  scutis, 
spatis,  sramis,  lanceis,  sagittis,  and  with  sahs  a  knife  in  Gre- 
gory of  Tours :  cum  cultris  validis  quos  vulgus  scramasaxos  vo- 
cant.   Cf.  Dief.  Goth.  wb.  %  257. 

Escraper  0.  Fr.  to  scrape;  from  Du.  schrapen,  E.  scrape.  From 
same  source  comes  0.  Fr.  escrafe,  escreffe  a  fish-bone,  M.H.G. 


ESCREGNE  —  ESNEQUE.  185 

schrapfen  to  scratch,  Fl.  schraeffen,  cf.  Langued,  escrafd  to 
scratch  out,  blot  out. 

Escregne  escriegne  escrienne  0.  Fr.  a  little  house,  summer- 
house  &c.,  connected  with  L.  L.  screuna  (from  L.  scrinium 
Grimm)  a  subterranean  chamber. 

Escrimer  —  schermo. 

Escroc  —  scrocco. 

Escuchar  —  ascoltarc. 

Eseudrinar  Sp.,  N.Pr.  escudrinhd  to  search,  scrutinise;  for  escru- 
dinar,  It.  scrutinare  from  scrutinium, 

Escuerzo  escorzon  Sp.  a  toad,  It.  scorzone  a  sort  of  venomous 
snake;  prop.  =  bark;,  It.  scorzo,  from  the  rough,  bark- 
like skin. 

Eseuma  —  schinma. 

Escupir  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  escopir  esctf/nr,  Wal.  scuipd  to  spit. 
A  corruption  of  exspuere. 

Ese  —  esso. 

Esfolar  —  desollar, 

Esglay  —  ghiado. 

Esgrima  esgrimir  —  schermo. 

Esgrumer  0.  Fr.,  Cat.  esgrumar,  O.  Fr.  esgrunier  esgruner,  Pr. 
Cat.  esgrunar  to  crumb,  crumble;  from  Du.  kruim,  G.  krume, 
E.  crum. 

Esguazo  —  quado. 

Esguince  —  sguancio, 

Esito  It.  sale  of  goods ;  from  exitus. 

Eslider  O.  Fr.,  Norm,  elinder  to  slide;  from  A.  S.  sliddn,  E. 
slide.   Norm,  lider  =  A.  S.  glidan,  E.  glide. 

Eslingua  —  slinga. 

Esmaier  esmair  —  smagare. 

Esmalte  —  smalio. 

Esmar  Pr.,  O.  Fr.  es7ner,  0.  Sp.  0.  Pg.  asmar,  Gallic,  osmar  to 
estimate;  sbst.  Pr.  O.  Fr.  esme,  Cat.  esma ,  Lang,  ime,  Lorr. 
aume;  from  cestimare.  Hence  Pr.  azesmar  =  ad-cestimarej  to 
reckon,  aim:  a  son  colp  azesmat  aimed  his  blow  well,  also 
azermar,  sermar.  From  azesmar  is  O.  Fr.  acesmer  to  set  in 
order  (battle  &c.),  O.  Gen.  acesmar,  Dante's  accismare  to  set 
to  rights ,  dress  (not  from  cisma),  also  azzimare,  Sp.  azemar 
to  adorn.  Esmar,  Pic.  amer  also  gives  E.  aim,  M.  H.  G.  amen, 
aemen. 

Esmeralda  —  smeraldo. 

Esmerar  esmerer  —  smerare. 

Esmeril  —  smeriglio. 

Esmeril  esmerejon  —  smerlo. 

Esneque  esneche  O.Fr.  a  sharp-prowed  ship;  from  O.'N.sneckia, 


186  ESPACIAR  —  ESPONTON. 

Dan.  snekke,  O.  G.  snaga,  snecke,  probably  connected  with 

G.  schnekke  a  snail. 
Espaciar  —  spazzare. 
Espada  —  spada, 
Espalda  —  spalla. 
Espalhar  —  paglia. 
Espalier  —  spalla. 
Espantar  —  spaventare. 
Espareir  Sp.  to  scatter,  Pg.  esparzir,  O.  Sp.  Pg.  espargir,  from 

spargere,  Pr.  esparser.   Cf.  arcilla. 
Esparvel  —  sparaviere. 
Espasmo  —  spasimo. 
Espautar  Pr.  to  be  in  anguish,  Wall,  cspaivter.  Pic.  epauter,  sbst. 

Pr.  espaut;  from  ex-pavitare. 
Especia  —  spezie. 
Espejo  —  specchio. 
Espelh  espiegle  —  specchio. 
Espelta  —  spelta. 
Esperir  O.  Fr.  Pr.  to  awaken,  s'esperir  to  awake,  Pr.  resperir; 

from  expergere,  re-expergere ,  with  elision  of  the  d,  as  though 

from  experrigere ,  cf.  lire  from  leg  ere. 
Esperlan  —  eperlan. 
Espertar  0.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  to  awaken;  from  espergitus.    Hence  Sp. 

despierto,  Pg.  desperto,  vb.  despertar,  Wall,  dispierte. 
Espeso  ■ —  spesso. 
Espeto  —  spito. 
Espiar  —  spiare. 
Espiche  Sp.  a  sharp  -  pointed  weapon,  goad,  Pg.  espicho,  vb. 

-Sp.  Pg.  espichar  to  prick;  from  spiculum  spiclum,  spiculare,  cl 

=  ch  cf.  hacha  (facvla),  cuchara  (cochlearium). 
Espiegle  Fr.  a  wag,   O.  Fr.  Ulespiegle;   from  G.  Eulenspiegel 

(owl- glass)  the  title  of  a  collection  of  droll  stories,  v.  Max 

Miiller,  Lectures. 
Espiet  espie  0.  Fr.,  espieut  espiaut  Pr.  spear;  from  0.  G.  spioz 

speoz. 
Espinaea  —  spinace. 
Espineta  —  spinetta. 
Espingarda  —  springare. 
Espion  —  spiare. 
Espita  —  spitamo. 
Esplinque  Sp.  bird -trap;  for  esprinque,  0.  H.  G.  springa,  E. 

springe.   Hence  also  Lang,  esperenc  and  Com.  sparangon. 
Espojo  —  spoglio. 
Espolin  —  spola. 
Espolon  espuela  —  sperone, 
Esponton  —  spuntone. 


ESPOSO  —  ESSERE.  187 

Esposo  —  sposo. 

Espreitar  —  exploit. 

Esprelle  and  prele  Fr.  shave -grass  (bot.),  It.  asperella;  from 

asper. 
Esprequer  Fr.  to  prick;  from  Du.  prikken,  E.  prick. 
Espringuer  —  springare. 
Esproher  O.  Fr.  to  besprinkle;  from  spruejen,  M.H.G.  sprewen, 

G.spriihen.  Si^.espurriar  is,  probably,  a  corruption  of  espruyar. 
Esprohon  O.  Fr.,  Roiichi  eproon,  Wall,  sprew  a  starling;  from 

O.  H.  G.spra,  Gr.  sprehe,  Du.  spreuwe,  O.E.  sparwe  (sparrow). 
Espurriar  —  esproher. 

Espurrir  Sp.  to  stretch  one's  legs ;  from  exporrigerey  It.  sporgere. 
Esquadra  —  quadro. 
Esquecer  Pg.  to  cause  to  forget,  esquecerse  to  forget;  0.  Pg. 

escaecer  =  excadescere  used  actively. 
Esquela  —  cedola. 
Esqueleto  —  scheletro. 
Esquena  —  schiena. 
Esquentar  —  calentar. 
Esquero  —  esca. 
Esquicio  —  schizzo.  - 
Esquif  esquife  —  schifo. 
Esquila  —  squilla. 
Esquille  Fr.  a  bone -splint.  Dim.  from  G%C8y\  or  ax^dtov  whence 

pi.  schidice  (Vitruv.).   Cf.  scheggia. 

Esquilo  —  scojattolo. 

Esquina  Sp.  Pg.  corner,  probably  from  esquena  fish -spine,  = 
sharp  point,  cf.  It.  spigolo  (spiculum)  =  corner. 

Esquinzar  Sp.,  Pr.  esquinsar  esquissar  to  tear  to  pieces  (rags  &c.) ; 
from  ^xCt.Eiv  with  n  inserted?   Sp.  has  also  desguinzar. 

Esquisse  —  schizzo. 

Esquivar  esquiver  —  schivare. 

Essai  —  saggio  (2). 

Essaim  ■ —  sciame. 

Essart  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  eissart,  F.  assart  fresh  land,  essarter,  eissartar 
to  clear  land;  from  ex-saritum  hoed  up,  dug  up,  vb.  ex- sari- 
tare,  L.  L.  exartum,  exartare. 

Essere  It.,  Pr.  Rh.  esser,  Fr.  etre,  Sp.  Pg.  ser  to  be.  The  L.  esse 
in  L.  L.  took  the  regular  inf.  ending  and  became  essere  (impf. 
conj.  esseret).  From  this  was  formed  Fr.  ^stre  etre,  as  from 
tessere  (texere)  tistre  titre.  The  Sp.  ser,  however,  orig.  seer  (in 
two  syllables),  is  from  sedere  (1)  to  be  situated:  Campo  Nola 
sedet,  Dante:  siede  la  terra  sulla  marina  (2)  remain  (3)  be.  Cf. 
Goth,  visan  (Gr.  wesen,  E.  was)  to  dwell  (Sansk.  vas),  remain, 
be.    The  Sp.  verb  takes  from  sedere  its  imper.  se  (or  sey)j 


188  ESSIEU  —  ESTOFA. 

gerund,  partic.  sido  (or  seido),  infinitive,  pres.  conj.  {sea  or 

setja)  impf.  sia  for  exa. 
Essieu  Fr.  axle;  for  aissieu  from  axicutus,  like  epieu  from  spicu- 

him,  It.  assiculo. 
Esso  It.,  O.  It.  isso,  Sp.  ese,  Pg.  esse,  Pr.  e/^^  ^jt?5^  Wal.  insu  from 

//?5^;,  0.  Sp.  ^552  from  //?5'  /«'^.    Often  in  compounds,  e.  g.  It. 

lungliesso,  sovresso,  Pr.  anceis,  demanes,  cf.  Lat.  ;zw/ic  ipsum, 

isthuc  ipsum  (Ter.),  Sp.  «Aorflf  mismo;  Pg.  <z^w2  m  there,  cf.  G. 

daselbst.   For  L.  wwn^  we  have  It.  adesso,  0.  Sp.  adksso,  Pr. 

0.  Fr.  «^^5  ^«^  ipsum);  0.  It.  /55fl^,  Ehset.  ?/55«  from  ipsa  sc. 

/jor<3t  =  0.  Sp.  esora.    Pr.  epsamen  eissamen,  O.  Fr.  esement, 

essement  =  L.  pariter,  0.  Fr.  ensement,   Pr.  ensament  (with 

inserted  w).    Cf.  <?^5. 
Essoigne  —  sogna. 
Essorer  —  sauro. 
Essuyer  —  suco. 
Est  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  hest,  whence  Sp.  este,  0.  Sp.  leste;  from  A.  S. 

E.  east. 
Estaca  estaehe  —  stacca. 
Estaeha  Sp.  harpoon -rope;  from  B.  est-archa. 
Estaeion  —  stagione. 
Estafette  estafilade  —  staffa. 
Estala  —  stallo. 
Estallar  —  schiantare. 
Estamena  —  stamigna. 
Estampar  —  stampare. 
Estanc  —  stanco. 
Estancar  —  stancare. 
Estaneia  —  stanza. 
Estandarte  —  stendardo. 
Estano  —  stagno. 
Estarna  • —  starna. 
Estai  —  etai. 

Esteil  0.  Fr.  an  arrow;  from  O.  H.  Gr.  stihhiL 
Esteio  —  etai. 
Estera  —  stoja. 

Estern  Pr.  track,  esternar  to  follow ;  from  A.  S.  stearne,  E.  stern. 
Esters  estiers  0.  Fr.  Pr.  without,  except:  e.  g.  estiers  man  grat 

against  my  will.  From  exterius,  by  metathesis  extiertis  estiers. 
Estiar  O.  Sp.  to  remain  still ;  from  cestivare.   Pg.  estiar,  =  to  be- 
come clear,  cease  from  raining. 
Estivar  —  stivare. 
Esto  O.  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  este,  Pr.  est,  0.  Fr.  ist,  Wal.  ist  aist,  from 

iste.   Hence  questo,  cotesto  &c. 
Estoc  —  stocco. 
Estofa  —  stoffa. 


ESTOPA  —  ESTRIBO.  189 

Estopa  —  stoppa. 

Estoque  —  stocco. 

Estor  —  stormo. 

Estorer  Fr.  to  erect,  build,  furnish;  from  instaurare;  estoree, 
estorement,  L.  L.  instaunmi,  staurum,  E.  store,  Gael,  star,  W. 
ystor.  The  0.  Fr.  estoire  (though  in  L.  L.  instauruni)  belongs 
rather  to  stuolo. 

Estout  Pr.  O.  Fr.  haughty,  bold ;  from  G.  slolz,  E.  stout,  It.  stolto, 
from  L.  stultus.  From  estout,  Pr.  estot  is  the  0.  Fr.  estotoier  to 
maltreat. 

Estovoir  O.  Fr.  impersonal  vb.  to  become,  beseem,  be  neces- 
sary, pres.  nCestuet,  pf.  m!estut.  From  stare,  ester  to  stand 
near,  become,  which  in  pf.  has  estiit  =  stetit,  as  arestut  from 
arester:  from  pf.  estut  came  pres.  estuet,  inf.  estovoir  like  muet, 
muty  movoir.  Estovoir  was  also  used  as  a  sbst.  =  necessaries 
of  life,  E.  stover,  L.  L.  estoverium  (cf.  manoir  maneriuni).  But 
the  Rhset.  has  stover  5^wt;<?r  =  must,  pf.  stuvet,  conj.  stuvess, 
and  this  could  hardly  come  from  star  (pf .  stet),  nor  is  it  likely 
to  have  been  introduced  from  the  Fr.  It  is  better ,  therefore, 
to  refer  the  verb  to  L.  studere,  studuit  ==  0.  Fr.  Fr.  estut,  Rh. 
stuvet,  stuvess  =  O.  Fr.  esteust  =  studuisset.  What  is  desired 
or  willed  may  be  regarded  as  necessary,  hence  studeo  scire  = 
I  must  know,  cf.  Rom.  Gr.  .3,  204. 

Estrac  Fr.  lean,  meagre  (of  a  horse);  from  G.  strack,  0.  H.  G. 
strac  strictus  =  Fr.  e'troit,  E.  strait. 

Estrada  estrade  —  strada. 

Estragao  estragon  —  targone. 

Estrago  Sp.  Pg.  depravity,  corruption,  havoc,  vb.  estragar. 
From  strages ,  cf .  gorga  from  gurges. 

Estraier  —  strada. 

Estralar  —  schiantare. 

Estrambote  —  strambo, 

Estraiio  —  stranio. 

Estrapazar  —  pazzo. 

Estraper  0.  Fr.  to  glean,  cut  down,  hence  Fr.  etrape  a  sickle; 
from  Sw.  strapen,  E.  strip,  Bav.  straff  en  to  cut.  Cf.  It.  strap- 
pare.    Or  a  form  of  estreper  =  exstirpare? 

Estrayer  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  estraguar  to  digress,  E.  stray;  from  extra- 
vagare,  It.  stravagare. 

Estrazar  —  stracciare, 

Estreer  0.  Fr.  to  give  up,  deliver ;  from  Pr.  tradar  formed  from 
tra-dare,  ex-tra-dare, 

Estregar  —  fregare, 

Estreper  —  estraper, 

Estriar  —  Strega. 

Estribo  Sp.  Pg.,  Cat.  estreh,  Pr.  estreup  estrieu  estrep,  estriuh, 


190  ESTRIBOT  —  ETAI. 

O.  Fr.  esirief ,  E.  stirrup:  hence  Sp.  estribera,  Pg.  estribeira, 
Fr.  etriviere  and  etrier.  The  It.  uses  staffa  instead.  From  the 
M.  H.  G.  stege-reif,  L.  Gr.  sttreip  (E.  stirrup),  contr.  streep. 
Hence  Sp.  estribar,  O.Fr.  estriver  (desestn'ver  =  to  throw  from 
the  stirrup).  The  0.  Fr.  estriver,  E.  strive  is  from  G.  strehen; 
sbst.  Pr.  estris,  0.  Fr.  estrif,  E.  5^n/<?.  From  eslriho  comes  Sp. 
costribo  support;  vb.  costribar.  Sp.  estribo  estribillo  =  also 
burden  of  a  song;  refrain^  properly  a  resting-place  or  stirrup. 
0.  Sp.  estribote,  0.  Fr.  estribot  estrabot,  Pr.  estribot  a  satire. 

Estribot  —  strambo. 

Estribord  —  stribord. 

Estriga  Pg.  a  portion  of  flax  for  spinning;  from  L.  striga  a 
streak ,  or  swathe  of  mown  corn. 

Estrillar  —  strecchia. 

Estringa  —  stringa. 

Estrinque  estrenque  Sp.;  Vg.estrinque  estrinca  a  ropC;  Fg.estrin- 
car  to  twist;  from  G.  strick  a  ropO;  with  inserted  n;  E.  string 
(v.  stringa).  Cf.  Ven.  strica  a  rope.  Com.  stricca  to  tie,  and 
cf.  tricoter, 

Estriver  ■ —  estribo. 

Estro  It.  Sp.  enthusiasm;  from  oestrus  (piCXQog). 

Estrope  —  stroppolo. 

Estropear  estropier  —  stroppiare. 

Estros  Pr.  0.  Fr.  with  ad,  ad  estros  unconditionally;  immedi- 
ately ;  from  extrorsum  (opp.  introrsum)  =  outwardly;  without 
reserve.  Par  estros  was  used;  whence  sbst.  ia  parestrusse  the 
extremity. 

Estrovo  • —  stroppolo. 

Estrubar  • —  estribo. 

Estruendo  Sp.;  Pg.  estrondo  noise ;  clamour;  from  tonitrus  with 
ex  and  metathesis  of  the  r,  extronitus,  cf.  Fr.  estonner  from 
extonare.   O.  Sp.  has  atruendo. 

Estrujar  —  torchio. 

Estucho  • —  astuccio. 

Estufa  —  stufa. 

Estuque  —  stucco. 

Esturar  —  torrar. 

Esturion  - —  storione. 

Esturlenc  Pr.  a  combatant;  from  0.  H.  G.  sturilinc,  cf.  adclenc 
from  adalinc  (E.  atheling). 

Esturman  O.  Fr.  (also  estrumant,  stieresman);  from  Du.  stuur- 
man,  A.  S.  steorman,  E.  steersman. 

Etablir  Fr.;  E.  establish;  from  L.  stabilire  (It.). 

Etage  —  staggio. 

Etai  Fr.;  Sp.  estay  a  stay  (rope),  Fr.  etaie  (Pg.  esteio)  prop ;  vb. 


ETAIN  —  ETROIT.  191 

etayer;  from  Du.  staede  staye  =  A.  S.  stede,  O.  H.  G.  statu, 
M.  H.  G.  state,  vb.  Du.  staeden,  E.  stead,  stay, 

Etain  —  stagno. 

Etal  etalon  —  stallo. 

Etamer  —  stagno. 

Etamine  —  stamigna, 

Etamper  —  stampare, 

Etance  —  stanza. 

Etancher  etang  —  stancare. 

Etangues  —  stanga. 

Etape  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  estaple  a  store-house;  staple;  from  Du.  stapel, 
E.  staple. 

Etau  —  stallo. 

Eteindre  Fr.;  from  exstinguere ,  It.  sting uere, 

Etendard  —  stendardo. 

Eteule  —  stoppia. 

Etineelle  Fr.  a  spark  (hence  'tinsel);  a  corruption  of  scintilla, 

O.  Fr.  escintele,  stencele  (E.  stencil). 
Etiquette  Fr.  a  stitched  or  pinned  note  or  billet;  Rouchi  esti- 

quete  a  pointed  stick ;  Neap,  sticchetto.   From  same  root  as  It. 

stecco  a  thorn ;  prick;  Rouchi  stique  a  dagger ;  L.  G.  stikke, 

stikken,  E.  stick,  cf.  Champ,  stiquer  to  put  iu;  stick  in,  0.  Fr. 

estiquer  to  beat  with  a  stick. 

Etoffe  —  stoffa. 

Etonner  Fr.;  O.  Fr.  estoner,  E.  astony,  astonish;  from  attonare, 
extonare.    0.  Pr.  has  estornar  for  estronar  (tronar  =  tonnerj. 

Etouble  —  stoppia. 

Etouffer  —  tufo  (l). 

Etoupe  etoupin  —  stoppa. 

Etourdir  —  stordire. 

Etourgeon  —  storione. 

Etrain  Pic.  sea -coast;  from  G.  E.  strand. 

Etrange  —  stranio. 

Etraper  ■ —  estraper. 

Etre  —  essere. 

Etreeir  —  etroit. 

Etreindre  Fr.  from  string  ere;  cf.  astreindre,  restreindre  from  ad- 
stringer  e,  restringere ,  contraindre  from  constringere. 

Etrier  ■ —  estriho. 

Etrille  —  strecchia. 

Etriquet  —  tricoter. 

Etriviere  —  estriho. 

Etroit  Fr.,  E.  strait;  from  strictus,  Pr.  estreit.  It.  stretto.  Hence 
etreeir  to  narrow,  retrecir  to  draw  in ;  retrench ,  verbs  of  in- 
choative form  and  active  sense,  from  a  L.  strictescere ,  Sp. 


192  ETRON  —  FACIMOLA. 

estrechecer.  O.  Fr.  estrecier  would  =  a  L.  striciiare.  Hence 
detroit  a  narrow  pass ,  from  destrictus,  cf.  de'tresse, 

Etron  —  stronzare. 

Etrope  —  stroppolo. 

Ette  It.  (m.)  a  trifle,  Com.  eta,  Flor.  etti,  Rom.  etta  ett,  Com. 
m'importa  on  eta  =  mUmporta  un  frullo;  from  L.  hetta,  Festus: 
res  minimi pretii ., ,  cum  dicimus  '^non  hettce  te  facio^\ 

Etui  —  astuccio, 

Etuve  —  stufa, 

Evanouir  Fr.  (reflex.),  Pr.  esvamdr  to  vanish.  It.  corresponds 
to  It.  svanire,  Rhset.  svanir,  Pg.  esvair,  It.  pres.  svanisco  =  L. 
evanesco,  Ou  is  inserted  as  in  epanouir,  0.  Fr.  engenouir,  ama- 
douer,  hafouer;  the  o  in  Pr.  mano'ir  =  Goth,  v  (manvjan), 

Evaser  Fr.  to  enlarge  an  opening;  from  vas,  or  opp.  convasare 
to  pack  together ,  evaser  un  arbre  to  give  it  room. 

Eventail  —  ventaglio. 

Evier  —  eau, 

Exaucer  ■ —  alzare. 

Exploit  Fr.,  Pr.  espleii  esplecha  profit,  vb.  exploiter  espleitar  to 
perform,  accomplish*,  from  explic^tum  drawn  out,  accomplished 
(E.  exploit).  Cf.  ploite  (0.  Fr.)  from  plicita,  as  plait  from  placi- 
tum.  Pg.  espleitar  to  explore  is  also  from  explicare  j  but  in  a 
different  sense,  to  unfold,  find. 

Eziandio  It.  =  L.  etiam.  From  etiam  dens;  cf.  avvegna  dio  che, 
macari  dio  che,  O.  Ven.  quanvis-deo,  O.  Gen.  qiianvis-de,  sa 
ezian  dio  che,  ezian  dio  se,  ezian  dio. 


F. 

Pabueo  —  faggio. 

Paca  —  haca. 

Paecenda  It.,  Pg.  Pr.  fazenda,  Sp.  hacienda,  O.  Fr.  faciende 

business;  plur.  faciendum.    Sp.  and  Pg.  --  management  of  an 

estate,  estate,  whence  It.  azienda.    So.  Pr.  afar  (v.  a/fare). 
Pacchino  It.,  Sp.  faquiUy  Fr.  faquin  a  porter,   also  a  knave. 

From  Du.  vant-kin  a  lad.   Or,  perhaps,  from  Ar.  faqir  poor. 

Sic.  facchinii  =  tavernaio. 
Paccia  It.,  Wal.  fatze,  Pr.  fassa,  Fr.  face,  Sp.  haz  {faclia  from 

the  It.),  Y^.  face  face;  ir oiw  fades,  the  first  four  forms  from  an 

old  l^om..  facia,  Sp.  ?iacia  =  h.  versus.    Hence  It.  facciata,  Fr. 

facade,  and  Pr.  esfassar,  Fr.  effacer,  E.  efface. 
Pacha  —  faccia. 
Pacha  —  accia. 
Pacher  —  fastio. 
Paeimola  faeimolo  sorcery.   According  to  Menage  from  faccre 


FAgON  —  FALAVESCA.  193 

molam  (Virg.  sparge  molam  et  fragiles  incende  hitumine  lauros), 
but  we  should  ex])ect  fact- moi a  like  faci-mcile. 

Fa9on  Fr.,  Pr.  faissd,  E.  fashion;  from  f actio  used  passively,  of. 
toison  from  tonsio. 

Fade  Fr.  also  fat,  Pr.  fat  (f.  fada)  insipid,  dull  (E.  fade)'^  from 
fatuus,  of.  vax  from  vacuus.   It.  fado. 

Faggio  It.,  Sp.  haya,  Pg.  Pr.  fay  a  a  beech,  0.  Fr.  fage  a  beech- 
wood*,  from  adj.  fageus  fagea.  Fagus  is  found  in  ^a\.  fag, 
^\Q:.  fagu  fau,  Pr.  Rh.  Rouchi/rtw,  O.Yr.fofeu,  Lomb.Gen./o. 
Fr.  fame  beech- nut,  0.  Fr.  Lorr.  fame,  from  fagitius  fagina, 
It.  faggiuolo,  Sp.  fahuco  (=^  faguco),  with  the  same  suffix  as 
almendruco,  Cmt.  fatja  (=fageaj. 

Fagotto  fangotto  It.,  Pr.  Fr.  fagot,  Sp.  fogote,  E.  faggot,  W. 
ffagod.  From  fax  prop.  =  a  bundle  of  split  pine -wood  (cf. 
V.  jamque  faces  et  saxa  volant),  Gk.  (pdxsXog  (dimin.) ;  g  for  c 
as  in  It.  sorgo  from  soricem,  S]).  per  dig  on  from  perdicem,  Pr. 
/w^or  from  lucem,  Wal.  /j«c  fagot  is  from  fax  as  wt/c  from  nux. 
The  Sp.  owes  its  form  to  a  supposed  connection  with  fuego, 

Faide  O.  Fr.  feud,  hence  faidiu  hostile,  Pr.  faidir  to  persecute, 
banish;  from  L.  L.  faida,  A.  S.  fehdlie,  0.  H.  G.  gafehida, 
Q.  fehde,  Yx.  feud. 

Faille  —  fiaccola, 

Faillir  —  fallire. 

Faina  It.,  Oat.  fagina,  N.  Pr.  faguino  fahino ,  O.  Fr.  fayne,  Fr. 
fouine,  hence  Sp. /wmfl^^  V^.fuinha,  \ en.  fuina  foina ,  Lomb. 
Piedm.  foin  a  polecat,  marten,  0.  E.  foin.  From  foine,  fame 
(v.  faggio)  beech-mast,  cf.  E.  heech-martin.  From  sbst.  comes 
a  vb.  Genev.  fouiner,  Rouch.  founier,  Lomb.  fogna  to  track, 
cf.  Fr.  f ureter  to  ferret  out,  from  furet,  It.  hraccare  from 
hracco.   The  E.  foumart  =  fouine  and  mart  (==  martin). 

Faine  —  faggio. 

Faint  O.  Fr.,  E.  faint,  partic.  of  se  feindre  (de  quelque  chose), 
Pr.  se  fenher  to  neglect;  prop,  to  dissemble,  from  fingere, 
O.  Fr.  foindre  =  E.  foin.  Hence  faignant  lazy  (afterwards 
YfYiiian  faineant  [faireneant]),  cf.  li.in/ingardo  (1) dissembling, 
(2)  lazy,  Murat. :  qui  aut  nolunt  aut  cum  pigritia  faciunt,  simu- 
lantes  sibi  vires  deesse. 

Faire  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  far  to  speak.  Not  from  fari  but  from  facere 
(verba),  cf .  imperf.  fesoient  they  spoke. 

Faisca  —  falavesca. 

Faisceau  —  fascio. 

Faite  Fr.  (m.),  O.  ¥v.  fa'iste ,  fesie;  from  fastigium,  \i.  fastigio. 
Fust  in  Devonshire  ==  ridge  of  the  roof. 

Falaise  Fr.  a  cliff,  hence  the  name  of  a  town  in  Normandy,  O. 
Fr.  falise;  from  0.  H.  G.  felisa  (f.),  G.  fels  (m.). 

Falavesca  It.  embers,  Vg.  faisca,  O.  Sip.  fuisca  spark,  vb.  Pg. 

DIEZ,    nOMANCE    DICT.  13 


194  FALBALA  —  FALOURDE. 

faiscar.  Another  form  is  It.  favolesca  for  favillesca  from  fa- 
villa,  Veron.  Parm.  Crera.faliva;  fuisca  is  for  foisca  for  fo- 
visca  falvisca  (cf.  topo  from  talpci).  The  O.  H.  Gr.  falaivhca 
is  from  the  Rom.  The  same  suffix  is  found  in  Fr.  flamm-eche 
from  flamma. 
Palbala  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Fr.,  Sp.  also  farfald,  Crem.  Parm.  framhala, 
Piedm.  farabald,  Rouchi  farbala,  E.  furbeloiv;  from  G.  falbel 
a  plait,  flounce,  falbeln  to  plait?  Or  is  this  from  the  Rom.? 
Falbo  It.,  Pr.  falb,  Fr.  fauve;  from  O.  H.  G.  folo  (E.  falloiv)^ 

Gen.  falewes,  G.  /«/&  yellow. 
Falcare  dififaleare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  desfalcar,  Fr.  defalquer,  to  ^<?/Vz/- 
c«^^,  abstract.   Usu.  derived  from  /"flf/^^  Sp.  falcar  to  reap. 
But  better  from  the  0.  H.  G.  falgan  to  rob ,  abstract.   If  the 
G.  word  came  from  the  R.,  it  would  be  falchan  falaclian. 
Paleo  falcone  It.,  Sp.  halcon,  Pr.  falc6,  Fr.  faucon,  O.  H.  G. 
falcho,  Yi.  falcon;  from  falco  (first  used  by  Servius  ad  ^n. 
10,  146),  which  is  from  falx,  cf.  falcula  a  claw.   Festus  says: 
falcones  quorum  digiti  pollices  in  pedibus  retro  sunt  curvati. 
Hence  falcone,  falcon,  faucon  a  gun,  dim.  falconetto,  falconets, 
fauconneau  2k>  falconet,  cf.  moscJietto,  sagro,  terzuolo. 
Falda  It.,  Sp.  falda  lialda,  Pg.  fralda,  Pr.  fauda,  0.  Fr.  faude, 
the  skirt  or  fold  of  a  robe;  from  O.  H.  Q^.falt,  A.  S.  feald, 
G.  falte,  E.  fold  {==  Rh.  falda).   In  It.  Sp.  Pg.  it  also  =  the 
brow ,  slope ,  or  skirt  of  a  hill. 
Paldistorio  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  faldistoire  a  fald- stool,  Fr.  fauteuil, 
O.  Fr.  faudestueil  an  arm-chair;  from  O.  H.  G.  faltstiiol ,  E. 
faldstool  {=  folding-stool).   For  faldistorio  0.  Sp.  has  facistor 
facistol  =  falz-stuol.   Hence  It.  palchistuolo  a  penthouse  (from 
palco), 
Paldriquera  faltriquera  Sp.  a  pocket;  from  falda,  whence  fal- 
dica,  then  with  inserted  r  as  m  faltrero  a  pickpocket,  faldr- 
iqu  -  era. 
Palla  —  favola. 

Pallire  It.,  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  fallir  falir  (Sp.  fallecer,  falecer),  Pr. 
Fr.  faillir  to  fail;  from  fallere.  From  faillir  is  derived  the 
impers.  pres.  faut,  pf.  fallut,  inf.  falloir,  O.  Fr.  faldre  faudre; 
il  me  faut  =  me  fallit  it  escapes  me,  I  want  it,  I  must  have  it. 
From  fallire  c-omes  sbst.  It.  fallo  falla,  O.  Sp.  falla,  Pr.  falha, 
O.  Yt.  faille,  0.  It.  faglia  fault;  vb.  It.  fallare  to  fail,  neglect, 
Sp.  Rh.  fallar. 
Palo  It.  a  bonfire ,  Fr.  falot  a  lantern ;  from  rpavog  a  torch ,  or 
from  (pccQog  a  beacon,  Piedm.  faro,  Ven.  fand.  It.  falotico, 
Fr.  falot  =  odd,  extravagant  (prop,  flaring?).  From  cpccvog 
also  It.  fanale,  Sp.  Fr.  fanal  a  ship's  lantern. 
Palourde  Fr.  (f.)  from  faix  lourd.  It  corresponds  in  form  with 
the  O.  Fr.  falorde  falourde  (f.)  a  merry  tale,  Sp.  falordia. 


FALTARE  —  FAON.  195 

Cat.  falornictj  vb.  falorder  to  jest,  6'^  falorder  to  make  oneself 
merry. 

Paltare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  f altar  to  fail  (falter);  hence  It.  Sp.  Pg.  falta^ 
Fr.  faiite,  E.  fault,  Sp.  Pg.  adj.  falto,  It.  diffalta,  Pr.  defauta, 
O.  Fr.  defaute,  default.  Faltare  is  a  freq.  from  fallere  (falli- 
tare). 

Faluca  —  feluca. 

Famiglio  It.,  O.Sp.  O.^^.famillo  familiOy  ^\v»  famaigl  a  servant; 
from  familia,  cf.  Sp.  manceha  from  mancipium. 

Fanal  fanale  —  /Vz/o. 

Panciullo  —  fante. 

Panello  It.  a  linnet,  Piedm.  fanin,  Mil.  fanett;  from  the  G. 
hanf-  il  -  ing  (hemp  -  ling)  ? 

Paner  Fr.  to  let  dry,  make  into  hay,  faner  Vherhe;  O.  Fr.  fener 
fanir  to  wither.  Pic.  fener,  L.  L.  af-fenare,  Pr.  faner,  Rh. 
fanar  fenar.  From  faenum  foenum,  cf.  O.  Fr.  fanoul  for  fenouil, 
Lorr.  fouon  =  Yr.foin,  Lorr.  fouannd  =  ¥\\  faner;  Lim.  sbst. 
fe,  vb.  fend. 

Panfa  O.  Sp.  brag;  It.  fanfano,  Sp.  fanfarron,  Fv.  fanfaron  a 
blusterer,  fanfare  blast  of  trumpet;  Sp.  farfante,  Langued. 
farfantaine  braggart;  an  onomatopoeion. 

Panfaluea  It.  embers,  trifles,  Fr.  fanfreluche,  O.  Fr.  fanfelue 
trifles,  gewgaws.  Norm,  fanflue.  L.  L.  famfaluca  a  corruption 
oH pompholgx  (7to^(p6Xv^)  (l)  a  bubble,  (2)  slag,  scoria.  Hence 
Mil.  fanfidla.  Com.  fanfola,  Sic.  fanfonj  (pi.)  trifles;  Fr.  fre- 
luquet  a  fop ,  for  fanfreluquet. 

Pango  It.  Sp.,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  fane,  fem.  Lomb.  fanga,  Pr.  fanha, 
Fr.  fange,  Norm,  fatigue  mud.  From  Goth,  fani  (n.)  gen.  fanjis 
the  J  becoming  h  (fanha)  ov  g  ^  c,  cf.  from  venio  It.  vengo,  Pr. 
venc.  Bret,  fank  from  the  O.  Fr.,  which  Pictet  refers  with 
the  Ir.  fochall  to  the  Sansk.  panka.  Fangoso,  fangeux  might 
also  come  hom.  fa?mcosus  (Festus,  according  to  O.  Miiller  from 
famex,  whence  might  com.Q  fange  [famicem\). 

Panon  O.  Fr.  a  cloth,  towel,  Yr.  fanon  f anion;  from  O.  H.  G. 
fano,  Goth,  fana  a  piece  of  cloth,  O.  H.  G.  hantfano  a  towel. 

Pante  It.  a  boy,  servant,  foot- soldier,  Sp.  infante  &q..'^  from 
in  fans.  Hence  fanteria^infantry,  fantoccio  a  doll,  It.  fanciullo 
fanciulla  a  child,  Flor.  Wol.  fancella.  For  the  loss  of  the  1^*  syl- 
lable, ci.folto,  scipido,  strometito,  &c. 

Pantome  Fr.,  E.  phantom;  from  phantasma,  It.  faniasima,  Pr. 
fantauma  (from  fantalma,  cf.  Cat.  fantarmct).  O.  Fr.  vb.  enfan- 
tosmer.   Langued.  fantasti  a  goblin ,  phantasticus. 

Paon  Fr.,  E.  fawn,  vb.  faoner.  O.  Fr.  faon  feon  ==  young  espec. 
of  lions,  bears,  dragons  &c.,  faoner  feoner  to  bring  forth  young. 
Connected  with  Pr.  feda  (q.  v.),  from  fetus;  feon  from  fedon, 
as  fea  from  feda. 

13* 


196  ,  FAQUIN  —  FASCIO. 

Paquin  —  facchino. 

Parandula  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  profession  of  a  comedian,  also  a  wander- 
ing troop  of  comedians.  Perhaps  connected  with  the  G.  fah- 
rende  wandering  people.  Far  ante  (Sp.)  =  a  messenger,  actor 
who  speaks  the  prologue  &c. ;  farandula  from  a  form  faranda, 
as  lavandula  from  lavanda ,  girandula  from  giranda, 

Farapo  —  arpa. 

Paraute  —  araldo. 

Farce  • —  farsa. 

Fard  Fr.  paint,  vb.  farder;  fard  =  teinte,  L.  iincta,  which  in 
0.  H.  G.  would  be  gi-farwit  gi-farit  (from  farxvjan  G.  fdrhen 
to  colour). 

Fardo  Sp.  Pg.  a  bale,  pack,  Sp.  fardillo,  Pg.  Pr.  E.  fardel y  Fr. 
fardeau;  Sp.  farda  alfarda  a  notch,  also  a  tax,  Pg.  farda  al- 
farda  a  soldier's  coat;  Sp.  fardage,  Pg.  fardagem^  It.  fardag- 
gio  luggage.    Ar.  farda j  al-faHda  pack  tax,  fard  notch. 

Farfalla  It.  a  butterfly,  a  fickle  man  (Wal.  f erf  ale),  Bas.  uli- 
farfalla  {ulia  a  gnat) ;  Pg.  farfalhas  pi.  cuttings  of  metal  in 
coining,  bragging.  It.  sfarfallare  to  cut  through,  become  a 
butterfly,  N.  Pr.  esfarfalha  to  scatter  (Fr.  eparpiller).  From 
papilio  come  li. parpaglione ,  then,  perhaps  through  influence 
of  the  0.  H.  G.  fifaltra,  farfaglione  farfalla.  The  Sw.  has 
farfalL  Com.  farfatola  a  fickle  person.  Rh.  fafarinna  butterfly 
is  ==  L.  fac  farinam  ^^make  meaP^,  Sard,  faghe- farina,  be- 
cause it  is  covered  with  a  dust  like  that  of  meal. 

Farfante  farfarron  —  fanfa. 

Farfogliare  Neap.,  Lomb.  farfoja,  Sp.  farfullar,  Rouchi  far- 
foulier  to  stammer;  an  onomatop.  (=  Fr.  farfouiller  to  rum- 
mage) or  =  Ar.  farfara  to  talk  confusedly. 

Farga  —  forgia. 

Farinella  —  flanella, 

Farnia  fargna  the  broad-leaved  oak,  quercus  robur;  from  far- 
nus  (Vitruv.)  by  some  supposed  to  be  contracted  from  fraxi- 
nus;  the  It.  comes  from  the  adj.,  Apicius  has:  farnei  fungi. 

Faro  Pg.  scent  (of  dogs),  track,  steam  of  meat  &c. ;  from  Ar. 

far  ah  ? 
Farouclie  Fr.,  vb.  effaroucher,  from  feroxferocis,  cf.  mordache 

from  mordax.   Pr.  Cat.  ferotge.   O.  Fr.  harouche  =  insolent. 

Farpa  farpao  farpar  —  arpa. 

Farsa  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  from  the  Yx.  farce,  i!^  farce,  orig.,  as  in  French 
=  a  stuffing,  thence  a  medley,  farce,  cf.  satira;  ivoxn  farsiis 
stuffed,  whence  also  It.  farseito  waistcoat,  doublet;  from  farsa 
comes  Pg.  disfarzar,  S.  disfrazar  to  mask. 

Faseio  It.,  Sp.  faxo,  haz,  Pg.  feix,  Fr.  faix  bundle  &c. ;  from 


FASQUIA  —  FAXO.  197 

fascis.  Hence  It.  fastello  for  fascettello,  Fr.  faisceau,  It.  fascina, 
Sp.  faxina  liacina  &c. ;  vb.  Pr.  afaissar,  Fr.  affaisser. 

Pasquia  Sp.  Pg.  a  ledge;  from  Ax.faschia  (Sousa),  which  is  from 
vb.  fasacha  to  separate. 

Fastello  —  fascio, 

Fastidlo  It.,  fastio  liastio  Sp.,  Pg.  hastio,  Cat.  fastig,  Pr.  /V^^/?^ 
fastic,  0.  Fr.  /Vzs/?;  from  fastidium;  vb.  fastidiare.  0.  Sp. 
hastiar,  Pr.  fastig ar  fasticar,  Fr.  fdcher,  E.  /Vzs^;  adj.  It.  /(as/e- 
^/oso,  Sp.  hastioso,  Cat.  Pr.  fastigos,  Fr.  fdcheux,  L.  fastidiosus. 
The  guttural  is  due  to  a  form  fast-icare. 

Fata  —  /^'. 

Fata  It.,  Sp.  /(T^rt?^  /j«<?^,  Pg.  Pr.  /Vz6?«{,  Fr.  /k?'^,  Dauph.  /V/?/^,  E. 
/«?/;  vb.  It.  fatare,  Sp.  hadar,  Pr.  fadar,  O.  Fr.  /(gi^r,  /^^r,  M. 
H.  G.  feinen  to  bewitch;  from  />z^«  =  Parca,  on  a  coin  of 
Diocletian,  fatis  =  Dis  manibus.  Fatus  is  used  by  Petronius, 
Others  derive  it  from  Fatua, 

Fatras  Fr.  booty;  ior  fartas,  ivom.  fartus  (Menage). 

Fattizio  It.  &c.,  artificial,  factitious;  from  L.  facticius;  sbst.  Sp. 
hechizo,  Pg.  feitico  enchantment  (whence  E.  sbst.  fetish),  like 
O.  H.  G.  zoubar  (G.  zauherei)  from  zouivan  to  make;  hence  Sp. 
hechicero,  Pg.  feiticeiro  a  sorcerer.  It.  fattuccliiero.  Factura  is 
used  in  the  same  sense.  It.  fattura^  Pr.  faitura  {feature,  cf .  feat 
=  fait,  fetish  =^  faictis  well  made,  neat),  vb.  It.  fatturare, 
Pr.  faiturar;  sbst.  Pr.  fachurier,  Dauph.  faiturier,  Pr.  faitilha 
enchantment  is  also  from  facer e, 

Fattuchiero  —  fattizio. 

Faubourg  Fr.  suburb.  Y'ov  faux-hourg  =^  falsus  hurgus,  cf.  faux- 
frais,  faux -hois,  fausse-clef.  This  der.  is  supported  by  the 
Wall,  fd-bor,  Wall,  fa  =  Fr.  faux.  The  O.  Fr.  form  forborg 
forsbourg  was  spelt  as  though  from  foris, 

Faueon  —  falcone. 

Faude  O.  Fr.  sheepfold;  from  A.  S.  fald,  falud,  E.  fold,  A.  S. 
faled,  cf.  W.  ffald  dung. 

Faute  —  falta, 

Fauteuil  —  faldistorio. 

Fautre  fautrer  —  feltro. 

Fauve  —  falbo. 

Favola  It.,  Sp.  fabla,  Fr.  fable,  Yx,  faula,  E.  fable,  Sp.  fabla 
habla,  Vg.falla  speech,  Urom.  fabula;  It.  favella  language,  from 
fabella,  Sard,  {m.)  fueddu  speech,  word;  dim.  Yy.  fabliau,  O. 
Fr.  Pr.  fabel  a  short  story;  It.  favola  favellare,  Sp.  hablar 
(whence  Fr.  habler),  V^.fallar,  Yx.  favelar  faular,  O.Yv. fabler 
to  narrate,  speak,  Wal.  heblei  to  make  a  noise ;  from  fabulari. 
The  It.  fola  =  Pr.  faula,  fiaba  =  0.  Fr.  /labe  with  the 
trasposed. 

Faxo  —  fascio. 


198  FAZALEJA  —  FELTRO. 

Fazaleja  —  fazzuolo. 

Pazzuolo  fazzoletto  It.,  O.  ^^,  fazolcto  a  pocket-handkerchief. 
The  Sp.  fazaleja  is  from  fades  (Sp.  faz),  L.  L.  faclale.  Diez 
refers  fazzuolo  (by  reason  of  its  suffix)  to  another  origin ,  G. 
fetzen  a  rag  (cf.  It.  pezzuoUi).  But  the  Sic.  fazzulctlu  is  from 
^ic,  facci  (fades),  and,  doubtless,  the  It.  is  of  kindred,  per- 
haps dialectical,  origin. 

Fe  (phe)  O.  Fr.  =  servus.  It  is  the  O.  N.  fwdd-  r,  fed,  brought 
up,  cf.  Sp.  criado. 

Peble  —  fievole. 

Peehar  Pg.  to  shut,  hence  fecho  a  bolt ;  prop,  to  close  a  letter  &c. 
by  dating  it  *,  from  factum  ^=  date ,  Sp.  fechar  to  date. 

Peda  Pr.  Com.,  Piedm. /<?«,  Dauph. /t^Vz  a  sheep;  irom.  feta  = 
qua3  peperit,  spec,  of  sheep,  cf .  cordero  and  Virg. :  Non  insueta 
graves  tentahunt  pahida  felas.  Beam.  heda=  L.  feta  generally, 
Wal.  fet  =  child,  fate  daughter,  from  fetus,  vb.  fcla  =  fetare, 
Sard,  fedu  ■=  fetus. 

Pedera  It.  thick  woven  stuff,  twill ;  from  O.  H.  G.  fedara  fea- 
ther, M.  H.  G.  federe  felt,  L.  L.  penna. 

Pee  —  fata. 

Pegato  It.,  Sp.  higado,  Pg.  fig  ado ,  Pr.  feigc,  Wall,  feute,  Fr. 
foie  (m.)  liver;  from  L.  L.  ficatum  (sc.  jecur),  prop,  the  fig- 
fattened  goose's  liver,  pinguibus  fids  pastum  jecur  anseris  albi 
Hor.  S.  2,  8;  88;  cf.  N.  Gr.  (ji'noxi  from  GvnGixov  i^tckq.  The 
accent  is  thrown  back,  and  we  find  also  figido  for  ficatum,  cf. 
rogitus  rogatus ,  dolitus  dolatus ,  vocitus  vocatus,  provilus  proba- 
tus  &c.  Sard,  is  figciu,  \en.figd,  Wal./?c«/.  For  the  importance 
of  the  goose,  cf.  its  name  It.  oca^  Fr.  oie  (avica,  avis)  the 
bird. 

Peindre  —  faint. 

Peira  —  fiera. 

Pelce  It.,  Sp.  helecho,  Fr.  fougere  fern;  (1)  from  filix  (Langued. 
feouze),  (2)  from  fiUctum,  (3)  from  a  form  filicaria. 

Peler  Fr.  to  split ;  for  fester  from  fissiculare  (Apideius). 

Peligres  Sp.  parishioner ;  from  filius  gregis. 

Pello  It.,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  fel  impious,  wicked;  It.  fellone  wicked 
wretch,  O.  Sp.  felon  fellon  =  fello,  Fr.  felon  perjured  traitor, 
^. felon;  It.  O.Sp.fellonia,  Tr.felnia  feuniaipro^igsicj,  wicked- 
ness ,  Fr.  fe'lonie,  Sp.  felonia  treachery  (espec.  of  a  vassal),  E. 
felony.  From  the  A.  S.  E.  fell,  Du.  fel.  Pr.  and  O.  Fr.  nom. 
aing.  fel  (fels)  ace.  felon,  whence  the  other  forms,  and  fem. 
felona. 

Pelpa  It.  Sp.  Pg.  plush;  from  G.  felbel,  Swed.  fdlp;  hence  Fr. 
feulpier.  The  It.  has  also  pelpa,  Sic.  felba,  Sard.  Cat.  pel  fa. 
O.  Pg.  falifa  =  a  sheepskin. 

Peltro  It.,  Sip.fieltro,  Pr.  Fr.feutrcj  felt;  h.h.filtrum;  It.  feltrare, 


FELUCA  —  FIA.  199 

Sp.  filtrar,  Fr.  filtrer,  E.  /ilter;  from  O.  H.  G.  /Uz,  A.  S.  E. 
felt  J  with  r  after  t,  R.  Gr.  1,  323;  hence  0.  Fr.  faulrer  to 
thrash,  from  /ilzen  (to  press),  as  f autre  (=z  feutre)  from  filz. 

Peluea  It.,  Sp.  faluca,  Pg.  falua,  Fr.  felouqvie,  E.  felucca;  from 
Arab,  /w/^  a  ship. 

Penouil  —  finocchio. 

Peo  Sp.  Pg.  ugly;  from /Iij^^m^,  O.  Sp.  ^e^o. 

Perlino  It.,  O.  S^.  ferlin,  O.  ¥y,  ferling  ferlin  a  farthing;  from 
A.  S.  feordhling  (farthing). 

Perme  Fr.  (f.),  E.  farm,  It.  ferma,  Sp.  firma  a  signature,  bond, 
coniirmation,  fermare  firmar  to  sign  &c.  Fr.  sbst.  ferte  strong- 
hold, ioY  fermeie  fermie,  of.  dortoir  for  dormJtoir. 

Permillon  fremilon  O.Fr.,  Vi\fremil6,  perhaps  =  haubert;  from 
mailles  de  fer,  so  =  fer-maillon,  cf.  grille  for  graille,  provigner 
for  provaigner.    Al.  from  firmus,  firmaculum. 

Perrana  It.,  Pg.  f err  da,  Sp.  herren  (f.)  a  mixture  of  various 
chopped  herbs  for  cattle,  a  mash;  h ova.  farrago,  Pg.  also/fljr- 

Perrant  and  auferrant  O.  Fr.,  Vv.  ferran  alferan,  an  adj.  used 
to  denote  a  light  colour,  e.  g.  of  grey  hair,  of  horses  &c. 
From  ferro,  cf.  It.  ferretto  =  iron-grey,  semicanus,  also  fer- 
rigno,  which  answers  to  a  Pr.  ferrene,  0.  Fr.  f err  ant  (cf.  fla- 
mene  flamant),  whence  Pr.  ferran.  Al  is  not  the  Arab,  article, 
but  for  alb- f err  ant,  cf.  blanc-ferrant,  chenu-ferrant.  Al.  from 
the  Ar.  al-fars,  Sp.  al-faraz  a  Barbary  horse. 

Perropea  herropea  arropea  Sp.,  Pg.  ferropea  fetters ,  from  fer- 
rum  and  pes. 

Perte  —  ferme. 

Perzare  sferzare  It.  to  scourge,  sbst.  ferza  sferza.  Not  from 
ferire  (feritiare),  since  the  4*^^  conj.  does  not  form  participial 
verbs.  Perhaps  from  the  0.  H.  G.  ftllan,  whence  an  intensive 
fillazan  -—  G.  filzen  to  scold ,  hence  felzare  ferzare  (cf.  scalmo 
scarmo). 

Pesse  Fr.  (f.)  for  Lat.  natis;  from  /issus  ftssa,  whence  vb.  fesser. 

Petta  It.  a  bit,  piece,  shred,  ribbon,  O.  Sp.  fita  ribbon;  not 
from  vitta,  which  gives  It.  vetta,  but  from  O.  H.  G.  fiza  a 
ribbon,  thread,  perhaps  connected  with  fetzen  a  shred  (Rh. 
fetzd). 

Peu  —  fuoco, 

Peudo  —  fio, 

Peur  —  foro. 

Peurre  —  fodero. 

Peutre  —  feliro. 

Pi  O.  Fr.  Pr.  sure,  certain,  adv.  fiement  confidently;  from  /idus, 
It.  fido.    0.  Fr.  adv.  de  fi=^  surely. 

Pia  fiata  —  via. 


200  FIABA  —  FICELLE. 

Fiaba  —  f avoid. 

Piaceo  It.;  Sp.  flaco,  Pg.  fracOy  Pr.  O.  Fr.  flac  flaqne  weak, 
languid,  vb.  fiaccare  &c.;  from  flacciis.  The  Fr.  flasquc  must 
come  from  flaccidus  =  flaxidus  ^=^.  flasquidus,  cf.  laxus  lasque 
Idche ,  Lorr.  fidche,  Com.  fiasch, 

Fiaccola  It.,  Sp.  hacha  (whence  Eouchi  hache  hace),  Pg.  facha^ 
Pr.  falha,  O.  Fr.  faille  a  taper;  from  facula  (fax).  For  the 
inserted  i==l  cf .  R.  Gr.  1 ,  269 ,  and  cf .  flocina ,  rifititare. 

Fiacre  a  late  Fr.  word ,  so  called  because  the  inventor's  house 
in  Paris  bore  the  sign  of  S.  Fiacre. 

Fiadone  It.  honeycomb ,  Pr.  flauzon  (flazon  ?),  Sp.  flaon,  Fr.  flan 
(for  flaon)j  E.  flaivn  a  flat  cake ,  a  flat  piece  of  metal  for  coin- 
ing; L.  L.  flado,  flato  -~  O.  H.  G.  flado  f.  flada  (=  laganum, 
placenta,  libum,  favus),  Du.  vlade  (f.),  connected  with  itkarvSy 
G.platt,  E,  flat. 

Fiale  —  flavo. 

Fiama  Pied.,  Sp.  fleme  (m.),  Pr.  flecme,  Fr.flanwie  (f.),  E.  fleatti; 
from  phlehotomus  y  whence  also  0.  H.  G.  fliedimd,  M.  H.  G. 
contr.  fliede ,  G.  flicte. 

Fiancer  Fr.  to  affiance,  Pr.  fiansar  to  promise,  It.  fidanzarc; 
from  fides,  fidanza. 

Fianco  It.,  Pr.  Fr.  flanc,  Sp.  flanco  (milit.  from  the  Fr.)  flank. 
Diez  derives  it  from  flaccus  inserting  n  as  in  It.  fangotto,  Fr. 
ancolic  &c.,  cf.  G.  for  flank  iveiche ,  M.  H.  G.  krcnke  both  = 
weak.  But  it  is  more  probably  from  the  0.1^.(j(.lancha  hlanca 
(through  the  E.  flank)  to  which  D.  objects  that  the  G.  h  would 
not  become  /  but  g,  v.  giifo  (but  cf.  It.  Fiovo  from  Chlodoveiis), 
and  that  hlanca  is  fem. ;  we  find  however  It.  soldo  from  sulza, 
Fr.  tin  from  tinna. 

Fiappo  It.  (prov.),  Mil.  Piedm.  Ven.  flap,  Crem.  flapp  flabby; 
from  G.  flap,  flep,  flahhe,  E.  flap,  flabby. 

Fiasco  It.,  Sp.  flasco  frasco,  Pg.  frasco,  fem.  It.  fiasca,  O.  Fr. 
flasche,  Fr.  flacon  for  flascon  (E.  flagon),  also  found  in  the 
Germ,  and  Celtic  tongues,  E.  flask,  cf.  Wal.  plosce,  Hung. 
palatzk,  Lith.  plcczca.  On  the  analogy  of  fiaba  (flaba)  from 
fabula,  pioppe  from  populus,  vSp.  bloca  from  buccula,  blago  from 
bacillus  we  may  get  fiasco  from  vasculutn  (cf.  f  for  v  in  para- 
fredus,  biff  era). 

Ficcare  It.,  0.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  ficar,  Fr.  ficher,  O.  Sp.  0.  Pg.  fincar, 
Sp.  liincar  to  thrust  or  drive  in  (Pic.  hinqiier).  It.  ficcarsi,  Sp. 
fincar  se  to  insist  on;  It.  af ficcare,  Pr.  a  ficar,  Fr.  af ficher  to 
attach.  Verbs  in  ic  on  the  analogy  of  fodicare,  vellicare  are 
common  in  Rom.  cf.  gcmicare,  volvicare,  pendicare,  sorbicare. 
So ,  perhaps ,  figicare  from  figere  (dim.  or  frequent.). 

Ficelle  Fr.  f.  packthread;  from  filum  as  \ifilicellwn;  for  the  change 


FICHE  —  FINANZA.  201 

of  gender,  cf.  cervelle  from  cerebellum,  and  for  the  lost  I ,  cf. 
pucelle  for  pulcelle, 

Piche  —  fitto. 

Ficher  —  ficcare. 

Fie  flee  —  via  (1). 

Fiedere  It.  to  wound,  irova.  ferire,  SipJierir  &c.,  r  being  changed 
to  d. 

Fief  —  /io. 

Fiente  Fr.,  'Pr.fenta  dung.  From  a  form  fimitus  (cf.  O.  Yr.friente 
^^  fremitus)  a  corruption  oi  fimetum.  Cat.  is  fempta,  N.  Pr. 
femto  fiendo ,  0.  Sp.  hienda. 

Fiera  It.,  Sp.  feria,  Pg.  Pr.  feira,  Fr.  foire,  E.  fair;  from  feria 
(ferim),  fairs  being  held  on  saint's  days ,  cf.  G.  messe. 

Fierce  fierche  flerge  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  fersa,  0.  E.  fers,  L.  L.  fercia 
queen  at  chess;  from  V^x^.ferz  a  general.  Fierge  transformed 
into  vierge  gave  rise  to  dame  reine,  Sp.  reyna. 

Fievole  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  feUe,  Pg.  fchre,  Fr.  foible,  O.  Fr.  floible 
floibe,  E.  feeble;  from  flebilis,  the  first  /  being  dropped.  Cf.  G. 
swach  (1)  flebilis  (2)  debilis,  and  wenig  (1)  flebilis  (2)  parvus, 
paucus. 

Fifre  —  pipa. 

Figer  Fr.  to  curdle,  congeal ;  from  figere.  A  late  word,  but  found 
in  Stephanus  (1539)  and  Nicot. 

Fignolo  It.  a  pimple;  from  G.  finne. 

Fila  It.  Sp,  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  E.  file  a  row,  prop,  a  thread,  from  fdum. 
Vb.  Fr.  filer,  defiler,  E.  file,  defile,  O.  Fr.  pourfiler,  E.  purfile 
to  embroider  (Chaucer),  hence  also  sbst.  ^6^^/^',  "Fa.  defile.  Hence 
It.  Sp.  filo,  Fr.  fil  edge  of  a  weapon  (pr.  thread);  vb.  af flare 
(1)  to  sharpen,  (2)  incite,  Sp.  afilar  =^  (l),  Pg.  =  (2);  Pg. 
en  far  to  thread ,  pierce ,  frighten. 

Filhar  0.  Pg.  to  take;  prop,  to  take  into  one's  family,  from 
filius. 

Filipendula  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  filipendule  a  plant,  so  called  from 
the  tubercles  attached  to  its  thread-like  roots. 

Filou  Fr.  a  sharper,  rogue,  Piedm.  Com. /^/on,  Piedm.  also  fluca, 
vb.  Fr.  filouter.  The  L.  L.  is  filo;  from  O.  H.  G.  fdon  to  ftle, 
cf.  fourbe,  fripon,  polisson,  also  slang  Eng.  file  =  rogue.  The 
Fr.  fdouter  may  be  from  the  part,  gi-fdot  =  expolitus.  The 
Du.  has  fielt  good-for-nothing,  sbst.  felterye.  The  Lorr.  af/ilou 
=  filou  from  a  vb.  aifflei  to  deceive  =  Fr.  affiler  to  polish. 
The  difficulty  lies  not  so  much  in  the  root  as  in  the  termina- 
tion.  May  it  be  from  E.  fellow  ? 

Filtrar  filtrer  —  feltro, 

Filza  It.  a  row  or  string  of  things,  vb.  infilzare;  from  flumy 
through  a  form  flitium. 

Finanza  It.  a  receipt,  quittance,  Pr.  finansa,  Fr.  E.  finance,  plur. 


202  FINCAR  —  FIOCO. 

It.  finanze,  Fr.  E.  finances;  from  finis.  Pr.  /in  =  end,  settle- 
ment, xelogj  specially  of  an  adjustment  of  a  legal  quarrel, 
usu.  by  payment  of  money,  L.  L.  finis  =  ^^finalis  concordia, 
amicabilis  compositio '',  finem  faccre  componere  de  lite,  E.  fine. 
Hence  vb.  finar  finer  finire  to  pay  a  stipulated  sum,  which 
sum  was  prop,  la  finance,  E.  finaunce  =  fine,  L.  L.  financia  = 
generally  ^^prsestatio  pecuniaria". 

Fincar  —  ficcare. 

Fineo  Ven.  a  finch,  Lat.  fringilla;  from  O.  H.  G.  fincho,  G. 
finke,  E.  finch.   Veneroni  gives  also  a  form  frinco. 

Findar  Sp.  to  finish,  conclude;  from  finitus,  Pg.  findo. 

Fino  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  It.  also  fine,  Pr.  Fr.  fin,  whence  E.  fine^  G. 
fein,  0.  H.  Q,  fimliho  (liY^  cent.).  The  fundamental  meaning 
is:  perfect,  pure,  sincere;  Vr,  fin  aur,  fine  gold,  fin  amor,  fin 
vertatz,  0.  Fr.  define  ire  from  pure  anger.  From  finitus  finished, 
perfect,  cf.  din  from  clinatiis,  cuerdo  from  cordatus,  manso 
from  mansuetus,  and  for  the  sense  cf.  Sp.  acabado,  Lat.  j^^r- 
fectus,  Gk.  xkXELog. 

Fino  infino  It.  particle  =:L.^e;iM5;  irovo.  in  finem,  fine,  cf.Festus: 
tenus  significat  finem.  In  L.L.  (A.D.  849)  we  find  de  alia  parte 
fine  flumen  &c.  The  Pr.  has  fis,  N.  Pr.  Cat.  fins,  Beam,  fens, 
Sard,  finza,  finzas. 

Finoeehio  It.,  Sp.  hinojo,  Pg.  funclio  (whence  FimchaV),  Fr.  fe- 
nouil,  ^.fennel;  ivova.  fwnicidum ,  L.  \^.  femiclmn. 

Fio  It.,  Pr.  O.  Cat.  feu  (hence  O.  Pg.  feii),  Fr.  E.  fief  from  the 
O.  Fr.  fieu;  vb.  Fr.  fieffer,  0.  Fr.  fiever,  Pr.  affeuar  to  feoff. 
It  is  the  Lomb.  fiu  in  fader-fium  patrimony,  0.  H.  G.  film  fehii 
(pecus),  G.  vieh,  Goth,  faihii  possession,  E.  fee=  0.  Fries. 
fia  in  Ijoth  senses.  The  h  was  lost  (cf.  R.  Gr.  1,  312),  the 
short  e  became  ie  as  in  Pr.  mieu  from  w^w5,  and  Pr.  u  =  Fr.  /* 
'Q,{.juif=  Vr.judeu,  Fr.  fieffer  for  /?^?;^r  as  in  ensuifer  for  ew- 
suiver.  Sic.  /(?^w  substitutes  the  regular  ^  for  /?,  R.  Gr.  1,  311. 
From  fiu  feu  came  the  L.  L.  feudum  feodum  (in  the  9^^  cent.), 
the  d  being  euphonic,  as  in  ladico  for  laico,  chiodo  for  chio-o 
(clavus  clauus).  The  L.  L.  word  spread  into  the  Rom.,  It.  Sp. 
feudo  &c. 

Fiocina  It.  a  harpoon;  from  fuscina  with  i  =  I  inserted,  cf.  fiac- 
cola,  and  with  ci  for  sci,  cf.  cacio  for  cascio.  Sard,  fruscina, 
Mil.  frosna  insert  r  =  I. 

Fioco  It.  hoarse,  faint,  weak.  Diez  derives  it  from  raucus  (frau- 
cus,  cf.  fromho,  froco,  fioco,  fioco).  Mahn,  however,  maintains 
that  the  meaning  of  iveali  {fioco  lume  Dante  &c.)  ought  to 
precede  that  of  hoarse,  and  derives  it  from  flaccus  by  means 
of  a  form  flaucus.  Flaccus  is  connected  with  ^Id^,  E.  flag, 
flahhy,  A.  S.  wlaec  ==  E.  luJ^e  (luke  warm).    The  Pr.  frauc 


FIONDA  —  FLAMBERGE.  203 

makes  the  der.  from  raiicus  more  plausible  than  that  from 

flaccus  which  in  Pr.  is  flac. 
Pionda  It.,  Vv^fronda,  Yv.fronde  a  sling.  From  funda  It.fonda, 

O.  Fr.  fondCj  with  inserted  i  ^^  I,  of.  fiocina. 
Pioretto  It.,  Sp.  florete,  Fr.  fleurci  a  foil;  so  called  from  the 

button  on  the  point,  like  the  bud  of  a  flower. 
Piorino  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  E.  florin,  orig.  a  gold  coin,  stamped  with 

the  lily  (fiore)  of  Florence,  hence  also  in  0.  Pg.  frolenca  for 

florenca. 
Piotta  frotta  It.,  Sp.  flota,  Pg.  frota,  0.  Fr.  flote,  masc.  It.  fmtio 

frotto  (cf.  fragello  from  ftagellum),  Fr.  ftot  a  troop  flood,  tide; 

from  fluctus.  Vb.  It.  fiotiare  &c.  to  float,  from  fluctuare.   From 

frotta  comes  frottola  a  vaudeville.  Com.  frotola  jest. 
Pisehiare  It.  to  whistle,  from  fistula,  L.  L.  fiscla, 
Pisga  Sp.  Pg.  a  harpoon,  \h,  fisgar;  from  Goth,  fiskon  to  fish, 

O.  H.  G.  fisker  a  harpoon. 
Pistella  It.  a  basket,  from  fiscella,  fisc-ett-ella. 
Pita  —  fetta. 
Pitta  It.  soil  that  gives  way  under  the  feet;  from  O.  H.  G.  fiuhti 

moisture  (G.  feucht  moist)  ?    For  iu  to  =  passing  into  i,  cf. 

R.  Gr.  1,  287,  and  cf.  Rhset.  /iecht  from  feucht. 
Pitto  It.,  Sp.  hito,  Pg.  fito  fixed;  sbst.  Sp.  hito,  Pg.  fito  a  mark, 

target,  landmark,  hita  a  peg,  nail.  It.  fitto  rent  (=:  fixed 

price).   From  the  0.  Lat.  fictus  (Lucret.  Varro)  =  fixus.    The 

Fr.  fiche  a  peg  may  =  Sp.  hita,  though  ficher  is  better  referred 

to  ficcare. 
Piueia  fueia  hucia  O.Sp.  confidence;  from  fiducia.    Hence  com- 
pounds such  as:    afiuciar  ahuciar ,    desfiuzar  deshuciar,    des- 

ahuciar. 
Piusso  —  floscio. 
Piutare  —  flauto. 
Plaeo  —  fiacco. 
Plaeon  —  fiasco. 
Plageolet  —  flauto. 
Plagorner  Fr.  to  flatter  meanly;  from  flatter  and  corner  (aux 

oreilles)  according  to  Le  Duchat. 
Plairar  Pr.  Cat.,  Fr.  flairer,  Pg.  cheirar  ^/?  =  Pg.  ch),  =  L.  fra- 

grare,  changed  to  flag  are;  sbst.  Cat.  flaira,  0.  Fr.  Pic.  flair, 

Pg.  cheiro.   The  It.  and  Sp.  have  only  derivatives,  such  as 

fragrante,  fraganza  fragancia, 
Plairer  —  fragrare. 
Plambe  Fr.  the  iris,  flag,  0.  Fr.  Pic.  also  =i  flame;  from  flam- 

mula  flamble  flambe.   Hence  flamher,  flambeau  &c. 
Plamberge  Fr.  a  sword,  now  only  in  the  phrase:  mettre  flam- 

berge  au  vent  to  draw  swords ;  it  is  the  G.  flamberg  flamberge 

from  flanc  flank  and  bergen  to  cover.    Cf.  froberge  used  as 


204  FLAN  —  FLIBOT. 

the  name  of  a  sword,  accordiag  to  Grimm  from  fro  (lord)  and 
her  gen,  or  from  the  god  Fro  =  N.  Freyr. 

Man  ■ —  frignare. 

Plan  —  fiadone, 

Flanc  —  fianco. 

Flanella  frenella  It.,  Sp.  franela,  Yx.flaneUe,  E.  flannel.  The 
primitive  form  is  found  \x\.Q.Yx.flaine  a  bed-covering  (Roque- 
fort), cf.  W.  curaing  (l)  bed-covering,  (2)  flannel.  Flaine  may 
be  from  velamen  vHamen,  as  flasca  from  vlasca.  The  Pg.  form 
farinella  is  quite  anomalous. 

Plaon  —  fiadone. 

Plaque  Fr.  a  puddle,  slough 5  from  Du.  vlacke  a  lagoon.  Cf. 
Ducange ,  flaco  flactra. 

Plasque  —  fiacco. 

Platir  —  flatter. 

Platter  Fr.,  Pr.  flatar,  E.  flatter;  from  A.  S.  O.  N.  E.  flat,  O.  H. 
G.  /laz.  Hence  also  O.  Fr.  flat  a  blow,  flatir  to  strike  to  the 
ground. 

Plauto  It.,  Wal.  flaute,  Sp.  Pr.  flatita,  Fr.  flute,  E.  flute;  vb.  Pg. 
frautar,  Vr.flautar,  YY.fliiter  to  flute.  The  old  form  was  flahutc 
flaute  which  form  it  still  keeps  in  Pic,  also  with  an  s  flahuste, 
vb.  flahuter  flaiiter.  Flaiiter  is  for  flatuer  (cf.  veude  for  vidue, 
Pr.  teune  for  tenue),  from  flatus,  the  u  being  kept  as  m  flatu- 
eux.  From  flauta  is  Pr.  dim.  flautol  /laujol  (flautiolus),  O.  Fr. 
flajol,  Fr.  E.  flageolet.  It.  fiutare  to  smell  is  from  an  old  form 
flautare,  cf.  rubare  from  rauhen. 

Plavelle  0.  Fr.  flattery;  from  flahellum  a  fan. 

Pleau  Fr.  a  scourge ,  O.  Fr.  flael,  E.  flail;  from  flagellum.  With 
r  for  /  the  It.  has  fragello,  W.  ffrowyll,  0.  Fr.  srogell. 

Plecha  fleche  —  freccia. 

Pleche  de  lard  Fr.  flitch,  O.Fr.  flique  flee,  Pr.  fleca.  From  A.  S. 
flicce,  E.  flick  flitch,  G.  flick. 

Plechir  Fr.  Pr.  to  bend.  From  flectere,  reflechir  =  reflectere, 
though  ct  is  not  usu.  changed  to  ch  in  Fr.  (cf.  pacciare),  0.  It. 
fiettere,  It.  flettere  is  a  Latinism. 

Pleco  flueco  Sp.  fringe;  from  floccus,  v.  f rente. 

Pleis  —  flechir. 

Pleme  —  fiama. 

Plete  flette  Fr.  a  ferry-boat,  from  Du.  vleet,  E.  fleet. 

Plete  —  /r^/. 

Pletrir  Fr.  to  wither,  Berr.  flatrir,  O.  flaistrir.  From  the  O.  Fr. 
adj.  flaistre  flestre  withered,  which  is  a  contraction  from 
flaccaster.  ^ 

Pleurer  —  fragrare. 

Plibot  Fr.  from  E.  fly-hoat.   Hence  Sp.  flibote  filibote. 


FLIN  —  FOGGIA.  205 

Plin  Fr.  a  thunderbolt,  whetstone;  from  0.  H.  G.  flins,  A.  S. 

E.  flint. 
Floe  —  froc. 
Ploresta  —  foresta. 
Florin  —  fiorino. 
Floscio  It.,  Sp.  floxo,  Pg.  frouxOy  Pr.  fluis  lax,  slothful,  weak; 

from  fluxus,  whence  It.  fiusso  transient. 

Flot  flota  —  fiotta. 
Flotar  —  frottare. 
Fiotta  It.,  Sp.  flota,  Pg.  frotay  Fr.  flotte,  E.  fleet.    The  O.  Rom. 

words  for  classis  are  It.  armata^  Sp.  armada,  Pr.  estol,   Fr. 

estoire.    The  O.  Fr.  flote  (fluctus  v.  fiotta)  had  a  wider  sense, 

e.  g.  flote  cle  gens  as  well  as  flote  de  nefs;  the  later  word  is 

prob.  through  the  Du.  vloot  or  the  Sw.  flotta. 
Flou  Fr.  languid,  feeble,  O.Fr.  (fem.  floive),  O.Fic.flau,  Rouchi 

flau.    This  latter  is  the  orig.  form,  of.  O.  Yr.  poi po  pou  from 

pau.    From  flaccus  corrupted  into  flaucus.    (Cf.  suif  for  siwv 

from  seviim).    From  flou  comes  the  adj .  fluet  for  flouet. 
Floxo  —  floscio. 
Fluet  —  flou. 
Flute  — •  flauto. 
Focaccia  It.,  ^^.  hogaza,  Fr.  fouasse  fouace  a  csikey  bun;  from 

focus,  Isidor:  cinere  coctus  et  reversatus  est  focacius.    Cf.  foca- 

lia,  fouaille,  fuel. 
Foeile  —  fuoco. 
Fodero  It.,  Sp.  Tg.forrOj  Fr.  feurre  (E.fur),  O.Fr.  fuerre  foerre 

foarre  (the  Hue  au  Fouarre  =  Vico  degli  str^ami  of  Dante  Par. 

10).    The  meanings  are,  in  It.  sheath,  lining,  fodder,  in  Sp. 

Pg.  lining,  sheathing,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  sheath,  Fr.  fodder;  hence 

Fr.  fourreau;  ^^.  forrage,  Fr.  fourr age,  foiirrure  fourier  &Q,., 

E.  forage;  vb.  \X.  foderare ,  Sp.  forrar,  Pr.  folrar,  Fr.  fourrer. 

From  Goth,  fodr  a  sheath,  O.  H.  G.  fustar  sheath,  fodder, 

O.  N.  fodr  sheath,  lining. 

Fofo  Sp.  Pg.  spongy,  soft.  The  same  root  appears  in  Ven.  fofio 
asthmatical,  breathless,  soft,  weak,  ^h^i.fofa,  homh.  fuf a 
fright  (breathlessness),  Com.  f of  a  a  spongy  substance;  it  is 
the  Du.  pof  vb.  pofl'en,  G.  pufl'en,  E.  pufl",  f  for  p  by  assimila- 
tion. 

Foga  It.  violence,  impetuousness ,  whence  Fr.  fougue,  fougueux; 
vb.  It.  fogare.  From  fuga ,  Sp.  fuga  =  liveliness,  quickness; 
this  is  supported  by  the  Romag.  Crem.  fuga.  Focus  would 
have  given  fuoca. 

Foggia  It.  fashion,  shape,  manner,  vb.  foggia;  ironv\i.  fovea 
a  hole  (Pg.  fojo,  Sp.  hoyo  lioyii).  For  the  connexion  of  mean- 
ings, cf.  It.  cavo,  Gk.  xvitoq.   The  Ven.  form  is  foia,  so  thn 


206  FOGNA  . —  FONDA. 

word  cannot  come  from  Fr.  forge  =  Piedm.  forgia  a  forge; 
Sard,  forgiai  =  Fr.  forger. 

Fogna  It.  conduit,  fognare  to  draw  off  water;  from  siphon 
(Menage)  ? 

Foible  —  fievole. 

Foie  —  fegato. 

Foin  Fr.  hay ;  from  foenum  faemmi.  The  regular  fien  :=  It.  fieno 
would  have  been  confused  with /len  ^^ /imus ,  and  ae  some- 
times becomes  o/,  cf.  blot's.  O.  Fr.  Pic.  fern  answers  to  a  L. 
fenum. 

Foire  Fr.,  Kh.  futra  diarrhoea;  from  foria, 

Foire  —  /lera. 

Fois  —  vece. 

Foison  Fr.  E.,  Pr.  foiso;  from  fusio,  It.  fusione. 

Foja  It.  heat  (sexual);  from  furia^  Rh.  foia. 

Fole  fouc  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  folc,  Com.  folco  a  flock,  troop,  crowd; 
from  O.  H.  G.  A.  S.  folc,  O.  N.  folk  a  crowd,  E.  folk;  A.  S. 
/loc,  E.  flock,  is  0.  Fr.  /loc  (flou). 

Folego  —  holgar. 

Folia  —  follare. 

Follare  It.,  Sp.  hollar,  Pr.  folar,  Yx.  fouler  to  tread  on,  E.  to 

full\  It.  folia  fola,  Sp.  folia,  Fr.  foule  (Pg.  fuUi)  a  throng,  cf. 

It.  calca  J  also  Sp.  huella  a  footstep,  hiiello  a  tread;  hence  It. 

fallone,  Fr.  foulon  a  fuller.   The  L.  has  not  preserved  the  vb. 

fullarCj  but  has  the  sbst.  fullo.  Hence  It.  affollare,  O.Sp.  afol- 

lar,  Pr.  afolar,  Fr.  afoler,  to  spoil. 

FoUe  It.,  O.  Sp.  fol,  Pr.  fol,  fem.  fola,  Fr.  /ow  /"o//^^,  sbst.  and 
adj.  droll,  fool  (Oat.  foil  =  choleric);  hence  Fr.  affoler  to 
make  a  fool  of  (whence  E.  foiP),  Pr.  afolir  to  be  a  fool.  Folle 
is  the  L.  follis  used  as  an  adj.  (cf.  R.  Gr.  2,  232);  it  does  not, 
.however,  denote  the  empty -headedness  of  the  fool  but  his 
instahility ,  Lat.  f oiler e  (Jerome)  meaning  to  move  in  and  out, 
up  and  down,  so  a  restless  ghost,  a  hobgoblin,  is  termed  It. 
folletto,  Pr.  Cat.  Yr.  follet.  Beam,  hoidet,  cf.  Fr.  feu  follet  = 
ignis  fatuvis.  In  an  O.  Fr.  psalter  we  And  for  de  mandalis  iuis 
non  erravi  de  tes  commandemenz  ne  foliai  from  folier  to  err. 
Sp.  follo7i  =  indolent,  rogue,  braggart  (0.  S.);  Burg,  feidteu 
=  a  beneficent  spirit  that  guards  cattle  at  night  =  a  Fr.  fol- 
letot. 

FoUon  —  folle. 

Folto  It.  thronged;  not  Uroni  folia ,  but  =  infullus.  Sic.  'fiftdlu. 

Fona  Pg.  flake  of  fire.  Goth,  fon,  O.  N.  funi  glowing  coal, 
embers ,  whence  G.  funke  spark. 

Foncer  —  fondo. 

Fonda  Sp.  a  tavern,  O.  Sp.  sling  =  Sp.  honda;  from  funda  a 


FONDACO  —  FORESTA.  207 

purse,  L.  L.  place  of  rendezvous  for  market-people,  of.  bursa 
borsa  in  both  senses. 

Pondaco  It.;  Sp.  fnndago,  O.  Fr.  fondique  a  warehouse;  from 
Ar.  fondoq  alfondoq  (whence  Sp.  alhondiga,  Pg.  alfandegd)  a 
tavern  for  merchants,  also  a  store -house  (from  Jtavdoxsiov 
Ttavdomov).  The  suffix  tc  in  Rom.  is  so  unusual  as  to  forbid 
the  der.  from  L.  L.  funda,  v.  fonda. 

Fondefle  O.  Fr.,  =  L.  L.  fundibalum  fundibulum ,  Sp.  fundibxdo. 

Fondo  It.  Oat.,  Sp.  liondo,  O.  Sp.  Pg.  fundo  deep.  From  fundus 
an  old  adj .  found  in  profundus,  or  from  sbst.  fundus  Sp.  fondo, 
Pg.  fundo  &c.,  sbst.  being  used  as  an  adj.  cf.  R.  Gr.  2,  232, 
and  cf.  folle.  From  fundus  we  have  in  Fr.  (besides  fond) 
fonds,  Vr.fons,  cf.  /ils  from  /iHus;  hence  Pr.  fonsar  fondar, 
Fr.  f oncer,  fonder  E.  found,  Pr.  a  fonsar  (cf.  [yreonsar  from 
preon  ^=  profundus),  Fr.  enf oncer,  O.  Fr.  afonder.  In  the  Pr. 
esfondrar,  Fr.  effondrer  the  r  corresponds  to  the  /  of  the  It. 
sfondolare. 

Fonil  Sp.,  Pg.  funil,  Basq.  unila;  from  fundibidum  for  infundi- 
bidum,  Lim.  enfounil.  It  is  the  same  as  the  E.  funnel,  Bret. 
founil. 

Fonsado  O.  Sp.  0.  Pg.  fosado;  from  fosar  to  surround  with  a 
foss,  thus  prop.  =  a  fortified  camp. 

Fontaine  —  fontana. 

Fontana  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Fr.  fontaine,  Wal.  fentene,  E.  fountain; 
from  fons,  L.  L.  fontana  (sc.  aqua). 

Forain  —  fuora. 

Forban  —  bando, 

Forbire  It.,  Pr.  forbir,  Fr.  fourbir,  E.  furbish;  from  O.  H.  G. 
f urban  to  purify:  da  lor  costumifa  die  tu  tiforbi,  Dante.  Hence 
It.  furbo,  Fr.  fourbe  rogue,  cf.  fripo7i  from  f riper ,  Sp.  limpiar 
(l)  to  clear  (2)  to  clear  out,  rob,  cf.  also  escamoter,  fdou. 

Force  O.  Fr,,  Fr.  forces  (only  plur.),  Pr.  forsa  shears;  from  for- 
pex  forpicis. 

Force  —  forza. 

Forceis  —  fuora. 

Forcene  —  senno. 

Foresta  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Qsii.  floresta,  Pr.  forest  for esta,  Fr.  foret  (f.), 
E.  forest.  Tne  Sp.  floresta  has  adopted  itself  to  flor,  and  bears 
also  the  meaning  of  a  flowery  mead.  We  find  in  L.  L.  (f. 
whence  Fr.  foret),  foreste  (n.),  forestus,  forestum  forastum, 
foresta  forasta ,  in  the  sense  of  unenclosed  land,  opp.  p^rcw^ 
=  enclosed  land.  The  O.  G.  varst,  G.  forst  is  from  the  Rom. 
Some  derive  from  the  O.  H.  G.  for  aha  a  fir,  forehahi  a  fir- 
wood.  But,  besides  the  loss  of  the  h  (usu.  g  in  Rom.,  cf.  ar- 
guer  from  arahon),  the  termination  ast  est  is  very  unusual, 
though  found  sometimes,  cf.  brumasto  brumesto.   From  L.  L. 


208  FORESE  —  FOUASSE. 

forasticus  =  exterior  (Placidus)  came  L.  L.  forastis  forestis 
(for as  foris)  =  outlying  land ,  open ,  unenclosed ,  cf .  forestiere 
=  exter  extrarius.  Forasticus  is  also  found  in  It.  forastico. 
Sic.  furestico,  Pr.  foresgue ,  Cat.  feresteg  wild,  savage,  Wald. 
forest  strange.  Pic.  liors-ain  country  people,  prop.  =  these 
outside  the  town.  Zeuss  derives /bre5^«  fromW.  fforest,  which 
is,  however,  from  the  E. 

Forese  —  fuori. 

Porfare  O.  It.,  Pr.  Fr.  forfairCy  L.  L.  foris  facere  =  offendere^ 
nocere  prop,  to  err,  do  wrong,  oi.  foris  consiliare  to  mislead. 
In  O.  Fr.  se  forfaire  envers  qnelqumi  =  se  mefaire  vers  q.; 
with  ace.  ^r:  to  lose,  forfeit  a  thing,  forfaire  son  fief,  M.  H.  G. 
verwUrken y  A.  S.  forvyrcean.  Part,  forfatto  forfait  =  (l)  an 
evildoer,  L.  L.  forisf actus ,  Goth,  fravaurhts  (2)  an  evil  deed, 
L.  L.  forisf  actum ,  Goth,  fravaurhts  (f.),  E.  forfeit  ==  a  thing 
forfeited.  The  prefix  is  the  same  as  the  i}.ver,  l^.for  iw  forget y 
forswear  &c. 

Forgia  Piedm.,  Sp.  Pg.  forja,  Fr.  forge,  E.  forge,  Pr.  farga, 
Sp.  frag  a;  from  fahrica,  vb.  forgiare  &c.,  fahricare.  0  =  au 
from  ab,  Pr.  faur  =  faher,  O.  Fr.  fevre,  Fr.  orfevre  =  auri- 
faber. 

Formaggio  It.,  Pr.  formatge  fromatge,  Fr.  fromage,  Pic.  &c.  for- 
mage,  S^.  formage  cheese.  Yroni  Ijnt.  fofi?iaticus  h^om.  forma 
a  press :  liquor  in  fiscellas  vel  in  formas  transferendus  Columella. 
Pr.  fourmo  =  forma. 

Fornire  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  fornir,  Fr.  fournir,  E.  furnish.  The  Pr. 
has  also  the  form  formir  furmir  to  perfect,  finish  =  It.  fornire, 
also  fromir  (It.  fronire) ;  it  is  fro'm  the  O.  II.  G.  frumjan  to 
further,  perfect. 

Foro  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  fuero  law,  statute,  jurisdiction,  Pr.  for,0.  Fr. 
feur  statute,  tax;  ivom.  forum.  Hence  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  aforar,  O. 
,  Fr.  afeurer  to  tax,  rate,  guage.  From  fore?isis  is  S^.  forense 
foreign ,  It.  forese  countryman ,  influenced  by  for  as. 

Forro  —  fodero. 

Forza  It.,  Sp.  fuerza,  Fr.forsa,  Fr.  E.  force,  vb.  forzare  SiC. 
L.  L.  forcia  from  a  L.  foi^tia  (fortis),  prob.  used  in  the  spoken 
L.,  if  formed  later  we  should  have  expected  fortia  as  from 
falsus  falsia.  Or  forcia  may  be  from  the  vb.  fortiare,  from 
fortis  as  graviare  from  gravis,  leviare  from  levis.  Hence  It. 
sforzare,  Sp.  esforzar,  Fr.  efforcer,  whence  sbst.  It.  sforzo, 
Sp.  esfuerzo,  Pr.  esfortz ,  Fr.  effort  (E.  effort)  for  effors,  the  s 
being  rejected  as  though  it  had  been  a  mere  case  suffix. 

Forziere  It.  a  coffer,  from  (poQxiov  (Ferrari),  or  better  ^=--  O.  Fr. 
f order,  L.  L.  forsarius  (for  fortiarius)  strong-box  =  Fr.  coffre- 
fort,  from  forza,  force, 

Fouasse  —  focaccia. 


FOUDRE  —  FRAILE.  209 

Foudre  Fr.,  Pr.  foldre  folzer,  O.  Fr.  esfoldre,  from  fulgur  foVre 

foldre,  It.  folgore,  Wal.  fulger. 
Foudre  Fr.  a  tun ,  from  G.  fuder,  E.  f udder. 
Fouet  (pron.  foil)  Fr.,  Mil.  foett,  Cat.  fuct  a  wliip;  scourge,  vb. 

fouetter;  from  fou  =  fagus,  Eouclii  fouet  =  a  fagot,  bundle  of 

twigs,  whence  =  rod,  w^hip. 
Fouger  Fr. ;  from  fodicare,  Komag.  fudglie.   Hence  f outlier,  Pr. 

fozilhar,  from  a  ioYva  fodicidare ,  whence  Wall,  foyan  a  mole. 

Hence  also,  by  assimilation,  far -f outlier  to  rummage.   Lang. 

fourfouUd  seems  compounded  with  furca ,  cf.  frugar, 
Fougere  —  felce. 
Fougue  —  foga. 
Fouiller  —  fouger. 
Fouine  • —  faina. 
Foule  fouler  —  follare. 
Fourbe  fourbir  —  forhire. 
Fourgon  Fr.  a  wagon;  prop,  a  wagon  with  a  thill,  ivoxn  furca. 

It.  forcone,  Sp.  hurgon. 
Fourmiller  Fr.  to  swarm;  -~  formiculare  from  formica,  O.  Fr. 

formier  =  formicare.    Sp.  gusanear,  from  giisano  a  worm ,  has 

the   same   meaning,   cf.  also  M.  H.  G.  wibelen  from   wibel 

(weevil). 
Fourrage  fourreau  fourrer  —  fodero. 
Fouteau  Fr.  beech,  Pic.  fo-iau;  from  fagus,  the  t  being  a  late 

insertion,  cf.  sureau  dim.  from  O.  Fr.  seu  (salix). 
Foyer  Fr.,  Pr.  foguier  hearth;  from  adj.  focarius,  Sp.  liogar. 
Foxa  Sp.  =  anas  torquata,  coot;  from  tp^'C%  (Covarruvias). 
Fra  —  ira. 
Fracassare  It.,  Sp.  fracasar,  Fr.  fracasser  to  smash,  sbst.  fra- 

casso,  fracaso,  fracas,  Wc^.  f areas.    The  Pr.  frascar  is  from 

fracsar  as  lasc  from  laxus.     From  fra-cassare  =  h2ii.  inter- 

rumpere. 
Fracido  It.,  corr.  fradicio,  putrid;  from,  fracidus ,  which  occurs 

once  in  Cato  de  Re  Rust.,  but  which,  corrupted  and  widely 

spread  in  It.,  must  have  been  common  in  the  spoken  Latin. 
Fraga  Pg.  rough  stony  ground,  Sp.  Vg.fragura  roughness.  From 

the  root  of  L.  frtig-osus,  cf.  Imhhone.    Sp.  fraga  =  bramble, 

blackberry  (from  frCigum  strawberry"),  cf.  Pg.  fragoso  wild, 

uncultivated.    Perhaps  the  Pg.  word  is  the  same  as  the  Sp., 

taking  a  modified  meaning  through  fragosus. 
Fragata  —  fregata. 
Fragua  —  forgia. 
Frai  —  fregare. 
Fraiditz  fraidel  fradel  Pr.,  O.  Fr.  fradou^  wretch ;  from  O.  H.  G. 

freidi  freidlc  a  deserter,  apostate,  M.  H.  G.  vreidec  faithless. 
Fraile  —  fraire. 

DIKZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  14 


210  FRAINDRE  —  FRAPPEE. 

Fraindre  O.  Fr.  to  break,  from  frangere;  Fr.  enfreindre  from 
infringere. 

Praire  freire  O.  Sp.,  Pg.  freire,  Sp.  fraile  freile  =  Fr.  frere,  E. 
friar,  contr.  Sp.  frmj  (It.  fra),  Pg.  /m^  fern.  Sp.  fraila  &c.  a 
nun ;  from  f rater,  prob.  through  the  Pr.  (where  fraire  is  re- 
gular), as  the  forms  are  not  Spanish. 

Frairin  frarin  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  fraire  poor ,  miserable ;  from  fraler  a 
monk  (Gachet). 

Frais  Fr.  (pi.)  costs,  expenses;  from  L.  L.  fredum  (=  mulct  a 
qua  reus  pacem  exsequitur.  Due),  O.  H.  Gr,  fridu,  G.  friede 
peace,  friede-hrief  a  letter  of  acquittance,  ci.  pagare=pacare. 
Hence  vb.  defrayer,  E.  defray. 

Frais  —  fresco, 

Fraise  Fr.,  Pr.  fraisa  strawberry,  hence  Sp.  fresa?  Prob.  from 
fragum,  whence  Wall,  freo^  Parm.  fro. 

Fraise  fraiser  —  fregio. 

Fralda  —  falda. 

Framboise  Fr,,  whence  N.  Pr.  framhoiso,  Sp.  framhuesa,  Cora. 
framhrosa,  Piedm.  flanhoesa  raspberry.  From  Du.  hraamhczie, 
O.  H.  G.  hrdmheri  =  Yi.  Ijramhle-herry.  The  h  wns  (hanged 
to  f,  perhaps  from  fraise. 

Frana  It.  fall  of  earth,  vb.  franare;  irovn  fragnmia ,  fvamna,  cf. 
Jjaleno  from  psXs^vov. 

Franco  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  Fr.  frimc,  E.  frank,  N.  Pr.  fran  ciiomo 
Tor  pure  as  gold.  Usually  derived  from  Wifi  name  Fi^anctis, 
0.  H.  G.  Franco,  and  this  from  the  A.  S.  franca  a  dim.  of 
framea  a  spear  (Tacitus).  J.Grimm,  however,  derives  it  frnm 
the  Goth,  freis  =  G.  fret,  E.  free,  whence  the  name  of  the 
people,  who  gave  their  name  to  the  national  weapon.  There 
are  two  sets  of  forms,  one  with  a  soft  c,  the  other  with  a  k 
(chy  qu);  li.francese,  S^.f ranees,  ¥r.  francois,  from  the  L. 
Francia;  It.  franchezza,  Sp.  franqueza ,  Fr.  franchise  (where 
the  cli  =  It.  ck,  cf.  dnchesse,  sachet  &c.),  from  G.  Franco,  the 
G.  guttural  being  invariably  retained  in  derivatives,  cf.  horgo. 

Frangia  It.,  Sp.  franja,  Fr.  f range,  whence  Du.  frangie,  G. 
franse  fringe.  From  framea  would  be  regularly  formed  frange, 
as  from  vindemia  vendange,  cf.  gheronc.  But  framea  was  an 
uncommon  word ,  so  it  is  better  to  refer  it  to  fimbria  whence 
fringe  (E.),  frange,  cf.  Wal.  flmhrie,  0.  Pr.  frefnna  =  a  form 
fremhia.  Kouchi  frinche  (frimhia),  Sic.  frinza  from  an  O.  Fr. 
fringe. 

Franzir  —  froncir. 

Frappa  —  arpa. 

Frapper  Fr.,  Pr.  frapar.  Like  f riper  from  the  Norse ,  where 
hrappa  means  to  scold,  l^.frape,  adj.  hrappr  violent,  E.  fraple 
to  make  a  noise  (cf.  increpare),  whence  ff-ape  a  crowd,  O.  Fr. 


FRASCA  —  FRELON.  211 

frapin  frapaille.   Cf.  also  the  E.  flap,  Du.  flappen,  Fr.  (Rheims) 
frapouille  =  E.  flap  (subst). 

Frasca  It.  Rh.  leafy  branch,  whence  Sp.  frasca,  Rh.  sfrascar  to 
strip  off  boughs.  Diez  derives  it  from  virere,  virasca  vrasca 
frasca,  2^^  fuggiasco  ixoim.  fuggirc ,  cf.  Sp.  vercl-asca.  But  it  is 
better  to  connect  it  with  Qoih.frasts  a  child.  Frasche=iY\Q^^, 
whence  Fr.  faire  des  frasques. 

Prassugno  —  fresange. 

Fratta  It.  a  hedge;  from  (pQatraiv^  N.  Gr.  tpQantri  =  cpQay^ta^ 

Fray  freile  —  fraire, 

Frayer  —  fregare. 

Frayeur  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  froior,  Pr.  freior  fright;  hence  Fr.  eff'roi, 
O.  Fr.  esfroi,  Pr.  esfrei,  vb.  Fr.  efl'rayer,  Pr.  esfreyar  esfrei- 
dar.  From  frigidus,  frigiis,  shivering  being  the  effect  of  fright 
as  well  as  of  cold,  cf.  (pQi66ELv^  horrere,  schaudern,  farsi  di 
gielo  &c.  Others  derive  the  word  from  E.  fray,  fright ,  but 
these  are  prob.  from  the  Rom. 

Frazada  —  fregio. 

Freecia  It.,  O.  Sp.  Pg.  freclia,   Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  fleclia,  Fr.  fleclie 
(E.  Fletcher  =  an  arrow -maker),  Piedm.  Sard,  flecia,  also 
frizza,  y^2tS\..fliche  an  arrow;  from  Du.  flits  an  arrow,  M. H. G. 
Vliz,  flitsch  a  bow. 

Fredon  Fr.  a  shake  in  singing;  Yh.  fredonner;  from  the  root  frit 
in  fritinnire  to  chirp? 

Fregare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  fregar,  Fr.  frayer,  O.  Fr.  froyer  (cf. 
plicare  ployer),  E.  fray  (freak  =  streak),  rub ;  from  fricare. 
Hence  It.  frega  lust  (E.  freak),  Fr.  frai  spawn,  O.  Fr.  fraye, 
Rh.  frega,  It.  fregola.  Sp.  refregar,  refriega;  It.  s fregare,  Pg. 
esfregar,  Sp.  estregar. 

Fregata  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  Neap,  fragata,  Fr.  frcgate,  E.  frigate, 
orig.  =  a  small  boat.   Yyqvh  fabricata ,  cf.  hastimento  bateau. 

Fregio  It.,  Sp.  friso  freso ,  Fr.  frise  f raise  fringe,  E.  frieze  {==  a 
horizontal  broad  band  occupied  with  sculpture) ;  vb.  It.  fre- 
giare,  Fr.  friser  f raiser  to  curl,  frizzle,  Sp.  frisar  to  raise  the 
nap  on  cloth ,  frisa  =  E.  frieze  (stuff).  It.  frisato,  Fr.  fraisette 
frizzet  ruffle,  Sp.  frezada  frazada  a  blanket.  Prob.  from  the 
German  name  Frisa  Fresa  =  curly,  whence  Fries,  frisle,  E. 
frizzle.  We  find  in  L.  L.  frisii  panni,  saga  fresonica,  vesti- 
menta  de  Fresarum  provincia. 

Fregola  —  fregare. 

Frelater  le  vin  Fr.  to  adulterate  wine;  from  Du.  wyn  verlaten 

to  pour  out  wine. 
Frele  Fr.,  E.  frail;  from  fragilis.  It.  fraile. 

Frelon  Fr.  a  hornet;  from  frele,  cf.  Berr.  grelon  from  grele  = 
gracilis,  and  Gr.  ()q)rj^  connected  with  GcpCyycn,  and  =  the 
slender  (compressed)  insect.     O.  Fr.  froilon  is  from  O.  Fr. 

14* 


212  FRELORE  —  FRICHE. 

form  fraile  (oi  =  ai).  The  G.  horm'ss,  E.  hornet,  has  reference 

to  the  humming  horn -like  sound  of  its  flight. 
Prelore  O.  Fr.,  and  still  in  Fr.  dialects,  lost,  forlorn,  from  the 

G.  verloren.   The  form  forelores  =  A.  S.  forloren,  E.  forlorn. 
Preluquet  —  farfaluca, 
Frene  Fr.  (f.)  an  ash,  O.  Fr.  fresne  fraisne;  ivovn  fraxinus ,  Pg. 

freixo. 
Prente  Sp.  forehead;  a  euphonic  contraction  of  fruente  (frons), 

cf.  fleco  from  flueco ,  ester  a  from  storea, 
Presaie  Fr.  a  screech-owl,  V oii.  presaie ,  Gasc.  hresagxie ,  from 

prcBsaga,  the  bird  being  regarded  as  one  of  ill  omen,  also 

called  effraie,  oiseau  de  la  mort ,  G.  todtenvogel ,  leichhtihn. 
Fresange  fresanehe  fraissenque  O.  Fr.  a  young  pig,  N.  Pr. 

fraysse;  from  0.  H.  G.  frisking,  G.  frischling  a  shoot.  The  It. 

frassugno  =  frisking  friskung,  but  derives  it  meaning  from 

siigna,  frassugno  (fraysse  sugna)  =  swine's  fat.    The  Sic.  fri- 

singa  is  prob.  from  the  Fr. 
Fresco  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Vv.fr esc,  Fr.frais,  f.fraiche,  Wall. /Vm; 

from  O.  H.  G.  frisc,  A.  S.  fe?'sc,  E.  fresh,  W.  fresg,  Bret. 

fresk. 
Freso  —  fregio. 
Freste  O.  Fr.  (m.),  Pr.  frest  a  gable ;  from  O.  H.  G.  ^/rst  top, 

gable. 
Frestele  0.  Fr.  flute ,  vb.  fresteler,  Pr.  frestelar,  from  fistella  for 

fistula. 
Fret  Fr.,  Pg.  frete ,  Sp.  flete;  from  O.  H.  G.  freht,  E.  freight. 
Fretes  —  frette. 
Fretiller  Fr.,  Pr.  frezilhar.     From  a  L.  fritillare  (fritillm)  to 

shake,   though  this  should  have  given  frediller.     Frictillare 

would  suit  the  form  better. 
Fretin  Fr.  parings,  refuse,  fry;  from,  ftictum. 
Frettare  It.,  Pr.  fretar  to  rub.  It.  fretta,  N.  Pr.  freto  haste; 

from  fricare  frictum.    Fr.  has  f rotter  for  froiter,  Burg,  fretter. 

From  frotter  comes  the  Sp.  frotar  flotar,  and  Fr.  dim.  froler 

(frotler),  Norm,  freuler  (=  friculare). 
Frette  Fr.  i^.  fret  in  heraldry)  iron  hoop,  pi.  grating,  hence 

Sp.  fretes;  for  ferrette,  from  ferrum. 
Freux  Fr.  rook;  from  O.  H.  G.-  hruoch,  A.  S.  hroc  (cf.  cocus 

queux),  O.  N.  hrokr,  Dan.  roge,  L.  G.  E.  rook,  H.  G.  ruech. 

For  f  =  h  Q,i.  frimas  f riper. 

Frezada  —  fregio. 
Frezar  —  frizzare. 

Friand  frieandeau  frieasser  — •  frique. 

Friche  Fr.  (f.)  h  fallow;  from  Gr.frisch,  'E.  fresh,  cf.  novate  from 
novus  according  to  Ducange,  hut  frisch  gives  fratche,  so  it  is 


FRIENTE  —  FRISOL.  213 

better  to   derive  friche,    with  Grimm,  from  fracUlium,   cf. 
Langued.  roumpiido,  Norm,  briser  to  break  up  land. 

Priente  O.  Fr.  =  L.  fremitus,  It.  fremito.  Le  Duchat  writes 
frainte  and  derives  from  frangcre. 

Prignare  Lorab.  to  whine,  whimper,  also  to  jeer,  Qom..  frig na 
a  whimpering  woman,  Crem.  nice,  captious.  Prob.  iorflignare 
from  G.  flennen  to  make  wry  faces,  Sw.  flina,  Dan.  fline,  E. 
fri7ie,  whence  also  Lomb.  frigna  =  a  ravine  (prop,  a  grinning 
mouth),  O.  Fr.  /Ian  an  embrasure  (opening  in  the  walls),  G. 
/lans  a  wry  face.  From  frignare  come  It.  infrigno  infrignato 
wrinkled,  morose,  Dauph.  se  deifrind  to  be  morose,  cf.  Fr. 
se  refrogner  se  renfrogner,  E.  frown  (refrogner  for  refroigner, 
01  =  i), 

Prileux  Fr.  frosty;  frigidulosus ,  from  L.  frigidulus. 

Primas  Fr.  rime,  vb.  Pic.  f rimer.  From  0.  N.  hrim,  A.  S.  hrim, 
E.  rime,  Du.  rijm,  Bav.  reim  pfreim.  Pic.  rimee  has  lost  the  h, 

Pringuello  —  fringuer. 

Pringuer  Fr.  to  move  quickly  backwards  and  forwards ,  Bret. 
f ring  a,  Langued.  f ring  a  to  caress.  From  a  root  found  in  Lat. 
fringutire  to  trill,  fringilla  a  finch,  frigutire,  frigulare,  W.  ffreg 
chatter.  Bret,  fringol  a  shake,  trill,  Fr.  fringoter,  It.  fringot- 
tare  to  trill ,  are  from  fringuer,  frigoter  from  frigutire.  From 
fringilla,  root  fring,  is  It.  fringuello,  corrupted  into  filunguello, 
Crem.  frangol ,  Piedm.  franguel  frangoi. 

Priper  Fr.  to  wear  out,  consume  greedily,  Berr.  friper  =  to  lick 
a  plate,  Anj.  fripe^=.  Gk.  or\)ov\  f ripper  to  eat  greedily,  hence 
Yr.fripon  a  purloiner,  rogue,  friperie,  ^.frippery  (prop,  stolen 
property).  Fr.  fr  =  N.  hr  (cf.  frimas),  friper  =  N.  hripa  to 
do  hastily. 

Pripon  —  friper. 

Prique  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  fric,  N.  Pr.  fricaud  brisk,  lively,  Dauph. 
fricandela  a  sprightly  damsel.  From  Goth,  friks,  0.  H.  G. 
freh  eager,  greedy,  M.  H,  G.  vrech,  A.  S.  free  bold,  O.  E. 
frek  sprightly;  for  the  connexion  between  boldness  and 
sprightliness ,  cf.  gaillard.  Hence  also  N.  Pr.  fricaud  dainty, 
costly,  fricot  a  dainty  dish,  Fr.  fricandeau,  vb.  fricasser,  the 
notion  of  daintiness  being  derived  from  that  of  greediness. 
Mahn,  however,  derives  fricasser  from  f rictus  (frigere),  whence 
fricare  for  frictare. 

Prire  Fr.,  E.  fry;  from  frigere,  It.  frig g ere.  Hence  also  friand 
dainty,  nice,  Norm,  f rioter  to  be  eager,  greedy,  Rouchi /r/o/^r 
to  hiss ,  sputter  (of  meats  on  the  fire),  Fr.  affrioler  to  entice, 
allure. 

Prisato  friso  —  fregio. 

Prisol  frisuelo  frejol  Sp.  a  kidney -bean;  L.  L.  fresa.  Gloss. 
Plac. :  defresum  detritum ,  unde  adliuc  fresa  faha,  quce  dbtrita 


214  FRISONE  —  FRUSTO. 

frangitur ,  fitba  fresa  dicta  quod  earn  frendant  i.  e,  frangant, 
Papias. 

Prisone  frosone  frusone  a  sort  of  finch ;  from  frcndere  frcsxis. 

Frisson  Fr.  shivering,  L.  L.  frictio;  from  a  form  frigUio  contr. 
frictio  fricon ,  ivoiafrigere ,  O.  Fr.  Pr.  frire, 

Prizzare  It.  to  gnaw;  smart,  Sp.  frezar  to  consume,  rub,  dig 
up,  N.  Vv.  frizc'i  to  grind,  crash;  sbst.  Sip.ft^eza,  Vw  fressa 
track.  Partly  from  f rictus  frictiare,  partly  from  O.  H.  G. 
frezzan,  G.  fressen  to  eat,  consume.  Fr.  froisser  to  crush, 
O.  Sp.  fresar  to  murmur ,  may  be  referred  to  frendcrc  gnash, 
part,  fressus,  or  from  f rictus  (cf.  Pic.  froicher). 

Proc  Fr.,  E.  frock.  From  L.  floccus,  Pr.  floe  with  both  L.  and 
Fr.  meanings ,  L.  L.  floccus  froccus.  Perhaps  also  connected 
with  the  O.  H.  G.  hroch,  G.  rocA,  though,  usually,  only  the 
N.  hr  becomes  fr  in  Fr.  (cf.  frimas,  f riper  frcux),  and  we  find 
no  N.  form  lirockr. 

Proisser  —  frizzare. 

Proler  —  frettare. 

Prollo  It.  tender  (of  flesh -meat),  weak.  L.  fluida  caro  =  \i, 
came  frolla:  fluidulus ,  flollo,  frollo,  cf.  stridulus  strillo. 

Promage  —  formaggio. 

Prombo  —  romho. 

Proneher  0.  Fr.  to  snarl ,  snort ;  from  rhoncare  (Sidonius),  v. 
roncar, 

Proneir  O.  Sp.,  Sp.  fruncir,  Cat.  fnmsir,  Sard,  frunziri,  Pr. 
froncir,  Fr.  froncer  to  gather  into  plaits,  wrinkle,  fnniucCy 
Sp.  fruncir  las  cejas  to  frown;  0.  Fr.  sbst.  fronce,  E.  flounce, 
Sard,  frunza.  Froncer  =  frontiar  (frons)  prop,  to  contract 
the  brows.    Pg.  franzir  is  a  corruption. 

Fronde  —  fionda. 

Protar  —  frettare, 

Protta  frottola  —  fiotta. 

Protter  —  frettare. 

Prouxo  —  floscio. 

Prugare  It.,  Sp.  hurgar,  Pg.  for  car,  N.  Pr.  furgct,  O.  Fr.  furgier 
to  stir  with  a  stick,  sound,  probe,  search,  with  inserted 
vowel,  Ven.  fur  eg  are,  Sard,  forogai.  Cf.  It.  rinvergare  from 
verga,  Piedm.  fustigne  from  fust  is,  L.  pcrcontari^  which  is, 
perhaps ,  from  contus. 

Prullare  It.  to  whistle ,  whizz ,  rustle :  perhaps  from  ftuctuare 
dim.  fluctulare  fluUare  fridlare,  cf.  froUo,  but  more  prob.  a 
mere  onomatop.,  fridlo  =  the  whirring  noise  made  by  par- 
tridges when  they  rise. 

Prusto  It.  =  L.  frustum;  frustare  to  whip,  scourge,  prop,  (as 
Pr.  frustar)  to  slash,  cut  in  pieces,  hence  frusta  a  whip. 


FUCAli  —  FUSAGGINE.  215 

Pucar  Sp.  a  rich  man ;  from  a  German  name  Fugger,  v.  Schmel- 

ler  1,  516.       . 
Fucia  —  fiucia. 
Fucile  —  fuoco. 

Fueina  It.  a  forge ;  smithy.    From  focus,  cf.  fucile, 
Fuero  —  foro. 
Fuerza  —  forza. 
Fuina  —  faina. 
Fuisca  —  falavesca, 
Fujo  It.  dark.   From  a  Lat.  form  in  -his,  furvus  fiirvius  furvjus, 

cf.  Sp.  agriOj  curvio,  crasio,  sdberhio,  novio,  and  v.  crojo,  mezzo, 

rozzo,  vizzo,  bujo. 
Fula  —  follare. 
Fulano  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  fidcm,  Pg.  fulano  fudo  =  L.  quiclam;  from 

Arab,  folan. 
Fulo  Pg.  =  L.  fulvus;  for  the  loss  of  the  v,  cf.  polilla. 
Fulvido  It.  shining;  ivom.  fulgldus,  with  the  v  oi  fulvus. 
Fumier  Fr.  dung,  O.  Fr.  femier;  from  fimus,  cf.  O.  Fr.  Pic. 

Champ,  fumelle  for  femelle,  O.  Fr.  frumer  for  fermer. 
Fummosterno  It.  a  herb ;  corrupted  from  fumus  terrm,  Fr.  fume- 

terrc,  E.  fumitory, 
Funcho  —  finocchio. 
Fuoco  It.,  Sp.  fuego,  Pg.  fogo,  Pr.  fuec,  Fr.  feu,  Wal.  foe;  from 

focus  used  for  ignis  in  L.  poets ,  and  in  L.  L.  focum  facere  = 

facer e  ignem.    Hence  It.  focile  fucile ,  Fr.  fusil  a  steel,  fire- 
lock, musket  (fusil),  cf.  G.  flinte. 
Fuora  jfeori  It.,  Sp.  f tier  a,  0.  Sp.  fueras,  Pg.  for  a,  Pr.  for  as 

fors,  Fr.  hors  (Ji  asp.),  0.  Fr.  fors,  Wal.  fere,  =  L.  extra; 

ivom.  for  as  for  is.   Hence,  too,  Rh.  or  a  or.   Pr.  forceis  £or  for  s- 

eis:=^  foras  ipsum  (cf.  anceis,  aincois);  Fr.  hor-mis  =z  foras 

missum;  Sp.  foraneo  forano,  Fr.  forain,  O.  Fr.  deforain,  E. 

foreign. 
Fura9ao  —  uracano. 
Furbo  —  forhire. 
Furo  Sp.  wild,  shy,  also  hurano;  like  the  It.  furo  from  L.  fur, 

cf.  hacer  furo  to  conceal  a  thing  artfully. 
FuroUes  Fr.  (f.  pi.)  exhalations;  for  furoles  from  feu,  formed 

like  It.  focajuolo,  cf.  flammcrole  ignis  fatuus. 
Furon  O.  Sp.,  Sp.  huron,  Pg.  fur  do,  O.  Fr.  fuiron;  It.  furetlo, 

Fr.  furet,  Du.  /wr^i^  /"ort^^  fret,  ferret ,  Langued.  fure  a  mouse; 

vb.  Sp.  huronear,  Sard,  furittai,  Fr.  furetter  to  ferret,  search. 

Prob.  an  old  L.  word;  Isidore  has:  furo  a  furvo  unde  el  fur; 

lenebrosos  enitn  et  occiiltos  cunicidos  effodct.   From  fur  a  thief. 

It.  fur  one,  L.  L.  furo;  cf.  G.  maus  (mouse),  Sansk.  mushika, 

from  mausen,  Sansk.  mush  to  steal. 
Fusaggine  It.  the  spindle -tree;  hojnfusus. 


216  FUSCELLO  —  GAFAR. 

Puscello  It.  a  fescue,  straw;  from,  fustts,  iov  fusticello. 

Fusil  —  fusco. 

Fusta  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  fiiste  a  kind  of  galley,  a  foist;  from  ftistis, 
Sp.  fusie,  Pr.  fustj  L.  L.  fustis  wood,  cf.  It.  legno  a  ship,  from 
lignum.  Hence  Fr.  fiit  =  stock,  cask  &c.,  fxitaie  a  forest,  ajfiit 
gun-carriage  {etre  a  Vaffut  to  be  on  the  watch),  affuler  to 
mount,  set.  It.  affustare. 

Pustagno  frustagno  It.,  Sp.  fust  an,  Pr.  fnstani,  Fr.  futaine,  E. 
fustian;  from  Fostdt  in  Egypt,  where  it  was  made. 

Putame  —  fustagno. 


G. 

Gabardina  —  gaVbano. 

Gabbano  It.,  Sp.  O.  Fr.  gahan  a  coarse  cloak;  prob.  from  the 

same  root  as  cabana,  gabinetlo  (capanna);  hence  also  S^.gabar- 

dina,  gavardina,  E.  gaberdine, 
Gabbia  gaggia  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  gavia,  N.  Pr.  gavi  (m.),  Fr.  E.  cage, 

O.  Fr.  caive,  Ven.  Sard,  cabbia;  from  cavea.    Hence  dim.  It. 

gabbiuola,  Sp.  gatjola,  Pg.  gaiola,  O.  Fr.  gaole  jaiole  (Sp.  jaula), 

E.  gaol  jail,  Fr.  geole.   Hence  cajoler,  E.  cajole,  Fr.  enjoler  to 

wheedle,  coax,  inveigle,  Sp.  enjaidar  to  imprison.    Gabbione 

gives  Fr.  E.  gabion, 
Gabbiano  —  gavia, 
Gabbo  It.,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  gab  gap  banter,  jest,  vulg.  E.  gah;  vb. 

gabbare  &c. ;  from  N.  gabb  '^eaviw^y  vb.  gabba, 
Gabella  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  Pr.  gabela  tax,  excise,  Fr.  gabelle  salt -tax, 

vb.  gabellare  &c.   From  the  A.  S.  gafid  gafol,  E.  gavel  (which 

is  from  gifan,  Goth,  giban,  give),  whence  L.  L.  gablum  gabu- 

lum,  gabella  (prop,  a  plur.  oi  gahelluni), 
Galainetto  gabinete  —  capanna. 
Gable  Fr.  (f.)  E.   From  L.  gabalus  a  cross,  Varro:  gabalum  cru- 

cem  did  veteres  volunt.   The  Norm,  gable  is  m.    0.  H.  G.  ga- 

bala,  G.  gabelisy  perhaps,  nearer  than  the  L.  word.    Cf.  L. 

furca  =  gable. 
Gaburo  It.,  Crem.  gabeurr  a  boor;  from  O.  H.  G.  gaburo, 
Gaeha  —  quatto, 
Gaeher  Fr.  to  row,  move,  gdche  an  oar,  from  O.  H.  G.  waskan 

to  wash;  hence  gdcliis  puddle,  O.  Fr.  ivaschier  to  soil. 
Gado  —  ganado, 
Gafa  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  gaffe,  E.  gaff  a  hook,  Sp.  gafo  cramped  (of 

the  nerves),  leprous ;  vb.  Sp.  gafar,  Fr.  gaffer  to  hook ;  from 

Celt.,  Gael,  gaf,  H.  G.  gaifung  an  iron  ring,  gaifen  to  cut 

crookedly. 
Gafar  —  gabella. 


\ 


GAGE  —  GAL.  217 


Gage  —  gaggio. 

Gaggio  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  Fr.  gage  pledge,  wages  (gages)^  Pr.  gadi 
gazi^N')S\.,  testament;  vb.  Pr.  gcttjar,  0.  Fr.  gager  to  pledge, 
Fr.  to  wager;  It.  engaggiare,  Vwengatjar,  Yw engager  to  pawn 
(Ei. engage);  Yv.degager.  L.L.  has  vadium  ivadium  bail  pledge, 
f.  vadia,  vb.  ivadiare,  invadiare,  disvadiare ,  revadiare.  Hence 
N.  Gr.  ^ddiovy  Bas.  hahia.  Not  from  the  L.,  for  the  v  would 
remain  soft,  but  from  the  Goth,  vadi  (partly  from  vidan  to 
bind,^  partly  from  vas  vadis),  O.  H.  G.  wetti,  M.  H.  G.  wette, 
O.  Fris.  ved  pledge,  G.  ivette  wager,  vb.  Goth,  gavadjon  to 
promise,  M.  H.  G.  ivetten,  G.  wetten  to  bet. 

Gagliardo  —  gala, 

Gaglio  —  quagliare. 

Gaglioffo  It.,  ^\).  gallofo  gallofero ,  Yi.  loafer,  a  beggar,  rogue; 
Rouchi  galoufe  a  glutton.  Wall,  galofa  gaioufe;  Sp.  gallofa  a 
bit  of  bread,  Rh.  gagliaffa,  Lomb.  gajoffa.  From  Galli  off  a 
alms  given  in  the  monasteries  to  the  French  pilgrims  to  S.  Jago. 
Cat.  galyofol  =  Galli  offiila. 

Gagliuolo  It.  husk,  pod.  Com.  gajum  a  nutshell.  From  L.  L. 
galgidus  haca  Ttvgrjv  Isid.  ?  The  Wall,  has  gaille  geie  a  nut, 
V.  Grandgagnage ,  who  derives  it  from  calhim. 

Gagner  —  guadagnare. 

Gagnolare  It. ;  from  gannire. 

Gago  —  ganguear. 

Gai  —  gcijo. 

Gaif  Fr.  =  E.  waif,  vb.  guever;  L.  L.  ivayfium,  res  vaivce,  iirny- 

viare.    Gaif  =  E.  waif  orig.  =  animal  errans  or  vagans,  from 

E.  wave  waive,  A.  S.  va/ian, 

Gaillard  — ■  gala, 

Gaimenter  waimenter  O.  Fr.  (Chauc.  waymentynge),  Pr.  gay  men- 
tar,  Dtii\])h. gueimentd  to  lament,  bewail.  From  the  inter j.^w<//, 
on  the  analogy  of  lamenter.  In  Fr.  guermenter  we  see  the  Celtic 
root,  Gael,  gairm,  W.  garmiSy  Bret,  garmi  to  cry,  Du.  kermen. 
Fr.  se  gramenter,  however,  points  to  G.  gram, 

Gaine  —  guaina. 

Gaita  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  flageolot,  bag-pipe ;  from  Pr.  gaita  a  watcher, 
so  =  watcher's  pipe.    Or  better  from  Arab.  gaiUah  flute. 

Gaivao  gaivota  —  gavia, 

Gajo  It.,  0.  Sp.  gayo,  Pg.  gaio,  Pr.  gai  jai,  Fr.  gai,  E.  gay 
from  O.  H.  G.  gdhi  rash,  Qf.jdhe.   Hence  Sp.  gayo  gay  a,  Pr. 
gai  jai,  0.  Fr.  Yic.gai,  Yr.geai,  Y.jay,  Sp.  rjayar  to  variegate. 

Gal  O.  Fr.  a  stone;  hence  Fr.  galet  a  pebble,  galette,  Pr.  galeta 
a  flat  cake,  li.galetta,  %^,galleta  a  biscuit;  prob.  an  oldGallic 
word,  connected  with  W.  calen  (f.)  a  whetstone. 


218  GALA  —  G  A  LIMA. 

Gala  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  O.  Fr.  gale  show,  parade,  munificence,  charm- 
ing address  &c. ;  vb.  O.  Fr.  gdler;  hence  It.  gallone,  Sp.  galon, 
Fr.  galon,  E.  galloon,  lace ;  Fr.  galant,  Sp.  galante  galan  galano 
(elegantly-dressed),  E.  gallant;  O.  Fr.  galois  gallois  &c.  From 
O.  H.  G.  geil  proud,  A.  S.  gal  lively,  O.  H.  G.  geili  pride. 
It.  gagliardo,  Sp.  gallardo,  Pr.  galhart,  Fr.  gaillard^=  A.  S. 
gagol g eagle  wanton,  cf.  also  ^.jall  strength,  O.Gael,  galach 
strength,  hardihood. 

Galanga  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  O.  Sp.  garingal,  O.  Fr.  galange  ^  garingal, 
E.  galingal,  G.  galgan  galgant  a  root  imported  from  China 
and  Java ;  from  Ar.  khalangdn  which  is  from  the  Persian. 

Galant  —  gala. 

Galappio  —  chiappare. 

Galardon  —  guiderdone. 

Galaubia  It.  costliness,  expenditure;  from  Goth,  galauhs  costly. 

Galbe  Fr.  (m.)  the  slope  or  arch  of  a  roof;  from  M.  H.  G.  ivalbe 
(m.)  =  G.  ivalm  slope,  hence  G.  gewolbe  arch,  vault.  The  (il 
(for  au)  of  the  Fr.  shows  the  late  origin  of  the  word. 

Galbero  It.,  Mil.  Com.  galbe  a  gold- hammer  (})ird);  =  L.  gal- 
hula  (Mart.  Plin.).  From  the  later  form  galgidns,  come  Sp. 
galgidOf  It.  ri-gogolo,  rigoletto  =n  aurigalguhis.  Parm.  galbeder, 
Crem.  galpeder  =  galb -icterus.  In  Sp.  the  bird  is  also  called 
oro-pcndola,  in  Fr.  loriot. 

Galdre  Sp.  a  loose  overcoat;  introduced  from  6^w^/<?6T-land. 

Gale  Fr.  itch,  se  galer  to  itch.  From  the  G.  galle,  E.  gall  to  gall, 
It.  g allay  Sp.  agalla  a  tumour,  all,  perhaps,  from  L.  galla  a 
gall-nut.  It.  galla;  Pictet  refers  to  Irish  galar  galradh  a 
malady. 

Galea  It.  O.  Sp.^  Pg.  gale,  Pr.  galea  gale  galcya,  O.  Fr.  galee, 
yalie,  E.  galley;  It.  galeotta,  Sp.  Pg.  galeota,  O.  Fr.  galiot;  It. 
galeazza,  Sp.  Pg.  galeaza,  Fr.  galeasse,  E.  galleass;  It.  gale- 
one,  Sp.  galeon,  Pg.  galeao,  Fr.  gallon,  E.  galleon.  It.  Sp.  Pg. 
Pr.  Lomb.  galcra,  Fr.  galere  =  galea  and  in  Sp.  Pg.  a  covered 
wagon.  Probably  from  the  Gk.  (like  so  many  other  nautical 
words)  where  ydXr}  ==  i^sd^ag  £tdog(Hesych.)  a  gallery,  which 
may  well  have  given  its  name  to  a  large  ship  with  covered 
rows  of  seats ;  this  would  account  for  the  accent  (galea).  From 
gale  =  ydkri,  or  from  galer  a  comes  g  alter  la  &c.,  gallery. 

Galera  galere  —  galea. 

Galerno  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  galerna,  Fr.  galerna  a  North -West  wind, 
cf.  Bret,  gwalern  gwalarn  gwalorn.  From  Celtic  gal ,  E.  gale 
with  a  Pr.  termination,  cf.  bolerna,  buerna,  suberna. 

Galgo  Sp.  Pg.  a  greyhound;  from  canis  Gallicus,  cf.  Ov.  Met.  \, 
533.    Ut  cants  in  vacuo  leporem  cum  gallicus  arvo  vidit. 

Galgulo  —  galbero. 

Galima  Sp.  pilfering,  booty.   From  Ar.  ghanima. 


GALIMATIAS  —  GAMBAIS.  219 

Galimatias  Fr.  nonsense,  a  confused  heap  of  words.  The 
etym.  is  unknown.  Cf.  E.  gallimawfrey,  Fr.  gallimafree  a  con- 
fused heap  of  things,  a  hodge-podge,  which  Wedgw.  makes 
an  onomatop. 

Gallare  It.  to  swim,  exult,  esserc  a  galla  to  float.  Not  from  the 
floating  of  the  gall  nut,  but,  prob.  from  g alius,  cf.  Sp.  lencr 
mucho  gallo  to  be  very  arrogant,  It.  galloria  exultation. 

Galleria  It.,  Sp.  galeria,  Pg.  galaria,  Fr.  galerie,  E.  gallery.  In 
L.  L.  galeria  =  an  ornamental  building,  hall,  and  a  court- 
yard.   V.  s.  galea, 

Gallofo  —  gaglioffo, 
Gallone  —  gala, 
Galoeha  galoche  —  galoscia. 
Galon  —  gala. 

Galoppare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  galopar,  Pr.  galaupar,  Fr.  galoper,  E. 
galop ,  sbst.  It.  galoppo  &c.  It  is  the  Goth,  hlaupan,  O.  H.  G. 
gahlaufan,  A.  S.  gehledpan  (E.  leap\  G.  laufen  to  run,  Pr.  au 
=  G.  au,  cf.  aimir  =  haunjan,  raubar  =  raubon,  raus  =  raus. 
The  Du.  ivalop  is  from  the  Fr.  ivalop,  waloper.  It.  gualoppare, 
iv=.g^  cf.  gar  con  ivarcon,  gaignon  waignon,  gaquiere  waquiere. 
It.  galopo.  It.  galuppo,  Fr.  galopin  (in  fables  =  the  messenger 
hare)  a  foot -boy,  varlet  =  O.  H.  G.  hloufo, 

Galoscia  It.,  Sp.  galoeha,  Fr.  galoche,  E.  galosh;  from  L.  gallica 
a  slipper.  The  Sp.  is  haloza,  Wedg.  makes  it  a  lengthened 
form  of  clog. 

Galtera  • —  gota. 

Gamaehe  —  gamba. 

Gamarra  Sp.  Pg.  a  martingale;  also  found  in  the  Basque,  whence 
like  most  words  in  arra,  it  is  derived.  But.  cf.  O.  H.  G.  ga- 
marjan  to  hinder  (mar),  A.  S.  gemearra  a  hindering. 

Gamba  It.  Sp.  Cat.,  Pr.  gamba  in  gambaut,  Pg.  gambia,  Fr. 
Jambe  leg.  We  find  forms  with  the  tenuis ,  O.  Sp.  Pr.  Sard. 
camba,  Eh.  comba.  Alb.  khembe,  and  without  the  b,  O.  Sp.  ca?na, 
O.  Yr.jame.  From  the  root  cam  or  camb  found  in  cam-iirus 
cam-erus  crooked,  cam- era  an  arch,  cam -er are  to  arch,  Celt. 
cam  crooked,  camineg  a  felloe,  Pg.  camba,  which  form  prob. 
existed  in  L.  =  Gk.  xa^itij^  Celt,  cam  for  ca?nb  (cf.  Cambodu- 
num&c).  Besides  Pg.  ca?nba  a  felloe,  we  find  cambaio  crooked, 
O.  Sp.  encamar  to  bend.  Burg,  camboisser.  Hence,  also,  Sp. 
Jamba  =  ^.Jamb,  It.  gambo  stalk,  gambone,  Fv.Jambon,  Sp. 
jamon  a  ham,  gammon,  O.  Fr.  gamaehe  a  leg -covering,  E. 
gamashes.  Hence,  aho^Fr.  gambiller  to  leap,  Fi.  gambol =0.}^. 
gambaud,  Fr.  gambade. 

Gambais  gambaison  Pr. ,  O.  Fr.  wambais,  gambeson,  O.  Sp, 


220  GAMBERO  —  GARABATO. 

gamhax,  O.  Pg.  canbas  a  waistcoat,  M.  H.  G.  ivamheis,  G. 
ivams,  from  0.  H.  G.  wamha  belly. 

Gambero  It.,  Sp.  gamharo,  0.  Fr.  jamhle,  N.  Pr.  jambre,  Dauph. 
chamhro  a  crab;  from  cammarus. 

Gambo  —  gamba. 

Gamella  Sp.Pg.,  Fr.  gamelle  a  wooden  trough  =  camella  a  drink- 
ing vessel. 

Gamo  gamuza  —  camozza, 

Gana  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  appetite.  FromO.H.  G.^emow  =  to  gape, 
cf.  hadare,  hiare,  %aCv£iv^  and  v.  guadagnare, 

Ganache  —  ganascia. 

Ganado  Sp.,  Pg.  gado  flock,  herd;  from  ganar,  so  ;=  the  gained, 
acquired,  cf.  O.  Fr.  proie  =  herd,  Pr.  aver,  N.  Pr.  aver  (f.) 
=  sheep.  Basq.  atcienda  a  head  of  cattle  =  Sp.  hacienda  pos- 
session. 

Ganar  gan9ar  —  guadagnare. 

Ganascia  It.,  Fr.  ganache  a  jaw.    Augmen.  from  gena. 

Ganehir  guenchir  Pr.  O.  Fr.,  Rh.  guinchir  to  give  way;  from 
O.  H.  G.  wankjan  icenkjan,  G.  ivanken.  From  sbst.  ivank 
comes  Com.  guanch  a  fault. 

Gancio  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  gancho  a  hook,  Fr.  ganse  a  loop  for  holding 
a  button.   Prob.  from  root  cam  gam,  v.  gamba. 

Gandir  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  giiandir  to  give  way,  retire,  0.  Fr.  also  gan- 
diller;  from  Goth,  vandjan,  O.  H.  G.  ivantjan  wentjan,  G.  wen- 
den  to  go,  E.  ivend. 

Gangamu  Sic.  a  net;  from  ydyya\iov. 

Ganghero  It.  a  hinge,  Sard,  cancaru,  Mil.  canchen,  Pr.  ganguil, 
Hesych.  ^dy%aXo^.  Henee  It.  sgangherare  to  unhinge,  Pg. 
escancarar  to  open  wide. 

Gangrene  —  cangrena. 

Ganguear  Sp.  to  speak  through  the  nose,  adj.  gangoso.  An 
onomatop. 

Ganivet  —  canif, 

Ganse  —  gancio. 

Ganso  —  ganta. 

Gant  —  guanie. 

Ganta  Pr.  also  ganto,  a  wild  goose,  O.  Fr.  gante,  gente,  Wal. 
gcnsce  gensac  (Pol.  geska,  Puss,  giisak  dm\.).  Pliny  has  gantce, 
and  Venant.  Fort,  distinguishes  anser  and  ganta.  It  is  the 
L.  G.  gante  ^  Du.  gent  (E.  gander) y  M.  H.  G.  ganze,  O.  H.  G. 
ganazzo,  whence  Sp.  ganso. 

Ganzua  Sp.,  Tg.gaziia  a  picklock;  from  B.gaco-itsiia  a  false  key. 

Ganon  ganote  Sp.  windpipe;  from  canna. 

Gara  It.  contest ;  from  Fr.  gare  =  ware !  It.  gar  are  to  vie  =  Fr. 
garer  to  beware. 

Garabato  Sp.,  Vg.garavato  a  pothook.  From  the  A.v.garb(girab) 


GARABIA  —  GARGATTA.  221 

the  edge  of  a  sword?  Hence  gardbo  garahato,  cf.  horca  hor- 
cate;  or  from  Ar.  kxilldb  a  pothook.  Larram.  derives  it  from 
a  Basque  word  gorobatu  to  seize. 

Garabia  —  garhino. 

Garabito  Sp.  a  stall  or  booth;  from  ^.garau  a  chamber  and  itoa 
damp  (Larramendi). 

Garance  Fr.  (hence  Sp.  granzd),  Pic.  waranche,  L.  L.  garantia, 
warentia  madder;  the  Greeks  called  'red'  akrid-ivovy  on  the 
analogy  of  which  may  have  been  formed  from  verus  verare, 
verantia  varantia. 

Gar  anon  —  guaragno. 

Garant  garante  —  guarento. 

Garba  —  gerhe, 

Garbanzo  Sp.  chick-pea;  according  to  Larram.,  from  B.  gar  an 
corn  and  antzua  to  dry. 

Garbillo  Sp.  a  sieve ,  garhillar  to  sift,  E.  garble.  The  Ar.  has 
girhdl,  vb.  garhala,  but  the  Rom.  word  is,  perhaps,  from  the 
L.  cribellum,  cf.  earner o  for  crenero,  bergante  tor  brigante, 
Garbin  a  hair-net  =  cribrum? 

Garbin  —  garbillo. 

Garbino  It.  Sp.,  N.  Pr.  garbin  a  south-west  wind;  from  Ar. 
garb  west,  vb.  gar  aba  to  set  (of  the  sun),  whence  also  Pg.  ga- 
rabia west.   It.  has  also  agherbino. 

Garbo  It.  Sp.  Pg.  behaviour,  elegance,  E.  garb;  vb.  It.  garbare 
to  please,  Sp.  garbar  to  show  aflPectation;  Pr.  garbier  a  brag- 
gart; from  0.  H.  Gr.  gar  awl  garivi  ornament,  Gr.  gerben,  Du. 
gaeriven  to  deck  ^b  =zw,  cf .  falbo  =  falawer. 

Garbo  Ven.  Com.  garb  gherb  (It.  ^^r^^/^o  Veneroni)  bitter;  from 
O.  H.  Gr.  hariv,  G.  herbe  sour. 

Garbuglio  It.,  Sp.  garbiiUo,  O.  Fr.  garbouil  grabouil  tumult,  con- 
fusion. From  garrire  and  bullire,  cf.  Sp.  bulla.  It.  buglione, 
Cat-  bulyanga  a  noise. 

Garce  gar9on  —  garzone. 

Garde  garder  —  gnardare. 

Garenne  Fr.,  also  varenne  for  warenne,  E.  warren,  L.  L.  wa- 
renna.  Perhaps  from  O.  Fr.  garer  warer  to  guard,  be  ivare, 
enne  for  ene  =  ine,  cf.  gastine,  guerpine,  ha'ine  from  G.  roots. 
Du.  has  warande. 

Garer  Fr.,  Pr.  garar  to  take  care,  beware;  from  O.  H.G.  waron. 
Hence  Pr.  esgarar  =  garar,  but  Fr.  egarer,  whence  It.  sgar- 
rare  to  mislead. 

Garfio  —  graffia. 

Garfo  —  greffe. 

Gargamela  —  gargatta. 

Garganta  —  gar  gait  a. 

Gargatta  It.,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  gargate,  Rh.  gargata,  Genev.  garga- 


222  GARGO  —  GAEZONE. 

tame,  Jura  garguelotte  &c.,  Bret,  gargaden,  O.  E.  gar  gate,  Sp. 
Pg.  Cat.  gargauta  throat;  from  giirges  with  suffix  att ,  and  the 
onomatop.  gargarizzare  to  gargle,  Sp.  gargara  a  gargling  noise 
in  the  throat  =  Ar.  vb.  gargara,  cf.  It.  gorgogliare  gorgozzo, 
gargagliare  gargozza  &c.  Hence  also  Sp.  gargola,  Fr.  ^/^rr- 
gouille,  E.  gargoyle  gurgoyle,  also  Pr.  gargamcla,  Fr.  garga- 
melle  (Rabelais)  throat,  Pg.  gorgomilos  (pl.)>  Sp.  gorgomillera, 

Gargo  It.  cunning,  malicious,  Piedm.  gargh  idle ;  from  O.  H.  G. 
Ati?/'^  crafty,  cf.  O.  N.  hargr  obstinate ,  idle. 

Gargote  gargotte  Fr.  cook-shop.  From  Pic.  gargoter  to  seethe, 
an  onomatop. 

Garlar  Sp.  to  chatter ;  from  garrulus. 

Garlopa  —  varlope. 

Garnache  garnir  garnison  —  guarnire. 

Garofano  It.,  Sp.  giro  fie  girofre,  Pr.  Fr.  giro  fie  a  clove,  pink 
(O.  E.  gillofer,  gelofer,  Shaks.  gilly-vor,  gilly- flower);  from 
caryophyllum  with  the  Gk.  accent,  xaQvocpvXXov ,  but  Wal. 
carofil  qarofil,  Ar.  qaranful. 

Garone  —  gherone, 

Garou  —  loupgarou, 

Garra  Sp.  Pg.  a  claw,  talon ,  Pr.  garra  hough  ?  (cf.  squarar  cou- 
per  le  jarret\  \Jvai,  jaro,  Genev.jaire.  Hence  It.  garretto,  O. 
Fr.  garret,  Fr.  jarret,  Sp.  Pg.  jarrete  hough,  ham  (whence 
jarretiere,  g artier,  E.  garter),  N.  Pr.  garrou,  Sard,  garroni; 
Fr.  g arr ot ]omi,  cudgel,  Sp.  garrote,  whence  Fr.  garrotte,  E. 
garotte.  From  W.  gar  shank,  Bret,  gar  shin;  cf.  W.  cdmez 
gar  hough.   V.  Dief.  Celt.  1,  129. 

Garrafa  —  caraffa. 

Garrama  Sp.  Pg.  tax,  plunder;  Ar.  ghardma, 

Garrie  Pr.,  Cat.  garrig  the  ilex.   From  garra?  cf.  chaparra. 

Garrido  Sp.  Pg.  neat,  pretty;  from  Ar.  gari  with  Rom.  suffix 
as  in  florido. 

Garrobo  —  carrdbo. 

GaruUa  Sp.  ripe  grapes;  from  B.  garau-illa  dead  grain  Larr. 

Garza  —  garzone. 

Garzo  (garz)  Lomb.  heart  of  a  cabbage  (It.  garzuolo).  Mil.  gar- 
zoeu  bud  of  vine,  Ven.  garzolo  bunch  of  flax  on  the  distaff, 
Lomb.  garzon  milk  thistle.  From  L.  carduus  through  a  form 
Gardens  car  dear  e,  cf.  orzo  from  liordeum;  we  have  car  dare  and 
garzar,  garzolo  and  Parm.  carzocid,  garzon  and  Sic.  cardedda. 
Fr.  carde  (carder,  E.  card)  =  It.  cardo  =  L.  cardus  for  car- 
dims.   V.  garzone. 

Garzo  Sp.  Pg.  blue -eyed,  a  corruption  oi  zarco,  for  carzo,  cf. 
gavasa  for  hayasa. 

Garzo  Sp.  agaric;  corrupted  from  agaricus. 

Garzone  It.,  Sp.  garzon,  Pg.  garcdo,  Fr.  gar  con,  Pr.  also  gartz, 


GAS  —  GAUGE.  223 

O.  Fr.  gars  a  lad,  f.  garce  a  prostitute.  Orig.  =  a  servant 
boy,  garce  a  servant  maid,  gar  con  also  =  a  rascal,  the  first 
meaning  being  simply  boy  (pucr)  and  girl,  cf.  Jura  gars  son, 
garse  daughter.  Prob.  from  the  same  root  as  garzuolo,  garzo, 
from  cardims,  in  the  sense  of  a  bud,  stalk  &c.,  cf.  It.  toso, 
Yy.  petit  trognon,  ^ ,  kleiner  hutzel ,  Gr.  ;cdpog,  Gael,  ^^/.v,  cf. 
Mil.  garzon  =  garzone  and  carduus.  For  the  medial  cf.  Lorr. 
gade  •=  carde,  gadd  =  carder,  Sp.  garza  a  heron  is  prob.  the 
same  word  as  garce,  and  alludes  to  the  tuft  hanging  down  the 
heron's  neck  like  a  girl's  hair ,  cf .  garceta  =  a  young  heron 
and  a  lock  of  hair. 

Gas  Fr.  It.  &c.,  E.  gas;  from  Du.  geest,  G.  geist  spirit,  E.  ghost. 

Gasa  —  gaze. 

Gasalha  gazalha  Pr.,  0.  Fr.  gazaille,  L.  L.  gasalia  a  company; 
hence  Pg.  agasalhar,  Sp.  agasajar  gasajar  to  treat  in  a  friendly 
way,  divert,  O.  Pg.  agasalhar  se  com  huma  mulher  to  marry. 
From  O.  H.  G.  gisello,  gasaljo,  G.  gesell  companion.  L.  L. 
gasalianes=^QiQi\k)..  pi.  gasaljans.  O.V^.gasvUlado  =gasaiUado. 

Gaspiller  Fr.  to  lavish ,  Pr.  guespillar,  Wall,  caspoui;  from  A.  S. 
gespillan  (E.  spill),  O.  H.  G.  gaspildan  to  consume. 

Gasto  It.  in  Com.  gast  a  lover;  from  G.  gast ,  E.  guest. 

Gate  Rouchi  Wall.,  Lorr.  gaie,  Champ,  gazette,  Jura  gaise;  from 
Goth,  gaitei,  Du.  geit,  O.  H.  G.  geiz,  G.  geifs  drivel,  slaver. 

Gateau  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  gastel  (Sic.  guasieddii),  Pr.  gastal  cake;  from 
M.  H.  G.  O.  E.  ivastel  (Chaucer). 

Gater  —  guastare. 

Gatto  It.,  Sp.  gato.  Cat.  gat,  Pr.  cat,  Fr.  chat,  f.  gatta,  gata, 
cata,  chatte,  N.  Gr.  ydxa  a  cat,  not  in  Wall,  which  has  metze, 
pisice  instead.  From  the  Celtic  and  German ;  Ir.  cat,  W.  cdth, 
A.  S.  E.  cat,  O.  N.  kottr.    The  Lat.  catus  is  late ,  v.  Freund. 

Gauche  Fr.  left,  O.  E.  gauk,  E.  gaivk  'gawky.  G  =  G.  iv,  for 
Kouchi  frere  ivauquier  stepbrother  =  Fr.  frere  gaucher.  From 
O.  H.  G.  welk,  E.  iveak ,  cf.  It.  mano  stanca  the  tired,  manca 
the  maimed,  Sp.  zurda  the  deaf,  redruha  the  giving  way, 
N.  Pr.  man  seneco  the  aged  =  the  weak.  Cf.  M.  H.  G.  tenc 
left  with  Sw.  tehngg  weak.  The  Pr.  E.  gaulic  requires  a  Fr. 
gale.  Sp.  g audio  unlevel  from  gauche?  Others,  however, 
derive  gauche  from  gawk  and  this  from  awk  (aivkward)  with 
prefix  ge;  v.  Garnett's  Philol.  Essays  p.  66. 

Gaucher  —  gualcare. 

Gaufre  Fr.,  Pic.  ivaufe,  O.  Sp.  guafla,  L.  L.  gafrum  a  cake; 
from  G.  ivaffel  (E.  wafer),  connected  with  wal>e  honey -comb, 
so  prop,  a  honey-comb  (in  texture)  cake,  this  from  vb.  ivehen, 
E.  weave. 

Gauge  O.  Fr.  in  7iois  gauge  walnut;  from  O.  H.  G.  walah  tvalc 
foreign  (G.  ivdlsch,  welsh)  whence  gauge,  as  from  del' catus 


224  GAULE  —  GAZAPO. 

deuge.   A.  S.  was  veal-hnut,  0.  N.  val-linot,  G.  ivallnuss,  E. 

ivalnut. 
Gaule  Fr.^  Rouchi  waule  a  pole ;  from  Goth,  valus  (=  L.  vallus 

whence  the  au),  Friesl.  wahi,  not  from  L.  vallus,  which  would 

be  against  the  rule. 
Gaupe  Fr.,  Burg,  gaupitre  a  drab,  dirty,  ugly  woman,  perhaps 

from  O.  E.  wallop  a  lump  of  fat. 
Gausser  Fr.  (se  gaiisser  de)  to  be  merry  about  anything;  perhaps 

from  Sp.  gozar,  which  is  also  used  reflexively. 
Gaut  gualt  gal  O.  Fr.,  Pic.  Norm.  Rh.  gualt,  Pr.  gau  gaut;  from 

G.  wald  wood.   Hence  O.  Fr.  gaudine,  Pr.  gaudina  a  thicket, 

Pg.  gudinha  an  estate? 
Gavasa  —  bagascia. 

Gave  Pic,  Wall,  gaf,  Champ,  gueffe  a  bird's  crop,  vb.  Pic.  se 
gaver,  N.  Pr.  se  gavci,  Champ,  gueffer,  Fr.  s'engouer  to  cram 
oneself.  Pic.  engaver  to  cram,  Fr.  gavion  throat,  Langued. 
engavachd  to  throttle.  Mil.  gavasgia,  Com.  gavazza  a  large 
mouth.  Perhaps  from  cavxis  cavea.  In  the  South  of  France 
gava  gave  =  a  mountain- stream,  cf.  (ktve  de  Pau,  Gave  de 
Couterets  &c.,  which,  according  to  Mahn,  is  the  0.  Fr.  gave 
=  eaUf  aqua,  Goth.  ahva. 

Gavela  Pg.,  Sp.  gavilla,  Pr.  guavella,  Fr.  Javelle  sheaf,  bundle, 
handful.  From  captdus  capellus  capella,  N.  Pr.  masc.  gavel, 
Pic.  gaviau,  cf.  martulus,  scroplmla,  which  give  7narlellus  scro- 
p] tell  a  (ecr  Quelle) . 

Gavetta  It.,  Sp.  gahata,  Yr.Jatie  a  wooden  bowl;  from  gabtUa 
an  eating -vessel,  O.  H.  G.  gebita,  L.  L.  capita,  cf.  ^.jata  a 
manger.  Fr.jVz//^?  from  gahata,  as  dette  from  debitum.  Pic.  has 
gate,  Norm,  gadejade,  0.  Fwjadeau.  Sp.  gaveta  a  drawer  is 
from  the  same. 

Gavia  Sp.  a  sea-mew,  Pliny's  gavia.  Hence  Sp.  gaviola,  Pg. 
gaivota;  Sp.  Pr.  Neap,  gavina;  It.  gabbiano,  Pg.  gaivao  a  sort 
of  swallow. 

Gavia  - —  gabbia. 

Gavilan  Sp.,  Pg.  gaviao  a  sparrow-hawk.  Mil.  Com.  gavinel, 
ganivel,  Pr.  gavanli.  From  L.  L.  capus  (capere),  cf.  G.  habicht 
from  haben,  Isid.  ('capus)  capys  italicd  lingua  falco  dicitur, 
Serv.  ^n.  1,  20,  falco  qui  Tuscd  lingua  capys  dicitur.  Cap-el-an 
^=  gav-il-an  from  a  dim.  capellus,  cf.  gemellus  gemelo  gemeo; 
cap  =  gav  as  in  gav-ela  from  cap-ulus, 

Gavina  gaviota  —  gavia, 

Gavion  —  gave. 

Gayo  —  gajo. 

Gayola  —  gahbia. 

Gazapo  Sp.,  Cat.  catxap,  Sard,  gacciapu,  Pg.  cacapu  a  young 


GAZE  —  GENCIVE.  225 

rabbit.  Perhaps  from  dasypus  Pliny  (daovTiGvg),  g  for  <?,  cf. 
camozza,  apo  for  epo  being  a  commoner  termination. 

Gaze  Fr.^  Sp.  gasa,  E.  gauze;  from  Gaza  in  Palestine. 

Gazmono  Sp.  a  hypocrite ,  a  tartuffe ;  from  B.  gazmuha  one  who 
kisses  (sc.  images  and  relics  of  saints). 

Gazon  Fr.  turf,  Arag.  Crem.  gason;  from  O.  H.  Gr.  waso,  G. 
wasen.  A.  S.  vase,  Du.  ivase  =  also  mud,  whence  Fr.  vase  f,, 
Pg.  vasa ,  Norm,  gase,  engaser  =  envaser. 

Gazouiller  —  Jaser. 

Gazuza  Sp.  great  hunger;  from  B.  gose-utsa. 

Gazza  It.,  Pr.  gacha,  agassa,  Fr.  agace  a  magpie;  from  0.  H.  G. 
agalstra,  whence  also  It.  gazzera. 

Gazzella  It.,  Sp.  gazela,  Fr.  gazelle  algazelle,  E.  gazelle;  from 
Ar.  gazdl. 

Gazzetta  It.,  Sp.  gazeta,  Fr.  E.  gazette;  prop,  the  name  of  a 
Venetian  coin  (from  gaza),  so  in  Old  English.  Others  derive 
gazette  from  gazza  a  magpie ,  which ,  it  is  alleged ,  was  the 
emblem  figured  on  the  paper ;  but  it  does  not  appear  on  any 
of  the  oldest  Venetian  specimens  preserved  at  Florence.  The 
first  newspapers  appeared  at  Venice  about  the  middle  of  the 
16^^  century  during  the  war  with  Soliman  II,  in  the  form  of  a 
written  sheet,  for  the  privilege  of  reading  which  a  gazzetta 
(=  a  crazia)  was  paid.  Hence  the  name  was  transferred  to 
the  news  -  sheet. 

Geai  —  gajo. 

Geant  Fr.  a  giant,  Vr.Jagan;  from  gigas  gigantes. 

Gecchire  It.  in  aggccchirsi  to  humble  oneself,  O.  It.  giccMto, 
giachito,  Mil.  gecchiss  =  geccMrsi,  Pr.  gequir,  O.  ^^.  jaquir  to 
let  pass,  O.  Cuit.jaqidr  to  permit,  O.  Fr.  gehir  to  grant,  say, 
confess.  From  O.  H.  Q.Jehan,  Goth,  aikan  to  utter,  to  con- 
cede. Aggecchirsi  =  to  give  in  to  a  person,  ch  =  h  as  in  an- 
nichilare. 

Gehir  —  gecchire. 

Geindre  Fr.  to  groan ,  sigh ;  from  gemere. 

Geira  Pg.  as  much  land  as  could  be  ploughed  in  a  day;  ior  ju- 
geira,  \j.  jug  arms. 

Geitar  — •  gettare. 

Geito  Pg.  figure,  shape,  gait;  h^ora  Jactus. 

Geldra  It.  rabble,  Pr.  gelda,  O.  Fr.  gelde  a  troop  espec.  of  foot- 
men; from  L.  L.  gclda,  G.  gilde^  A.  S.  gild,  E.  guild.  O.  Fr. 
also  gueude:  gueude  marchande  =  merchant's  guild. 

Gelso  It.  mulberry  tree ;  for  inoro  gelso  =  morus  celsa  as  opp.  the 
morus  liumilis  the  blackberry;  Sic.  ceusu,  Gen.  sa^t^sa  =  L. 
celsus  celsa. 

Gelsomino  —  gesmino. 

Geneive  —  gengiva. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  15 


226  GENE  —  GESMINO. 

Gene  Fr.  (f.),   0.  Fr.  gehene  torment,  vb.  gener;  from  Heb. 

gelienna. 
Genevre  —  ginepro, 
Gengibre  —  zenzovero. 
Gengiovo  —  zenzovero. 
Gengiva  It.  Pg.  Pr.,  Sp.  encia,  Fr.  gencive,  Wal.  gingie  gum-, 

from  gingiva;  cf.  Sard,  senzia,  Pr.  cmgiva,  Cat.  geniva,  Berr. 

gendive. 
Genh.,  genie  • —  ingegno. 
Genia  It.  offspring ,  Sic.  jinia;  from  yevsa. 
Genisse  Fr.,  Vr.  Ju?iega  a  heifev^  ivova.  junix  jtmicis ;  c{.  genevre 

ixQin  juniperus.    Jura  gegna=junega;  Com.  has  gioniscia,  Eh. 

gianiischa. 
Genou  —  ginocchio. 
Gens  ges  Pr.,  0.  Fr.  gens  giens,  N.  Pr.  ges  or  gis,  Cat.  gents  ■-= 

Yv.  point.   From  gentium,  as  pretz  h^ompretium;  7ion  gens  = 

non  gentium  =  minime  gentium;  or  from  genus,  non  genus  =  in 

no  kind,  not  at  all. 
Gente  O.  It.,  O.  Sp.  gento,  Pr.  gent,  f.  gent  a,  0.  Cat.  gint  ginta, 

O.  Fr.  gent  gente  handsome,  fine,  genteel;  vb.  agenzare  agen- 

sar  agencer  to  please ;  probably  from  genitus  a  man  of  birth, 

Jiomme  de  naissance. 
Geole  —  gdbhia.  * 

Gequir  —  gecchire. 
Gerbe  Fr.  O.  E.,  0.  Fr.  garhe ,  Pr.  Cat.  Arag.  garba  a  cheaf, 

vb.  gerher,  Arag.  garhar;  it  is  the  O.  H.  G.  garha,  G.  garhe, 

Du.  garve,  E.  garb  (in  heraldry). 
Gercer  Fr.  jarcer  to  chap ,  crack ,  gerce  a  moth ,  a  book  -  worm. 

From  a  form  carptiare  (carpius),  ge  for  ca,  cf.  caveola  gedle. 
Gergo  It.,  Sp.  xerga;  It.  gergone,  Fr.  Y^.  jargon;  O.  Sp.  girgonz, 

Sp.  gerigonza,  Pr.  gergonz  unintelligible  chatter.    In  O.  Fr. 

we  find  for  jargonner  gargoner  and  in  0.  E.  gargoun.  Perhaps 

from  the  root  garg  (v.  gargatta).   Cf.  also  Sp.  guirigatj. 
Gerigonza  —  gergo. 
Gerla  It.,  N.  Pr.  gerlo,  0.  Fr.  geurle  jarle  a  basket;  from  geru- 

lus  a  porter. 
Germandree  —  calamandrea. 
Ger mania  Sp.  gibberish,  language  of  the  Gipsies,  who  called 

themselves  germani  brothers ,  also  hermania  from  hermano. 
Ges  —  gens. 
Gese  O.  Fr.  a  pike,  from  the  0.  Gallic  gcesum,  or  0.  Gael,  gais 

(f.),  L.  L.  gesa,  B.  gesi. 
Gesier  Fr.,  E.  gizzard  (O.  Fr.  also  Jws?>r);  by  dissimilation  from 

gigeria  bird's  entrails  (Lucil.  Petron.  Apic).    Pic.  giger,  gi- 

gier. 
Gesmino  It.  (corrupt,  gelsomino,  Lang,  gensemil),  Sp.  Fr.  jas- 


GESTA  —  GHINDARE.  227 

min,  ^.  Jasmine  Jessamine ;  from  the  Arab,  tjdsamun  or  yasamln 

Freyt.  4,  514'\ 
Gesta  It.,  0.  Fr.  geste^  Pr.  gesta  lineagO;  stock.   Lat.  gesta  used 

in  the  sing.  =  fl)  exploits  of  a  people  (2)  the  chronicle  of 

these  exploits  (3)  lineage,  stock. 
Geto  —  gettare. 
Gettare  gittare  It.,  Sp.  Jitar,  Pr.  getar  gitar,  Fr.  Jeter,  Sp.  echar 

to  throw;  from.  Jactare  (in  com^.  Jectare),  sbst.  Fr.  ^.Jet,  Pr. 

get.   It.  geto,  ^.Jess.   Pg.  deitar  (O.  Pg,  geitar)  =  dejeter,  de- 

Jectare. 
Gheda  —  ghiera, 

Gheppio  It.  a  kestrel ;  from  yvtl;  yvitog. 
Ghermire  —  gremire. 
Gherone  garone  It.,  Sp.  giron,  Pg.  girdo,  Fr.  giron,  a  gore  or 

gusset  in  a  garment  (in  heraldry  a  triangle),  a  lap.     From 

O.  H.  G.  gero  ace.  gerun,   M.  H.  G.  gere,  0.  Fries,  gare, 

from  ^^r  a  spear,  cf.  L.  L.  pilum  vestimenti,  so  called  from 

the  shape. 
Ghezzolt.  black  or  moorish ;  from  cegyptius,  ci.  gheppio,  ghe=gy. 
Ghiado  It.  extreme  cold,  Pr.  glay  fright,  Pr.  Cat.  esglay,  0.  Sp. 

aglayo;  vb.  It.  agghiadare  to  benumb,  O.  Sp.  aglayarse  to  be 

astonished ,  Pr.  esglayar.   Pr.  glay,  It.  ghiado  also  =  gladius, 

cf.  desglayar  to  kill  desglaziar  =  degladiare;  O.  Fr,  glaive  = 

shriek  of  death  as  well  as  sword  (E.  glaive).    Cold  and  fright 

are  so  named  from  their  piercing  effects. 
Ghiaja  It.  gravel ;  from  glarea,  O.  Sp.  glera, 
Ghiattire  schiattire  It.,  Fr.  clatir,  O.  Fr.  glatir,  Sp.  Pg.  latir  to 

yelp,  bark;   sbst.  Pr.  glat,  0.  Fr.  glai  (?)  cry,  shriek;   an 

onomatop.  like  G.  klatschen,  Du.  klateren,  E.  clatter,  Gr.  'aXd- 

^£cv,  L.  lat -rare.  * 

Ghiazzerino  It.,  >^ip.  Jacerina ,  Tg.Jazerina,  Fr,  Jazeran ,  O.  Fr. 

Jazerant  Jazerenc,  whence  Fg.  Jazerdo  a  coat  of  mail;  N.  Pr. 

Jaziran,  Burg.  Jazeran  a  necklace.    The  word  was  orig.  an 

adj.,  Sp.  cota  Jacerina ,  Fr.  hauberc  Jazerant.    Prob.  from  Sp. 

j«z«rmo  =  Algerian,  from  Ar.  al-Jazdir  (or  ^/-^^za^'r)  Algiers.. 
Ghiera  It.  an  arrow ,  from  O.  H.  G.  ger  a  missile.    The  Lomb. 

gaida  a  speer  is  the  same  word  as  the  Piedm.  Parm.  gajda, 

Crem.  Mil.  gheda,  Sard,  gaja  a  gusset,  cf.  gherone. 
Ghignare  and  sghignare  It.  to  snigger,  Sp.  guinar,  Fr.  guigner 

to  wink,  leer,  peep;  from  A.  S.  ginidn  to  gape,  O.  H.  G. 

ginen,  or  from  0.  H.  G.  kinan  adridere,  though  G.  k  does  not 

usu.  ==  g, 
Ghindare  It.  (for  guindare),  Sp.  Pg.  guindar,  Fr.  guinder  to  wind 

up;  from  0.  H.  G.  windan,  E.  ivind.    Hence  It.  guindolo  (hin- 

doloj,  Sp.  guindola,  Fr.  gidndre;  Sp.  Pg.  guindaste,  Fr.  guindas 

15* 


228  GHIOTTO  —  GIAVELOTTO. 

andvindas,  iYom.iheDi\.  ivind^as,  G,wind-achse  (sixie),  whence 

Bret,  gwindask ,  E.  windlass. 
Ghiotto  It.,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  gloi  a  glutton;  from  glutus,  ghittiis  (glut- 

tire).  It.  ghiottone,  Sp.  Pr.  gloton,  Fr.  glouton,  E.  glutton,  from 

gluto  (Fest.  s.  v.  inghwies);  vb.  It.  inghiottire,  Pr.  englotir,  Fr. 

englouter  from  gluttire.    From  the  same  root  are  the  Pr.  glot  a 

bit;  morsel;  and  It.  ghiozzo. 
Ghiova  It.  for  ghieva,  L.  gleba,  cf.  piovano  ior  pievano. 
Ghiozzo  —  ghiotto. 
Ghirlanda  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  guirnalda,  0.  Sp.  guarlanda ,  Pg.  also 

grinalda,  Pr.  Cat.  garlanda,  E.  garland,  ¥i\  giiMande.   Prob. 

from  a  form  wierelen  of  the  M.  H.  G.  ivieren  to  bind,  O.  H.  G. 

wiara  a  wreath. 
Ghiro  It.;  Pr.  glire,  Fr.  loir  a  dormouse;  from  glis  gliris.  Hence 

Fr.  Sp.  liron,  Pg.  lirao.    The  N.  Pr.  greoule  is  from  glirulus, 
Gia  It.  Sp.  0.  Pg.  ya,  Pg.  Pr.  0.  Fr.  ^'«;,  ^rom.  Jam.   Fr.  ^^eyVi  for 

^^j^«  =  It.  di  gia. 
Giaeo  It.;  ^i^.Jaco,  Fr.JaqueL,  dim.  J aqtiette,  IE,.  Jacket,  prop. 

a  soldier's  jacket;  whence  G.  J  ache.    According  to  Ducange 

from  Jaque  the  name  of  a  Count  of  Beauvais  c.  1358.   But  v. 

Wedgw.;  who  says  the  Jack  was  a  homely  substitute  for  a 

coat  of  mail;  being  the  familiar  name  usea  so  generally  for 

mechanical  contrivances;  e.  g.  hoot -Jack,  roasting-jack  &c. 
Gialda  —  geldra. 

Giallo  It.,  Sip.Jalde,  Vg.  Jalde  Jalne ,  Fr.Jaune  yellow.  The  Fr.; 
orig.  Jalne,  is  from  gallmms  (Wnl.  galbi?})  and  homjalne,  Jalde, 
Lomb.  giald.  The  It.  giallo  suits  the  O.  H.  G.  gelo  (G.  gelb), 
E.  yellow  y  a  for  e  as  in  gialura  from  gelo.  Fr.  hejaiine  gull, 
ninny  -—  hecjaime,  properly  of  a  young  unfledged  bird;  so 
gull  Sw.  gul  yellow.  • 

Giannetta  —  ginete, 

Giara  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  Jarra,  Fr.  Jarre,  E.  Jar;  It.  m.  giarro,  Sp. 
Pg.  Jarro  &c. ;  from  Ar.  Jarrah  a  water- vessel.  In  O.  Pg.  we 
find  also  zarra,  z  =  Ar.  J. 

Giardino  It.,  Sp.  Jardin,  Pg.  Jar  dim,  Vi\Ja?rlin  gardin  Jerzin, 
Yv.  Jar  din,  gardin,  f.  Pr.  giardina,  E.  garden;  from  O.  H.  G. 
garto  (gen.  dat.  gartin),  or;  as  the  form  giardi7ia  would  seem 
to  hint ;  a  Eom.  der.  from  O.  H.  G.  gart  (orig.  gard),  E.  yard, 
Goth,  yards,  Gael,  gart,  W.  gardd,  E.  garth.  Wal.  gard  en- 
closure is  the  Goth,  yards. 

Giavelotto  It.  prob.  from  the  Fr.  Javelot  ^  O.  Fr.  gavelot,  Bret. 
gavlod,  M.  H.  G.  gahilot;  also  It.  giavelina,  ^^.  Jahalina,  Fr. 
Javeline,  F.  Javelin,  Bret,  gavlin.  The  root  is  found  in  the  E. 
gaveilock,  A.  S.  gafldc,  from  the  0.  N.  gefja  a  spear;  N.  gaflok 
gafeloc  gafeluc  (Grimm) ;  or  from  Ir.  galibla  a  spear ;  W.  gafl 


GIBET  —  GIOJA.  229 

(Pott,  Diefenbach).    The  0.  Fr.  has  an  unintelligible  form 

gaverlot  garlot. 
Gibet  —  giubhetto. 
Gibier  0.  Fr.  in  aller  engibier  to  hunt ,  Fr.  gibotjer,  sbst.  gibier, 

0.  Fr.  gibelet  (Et.giblet),  Fr.  gibcciere,  Y^.gipciere  gipser  (Chauc.) 

a  hunting-pouch,  a  purse.  Perhaps  connected  with  gibet  gibbet 

(halter),  whence  gibier  to  catch  birds  in  a  noose? 
Gier  gieres  giers  a  particle  found  the  oldest  Fr.  monuments  = 

L.  ergo;  from  erg  ierg  whence  ger  gier  as  from  ego  ieo  jeo  gie, 
Gieser  —  gese. 
Giga  It.  O.  Sp.  Pr.,  0.  Fr.  gigue  a  string- instrument,  Sp.  giga, 

Fr.  gigue,  ^.Jig.   From  M.  H.  G.  gtge,  vb.  gtgen,  G.  geige  a 

violin ,  vb.  geigen.    Hence  Fr.  gigot  a  leg  of  mutton  (from  the 

shape),  Sp.  gigote  minced  meat. 
Giglio  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  lirio,  Pr.  Jililirilis,  Fr.  lis,  Piedm.  Mil.  liri, 

Sard,  lillu,  O.  Sp.  lilio,  Eh.  f.  gilgia,  M.  H.  G.  gilge,  Sw.Jilge 

iige  a  lily.  A  notable  instance  of  the  principle  of  dissimilation, 

the  g  and  the  r  being  used  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  the  /. 

The  Fr.  requires  a  form  lilius,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  lilio,  M.  H.  G. 

gil^e  (m.).   V.  Pott,  Forsch.  2,  99. 
Giler  Norm.,  N.  Pr.  gilhd  to  hasten  away ;  from  O.  H.  G.  gtlan 

giljan  (Pr.  h  =j)  for  gi-ilan  to  hasten,  G.  eilen.    The  Com. 

is  zela  cf.  Com.  zerlo,  zoja  =  It.  gerlo,  gioja. 
Gilet  Fr.  a  waistcoat;  from  Gille,  the  name  of  the  first  maker 

(Menage). 
Gina  —  agina. 
Ginepro  It.,  Sp.  enebro,  Pg.  zimbro  (z  rare  for  g),  Fr.  genievre; 

from  juniperus.    The  e  for  u  is  Fr.  (cf.  genisse),  whence  Du. 

jenever,  Dan.  enebar. 
Gineta  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  genette,  E.  genet  a  wild -cat,  civet-cat  (in 

the  Levant).   Of  Eastern  origin. 
Ginete  Sp.  Pg.  a  light -armed  trooper,  gineta.  It.  giannetta  a 

short  spear  carried  by  such,  Sp.  gineta  ginete,  It.  ginnetto  gian- 

netto,  Fr.  genet,  ^.jennet.   Probably  from  yv^vTJtrjg. 
Gingembre  —  zenzovero. 
Ginoceliio  It.,  Wal.  genunche,  Sp.  hinojo,  0.  Sp.  ginojo,  Pg. 

giolho  joelho,  Fr.  genou  (from  genoit)  knee ;  from  genuculum  for 

geniculum. 
Giocolaro  giullaro  It.  from  jocularius;  Sp.  joglar  juglar,   Pr. 

joglar  from  j ocularis;   It.  giocolatore ,   0.  Fr.  jogleor ,  0.  E. 

jogelour,  ^.juggler,  Yv,  jongleur,  horn Joculator ;  O.Fr. Jongler 

from  Joculari. 
Gioglio  It.,  Sp.  Joyo,  Pg.  Joio,  Pr.  Juelh  darnel,  from  lolium, 

cf.  giglio  from  liliujn.  It.  has  also  lolio,  Arag.  luello  &c.  Hence 

Tg.  Jocira  a  winnowing- sieve. 
Gioja  giojello  -^  godere. 


230  GIORNO  —  GIUNARE. 

Griorno  It.,  Pr.  O.  Csit.Jorn,  Fr.Joiir;  from  diurnum,  L.  L.  Jor- 
niis;  dies  is  found  in  It.  dl,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  dia.  Hence  It.  sog- 
giorno,  O.  Sp.  sojorno,  Pr.  sojorn,  E.  sojourn,  Fr.  sejour  &c. 

Giostrare  —  giusta. 

Griovedi  It.,  Yy.  jeudi,  Pr.  Cat.  dijous;  from  /o^;/5  ^/^'s,  diesJovis; 
^i^.Jneves,  Vr.jous,  from  /oy/s,  Wal.  ^o/,  Ven.  Romag.  zohia. 
Pg.  quinta  feira  =  jts^Tttrj  in  Mod.  Gr.,  M.  H.  G.  p/inztac, 
V.  Schmeller  1 ,  321. 

Giraffa  It,,  Sp.  girafa,  Fr.  girafe,  E.  giraffe;  from  Ar.  zarrdfah, 

Girandola  girandula  girandole  —  ^?ro. 

Gire  It.  to  go,  defective;  from  de-ire(?),  cf.  L.  L.  de-ambidare, 

Girfalco  gerfaleo  It.,  Sp.  gerifalte  (from  the  Fr.),  Pr.  girfalc, 
Fr.  gerfaut,  E.  jerfalcon;  the  gir  ger  is  prob.  the  O.  H.  G.  gir, 
G.  geier  ■=  Sansk.  grighra  a  vulture ,  and  this  was  afterwards 
connected  with  gyrare  so  that  we  have  in  L.  L.  gyrofalco  {a  gy- 
rando  Albert.  Mag.).    Cf.  It.  ruota,  Ven.  ronda,  Gr.  oiCgytog. 

Giro  It.  Sp.,  Pr.  gir  a  circle,  round;  from  gyrus.  0.  Fr.  gires 
pangs  of  labour,  Berr.  girande  gerente  a  woman  in  labour.  It. 
gir  are  J  O.  Fr.  girer  from  gyrare;  It.  girandola,  Sp.  girandula, 
Fr.  girandole  a  fire- wheel,  girandole,  from  a  lost  giranda  = 
Fr.  girande;  Yv.girouette  for  girotette  (cf.  It. gir otta)  a  weather- 
cock. 

Girofle  —  garofano. 

Giron  —  gherone. 

Gisarme  —  guisarma. 

Giu  —  giuso. 

Giubba  giuppa  It.,  Sp.  al-juba,  Vr.Jupa,  Fr.Jupe,  Com.  Crem. 
gibba,  Mil.  Rh.  gippa,  M.  H.  G.  gippe  joppe;  It.  giubbone,  Sp. 
jubon,  V^.jubdo  gibcio,  Csit.gipd,  Vr.Jubon,  Fr.Jupon,  Wal. 
jubea.  From  Ar.  al-jubbah  a  woollen  petticoat.  Hence  also 
Sp.  chupa.  It.  cioppa(?),  G.  schaube. 

Giubbetto  giubbetta  It.,  Fr.  gibet ,  whence  E.  gibbet.  The  It.  is 
a  dim.  of  giubba,  a  little  jacket,  a  collar,  a  halter.  For  i  from 
u,  cf.  genisse. 

Giuggiola  It.,  Sp.  jujuba,  Fr.  E.  jujube;  from  zizyphum.  The 
usu.  Sp.  word  is  azufaifa. 

Giulebbe  It.,  f^i^.julepe,  Pr.  Fr.  Yi.  julep;  from  Ar.julCib,  from 
Pers.  gul  rose,  and  db  water. 

Giulivo  It.,  Pr.  0.  ¥y.  joli  for  jolif,  Yi.  jolly,  Fr.  ^o// pretty ;  vb. 
O.  Fr.  joliver  jolier  to  enjoy  oneself.  Not  from  Jovialis,  but 
from  O.  ^.jol  a  Christmas  festivity  (E.  yule),  Swed.  Dan.^'t//, 
Goth,  jiuleis. 

GiuUaro  —  giocolaro. 

Giumella  It.  as  much  as  can  be  held  in  the  two  hands  placed 
together;  irom.  h.  gemellce.    For  the  m  from  ^,  cLFr.jumeau. 

Giunare  It.,  Wal.  ajuna,  Sp.  ayunar,  Vg.jejuar,  Yr.jeonar,  Fr. 


GIUNCHIGLIA  —  GLAISE.  231 

jeuner  to  fast;  from  jejunare  (Tertull.);  the  je  is  lost  in  Fr. 
jeuner,  Sp.  a-yunar  (cf.  ayer  from  heri).  For  giunare  we  have 
It.  digiunare,  Pr.  Cat.  dejunar,  adj.  digiuno  dejun  (jejunus). 
Fr.  dejeuner,  Sp.  desayunar,  Wal.  dejiina  break -fast. 

Giunchiglia  It.,  Sp.  junquillo,  Fr.  jonquille,  E.  jonquil;  from 
juncus,  its  hotanic  name  being  narcissus  juncifolius, 

Giusarma  —  guisarme. 

Giuso  It.,  contr.  ^/w,  0.  Sp.  j^w50  ayuso  jus,  O.  Tg.juso,  Vr.jos 
jotz  jus,  O.  Fr.  ^'w5^  Wal.  ^m  Jo5  for  L.  infra.  From  deosum 
for  deorsu?n,  L.  h.josumjusum  asjornus  from  diurnus,  O.  Sp. 
also  <?m50. 

Giusquiamo  It.,  Si^.josquiamo,  Yv.jusquiame  (f.)  henbane;  from 
hyosciamus  (vo^xva^og)^  corrupted  into  jusquiamus  by  Palla- 
dius. 

Giusta  giusto  (cf.  contra  contt^o),  Pr.  josta,  O.  Fr.  joste  juste; 
homjuxta  also  =  secundnm^  in  Rom.,  which  meaning  it  had 
often  in  L.  L.,  and  occasionally  also  in  L.  Hence  It.  giustare 
giostrare,  Sp.  Pg.  justar,  Pr.  jostar  justar,  Yx.jouter,  O.  Fr. 
joster  juster,  Yi.  joust  orig.  =  to  bring  together;  sbst.  giostra, 
Vy.  josta  justa,  Yr.joute,  ^.  joust,  M.H.G.  tjost,  M.Du.joeste; 
Cf.  Berr.  mon  champ  joute  au  sien  adjoins.  Hence  Pr.  ajostar, 
Fr.  ajouter  to  add ,  E.  adjust.  The  E.  jostle  is  a  frequentative 
form. 

Givre  Fr.  (f.)  a  snake  in  heraldry,  O.Fr.  givre  snake;  for  guivre 
from  viper  a,  O.  H.  G.  wiper  a,  whence  also  0.  Fr.  wivre,  W. 
gwiher,  Bret,  wiher,  E.  viper.  Givre  also  =  a  snake -like  mis- 
sile and  an  icicle,  Burg.gevre,  Vr. givre,  gibre,  Csit.gebre  hoar- 
frost ,  vb.  Pr.  gibrar,  Cat.  gebrar. 

Glaba  It.  a  layer,  shoot;  from  clava;  for  the  &,  cf.  the  form 
clabula. 

Glacier  O.  Fr.  (glacoier)  to  glide.  From  glades,  so  to  slip  like 
ice,  cf.  brillare,  to  shine  like  beryl,  corbare  to  cry  like  a  raven, 
formicare  to  swarm  like  ants. 

Glai  —  ghiattire. 

Glaieul  —  glaive. 

Glaire  (f.)  Fr.,  Pr.  glara  humeur  visqueuse,  Sp.  clara  (de  huevo 
=glaire  d'ceuf).  It.  cJiiara,  1^.  glare,  gleire,  glere  {gleyreGh?iuc.). 
Not  (as  Grimm)  from  A.  S.  glaere  amber,  which  ^^L.  glcesum, 
O.  N.  gler  glas,  Dan.  Sw.  glas,  E.  glass,  nor  (as  Mahn)  from 
the  Celtic:  Bret,  giaour,  W.  glyfoer  drivel,  slaver,  connected 
with  Br.  glao  glav,  W.  gwlaw  rain  (connected  with  L.  pluvia), 
Br.  gleb,  V^.  gwleb  givlyb  wet;  but  from  clarum  ovi,  cf.  Pr. 
clara  d'un  hueu.  It.  chiara,  Sp.  clara,  M.  H.  G.  eierkldr.  It 
borrows  the  gender  of  glarea  gravel  (It.  chiara  also  :=  sand- 
bank). 

Glaise  Fr.,  Pr.  gleza  clay;  from  L.  L.  glis  glitis  =  humus  tenax. 


232  GLAIVE  —  GOCCIA. 

adj.  gliteus  =  cretaceus.  Glis  is,  perhaps,  connected  with  Gk. 
ylCa  glue ,  ylioiQog. 

Glaive  Fr.  (m.),  Pr.  glavi  a  sword,  E.  glaive,  It.  glave  a  sword- 
fish.  From  gladiiis  came  Pr.  glazi  (z  =  d),  glai  glavi,  cf.  from 
adulterium  azuUeri  aiUteri  avtdieri,  vidua  veuza  veuva.  Glaive 
=  glavi  as  saive  =  savi,  O.  Fr.  glai  (whence  gla'ieid)  ~-  Pr. 
glai. 

Glaner  Fr.,  Pic.  Champ,  glener,  N.  Pr.  glend,  E.  glean,  Fr.  glane 
a  handfull  of  ears  of  corn  &c. ;  lu.lu.gle?iare.  From  the  Celtic, 
W.  glain  gldn  =  clean,  vb.  glanhau  to  clean  up,  to  glean. 

Glapir  Fr.  to  yelp;  Du.  klappen,  M.  H.  G.  klaffen,  O.  H.  G. 
klaffdn.   Hence  Fr.  clavaud,  cf.  Du.  klahbaerd,  E.  clapper, 

Glas  —  chiasso. 

Glasto  —  guado. 

Glatir  —  ghiattire. 

Glave  —  glaive, 

Glay  —  ghiado. 

Gleton  0.  Fr.,  also  gletteron,  Fr.  glouteron  a  burdock;  from  the 
G.  klelte,  O.  H.  G.  chlcito,  ace.  chleUun,  chletton. 

Glette  Fr.  litharge;  from  the  G.  {^'A\iQY-)gldtle. 

Glisser  Fr.  to  slip;  from  G.  glit-scn  glitschen,  Du.  glitsen.  We 
find  in  It.  glisciare,  O.  Fr.  glinser  j  N.  Pr.  linsd,  Burg,  linzer, 

Gloriette  Fr.,  Sp.  glorieta  a  bower,  prop.  =  a  fine,  handsome 

chamber  (gloria). 
Glousser  —  chiocciare, 
Glouteron  —  gleton, 
Glouton  —  ghiotto. 
Glu  Fr.  (f.),  Pr.  glut,  Vg.  grudc  bird-lime,  Yt.glue;  from  glus 

glutis  (Ausonius).   Hence  Pic.  englui,  Pr.  englul,  Sp.  engrudo, 

vb.  engludar  engrudar. 

Glui  Fr.,  Pr.  glueg  straw;  from  Flem.  geluye  gluye,  or  from  W. 

doig. 
GnafFe  It.  interj . ;  from  mia  fe. 
Gobbe  Fr.,  Norm.  ^oZ^6'/,  Y^.  gobbet,  Norm,  gohinc  a  meal,  Fr. 

goher  to  gobble,  E.  gob  a  mouthful.   Cf.  Gael,  gob,  W.  gwb  a 

beak,  v.  Dief.  Goth.  Wb.  1,  169. 

Gobbo  It.,  Rh.  gob  a  hump,  Fr.  gobin,  from  gibba  gibbus,  L.  L. 
gybbus  (KV(pog).    Al.  from  W.  gob  a  heap. 

Gobelet  —  coppa. 

Gobelin  goblin  Fr.,  E.  goblin  hob-goblin.  From  Tco^ccXog,  whence 
also  G.  kobold?  V.  Grimm  Myth.  p.  420,  Diefenb.  Goth. 
Wb.  1,  150,  who  compares  Bret,  gobilin  an  ignis  fatuus.  But 
the  Bret,  gobilin  is  doubtless  the  W.  coblyn  (properly  ==  one 
who  knocks,  from  cobio  to  knock),  v.  Wedgwood. 

Goceia  It.,  Crem.  (m.)  gozy  gouzy  a  drop.  Not  immediately  from 


GODA  —  GOITRE.  233 

gutta,  but  prob.  from  vb.  gocciare,  for  gotteggiare  =  Vr.  go- 
teiar,  Pg.  gotejar. 

Goda  is[.  Pr.  a  dirty  slut,  O.  Fr.  godon  a  rake,  Fr.  gouine  a 
whorC;  for  godine,  dim.  Bnrg,  godineta,  Rouchi  godineie,  Burg. 
gaudrille,  O.  Fr.  gouderois  (cf.  0.  E.  gaudery  sprightliness); 
godemine  pleasure;  vb.  O.  Fr.  goder,  Fr.  godailler,  Berr.  gou- 
ailler  to  feast,  revel;  also  Sp.  (gipsy)  godo  godeho,  godizo 
dainty,  goderia  a  drinking-bout,  Pied,  gaudineta,  Pg.  engodar 
to  allure,  cf.  Rouchi  godan  lure,  bait.  Basq.  godaria  =  cho- 
colate (enticing  drink)  from  the  Rom.  From  the  l^.gaudere(?), 
but  the  sbst.  goday  adj.  godo,  can  only  be  referred  to  the  W. 
god  wantonness.  Hence,  perhaps,  also  the  Fr.  goinfre  a  rake, 
the  rare  termination  being  found  also  in  gouUafre.  The  verb 
godailler  is  referred  by  some  to  a  sbst.  godale  =  E.  good  ale. 

Godailler  godon  goinfre  —  goda. 

Godere  gioire  It.,  O.Pg.  gouvir,  Pr.  gauzir  jauzir,  Yv.jouir,  Pic. 
se  gaudir,  horn  gaudere;  sbst.  ^g.  goivo,  Vy.  gang  joi,  Wald. 
goy y^.joy ,  ^\^o  i.  It.  gioja,  S^.Joya,  Pg.Vr.Joia,  Yr.joie, 
Sp.  Pg.=jewel,  Fr.:=joy,  It.  Pr.==joy,  jewel,  hom. gaudium, 
gaudia;  hence  It.  giojello,  ^^.  joy  el,  Yr.Joiel,  0.  Yr.joel,  Fr. 
joyau,  Yi.  jewel y  L.  L.  (wrongly)  jocale  ior  gaudiale.  Vr.jau- 
zion,  i.  jauzionda  from  gaiidibundus  Apuleius  and  L.  L. 

Godet  Fr.  a  pitcher,  for  gotet  =  gottet  from  guttus,  It.  gotto. 

Godo  —  goda. 

Goeland  Fr.  a  gull;  from  the  Celtic,  Bret,  gwelan,  W.  gtvylan 
(E.  gull?),  Gael,  foilenn,  from  vb.  gwela  Bret.,  gwylaiv  W., 
to  cry. 

Goffo  It.,  y^'^.gofo,  Fr.  goffe,  Yi.  gof  guff  {^yoy.)  stupid,  clownish. 
Perhaps  the  same  word  as  L.  L.  gufa  (vestis  ==  villata)  thick, 
coarse.  Some  derive  it  from  the  Gk.  'nca^pog.  It  is  connected 
with  the  Bav.  goff  a  blockhead. 

Gogna  It.  pillory,  halter;  shortened  from  vergogna,  cf.  Sp.  ver- 
guenza,  and  gogna  =  dilemma. 

Gogues  Fr.  (pi.)  merriment,  goguettes  tricks,  se  goguer,  gogue- 
nard,  gogaille,  Lang,  goug alios  =  goguettes.  Bret,  has  gogea 
to  mock,  W.  gogan  satire,  or  gogues  may  be  from  G.  gaucli 
cuckoo,  cf.  O.N.  gauka  to  be  merry  =  goguer.  Fr.  gogue  also 
=  plentiful  supply  of  good  things  to  eat,  etre  en  gogo  to  live 
in  clover,  goguelu  one  so  living,  insolent,  from  W.  gog  super- 
abundant. 

Goi  0.  Fr.  in  vertu-goi  ==■  vertu  de  dieu,  mort-goi,  sang-goi,  N. 
Pr.  tron  de  goi  z=z  morbleu,  from  G.  god  got.  Vertu- guieu  is 
for  vertu- dieu.   Similar  corruptions  are  frequent  in  oaths. 

Goitre  Fr.  (m.),  O.  Fr.  Pr.  goitron;  from  guttur  gutter,  whence 
goetr  goitre.  We  find  Li.h.gutturnia  for  gutturnea,  cf.  roburnea 
from  rohur,  whence  L.  L.  gutturnosus ,  Pr.  gutrinos. 


234  GOIVA  —  GONZO. 

Goiva  —  gubia, 

Golafre  —  goliart. 

Goldre  Sp.,  Pg.  coldre  a  quiver;  from  corytus. 

Goliart  O.  Fr.  Pr.,  0.  Pg.  goliardo,  L.  L.  goiiardiis,  O.  E.  goU- 

ardeis  (Chauc.)  a  low  j ester ^  parasite,  It.  goliare  to  long  for, 

from  gula,  whence  also  Fr.  gouliafre,  Sp.  golafre  greedy,  for 

term.  of.  goinfre  (goda). 
GoUizo  Sp.  gorge  of  mountains  &c.;  from  gula,  Sp.  gola, 
Golondrina  —  rondine, 
Golpe  It.,  O.  Sp.,  Rh.  guolp,  golp,  whence  O.  Sp.  gulpeja,  0.  Fr. 

goupille  gourpille,  usu.  m.  goupil  gourpil,  also  wourpille  iverpille 

iverpil  a  fox;  vb.  0.  Fr.  goupiller  to  creep,  slink  aAvay;  Fr. 

goupillon  a  tail,  brush  (prop,  of  the  fox),  goupille  the  body  of 

a  nail  as  opp.  the  head.   From  vulpes,  v  =  gu  sometimes,  cf. 

R.  Gr.  1,  187.   Other  names  of  this  animal,  so  w^ell  known  in 

the  fables  of  the  middle  ages ,  are  renard,  Pr.  guiner,  Cat. 

guineu,  Sp.  raposa,  zorra,  O.  Sp.  marotay  gulhara,  Sard.  7nar- 

gianiy  Lang,  mandro. 
Gomia  Sp.  (f.)  a  prodigal,  glutton;  from  gumia  (grumia?)  Lucil. 

and  Apuleius. 
Gomito  —  cuhito. 
Gomona  gomena  gumina  It.,   Sp.  Pg.  gumena,   Fr.  goumene 

anchor  -  cable ;  from  Ar.  al-gomal  or  al-gomol. 
Gond  —  gonzo. 

Gonda  gondola  It.,  whence  Sp.  gondola,  Fr.  gondola  a  gondola. 
From  Jtovdv  =  a  drinking-vessel  (Fr.  gondole),  or  from  an  0. 
L.  gondus  =  scyphus  patera  (Menage  from  an  old  Glossary). 

Gonfalone  It.,  0.  Pg.  gonfalao,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  gonfanon,  Fr.  gonfa- 
lon a  banner;  from  O.  H.  Q^.gundfano  (gimdja  battle  and  fano 
cloth).  From  the  form  cundfano  come  Pied.  Sp.  confalon,  Pr. 
confano,  0.  Fr.  confanon.  Sic.  cunfahiniy  Ven.  confaloniero. 

Gonflare  It.,  Fr.  gonfler,  W.  genfa  to  swell ;  from  conflare  for 
mflare  (N.  Pr.  coufla).  It.  gonfio,  Genev.  gonfle  ■=  Fr.  gonfle, 
as  enfle  =  enfle.  N.  Pr.  gofe  full,  vb.  goufa,  Genev.  goffet 
thick,  come  from  the  same,  not  from  goffo. 

Gonna  It.  a  petticoat,  O.Sp.  Pr.  gona,  O.  Fr.  gone  a  coat,  monk's 
habit,  L.  L.  gunna,  L.  Gr.  yovva^  Alb.  gune.  Varro  mentions 
a  L.  gaunaciim  a  shaggy  covering,  but  the  form  does  not  suit 
the  Rom.  word.  Prob.  the  L.  and  Rom.  are  both  from  the 
Celtic,  W.  gwn,  E.  gown,  though  Diez  says  these  may  be 
from  the  Rom.  (^givn  from  gone  as  fwl  from  fol),  v.  Due.  s. 
guna,  and  Marsh,  Origin  and  History  of  English,  pp.  86,  542. 

Gonzo  engonzo  Pg.,  Sp.  gonce  gozne,  Fr.  gond,  Pr.  gofon  for 
gonfon  a  hinge.  Gonzo  from  L.  contus,  gofon  from  gomphuSj 
gond  from  contus  and  Lorr.  angon  =  ancon. 


GONZO  —  GOUGE.  235 

Gronzo  It.  rude,  sottish.  From  Sp.  ganso?  or  from  Ven.  gozzo 
=  It.  ghiozzo. 

Gora  (o  aperto)  an  aqueduct ,  mill-leat;  from  the  Sw.  wnor,  Rh. 
vuor  (so  =  guora),  v.  Frisch  2,  459*^. 

Gorbia  —  guhia. 

Gordo  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  gort  fat,  thick,  Fr.  gourd  stiff,  engourdir  to 
benumb ;  from  L.  giirdus  (Laberius  in  Gellius,  and  Quintilian) 
stupid,  doltish;  Quintilian  says  oi gurdus:  ex Hispanid  duxisse 
originem  audivi,  cf.  O.  Sp.  =  stupid.  The  It.  ingordo  greedy 
is  rather  from  "m  gurgitem^^y  cf.  0.  Fr.  adj.  en f rum  (It.  ingor- 
darsi  ==  se  mgurgitare). 

Gore  —  gorre. 

Gorge  —  gorgo. 

Gorgia  gorgogliare  —  gorgo. 

Gorgo  It.,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  gore  gort,  Fr.  gour  whirlpool;  It.  Sp.  Pr. 
gorga,  Fr.  E.  gorge,  also  It.  gorgia;  from  gurges.  Pr.  gorgolh 
from  gurguUo,  vb.  It.  gorgogliare  &c. 

Gorgojo  Sp.  weevil;  from  curculio, 

Gormar  —  gourme. 

Goro  —  haero. 

Gorra  Sp.  Pg.  It.  a  cap,  Sp.  also  gorro.  From  the  Basque  gorria 
red,  a  favorite  colour  for  caps.  Articles  of  clothing  are  often 
named  from  their  colour,  cf.  l)ujo.  It.  gorra  =  also  an  osier, 
prop,  the  red  osier.  O.  Fr.  gorres  =  rubans,  livrees  des  nou- 
veaux  maries  Roquefort,  gorrer  gorrier  gorriere  =  hotn?ne  et 
femme  magnifiquemeni  pares,  O.  Fr.  gorre  verole,  mal  ve- 
nerien. 

Gorupo  —  groppo, 

Gos  —  cuccio. 

Gosier  —  gueux. 

Gota  It.,  Pr.  gauta,  Yx.joue  (whence  Yj.jaw?)  cheek,  jaw;  Cat. 
galta,  Mod.  golta,  Rh.  gaulta;  Sp.  has  only  galtera  =  cheek- 
piece  of  a  helm.  Pr.  au  gives  o  al  ou;  gauta  is  the  L.  gahata, 
h.Li.gavata  (Bret,  gaved)  gauta,  as  parabola  paravola  paraula. 
Gahata  =  an  eating -vessel  (Langued.  gaouda). 

Goto  Pg.  throat ;  from  guttur. 

Gotta  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  gota,  Fr.  goutte,  E.  gout;  Wal.  gute,  It.  goc- 
ciola  apoplexy;  from  gutta,  G.  troph:  tropfen  apoplexia  in  a 
Diet.,  date  1445.  These  diseases  were  supposed  to  be  caused 
by  drops  of  water  from  the  brain,  v.  Ducange.  Hence  Fr, 
esgout  eg  out  a  drain ,  gouttiere  a  gutter. 

Goudron  —  catrame. 

Goufflre  —  golfo. 

Gouge  —  guhia. 

Gouge  Fr.  a  wench,  N.  Pr.  gougeo  a  maid;  whence  Fr.  goujat; 
from  Heb.^oy  people;  the  Jcavs  called  a  Christian  maid  goye. 


236  GOUINE  —  GRABUtlE. 

Gouine  —  goda. 

Goujon  Fr.^  E.  gudgeon,  from  L.  gohio  (It.  Sp.). 

Gouliafre  —  goliart. 

Goupil  goupillon  —  golpe. 

Goupiller  —  volpilh. 

Gour  —  gorgo. 

Gourd  —  gordo. 

Gourde  —  cucuzza. 

Gourme  Fr.  glanders ;  Pg.  gosma  foul  humours  y  gosmar  Sp.  gor- 
mar  to  vomit ;  Rouchi  gourmer  to  sip,  Fr.  gourmand  a  glutton, 
Norm,  gourmacher  to  be  foul;  Yy.  gourmer  to  beat  with  the 
fists,  to  bit  a  horse,  gourmette  a  bit,  gourmander  to  maltreat, 
fall  foul  of.  From  N.  gormr  dirt  (gor),  E.  gor7n  to  soil  (cf. 
Berr.  eau  gourmie  dirty  water),  W.  gorm  repletion,  whence 
gormes  a  burden,  gormail  oppression.  Others  make  a  separate 
word  gourme  found  in  Bret,  gromm  and  in  gourmette,  gourmer, 
gourmender,  and  coming  from  Celtic  crom  (crwmm)  bent,  cf. 
E.  curb  from  Fr.  courbe  =  curvus. 

Gourmette  —  gourme  and  grvmo. 

Gousse  —  guscio. 

Goutte  —  gotta. 

Gozne  —  gonzo. 

Gozo  Sp.  Pg.  pleasure,  mirth,  vb.  gozar,  0.  Val.  gozar.  Cat. 
gosar,  N.  Pr.  gausd.  From  gaudium,  Cat.  gotj,  0.  Val.  got  jar, 
cf.  mitj  from  medius,  ratj  from  radius.  From  jozo  is  Sp.  re- 
gocijo. 

Gozque  —  cuccio. 

Gozzo  It.  crop,  craw,  Lomb.  goss.  Shortened  from  gorgozzo. 
from  gurges;  we  have  f.  gorgozza  and  also  cor  gozzo.  For  the 
loss  of  the  P*  syllable,  cf.  cenno.  Sorgozzonc  sergozzone  ^^ 
sub  guttur  pugnus  inflictus  Ferrari.  Trangugiare  =  trangor- 
giare. 

Graal  greal  grasal  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  grazal,  O.  Cat.  gresal  a  cup  or 
bowl  of  wood,  earth  or  metal.  In  South  France  grazal  grazau 
grial  gran  are  used  for  various  kinds  of  vessels ,  Fr.  grassale 
=  a  bowl.  From  greal  comes  O.  Sp.  g7ial  greal ,  Pg.  gral  (a 
mortar),  O.  Ven.  graellino.  The  Saint  graal  of  the  Romances 
was  the  dish  which  was  used  at  the  institution  of  the  Holy 
Eucharist,  M.  H.  G.  grdl.  The  d  of  the  L.  L.  gradalis  answers 
to  the  z  of  the  Pr.,  which,  therefore,  would  appear  to  be  the 
earliest  form.  Two  of  the  various  derivations  given  may  be 
mentioned  as  probable:  (1)  gratialis  from  gratia  in  L.  L.  == 
the  Holy  Supper,  which,  however,  does  not  suit  the  Fr. 
graal;  (2)  crater,  L.  L.  cratus  whence  cr  at  alls,  grazal,  graal. 

Grabar  —  graver. 

Grabuge  Fr.  a  quarrel,  brawl,  Rouchi  grabuche,  O.  Fr.  gra- 


GRACCO  —  GRANCIPORRO.  237 

heuge.  Prob.  a  compound  word,  Pr.  grahma,  vb.  grahusar, 
O.  Fr.  greuse,  Jura  greuse. 

Graeeo  gracculo  graechia  It.,  ^^.grajo  graja,  V^.gralho  gralha, 
Pr.  grallia,  0.  Fr.  graille  a  jay,  jacdaw;  from  graculus,  L.  L. 
gracula. 

Gracidare  It.  to  croak  (of  frogs),  Sp.  Pg.  graznar  (of  ravens). 

Grada  It.  Sp.,  Pg.  grade  (f.),  E.  grate,  Sp.  Pg.  also  =  harrow, 
from  crates;  It.  gradella.  From  dim.  craticola  (L.L.  graticuld), 
come  It.  graticola,  Fr.  ^n7/^,  ^n7,  E.  grill,  Mil.  grella,  Fr.  vb. 
griller,  E.  ^r?//^  for  graille  graille  (i  for  flf?,  cf.  chignon  grignon) 
O.  Fr.  also  grail,  vb.  graelier,  graaillier,  Berr.  grdler. 

Grado  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  ^r«^^  Fr.  ^re,  0.  E.  gree  will,  liking; 
from  gratum.  Hence  It.  malgrado ,  Pr.  malgrat,  Fr.  malgre, 
E.  maugre  (sc.  «  ;;2«/  grado),  cf.  L.  ;??«/^  grains.  Vb.  It.  gradire, 
Pr.  gradir;  It.  ag gradire  aggradare,  Sp.  agradar  agreiar,  Fr. 
agreer  to  please,  approve,  E.  agree;  It.  agradevole ,  Sp.  Pr. 
agradahle,  Fr.  agr cable,  E.  agreeable. 

Grafflo  It.,  Sp.  garfio  garfa,  Pr.  grafio  a  hook,  claw;  vb.  It. 
graffiarc,  Tiwv^. grafftner  (sbst.  grafftn);  Fr.  agrafe  a  brooch; 
It.aggraffare,  ^^.agarrafar  cngarrafar,  Wall.  «</;Y//<?r  to  grasp. 
From  O.  H.  G.  krapfo  krafo  a  hook,  E.  ^r«&. 

Gragea  —  treggea. 

Graille  graja  —  gracco. 

Grama  Sp.  Romag.,  It.  grdmola,  Pg.  gramadeira  a  brake  (for 
hemp),  ^^.gramilla;  yh.Fg. gramar,  B,omsig.  grame  to  prepare 
hemp,  ^^.gramar  to  knead  dough,  It.  gramolare  in  both  senses. 
Perhaps  from  carminare. 

Gramalla  —  camaglio, 

Gramallera  —  cremaillon. 

Grammaire  Fr.,  Pr.  gramaira  gramdiria ,  E.  grammar;  formed 
from  the  Pr.  gramddi  =  grammaticus ,  whence  gramadaria  gra- 
mdiria, d  being  vocalized  into  i.  O.  Fr.  masc.  gra?naire  = 
grammaticus  (grammaticarius) ,  Basque  gramaticaria ,  O.  H.  G. 
gramatichare ;  hence  Fr.  grammairien.  Cf.  L.  L.  judicarius 
from  judex. 

Grana  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Pg.  grda,  O.  Fr.  graine  (whence  E.  grain)  a 
scarlet  berry,  coccus  ilicis,  scarlet  cloth,  in  Sp.  also  =  cochi- 
neal (coccus  cacti),  L.  L.  grana,  M.  H.  G.  gran;  from  granum, 
cf.  xoxxog,  V.  omn.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  Eng.  Lang.  Hence 
It.  granata  =  a  granate  or  garnet  stone,  and  =  Sp.  granada  a 
T^ome-granate. 

Granehio  grancio  It.,  Pr.  Cat.  crane,  W.  crane,  Bret,  krayik. 
Wall,  cranche  a  crab,  Fr.  chancre  a  cancer;  a  corruption  of 
cancer  cancri.  Hence  Pg.  granquejo  garanquejo ,  Sp.  cangrejo 
from  a  dim.  cancriculus.    Hence,  too.  It.  grancire  to  seize? 

Granciporro  It.  cancer  marinus ;  from  cancer  and  pagurus. 


238  GRANCIRE  —  GREGUES. 

Graneire  —  granchio. 

Grange  —  granja. 

Grangear  —  granja. 

Granguejo  —  granchio. 

Granito  It.,  Sp.  granido,  Fr.  granit,  E.  granite;  from  granum 

because  of  its  grained  appearance ;  granito  prop,  a  participle 

of  vb.  granire. 
Granja  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  E.  grange;  from  granea  L.  L.,  which  has 

also  a  form  granica,  whence  0.  Fr.  granche,  Pr.  granga.    Sp. 

has  the  special  sense  of  farm,  whence  grangear  to  till,  gain. 
Granter  —  creanter. 
Grappa  It.^  Sp.  Pg.  grapa  hook,  claw,  Sp.  grapon;  Fr.  grappin 

an  anchor,  Ven.  grapeia  bur;  vb.  It.  grappare  aggrappare, 

l^ovm-.grapper,  Vicagraper  (agrape,  Wall.  agrap=.Yx. agrafe). 

From  O.  H.  G.  krapfo,  G.  krappen,  W.  crap,  E.  grab.    Hence 

also  It.  grappo  grappolo,  Fr.  grappe,  0.  Fr.  Pic.  Champ,  crape 

grape -stalk,  grape,  Du.  grappe  krappe ,  E.  grape. 
Grascia  It.  provisions,  grascino  inspector  of  markets;  from  ayo- 

QaaCa.    Grascia  also  =  Fr.  graisse  fat. 
Graspo  —  raspare. 
Grasso  It.,  Sp.  graso,  V^.graxo,  Pr.  Rh.  Wal.  Fr.  gras  fat;  from 

crassus,  L.L.  grassus;  also  It.  Fg.crasso,  Si^.crassio  crasio,  Fr. 

crasse,  E.  crass  (usu.  in  metaph.  sense). 
Grasta  It.  a  flower-pot;  a  Sicil.  word,  from  yd6xQa  a  big-bellied 

vessel. 
Grattare  It.,  Sp.Pr.^;Y//«r,  Fr.  gratter  to  scratch;  from  O.H.G. 

chrazon,  Du.  kratsen  &c.    Hence  Fr.  gratin,  egratigner;  It. 

grattugio,  Dauph.  gratusi  a  rasp,  cf.  It.  graitugiare y  Pr.  gra- 

tuzar,  0.  Fr.  gratuser. 
Gratusi  —  grattare. 
Gravelle  gravier  gravois  —  greve. 
Graver  Fr.,  E.  grave,  Sp.  grabar  (from  the  Fr.);  from  G.  graben 

rather  than  from  ygdcpeiVy  g)  =:=  /f,  cf.  yQucpCov  greffe. 
Gravir  Fr.  to  climb;  from  gradus,  It.  gradire,  Fr.  gra-ir,  gravir; 

cf.  emblaver,  parvis,  pouvoir.. 
Graznar  —  gracidare. 
Gre  —  grado.  ^ 

Gredon  —  gretto. 
GreflPe  Fr.  (m.)  an  office,  bureau,  0.  Fr.  grafe,  Pr.  grafi  =  L. 

graphium,  cf .  bureau  for  a  similar  extension  of  meaning.  Hence 

Pr.  grafinar  to  scratch,  N.  Pr.  esgraffd,  0.  Y\\  esgraffer  to 

scratch  out,  Fr.  egraffigner  to  blot,  soil. 
Greffe  Fr.  (f.),  greffer  =  E.  gra/f  graft,  M,  Du.  grafe,  grafen. 

Identical  with  the  former  word,  f.  from ,11.  plur.;  the  shoot 

would  be  sharp  and  pointed  like  the  stylus ,  cf.  Sp.  mugron. 
Gregues  Fr.  breeches ;  from  W.  gwregys  girdle. 


GRELE  —  GREVE.  239 

Grele  Fr.;  Pr.  graile  slim,  thin,  shrill;  from  gracilis.    Hence 

O.  Fr.  sbst.  gr aisle  grelle,  Vv,  graile  a  wind-instrument,  cf. 

clairon  from  clair. 
Grele  greler  —  gres. 
Grelo  —  grillo. 
Grelot  Fr.  a  bell;  from  grelle  (v. grele),  or  from  croialum  a  rattle, 

greloUer  to  chatter  witli  the  teeth. 
Grembo  lap;  ixova  gremiwn,  grembio{yfh.enQ.Q grembiatd)^  gre7nho ; 

cf.  combiato  from  commeaius,  Mil.  scimhia  for  scimmia,  vendem- 

hia  for  vendemmia. 
Gremire  ghermire  to  claw;  from  O.  H.  G.  krimman. 
Grenon  —  greha. 
Grenouille  Fr.,  Pr.  granolha  a  frog  =  It.  ranocchia  from  a  Lat. 

ranucula,  O.  Fr.  renouille ,  rane  raine  in  several  dialects.   For 

the  g  prefixed  cf.  grenonillette  for  ranunculus ,  It.  gracimolo  ;= 

racimolo. 
Grena  Sp.  tangled  hair,  Pg.  grenha  hair  of  the  head,  Vr.  gren 

(m.)  beard;  whence  O.  Sp.  grenon  grinon^  Pr.  O.  Fr.  grignon 

grenon  guernon  beard  or  mustachio.   From  L.  L.  granus  {vide- 

rnus  granos  et  cinnabar  Gothorum  Isid.)  =  0.  H.  G.  gram  (pi. 

whence  the  Rom.  forms  with  the  weak  n) ,  M.  H.  G.  gran, 

O.  N.  gron  beard ,  G.  granne  bristle ,  also  Gael,  granni  long 

hair,  W.  grann  ^^cilium'^    The  Rom.  ?  is  prob.  due  to  crinis. 
Greppia  It.  \creppia) ,  Pr.  crepia  crepeha,  O.  Fr.  crebe,  greche, 

Fr.  creche  a  crib;  from  O.  H.  G.  krippa  krippea,  O.  G.  cribbia, 

E.  crib.    From  the  kindred  L.  G.  form  krubbe  come  the  Pr. 

crupia,  Piedm.  Ven.  grupia,  Gen.  groeppia,  Romagn.  gropia. 

The  B.  has  a  similar  form  khorbua.    The  Sp.  uses  a  L.  word, 

pesebre,  Lomb.  parseiv,  presef. 
Greppo  It.,  Rh.  grip,  Ven.  grebano,  Com.  grip  crap  {■=  Rh.  crap 

carp  gravel)  cip  (from  clip)  cliff;  from  O.l^.Q.klep,  Gr.klippe, 

E.  cli/f,  W.  clip. 
Gres  Fr.  (m.)  sand -stone,  N.  Pr.  gres  coarse  sand,  whence  Pr. 

greza  gressa  (graissa),  Fr.  grele  hail- stones ,  yh.  greler;  dim. 

Fr.  gresil  fine  hail,  Pr.  grazil,  vb.  gresiller,  grazilhar.    Cf.  N. 

Pr.  gi^ezo  grit  =  0.  Pr.  greza  hail,  G.  kieseln  to  hail  from  kies 

gravel.    Gres  comes  from  0.  H.  G.  griez  grioz ,  G.  gries,  E. 

grit,  cf.  grele  (gresle)  from  M.  H.  G.  griezel  a  grain,  granule. 
Gresil  —  gres. 
Gresillon  O.  Fr.  a  cricket ;  from  gryllus,  for  grecillon,  cf .  oisillon 

from  avis,  pucelle  from,  pulla. 
Greto  It.  sandy  shore;  from  O.H.  G.  grioz,  O.  N.  gtiot,  E.  grit. 
Gretto  It.  greed,  or  adj.  greedy;  M.H.G.^nY,  Sidi^.gritec  greedy. 

With  the  L.  G.  ^  for  t  we  find  Fr.  gredin,  Pic.  guerdin,  Lorr. 

gordin,  cf.  Goth,  gredus,  O.  N.  grdd,  E.  greed. 
Greve  It.,  Pr.  greu,  O.  Fr.  grief  (Fr.  sbst.  E.  grief),  Wal.  grew, 


240  GREVE  —  GRILLO. 

from  gravis,  whence  It.  aggrevare,  O.  Fr.  agrever,  Pr.  agreu- 
jar  (as  ii aggraviare  aggreviare),  O.Fr.  agregier,  O.Y^.agregge, 
=  aggravate,  Fr.  rengreger  to  make  worse;  grevis  for  gravis, 
being  often  paired  with  its  opp.  levis,  cf.  Pr.  ni  greu  ni  leu. 
O.  Fr.  griete  =  gravitas, 

Greve  Fr.  (f .)  a  flat  sandy  shore ,  Pr.  Cat.  grava  gravel ,  Rh. 
grava  greva  sand -flat,  Nqxi.  grava  be^  of  a  mountain  stream, 
Fr.  gravier,  gravelle,  gravois,  E.  gravel.  Bret,  has  krae  grae, 
kroa  groa.    Perhaps  from  crau,  W.  crag. 

Griceiare  It.  to  scowl,  to  long  for;  Com.  sgriza  to  gnash;  from 
same  origin  as  Fr.  grincer  (q.  v.),  O.  H.  Gr.  grimizdn  to  gnash. 
It.  griccio  gricciolo  =  shivering  fit. 

Gridare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  grilar,  Fr.  crier  (E.  erg);  sbst.  It.  gfido 
grida,  Sp.  grito,  Fr.  cri  (erg);  Parm.  cridar,  Yen.  criaf^e,  Mil. 
cria,  O.Sp.  cridar  gridar,  crida  grida  grido.  The  root  is  found 
in  the  Goth,  gretan,  E.  greet,  Du.  krgten,  also  in  the  Celtic, 
but  the  immediate  etymon  is  L.  qumtare  whence  kiritare  cri- 
tare  gridare,  cf.  Fr.  Cricq  from  Qidricus,  triaca  from  theriaca. 
It.  sgridare,  O.  Fr.  escrier  have  been  influence^  by  the  O.  H. 
G.  scrum. 

Grief  —  greve. 

Grietar  Sp.,  Pg.  greiar  to  split,  burst,  sbst.  grieta  greta,  Lomb. 
cretlo;  from  crepitare. 

Griffe  Fr.  a  claw,  griffer  to  claw ;  from  O.  H.  G.  grifariy  G.  grei- 
fen,  E.  grip,  sbst.  grif,  grip.  Piedm.  has  grif.  Com.  grif  sgrif 
a  claw.  Ph.  grifla;  It.  grifo  a  snout.  Connected  with  these  is 
It.  griff 0  grif  one,  ^^.  grifo,  Vw  grifo,  Fr.  griffon,  ^.griffn 
from  L.  gryphus,  Fr.  vb.  griffer.  It.  grifagno,  O.  Fr.  grifaigne 
expressed,  in  the  latter  language  at  least,  not  so  much  the 
rapacity  of  a  bird  of  prey  as  a  malignant  threatening  aspect : 
Charlie  a  la  harhegrifaigne,  cf.  Dante:  Cesar e  armato  con  gli 
occhi  grifagni  (falcon  eyes). 

Grifo  —  griffe. 

Grignon  Fr.  crust  of  bread.  Norm,  grigne,  Pic.  grigneite.  N.  Pr. 
grignoun  =  grape -stone  &c.  From  graniim,  grignon  for 
greignon  or  graignon,  cf.  chignon  for  chaignon,  hargnigner  for 
hargaigner.   From  grignon  comes  Fr.  grignoter. 

Grigio  —  griso. 

Gril  grille  —  grada. 

Grillo  Sp.,  V^.grilho,  Ywgrilho,  Yx.grillet  fetter,  manacle;  from 
the  clanking  sound  like  the  note  of  the  cricket  (gryllus),  cf. 
O.  Fr.  gresillon,  which  has  both  senses. 

Grillo  It.  Sp.  caprice,  whim ;  from  the  sudden  leap  of  the  cricket 
(grillo)  QS..capriccio,  and  Rh./^nZ/rt;  in  both  senses.  Wi.grillare. 

Grillo  Sp.,  Cat.  grily,  Pg.  grelo  shoot,  sprout,  vb.  grillar  &c. 
From  gracilis,  through  the  O.  Fr.  grel. 


GRIM  —  GROGNER.  241 

Grim  Pr.  afflicted ,  grima  affliction ,  grimar  to  be  afflicted ;  from 
O.  H.  G.  grim  furious,  E.  grim,  cf.  gram  (gramo). 

Grima  Sp.  fright  (at  seeing  something  dreadful),  Pg.  aversion. 
From  A.  S.  grima  ghost,  from  same  root  as  the  preceding 
word ,  V.  grimoire. 

Grim.ace  —  grimoire. 

Grimo  It.  wrinkled;  from  O.  H.  G.  grim,  E.  grim.  Sbst.  grinza 
a  wrinkle,  grinzo  wrinkled,  aggrinzare  from  0.  H.  G.  grim- 
mison. 

Grimoire  Fr.  a  conjuring- book,  unintelligible  talk  i^.gramary); 
from  O.  N.  A.  S.  grima  a  ghost  (whence  Fr.  E.  grimace),  gri- 
moire like  executoire,  monitoire  &c.  There  are  others  words 
from  the  Norse  mythology,  e.g.cauchemar,  loup-garou,  iruiller. 
Genin  finds  a  form  gramare  for  grimoire  and  refers  them  to 
grammaire  (i.  e.  Latin).  Then,  the  form  must  have  been 
adapted  to  grima.  0.  Fr.  ingremance ,  Pg.  engrimanzo  gib- 
berish are  corruptions  oi  nigremance ,  Pr.  nigromancia,  Wall. 
egrimancien  from  necromancien.  Littre  (Hist,  de  la  langue 
francaise)  approves  of  Genin's  derivation,  which  is,  more- 
over, supported  by  the  E.  form  gramary. 

Grimper  Fr.  to  climb ;  from  0.  H.  G.  klimban,  E.  climh,  G.  klim- 
men,  or  from  Du.  grijpen  (G.  greifen)  to  seize,  Norm.  Wall. 
griper  =  grimper;  Berr.  grimper  -  -  to  seize. 

Grinar  Pr.  to  grin;  from  O.  H.  G.  grlnan,  G.  greinen,  E.  grin; 
hence  It.  di-grignare.  Com.  grigna.  Champ.  Pic.  grigner  les 
dents,  from  an  0.  H.  G.  form  grinjan  =  A.  S.  grinian.  Sbst. 
Rh.  grigna  grimace. 

Grineer  Fr.,  Pic.  grincher  to  gnash ;  from  O.  H.  G.  gremizon  = 
A.  S.  grimetan.    Cf.  It.  gricciare. 

GrintaLomb.  a  grim  sallen  look,  haughtiness;  Ven.  ^rm/«  rage, 
scorn;  from  O.  H.  G.  grimmida  grimness. 

Grinza  —  grimo. 

Gripo  —  gripper. 

Gripper  Fr.  to  seize;  Goth,  greipan,  E.  grip,  O.  N.  gripa,  Du. 
grijpen,  =  0.  H.  G.  grifan,  G.  greifen.  Lomb.  grippa  to  rob. 
It.  grippo  a  pirate -ship,  Sp.  gripo  a  trading  vessel. 

Grippo  —  gripper. 

Griso  grigio  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Fr.  gris,  grey,  also  sbst.  Sp.  Pg.  O.  Fr. 
gris,  O.  E.  grys  (Chauc.  =  grey  fur).  Hence  It.  grisetio,  Sp. 
griseta  ,  Fr.  grisette  a  sort  of  grey  stuff,  Fr.  also  a  person  of 
the  lower  orders,  cf.  E.  horel  folk,  from  hujo.  From  0.  S. 
gris  canus,  M.  H.  G.  gris  grise,  L.  L.  griseiis,  whence  It.  gri- 
gio, Rh.  grisch,  O.  Sp.  grisco, 

Gritar  —  gridare. 

Grive  Fr.,  Cat.  griva  a  thrush;  an  onomatop.  (Menage). 

Grogner  groin  gronder  —  grugnire. 

DIKZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  X0 


242  GROLE  —  GRUESO. 

G-role  Fr.  (f.)  a  rook.  The  form  acul  ought  to  give  acle  or  ail, 
graculus  gracula  graille  (v.  graced),  but  as  seule  from  secuhmi 
so  may  have  been  formed  graule  grole,  v.  meiile.  It.  grola, 
Du.  grol  from  the  Fr. 

Gromma  It.  crust  (of  wine);  cf.  Sw.  grumlete  sediment,  Swed. 
grums  grummel, 

Grommeler  Fr.,  Wall,  groumi;  G.  grumeln  grumen,  E.  grumble, 
cf.  W.  sbst.  grwm. 

Gronda  It.,  Rh.  grunda,  Fr.  sever onde,  E.  sever ans,  Rouchi 
souvronie,  O.  Fr.  souronde  eaves;  from  snbgrimda  (Varro). 
Hence  grondare  to  drip,  grondaia  stillicidium. 

Grongo  gongro  It.;  from  congrus,  yoyyQos,  Fr.  congre,  E. 
conger  &c. 

Groppo  gruppo  It.,  Sp.  grupo  gorrupo,  Fr.  groupe,  E.  group; 
It.  groppa,  Sp.  grupa,  Pg.  garupa,  Pr.  cropa,  Fr.  croupe,  E. 
crowj9  (cf.  Fr.  trousse  in  both  senses);  vb,  0.  Fr.  croupir  to 
squat,  Fr.  to  prop.  The  root  is  found  both  in  the  Germ,  and 
the  Celt.  prop.  =  something  compressed,  O.  H.  G.  kropf, 
Norse  kryppa  a  heap,  bunch,  0.  H.  G.  krupel,  G.  kruppel,  E. 
cripple,  vb.  N.  kriupa,  L.  G.  krupen  to  cower,  Gael,  ci^up  to 
contract,  W.  cropa,  E.  crop.  Hence  groppone,  croupion  rump, 
O.  Fr.  crepon  (c  from  N.  krippa);  E.  crupper, 

Grosella  Sp.  Cat.,  Fr.  groseille,  Com.  crosela,  Pg.  groselheira, 
Rouchi  grusiele.  Wall,  gruzale;  from  grossus  coarse,  G.  kraus- 
heere  krduselbeere ,  Sw.  krusbar,  Du.  kruishezie,  Eng.  (corrupt) 
gooseberry,  =  It.  uva  crespa,  G.  Ar^w^  =  rough. 

Grosso  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  grueso,  Pr.  Wall.  Fr.  gros  thick,  sbst.  gros 
the  name  of  a  coin.   L.  L.  grossus,  G.  groz  grandis,  crassus, 

•  which  latter,  however,  should  have  given  Pr.  graut,  and  is 
found  in  Berr.  grot  grout,  E.  groat.  Hence  E.  engross,  grocer 
=  Fr.  marchand  grossier  one  who  sells  by  the  gross. 

Grotesque  —  grotta. 

Grotta  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  gruta,  Fr.  grotte,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  C7^ota  crote  a 
cavern,  E.  grotto,  hence  Burg.  Genev.  encrotter  to  bury;  from 
crypta  {TiQVTCTrj)^  Wal.  cripte;  adj.  It.  grotiesco,  Fr.  E.  gro- 
tesque prop,  like  a  grotto,  fantastical  in  shape  &c. 

Grouiller  Fr.  to  crawl,  stir;  from  O.  H.  G.  grubilon,  L.  G.  gru- 

beln  to  grabble,  G.  grilbeln,  cf.  O.  N.  gr^ufla.   Cf.  also  O.  H.  G. 

crewelon,  Du.  krevelen,  E.  crawl,  Berr.  gravouiller. 
Gruau  Fr.  groats ;  for  grueau  =  O.  Fr.  gruel  which  is  for  grutel 

from  A.  S.  grut,  O.  H.  G.  gruzi,  G.  griitze,  whence  also  E. 

gruel,  W.  grual.    Champ,  gru  =  bran. 
Gruecia  —  croccia. 
Grude  —  glu. 
Grueso  —  grosso. 


GRUFOLARE  —  GUADO.  243 

Grufolare  It.  to  grunt,  to  turn  up  the  soil  as  a  pig;  from  grifo 
snout ,  and  grugnire  to  grunt. 

Gruger  Fr.  to  chow  a  hard  substance  (O.  E.  grudge),  cgruger  to 
pound  small,  hence  E.  gnrgeons.  Perhaps  from  M.  H.  G.  griiz, 
O.  E.  grut,  Pr.  gru,  E.  groats,  with  suffix  icare  =  Fr.  ger 
(vindicare  venger).   N.  Pr.  gruci  =  to  make  groats.  Cf.  gruan. 

Grugnire  It.,  Sp.  gruhir,  Pr.  gronhir  gronir^  Wall,  grogni;  from 
griinnire.  Also  It.  grugtiare,  Fr.  grogner.  Hence  sbst.  It. 
grugno,  Vv.groiih,  Fr.  groin,  O.  Pg.  gruin  the  snout.  Cf.  O. 
H.  G.  grun,  grunnl,  E.  groan,  W.  grwn.  From  grundirc  is  Pr. 
grondir,  O.  Fr.  grondir  grondre,  Fr.  gronder.  O.  Fr.  groncer 
=  0.  H.  G.  grunzen,  E.  grunt, 

Grulla  Sp.  a  crane;  from  gi^uicida. 

Grumeler  —  grumo. 

Grumo  It.  Sp.  Pg.  a  lump,  clot,  O.  Fr.  grume  divers  sorts  of 
corn.  It.  grumolo  heart  of  cabbage,  Sp.  grumete  a  boy,  ship's 
boy  (cf.  garzone),  whence  Fr.  gourmette;  Fr.  se  grumeler  to 
clot  together ,  curdle ;  from  grumus  grumulus  a  heap. 

Grupo  —  groppo. 

Gruta  —  grotta, 

Gruyer  Fr.  forester.  As  verdier  from  viridis,  so  gruyer  from  G. 
griin,  E.  green,  M.  H.  G.  gruo  =  pratum. 

Gruzzo  gruzzolo  It.  heap ,  mass  of  things ,  Wal.  gruetzi;  of  G. 
origin,  cf.  Sw.  griiiz,  M.  H.  G.  gricz. 

Guacharo  —  guado. 

Guadagnare  It.,  Rh.  gudoignar,  Pr.  gazanhar  for  gadanliar,  Fr. 
gagner  iov  gaagner,  Yi.  gain;  O.  Sip.  guadaner  to  mow;  sbst. 
It.  guadagno,  Pr.  gazanh,  Fr.  E.  gain;  Sp.  guadana,  Pg.  gtia- 
danha  a  scythe.  The  orig.  meaning  is  prob.  found  in  O.  Fr. 
gaaigner  to  cultivate  land  (jgaagnage  gaaignerie  profit  of  land), 
whence  the  sense  of  acquiring.  From  O.  H.  G.  iveidanon  or 
weidanjan  (G.  iveiden)  to  hunt,  pasture.  From  guadagnare  we 
have  Pg.  ganhar,  Cat.  Val.  guanyar.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  ganar  (L.  L. 
ganare)  is  too  old  to  be  a  mere  contraction,  and  is  prob.  con- 
nected with  gana  (q.  v.).  From  ganar,  Pg.  ganancia,  gancaj 
vb.  gancar,  O.  Pg.  guaancar  from  guadagnare.  Dante  fnf. 
24,  12  has  ringavagnare  from  O.  Fr.  regaagner, 

Guado  It.,  Pr.  gud,  Fr.  gue  iovdiy  from  O.  H.  G.  ivat,  O.  N.  vad; 
vb.  It.  guadare,  Pr.  guazar  (guasar),  Fr.  gueer,  from  ivatan, 
G.  ivaten,  E.  z^;«<?^.  Sp.  has  vado  vadear  from  the  Latin; 
esguazo  esguazar  from  the  Pr.,  It.  guazzo  guazzare.  Guazzo 
=  a  drinking -place,  Sp.  guacharo  =  dropsical,  guachapear 
to  paddle  in  the  water. 

Guado  It.,  Fr.  guede  (f.),  O.  Fr.  gaide  ivaide,  pro  vine,  vouede 
woad;  from  O.  H.  G.  iveit,  A.  S.  vdd,  E.  ivoad.  From  an 
O.  Fr.  guesde  came  L.  L.  loaisda,  guasdiwn,  guesdium.  Wall. 

16* 


244  GUAI  —  GUARD  ARE. 

waiss  royal -blue  (for  waist  as  cress  for  crest,  L.  crista,  aoiiss 

for  aoust,  L.  augustus),   Sp.  Pg.  glasto  =  Gallic  glastum. 

Guai  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  0.  Fr.  wai,  Fr.  ouais;  sbst.  It.  giiajo,  Sp.  Pg. 

guaya;  from  Goth.  2;«/,  O.  H.  G.  z^;^^  E.  w;oe^  W.  givae,  L.  t;^^. 

Guaime  It.,  0.  Fr.  gain,  Wall,  way  en,  Lorr.  veyen,  Fr.  re-gain 

aftermath;  from  O.  H.  G.  weicla  pasture,  G.  weide,  or  from 

vb.  weidon,  with  Rom.  suff.  ime  guad-ime  guaime;  cf.  It.  guas- 

time  from  guastare.    Rouchi  has  waimiau,  Norm,  vouin  (for 

gouin  gain),    0.  Fr.  vuin. 

Guaina  It.,  F'r.  gaine,  0.  Fr.  game,  Rou.  waine,  W.  gwain  a 

sheath;  from  vagina.   Mil.  has  guadinna,  Ven.  gnazina. 
Gualeare  It.,  Rom.  gvalche,  O.  Fr.  gaudier,  Dauph.  gouchier,  = 
O.E.  t^;^/^  to  full;  from  O.H. G.  ivalchan,  G.  ivalken,  Fi.tvalk, 
(walker  =  a  fuller).   Hence  gualchiera,  O.  Fr.  gouchoir. 
Gualcire  It.  to  pull  to  pieces ;  from  O.  H.  G.  walzjan  volvere, 

vellicare,  G.  wdlzen  to  roll,  to  waltz. 
Gualda  Sp.,  Pg.  gualde,  Fr.  gaude.  It.  guadarella  a  plant  for 
dyeing  yellow,  weld ,  whence  Sp.  gualdo,  Pg.  gualde,  0.  Sp. 
guado  yellow;  from  E.  iceld,  G.  wau, 
Gualdanalt.  an  incursion  of  soldiery,  a  troop  of  soldiers  (Dante); 

from  M.  H.  G.  woldan  a  storming. 
Gualiar  galiar  Pr.  to  deceive,  gualiart  scornful.     From  a  G. 
source,  Goth,  dvals  foolish,  A.  S.  dvala  error,  dvelian  dveligan, 
to  err,  Du.  dwalen.   For  the  loss  of  the  d  cf.  guercio. 
Guancia  It.  cheek;  from  O.  H.  G.  wanga  wanka,  G.  wange, 
l^Q3i^.guo/fola  vuoffola  is  from  L.  offida  a  bit  of  meat  [ci.hucca 
(1)  cheek  (2)  bit],  or  from  0.  H.  G.  hiufila. 
Guanto  It.,  fep.  Pg.  guante,  Pr,  guan,  Fr.  gant,  dim.  Sp.  guante- 
lete,  E.  gauntlet.   Beda  has:  tegumenta  manuum  qum  Galli  wan- 
tos  vocant.    From  a  G.  source:  O.  N.  v6tlr  =  vantr,  Swed. 
Dan.  vante. 
Guanir  Sp.  to  grunt;  from  A.  S.  vdnjan,  0.  H.  G.  tveindn,  E. 

whine. 
Guappo  Neap.,  Mil.  guapo  haughty.  Com.  vap  vain  (v  for  gu), 
Sp.  Pg.  guapo  bold,  elegant,  Gasc.  gouapou;  sbst.  Sp.  guapeza 
ostentation;  vb.  Norm,  gouaper  to  sport.     From  a  G.  root, 
found  in  A.  S.  vapol  a  bubble,  vb.  vapolian,  Du.  ivapperen. 
Guaragno  It.,  Sp.  guar  anon,  O.  Sp.  guar  an  (Val.  guard),  Pr. 
guaragnon   a  stallion;    from  L.  L.  waranio ,   which  is   from 
0.  L.  G.  wrenjo,  Du.  wrene,  0.  H.  G.  reineo,  cf.  E.  wren  = 
lascivus,  the  root  being  found  in  Sansk.  vd?'a  tail  (veredus?). 
Guardare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  guardar,  Fr.  garder,  E.  guard;  from 
O.  H.  G.  ivarten  to  take  care,  W.  givara,  Sk.  vri  to  protect; 
sbst.  It.  Sp.  guardia  (i.),  Pr.  guarda  (f.),  Fr.  garde  (f.  m.), 
E.  guard,  from  Goth,  vardja,  O.  H.  G.  warto  (m.),  loarta  (f.). 
Hence  also  It.  guardiano,  Sp.  Pr.  E.  guardian,  Fr.  gardien; 


GUARDINGO  —  GUATARE.  245 

It.  guar  dingo,  Sp.  gar  dingo;  It.  sguardare,  0.  Sp.  esguardar, 
O.  Fr.  esgarder. 
Guardingo  —  giiardare. 

Guarento  0.  It.,  Sp.  gar  ante,  Pr.  guar  an  guiren,  Fr.  gar  ant  a 
guarantee,  L.L.  ivarens,  E.  warrant,  O.  Fries,  werand  warand; 
from  0.  H.  G.  weren  to  give  bail  for,  warrant.  The  Pr.  guiren 
is  the  orig.  form ,  vb.  It.  guarentire  &c. 
Guari  It.,  Pr.  Cat.  ^rtf?r^,  Fr.  guere  gueres  =  h.  multum.  Besides 
gaire,  Pr.  has  granren  ganren  (=  grandis  res),  used  with  or 
without  a  negative.  Both  were  used  adjectively:  ganren  vega- 
das,  gaire  companhos,  of.  It.  guan  tempo.  Guari  is  from  O.  H. 
G.  wdri  =  L.  verus,  Pr.  guaire  gaire;  for  the  sense  of.  L. 
probe,  gaivdri  =  prohitas.  Fr.  naguere  =  il  n'a  guere,  non  ha 
guari  non  est  multimi  (temporis);  ViQdim.  pa-vaire  not  much 
=  Pr.  pas  guaire.  O.  Fr.  guersoi  great  thirst  =  guere  soif. 
Com.  gerr  is  from  O.  It.  gueri.  Or  from  O.  H.  G.  weiger 
{==  O.  Pr.  form  gaigre)  ^^much"  only  found  in  unweiger  = 
''not  much'\ 

Guarire  guerire  It.;  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  guarir  (Sp.  guarecer),  Pr. 
0.  Fr.  garir,  Fr.  guerir;  from  Goth,  varjan,  0.  H.  G.  werjan, 
G.  wehren  to  defend.  Hence  Pg.  guarita,  Sp.  garita,  O.  Fr. 
garite,  Fr.  guerite  a  safe  place  (E.  garret  y  Chauc.  warice,  wa- 
risli),  sentry-box  &c. ;  formed  from  an  It.  participial  form  gua- 
rita, cf.  reussite  from  riuscita.  Piedm.  garita,  Ven.  gar  eta, 
Crem.  garetta  are  from  the  Fr. ;  the  pure  Sp.  is  guarida  a  lurk- 
ing place.    Cf.  Dief.  Wb.  1,  205. 

Guarnaeeia  —  guarnire. 

Guarnire  guernire  It.,  O.  Sp.  guarnir,  Sp.  guarnecer,  Pr.  Fr. 
garnir,  E.  garnish;  from  O.  H.  G.  ivarnon,  G.  warnen  (warn), 
or  from  A.  S.  varnian  to  take  care  of,  O.  Fries,  wernia  to 
protect,  whence  Rh.  varniar,  but  Lomb.  guarna  suits  the  O. 
H.  G.  word.  O.  Fr.  garnir  also  ==  inform,  admonish,  as 
O.  H.  G.  warnon,  A.  S.  varnian,  E.  warn.  Hence  It.  guarnae- 
eia guarnacca,  Sp.  garnacha,  Pr.  gannacha^  Fr.  gamache  a 
robe,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  warna;  It.  guarnello  an  undergarment;  It. 
guarnimento,  Fr.  garnement,  E.  garment,  and  It.  guarnigione, 
Fr.  garnison,  E.  garrison. 

Guaseotto  ^ —  biscotto. 

Guastare  It.,  O.Sp.  O.Pg.  Pr.  guastar,  Sp.  Pg.  gastar,  Fr.  gdter 
to  spoil,  waste.  From  vastare  or  from  O.  H.  G.  wastjan  (from 
sbst.  wastjo,  M.  H.  G.  wasten,  E.  waste)?  From  the  L.,  with 
the  influence  of  the  G.  w;  cf.  adj.  It.  guasto,  Pg.  ^«5^o,  0.  Fr. 
guaste  =:  vastus;  digua stare,  deguastar,  degdter  =  devastaer. 
O.  Fr.  gastir  is  from  wastjan.  0.  Fr.  guastine  =  waste,  desert, 
adj.  gastin. 

Guatare  guaitare  It.,  Pr.  guaitar,  Fr.  guetter  to  watch;  sbst. 


246  GUATTERA  —  GUERRA. 

Crem.  Pr.  guaita,  O.  Fr.  guette,  Fr.  (m.)  guet;  from  O.  H.  G. 

wahten,  sbst.  walita,  G.  ivacht,  Goth,  vahtvo,  E.  ivatch.  Hence 

It.  agguatare,  Sp.  Pr.  aguaitar,  O.  Fr.  aguetier  =  guatare;  It. 

aguato,  Sp.  agaity  Fr.  aguet  (usu.  in  pi.),  ambush,  whence 

daguet  =  d' aguet. 
Guattera  —  guetre. 
Guazzo  —  guado. 
Gubia  Sp.,  Pg.  goiva,  N.  Pr.  gubio,  Fr.  E.  gouge,   L.  L.  gnvia 

guhia  and  gulvia  gulbia.  From  the  Basque  guhia  a  liole,  giibioa 

a  throat.   Larr.  derives  gubia  from  gurhiaj  cf.  It.  gorhia  sgor- 

Ma,  L.  L.  gulbia. 
Gudazzo  It.,  Crem.  Com.  gudazz  a  godfather,  f.  gudazza;  from 

O.  H.  G.  gotti,  f.  gotaj  G.  gothe, 
Gue  —  guado. 
Guede  —  guado. 
Guedeja  —  vedija. 
Gueder  Fr.  to  satisfy  (only  in  partic.  guede) ;  from  O.  H.  G.  tvei- 

don,  G.  weiden  to  pasture,  whence  also  Wall,  waidi. 
Guenille  Fr.  rag,  rogged  coat;  from  Flem.  ^^^ewe  woollen  over- 
coat, or  like  souquenille  from  gonna  q.  v. 
Guenipe  Fr.  a  dissolute  woman,  slut,  Dauph.  ganippa;  from 

Du.  knipje  trap ,  cf.  knip  brothel ,  G.  kneipe  ale  -  house. 
Guenon  Fr.  female  ape;  from  quena  woman,  E.  quean,  queen; 

or  from  O.  H.  G.  ivinja  amica.    Cf.  It.  7nonna  a  female  ape, 

from  madonna. 
Guepe  Fr.  a  wasp;  from  vespa,  the  gu  from  the  O.  H.  G.  wefm, 

G.  ivespa,  E.  ivasp,  cf.  Lorr.  voisse  (vo  =  O.Yi.(a.  w),  Champ. 

gouepe,  Berr.  gepe. 
Guer  guerle  —  guercio. 
Guereho  —  guercio. 
Guercio  It.,  Com.  sguerc ,  Rh.  guersch  (uiersch),  O.  Sp.  guereho, 

Pr.  guer  guerle,  Dauph.  guerlio  squinting.  From  O.H.  G.  twer 
'  diver ch,  G.  quer  oblique,  E.  queer. 
Guerdon  —  guiderdone. 
Guere  —  guari. 
Gueret  —  barbecfio. 
Guerir  guerite  —  guarire. 
Guermenter  —  gaimenter. 
Guerpir  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  guerpir  gurpir  to  give  up,  desert,  resign, 

Fr.  deguerpir;  from  Goth,  vairpan,  O.  H.  G.  werfan,  G.  iver- 

fen  to  throw.    From  an  old  German  custom  of  throwing  a 

straw  into   another's   lap   on   ceding   any   property  to  him. 

V.  Ducange. 
Guerra  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  guerre,  E.  tvar;  from  O.H. G.  iverra, 

0.  E.  werre,  vb.  O.  H.  G.  iverran  to  bring  into  disorder,  so 

guerrier  in  O.  Fr.  =  enemy,  make -bate. 


GUET  —  GUILENA.  247 

Guet  guetter  —  guatare. 

Guetre  Fr.  (f.),  Yi. gaiter,  hang.gueto,  Wall. gueit,  Chami^.  guete, 
Piedm.  gheta,  Rouchi  gtietloii,  Bret,  gweltren, 

Gueude  —  gheldra. 

Gueux  Fr.  (f.  giieuse)  beggar ,  vb.  gueuser,  Sw.  gosen.  Perhaps 
connected  with  guemc  throat.  Whether  gueuse  be  from  It. 
gozzo,  or  Fr.  gosier  from  It.  gozzaja  =  gozzaria  is  doubtful. 
Others  make  gueux  the  same  word  as  queux  (coquus) ,  cf. 
coqui7i. 

Gufo  It.  an  owl ;  from  0.  H.  O.  huf  huvo. 

Gui  Fr.  mistletoe.  From  Celtic  gwid,  gue,  guy ,  L.  viscus  (It. 
visco  vischio), 

Guiar  —  guidare, 

Guiehe  guige  O.  Fr.  a  ribbon  thong  (espec.  of  a  shield),  It. 
guiggia.  From  O.  H.  G.  tvindicas ,  plur.  of  windinc  (fasciola 
^^vindinca^'  Gl.).  Hence  also  Provin.  s'aguincher  to  deck  one- 
self (with  ribbons). 

Guichet  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  iviket  guischet,  Pr.  guisquet,  E.  wicket,  Du. 

winket;  from  0.  N.  vik,  A.  S.  vie, 
Guidare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  guiar,  Pr.  guidar  guizar  guiar,  Fr.  guider, 

E.  guide;  sbst.  It.  guida,  Sp.  guia,  Pr.  guida  guit,  O.  Fr.  guis, 

Fr.  E.  guide.   Perhaps  from  0.  H.  G.  vitan  to  watch,  cf.  It. 

scorgere,  and  for  the  medial  0.  Fr.  hadir  hair  from  hatan; 

sbst.  guida  =  Goth.  A.  S.  vita  counsellor.    From  guidare  is 

Fr.  guidon. 
Guiderdone  It.,  Pr.  guazardon  (for  guadardon)  guiar  don  guier- 

don,  0.  Fr.  guerredon  guerdon ,  E.  guerdon,  Sp.  g  alar  don,  Pg. 

galarddo,  0.  Cat.  guar  do,  L.  L.  ividerdonum;  vb.  guider  do- 

nare  &c.    Widerdonum  is  a  corruption  (through  donum)  of  the 

O.  H.  G.  widarlon  recompensation,  A.  S.  widherlean,  G.  wider 

back ,  /o;^  =  /o^w.    Sp.  galardon  is  for  gadardon.   Pr.  Synon. 

guazardinc  is  through  Lomb.  ^^mo:  garathinx. 
Guidon  —  guidare. 
Guiggia  —  guiehe. 
Guigne  —  visciola. 
Guigner  —  ghignare. 
Guljo  Sp.  guija  gravel,  guijarro  pebble -stone.    From  Basque 

eguiya  angle,  guijarro  from  eguijarria  angular  stone,  v.  Lar- 

ramendi. 
Guile  0.  Fr.  E.,  Pr.  guila,  m.  guil,  vb.  0.  Fr.  guiler,  Pr.  guilar, 

E.  beguile.   From  A.  S.  vile,  E.  wile,  cf.  W.  gwill,  Bret.  gwU 

a  thief. 

Guilee  Fr.  a  shower  of  rain.  Wall,  walaie  for  waslaie;  from  0. 
H,  G.  tvasal  rain;  guilee  like  ow^^'<e  &c. 

Guilena  Sp.  a  plant,  columbine;  from  aquilina. 


248  GUILHA  —  GUSCIO. 

Guilha  —  gniler. 

Guilledin  Fr.^  from  E.  gelding. 

Guimauve  —  malvavischio. 

Guimple  guimpe  O.  Fr.  f.,  E.  wimple;  from  O.  H.  G.  wimpal, 

G.  ivimpel  a  pendant,  streamer.   Sp.  impla  a  veil  may  come 

from  ivimpal  as  well  as  from  infula,  cf.  Andalucia  from  Van- 

dalitia. 
Guindar  guinder  —  gliindare. 
Guingois  Fr.  mievenness;  from  O.  N.  kingr  kengr  a  bend,  for 

quingois,  by  assimilation.    For  suff.  ois  v.  E.  Gr.  2,  314. 
Guinar  —  ghignare. 
Guiper  O.  Fr.  to  work  with  silk  thread ,  whence  Fr.  guipure  a 

sort  of  lace;  from  Goth,  veipan  to  festoon,  O.  H.  G.  wiffan  to 

weave,  G.  tveifen  to  reel.-  Cf.  aggueffare. 

Guirlande  guirnalda  —  ghirlanda. 

Guisa  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  E.  guise;  vb.  Sp.  guisar;  Pr.  desguisar, 
Fr.  deguiser,  E.  disguise;  from  O.  H.  G.  ivisa,  G.  iveise, 

Guisarme  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  gasarma,  O.  Fr.  gisarme  jusarme,  Vv.  ju- 
sarma,  It.  giusarma,  0.  E.  gisarm  gysarn^  also  Fr.  wisarme 
vismme,  whence  O.  Sp.  hisarma  a  sort  of  light  weapon,  L.  L. 
gisarm(i,  often  found  with  epith.  esmolue  sharpened,  ground. 
It  is  often  found  in  connection  with  ftdx  falcastrum ,  which  is 
translated  by  the  0.  H.  G.  getisarn  (G.  jdieisen  a  hoc).  This 
may  have  become  getsarna  gisarna,  and  then,  through  arma, 
gidsarma.  The  form  with  w  follow  the  analogy  of  such  words 
as  guivre  givre  wivre,  gachiere  jachiere  ivaquicre,  Dief.  derives 
it  from  gesara,  v.  gese;  others  from  gcesum  and  arma,  which 
would  be  too  artificial. 

Guiseart  guiehard  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  guiscos  sharp,  acute;  from  O.  N. 
visk-r.    Others  make  it  =■  wizard,  wiz  and  hart,  wise- heart. 

Guita  Sp.  Pg.  packthread;  from  vitta  through  0.  H.  G.  ivita. 

Giiitarra  guitarre  —  chitarra. 

Guitran  —  catrame. 

Guivre  —  givre. 

Guizzare  sguizzare,  Ven.  sguinzare,  Mil.  sguinza  to  quiver  as 

,    fish  do;  from  G.  witsen  ivitschen. 

Guizzo  —  vizzo. 

Gume  Pg.  (m.)  acuteness;  from  acumen,  whence,  perhaps,  Sp. 
gumia,  Pg.  gomia  agomia  a  poniard. 

Gurrumina  Sp.  uxoriousness;  from  Basque  gur-mina  evil  in- 
clination. 

Gusano  Sp.  Pg.  a  worm;  from  cossus,  whence  also  Eh.  coss. 

Guscio  It.  shell  of  nuts,  eggs  &c.,  Fr.  gousse  (f.)  husk,  pod, 
Mil.  guss  (m.)  gussa  (f.),  Eomag.  goss  gossa;  hence  Fr.  gousset 
fob,  ^.gusset.   Placidushas:  galliciciola  cortex  nucis  juglan- 


HABLA  —  HALAGAR.  249 

diSy  perhaps  for  galliciola  from  galUcia  (nux  gallica  a  walnut), 
which  might  become  It.  galcia  galscia  guscio,  Fr.  gmisse  gousse^ 
Com.  s-gausc  for  s-galsc. 


H. 

Habla  hablar  habler  —  favola, 

Haca  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  Pg.  faca,  O.  Fr.  hague  (h  asp.)  a  nag;  O.  Fr. 
liaquet,  Sic.  accheltu  a  nag,  Pic.  haguette  a  little  mare;  Fr. 
haquet  a  dray.  From  E.  hack;  hackney  =  Du.  hakke-nei  (E. 
nag ,  Du.  negg,  G.  nickel),  whence  Fr.  haquenee,  0.  Sp.  Pg. 
facanea,  Sp.  hacanea,  It.  acchinea,  chinea. 

Hacha  hache  —  accia. 

Hacha  —  fiaccola. 

Hacia  —  f accia. 

Hacienda  —  faccenda. 

Haeina  —  fascio. 

Hacino  Sp.  stingy,  niggardly;  from  Ar.  ^hazin. 

Hagard  Fr.  Qi  asp.)  stubborn,  espec.  of  falcons,  E.  haggard, 
G.  hagart;  from  E.  haivk  with  depreciative  suffix  ard  (as  in 
husart  &c.).  The  E.  adj.  haggard  is  a  different  word  (from  G. 
hagcr  lean). 

Haie  Fr.  (asp.)  hedge;  from  M.  Du.  haeghe,  Du.  haag  (whence 
the  Hague),  O.  H.  G.  hag  a  town  (cf.  town  &c.).  Vb.  0.  Fr. 
hayer,  O.  H.  G.  hagan,  G.  hagen. 

Haillon  Fr.  (asp.)  rag;  from  M.  H.  G.  hadel,  G.  hader. 

Hair  Fr.  (asp.),  O.  Fr.  hadir,  from  Goth,  hatan,  or,  better,  from 
A.  S.  hatian,  O.  Fris.  halia,  0.  S.  hetian,  E.  hate.  O.  Fr.  he 
from  Goth,  hatis,  A.  S.  heti  hate;  hence  haior  ha'ine,  Fr.  haine, 
whence  haineux,  E.  heinous.  Pr.  has  a  comp.  azirar  airar 
(adirare),  sbst.  azir  air. 

Haire  0.  Fr.  (asp.)  haircloth;  from  O.  H.  G.  hara,  O.  N.  haera 
hair -stuff.   Norm,  hair  (m.),  E.  hair  =  0.  N.  0.  H.  G.  hdr. 

Haise  (hese)  0.  Fr.  (asp.),  L.L.  hesia.  Norm,  aiset,  Rouch.  asiau 
a  small  door  or  grating.  Norm,  haisier  a  cart -rack,  Basque 
hesia  a  hedge.    From  hirpex  a  barrow,  Fr.  herse ,  E.  hearse. 

Halt  O.  Fr.  (asp.)  pleasure,  joy,  haitier  to  animate,  cheer,  de- 
hait  dejection,  low  spirits,  vb.  dehaitier,  Fr.  souhait  wish, 
souhaiter.  From  Goth,  ga-hait,  O.  H.  G.  ga-heiz,  O.  N.  heit 
promise,  vow,  cf.  L.  votum  (1)  vow  (2)  wish;  a  hait  =  accord- 
ing to  one's  wish,  souhait  =  secret  desire.  Wedg.  connects 
hait  with  E.  hey-day  (==  G.  hey  da),  to  hoit,  hoity-toity. 

Halagar  Sp.,  0.  Sp.  falagar  afalagar,  Val.  falagar.  Cat.  af ale- 
gar, Pg.  afagar  to  cajole,  caress,  sbst.  haldgo  &c.   From  a 


250  HALAR  —  HANCHE. 

form  flaihan  of  the  Goth,  ihlaihcm  to  caress  (or  O.  H.  Gr.  flehon 
to  fawn),  whence  flag  falg  falag. 

Halar  Sp.,  Fr.  hale7'  Qi  asp.),  Pg.  alar;  from  0.  N.  hala,  O.  H. 
G.  haldn,  E.  haul. 

Halbran  Fr.  (asp.),  albran  Sp.  Fr.  a  young  wild  duck ,  halhrene 
broken- winged,  vb.  halhrener  to  shoot  ducks.  From  G.  haW- 
ente  (half-duck)  =  anas  querquedula,  so  called  from  its  small 
size,  for  halber  ent  (M.  H.  G.  ant  masc.)  cf.  halber  ampfer. 
Hence,  perhaps,  E.  auburn,   Wedg. 

Halbrene  —  halbran, 

Halcon  —  falcone. 

Hale  Fr.  (asp.)  summer -heat,  vb.  hdler  to  burn  up,  dry.  The 
circumflex  is  not  for  a  lost  s  (cf.  0.  Fr.  haller),  the  word  being 
from  Du.  hael  dry. 

Haleine  —  alenare. 

Haler  —  halar. 

Haligote  harligote  O.  Fr.  (asp.)  rag,  vb.  haligoier  harigoter; 
from  E.  harl  a  filament ,  O.  H.  G.  harluf  licium. 

Hallar  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  fallar  (still  used  in  the  sense  of  finding  a 
verdict  =  Fr.  trouver^  to  find.  The  obs.  form  falar  might  be 
from  Pg.  aflar  (O.  Sp.  ajar  v.  achar),  cf.  Sp.  sajar  and  Jasar, 
garzo  and  zarco,  faccrir  and  zaferir.  From  aflar  is  Sp.  ajar 
=  to  maltreat,  cf.  ofl'cjidere  (l)  meet  with  (2)  hurt. 

Halle  Fr.  (asp.),  whence  It.  alia;  from  0.  H.  G.  halla,  A.  S. 

heal,  E.  hall. 
Hallebarde  —  alabarda. 
Hallier  Fr.  (asp.),  E.  hallier,  Pic.  hallo  a  bush.   L.  L.  hasla  in 

hasla  i.  e.  in  ramo. 
Halot  Fr.  (asp.)  a  rabbit's  hole;  from  0.  H.  G.  hoi,  A.  S.  hal, 

E.  hole. 
Halt  0.  Fr.  (asp.)  abiding -place,  Fr.  halte,  E.  halt.  It.  Sp.  alto; 

from  G.  halt,  E.  hold,  O.  H.  G.  fem.  halta  halt. 
Hamac  hamaca  —  amaca. 
Hambre  Sp.  hunger;  from  fames  G.  faminis,  cf.  O.  Sp.  fame, 

Sard,  famini,  v.  Kom.  Gr.  1,  190.    The  Pg.  has  fome,  Com. 

fom,  Wal.  foame. 
Hameau  Fr.  (asp.)  hamlet,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  ham;  E.  ham,  Goth. 

haimsy  0.  H.  G.  heim,  E.  home. 
Haine9on  —  ancino. 
Hampa  —  vampo. 

Hampe  Fr.  (asp.)  handle  of  a  weapon;  from  O.  H.  G.  hunt  haba. 
Hanafat  O.  Fr.  a  vessel  for  honey;  Du.  honig-val,  0.  S.  hanig- 

fat,  E.  honey -vat. 
Hanap  —  anappo. 
Hanche  —  anca. 


HANEBANE  —  HARGNE.  251 

Hanebane  henebane  Fr.  (asp.),  from  E.  henbane  =  Fr,  mort 
aux  ponies. 

Hangar  —  angar. 

Hanneton  Fr.  (asp.)  a  cockchafer;  prob.  a  dim.  of  the  G.  liahn 
in  iveiden-hahn  (meadow -hen)  a  name  of  the  insect  in  pro- 
vincial G.,  cf.  Y^cock-.  chafer.  Eton  is  a  double  dim.  et-on,  cf. 
hanneton,  caneton,  clocheton,  feuilleton,  drocheton,  moineton, 
ceilleton,  sommeton.  From  its  buzzing -noise  it  is  called  in 
Lorr.  hurlat,  Pic.  hourlon,  hruant,  Champ,  equergnot,  Wall. 
biese-a-halowe.  Genin  refers  it  to  ane  a  duck,  from  a  sup- 
posed likeness. 

Hansaos  O.  Fr.  a  knife.  From  A.  S.  hand-seax  a  hand -knife. 
Hence  Fr.  hansart  a  garden  knife. 

Hanse  Fr.  (asp.)  a  trading  -  company ;  from  0.  H.  G.  hansa  a 
band. 

Hante  hanste  O.  Fr.  a  spear -shaft;  from  ames  amites  (v.  andas). 

Hanter  Fr.  (asp.),  hantise  O.  Fr.  hant,  E.  haunt,  G.  haniieren. 
From  the  O.  N.  heimta  to  long  after  (hei?n  home),  Dan.  hente, 
Cf.  its  intrans.  use:  les  seraines  en  la  mer  hanient  Brut.  1,  p. 37. 

Happe  Fr.  (asp.)  a  cramp-iron,  happer  to  pack;  from  O.  H.  G. 
happa  a  sickle,  G.  happen  to  pack,  Pro  v.  E.  happ. 

Haquenee  haquet  —  haca, 

Haraldo  —  araldo. 

Harangue  —  aringo. 

Harapo  —  arpa. 

Haras  Fr.  (asp.)  a  stud  (of  horses),  L.  L.  haracium.  From  Arab. 
far  as  a  horse  (Sp.  alfaras),  the  Arab,  breed  being  famous, 
(farii  equi  Ducange).  We  should,  however,  have  expected 
an  O.  Fr.  far  as ,  L.  L.  faracium. 

Harasser  Fr.  (asp.)  =  E.  harass. 

Harceler  —  herse. 

Hard  hart  Fr.  (f.  asp.)  string,  harde  vo^q,  herd,  pi.  hardes 
articles  of  clothing  &c. ;  cf.  Sp.  Pg.  fardas,  Fr.  fardeau,  O.  Fr. 
hardel. 

Hardi  —  ardire. 

Hardier  O.  Fr.  (asp.)  to  provoke;  from  same  G.  root  as  hardi, 
L.  L.  anharden  to  incite. 

Hareng  —  aringa. 

Harer  harier  O.  Fr.,  hence  O.  E.  to  hare  and  harie;  from  har 
haro  a  cry  for  help  (halloo!),  cf.  O.  H.  G.  hdren  to  cry  out. 
Connected  is  the  O.  Fr.  haraler  to  plague,  sbst.  harale  uproar. 
Some  refer  harer  harier  and  harasser  to  an  0.  Fr.  har  withy, 
rod,  scourge,  but  this  is  for  hard  or  hart,  and  the  dental  could 
hardly  be  lost  in  derivatives. 

Hargne  O.Fr.  peevishness,  surliness,  adj.  hergne,  Lorr.  haregne 
quarrel,  Fr.  hargneux  (Ji  asp.)  quarrelsome,  Norm,  harigneux 


252  HARICOT  —  HAUSSER. 

stubborn  y  vb.  O.  Fr.  hargner  to  quarrel,  Pic.  to  scoff,  hergner 

to  complain.     Some   suit   the  0.  H.  Gr.  harmjan  (E.  harm) 

"objurgare^\ 
Haricot  Fr.  {h  asp.)  small  bean;  Pic.  haricotier  a  retailer.  Genin 

shows  that  the  orig.  meaning  was  anything  minced  small,  e.g. 

^^ haricot  de  mouton^K   He  refers  it  to  aliquod  (for  haligote)! 
Haridelle  Fr.  (asp.)  a  jade,  Rouchi  hardele,  E.  harridan ^  cf. 

Wall,  harott,  Norm,  harin. 
Harija  Sp.  mill- dust*,  horn  farricuhim ? 
Harlot  —  arlotto. 
Harnacher  harnois  —  arnese. 
Haro  (asp.)  a  loud  cry.   From  O.  S.  herod  (O.  H.  G.  hera  hard) 

=  L.  hue,  whence  also  vb.  haroder,  and  the  compoimds  har- 

loiip,  harlevrier,  and  vb.  harer  harier,  O.  H.  G.  harm  to  cry 

out.   The  word  was  orig.  used  in  such  expressions  as :  harou 

haroul  a  Vors! 
Harouche  —  farouche. 
Harpe  harper  harpon  —  arpa, 
Harto  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  Pg.  farto  satiated,  adv.  Sp.  hario,  O.Pg.  farte 

enough,  whence  hartar  fartar;  irom.  farcire  fartus. 
Hasard  —  azzardo, 
Haseas  fascas  fasca  0.  Sp.  adv.  =  L.  pwne;  from  Sp.  hasta- 

casi. 
Haschiere  O.  Fr.  (asp.)  (whence  haschie,  Pic.  haskie)  pain ;  from 

O.  H.  G.  harmseara  smart,  L.  L.  hasearia,  O.  Cat.  aliseara. 
Hase  Fr.  (asp.)  female  hare;  from  0.  H.  G.  haso.   Norm,  heri  is 

from  0.  N.  heri, 
Hasple  —  aspo, 
Hasta  Sp.,  0.  Sp.  0.  Pg.  fasla  =  L.  tenus;  from  hacia  and  ata? 

V.  te.   Or,  from  the  Arab,  ^hatta?  Hence  vb.  hastar. 
Hastio  —  fastio. 
Hate  Fr.  (asp.)  for  haste,  vb.  hater,  adj.  hdtif,  Pr.  astiii,  O.  It. 

adv.  astivamente;  from  0.  Fr.  haste,  N.  hastr,  E.  haste,  vb.  N. 

hasta,  M.  H.  G.  hasten,  E.  haste. 
Haterel  O.  Fr.  (asp.)  nape,  hasterel,  Pic.  hatereau,  Wall,  hatrai. 

From  O.  H.  G.  halsadara,  M.  H.  G.  halsadar,  whence  halsterel 

halterel  haterel  hasterel ;  cf.  contraindre,  It.  poltro  (for  polstro) 

for  the  loss  of  s  between  a  liquid  and  a  t. 
Hato  Sp.,  Vg.  fato  clothes,  effects,  provisions,  herd;  from  O. 

H.  Q^.fazza  or  faz  (n.)  a  bundle,  0.  N.  fat  =  garment,  pocket, 

cf.  Swed.  fate -bur  store -house. 
Haubans  Fr.  (asp.)  shrouds,  O.  Fr.  hobenes;  from  O.  N.  hofud- 

bendur  (pi.);  cf.  M.  Du.  hobant  for  hoofdbant.    It  would  be 

more  correct  to  write  hobans.  From  Du.  raa-band  is  Fr.  raban. 
Haubert  —  usbergo, 
Hausser  —  alzare. 


HAUT  —  HENDRIJA.  253 

Haut  Fr.  (asp.),  0.  Fr.  halt  hault;  from  altus,  the  aspirate  from 

N.  M  or  O.  H.  G.  hoch,  E.  high. 
Have  Fr.  thin  and  pale;  from  A.  S.  hasva,  M.  H.  G.  heswe  torri- 

dus  pallidus. 
Haver  O.  Fr.  (asp.)  to  draw  to  oneself;  from  O.  H.  G.  hahen, 

E.  have  ==  hold.     From  same  root  is  O.  Fr.  havet  a  hook, 

from  haba  or  haft  with  Fr.  suff.  et,   cf.  Wall,  haveter  from 

haften. 
Haveron  havron  averon  Fr.  wild  oats;  from  O.  H.  G.  haharo, 

or,  since  h  is  silent,  for  aveneron  (avena). 

Havir  Fr.  (asp.)  to  singe;  from  O.  H.  G.  heien  to  burn. 

Havre  Fr.  (m.  asp.),  O.  Fr.  havene  havle  hdble  harbour;  from 

A.  S.  hiiffen,  E.  haven,  O.  N.  hofn. 
Havresae  Fr.  (asp.);  from  G.  hahersack  provision -bag. 
Haya  —  faggia. 
Haz  —  fascia. 

'B.Q.T.  Sp.  Pg.  (f.)  array  of  soldiers  &c.;  from  acies. 
Haza  aza  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  faza  a  piece  of  garden  or  cultivated  land; 

=  Pr.  faissa  (fascia)  a  strip  of  land. 

He  Sp.  in  he -me  he-te  he-lo  &c.  =  L.  ecce;  for  feme  =  veme  = 
vide  me,  so  helo  =  It.  velto.  For  f:=v,  cf.  0.  Sp.  femencia 
=  vehemeniia,  Sp.  hisca  =  fisca  from  visciim,  refer entia  for 
reverentia,  R.  Gr.  2,  387. 

He  Fr.  in  helas  (h  silent)  =  L.  ai  («/');  Pr.  ailas,  E.  alas.  Las 
=  lassus. 

Heaume  —  elmo. 

Hebilla  Sp.  buckle,  Galic.  fehilla;  dim.  oi  fibula,  Pr.  fivela. 

Hebra  Sp.  threiid,  fibre;  from  L.  It.  fibra. 

Heehieero  heehizo  —  fattizio. 

Hediondo  Sp.  fetid;  =  fcetebundus y  Rom.  Gr.  2,  310. 

Hedrar  Sp.  to  dig  twice;  from  iter  are. 

Heingre  O.  Fr.,  Wall,  hink  slender,  lank.  Norm,  haingre  sickly; 
from  ceger ,  n  inserted.  Hence  Fr.  mal-ingre  sickly.  Pied. 
Mil.  malingher,  O.  Fr.  Norm,  mingrelin,  It.  mingherlino.  From 
cegrotus  O.  Fr.  engroty  engrote. 

Helas  —  lasso. 

Helecho  —  felce. 

Hellequin  O.  Fr.  (asp.)  from  G.  helle,  E.  hell  (with  depreciative 
term,  as  in  houquin,  mannequin),  dim.  Du.  helleken  hellekin, 
a  ghost,  in  the  form  of  a  wild  hunter,  v.  Carpentier.  Hence 
Dante's  Alichino  (name  of  a  devil).  Inf.  21 ,  118. 

Helt  heux  —  elsa. 

Henchir  Sp.,  Pg.  encher,  0.  Pg.  emprir  to  fill,  stuff,  sbst.  0.  Sp. 
encha;  from  implere,  It.  empiere.   For  the  /?,  cf.  R.  Gr.  1,  264. 

Hendrija  —  rendija. 


254  HENDURE  —  HIDE. 

Hendure  0.  Fr.  (asp.)  handle  of  a  dagger,  he?ide  -proyided  with 

a  handle;  from  O.  N.  henda,  O.  E.  liend  to  seize. 
Henir  Sp.  to  knead  dough;  horn,  finger e. 
Heraut  —  araldo. 
Herde  0.  Fr.  (asp.),  Pic.  herde,  O.  Wall,  hiet^de  herd;  from  0. 

H.  G.  herda,  Goth,  hairda,  E.  herd.    O.  Fr.  herdier,  Champ, 

hairdi,  Du.  herder,  M.  H.  G.  hertaere. 
Here  Fr.  (asp.)  pauvre  here  =  poor  fellow.   From  G.  herr, 
Herigaut  0.  Fr.  (asp.)  an  over  -  garment ,  also  hergaut,  L.  L. 

herigaldus ,  of.  harigola  (Ducange). 
Herisser  herisson  —  riccio. 
Hermano  Sp.,  Pg.  irmdo,  Cat.  germd,  f.  hermana,  shortened  Pg. 

mano  mana;  from  germaniis  in  oldest  L.  L.  =  frater  (fraile), 

which  was  used  for  a  friar.   Hence  Sp.  cormano,  Pg.  coirmdo 

step  -  brother  =  con  -  germanus. 
Hermine  —  armellino. 
Hermoso  Sp.,  Pg.  O.  Sp.  fermoso  fremoso,  Wal.  frumos;  from 

formosus  (fuermoso  fermoso). 
Heron  —  aghirone, 

Herpe  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  a  tetter,  skin -eruption;  from  fQTtrjg  a  sore. 
Herpe  Fr.  (asp.);  for  harpe  from  harpe,  Pr.  arpa  a  claw.   Cf. 

Norm,  herper  to  seize. 
Herren  —  f err  ana. 
Herrin  Sp.  rust ;  from  ferrugo  ferruginis,   Sp.  herrumhre  for  fer- 

rumen. 
Herse  Fr.  (f.  asp.)  harrow,  O.  Fr.  herce,  L.  L.  hercia;  from  ////'- 

pex  hirpiciSy  it.  erpice,  N.  Pr.  erpi,  Wal.  ipre  tpe;  vb.  Fr.  her- 

ser,  cf.  E.  hearse ,  A.  S.  hersta,  O.  H.  G.  harsta  a  gridiron. 

Hence  harceler,  O.  Fr.  herceler  (asp.)  to  provoke,  tease,  cf. 

harrow, 
Herupe  hurepe  O.  Fr.  Norm,  rough,  shaggy.   Perhaps  from  A. 

S.  hriopan  to  pull,  tear. 
Hervero  Sp.  throat;  from  Basque  erhera,  v.  Larramendi. 
Hetaudeau  hestaudeau  O.Fr.  (asp.)  a  young  capon;  a  dim.  from 

O.  H.  G.  hagastalt  cselebs ,  tiro ,  L.  L.  haistaldus. 
Hetre  Fr.  (m.  asp.)  beech;  from  Du.  heester  heisler  a  bush,  L.  G. 

hester  a  young  beech ,  G.  heister. 
Heur  —  augurio. 
Heurt  heurter  —  urtare. 
Heux  —  elsa. 
Hibou  Fr.  (asp.)  an  owl;  an  onomatop.,  cf.  0.  Fr.  houpi,  Sw. 

hihuchen. 
Hidalgo  Sp. ,  O.  Sp.  Pg.  fidalgo  nobleman;   also  hijodalgo  pi. 

hijosdalgo  for  hijo  de  algo  (aliquod.) 
Hide  hisde  O.  Fr.  (f.  asp.)  fright,  horror,  hideur  hisdeur,  htdeux 

(Fr.)  hisdeuXj  E,  hideous.   Hispidosus  (Catull.)  ^rugged'  would 


HIE  —  HOLGIN.  255 

hardly  suit  the  O.Fr.  hide  which  should  be  more  primitive  than 
hisde.   Perhaps  Jiide  for  hede  is  from  O.  H.  G.  egidi  ^^ horror '\ 

Hie  O.  Fr.  (asp.)  power,  stress;  from  Du.  hijgen  to  strive,  A.  S. 
hige  (hyge)  zeal,  vb.  Mgan,  E.  hie.  Fr.  hie  =  a  rammer, 
beetle. 

Hieble  —  ebbio. 

Hienda  —  /lente. 

Hier  —  ieri. 

Higado  —  fegato. 

Hijo  Sp.  son;  from  filius,  Pg.  Gal.  filho ,  O.  Sp.  pjo. 

Hillot  Fr.  a  servant  (Marot) ;  for  filloi,  Beam,  hils  =  fits. 

Hilvan  Sp.  basting;  from  hilo  vano  useless  stitches. 

Hincar  —  ficcare. 

Hinchar  Sp.,  Pg.  inchar  to  inflate;  from  inflare,  It.  enfiare^. 
Gr.  1,  210.   Hence  sbst.  hincha  incha  hatred. 

Hiniesta  Sp.  Spanish  broom;  from  genista.  It.  ginestra. 

Hinojo  —  /inocchio. 

Hinojo  —  ginocchio. 

Hipo  Sp.  hiccough,  an  onomatop. 

Hisca  Sp.  birdlime;  from  viscum,  pi.  visca,  Pg.  It.  visco,  v  being 
changed  first  to  /,  then  to  h ,  v.  he. 

Hisser  —  issare. 

Hit  a  hito  —  fitto. 

Hiver  —  inverno. 

Hober  O.  Fr.  (obier)  to  stir,  move  away  (neut.).  Celt,  ob  de- 
parture ? 

Hobereau  —  hobin. 

Hobin  0.  Fr.  (asp.)  a  nag,  whence  It.  ubino;  from  E.  hobby 
(Dan.  hoppe  a  mare),  a  small  horse,  also  a  small  falcon. 
Hence  O.  E.  hobcler  one  who  rides  a  hobby,  O.  Fr.  hobereau 
(asp.)  a  squire,  also  a  small  hawk,  L.  L.  hobellarius  hober a- 
rius,  cf.  Sp.  tagarote  a  small  falcon,  and  a  poor  nobleman. 

Hoe  O.  Fr.  Pic,  hoqiiet  (h  asp.),  vb.  hoquer,  ahoquer'^  from  A.  S. 
hoc,  E.  hook  J  Du.  hoek.  Fr.  f.  hochc  a  notch;  cf.  broc  broche, 
croc  croche.   Sp.  hueca  =■  hoche. 

Hoche  —  hoc. 

Hoche  0.  Fr.  (asp.)  a  long  garaient;  from  M.  Du.  hoicke,  Fries. 
hokke  a  mantle ,  W.  hug. 

Hocher  Fr.  to  shake ;  Du.  hotsen  hutsen ,  Wall,  hossi. 

Hogaza  —  focaccia. 

Hoge  O.  Fr.  (asp.)  a  hill.  Norm,  hogue,  L.  L.  hog  a;  from  O.  N. 
haug-r,  O.  H.  G.  hbha  hohi. 

Holgar  Sp.,  Pg.  Cat.  folgar  to  rest;  from  L.  \j.follicare  to  breathe 
like  bellows  (foUis),  to  respire,  rest,  sbst.  Pg.  folego  respira- 
tion.  Cf.  It.  scialare. 

Holgin  — jorgina. 


256  HOLLAR  —  HOURET. 

Hollar  —  foliar  e, 

HoUejo  Sp.  peel  5  from  folliciilus ,  It.  follicolo. 

HoUin  Sp.  soot;  from  fuUgo  fidiginis,  It.  fuliggine. 

Homard  Fr.  (asp.)  crab ;  from  Swed.  hummer. 

Hombre  homenage  honunage  —  uomo. 

Hondo  —  fondo. 

Honnir  honte  —  onire. 

Hontem  ontem  Pg.  adv.  =  L.  lieri.   From  ante- diem ^  Sp.  ante- 

dia  =  pridie,  L.  L.  antedie,  v.  Ducange. 
Hopo  —  houppe. 
Hoquet  Fr.  (asp.)  hiccough ;  an  onomatop. ;  cf.  Wall,  hikett,  Bret. 

hak,  Mk,  E.  ^.Z^?- cough. 
Hoqueton  —  cotone. 

Horde  O.  Fr.  a  hoard;  hoardings  vb.  Jiorder  to  protect,  Fr.  hourder 
to  rough-cast;  from  O.  H.  G.  hurt,  G.  hilrde,  E.  hoard  hurdle. 
Horde  —  orda. 
Hore,  vieille  hore  Norm.  =  an  old  woman;  from  0.  H.  G.  hora 

huora  meretrix,  E.  whore. 
Horion  Fr.  (asp.)  a  hard  blow  (Norm,  horgne),  0.  Fr.  Norm. 

pest,  contagion  (Norm,  horique),  vb.  Lorr.  horie  to  cudgel. 
Hormazo  Sp.  a  dry  wall;  Pliny,  H.  N.  35;  14  parietes  quos  ap- 
pellant for  mac  cos. 
Hormis  hors  —  fuora. 

Hornabeque  Sp.  hornwork ;  from  the  G.  hormverk. 
Horro  Sp.,  Pg.  forro  free,  alforria  freedom,  from  Ar.  7/orr  free, 

sbst.  al-^horrtyah. 
Hose  —  uosa. 

Hostigar  Sp.  to  molest,  Pg.  Pr.  fustigar,  ixom  fiistis. 
Hote  —  oste. 

Hoto  O.  Sp.,  0.  Pg.  foto  safety,  Pg.  fouto  afouto  sure,  vb.  afou- 
tar,   0.  Sp.  ahotado,   enhotado;   from  fotus  nourished,   sup- 
ported. 
Hotte  Fr. ;  from  Sw.  hutte,  G.  hotze  a  cradle. 
Houblon  Fr.  (asp.).   From  O.  Wall.  hid)illon,  from  Du.  hop. 
Houe  hoyau  Fr.  (asp.)  hoe,  vb.  hotter,  Rou.  hauwer;  from  O.  H. 

G.  houiva,  houwan,  Qi.  hauen,  E.  hew,  hoe. 
Houle  0.  Fr.  (asp.)  a  pot;  from  L.  olla,  Sp.  olla. 
Houle  O.  Fr.  brothel  (en  taverne  ou  en  hoide  Fabl.  3,  283),  holier 
houlier   a  brothel -frequenter  or  =  Bret,   houlier   a  pander. 
Hence  0.  E.  holard  a  lewd  fellow,  0.  Fr.  holerie.    From  O. 
H.  G.  holi  fem.,  0.  N.  hola,  E.  hole  ^  G.  hohlc. 
Houle  —  ola. 
Houpee  Fr.  (asp.)  the  rise  of  a  wave;  from  A.  S.  hoppan,  0.  H. 

G.  hup  fan,  E.  hop. 
Houppe  Fr.  (asp.)  a  tuft,  Sp.  hopo  a  tufted  tail.  From  Du.  hoppe. 
Houret  Fr.  (asp.)  a  poor  hunting -dog;  cf.  A.  S.  horadr  thin. 


HOUSEAUX  —  HULLA.  257 

Houseaux  —  uosa. 

Houspiller  Fr.  (asp.)  to  touse;  connected  with  A.  S.  Iiosp  injury. 

Housse  Fr.  (asp.)  saddle- cJotli,  housing;  from  O.  H.  G.  huht, 

L.  L.  hulcia,  hulcitum. 
Houssine  houssoir  —  Jioux. 
Houx  Fr.  (asp.)  holly;  from  O.  H.  G.  hulis  riiscum,  L.  G.  hiilsc, 

Du.  hulst,  O.E.  holme,  hiilver  (Chauc.  hulfere).   Hence  houssoir 

a  besom,  housser  to  brush,  houssine  a  switch. 
Hoy  —  oggi. 

Hoya  hoyo  Sp.,  Pg.  fojo  hole;  from  fovea,  cf.  foggia. 
Hoz  Sp.,  Pg.  fouce  a  sickle;  ixoiuifalx,  Fr.  faux;  hence  O.  Sp. 

vb.  hozar  to  cut  off. 

Hoz  Sp.,  Vg.  foz  a  narrow  pass,  mouth  of  a  river;  ivova.  faux, 
It.  foce.  Hence  Sp.  hozar,  Pg.  focar  to  turn  up  the  gi'ound 
(of  pigs),  hocico,  rg.  focinho  snout. 

Hu  O.  Fr.  a  cry,  E.  hue  (in  hue  and  cry),  vb.  huer,  huard,  huette 
(owl).  Norm,  huant  (all  asp.).  An  onomatop.  Bret,  hu,  W.  hw, 
cf.  0.  H.  G.  hiiivo  owl. 

Huata  —  ovata, 

Huche  Fr.  (asp.)  chest,  Sp.  0.  Pg.  hucha,  0.  Fr.  huge,  L.  L. 
hutica  as  nache  and  nage  =■  natica.  From  G.  hiitte,  E.  hut? 
From  huche  or  hutica  comes  E.  hutch  (or  from  A.  S.  hvdcca), 

Hueher  O.  Fr.  (asp.),  Pr.  uchar  to  cry  loudly.  Hucher  =  hucar, 
cf.  Pr.  near,  Pic.  huquer,  Pied,  uche,  cf.  L.  L.  qui  ad  ipsos  hue- 
cos  ciicurreruni.  From  L.  hue;  M.  Du.  huuc,  W.  hivchw,  Serv. 
uka.  From  hucher  comes  huchet  a  hunter's  horn.  Cf.  Norm. 
houter,  Ron.  hutier,  E.  hoot. 

Hueia  —  fiucia. 

Huebos  —  uopo. 

Huebra  Sp.  (a  form  of  obra)  a  day's  work;  from  opera  often 
used  by  Columella  (a  Spaniard)  in  this  sense. 

Hueco  Sp.,  Pg.  ouco  hollow,  sbst.  cavity,  vb.  ahuecar  to  ex- 
cavate from  occare,  though  ouco  points  to  Goth,  halk-s  empty, 
V.  R.  Gr.  1,  327. 

Huella  —  follare. 

Huer  —  hu. 

Huero  Sp.  empty,  barren  (of  eggs),  wind -egg;  from  ovqio(S^= 
ovQivog  whence  uiro,  uero,  huero  also  gi'iero  (cf.  huerto  and 
giierto),  whence  Pg.  goro,  cf.  enguerar  =  enhuerar. 

Huesped  —  oste  (2). 

Hueste  —  oste  (1). 

Huis  huissier  —  uscio. 

Huitre  Fr.  (asp.)  oyster;  from  ostrea,  Sp.  ostra,  It.  osirica. 

Huivar  —  urlare. 

Hulla  —  houille. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  17 


258  HULOTTE  IMBASTARE. 

Hulotte  de  lapin  Fr.  (asp.)  a  rabbit's  burrow,  from  O.  H.  G. 

hulla,  G.  Mile,  cf.  W.  Ml  a  covering. 
Hulotte  —  urlare. 

Humer  Fr.,  Pic.  heumer  (asp.)  to  sup;  an  onomatop. 
Humilde  Sp.  humble;  from  Mmilis  R.  Gr.  1 ,  266. 
Huna  —  Mne. 
Hune  Fr.  (asp.)  scuttle  of  a  mast;  whence  Sp.  Jnma;  from  O.  N. 

Mn  (m.),  M.  Du.  hiine. 
Huppe  —  upupa, 
Hura  —  Mre, 
Huracan  —  uracano, 

Huraco  Sp.  hole,  horacar  (horadar)  to  pierce;  from  for  are. 
Hurano  —  furo. 
Hure  Fr.  (asp.)  rough  hair,  wild  boar's  head,  in  O.  Fr.  =  muzzle 

of  the  wolf,  lion  &c.,  whence  O.  Sp.  Mra^  O.  E.  Mre.    Hence 

Fr.  aMrir  to  perplex.  Norm.  /iwr6^' rugged ,  Rou.  Jmree  rough 

earth.    Sw.  Mivel  (0.  H.  G.  hiiiwila)  =  a  long- eared  owl. 

Perhaps  hure  is  for  hide  =  huwel,  as  O.  Fr.  mwe  from  mule 

(mula),  navire  from  navile. 
Hurepe  —  herupe. 
Hurgar  —  f rug  are. 
Husmo  —  orma. 
Huta  —  MUe, 

Hutte  Fr.  (asp.),  Sp.  Mta;  from  O.  H.  G.  Mtta,  E.  hut. 
Huvet  O.  Fr.  mitra;  from  O.  H.  G.  Miba,  O.  N.  hiifa. 


I. 

Ici  —  qui. 

Iddio  —  dio. 

lefi  It.,  Sp.  ayer,  Pr.  her,  Fr.  hier,  Wal.  eri,  from  heri.   Sp.  a 

before  y  is  euphonic,  cf.  ayantar  ayuso  for  yantar  yuso;  Cat. 

ahir,  Sic.  ajeri. 
If  —  iva. 
Ijar  Sp.  (m.)  flank,  Pg.  ilhal  side,  O.  Fr.  titers;  from  L.  He  ilia. 

Hence  also  Sp.  ijada,  Pg.  ilharga. 
n  lo  la  It.,  Sp.  el  lo  la,  0.  Sp.  ello  ella,  Pg.  oa,  0.  Pg.  el  lo  la, 

Pr.  lo  la  (il),  Fr.  le  la,  O.  Fr.  //  lo  la,  Wal.  le  (I)  la  (oa  a) 

article,  from  ille  ilium,  R.  Gr.  2,  14  &c.   Sard,  su  sa  from  ipse. 
Ilhal  —  ijar. 
Iluee  iloques  0.  Fr.  adv.  of  place,  from  illoc,  Pic.  Ho;  hencf 

icilec  cilec. 
Iman  —  diamante. 
Imbastare  —  hasto. 


IMBUTO  —  INDACO.  259 

Imbuto  It.;  Sp.  emhudo,  Cat.  emhut  a  funnel;  from  hutis  a  vessel, 
of.  Fr.  entonnoir,  It.  imbottatojo  from  botia. 

Immantinente  It.,  Pr.  mantenen,  Fr.  maintenant,  =  L.  illico, 
Fr.  =  nunc.  From  m  manum  tenens.  Pr.  also  de  manteneUy 
O.  Fr.  de  maintenmit,  Wald.  atenent. 

Impaeciare  —  pacciare. 

Impeciare  impegolare  impiccare  impiceiare  —  pegar. 

Imprenta  impronta  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  emprenta,  Fr.  empreinte,  E.  im- 
print; vb.  It.  imprentare ,  improntare ,  Sp.  emprentar,  whence 
Dw.printen,  Ya.  print.  From  the  Fr.  partic.  empreint,  rather 
than  from  a  freq.  form  imprimitare ,  the  verb  not  being  found 
in  Fr.  and  Pr.  Such  a  corruption  as  impronta  would  more 
easily  take  place  in  a  borrowed  word. 

Im.prontare  It.,  Fr.  emprunter  to  borrow,  sbst.  emprnnt.  The 
Wal.  inprumut,  vb.  imprumuta  point  to  the  lu.  promutiium ,  in- 
promuiuum ,  in-promutuare  (improntare), 

Inaffiare  —  achar. 

Incalciare  inealzare  It.,  O.  Sp.  encalzar,  Pr.  encaumr,  O.  Yx.en- 
chmicer  to  pursue;  whence  sbst.  O.  Sp.  encalzo,  O-Pg*  encalco, 
Pr.  encaus,  O.  Fr.  enchauce;  from  calx. 

Incanto  It.,  O.y^^.encante,  Pr.  enquant  encant,  Fr.  encan  auction, 
M.  H.  G.  gant;  from  in  quantum;  vb.  It.  incantare,  Pr.  enquan- 
tar,  Fr.  encanter. 

Incastrare  —  cassa. 

Inehar  —  hinchar. 

Inchiostro  It.,  O.  Mil.  incostro  ink;  from  encaustiim  (syaavGrov) 
red  ink ,  used  by  the  Greek  Emperors ;  the  It.  and  the  Pr. 
encaut  keep  the  Latin,  the  Fr.  encre,  enque,  Wall,  enclic  the 
Gk.  accent  (syycavatov).  Sic.  inga,  Du.  inkt,  E.  ink.  Atra?nen- 
tnm  is  found  in  Pr.  airamen,  O.  Fr.  errement.  Tinta  is  used  in 
Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  Sard.,  O.  H.  G.  tinctd,  dinctd,  G.  tinte.  The  Wal. 
has  borrowed  from  the  Slav,  cerneale  =  black. 

Ineiampare  —  tape  (2). 

Ineinta  It.,  Pr.  encencha,  Fr.  enceinte  pregnant;  from  incincta, 
i.  e.  sine  cinctu,  discincta.  Fr.  sbst.  enceinte  i^  from  incinctns 
in  its  classical  sense. 

Increscere  rinerescere  It.  impers.  vb.  =  L.  tsedet,  Rh.  ancre- 
scher.  From  L.  increscere,  incresce  =  it  grieves,  prop.  =  is 
too  much  for  me ,  M.  H.  G.  mich  bevilt.  We  find  the  word  in 
O.  Fr.  mult  li  encroist  Brut.  2,  215,  and  in  1^  L.  ejus  dissoluta 
conversatio  omnibus  increverat  Act.  SS.  Oct.  1,  468. 

Ineude  incudine,  ancude  ancudine  It.,  Sp.  ijunque  ayunque,  Pg. 
incude,  Pr.  encluget,  Fr.  enclume  anvil;  from  incus  incudis. 
Piedm.  ancuso,  Cat.  enclusa  from  nom.  incus. 

Inda  ainda  Pg.  adv.  for  L.  adhuc,  from  inde  ad,  abinde  ad. 

Indaeo  It.,  O.  Sp.  endico,  Fr.  E.  indigo,  Pr.  indi  endi;  from  L. 

17* 


260  INDARNO  —  INSETARE. 

indicum  blue  Indian  pigment.  Hence  an  0.  Sp.  adj.  yndio,  Pr. 
indi,  O.  Fr.  inde. 

Indarno  It.  =  fnistra ;  from  the  Slav.  adv.  darmo  darom  gratis^ 
Grimm  3,  107,  cf.  Wal.  m  dare,  O.  It.  a  dono.  The  Fr.  also 
has:  en  dar  or  en  dart ,  so  that  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  have 
recourse  to  the  Slav. 

Indi  It.,  0.  It.  ende  enne,  whence  en  and  ne,  0.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  ende, 
Pr.  en  and  ne,  O.  Fr.  int,  ent,  Fr.  en,  Wal.  inde.  Nearer  the 
orig.  than  the  Fr.  en  is  Rouchi  end  in  endaler  =  en  alter.  O. 
It.  ende  =  It.  ne,  whence  nonde  campo  =  non  ne  campo,  nul- 
lande  =  nulla  ne,  peronde  =  pero  ne.  Sp.  dende  lor  desde, 
O.  Sp.  dent,  O.  Pg.  dende  y  O.  Fr.  den  from  de-inde. 

Infingardo  —  faint. 

Infino  —  fi7io. 

Infrigno  —  frignare. 

Inganno  It.,  Sp.  engano,  Pg.  engano,  Pr.  engan  deceit;  vb.  in- 
gannare,  engahar,  enganar,  O.  Fr.  enganer  to  deceive,  Wal. 
ingena  (from  It.?)  to  mock.  In  L. L.  we  find  gannat  %lEvdt,BL, 
sbst.  gannum  scon,  gannatura.  Not  from  ingenium  but  prob. 
from  O.  H.  G.  gaman,  A.  S.  gamen  (E.  game)  ga?nn,  cf.  danno 
from  damnum,  Sp.  daho,  Pg.  dano,  Pr.  dan.  For  the  meaning 
cf.  E.  to  make  game  of,  It.  giuoco  game,  trick.  Com.  gioeuch 
deceit,  Fr.  J  oner  quelqiHun  to  deceive. 

Ingegno  It.,  O.  Sp.  engeno,  Pr.  engeinh  gcinli  engin,  Fr.  engin 
genius  and  engine;  from  ingenium;  0.  Fr.  engignier  to  outwit, 
Pr.  engenhar  to  entrap.  It.  ingegnarsi ,  Fr.  s^inge'nier  to  strive, 
use  one's  wits ;  sbst.  Pr.  enginhaire,  Fr.  ingenieur,  It.  ingegnere, 
E.  engineer,  L.  L.  ingeniosus. 

Ingombro  —  colmo. 

Inguine  It.,  Sp.  engle  (for  egne),  N.  Pr.  lengue  (for  engue),  Fr. 
-aine  flank  *,  from  inguen.    It.  anguinaglia  from  inguinalia. 

Innanzi  —  anzL 

Innaverare  —  naverare. 

Innesto  nesto  It.  a  graft,  innestare  nest  are  to  graft ;  from  insitus, 
whence  It.  insetare  inestare  (for  ins' tare). 

Inse^na  It.,  0.  Sp.  ensena,  Fr.  enseigne,  E.  ensign;  from  L.  in- 
signia pi.  of  insigne.   From  signum  Sp.  sena. 

Insegnare  It.,  Sp.  ensenar,  Pg.  ensinar,  Fr.  enseigner  to  teach. 
From  insignare  (signum  segno  sena  senh),  cf.  Wal.  insemna  to 
inform,  from  semn  ==  signum. 

Insembre  insembra  It.,  0.  Sp.  ensemhra  ensemble,  O.  Pg.  ensem- 
bra,  Fr.  ensemble,  also  It.  insieme,  Pr.  ensems ,  O.  Wald.  ew- 
se7np  =  L.  una;  from  insimul,  I  being  rejected  or  changed  to 
v;  Wal.  aseamene  from  ad-simul.  O.  Fr.  ,sm/?5  =  simul.  Cf. 
sembrare. 

Insetare  —  infiesto. 


INSIEME  —  IZQUIERDO.  261 

Insieme  —  insembre, 

Insino  —  sino. 

Inteiri9ar  —  intero. 

Intero  It.,  Sp.  entero,  Pg.  inteiro,  Pr.  enteir,  Fr.  eniier,  E.  entire; 
from  integer  integri,  Lomb.  Wall,  intreg.  Hence  Pr.  O.Fr.  adj. 
enterin  perfect,  vb.  0.  Fr.  enteriner  to  approve.  Intero  also 
=  straight;  upright,  whence  vb.  intirizzare ,  Pg.  inteiricario 
benumb,  adj.  inteirico  perfect  (prop,  rigid).  Cf.  G.  steif,  E. 
stiff  used  both  in  physical  and  moral  sense.  With  a  change 
of  prefix  we  have  0.  Pg.  Sp.  aterir  aterecer,  Sp.  ateritar, 

Intirizzare  —  intero. 

Intrambo  entrambi  It.,  Sp.  entrambos ,  Pr.  entrambs  both  to- 
gether, a  compound  with  inter  O.  Rom.  for  L.  una,  v.  R.  Gr. 
2,  405;  3,  374. 

Intridere  It.,  from  interere,  cf.  conquidere ,  from  conquirere. 

Introcque  —  mentre. 

Intuzzare  rintuzzare  It.  (l)  to  blunt  (2)  to  quench,  check.  Prob. 
a  participial  verb  tutiare,  from  tutus,  its  latter  meaning  cor- 
responding with  that  of  at-tutare. 

Inverno  verno  It.,  Sp.  invierno  (ibierno  0.  Sp.),  Pr.  ivern,  Fr. 
liiver,  Wal.  earne;  from  hihernus  hibernum. 

Investire  It.,  Sp.  embestir,  Fr.  investir,  to  invest  a  place ;  from  in- 
vestire  (cf.  focum  investire  Msecen.,  scrupeo  investita  saxo  Enn.). 

lo  It.,  Sp.  yo,  Pg.  Wal.  eu,  Pr.  Galic.  ieu  eu,  O.  Fr.  eo  ieojeo  jo, 
¥r.Je;  from  ego  by  syncope  eo,  Fr.  i  added  before  short  e  as 
in  dieu  from  deus. 

Iqui  —  qui. 

Irmao  —  hermano. 

Isard  Langued.,  Cat.  isart  and  sicart  an  izard;  from  Gr.  l%alog 
(Salmasius)  ? 

Ischio  eschio  It.  from  asculus. 

Isnel  —  snello. 

Issa  —  esso. 

Issare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  izar,  Fr.  hisser  (asp.),  from  Swed.  hissa,  L.  G. 
hissen  (E.  hoisf). 

Itant  —  cotanto. 

Itel  —  cotale. 

Iva  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  if  (m.)  yew;  from  O.  H.  G.  iwa,  G.  eibe,  A.  S. 
iv ,  E.  yeiv,  W.  ijiv.  Corn,  hivin. 

Ivi  vi  It.,  O.  It.  ij  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  Pr.  hi  y,  Fr.  y,  Sp.  Pg.  ahi; 
from  ibi. 

Ivoire  —  avorio. 

Ivraie  —  ebbriaco. 

Izaga  Sp.  a  reedy  place;  from  B.  izaga  (iza  reed,  aga  fullness). 

Izquierdo  esquerro  Sp.,  Yg.esquerdo,  Cat.Vr.esquer  (f.  esquerra) 
left.    From  the  B.  ezquerra  ezquerdo,  Sp.  i  for  e  when  next 


262  IZZA  —  JARS. 

syllable  has  ie,  cf.  cimiento,  hiniestra,  ilnieblaj  sintiese  (sentir) 
miniiera  (mentir), 
\7,7,9>,  It.  anger;  from  O.  H.  Gr.  hiza,  G.  hilze.   Ad-izzare  a~izzare, 
Com.  ezza,  0.  Fr.  hesser  to  incite  (esp.  dogs);  G.  hetzen,  L.  G. 
hitsen,  as  Ven.  uzzare,  Veron.  uzzci  from  the  prov.  form  hutzen. 


J. 

Jabali  Sp.,  V^.javaU  wild  boar,  Sip.Jabaima  wild  sow.   Ar.  Ahin- 

zlr  gahali  =  Sp.  puerco  montes  mountain-  or  wild -boar. 
Jabot  Fr.  crop  of  a  bird,  Jahoter  to  murmur.   Perhaps  for  gibot 

(ci.jaloux  for  geloux),  from  gibba  a  bump,  cf.  G.  kropf,  E. 

crop  =  orig.  a  swelling,  or,  according  to  others,  connected 

with  Fr.  Japper  and  E.  jabber. 
Jacerina  —  ghiazzerino. 
Jaco  —  giaco. 

Jadis  Fr.  irom.  Jamdiu  as  tandis  from  tamdiu,  Pr.  tandins. 
Jaez  Sp.  Pg.  harness ;  from  Ar.  gaMz  implements. 
Jaillir  Fr.  to  shoot  forth;  ior  jailler  irom  Jaculari ,  cf.  bondir. 
Jalde  jalne  —  giallo. 
Jale  Fr.  a  tub,  measure;  O.Ywjalon  galon,  E.  gallon  (L.L.  qalo, 

galetus)y  Rou.  galot.   Beside  yrtr/6'  0.  Fr.  hfii^Jaille  (Due.  v.  galo) 

=  L.  galea,  dim.  galeola  vas  vinarium  Papias. 
Jalon  —  j  auger. 
Jaloux  —  zelo, 

Jamba  jamon,  jambe  jambon  —  gamba, 
Jangler  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  janglar  to  insult,  scoff,  N.  Pr.  jangla  to 

whine,  O.  Fr.  jangle,  Pr.  jangla  mockery;  from  L.  G.  Du. 

jangelen  janken  (Ei,  jangle)  to  scold,  whine,  a  jangler,  Chauc. 

babbler. 
Jante  Fr.  (f.)  felloe  of  a  wheel.  Not  from  canthus  (m.),  but  from 

L.  L.  cames  camitis  from  root  cam  crooked,  bent  (v.  gamba); 

2^'^  jambe  from  camba,  ^o  jante  from  camitem.    Wall,  chame  = 

nom.  cames. 
Japper  Fr.,  Pr.  japar  to  yelp  ;  an  onomatop.,  cf.  G.  jappen. 
Jaque  —  giaco. 
Jardin  —  giardino. 
Jargon  ■ —  gergo. 
Jarra  jarre  — -  giara. 
Jarret  jarrete  —  garra. 
Jars  Fr.  gander.   The  orig.  form  is  found  in  the  Pic.  gars,  Bret. 

garz,  Wall.  gear.    Probably  from  the  0.  N.  gassi  =  gander 

rvvhich  is  connected  with  the  G.  gans,  E.  gander,  L.  anser, 

Gk.  I'qv ,  Sansk.  hansa).     Pictet,  however,  derives  the  Fr, 

from  the  Bret,  garz  which  he  gets  from  the  Sansk.  varata 


JASER  —  JUGE.  263 

(protector  of  geese  from  vri  to  protect) ,   cf.  W.  gwart  (qui 
garde),  vb.  gwara  gwared  tegere  (vri). 

Jaser  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  gaser,  Pr.  gasar  to  chatter,  Vic.jaser.  From 
O.  N.  gassi  a  gander,  or  chatterer ,  cf.  Bav.  gdnseln  to  babble. 
Hence ,  prob.,  gazouiller,  O.  Fr.  gaziller  to  chirp ,  chatter. 

Jasmin  —  gesmino. 

Jasse  —  se, 

Jatte  —  gavetta, 

Jauger  Fr.,  Y^ all.  ganger,  ^.  gauge,  Yv.jauge  a  gauging- rod. 
From  a  Eom.  cequaUficare  egalger  (cf.  O.  Fr.  niger  from  nidi/i- 
care)  eg  auger  ganger  (cf.  s.  mine).  Rouchi  cauque  gauqne  point 
to  a  form  calc  (calfc),  cf.  G.  eiclien  =  Du.  ikje?i  from  cequare. 
From  cequalis  also  Fr.  Jaion  a  gauging -rod,  pole. 

Jaula  —  gabbia. 

Jaune  —  giallo. 

Javelina  javelot  —  giavelotto. 

Javelle  —  gavela. 

Jauzion  jauzir  —  godere. 

Jazerant  —  ghiazzerino. 

Je  —  io. 

Jeudi  —  giovedi. 

Jeune  ■ —  ginnare. 

Joglar  —  giocolare. 

Joie  —  godere. 

Joindre  Fr.,  F.join;  iroui  jnngere ,  It.  giugnere. 

Joli  —  ginlivo. 

Jongleur  —  giocolaro. 

Jorgina  jorguina  Sp.  witch;  from  B.  sorguina  sorguina  which 
from  L.  sors,  Sp.  suerte,  B.  zortea,  and  guina  making.  Hence 
enjorgninar  to  cover  with  soot,  as  witches  coming  down 
chimneys ,  Jor^wm  soot;  holgina  holgin  ivoTo.  jorgina. 

Joubarbe  —  jnsbarba. 

Joue  —  gota. 

Jouer  Fr.  to  play,  from  jocari;  jeu  from  jocus. 

Jouir  —  godere. 

Jour  —  giorno. 

Joute  j outer  —  giusta. 

Joya  joy  el  joyau  —  godere. 

Joyo  —  gioglio. 

Jubon  —  giubba. 

Jue  Fr.,  Wall,  joe  a  perch,  vb.  Fr.  jncher,  Pic.  jnqner.  Wall. 
joqner,  N.Pr.  s'ajonca,  E.  iojnke,  to  roost,  Berr.  sbst.  gnenche, 
vb.  gueucher.  The  Norm,  has  hucher,  which  points  to  the  Du. 
hukken,  G.  hocken  to  squat,  cower. 

Jueves  —  giovedi. 

Juge  Fr.,  Pr.  Cat.  jntge,  whence  0.  Sp.  juge,  B.  yuyea.    Not 


264  JUILLET  —  LABAREDA. 

{rom  judex  which  would  give  jus,  but  from  juger  (judicare), 
prob.  the  only  example ^  in  the  Rom.,  of  a  personal  noun 
derived  from  a  verb  without  suffix. 

Juillet  Fr.  July.  In  0.  Fr.  this  month  was  called  Jwm^/  or  little 
June,  cf.  A.B.aerra  lidha  after  a  lidha  (p'mild  month,  2"'HTiild 
month)  =  June,  July.  From  juinet  came  Juillet  through  L. 
Julius.  Sic.  (prob.  through  Norm.)  giugne  June,  giugnetto  July. 
In  Neap,  the  former  is  called  jon  cerasiaro  (cherry  June),  the 
latter  Jw/o  messoro  (harvest  July).  In  Sard.  July  is  called  mesi 
de  treulas  (threshing -month).  Rh.  zareladur  (weed -month) 
==  Jime,  fenadur  (hay -month)  =  July.  In  Pro  v.  Cat.  they 
are  called  junh,  jidiol ,  in  B.  gar  ilia,  gar  agar  ilia  (barley- 
months). 

Jujube  —  giuggola. 

Julep  julepe  —  giulebbe, 

Jumart  Fr. ;  prob.  a  corruption  oijumentum,  though  the  Langucd. 
gimere  gimerou  points  to  chimaera. 

Jumeau  Fr.  twin;  from  gemellus,  Pr.  gemel,  cf.  fumier  from 
fimus.   Hence  E.  gimmal  (=  annulus  gemellus). 

Jupe  —  giuhha. 

Jusant  Fr.  ebb;  from  0.  Fr.  adv.^M^  down,  formed  on  the  ana- 
logy of  courant. 

Jusarme  —  guisarme. 

Jusbarba  Sp.  butcher's  broom,  Yr.joubarbe,  Pr.  barbajol  a  leek; 
=  L.  Jovis  barba  (Pliny),  It.  barba  di  Giove,  Sp.  chuharba 
stone- crop  is  prob.  the  same  word,  cf.  chupe  =  Vr.  jupe. 

Jusque  Fr.  from  de- usque,  O.  Fr.  usque  dusque,  Pr.  diiesca,  jus- 
cas,  0.  Fr.  ^\^o  jesque  hovn  juesqiie  (as  tresque  from  irxiesque). 
Cf.  devers  =  versus.  Pr.  truesca,  O.  Fr.  trosqu'a  =  intro  usque 
ad,  Rh.  troqua  aniroqua. 

Jusquiame  —  giuschiamo. 

Justar  —  giustare. 


K 

Kermesse  Fr.  a  fair;  a  corruption  of  the  G.  kirch-messe  (church- 
mess)  orig.  '-=^  a  church -ale,  wake,  festal  gathering,  cf.  fiera. 


L. 

La  It.,  Sp.  alia,  O.  Pg.  aid,  Pg.  Id,  Pr.  la  lai,  Fr.  la;  from  iliac. 
Labarda  —  alabarda. 

Labareda  lavereda  Pg.  flame;  from  labarum  a  banner,  cf.  ori- 
flamme. 


LABAUO  —  LAGARTA.  265 

Labaro  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  laharum,  L.  Idbarum  the  banner  of  the 
Roman  Empire  from  the  time  of  Constantine.  Laharnm  = 
prop,  the  voice  or  oracle  (Bret,  invar,  W.  llafar,  Ir.  Gael. 
lablirad,  Corn,  lavar,  Avhence  Celtic  name  Labarus  in  Siliiis 
Ital.)  sc.  of  God,  alluding  to  the  inscription  on  the  standard 
of  Constantine,  tv  tovxa  vLxa    V.Mahn,  Etym.  Unters.  p.  65. 

Labech  —  liheccio. 

Labriego  Sp.^  Pg.  labrego  a  peasant;  from  labor  =  field-labour 
(Due). 

Lacayo  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  laquais,  whence  It.  lacclie ,  E.  lackey  pedis- 
sequus.  0.  Pr.  has  lecai  dainty,  wanton  (v.  leccare),  N.  Pr. 
laccai  a  shoot  (parasite)  also  =  lackey,  cf.  Gk.  aot,0(s,  do0- 
6i]trJQ  (Donaldson).  0.  Pg.  lecco  =  Pr.  lee  (whence  lecai)  the 
same  as  lacayo.  Wedgw.  makes  it  the  same  word  as  the  0. 
Fr.  naqxiet,  naquais  (cf.  livello,  nivello  Sic.)  a  ball -catcher  at 
tennis. 

Lacca  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  laca,  Fr.  laque,  E.  lake  (whence  laquer, 
lacquer)  an  Indian  resin;  Pers.  Idk  (Sansk.  Idxdj  root  lakh 
omare). 

Lacca  It.  a  hole  (Dante) ;  from  Gk.  Idxxog. 

Lacchetta  —  racchetta. 

Laccia  It.,  Sic.  alaccia ,  N.  Pr.  Sp.  alacha  shad ,  Andal.  lacha, 
G.  alse;  prob.  corruptions  of  halec,  according  to  Diefenbach 
=  Celt,  alausa.  From  halec  we  have  It.  dlice  (f.),  Sic.  alcci 
anchovy,  Sp.  alece  (m.)  fish -ragout,  Sp.  haleche  a  sort  of 
mackerel. 

Laccio  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  lazOy  Pr.  latz ,  Fr.  lacs,  Wal,  latzu,  E.  lace; 
from  laqueus;  vb.  It.  lacciare  allacciare  &c,,  Fr.  lacer,  E.  lace. 

Lacerta  It.  lucerta  lucertola  (Sard,  caluscerta  calwcertuld) ,  Sp. 
Pg.  lagarto,  Fr.  lezard,  Burg,  lezarde  f.,  Rh.  lusciard,  E. 
lizard,  Pg.  lagarta  caterpillar;  from  lacerta,  with  (in  Sp.  &c.) 
a  change  of  ending  to  the  suffix  ard  often  found  in  names  of 
animals.  Hence  It.  alligatore,  Sp.  alegador,  Fr.  E.  alligator 
(Sp.  el  lagarto),  spelt  as  if  from  adligare  adligator. 

Lache  laeher  —  lasciare. 

Lacio  Sp.  faded,  languid;  from^/laccidus  (also  written  Ihacio  = 
llacio  Berceo),  cf.  llama  from  flamma,  Lainez  from  Flainiz. 

Lacra  Sp.  scar,  fault,  vb.  lacrar  to  hurt;  from  M.  Du.  laecke, 

0.  E.  lake,  E.  lack. 
Lacs  —  laccio. 
Ladino  —  latino, 
Ladre  —  lazaro. 

Ladrillo  Sp.,  Pg.  ladrilho  brick;  from  laterculus. 
Lagar  Sp.  Pg.  wine -press;  from  lacus. 
Lagarta  —  lacerta. 


266  LAGNARSI  —  LAMBEL. 

Lagnarsi  It.,  O.  Sp.  laharse,  Pr.  se  lanhar ,  O.  Fr.  laigner  to 
lament;  sbst.  It.  lagna,  Pr.  lanha;  from  laniare  se  prse  dolore, 
cf.  Pg.  carpirse  (=  carpere  se),  \j.  plangere ,  Gk.  KOTtraGd'ai. 

Lagot  Pr.  flattery,   Sp.  lagotear  to  flatter;   cf.  Goth,  hi-laigon 

to  lick. 
Lague  0.  Fr.  law ;  from  A.  S.  lag,  E.  laiv,  hence  utlague  ullage 

outlaw,  A.  S.  ut-lag,  E.  out -law,  cf.  ex -lex. 
Lai  lais  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  lais  lay,  E.  lay,  It.  plur.  lai.   From  0.  N.  /«^ 

law,  melody  (cf.  i/dftog),  or  from  W.  llais  melody,  Fr.  Gael. 

laoith  song. 
Laiclie  —  lisca. 
Laido  It.  0.  Sp.  O.  Pg.,  Pr.  lait,  Fr.  laid  ugly;  from  0.  H.  G. 

leid  odious,  O.N.  leidhr,  A.  S.  Iddli.   O.  Ir.  sbst.  lait.  Ph. 

laid,  B.  laidoa.   Vb.  It.  laidare,  O.  Sp.  laizar,  O.  Pg.  laidar, 

Pr.  laizar,  O.  Fr.  laider  to  vex,  injure;  from  leidon,  leiden; 

also  It.  laidire,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  /«Mr  from  leidjan,  A.  S.  Iddhjan. 

O.Yr.laidenge  (vh.laidengier),  Vr.ledena  for  I aidenha  vexation, 

cf.  0.  H.  G.  leidunga  accusation, 

Laie  Fr.  0.  Pg.  lada?  a  way  through  a  wood,  vb.  lager  un  lois; 

from  0.  N.  leid,  A.  S.  lad,  M.  Du.  leie,  L.  L.  /t'^^j.    Hence 

S.  Germain  en  laye, 
Laisse  lesse  Fr.  =  E.  leash,   It,  lascio,  E.  lasso;  from  laxus 

laxare,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  Idz  from  Idzan,  G.  lassen,  cf.  L.  L.  /«a;«- 

;w?>?flj  habence. 
Laisser  —  lasciare. 
Laiton  —  ottone. 

Laivo  Pg.  spot,  stain;  from  lahes,  whence  an  adj.  labeus? 
Iiam  Pr.  lame,  one-armed;   O.  H.  G.  lam,  G.  lahm,  E.  lame. 

Piedm.  lam  =  slack. 
Lama  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Dauph.  lamma  marsh,  bog,  mire;  from  L. 

lama  Hor.   Festus :  aquce  collectio  quce  lamam  dicunt;  found  in 

Dante  in  the  same  sense. 

Lama  It.  Pr.,  Fr.  lame  plate,  blade,  O.  Sp.  lana  a  slice,  a  band; 
from  lamina.  Hence  0.  Fr.  lame  grave -stone,  and  O.  Fr. 
lemele  alemele  (from  /  'alemelle  for  la  lemele),  Fr.  alumelle. 

Lamaneur  —  locman. 

Lambeau  Fr.  shred  or  tatter.  Com.  lampel,  Sp.  lambel,  Berr, 
lamhriche  fringe,  L.  L.  Idblellus^  O.  Fr.  laheau,  E.  label;  Fr. 
vb.  deldbrer  for  delabler.  The  m  is  prob.  inserted,  so  delabrer 
from  labrum  (levre  cf.  cabrer,  chevre),  label  from  labellum.  The 
Com.  form,  however,  approaches  the  G.lappen  (shred),  which 
is  found  also  in  Celtic,  Gael,  leab,  W.  llabed  (E.  lappet), 
Bret,  labasken.  Fr.  lambrequin  =  Du.  dim.  lamperkin  from 
tamper  lamfer  a  veil,  cf.  mannequin  =  Du.  mannekm. 

Lambel  —  lambeau. 


LAMBICCO  —  LANDRA.  267 

Lambicco  limbicco  It.,  Sp.  alainhique,  Pg.  lamhiquey  Pr.  elamhic, 
Fr.  alamhic,  E.  alemlnc;  from  Ar.  al-anbiq. 

Lambre  O.  Fr.  wainscot,  from  lamina  a  board,  cf.  marhre  from 
marinr.    Hence  Fr.  lanihrh  (m.). 

Lambrequin  —  lamheau. 

Lambrija  Sp.,  Pg.  lombriga  a  worm ;  from  lumbricus,  It.  lomhrico, 
Sp.  also  lomhriz. 

Lambris  —  lamhre. 

Lambrusca  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  lambruche,  from  lahrusca. 

Lamicare  It.  to  drizzle:  perhaps  for  lamhicare  to  lick,  cf.  Sp. 
latner  from  lamhere.   B.  lambroa  drizzling -rain. 

Lampione  lampone  It.  raspberry,  Pied,  ampola,  Com.  ampoi, 
Eh.  ompchia;  it  is  the  Sw.  omheer  (homheere  Mmpel-heere). 

Lampo  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  lamp  lam,  N.  Pr.  Ian  blaze;  from  root 
lamp  in  lamp -as,  cf.  capo  frow  cap-ut.  Hence  Cat.  llampcg, 
Sp.  Pg.  re -lamp -ago  flash. 

Lampreda  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  lamprea,  Fr.  lamproie  (Ei.lamprey) ;  usually 
derived  from  L.  L.  lam-petra  (lick -stone),  because  this  fish 
clings  to  stones  with  its  mouth.  The  Bret.,  however,  islamprezj 
which  Legonidec  derives  from  lampr  slippery,  shining. 

Lance  —  lancia. 

Lancha  —  lasca. 

Lancia  It.,  Sp.  lanza,  E.  lance,  from  L.  lancea,  according  to 
Varro  (Gellius)  a  Spanish,  according  to  others,  a  Gallic  or 
German  word;  vb.  It.  lanciare  and  E.  launch,  L.  lanceare  (Ter- 
tullian);  hence  It.  lancio,  Sp.  lance,  Pg.  lanco,  Pr.  lans  throAV, 
cast;  It.  slanciare,  Vweslansar,  Yr.elancer  to  spring;  Fr.  sbst. 
elan  for  elans. 

Landa  It.  Pr.,  Fr.  lande  plain,  heath,  0.  Fr.  lande  saltus,  B. 
landa  field.  Not  from  Goth.  E.  land,  but  from  Bret,  la^in  a 
thorny  bush,  pi.  lannou  a  heath,  cf.  Fr.  brande  bush,  pi.  hran- 
des  heath.    Lann  (land)  is  pure  Celtic,  v.  Zeiiss  1,  168. 

Landier  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  andier,  B.  landera,  E.  andiron,  Wall,  andi, 
L.  L.  andena.  Wedgw.  makes  andiron  the  same  as  Flem. 
wendijser  (wenden  to  turn)  prop,  a  rack  for  the  spit;  vcruten- 
ium,  idem  hoc  andena  v.  Ducange.  Landier  for  V andier,  cf. 
loriot,  lendemain,  lierre. 

Landit  Fr.  fair  of  St.  Denis;  for  Vendit  from  indicium,  the  day 
being  openly  proclaimed,  cf.  feriae  indictivae. 

Landra  slandra  It.,  Dauph.  landra  prostitute;  N.  Pr.  landrin  * 
landraire  a  loiterer;  Com.  slandron  a  vagabond.  Yen.  si  a  fidro?ia 
a  prostitute;  vb.  Vr. landra  to  walk  the  streets.  Hence  It.ma- 
landrino,  Sp.  N.  Pr.  malandrin,  Rou.  Lim.  mandrin  a  pick- 
pocket, vagabond,  for  mal-landrino  &c..  Com.  f.  malandra 
meretrix,  Occ.  mandro  (f.)  a  fox,  mandrouno  a  bawd,  Sp.  mo- 
londro  a  mean  fellow;   adj.  Pr.  vilandrier  for  vil-landrier  a 


268  LANGE  —  L  ASCI  ARE. 

vagabond.  From  It.  slandra  is  W?i\.suleandre.  From  0.  H.  G. 
lantderi  (for  1j.  I atr 6)  =  a  land -plague. 

Lange  Fr.  m.  a  blanket,  O. Fr.  a  woollen  garment;  from  laneus, 

Laniere  It.,  Pr.  Fr.  lanier,  E.  lanner,  a  small  falcon,  a  merlin-, 
c=  laniarius,  a  laniandis  avihus.    Adj.  lanier  greedy. 

Lanquan  Pr.  =  Fr.  lorsque,  for  /Vm  quan,  an  used  as  in  ogan, 
antan. 

Lanza  —  lancia. 

Lanzieheneceo  It.  (shortened  lanzo),  Sp.  lasquenete,  Fr.  lans- 
quenet a  German  foot  soldier;  from  G.  landsknecht;  it  also 
means  a  game  at  cards  played  by  these  soldiers,  lansquenet. 

Lanzo  —  Umzichenecco. 

Lana  —  lama, 

Lapa  Pg.  an  excavation ;  from  Gk.  Xditad^ov  a  hole. 

Lapa  Sp.  scum;  from  Gk.  Xditri  Xd^Ttrj.   B.  lapa  lees. 

Lapin  Fr.  a  rabbit,  dim.  lapereaii,  cf.  Du.  lampreel.  The  p  of 
lepus  would  require  a  i^  in  Fr.  (cf.  leveret);  lapin  is  prob.  for 
clapin,  from  root  clap,  whence  se  clapir  to  hide  (of  rabbits), 
clapiere  a  rabbit  -  burrow  (q.  v.),  cf.  loir  for  gloir. 

Lapo  Sp.  blow  with  a  flat  instrument;  from  0.  H.  G.  lappa,  G. 
lappen,  cf.  G.  E.  flap.  Hence  also  Com.  lapina  a  box  on  the 
ear,  Berr.  lapigne  a  rag,  Idpeau  a  lazy  fellow,  Rh.  lapi  a  sim- 
pleton =  G.  lappa  slack.  Sp.  solapar  to  button  one  lappet 
over  another,  then  to  conceal. 

Lappare  It.,  Fr.  taper,  Pr.  lepar.  Cat.  llepar  =  G.  lappen,  E.  lap, 
O.  N.  lepia,  W.  llepio,  Gk.  Xditteiv  &c. 

Laquais  —  lac  ago. 

Lar  Sp.  Pg.  Occ,  Cat.  liar  hearth;  the  L.  Lar,  found  also  in  It. 
alare  andiron,  Sp.  Hares  pot- hangers. 

Laranja  —  arancio, 

Larein  Fr.,  E.  larceny;  from  latrocinium,  Pr.  laironici,  Sp.  ladro- 
nicio.  It.  ladroneccio.  From  latro  we  have  ladrone,  ladro, 
larron. 

Larigot  Fr.  a  pipe  or  flute.  The  form  arigot  might  come  from  the 
Gallic  arinca  (Pliny) =rye,  cf.L.  avena.  Arinca  becomes  riguet 
in  Dauph.   Frisch  derives  larigo  from  largo  (musical  term). 

Larme  Fr.  from  lacrima.  In  O.Fr.  lairme  (lerme)  the  g  is  vocal- 
ized into  i. 

Larris  O.  Fr.  Pic.  an  untilled  field,  L.  L.  larricium,  from  Du. 
laer  laar  an  open  place  in  a  wood,  v.  Dief.  Goth.  Wb.  2,  129. 

Lasca  It.  a  fish,  barbel;  from  Gk.  levmCaog. 

Lasca  Sp.  a  plate,  thin  flat  stone,  strip  of  leather;  a  corruption 
of  laxiis  laxa  (which  is  also  found  in  Sp./«a:«  or  laja  =  lasca). 
Pg.  lasca  de  presunto  =  slice  of  ham.   Sp.  lancha  =  laxa. 

Lasciare  lassare  It.,  O.  Sp.  lexar  leixar,  Pg.  leixar,  Pr.  laissar, 
Fr.  laisser,  Wal.  lesa  (E.  lease  in  release);  from  laxare  (Sp. 


LASCIO  —  LAUDEMIO.  269 

laxar),  influenced  by  the  G.  lassen  =  E.  lei,  v.  Max  Miiller 
(ilber  deutsche  Schattirung  romanischer  Worte).  Hence  Pr. 
s'eslaissar,  0.  Fr.  s'eslaisser  to  rush  in,  sbst.  eslais  fall,  rush, 
It.  slascio;  It.  adj.  lasco,  Pr.  lasc  lasch,  Fr.  I  ache ,  Kou.  lake 
indolent,  vb.  Sp.  lascar,  O.  Pg.  laiscar,  Pr.  lascar  laschar,  Fr. 
Idcher,  O.  Fr.  lasquer,  from  lascus  for  laxus,  cf.  Gael.  /^«s^,  Ir. 
/m^,  W.  //^5^  :=  L.  laxus,  Gael,  assail,  Corn.  «s<:/^  =:=--  L. 
axella.  Champ,  fisquer  for  ^a;^r,  lusque  for  /wa;e. 

Lascio  —  lame. 

Lasco  —  lasciare. 

Lasso  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  laso,  Fr.  /«5,  It.  «7«2  lasso,  f.  «/^2  M55«,  Pr.  at 
las,  0.  Fr.  /?«  las  (E.  rt/«5),  Fr.  /«6"7r/s  (v.  he),  from  lassiis;  vb. 
It.  lassare  &c.,  from  lassare.  Hence  also  O.Fr.  sbst.  /^s/^,  laste, 
O.  Sp.  laseclad  weariness. 

Lastar  Sp.  Pg.  to  pay  for  another,  sbst.  lasio.  From  O.  H.  G. 
leisten,  G.  leisten  to  bail. 

Laste  —  lasso. 

Lastima  —  hiasimo. 

Lasto  It.,  Fr.  laste  lest  a  ship's  burden;  from  0.  H.  G.  Mast ,  O. 
Fris.  hlestj  N.  lest,  G.  last ,  A.  S.  last  (E.  last  =  boat -load). 
Fr.  halast,  Du.  G.  E.  ballast  is  a  compound  of  last  and  Z^«/,  Ir. 
heal  sand  (garhheal  =  gravel),  W.  ^«/  in  halasarn  ballast,  Bret. 
ft^V?  caillou  rond,  plat  et  poli  que  la  mer  pousse  sur  quelques 
rivages,  L.  sa-hiil-um  {saburra  ballast),  Sk.  hdlukd  sand,  v. 
Bopp,  Glossary.  For  Sp.  lastre,  Pg.  lastro,  which  are  con- 
founded with  this  word,  v.  astre. 

Lastra  lastre  —  astre. 

Latino  It.,  Sp.  latin,  Pg.  latim  (1)  Latin  (2)  knowledge  (3)  cun- 
ning: Sp.  saber  mucho  latino  to  be  cunning,  Sp.  Pg.  adj.  ladino 
cunning.  What  the  Latin  was  to  the  learned ,  that  their  mo- 
ther tongue  was  to  laymen ;  hence  latino  was  used  for  any 
dialect ,  even  Arabic  and  the  language  of  birds ,  cf .  Dante : 
gli  augelli  ciascufio  in  suo  latino,  next  it  came  to  mean  com- 
prehensible, accessible,  easy,  convenient,  Dante,  Par.  3,  63: 
SI  che  m'  e piu  ladino;  ladino  delta  mano  promptus,  Rh.  ladin 
swift.  From  latin  is  Pr.  0.  Fr.  latinier  linguist,  interpreter, 
0.  E.  latynere ,  latymer  (Latimer). 

Latir  —  ghiattire. 

Laton  —  ottone. 

Latta  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  lata,  Fr.  latte;  from  0.  H.  G.  latta,  A.  S.  Idtta, 
E.  lath,  W.  lldth  (f.).   Wal.  has  m.  latz. 

Lattovaro  lattuaro  It.,  Sp.  electuario,  O.  Sp.  lectuario,  Pr.  lacto- 
ari  lectoari,  Fr.  electuaire,  O.  Fr  lectuaire,  E.  electuary,  0.  E. 
lectuary  letuary;  from  L.  elect arium  electuarium  (elingo). 

Laud  —  liuto. 

Laudemio  —  lusinga. 


270  LAUNA  —  LECHER. 

Launa  Sp.  a  metal-plate  &c. ;  not  from  lamina  but  from  laganum, 
g  changed  to  w ,  as  in  sagma  salma  sauma  (soma). 

Lava  It.  E.;  Fr.  lave;  =  Neap,  lava  a  torrent ,  from  lavare. 
Lavagna  It.  slate,  for  la-agna,  from  G.  leie  (ei  :=  R.  a),  O.  S. 
leia,  Du.  lei,  W.  llech,  Gael.  leac. 

Lavaneo  Sp.  Pg.  wild  duck;  from  lavare,  cf.  E.  duck  (-—  diver). 

Lavanda  lavendola  It.,  Sp.  lavandida,  Fr.  lavande,  E.  lavender, 
G.  lavendel;  from  its  being  used  in  washing  (lavare,  It.  /«- 
vanda  =  washing,  whence  Sp.  lavandera.  It.  lavandaia,  Fr. 
lavandiere  (E.  laundress),  lavanderia  =  E.  laundry, 

Lavange  —  avalange, 

Laveggio  It.  a  pan ;  =  lebetium  from  lehes. 

Lavello  —  avello. 

Laya  Sp.  Pg.  (1)  two-pronged  fork  for  digging  (2)  kind,  nature, 
vb.  layar  to  dig.  From  B.  laya  spade;  the  soil  in  Biscay  being 
very  hard  requires  a  peculiar  two -pronged  instrument  to 
work  it.  This  is  called  laya,  and  the  labour  lay  aria.  The 
word  was  so  commonly  used  as  to  pass  into  proverbs :  son  de 
una  misma  laya  =  they  are  of  the  same  sort;  hence  mean- 
ing (2). 

Layette  Fr.  chest;  from  Du.  laeye,  G.  lade. 

Lazaro  Sp.  beggar.  Mil.  lazzer  dirty,  Vic.lazaire  poor,  Pr.  O.Fr. 
ladre,  lazer  (also  O.  E.)  a  leper;  hence  O.  Sp.  lace'ria  poverty; 
It.  lazzer  etto,  Sp.  lazareto,  E.  lazarelto;  It.  lazzer  one.  From 
the  Lazarus  of  St.  Luke  ch.  16.  Ladre  for  lazer,  as  madre  from 
masar,  S.  Ludre  from  S.  Lusor. 

Lazo  —  laccio. 

Lazzo  It.  sour;  from  laciduus  for  acididus,  cf.  B.  latzd,  lachd. 

Le  —  il. 

Leans  —  ens. 

Leardo  —  Hart. 

Lebeehe  —  liheccio. 

Lebrel  —  levriere. 

Lebrillo  Sp.  an  earthenware  tub ,  pan ;  from  lahrum. 

Leccare  It.,  Pr.  liquar  lichar  lechar,  Fr.  lecher,  Rh.  licliiar,  Wal. 
licei  to  lick;  besides  It.  leccatore,  O.  Fr.  leclieor  a  glutton, 
parasite  (E.  lecher),  we  find  Pr.  Lomb.  Pied,  lee.  Sic.  liccu, 
it.  leccone;  Pr.  adj.  lecai  licai  (sbst.  licai-aria)  and  licaitz  (sbst. 
licaz-aria).  We  have  L.  L.  lecator  leno,  lecacitas  lenocinium, 
cf.  Pr.  lecaitz  (lecax).  From  O.  II.  G.  leccJwn,  A.  S.  liccon 
leccon,  A.  S.  liccian,  E.  lick;  lee  leccone  =  an  O.  H.  G.  sbst. 
lecco.   Fr.  relecher  gives  E.  relish. 

Leeeio  —  elce. 

Leche  —  lisca. 

Lecher  —  leccare. 


LECHINO  —  LENTE.  271 

LecMno  Sp.;  Pg.  lichino  a  tent  of  lint;  lint;  from  Ucinium  (from 
licium)  Vegetius  de  arte  vet. 

Lechon  Sp.  a  sucking-pick,  from  leche  milk.  Hence  also  lechuzo 
a  suckling  (colt  &c.). 

Lecliuzo  —  lechon, 

Lega  It.  Pr.,  Pr.  Sp.  legua,  Fr.  lieue,  Pg.  legoa,  L.L.  leuca,  leuga, 
leg  a,  lewa,  E.  league.  Gloss.  Isid.  mensw^as  viarum  nos  miUiaria 
dicimus,  Galli  leucas.  A  word  of  Celtic  origin,  prop.  =:  a  stone 
(mile -stone,  L.  lapis),  Ir.  Gael,  leac,  W.  llech  a  flat  stone, 
slate.  Gr.  Mag,  Atvg,  L.  lap -id  may  be  connected,  v.  Pott, 
Forsch.  1,  218-    0.  Fr.  loe'e  =  a  league's  distance. 

Lega  It.,  Sp.  leg,  Fr.  loi  aloi  standard  of  metals,  allog;  vb.  It. 
allegare,  Sp.  alear,  Fr.  aloijer;  from  lex,  ad  legem,  cf.  Pr. 
alegalar  to  justify. 

Legamo  Sp.  slime,  mud;  from  uligo  uliginis,  not  from  B.  lega- 
jnia  =  Fr.  levain,  E.  leaven. 

Lege  leger  —  lieve. 

Lege  Fr.  not  laden  (of  a  ship);  from  Du.  leeg  for  G.  ledig  empty. 

Leggiadro  It.  sprightly,  pretty;  for  leggiardo  from  levis;  so  bugi- 
adro  hugiardo,  linguadro  linguardo. 

Leggiero  —  lieve. 

Leggio  It.  a  reading-desk,  L.  L.  legivum;  from  legere,  cf.  Xo- 
ysLOv  from  Xoyog. 

Legs  Fr.  legacy ;  from  lego ,  the  s  added  to  form  a  sbst.  Cf.  It. 
lascio  from  lasciare,  0.  Fr.  Urn, 

Leixar  —  lasciare. 

Leila  —  enola. 

Lelo  Sp.  ignorant,  stupid.  From  the  B.  lelo,  leloa  =  insulsus. 
Lelo  was  the  name  of  a  Biscayan,  notable  as  a  cuckold  and 
famous  in  the  ballads  of  the  country,  one  of  which  begins : 
Lelo!  il  Lelo,  Lelo!  il  Lelo,  Leloa!  v.  Mahn,  Unters.  p.  58. 

Lembrar  —  membrare. 

Leme  Sp.  Pg.  tiller  (naut^.  Cf.  Sp.  Fr.  limon  shaft  of  a  cart; 
from  0.  N.  A.  S.  lim,  E.  limb.  Wall,  limon  =  Fr.  solive,  is 
prob.  the  L.  limen. 

Lendemain  —  mane. 

Lendine  It.,  Sp.  liendre ,  Pg.  lendea,  Pr.  lende,  Fr.  lente  a  nit; 
from  lens  lendis  (lendinis);  Fr.  lente  from  lendine  (Wall.  Undine) 
as  page  from  pagina.  Cat.  llemena  is  a  corruption  of  llenema 
for  llendema ,  m,  being  from  the  ace.  case. 

Lendore  Fr.  (m.  f.)  an  idle  drowsy  fellow,  vb.  Norm,  lendorer. 
A  purer  form  is  the  Bret,  landar  idle,  vb.  landrca,  landreant 
a  sluggard,  whence  O.  Fr.  landreux,  Fr.  lendore,  which  took 
its  form  from  il  endort.  From  Du.  lenteren  to  loiter,  sbst.  len- 
terer  =  G.  schlendern,  schlenderer, 

Lente  —  lendine. 


272  LENZA  —  LEVANTAR.     ' 

Lenza  It.  a  linen  band,  S^.  h'enzo  a  handkerchief;  from  linlea 
lintewn.  Hence  It.  lenzuolo,  Sp.  lenzueJo,  Pg.  lancol,  Pr.  len- 
sol,  Fr.  linceul  a  sheet  &c.,  L.  linteolnm. 

Lercio  It.  dirty,  gua-lercio  giialerchio  (1)  dirty  (2)  squinting;  the 
latter  senss  points  to  the  M.  H.  G.  lerz  left  {gua  =  guatd),  but 
whence  the  sense  of  ^^ dirty''? 

Lerdo  —  lordo. 

Leri  Pr.  gay,  sprightly,  N.  Pr.  leri  (f.  lend)  pretty,  wanton. 
From  hilarius  (hilaris),  which  was  used  as  a  Christian  name. 

Lero  —  ervo. 

Les  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  latz  for  L.  juxta;  from  latus,  It.  allato;  still 
found  in  names  of  places,  e.  g.  Passy -les- Paris j  Plessis-les- 
Tours. 

Lesina  It.,  Sp.  lesna,  better  O.  Sp.  alesna,  Pr.  alena,  Lim.  lerno, 
Fr.  alene  an  owl;  from  0.  H.  Gr.  alansa,  alasna,  Sw.  alasme. 
It.  lesina  (whence  Fr  Je'sine)  also  =  parsimony.  "Lesine^\  says 
Menage,  ^^du  livre  Italien,  intitule  Delia  lamosissima  Com- 
pagnia  della  Lesina ;  Fauteur  feint  que  cette  Compagnie  fut 
ainsi  appelee  di  certi  Taccagnoni,  i  quali,  per  marcia,  miseria, 
et  avarizia,  si  mettevano  a  rattacconar  le  scarpette  colla  le- 
sina, onde  presono  questo  nome  della  Lesina J^ 

Lessare  It.  to  boil;  L.  L.  lixare  to  steep,  lix  lie.    Hence  his- 

lessare  to  boil. 
Tjessive  —  lisciva. 
Lesto  It.  Pg.,  Fr.  leste,  Sp.  lislo  active.  It.  also  clever;  vb.  It. 

allestare;  from  Goth,  listeigs,  O.  H.  G.  listlc  clever,  G.  listig 

artful,  suffix  dropped  as  in  It.  chiasso  from  classicum,  O.  Fr. 

ruste  from  rusticus.   Sbst.  Kh.  list  (m.). 
Lest  —  lasto. 
Letame  It.  0.  Sp.  dung;  from  Icetamen  (Pliny),  L.  L.  Icetare  to 

make  fruitful  (cf.  Virg.  quid  Iwtas  segetes). 

Lettiera  It.  bedstead,  Sp.  liter  a,  Pr.  leitiera,  Fr.  litiere,  E.  litter; 

L.  L.  lectaria,  from  lectus. 
Leu  —  leve. 
Leude  0.  Fr.,  Pr,  leuda  leida  ledda  lesda,  O.  Sp.  lezda ,  Arag. 

leuda  a  tax  or  toll  on  goods  or  on  carriages ;  Lang,  ledo  =  Fr. 

havage.   From  levitus  partic.  of  levare  (as  cubitus  of  cub  are) 

in  such  phrases  as  levare  tributum  =  lever  des  impots.     V. 

lievito. 
Leudo  —  lievito. 
Leur  —  egli. 
Leurre  —  log  or  o. 
Levain  Fr.,  Pr.  levam,  E.  leaven;  from  levare,  whence  E.  lever 

{==  Fr.  levier)  levy,  v.  lievito. 
Levantar  Sp.  to  raise;  a  participial  verb  from  levare. 


LEVANTE  —  LIENZO.  273 

Levante  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  E.  levant;  ove  il  sole  si  leva,  cf.  Pg. 

nascente,  Cat.  sol-ixent,  participles  like  oriens,  occidens,  cf.  s. 

ponente. 
Leve  Pg.,  Pr.  leu,  Rh.  lev,  Pr.  levada  lights;  from  levis,  cf.  E. 

lights. 
Levistioo  libistico  It.,  Fr.  liveche  (levesse  Menage),  E.  lavage  a 

plant;  from  ligusticum,  Veget.  de  re  voter,  levisticum. 
Levriere  It.,  Sp.  lehrel,  Fr.  levrier  a  greyhound ;  from  leporarius. 
Lexos  Sp.  (lejos)  adv.  for  L.  longe,  also  adj.  lexo.   From  laxus. 
Lezard  —  lacerta. 

Lezia  lezio  It.  affectation;  from  delicice,  cf.  delicias  facer e. 
Lezzo  It.  stink,  lezzare  to  stink;  the  form  olezzare  shows  the 

der.  from  olere;  lezzo  is  from  the  root  ol,  with  term,  as  in 

rezzo  for  orezzo  from  ora  aura. 
Li  It.,  Sp.  alii,  Pg.  alii  adv. ;  from  illic. 
Lia  Sp.  misk  of  grapes,  Pg.  lia,  Pr.  Ihia,  Fr.  lie  (E.  pi.  lees)', 

Bret,  ly  (Ven.  lea  mud),  Papias:  lia  '^  amurca^\    Lix  licis  lye, 

would  require  a  Sp.  liga  (cf.  N.  Pr.  ligo,  B.  liga),  though  Fr. 

lie  may  =  licem,  as  her-lue  from  lucem.   Dief.  derives  it  from 

lev  are  as  G.  /^^/b  from  hehen,  hdrme  (harm)  from  her  an,  cf. 

Liaison  Fr.,  Pr.  //flfzo,  from  ligatio  (Scribonius  Largus). 

Liart  O.  Fr.  (f.  liarde),  Pr.  liar  tear  (hence  It.  leardo)  of  horses 

white  ^  light -grey;  from  W.  llai  dark -grey,  or  from  tortus,  cf. 

It.  gajo,  Fr.  gai,  Gk.  q)ai8Q6g.   Fr.  Hard  a  coin  is  the  S.  Fr. 

li  Jiardi,  Sp.  ardite,  q.  v. 
Libeeeio  It.,  Sp.  leheche,  Pr.  lahech  (ahech),  O.  Fr.  leheche  lehecli 

South  -  west  wind ;  from  kii\)  h^og ,  Alban.  live. 
Libello  It.,  Pg.  Pr.  livel  nivel,  Sp.  nivel ,  Fr.  niveau,  Bret,  live, 

Wall,  livai,  E.  level;  vb.  Sp.  nivelar,  Fr.  niveler  to  level;  from 

//^^^//a,  R.  Gr.  1,  241. 
Liccia  lizza  It.,  Sp.  liza,  Pr.  /255«,  Fr.  lice,  E.  //5^5  (lista?),  a 

course,  a  place  for  combat  &c. ;  from  licia  pi.  oilicium  =  girdle 

in  the  phrase:  i^er  lancem  et  licium.    There  may  also  be  some 

reference  to  the  M.  H.  G.  letze  a  fence  (letzen  to  keep  off,  let). 
Lice  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  leisse,  Pic.  liche,  Pr.  leissa  a  hunting -bitch  for 

breeding;  from  the  name  Lycisca  or  rather  Lycisce  (multutn 

lair  ante  Lycisca  Virg.). 
Licorno  alicorno  It.,  Pg.  alicornio,  Fr.  licorne  f. ;  a  corruption 

of  unicoiiiis,  Sp.  unicornio,  unicorn. 
Licou  Fr.  a  halfer;  from  lie-cou. 
Lie  Fr.  gay,  in  the  phrase  faire  chere  lie;  from  Icetus,  O.  Fr.  lie 

f.  liee  and  lie.  It.  //t^^o. 
Liege  Fr.  cork ;  from  leger  (Pr.  leuge), 
Liendre  —  lendine. 
Lienzo  —  lenza. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  13 


274  LIEREE  —  LINCEUIL. 

Lierre  —  edera, 

Lieue  —  lega. 

Lieve  It.^  Sp.  Pg.  leve,  Pr.  leu  light;  from  levis;  Fr.  instead  of 
lief  has  lege  empty  (of  ships),  cf.  neige  =  Pr.  neu.  It.  leggiero, 
Pr.  leugier,  Fr.  leger,  from  a  form  leviarius;  vb.  Pr.  leujar  = 
L.  L.  leviare  for  levare,  also  aleujar  aleviar.  It.  alleggiare,  Sp. 
Olivier  (sbst.  alivio),  Fr.  alleger,  0.  E.  allegge  (=  alleviate,  cf. 
abridge  =  abbreviate,  agredge  aggravate). 

Lievito  It.,  Romag.  /^wtf?,  Sp.  /^Wo  (liebdo),  Pg.  levedo  risen, 
fermented  (of  dough) ;  vb.  It.  levitare,  Sp.  leudar  lleudar,  aleu- 
dar  alevadar,  Pg.  levedar  to  femient  dough  with  leaven.  From 
levitus  a  partic.  for  levatus  (levare),  cf.  cubitus  from  cubare,  do- 
mare  domitus,  and  unclass.  dolitus  for  dolatus  Varro,  vocitus 
for  vocatus,  provitus  for  probatus,  rogitus  for  rogatus,  cf.  also  s. 
fegato.  So  levitare  is  not  a  frequentative  from  levare.  Another 
form  is  Pr.  /^z;«^,  Cat.  llevat,  Wal.  ^/wflt^  leaven;  Neap,  levato, 
Piedm.  Mil.  /et;«  =  It.  lievito.  Rh.  levont  from  the  pros,  par- 
ticiple. 

Lige  Fr.,  Pr.  Z//^^,  whence  It.  %/o^  E.  //^^e,  L.  L.  ligius,  sbst. 
0.  Fr.  ligee ,  ligesse.  The  fundamental  meaning  seems  to  be 
unlimited ,  perfect.  The  homme  lige  had  to  render  unrestricted 
service  to  the  lige  seigneur,  who,  in  return,  was  bound  to 
afford  unconditional  protection.  Hence  ligia  potestas,  ligia  vo- 
luntas unbounded.  Three  derivations  are  given:  (l)  from  the 
Rom.  liga  bond,  but  we  cannot  have  a  non- Latin  adj.  formed 
with  -ius  or  -ens;  (2)  0.  N.  lidi  a  companion,  whence  lidi-us, 
lige,  but  here  the  sense  scarcely  suits ;  (3)  from  G.  ledig  free : 
ligius  homo,  quod  Teutonice  dicitur  ledigman  Document  of  13^*^ 
century. 

Ligio  —  lige. 

Lilac  It.  Sp.  E.,  Pg.  Hid,  Fr.  lilas;  from  the  Pers.  lilac. 

Limaca  limace  limacon  —  lumaccia. 

Limande  Fr.  a  plaice ;  from  lima  a  file ,  by  reason  of  its  rough 
skin.   It  is  called  lima  in  It. 

Limier  Fr.  a  hunting -dog,  E.  lime-hound,  0.  Fr.  liemier  loiemier 
loiemer,  Bret,  liamer;  from  Fr.  lien,  O.  Fr.  Men,  L.  ligamen, 
so  prop.  -=:  a  leash -hound. 

Limon  —  leme. 

Limone  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  limon,  Pg.  limdo,  Fr.  limon,  E.  lemon,  also 
It.  Sp.  Pg.  lima,  It.  lomia.  Sic.  lumiuni;  from  Pers.  limii  or  limun 
=  tree  and  fruit,  which  is  from  YvA.nimbuka,  Beng.nimbu  niba; 
hence  also  Ar.  laimun. 

Limosina  It.,  0.  Sp.  Pr.  almosna,  Sp.  limosna,  Pg.  esmola  (for 
elmosd),  Fr.  aumone,  E.  alms;  from  eleemosyna;  hence  Fr. 
aumonerie,  E.  awmery,  almonry. 

Linceuil  —  lenza. 


LINDE  —  LISTA.  275 

Linde  Sp.  O.  Pg.  (m.  f.),  Pg.  liiida  a  boundary;  from  limes  limi- 
tis,  Pr.  li?nU  &c. ;  vb.  lindar  from  limitare;  Pr.  lindar  lintel, 
from  limitaris.   Hence  also  Sp.  lintel  dintel,  E.  lintel. 

Lindo  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  N.  Pr.  linde  neat,  line,  pretty,  from  limpidus 
clear,  whence  in  Piedm.  =  sincere.   It.  also  lifupido,  Sp.  lim- 

■    pio,  cf.  nitido  and  netto,  torbido  and  torho. 

Linea  It.  Sp.  line,  lineage,  O.  Val.  linia,  B.  leinua,  L.  L.  linea 
sanguinis.  Hence  Fr.  lignee,  0.  Pg.  linhada,  O.  Fr.  lignage, 
E.  lineage,  Pr.  linh  (m.)  from  lineus,  cf.  Sp.  lino  row;  O.  Fr. 
tin  is  L.  linum  thread. 

Linge  Fr.  m.,  Pr.  tinge,  B.  linea;  from  lineus,  as  lange  from 

Lingot  Fr.  (whence  itigot,  the  /  being  taken  for  the  article) ;  from 
lingua,  cf.  lingula.  Or  E.  ingot  may  be  the  original  word; 
ill -got  (Chauc.  ===  a  mould),  =  G.  ein-guss  anything  poured 
into  a  mould  [giessen  to  pour). 

Linot  linotte  Fr.,  E.  linnet;  from  linum,  cf.  G.  leinfinke  flachs- 
finke  (flax -finch). 

Lippe  Fr.  underlip,  0.  Fr.  lepe,  Eou.  liper  to  eat  delicacies; 
from  L.  G.  lippe,  A.  S.  lippa,  E.  lip  (Gael,  lip  Hop  f.);  Com. 
leffXv^y  liffia  mouth,  from  O.  H.  G.  lefs,  leffur. 

Lira  It.  a  coin;  from  libra  (Fr.  livre)^  cf.  here  from  hihere, 

Lirio  —  giglio. 

Liron  —  ghiro. 

Lis  —  giglio. 

Lisea  It.  stalk,  festuca,  Piedm.  lesca.  Mil.  lisca,  Fr.  laiche  (for 
/tW?^)  fish-bone;  O.  H.  G.  lisca  fern,  reed,  Du.  lisch.  li. lisca, 
Piedm.  lesca.  Cat.  llesca,  N.  Pr.  lisco  lescOj  Fr.  /^(?/ie  (not  laiche) 
a  small  piece  of  anything;  vb.  Cat.  llescar  to  cut  in  pieces. 
An  old  L.  G.  glossary  has:  lesc  scirpus,  papirus. 

Liscio  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  liso,  Pr.  lis,  Fr.  lisse  smooth,  with  numerous 
derivatives,  v.  It.  lisciare  ligiare,  Sp.  alisar,  Fr.  lisser  to  polish 
(perhaps^  connected  with  glisser  q.  v.).  The  Gk.  has  liaaog 
smooth,  the  0.  H.  G.  lisi,  G.  leise  soft.  Hence  Sp.  deslizar  to 
slip.  Cat.  lliscar.  From  0.  H.  G.  leisanon  to  follow  a  track, 
is  0.  Sp.  deleznar  to  glide,  adj.  lizne  smooth,  and  perhaps 
Rh.  laischnar. 

Lisciva  It.,  Wal.  teste,  Sp.  lexia,  Fr.  lessive,  Pr.  lissiu  (m.)  lye, 
W.  lisiu;  from  lixivia  lixivium,  L.  L.  leciva  (Vocab.  S.  Gall.). 

Lisera  lisiere  —  lista. 

Lisiar  Sp.  to  lame,  maim.  Cat.  lesiar,  Pg.  lesar;  from  Icedere 
Icesus,  O.  Sp.  lision  =  L.  Icesio. 

Liso  —  liscio. 

Lista  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Pg.  lista  listra,  Fr.  liste  slip,  stripe,  border, 
E.  list;  from  O.H.Gc.  lista,  G.  leiste.  Hence  Fr.  lisiere  (whence 
Sp.  lisera)  hem,  for  listiere, 

18* 


276  LISTO  —  LOGMAN. 

Listo  —  lesto. 

Litera  litiere  —  leitiera. 

Iiiuto  leiito  liiido  It.,  Sp.  laud,  Pg.  dlaude,  Pr.  lauty  lalmt,  O.  Fr. 
lent,  Fr.  luth,  Wal.  Idute  aleiite,  N.  Gr.  laov%-o,  G.  laute,  E. 
lute.  From  the  Ar.  ^iid  with  article  al-^ud.  The  Sp.  laud  (a  for 
the  Ar.  ain)  gave  rise  to  the  other  Rom.  forms. 

Liveche  —  levistico. 

Liverare  livrare  It.,  Pr.  liurar,  Fr.  livrer  to  deliver,  Sp.  lihrar, 
Pg.  livrar  =  dar  or  entregar,  L.  L.  liherare  (e.  g.  dona);  also 
Fr.  livree,  It.  livrea,  Sp.  librea,  E.  //i^^ry  (prop,  something 
furnished  or  given,  orig.  something  given  as  a  livelihood), 
L.  L.  liherata,  liheratio;  hence  Fr.  delivrer,  E.  deliver,  L.  L. 
deliberare;  from  liherare  to  free,  let  go,  give  up,  cf.  Sp.  soliar. 
The  L.  meaning  is  found  in  It.  liherare,  Sp.  lihrar,  Pr.  liurar, 
Fr.  delivrer,  E.  deliver. 

Liza  —  liccia. 

Lizne  —  Z/^c^o. 

Llamar  —  chiamare. 

LlantenSp.  plantain;  ivom.  plantago,  li. piantaggine,  Ya. plantain. 

Llares  —  lar. 

Iilegar  Sp.,  Vg.chegar  (l)  to  bring  near  (2)  intrans.  to  approach, 
hence  Sic.  ghicari.  From  plicare,  cf.  It.  piegare  come  il  vento 
a  noi  gli  piega  Dante  Inf.  5,  79.  The  O.  Sp.  was  plegar,  and 
the  meaning  arose  orig.,  perhaps ,  from  the  use  of  applicare 
(navem  &c.). 

Loba  Sp.  Pg.  surplice;  from  Fr.  Vauhe. 

Lobe  0.  Fr.  scoff,  vb.  loher;  from  G.  loh  praise,  vb.  lohen,  cf. 
Pr.  gahar  to  jeer,  Pg.  to  praise. 

Lobrego  Sp.  Pg.  sad,  gloomy;  from  luguhris,  It.  luguhre. 

Log  O.  Fr.,  whence  O.  Fr.  loquei,  It.  lucchetto;  from  A.  S.  loc, 
E.  lock,  O.  H.  G.  hi-loh  (hlocli)  bar,  hlock ,  Goth,  ga-lukan 
to  shut. 

Locco  It.  (Neap.  Sicil.  Crem.  louccli)  fool,  Sp.  adj.  loco,  Pg. 
louco,  N.  Pr.  locou  mad,  foolish.  Servius  (ad  Virg.  Ec.  8,  55) 
mentions  a  L.  alucus  or  ulucus  =  ulula,  hence  It.  alocco  (Com. 
Piedm.  oloch)  =  owl  and. blockhead,  as  Parm.  cio;  this  was 
shortened  into  locco  &c. 

Loche  Fr.,  Sp.  loja,  E.  loach. 

Locher  Fr.  to  shake;  eslochier  to  loosen  (e.  g.  les  dents),  s^eslocliier 

to  rise  up;  Rou.  harlocher  to  agitate.   Perhaps  from  O.  H.  G. 

loc,  O.  N.  lockr,  hdrlockr  (lock,  hairlock),  cf.  froncer  from 

frons. 
Loeman  Fr.  a  pilot;  from  Du.  loods-manj  E.  loadsman,  O.  E. 

lodeman  lodesman  (cf.  lodestar).     Hence,  by  corruption,  Fr. 

lamaneur,  formed  after  gouverneur  helmsman. 


LOCO  —  LONGANIZA.  277 

Loco  O.  It.  for  L.  hie  (adv.);  Sp.  luego,  Pg.  logo,  Pr.  luec  luecxj 
O.  Fr.  lues,  Wal.  de  loc  =  L.  statim;  from  locus  loco. 

Lodier  Fr.  blanket;  cf.  O.  H.  G.  lodo  over -garment,  O.  N.  lod, 
L.  lodix.  0.  Fr.  lodier  loudier  a  sluggard,  f.  lodier e,  N.  lod- 
dari  (M..  Du.  lodder,  G.  loiter -bube)  are  from  the  same  root, 
cf.  poltro. 

Lodola  ■ —  allodola, 

Loendro  —  oleandro. 

Lof  Fr.  wind -side  of  a  ship;  from  E.  loof,  Du.  loef.  Hence  vb. 
louvoyer  to  tack,  G.  lavieren,  cf.  bordayer  =  Sp.  bordear,  It. 
bordeggiare  from  bord. 

Loge  loger  logis  —  loggia. 

Loggia  It.,  Pg.  loja,  Pr.  lotja,  Fr.  loge,  Sp.  lonjcc,  E.  lodge  &c.; 
from  0.  H.  G.  laubja,  L.  L.  laubia,  G.  /«w&e  bower,  shed, 
whence  also  O.  Fr.  loge  a  tent,  hut.  Laubja  from  laub  folium, 
as  O.  Fr.  foillie  from  feuille.  Nearer  to  the  G.  orig.  is  the  Rh. 
laupia,  Lomb.  Pied,  lobia  a  church -gallery.  Hence  Fr.  loger, 
It.  alloggiare,  E.  lodge;  Fr.  logis  &c. 

Logoro  It.  (for  logro?),  Pr.  loire  (whence  Fr.  lorimier  a  saddler, 
E.  lorimer),  O.  Fr.  loitre,  Fr.  leurre  (m.),  E.  /wr^,  prop,  a  bit 
of  leather  used  by  falconers  to  lure  back  hawks ;  from  M.  H. 
G.  luoder  (G.  leder,  leather^  lure.  It.  g  for  d  as  in  ragunare 
from  radunare.  Vb.  Pr.  loirar,  Fr.  leurrer,  E.  /wr^,  allure;  It. 
logorare  to  feast,  revel  =  M.  H.  G.  luodern. 

Logro  Sp.  Pg.  gain,  usury,  Pr.  /o^r^,  Sp.  Pr.  lograr  to  gain, 
Sp.  logrear  to  lend  on  interest,  logrero  usurer;  from  lucrum 
lucrari.  Hence,  with  malo,  Sp,  malogro,  Pg.  maliogro  failure, 
disappointment,  vb.  malograr,  mallograr. 

Loir  —  ghiro. 

Loisir  Fr.,  E.  leisure;  from  licere,  cf.  plaisir  from,  placer e. 

Loja  It.  mud;  perhaps  from  alluvies,  cf.  Bojano  from  Bovianum. 
But  the  B.  has  /o?/«  in  same  sense. 

LoUa  —  loppa. 

Lombard  Fr.  a  pawn-shop,  a  lombard  (whence  lumber),  Du. 
lombaerd,  O.Fr.  adj. insurious,  cL^ieil. lumbardu  an  innkeeper; 
from  the  Lombards  (=  Italians,  cf.  Dante  Purg.  16,  125:  che 
me'  si  noma  francescamente  il  semplice  Lombardo  =  Italiano), 
who  were  noted  in  France  and  other  countries  as  merchants 
and  usurers ,  cf.  Lombard  Street. 

Lomia  —  limone, 

Lomo  Sp.,  Pr.  lo?n  loin,  chine;  from  lumbus,  It.  lombo. 

Lona  Pr.  a  lake ,  marsh ;  from  lacuna  la' una ,  N.  Ion. 

Longa  —  loggia. 

Longaniza  Sp.  a  sort  of  long  sausage;  from  L.  longano  (Cselius 
Aurel.  and  Veget.  de  re  vet.),  gut,  longanum  Yarro,  longabo 
(Apicius)  a  sausage. 


278  LONGE  —  LORO. 

Longe  Fr.  loin,  O.  Fr.  Wall,  logne,  E.  loin,  Sp.  lonja  a  slice  of 

ham;  from  an  adj.  lumbea  (lumbiis). 
Longe  Fr.  f.  rope  of  a  halter;  =  alonge  a  lengthening,  Valonge 

=  la  longe, 
Lonja  —  longe  (1). 
Lontano  It.,  Pr.  lonlidd,  Fr.  lointain;  from  a  L.  longitanus,  cf. 

forms  with  t,  longiter,  longitudo,  longitrorsus  (Festus,  whence 

0.  Miiller  conjectures  an  adj.  longiterus). 

Lontra  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  lutria  nutria,  Pr.  loiria  luiria  luria^  Fr.  loidre 
an  otter  (cf.  hierre,  ingot ,  ottone  &c.);  from  Intra  Gk.  evvdQtg 
(Sp.  nutria^ 

Lonza  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  onza,  Fr.  once,  E.  ounce.  From  ^vy^^  o  for 
u  as  in  horsa,  tomha,  torso  from  ^vgOog,  tv^pog.  d-vQiSog.  From 
the  L.  Ignx  we  have  It.  lince,  Sp.  lince,  Fr.  Ignx  (m.).  Others 
from  Xsovnog  lion -like. 

Lonza  It.  fleshy  parts  of  an  animal;  from  O.  H.  G.  luntussa  fat. 

Lonzo  It.  slack;  cf.M.H.G./im^  drowsiness,  Bav.  lunzet  drowsy, 
M.  Du.  lompsch  lazy,  G.  luntsch. 

Loppa  It.,  Lomb.  lop  (m.)  husk,  dim.  lolla  for  loppola\  from 
Xo%6g. 

Loque  Fr.  shred ,  not  directly  from  G.  locke  (v.  locher)  but  from 
N.  lokr  a  lock  of  hair  or  any  appendage.  Hence,  perhaps,  Fr. 
hreloque,  Eou.  herloque,  N.  Pr.  harlocco  f.,  an  appendage, 
charm,  Rh.  hargliocca  a  lock  of  hair,  cf.  Rou.  herloquer,  Rh. 
halucar  to  dangle,  cf.  also  It.  hadalucco.  Hence  also  Yr.pende- 
loque,  Hon. pendreloque  an  earring,  ivovn pendulus ,  r  =  I. 

Loquet  —  loc. 

Lordo  It.  also  lurido  filthy;  from  luridus,  lurdus  lordo,  R.  Gr. 

1,  113.  Hence  also  Fr.  lourd,  Pr.  lot  for  lort  (E.  lout),  cf. 
Bernat  for  Bernart,  Sp.  Pg.  lerdo  for  luerdo  as  f rente  for 
fruente,  slow,  dull,  stupid  (O.  It.  lordo).  For  the  transition 
from  ^^ dirty"  to  ^'stupid",  cf.  Fr.  joowm  rotten ,  Wall. /;owrn 
sluggish,  O.  H.  G.  fid  putridus,  Du.  vuil  =  E.  foul,  G.  faul 
lazy.  The  der.  from  horridus  It.  ordo  with  prefixed  article, 
is  unsupported  by  analogy  v.  lazzo.  Hence  Fr.  halourd  dolt, 
whence  It.  &^//or^o,  Wi\.halurd,  '^^.  palurdo  vilordo,  ^rt  from 
haer  beer,  so  halourd  =  gaping  blockhead;  cf.  hadaud. 

Lorgner  Fr.,  Norm,  loriner  to  spy,  view,  lorgnette  a  spying- 
glass;  from  G.  lauern  to  lurk,  watch,  Sw.  loren  luren. 

Loriot  Fr.  a  yellow-hammer,  E.  oriole,  0.  Fr.  oriouz.  Pic.  uriot, 
Pr.  auriol,  Sp.  oriol,  from  aureolus,  with  article  loriol,  cor- 
rupted O.Fr./ono^,  Yv.  loriot.   Qi.  lendemain,  landier,  lierre  &Q,. 

Loro  Sp.,  Pg.  louro  tawny.  Perhaps  from  aureolus,  though  there 
seems  to  be  no  instance  of  the  article  prefixed  to  an  adj.,  cf. 
lazzo,  Irodo. 

Loro  —  egli. 


LORS  —  LUCERTA.  279 

Lors  —  or  a  (2). 

Losa  Piedm.  Sp.,  Pg.  lousa,  Pr.  lausa,  0.  Fr.  lauze,  B.  arlauza 
{arri  stone)  a  gravestone,  flat  stone,  prop,  an  epitaph,  from 
L.  laudes,  cf.  Sp.  lauda  tombstone.   For  the  form  cf.  lusinga. 

Losenge  —  lusinga. 

Lot  —  lotto. 

Lotto  It.  lottery,  Pg.  lote  m.  kind,  sort,  number  (lot),  Fr.  lot 
share  (lot),  Pg.  lotar  to  fix  the  number,  tax  (allot),  Fr.  lotir 
to  share;  loterie,  E.  lottery ,  cf.  Fr.  E.  lot,  Sp.  lote;  from  the 
G.,  Goth,  hlauts,  0.  N.  /?/w/r,  O.  H.  G.  ^/oz,  G.  loofs  KXrjgog 
sors ,  0.  H.  G.  hliiz  something  gained  by  lot,  0.  N.  hint  share. 

Louange  —  lusinga. 

Louer  Fr.  to  praise ;  from  laudare. 

Louer  Fr.  to  hire,  from  locare;  loyer  rent,  pay,  from  locariurrtj 
Pr.  loguier. 

Loupe  Fr.  a  round  swelling,  a  wen,  also  a  lens;  from  lupa  a  she- 
wolf,  cf .  Sp.  lupia  lohanillo  a  wen,  Rh.  luppa,  G.  wolfsgescliwulst, 
O.  Fr.  lope  =  grimace,  prop,  thick  lip. 

Loup-garou  Fr.  a  man  who  could  assume  a  wolfs  form,  a  were- 
wolf, G.  wdhrwolf  prop.  =  man -wolf,  Ivxdvd'QCJTtog ,  Pg. 
lohis-homem,  L.  L.  gerulphus  (from  A.  S.  verewolf).  From 
gerulphus  came  0.  Fr.  garoul  gar  on,  cf.  Raoul  Raou  from  ^«- 
dulphus,  in  Marie  de  Fr.  1,  178,  garwall.  So  loup-garou  is  a 
pleonasm,  like  the  Bret,  hleiz-garo  (bleiz  =^  loup),  cf.  cor- 
moran,  It.  Mongibello  (gibello  from  Ar.  =  It.  mowj.  We  have 
also  O.  Fr.  loup-beroux,  Pr.  leheroun  leberou,  Berr.  marloup, 
louara,  hirette,  Norm,  lubin,  O.  Fr.  also  millegroux  and  /ew- 
waste;  It.  Zwjoo  mannaro.  From  garou  is  Norm,  varouage  nightly 
flitting  about.   Pic.  garou  =  sorcerer. 

Loura  Pg.  a  burrow ;  from  laurex  a  young  rabbit ,  whence  also 
lousa  (s  from  c  in  lauricem). 

Lourd  —  lordo. 

Loure  0.  Fr.  bag-pipe,  Fr.  a  dance;  from  0.  N.  liidr,  Dan.  luur 
a  shepherd's  pipe. 

Loutre  —  lontra. 

Loyer  —  louer. 

Loza  Sp.  an  earthen  vessel;  from  luteus  lutea,  whence  also  Rh. 
Com.  lozza,  Romag.  lozz  clay. 

Lozano  Sp.,  Pg.  louzao  luxuriant;  from  Goth,  laus,  0.  H.  G.  Ids 
empty,  light  (G.  los,  E.  loose).  Pic.  Wall.  /o55  =  jocular. 

Lua  Sp.,  Val.  luga,  Pg.  luva  a  glove;  from  Goth,  lofa  m.,  O.  N. 
lofi  the  flat  hand,  A.  S.  glofa  m.,  E.  glove. 

Lucarne  Fr.  a  dormer-window;  from  lucerna,  cf.  Goth,  lucarn, 
Ir.  luacharn,  W.  llygorn. 

Lucchetto  —  loc. 

Lucerta  —  lacerta. 


280  LUCHEKA  —  LUSINGA. 

Luehera  —  luquer. 

Lucherino  It.,  Ven.  lugarin;  from  L.  Ugnrinus, 

Iiuchina  Mod.  a  false  tale;  from  0.  H.  G.  lugina  a  lie,  G.  luge. 

Lucillo  Sp.  tomb,  sarcophagus,  0.  Fr.  luseau;  from  locelhis  dim. 
of  loculus  =  coffin  in  L.  L. 

Luego  —  loco. 

Luette  Fr.  uvula;  a  dim.  of  L.  tiva,  with  article  prefixed;  It. 
ugola  for  uvola,  Com.  uga  for  uva.   Lang,  nivonleto. 

Lueur  Fr.,  Pr.  lugor,  0.  It.  lucore;  from  lucere,  with  the  hard  c 
of  lucanus,  luculentus,  or  the  0.  L.  lucus  =  lux;  from  lucere 
we  have  Pr.  luzor,  It.  luciore  (as  cuciore  from  cuocere).  The 
same  root  in  Pr.  lug -ana  light,  alucar,  O.  Fr.  alucher  to  light. 

Luganega  Mil.  Ven.  a  sort  of  sausage.  Pied,  luganigliin;  from 
L.  lucanica  (Lucanian).   B.  lukhainca. 

Luglio  It.  July;  from  Julius,  altered  in  form  so  as  to  distinguish 
it  better  from  giugno  June,  cf.  Pied,  giugn,  liign,  and  v.  Juillet. 

Lui  It.  a  wren;  perhaps  so  called  from  the  cry. 

Lui  —  eglL 

LuUa  It.  stave  at  the  bottom  of  a  cask,  in  the  shape  of  a  half- 
moon  ;  from  lunula. 

Lumaceia  It.,  Sp.  limaza,  Pg.  lesma,  Fr.  Ii7nace,  limacon,  It.  lii- 
maca,  Rh.  limaga,  Ven.  limega,  Cat.  lUmac  a  snail ;  from  Umax. 

Lunedi  It.,  Fr.  lundi,  Pr.  dilus,  Cat.  dilluns  Monday,  Lunw  dies; 
Sp.  lunes,  Pr.  luns  (cf.  martes)^  Wal.  luni,  Ven.  luni,  Romag. 
Ion.   The  Pg.  has  instead  segunda  feira,  cf.  N.  Gr.  devrsQa. 

Lunes  ■ —  lunedi. 

Lunette  Fr.  eye-glass;  It.  lunetta  aperture  in  a  vault  for  light, 
from  luna. 

Luquer  Norm.,  louquiWs^W.,  Fr.  reluquer  to  ogle,  leer;  prob. 
from  0.  H.  G.  luogen,  luoken,  A.  S.  loldan,  E.  look.  Do  the 
It.  luehera  look,  lucherare  to  look  awry,  belong  here?  The 
Lomb.  lughera  spark  is  from  O.  H.  G.  loug  flame. 

Luseau  —  lucillo. 

Lusinga  It.,  Sp.  lisonja,  Pr.  lauzenga  lauzenja,  O.  Fr.  losenge 
flattery  (0.  Fr.  Sp.  E.  lozenge,  Sp.  also  losange  orig.  an 
heraldic  term),  B.  lausengua;  vb.  I  using  are,  lisonjar,  lauzengar^ 
losenger;  sbst.  lusinghiere,  lisongero  (losengero),  lauzengador 
lauzengier,  losengeor.  Pr.  lauz-enga  from  lauzar  =  laudare  with 
same  suffix  as  in  0.  Fr.  laid-enge,  cost-enge,  Fr.  vid-ange.  The 
s  of  losenge  is  radical,  cf.  los  (m.)  praise,  ace.  los,  from  laudes 
(used  as  sing.  =  hymn),  aloser  to  praise.  The  Sp.  and  It.  are 
from  the  Fr.  and  Pr.;  the  It.  has  also  Genev.  loso,  Ven.  lox 
=  los.  The  Fr.  louange,  louanger,  loua?igeur  are  regularly 
formed  from  laudare,  which  in  its  peculiar  Rom.  sense  =  to 
consent,  arbitrari,  has  given  rise  to  laudemiumlaudemia  (which 
Pott  compares  to  vindemia  and  makes  to  mean  the  purchasing 


LUTH  —  MACCO.  281 

Ictus  or  permission  from  a  feudal  lord,  cf.  E.  allow,  allowance) 
from  which  juristic  word  come  Pr.  laudeme  lauzimi  lauzisme, 
It.  Sp.  laudemio  dues  paid  to  a  feudal  lord.  O.  Fr.  los  is  found 
in  the  juristic  formula  los  et  venies  v.  Ducange,  laudare. 

Luth  —  Unto. 

Lutin  Fr.  a  hobgoblin,  vb.  lutiner;  0.  Fr.  luiton,  Belg.  nuiton, 
AVall.  miton.  Grimm  Myth.  p.  475,  derives  it  from  luctus,  so 
=  a  wailing  ghost,  which  the  luthi  is  not;  Grandgagnage 
from  Flem.  luttil,  E.  little,  as  being  dwarfish.  Perhaps  it  is 
best  to  take  nuiton  as  the  orig.  form,  and  derive  it  from  nuit. 

Lutrin  Fr.  a  lectern,  reading-desk,  for  letrin,  lectrinum,  from 
L.  L.  lectrum  '•^analogium,  super  quo  legitur^^  Gloss.  Isid.  Gen. 
has  letterin  for  It.  leggio;  E.  lectern. 


M. 

Ma  — -  mai. 

Maca  —  amaca. 

Macabre,  danse  Macabre  Fr.  death's  dance;  from  (1)  S.  Maca- 
rius  (2)  chorea  Macdbceorum  (3)  Ar.  maqdhir  grave -yards? 
Cf.  Lorr.  maicaihre  Si  grotto. 

Macari  magari  magara  It.  interj.  for  L.  titinam;  from  ^axccQiog 
(N.  Gr.  ^aKccQi),  voc.  ^axccQis.  In  0.  It.  it  was  used  as  a  con- 
cessive particle,  since;  so  Wal,  niacdr  ce ,  Serv.  makar.  Alb. 
mdcar;  perhaps  also  0.  Sp.  maguar  maguer  maguera  :=  thougli, 
0.  Pg.  maguer  (which  are  by  some  derived  from  Fr.  malgre 
maugre). 

Maccherone  It.,  Ven.  macarone  (commonly  used  only  in  the 
plur.),  maccaroni.  Partly  from  macco  or  maccare  (q.  v.),  partly 
from  ^KTcaQta  (Hesychius)'/3^cofi«  S7c  ^co^ov  xal  alcpCtav,  prop. 
= happiness,  hence  delicious  food.  The  Gk.  word  was  known 
to  the  It.,  cf.  macari;  to  give  maccherone  macco  would  require 
an  intermediate  form  maccaria,  which  is  found  in  Neap.,  though 
in  a  different  sense,  v.  macco. 

Macchialt.,  ^^^.Y^.mancha  (for  macho)  stain  &c.,  bushy  ground 
(La  Mancha),  Wall,  megiire  a  woody  hill,  cf.  G.  flecken,  E. 
spot  (of  land  &c.) ;  also  It.  maglia,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  malla,  Fr. 
maille,  E.  mail  (coat  -  of  -  mail) ;  from  macula;  also  Pg.  mdgoa 
spot,  vb.  magoar.  Hence  Sp.  mancilla  spot,  sore,  ill  ior  ul; 
Fr.  maillot  swadling  clothes.  From  macchiare,  Sp.  macaf  or 
manchar,  com.eii¥r. mar queter (formed  ^fter  ?nar que r)  to  stipple, 
put  in  the  lights  and  shades  of  a  picture,  whence  marqueterie 
checquered  inlaid  work. 

Macco  It.  bruising  (whence  It.  ammaccare  to  pound),  a  mash  of 
bean  food,  Com.  mach  bruised  barley,  Sp.  maca  bruise  on 


282  MACCU  —  MADRE. 

fruit,  stain  (perhaps  an  old  Lat.  word,  whence  macula),  0.  Fr. 
maque  a  hemp -bruiser,  Rou.  maca  a  large  hammer,  maquet 
a  sort  of  bolt.  Wall,  maclott  a  club,  E.  mace;  vb.  It.  maccare 
macare,  am-maccare ,  s-maccare,  Rh.  smaccar,  Sp.  Cat.  macar, 
Pr.  macar  machar,  O.  Fr.  maquer  to  bruise,  press ;  sbst.  Neap. 
maccaria,  O.Fr.  macheure  butchery.  The  Bret,  mcicha  to  press 
is  from  the  same  root.  Some  derive  it  from  the  Heb.  maccah 
to  slay,  but  the  root  is  widely  spread;  cf.  Gk.  iid(j0eiVy  L. 
mac-ula,  mac-ellum.  It.  macco  macca  plenty,  0.  Fr.  maquet 
a  heap.  Wall,  a  make  in  plenty,  perhaps  orig.  =  something 
pressed  down,  and  heaped  up. 

Maceu  Sard,  simpleton;  from  maccus  (Apuleius)  the  fool  in  the 
Atellanse. 

Machacar  macliucar  machar  —  macho, 

Macher  —  masticare. 

Macho  Sp.  Pg.  man,  male.  Not  from  mascuius  which  gives  in 
O.  Sp.  masclo  maslo  muslo,  but,  prob.,  the  same  word  as  macho 
a  hammer  (whence  machar  machacar  machucar  to  hammer, 
pound,  machado  a  hatchet,  machete  a  chopping -knife),  cf.  It. 
marcone  a  husband.  Macho  from  marcus  (marculus)  malleus 
major  Isid.  Gloss.,  0.  It.  marco  (Lat.  proper  name  Marcus), 

Machurer  —  maschera. 

Macigno  —  mdcina, 

Macina  macine  mill -stone,  macinare,  Wal.  macina  to  grind; 
from  machina,  whence  a  form  machineus  gives  It.  macigno 
quarry- stone. 

Macio  Pg.  malleable ,  pliant ;  Sousa  derives  it  from  Ar.  masih, 
but  why  not  from  the  same  root  as  Sp.  macho? 

MaciuUa  It.  a  mace  for  bruising  hemp ,  O.  Fr.  maque  (v.  macco) 
which  =  an  It.  macca,  dim.  macchi-ciulla,  maciulla,  cf.  f anti- 
cello  fanciullo, 

Ma9on  Fr.,  Pr.  masso,  E.  mason,  Isid.  machio,  perhaps  for  marcio 
from  marcus  a  hammer  (v.  macho),  cf.  iahellio  from  tahella. 
Sp.  has  an  old  verb  mazonar,  Macon  =  machio,  as  hracel-et 
=  hrachiale.   Or  is  the  Avord  from  the  root  mac,  v.  macco? 

Madera  madero  Sp.,  Pg.  madeira  timber  (hence  Madeira);  from 
materia, 

Madexa  —  matassa. 

Madia  It.  kneading-trough;  from  L.  magis  magidis,  magida,  Fr. 
(Jura)  maid,  Norm,  met,  Wall,  mai.  Pic.  maie.  Neap,  matra. 
Mil.  mama,  N.  Pr.  mastra  are  from  ^ccTctQUj  vb.  Wall.  ?nairt 
to  knead. 

Madio  madios  —  dio, 

Madraeo  —  materasso. 

Madre  Fr.  spotted,  sbst.  Norm,  maire  spot  (on  the  skin),  O.  Fr. 
mazre  madre  a  spotted  kind  of  wood,  L.  L.  scyphi  maserini, 


MADRIGALE  —  MAGONE.  283 

O.  Fr.  adj.  mazelin,  madelin  maderin  a  drinking- vessel;  from 
O.  H.  G.  masar,  G.  maser  speck ,  speckled  wood. 

Madrigale  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  E.  madrigal ,  O.  It.  mandriale,  Sp.  man- 
drial;  from  mandria,  L.  mandra  a  flock,  herd;  so  =  a  herds- 
man's song,  a  pastoral. 

Madrugar  Sp.  Pg.  to  rise  early,  0.  Sp.  madurgar  =  a  L.  matu- 
ricare,  from  maturus. 

Maestro  mastro  It.,  Sp.  maestro  maestre,  O.Sp.  maese,  Pg.  mestre^ 
Fr.  maitre  (from  the  O.  Fr.  ma'istre),  Wal.  mester,  E.  master; 
from  magister.  Hence  It.  maestrale,  Sp.  maestral,  Cat.  mestral, 
Fr.  mistral  North-west  wind,  Pr.  maestre,  so  called  from  its 
violence. 

Magagna  It.,  O.  Fr.  Wall,  mehaing  m.,  Crem.  Mil.  Pied,  man- 
gagna  a  defect,  bodily  failing,  maim;  vb.  It.  magagnare,  Pr. 
maganhar,  O.  Fr.  mehaigner  to  maim.  L.  L.  has  mahamium 
mahamiare  (E.  maim?).  Perhaps  from  a  Germ,  man-hamjan 
(man -maim)  formed  like  man-slag o  (manslayer).  In  Com.  we 
find  besides  magagn  also  mdga  which  would  point  to  a  root 
mag  (=zmacY.  macco?).  Muratori  derives  magagno  from  man- 
gamim  a  catapult. 

Magazzino  It.,  Sp.  magacen  almagacen  almacen,  Pg.  armazem., 
Fr.  magasin,  E.  magazine;  from  Ar.  makhan  al-mazan  a 
shed. 

Maggese  It.  fallow ;  from  maggio  May,  in  which  month  the  fields 
were  ploughed  up.  Mil.  maggenh. 

Magione  It.,  Pr.  0.  Sp.  may  son,  0.  Pg.  meisom,  Fr.  maison 
(whence  Sp.  meson);  from  mansio  (mansion).  Hence  It.  mas- 
nada,  Sp.  mesnada  manada,  Pr.  mainada,  O.  Fr.  mesgnee  mes- 
nie,  E.  meiny  (whence  It.  menial),  household,  retinue,  body 
of  armed  men  &c.,  from  a  form  mansionata  (It.  manata,  Sp. 
Pr.  manada  a  handful,  from  manus);  from  masnada  (masna- 
dino)  is  It.  mastino,  Sp.  Pr.  mastin,  Pg.  masiim,  Fr.  matin, 
E.  mastiff  a  house-dog,  prop.  =  a  member  of  the  household 
(0.  Fr.  mastin).  Further,  from  manere  we  have  manoir,  E. 
manor,  Fr.  masure  (mansura),  mas  mes,  E.  manse  (mansus),  Fr. 
E.  messuage  (L.  L.  man~suagium), 

Maglia  —  macchia. 

Maglio  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  mallo,  Fr.  mail,  Wal.  main,  E.  mall;  from 
malleus;  yh.lt. magliare,  Sp.  majar,  Vg.'Pr.malharj  Fr.  mailler 
to  hammer;  from  malleare  (malleatus). 

Magnano  —  maha. 

Magoa  —  macchia. 

Magone  Mod.  crop;  =  0.  H.  G.  mago,  G.  magen,  E.  maw ,  Eh. 
magun;  Ven.  Pied,  magon,  Gen.  magun=  grudge,  ill-will, 
of.  stomachus.' 


284  MAGRANA  —  MA  JO. 

Magrana  emigrania  It.^  Sp.  migraha,  Fr.  migraine;  from  ri^i- 
TCQavia  ache  on  one  side  of  the  head. 

Maguer  —  macari. 

Mai  ma  It.,  O.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  mais,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  mas,  Fr.  mats;  from 
7nagis,  It.  m«;  Sp.  Pg.  m^fs,  Fr.  mais  used  for  L.  sed,  cf.  Goth. 
/??<z/5  for  magis  Rndpotius,  L.L.  5^^  ?/i^^/5  =  sed  potiiis.  Hence 
Sp.  demas  cseterus,  L.  de  magis  in  Festus  (but  =  minus);  adj. 
Sp.  demasiado  nimius. 

Maidieu  —  dio. 

Mail  —  maglio. 

Maille  —  macchia. 

Maille  —  medaglia. 

Main  Fr.  in  main  menue  poor  folk ;  from  manus. 

Main  adv.  —  mane. 

Mainada  ■ —  magione. 

Mainbour  mambourg  O.  Fr.  guardian  (Pr.  manbor)j  vb.  main- 
hourniTy  whence  sbst.  mainhournie.  From  0.  H.  G.  mimthorOj 
A.  S.  munhhoray  Du.  momhoovy  L.  L.  mundiburdus  tutor,  patro- 
nus;  L.  L.  mundihurdis  mundiburdumy  O.  H.  G.  munthnrti  = 
tutela ;  from  munt  hand  and  heran  (hear)y  cf.  main-tenir.  Munt 
is  altered  to  Rom.  main  (cf.  manovaldd),  hurt  to  hoiirnir.  For 
similar  adaptations  cf.  hattifredo,  guiderdone,  candelarhrCy 
orange  &c. 

Maint  Fr.,  Pr.  maint  mani  (N.  Pr.  mant-un)y  hence  It.  manto  for 
L.  multus.  Three  derivations  are  proposed:  (1)  W.  maint 
multitude ,  cf .  iroppo  from  truppus  (2)  O.  H.  G.  managoti,  Du. 
menigte  a  multitude  (3)  O.  H.  G.  adj.  manag ,  G.  manch ,  in 
which  case  we  should  have  to  suppose  a  neut.  from  managaz 
managat.  Froissart  has  ta-maint  (=  Sp.  tamaho),  whence  It. 
tamanto. 

Maintenant  —  immantinente, 

Maintenir  —  mantenere. 

Maire  Fr.,  E.  mayor;  for  major,  O.  Fr.  maire,  G.  meter,  cf.  major 
domus. 

Mais  —  mat. 

Maison  —  magione. 

Maitre  —  maestro. 

Maiz  Sp.,  E.  maize;  an  American  (Haitian)  word. 

Majada  Sp.,  Pg.  malhada  sheep-cote,  inn;  from  magalia  (maga- 
liata  magliata).    Cf.  naguela. 

Majar  —  maglia. 

Majo  It.,  Sp.  mayo,  Fr.  mai,  Pr.  f.  maia  a  sort  of  birch,  May- tree, 
so  called  because  it  flourishes  in  May;  also  any  green  tree, 
or  branch  of  a  tree,  such  as  on  May -night  it  was  the  custom 
for  lovers  to  plant  before  the  doors  of  their  mistresses.  Rh. 
maig  a  bunch  of  flowers. 


MAJOLICA  ■ —  MALSIN.  285 

Majolica  It.  counterfeit  porcelain;  from  the  island  Majorca, 
where  it  was  made. 

Majorana  maggiorana  It.;  S^.mayorana,  ¥g.  ?nawrana  mange- 
rona,  Fr.  marjolaine,  E.  marjoram,  G.  major  an;  corrupted 
from  amaracus.  Sp.  almoradux ,  Cat.  moradux  are  from  Arab. 
mardaqiisch  which  is  from  the  Persian  murda-gosh.  Major  ana 
may  have  been  assimilated  to  major. 

Mai  —  ora  (1). 

Mala  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.;  Fr.  malle,  E.  maid  trunk;  Gael,  mala,  0.  H.  G. 
malaha  sack,  Du.  maal  maale. 

Malade  —  malato. 

Malaise  —  agio. 

Malandrin  malandrino  —  landra. 

Malart  Fr.  male  of  the  duck,  Pic.  maillard,  E.  mallard;  from 
male  (masculus). 

Malato  It.  O.  Sp.,  Fr.  malade,  Pr.  malapte  malaut,  Cat.  malalt; 
It.  malaitia,  Fr.  maladie,  E.  malady,  Pr.  malapiia  malautia  ma- 
laiia.  Cat.  malaitia.  The  Pr.  forms  point  to  the  der.  from 
male  aptus,  cf.  G.  unpdsslich  from  passen  aptare,  and  E.  in- 
disposed; Cat.  malalt,  as  galta  from  gauta.  The  Fr.  and  It. 
(which,  from  aptus,  should  have  been  m«/r//^,  malatto)  \i\^Y 
have  taken  their  form  from  a  part,  malatus  from  malum,  as 
harhatus  from  harha,  or  from  ammalato  (ammalare). 

Malavez  —  avieso. 

Malgre  —  grado. 

Malheur  —  augurio. 

Malia  It.  sorcery,  maliardo  sorcery;  from  mains  magical,  Virg. 
Ec.  7,  28.  ne  vati  noceat  mala  lingua  futuro. 

Malingre  —  lieingre. 

Mall -public  O.  Fr.  public  justice;  L.  L.  mallum  puhlicuni,  Goth. 
mathl,  O.  H.  G.  mahal  '^w^iicQ. 

Malla  —  macchia. 

Malle  —  mala. 

Mallevare  It.  to  bail,  Sp.  Pr.  7nanlevar,  0.  Pg.  malevar  to  bail, 
to  borrow;  from  manum  levare  to  lift  the  hand,  promise  so- 
lemnly, cf.  malluvium  for  manluvium. 

Mallo  It.  the  green  husk  covering  nuts  &c. ;  =  Fr.  mnlle  {maul 
chest)  a  repository? 

Malogro  —  ogro. 

Malotru  —  astro. 

Malsin  Sp.,  Pg.  malsim  tale-bearer,  makebate,  vb.  malsinar. 
The  verb  might  come  from  male  signare;  since,  however, 
names  of  agents  are  rarely,  if  ever,  derived  from  verbs  with- 
out suffix,  it  may  be  better  to  derive  the  verb  from  the  noun, 
and  to  make  this  a  contraction  of  mal-vecino  (bad  neighbour), 
cf.  It.  O.  Fr.  malvicino  malvoisin. 


286  MALT  —  MANCIA. 

Malt  Fr.  m.;  from  E.  malt,  O.  H.  G.  7nalz. 

Malta  It.  mud ;  =  L.  maltha  cement ,  Rh.  maulta  molta. 

Maltote  Fr.  f.  extortion;  from  O.  Fr.  tonte  tolte  (partic.  of  tollir 

from  tollere)  a  levying  of  taxes,  with  mal,  cf.  It.  maltolto  mala- 

tolta:  guar  da  hen  la  mal  tolta  moneta  Inf.  19,  98  ;  O.  Pg.  malla- 

iosta  mal  tost  a  duty  on  wine.   V.  Due.  v.  tolta. 
Malvagio  It.,  Pr.  malvais  j  Fr.  mauvais;  It.  malvagita,  Pr.  mal- 

vastat  malvestat,  O.  Fr.  mauvestie,  O.  Sp.  malvestad.    Goth,  has 

a  sbst.  balvavesei badness,  adj.  balvavesi-s  bad  =  an  O.  H.  G. 

halvdsij  hence  halvais,  altered,  to  malvais  so  as  to  connect  it 

with  mal;  for  similar  instances  cf.  guiderdone ,  mainhour,  P. 

Gr.  2,  229  note.   But  is  it  unconnected  with  malvar? 
Malvar  O.  Sp.  to  deprave,  Sp.  malvado,  Pr.  malvat  wicked,  7nal- 

vadesa  wickedness.     From  mal-levar  (cf.  malograr  for  mal- 

lograr),  and  so  =  prop,  to  bring  up  baaly. 
Malvavisehio  It.,  Sp.  malvavisco  (Fr.  mauvisqiie)  marsh- mallow; 

from  malva  ibiscum  {tpL6}iog)]l^.l^.bismalva from  ibiscwn  malva, 

Fr,  It.  guimauve  for  vimauve  ^  v  =  b. 
Malvis  —  mauvis. 
Mamma  It.,  S^.mama,  ¥y.  mamarij  Wal.  mame  =^Yj.  mamma, 

Gen.  &c.  =  nurse;  from  L.  mamma  (1)  breast  (so  It.  Sp.  Pg.) 

(2)  mother  (Varro).    Maman  has  an  accusative  form,  which 

differs,  however,  from  other  forms  such  as  non  nain,  Evain  &c., 

probably  in  order  to  make  it  less  unlike  papa,    Sp.  mamar  is 

to  suck  (L.L.  mammare).  The  G.  memme  coward  corresponds 

to  Neap,  mammamia  (m.).   V.  H.  Stephani  lex.  Grsec.  v.  TcaTt- 

Ttag. 
Mammone  It.  prop,  gattomammone  a  baboon;  r=  Gk.  fit^o',  M. 

Gr.  N.  Gr. /iat'ifioi),  Yfdl.moime  memuce'y  Alban.  Turk,  maimun, 

Hung,  majom  ape. 
Mamparar  Sp.Pg.  to  shelter,  defend ;  from  manu parare  to  guard 

with  the  hand ,  v.  parare. 
Manada  —  magione. 
Manaier  O.  Fr.  to  protect,  save,  sbst.  manaie^  Pr.  manaya,  from 

manu  adjutare,  hence  also  a  form  with  d,  manaide^  menaide: 

cf.  mantenere,  mallevare,  mamparar. 
Manant  Fr.  a  native,  a  peasant;  partic.  pres.  from  O.Fr.  manoir 

maindre  =  manere  L.  L.  to  dwell;  adj.  O.  Fr.  manant,  Pr. 

manen  wealthy,  manantie  wealth;  Gen.  manente  ploughman. 
Mancebo  Sp,,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  mancip  massip  young  man,  f.  manceba 

mancipa;  from  L.  mancipium,  L.  L.  mancipiu^. 
Mancha  manehilla  —  macchia. 
Manehe  —  manico. 
Mancia  It.  drink -money,  gratuity.   Yvom.'L.lu.  manicia  pi.  of 

manicium  (manica)  a  sleeve,  glove.   Cf.  guanto,  paraguanto, 

Sp.  guantes,   Fr.  gants,  Pg.  luvas  =  mancia.     Cf.  also  Sp. 


MANCIP  —  MANGIARE.  287 

mangas  perquisites,  from  manga  a  sleeve,  costly  sleeves  having 
been  used  as  presents.   From  mancia  manciata  handfuU. 

Mancip  —  mancebo. 

Manco  It.  Sp.  Pg'.,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  mane  maimed  defective;  from 
mancus.  Hence  Fr.  manchot  =  It.  manco  ctuna  mano,  also  Sp. 
manca  the  left  hand,  cf.  gauche;  vb.  It.  mancare,  Sp.  Pr.  man- 
car,  Fr.  manquer  to  fail.  It.  moneo,  vb.  moneare  (cf.  Eh.  mun- 
car=manear)  seems  to  borrow  the  o  of  i\\Ql^omb.mock  blunt, 
broken  off  (0.  H.  Gr.  far-muckit  hebetudo,  M.  H.  G.  mocke 
mass,  0.  E.  mock  blunt),  cf.  It.  moncone  =  Komag.  mueon. 

Mandil  Sp.  Pg.  apron,  saddle-cloth;  from  maniile,  Av.mandU 
a  towel. 

Mandola  mandore  —  pandura. 

Mandorla  It.  (mandola),  Sp.  almendra,  Pg.  amendoa,  Pr.  aman- 
dola,  Fr.  amande,  E.  almond,  Du.  amandel,  G.  mandel;  cor- 
rupted from  amygdala  (d^vyddlri),  Wal.  migdale  as  well  as 
mandule.  Contracted  forms  are  Pr.  mella,  l^.Vv,amello  (Lang. 
amenlou). 

Mandragola  It.,  Lat.  mandragoras ;  by  corruption,  Fr.  main-de- 
gloire,  E.  mandrake. 

Mandria  Sp.  m.  a  coward;  from  B.  emandrea  a  weak  woman, 
cf.  Pg.  mandriao  a  woman's  house -dress. 

Mane  It.,  0.  Sp.  man  f.,  Pr.  man,  O.  Fr.  main,  Wal.  mene  morn- 
ing ;  from  mane,  cf .  Pr.  lo  he  md  =  hene  mane.  Hence  It.  adv. 
dimani  domani,  Pr.  deman,  Fr.  demain,  Wal.  de  mene,  for 
which  Sp.  has  manana,  Pg.  a  manhaa.  Hence  Fr.  lendemain, 
Pr.  lendeman,  for  le  en  demain,  cf.  0.  Cat.  l-en-de-mig  mean- 
while. From  matutinum  is  It.  mattino ,  Pr.  mati,  Fr.  E.  matin. 
For  domani  Sic.  and  other  dialects  have  crai  =  eras. 

Manege  Fr.  (m.) ;  from  It.  maneggio  which  is  from  maneggiare  to 
manage,  v.  R.  Gr.  2,  327. 

Manevir  in  amanevir  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  amano'ir  amanavir  amarvir,  mar- 
vir,  to  be  ready,  willing,  hence  0.  Fr.  partic.  manevis  ama- 
nevis,  Pr.  amano'itz  amarvitz  ready,  fervid,  Lang,  amarhit 
lively.  From  Goth,  manvjan  =  manoir  (v ^=  o).  So  Pr.  adv. 
marves  without  hesitation,  adj.  marvier  ready  =  Goth.  adj. 
manvus. 

Mingano  It.  a  sling;  hence  manganello  a  cross-bow,  Yx.man- 
ganel,  0.  Fr.  mangoneau  a  sling  for  stones,  Wal.  mengeleu  a 
mangle;  from. ^dyyavov,  O.H.ijr. mango,  Gc. mangel,  ^.mangle. 
Hence  also  Sp.  manganilla  sleight  of  hand. 

Manger  —  mangiare. 

Mangiare  It.,  0.  Pg.  Pr.  manjar,  Fr.  manger,  It.  also  manucare 
manicare,  0.  Fr.  manner ,  Wal.  menca  menenca  to  eat,  Pr. 
O.  Fr.  menjar  menjiar,  Lim.  mindzd;  from  manducare  used  in 
late  Lat.  =  edere:  manducat  et  bibit  =  icd'LSi,  ical  nCvsL  Vulg. 


288  MANGIL  —  MANO. 

Matt.  11,  19;  Pr.  manjuiar,  O.  Fr.  manjuer  (pres.  conjunct. 
manjuce)  from  mandcuare;  Norm,  moujuer  manjusser.  Fr.  de- 
manger,  Pied,  smange  to  itch,  cf.  Sp.  comer  (comedere). 

Mangil  manehil  Pg.  a  butcher's  cleaver;  from  Ar.  menjal  a 
sickle  y  which  meaning  is  also  given  to  the  Pg.  word  by  Con- 
stancio. 

Mangla  0.  Sp.,  Pg.  mangra  mildew;  from  melligera  honey-dew? 

Mangual  Sp.,  Pg.  mangoal  a  flail,  also  a  warlike  instrument; 
from  manucdis;  for  the  inserted  g,  v.  menovarc. 

Manieo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  mango,  Pr.  margue,  Fr.  manclie  (m.)  handle. 
The  suffix  ic  forms  only  feminines  (v.  oca),  so  it  is  best  to 
make  manieo  not  directly  from  matins ,  but  a  variation  of  7na- 
nica  a  sleeve  (It.  manica  =  also  handle).  In  Lomb.  Ven. 
mdnega,  Sp.  Pg.  7nanga  troop,  body  of  men,  we  have  a  mean- 
ing of  the  L.  manus. 

Manieordion  —  monocordo. 

Manier  —  menear. 

Maniero  It.,  Sp.  manero,  Pr.  manier  handled,  tame;  from  mana- 
rius  for  manuarius,  cf.  mannaja.  Hence  sbst.  It.  manier  a,  Sp. 
manera,  Pg.  Pr.  maneira,  Fr.  maniere ,  E.  manner,  prop, 
handling. 

Manigance  Fr.  trick,  knack;  from  manica  (manicare),  jugglers 
making  use  of  their  sleeves  in  performing  tricks.  Cf.  Papias: 
maniculare  dolum, 

Maniglia  smaniglia  It.,  Sp.  manilla  a  bracelet,  Fr.  manille;  from 
monilia  (monile),  a  for  o  coming  O ,Yi.Qi ,mdnili  a  moon-shaped 
ornament. 

Manigoldo  It.  a  hangman  (Sp.  manigoldo).  The  same  word  as 
the  O.  H.  G.  proper  name  Manogald  Managolt  (whence  G.  E. 
mangold  a  plant),  which  is  probably,  through  the  Rom.,  from 
mano-wald  one  who  administers  (walten)  the  halter  (mennl 
plur..  Com.  men.  Gen.  menu);  G.  marigold  is  Com.  menegold, 
Mil.  meregold.  Pied,  manigot  lettuce. 

Maniqui  —  mannequin. 

Manir  Sp.  to  keep  meat  to  make  it  tender;  from  manere  used  in 
trans,  sense,  to  let  remain. 

Manlevar  —  mallevare. 

Manna  —  mana. 

Mannaja  It.  an  executioner's  axe,  Lomb.  manara,  Rh.  manera; 
from  adj.  manuaria,  because  two-handed. 

Manne  Fr.  a  basket.  Pic.  mande;  from  Du.  mand  mande  (f.), 
K.^.mond,  E.  maund;  so  also  manne-quin  fromDu.  mande-km. 

Mannequin  —  manne. 

Mannequin  Fr.,  hence  Sp.  maniqui  mannikin;  from  M.Du.  man- 
nekln,  E.  mannikin.   Wall,  maniket  dwarf. 

Mano  —  hermano. 


MANOIR  —  MAQUEREAU.  289 

Manoir  —  mas. 

Manojo  Sp.,  Pg.  manolho  molho  a  handfull;  from  mamipulus  for 
manipidus,  It.  manipolo  &c. 

Manopola  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  manopla  a  gauntlet ;  from  manipulus  (ma- 
mipulus), cf.  L.  manipula  a  towel. 

Manovaldo  —  mondualdo. 

Manovra  It.,  Sp.  maniohra,  Fr.  manoeuvre;  from  ?nanus  opera, 

Manser  Sp.  son  of  a  prostitute;  from  the  rabbinical  mamser 
Buxtorf  p.  1184. 

Manso  It.  Sp.  Pg.  tame;  shortened  from  mansuetus  (v.  fino). 
Hence  Sp.  manso  an  ox  or  sheep  that  guides  the  herd,  it. 
manzo  ox. 

Mantaeo  mantice  bellows,  Papias:  follis  vulgo  mantacum  fabri; 
from  mantica  wallet.   Cat.  has  mancha  =  Sp.  fuelle. 

Manteea  Sp.,  Pg.  manteiga,  Cat.  mantega  butter,  hence  Neap. 
manteca  butter  from  sheep's  milk,  Sicil.  fat  of  cheese.  It. 
pomade.  Y^c^m.  mantica,  or,  perhaps,  a  very  old  word ,  con- 
nected with  the  Sanskrit  manthaja  (root  math,  manth  agitare) 
butter. 

Mantenere  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  mantener,  Pg.  manter,  Fr.  mainienir,  S. 
maintain;  from  manu  tenere,  cf.  G.  hand-haben;  cf.  mallevare 
and  L.  manstutor.  Cf.  Pr.  cap-tener,  0.  Sp.  cab-tener,  from 
caput  tenere;  Wall,  men-tui  from  manu-tueri. 

Manto  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  It.  also  ammanto  mantle,  f.  Sp.  Pr.  manta, 
Fr.  mante  a  covering,  contracted  from  mantelum;  It.  mantello, 
Fr.  manteau,  Sp.  mantilla,  E.  mantle  from  mantellum;  It.  man- 
tile,  ^T^,manteltYOV[imantile  mantele.  Isid.  has:  mantum  Hispani 
vocanl. 

Manto  —  maint. 

Manzana  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  mazana,  Pg.  mazaa  apple;  L.  malum  Ma- 
tianum  a  peculiar  kind  of  apple  named  after  a  person  of  the 
Matian  gens.   Cf.  Col.  5,  10,  19;  Suet.  Dom.  21. 

Mana  Sp.,  Tg.manha  readiness,  handiness ;  from  macliina  maclhia 
=  craft.  Hence  also  It.  magnano  (Cat.  many  a,  Fr.  magnan 
magnier,  ^SkW.jnignon)  a  lock-smith,  prop,  artifex.  It.  manna, 
Sp.  mana  a  bundle  (It.  ammannare  ammannire  to  tie  into 
bundles,  to  bring  together,  set  in  order)  is  the  Gael,  mam  a 
handfull  (pi.  maim).  Com.  man. 

Mariana  —  mane. 

Maquereau  Fr.  for  maclereau  from  macula,  prop,  spotted  fish, 
hence  E.  mackerel ^  Du.  makreel,  W.  macrell;  Champ,  maquet. 

Maquereau  Fr.  a  pander;  probably  the  same  word  as  the  pre- 
ceding, cf.  Donatus:  leno  (sc.  in  comoediis)  7M///0  varii  col  oris 
utitur.  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  suppose  that  a  word  derived 
from  the  Roman  stage  would  have  been  preserved  only  in  the 
Fr.;  so  Diez  derives  it  from  Du.  maker,  from  maken  to  nego- 

DIEZ,    ROMANCK    DJCT.  19 


290  MAQUILA  —  MARCHESE. 

tiate,  go  between,  O.  H.  G.  malihari  from  mahhdn  machinari, 
huor  -  malihari  leno . 

Maquila  Sp.,  Y^.maquia  miller's  fee;  from  Kv.miktjdl  a  measure. 

Mar  Fr.  adv.  —  ora  (1). 

Marais  —  mare. 

Marangone  It.  a  diver,  Lomb.  margon;  from  mergus  maragone 
marangone  f  cf.  fagotto  fang  otto. 

Marasca  It.  wild  cherry,  amarasca,  from  amarus;  also  amarina. 

Maraud  Fr.  a  beggar,  scamp,  maraiide  dissolute  woman,  marau- 
der to  plunder ;  hence  maraudeummarander,  pkmdering  soldier, 
vb.  mar  Oder  y  sbst.  marode  (through  Sp.  merode  marodear^. 
Several  derivations  have  been  given,  (l)  Ar.  marada  audax 
esse,  (2)  male  ruptus,  =  Sp.  mal-roto,  Pg.  maroto,  vb.  7nal- 
rotar  marlotar,  (3)  maraudeur  from  morator  (Malm),  (4  and 
best)  from  marrir  (q.  v.)  to  stray,  trouble,  sbst.  marance,  ma- 
rison  grief,  with  the  depreciative  ending  and  as  in  hadaud, 
cldbaud  (cldbauder  clahaudeur),  nigaud,  riband,  richaiid. 

Maravedi  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  mardbotin  a  Sp.  coin;  from  Ar.  mnrdhiHt 
belonging  to  (coined  by)  the  Almoravides  (al-inurdbiHin)  an 
Arab,  dynasty  in  Spain. 

Maraviglia  It.,  Sp.  maravilla,  Pg.  maravilhay  It.  Pr.  (better)  me- 
raviglia,  Fr.  merveille,  E.  marvel;  from  pi.  mirabilia. 

Marazzo  —  mare. 

Mare  Fr.  husks,  grounds;  Pic.  mere;  from  emercum  (amurca) 
found  in  Pliny  and  Columella ,  cf.  mina  from  liemina. 

Marca  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  marque  marche  (0.  E.  march),  bound, 
limit.  It.  Sp.  Pg.  marco,  Pr.  Fr.  marc,  O.  Fr.  also  mere  mark, 
measure;  vb.  It.  marcare  marchiare,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  marcar,  Fr. 
marquer  merker  to  mark ;  sbst.  It.  marchese,  Sp.  Pr.  marques, 
Fr.  marquis,  E.  marquis,  L.  L.  marchio.  From  Goth,  marka 
boundary  (Sk.  mdrga  a  road,  mdrg  quserere),  O.H.  G.  marcha, 
-  A.  S.  mearc,  E.  O.  N.  mark,  M.  H.  G.  marc,  vb.  0.  H.  G.  mar- 
koHf  G.  merken,  E.  mark. 

Marcassita  It.,  Sp.  marcasita  marquesita ,  Fr.  marcassite,  marca- 
site  a  sort  of  stone;  from  Ar.  marqashdtd  (Freytag). 

Marehant  —  marche. 

Marchar  —  marcher. 

Marelie  —  marca. 

Marche  Fr.  market,  from  mercatus;  marchand  {^.merchant)  from 
0.  Fr.  marcheant  (marchedant)  =  It.  mercatante ,  partic.  from 
mercatare,  Pr.  mercadar,  L.  L.  mercadantes ;  also  O.  Fr.  7nar- 
chant  markant  =  It.  mercante  from  mercari. 

Marcher  Fr.,  sbst.  marche,  hence  It.  marciare,  Sp.  marchar,  E. 
march.  From  marche  =  bound  (v.  marcci);  marcher  ■=  O.  Fr. 
oiler  de  marche  en  marche.  Cf.  Sk.  ?ndrg  quserere,  qusesitum  ire. 

Marchese  —  marca. 


MARCHITO  —  MARMITA.  291 

Marchito  Sp.  withered;  prob.  a  dim.  of  a  lost  adj.  marcho  =  It. 
marcio,  Pr.  mar-cit,  -ida,  from  marcidus.   Pg.  is  murcho  q.  v. 

Maroiare  —  marcher. 

Marcotte  —  margotta. 

Mardi  —  martedi. 

Mare  O.  Fr.  f.  any  collection  of  water ;  a  pond,  =  Du.  maarj 
E.  mere.  From  maar  come  Du.  maerasch  maersche,  L.  Gr. 
marsch,  A.  S.  mersc,  E.  marsh,  whence  O.  Fr.  mar  esq,  Pr. 
marex  (for  marsex),  O.  Fr.  marescat,  maresquel,  marescage,  Fr. 
marecage  &c. ;  Fr.  marais.  It.  marese,  E.  marish  may  also  come 
from  marasch,  or  through  mare;  Fr.  marage.  It.  marazzo  are 
pure  Rom.  derivatives.   V.  Dief.  Goth.  Wb.  2,  44. 

Marecage  —  ;wfl?re. 

Marechal  —  mariscalco. 

Maremma  It.  a  maritime  province ;  0.  Fr.  maremme;  from  mari- 
tima. 

Marese  —  mare. 

Marfll  Sp.  Fr.,  Pg.  marfim  ivory;  from  Ar.  ndl)  tooth,  fil  ele- 
phant? 

Margolato  —  margotta. 

Margotta  It.,  Champ.  Rou.  margotte,  Fr.  marcotte  a  shoot,  layer; 
from  mergus.   Hence  also  It.  margolato, 

Margue  —  manico. 

Marguillier  Fr.  churchwarden,  O.  Fr.  marreglier ;  from  matricu- 
larius  one  who  keeps  a  list  of  the  poor  {matricula,  whence  Fr. 
matricule,  immatriculer,  E.  matriculate  to  register,  enrol). 

Marionnette  Fr.  a  puppet ,  dim.  of  Marion  (dim.  of  Marie')  =  a 
little  girl.   Hence  Fr.  marotte  (for  mariotte). 

Mariposa  Sp.  a  butterfly,  Pg.  an  ornament  in  the  shape  of  a 
butterfly,  Sp.  also  a  rushlight.  Prob.  from  the  flickering 
motion,  like  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  sea  mar  i posa  sea  and 
calm  (Mahn),  which  is  almost  too  poetical,  though  mar  is 
often  used  metaphorically  in  Spanish.  The  Sp.  name  is  hor- 
holeta  (q.  v.). 

Mariscalco  maniscalco  maliscalco  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  mariscal,  Pr.  ma- 
nescalc,  Fr.  marechal  a  smith,  farrier;  from  0.  H.  G.  marah- 
scalc  (horse -attendant)  a  groom,  G.  marschall ,  E.  mar'shal. 
Cf.  siniscalco, 

Marjolaine  —  major  ana. 

Marlotar  —  maraud, 

Marmaglia  —  merme, 

Marmelo  Pg.  a  quince,  whence  marmelada,  E.  marmalade;  from 
melimelum,  Gk.  ^aXcfirjlov  a  sweet  apple,  apple  grafted  on  a 
quince.    The  Sp.  is  membrillo. 

Marmita  It.  Sp.  Cat.,  Fr.  marmite  a  pot,  saucepan;  hence  It. 
marmitone,   Sp.   Fr.   marmiton   a   scullion;   marmiteux  poor, 

19* 


292  MARMOTTA  —  MARRON. 

hungry;  wretched.  Perhaps  an  onomatop.  from  boiling  water, 
cf.  marmotter  to  hum ,  sing.  Some  derive  it  from  Ar.  marmfd 
a  hole  dug  in  the  ground  for  cooking. 

Marmotta  marmotto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  marmota,  Fr.  marmotte,  E.  mar- 
mot. In  lih.  it  is  montanella  and  murmont,  O.  H.  G.  muremunto 
murmenti,  Sw.  murmet,  which  are  from  mus  montanus,  by 
gradual  corruption,  marmotta, 

Marmotter  Fr.,  Com.  marmota  to  murmur,  hum;  an  onomatop. 

Marne  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  marie  merle,  Pic.  marie ^  E.  marl,  vb.  marner 
marler  to  marl;  from  marga,  according  to  Pliny  a  Gallic  word: 
quod  genus  terrce  vocant  margam  (Galli  et  Britanni),  whence 
margula;  0.  H.  G.  mergil,  contr.  marie  matiie  as  posterle  po- 
terne.  The  orig.  form  is  found  in  It.  Sp.  marga ,  Bret,  marg 
m.,  the  derivative  word  only  being  found  in  the  other  Celtic 
tongues:  W.  marl,  Ir.  Gael,  merla, 

Maronier  O.Fr.  a  seaman;  from  marinier  as  chardonal hom.  car- 
dinal, vilonie  from  vilenie  &c.,  prob.  through  mar  on,  a  der,  of 
mare  SiS  pion  of  pes,  whence  maronnel  pirate. 

Maroto  - —  maraud. 

Marotte  —  marionnette. 

Marque  marquis  marques  —  marca. 

Marra  —  mar  r  on. 

Marraine  Fr.  godmother;  Vr.mairma,  It.  Sp.  mad?ina;  Fr.  is  for 
marrine,  being  assimilated  to  parr  am. 

Marrano  Sp.  (It.)  cursed;  espec.  of  baptized  but  suspected  Jews. 
From  marrar  to  deviate,  go  wrong  (mar);  marrana  a  sow, 
=  accursed  (sc.  by  Jews)  animal  ?  May  it  not  be  connected 
with  the  N.  Test,  maranatha  (Chaldee  mdran  athd  =  our  Lord 
is  come),  Sp.  maranata? 

Marrir  Pr.  0.  Fr.  to  lose  one's  way,  to  err,  hence  esmarrir,  It. 
smarrire  to  confuse,  perplex,  Rh.  smarir  to  lose;  from  Goth. 
marzjan,  O.H.  G.  marran,  A.  S.  mearrian  (mar)  to  scandalize, 
hinder;  L.  L.  legem,  hannum,  vel pneceptum  marrire  (L.  marra 
a  clod-breaker?).  In  1^^  conj.  Sp.  marrar  to  go  astray,  partic. 
marrido  amarrido  cast-down,  melancholy  =  Pr.  marrit,  Pied. 
mart,  Pic.  amain.  From  same  root  Sp.  maraha  maze,  marahar 
to  entangle. 

Marritto  —  ritto. 

Marroehino  It.,  Sp.  marroqui,  Fr.  marroquin,  E.  morocco,  from 
Marrocco,  Morocco. 

Marron  Sp.  a  ram.  Cat.  marra,  Lang,  marra  mar-mouton,  B.  mar- 
roa;  vb.  Pg.  marrar  to  butt.  According  to  Diez  from  mas 
maris,  cf.  Sard,  masca  ram.  Of  the  same  origin  he  says  is 
marra  a  hammer  (cf.  macho).  But  marra  =  a  pick -axe  and 
=  L.  marra  y  cf.  marrir.  May  not  marron  rather  come  from 
this?  V.  macho.   Morueco  ram  may  be  for  maruecOy  the  o  being 


MARRONE  —  MAS.  293 

to  distinguish  it  from  the  name  Marruecos,  or  it  may  be  for 
murueco  (in  O.  Sp.  =  battering-ram)  from  murus,  cf.  marueca 
a  heap  of  loose  stones. 

Marrone  It.,  Fr.  marron  a  chestnut^  Eiistat.  ^ccQaov.  Prob.  an 
old  Latin  word  the  same  as  the  L.  name  Maro. 

Marsouin  Fr.  (in  Belgium)  a  porpoise  (porkpisce=^porcus piscis) ; 
quasi  maris  sus,  O.  H.  G.  merisuin,  G.  meerschweiUf  O.E.  mere- 
sivine,  Champ,  marsotmi  =■  a  dirty  fellow. 

Marteau  —  martello. 

Martedi  marti  It.,  Fr.  mardi,  Pr.  Cat.  dimars;  from  Martis  dies, 
dies  Martis;  Sp.  martes,  Pr.  mars  (from  gen.  Martis),  Wal. 
mdrtzi,  Ven.  marti,  Romag.  mert.  Pg.  uses  terza  feira,  N.  Gr. 
tQCtri. 

Martello  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  martillo,  Fr.  marteau  a  hammer;  from  mar- 
tulus  (mar cuius),  martellus  (in  Carolus  Martellus). 

Martes  —  martedi. 

Martin  pescatore  It.  a  sea-fish,  Sp.  martin  pescador,  Sind paxaro 
de  San  Martin,  Sard,  puzone  de  Santu  Martinu,  Fr.  martinet 
pecheur  kingfisher,  Sp.  martinete  a  small  white  heron,  Fr.  mar- 
tinet a  kind  of  swallow  (E.  martinet),  a  martin,  also  a  lamp 
with  a  handle  like  a  martin's  tail,  It.  Tuartinetto  a  cross-bow 
windlass;  all  from  the  name  Martinus,  v.  Grimm,  Mythol. 
1083,  1233. 

Martora  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  marta,  Pr.  mart,  Fr.  marte  martre,  E. 
marten;  from  L.  martes  (Martial),  martora  martre  taking  a  G. 
form  (marder). 

Marza  It.  a  graft,  scion;  from  Martius,  the  operation  of  grafting 
being  chiefly  performed  in  that  month. 

Marzapane  It.,  Sp.  mazapan,  Pg.  mazapao,  Fr.  massepain,  E. 
marchpane,  L.  L.  marcipanis  panis  ?nartius ,  Neap,  marzapane, 
Sic.  marzapanu  a  little  box  (prob.  from  the  shape).  March- 
pane ~~  sweet-bread,  macaroon.  Some  derive  it  from  a  man's 
name  Marci  panis  (v.  Mahn).  The  forms  without  r  are  prob. 
orig.,  the  r  being  found  first  in  the  E.  (Sydney  1554 — 1586, 
Shakspere  &c.).  Perhaps  from  maza  (panis)  Gr.  ^aga  (prop, 
what  is  kneaded,  from  ^cc66siv)  barley-bread.  Maza  accord- 
ing to  Forcellini  =  farina  hordeacea,  vel  panis  lacte,  sero, 
aut  aqua  subactus.  Ducange:  maza  ex  farina  oleo  et  aqua. 
Or  is  it  connected  with  Sp.  mazar  to  churn,  knead? 

Mas  Pr.,  O.  Fr.  mas  mes  house,  farm.  Cat.  mas;  from  L.  L. 
mansus  mansum,  from  manere,  whence  Pr.  maner,  0.  Fr.  ma- 
noir,  E.  manor;  Pr.  manen,  0.  Fr.  manant  opulent,  L.  L. 
manens  colonus.  Hence  also  Sp.  masa,  Mil.  massa,  0.  Fr. 
mase  farm,  L.  L.  mansa  massa;  It.  massaro  massaio,  0.  Fr. 
mansiaire  housekeeper,  with  several  more  derivatives. 

Mas  —  mai. 


294  MASA  —  MATA. 

Masa  —  mas. 

Mascar  —  masticare. 

Mascarra  —  maschera. 

Maschera  It.^  Pied,  mascra,  Sp.  Pg.  mascara,  Fr.  masque ,  E. 
mask  (l)  a  mask  (persona)  (2)  a  masked  person.  From  the 
Arab,  maskharah  jeer,  laugh,  laugher,  object  of  laughter, 
buffoon,  a  man  in  masquerade ,  from  the  root  sakhir a  irrisit 
(v.  Mahn).  From  the  same  come  Wal.  mescdreh\oiy  disgrace, 
Pg.  mascarra  dark  spot,  .vb.  Pg.  mascarrar ,  Fr.  mascurer, 
macJiurer  to  blacken.  The  L.  L.  mascus  masca,  Fr.  masque^  E. 
mask  are  shortened  forms.  Diez,  however,  considers  them  the 
orig.  forms,  and  mentions  2  derivations  (l)  from  masticare^ 
Sp.  mascar  (Neap.  Gen.  masca  a  cheek),  cf.  L.  manducus,  (2) 
O.  H.  G.  mascd  a  net,  G.  masche  (E.  mesh),  cf.  Plin.  12,  14: 
persona  adjicitur  capiti  densusve  retwuhis. 

Masnada  —  magione. 

Masque  —  maschera. 

Massacrer  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  maschacler,  sbst.  massacre,  E.  massacre, 
L.  L.  massacrium  mazacrium.  From  G.  metzgern  to  butcher, 
metzger  a  butcher  (O.  Fr.  massecrier,  cf.  Piedm.  massacra  a 
maimer),  this  from  metzen  to  hew,  connected  with  meizan  to 
cut,  Goth,  meitan  =  L.  meter e.  Sk.  md,  mdd.  L.  L.  mazac- 
cara  =  salsutim  factce  de  iritis  carnibus  intestinorum ;  It.  maz- 
zacara  =  the  entrails  of  poultry,  mazzachera  =  an  eel-spear. 
V.  Mahn. 

Massaro  —  mas. 
Masse  massue  —  mazza. 

Massima  It.,  Sp.  maxima,  Fr.  maxime,  E.  maxim  (prop,  prin- 
ciple) .  from  maxima  sc.  sententia. 

Masso  It.  a  huge  stone  *,  from  massa. 

Masticare  It.,  Wal.  mestecd,  Sp.  Pg.  masticar  mastigar  mascar, 
Pr.  mastegar  maschar,  Fr.  mdcher,  Rh.  mastiar,  B.  mascatu  to 
chew,  masticate;  from  masticare  (Apuleius  &c.  =  ^aOtd^SLv). 
Neap.  Gen.  masca  =  cheek. 

Mastin  mastino  —  magione. 

Masto  mastro  Pg.,  Pr.  mast,  Fr.  mdt,  Sp.  mastil  maste  mast; 
from  0.  H.  G.  E.  mast,  0.  N.  mastr,  A.  S.  mast. 

Mastranto  mastranzo  Sp.  wild  mint;  a  corruption  of  L.  men- 
tastrum  (wild  mint ,  from  menta),  It.  mentastro. 

Mastuerzo  —  nasturzio. 

Mat  —  masto. 

Mata  Sp.  (1)  copse,  thicket,  (2)  bush;  Pg.  mata  mato  =  (l). 
Perhaps  from  Goth,  maitan  to  hew,  so  orig.  a  cleared  place  in 
a  forest.  Ducange:  ipsum  forest  vet  ipsam  matam.  But  mata 
also  =  lock  of  tangled  hair;  so  from  matassa? 


MATAE  —  MAUSSADE.  295 

Matar  Sp.  Pr.  Pg.  to  kill;  from  mactare.   Hence  rematar  to  end, 

remate  an  end. 
Matar  —  matto. 
Matassa  It.,  Sp.  madexa,  Pr.  madaisa,  O.Fr.  madaise  hank,  lock 

of  hair  &c.,  Wal.  metase  silk;   from  mataxa  raw -silk,  also 

thread ;  from  L.  Gk.  fidta^a  fi6Tah,a.  ■ 
Matelas  —  materasso. 
Matelot  Fr.  sailor ;  from  matta  a  mat ,  maitariiis  one  who  sleeps 

on  mats,  matelot  for  mater  ot,  as  matelas  for  mater  as;  or  from 

Du.  maat,  E.  mate^  but  this  is  doubtful  as  the  simple  word  is 

not  found  in  Fr. 
Materasso  It.,  Fr.  materas  matelas  (E.  mattrass),  Pr.  almatrac, 

Sp.  Pg.  almadraque.    From  Ar.  al-ma^tra^h.   Hence  Pg.  ma- 
draco  a  sluggard?  cf.  poltro. 
Matin  —  mane. 
Matin  —  magione. 
Matiz  Sp.  m.  shading,  shade  (of  colours),  vb.  matizar  to  shade; 

from  mata  a  bush,  cf.  It.  macchia  (1)  bush  (2)  shading. 
Matois  Fr.  sly,  cunning.  Cf.  enfant  de  la  mate,  the  mate  being  a 

place  in  Paris ,  where  thieves  used  to  congregate. 
Matraea  Sp.  Pg.,  hence  It.  matracca  rattle ;  from  Ar.  mftraqah, 

hammer,  rattle. 
Matras  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  matratz  matrat  a  missile  weapon,  O.  Fr.  ma- 

trasser,  Tr.matrasseiar  to  crush;  from  GsiWich.matara  (Caesar), 

{mataris  Livy),  with  suffix  as,  v.  Zeuss  1,  97. 
Mattino  —  mane, 
Matto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  mate,  Fr.  maty  E.  mate,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  also  = 

sad,  cast-down,  Gr.  matt  languid;  shortened  from  scaccomatto, 

Sp.  xaquimate,  Fr.  echec  et  mat,  E.  check-mate;  from  the  Pers. 

sJidh  mat  "the  king  is  dead'\    Cf.  It.  mattare,  Pr.  matar,  Fr. 

mater  to  mate,  to  make  feeble ;,  humble,  O.  Fr.  amatir. 
Matto  It.  silly.   From  L.  mattus  or  matus  (Petron.  plane  matiis 

sum,  vinum  mihi  in  cerebrum  abiit)  =  Sansk.m^^^a  drunk,  from 

mad  Isetari,  inebriari,  cf.  Gk.  ^axav  ^idtaiog,  E.  mad  &c. 
Matto  It.  boy,  matta  girl,  espec.  in  Northern  Italy  and  Rhsetia; 

from  0.  H.  G.  magat,  M.  H.  G.  maget  f.  (G.  magd), 
Mattone  It.,  Fr.  (prov.)  maton  brick.  Cat.  mato  cream -cheese. 

From  G.  matz  matte  curds,  cheese.  Pic.  matte ,  a  brick  being 

shaped  like  a  cream  -  cheese ,  cf.  O.  Fr.  maton  (1)  brick  (2) 

cheese-cake. 
Mauca  Pr.,  Cat.  moca  belly;  ^^.mauck  a  fat  person,  J)\x,moocke 

belly. 
Maufe  O.  Fr.  a  name  of  the  devil;  from  male  f actus.  It.  mal- 

fatto,  cf.  Neap,  hruttofatto  (ugly)  =  demonic.   Wal.  cowe  = 

caudatus. 
Maussade  —  sade. 


296  MAUVAIS  —  MEGIE. 

Mauvais  —  malvagio. 

Mauvis  Fr.  (m.  O.  Fr.  f.)  a  beccafico,  turdus  iliacus^  E.  mavis. 
Sometimes  derived  from  malum  vitis,  cf.  Fr.  grive  de  vendange, 
(j(.  weingartsvogel,  loeindrossel.  It  is  of  Celtic  origin^  like  so 
many  other  names  of  birds  (v.  allodold),  Bret,  miljid  milvid, 
mildhouid;  Corn,  mel-huez  =-  lark  (niel  huez  sweet  breath). 
From  mauvis  comes  maiiviette  a  lark,  Ron.  mauviard  turdus 
morula. 

Mayota  Sp.  strawberry;  prop.  May -fruit  from  majus;  cf.  Mil. 
magiostra,  Lang,  majoufo, 

Mazette  Fr.  a  poor  mare,  a  jade;  from  G.  matz  awkward. 

Mazmorra  Sp.  Pg.  a  dungeon;  from  Ar.  ma^tmiirah  a  pit,  cave. 

Mazza  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  maza,  Pr.  massa,  Fr.  masse,  E.  mace;  It. 
mazzo,  Sp.  mazo  a  mallet,  bundle;  vb.  It.  mazzare  (in  mazza- 
sette  &c.,  Com.  maza),  Rh.  Sp.  mazar,  Pr.  inassar  to  cudgel, 
knock  down,  It.  ammazzare;  0.  Pg.  massuca  massua,  Fr. 
massue,  Pic.  inachuque  a  club,  N.  Gr.  ^aT^ovKa^  Wal.  meciuce, 
Mazza  is  from  a  L.  maiea  (cf.  piazza  from  plated)^  whence 
mateola  a  mallet  in  Cato  de  Re  Rust.,  It.  mazzuola,  Pr.  mas- 
sola.   For  similar  lost  L.  primitives,  cf.  huhone,  claie. 

Mear  Sp.,  Pg.  mijar,  from  meiere ,  changed  to  1^'  conjugation. 

Mecer  Sp.  to  stir,  rock;  from  miscere,  Pg.  mexer,  It.  mescere. 

Mecha  meche  —  miccia. 

Mechant  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  mes-cheajit,  partic.  from  mes-clieoir  (minus 
cadere),  sbst.  O.  Fr.  mesclieance,  E.  mischance.  Cf.  O.Sp.  mal- 
caido  unfortunate. 

M^chef  —  menoscabo. 

Meda  megano  —  meta. 

Medaglia  It.,  Sp.  metalla,  Fr.  me'daille,  E.  medal;  augm.  meda- 
glione  &c.  L.  L.  medalia  =  half  a  denarius ,  the  same  word 
as  O.  Pg.  mealha,  O.  Sp.  meaja,  Pr.  mealha,  Fr.  maille.  Like 
so  many  Rom.  substantives,  from  an  adj.  in-eus,  metalleus 
metallea,  Sp.  metalla  gold-leaf,  cf.  also  Fr.  metail  for  metal, 
Pr.  metalh. 

Medes  0.  Pg.  Galic,  Pr.  medeis  meteis  medeps;  from  met -ipse 
met-ipsum.  Hence  a  superlative  form,  Pr.  smetessme,  medesme, 
O.  Fr.  me'isme,  Fr.  meme,  O.  Sp.  meismo,  Sp.  mismo,  Pg.  mesmo, 
It.  medesimo,  Rh.  medem,  Wald.  mesey7ne,  from  a  Lat.  semet- 
ipsimus  for  semetipsissimus  ^  v.  R.  Gr.  2,  421. 

Media  Sp.,  Pg.  meia  a  stocking;  prop,  media  calza. 

Medrar  Sp.  Pg.  to  improve;  for  meldrar  from  meliorare. 

Mege  menge  O.  Sp.,  O.  Pg.  mege,  Pr.  metge ,  O.  Fr.  mege  (Lim. 
medze)  a  physician;  from  medicus.  Hence  O.  Sp.  mengia  me- 
dicine. 

Megie  Fr.,  megissier  (which  supposes  a  form  tnegis  megisse,  cf. 
tnpissier  from  tapis,  saucissier  from  saucisse)  leather  -  dressing, 


MEGO  —  MENNO.  297 

leather-dresser.   The  Dii.  meuk  softening  would  give  Fr.  me- 

guie ,  cf.  Pic.  meguichier  =  Fr.  megissier, 
Mego  Sp.,  Pg.  meigo  soft,  mild.   From  0.  N.  makr  quiet,  calm, 

E.  7neek,  O.  H.  G.  gi-mahj  or,  better,  from  mitigatus,  cf.  san- 

tiguar  from  sanciificare,  and  cuerdo  from  cordatus. 
Megue  Fr.  (f.)  whey  (Pic.  megre);  from  maigre,  or  from  the 

Celtic,  Gael,  meogy  W.  maidh.   L.  L.  has  mesga,  N.  Pr.  mergue 

whey.  Wall,  mesge  soft. 
Mehaing  —  magagna. 
Meiminho  —  mimo. 
Melange  meler  —  mischiare. 
Melarancia  —  arancio. 

Meliaca  muliaea  It.  apricot;  from  armeniaca, 
Mellizo  Sp.  twin ;  from  a  form  gemellicius  (gemellus). 
Melma  It.  mud;  from  O.  H.  G.  melm  dust,  Goth,  malma. 
Melo  It.  apple-tree;  from  malus,  the  e  being  to  distinguish  it 

from  malum  (bad),  cf.  Gk.  ^ijXov. 

Melsa  —  melza. 

Membrare  It.,  0.  Sp.  Pr.  memhrar,  O.  Fr.  memhrer,  O.  Sp.  Pg. 
Pr.  nemhrar,  Pg.  lembrar,  Lang,  lembrci  (E.  re -member);  from 
?nemorare ,  whence  also  adj.  memhrado,  membrat,  memhre 
prudent,  learned. 

Meme  —  medes. 
Mena  —  menare. 
Menace  —  minaccia. 

Menage  Fr.,  vb.  menager;  for  mesnage,  L.  L.  mansionqticum  j  v. 
masnada, 

Menare  It.,  O.  Sp.  Pr.  Cat.  menar^  Fr.  mener  to  lead,  sbst.  It. 
Pr.  mena.  Diez  derives  it  from  a  L.  L.  minare  to  drive  with 
threats  (minari)  Apuleius:  asinos  minantes  baculis;  agasones 
equos  agentes  i.  e.  minantes  Paulus  ex  Festo ;  cf.  Wal.  mena  to 
drive,  Papias :  minare  =  ducere  de  loco  ad  locum,  so  prominare 
(Apuleius)  =  0.  Fr.  se  pourmener,  Fr.  se  promener,  whence 
the  Italianized  promenade  for  O.  Fr.  pourmenoir.  Others  point 
to  the  O.Fr.  mainer  and  derive  from  manus^  cf.  menottes  hand- 
cuffs; hence  Fr.  demener  to  move  about,  conduct,  E.  demean, 
demeanour,  cf.  sq. 

Menear  Sp.  Pg.  to  move  from  place  to  place,  manage;  from 
manus  (for  matiear)  It.  maneggiare ,  Fr.  manier,  E.  manage. 

Menester  menestral  menetrier  — -  mestiero. 

Menguar  —  menovare. 

Menil  Fr.  a  farm-house;  iov  maisnil  (mansionile). 

Menino  —  mina. 

Menno  It.  castratus;  from  minimus? 


298  MENOSCABO  —  MENUISER. 

Menoscabo  Sp.  Pg.,  O.  Pg.  mazcaho ,  Pr.  mescap,  Fr.  mechef, 
E.  mischief;  from  c«Z>o  end,  caput;  vb.  menoscdbary  mescdbar, 
O.  Fr.  meschever  (mescaver),  E.  mischieve. 

Menotte  Fr.  handcuff;  from  /;?rtm  (manus),  cf.  It.  manettdj  v.  »?e- 

Menovare  It.,  ^^.menguar,  Vg.mingoar,  Vv.minuar,  Csit.minvar, 
Fr.  di-minuer  to  diminish;  KSp.  mengiia,  Pg.  mingoa  decay. 
From  minuere  altered  to  the  1^'  conjug.,  L.L.  minuare.  In  Sp. 
menguar,  ua  becomes  gua  as  if  it  had  been  a  G.  ^^«^  cf.  maii- 
gnal  from  manualis, 

Mensonge  —  menzogna, 

Mentar  Sp..  Pg.,  O.  Fr.  menter  to  mention  (orig.  a  sbst.);  It.  am- 
mcntare  rammentare ,  0.  Pg.  amentar;  from  mens^  ammentare 
being,  probably,  the  oldest  derivative.  Pr.  mentawe  amen- 
taver,  O.Fr.  mentoivre  mentevoir,  amentoivre  amentevoir,  ramcn- 
tevoir  (Moliere),  from  mente,  ad  mentem  habere,  It.  avei^e  a 
mente,  the  orig.  meaning  ^^to  think  of"  having  passed  into  a 
factitive  one  "to  mention"  cf.  R.  Gr.  3,  103.  From  mentevoir 
comes,  probably,  the  It.  mentovarc.  Hence  also  It.  dcmentare, 
Sp.  dementar  to  make  mad,  demented^  O.  Fr.  de?nenter  to  rant, 
dementare  (Lactantius) ;  It.  dimenticare  to  forget. 

Mente  It.  Sp.  Pg.  (0.  Sp.  mientre),  Pr.  men,  Fr.  ment  adverbial 
suffix  added  to  the  feminine  adjective,  v.R.  Gr.  2,  382.  From 
the  Lat.  mente,  cf.  bond,  placidd,  devotd,  celeri  mente,  hence 
gradually  assuming  a  wider  meaning,  hreve- mente,  perfetta- 
mente,  altra-mente,  cf.  M.  H.  G.  ahte  (1)  mind,  intention 
(2)  kind,  manner.  In  Sp.  we  find  such  expressions  as  hella  y 
sutilmente,  in  Pr.  sanctament  e  devota,  0.  Cat.  fellonament  et 
desordenada, 

Mentira  —  menzogna. 

Mentoivre  —  mentar, 

Mentovare  —  mentar. 

Mentre  It.  Pr.  O.  Fr.,  Sp.  mientras,  O.  Sp.  mientre,  0.  Pg.  ?nen- 
tres  =  L.  dum,  interim  or  intra;  0.  It.  domentre,  Sp.  demien- 
tras,  Pr.  domentre  dementre,  0.  Fr.  dementre  de?nentres,  ende- 
mentres,  0.  Pg.  emmentres  &c.  Muratori  considers  do7Jientre 
the  orig.  form  and  derives  it  from  dum  interim,  the  interchange 
of  do  and  de  being  also  found  in  domani  domandare.  Others, 
from  the  O.  Ven.  domente,  Gen.  demente  take  the  derivation 
dum  mente.  The  O.  Fr.  dementiers  dementieres  seems  to  be  from 
dum  inter ea,  O.  Fr.  entremente  from  inter ea  mente,  but  Piedm. 
tramantre  reproduces  the  r.  Pott  Forsch.  2,  100  makes  mentre 
from  in  inter,  cf.  Ven.  mintro  (=  infino).  O.  It.  introcque  Inf. 
20,  1 30  =  inter  hoc  with  euphonic  suffix. 

Menu  menuet  —  minuzzare. 

Menuiser  —  minuzzare. 


MENZOGNA  —  MESANGE.  299 

Menzogna  It.,  Pr.  mensonga  mensonja,  Fr.  mensonge.  From  men- 
titio,  Pr.  mentizOy  formed  on  the  analogy  of  the  word  which  it 
replaced,  calogna  calonja  clidlongc  (calumnia) .  The  Pr.  menso- 
nega  is  from  mentitionica.  The  Sp.  Pg.  mentira  is  for  mentida 
(Catal.),  cf.  lampara  for  lampada. 

Merce  It.,  Sp.  merccd,  Pg.  Pr.  merce,  Fr.  7nerci  =  E.  mercy  and 
thanks.  From  merces  =  merce  in  L.  L.  Hence  Pr.  merceiar, 
O.  Fr.  mercier,  Fr.  remercier. 

Mercoledi  mercordi  It.,  Fr.  merer edi,  Pr.  dimercres,  Cat.  dime- 
cres;  from  Mereurii  dies,  dies  Mercurii;  Sp.  mier coles,  Pr. 
merer es  like  martes  (martedt),  It.  also  mercore,  Wal.  miercuri. 
It.  (prov.)  mez-edima  =  media  hebdomas,  Rh.  mez-eamda,  cf. 
G.  mittivocli.    Pg.  has  quarta  feira  =  N.  Gr.  tstQccdrj. 

Mereorella  marcorella  a  herb ,  mercury,  from  mercurialis,  Sp. 
mercurial  (Fr.  mercoret). 

Mercredi  —  mercoledi. 

Merino  Sp.;,  Pg.  meirinho  a  circuit -judge,  inspector  of  sheep- 
walks  (hence  adj.  merino  moving  from  pasture  to  pasture, 
whence  the  name  of  the  merino  sheep);  from  majorinus,  v. 
Ducange. 

Merir  to  pay,  recompense;  L.  L.  suum  servitium  vult  illi  merere 
Cap.  Car.  Calv.,  v.  Ducange.  In  O.  Fr.  diex  le  vos  mire,  mire 
=  miere  (conjuctive,  as  /iere  from  ferir). 

Merlan  Fr.  a  whiting,  O.Fr.  merlenc  mellenc,  Rou.  merlen  merlin, 
Bret,  marlouan,  Du.  molenaar. 

Merlin  Fr.  ==  Du.  marlijn,  meerling,  E.  marline,  vb.  Du.  marlen, 
E.  marl, 

Merlo  merla  It.,  whence  Sp.  merlin,  Pg.  merlao,  Fr.  E.  merlon; 
vb.  It.  merlare,  Pr.  merlar.  Bolza  derives  it  from  a  L.  mcerus 
(for  murus),  whence  mcernlus  merlo,  but  the  open  e  does  not 
represent  the  L.  oe.  Menage  refers  it  to  the  L.  mitia  (minula 
mirida).  The  Sic.  has  mergula  a  merlon  (from  merga  a  fork), 
whence  merla  may  be  contracted,  cf.  G.  gdbel  a  fork  =  E. 
gable, 

Merluzzo  It.,  Pr.  merlus,  Sp.  merluza,  Fr.  merluche  (f.)  a  cod; 
from  maris  lucius  a  sea-pike,  cf.  Cat.  llus  =  merlus. 

Merme  O.Fr.  little;  from  minimus,  like  arme  from  anima.  Hence 
Sp.  merma,  Pr.  mermaria  a  lessening.  Com.  marmaria.  It.  mar- 
maglia  poor  folk.  Com.  marmel,  Crem.  marmeleen  little  finger ; 
vb.  Sp.  Pr.  mermar  to  lessen ,  decrease. 

Merode  —  maraud, 

Merrain  Fr.,  Pr.  mairam  staves;  from  materiamen,  L.  materia, 

Merveille  —  maraviglia. 

Mesange  Fr.  (f.)  a  titmouse.  A  G.  word  with  a  Rom.  suffix  as 
in  louange,  laidenge  &c.,  and  a  corruption  of  the  L.  G.  dim. 
meeseke.  Pic.  maisaingue. 


300  MESAR  —  MEUNIER. 

Mesar  Sp.  to  pull  out  the  hair;  from  meter e  messus,  cf.  barbam 
meter e  forcipe  (Juvenal). 

Meschino  It.,  Sp.  mezquino,  Pr.  Fr.  mesquin,  0.  Fr.  also  meschin 
poor,  wretched.  From  Ar.  miskin,  which  is  from  a  vb.  sakana 
Freyt.  2,  335.  In  Pr.  O.  Fr.  also  =  feeble,  meschin  =  boy, 
meschine  girl.  It.  meschina,  Wall,  meskene, 

Mesel  O.Fr.  leprous,  O.Sp.  mesyllo  leper;  from  misellus,  in  L.L. 
=  a  leper;  hence  also  G.  miselsuclit. 

Mesle  0.  Fr.  medlar,  meslier  medlar- tree;  from  mespilus.  Hence 
E.  medlar,  cf.  s.  miscMare. 

Messa  It.,  Sp.  misa,  Fr.  messe,  E.  mass;  from  the  words  missa  est 
concio,  with  which  the  congregation  was  dismissed. 

Mest  Pr.  prep,  for  L.  inter;  from  mixtum,  cf.  Dan.  i-hlandt  from 
hlande  (blending),  E.  a-mong. 

Mestiero  mestiere  It.,  Sp.  O.Pg.  menester,  Pg.  mister,  Pr.  menes- 
tier  mestier ,  Fr.  rnetier  business _,  trade,  craft  (E.  mystery,  but 
V.  Marsh,  Lectures);  from  ministerium.  Hence  Sp.  Pr.  me- 
nestral,  Pg.  menestrel,  0.  Fr.  menestrel,  menestrier  menetrier 
artisan,  workman,  minstrel,  L.  L.  ministerialis  a  house- servant 
(so  in  0.  Fr.).  As  mestiere  =  opus,  so  It.  e  or  fa  mestiere,  Sp. 
es  menester  =  opus  est. 

Mestizo  Sp.,  Pr.  mestis,  Fr.  ?ne'tis  a  mongrel;  from  mixticius. 

Meta  It.  a  heap  of  dung,  Lonib.  meda  a  hay- cock  &c.,  Sard,  a 
heap,  Sp.  Pg.  meda  a  stack  of  corn,  0.  Fr.  moie  a  heap,  E. 
moiv;  from  L.  meta.  Hence  Pg.  meddo  a  heap,  Pg.  medaho  me- 
dano  a  sand-hill  (also  megano  cf.  s.  camozzd);  Sp.  al-mear  (for 
al-medar)  a  hay  stack. 

Meta  —  mezzo. 

Met  air  ie  —  mezzo. 

Metal  —  medaglia. 

Metayer  —  mezzo. \ 

Meteil  Fr.  meslin,  mixed  corn;  =  mixtuctdum  (mixtum). 

Metier  —  mestiero. 

Metis  —  mestizo. 

Metralla  —  mitraille. 

Mets  Fr.  (O.^Y.mes^,  Yi.mess;  from  missura  that  which  is  served 
up.  It.  messo;  cf.  minestra.    Mets  has  taken  the  t  of  mettere. 

Mettere  It.  &c.  to  put.  From  mittere  to  send,  in  later  L.  = 
ponere,  cf.  Seneca  manus  ad  arma  mittere,  Lactantius /w;?^«- 
menta  mittere.    The  L.  sense  is  preserved  in  derivatives. 

Meugler  —  mugghiare. 

Meule  Fr.  (prov.  mule)  a  heap  of  hay,  corn,  or  dung,  hence 
mulon,  L.  L.  mullo,  Rou.  vb.  muter.  From  metula  dim.  of 
meta,  cf.  O.  Fr.  seule  from  saeculum,  reule  rule  from  regula. 
Pic.  moie  =  meta. 

Meunier  —  molino. 


MEURTRE  —  MIERCOLES.  301 

Meurtre  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  meurdre  mordre,  murder,  vb.  meuririr  to 
crush,  0.¥r.  mordrir  lo  murder;  h^om.  Goth. maurthr,  G,mord, 
E.  murder,  vb.  Goth,  maurthrjan ,  O.  H.  Gr.  murdjan.  Com. 
mordar  =  wicked,  O.  H.  Gr.  murdreo  thief,  mord  crime,  Kh. 
morder  =  Gr.  morder  a  murderer. 

Meute  O.  Fr.  =  motus,  rising,  insurrection,  Fr.  G.  meute  =  a 
pack  of  hounds.  From  mover e  (cf.  emeute  from  emouvoir) 
through  an  old  partic.  movitiis,  cf.  Sard,  movida  =  It.  mossa. 
From  meute  come  mutin  a  mutineer ,  Sp.  motin  mutiny,  Fr.  mu- 
tiner,  Sp.  amotinar,  It.  ammutinare  to  cause  to  mutiny. 

Mezclar  —  mischiare. 

Mezzo  It.,  Wal.  mez,  Sp.  medio,  Pg.  meio,  Pr.  mieg,  from  medius; 
Fr.  parmi  =  It.  ^^r  mezzo,  Pr.  enmiei,  0.  Fr.  ^;z/;?/  =  It.  m 
mezzo.  Hence  It.  mezzano,  Sp.  mediano,  Pr.  ;??^/«n  (E.  mean), 
Fr.  moyen  from  medianus,  whence  also  O.  Fr.  menel,  Fr.  w^- 
we«w,  0.  E.  monial,  moynal,  moynel,  monion,  munion,  mullion 
prop.  =  qui  est  au  milieu,  the  slender  pier  which  forms  the 
division  between  the  lights  of  windows;  It.  meta,  Sp.  mitad, 
Pr.  meitad,  Fr.  moitie,  E.  moiety  from  medietas  (Cicero),  hence 
Fr.  metayer,  N.Pr.  meytadier  a  farmer  who  gives  half  the  pro- 
duce of  his  farm  (metairie)  to  the  owner,  L.  L.  medietarius. 
The  0.  Fr.  mitan  a  tenant-farmer,  Fr.  mitaine,  E.  mitten 
(half-glove)  are  rather  from  the  G.  mitte  (0.  H.  G.  mittamo). 
From  It.  mezzana  come  Fr.  misaine,  E.  mizen  (because  amid- 
ship). 

Mezzo  It.  (with  close  e  and  sharp  zz)  soft,  decayed,  withered; 
from  mitis  through  a  form  mitius  mitjus,  v.  fujo.  Crem.  mizz, 
Neap.  Gen.  nizzo,  Mil.  nizz. 

Mica  xniga  It.  Pr.,  Fr.  mie  a  particle  used  with  negatives ;  from 
mica  a  crumb;  whence  also  Wal.  ni-mic  =  mhily  Fr.  miche 
=  a  piece  of  bread. 

Mieeia  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  media,  Pr.  also  meca  (cf.  coca  cocha),  Fr. 
meche  (E.  match)  a  wick.  From  myxa  myxus,  Gk.  ^iv^a  a  lamp- 
nozzle,  also  =  a  wick.  The  Fr.  word  was  the  original  one 
(cf.  laxus  Idche),  whence  the  other  forms  were  derived. 

Micio  mieia  It.,  Sp.  micho  mizo  miza  miz,  Wal.  metzu  metze, 
0.  Fr.  mite  cat ;  an  onomatop.  like  G.  mieze.  Hence  Fr.  mitou 
matou  a  male  cat,  Wal.  metoe;  Fr.  chatte-mite  a  flatterer,  cf. 
proverb:  siVune  est  chate,  V autre  est  mite  to  denote  perfect 
similarity.   It.  has  also  ?nuci  mucia  muscia. 

Miche  —  mica. 

Micmae  Fr.  trick,  roguery;  from  G.  mischmasch,  E.  mishmash, 

Mielga  Sp.  a  plant,  lucern;  irommedica,  cf.juiffarhomjudicare. 

Mien,  tien,  sien  Fr.  pronouns.  From  mi,  ti,  si  with  suffix  en 
=  L.  anus  as  ancien  from  anz,  cf.  G.  meinig  from  mein. 

Miercoles  —  mercoledl. 


302  MIES  —  MINA. 

Mies  miez  O.  Fr.,  L.  L.  mezium  =  O.H.G.  A.S.  medo,  E.  mead, 
G.  ?neth,  Gr.  ^sd'v^  Sk.  madhu  &c. 

Miglio  It.,  Fr.  miile  (m.  from  the  It.),  Sp.  Pr.  f.  ?mlla  =  O.  H.  G. 
mila,  G.  meile,  E.  mile;  from  m/iiia  (passum),  It.  pi.  miglia, 
whence  the  sing,  miglio, 

Mignard  —  mignon. 

Mignatta  —  miniare. 

Mignon  Fr.  neat^  delicate^  as  sbst.  darling,  whence  It.  mignone, 
E.  minion,  hence  Fr.  mignard,  mignoter  &c.  From  0.  H.  G. 
minni  or  minnia  (=  minja)  love,  so  from  the  Gael,  min,  v.  mina. 

Migraine  migrana  —  magrana. 

Milagro  Sp.,  Pg.  milagre  a  wonder;  a  corruption  of  miraculum, 

Milano  Sp.,  Pg.  milhano,  Fr.  Pr.  milan  kite;  from  miluanus,  a 
derivative  from  miluiis  (later  milviis),  B'.  mirua,  Vb.  Sp.  ami- 
lanar,  v.  astore. 

Milano  and  vilano  Sp.  thistle-down,  from  villus,  cf.  mimhre. 

Milgrana  mingrana  0.  Sp.  pomegranate  (thousand- grains). 

Milieu  Fr.  from  medius  locus,  cf.  It.  miluogo,  Wal.  mijloc, 

Mille  —  miglio, 

Milsoudor  missoudor  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  milsoldor  =  caval  misoldor  a 
valuable  war  horse;  from  caballus  mille  solidorum,  cf.  a  poor 
horse  =  hidet  de  quatre-vingt  sous.  For  a  similar  formation 
cf.  O.  Fr.  quartenor  =  quatuor  annorum. 

Milza  It.,  Sp.  melsa,  N.  Pr.  melso,  Dauph.  milza.  Burg,  misse; 
from  0.  H.  G.  7mlzi  (n.),  G.  milz,  E.  ?nilt,  cf.  Alb.  meltzi 
liver.  Mil.  nilza,  Rh.  snieulza,  N.  Pr.  7nelco  melfo.  Hence  It. 
smilzo  empty. 

Mimar  Sp.  Pg.  to  coax,  caress,  mi?no  caress,  adj.  mimoso;  per- 
haps from  minimus  little ^  darling,  whence  It.  mimma  a  doll, 
Pg.  meiminho  little  iinger. 

Mimbre  Sp.  also  vimbre  osier -twig;  from  vimen,  cf.  milano, 

Mimma  —  mimar, 

Mina  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  miria  meina,  Fr.  E.  mine.  Wall,  wmw;  vb. 
It.  minare,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  ;wmar^  Fr.  Wall./wm^r,  l^,mine.  Hence 
O.  Sp.  minera,  Pr.  meniera,  Fr.  ??iiniere  a  mine,  whence  It. 
?ninerale,  Sp.  Pr.  E.  mineral,  Fr.  ?nine'raL  From  L.  minare 
Rom.  meriare  to  lead,  conduct,  prepare,  L.  L.  minare  consiliuin 
to  prepare  a  plan,  minas  parare  to  lay  an  ambush.  Hence 
mina  a  passage  under  the  walls  of  a  town,  passage,  7nine,  cf. 
doccia  a  canal  from  ducere.  The  i  for  e  was  perhaps  to  dis- 
tinguish the  meanings.  ¥y,  mine  r=l^,  mien,  G.  miene,  also 
comes  from  menare  (Pr.  mend),  like  gestus  from  gerere;  Pr.  se 
menar  =  to  behave  oneself.   But  v.  s.  menare, 

Mina  O.  Lim.,  Gasc.  menina,  Pg.  minino  menino,  f.  minina  me- 
nina,  Sp.  menino  menina  boy,  girl,  N.  Pr.  menig  little,  Berr. 
menit  a  child.  Norm,  mine  I  minette;  also  Fr.  minon  minette  a 


MINACCIA  —  MIS.  303 

cat ,  Rou.  minette  a  girl ,  Cat.  mimjo  a  little  boy  (cf.,  however, 
Fr.  mignon).   From  Gael,  niin  little. 

lilinaecia  It.,  Sp.  a-menaza,  Pr.  menassa,  Fr.  E,  menace;  from 
minacice  for  mince  (Plautus). 

Mince  Fr.  small,  fine  (whence  E.  mince).  From  0.  H.  G.  super- 
lative minnisto  =  G.  mindeste,  mince  for  mime,  as  rincer  for 
rinser. 

Minchia  It.,  L.  mentula;  hence  minchione  a  dolt,  as  pincone  from 
pinco ,  coglione  from  coglia. 

Mine  Fr.,  Pr.  mi7ia  a  measure;  from  hemina,  whence  Pr.  emina, 
O.  Fr.  emine,  Sp.  hemina. 

Mineral  —  mina  (]). 

Minestra  It.  soup,  pottage,  minestrare  to  prepare  soup  &c. ;  from 
ministrare  to  serve,  so  ^?m^si?ra  =  something  served  up.  Ci.mets. 

Minette  minon  —  mina  (2). 

Mingherlino  —  heingre. 

Miniare  It.  to  paint  with  vermilion  (minium)  illuminate  ma- 
nuscripts &c.,  hence  to  paint  in  miniature,  miniate.  Hence  It. 
miniatura,  Fr.  E.  miniature.  Menage  also  derives  mignatta  a 
leech,  from  minium. 

Minugia  minugio  It.  intestines ;  prop.  ==  anything  chopped  small 
(Sp.  menudo);  from  minutia,  L.  L.  minutia  porcorum. 

Minute  minute  —  ?ninuzzare. 

Minuzzare  It.,  Pr.  menuzar,  O.  Fr.  inenuiser  to  make  small,  mi- 
nish;  from  a  form  minutiare,  from  minutus,  Fr.  menu,  Sp.  me- 
nudo, Pg.  miudo  &c.,  whence  It.  Sp.  minuto ,  Fr.  E.  minute, 
prop,  minuto  primo  first  division;  minuto  secondo,  Fr.  seconde, 
E.  second  =^  second  division;  minuto  terzo,  Fr.  tierce  (f.)  the 
60^'^  part  of  a  second.  Hence  Fr.  menuisier  a  joiner,  and  (from 
Fr.  menu)  menuet,  E.  minuet  a  dance  with  short  steps. 

Mirabella  It.,  Sp.  mirdbel,  Fr.  mirabelle  a  kind  of  plum;  a  cor- 
ruption of  myrobalanum  ^vQopdlavog  the  ben -nut;  It.  also 
?niraholano ,  Fr.  myrohalan. 

Mire  0.  Fr.  Norm,  a  doctor,  surgeon:  qui  court  apres  le  miere, 
court  apres  la  Mere  (Dumeril),  vb.  mirer  to  heal.  Perhaps  from 
medicarius  (medicus),  which  would  not  be  so  strange  a  word 
as  medic-ianus  (whence  O.Fr.  medecien,  Fr.  medecin),  cf.  gram- 
maire  from  grammatic-arius  (grammaticus) .  Veneroni  gives  It. 
medicaria  =  medecina. 

Miroir  Fr.,  O.Fr.  mireor,  E.  mirror,  Pr.  mirador;  for  miratorium, 
^^.7nirador  a  spectator,  watch-tower.  It.  miradore  a  mirror. 
Another  form  is  found  in  Pr.  miralh,  It.  miraglio,  Basq.  mi- 
raila  =:  L.  miraculum. 

Mis  It.,  Fr.  mes  me,  Pr.  mes  mens,  Sp.  Pg.  menos  in  comp.  =  L. 
male  or,  better,  G.  E.  7nis,  from  which,  however,  it  is  not 
derived,  but,  as  shown  by  the  Sp.  Pg.  from  minus;  e.  g.  mis- 


304  MISA  —  MOHO. 

pregiare,  mens-,  mes-prezar,  mepriser,  menos-preciar,  E.  mis- 

prize.    The  E.  mis  haS;  thus,  a  double  origin. 
Misa  —  messa. 
Misehiare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  mezclar  mesclar,  0.  Fr.  mesler  medler, 

E.  meddle,  Fr.  meter  =  L.  L.  misculare,  sbst.  It.  mischia  &c. ; 

from  miscere.    Hence  sbst.  Fr.  melee,  E.  mellay  (Tennyson), 

ef.  volley  from  volee;  Fr.  melange  f.  (0.  Fr.  m.),  Pr.  mesclanha, 

cf.  loiiange,  laidange. 
Mismo  —  medes. 
Mistral  —  maestro. 

Mita  Sp.;  Fr.  mite;  from  O.  H.  G.  miza,  A.  S.  mite,  E.  mite, 
Mitad  —  mezzo. 
Mitaine  —  mezzo. 

Mitraille  Fr.  (whence  Sp.  metralUi),  small  pieces  of  metal,  grape- 
shot;  from  O.  Fr.  mite,  E.  mite  a  small  coin,  so  for  mitaille. 
Mo  It.,  Neap,  mone,  Com.  ammo ,  Sard,  moi  immoi  (cf.  immo?), 

Wal.  amii  =  even  now,  from  modo;  Ven.  ;;/C(;V/  ==  modo  jam. 
Moceio  It.  from  mucceus  an  adj .  from  mucus  (jivxog) ;  hence  moc- 

ceca  and  moccicone  a  driveller,  simpleton;  from  mucus  muccus 

also  smoccare,  Fr.  mouclier ,   It.  moccolo  candle-end,   prop. 

candle  -  snuff   (moccolaja).     Sp.  wo<70  =  mucus    and  snutf, 

Piedm.  moch,  N.  Pr.  mouc  mouquet  snuff. 
Mochin  mocho  —  mozzo. 
Modano  modine  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  molde ,  Pr.  mollc,  Fr.  moule,  moidd 

pattern;  from  modulus,  whence  also  It.  modello,  Fr.  modele. 
Modele  • —  modano. 
Moderno  It.  Sp.,  ¥v.?noderne,  1^. modern;  horn.  ??iodernus  (Priscian 

and  Cassiodorus)  from  modo,  on  analogy  of  hesternus,  ho- 

diernus,  sempiternus. 
Modorra  Sp.  Pg.  drowsiness,  adj.  modorro  drowsy,  vb.  modorrar 

to  make  drowsy,  sbst.  modurria  folly;  from  Basque  modorra 

==  stump  of  a  tree;  so  O.  Pg.  modorra  a  heap. 
Moelle  Fr.  marrow;  iovmeolle,  Pr.  meola,  It.  midolla,  L.  medidla, 

Cf.  Fg.Joelho  for  Jeolho. 
Mofa  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.,  vb.  mofar  to  mock;   0.  H.  G.  mupfen  to 

Avrinkle  the  nose,  jeer  =  Du.  moppen,  E.  mop. 
Mofletes  —  muff  are. 
Mofo  mofino  —  muffo. 
Moggio  It.,  Sp.  moyo,  Pr.  muei,  0.  Fr.  moi  (=  O.  H.  G.  mutti 

Gloss.  Cass.),  Fr.  muid  a  bushel;  from  modius. 
Mogio  —  murrio. 
Mogo  O.  Pg.  a  boundary -stone,  Sp.  mogote  an  insulated  rock; 

from  13.  muga  a  boundary,  or  is  this  from  Sp.  huega?   Larra- 

mendi  derives  mogotes  tops  of  deer's  horns,  from  B.  mocoa 

a  point. 
Moho  mohino  —  muffo. 


MOIE  —  MOMER.  305 

Moie  —  meta. 

Moignon  —  munon. 

Moineau  Fr.  sparrow.  Not  from  moine  (in  allusion  to  the 
6tQov%-Cov  ^ovd^ov  of  Psalm  101),  though  we  have  It.  nlonaco, 
Sp.  fraile,  Fr.  nonnette,  G.  dompfaffe  used  as  names  of  birds. 
The  Norm,  is  moisson,  Wall,  mohon,  Cat.  moxo  from  L.  musca 
(muscioj,  cf.  G.  gras7nucke,  Rou.  monchon,  N.  Pr.  mousquet  a 
small  bird,  Norm,  moisseron  a  finch;  Pr.  moizeta.  Cat.  moxeta 
a  bird  of  prey.  From  moison  came  moisonel  moisnel  Fr.  moi- 
neau. 

Moire  Fr.  (f.),  O.  Fr.  mohere  mouaire;  from  E.  mohair,  v.  Wei- 
gand  2,  184. 

Mois  —  moscio. 

Moisir  Fr.,  Pr.  to  become  mouldy;  from  mucere  or  mucescere. 

Moison  O.  Fr.  measure;  from  mensio. 

Moisson  Fr.,  Pr.  meisso;  from  messio. 

Moite  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  moisie,  E.  moist.  Not  from  madidus,  but  from 
humectus,  cf.  Pr.  mec  and  Isid.  Gloss. :  mactum  est,  humectum 
est,  or  from  musteus  fresh,  new,  cf.  udus,  vy^og^  molle,  for  the 
connexion  between  tender,  soft  and  moist.   V.  also  s.  moscio. 

Moitie  —  mezzo. 

Moja  It.,  Fr.  muire  brine,  Sp.  murria  an  ointment;  from  muria. 
Hence  It.  sala-moja,  Sp.  sal-muera ,  Pg.  sal-moura,  Fr.  sau- 
mure,  like  ccl^vgcg. 

Mojar  moje  —  molla. 

Mojon  Sp.,  0.  Pg.  moiom,  Sard,  mullone  heap,  landmark:  from 
mutilus? 

Molde  —  modano. 

Molho  —  manojo. 

Molino  —  muUno. 

Molla  It.,  Pg.  mola,  Sp.  muelle  (m.)  spring,  in  plur.  tongs,  Sp. 
molla  crumb,  calf  of  the  leg;  hence  It.  molletta,  Sp.  molleta 
snuffers,  molledo,  Fr.  mollet  fleshy  part  of  a  limb,  Sp.  molleja 
sweet  bread.  It.  mollica  crumb  &c.;  from  mollis  soft,  pliant. 
Also  It.  adj.  molle  moist,  from  mollis  soft,  vb.  mollare  to  yield, 
ammollare  to  soak,  Pg.  Pr.  molhar,  Cat.  mulyar,  Fr.  mouiller, 
Sp.  mojar  =z=:  moUiare  (cf.  leviare,  graviare);  sbst.  Pg.  molho, 
Sp.  moje  sauce.  Hence  also  Sp.  mollera,  Pg.  molleira  crown  of 
the  head. 

Mollet  —  molla. 

Molo  It.,  Sp.  muelle,  Fr.  E.  mole  a  dam;  from  moles.  For  Sp.  // 
=  /,  cf.  R.  Gr.  1,  241. 

Molondro  —  landra. 

Momer  0.  Fr.  vb.,  sbst.  momerie;  from  G.  mummer  mummerei, 
E.  mummery  mummer.  The  word  is  derived  from  the  name  of 
a  ghost  mumel,  v.  Grimm's  Mythol.  p.  473. 

DIKZ,    ROMANCE    DICT,  20 


304  MIS  A  —  MOHO. 

pregiare,  mens-^  mes-prezar,  mepriser,  menos-preciar,  E.  mis- 

prize.    The  E.  mis  haS;  thus,  a  double  origin. 
Misa  ■ —  messa. 
Misehiare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  mezclar  mesclar,  0.  Fr.  mesler  medler, 

E.  meddle,  Fr.  meter  =  L.  L.  misculare,  sbst.  It.  miscliia  &c. ; 

from  miscere.    Hence  sbst.  Fr.  melee,  E.  mellay  (Tennyson), 

cf.  volley  from  volee;  Fr.  melange  f.  (0.  Fr.  m.),  Pr.  mesclanha, 

cf.  loiiange,  laidange. 
Mismo  —  medes. 
Mistral  —  maestro. 

Mita  Sp.,  Fr.  mite;  from  O.  H.  G.  miza,  A.  S.  mite,  E.  mite. 
Mitad  —  mezzo. 
Mitaine  —  mezzo. 

Mitraille  Fr.  (whence  Sp.  metrallci),  small  pieces  of  metal,  grape- 
shot;  from  0.  Fr.  mite,  E.  mite  a  small  coin,  so  for  mitaille. 
Mo  It.,  Neap,  mone,  Com.  ammo ,  Sard,  moi  immoi  (cf.  immo?), 

Wal.  amii  =  even  now,  from  modo;  Ven.  ;//o;V/  =  modo  jam. 
Moccio  It.  from  mucceus  an  adj .  from  mucus  {jivxog) ;  hence  moc- 

ceca  and  moccicone  a  driveller,  simpleton;  from  mucus  muccus 

also  smoccare,  Fr.  moucher ,   It.  moccolo  candle-end,   prop. 

candle  -  snuff  (moccolaja).     Sp.  woco  =  mucus    and  snutf, 

Piedm.  moch,  N.  Pr.  mouc  mouquet  snuff. 
Moehin  mocho  —  mozzo. 
Modano  modine  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  molde ,  Pr.  molle,  Fr.  moule,  mould 

pattern;  from  modulus,  whence  also  It.  modello,  Fr.  modele. 
Modele  • —  modano. 
Moderno  It.  Sp.,  Fr.?noderfie,  lEi. modern;  houi  ?nodernus  (Priscian 

and  Cassiodorus)  from  i?iodo,   on  analogy  of  hesternus,   ho- 

diernus,  sempiternus. 
Modorra  Sp.  Pg.  drowsiness,  adj.  modorro  drowsy,  vb.  modorrar 

to  make  drowsy,  sbst.  modurria  folly;  from  Basque  modorra 

==  stump  of  a  tree;  so  O.  Pg.  modorra  a  heap. 
Moelle  Fr.  marrow;  iormeolle,  Pr.  meola,  It.  midolla,  L.  medidla, 

Cf.  Vg.Joel/w  ioYJeolho. 
Mofa  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.,  vb.  mofar  to  mock;   0.  II.  G.  mupfen  to 

wrinkle  the  nose,  jeer  =  Du.  moppen,  E.  mop. 
Mofletes  —  muff  are. 
Mofo  moflno  —  ?nuffo. 
Moggio  It.,  Sp.  moyo,  Pr.  muei,  O.  Fr.  moi  (=  0.  H.  G.  mutti 

Gloss.  Cass.),  Fr.  muid  a  bushel;  from  ?nodius. 
Mogio  —  murrio. 
Mogo  O.  Pg.  a  boundary -stone,  Sp.  mogote  an  insulated  rock; 

from  B.  muga  a  boundary,  or  is  this  from  Sp.  huega?   Larra- 

mendi  derives  tnogotes  tops  of  deer's  horns,  from  B.  mocoa 

a  point. 
Moho  mohino  —  muffo. 


MOIE  —  MOMER.  305 

Moie  —  meta. 

Moignon  —  munon. 

Moineau  Fr.  sparrow.  Not  from  7nome  (in  allusion  to  the 
GTQovd-Lov  ^ovd^ov  of  Psalm  101),  though  we  have  It.  nlonaco, 
Sp.  fraiUy  Fr.  nonneite,  G.  dompfaffe  used  as  names  of  birds. 
The  Norm,  is  moisson,  Wall,  mohon,  Cat.  moxo  from  L.  musca 
(muscio),  cf.  G.  grastniicke,  Rou.  mouchon,  N.  Pr.  mousquet  a 
small  bird,  Norm,  moisseron  a  finch;  Pr.  moizetay  Cat.  moxeta 
a  bird  of  prey.  From  moison  came  moisonel  moisnel  Fr.  moi- 
neau. 

Moire  Fr.  (f.),  O.  Fr.  mohere  mouaire;  from  E.  mohair,  v.  Wei- 
gand  2;  184. 

Mois  —  moscio. 

Moisir  Fr.,  Pr.  to  become  mouldy,  from  mucere  or  mucescere. 

Moison  O.  Fr.  measure;  from  mensio. 

Moisson  Fr.,  Pr.  meisso;  from  messio. 

Moite  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  moisie,  E.  moist.  Not  from  madidus,  but  from 
humectus,  cf.  Pr.  mec  and  Isid.  Gloss. :  mactum  est,  humectum 
est,  or  from  musteus  fresh,  new,  cf .  udus,  vyQog^  molle,  for  the 
connexion  between  tender,  soft  and  moist.   V.  also  s.  moscio. 

Moitie  —  mezzo. 

Moja  It.,  Fr.  muire  brine,  Sp.  murria  an  ointment;  from  muria. 
Hence  It.  sala-moja,  Sp.  sal-muera ,  Pg.  sal-moura,  Fr.  sau- 
mure,  like  ccl^vgcg. 

Mojar  moje  —  molla. 

Mojon  Sp.,  0.  Pg.  moiom,  Sard,  mullone  heap,  landmark:  from 
mutilus? 

Molde  —  modano. 

Molho  —  manojo. 

Molino  —  mulino. 

Molla  It.,  Pg.  mola,  Sp.  muelle  (m.)  spring,  in  plur.  tongs,  Sp. 
molla  crumb,  calf  of  the  leg;  hence  It.  molletta,  Sp.  molleta 
snuffers,  molledo,  Fr.  mollet  fleshy  part  of  a  limb,  Sp.  molleja 
sweet  bread.  It.  mollica  crumb  &c.;  from  mollis  soft,  pliant. 
Also  It.  adj.  molle  moist,  from  mollis  soft,  vb.  mollare  to  yield, 
ammollare  to  soak,  Pg.  Pr.  molhar,  Cat.  mulyar,  Fr.  mouiller, 
Sp.  mojar  ^=  moUiare  (cf.  leviare,  graviare);  sbst.  Pg.  molho, 
Sp.  moje  sauce.  Hence  also  Sp.  mollera,  Pg.  molleira  crown  of 
the  head. 

Mollet  • —  molla. 

Molo  It.,  Sp.  muelle,  Fr.  E.  mole  a  dam;  from  moles.  For  Sp.  // 
=  /,  cf.  R.  Gr.  1,  241. 

Molondro  ■ —  landra. 

Momer  O.  Fr.  vb.,  sbst.  momerie;  from  G.  mummer  mummerei, 
E.  mummery  mummer.  The  word  is  derived  from  the  name  of 
a  ghost  mumel,  v.  Grimm's  Mythol.  p.  473. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT,  20 


308  ^  MOSCIO  —  MOULE. 

moucheter  to  speckle  (Diez).  But  the  A.  S.  is  mushafoCy  and 
the  origin  is  more  probably  Du.  mossche  mussche  a  sparrow 
(E.  tit -mouse). 
Moscio  It.,  Sp.  mustio,  Cat.  mox  faded,  withered,  gloomy,  Pr. 
mois  sullen,  O.  Fr.  mois,  Wall,  muss  dejected.  From  mucidus 
(mucdius  mustius)  ?  Qi.muffo.  Perhaps  from  the  same  root  come 
Cat.  mustig  lax,  Lim.  mousii,  Rh.  moust,  Lomb.  moisCy  E. 
moist  (but  V.  moite),  It.  vb.  ammoscire,  Pr.  amosir. 

Moscione  It.,  Ven.  musson,  Romag.  musslen,  Lim.  moustic  a 
gnat;  not  from  musca,  but  from  mustum  (musca  cellaris  Linn.), 
cf.  moscione  also  ==  a  winebibber.  Isiaor  has:  bibiones  sunt 
qui  in  vino  nascuntur  quos  vulgo  mustiones  a  musto  appellant. 

Mostaecio  It.,   Sp.  mostacho,  Fr.  E.  moustache;  from  ^v6xa^^ 

Alb  an.  mustdke, 
Mostarda  It.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  moutarde,  E.  mustard,  Sp.  mostaza; 

from  mustum,  It.  mosto,  must  being  originally  used  in  prepar- 
ing it. 
Mostrenco  mostrenea  Sp.  unowned  goods,  waifs  |and  strays; 

from  mostrar,  as  the  owner,  in  order  to  claim  them,  must 

point  them  out. 
Motin  —  meute. 
Motta  It.  a  sloping  bank  of  earth,  Sp.  Pg.  mota,  Fr.  motte  clod, 

0.  Fr.  mote,  0.  Pg.  mota  raised  earthwork  for  defence,  E. 

moat.   Of  G.  origin,  Bav.  mott ,  Sw.  mutte  a  peat -stack,  Du. 

mot  turf,  Fr.  mote  tan.   Sp.  mota  knot,  loose  thread  on  cloth, 

from  B.  motea  =  Du.  moet,  mot  spot  =  E.  mote;  Pg.  mouta 

bush ,  cf .  It.  macchia.   It.  mota  =  malta  q.  v. 

Motto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  mote,  Pr.  Fr.  mot;  from  mutire  (E.  mutter), 
L.  L.  muttum  (Cornutus  ad  Persium). 

Mou  Fr.  lung  (of  animals);  from  mollis,  opp.  heart  and  liver, 

~    called  in  Norm,  le  dur.    O.  Fr.  mol  =  mollet  calf  of  the  leg. 

Moueher  Fr.,  L.  L.  muccare  to  wipe  the  nose ;  from  mucus  muc- 
cus.   Hence  mouchoir  &c. 

Moue  Fr.,  E.  mow,  mowe.  If  from  the  E.,  it  will,  prob.,  be  con- 
nected with  mouth,  mund.  But  D.  derives  the  E.  from  the  Fr. 
and  refers  it  to  the  Du.  mouwe,  0.  H.  G.  mauwe  pulpa,  then 
used  of  a  protruding  underlip,  cf.  faire  la  moue  r=  faire  la 
lippe, 

Mouette  Fr.,  Pic.  mautve  a  mew,  sea-gull.  Fr.  G.  mowe  meive, 
O.  H.  G.  meh,  A.  S.  maev,  0.  E.  mow,  E.  mew.  It.  mugnajo 
is  from  the  Sax.  form  meum. 

Moufette  —  muffo. 

Moufle  moufler  —  muff  are. 

Mouiller  —  molla. 

Moule  Fr.  muscle.   Occ.  muscle.  Cat.  musclo,  O.  H.  G.  muscla; 


MOULE  —  MUCHACHO.  309 

A.  S.  muscel,  E,  muscle.  The  form  moule  lies  between  musculus 

and  mutilus.   V.  nicchio. 
Moule  —  modano, 
Moulin  —  molino. 
Mousquet  —  moschetto. 
Mousse  Fr.,  Pr.  mossa;  from  O.  H.  G.  mos,  G.  moos,  E.  moss 

(It.  Sp.  musco,  Wal.  muschiu  from  muscus).  Hence  vb.  mousser, 

emousser,  sbst.  mousseron  (whence  mushroom) j  so  called  because 

grown  in  moss. 

Mousse  — •  mozzo. 

Mousse  —  mozo, 

Mousseline  ■'—  mussolo. 

Mousser  mousseron  —  mousse. 

Moustache  —  mostaccio. 

Moutarde  —  mostarda. 

Moutier  Fr.  church,  monastery,  O.  Fr.  moustier;  from  monaste- 
rium.   Lorr.  mote  =  eglise/ 

Mouton  —  monione. 

Moyen  —  mezzo. 

Moyeu  Fr.,  Pr.  muiol  nave  of  a  wheel;  from  modiolus,  cf.  mozzo. 

Moyeu  Fr.,  Pr.  muiol  mugol  moiol,  Gasc.  mujou  yolk  of  an  eg^. 
FYoramedium  ovi,  Fr.  moyeu/"?  Or  irom. mt/tilus,  mutulus  a  muscle 
(mutolus  cf.  scandula  echandole)  which  resembles  the  yolk  of  an 
eg^  in  size  and  colour  and  is,  like  it,  enclosed  in  a  shell.  From 
mutolus  would  come  Pr.  muiol,  Fr.  moyeul,  cf.  crayon  for 
creton.  The  L.  is  vitellus,  It.  tuorlo  (muscle),  Sp.  yema  (bud), 
O.  N.  eggia-hlomi  (flower).  E.  ijolk,  yelk,  G.  ei-gelb  are  from 
the  colour. 

Moyo  —  moggio, 

Mozo  Sp.  Pg.  young  (hence  It.  mozzo,  Fr.  mousse);  from  mustus 
young,  fresh,  sbst.  mozo  ==  mustum. 

Mozzetta  —  almussa. 

Mozzo  It.,  Sp.  mocho,  Pr.  mos  (f.  mossa),  Fr.  mousse  maimed, 
lopped;  from  Du.  mots,  Sw.  mutz,  Du.  vb.  motsen  mutsen,  G. 
mutzen.  From  Fr.  mousse  comes  It.  smussare,  smusso.  Hence 
Sp.  mochin.  The  root  is  the  same  as  in  mut-ilus  if,  indeed,  the 
Sp.  mocho  be  not  immediately  thence,  as  cachorro  from  catuius. 
Cf.  B.  mutila  =  a  boy. 

Mozzo  It.  nave  of  a  wheel ;  from  modius  for  modiolus  L.  L.  mo- 

zolus,  Cf.  moyeu. 
Mucehio  It.  a  heap.    Usually  derived  from  monticulus  (monti- 

cellus  gives  Fr.  monceau  a  heap),  cf.  cochiglia  from  conchylium. 

But  a  L.  L.  mutulus  is  found  and  cf.  Sp.  mojon. 
Muceta  —  almussa. 
Muchacho  Sp.  a  boy ;  for  mochacho  from  mocho  (mozzo)m 


310  MTICHO  —  MUITO. 

Mucho  Sp.,  Pg.  mhilo,  Beam,  mucky  E.  much;  from  multus,  It. 
moltOy  cf.  R.  Gr.  1,  245.    Shortened  mmj. 

Huci  —  micio. 

Mueca  —  moquer. 

Muella  —  molla, 

Muelle  —  molo, 

Muer  Fr.,  E.  mew  to  moult;  O.  Fr.  to  change,  sbst.  mue,  E. 
mew  mue  moulting,  also  =  cage,  prison;  from  mutarCj  Pr.  mu- 
dar  &c.   Fr.  remuer,  Pr.  remudar  from  re-mutare. 

Muffare  It.  in  camuffare  for  capo -muff are  to  muffle  the  head; 

from  Gr.  E.  muff,  from  mou  mouioe  ermine.   Hence  Fr.  moufle, 

L.  L.  muffula,  Du.  moffel  a  muff,  G.  vb.  muffeln,  E.  muffle; 

Pr.  adj.  mofletf  Pic.  mouflu,  Wall,  mofnes  soft,  elastic;   Fr. 

moufler  to  puff  out  the  cheeks,  Sp.  mofletes  fat  cheeks,  Rouch. 

moftu. 
Mufifo  It.  musty.  Com.  Romagn.  ;«o;f  pale;  sbst.  It.  muff  a,  Pg. 

/wo/b,   Sp.  molio  mould,  moss,    Fr.  moufetic  damp  vapour, 

mephitis;  from  Du.  muf  musty,  G.  ;ww^  mould,  vb.  miiffen. 

Hence  also  in  moral  sense  Sp.  molio  laziness,  moMno,  Ven. 

muffo  peevish,  Pg.  mofino  niggardly,  cf.  G. /Vzw/ =  putridus, 

piger ,  in  Sw.  malus. 
Mufle  Fr.  snout,  muzzle.    Cf.  G.  muff  el  dog  with  hanging  lips, 

miiffeln  to  pout,    mumble  (muffle?),  Norm,  moufler  to  pout. 

V.  also  muffare, 

Mugavero  It.,  Sp.  almogarave,  Pg.  ahnogaure,  O.  Cat.  almtigaver, 
O.  Val.  almugdber ,  almugavar  predatory  soldier,  partisan; 
from  Ar.  al-muglidvir  a  combatant.  It.  mugavero  also  =  a 
weapon,  cf.  partigiana, 

Mugghiare  It.,  Fr.  mugler  meugler  to  low;  L.  L.  mugulare  from 
mugire. 

Muggine  It.,  Sp.  mujol  mugil,  Pg.  inugem^  Fr.  muge  a  mullet; 
from  mugiL   Fr.  mulct,  E.  mullet  from  mullus, 

Mughetto  —  mugue, 

Mugnajo  —  mouette. 

Mugnajo  — •  molino. 

Mugre  Sp.  grime,  dirt,  grease;  from  mucor? 

Mugron  Sp.  shoot  of  a  vine ;  from  mucro  cf .  pua  =  point  and 
shoot.    Cat.  mugro  =  stalk. 

Mugue  N.  Pr.  hyacinth,  Fr.  muguet  lily  of  the  valley.  It.  mu- 
ghetto  y  mugherino  v£i2^y-^o^Qv  y  0,Yy.  musguet.  From  musctis 
musk,  so  =  sweet- smelling.  Hence  also  Fr.  muguette,  noix 
muguette,  G.  muscat  nuss,  E.  nutmeg,  v.  Wedgwood. 

Muid  —  moggio. 

Muir  —  mungere. 

Muito  —r  mucho. 


MULA  —  MURCHO.  311 

Mula  It.,  Fr.  mule,  Sp.  mulilla  a  slipper;  from  mtdleus? 
Muladar  Sp.,  Sp.  Pg.  mnradal  a  dust -heap;  so  called  because 

rubbish  was  thrown  just  outside  the  walls  (mtiri). 
Mulato  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  muldtre,  E.  mulatto  orig.  =  a  youngw??^/^  (dim.). 

Engelmann  derives  it  from  the  Ar.  muwallad  a  half-breed. 
Mulet  —  muggine, 

Muleta  Sp.  Pg.  a  crutch ,  prop,  a  mule ;  v.  hordone, 
Mulilla  —  mula. 
Mulino  It.,  Sp.  molino,  Pg.  moinho,  Fr.  moulin  mill;  from  molina 

for  mola  Ammiamis  Marcell.   Hence  mulinaro  mugnajo  ^  Sp. 

molinero ,  Fr.  meunier;  It.  rimolinare,  Sp.  remoUnar,  Pg.  re- 

moinhar,  O.  Fr.  remouliner  to  whirl  round.  It.  Sp.  remolino, 

Tg.  redomoinho  (retro)  whirlwind,   Sp.  remolmo,   O.  Fr.  re- 

moulin  a  lock  of  hair  in  form  of  a  star  on  a  horse's  forehead; 

It.  muUnello  whirlwind.   From  re-molere,  re-moudre  comes  Fr. 

remous  (m.)  remote  (f.)  a  whirlpool. 
Mulot  Fr.  a  large  fieldmouse;  from  Du.  mul,  A.  S.  myl  {==  E. 

mould)  dust.    Cf.  Du.  mot,  E.  mole,  perhaps  shortened  from 

G.  maulwurf  (maul  =  mul),  E.  mouldiwarp.    Meal  is  perhaps 

connected. 
Mumiar  Moden.  =  Gr.  mummeln,  E.  mumble. 
Mummla  It.,  Sp.  momia,  Fr.  momie  mumie  (E.  mummy);  from 

Pers.  mom,  mum  wax,  v.  Pott  in  Lassen's  Zeitschrift  4,  279. 

Sp.  adj.  momio  lean.   The  Pers.  and  Ar.  have  also  mumiyd  as 

the  name  of  a  mineral  substance. 
Muneca  ■ —  munon. 
Mungere  mugnere  It.,  Sp.  (Arag.)  muir,  Pg.  mungir ,  N.  Pr. 

mouzer,  Wal.  mulge  to  milk;  from  mulgere.     The  usual  Sp. 

word  is  ordenar,  Fr.  traire,  but  0.  Fr.  mulger,  Pic.  moudre. 

Other  forms  are  Lomb.  molg.  Pied,  mouse,  Sard,  mulliri,  Rh. 

mulger,  Cat.  munir.  From  mungere  comes  It.  adj.  munto  smunto 

emaciated,  not  from  emunctus. 
Munir  Sp.  to  summon;  from  monere,  Pg.  monir. 
Munpn  Sp.,  Cat.  munyo.  Sic.  mugnuni,  Fr.  moignon  muscle  of 

the  arm,  brawn,  stump  of  an  arm  &c. ;  vb.  Com.  mugna  to 

mutilate.   From  Bret,  mon  moun  maimed ,  B.  muh  yolk  of  an 

egg  (cf.  torulus.  It.  tuorlo).  Hence  Sip.  muneca  wrist,  doll  (also 

muneco),  Romag.  mugnac  block,  stump. 
Mur  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  (m.),  Rh.  mieur  (f.)  mouse.    From  mus  muris. 

Hence  Pr.  murena  or  mureca  (better),  N.Pr.  murga  formed  like 

oca  from  avis;  Pg.  murganho,  Sp.  musgano  a  shrew-mouse.  Sp. 

morcillo  murecillo  muscle ,  is  like  musculus  from  mus,  M.  Gk. 

jtovtiKog  (from  ^vg  Ttovnocog). 
Mur  Fr.,  O.Fr. meurmaur  ripe;  from  maturus,  Pr.  madur.  Hence 

E.  demure,  cf.  Fr.  =  discreet  (de  mure  conduite). 
Murcho  Pg.  weak.   From  murcidus. 


312  MURCIEGO  —  NACHE. 

Muroiego  O.  Sp.,  vSp.  murciegalo ,  Pg.  morcego  a  bat ;  from  mus 
ccecus,  mus  cceculus. 

Murgauho  musgano  —  mur, 

Murria  —  moja. 

Murrio  Sp.  melancholy,  sbst.  murria;  from  morns  stupid.  It.  mo- 
gio  may  be  from  murrio  morjo  mojo ,  cf .  pejus  peggio  &c. 

Musaico  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  mosaico,  Pr.  mozaic,  Fr.  mosaique  (E.  mo- 
saic); a  corruption  of  musivum  (^ov6stov),  Pr.  also  musec. 

Musarana  Sp.  Pg.  Pr. ,  Fr.  musaragne  (museraigne  Rabelais), 
Rh.  misiroign,  Com.  mus-de-ragn  shrew-mouse;  from  mus 
araneus. 

Musco  amusco  Sp.  brown;  twwsX:- colour,  from  muscus. 

Musco  muscliio  It.,  Sp.  musco,  Pr.  Fr.  muse,  L.  L.  muscus,  E. 
musk;  from  Pers.  muschk,  Ar.  al-misk  whence  the  more  usual 
Sp.  al-mizcle,  Pg.  almiscar,  Cat.  almesc. 

Museau  musel  —  muso. 

Muso  It.  0.  Sp.,  Pr.  mus,  Fr.  museau,  Pr.  mursel  (E.  muzzle, 
Gael,  muiseat);  vb.  It.  musare,  O.  Sp.  Pr.  musar,  O.Fr.  muser, 
E.  muse  to  gape,  Fr.  amuser,  E.  amuse  to  make  to  muse,  divert. 
Muso  is  from  morsus  (mouth  for  bite)  as  giuso  from  deorsum 
deosum;  cf.  Pr.  from  mursel.  For  the  sense  (to  make  a  mouth, 
stand  with  open  mouth)  cf.  G.  maulaffe  and  s.  hadare. 

Musser  Fr.  to  hide ,  also  mucer  =^  Pic.  mucker,  whence  Sic.  am- 
mucciare;  Gris.  micciar.  From  the  M.  G.  sich  muzen,  G.  sich 
maussen  to  hide  like  a  mouse,  L.  mus,  G.  maus,  which  is  from 
Sk.  mush  to  steal. 

Mussolo  mussolino  It.,  Sp.  muselina,  Fr.  mousseline,  E.  muslin; 
from  Mausil  or  Mosul  a  city  in  Mesopotamia  where  the  fabric 
was  first  made. 

Mustio  —  moscio. 

Hutin  —  meute. 


N. 

Na  —  donno. 

Nabisso  —  ahisso. 

Nabot  Fr.  a  dwarf.   Perhaps  from  O.  N.  nahhi  (E.  knob). 

Nacar  —  nacchera. 

Nacehera  gnacchera  It.,  Sp.  nacar  a,  Fr.  nacre,  O.  Fr.  nacaire, 
M.  Sp.  nacar  J  It.  naccaro  mother  of  pearl ,  pearl  -  oyster  shell, 
It.  O.Fr.  also  cymbal,  castanet,  Pr.  necari;  an  oriental  word, 
ILxxvdi.nakara  (Sk.nakhara  a  nail?).  V.  Pott,  HoferV  Zeitschr. 
2,  354. 

Nacelle  Fr.  a  little  boat ;  from  navicella. 

Naehe  —  natica. 


NACRE  —  NASTURZIO.  313 

IJ"acre  —  nacchera. 

Nada  Sp.  Pg.,  Occ.  nado  =  L.  nihil.    From  res  nata,    O.  Fr. 

nms  nee,  cf.  It.  wi///«  for  nulla  cosa,  once  commonly  used  with 

non  whence  its  negative  force,  cf.  rien  &c.   Sp.  nadie,  0.  Sp. 

nadi  =  nemo,  to  the  plur.  form  (cf.  O.  Sp.  essi  for  esso  &c. 

from  nado.    The  Gasc.  has  nat  fem.  yi^^«.    Sp.  Pg.  nonada  (f . 

a  trifle  =  non -nihil. 
Wage  Fr.  in  phrase  ^/re  ^w  w^z^^  to  sweat  =  etre  en  age,  age  =. 

an  old  form  of  eau  q.  v. 
Nager  Fr.  to  swim ,  O.  Fr.  also  to  sail ;  from  navicare. 
Naguela  0.  Sp.  hut;  from  mag  alia  magaila  maguela,  n  for  m^  cf. 

nappe. 
Naibo  —  naipe. 

Naie  O.  Fr.  =  O.  N.  nei,  G.  nS,  E.  nay. 
Naif  Fr.  natural ,  artless ,  ingenuous ;  natif  native ;  from  nativus, 

It.  nativo  natio  natural.  Naif  2X^0  ==  foolish,  cf.  silly,  innocent, 

simple  &c. 
Naipe  Sp.  Pg.  (m.),  It.  naibo  a  playing-card;  from  the  initials 

of  the  inventor  Nicolao  Pepin ,  or ,  according  to  Mahn ,  from 

the  Arabic  naib  a  representative,  the  four  suits  (spade,  coppe, 

denari,  bastoni)  being  representatives  of  the  four  classes  of 

warriors ,  priests ,  merchants  and  labourers  ? 
Nalga  —  natica. 
Nans  (pi.)  0.  Fr.  pledges,  furniture,  also  namps,  L.  L.  namium, 

hence  nanlir  to  give  a  pledge,   nantissement  security;   from 

O.  N.  ndm  seizure,  M.  H.  G.  nam  (G.  nehmen  to  take)  cf.  Sp. 

Pg.  prenda  from  prendere. 

Nappe  Fr.  tablecloth  (E.  napkin,  napron  =  apron),  from  mappa 
(cf.  naguela).  Only  in  the  Fr. ;  Sp.  has  manteles,  the  It.  tova- 
glia,  but  Piedm.  mapa,  Neap,  mappina  a  towel. 

Naranja  —  arancio. 

Narguer  Fr.  to  mock ;  =  naricare.  Sbst.  L.  L.  nario  subsannans, 

whence  0.  H.  G.  narro,  G.  narr  a  fop,  Com.  nar,  cf.  Basq. 

narra  foppish.   Rou.  naquer  to  smell  is  for  narquer.    Narquois 

sneering  is  from  narquois  slang  (prop,  nasal,  sneering  talk) 

with  same  suffix  Sispat-ois,  clerqu-ois. 
Narquois  —  narguer. 
Narria  Sp.  sledge;  from  B.  narra. 
Nasitort  —  nasturzio. 
Naspo  —  aspo. 
Nastro  It.  ribbon,  Com.  nasiola,  Wall,  ndle;  from  0.  H.  G. 

nestila,  G.  nestel  band. 

Nasturzio  It.  &c.,  L.  nasturtium,  Ven.  nastruzzo,  Fr.  nasitort, 
N.  Pr.  nastocen,  Sp.  mastuerzo ,  Pg.  mastruco,  Sic.  mastrozzu, 
Sard,  martuzzu,  Pied,  bistorce,    L,  nasturtium  =  nasitortium 


314  NATA  —  NEGROMANTE. 

quasi  a  naso  torquendo.   Cat.  is  morritort  {morro  =  nose).   It. 

also  crescione,  Sp.  berro. 
Nata  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  cream.  Plin.  28;  9.  quod  ^\\\)eYnatat,  butp'um 

est.  It  should  have  a  dy  but  it  might  then  have  been  confused 

with  nada  nought. 
Natiea  It.^  Sp.  nalga^  Pr.  nagga,  O.  Fr.  nache  nage  buttock, 

L.  L.  natica;  from  natis,  as  cutica  from  cutis,  auca  from  avis 

(v.  oca), 
Natte  Fr.  a  mat,  0.  Fr.  nate;  from  matta  L.  L.   Hence  also  Du. 

natte,  It.  matta.    Cf.  nappe. 

Nauelero  —  nocchiero. 

Naut  Pr.  high,  sbst.  nauteza;  from  in  alto,  cf.  Wal.  nalt  and 
inalt,  and  ninferno. 

Nava  Sp.  Pg.  a  plain.   A  pure  Basque  word  found  in  Navarre. 

Navaja  Sp.,  Pg.  navalha  razor;  from  novacula. 

Naverare  It.  in  innaverare  inavcrare  to  bore ,  wound ,  Pr.  Cat. 
nafrar ,  Fr.  navrer  (espec.  in  metaph.  to  break  the  heart); 
sbst.  Pr.  nafra.  Norm,  navre  a  wound;  from  0.  H.  Gr.  ndba- 
ger,  Gr.  naber,  Du.  neviger  neffiger,  N.  nafar  an  auger. 

Navet  Fr.  a  turnip;  from  napus,  It.  navone. 

Naviglio  navilio  navile  It.,  Pr.  navili,  O.  Fr.  navile  (navilie),  Fr. 

navire  (cf.  concire  from  consilium,  Basire  from  Basilius),  O.  Fr. 

also  navirie  f.   Navile  from  navis,  as  civilis  from  civis. 

Navio  Sp.  Pg.  a  large  ship;  from  navigium,  Pr.  navigi  navei. 

Navio  in  the  Gipsy  language  =  body,  cf.  It.  cassero. 
Navire  —  navilio. 
Ne  Fr.  from  O.  Fr.  non.    Nenni  =  O.  Fr.  nen-  il  =  Pr.  non  il  = 

non  illud,  v.  oui  and  R.  Gr.  2,  401. 
Ne  —  indi. 

Neanmoins  neant  —  niente. 
Nebli  Sp.,  Pg.  nehri  a  falcon,  Ar.  nahli.   Perhaps  from  Ar.  nabl 

arrow  or  nahil  noble. 
Nee  —  nido. 
Nedeo  —  netto. 
Neel  —  niello. 
Nefle  —  nespola. 
Nega9a  —  ahagaza. 
Negare  Ven.  (Mil.  Gen.  nega),  Pr.  negar,  Fr.  noyer,  Rh.  nagar 

to  drown;  from  necare  which  in  L.  L.  has  the  Rom.  meaning. 

Cf.  E.  starve  from  sterben.   It.  has  annegare,  Sp.  Pg.  anegar 

from  enecare,  Wal.  inneca.   The  Sansk.  nac  (=  neco)  has  also 

the  special  sense  of  perishing  by  droAvning. 

Negromante  nigromante  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  nigromante ,  Wald.  nigro- 
mant,  Pr.  nigromancid ,  Fr.  necromancien ,  E.  necromancer ;  It. 
negromancia,  Pr.  nigromansia,  O.  Fr.  nigremance  j  ingremance 


NEGUILLA  —  NIDO.  315 

&c. ;  from  vexQo^avng^  vsxQO^avtsia.  The  form  with  i  points 

to  m'ffer,  cf.  Sp.  magia  nagra  (^=  ntgromancia)  black  art. 
Neguilla  —  niello. 
Neige  Fr.  snow,  from  adj.  niveus  nivea;  O.Fr.  ncif,  Pr.  neu  from 

nix  nivis, 
Neis  ■ —  nessuno. 

Neleit  neleg  Pr.  fault,  mistake;  from  sbst.  neglecius. 
Nema  Sp.  a  seal;  from  vrj^a  thread,  on  which,  when  wrapped 

round  the  letter,  the  seal  was  placed. 
Nemon  Sp.  hand  of  a  sun-dial;  from  gnomon, 
Nemps  Pr.  adv.  from  L.  nimis. 
Nenhum  —  niuno. 
Nenhures  Pg.  adv.  for  L.  nusqimm ;  froni  nee  uM  as  nenhum  from 

nee  imus.    Cf.  dlgures, 
Nenni  —  ne. 

Neo  It.  mole;  from  ncevus. 
Nervio  Sp.,  Cat.  nirvi,  Pr.  nervi  nerve,  Sp.  nervioso,  Cat.  nirvios. 

Pr.  nervios  nervous;  from  nervium  (vevqlov)  used  by  Varro 

and  Petronius. 
Nesga  Sp.  Pg.  gore,  gusset;  from  nexus. 
Nespera  —  nespola. 
Nespola  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  nespera y  Cat.  nespla,  Fr.  nefle  (f  =  p)  2i 

medlar  (=  meslarj;  from  mespilum,  with  the  common  change  of 

m  to  71,  cf.  nappe  &c.  O.Sp.  has  mespero,  B.mizpira,  Wsill.mess. 
Nessuno  It.,  O.  It.  nissuno,  Pr.  neis-un,  0.  Fr.  nes-un  nis-un 

=  L.  nullus.   From  Pr.  neis,  0.  Fr.  neis  nis,  from  ne  ipsimi, 

and  un  unus,  so  =  not  even  one. 
Netto  It.,  Sp.  neto,  Pg.  nedeo,  Pr.  Fr.  net  clear  pure;  from  nitidiis. 
Niais  —  nido. 
Wibbio  It.  kite,  Dauph.  nibla;  from  milvus  tnilvius,  m  passing 

into  n ,  V  into  h, 
Niechio  It.  oyster;  from  mytilus,  or  mitulus,  as  secchia  from  si- 
tula,  vecchio  from  vetulus,  n  for  m  as  in  nespola  &c.  In  the  fem. 

we  have  It.  nicchia,  Fr.  E.  niche,  whence  Sp.  Pg.  nicho,  G. 

nische.   Hence  It.  vb.  rannicchiare  to  shrink  in  like  a  muscle, 

se  recoqiiiller  to  crouch. 
Nice  Fr.  fool;  from  nescius ,  Pr.  nesci,  Sp.  7iecio,   For  E.  nice,  v. 

nido. 
Niche  —  nicchio. 
Niche  —  nique. 
Nicher  Fr.  to  nestle,  O.Fr.  niger  nigier;  from  nidificare ,  dc 

(nidfcare  nidcareJ=hothch  andg,  'N.'Pr.  nisd  from  nis=nidus. 
Nichetto  niccolino  It.  a  precious  stone;  from  onyx  onychis,  Sp. 

onique.  Cat.  oniquel. 
Nicho  —  nicchio. 
Nido  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  nid,  Pr.  niu  nieu,  Rh.  ignieu  nest,  from  nidus; 


316  NIECE  —  NIPPE. 

It.  nidio,  from  nidulus  nid'his;  Pg.  ninho,  Com.  nin  from  dim. 
nidinus.  Hence  also  It.  nidiace  nestling,  dolt,  Fr.  niais,  E. 
nice  (or  =  Fr.  nice),  nias,  =  a  L.  nidax.  The  Pr.  niaic  is 
formed  with  the  suffix  ac,  so  too,  probably,  with  suffixes, 
the  Sp.  niego  (for  nidego),  Pg.  ninhego.  From  the  Sp.  comes 
Pr.  nee,  whence  Fr.  nigaud. 

Niece  Fr.,  E.  niece.  L.  neptis,  to  give  it  a  more  decided  f.  aspect, 
became  nepta  in  Rom.,  Pr.  nepta,  Sp.  nieta,  Pg.  Cat.  neta.  The 
Fr.  took  a  form  neptia,  niece,  Pr.  /z^^5«^  It.  nezza  (rare).  From 
the  m.  nepos  come  f.  nepota,  Pr.  Cat.  neboda ,  Wal.  nepoate, 

Niego  • —  nido. 

Niello  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  niel,  0.  Fr.  w^^/,  Fr.  nielle  (m.)  dark  inlaid 
work,  enamel  on  gold  or  silver,  L.L.  nigellum;  vb.  It.  niellare, 
Sp.  Pr.  nielar,  O.  Fr.  noeler,  E.  Siuneal,  L.  L.  nigellare;  from 
L.  dim.  nigellus.  Hence  also  It.  nigella,  Sp.  neguilha,  Fr.  «2W/e 
(f.)  smut,  blight,  in  Fr.  and  Sp.  also  =  fennel  -  flower. 

Niente  It.,  Pr.  neien  nien,  Fr.  neant  =  L.  nihil;  from  ens  entis 
with  negative  prefix  7ie  or  nee.  Hence  Fr.  ne'anmoins  =  It. 
niente  dimeno. 

Nififa  niffo  niffolo  It.  (Flor.),  Rh.  gni/f  beak,  Pr.  nefa;  from 
A.  S.  E.  Du.  neb,  L.  G.  nibhe  nif,  0.  N.  nebbi  nef.  Hence  Lim. 
nifla,  Pic.  nifler,  Fr.  renifler  to  sniff,  Rou.  niflete  snuffler,  Lim. 
niflo  nostril,  Sw.  nijfen  to  turn  up  the  nose,  ^2iY,  niffeln, 
Piedm.  nufie  =  G.  s-niiffeln ,  E.  snuffle. 

Nigaud  —  nido. 

Nimo  It.  (Prov.),  Sard.  7iefnus  (cf.  cummegus  =■  con  meco),  Wal. 
nime  nimenea  nobody,  from  nemo. 

Ninferno  —  abrigo. 

Ninguem  Pg.  nobody ;  from  nee  quern. 

Ninguno  —  niuno. 

Ninho  ninhego  —  nido. 

Ninno  ninna  It.,  Sp.  niho  nina  a  child ,  infant.  It.  ninna  nanna 
(also  in  Sp.  and  Pg.)  =  a  lullaby.  It.  ninnare  to  rock  to  sleep 
with  a  lullaby,  N.  Pr.  nind  to  go  to  sleep.  Lomb.  nana  = 
child  and  cradle  (Fl.  andare  a  nanna  to  go  to  bed),  Sp.  hacer 
la  nana  to  sleep,  Sp.  nana  also  =  nurse,  mother;  Cat.  nen 
nena  infant.  Yen.  nena  nurse,  Lim.  ?iaina  cradle.  Words  of 
the  nursery  are  very  primitive,  and  with  the  series  under 
review  may  be  compared  vvvviov  =  a  lullaby  (Hesychius). 
For  forms  like  ninna-nanna  cf.  Lomb.  ginna- gianna  a  child's 
game,  litta-latta  swing.  Like  tcoqti  and  L.  pupilla  so  Sp.  nina. 
Cat.  Pr.  nina  ^=  the  pupil  of  the  eye;  cf.  Pg.  menina,  Ven.  pu- 
iina,  Romag.  bamben.  Sic.  vavaredda  (from  vava  v.  bava),  Pic. 
papare,  Pr.  anha  the  pupil  =  prop,  little  lamb. 

Nippe  Fr.  (only  in  plur.J  ornaments ,  apparel ,  nipper  to  fit  out ; 
from  Du.  nijpen,  E.  nippers,  nip. 


NIQUE  —  NOSCHE.  317 

Nique  Fr.  in  f aire  la  nique  to  nod  at,  laugh  at,  jeer;  from  Gr. 

nicken  to  nod.   So  also  faire  une  niche  to  play  a  trick. 
Nitrire  It.  to  neigh;   from  hinnitus  (hinnitrus),    aniirire  from 

adhinnire. 
Niuno  It.;  Sp.  ninguno,  Pg.  nenhiim,  Pr.  negun  nengun  neun,  Wal. 

nici  un,  =  nee  unus,  in  Wal.  neque  unus.   In  O.  It.  neuno,  O. 

Sp.  nenguno,  O.  Pg.  neun,  Cat.  ningu,  Rh.  nagin,  Com.  negun 

nigun.   O.  Fr.  nun,  Champ,  nune  part  =  nulle  part;  from  ne 

unus. 
Niveau  nivel  —  libello. 

Noeea  It.  knuckle;  from  M.  H.  G.  knoche,  G.  knochen, 
Nocchiere  It.,  Sp.  nauclero,  O.  Sp.  naochero  nauchel,  Pr.  naucler 

naucliier,  Fr.  nocher  pilot,  ferryman;  from  nauclerus  {yavKXri- 

Qog)  used  by  Plautus. 
Nocehio  It.  kernel,  knot;  from  nucleus,  Sp.  nucleo, 
Nocher  —  nocchiere. 
Noel  Fr.  Christmas ,  from  natalis,  Pr.  0.  Sp.  nadal,  for  nael  as 

poele  ioY  paele  R.  Gr.  1,  164. 
Noer  —  notare. 
Noise  Fr.,  Pr.  nausa,  Cat.  nosa  quarrel,  bustle,  noise.    From 

nausea  disgust,  vexation,  or,  better,  from  noxa. 

Noja  It.,  Sp.  enojo  enoyo,  Pg.  nojo,  Pr.  enuei  enoi,  Fr.  ennui;  vb. 
It.  nojare  &c.,  E.  annoy.  From  in  odio  in  the  phrase  est  mihi 
in  odio,  cf .  It.  hajo,  Sp.  hayo,  Pr.  hai  from  hadius.  The  O.  Ven. 
has :  plu  te  sont  a  inodio  =  It.  piu  ti  sono  a  noja.  Cf .  It.  na- 
Msso,  ninferno,  ingordo. 

Nolo  naulo  It.  v^^hence  nauleggio,  Fr.  nolis,  0.  Sp.  nolit  freight; 
vb.  noleggiare,  Fr.  noliser;  from  naidurh. 

Nomble  Fr.  (f.)  haunch  of  venison;  from  lumhulus.    V.  Pott: 

Etym.  Forsch.  2,  100. 
Nombre  Sp.  name,  O.  Sp.  nomne;  from  nomen,  cf.  hombre. 
Nombril  —  ombelico, 
Nonada  —  nada, 
Nonnain  —  nonno. 
Nonno  It.  grandfather,  nonna  grandmother,  Pr.  nona,  Fr.  nonne 

nonnain  =  E.  nun,  Lorr.  nonnon,  N.  Pr.  nounnoun  uncle;  from 

L.  L.  nonnus  nonna  (Hieronym.).   Fr.  nonnain  is  from  an  ace. 

nonnam,  as  putain  from  putam.    Sp.  nono  =  decrepit. 
Norabuena  —  or  a  (l). 

Nord  Fr.,  whence  It.  Sp.  norte;  from  A.  S.  nordh,  E.  north. 
Norvis  O.  Fr.  Norwegian,  from  the  name  of  the  people  Norvegr, 

also  =  proud,  isolent.  From  the  Fr.  Normans  we  have  re'ponse 

normande  =  equivocal,  ambiguous  answer. 

Nosche  0.  Fr.  (also  nusche),  Pr.  noscia  buckle;  from  0.  H.  G. 
nusca. 


318  NOTARE  —  O. 

Notare  It.;  O.  Fr.  noer,  Rh.  nudar,  Wal.  /w-wo/«f  to  swim;  o  for 
a,  hence  It.  diphthong  in  pres.  nuoto. 

Nourrain  Fr.  brood,  fry;  from  nutrimeiHy  Pr.  noirim,  so  for 
nourrin, 

Novero  It.,  vb.  annoverare;  from  numerus,  numerare. 

Novio  Sp.;  Pg.  noivo,  Cat.  Pr.  novi  newly  married  man,  f.  iiovia 
noiva;  from  novus  nova  (nova  nupta).  Pr.  sbst.  novias,  L.  L. 
nobioe  is  used  only  in  pi.  after  the  analogy  of  nupiice. 

Noyau  Fr.  kernel ;  from  nucalis,  Pr.  nogalh.  Ducange  derives 
it  from  nodus  nodellus,  cf.  boyau  from  hudellus,  O.  Fr.  nou, 
novel,  noiel,  noyal,  noyau,  E.  newel,  noel,  nowel  the  column 
round  which  the  steps  of  a  circular  stair  case  wind,  Fr. 
noyau  d'escalier, 

Noyer  —  negare, 

Nualh  Pr.  worthless,  only  found  in  comp.  nualhor,  O.  Fr.  neut. 
7iualz  and  ?iuallos,  O.  Fr.  nueillos;  from  ?iugalis  (Grellius)  nu- 
galior. 

Nuance  —  nuer. 

Nuea  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  nuque  nape  of  the  neck.  {Cervix  is 
found  in  all  the  languages,  but  not  in  common  use.  Instead, 
various  words  have  been  introduced:  It.  collottola,  cotiula,  Sp. 
cogote,  pescuezo,  pestorejo,  tozuelo,  Pr.  nozador,  Fr.  chignon, 
O.  Fr.  haterel.  Wall,  hanet,  Wal.  ceafe  gut  &c.)  Not,  perhaps, 
from  nux  nucis  though  the  Sicilians  call  it  nuci  (noce),  duca 
from  dux  being  peculiar.  There  seems  to  be  a  connexion 
between  neck,  nuca  &c.  and  nick,  notch,  Du.  nocke ,  cf.  cran. 
Nuca  may,  however,  be  from  7iux  and  have  taken  its  form  to 
distinguish  it  from  noce,  for  Du.  nocke  is  rather  =  It.  nocca 
knuckle,  Lomb.  gnucca  nape  (It.  denoccolare  to  behead). 

Nuer  Fr.  to  shade ;  from  nue  =  nuhes.   Hence  nuance. 

Nuitantre  O.  Fr.  adv.  =  noctu,  L.  L.  noctanter  on  the  analogy 
of  cunctanter.  As  soventre  from  sequente,  so  nuitantre  from 
7ioctante,  cf.  nuitamment  =  noctante  mente.  It.  has  nottare  an- 
nottare,  Fr.  anuitier. 

Nuora  It.,  Sp.  nuera,  Pg.  Pr.  7iora,  O.  Fr.  nore,  Wal.  nore.  From 
nurus  with  fem.  termination,  L.  L.  nora, 

Nuque  —  nuca. 

Nutria  • —  lontra. 


O. 

O  od  It.,  Sp.  0  u,  Pg.  ou,  Pr.  0  oz,  Fr.  ou,  Wal.  an,  from  avt. 

Hence  It.  ovvero  =  aut  veriim, 
O  O.Fr.  Pr.  pronoun  from  h.hoc;  in  comp.  O.Fr.  avoc  (cf.  avec), 

poroc,  sinoc. 


OBBI^IARE  —  OLIFANT.  319 

Obbliare  It.,  Pr.  0.  Sp.  oblidar,  Fr.  ouhlier,  Sp.  Pg.  olvidar; 
freqiientative  form  from  ohlivisci  ohlitus.  Sbst.  It.  obblio,  Pr. 
oblit,  Fr.  oubli,  Sp.  olvido,  fern.  It.  ohblia,  Pr.  oblida.  As  the 
It.  does  not  usu.  syncopate  a  t,  it  probably  got  the  word  from 
the  Fr.   Scordarsi  and  dimenticare  are  more  commonly  used. 

Obsequias  Sp.  Pr.,  Fr.  obsdqucs,  E.  obsequies;  from  obsequice  for 
exsequim,  some  reference  being  made  to  the  obsequium  of  the 
attendant  friends. 

Obus  Fr.  (hence  Sp.  obuz);  from  Gr.  haubitze  (E.  howitzer),  in 
15*'^  cent,  haufnitz,  from  Bohem.  haufnice  a  sling. 

Oca  It.  Sp.  Pg.;  Fr.  o/e,  with  more  primitive  form  Sp.  Pr.  Rh. 
auca,  0.  Fr.  ow^.  Wall,  aive,  Berr.  oc/^^  goose.  From  avica 
(avis),  cf.  natica,  L.  L.  culica ,  caudica,  It.  mollica.  In  the 
Glossaries  we  find  Tttrjvov.  As  the  most  useful  domestic  bird 
was  called  the  bird  ^^par  excellence'^;  so  oxen  were  designated 
by  the  term  aumaille  =  animalia.  For  other  transitions  from 
the  general  to  the  specific;  QS..jument,  mouton.  Fr.  dim.  oison, 
cf.  clercon  from  clerc.  In  Limous.  we  find  a  masc.  aiic,  Veron. 
ocO;,  Crem.  ooc^;  Lim.  also  ooutzar  =  a  Fr.  oisard, 

Oetroyer  —  otriare. 

Oeillet  Fr.  a  pink ;  from  oeil, 

Oes  —  uopo. 

Ogan  —  uguanno. 

Oggi  It.;  Rh.  oz,  Sp.  ^oy^  Pg.  /?o;"^,  Pr.  huei,  O.Fr.  ^w/  adv.  from 
hodie.  Hence  It.  oggimai  omai  (=:  oimai,  cf.  oi  in  ancoi)  not 
for  ormai;  Pr.  hueimais;  It.  oggidt,  Sp.  /?o?/  (?/^^  Fr.  aujourdliui; 
O.  It.  «/iC02  V.  s.  anclie. 

Ogni  It.;  O.It.  own?,  from  omnis,  O.  Ven.  omia.  The  ^w  originated 
either  in  ogn-uno  =  omnis  unus,  or  in  ogtia  =^  omnia. 

Ogre  ogro  —  orco. 

Oibo  It.;  Com.  aibai  sua.  interjection;  perhaps  the  Gk.  ccipot. 

Oie  —  oca. 

Oignon  Fr.;  Pr.  uignon,  E.  onion.   From  nnio  (Columella). 

Oille  —  olla. 

Oindre  Fr.  part,  oint ,  whence  E.  anoint,  ointment;  from  nngere. 
It.  untare,  sbst.  imto  from  unctus. 

Oiseau  —  uccello. 

Oisif  Fr.  idle;  from  otium,  with  adjectival  term,  -ivus  instead  of 
osus. 

Ola  Sp.  Cat.;  Fr.  houle  Qi  asp.)  wavC;  surge;  from  the  CeltiC;  W. 
hoewal,  Bret.  houl.    O.  Fr.  vb.  holer  to  surge ;  sway. 

Oleandro  It.;  Sp.  oleandro  eloendro,  Pg.  eloendro  loendro,  Fr. 
oleandre,  E.  oleander.  In  L.  L.  lorandum  a  corruption  Qirho- 
dodendrum  through  laurus,  I  being  afterwards  mistaken  for 
the  article  and  dropped. 

Olifant  O.  Fr.  (1)  elephant  (2)  ivory  (3)  a  wind-instrument;  Pr. 


320  OLLA  k, 

oUfan  =  (1);  Du.  olifant,  E  Hfant,  Com.  oUphans,  "W. 

oliffant.    Corrupted  from  elephas,  -uutis,  as  also  is  It.  liofante. 

Olla  Sp.  an  earthen  pot,  whence  Fr.  oille;  from  L.  olla,  Pr.  ola 
&c.;  o//«  podrida  (pudrida  putrid ,  ripe,  seasoned)  =  Yv. pot 
pourri, 

Olore  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  olor,  O.Fr.  olour  odour;  from  L.  olor  (=  odor) 
Varro  ana  Apuleius. 

Olvidar  —  obhliare. 

Olzina  —  elce, 

Omai  —  oggL 

Ombelico  bellieo  bilico,  Wal.  huric^  Sp.  omhligo,  Pg.  umbigo 
embigo,  Pr.  omhelic  umbrilh,  Fr.  nonibril  navel;  from  umbilicus. 
From  umbiliculus  come  umbrilh  and  nombril  (by  dissimilation 
for  lombril  with  article,  cf.  Cat.  llombrigoT).  Cat.  has  a  2'"' 
form  me//^.  Navel  =  centre,  so  It.  bilico  =  point  of  equili- 
brium, bilicare  to  balance. 

Omelette  Fr. ;  from  ceufs  miles, 

Ommaggio  —  uomo. 

On  ■ —  uomo. 

One  onques  —  anche. 

Once  —  lonza, 

OneleFr.  Pr.  whence  Yi.  uncle  (Wal.  unchiu,  Alban.  unki).  From 
avunculus,  not  from  unculus  (for  avunculus),  such  aphseresis 
not  being  permissible  in  Fr.  Avunculus  was  early  used  for 
pairuus,  so  G.  oheim,  A.  S.  eme  =  mother's  brother. 

Onde  It.,  O.  Sp.  ond ,  Pg.  onde,  Pr.  oni  on,  Wal.  unde;  from 
ww^^.   Hence  It.  Sp.  Pg.  donde,  Pr.  don,  Fr.  ^ow/  =  de  unde. 

Onire  It.,  Pr.  aunir,  O.Fr.  honnir  {h  asp.)  to  insult,  shame;  from 
Goth.  Jiaunjan,  O.  H.  G.  honjan,  G.  hohnen  to  scoif.  Sbst.  It. 
owif^;  Pr.  «f/z/«  (for  auntd),  Fr.  honte,  0.  Sp.  fonta;  from  0.  H. 
G.  honida,  0.  Sax.  honda  shame,  hence  It.  ontare,  O.  Sp.  «/o;?- 
^«r,  Pr.  antar,  0.  Fr.  ahonter,  hontoier, 

Onta  —  ow2>^. 

Ontano  It.  alder.  Perhaps  from  the  collective  alnetum,  Sp.  al- 
nedo,  Fr.  aunaie,  through  a  form  alnetanus,  cf.  ^«/jy«  topo, 
Sp.  helecho  from  collective  fdictum.  Ven.  is  onaro,  Mil.  olnizza, 
onise. 

Onza  —  lonza. 

Oppio  It.  a  sort  of  poplar;  from  opulus  (Varro)  ior  populus? 

Oqueruela  Sp.  a  tangled  thread;  from  Basque  oquertzea  to  twist. 

Or  a  It.  &c.,  L.  hora.  L.  L.  bona  hora,  mala  hora  r=  It.  in  buon' 
ora,  in  maV  ora,  Sp.  en  buena  hora,  en  hora  buena,  norabuena 
good  luck,  noramala  ill  luck,  Pr.  en  bon'  hora,  0.  Fr.  en  bone 
heure,  bone  heure;  so,  at  last,  bona  and  mala  alone.  It.  mal 
Inf.  9.  54,  Purg.  4.  72,  Par.  16.  140,  Sp.  en  buena,  Pr.  bona, 
O.  Fr.  bon  bor  mal  mar,  O.  Pg.  bora,  Pg.  embora  (the  r  from 


ORA  —  ORFRAIE.  321 

hord).   Hora  and  augurium  meet,  e.  g.  en  bona  or  a  (a  la  tonne 

heure)  =  en  bon  aiir. 
Ora  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  hora,  0.  Sp.  oras,  Pr.  ora  or  as  or,  O.  Fr.  ore 

ores  or,  Fr.  or,  adv.  from  7?or«.    The  Pr.  has  the  forms  ara 

aras  ar,  era  eras  er,  Rh.  er.   Among  the  compounds  are:  Sp. 

ahora,  Pr.  aoras  adoras,  O.Fr.  a  ore.  It.  a  ora  from  ad  horam; 

Fr.  alors.  It.  allora  from  ad  illam  horam;  Fr.  /or5  from  ilia 

hora;  0.  Sp.  Pg.  agora  from  ^«fc  ^or«;  It.  ancora,  0.  Sp.  ^w- 

cara,  Pr.  encara  enquera,  Fr.  encore,  from  ^«;zc  horam;  (3,  Fr, 

unquore  uncore,  from  unquam  hora;  O.  Sp.  esora,  from  ^p^ar 

/iorflj;  Pr.  (/wor^  ^wor,  Rh.  cwr«  cw^;,  from  ^wo?  or«,  0.  Fr.  cor. 
Ora  oreggio  orezzo  —  aura. 
Orafo  It.  goldsmith  ;  from  aurifex, 
Orage  ore  orear  oreo  —  aura. 
Orange  —  arancio. 
Orbaeca  It.  laurel  berry;  for  lorhacca  from  laurihacca,  R.  Gr. 

1 ,  240. 
Orbo  It.,  Pr.  orb  dorp,  O.  Cat.  O.  Fr,  Wal.  orb  blind,  a  meaning 

which  Isidorus  considers  to  be  the  original  one  of  the  L.  or- 

bus.   Cf.  Apul.  en  orba  Fortuna. 
Oreo  It.,  Neap.  huorcOj  O,  Sp.  huergo  uerco,  Sp.  ogro,  Fr.  E, 

ogre,  A.  S.  ore;  from  Orcus.     Sp.  ^w^rco  =  mournful ,  and 

sbst.  =  skeleton. 
Orda  It.,  Fr.  E.  horde  (h  asp.)  a  roaming  body  of  Tatars ;  G. 

horde,  Alhan.  hordi ,  Russ.  orda  &c. ;  an  Asiatic  word,  ordu 

or  Urdu. 
Ordalie  (f.)  Fr.  orcTeal;  from  L.  L.  ordalium,  which  from  A,  S. 

orddl  (n.)  =  G.  urtheil  (ur  out  and  theil  part  =  a  setting  forth 

of  parts).   0.  Fr.  had  or  del  (m.). 
Ordenar  Sp.,  Pg.  ordenhar  to  milk;  another  form  of  ordenar  to 

put  in  order,  so  =  prop,  to  bring  a  cow  into  good  order  or 

condition ,  cf .  Lim.  odzusta  to  milk  =  Fr.  ajuster. 
Ordo  It.,  Pr.  ort,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  ord  ugly,  dirty;  Pr.  ordeiar,  0.  Fr. 

ordoier  to  soil;  It.  Pr.  ordura,  Fr.  E.  ordure.   From  horridus, 

cf.  Pr.  or?'e  (f.  orreza  i.  e.  orreda)  =  ort,  vb.  orrezar  =  or- 
deiar.   But  W.  makes  ordo  =  lor  do  (luridus). 
Ordonner  Fr.  from  ordinare  (donner  from  donner  tordre);  O.Cat, 

ordonar,  but  O.  Fr,   ordener,  N.  Cat.  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  ordenar. 

Ordnance  =  ordinance. 
Orecehia  orecchio  It.,  Wal.  ur  cache  ureche  (f.),  Sp.  oreja,  Pg. 

Pr.  orelha,  Fr.  oreille  ear;  from  auricula  ear-lap,  ear. 
Oreille  —  orecehia. 

Orendroit  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  orendrei  temporal  adv.,  from  or  en  droit, 
Orfevre  —  forgia. 
Orfraie  Fr.  (f.)  osprey ;  from  ossifraga,  It.  ossifrago,  Sp.  osifrago, 

Fr.  ossifrague,  E.  ossifrage,  osprey  (with  a  reference  to  prey), 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  21 


322  ORFROI  —  ORPELLO. 

Orfroi  Fr.,  better  orfrois,  0.  Fr.  orfrais,  O.  E.  orfrays,  Pr.  aur- 
freSy  0.  Sp.  orofres  a  stuff  worked  with  gold,  gold  lace,  dim. 
O.  Fr.  orfrisiel,  vb.  orfroiseler.  The  L.  L.  has  cmriphrigium, 
formed  from  aurum  Fr.  or  and  f raise  frise,  v.  fregio. 

Orge  —  orzo, 

Orgoglio  It.,  O,  It.  argogliOy  also  rigoglio,  Sp.  orgullo,  0.  Sp. 
arguyo  ergull,  Pr.  orgolh  erguelh,  O.  Cat.  argull,  N.  Cat.  or  gull, 
Fr.  orgueil  pride ;  from  O.  H.  G.  urguoli,  which  from  urguol 
insignis,  cf.  0.  Sp.  adj.  urgidloso.  The  root  is  found  in  the 
Sk.  gur  tollere. 

Orgueil  —  orgoglio. 

Oricalco  It.,  Sp.  auricalco,  Fr.  archal;  from  aiirichalcum ,  ori- 
chalcum  Gr.  0QeC%akK0g. 

Oriflamme  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  also  oriflamhe  oriflant,  Pr.  auriflan,  E.  ori- 
flame,  orig.  the  banner  of  St.  Denis'  monastery,  a  red  flag  on 
a  gilded  lance,  then  =  the  banner  of  an  army.  From  aurum 
and  flamma  =  a  pendant,  streamer  (so  called  from  its  shape) 
cf.  Veget.  /lammula, 

Orilla  —  orlo. 

Orin  —  ruggine. 

Oripeau  —  orpello. 

Oriuolo  It.,  Mil.  reloeuri,  Sp.  relox,  Pg.  relogio,  Pr.  j^elotge 
clock,  watch;  from  liorologium,  Fr.  horloge  clock,  montre 
watch  (prop,  indicator). 

Orlo  It.,  Sp.  orla  orilla,  0.  Fr.  orle  border,  edge;  a  dim.  from 
vra,  which  to  distinguish  it  from  hora,  is  in  some  languages 
treated  as  masc,  Sard,  orii,  Lomb.  oeur,  Pr.  or,  O.  Fr.  or  ur, 
Rh.  ur  (W.  or  f.).  Vb.  It.  orlare,  Sp.  orlar,  Fr.  ourler  to  hem, 
border,  ourlet  a  hem.  Another  word  for  rim  is  Pr.  vora.  Cat. 
})6ra,  Val.  vora,  O.  Fr.  vore;  perhaps  la  vora  =  la  or  a,  cf. 
Cat.  llavors  =  Sp.  a  la  hora,  Fr.  lors. 

Orma  It.,  Wal.  urme  a  track;  vb.  ormare,  Wal.  lo^ma,  Orma  == 
perhaps,  the  Sp.  husmo  scent,  track,  husinar  to  track,  0.  Fr. 
osme  osmer,  Lomb.  Ven.  usma  usmare;  from  Gk.  oa^ij^  da^d- 
ad'ai.  The  change  of  5  to  r  in  It.  is  unusual,  but  not  more  so 
unusual  than  the  aphseresis  of  /,  which  would  be  necessary  in 
deriving  it  horn,  forma,  cf.  s.  ciurma. 

Orme  Fr.  elm ;  from  ulmus. 

Orne  O.  Fr.  adv.  a  orne  "all  together";  from  ad  ordinem. 

Orniere  Fr.  rut,  track;  from  O.  Fr.  Pic.  ordiere,  wh.  from 
orbit  aria  (orhita).  Wall.  ourMre. 

Orondado  Sp.  undulatory  {orondo  pompous) ;  from  undulatus  on- 

dorado?   Or  from  ol-andado  (pla  wave). 
Orpello  It.,  Sp.  oropel,  Pr.  ourpel,  Fr.  oripeau  gold-leaf,  tinsel; 

from  aurum  snidpellis,  gold- skin. 


ORPIMENTO  —  OTRIARE.  323 

Orpimento  It.,  Sp.  oropimente ,  Fr.  orpiment,  orpin,  E.  orpiment; 
from  auri  pigmenium, 

Orteil  —  ariiglio. 

Oruga  —  ruca. 

Orvalho  Pg.  dew;  from  r  or  ale  r  or  alia?  The  Gallic  and  Astur. 
have  orhayo  cold  drizzling  rain. 

Oscle  O.  Fr.  Pr.  a  present  (Burg,  ode,  oclage);  L.  L.  osculum 
^^ donatio  propter  nnptias,  quam  solet  sponsus  interveniente  osculo 
dare  sponsce'^  Ducange. 

Oseille  Fr.  sorrel ;  from  o^aXig  or  o^dhog  sour. 

Osier  Fr.  E.,  Berr.  oisis,  Bret,  aozil;  from  Gk.  olaog,  which  is 
connected  with  trca,  ttvg^  vitex,  with,  Sk.  vitika,  from  root 
ve  (vieo). 

Oso  Sp.  bear,  for  orso  from  orsus,  R.  Gr.  1,  249. 

Ostaggio  It.,  Sp.  hostaje,  Pr.  ostatge,  Fr.  otage,  E.  hostage;  L.  L. 
hostagiiim  hostaticum,  It.  statico;  from  ohsidaticum,  which  is 
from  the  L.  obsidatus  fobsesj. 

Oste  It.,  Sp.  hueste,  Pg.  hoste,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  ost,  Wal.  oaste  an 
army,  host,  Pic.  05^  (pron.  o)  a  flock.  From  hostis  in  L.  L.  = 
a  host.  The  change  of  gender  is  remarkable ;  L.  L.  fem..  It. 
masc.  and  fem.,  Sp.  Pg.  Wal.  fem.,  O.  Fr.  fem.  seldom  masc. 
The  fem.  was  perhaps  used  to  distinguish  it  from  the  fol- 
lowing word. 

Oste  It.,  Sp.  huesped,  Pr.  hoste,  Fr.  hote  (E.  host),  Wal.  ospet  = 
host  and  guest;  from  hospes.  Hence  It.  ospitale,  ospedale,  spe- 
dale,  spitale  (whence  G.  E.  spital,  Sp.  Pr.  E.  hospital,  Fr.  hopi- 
tal,  L.  L.  hospitale;  It.  contr.  ostale,  Sp.  Pr.  hostaly  O.  Fr.  E. 
hostel  (hosteller  =  ostler).  It.  ostello,  Fr.  hotel. 

Ostico  disagreeable  or  sour  to  the  taste,  sour,  morose;  from 
avGxog  (avOtrjQog). 

Ostugo  Sp.  (l)  track  (2)  corner,  hiding-place.  From  B.  ostuquia 
stolen  (Larram.). 

Otage  —  ostaggio. 

Oter  Fr.,  Pr.  ostar  to  take  away,  E.  oust.  Ducange  derives  it 
from  obstare,  obstare  viam  =  oter  le  chemin,  the  notion  of 
hindering  easily  passing  into  that  of  depriving.  Others  from  a 
L.  haustare  a  frequent,  of  haurire,  N.  Pr.  austd,  cf.  O.  Fr. 
doster,  Berr.  doter ,  Lim.  doustd  from  dehaurire.  Haustare, 
however,  is  not  found  in  L.  L.,  and  N.  Pr.  austd  is  usu.  con- 
nected with  hausser. 

Otero  Sp.,  outeiro  Pg.  hill;  L.  L.  oterum  auterunij  from  alius,  = 
altarium  raised  altar,  cf.  It.  adj.  altiero, 

Otorgar  —  otriare. 

Otriare  It.,  Sp.  otorgar,  Pg.  outorgar,  Pr.  autorgar,  autreyar,  Fr. 
octroyer  to  allow,  ^rant;  from  auctoricare  (for  auctorare)  to 
authorise;  the  Fr.  is  thus  nearer  the  orig.  than  the  0.  Fr. 

21* 


324  OTTARDA  —  OUTRECUIDANCE. 

otroier.  Hence  Sp.  ortogo  (contract),  Pr.  autore  mitrei,  Fr. 
octroi  (grant,  toll). 

Ottarda  It.,  Sp.  avutarda,  Pg.  dbetarda  hetarda,  Pr.  austarda, 
Fr.  outarde,  Champ,  histarde,  E.  bustard.  Not  from  otis  (attg) 
with  suffix  ard,  but  from  avis  tarda,  which  Pliny  (H.  N.  10, 
22)  gives  as  the  name  of  the  bird  in  Spain.  Sp.  avutarda  con- 
tains a  repetition  of  avis,  u- tarda  for  o- tarda  and  ave,  as  in 
av  -  estruz, 

Ottone  It.,  Sp.  laton  alaton,  Cat.  llauto,  Fr.  laiton,  Norm,  laturif 
0.  E.  latoun,  latten.  From  It.  latta  a  plate  of  metal,  cf.  Sp. 
plata  plate ,  silver.  In  Piedm.  Mil.  Com.  Ven.  loton;  the  /  has 
been  mistaken  for  the  article  and  dropped  in  It.  ottone.  Some 
derive  it  from  skaxQOv  (JXavvQa),  cf.  lamina, 

Ou  —  0. 

bu  —  ove. 

Ouaiche  Fr.  (m.)  course,  track  of  a  ship.  Also  ouage  =  Sp. 
aguage  current  =  aquagiunu 

Ouaille  Fr.  sheep ;  from  ovicula,  Sp.  oveja,  Pr.  ovelha  oelha,  Ovis 
is  found  in  the  0.  Fr.  oue  wether,  Wal.  oae.  Ouaille  is  now 
used  only  in  fig.  sense,  being  superseded  by  hrehis,  It.  pecora. 

Ouais  —  guai. 

Ouate  —  ovata. 

Oublie  Fr.  a  cake;  from  ohlate  (for  ouhlaie),  from  its  resemblance 
to  the  sacramental  wafer. 

Oublier  —  ohbliare. 

Ouche  ousche  0.  Fr.  terra  arabilis;  L.L.  olca,  prob.  a  primitive 

L.  word:  campus  tellure  fecundus,  tales  enim  incolce  olcas  vocant 

Greg.  Tur. ;  cf .  aXxa  (ace),  coXa^  a  furrow. 

Quest  Fr.  (0.  Fr.  west),  whence  Sp.  ovest;  from  A.  S.  vest,  E. 

west. 
Qui  Fr.,  Pr.  oc  affirmative  particle.   Pr.  is  from  L.  hoc,  which, 

shortened  into  o  becomes,  with  the  addition  oiillud,  the  O.Fr. 

o'il,  whence  Fr.  oui,  used  by  Moliere  and  others  as  a  dissyllable. 

With  this  use  of  hoc  cf.  L.  ita,  sic  (from  demonstr.  roots),  Gk. 

ravta.  In  O.Fr.  we  also  find  o/^,  Wall.  awoi.  Oil  corresponds 

to  nenil  v.  ne, 
Ouragan  —  uracano. 
OuTler  —  orlo. 
Outarde  —  ottarda. 

Outil  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  ostil  ustil,  Wall,  usteie  (==  sl  Fr.  outille).  U ten- 
sile would  have  given  ousil.   Is  it  from  usatellum  a  dim.  of  It. 

usato,  cf.  Com.  usadel,  Mil.  usadei  (kitchan  utensils),  O.  Fr. 

ustil  =  Pic.  otieu  (ieu  ==  ell).    Eou.  otil  =  knitted  work  = 

opus  textile? 
Outreeuidance  —  coitare. 


OUVRIR  —  PADULE.  325 

Ouvrir  Fr.,  Pr.  obrir,  ubrir,  O.  It.  oprire  to  open.  Whence  the 
0?  the  It.  has  aprire,  Sp.  ahrir  from  aperire,  Ovrir  (=  ouvrir) 
is  prob.  a  shortened  form  of  O.  Fr.  a- ovrir,  a-uvrir,  this  for 
aduhrir,  which,  with  pref.  a  (as  in  ahlasmar  afranher),  is  from 
de-operire  to  uncover,  open  (CeJsus),  cf.  N.  Pr.  durbir,  Piedm. 
durvi,  Wall,  drovi.  Mil.  Com.  dervi,  Crem.  darver  =  de-aperire. 

Ovata  It.,  Fr.  ouate  (Sp.  huatd)  wadding,  padding.  From  ovum, 
cf.  lornbo  lonibata,  giorno  giornata,  -ata  denoting  extension. 
The  E.  wad  is  rather  from  ouaie  than  the  reverse,  for  the  E. 
d  would  not  become  t  in  Fr.  But  Du.  G.  has  watte,  Swed. 
vadd, 

Ove  It.,  0.  It.  0,  u,  0.  Sp.  0,  O.  Pg.  ou,  Pr.  o,  Fr.  ow  where; 
from  uhi.   Hence  It.  dove,  Fr.  d^ou. 

Ove  Fr.  from  ovum.  It.  uovolo,  Sp.  ovillo, 

Ovvero  —  o. 

Oxala  Sp.,  Pg.  oxala  interj.  =L.  utinam;  from  Ar.  inschd  alldh 
(in  if,  schd  wills,  alldh  God);  n  was  lost,  and  i  took  the 
interj  ectional  form  o. 


P. 

Pabellon  —  padiglione, 

Pabilo  Sp.,  Pg.pavio,  Ssird.  pavilu ,  Vr.pabil,  Bh.pavaigl,  W. 
pahwyr  wick  of  a  candle,  snufF;  from  pahvlum,  cf.  esca  = 
tinder.  Mil.  pahi  =  L.  pabulum. 

Paceiare  It.  in  impacciare,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  empacher,  Fr.  empecher 
(E.  impeach)  to  hinder;  sbst.  It.  impaccio,  Sp.  Pg.  empacho, 
Pr.  empach,  Rh.  ampaig;  It.  dispacciare  spacciare,  Sp.  Pg.  des- 
pachar,  Fr.  ^e')?^c^^r  to  release ,  despatch.  Impactare,  a  freq. 
of  impingere,  would  give  Sp.  Pr.  empachar,  and  Fr.  empecher 
(oi.flechir  from  fleeter e,  delecher  from  delectare);  It.  impacciare 
would  require  impactiare.  This  deriv.  is  supported  by  the  Pr. 
forms  empaitar  empaig  (cf .  faita  faig  from  facta  factum)  and 
by  the  meaning  "to  ingraft"  (impingere), 

Pacco  It.,  Fr.  paquet,  Sp.  paquete  a  packet ;  from  Du.  pak  or  E. 
pack  =  Gael.  pac.   V.  baga. 

Pada  Pg.  a  loaf;  from  panada,  padeiro  baker  =  Sp.  panadero. 

Padiglione  It.,  Sa,Yd.  papaglioni ,  Sip.  pabellon,  Vr.pabalhd,  Fr. 
pavilion,  E.  pavilion,  W.pabell,  0.  Fr.  pupall;  {rompapilio  = 
pavilion  in  L.  L.  The  O.  Fr.  paveillon  has  the  meaning  "but- 
terfly".  For  the  It.  form  cf.  R.  Gr.  1,  164. 

Padule  It.  marsh;  a  corruption  oi paludem,  L.  h.padulis.  0.  Sp. 
has  paul  (cf.  Ssird.pauli),  paular^  Vg.paul.  W&L  padure  forest 
=  padule. 


326  PAESE  —  PALAIS. 

Faese  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  pat's  (from  the  Fr.  ?),  Pr.  paes,  Fr.  pays,  from 
a  form  pagensis  (pagus);  O.  Sip.  pages,  Pr.  pages,  L.  L.  p«- 
gensis  a  farm.  Hence  It.  paesano,  Sp.  Pg.  paisano,  Fr.  paysan, 
E.  peasant. 

PaflPuto  —  ji?«/?«. 

Paflon  —  plafond. 

Fagano  It.  Sp.,  Pg.  pagdo,  Pr.  pagan  pay  an,  Fr.  pai'en,  Wal. 
pegen,  Bonem.  pohan,  E.  pagan;  from  paganus,  prop.  ==  a 
countryman ,  rustic ;  the  name  was  given  in  the  time  of  Con- 
stantino to  those  of  the  old  creed  who,  to  avoid  persecution, 
fled  to  the  country,  cf.  G.  heide,  0.  H.  G.  heidan,  Goth.  fem. 
haithno,  E.  heathen,  from  Goth,  haithi,  E.  heath. 

Fagare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  pagar,  Pr.  pagar  payar,  Fr.  payer,  E.  pay, 
sbst.  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  paga,  Fr.  pate,  Yi.pay;  from  pacare  to 
appease,  settle,  cf.  s.  cheto. 

Faggio  It.,  N.  Pr.  pagi,  Fr.  E.  page  TSp.  page  from  the  Fr.); 
from  TtaidCov.  Brought  to  Italy  by  tne  Byzantines,  or  Crusa- 
ders. L.  L.  is  pagius. 

Faglia  It.,  Sp.  paja,  Pg.  Pr.  palha,  Fr.  paille,  Wal.  paie  straw ; 
from  palea.  Hence  Pr.  paillola  bed;  F.  pallet;  Fr.  paillasse; 
paillard  lewd ;  Pg.  espalhar  to  strew ,  scatter. 

Faillard  paille  —  paglia. 

Fairar  Pg.  to  hold  out,  endure  a  storm,  distress  &c.,  to  hesitate, 
be  irresolute,  temporise,  naut.  to  tack,  lie  to  (also  Sp.).  Not 
from  parar  to  parry ,  though  a  may  become  at  in  Pg. ,  cf . 
plaina,  mainel,  esfaimar,  but  from  Basque  pairatu  to  bear, 
endure,  hold  out,  whence  the  notion  of  temporizing  &c.  Com. 
paira,  Piedm.  paire,  apaire.  Gen.  apajd,  0.  Ven.  apairar  to  be 
at  leisure  (hold  off  from  business).  These  It.  words  would 
rather  support  the  der.  from  parar. 

Faisseau  Fr.  vineprop ;  from  paxillus. 

Faja  —  paglia. 

Falabra  —  parola. 

Faladino  Sp.  public,  open,  plain,  0.  Sp.  vb.  espaladinar.  O.  It. 
paladino  open,  fair  (Ciullo  d'Alcamo);  hom.  palam,  though  the 
mode  of  formation  is  not  clear.  The  Paladins  of  Charlemagne 
were  those,  whose  names  were  public  and  famous,  or  =  Pa- 
latines (palatium). 

Falafreno  It.,  Sp.  palafren,  Yx.palafrei,  Yv.  pale f rot,  E.  palfrey; 
from  para-veredus  side -horse,  Ttaga  and  veredus  (cf.  jtagcc- 
(SsiQog),  L.  L.  parafredus,  whence  also  G.  pferd,  O.  H.  G. 
pherit,  O.  Sax.  pererd.  Palafreno  got  its  spelling  from  frenum, 
Fr.  has  palafrenier  groom. 

Palais  Fr.  palate.  Not  directly  from  palatum,  but  from  palatium, 
in  which  was  involved  the  notion  of  an  arched  roof.  It.  has 
il  cielo  delta  bocca,  Sp.  el  cielo  de  la  hoca,  Du.  het  gehemelte 


PALANDRA  —  PANCA.  327 

des  monds,  E.  roof  of  the  mouth,  Gk.  ovQa.vi.0xos,    Conversely, 
Ennius  has  cceli  palatum  =  sky. 
Palandra  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  halandra,  Fr.  balandre  a  small  ship  for 
coasting,  or  for  river  or  canal  navigation;  from  L.  G.  binnen- 
lander  (an  m/«w^- trading  ship). 

Palascio  It.  a  kind  of  sabre,  0.  Yr. palache ;  =  Russ. paldsch, 
Wsi\.  palos,  Unng.  palos ,  cf.  Bay  sly,  plotzen. 

Palco  —  balco. 

Palefroi  —  palafreno. 

Paleron  Fr.  shoulder-bone ;  from  pala,  through  an  adj .  palarius, 
so  =  a  Pr.  palairo.    Sp.  has  pateta  (also  =  palette). 

Paleto  Sp.  a  fallow-deer.  Yrompala,  Si^.paleta,  from  its  flat 
shovel -like  antlers,  hence  its  name  in  G.  schaufel-hirsch. 

Palio  It.  vSp.,  Fr.  pall,  O.  Fr.palipaile,  IE,. pall;  from  pallium, 
also  =  the  woollen  or  silken  stuff,  from  which  palls  were 
made;  cf.  ciclaton,  O.  H.  G.  has  phellolj  M.  H.  Q^.  pfellel p fel- 
ler (palliolum). 

Palla  —  halla. 

PalletotFr.,  O.Fr.  palletoc,  Sip.paletoque,  Bret. paltdk,  Burg,  pal- 
toquai  a  clown  (Fr.  paltoquet);  from  palle-toque  (hooded-coat). 

Palmiere  It.,  Sp.  p aimer o ,  0.  Fr.  paumier,  E.  palmer;  qui  de 
Hierosolymis  veniunt,  palmam  ferunt.   Ducange. 

Paltone  It.  a  beggar,  vagrant,  Pr.  paltom;  hence  It. paltoniere, 
Pr.  O.  Fr.  pautonier,  whence  M.  H.  G.  paltanaere.  For  pali- 
tone  from  palitari  (a  frequentative  of  palari)  used  by  Plant. 
Bacch.  5,  2,  5,  and,  probably,  in  the  vulgar  speech.  Cf.  ciar- 
lone  from  ciarlare,  castrone  from  castrare  &c. 

Paltoquet  —  palletot. 

Palurdo  —  lordo. 

Pamer  —  spasimo. 

Pampre  Fr.,  Pr.  pampol;  from  pampinus. 

Pan  O.  Fr.  Pr.  a  piece  of  cloth  (L.  pannus.  It.  panno,  Sp.  pano), 
in  O.  Fr.  also  =  something  taken  or  seized,  vb.  paner,  Pr. 
panar,  Sp.  apanar  to  take,  seize,  whence  F.  pawn  and  0.  H. 
Q.phant,  O.Fris.  pant  a  seizure  (Gc.  pf and  a  pledge,  mort- 
gage), yh.  penta  Gi.  pfdnden  to  distrain,  pound,  M.7Du.  pant 
harm,  loss.  The  Sp.  verb,  which  also  =  to  patch  and  to 
unwrap,  clearly  connects  pan  vfith. pannus paho.  Besides  pflfw^r 
we  find  panir  pane'ir,  espanir  espaneir  espanoir  espenir  espenoir 
to  pay  penalty,  espanisseur  an  officer  of  justice.  Pfand  &c., 
according  to  Pott,  are  from  L.  panctum  for  pactum.  From  pan 
we  have  E.  pane,  dim.  panel,  Fr.  panneau.  It.  pannello. 

Fana  —  panne. 

Panache  (m.)  a  tuft  of  feathers,  a  plume;  from penna,  Si^. pe- 
nacho.  It.  pennacchio. 

Panca  —  banco. 


328  P^NCIA  —  PANTORRILLA. 

"PsiJicia,  It. f  S^,  panza  panclio,  Vv.pansa,  Yr.panse,  Yi.  paunch; 
from  pantex  panticis,  Wal.  pentece.  Hence  It.  panciere,  Sp. 
pancera,  O.  ¥r,  panchire ,  Q.  panzer, 

Pandura  pandora  It. ,  O.  Sp.  pandurria,  ¥v.  pandore,  Sp.  also 
handurria  (Pg.  bandurra),  bandola,  It.  mandola,  Fr.  man  dole 
mandore  a  stringed  instrument,  banjo;  from  pandura  pandu- 
rium,  Gk.  TtavSovQa,  L.  2X^0  pandoi'us ,  pandorium ,  according 
to  some  =  IJavog  dcQQOv. 

Paniere  It.,  O.  Si^.  panero,  Pr.  ¥r.  panier,  Yi.  pannier;  irompa- 
narium  a  bread-basket  (pants  whence  also  paneterie,  E.  pantry 
and  pantlerj. 

Panne  Fr.  whence  Sp.  pana  velvet ,  O.  Fr.  pene ,  Pr.  jienne  pena, 
0.  Sp.  pena  fur;  iroYnpenna  a  translation  of  the  M.  H.  G.  fc- 
dere  (feather)  which  was  used  for  both  pluma  and  penna. 

Panneau  —  pan. 

Pannoccliia  It.,  S'p.panoja;  irova  panucula  (Fest.)  panucla  (Non.) 
iov panicula  a  tuft,  panicle  (panus). 

Panse  —  pancia. 

Panser  —  peso. 

Pantalone  It.  a  character  on  the  Italian  stage,  Fr.  pantalon^  E. 
pantaloon y  also  =:  a  garment  worn  by  him;  the  name  was 
brought  from  Venice,  where  pantalone  (a  common  Christian 
name,  L.  Pantaloon,  Gk.  UavxccXeov)  was  used  as  a  nickname. 

Pantano  It.  Sp.  Pg.  marsh,  swamp;  L.  L.  pantanum.  Perhaps 
from  Ttdtog  ncctTj^a  with  n  inserted  as  in  pantofola.  TheLomb. 
hs^s  palta  (Piedm.  pauta),  palian  =^  pantano ,  which  may  be  a 
corruption  of  polta  pap  (from  jmls),  for  poitiglia  =  palta  and 
polta,  Rh.  pantan  ^=  pultan. 

Panteler  —  pantois. 

Pantofola  pantafola  It.,  Wsi\.pa?ito/le,  Si^.  pantu/lo,  Fr.  pantonfle 
(f.)  a  slipper.  The  first  part  is,  perhaps,  patte  a  foot,  since 
forms  are  found  without  the  w,  T>Vi.  pattufel ,  Fiedm.  pato/ie ; 
in  the  sense  of  a  man  of  awkward,  shuffling  gait,  Genev.  pa- 
toufle,  Roue.  Norm,  patouf,  Fr.  pataud.  The  Cat.  has  by  a 
false  dOiYiy .plantofa  (planta) .  The  termination  is  prob.the  same 
as  in  Vv.man-oiifle  a  glove  from  manupula  (v.  manopola),  as  foti- 
defte  from  fundibulum^  cf.  Fr.  emmitoiifler  (amictus?)  to  muffle. 
Pantois  Fr.  breathless,  sbst.  Pr.  j)antais,  Val.  pantaix,  Cat.  pan- 
tex breathlessness,  Pr.  also  =  distress;  vb.  O.  Fr.  panteiser, 
Pr.  pantaisar,  panteiar,  N.  Pr.  pantaiged,  Val.  pantaixar,  Cat. 
/?«n^ea;«r  to  be  breathless ,  distracted,  Fr.  j»«w^o?>we/i/ asthma, 
panteler  to  cough.  From  E.  panty  which  from  W.pantu  to  press 
down,  pant  pressure  (akin  to  Sk.  root  pad  panth  to  go,  tread), 
From  the  Pr.  the  0.  It.  has  vb.  pantasare,  Ver.  pantesar,  Ven. 
pantezare,  Crem.  panselaa  (for  paniaselaa)  =  Fr.  panteler. 
Pant orr ilia  Sp.,  Yg, panturrilha  calf  of  the  leg;  prop.  =  little 


PAPA  —  PAKAGONE.  329 

belly  from  pant- ex ,  for  pantig-orra;  cf.  Cat.  ventrell  de  la 

cama,   L.  venter  cruris,   Gk.  ya^XQO-xvri^Lov ,  Rh.  vantrigl 

(ventriculus). 
Papa  Fr.  E.,  from  papa,  whence  It.  Sip.  papa  used  for  the  native 

babbo  and  taita.    The  same  word  is  the  It.  Sp.  Tg.  papa,  Fr. 

pape,  E.  pope.    The  L.  p^/?«  pappa  also  =  It.  pappa,  Wal. 

pape^  Sp.  Pg.  papa,  O.  Fr.  papin  papette ,  E.  J9«j9,  L.  It.  j9«/?- 

;?<zr^  to  eat  pap  =  Sard.  J9«p«2  to  eat  (generally).   It.  pappo 

=  bread,  Sp.  Pg.  papo  a  morsel;  also  fowl's  crop  or  craw 

(also  papera),  dewlap  of  oxen  &c.,  Ven.  Crem.  papota  papa 

fleshy  cheeks ;  papon  papoto  fat,  fleshy,  Sp.  papudo  double- 
chinned,  also  It.  paffuto  =  papoto.  Sic.  baffii,  cf.  Pic.  Norm. 

empafer  to  fill.    The  notion  of  crop  may  be  partly  from  L. 

papula  pimple,  swelling,  which  in  Sp.  =  tumour  on  the  neck, 

in  It.  ==  swelling. 
Pape  It.  an  miev].  =  'L.  papce,  Gk.  %a7taC\  so  Occ.  babai  =  Gk. 

papav,  L.  babce. 
Papero  It.  gosling,  cf.  Sip. parpar  to  quack  or  cackle;  an  ono- 

matopoeion.   Diefenbach  compares  the  N.  Gk.  Ttaitia  a  duck. 

Cf.  S^.  paparo  a  simpleton,  clown. 
Papier  Fr.  (Y,. paper)  not  directly  ivom.  papyrus  but  from  an  adj. 

papyrius,  so  iov  papiir.    The  Sp.  papel  is  from  the  sbst. 
Pappagallo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  papagayo,  Pr.  papagai,  0.  Fr.  papegai 

papegaut,  Yi.  popinjay,  M.  Gk.  itaTtaydg,  N.  Gk.  TtaTcdyaXXog. 

From  papa  priest  and  Fr.  geai,  E.  Jay  (or  gallus).    The  Ar. 

bdbbaghd  is  from  the  Rom.,  cf.  Ar.  -^o^r^^= Hippocrates.  Cf. 

parrocchetto. 
Pappalardo  It.,  Fr.  papel ard  a  hypocrite;  prop,  one  who  aff'ects 

to  be  abstemious ,  but  is ,  secretly,  fond  of  bacon  (pappe-lard). 

Other  It.  expressions  are  baciapile  (kiss -pillar),  stropiccione 

(besom,   as  sliding  about  on  his  knees),  graffiasanti  (saint- 

clawer),  ^omco//o  (neck -twister). 
Paque  —  pasqua. 
Paquet  paquete  —  pacco. 
Par  Fr.  prep.,  0.  Fr.  also  per;  from  L.  per,  It.  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  Pr. 

per,  Wal.  pre.  The  O.  Fr.  par  in  trop  par  dure  too  too  hard  &c., 

is  the  Lat.  per  in  perdoctus,  cf.  Ter.  Andr.  3;  2,  6.  per  ecastor 

scitus  =  perscitus. 
Par  Fr.  in  the  form  de  par  le  roi  in  the  king's  name  =  part,  as 

it  was  also  written  in  O.  Fr. 
Para  —  por. 
Parafe  (m.)  Fr.  a  flourish  with  the  pen  in  signatures  &c.;  from 

Gk.  7CaQdyQa(pog  JtaQaygaqyij. 
Paraggio  It.,  Pr.  paratge,    Fr.  parage  birth,    lineage;    prop. 

equality  of  birth,  from^^ar,  whence  E.  disparage. 
Paragone  It.,  S^.  paragon  parangon,  0.  Yv,  parangon,  Y.  para- 


330  PARANGON  —  PARECCHIO. 

gon  prop.  =  comparison.   It  is  from  the  Span.  ji?«r«  con:  e.  g. 
la  criatura  para  con  el  criador,  not  from  the  Greek. 

Parangon  —  par  ag  one. 

Parapet  parapluie  parasol  —  parare. 

Parare  It.,  Pr.  parar  to  hold  out,  stretch  forth,  Sp.  jO«r«r  in 
parar  mientes  animum  advertere;  also  It.  Fr.  =  E.  parry,  Sp. 
to  stop,  leave  off,  prevent.  From  the  L.  parare  to  prepare 
were  derived  the  notions  (1)  of  holding  forth  (prop,  keeping 
in  readiness)  (2)  of  holding  off,  keeping  off,  parrying  (prop, 
guarding,  protecting,  cf.  defender e^.  From  the  notion  of 
guarding  we  get  \i,  par  a -petto,  whence  Fr.  Yi.  parapet;  from 
that  of  warding  off.  It.  para-sole,  Fr.  E.  parasol,  It.  paravento 
&c.,  ¥t.  parapluie.  Hence  also  It.  riparare,  Sp.  reparar  {^. 
repair^  remedy,  take  care  of,  sbst.  riparo  reparo,  E.  repair 
place  of  defence;  It.  comperare  comprare,  Wal.  compera  to 
buy;  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  emparar  amparar  (cf.  Sp.  emhrollar  amhrol- 
lar)  to  take  seize,  Fr.  s'emparer  to  make  oneself  master  of. 
It.  imparare  (like  apprendere)  to  learn ;  Fr.  se  remparer  to  in- 
trench oneself,  sbst.  rempart,  E.  rampart;  It,  spar  are,  Sp.  dis- 
parar  to  discharge  (agun).  It.  parare  =  also  to  make  ready, 
adorn,  Fr.  parer  (E.  pare),  whence  parata ,  parade. 

Parbleu  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  parhieu,  for  par  dieu  with  a  common  disguis- 
ing of  the  sacred  name,  cf.  Sp.  par  diohre  (=  dios),  Fr. morbleu. 

Paree  —  cio, 

Parehemin  Fr.,  E.  parchment;  from  pergamena ,  (charta),  Gk. 
TtSQyaiiTJvrj  f  Pr.  parguatnina  &c.,  O.  Fr.  parcamin  with  an 
unusual  change  of  the  g  into  c,  hence  parehemin. 

Parco  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  parque,  Pr.  pare  pargue ,  N.  Yv.  pargou,  par- 
gado,  pargagi,  Fr.  pare  (E.  park)  whence  Fr.  parquet,  vb. 
parquer.  L.  L.  has  parens  parricus,  O.  H.  G.  pfarrich  pferrich, 
(j;,pferch,  K,'^.  pearruc  pearroc,  Qsiel.  pdirc ,  W.  pare  and 
parwg.  The  Kom.  words  are  derived  from  the  Celtic,  and  the 
root  is  found  in  the  Sk.  prich  conjungere,  in  the  causative  = 
colligare.  Pare  =  enclosure,  cf.  TtoQxog  a  fishing-net,  TtOQKTjg 
a  hoop,  W.perced  a  bow -net. 

Pardo  Sp.  Pg.  dark  -  coloured ,  gray.  From  pallidus  paldus  par- 
dus;  cf.  escarpelo  from  seal  pel  lum,  surco  from  sulcus;  for  the 
transition  of  meaning,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  hleich  pallidus  (O.E.  blake) 
with  A.  S.  bide  pallidus,  niger,  black,  Gk.  jtsXlog  with  nokiog. 
From  pardo  comes  pardal  gray  sandpiper ,  cf .  Rh.  grischun. 

Parecchio  It.,  Sp.  parejo,  Fr.  pareil  like,  Wal.  sbst.  peredche 
peer;  dim.  from  par,  L.  L.  pariculus.  It.  plur.  parecchi  = 
several,  prop.  =  several  things  of  the  same  kind.  Hence  It. 
vb.  apparecchiare,  Sp.  aparejar,  Pr.  aparelhar,  Fr.  appareiller, 
prop.  =  to  pair  (so  still  in  Fr.),  hence  to  combine,  put  together, 
prepare,  apparel;  shst.  apparecchio  &c.j 


PAREIL  —  PARROCCHIA.  331 

Pareil  parejo  —  parecchio. 

Parelle  Fr.  a  plant,  rumeXy  XccTtad'OVj  ^ip.  paradela ;  hompra- 
tum,  cf.  Hor.  ^^herba  lapathi prata  amantis^K 

Paresse  —  pigrezza. 

Pargolo  pargoletto  ior  parvolo  parvoletto ,  v.  R.  Gr.  1,  187. 

Parias  Sp.,  Pg.  pareas  (f.  plur.)  tribute  paid  by  one  prince  or 
state  to  another;  from  h.parm  equivalent,  return,  payment, 
cf.  par  pari  respondere  =  pariare  to  pay,  pay  tribute. 

Parier  Fr.  to  bet,  to  wager,  L.  \j. pariare  to  make  like,  prop, 
to  set  like  against  like,  Pr.  pariar  =  to  divide,  share  equally, 
V.  preced. 

Pariar  pariare  parier  —  parola, 

Parmi  —  mezzo, 

Parven  Pr.,  O.  It.  patri'^w^e  evident,  Tr.  parven,  parvensa,  It.  par- 
venza  appearance;  from  parere  parens ,  v  inserted  to  distin- 
guish it  from  parens  a  parent. 

Paroisse  —  parrocchia. 

Parola  It.,  Sp.  palahra,  Pg.  palavra  (E.  palaver),  O.Pg.  paravoa, 
Pr.  O.  It.  O.  Sp.  par  aula,  Fr.  parole;  from  parabola  a  parable, 
speech,  word  (so  in  early  L.  L.).  It  took  the  place  of  the  L. 
verhum  which ,  from  religious  scruples ,  was  sparingly  used 
(It.  Sp.  verbo,  O.  Sp.  vierbo,  Pr.  verbi,  Rh.  vierf);  the  Wal. 
vorbe  (f .  as  O.  It.  verba),  however  =  parola.  Vb.  It.  pariare, 
Sp.  Pr.  pariar,  Fr.  parier  (E.  parly,  parliament),  0.  Fr.  paro- 
ler,  L.  L.  parabolare ,  Fr.  parloir  in  a  nunnery  =  E.  parlour. 

Parpado  Sp.  eye-lid;  a  corruption  oi palpebra,  Fr.  paupiere  &c. 

Parpaglione  It.,  Vv.  parpalhd,  Lomb.  parpaj parpaja  butterfly; 
a  corruption  of  papilio.  Hence  It.  sparpagliare ,  Pr.  espar- 
palhar,  0.  Fr.  esparpeiller,  Fr.  eparpiller,  Sp.  desparpajar  to 
flutter,  scatter;  so  N.  Pr.  esfarfalha  from  farfalla  (q.  v.) 
=^ parpalho.  Other  names  are:  It.  farfalla,  Sard,  faghe  fa- 
rina, parabatola ,  calagasu,  Sp.  mariposa,  alevilla,  Bresc.  bar- 
bel, Pg.  borboleta,  Rh.  bulla,  Lorr.  bouble  &c. 

Parque  —  parco. 

Parrain  Fr.  godfather,  Vy.  pairin,  Si^,  padrino  &c.,  L.  h.  pairi- 
nus.   It  would  be  more  correctly  written  parrin. 

Parrocehetto  It.,  Sp.  periquito,  Fr.  perroquet,  E.  parroquet,  par- 
rot. Prop.  =  priestling,  from  parochus,  these  birds  being 
chiefly  kept  by  ecclesiastics.  The  Sp.  simple  form  perico, 
however,  =  Peterkin  and  parrot,  is  not  from  parochus y  but  is 
one  of  the  many  instances  of  names  of  .men  transferred  to 
animals. 

Parrocchia  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  parroquia,  Yy.  paroisse,  E.  parish;  L.  L. 
parochia  a  corruption  (the  spelling  from  parochus)  of  TtaQOima 
(parcecia  in  Augustine,  ¥y. paroisse) j  v,  I)u.c. parochia. 


332  PART  —  PASSEGGIARE. 

Part  Pr.  prep,  for  Lat.  ultra,  trans;  from  pars  in  the  sense  of 
district,  side. 

Partigiana  It.,  0.  Val.  partesana,  Fr.  pertuisane,  E.  partisan; 
Rabelais  has  parthisanej  so  partnisanc  borrowed,  probably,  its 
spelling  from  pertuis  pertuiser  to  bore.  The  masc.  partisan 
=  the  chief  of  a  ti'oop  of  light -armed  (It.  partigiano ,  E.  par- 
tisan^ and  prob.  gave  the  name  to  the  weapon,  cf.  It.  gialda 
from  Pr.  gelda  infantry,  It.  mugavero,  Sp.  gineta  lance  from 
ginete  horse-soldier.  It.  rubalda  helmet  from  ruhaldo. 

Partire  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  Fr.  pariir  to  depart ,  with  and  without  the 
pronoun,  orig.  only  with  it  (0.  Fr.  se partir);  irom. partiri ,  se 
partiri  to  part, 

Parvis  Fr.,  O.  Yi.  parvise  the  fore -court  or  atrium  of  a  church 
usually  surrounded  with  cloisters,  the  cloister -garth.  From 
paradisus  (para'is  paravis  parvis  cf.  gravir,  emblaver,  pouvoir, 
R.  Gr.  1,  164),  ^esLip.paraviso,  It.  paradiso  =  Gk.  TtccQccdetOog 
park.  Many  towns  in  England  which  had  monasteries  have  a 
Paradise  street.  The  Cloister -garth  at  Chichester  is  called 
the  Paradise,  at  Chester  the  Sprise -  garden.  The  same  word 
is  used  for  the  area  in  front  of  any  large  public  building,  e.  g. 
Westminster  Hall ;  cf.  Chauc.  Cant.  Tales  (Prol.).  "A  vSergiant 
of  law  ware  and  wise,  that  often  had  been  at  the  Pervise^\ 

Pas  Fr.  as  a  complement  of  the  negative;  horn passus:  Je  ne  vois 
pas  =  non  video  passum  not  a  step. 

Pasa  Sp.,  Pg.  passa  raisin ;  from  uva  passa. 

Pasmo  —  spasimo. 

Pasqua  It.,  Sp.  Yr.pascua,  Fr.  pdque  Easter,  Lat.  pascha  (wh. 
from  Jieh.  pesech  he  crossed).  The  notion  of  feasting  after  a 
long  fast  connected  itself  with  pasciia,  hence  the  ?/;  pasca 
would  have  given  pdcJie.  Pr.  0.  Fr.  pascor  spring  is  formed 
like  nadalor  Christmas. 

Pasquino  It.  the  name  of  a  statue  at  Rome ,  to  which  lampoons 
were  affixed,  hence  Fr.  pasquin  buffoon,  S^.pasquin,  It. pas- 
quiUo  a  lampoon. 

Passamano  It.,  Sp.  pasamano,  Fr.  passement  fringe,  border,  trim- 
ming.   Sp.  pasamano  =  also  baluster,  porque  pasamos  por  el  la 

^  mano  (Covarr.),  whence  it  was  applied  to  any  fringe.  Al.  from 
passer  because  of  the  motion  of  the  hand  in  netting.  The  G. 
has  posament  (from  the  Fr.)  lace,  Swed.  pasman,  Hung,  paszma 
paszomdn,  Pol.  pasaman. 

Passare  It.,  Sip.pasar,  Pg.  Fr.  passar,  Fr.  passer,  WsA.pesa,  E. 
pass.  Often  transitive  and  so  better  from  pandere  as  freq.  in 
sense  of  opening,  passing  through  (cf.  pandere  mcenia  &c.  and 
spassare  =  expander e)  than  directly  from  passus,  which  gives 
passeggiare,  Sp.  pasear. 

Passeggiare  —  passare. 


PASSEMENT  —  PAUSARE.  SSS 

Passement  —  passamano. 

Pasta  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.^  Fr.  pate,  E.  paste;  from  pastus,  influenced 

hypastillus,  Si^.  plasm  being  formed  aiter  plasma.   Hence  It. 

pastellOj  Sp.  Yv.  pastel  a  crayon,  Si^.pastilla,  Fr.  pastille;  Fr. 

«j9/?^/  bait,  pi.  appas  charms. 
Pastoechia  It.  a  tale;  from  pasto,  darpasto  to  allure  with  words. 
Pastoja  It.  a  shackle  for  cattle  at  pasture,  L.  L.  pastorium. 

Hence  It.  pasturale,  Fr.  pdturon,  E.  pastern  cf.  fetlock,  in  Gr. 

fessel;  vb.  It.  impastoiare ,  Fr.  empetrer  for  empeturer  to  fetter 

(E.  pester).  It.  pastoiare,  Fr.  depetrer  to  unshackle. 
Patan  patruUa  —  /?«^<z. 

Patata  batata  Sp.  Pg.,  E.  potatoe  a  word  of  American  origin. 
Pataud  —  j9«^^a. 
Pate  —  pasta. 
Pateea  Sp.  pumpkin,  water-melon;  from  Ar.  hftichah,  Pg.  also 

albudieca,  Cat.  albudeca.   Hence  also  Sp.  Pg.  hadea. 

Patin  —  patta. 

Patio  Sp.  Pg.,  Cat.  N.  Pr.  pati  hall  or  court.  According  to  Sousa 
an  African  word ,  pathaton. 

Patois  Fr. ;  cf.  'Roviohi  pati-pata  chattering,  Fi.  patter;  an  ono- 
matoposion. 

Patrana  Sp.,  Pg.  patranha  a  story;  iov  patarrana  from  Cat.  pa- 
tarra  wh.  ivoiaipata  a  goose,  cf.  preced. 

Patta  Crem.,  N.  Pr.  pata  a  flap.  Com.  a  foot,  Sp.  Cat.  pata,  Fr. 
patte  a  foot,  paw,  Sp.  patear  to  treat ;  Sp,  pato  pata,  Alb.  pate 
a  goose;  Fr.  pataud  a  turnspit  (with  broad  feet);  Sp.  patan  a 
clown;  It.  pattino,  ¥r.  patin  a  skate,  Ft.  patten.  Not,  prob., 
from  Gk.  Tcdtog  TCatetVy  but  an  onomatop.  like  G.  patschen. 

Pattino  — patta. 

Pattuglia  It.,  Sp.  patrulla,  Fr.  patrouille,  E.  patrol;  vb.  Sp.  j9^- 
trullar  patullar ,  Fr.  patrouiller  to  patrol.  Also  to  stir  any 
soft  substance  with  hand  or  foot,  also  patouiller  =  E.  paddle, 
patouille  =  puddle,  patrouille  a  pot  ladle.  R  is  inserted,  the 
root  being ^a^  to  tread,  cf.  patta;  cf.  Rou.  patoquer  patroquer 
patriquer  patouger.  Champ,  patoiller  platrouiller. 

Paturon  —  pastoia. 

Paumier  paumoier  O.  Fr.  to  seize;  from  palma  hand.    Hence 

also  Sp.  palmear,  Fr.  paumer,  L.  L.  palmare  to  slap  with  the 

hand  (paume). 

Paupiere  —  parpado. 

Pausare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  pausar,  Fr.  pauser,  Fi.  pause;  from  the 
\^iQl^Sii. pausare.  In  trans,  as  well  as  intrans.  sense  we  have 
It.  posare,  Sp.  posar  (sbst.  posada  resting-place,  inn),  Fr. 
poser  (Prov.  only  pausar).    Hence  It.  riposare,  Si^.  reposar. 


334  PAUTONIER  —  PECILGAR. 

Pg.  repousar,  Pr.  repausar,  Fr.  reposer,  E.  repose.  But  Fr.  de- 
poser,  disposer,  expose?^,  imposer,  proposer  are  from  deponere&c^ 
formed  on  the  analogy  of  pausar,  for  Pr.  has  depausar  &c.;  the 
prop.  Lat.  form  being  only  found  where  the  simple  verb  is 
used  in  its  Lat.  sense,  of.  It.  diporre,  Sp.  deponer  &c.;  the  Fr. 
and  Vr. pondre  is  only  used  in  the  restricted  sense  of  ^'laying 
eggs  '\ 

Pautonier  —  paltone. 

Paver  Fr.,  ^.pave;  from,  pavi're  with  change  of  conj.  as  in  totisser, 

Pavese  palvese  It.,  Si^,  paves,  Fr.  jPffi;o?5  large  shield ,  Wsd.  pa- 
veze,  Hung,  pais,  Boh.  paweza.  From  Pavia,  of.  pistolesi  from 
Pistoja. 

Pavilion  —  padiglione. 

Pavois  —  pavese. 

Pavot  Fr.  poppy.  From  papaver,  the  seeming  reduplication  be- 
ing dropped  and  the  term,  changed,  cf.  Treves  from  Treviri; 
cf.  A.  S.  papig,  popig,  E.  poppy,  W.  pahi.  The  Norm,  mahon 
is  the  O.  H.  Gr.  mdgo,  M.  H.  G.  mdhen,  G.  mohn, 

Paxaro  Sp.,  Vg.  passaro,  Wsii.  pasere  bird;  from  passer,  with  or 
for  er,  cf.  passer  non  passar  App.  ad  Probum,  so  a?iser  non 
ansar,  but  Sp.  ansar;  camera,  non  cammara,  Sp.  camara, 

Payen  —  pagano. 

Payer  —  pagare. 

Payla  —  poele  (1). 

Pays  paysan  —  paese. 

Pazzo  It.  mad,  furious,  vb.  pazziare.  From  0.  H.  G.  harzjan 
parzjan,  M.  H.  G.  barzen  to  be  furious ,  cf.  cucuzza  from  cu- 
curbit a,  gazzo  =  Sp.  garzo,  pesca  from  persica,  dosso  from 
dorsum  &c.  Hence  It.  strapassare,  Sp.  estrapar,  Fr.  estrapasser, 
strapasser,  sbst.  strapasso, 

Peage  —  pedaggio. 

Peason  0.  Fr.,  Vv,peaz6  foundation,  base;  L.  h.  pedatio  from 
pedare  to  support. 

Pee  O.  Fr.  fern,  peque  pecque  (Moliere),  Vy.  pec  pegua,  Yg.  peco, 

B.  peca  stupid;  from  pecus  which  is  so  used  even  in  Class. 

Latin. 
Pecea  It.,  Fr. peca  pec  fault,  Sp.  peca,  Pg.  peco  speak;  from 

peccare. 
Peechia  —  ape. 
Peechiero  —  bicchiere. 
Peche  —  persica. 

Pechina  Sp.  a  sort  of  mussel,  from  pecten. 
Pecho  peeha  Sp.,  Tg. peito  peita  tax,  xiontribution,  yh. pechar 

peitar  to  pay  tax ;  from  pactum. 

Pecilgar  —  pellizcar. 


PECORA  —  PELFRE.  335 

Pecora  It.  (f.)  sheep,  Wdl.  pecure;  from  pecora,  orig.  used  as  a 

collective ;  cf.  E.  sheep. 
Pecorea  —  picorer, 
Pe9onha  —  pozione, 
Pedaggio  It.;  Sp.  peage,  Fr.  peage  toll  (paid  by  passengers); 

from  pes  pedis. 
Pedante  It.  Sp.  ,Pg.,  Fr.  pedant ^  E.  pedant.    Pedanti=  quegli 

che  avevano  cur  a  dei  fanciuUi  insegnando  loro  e  menandogli  fuora 

(Varchi);  from  TtatdsvsLV  whence  a  L.  L.  yh.  pcedare. 
Pedazo  Sp.  Pg.  a  piece;  horn,  pittacmm,  pitacium  a  piece  of  paper, 

cloth  &c.   Cf.  also  Pr.  pedas,  Occ.  petas,  Fr.  rapetasser  (to 

patch).   Y.pezza. 
Pedone  It.,  ^^.peon,  Vr.  peon  pezon,  Fr.j^/ow  foot -soldier,  E. 

pawn;  from  a  form  pedo  (pes).    Hence  Pr.  pezonier,  O.  Fr. 

peonier,  Fr.  pionnier,  E.  pioneer.   Fr.  pie'ton  requires  a  L.  pe- 

dito  (irom.  pedes,  L,  h.  peditarej. 
Pegar  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  to  cement,  fasten,  empegar  empeguntar  (comp. 

with  untar)  to  pitch,  apegar  to  adhere;  from. picare.  Fr. poisser 

empoisser  directly  from  pixpicis.  It.  impeciar e  ==Fr.  empoisser, 

empeser  (sbst.  empois);  impegolare  =  Pr.  empegar;  appicciare 

impicciare  appiccare  to  adhere ,  impiccare  to  hang  up ,  spiccare 

to  detach,  not  from  piccare,  cf.  appiccare  to  take  root  =  Sp. 

pegar;  pice  for  pec  (hsit.ptc)  was  perhaps  through  the  influence 

of  the  Gr.  pichen. 
Pego  —  pelago. 
Peigne  peine  —  pettine. 
Peindre  Fr.  to  paint;  iroro.  ping  ere,  It.  pignere,  but  ^^.  pintar, 

E.  paint. 
Pejo  Pg.  impediment,  yh.  pejar,  pejada  pregnant  (cf.  Sp.  emba- 

razadq);  from  pedica  with  change  of  gender  as  in  Fr.  pie'ge; 

for  they  cf.  Sp.  mege  from  med'cus. 
Pelago  It  J  Sip.  pielagO;  Fg.pego,  Fr.  peieg  (peleagre)  sea,  high 

sea,  main,  vb.  Cat.  empelegar;  from  pelagus  which  in  L.  L. 

and  Romance  involved  the  notion  of  deep,  fathomless  water 

(Pg.  pelago  well). 
Pelare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  pclar,  Fr.  peler  to  pluck  hair,  peel;  from 

pilare. 
Pele-mele  Fr.  (E.  pell-mell);  the  0.  Fr.  is  mele-pele,  mele  is 

clear  enough  but   the  second  member,  as  usual  in  rhymed 

words  of  this  kind  (cf.  tire-lire,  chari-vari  &c.)  is  difficult;  is 

it  O.  Fr.  paesle  a  pan,  or  pelle  a  shovel?  Burg,  paule-maule  = 

earth  thrown  up. 
Pelear  Sp.,  Fg.  pelejar,  Fr.  peleiar  to  fight,  struggle,  shst.  pelea 

&c.   From  icalaCuv  or  from  L.  palus  (fencing  stick)  ? 
Pelerin  —  pcllegrino. 
Pelfre  0.  Fr.  booty,  pelfer  to  plunder;  F.pelf,  pilfer. 


336  PELISSE  —  PENNONE. 

Pelisse  —  pelliccia. 

Pelitre  —  pilatro. 

Pella  Sp.  Pg.  ball;  mass;  {rom ptla,  which  is  not  found  in  the 

other  Rom.  languages.    Sp.  pila,  Pg.  pilha,  Fr.  pile,  E.  pile 

comes  from  pila  a  pillar. 
Pella  —  poele, 
Pelle  Fr.  shovel,  E.  peel;  from  pala,  It.  Sp.  Pr,  pala»   Hence  It. 

paletta  &c.,  palette. 
Pelleja  Sp.  harlot;  from  pellis pellicula  in  which  sense  it  is  also 

used,  cf.  scortum.   Pellex  would  have  given  pellega. 
Pellegrino  It.,  Pr.  pelegrin  pelerin,   Fr.  pelerin,  pilgrim;  from 

peregrinuSy  Sp.  peregrino.  From  the  Rom.  come  E.  G.  pilgrimy 

pilger. 
Pelliccia  It.,  Pg.  pellissa,  Fr.  pelisse,  F.  pilch,  O.  H.  Q.  pelliz, 

G.  pelz;  from  adj.  pelliceus  pellicea.   Hence  Pr.  soh^epelitz,  Fr. 

surplis  for  siirpelis,  E.  surplice. 
Pellizcar  pecilgar  Sp.,  Pg.  hellizcar  to  pinch;  from  pellis,  cf. 

O.  Fr.  pelicer  (from  pellis,  cf.  pelicon)  to  pull. 
Pelmazo  Sp.  slow,  dull;  usu.  derived  from  TtsX^ia  the  sole  of  the 

foot,  so,  perhaps,  orig.  =  heavy -treading,  cf.  Fr.  pataud 

from  patte, 
Pelota  pelote  —  pillotta, 
Pelouse  • —  pehiche. 
Peltro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  peltre,  O.  Fr.  peautre,  Du.  peauter,  E.  peivter. 

Perhaps  from  Pr.  em-peltar  to  stuff,  graft,  mix  (tin  with  lead 

or  quicksilver). 
Peluca  —  pilluccare. 
Peluche  Fr.  (f.)  a  stuff  composed  of  linen  and  camel's  hair, 

phish;  from  It.  peluccio,  peluzzo  (pilus).    Sp.  is  pelitsa  down  on 

fruit,  nap  of  cloth,  0.  '^'^.peluza.  Cat.  pelmsa.   From  same 

root  is  Fr.  pelouse,  Lim.  pelen. 
Penea  Sp.  Cat.  prickly,  sharp -pointed  leaf,  also  lash;  a  Celtic 

word,  W.  pine  point,  E.  pink. 
Peneher  Fr.  to  hang,  slope,  Pr.  pen  jar  pengar,  O.  Sp.  pinjar; 

from  penclicare  (pendere). 

Pendeloque  —  loque. 

Pendice  It.  slope,  declivity;  formed,  on  the  analogy  oi  appen- 
dicCy  horn  pendere,  O.  Fr.  pendant  a  hill. 

Pendon  —  pennone. 

Penil  —  pettine. 

Penna  It.  peak  of  a  mountain,  Sp.  peha,  Pg.  penlia  rock;  from 
pinna  a  pinnacle,  Yx.pena,  Yv.  pignon,  \i.pigno7ie;  Fr.  jjinacle, 
E.  pinnacle  from  pinnaculum.  The  Celt,  pen  head,  top,  would 
have  formed  masc.  derivatives. 

Pennone  It.,  Sp.  pendon,  Pr.  peno,  Fr.  E.  pennon;  O.  Sp.  = 


PENSAR  —  PERNICE.  337 

streamer.  From  penna  feather ;  for  Sp.  d  cf.  pendola  pen  from 
pennula;  so  It.  pennoncello  =  both  streamer  and  plume. 

Pensar  pensare  penser  —  peso. 

Pente  Fr.  slope ;  iovpende  as  tente  for  tende;  irovQ. pendere.  Hence 
sotipente.   Cf.  It,  peniola,  ^.  pent -house. 

Pentola  It.  a  pot  to  hang  over  the  fire;  from  pendidiis  (It.  pen- 
zolo). 

Penzolo  —  pentola. 

Pena  —  penna. 

Peon  —  pedone. 

Pepie  pepita  r —  pipita. 

Pepin  Fr.  a  corn  or  grain,  pepiniere  nursery -garden.  Some 
derive  it  from  pepo  (O.  Fr.  pepon.  It.  popone)  so  =  orig.  a 
pumpion  or  cucumber  seed  (Sp.  pepino).  Cf.  It.  pipita,  Sp.  pe- 
pita seed ,  kernel ,  pip.    Pepo  is  from  the  Gk.  TtSTtav  ripe. 

Pequeno  —  piccolo. 
Pereer  —  pertugiare.  * 

Perehe  Fr.  a  pole;  \i.  pertica,  Sp.  Pg.  percha,  E.  perch. 
Pereio  —  cio. 

Perdiee  perniee  It.,  Sp.  Vv.  perdiz^  Fr.  perdrix,  E.  partridge; 
from  perdix. 

Perdrix  • —  perdiee. 

Peroxil  —  petrosellino. 

Pereza  —  pigrezza. 

Perfilar  —  profilare. 

Pergamo  It.  a  pulpit ,  stage';  from  pergamum  a  tower, 

Periquito  —  parrocchetto.  ,^ 

Peritarsi  It.  to  be  ashamed.  In  Crem.  Ven.  Mil.  peritare  perita 
=  to  rate,  tax,  perito  valuer.  Perhaps  ivovn  paiiritare  iterative 
of  paurire  (in  spaurire),  au  being  changed  irregularly  into  e, 
so  as  to  take  the  form  of  the  O.  L.  peritare.  But  it  may,  bet- 
ter, be  connected  with  the  Sp.  apretarse  (v.  prieto). 

Perla  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Pg.  perola  (perla),  Fr.  perle,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  pe- 
rala  herala,  A.  S.  E.  pearl,  Nor.  perla,  L.  L.  perulus  perula, 
perla,  used  instead  of  the  L.  unio.  The  trisyll.  form  seems 
the  orig.  one,  cf.  Yen.  perolo,  L.  L.  perula.  The  derivations 
given  are  (l)  pirula  (from  pirum,  It.  Sp.  per  a)  cf.  Sp.  perilla 
ornament  in  the  shape  of  a  pear  (2)  pilida  a  globule  (Ven.  pi- 
rold)  (3)  perna  mussel  (v.  Ducange),  cf.  Neap.  Sic.  perna  = 
perla,  It.  pernocchia  mother-of-pearl,  but  these  may  have  con- 
formed themselves  to  perna,  (4)  from  G.  herala  (a  corruption 
of  henjllus  or  a  dim.  of  heere  a  berry,  cf.  hacd).  This  is 
Grimm'^  conjecture,  and  seems  the  most  likely.  The  Wal.  is 
mergcritar. 

Perniee  —  perdiee. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  22 


338  PERNO  —  PESTARE. 

Perno  It.  Sp.  Pg.  hasp,  bolt,  hinge,  ^^.  j)ernio  hinge,  Yv.jyerron 
a  flight  of  stairs ;  according  to  Menage  from  perna,  but  cf.  Gk. 
TteQovri. 

Pero  It.  Pr.,  Sp.  0.  Pg.  lyero,  0.  Fr.  poro  poruec  for  Lat.  igitur, 
sed,  autem,  from  per  hoc  and  pro  hoc  the  former  used  by 
Apuleius  and  others  for  propterea.  Hence  Sp.  empero,  Pr.  em- 
pero;  It.  perocche,  L.  L.  per  hocque. 

Perol  Sp.  a  pan,  large  kettle,  Vr.pafrol;  i'rom pati7ia ,  whence 
patin-ol  patnol  patrol  (cf.  engre  for  engne),  patrol, 

Perola  —  perla. 

Perpunte  —  pourpoint. 

Perro  Sp.  dog  (adj.  =  stubborn).  Sic.  perm.  Diez  gives  no 
derivation,  but  connects  it  with  the  L.  L.  petrunciikis  canis.  Is 
it  from  the  Celtic?  Perro  is  a  common  name  for  a  dog  in  Wales. 

Perron  —  perno. 

Perroquet  —  parrocchetto. 

Perruea  perruque  —  piluccare. 

Persa  It.  marjoram,  N.  Gr.  iiBQaa\  from  tcqccGov  a  leek. 

Persiea  pesca  It.,  Sp.  persigo  prisco ,  with  Ar.  art.  alpersico,  al- 
herchige  (Ar.  al'hers([)j  V^.  pecego ,  alperchi,  Pr.  presega,  Fr. 
peche,  E.  peach,  W al.  pearsece;  It.  persico,  pesco  (Sp.  meloco- 
ton),  V^.  pecegueiro  J  Vv.  pesseguier,  Fr,  pecher,  WsS.  pearsec; 
ivoiw  persicum ,  persicus, 

Persil  —  petrosellino. 

Perso  It.,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  0.  E.  jjers  dark,  of  a  colour  between  purple 
and  black ;  L.  L.  persus  perseus-  ^^ad  persei  mali  colorem  accc- 
dens^^  Ducange. 

Pertugiare  It.,  Pr.  pertusar,  Fr.  peixer  (whence  E.  pierce  and 
Sic.  pirciari)  =  pertuisier;  It.  sbst.  perhigio,  Fr,  pertuis  a  hole ; 
from  pertundere  pertusus  fpefiusiare  periiisiiimj . 

Pertuis  —  pertugiare. 

Pertuisane  —  partigiana. 

Pesca  —  persiea. 

Pescuezo  Sp.,  Pg.  pescoco  nape  of  the  neck;  horn  post  (cf.pes/o- 
rejo)  and  cnezo  (v.  cocca)j  so  =  hind -cask,  cf.  testa. 

Peso  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  pens  pes,  O.  Fr.  poix,  Fr.  poids  (a  form 
which  points  to  pondus),  ^.  poise,  irom.  pensu?n.  Vb.  li.pesare, 
Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  pesar,  Fr.  peser,  poise;  Sp.  apesgar  to  overload; 
2S.^o pensare ,  pensar pessar  (Pr. ) petiser  to  think,  from  pensare, 
and  with  a  diiferent  spelling,  Fr.  panser  to  attend  upon,  nurse, 
dress  wounds  &c.,  cf.  L.  pensare  siti?n  to  satiate  thirst. 

Pestana  —  pestare. 

Pestare  It.,  Sp.  jnstar,  Pr.  pestar,  also  Sp.  jnsar,  Pg.  Pr.  pizar, 
Fr.  piser,  Wal.  pisa  to  stamp,  tread,  bray.  The  forms  with  st 
must  be  referred  to  L.  pistiis  (It.  pesto)  for  pitisitus,  those  with 
s  to  pisare  (Varro).   Hence  It.  pesta,  Sp.  pista,  Fr.  piste  track. 


PESTILLO  —  PEZZA.  339 

tread,  whence  li. instagna,  ^^.pestana,  Vg.pestana  fringe  (track 

or  stripe  on  cloth),  in  Sp.  Pg.  also  eyelash ,  cf.  Cic.  firribria  = 

end  of  locks  of  hair.   Hence  also  It.  pestone,  Fr.  E.  piston. 
Pestillo  Sp. ;   Cat.  pestell  bolt.     Perhaps  from  pes-it-illo   fcf. 

cabr-it-illo)  iov  pesillo  from  pessulus,  the  form  being  varied 

so  as  to  avoid  confusion  with  pesillo  a  small  weight,  or  so 

as  to  resemble  pistillum  a  pestle. 
Pestorejo  Sp.  nape ;  from  post  (puest  pest)  and  oreja  ear ,  cf.  pes- 

cuezo. 
Pesuna  Sp.  hoof ;  from  pedis  ungula. 

Petaca  Sp.  portmanteau,  wallet;  from  Mexican  J9e/to«//?. 
Petardo  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  E.  petard;  a  coarse  military  word,  from 

peto,  pet,  L.  peditum.  Hence  Fr.  petiller. 
Petate  Sp.  rush -mat;  from  Mexican  jt?^//«^/. 
Peteecliie  It.,  Sp,  petequias,  Fr.  petechies  (all  plur.)  fever-spots; 

a  word  introduced  by  physicians  immediately  from  the  Gk. 

Ttittdmov,  not  from  L.  pittacium. 
Petiller  —  petardo. 
Petisear  —  pito. 
Petit  —  pito. 
Peto  Sp.  breast -plate;  from  It.  petto,  L.  pectus.   From  pectorale 

we  have  It.  pettorale,  Sp.  petral,  Fr.  poitral  (also  =  dewlap), 

E.  poitrel,  petrel. 
Petrina  —  poitrine. 
Petrir  Fr.,  Pr.  pestrir  to  knead;  from  a  form  pisturire  (pistura, 

pinsere),  cf.  cintrer  from  cinctura,  accoutrer  from  ad-consutura, 

It.  scaltrire  from  scalpiura. 
Petrosellino  petrosemolo  prezzemolo  It.,  Sp.  perexil,  Fr.  persil, 

parsley  (=^  A.  S.  peterselfge,  G.  petersilie) ;  from  petroselinum. 
Pettine  It.,  Sp. /^m^,  Vg.pente,  Pr.petiche,  ¥y.  peigne  comb; 

from  pecten;  vb.  pettinare  &c.    Hence  Fr.  penil  (for  peignil) 

groin,  crines  circa  pudenda,  Juv.  pecten,  It.  pettignone ,  Sp. 

empeigne,  Gk.  TcxBCg. 
Peu  Fr.  adv.,  in  O.  Fr.  also  an  adj.  poies  choses  &c. ;  from^^w- 

cus,  Pr.  pauc,  It.  Sp.  poco. 
Peur  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  paour  fear;  ivora  pavor,  It.  paur a. 
Pevera  It.  also  petriola,  Mil.  pidria,  Romagn.  pidarja,  Com.  ple- 

dria,  Ven.  impiria  a  wooden  funnel;  from  impletorium? 
Pezon  —  piccinolo. 
Pezza  pezzo  It.,  ^^^.pieza,  Fg.peca,  Vy.  peza  pessa,  ¥y.  piece, 

E.  piece.   L.  L.  pctium  petia  =  a  piece  of  land.    Diez  derives 

it  from  Tte^a  a  foot,  edge,  border  (cf.  petiolus  =  pezzuolo,  v. 

picciuolo).    The  contraction  from  Sp.  pedazo,  would,  he  says, 

be  too  harsh.   But  another  derivation  which  he  mentions,  that 

from  the  W.  peth,  Bret,  pez,  Gael.  j)eos  (whence  a  Lat.  pethia, 

petia),  seems  more  probable. 

22* 


340  PEZZENTE  —  PICCIONE. 

Pezzente  peziente  It.  beggar;  from  petiens  for  petens,  cf.  cag- 

giente  from  cadiens  for  cadens,  veggente  for  videns,    Cf.  Pg. 

pedinte. 
Phiole  Fr.  a  vial;  horn,  phiala ,  It.  fiala^  Pied.  /^o/^. 
Piaggia  spiaggia  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  play  a  j  Pg.  praia,  Fr.  ^/«^^  shore. 

L.  L.  plagia,  from  ^/«^«  a  region  (It.  piaggia). 
Pialla  It.  a  carpenter's  plane,  piaUare  to  plane;   for  plamda 

planulare,  from  planus  planar e^  cf.  M/«  n-om  lunida.   Pialla 

also  =  adze,  axe  (for  hewing),  and  this  points  to  the  O.  G. 

pial,  G.  l}eil,  E.  hill;  another  form  is  piola. 
Pianea  Piedm.  a  plank  for  a  bridge ,  Pr.  planca  plancha ,  Fr. 

planche,  plank ,  whence  Sp.  plancha  a  plate  of  metal,  Pg. 

prancha  a  board;  ivom. planca  (Festus  and  Palladius).  It.  Sp. 

Pg.  palanca  a  pole,  lever,  is  from  palanga,   Pic.  pelangue, 

Wal.  pelanc. 
Piara  Sp.  herd ;  from  pecuaria. 

Piare  It.,  Sp.  piar  (Fr.  piailler),  to  chirp;  an  onomatopoeion. 
Piastra  It.  plate  of  metal,  Sp.  &c.  piastra,  piastre;  O.Fr.  plaisfre 

pavement,  ceiling,  Fr.  pldtre  stucco,  plaster;  It.  piastf^otie,  Pg. 

piastrdo,  Fr.  E.  plastron;  It.  piastrello.   From  emplastrum  (e^- 

TtlaCTQOv)  a  surgical  plaster,  It.  empiastro,  Fr.  empldtrCj  Sp. 

emplasto  =  Gk.  e^itXaCxov.    From  plastrum  (by  rejection  of 

the  initial)  was  formed  vb.  lastricare  to  plaster,  sbst.  lasirico 

astrico  (Mil.  astrich  astregh,  Com.  astrach),  L.  L.  astricus,  G. 

estrich.   Hence  also  It.  lastra,  Sp.  lastra  lastre  a  slab  of  stone 

or  metal,  v.  s.  lastOj  ph.  also  0.  Fr.  astre  aistre,   Fr.  dtre 

hearth. 
Piato  It.,  Sp.  pleito,  Pg.  pleito  preito,  Pr.  plait  plag^  0.  Fr.  je?/«/^, 

E.  pleay  law -suit,  Rh.  pled  a  word;  It.  piatire  piateggiare,  Sp. 

pleitear,  Pg.  preitejar,  Pr.  plaideiar,  0.  Fr.  plaidier,  plaidoyer. 

Fr.  plaider,  E.  plead,  Rh.  plidar.   From  L.  L.  placitum  which 

was  used  =  a  convention  for  the  discussion  of  affairs  of  state 

(placita  hal)ei^e),  O.  Pg.  placito,  plazo  prazo,  Sp.  plazo. 
Piatto  It.,  Pg.  Sp.  chato,  Pr.  Yv.  plat  flat.  It.  sbst.  piatto,  Sp. 

plato,  Fr.  /?/flf^,  plate;  a  root  common  to  many  languages  and 

connected  with  Gk.  nXarvg,  O.  H.  G.  /7«z.    Hence  also  Sp. 

Pg.  plata  silver,  0.  Fr.  plate,  E.  plate,  and  platina;  Sp. 

c^«^«  a  flat -bottomed  boat  (It.  sciatta,  cf.  Com.  5C2«/^  =  Sp. 

chato). 
Piazza  It.,  Wal.  piatZj  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  plaza  placa  plassa,  Fr.  E. 

place;  vb.  Fr.  placer,  E.  place;  from  platea  {TtXarela)  a  street, 

in  Horace  platea,  Goth,  platja.   It  is  first  used  by  Lampridius 

=  a  court -yard  (place). 
Piearo  ■ —  picco. 
Piccino  —  piccolo. 
Piecione  It.,  Sp.  pichon,  Pr.  pijon,  Fr.  E.  pigeon;  from  jjipio 


^ICCIUOLO  —  PIETANZA.  341 

(Lampridius),  which  is  ivoro.  pipdre  pipire,  cf.  Mil.  pipi  a  little 

bird. 
Picciuolo  It.  stalk,  Wal.  picior  foot;  from  petiolus  little  foot, 

stalk;   Sp.  pezon,   Ven.  picolo,   Mil.  picoll,  Piedm.  picol  = 

pediculus. 
Picco  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  picOj  Pr.  Fr.  pic^  heak,  peak  &c. ;  It.  picca, 

Sp.  Pg.  pica,  Fr.  pique  pike;  It.  piccare,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  picar,  Fr. 

piquer  to  prick.    From  L.  j9?ct/5  woodpecker,  Sp.  j^/cO;,  Fr. 

p/c;  of.  W,  piff  a  point,  G.  picken,  picket,  E.  pick  peck  &c.  It. 

picchio  (picuhis)  ==  woodpecker,  blow,  picchiare  to  knock ;  Fr. 

j9/co^  a  pick-£i^e,  picoter  to  pick  with  an  axe ;  perhaps  also  Sp. 

picaro,  It.  piccdro  a  sharper. 
Piccolo  It.,  Sp.  pequeno,  Pg.  pequeno  little,  for  which  Pr.  Cat. 

Fr.  have  petit.   From  the  O.  Rom.  pic  a  point  (v.  picco)  so  = 

minute  (as  It.  picco  is  used  =  punctum,  so  piccolo  =.punctu- 

lum).   The  Wal.  j9/c  =  drop,  Alb.  pice.  Besides  piccolo  the  It. 

has  picciolo  and  piccino  (^=^  pic-ciolo  pic-cino  or  pit-ciolo  pit-cino 

from  root  oi petit);  N.  Pr.  has  piccioun,  Lim.  pitsou,  fem.  ^^Y- 

Pichel  —  hiccMere. 
Pichon  —  piccione. 
Picorer  Fr.  to  prowl  in  quest  of  plunder ,  prop,  of  cattle ;  from 

pecus,  cf.  Sp.  pecorea  marauding. 
Pidocchio  It.,  Sp. /?/o;'o,  Vg.  piolho,  Fr.peoth,  pezolh,  Fr.  pou 

(for  peou)  a  louse;  from  pediculus  (peduculus)  L.  h.  peduclus. 

Hence  It.  spidocchiare ,  Sp.  despiojar,  Fr.  epouiller. 
Piece  —  pezza. 
Piedestallo  It.,  81^.  pedestal ,  Fr.  piedestal;  formed  with  G.  stal, 

V.  stallo. 
Piegare  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  plegar,  Pg.  pregar,  Fr.  plier,  in  comp;  ployer 

(E.  ply,  -ploy) J  Wal.  pleca  to  fold ;  from  plicare.  Hence  It.  im- 

piegare,  Sp.  emplear,  Pg.  emplegar,  Fr.  employer,  E.  employ, 

from  implicare;  It.  impiego,  Fr.  emploi,  E.  employ;  It.  spiegare, 

Pr.  espleiar,  Fr.  deplier  deploy er  (E.  deploy)  from  explicare, 

de-explicare,  Q.i.llegar. 
Piege  Fr.  (m.)  a  snare;  from  pedica.  It,  piedica,  Wal.  peadece, 

masc.  Pg.  p^^o. 
Pier  (pyer)  Fr.  to  tipple;  from  ^rt^tv,  cf.  Sp.  empinar  from  £ft;rt- 

i/£it/,  Fr.  trinquer  from  G.  trinken.   Hence  j^/o^  a  draught  of 

wine,  vb.  Norm,  pioter. 
Pierna  Sp.  leg,  'Pg.perna;  homperna  =  the  leg  from  the  hip  to 

the  foot  (Ennius),  ham. 
Pietanza  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  pitanza,  Fr.  pitance  (E.  pittance)  a  monk's 

daily  allowance.    The  It.  form  had  once  also  the  meaning  of 

pity ,  and  was  altered  from  pitanza  so  as  to  conform  to  pieta, 

cf.  O.  Pg.  pitan.ca  =  charitableness.    Prob.  from  0.  Rom. 


342  PIETON  —  PILUCCARE. 

pite  a  morsel,  small  portion,  through  a  verb  pitare  (Geno. 

pitta  to  pick). 
Pieton  —  pedofie. 

Pietre  It.  poor ,  needy.   For  piestre  from  pedestris  ? 
Pieu  Fr.  post.   From  palus,  pal,  pel,  piel,  picu,  cf.  in  O.  Fr.  cher 

(cams)  chier,  tres  tries j  tel  tiel  licii.    As  no  instance  of  this 

process  occurs  in  Modern  Fr.,  Diez  didYiYG^  pieu  ivoiw  jnciilus 

piclus ,  so  ==  It.  picchio. 
Pieve  It.  district,  parish,  Eh.  ptleif,  \i.piovano,  Wuh  pieban  a 

parish- priest;  from  L.  h.  plebs  parish  church,  plebamts, 
Pieviale  piviale  It.  mantle ;  for  piovale  =  phivialis.   Cf .  pimaccio 

cushion  =  piumaccio,  O.  Pg.  chimaco  and  chumaco. 
Pieza  —  pizza. 
Pifaro  pififero  piffre  —  pipa. 
Pigeon  —  piccione, 
Pigiare  It.  to  press ;  a  participial  verb  from  pinsere  pinsus  (pin- 

siare),  cf.  pertugiare  from  perttisus. 
Pigione  It.  house -rent;  from  pensio,  Fr.  pension ,  cf.  magione 

from  mansio. 
Pigliare  It.,  Sp.  pillar,  Vg,  Pr.  pilhary  Fr.  pillcr  to  take,  pill, 

pillage;  from  pllare  in  expilare,  compilare.    The  soft  /  is  to 

distinguish  it  from  It.  pillar e,  Fr.  piler  to  stamp,  from  p\la, 
Pignatta  It.  pot;  homjmea,  because  the  lid  was  shaped  like  a 

pine-cone.   Hence  Sp.  piiiata. 
Pignon  pignone  —  penna. 
Pigolare  —  pipa. 
Pigrezza  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  pereza,  Pg.  pregidca,  Fr.  paresse  idleness; 

from  pigritia. 
Pihuela  Sp.  a  fetter;  YfiXh  piola  (cf.  vihuela  viola)  irom.  pes  pedis ; 

cf.  pi-  ojo  from  pediculus. 
Pila  — pella. 
Pilatro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  pelitre,  Fr.  pyrethre,  E.  pellitory  a  plant; 

from  pyrethrum  {tivqb^'qov). 
Pile  —  pella. 

Piler  pillar  piller  —  pigliare, 
Pillotta  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  pelota,  Fr.  pelote,  E.  pellet  (hence  E. 

pelt);  from  pXla,  L.  L.  pilotellus  =  Sp.  pelotilla.    Hence  also 

Sp.  Yv,  peloton,  Ya.  platoon. 
Pilori  Fr.,  E.  pillory,  Pr.  espitlori,  Pg.  pelourinho.   Due.  from 

pilier,  Grimm  from  M.H.  G.  pfilaere.  The  L.L.  has  pilloricum, 

pcllericum,  pellorium,  piliorium,  spiliorium. 
Piloto  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  also  It.  pilota,  Fr.  pilote,  E.  pilot.   From  the 

Du.  pijloot ,  the  origin  of  which  is  not  clear. 
Piluccare  It.  to  stone  grapes ,  Pr.  pehicar,  Pic.  pliiqucr,  Norm. 

Champ,  pluchotter;  Fr.  eplucher,  Rh.  spluccar  to  pluck  out. 

From  Lat.  pilare  with  suffix  uc  (R.  Gr.  2,  333);  not  from 


PIMENT  —  PIOMBARE.  343 

A.  S.  pltfccian,  E.  pluck,  which  are  from  the  Rom.   Connected 

with  pilluccare  is  Sard.  pUucca,  Lomb.  peluch,  Pied,  pluch. 

Gen.  pellucco,  It.  (corrupted)  perruca  parruca,  ^2\.  peroce, 

Fr.  perruque,  E.  peruke  (periwig),  Occ.  pamparrugo ,  Sp.jse- 

luca  (cf.  machuca,  almendruco  &c.), 
Piment  —  pimiento. 
Pimiento  pimienta  Sp.,  Pg.  pimento  (whence  E.  pimento)  pimenta 

pepper,  Pr.  pimenta  spice,  Pr.  pimen,  O.  Fr.  piment,  L.  L. 

pigmentum  a  drink  made  of  wine,  honey,  and  spice,  Yv.  piment 

a  medicine;  from  L.  pigmentum  a  colouring  material,  hence 

juice  of  plants  used  for  colouring,  so  anything  aromatic. 
Pimpa  —  pipa, 
Pimpinella  It.,  ^^.  pimpinela,  Yv.pimprenelle,  Y^.  pimpernel ;  from 

hipinclla  for  hipennula  (two- winged).  The  Cat.  has  pampinella, 

Pied,  pampinela  a  mere  corruption,  for  it  has  no  connection 

with  pampinus.     In  N.  Pr.  it  is  fraissineto,  from  fraisse  = 

fraxinus. 
Pimpollo  Sp.  sucker,  sprout,  Pg.  pimpolho;  for  pampinoUo,  a 

dim.  oi  pampinus,  cf.  ^vi^.  pcmpinella  iov  pimpinella. 
Pinaccia  It.,  Si^,  pinaza ,  ¥v,  pinasse,  ^.  pinnace ;  horn  pinus. 
Pincer  pinehar  pinzo  —  pizza. 
Pincione  It.,  ^^.  pinzon  pinchon,  Yv.  pincon,  Cat.  jt?2>^s^  a  finch. 

From  W.  pink  (Gr.  finke,  E.  finch)  frolicksome,  finch,  cf.  Fr. 

geai  =  gay  and  jay.   The  Bret,  has  pint,  Bav.  pienk,  Slav. 

pinka.  Hung,  pinty;  N.  Pr.  quinson  ioY  pinson,  Fg.  pisco. 
Pino  Pg.  nail,  point;  a pino  Sp.  Pg.  on  tiptoe,  cf.  Sp.  empinarse 

to  stand  erect  (though  this  pino  may  be  a  different  word ,  and 

derived  from /?mw5;,  cL  arbolarse) ;  from  E.  W.j!?m,  Gsiel.pinne, 

O.  N.  pinni,  Gr.  pinne. 
Pinque  Fr.  (f.),  Sp.  pingue  (m.),  pinco,  Pg.  pinque  (m.),  L.  G. 

pinke  (f.)  a  sort  of  ship,  E.  pink;  from  pinus pinica,  pinca,  cf. 

pinaza  &c. 
Pinta  Sp.  Pg.  paint -spot,  mark,  from  pingere;  hence  also  a 

marked  measure  for  liquids,  Fr.  pinte,  Yi.  pint,  Wal.  pinte, 

cf.  rubbio. 
Pintacilgo  Sp.,  Pg.  pintasirgo  a  goldfinch;  from  pictus  passer- 

culus. 
Pinza  —  pizza. 
Pinzon  —  pincione, 
Pinata  —  pignatta. 
Pioggia  It.,  Sp.  lluvia,  Pg.  chuva,  Fr.  pluie,  Wal.  ploaie  rain; 

from  pluvia.   Hence  Sp.  chubasco  squall,  cf.  O.  Sp.  cheno  from 

plenus. 
Pioletto  It.  (in  Com.  piolet)  a  little  axe  or  bill ;  from  the  O.  H.  G. 

bial  pial ,  G.  beil,  E.  bill. 
Piombare  It.  to  sink  perpendiculary,  to  isXl plumb  down,  cadere 


344  PION  —  PISTOLA. 

a  piomho;  Vy,  plomhar,  ¥y,  plonger  (with  suffix  </  =  iCy  phim- 
hicare ,  cf.  venger  from  vindicare)  a  bye -form  of  plomber,  cf. 
0.  Fr.  dinger ,  enfcrger  by  the  side  of  cliner  j  enfcrrer;  E. 
plunge  (plumb ^  plumb);  sbst.  Ywplongeon  a  diver.  Not  derived 
from,  though  connected  with,  Bret,  plunia,  W.  plivng  = 
Sansk.  plavana  (Pictet),  for  the  der.  from  plumhicare  is  sup- 
ported by  the  Pic.  plonquer ,  cf.  Wall,  jilonc  =  Fr.  plomh, 
plonki  =  plonger. 

Pion  pionnier  —  pedone, 

Pioppa  pioppo  It.,  Wal.  plop  (Alban.  plepi),  Wall,  plopp,  Pg. 
chopo  choupo,  Sp.  popo  chopo,  Cat.  clop,  Neap,  chiuppo.  From 
populus,  with  a  remarkable  change  of  form  to  distinguish  it 
ixova.  populus;  h.  h.  ploppus ,  Lomb.  pohbia,  Berw  peuplc  for 
peuplier,  Jnrsi  puble,  hiui.  piboul. 

Piorno  Sp.  Pg.  Spanish  broom;  ph.  iov picorno  ivom.  pico  a  point, 
cf .  pia  from  pica, 

Piot  —  pier. 

Piota  It.  Dante  Inf.  19,  120  =  foot,  sole,  elsewhere  =  a  grass- 
plot.  From  the  Umbrian /?/o^w5  plautus,  cf.  Festus  :  plotos  ap- 
pellant Vmbri pedibus  plants poeta  quia  Umber  Sarsinas  erat 

initio  Plotus  postea  Plautus  coeptus  est  did. 

Piovano  —  pieve. 

Pipa  piva  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  pipa^  Pr.  pimpa,  Fr.  pipe  pipeau,  Wal. 
pipe,  ^.  pipe;  from  pipare  pipiare,  Yr.  piper  (=  illicere  aves 
pipilando,  then  c=  cheat,  espec.  at  cards),  whence  also  0.  H. 
Cr.  p/ifa,  G.  pfeife,  E.  fife,  G.  pfeifer  which  became  in  It.  pif- 
fero,  ^^.pifaro,  Yv .  piffre  2ixA  fifre ;  Rh.  fifa.  li.  pivolo,  Fr. 
pivot  tap ,  E.  pivot  are  connected.  From  pipilare  is  It.  pigolare 
iov pivolare ,  g  for  v^  or,  better,  inserted  in  a  form  piolare  for 
pivolare.  YYovo-pivarewohdiwe  ?iho piviere,  Fv.pluvier,  Y. plover. 

Pipistrello  It.,  also  vipistrellOj  vispistrello,  vespistrello  a  bat,  from 
vespertillus  for  vespertilio. 

Pipita  It.,  Si^.pepita,  Tg.  pevide  pivide,  Vy.  pepida,  ¥y.  pe'pie, 
E.  jnp  (in  fowls) ;  from  pituita  (pevita  pipita,  O.  H.  G.  phiphis). 
Nearer  the  L.  is  the  Mil.  puida  puvida. 

Pique  —  picco. 

Pirouette  Fr. ;  from  a  primitive  pive  (=  It.  piva)  of  pivot  a  peg, 
and  roue  a  wheel. 

Pis  Fr.  udder,  0.  Fr.  breast,  from  pectus,  Pr.  peitz,  Lomb.  pecc, 
Lim.  piei  (f.). 

Pisar  piser  piste  —  pestare. 

Piseiare  It.,  Wal.  pisa,  Vy.  pissar,  ¥y.  pisser;  an  onomatop.  like 
the  G.  zischen,  cf.  Cat.  pixar,  N.  Pr.  picha,  Fie.  pichcr. 

Pistola  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  pistole  pistolct,  E.  pistol.  Orig.  =  a  dagger 
(worn  secretly,  like  the  pistol),  and,  according  to  H.  Stepha- 
nus,  from  Pistoja,  pistojese,  pistolese,  pistola.   Others  derive  it 


PITAUD  —  PLAID.  345 

hom  pisttiltts f  It  pestelio  a  pestle,  with  a  change  of  form,  c£. 
Ven.  piston peston  a  rifle,  from  It.  pestone  a  large  pestle.  But 
here  the  change  of  suffix  is  unusual ,  the  form  should  be  pis- 
luola,  ol  only  following  i  as  in  oriolo  &c.  The  pistole  =  a  gold 
coin  is  prob.  the  same  word,  cf.  Claude  Fauchet  (1599):  ayant 
les  escus  d'Esp eigne  cstc  reduicts  a  ime  plus  petite  forme  que  les 
escus  de  France,  ont  pris  le  nom  de  pistolets  (little  pocket  pistols). 

Pitaud  Fr.  a  clown;  from  pedes -itis,  ci.  pie'ton. 

Pito  Sp.  a  small  pointed  bit  of  wood,  0.  Fr.  pile  a  mite,  Rou. 
pete  a  trifle,  Com. pit  small;  hence  Sj).pitorra  woodcock  (from 
its  sharp  bill),  Wall,  petion  bee's  sting,  vb.  Vr.  pilar  to  bill, 
Sp.  apitar  to  instigate,  O.  Fr.  apiter  to  pick  with  the  fingers, 
Vg.  petiscar  to  nip;  Mil.  pitifi  small,  Crem.  peteen  trifle,  Sard. 
pitieu  small.  From  a  root  pit  found  in  W.  pid  =  point.  Hence 
O.  It,  pitetto  petitto ,  Pr.  Cat.  ¥r.  petit,  N.  Pr.  pitit.  Wall,  piti 
small,  petit/,  dim.  Pr.  Cat.  O.  Fr.  petitet;  ci.  piccolo  irom pic. 
Petit  is  for  petet  by  an  euphonic  change. 

Pito  Sp.  a  pipe,  pilar  to  pipe;  an  onomatop.,  ti.  pita  a  hen-call. 

Pitoeeo  It.  a  beggar,  from  Ttraiog,  perhaps  influenced  by  pit 
small ,  cf.  Lomb.  piton  poor. 

Pitorra  —  pito. 

Piva  —  pipa. 

Pivoine  Fr.,  Fi*  peony;  from  pceonia  (Ttaioavia  from  TLaicov),  It. 
Sp.  peonia. 

Pivolo  —  pipa. 

Pivot  —  pipa. 

Pizarra  Sp.  Pg.,  Cat.  pissarra  slate.  Perhaps  from  pieza  piece, 
with  suffix  arra,  cf.  G.  schiefer  =  prop,  a  fragment. 

Pizca  —  pizza. 

Pizza  Ven.  pricking,  itching,  Sard,  pizzu  beak,  Rh.  pizza,  Mil. 
pizz,  ^iQ.  pizzu.  It. /?mzo  prick,  Si^.  pinzas,  Fr.  pince.  It.  pin- 
zette  pincers;  also  It.  pizzico,  Sp.  pizca  a  mite,  small  particle; 
Yon.  pizzare,  Y^'eAX.  pisst,  It.  pizzicare,  WslI.  pitziya  pisca.  Cat 
pessigar,  N.  Pr.  pessuga,  Sp.  pizcar  and  pinchar,  Fr.  pincer 
epincer  epinceler,  E.  pinch;  Pg.  piscar  os  olhos  to  wink  the 
eyes.  From  Du.  pitsen,  G.  pfetzen,  itself  from  a  root  common 
in  ^om.  pit,  Y.pito.  Others  deriye  pinz are  pinzo  &c.  hom  pictus, 
pictiare,  pinctus,  pinctiare.  But pingere  (^k.pinj  colorare)  does 
not  mean  orig.  to  pierce,  embroider?  in  the  phrase  acu pingere 
the  sense  of  piercing  belongs  to  acus  not  to  pingere. 

Pizzico  —  pizza. 

Placard  —  plaque. 

Place  —  piazza. 

Plafond  Fr.  ceiling;  from  plat  fond  flat  floor;  hence  Sp.  paflon.  : 

Plage  —  piaggia. 

Plaid  —  piato. 


346  PLAINDRE  —  PODRE. 

Plaindre  Fr.,  O.  E.  plain;  from  plangere,  Pr.  planher^  It.  pia- 
gnere,  Sip,  plamr. 

Plais  plaissa  Pr.  hedge ,  O.  Fr.  plaissier  plessier  to  hedge ,  Pr. 
partic.  as  sbst.  plaissatj  O.  Fr.  plessie,  also  Pr.  piaissaditz ,  O. 
Yy, pleisse'is  a  park,  Fr.  Plessis;  irom. plexus  plexa  twisted,  so 
plais  =  basket-  work. 

Planche  —  pianca. 

Plaque  Fr.  plate,  \h,  plaqiier,  ^hst,  placard;  from  Du.  pla/c  a  flat 
piece  of  wood,  a  shaving,  plakken  to  paste  up,  fasten,  not 
from  Gk.  TiXd^j  since  the  word  is  only  found  in  Fr. 

Plasta  —  pasta. 

Plat  Plata  —  piatto. 

Platre  • —  piastra. 

Playa  —  piaggia. 

Plaza  —  piazza. 

Plegar  ■ —  piegare. 

Plegaria  Sp.  public  prayer ;  from  precarius. 

Pleige  —  plevir. 

Pleita  Sp.  rush -matting;  horn,  plectere. 

Pleito  — •  piaio. 

Plessier  • —  plais. 

Plevir  Pr.  O.  Fr.  to  pledge,  Vr.  plieu,  Fr.  pleige  (==  E.  pledge), 
whence  Yen.  plezo,  Sic.  preggiu;  plevir  =  prwhere  (sc.  fidem), 
cf.  temple  from  tcmpora,  Planchais  =  Praricatius  for  Pancra- 
tius.  Pleige  =  prcehium  a  remedy,  surety ;  Pr.  plevizo  =  jor«?- 
Mtio,  Fr.  plevine  warranty,  E.  plevin,  i^eplevin.  W.  refers  to  a 
G.  source,  T>\\.  pleghe  duty  (Gr.  p/licht),  Y^.  plight. 

Plie  Fr.  a  plaice  =  in  meaning  L.  platessa  (Ausonius),  Sp.  pla- 
tija,  Pg.  patruca,  E.  plaice.  Plie  is  for  plaie  from  plate  fem.  of 
plat  flat,  and  is  altered  in  form  to  distinguish  it  irom  plaie  = 
plaga. 

Plier  —  piegare. 

Plisser  Fr.  to  fold;  a  participial  verb,  from  plicare  plic'tus 
(plictiare). 

Plonger  —  piomhare, 

Ployer  —  piegare. 

Plusieurs  Fr.,  Vr.plusor,  O.  It.  pliisori  a  comparative  for  L.  plus 
(plures)  which  was  appropriated  to  form  the  Romance  com- 

Earative;  irom  plus  was  dor.  plusior,  cf.  Varro's  plusi?nus,  and 
I.  L.  pluriores. 
Poche  Fr.  introduced  from  England;  A.  S.  pocca,  Y.  poke. 
Pocima  Sp.  potion;  from  7t6ti6^a. 
Podar  —  potare. 
Podesta  It.  m.  a  magistrate;  Pr.  podestat  poestat,  Sp.  potestad, 

L.  potest  as  all  fem. 
Podre  Sp.  pus,  matter;  irom puter,  =  Pg.  podre. 


POE  —  POLEDRO.  347 

Poe  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  pauta,  Cat.  pota;  from  Du.  poot  ==  G.  pfote  foot. 

Poele  Fr.  f.  a  pan,  O.  Fr.  paelc  paesle,  E.  peel  pail;  from  L.  pa- 
tella ^  It.  padella ,  Sp.  padilla.  From  Fr.  paele  come  Sp.  payla 
and  Pg.  j9^//«f. 

Poele  Fr.  m.  a  canopy,  pall,  O.  Fr.  poesle;  from  TtetaXov,  L.  L. 
petalum  a  golden  canopy  hung  over  the  Pope's  head.  Pallium 
would  have  gi\en  paile,  Vv.pali.  Bufv.  Littre,  p.  69,  who 
makes  poele  =  poile  =  paile. 

Poele  Fr.  m.  a  heated  room,  a  stove,  O.  Fr.  poisle,  L.  L.  has 
piscle,  pisalis,  which  point  to  L.  pensilis,  pesile,  cf.  the  expres- 
sions horreum  pensile  (h.)y  domus  pensilis,  camera  pendens  i}^, 
L.).  A  Rom.  form  hirle  for  pirle  is  from^/s/e,  as  varlet  from 
vaslet,  L.  L.  pirale,  O.  H.  Gr.  pheral,  not  from  jT'L'^  which  could 
only  have  given  pirale. 

Poge  —  poggia. 

Poggia  It.  rope  at  the  end  of  a  sailyard,  Fr.  poge  (m.);  from 
TtodCov  (jtovg).  The  poggia  was  on  the  right,  as  the  orza  was 
on  the  left.  It  is  one  of  the  numerous  nautical  words  borroAved 
from  the  Greek,  cf.  harca,  sesto,  golfo,  artimone,  falo. 

Poggio  It.,  Pr.  pueg  puoi,  O.Fr.  pui  a  raised  place  (E.  pew  pue), 
Sp.  Pg.  poyo  a  stone  bench  near  the  door,  O.  Fr.  puiot;  from 
podium  raised  place*,  hence  vb.  It.  poggiare,  O.  Pg.  Vr. poyar, 
O.  Fr.  puier  to  mount;  It.  appoggiare,  Sp.  Pg.  apoyar,  Fr.  ap- 
puyer  to  support,  lean;  sbst.  appui. 

Poi  It.,  Sp. /?w^5,  Vg.poz,  Vr.pois,  Fr.  puis,  horn  post;  hence 
It.  dipoi  dopo  (cf.  domani),  the  latter  a  very  old  form  for  Wal. 
has  dupe,  Pg.  Pr.  depois,  Fr.  depuis,  L.  L.  de  post;  Sp.  despues, 
Pr.  despuois,  Com.  despo,  Padu.  daspo  from  de  ex  post,  li.pos- 
cia ,  Pr.  poissas  is  from  postea. 

Poids  —  peso. 

Poignard  —  pugnale. 

Poin9on  —  punzar. 

Poindre  Fr.  to  prick ,  also  to  spur  a  horse,  whence  sbst.  poindre 
assault  in  battle,  M.  H.  G.  poinder;  from  pungere,  Pr.  ponher, 
It.  pungere,  Sp.  pungir. 

Point  —  punto. 

Poison  —  pozione, 

Poisser  —  pegar. 

Poisson  Fr.  fish ;  from  piscis,  Pr.  peis,  O.  Fr.  pescion,  It.  pescione. 

Poitrine  Fr.,  Pr.  peiirina  breast,  from  a  form  pectorina,  Dauph. 
peiturina;  orig.  =  breast -piece,  or  girdle,  cf.  Bip.  petrina  pre- 
tina  girdle.  O.  Fr.  has  pis  =  pectus.  Hence  O.  Fr.  poictrinal 
petrinal,  E.  petronel  because  worn  in  the  girdle. 

Polea  —  poulier. 

Poledro  puledro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  potro,  Pr.  poudre,  O.  Fr.  poutre  a 
colt;  from  L,  L.  pulletrus poledrus ;  Scaliger's  pulletra  for  pul- 


348  POLEGGIO  —  POPAR. 

lastra  in  Varro,  is  a  mere  conjecture.  Puletro  may  be  from  a 
Gk.  TtcokCdQiov  for  TCcoXCdioVj  {TtcoXog,  cf.  LTtTtog,  iitnCdiov). 
^^.  potro  also  =  a  wooden  horse,  cf.  eqmilcus  (G.  folter  from 
poledrus),  Fr.  poutre  a  cross-beam  to  support  another  beam. 

Poleggio  puleggio  It.,  Pr.  pulegi,  Sp.  poleo,  Tg,  poejo,  Fr.pou- 
Hot  a  plant ,  penny  -  royal ;  from  pulegitim, 

Polichinelle  —  pulcindla. 

Polilla  Sp.;  Pg.  polilha  a  moth ;  according  to  the  Sp.  etymologers 
from  pulviSj  the  v  suppressed  as  in  fulo  from  fiilviis,  Gonzalo 
for  Gonzalvo. 

Polisson  Fr.  a  blackguard,  whence  ^ip.polizon;  iYovcv  politio  one 
who  polishes  the  pavement ,  cf.  nourricon  from  nutritio.  Roue. 
polisso  =  a  smoothing  iron. 

Polizza  It.,  Sp.  poliza,  Fr.  police  bill,  certificate,  policy  (of  in- 
surance &C.V,  a  corruption  of  polyptijchum  a  catalogue  &c., 
usually  in  pi.  poly pty elm  an  account- book  {tio'Kv'Kxv'iov)^  also 
polecticum  poleticum  poletum,  Fr.  poulie. 

Pollarelt.  to  shoot,  bud  forth,  whence  rampollare ;  ivom.  pnllulare, 

Pollegar  Pg.,  Sip.  pulgar,  Vv.  polgar,  O.Fr.  pochier  thumb;  from 
pollicaris  (pollex). 

Poltro  It.  lazy,  dastardly,  whence  joo/^row^,  Sp.  poltron,  Fg. po- 
trao,  Yv.  poltron  J  Yi.  poltroon  all  from  the  It.,  the  ^vim..  poltro 
found  only  in  Champ,  pleutre.  Connected  with  O .fl.Q<  .  polstar 
holstar,  E.  holster,  cf.  Fr.  lodier  (1)  blanket  (2)  idler,  and  cf. 
It.  holdrone  holdra  a  part  of  the  bed  furniture;  the  commen- 
tators on  Dante  Inf.  24,  46  (spoltre)  mention  a  sbst.  poltro, 
Mil.  potter,  Rom.  pultar  a  bed.  The  dropping  of  the  initial  s 
may  be  owing  to  the  1st  of  the  original ,  and  the  double  initial 
points  to  a  G.  source. 

Porno  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  pomme  apple;  from  pomwn.  Dim.  It.  pomello, 
Fr.  pommeau,  F.  pommel.  Hence  sX^o  F,  pomander  =  pomme 
d'amhre,  and  pomatum  (made  from  apples),  v.  Wedgwood. 

Ponce  Fr.,  prop,  pierre ponce  pumice-stone;  irom  pumex,  It.  po- 
mice,  Sp.  pomez.  Hence  sbst.  poncis,  vb.  poncer.  Hence  E. 
pounce. 

Ponceau  Fr.  purple ,  deep  red ;  from  pnniceiis  punicellus ,  Pr.  pu- 
nicenc. 

Pondre  Pr.  Fr.,  Cat.  pondrer  to  lay  eggs ;  from  ponere,  which, 
in  these  three  languages,  is  only  found  in  this  sense. 

Ponente  It.,  Sp.  poniente,  Yx.  ponent  west,  prop,  sun- setting, 
ove  il  sol  si  pone;  Wal.  apus  (parti c.  from  apune  =  apponere), 
Fr.  couchant,  cf.  lev  ante. 

Pontare  puntare  It.  to  press,  insist  on,  resist;  =  Fr.  pointer,  to 
point,  cf.  It.  pontar  la  lancia  contra  alcuno. 

Ponzona  —  pozione. 

Popar  Sp.  to  caress,  Yg.poupar  to  spare,  save;  fropiL.It./?«//?«re. 


POPONE  —  POSTA.  349 

Popone  — pepin. 

Poppa  It.,  Fr.popa,  O.  Fr, poupe  breast;  from  pupa  a  doll  (cf, 

coppa  from  ciipa),  hence  ^h.,  poptiy  Fr.  poupee  (E.  poppy),  G. 

puppe.   Cf.  It.  zita  from  Gr.  zitze  a  teat? 
Por  Sp.  Pg.  O.  Fr.,  Fr.  pour  for  L.  pro,  in  Sp.  Pg.  also  =  per, 

so  in  early  L,  L.  non  territus  pro  hoc  sacri/icio.   It  is  not  found 

in  It.  but  the  Sard,  has  po  (=^  por)  prob.  from  the  Sp.,  since 

peri  is  also  used.   O.  Sp.  0.  Pg.  pora,  Sp.  Pg.  para  =  pro  ad, 

Cat.  pera,  Prov.  per  a,  O.  Fr.  por  a. 
Por  puer  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  por  pore  a  particle  =  L.  porro  and  used 

with  certain  verbs,  such  as  gitar,  traire,  volar  e.  g,por  gitar 

to  throw  away. 
Pore -epic  Fr.  corrupted  from  porc-espi,  Pr.  porc-espin  (O.  E. 

porpin  a  hedgehog  whence,  by  corruption,  porpentine  in  Shaks- 

pere).  It.  porco  spino,  porco  spinoso,   Sp.  puerco  espino,  E. 

poixupine.    The  Fr.  connected  it  with  spica. 
Poreellana  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  porcelana,  Fr.  porcelaine,  E.  porcelain. 

The  word  is  of  Italian  origin;  poreellana  =  (1)  a  shell -fish, 

concha  Veneris  (2)  porcelain,  which  resembles  the  shell  in 

transparency.  Poreellana  in  sense  (1)  is  derived  from  L.  porcus 

in  a  secondary  sense,  cf .  Fr.  pucelage  with  the  same  meaning. 

V.  Mahn,  Untersuchungen,  p.  13. 
Poreellana  • —  portulaca. 

Porehe  Fr.  (m.),  Yx.porge  porch;  from. porticus ,  li, portico. 
Porende  poren  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  =  por  tanto  from  proinde.    Pg.  po- 

rem  is  for  ndo  porem ,  as  pourtant  for  non  pourtant. 
Porfla  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  obstinacy,  porfiar  to  dispute  obstinately, 

O.  Pg.  per/ia,  0.  Sp.  porfidia,  so  from  perfidia.   Cf.  a%i(5'tm 

faithlessness  and  disobedience,  and  for  the  form  cf.  Sp.  hasiio 

from  fastidium. 
Poridad  Sp.,  O.  Pg.  puridade  =  Sp.  puridad  secrecy,  L.  purifas. 
Porra  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  a  club-headed  stick;  irom. porrum  a  leek,  or 

from  a  B.  root.   Hence  porro  heavy,  dull. 
Portulaca  It.  Pr.,  Sp.  verdolaga  (through  verde),  Pg.  verdoaga 

verdoega  heldroega ,  a  plant,  purslane;  from  portulaca.    From 

Lt.  porcilaca  {2X^0  porcastrum)  comes  It.  poreellana,  F.  purslane ; 

from  pulli  pes,  Fr.  pour  pier, 
Poruce  —  appo. 
Posar  poser  —  pausare. 
Poscia  —  poi. 
Posnee  O.  Fr.  podne'e  haughtiness.   Foy  ])oussonee  irom.  pousser  ? 

or  connected  with  W.  posned  (m.)  =  something  round  and 

swelling? 
Possa  poussa  Pr.  nipple;  =  bud,  Fr.  pousse? 
Posta  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  poste,  E.  post;  from  positus,  because  of  the 

relay  of  horses. 


350  POSTICCIO  —  POURPOINT. 

Posticeio  It.,  Sp.  postizo,  Yw  posiiche,  also  apposticcio,  apostizo, 

•    Pr.  apostitz  supposititious ,  counterfeit ;  L.  appositicius. 

Postierla  —  poterne. 

Postilla  It.  Pg.  Pr.,  Sp.  posiila,  Fr.  aposiille,  E.  postU  marginal 
note,  comment;  not  from  posiius  (wh.  would  have  given 
postella),  but  irovn  post  ilia  (sc.  verba  auclo?is). 

Postilla  Sp.  scab;  from  pustula, 

Postrar  —  prostrare. 

Pot  -  pourri  —  olla, 

Potage  potaggio  —  pote, 

Potare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  podar,  0,Fi\  poder  to  prune;  from  putarr 
which  is  not  found  in  Rom.  in  its  figurative  sense.  Sp.  podo7i, 
Pg.  podao  a  hoe,  O.  Fr.  poun  from  Sp.  poda  a  pnming;  Occ. 
poudo  a  pruning- knife. 

Potasse  Fr.  from  G.  poU-asche  (also  kesselasclic)^  F.  potash. 

Pote  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  Fr.  ^0^;  from  Du.  E.  pot,  cf.  Viq.  potequin  = 
T)\\.  iwtckin ;  W.pot,  Gcnei.  poit.  The  It.  has  no  masc.  form 
potto,  but  the  fem.  potta  has  the  secondary  meaning  which  is 
found  also  in  the  Irish  puite,  and  in  L.  and  It.  concha,  It.  vaso. 
Hence  Fr.  potage,  E.  pottage ,  It.  potaggio,  that  which  is  pre- 
pared therein ,  cf .  formaggio  that  made  in  a  forina. 

Poteau  Fr.,  Pr.  postel  a  post;  ixovii  postis, 

Potenee  Fr.  a  cnitch,  gallows;  from  L.  L.  potentia  prop.  =  sup- 
port. 

Potere  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  poder ^  O.  Fr.  pooir  {d  lost),  Fr.  pouvoir 
{y  inserted  to  prevent  the  hiatus),  ^a\.  putea  =  \j.  posse ,  a 
new  conjugation  being  formed  as  invelle  &c.,  v.  R.  Gr.  %  121. 
Sbst.  It.  podere,  Sp.  poder,  Wah  ptitea?^e  power,  also  =  pos- 
session, estate  (like  G.  vermogeix),  It.  form. 

Poterne  Fr.,  E.  postern;  a  corruption  of  O.  Fr.  posterle,  Pr.  pos~ 
terlla,  It.  postierla ,  ivom.  postei^ula, 

Potro  • —  poledro, 

Pou  —  pidocchio. 

Pouaere  Fr.  filthy ;  formed  from  inter] ectionj90Wff^,  Burg.  Norm. 
polacre ,  Vio..  polaque ,  N.  ¥r.  pouldcre. 

Poudre Fr.  (f.),  E.  powder,  from pulvis pulveris  (poire poldre).  Fr. 
poussiere  is  ior  pourriere  (cf.  beside),  0,¥Y.porriere  pouldriere. 

Poulain  Fr.  foal;  irom. pidlns,  Pr.  polin. 

Poulier  Fr.  to  hoist  up,  poulie  (E.  pulley,  Sp.  pole'a,  Fg.  pole); 
from  A.  S.pidlian,  E.jndl;  but  v.  Wedg.  s.  v.  ^^ pulley  ^\ 

Pouliot  — poleggio, 

Pouls  —  pulsar. 

Poupa  —  upupa. 

Pour  —  por. 

Pourpier  —  portulaca. 

Pourpoint  Fr.,  Tr.perponh,  Sp.  perpunte,  pespunte,  Pg.  pesponto; 


POUSSE  —  PRESSO.  351 

L.  1j,  perpuncium ,  so  called  because  it  was  quilted.  On  pour 
for^<?r  cf.R.  Gr.  2,  353. 

Pousse  poussif  —  hoho. 

Pousser  —  pulsare. 

Poussiere  —  poudre. 

Poussin  Fr.;  Fr.pouzin  a  chicken;  from  pullicemts  (Lampridius). 

Poutre  —  poledro, 

Poyo  —  poggio. 

Pozione  It.,  Sp.  pocion,  Pr.  poizo  drink,  medicine,  O.  Sp.  pozon, 
Fr.  poison,  E.  potsofi;  from  potio  a  draught,  a  potion  to  work 
a  charm  or  cure;  vb.  Pr.  p>oizonar,  Sp.  ponzohar,  from  po- 
tionare,  whence  Sp.  ^'^i. ponzona,  Tg.  peconha  poison.  Cf.  Sp. 
yerba,  Pg.  erva  poisonous  plant,  poison,  O.  Fr.  enherher  to 
poison,  and  G.  gift  poison  =  prop,  dose  (dd(?ig). 

Pozzo  It.,  Wal.  putzu,  Sp.  pozo,  Pr.  potz,  Fr.  puits  (E.  pit)  well; 
from  puteus.    Hence  vb.  Pr.  pozar,  Fr.  puiser,  e'puiser. 

Pozzolana  It.  melted  lava,  so  called  because  often  found  in  the 
district  of  Pozzuoli. 

Prace  It.  space  between  two  furrows  ;  from  TtQaoCa  a  garden-bed. 

Prebenda  prevenda  It.  Pr.,  S^,  prebenda,  Fr.  prebende,  F.  pre- 
bend daily  supply  for  the  monks  &c.  The  Yr.provende  (whence 
(ji.pfrunde,  Ya,  provender)^  li.  prof enda  has  taken  \\\Qprov  from 
providere,  cf.  Q^.  proviant, 

Preboste  ■ —  prevoste, 

Precher  Fr.,  E.  preach,  Pg.  pregar  &c.,  sbst.  Fr.  prechc,  Pr. 
prezic;  ivom.  prcedic are. 

Predella  It.  a  foot -stool.  Mil.  br^ella;  from  O.  H.  G.  pret  =  G. 
brett  board. 

Predella  —  brida. 

Pregno  It.,  Pg.  prenlie,  Yx.prenh,  O.  ¥y.  prai?is ,  ivovo.  pra^gnas ; 
vb.  Pg.  prenhar ,  Sp.  part,  prenado,  Pg.  emprenhar,  Sp.  em- 
prenar  &c. 

Pregui9a  —  pigrezza. 

Preguntar  Sp.,  Pg.  perguntar  to  ask;  ivovo.  percontari. 

Preindre  0.  Fr.  to  press,  Vi\  pjre?ner;  from  p?^ef?iere.    Hence  Fr. 

e'preindre  ==  exprimere,   empreindre  =■  imprimere ,  depreindre 

(O.  Fr.)  =  deprimere.   Cf.  imprenta. 
Prele  —  esprelle. 
Prendar  —  nans. 

Prensar  Sp.,  Cat.  prempsar  to  press ;  from  pressure. 
Pres  presque  —  presso. 
Presente  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  present,  E.  present;  L.  L.  prcesentia  (900 

A.  D.),  O.  Yr.pf^sen  (1150  A.  D.) ;  irom  prcesentare  to  present, 

offer. 
Presso  It.,  Pr.  pres,  ¥r.  pres  =  L.  prope;  irom presstfm,  cf.  «V^t, 


352  PRESTARE  —  PRII^TEMPS. 

'   fyyvg.  Hence  It.  appresso,  O.  Pg.  ia  pres,  Pr.  apres,  Fr.  ajjres; 

It.  pressoche ,  Fr.  presque.  i 

Prestare  It.;  Sp.  prestar,  Fr.  prefer  to  lend ;  from  prcestare  =  to 

lend  (Salvian,  Venantius  &c.).     i 
Preste  —  prete.  I 

Presto  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  prest,  Fr.  pret;  from  a  late  L.  prfrsf7/s. 

The  Pg.  has  also  prest es  (indec.)^  cf.  lestes  and  lesto, 
Pret  —  presto.  j 

Prete  It.,  Sp.  0.  Pg.  preste,  Fr.  pf^tre,  O.  Fr.  Pr,  prestre,  priest, 

from  presbyter;  other  forms  ar6  immediately  from  TtQSG^vte- 

Qog  y  Pr.  preveire,  preire,  CsiU  prehere ,  O.  Fr.  proveire  pro- 

voire,  cf.  Pr.  preveiral  preveircn  from  L.  L.  preshyteralis  preshy- 

teratiis.     It  is  remarkable  that   the  It.,  tliough  fond  of  the 

combination  sty  has  lost  the  s  in  pi^ete.  Mil.  prevet  pret. 
Preter  —  prestare, 
Pretina  —  poitrine. 
Pretto  It.  pure,  vmmixed  (of  wine  &c.);  iov puretto  from  ptirm. 

But  the  e  in  pretto  is  open,  and  the  contraction  is  unusual, 

hence  Muratori  derives  it  from  O.  H.  G.  herht  ^=  E.  bright, 

where  the  meaning  does  not  suit  so  well. 
Preux  —  pro. 
Preveire  —  prete. 
Prevosto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  preboste,  Fr.  prevoty  Wal.  pi^eot,  provost; 

from  prapositiis.   Hence  also  Sp.  Pg.  prioste  syndic. 
Pria  It.  adv.  for  prio  from  priiis,  the  termination  being  prob. 

borrowed  from  poscia. 
Priego  O.  Sp.,  Pg.  prego  a  nail,  cf.  A.  S.  prica,  E.  prick,  Du. 

prik,  W.  ptic. 
PrietoSp.,  P<^.preto  pressed,  thronged,  miserable,  mean,  sordid 

(hence  Sp.  Pg.  also  =  blackish),  Pg.  pe?'to  closely  (It.  presso), 

vb.  apretar,  apertar  to  compress,  sbst.  S'p.  presa  haste]  pret  or 

nnist  be  a  freq.  of  premo  (premito). 
Prigione  It.,  Si^.  p?ision,  Fi\  preiso,  Fr.  E.  prison;  ivom  p?Tlfensio 

prensio  seizure  (so  in  Sp.).   The  It.  andSp.  words  have  also 

the  meaning  of  ^'prisoner". 
Primavera  —  ver. 
Prime  Sp.  Pg.,  Fi.  prime,  la  obra  es  prima  &c.;  from  primus  for 

primarius,  cf.  Pr.  prim  (==•.  E.  prim^  fine,  pretty,  primhois  =-• 

fine,  small  wood  for  fagots,  prim  preon  very  deep,  cf.  Najvius : 

prime  probus. 
Prime  Sp.  Vg.  primo  liermano  Sp.  cousin,  first  cousin.   Pr;  prim 

=  a  near  relative,  quart  a  relative  in  the  fourth  degree. 
Prince  Fr.,  Pr.  prince  prinsi;  whence  It.  prenze,  prince.    From 

princeps;  O.  Fr.  princier  horn.  j)ri?nicerius. 
Pringue  Sp.  grease,  fat;  ir om pinguis. 
Printemps  —  ver. 


PEIOSTE  —  rROTOCOLLO.  353 

Prioste  —  prevosto. 

Priseo  — pej^sica. 

Prision  prison  —  prigione. 

Pro  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.;  O.  Fr.  ])rou  preu  pro,  for  which  also  It. 
prode^  O.  Sp.  0.  Y^.prol,  Pr.  pron  profit;  fromL.jyro  used 
as  a  sbst.  e.  g.  in  It.  in  pro  o  in  contro.  For  proficiat  was  writ- 
ten ^ro  faccia  for  prodest  prod^  e  (hence  the  d).  Next,  prode 
was  used  as  an  adj.  egli  e  prode  =  prodest  he  is  useful;  brave, 
cf.  M.  H.  G.  hiderhe,  G.  frum  and  L.  L.  utilis  in  both  senses. 
The  Pr.  pros  retains  the  s  of  declension  as  an  integral  part  of 
the  word,  Xiqwqq  Yv.  preux ,  Wc^.prus,  adv.  Vr.  prosamen  pro- 
osamen,  O.  Fr.  proiisement  though  no  adj.  proos,  proosa  is 
found.  From  the  O.Yx.  prou  comes  sbst.  ^^row^s^^^  Y.  prowess. 
Some  derive  the  adj .  pro  pros  from  prohus,  which  is  supported 
by  the  Pr.  adv.  j9ro,  Fr.  prou  =  satis,  from^roZ^^,  Oat.  prou: 
pro  batre  alcun  =  probe  percutere  aliquem. 

Proa  —  prua. 

Proehe  Fr.,  Pr. /?rop2  near;  ir om.  propius  m  propiare,  appropiare, 
Wal.  aprop'ia;  whence  Fr.  approcher,  Pr.  apropchar,  O.  It.  ap- 
procciare  approach.   Cf.  reprocher. 

Proda  —  prua. 

Profenda  —  prebenda. 

Profllare  It.,  Fr.  profiler  (borrowed),  Sp.  pcrfdar  to  draw  pro- 
files or  outlines  (Chauc.  purfile  =  edge,  border,  E.  purfle, 
purl),  shut.  It.  pro/ilo ,  Fr.  pro/il  (E.  profile),  Si^.  homb.  per/il. 
From  filum  line ,  outline. 

Profitto  It.,  Tr.  pro/ieg,  Cat.  Fr.  pro/it,  F.  profit;  vb.  profittare, 
profeitar,  profiler ;  from  sbst.  profectus.  Hence  also  (better 
than  from  proveclus)  Sp.  Pg.  provecho  proveito,  O.  Pg.  profeito. 

Promener  —  menare. 

Prone  Fr.  m.  a  sermon,  proner  to  preach;  from  prceconium 
(preone  prone). 

Propaggine  It.,  Yx.  probaina,  ^'^.  provena,  Fr.  provin  (for  pro- 
vain  O.  Fr.)  a  layer,  shoot,  vb.  provigner;  from  propago,  pro- 
paginare,  whence  also  G.  pfropfen  (E.  prop). 

Propio  It.  Sp.,  Cat.  propi;  from  proprius ,  Wsd.  propiu,  Sp.  Pg. 
proprio,  Pr.  propri,  Fr.  propre  (E.  proper). 

Prosciutto  —  suco. 

Prostrare  It.,  Sp.  prostrar  (so  Pg.  Pr.),  E.  prostrate;  from  pro- 
stratus  (prosternere)  treated  as  though  of  the  first  conjugation. 

ProtocoUo  It.  &c.  From  TtQcotoxoXXov  the  leaf  prefixed  and 
attached  (itQcorog  xoXka)  to  the  Byzantine  papyrus  ••  rolls  stat- 
ing by  wJiom,  and  under  what  ^^  comes  largitionum '^  each 
was  published.  Whence  the  name  was  transferred  to  the  public 
records  which,  by  edict  of  Justinian,  were  to  be  always  ac- 
companied by  such  a  protocol. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT,  23 


354  PROU  —  PULSAR. 

Prou  —  pro. 

Proue  —  prua. 

Provano  —  tema. 

Proveceio  provecho  —  profitto, 

Provena  —  propaggine. 

Provende  —  prebenda. 

Provianda  —  viande. 

Provigner  provin  —  propaggine. 

Prua  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  proa,  Fr.  prone  (E.proiv);  ivoiw  jyrora  with 
rare  euphonic  elision  of  the  r  for  wnich  d  is  substituted  in  the 
It.  proda,  the  O.  G.  has  7?ro/.  The  li.  prod  a  in  the  sense  of 
edge,  is  better  from  the  G.  2)roth  prort  hrort  than  from  prora. 

Prude  Fr.  (E.  sbst.)  an  adj.  wanting  in  the  sister- tongues  and 
derived  from  the  compound  prud'  homme  for  preud'  homme, 
Fr.  prozom,  Sp.  pro1i07nbre,  It.  produomo  Y.pro.  Others  derive 
it  from  prudens. 

Prudere  It.,  Pr.  pruzer,  Pg.  Cat.  pruir  (for  prudir^  to  itch ;  from 
prurire,  cf.  proda  from  prora, 

Pruir  —  prudere. 

Puce  —  pulce. 

Pucelle  —  pulcella. 

Puche  Sp.  pottage ;  from  puis  pultis ,  It.  polla.  Hence  puchero  sl 
pot  for  cooking. 

Pues ,  puis  —  pot. 

Pugnale  It.,  S^.punal,  Fr,  poignard  a  dagger;  irora  pugio  pu- 
gionis. 

Puiser  puits  —  pozzo. 

Pular  Pg.  to  hop ,  spring ,  bud ,  geminate  *,  from  pullare  for  pnl- 
lulare  to  sprout. 

Pulce  It.  f.,  Fr.  puce  f.,  Cat.  pussa,  Sp.  Pg.  pulga,  Crcm.  pei'degh 
flea;  from  pulexm..'^  vb.  It.  spulciare ,  Fr.  epucer.  Cat.  espus- 
sar,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  espulgar,  Val.  espJugar,  Sp.  =:=  also  despiojar 
(pidocchio). 

Pulcella  It.,  O.  Sip.  puncella  poncella,  0.  Pg.  Vr.  pucella,  Fr.  pu- 
celle, Jih. purscella  maid,  young  girl,  Fr.  piucel ,  Fr. puceau, 
Rh.  piirscel  youth.  A  dim.  from  pullu$,(in  L.  only  of  animals), 
dim.  pidicella  (A.  D.  500),  cf.  O.  Fr.  jmlle  a  girl,  poulot  a  little 
boy  (still  used  in  Berry  and  Normandy). 

Pulcinella  It.,  Fr.  polichinelle  a  mask  in  the  Neapolitan  comedy; 
so  called  according  to  some ,  from  Puccio  cTAniello  of  Acerra, 
the  first  to  sustain  the  part;  al.  =  little  child,  darling  (prop, 
chickling  \pidl6\)j  thence  transferred  to  the  most  popular 
stage -figure.   Hence  prob.  E.  Punch. 

Pulga  • —  piUce. 

Pulsar  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  polsar,  Fr.  pousser  (E.  push);  from  pulsare, 
whence  also  Sp.  Pg.  puxar  to  thrust  out,  outbid;    sbst.  It. 


PUNCH AR  —  QUADRO.  355 

polso,  Yv.pouls,  ^.  pulse  hom.  pulsus.   The  form  expulser  &,c. 

is  of  more  recent  formation. 
Punehar  —  punzar. 
Punto  It.,  Fr. point,  Vr. ponh point  used  to  strengthen  a  negative; 

from  punctum;  cf.pas,  rien,  aucun  &c.,  R.  Gr.  3,  395. 
Punzar  punehar  Sp.,  Pg.  puncar,  It.  punzellare  punzecchiare  to 

stick ,  E.  pounce,  a  participial  verb  =  punctiare  from  punctus. 

Sbst.  It.  punzone,  Sip.  punzon,  ¥r.  poincon,  F.  punch,  G.  pun- 

zen,  hunzen;  irom punctio,  which,  becoming  concrete,  is  made 

masculine,  cf.  tosone. 
Pupitre  Fr.  from  pulpitum,  It.  pulpit o ,  pulpit. 
Puput  —  upupa. 
Pure  It.  particle  used  for  solum  and  tamen;  from  j»wr^  =  purely, 

merely. 
Pusigno  It.  a  meal  after  supper;  ivovn post-cceniiim. 
Putput  —  upupa. 
Putto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  puto  lad.  It.  f.  putta  girl,  harlot  (Sp.  puta,  Fr. 

pute).    A  Avord  from  the  spoken  Lat.,  found  in  an  epigram 

attributed  to  Virgil  ^'me  perdidit  iste  putus^\  cf.  S^.  putra  = 

filius.   Putillus  in  Plant,  becomes  It.  putello.   From  putta  comes 

It.  puttana,  O.  Sp.  putana  harlot;  instead  of  Fr.  putaine  we 

have  putain  (Pr.  putan),  from  accusative  putam,  cf .  Evain  from 

Evam,  Bertain  from  Bertham. 
Putto  It.,  O.  S^.  pudio,  Pr.  O.  Yv.  put  base,  mean,  disgusting; 

Hvom.  putidus ,  as  netto  from  nitidus. 
Puxar  —  pulsar. 
Puya  pua  Sp.,  Vg.  pua  prickle,  shoot,  layer;  horn  puffio  -onis, 

as  huba  from  ^ov^(6v,  cf.  Sp.  mugron  in  same  sense,  prop.  = 

a  dagger. 
Puzzo  puzza  It.  stink,  Yh.  puzzare;  irom.  putidus  putius,  ci'.sozzo 

from  sucidusj  rancio  from  rancidus. 


Q. 

Qua  It.,  Sp.  acci,  Pg.  cd  from  eccu^  hac;  cf.  Pr.  sa  sai,  Fr.  ca, 

Lomb.  scid  from  ecce  hac. 
Quadro  It.  Sp.  Pg.  square,  frame,  picture,  Pr.  cadre  frame,  Pr. 

caire  a  square  stone;  from  quadrum.   Hence  Fr.  carricre,  E. 

quarry  (where  square  stones  are  cut),  L.  L.  quadraria ,  to  be 

dist.  from  carrier e  career;   It.  quadrello,    Sp.  quadrillo,  Pr. 

cairel,  Fr.  carreau  a  small  square,  an  arrow-head,  bolt,  E. 

quarrel;  It.  squadra ,  vSp.  esquadra,  Fr.  equerre,  E.  square,  It. 

Sp.  also  =  a  band  of  people,   whence  Fr.  escadre  escouade; 

It.  squadrone,  Sp.  esquadron,  Fr.  escadron,  E.  squadron;  all 

from  squadrare  (ex-quadrare)  to  square. 

23* 


356  QUAGLIA  —  QUESTO. 

Quaglia  It.,  O.  Sp.  coalla,  Pr.  calha,  Fr.  caille  (E.  callet  =  Fr. 

cailleite),  Rh.  quaera.  E.  quail;  L.  L.  quaquila,  an  onomatop. 

connected  with  G.  quaken,  E.  quack.    The  Cat.  (/7mtlla ,  Val. 

gmala  is  the  G.  wahtala.    The  Wal.  is  prepelitze,  pitpelace, 

Sard,  circuri,  Pied,  cerlach. 
Quagliare  cagliare  It.,  Sp.  cuajar^  Pg.  coalhar,   Fr.  cailler  to 

coagulate;  from  coagulare.  From  sbst.  coagulum  is  Pg.  coalho, 

It.  <;fl^/20  rennet,  also  gaglio,  whence  galium  (Linnaeus). 

Quai  —  c«yo. 

Qualche  It.,  0.  Sp.  qualque,  Pr.  qualsque,  Fr.  quelque;  homqua- 
lis  quam  after  the  analogy  of  quisquam.  Hence  It.  qualcuno, 
qual-clied-uno,  Fr.  quelqxiun. 

Quan  Sp.,  Pg.  ^wr/o,  Pr.  crm  adv.;  from  ^?/rt;w. 

Quandius  Pr. ;  from  quamdiu. 

Quaresima  It.,  Sp.  quaresma,  Fr.  car  erne  (m.),  Wal.  peredsimi 
Lent;  from  quadragesima j  Gk.  TsaaaQaxoOtrj. 

Quatto  It.,  Pr.  quait,  Sp.  crtc^o  gacho  crouching,  (s)quat;  Fr. 
c«c^e  hiding  place;  It.  quattare,  Fr. cacher  to  hide;  Fr. e'cacher, 
O.Fr.  esquachier,  Pic.  ecoachar,  Sp.  acachar  agachar  to  quash, 
squash.  Quatto  =  coactus,  quattare  =  coactare  (cf.  coagulare, 
cailler,  fleeter e  flechir).  Another  form  from  coactus  is  Fr.  catir 
to  press  =  O.  Fr.  Pic.  quatir.  From  cache  cachet  seal,  cachetic 
hiding-place,  c achot  ^ri'&^yw.  Besides  Pr.  cachar  we  find  qid- 
char,  N.  Pr.  esquichd,  Rh.  squicciar,  cf.  G.  quetschen. 

Quattrino  It.  a  small  coin  =  four  danari. 

Que  —  che. 

Quebrantar  —  crehantar. 

Quebrar  —  crepare. 

Quee  ■ —  chaque. 

Queda  Pg.  fall  =  Sp.  caida  from  caer  (L.  cadere)^  It.  caduta. 

Quedar  quedo  —  cheto. 

Queixo  —  casso. 

Quelha  —  calha. 

Quello  It.  as  well  as  colui  (prov.  It.  quelui),  Sp.  Pr.  aquel,  Pg. 
aquelle ,  from  eccii  ille;  Wal.  acel  eel,  Pr.  aicel  eel,  O.  Fr.  icel 
eel  as  well  as  celui  from  ecce  ille,  cf.  qui. 

Quelque  —  qualche. 

Quemar  Sp.,  Pg.  queitnar  to  burn.  From  cremare,  cf.  quehrar, 
temhlar.  It  is  unnecessary,  with  Larramendi,  io  derive  it  from 
the  Basque. 

Quenouille  —  conocchia. 

Querela  queree  (f.)  It.  an  oak;  from  adj.  querceus,  cf.  faggio 
from  fageus. 

Queso  —  cascio. 

Questo  It.  and  costui  (prov.  It.  questui),  Sp.  Pg.  aqueste.  Cat.  Pr. 


QUEUE  —  RABANO.  357 

aquest;  from  eccu'  isie;  so  Wal.  acest  cesl,  Pr.  aicest  cesl,  O.  Fr. 

icest  cest  and  cestui,  Fr.  eel,  from  ecce  isie. 
Queue  —  coda. 

Queux  Fr.  (f.)  a  whetstone;  from  cos  cotis,  Pr.  cot,  It.  cote. 
Queux  O.  Fr.  (m.)  a  cook;  from  coquus ,  It.  cuoco. 
Quexar  (quejar)  Sp.   to  complain;   from  a  freq.  questare  from 

queri  questus.    For  x  from  st,  v.  R.  Gr.  1,  225. 
Qui  —  c^^. 
Qui  It.,  O.  Fr.  iqui  equi  and  enqxd  anqui,  Sp.  Pr.  aqui;  from  ^ccm' 

/i/c;  also  It.  ci,  Pr.  «/c?  aissi,  Cat.  «r552,  Fr.  2c/  ci,  Wal.  «/c2 

?c?,  from  ecce  hie.   Hence  It.  qui-ci,  li-ci. 
Quien  Sp.,  Pg.  quern ;  from  L.  quern,  so  alguien,  alguem  from  ali- 

quem;  cf.  for  quilibet,  Sp.  quien- quiera,  quem-quer  (conj.  of 

querer  to  be  willing). 
Quignon  —  coin. 
Quilate  —  carato. 
Quilla  quille  —  chiglia. 
Quimera  —  chimera. 
Quin  quinn  Pr.  interrogative  pronoun,  Wald.  f.  quena;  from 

quinam?   Wal.  cine. 
Quincaille  —  clincaille. 
Quinci  It.  adv.  of  place,  from  eccu^  hincce ,  cf.  quindi  from  eccu^ 

hide,  quivi  from  eccu'  ibi  &c. 
Quintana  chintana  It.,  Pr.  quint  ana,  0.  Fr.  quint  aine,  E.  quin- 
tain. 
Quinon  —  coin. 

Quitare  quite  quitte  quitter  —  cheto. 
Quivrer  O.  Fr;  to  wake,  rouse;  from  E.  quiver  nimble,  busy, 

A.  S.  cviferlike  restless,  E.  quiver  (verb). 
Quixada  —  casso. 
Quixote  —  coscia. 

Quiza  quizas  Sp.,  Pg.  quica,  0.  Pg.  quizais,  Sard,  chisa  chisas, 
.  Sic.  ciisa  adv.  for  L.  fortasse;  from  qui  sabe  (Sp.  quien  sabe) 

^^who  knows",  in  the  Poem.  d.  Cid  qui  sab. 
Quoi  —  che. 
Quora  —  or  a  (2). 
Quota  It.,  Pr.  cota,  Fr.  cote  a  contribution,  quota;  from  quotus, 

Sp.  Pg.  cota  also  =  an  annotation,  quotation.   Hence  It.  quo- 
tare,  Sp.  Pg.  cotar  acotar,  Fr.  coter  to  quote;  Sp.  cotejar,  Pg. 

cotejar  to  compare  (bring  together) ;  Fr.  coterie  a  body  (prop. 

of  contributors). 

R. 

Raban  —  haubans. 

Rabano  Sp.,  Pg.  rabao  radish;  from  raphanus.  It.  rafano. 


358  KABAKBARO  —  RAFF ARE. 

Rabarbaro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  ruibarho,  Fr.  rliuharbc,  E.  rhiibarh  j  a 
plant  which  is  found  growing  wild  on  the  banks  of  the  Volga 
and  in  China;  from  rha  harharum^  so  called  to  distinguish  it 
from  rha  ponticum  (Pontus)  a  plant  of  the  same  kind  known 
to  the  Romans. 

Rabel  —  ribeba, 

Rabesco  —  ardbesco, 

Rable  Fr.  (m.),  0.  Fr.  roable,  Occ.  redable  an  oven -rake;  from 
rutabulum, 

Babo  Sp.  Pg.  a  tail,  according  to  Diez,  from  rapcrc  in  allusion 
to  the  quick  motion  of  an  animal's  tail,  but  better,  with  Mahn, 
from  rapum  a  carrot,  cf.  G.  schivanzriibc  (tail-radish)=  the 
thick  part  of  the  tail.  Hence,  perhaps,  E.  rabbit,  cf.  bunny 
from  bun  a  tail,  and  cf.  raposo. 

Raboter  Fr.  to  plane  (Sp.  raboiear  to  dock),  whence  rahot  a 
plane;  corresponds  to  Pr.  rebotar,  It.  ributtarc  (v.  botlare),  to 
thrust  back,  rebut,  Fr.  rabouier;  hence  Fr.  raboteux  rough, 
refractory. 

Rabrouer  —  bravo. 

Raca  racca  Pr.  a  jade,  mare,  Yr.recaille  rabble ;  prob.  from  Norse 
racki,  E.  rack  hound  (G.  rckcl  clown),  cf.  canaille  from  canis. 

Raechetta  It.  (corr.  lacchetta)y  Sp.  raqucta,  Fr.  raqiiette,  E. 
racket;  from  a  form  rctichetta  from  rete. 

Race  —  razza. 

Rachar  rajar  —  raggio. 

Raehe  Fr.  (f.)  sediment  of  tar;  from  a  form  rasica  from  rasis 
resin,  cf.  ragia,  thus  distinct  from  rasche  rash  scab ,  v.  rascar. 

Racher  0.  Fr.,  Wall,  rechi,  Pic.  raquer,  Pr.  racar.  Com.  raca 
reca  to  spit;  from  O.  N.  hrdki  spittle,  hrmkia  to  spit,  A.  S. 
hrwkan  (wreak).  Fr.  cracher  is  of  the  same  origin,  Pr.  escra- 
car  (sbst.  crai),  Sic.  scaccare,  Rh.  scracchiar. 

Racine  Fr.,  Pr.  razina  root;  from  a  form  radicina  (radix),  Wal. 
redecine. 

Racier  —  rascare. 

Rada  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  rade  road  (for  ships) ;  from  0.  N.  reide  prepa- 
ration, equipment,  Du.  reede. 

Rade  —  raudo. 

Radeau  Fr.^,  Pr.  radelh  a  raft ;  from  raits. 

Radio  O.  Sp.,  Pg.  arredio  strayed;  from  a  form  errativus? 

Rado  It.  an  altered  form  of  rarus,  v.  R.  Gr.  1 ,  248. 

Radoter  Fr.  to  talk  nonsense,  O.  Fr.  redoter;  from  Du.  doten, 
E.  dote,  cf.  W.  dotio,  Du.  dutten,  M.  H.  G.  totzcn  to  doze,  be 
toty,  G.  verdutzt  abashed. 

Rafez  rahez  0.  Sp.,  0.  Pg.  refece  light,  small,  bad;  from  Ar. 
rakhic  easy,  smooth,  sbst.  rokhc  cheapness. 

Raffare  It.  in  arraffare.   Mil.  raffa,  Piedm.  rafe,  Rh.  raffar. 


KAFFIO  —  RALINGUES.  359 

O.  Fr.  rajfcr,  Lorr.  raffua  to  seize  &c.;  sbst.  Piedm.  rafa 
booty,  Lorr.  Kouclii  raffe,  It.  ruffaraffa  a  scramble,  Rom. 
riffe  raff  a,  Rh.  riff  a  raff  a,  Sp.  rifi-rafc  (E.  riff-raff^;  It.  arraf- 
fare  (for  arrafflare),  Fr.  raflcr  erafler,  sbst.  It.  raffio  a  hook, 
Fr.  rafle  in  /V/^'re  rafle  to  seize  everything.  From  M.  H.  G. 
reffen,  G.  raff  en,  E.  ra/f  (from  the  Fr.);  with  /  G.  m^<!?/,  vb. 
O.  N.  hrafla,  sbst.  Du.  Swed.  m/f<?/,  E.  m/77<?.  Lorr.  adj.  raffe 
=  sour  {raffen  =  corripere);  cf.  0.  H.  G.  raffi,  E.  rough,  Com. 
rrt!/?,  O.  N.  hrappr. 

Raffio  rafler  -^  raff  are. 

Ragazzo  It.  boy,  ragazza  girl;  according  to  Muratori,  from  qd%y\ 
rags/  so  =  one  who  wears  rags,  a  servant,  boy,  cf.  puer  = 
boy,  servant  (and  cf.  fante)^  or  from  raca  homo  nihili  in  St. 
Matt. 

Raggio  razzo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  rayo,  Pr.  rai  raig,  0.  Fr.  r«2,  Fr. 
rayon,  E.  r^y,  from  radius;  f.  It.  r«2rz«  spoke,  A¥al.  raze,  Sp. 
Pg.  Pr.  rayaj  Fr.  r«/e  ray,  stripe,  streak;  vb.  li.  raggiare  raz- 
zare  to  beam,  Pr.  rayar,  0.  Fr.  raier  roier  to  beam,  stream, 
Sp.  rayar,  Fr.  r«?/gr  to  stripe;  from  radiare.  Sp.  r^?/flrr  =  also 
to  make  strokes,  lines,  rajar  to  split,  r^Jrt  a  splinter,  Pg. 
rachar  raxar,  sbst.  raja  racha.  The  0.  Fr.  raie  or  r<?'^  ^^  ?w?H;, 
Norm,  reve,  Fr.  rayon  de  miel  honeycomb,  Pg.  raio  de  mel 
point  to  O.  S.  rata,  M.  Du.  rate,  M.  H.  G.  rdz.  Fr.  m/e  = 
channel  (for  water),  O.Fr.  roie,  Pr.  rega  arrega,  is  from  rig  are, 

Ragia  It.,  Rh.  rascha  resin;  from  an  adj.  raseus  rasea  (rasis). 

Ragouter  Fr.  to  provoke  the  appetite ,  hence  ragout  (cf.  frican- 
deau  a  dainty  dish);  from  re-ad-gustare. 

Raguer  Fr.  to  rub,  triturate;  from  N.  raka  to  rub. 

Raie  —  raggio. 

Raifort  Fr.  horseradish ;  from  radix  fortis, 

Railler  —  rallar. 

Rain  Fr.  in  rain  de  hois;  from  rain  border,  ridge. 

Rainar  —  hargner. 

Raiponce  —  raperonzo. 

Raire  Fr.  to  bellow  (of  a  stag).  On  the  analogy  oimugire,  rugire 
vagire  was  formed  ragire,  Fr.  raire,  It.  ragghiare^  cf.  mugire, 
muire,  mugghiare. 

Raise  0.  Fr.  rese  an  expedition;  from  0.  H.  G.  reisa,  G.  reise. 

Raisin  Fr.,  Pr.  razim  grape  (E.  raisin);  from  racemus,  Sp.  ra- 
cimo.  Pic.  O.  Fr.  rosin  (G.  rosine). 

Raler  Fr.  to  rattle;  from  E.  rattle,  Du.  ratelen,  G.  rasseln.  Hence 
rale,  E.  rail  (a  bird)  =  Pr.  roufte,  E.  ruff,  from  vb.  roufla  = 
ronfler,  cf.  Pic.  rousselet  from  G.  rosseln,  cf.  also  Sp.  ronca, 
G.  iviesenschnarcher. 

Ralingues  Fr.  (m.  pi.)  ropes  to  fasten  Ae  sail,  bolt-ropes;  from 
Du.  raa,  Swed.  ra  yard,  and  Du.  leik,  Swed.  Ilk  rope. 


360  RALLAR  —  RAMP  A. 

Rallar  Sp.  Cat.,  Pg.  rdlar  to  grate,  plague,  Fr.  railler,  E.  rail, 
rally;  sbst.  Sp.  rallo,  Pg.  ralo  grater.  From  a  vb.  radiculare 
(radere). 

Balo  Sp.  Pg.  thin.  From  rarulus,  Plant,  ralla  vestis  (I  =  II  as  in 
novela,  apelar),  or  from  rarus  (R.  Gr.  1,  247),  the  objection  to 
which  is  that  the  form  rale  is  found  in  Lim.  Rouchi,  whereas 
the  change  of  r  to  /  between  vowels  is  unknown  in  Fr.  The 
form  may,  however,  have  been  adopted  from  the  Sp. 

Ramadouer  —  amadouer. 

Rambla  Sp.  Cat.  sandy  beach;  from  Ar.  rami  sand. 

Rame  —  risma. 

Rame  It.,  Wal.  arame,  Sp.  aramhre  alamhre,  Pr.  aram,  Fr.  airain 
copper;  from  ceramen  (Festus),  aramentum  a  copper  vessel. 
The  Rh.  is  irom  a  corruption  of  iram  erarriy  like  uffoni  from 
nffant. 

Rame  Fr.  (f.)  oar  has  taken  its  form  from  It.  Sp.  Pr.  rama  a 
bough,  its  meaning  from  remus,  the  proper  Fr.  form  of  which 
(rein)  was  regarded  as  too  slight  an  expression,  cf.  ramcan 
instead  of  raiji  from  rafmis.  The  Gael,  ramh  (m.)  =  bough 
and  oar,  0.  Ir.  ra?nce  =  remi.  Rouch.  is  reme  (j..),  N.Pr.  i^emo. 

Rame  ramette  Fr.  printer's  form  (Sp.  rama,  Wal.  rame);  from 
the  G.  rahm. 

Ramentevoir  —  mentar. 

Ramequin  Fr.;  from  G.  rahm  cream -cheese. 

Ramerino  It.,  Sp.  romero,  Cat.  Pr.  romani,  Pg.  rosmaninho ,  Fr. 
romarin,  E.  rosemary;  corruptions  or  adaptations  of  ros  ma- 
riniis. 

Ramero  —  raminffo. 

Ramfo  It.  (in  Lomb.  ram/"  ranf)  cramp,  from  M.  H.  G.  rampf, 
O:  krampf. 

Ramingo  It.,  Pr.  ramenc  ~-  a  young  falcon  that  flies  from  bough 
to  bough  (ramus),  so  unsteady,  Fr.  ramingue\^W.{\A.  Ramingo 
=  Sp.  ramero,  fem.  ramera  a  prostitute. 

Rammaricare  —  amaricare, 

Rammentare  —  mentar. 

Ramolaccio  It.  horseradish;  by  dissimilation  for  ramoraccio, 
from  armor acia.  Columella  armor acium. 

Ramon  Fr.  a  besom,  ramoner  to  sweep  a  chimney;  from  ramus, 
cf.  Sp.  ramon  tops  of  branches ,  ramonear  to  lop. 

Rampa  It.  claw,  rampo  hook,  Pr.  Sp.  rampa  cramp;  vb.  It.  ram- 
pare ,  0.  Fr.  ramper  to  clamber,  Fr.  to  creep,  part.  Fr.  E. 
rampant  (her.),  whence  Fr.  rampe,  Sp.  rampa  mound.  From 
same  root  as  rappare  (q.  v.),  L.  G.  rapen,  Bav.  rampf  en  to 
seize,  claw,  sbst.  Lomb.  ramf  ranf  cramp,  cf.  E.  cramp  in 
both  senses ,  G.  kranfpf,  Pr.  drops  the  m  rapar  =  rampar, 
led  rapan  =  Sp.  leon  rampante.   Hence  It.  rampone  hook,  vb. 


RAN  —  RANGIFERO.  361 

rampognare  to  jeer,  0.  Fr.  ramposner  ramponer  to  scoff,  E. 
lampoon. 

Ran  Pic.  ram;  from  O.  H.  G.  Du.  E.  ram. 

Ranehe  Fr.  f.,  E.  rung  of  a  ladder;  from  ramex  bough,  pole. 

Ranelio  ■ —  rang. 

Rancio  —  arancio. 

Ranco  It.,  Sp.  rencOj  0.  Fr.  ranc  hipshot,  Ven.  ranco  distorted; 
vb.  It.  rancare  arrancare  to  limp,  dirancare  distort,  tear  out, 
Sp.  arrancar  to  wrest,  force  away,  wrench  (O.  It.  arrancare). 
From  a  German  source;  G.  rank,  Du.  wrongk  distortion, 
M.  H.  G.  renken  to  wrench,  Bav.  renken  to  tear,  A.  S.  vrcnc 
deceit,  Goth,  vraigus  crooked,  E.  wring,  wrong,  wrench.  Thus 
arrancar  is  to  be  distinguished  from  Fr.  arracher  (q.  v.),  to 
with  which  the  Sp.  arraigar  agrees  in  form  but  not  in  mean- 
ing. For  Sp.  renco  we  have  also  rengo  conforming  to,  though 
not  etymologically  connected  with,  derrengar  (q.  v.). 

Ran9on  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  raancon,  E.  ransom;  from  redemtio. 

Rancore  It.,  0.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  rancor,  0.  Fr.  rancaur,  Sp.  rencor, 
E.  rancour;  from  rancor  (1)  a  rancid  taste  (Palladius)  (2)  ran- 
cour (Hieronymus  and  in  L.  L.);  hence  also  Fr.  rancune,  It. 
0.  Pg.  ranciira  &c. 

Rancune  —  rancore. 

Randa  Pr.  extremity,  Pr.  It.  a  randa  close  upon,  quite,  urgently; 
also  Sp.  randa,  Pg.  renda  point-lace,  prop,  the  rim  or  border, 
cf.  G.  kante;  from  0.  H.  G.  rand  =  O.  N.  rond  margo,  extre- 
mitas ,  E.  round.  Hence  O.  Fr.  randir  to  urge  on ;  Pr.  0.  Fr. 
randon  urgency,  vehemence,  haste,  adv.  a  randon  and  de  ran- 
dony  Sp.  de  randon  y  de  rondon,  Pg.  de  rondao,  E.  at  random, 
vb.  randonar  randoner  to  rush  at. 

Randello  It.  a  stick,  cudgel;  from  G.  rddel,  reitel ,  Com.  rat 
reglia. 

Rang  Fr.,  Pr.  renc  arrenc,  vb.  Fr.  ranger  arranger  (range  ar- 
range), Pr.  rengar  arrengar;  G.  Du.  Swed.  rang,  E.  rank,  W. 
rhenge,  Bret,  renk.  Pied,  ren  ran.  From  the  same  root  as 
aringo  (q.  v.),  viz:  O.  H.  G.  hring,  M.  H.  G.  E.  ring,  so  ^= 
prop,  a  collection  of  persons  arranged  in  circular  order,  then, 
generally,  a  row,  file,  line,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  riga  (v.  rigd);  from 
ranger  Sp.  rancho  mess,  arrancharse  to  form  a  mess,  mess 
together. 

Ranger  Pg.  to  grumble,  snarl,  growl.  Verbs  of  the  2"^^  Rom. 
conj.  are,  without  exception,  derived  from  the  2"'^  and  3"^  of 
the  Lat.,  so  ranger  must  be  referred  to  ring  ere  rather  than  to 
Gk.  Qsyxsiv  QoyTca^Siv. 

Rangifero  It.  Sp. ,  Fr.  rangier,  Du.  reynger  rein -deer;  from 
L.  L.  rangifer,  which  is  a  corruption  of  Finnish  raingo.  Fr. 
renne  is  from  N.  lirein,  ren,  E.  rm-deer,  G.  renn-\K\&c.   The 


362  RANNICCHIARE  —  RASO. 

A.  S.  has  hranas  (pi.);  the  O.  E.  raine-deerj  rane  deer,  rain 
deer.   V.  Dasent  in  the  '^ Times"  of  Nov.  W^  1862. 

Rannicchiare  —  nicchio. 

Ranoechia  —  grenouille. 

Rapar  Pr.  —  rampa, 

Rapar  Sp.  —  rappare. 

Rapaz  Sp.  Pg.  boy,  rapuza  girl.  Usually  der.  from  rapax,  and 
so  to  denote  the  rapacity  of  children,  cf.  rapaceria  childish- 
ness, rapagon  from  rapax,  SiS  perdigon  from  perdrix ,  raigon 
from  radix. 

Raper  —  raspare. 

Raperonzo  raperonzolo  ramponzolo  It.,  Sic.  raponzxdu,  Romag. 
raponzal,  Sp.  reponclie  ruiponce,  Pg.  ruiponto,  Fr.  raiponce, 
E.  rampion,  G.  rapunzel;  from  rapa  rape,  with  It.  suffix. 

Rapetasser  —  pedazo. 

Rapiere  Fr.  an  old  sword -blade  (depreciative),  E.  rapier;  for 
rdpiere  from  rape  rasp,  so  =  a  notched,  useless  blade? 

Raposo  Sp.  Pg.  f.  raposa  fox,  for  which  we  also  find  zorra,  the 
L.  vulpes  only  appearing  in  the  fem.  dim.  vulpeja.  From  Sp. 
raho  tail,  cf.  loho  lupino,  cobra  capriino. 

Rappa  It.  tuft,  bunch;  cf.  M.  H.  G.  M.  Du.  rappe  stalk  of 
grapes,  =  Piedm.  rap  (It.  grappold). 

Rappare  It.  in  arrappare,   Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  rapar  to  plunder  (E. 

rape),  Lorr.  rapoua  to  devour.    From  L.  G.  Du.  rapen,  O.  E. 

raff,  rap,  Swed.  rappa,  G.  raff  en.    Of  the  same  stock  is  the 

It.  rappa  a  cleft  in  a  horse's  foot  =  Du.  rappe  scab ,  Ven. 

Lomb.  rapare  rapa  to  shrink,  shrivel  =  Bav.  rdpfen  to  harden, 

to  encrust. 
Raquette  —  racchetta. 
Rasare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  rasar,  Fr.  raser  (E.  raze)  to  shave.    A  freq. 

from  radere  rasus. 
Rascare  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  to  scratch;  Pr.  rasca,  0.  Fr.  rasche,  E.  rash 

(sbst.),  for  rasicare  from  radere  frisiis.  Hence  also  It.  raschiare, 

Cat.  rasclar,  0.  Fr.  teaseler,  Fr.  racier,  sbst.  It.  raschia  =  Pr. 

rasca,  from  a  Lat.  rasiculare.    The  Sp.  Pg.  rasgar  to  tear 

asunder,  sbst.  rasgo  a  sketch,  flourish  of  the  pen,  is  usually 

referred  to  resecare,  though  rasgunar  to  scratch  and  sketch  is 

evidently  from  rasicare. 
Raschiare  —  rascar. 
Raseia  —  raso. 
Rasente  —  rez.' 
Rasgar  rasgunar  —  rascar. 
Rasilla  —  raso. 
Raso  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  ras  satin,  Sp.  ras  a  smooth  place;  from  rasus. 

Hence  Sp.  rasilla  a  kind  of  serge.   In  the  It.  raseia  serge  (G. 


RASPARE  —  RAVAUDER.  363 

rasch),  some  recognize  Bascui  (a  Slavonic  district,  Dante  Par. 
19;  140)  whence  the  stuff  came,  others  Arras  (but  v.  Arazzo). 
In  an  old  It.  poet  we  find :  vestiti  di  Doagio  (Douai)  edi  Rascese. 

Raspare  It,  Sp.  raspar,  Fr.  rdper  to  rasp;  from  0.  H.  Gr.  raspon 
to  scrape.  Sbst.  It.  raspo  a  stalk  of  grapes,  mange,  Sp.  Pr. 
raspa  a  stalk  of  grapes,  beard  of  corn,  rasp,  Fr.  rape  rasp; 
It.  also  graspo,  cf.  gracimolo  for  racimolo,  Tabac  rape  =^  E. 
rappee. 

Rasse  raise  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  rasa,  from  0.  N.  rds,  A.  S.  rws,  E.  race. 

Rassettare  —  assettare. 

Rastro  It.  Sp.  rake  &c. ;  from  rastrum,  Sp.  r astro  rastra,  Pg. 
rasto  sledge,  dray,  truck;  dim.  It.  rastrello  rasiello,  Sp.  ras- 
trillo  rastillo,  Fr.  rdteau  rake. 

Rate  Fr.  (f.)  milt;  from  Du.  rate  honeycomb,  from  its  spongy 
cellular  appearance ,  cf.  raggio.  Hence  derate  brisk ,  gay  = 
prop,  without  spiee?i.  From  the  same  root  comes  rato?i  a  cake. 

Rateau  —  rastro. 

Ratis  ratin  O.  Fr.  fern.  Marcel.  Empir. :  hcrbm  pteridis  i.  e.  fili- 
cide qum  ratis  gallice  dicitur.  It  is  the  W.  rhedyn,  Corn,reden, 
Bret,  raden. 

Rato  Sp.  moment;  from  raptus.  The  Cat.  estona  is  from  G. 
stunde. 

Raton  —  rate. 

Ratto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  rato,  Fr.  E.  rat  an  animal  unknown  to  the 
Romans.  From  O.  H.  G.  rato  (m.),  A.  S.  raet,  L.  G.  ratta, 
Gael,  radan,  Bret.  raz.  From  Sp.  rato  come  radear  to  crawl, 
r«^<?ro  creeping,  vile.  The  Ven.  is  J^«/^/<?^fl(/^  (big- belly)  from 
pantex. 

Ratto  It.  quick ;  from  raptus.   Wall,  toratt  =  It.  tutto  ratto. 

Raudal  —  raudo. 

Raudo  Sp.  rapid,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  rade;  Sp.  raudal  a  torrent;  from 
rapidus. 

Raus  Pr.,  Bret,  raoz,  hence  Pr.  rauzel,  Fr.  roseau;  from  Goth. 
ram,  whence  0.  H.  G.  ror,  G.  rohr,  cf.  Rh.  ror. 

Rausa  (rauza)  Pr.,  Lim.  roouso  sediment,  crust  of  wine,  Rom. 
rosa  (with  open  6)  a  crust;  cf.  0.  H.  G.  rosd  (roso?)  crusta, 
glacies. 

Rausar  rauxar  rousar  roixar  O.  Pg.  to  ravish,  sbst.  roucom. 
From  a  L.  rapiiare. 

Raiiser  —  rifusare. 

Raust  Pr.  rough;  from  raucidus?  cf.  G.  rauh  (l)asper  (2)raucus. 

Rautar  Pr.  subito  auferre.  From  rapt  are,  not  found  in  the  co- 
gnate tongues. 

Ravauder  Fr.  to  mend,  repair;  from  re-ad-validare.  Ravauder 
=  also  to  tease,  plague,  ravauderie  silly  nonsense  (botch- 
work). 


364  RAVIR  —  RECEAR. 

Ravir  Fr.^,  E.  ravish;  from  rapere,  It.  rapire.    Hence  also  ravin, 

ravine,  ravage. 
Bayer  rayo  rayon  —  raggio. 
Razione  It.,  Sp.  racion,  E.  Fr.  ration;  from  ratio  in  L.  L.  =  jus, 

right,  due. 
Bazza  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  raza,  Fr.  E.  race,   Radlcem  would  have 

given  It.  raccia;  so  it  is  better  to  refer  razza  to  the  0.  H.  G. 

reiza  line,  of.  L.L.  linea  sanguinis,  Fr.  ligne,  E.  line,  lineage  &c. 

Cf.  tir  (Wall.)  s.  V.  Here. 
Bazzo  —  arazzo. 
Be  O.  Fr.  a  pyre  for  burning  malefactors ,  L.  L.  dim.  redulus 

'^strues  lignonim  ardeniium^'.   It  is  the  L.  f^ete,  wh.  appears 

also  in,  the  0.  Fr.  reiz,  Sp.  red  net,  grating,  cage  for  pri- 
soners ,  cf.  0.  Fr.  ardoir  dedenz  un  re. 
Beal  Sp.  Pg.  a  coin,  Pg.  pi.  reaes  re'is;  from  regalis,  whence  also 

Sp.  Pg.  real  S'p.  a  camp,  Pg.  king's  tent  (also  arraial),  and 

royal  salutation. 
Beame  It.,  O.  Sp.  reame  realme,  Pr.  reyahne,  E.  realm,  Fr. 

royaume;  from  a  form  regalXmen  (regalis),  cf.  diicheautne  O.  Fr. 

for  duche,  which  is  the  only  other  instance  of  such  a  formation. 

From  regimen  comes  Fr.  regime,  Pr.  regisme, 
Bebano  Sp.,  Pg.  rehanhorahanho  flock,  herd;  from  Ar.  ribba  ribbi 

a  myriad,  with  Kom.  suffix  (rare),  cf.  almir-ante,  ammiraglio. 
Bebatar  Sp.  Pg.  to  carry  off,  assault;  from  raptare,   v.  Rom. 

Gr.  1,281. 
Bebbio  It.  tine  of  a  fork,  Sp.  rejo  spike.    From  an  old  form 

ripil  of  the  G.  riff  el  iron  comb  (cf.  Du.  rcppen,  E.  ripple  =  G. 

riffeln)  ? 
Bebee  —  ribeba. 

Bebentar  reventar  Sp.  Pg.  to  burst;  from  ventus. 
Bebondre  O.  Fr.  Pr.  to  hide,  bury,  partic.  rebost,  0.  Fr.  reboz, 

from  reponere.   The  Burg,  has  rebdirc  =  remeltre. 
Bebosar  —  versare. 
Bebours  rebrousser  —  broza. 
Becado  —  recaudar. 
Becamare  recamer  —  ricamare. 

Becare  It.  to  bring;  from  0.  H.  G.  reichan,  G.  reichen,  E.  reach. 
Beeato  —  catar. 
Becaudar  Sp.,  Pg.  recadar  arrecadar  to  collect  taxes  &c.,  0.  Sp. 

O.  Pg.  recabdar  to  get,  obtain,  Sp.  rccaudo  a  tax -gathering, 

Sp.  Pg.  recado  also  =  errand ,  message.    Captare  would  give 

recatar  recautar,  cautus  recotar  recoiitar.   Recaudar  (O.  Pg.  re- 

cabedar,  sbst.  recabedo  recabito)  is  the  It.  ricapitare  to  effect, 

appoint,  sbst.  ticapito  appointment,  from  capitare  to  perfect 

(q.  v.);  cf.  caudillo,  cadiello  from  capilellus. 
Beeear  —  zelo. 


RECENSAR  —  REDO.  365 

Recensar  —  rincer. 

Recere  It.  to  spit ;  from  re'tcere  (Virg.  Fest.  &c.)  for  rejicere,  but; 
probably;  with  some  reference  to  the  German;  v.  racher. 

Reche  reque  Pic.  sour,  hence  Fr.  rechin,  f.  rechigiie,  Com. 
reschign,  It.  arcigno  (from  Fr.)  sour;  harsh;  unfriendly;  vb. 
Fr.  rechigner  to  look  sour;  crabbed;  to  knit  the  brows ;  Com. 
reschignas,  Ven.  rancignare  (from  theFr.);  O.  Fr.  rechigner 
recliiner,  Pr.  rechignar  =  also  to  mutter;  growl;  Sp.  Pg.  rechi- 
nar  to  grate ;  creak;  be  reluctant.  Heche,  for  resche  resque,  is 
from  Gr.  resche  rosche  harsh;  rudo;  rough.  It.  rincagnarsi  =^ 
Fr.  rechigner  owes  its  form  to  cane,  cf.  stare  in  cagnesco. 

Rechef  —  chef, 

Rechinar  —  reche. 

Reeif  —  arrecife. 

Reciner  —  dessinare. 

Recio  Sp.  strong;  stout;  from  rigidus,  though  usually  g  only 
becomes  c  after  a  consonant;  cf.  arcilla.  Hence  arrecirse  to 
be  benumbed  with  cold. 

Recodo  —  cuhito. 

Recoi  —  cheto. 

Reeourre  reeousse  —  scuotere. 

Recru  Fr.  (of  wood)  aftergrowth;  recrue  recruiting;  vb.  recruter, 
E.  recruit;  from  Fr.  recroUre, 

Reeua  Sp.  Cat.;  Pg.  recova,  a  drove  of  beasts;  from  Ar.  rakiiba 
a  camel  or  other  animal  for  riding  upon. 

Reeudir  —  cudir. 

Recular  reculer  —  rinculare, 

Redea  —  redina. 

Redil  Sp.  Pg.  sheep-fold ;  from  rete  net;  Sp.  red  enclosure;  cf.  re. 

Redina  It.,  Sp.  (corr.)  rienda,  Pg.  redea,  Pr.  regna,  Fr.  rene, 
0.  Fr.  resgnCj  E.  rein;  from  retinere;  Pr.  regna  =  reina  for 
retna,  as  paire  =  patre. 

Redingote  Fr. ;  from  E.  riding  -  coat. 

Redo  in  It.  arredo,  Sp.  arreo,  Pg.  arreio,  Pr.  arrei,  O.  Fr.  arroi, 
E.  array;  It.  arredare,  Sp.  arrear,  Pg.  arreiar,  Pr.  aredar  ar- 
rezar,  0.  Fr.  arroier  arreer,  E.  array;  also  It.  corredo,  Pr. 
conrei,  0.  Fr.  conroi  equipment  &c.;  Sp.  conroi,  Cat.  correu 
benefit;  favour;  It.  corredare,  Pr.  conrear,  O.  Fr.  conreer  to 
equip;  adoru;  Fr.  conroyer  to  prepare  leather  (E.  curry),  clay, 
mortar  &c.  (sbst.  conroi),  Sp.  conrear;  also  Pr.  desrei,  O.  Fr. 
desroi  derroi,  Fr.  de'sarroi,  E.  disarray,  vb.  Pr.  desreiar  &c. 
The  simple  roi  is  found  in  O.  Fr.  mesure  ne  roi,  and  in  Sp. 
arreo  (=areo)  successively;  Pr.  darre'  =  ^i^.  de  arreo.  From 
a  German  source;  Goth,  raidjan  to  order;  A.  S.  ge-rcedian, 
M.  H.  G.  ge-reiten  to  make  ready,  and  more  immediately  con- 
nected, Du.  reden.    Others  refer  to  the  Celtic,  Gael,  reidh 


366  REDOR  —  REGLISSE. 

smooth;  ready,  Bret,  reiz  rule,  order  =  Fr.  roi,  as  feiz  =:^  foi, 
efreix  =  effroi ,  preix=proie,  all  which,  however,  maybe 
from  the  German. 

Redor  Sp.  circle,  circular  mat,  O.  Sp.  prepos.  redor  de  around, 
ader-redor  for  arrededor,  Sp.  alrededor,  Pg.  as  redor  &c.  Redor 
is  perhaps  for  ruedor  ruedol  (rotulus),  cf.  ridsehor  from  liia- 
ciniolus. 

RedruiiaSp.  left  hand;  prop,  the  hand  that  '^retreats"  or  "gives 
way"  from  retro ^  Sp.  redro.  The  suff.  wio  is  very  rare  (cf. 
vid-uho). 

Ree  —  raggio, 

Refe  It.  thread;  from  Gk.  Qcccprj ^  or,  better,  from  O.  G.  re?'f 
string,  cord,  cf.  Piedm.  tra,  Rh.  trau  from  G.  d?Ytht  thread. 

Refran  Sp.,  Pg.  refrao  proverb,  Pr.  re f rank,  Fr.  refrain j  E. 
refrain.  From  r  efr  anger  e ,  Pr.  re  franker,  Fr.  refraindre.  So 
J.  Grimm  derives  fringutire  and  fringilla  from  frangere,  cf. 
0.  N.  kleka  to  break,  klaka  to  sound,  clink  &c.  For  refranher 
the  Pr.  has  also  rcfrinher  from  refringere ;  the  sbst.  re f rim 
clap,  crack,  owes  its  form  to  fremitus. 

Refriega  —  fregare. 

Refrogner  —  frignare. 

Regain  —  giiaime, 

Regalare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  regalar,  Fr.  regaler  to  regale,  make  pre- 
sents to;  It.  Sp.  Pg.  regalo,  Fr.  regal  a  present.  The  Sp.  re- 
galar means  also  to  pamper,  coax ,  O.  Sp.  to  melt ;  this  points 
to  the  L.  regelare  to  thaw,  melt  as  the  origin  of  the  Rom. 
word  (not  from  regalis);  cf.  O.  Sp.  plomo  regalado  =  molten 
lead,  Vaipisis  plumbum  regelatum  =  liquef actum;  O.  Fr.  regeler, 
sbst.  regiel  =  Sp.  regalo. 

Regan ar  Sp.,  Pg.  Pr.  reganhar,  Pr.  also  reganar  to  show  the 
teeth,  snarl,  growl,  grumble.  These  words  seems  identical 
with  the  O.  Fr.  recaner  =  (l)  to  show  the  teeth  (2)  to  bray;, 
Berr.  recJianer,  archanner  to  neigh,  chagner  to  snarl.  From 
cachinnare  to  laugh  with  open  mouth.  The  Fr.  ricaner  (ri  for 
re  perhaps  from  ridere  rire)  is  only  used  for  expressing  the 
sneer  of  malice  or  the  simper  of  idiotcy. 

Regazo  Sp.  Pp.  lap,  skirt,  regazar  to  tuck  up  the  skirt; 
from  Basque  sbst.  galzarra  with  the  same  meaning. 

Regimber  Fr.  to  kick;  not  from  rejamher  (jambe,  gamba)  for 
this  would  not  account  for  the  form  regiber  in  O.  Fr. ;  m  is  in- 
serted before  b ,  not  rejected.    Cf.  E.  gib. 

Regime  —  reame. 

Registro  It.  Sp.,  Pr.  Fr.  registre  (E.  register),  Pg.  registo,  from 
L.  L.  registrum  for  regesium  ^Hiber  in  quern  regeruniur  commen- 
tarii  quivis  vel  epistolce  summorum.  pontificum  "  Ducange. 

Reglisse  —  regolizia. 


REGOCIO  —  RENARD.  367 

Regocio  —  gozo. 

Regoldar  Sp.  to  belch;  for  regolar  from  gola,  L.  gula. 

Regolizia  legorizia  It.,  Sp.  regalicia ,  regaliza ,  Sp.  Pg.  regaliz, 
Pr.  regalicia  regulecia,  regalussia,  Fr.  reglisse,  E.  licorice;  from 
liquiritia  (Vegetius);  which  is  the  Gk.  yXvKv^^it,a. 

Regretter  Fr.  to  regret ^  Fr.  E.  sbst.  regret.  According  to  Mahn 
(who  finds  an  0.  Pr.  regradar  regredar)  from  gratus,  It.  grado, 
Pr.  grat,  0.  Fr.  gret,  Fr.  ^r^'^  cf.  grado;  It.  aggradare  &c.  = 
to  take  with  thanks,  so  regradar  might  =  to  long  for,  regret 
(to  receive  back  willingly).  Though  this  may  be  the  true  der., 
yet  the  form  is,  doubtless,  partly  owing  to  the  Goth,  gretan, 
O.  N.  grata,  E.  Prov.  greet  to  weep  (the  L.  t  in  such  positions 
is  usu.  dropped  in  Pr.,  but  cf.  agradar  as  well  as  agreiar^. 

Rehen  Sp.,  Pg.  refem  arrefem  hostage;  from  Ar.  rahrij  arruhn 
pledge,  hostage. 

Rehusar  —  rifusare. 

Reinette  Fr.  a  sort  of  apple,  rennet;  from  reine  regina,  so  = 
queen  of  apples. 

Reja  Sp.,  Pg.  relha  iron  lattice  -  work ;  from  reticulum,  v.  also 
relha. 

Rejo  —  rebbio. 

Relampago  —  lampo. 

Relayer  Fr.  to  change  horses  &c.,  sbst.  relais,  E.  relay.  From 
religare,  cf.  frayer  from  fricare.    Al.  from  the  E.  lay. 

Relha  Pg.  Pr.,  O.  Fr.  reille,  Sp.  reja  ploughshare;  from  regula? 
O.  Fr.  reilhe  de  fer  =  regula  ferrea. 

Relinchar  Sp.,  Pg,  rinchar  to  neigh.  Hinnilitare  (Lucilius)  would 
give  Sp.  hinchar,  thence  re-hinchar  red-inchar  relinchar,  though 
such  process  is  unusual.  From  hinntiliare  for  hinnilitare,  come 
Pr.  endillar  enilhar  (Cat.  renilyar)  inhilar. 

Relox  —  oriuolo. 

Reluquer  —  luquer. 

Remate  —  matar. 

Remedar  arremedar  Sp.  Pg.  to  imitate;  from  re-imitari, 

Remir  Pg.  to  redeem ;  =  Sp.  redimir,  L.  redimere. 

Remolacha  Sp.  beet-root;  =  It.  ramolaccio,  L.  armoracia  horse- 
radish, cf.  rabano. 

Remolear  remorquer  —  remorchiare. 

Remorchiare  It.,  Fr.  remorquer,  Sp.  remolear  to  tow;  from  re- 
mulcum  a  towing-rope. 

Rempart  —  parare, 

Remuer  —  muer. 

Renard  Fr.  fox,  O.  Fr.  renardie  craftiness.  From  O.  H.  G.  7?^- 
ginhart  Reinhart  (coimsellor)  the  name  of  the  fox  in  the  Fables ; 
this  in  Fr.  became  an  appellative  and  supplanted  the  O.  Fr. 
volpill  (=  vxdpecida),  goulpille,  goulpil  (whence  goupillon). 


368  EENCILLA  —  REPTAK. 

Rencilla  —  renir. 

Rencontre  —  timpetto. 

Renda  —  randa. 

Rendere  It.^  Sp.  rendir,  Pg.  render,  Pr.  Fr.  rendre,  E.  render, 

from  reddere;  sbst.  It.  rendita,  Sp.  Pr.  rendita ,  Fr.  rente,  E. 

rent,  from  redditum ,  pi.  reddita.    Pott  derives  from  re-indere, 

but  this  would  not  suit  the  sense  well  (of.  rendre  paisihle  ^^ 

placidum  reddere),  and  the  w  is  a  mere  insertion  for  strengthen- 
ing the  form. 
Rendija  Sp.  crack,  chink,  O.  Sp.  rehendija;  a  dim.  ivovA  fenda 

split,  Sp.  also  hendrija  with  metathesis  of  the  r. 
Rene  —  redina. 
Renfrogner  —  frignare. 
Renge  O.  Fr.  girdle,  L.  L.  7inca;  from  O.  H.  G.  liringa  (ring) 

buckle ,  whence  also  Eh.  rincla  buckle. 
Renifler  —  niffa. 
Renou  Pr.  usury,  prop.  =  sprout,  short,  Sp.  renuevo,  from  reno- 

vare,   cf.  L.  fenus,   Gk.  xokoi^^  G.  wucher.    Hence  renovier 

usurer,  Kh.  ranver,  Sp.  renovero. 
Renso  It.  fine  flax;  from  Rlieims,  whence  it  was  brought. 
Rente  —  rez. 
Renir  Sp.,  Pg.  renhir.  Cat.  renyir  to  quarrel,  Sp.  rifia  quarrel, 

dim.  rencilla;  from  L.  ringi. 
Renne  —  rangifero, 
Reo  It.  guilty,  also  =  bad,  wicked,  in  which  sense  we  have  also 

li.  rio,  Wal.ra/.  Sp.  reo,  Rh,  i^ens  are  only  used  in  the  L.  sense. 
Repairer  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  repair ar,  E.  i^epair,  sbst.  O.  Fr.  Fr.  repair e 

(in  Fr.  only  =  den,  lair),  E.  repair;  from  repatriare,  It.  ripa- 

triare. 
Repit  Fr.,  Pr.  respieit ,  It.  rispitto  adjournment,  resptle ;  from 

respectus  consideration,  so  c=  indulgence,  forbearance.    Vb. 

O.  Fr.  respiter,  E.  respite  from  respectare. 
RepoUo  Sp.,  Pg.  repollio  cabbage,  from  repxdhdare  to  sprout. 

Sp.  also  =  bud. 
Reponche  —  raperonzo» 
Represaille  —  ripresaglia. 
Reproeher  Fr.,  Pr.  repropchar,  sbst.  reproche  repropche,  hence 

Sp.  reprochar,  reproche,  E.  reproach.    As  approcher  from  ap- 

propiare ,  so  reproeher  from  repropiare  to  draw  near,  advance 

(trans.)  throw  back  in  one's  teeth,  cf.  Pr.  reprochier  reprovier 

a  proverb. 
Reptar  O.  Sp.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Sp.  retar,  O.  Fr.  reter  to  reproach, 

reprimand,  to  challenge.    From  reputare  =  reproach  in  L.  L. 

cf.  si  quis  alteri  reputaverit ,  quod  scutum  suum  jactasset  L.  Sal., 

cf.  appellare  used  in  the  same  way.   The  Rh.  has  ravidar,  v  == 

L.  p,  i  ^^  u. 


REQUIN  —  RETROENGE.  369 

Requin  Fr.  shark,  a  corruption  of  requiem  which  form  is  found 
in  some  dictionaries.  The  name  was  given  by  the  Norman 
mariners ,  who  regarded  this  dangerous  fish  with  the  greatest 
apprehension. 

Res  Sp.;  Pg.  rez  head  of  cattle;  from  Ar.  rds  head;  cf.  caput, 
E.  head. 

Rescatar  —  accaftare. 

Reseau  Fr.  net -work,  small  net;  from  a  L.  reticellum;  It.  reti- 
cella. 

Resemblar  —  sembrare, 

Resma  —  risma. 

Resollar  —  sollar. 

Resquieio  —  quicio. 

Ressembler  —  semhrare, 

Ressort  —  sortire. 

Resta  It.,  Sp.  ristra,  Pg.  reste  restia,  Pr.  rest  a  string  or  trace 
of  onions  &c. ;  from  restis  a  rope.  Piedm.  rista  hemp  cor- 
responds to  O.  H.  G.  rista  a  bundle  of  flax. 

Resta  It.,  Sp.  ristre  enristre  (m.),  Pg.  reste  riste  risire ,  E.  rest 
(of  a  lance  &c.),  whence  Pr.  arestol,  O.  Fr.  arestuel  handle  of 
a  lance;  from  restare,  Roman  arrestare  to  resist,  so  prop.  = 
resistance,  support. 

Resta  —  aresta, 

Restanar  —  stanco. 

Restio  It.  (for  restivo),  Pr.  restiu,  Fr.  retif,  E.  restive;  from  res- 
tare  to  resist.   Mil.  is  restin. 

Restreindre  —  etreindre. 

Retama  Sp.  Pg.  broom  (shrub);  from  Ar.  ratam,  ratamah, 

Retar  —  reptar. 

Retif  • —  restio. 

Retono  Sp.  a  shoot,  sprout,  retonar  to  shoot,  sprout  anew. 
From  tumidus,  retumiar  (limpidus  limpiar),  retonar,  or  from 
the  Celtic,  W.  tun  a  projection. 

Retro  It.  in  Comp.,  Pr.  reire,  E.  rear,  O.  Fr.  riere;  from  retro, 
for  which  Sp.  Pg.  atras.  Hence  It.  dietro  drieto,  Pr.  dereire 
derrier  (also  adj.),  Fr.  derriere  from  de  retro;  It.  addietro,  Pr. 
areire,  E.  arrear,  Fr.  arriere  from  ad  retro;  Pr.  dereiran  =  a 
form  deretranus,  Fr.  dernier  =  deretranarius.  The  r  is 
dropped  in  dietro  for  diretro  as  in  O.  Fr.  za  en  ayer  =  Pr.  sa 
en  areire.  *f 

Retroenge  retrowange  O.  Fr.  also  rotruange,  rotruenge,  rotru- 
henge,  rotuenge,  Pr.  retroencha ,  retroenza  a  troubadour-song, 
ballad,  dance -song;  from  retroientia,  if  an  orig.  Pr.  retroensa 
(whence  retroencha ,  Fr.  retroenche ,  retroenge)  may  be  sup- 
posed, 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  24 


370  REUPER] —  RIBEBA. 

Reuper  Pic.  eructare  =  O.  Sax.  ropizon,  O.  H.  G.  rof-az6n, 
G.  reup-sen, 

Reiiser  —  rifusare, 

Reussir  —  escire. 

Revanehe  —  vengiare. 

Reve  Fr.  dream,  vb.  rever  io  dream,  rave,  in  O.  Fr.  resve  resver; 
the  s  however  is  not  orig.,  since  we  have  Pr.  reva,  cf.  esve  for 
eve  (aqua).  It  is  a  prov.  form  for  rage  frabiesj,  cf.  cage  and 
caive;  rabia  raiva  reve,  E.  rave.  From  rever  come  Du.  reven, 
revelen,  M.  H.  G.  rehen;  Fr.  revasser,  Burg,  ravasser. 

Reveclie  reves  —  rivescio. 

Revel  O.  Fr.  (rivel),  E.  revel  revelry  =  Pr.  revel  resistance, 
rebellion,  from  vb.  revellar,  O.  Fr.  reveler y  L.  rebellare ,  so  ■==■ 
prop,  incitement,  rousing.  The  form  reviaus  is  against  the 
der.  from  reveiller. 

Rez  Fr.  sbst.  level,  rez-de-chaussee  ground -floor;  from  old  part. 
reSy  Pr.  raSj  L.  rasus;  also  used  as  preposition  in  certain 
phrases,  e.  g.  rez  terre  on  a  level  with  the  ground,  cf.  radere 
litus,  rez  a  rezy  Pr.  ras  e  raSj  Pg.  rez  e  rez  close.  Hence  also 
Pr.  part.  pres.  rasen,  It.  rasente.  Cf.  L.  G.  prep,  ror  from 
rdren  to  stir,  touch;  Mil.  arent,  Neap.  Pg.  rente,  from  licerens; 
O.  Sp.  peg  ante,  from  pegar  to  cleave  tq;  Pic.  tout  serant,  from 
serrer  to  press. 

Rezar  Sp.  Pg.,  Cat.  resar  to  recite,  pray;  from  recitare,  rec'tare, 

Rezelar  —  zelo. 

Rezno  Sp.  an  insect,  a  tick;  from  ricinus,  It.  ricino. 

Rezza  It.  a  sort  of  lace;  from  L.  rete,  pi.  retia. 

Rezzo  —  aura. 

Rhume  Fr.  (f.)  rheum,  cold;  from  L.  rheuma  (qsv^o),  Pr.  raitma, 
It.  rema. 

Ria  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  mouth  of  a  river;  for  riba,  L.  ripa  bank.  It. 
riva  also  limit,  so  =  end  of  a  river,  cf.  arrivare  to  reach  the 
mouth  of  a  river. 

Ribaldo  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  ribaut,  Fr.  ribaud,  E.  ribald;  hence  N. 
ribballdi,  M.  H.  G.  ribbalt,  It.  (corr.)  rubaldo.  L.  L.  ribaldus, 
cf.  Matthew  Paris:  fures,  exules,  fugitivi,  excommunicati ,  quos 
omnes  ribaldos  Francia  vulgariter  consuevit  appellare,  =  Gk. 
TtavovQyoL.  The  word  ribaldi  was  also  specially  applied  to 
the  ^^enfans  perdus'^  the  ^^ black  guard"  of  an  army,  hence 
It.  rubalda  a  sort  of  headpiece  worn  by  such ,  Fr.  ribaudequin 
a  missile.  The  O.  H.  G.  has  a  fern,  hrtba  (Jiripa)  prostitute, 
M.  H.  G.  ribe,  whence,  with  suffix  aid,  might  be  formed  ri- 
baldo; hence  too  Fr.  riber  to  debauch  a  woman,  perhaps  also 
ribler  to  rove. 

Ribebalt.  a  musical  instrument,  rebeck;  from  Ax,rabdb.  Hence 
(corrupted)  It.  ribeca,  Pg.  rabeca,  Cat.  rabaquet,  Fr.  rebec  (E. 


RIBREZZO  —  RIESGO.  371 

rebecJc),  Pr.  rdbey,  also  Sp.  rahel,  Pg.  rdbel  arrahil,  O.  Fr. 
rehelle;  for  change  of  h  into  Cy  cf.  Sp.  jdbeba  jdbeca  a  Moorish 
flute. 

Bibrezzo  —  hrezza. 

Ricamare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  recamar,  whence  Fr.  recamer  to  embroider; 
sbst.  It.  ricamo,  Sp.  Pg.  recamo;  from  Ar.  raqama  to  weave 
a  stripe  in  a  piece  of  stuff,  sbst.  raqm  striped  embroidery. 

Ricaner  —  reganar. 

Rieeio  It.,  Wal.  ariciu,  Sp.  erizo,  Pg.  ericio  ourico,  Pr.  ensso'n, 
Fr.  herisson  (h  asp.  but  in  O.  Fr.  ericon,  irecon  whence  E. 
urchin)  a  hedgehog;  from  ericius  (Varro).  Hence  vb.  It.  ar- 
ricciarej  Sp.  erizar,  Pg.  ouricar,  Pr.  erissar,  Fr.  herisser, 

Riccio  It.,  Sp.  rizo  curled,  frizzled,  sbst.  curl,  Pg.  rico  shaggy 
stuff;  vb.  It.  arricciare,  Sp.  rizar,  Pg.  ouricar  ericar  ricar  to 
curl.  From  riccio  &c.,  hedgehog,  cf.  L.  L.  redurrus  ^'hispidus, 
crispus'%  and  Ducange  (h.  v.):  habehat  capillos  crispos  et  rigi- 
dos  atque  sursiim  erectos  et ,  ut  ita  dicam ,  rehursos. 

Ricco  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  rico,  Pr.  ric,  Fr.  riche  (rich);  from  O.  H.  G. 
rihhif  Goth,  reiks,  G.  reich,  Fr.  riche  seems  to  be  a  fern,  of 
ric  or  rique,  cf.  franc,  hlanc. 

Ricredersi  It.  to  retract  one's  error,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  se  recreire  to 
retract,  renounce,  grow  weary  of  a  thing,  L.  L.  se  recredere. 
One  who  was  vanquished  in  a  judicial  combat  and  forced  to 
confess  his  wrong,  was  specially  called  recreditus,  hence  recre- 
zut  recreu,  recrezen  recreant  (E.  recreant^,  Se  recredere  or  cre- 
dere was  a  translation  of  the  O.  G.  sih  galauhjan  =  recedere, 
de/icere  of  a  friendly  giving  in  or  compliance ,  galauhjan  = 
credere  (G.  glauben,  E.  be-lieve). 

Riddare  It.  to  dance ,  move  in  a  circle ,  sbst.  ridda  a  dance  in  a 
circle ;  from  O.  H.  G.  ga-ridan,  M.  H.  G.  riden  to  turn  about, 
move  in  a  circle. 

Rider  Fr.  to  wrinkle,  ride  wrinkle,  curl,  ripple,  rideau  curtain 
(from  its  folds) ;  from  ga-ridan  to  twist  about,  contort,  whence 
G.  adj.  reid  curled,  twisted,  v.  riddare,  or  from  A.  S.  vridhan, 
E.  writhe. 

Ridotto  raddotto  It.,  Sp.  reducto,  Fr.  redoute  (f.),  E.  redoubt; 
from  reductus. 

Rial  Sp.  a  bar  or  ingot  of  uncoined  metal;  from  regula  a  rod, 
regellus. 

Rien  Fr.  used  for  L.  nihil,  from  ace.  rem;  je  ne  vois  rien  =  non 
video  rem,  nihil  video.  Pr.  ren  re  =  L.  aliquid,  quidquam. 
Cat.  res;  O.  Pg.  has  una  rem,  algun  rem,  algorrem;  Pr.  ganren 
=  gran  ren  much  (Fr.  grand'  chose),  N.  Pr.  quauquarren  fquel- 
que  chose),  O.  Pr.  aldres  (autre  chose). 

Rienda  —  redina, 

Riesgo  —  risicare. 

24* 


372  RIFFA  —  RIN. 

Riffa  It.  (prop,  rifa  Com.),  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  Sic.  rifa  scuffle,  con- 
test, raffle;  vb.  It.  ar-riffare  to  play  at  dice,  raffle,  Sp.  Cat. 
Pg.  rifar  to  dispute,  jangle,  raffle,  O.  Fr.  riffer  to  rifle,  seize, 
Lorr.  riffer  to  tease  flax.  From  a  German  source,  Bav.  riffen 
(=  G.  raufen  to  pull ,  pluck),  cf.  O.  Fr.  riffler  to  tear ,  E. 
rifle,  scuffle.  Wall,  rifler  to  mn  blindly  about,  Rouch.  rifeter 
^=  riffer,  sbst.  0.  Fr.  riffle  a  switch,  stick  (E.  rifle\,  !Norm. 
rifle  IdIow,  scab,  perhaps  also  It.  riffllo  apish  face ,  Pied,  rifla- 
dor  file;  from  O.  H.  G.  riffil  riffila  saw,  G.  riff  el  a  flax-comb, 
riffler,  vb.  riffeln. 

Riflutare  —  rifusare. 

Rifusare  It.,  Pg.  Pr.  refusar,  Sp.  rehusar,  Fr.  refuser,  E.  refuse. 
From  recusare  with  the  /  of  refutare,  It.  riflutare,  Pr.  refudar 
=  respuere,  rejicere  (L.  L.).  We  find  in  Pr.  0.  Fr.  a  second 
form  without  the  f  (cf.  preon  from  profimdm)  rehuzar  reiisar, 
rehuser  reiiser  raiiser  to  give  way,  get  out  of  the  way,  ruser 
(espec.  of  wild  animals)  to  turn  or  double  so  as  to  throw  the 
dogs  off  the  scent,  whence  Fr.  ruse  trick. 

Riga  It.  line,  row,  rigo  rule,  ruler,  rigoletto  circular  dance,  dance, 
G.  reigen;  from  0.  H.  G.  riga  line,  circumference,  M.  H.  G. 
rihe  ==  G.  reihe. 

Rigoglio  —  orgoglio. 

Rigogolo  rigoletto  —  galbero, 

Rigole  Fr.  trench,  O.  Fr.  ligol.  From  the  Celtic:  W.  rhig  in- 
cision, rhigol  furrow,  ditch,  L.  G.  rige  brook.  It.  rigoro  may 
be  corr.  from  rivulus. 

Rigoletto  —  riga. 

Rigoro  —  rigole. 

Rigot  Pr.  curled  hair,  rigotar  to  curl,  It.  rigottato  curled.  From 
0.  H.  G.  riga  a  row ,  circle. 

Rima  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  E.  rime;  vb.  rimare,  rimar,  rimer,  rime. 
In  Pr.  also  m.  rim.  Norm.  E.  rym.  The  Rom.  word  belongs 
rather  to  the  0.  H.  G.  rim  numerus,  O.  Ir.  rim,  W.  rhif,  than 
to  the  L.  rhythmus,  which  would  give  rimmo  or  remmo.  Hence 
O.  Sp.  adrimar,  Sp.  Cat.  arrimar  to  put  in  order ,  bring  toge- 
ther, put  one  thing  on  another,  stow  (Fr.  arrimer)^  cf.  O.  H. 
G.  rim  =  row,  Sp.  rima,  cf.  also  Fr.  enrimer  (Berry)  to  put 
in  order,  Sp.  rim,ero  things  put  in  order  over  each  other.  N.  rr. 
rima  to  approach  =  Sp.  arrimar. 

Rimbombare  —  homha. 

Rinapetto,  di  rimpetto ,  a  rimpetto  a  qc.  It.  prep,  for  contra. 
Yyoxq. 2)etto  (pectus),  as  rincontra  (re -in -contra),  Fr.  rencontre, 
from  contra.  For  this  use  oi  petto,  cf.  Sp.  hacia,  car  a,  f rente; 
cf.  Dante  Inf.  8;  115:  chiuser  le  porte  nel  petto  al  mio  signor, 
so  It.  appetto. 

Rin  0.  Fr.  (m.)  well.  Com.  rin  streamlet,  Wall,  arene  canal;  a 


KINCEAU  —  RISICARE.  373 

Celto  -  Germanic  word,   W.  rhin  (f.)  canal,   Goth,  rinnd  a 

stream,  O.  H.  G.  rinnd,  G.  rinne. 
Rineeau  Fr.  foliage;  for  rainceau  =  It.  ramicello,  from  ramus. 
Rincer  Fr. ;  for  rinser,  cf.  Pic.  rinser,  E.  rinse.    It  is  the  O.  N. 

hreinsa  to  purify,  G.  reinigen.   Distinct  from  Pr.  recensar,  Sp. 

recentar,  Cat.  rentar  i.  e.  recentiare,  recentare  to  renew,  reform. 

Rincon  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  rancon  rencon,  Cat.  raco  a  corner.  Of  the 
same  origin  as  the  Rom.  ranco  renco,  so  =  something  curved, 
Goth,  vraiqos  crooked. 

Rincontra  —  rimpetto. 

Rinculare  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  recular,  Pg.  recuar,  Fr.  reenter  to  recoil; 
from  cuius,  cf.  G.  sich  drsen,  Du.  aerselen.  Hence  Fr.  adv.  a 
r^cw/o/zs  backwards ,  G.  drschlings,  M.  H.  G.  er  sling  en. 

Rinfrignato  —  frignare. 

Ringavagnare  —  guadagnare. 

Ringhiera  —  aringo. 

Ringla  Sp.,  Cat.  rengla  line,  row,  Sp.  renglon;  from  Fr.  rang, 
or  from  regula? 

Rintuzzare  —  intuzzare. 

Rina  —  renir. 

Riiion  —  rognone. 

Riole  O.  Fr.  striped;  from  G.  riege,  reihe  a  row,  cf.  It.  rigato 
(from  rig  a). 

Riotta  It.,  Pr.  riota,  0.  Fr.  riote y  E.  riot,  vb.  It.  riottare ,  Fr. 
rioter,  E.  riot  (distinct  from  Fr.  rioter  to  titter);  for  rivoter 
from  rihan  to  rub,  whence  Du.  revot ,  ravot.  Cf.  Sp.  refriega 
quarrel,  from /nc^r^. 

Riparo  — •  par  are. 

Ripentaglio  It.  danger.  Cf.  0.  Fr.  repentaille  (repentir)  forfeit, 
penance  -  money . 

Riper  Fr.  to  scrape,  ripe  scraper ;  from  prov.  G.  rippen  ribhen  = 
G.  reiben  to  rub ,  cf.  Du.  ripf  (f.)  scraper. 

Ripido  It.  steep,  from  ripa;  the  term,  idus  is  not  found  else- 
where in  It.,  so,  perhaps,  the  form  was  taken  from  rapidus, 

Ripio  Sp.  Pg.  small  stone  to  fill  up  a  crevice,  ripia  shingle,  Pg. 

r^pfl;  board,  lath.    ^ip.  ripiar  to  plaster  chinks  in  walls.    The 

L.  is  replum. 
Ripire  It.  to  clamber;  from  repere  with  a  change  of  conj.,  cf. 

fuggire.    The  Ph.  has  rever  without  change. 
Ripresaglia  rappresaglia  It.,  ^ip.  represalia,  ¥y.  repre'sailte,  E. 

reprisal;  from  reprehendere  reprehensus. 
Risicare  It.,  Sp.  arriscar  arriesgar,  Pg.  riscar,  arriscar,  Fr.  ris- 

quer,  E.  risk;  sbst.  It.  risico,  risco,  Sp.  riesgo,  Fr.  risque,  E. 

risk.    Originally  a  nautical  word ,  and  =  a  dangerous  rock, 

precipice,  Sp.  risco  from  resecare,  cf.  Sw.  skdr  rock  (scaur) 


374  RISMA  —  ROBA. 

from  skdra  to  shear,  cf.  sheer  =  precipitous ;  cf .  N.  Pr.  rezegd 
to  cut  off,  Mil.  Com.  resega  saw  and  danger,  vb.  resega  to 
saw  and  to  risk;  hence  also  Pg.  risca  stripe  (cutting),  riscar 
to  stripe. 

Risma  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  resma,  Fr.  7^ame,  E.  ream  (of  paper).    The 

»      Gk.  aQid'^og  became  in  It.  (trismus  to  correspond  with  arisme- 

tica  (so  L.  L.  Pr.  O.  Sp.  Cat.  O.  E.  arsmetrik),  hence  rismo 

risma,  which  latter,  in  Florence,  also  means  a  collection  of 

people,  a  company. 

Biso  It.,  Pr.  ris,  Fr.  riz,  Wal.  iirez,  E.  rice;  from  oryza,  Sp. 
Pg.  arroz  is  from  Ar.  ar^uzz  or  ruzz  (al-riizz,  ar-ruzz). 

Risque  —  risicare. 

Rissoler  Fr.  to  roast  brown;  from  the  Norse,  Dan.  riste  =  G. 
rosten,  E.  roast,  Icel.  Swed.  rist  =  G.  rost,  hence  dim.  rissoler 
=  G.  rosteln.   The  H.  G.  o  appears  in  It.  rosolare, 

Ristre  —  rest  a. 

Ritorta  It.,  Pr.  redorta,  O.  Fr.  riorte  reorte  roorte  rorte,  Norm. 
rote  osier,  withe,  wicker;  prop.  =  twisted,  from  retorquere, 
whence  also  Sp.  retorta,  Fr.  retorte,  E.  retort  a  vessel  of 
twisted  form. 

Ritroso  It.  stubborn;  from  retrorsus  (=  ret r over siisj. 

Ritto  It.  adj.  right,  as  opp.  left,  prop.  =  straight  hand  (not 
crooked  or  maimed  like  the  left  hand),  hence  7narritto  comp. 
with  manus.  Hence  It.  diritto  dritto,  Sp.  derecho,  Pg.  direito, 
Pr.  dreit,  Fr.  droit,  Wal.  drept,  L.  directus;  O.  Fr.  endroit  en- 
dreit  prep,  for  L.  versus,  Fr.  sbst.  endroit  place,  cf.  contree, 
G.  gegend. 

River  Fr.  to  rivet  a  nail,  whence  Fr.  rivet  (sbst.),  E.  rivet;  per- 
haps from  Du.  rijven  or  O.  N.  rifa  to  rake,  clear  away  obstruc- 
tions &c.,  O.  H.  G.  riban,  G.  reiben,  E.  rive,  N.  Pr.  rihlo  a 
rammer  =  O.  H.  G.  ribil  (rlhan)  a  pestle ,  rihla  =  river. 

Rivescio  rovescio  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  reves,  Fr.  revers,  reverse;  from 
reversus,  whence  also  Pg.  adj.  revesso,  Fr.  reveche  harsh,  un- 
tractable, 

Riviera  It.,  Sp.  ribera  (vera),  Pg.  Pr.  ribeira,  Pg.  also  beira,  O. 
Fr.  riviere  bank,  shore,  prop,  parts  about  the  bank  or  shore; 
from  riparia.  Influenced  bv  rivus  the  meaning  of  ^^river"  was 
added,  Fr.  riviere  (E.  river). 

Riz  —  riso. 

Rizo  —  riccio. 

Rizzare  It.  to  erect,  from  a  L.  rectiare  (rectus).  From  directiare 
we  have  It.  dirizzare  drizzare,  O.  Sp.  derezar,  Pg.  Sp.  en- 
derezar,  Pr.  dressar,  Fr.  dresser,  a -dresser,  E.  dress,  address. 

Roba  It.  0.  Sp.,  0.  Pg.  rouba,  Pr.  rauba,  Fr.  robe,  E.  robe,  Sp. 
ropa,  Pg.  roupa  clothes,  apparel,  stuff,  and  in  older  sense 
booty,  Rh.  rauba  estate;  masc.  Sp.  robo,  Pg.  roubo  robbery; 


'       ROBBIO  —  ROFFIA.  375 

It.  rubarCj  Sp.  robar,  Pg.  roubar,  Pr.  rauhar,  O.  Fr.  rober,  Fr. 
deroher,  0.  Sp.  rohir;  from  0.  H.  Gr.  roub  spolium,  vb.  Goth. 
hiraubon,  O.  H.  G.  roubdn  roupon,  G.  rauben,  E.  ro&,  cf.  Gael. 
robainn,  L.  L.  raubare.  Hence  O.  Pg.  roubaz  robaz  roaz 
thievish,  formed  like  rapax.  Wal.  robi  to  take  prisoner,  from 
rob  =  Serv.  ro&,  Alb.  ro^/rop?  prisoner,  slave. 

Robbio  —  roggio. 

Robbo  rob  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  rob,  Pg.  robe,  E.  rob;  from  Ar.  rw&&. 

Robin  —  ruggine. 

Roble  —  rovere, 

Robra  Sp.  a  document  to  prove  a  sale ;  from  roborare.  Pg.  ro- 
bora  (revora),  L.  L.  robora  =:  puberty ;  from  robur, 

Roeca  roceia  It.,  Sp.  roca,  Pg.  Pr.  roca  i^ocJia,  Fr.  roche  rock 
(It.  7^occa  also  =  bolt ,  lock),  Cat.  m.  roc  stone ,  Fr.  roc;  Pr. 
rockier,  Fr.  roclier;  vb.  0.  Fr.  rocher  to  stone;  It.  diroccare 
dirocciare,  Sp.  derrocar ,  Pr.  derrocar  derocar,  Fr.  deroquer 
derocher  to  throw  from  a  rock,  throw  down,  vSp.  derrochar  to 
waste,  throw  away,  O.  Fr.  aroquer  arocher  to  dash  to  pieces. 
The  word  is  found  in  Gael,  roc ,  E.  rocA",  Du.  rots,  Basque 
arroca,  W.  rhivg  (a  projection).  Diez  considers  that  it  does 
not  properly  belong  to  any  of  these  languages,  and  he  de- 
rives it  from  a  L.  rupea  or  rupica  (rupes). 

Rocca  It.,  Sp.  rueca,  Pg.  roca  a  distaff,  from  0.  H.  G.  rocco, 
0.  N.  rockr.   Hence  rocchetta,  E.  rocket. 

Rocchetto  It.,  Sp.  roquete,  Fr.  E.  rochet  (It.  also  roccetto)^  cf. 
Wal.  rochic  a  woman's  frock.  L.  L.  roccus  =  O.  H.  G.  roc, 
G.  rock,  A.  S.  roc,  E.  frock,  O.  N.  rockr.  Prop.  =  a  garment 
with  folds,  cf.  Vg.  enrocar,  It.  arrocchettare  to  fold,  from  O. 
N.  hrucka,  Gael,  roc  fold,  E.  ruck,  to  rwcA*. 

Rocchio  It.  a  block  of  wood  or  stone;  It.  ronchione;  from  rocca 
a  rock? 

Roeco  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  roque,  Pr.  Fr.  roc,  E.  rooX:  the  castle  in  chess; 
from  Pers.  rukh  (a  camel  with  a  tower  for  archers),  which 
Forbes  traces  back  to  the  Sanskrit  roka  a  ship,  that  being 
the  original  form  of  the  piece. 

Roche  rocher  —  rocca. 

Rochet  —  rocchetto. 

Rociada  rocio  —  ros  (l). 

Rocin  —  ros  (2). 

Rodela  rodilla  —  rotella. 

Roder  Fr.  to  roam,  prowl.  The  Pr.  rodar,  It.  rotare  to  roll.  For 
roder  is  found  rouer,  Rou.  router. 

Rodilla  —  rotella. 

Rodrigon  Sp.  vine-prop;  from  ridica,  but  with  allusion  to  the 
proper  name  Rodrigo,  cf.  rui- ponce  for  ri- ponce. 

Roffia  —  ruff  a. 


376  ROGGIO  —  ROMBO. 

Roggio  It.,  Sp.  roxo,  Pg.  i^ouxo,  Pr.  rog  (f.  rojd)y  Fr.  rouge,  also 
It.  rohhio,  Sp.  ruheOy  Pg.  ruivo,  E.  r?/Z^y,  red*,  from rw^^ws;  Fr. 
vb.  rougir,  Pr.  ro^/r.   Hence  also  rohhia,  Sp.  rw^/f/  madder. 

Rogna  It.,  Sp.  roha,  Pg.  Pr.  ronluiy  Fr.  rogne,  Wal.  mV/  (cf.  r/e 
with  It.  vigna,  sicriu  with  scrigno)  itch,  mange*,  from  robigo 
rohiginis  (Menage)  a  harsh,  but  possible,  contraction  (rohgn 
rogn).   Hence  O.  E.  ronyon. 

Rogner  Fr.  to  cut ,  clip ,  O.  Fr.  rooigner  to  cut  the  hair ,  Pr.  re- 
donhar  rezoynar,  Sp.  (Murcia)  des-ronar.  From  rotundare, 
whence  Sp.  redondear,  cf.  Bergonha  from  Burgundia ,  and  cf. 
Sp.  cercenar,  v.  cercine, 

Rognie  Pic.  a  trunk  of  a  tree ;  from  O.  H.  G.  rona  (f.  rono  m.), 
M.  H.  O.  row^  m.,  G.  rdhne  f.,  a  fallen  trunk. 

Rognonelt.,  Sp.  rinon,  Y\,renh6renh6,  Fr.  roignon  kidney,  Wal. 
renunchiu;  from  a  form  reiiio  (ren),  cf.  vigliacco  from  t;?//^.  It. 
has  also  arnione  argnone,  cf.  arcigno  from  Fr.  rechin. 

Rogo  It.  bramble,  blackberry,  Wal.  rug;  from  rw^w^  ^roi;o  ro/70^ 
Sp.  rubo. 

Rogue  Fr.  adj.  proud,  haughty;  borrowed  from  the  Normans, 
O.  N.  hrok-r  arrogant,  E.  rogue  (Gael.  rdg).  Wall,  has  aro- 
guer  to  address  haughtily. 

Roide  Fr.  stiff;  from  rigidus,  It.  rigido. 

Roitelet  Fr.  a  goldhammer  (usu.  a  wren,  G.  zaun-konig  hedge- 
king),  from  its  golden  crown  or  tuft;  =  roi-et-el-et  with  triple 
dim.  suffix,  cf.  L.  regulus,  regaliolus,  Gk.  paGilsvg^  ^aGiUc^og^ 
tvQavvog^  It.  reattino,  Sp.  reyezuelo,  Pg.  avere,  also  Norm. 
re-pepin,  Berr.  roi-hertaud,  Saintonge  roi-hedelet,  It.  re  di  siepe 
(==  zaun-konig). 

Rojar  —  rozar. 

Rolde  rollo  —  rotolo. 

Role  —  rotolo. 

Roman  —  romanzo. 

Romanzo  It.,  Sp.  romance,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  romans,  Fr.  roman ,  Rh. 
romansch,  L.  L.  romancium,  E.  romance  (language  or  com- 
position); hence  vb.  Sp.  romanzar,  Pr.  romansar,  O.  Fr.  ro- 
mancier  to  translate  into  Romance.  From  L.  adv.  romanice: 
parler  romans  :=  loqui  romanice.  O.  Fr.  romans  took  the  forai 
romant  in  the  oblique  cases,  cf.  patsans paisant ,  hence  later 
nom.  romant  roman,  adj.  romant-ique,  romantic.  Cf.  O.Fr.  bre- 
tans  z=  britannice,  Sp.  vascuence  =  Vasconice. 

Rombo  It.,  Sp.  rumbo,  Pg.  rumbo  rumo,  Fr.  E.  rumb  (E.  also 
spelt  rhumo),  point  of  the  compass,  line,  course  of  a  ship;  vb. 
Fr.  arrumer  to  trace  the  course  of  a  ship  on  the  chart ;  accord- 
ing to  some  from  QV\jb6g  pole  of  a  waggon,  according  to  others 
from  rhombus.   But  Fr.  arrumer,  Sp.  arrumar  =  to  stow,  and 


ROMBO  —  RONFLER.  377 

must  come  from  Du.  ruim  ship's  -  room,   Cf.  Norm,  arruner  to 

arrange,  deruner  to  disarrange. 
Rombo  frombo  It.  a  humming,  buzzing,  romba  fromba,  rom- 

hola  fromhola  a  sling,  rombolare  frombolare  to   sling;  from 

Qo^^og  a  top,    QO^^stv  to   whirl,   sling.      The  /  is  onoma- 

topoetical. 
Rombo  Pg.,  Sp.  9^omo,  Cat.  rom  adj.  blunt,  obtuse;  from  Gr. 

sbst.  rumpf,  Du.  romp  (E.  rump)  truncus.   Pg.  rombo  sbst.  = 

hole,  cf.  buco, 
Romeo  It.  O.  Sp.,  also  romero,  O.  Fr.  romier,  E.  roamer  (vb.  to 

roam)  a  pilgrim  (prop,  to  Rome),  cf .  Dante,  Vita  Nuova :  chia- 

mansi  romei  inquanto  vanno  a  Roma. 

Romero  —  romeo  and  ramerino, 

Romire  It.  to  make  a  noise  or  bustle ;  from  0.  H.  H.  hromjan 

hruomjan  =  G.  ruhmen  to  extol. 
Romito  It.,  Sic.  rimita  hermit;  from  eremita. 
Ronca  It.  a  sickle,  javelin  with  a  sickle-shaped  point;  from  vb. 

runcare  to  mow.    O.  Fr.  ronsge  a  spear. 

Roncar  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  to  snore,  snarl;  from  rhoncare,  sbst.  rhon- 
chus. 

Ronce  Fr.  (f.),  Pr.  ronser  briar,  thorn.  From  rumex  a  missile 
with  barbed  point  (It.  ronciglio  hook,  barb),  cf.  Fr.  chardon 
=  (l)  thistle  (2)  spike.  The  Occ.  is  roumec.  For  the  form, 
cf.  Fr.  ponce,  Pr.  pomser  from  pumex,  Fr.  pouce,  Pr.  polzer 
from  pollex.  From  rumex  also  comes  Pr.  ronsar  to  sling, 
throw. 

Roncear  Sp.,  Cat.  roncejar  to  loiter,  behave  sulkily,  Sp.  roncero, 
Pg.  ronceiro  slothful;  perhaps  of  the  same  origin  as  the  It. 
ronzare  to  hum.| 

Ronchione  —  rocchio, 

Ronciglio  —  ronce. 

Roncin  —  rozza. 

Ronco  Sp.  O.  Pg.,  Cat.  rone  hoarse;  for  roco  from  raucus  (Pg. 
rouco),  taking  the  n  of  the  verb  roncar  =  L.  rhoncare^to 
snore. 

Rondine  rondinella  It.,  Wal.  rendunea^  Pg.  andorinha,  Pr.  ironda 
irondella,  Fr.  hirondelle  swallow;  Wal.  rendurea,  Pr.  randola, 
N.  Pr.  endriouleto  andoureto  dindoideto,  O.  Fr.  aronde  alondre 
arondelle,  Cat.  aureneta  oreneta,  Val.  oroneta.  From  hirundo 
Mrundinis,  Cat.  orin-ela  by  loss  of  the  d.  Whence  is  the  Sp. 
ffolondrina  (ffolondro  =  hoipe ,  desire)?  Ferrari  recognises  in 
it  the  Gk.  xshddv. 

Rondon  —  randa. 

Ronfler  Fr.,  Pr.  ronflar,  Sic.  runfuliari,  Tusc.  ronfiare,  Ven. 
Lomb.  ronfare  to  snore,  snort;  the  root  is  seen  in  the  O.H.  G. 


378  RONGER  —  ROSTRO. 

rof-azdn,  O.  S.  ropizon  to  belch,  perhaps  too  in  the  Bret,  rufla 
to  guzzle ;  Eh.  g-rufflar  to  snort. 

Ronger  Fr.  to  gnaw ;  bite ,  champ.  From  rumigare  to  chew  the 
cud ,  0.  Fr.  ronger,  Sp.  Pg.  rumiar  ronzar,  Pr.  romiar,  It.  ru- 
gumare,  Mil.  rumega,  Wal.  rumega. 

Ronsar  —  ronce, 

Ronzare  It.  to  hum,  buzz,  sbst.  ronzone  a  blue -bottle.  From 
O.  H.  G.  runazdUj  M.  H.  G.  runzen. 

Ronzino  —  rozza, 

Rona  —  rogna. 

Roque  —  rocco, 

Roquete  —  rocchetto, 

Roquette  —  ruca. 

Ros  Pr.  (m.)  dew;  the  Pg.  Sp.  form  from  adj.  rosciduSf  sbst.  ro- 
cio,  rocio,  Sp.  vb.  rociar  (cf.  limpidus  iimpmr),  Cat.  ruxar,  Pr. 
arrosar,  Fr.  arroser  to  bedew ,  besprinkle  (E.  rose  of  a  water- 
ing-pot), Avhence  Sp.  Pg.  rociada,  Cat.  riLxada,  Pr.  rosada^ 
Fr.  rosee.  It.  rugiada  dew. 

Rosa  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  E.  rose.  From  a  form  rdsa  with  long 
0.  From  ro5«  come  It.  riiosa,  Sp.  rw^^^,  Wal.  roase.  We  find 
a  diphthongal  form  in  ^lil.  roeusa,  Piedm.  reusa,  Rh.  i^osa. 

Ros^e  —  ros. 

Rospo  It.  toad;  perhaps  connected  with  ruspo  rough,  v.  escuerzo. 

Rosse  —  rozza. 

Rossignuolo  It.,  Sp.  ridsenor,  O.  Sp.  rossenol  rosenor,  rouxinhol 
rouxinol,  Pr.  Fr.  rossignol  nightingale,  Pr.  f.  rossinhola;  from 
lusciniohis  from  luscinins  luscinia.  Varro  de  ling.Lat.  5,  76  men- 
tions only  a  dim.  lusciniola.  L  was  changed  to  r  for  euphony, 
to  avoid  such  combinations  as  lo  losignuolo;  ruscinia  roscinia 
are  found  as  early  as  the  9"'  century.  The  Wal.  uses  priveghi- 
toare  =pervigilatrix,  Alb.  hilhil  (=  Pers.  Turk,  hu/hul,  hulbiil). 

Rosso  It,  Sp.  roxo,  Pg.  roxo,  Pr.  ros,  Fr.  roux,  Wal.  ros  rosiu 
red:  from  L.  russus  (rare). 

Rosta  It.  (1)  stoppage  (Dante  Inf.  13,  17  rompieno  ogni  rosta), 
Com.  vb.  rosta  to  hinder.  (2)  fan,  tail,  vb.  arrostare  to  fan,  to 
wag;  from  G.  rost  a  flood-gate,  the  grate  of  a  helmet,  a  fan. 
Wal.  rosteiu  grate,  lattice  =  Serv.  rostilj. 

Rostire  It.  in  arrostire,  Cat.  rostir,  Fr.  rotir,  Pr.  raustir  to  roast; 
part,  past  as  sbst.  It.  arrostito,  Fr.  roti  a  roast;  sbst.  from  the 
root  Pr.  raust^  It.  arrosio.  It  is  the  0.  H.  G.  rostjan  (Rom.  i 
=  0.  H.  G.  ^'),  sbst.  gi-rosti,  E.  roast,  also  in  Celtic,  Gael. 
roist,  W.  rhostio,  Bret,  rosta. 

Rostro  Sp.,  Pg.  rosto  face,  countenance,  Wal.  rost  mouth.  Lat. 
rostrum  for  os  occurs  in  Plautus,  Lucilius,  Varro  and  Petro- 
nius;  cf.  A.  S.  neh  os,  E.  neh  rostrum,  O.H.  G.  snahul  rostrum, 
O,  Fris.  snavel  os. 


ROT  —  ROVESCIO.  379 

Bot  Fr.  Cat.  belch;  from  ructus,  It.  rutto. 

Rote  0.  Fr.  E.,  Pr.  rota  a  stringed  instrument,  crowd.  From  a 
Gr.  form  (hrota,  M.  H.  G.  rotte)  of  the  Celtic  crot  (0.  Ir.), 
emit  (Gael.);  crwtli  (W.),  the  chrotta  Britanna  of  Venantius 
Fort.,  E.  crowd,  croivder.  It  is  named  from  the  hollow  frame ; 
W.  crowth  =  protuberance,  belly,  Gael,  emit  a  hump. 

Rotella  It.,  Sp.  rodela,  O.  Fr.  roele  a  round  shield;  It.  rotella, 
Sp.  rodilla,  Pr.  rodela  knee-pan,  knee;  from  rotella  for  rotula, 
cf.  M.  H.  G.  knie-rade, 

Rotir  —  rostire. 

Rotolo  rullo  It.,  Sp.  rollo  rol,  Pr.  rotle  rolle,  Fr.  roUy  E.  roll  (of 
paper &c.);  from  rotnlus;  yh.lt. rotolare  ruzzolare,  Si^.arrollar, 
rr.  rotlar,  Fr.  router,  E.  roll.  Also  Sp.  rolde  from  rotulus  as 
Roldan  for  Rotlan.  Hence  Fr.  eontrole  for  eontre-role  (eounter- 
roll),  check ,  stamp  on  money,  eontrol. 

Rotta  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  rota  J  O.  Fr.  route,  E.  row^,  Fr.  deroute; 
from  ruptus  rupta,  whence  also  Pr.  rota,  O.Fr.  rote  =  Sitroo'p, 
L.L.  rupta,  G.  ro^f^^,  O.  Fr.  arouter  to  arrange;  Fr.  route  road 
(E.  ro^^)  =  via  rupta,  cf.  0.  Fr.  hrisee  street,  and  Mala-routa 
(name  of  a  place),  Sp.  Pg.  rota  derrota  course,  Fr.  routier, 
routine;  hence  also  Fr.  roture  ==  L.  L.  ruptura  fresh  land,  a 
small  farm ,  roturier  one  who  held  such  a  farm ,  a  commoner, 
plebeian. 

Roture  —  rotta, 

Rouche  —  ruche. 

Rouge  —  roggio. 

Rouille  —  ruggine, 

Rouir  Fr.  to  ret  or  steep  flax  or  hemp ;  from  Du.  roten  rotten, 
G.  rosten,  E.  ret  (part,  rotten  =  steeped). 

Rouler  —  rotolo. 

Roussin  — •  rozza. 

Route  routine  —  rotta. 

Rouvre  —  rovere. 

Roux  —  rosso. 

Rovajo  It.  north  wind ;  of  unknown  origin.  Menage  gets  it  from 
horearius  (borealis),  by  corr.  robearius  rovarius. 

Rovello  rovella  It.  anger,  arrovellare  to  enrage;  from  rubellus, 
cf.  L.  ira  mbens. 

Rover  O.  Fr.  to  desire,  request;  from  rogare  (roar  rovar)  L.  L. 
often  =  command.  Not  found  in  Pr.,  in  It.  rogare  is  only 
juristic,  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  rogar,  Wal.  ruga  =  to  beg  (a  favour), 
not  like  the  Fr.  to  desire,  order.  So  0,  Fr.  enter-ver,  Pr.  enter- 
var  entre-var,  Wal.  intreba,  from  interrogare.   Cf.  corvee. 

Rovere  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  robre  roble,  Pr.  roure,  Fr.  rouvre  an  oak  j 
from  robur  roboris. 

Rovescio  —  rivescio. 


».% 


380  ROVISTARE  —  RUFFA. 

Rovistare  ruvistare  It.  to  rummage;  from  revisit  are  (Menage). 

Roxo  —  roggio. 

Boyaume  —  reame. 

Bozar  Sp.  Pg.  to  weed  out,  stub  up,  nibble,  fret,  rub;  a  frcq. 
from  rodere  rosus,  so  for  rosar,  or  from  an  iter,  rositare.  From 
rodicare  comes  Pg.  rojar  to  scrape,  sweep  the  ground,  trail, 
rojao  a  scraping  on  the  fiddle. 

Bozza  It.,  Pr.  rossa,  Fr.  rosse  a  jade,  masc.  Com.  roz ,  Berg. 
ros.  The  It.  form  seems  to  exclude  the  der.  from  G.  ross.  A 
derivative  is  found  in  Pr.  rossirociy  0.  Fr.  roussin,  Sp.  rocin 
and  rocinante,  Pg.  rossi?n,  and  with  inserted  7ij  Pr.  ronci,  ron- 
cin  0.  Fr.  (hence  W.  rhwnsi),  Pic.  ronchirij  It.  ronzino  a  nag, 
Lorr.  AVall.  ronsin  a  stallion,  Fr.  roussin.  M.  H.  G.  runzit  = 
a  poor,  sorry  horse. 

Bu  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  rui  stream,  channel;  from  rivus  (cf.  tuile  from 
teguia),  Rouchi  rieu,  Pr.  riu,  Sp.  rio,  It.  rivo.  Rtiisseau  =  a 
form  rivicellus  for  rivulus ,  It.  ruscello  (from  the  Fr.). 

Bua  —  ruga. 

Bubaldo  —  rihaldo. 

Buban  Fr.  ribbon.  Not  from  ritbefis,  for  then  we  should  have 
had  ruhandier  not  rubanier;  prob.  a  compound  with  G.  band, 

,  like  hauban,  raban,  Du.  ring-band?  O.  Fr.  has  also  riban,  E. 
riband ,  ribbon. 

Bubbio  It.  a  corn- measure;  from  rubeus,  because  the  divisions 
were  marked  with  red,  cf.  pinta. 

Bubiglio  —  ervo. 

Bubino  It.,  Sp.  rubin  rubi,  Pr.  robin,  Fr.  rubis,  E.  ruby;  from 
rubeus. 

Bubio  —  roggio. 

Buea  It.  Pr.,  Sp.  Pg.  oruga;  also  It.  ruchetta,  Sp.  ruqueta,  Fr. 
I'oquette,  E.  rocket  a  plant;  from  L.  eruca. 

Buche  Fr.  beehive  (orig.  made  of  bark ,  cf .  Sp.  corcho  =  cork 
and  beehive),  also  hulk  of  a  ship  (also  written  rouche),  O.  Fr. 
rusclie  rusque,  Pr.  rusca  rusclia,  Piedm.  Lomb.  ruse  a  bark, 
Dauph.  rucM  tan.  Com.  rusca  to  bark  (a  tree);  a  Celtic  word, 
O.  Ir.  riisc ,  Gael,  riisg,  Bret,  rusk,  W.  rhisg  bark  (E.  rusk)^ 
Bret,  riisken  beehive. 

Bucio  Sp.,'Pg.  ruco  greyish,  light  grey;  from  russeus. 

Bue  —  ruga. 

Bueca  —  rocca. 

Buer  Fr.  to  throw,  se  ruer  to  throw  oneself  on,  Du.  ruyen,  ruer 
(neut.)  to  kick.  From  ruere,  like  other  verbs  in  uere  (e.  g. 
argiier,  miniler)  changed  to  the  first  conjugation. 

Buf  —  ru/f'a. 

Buffa  It.  a  scramble,  pulling;  vb.  arruffare  to  roughen,  dishevel 
the  hair,  Com.  rufa-su  to  frown,  Pg.  Cat.  arrufar  to  curl,  con^ 


RUFFIANO  —  RUSTE.  381 

tract,  roughen,  Sp.  arrufarse  to  be  cross,  ill  tempered  (cf.  It. 
arricciarsi),  Sp.  rufo  curly -haired  (also  red-haired),  Pr.  ruf 
rough  (Lim.  rufe),  Berr.  rufe  rufle  morose.  Ar -ruff are  =  G. 
ravfen  (cf.  tuff  are  =  taufen),  r  up  fen  (cf.  zuffa  zupfen),  cf.  E. 
ruff,  ruffle f  Du.  ruyffel  wrinkle,  O.  N.  riifinn  rough,  E.  adj. 
rough  J  O.  E.  ruff.  In  connection  are  Mil.  ruff,  Piedm.  Com. 
ruf  a,  Romag.  rofia  scurf,  dirt  (cf.  It.  roffia  thick  mist),  O.  Fr. 
roife  rofee  scurf,  all  =  O.  H.  G.  hruf,  M.  H.  G.  ruf,  0.  N. 
hrufa  ruf  a,  Du.  ro/ scurf,  A.  S.  ^r^o/?  leprous.  Hence  It.  ha- 
ruffa  fray,  Com.  haruf  a  tuft  of  hair,  Pr.  barrufaut  fighter, 
brawler,  from  O.  H.  G.  hi-roufan,  cf.  haroccio  for  hiroccio. 
Sp.  arrufar  to  incurvate,  is  from  E.  roof, 

Rufflano  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  rufian,  Fr.  ruffien  pimp,  bully,  E.  ruffian; 
it  formerly  meant  not  only  ^'leno'^  but  "amasius",  hence 
many  have  suspected  a  connexion  with  rufo,  from  the  red 
(blond)  or  curled  hair  (Sp.  rufo^  worn  by  such.  Others  con- 
nect it  with  ruffa  ruf  a  (scurf,  dirt)  as  implying  moral  filth, 
cf.  Inf.  11:  ruffian  haratti  e  simile  lor  dura. 

Ruga  O.  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  rua,  Pr.  ruda,  Fr.  rue  street.  Alb.  ruga; 
from  ruga  a  wrinkle,  furrow,  row.  The  Lat.  meaning  remains 
in  It.  ruga,  Sp.  arruga,  Pr.  ruga  rua.  Al.  from  0.  H.  G.  riga, 
G.  reihe  a  row. 

Ruggine  It.  rust;  from  cerugo,  Wal.  rugine;  Sp.  robin  from  ru- 
bigo,  orin  from  cerugo;  Cat.  rovely,  Pr.  roilh  roilha,  Fr.  rouille 
a  dim.  from  rubigo. 

Rugiada  —  ros. 

Rugumare  —  ronger. 

Ruido  Sp.  clamour;  from  rugitus,  cf.  rut. 

Ruin  Sp.,  Pg.  ruim  roim  poor,  pitiful,  mean;  from  ruina. 

Ruiponzo  —  raperonzo. 

Ruisenor  —  rossignuolo. 

Ruisseau  —  ru. 

RuUo  —  rotolo, 

Rumb  —  rombo. 

Runer  Fr.  to  whisper;  from  O.l^.Qc.runen,  G.  raunen,  O.E.  roun, 
cf.  also  O.Si^.ad-runar  to  guess,  G^oth.runa  mystery  ("Et. runic). 

Ruseello  —  ru. 

Ruse  —  rifusare. 

Ruspare  It.  to  scrape.  From  0.  L.  ruspari  to  examine  (orig., 
prob.,  to  scrape). 

Ruspo  It.  (1)  new  coin  (2)  rough.  From  O.  H.  G.  ruspan  to  be 
stiff,  cf.  ruspil-hdr  rough -hair. 

Russare  It.  to  snore ;  perhaps  from  ronchissare  roncsare  roxare. 
0.  H.  G.  ruzzdn  would  have  give  It.  ruzzare. 

Ruste  O.  Fr.  strong,  violent,  sbst.  O.  Fr.  rustie,  Pr.  rustat;  from 
rusticus  (cf.  N.  rusti  a  farmer),  Fr.  rustre  a  boor. 


382  RUSTRE  —  SAFRA. 

Rustre  —  ruste. 

Rut  Fr.,  E.  rut  (of  deer) ;  from  rugitus. 

Ruvido  It.  rough;  from  L.  ruidus  found  in  Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  18, 

10  (23):  major  pars  Italics  ruido  utitur  pilo  i.  e.  aspero  et  im- 

polito ,  cf .  fluidus  fluvido. 
Ruvistieo  rovistico  It.  privet ;  a  corruption  of  ligustrum  which 

was  confounded  with  Ugmiicum. 
Ruzer  Pr.  to  grunt  (only  in  3  sing.  pres.  ind.  rutz);  fromL.  rudere. 
Ruzzolare  —  rotolo. 


S. 

Sabana  Sp.,  Pr.  savena,  O.  Fr.  savene  bed-covering,  altar-cover- 
ing, L.  L.  sahanum  savaniim,  Goth,  sabans,  O.  H.  G.  saban  fine 
linen*,  from  Gk.  Ga^avov  a  linen  towel;  hence  Sic.  insavonare 
to  cover  with  a  pall.  The  word  is  of  Eastern  origin  (cf.  In/fe- 
tas,  camelot  &c.),  Ar.  sabaniya  a  line  linen  made  at  Saban  near 
Bagdad. 

Sabio  —  saggio. 

Sable  • —  sciabla. 

Sable  —  zibellino. 

Sabot  —  ciabatta. 

Sabre  —  sciabla. 

Sabueso  —  segugio. 

Saear  Sp.  Pg.,  0.  Fr.  sachierj  Pic.  saquer  to  draw,  draw  out, 
produce  &c.,  {¥y.  saccade  '^evk,  puU)?  orig,  to  take,  sack;  L.L. 
saccare,  from  saccus. 

Saceade  —  sacar. 

Saeeo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  saco,  Fr.  sac,  E.  sack  (of  a  city);  vb.  It.  sac- 
cheggiare,  Sp.  saquear,  Fr.  saccager,  to  sack.  From  L.  saccus; 
cf.  s.  sacar,  and  cf.  G.  plunder  =  (l)  baggage,  pack,  (2) 
plunder.  Hence  It.  saccomanno  =  N.  Pr.  sacaman,  Du.  E. 
sackman;  Sp.  sacomano  pillage. 

Sacbo  Sp.  Pg.  hoe,  vb.  sachar  sallar;  from  sarculum,  sarculare, 
It.  sarchiare  &c. 

Sacoxnanno  —  sacco, 

Sacre  —  sagro. 

Saeudir  —  cudir. 

Sade  O.Fr.  sweet;  from  sapidus  savoury,  cf.  Pr.  f.  sabeza  ^orsa- 
beda  =  sapida.   Hence  Fr.  maussade  disagreeable,  for  malsade. 

Sadio  Pg.  wholesome;  prob.  a  corruption  of  saudio  (from  saude 
L.  salus),  cf.  Pr.  salutatiu. 

Safara  Pg.  a  stony  waste,  adj.  sdfaro  wild,  intractable,  Sp.  zalia- 
reho;  from  Ar.  ca^hrd  (sahara)  desert. 

Safra  zafra  Pg.  a  large  anvil;  from  Ar.  cachrah  a  hard  stone. 


SAFRAN  —  SAJAR.  38e3 

Safran  —  zajferano. 

Safre  Fr.  greedy;  from  Goth,  safjan  to  taste  (for  term.  cf.  hdfre, 

goinfre,  gouliafre),  or  =  Du.  schaffer  (l)  one  who  serves  up 

eatables  (2)  a  glutton,  vb.  schaffen. 
Sage  —  saggio. 
Sagerida  —  satureia. 
Saggio  It.;  Sp.  Pg.  sahiOy  Pr.  sahi  satge,  Fr.  E.  sage;  from  sa- 

pius  (cf.  Petron.  nesajnus)  sahius  savins^  O.  Fr.  saive.    The  Sic. 

has  varva  sapiu  beard -wise. 
Saggio  It.;  Sp.  ensayo,  Pr.  ^6*5fl'2/^  Fr.  ^55«/,  E.  «55«y  essay;  vb. 

It.  saggiare,  Sp.  ensayar,  Pr.  essaiar,  Fr.  essay er,  E.  flfS5«j^.   • 

From  L.  L.  exagium  (Sp.  e;75  =  ^;r)  pensatio  (cf.  examen  the 

tongue  of  a  balance  =  exagimen). 

Sagire  It.  to  put  one  in  possession ,  Pr.  sazir,  Fr.  saisir  to  take 
possession  of,  E.  seize;  It.  sagina,  Pr.  sazina,  O.  Fr.  saisine, 
E.  sasine,  seisin.  O.  Fr.  had  also  the  It.  signification,  and  so 
in  Fr.  s^  saisir  de.  Hence  dessaisir  Pr.  dessazir  to  dispossess, 
disseisin.  From  O.  H.  G.  sazjan,  G.  setzen,  E.  5^^,  or,  better 
for  the  sense,  from  bi-sazjan,  hesetzeriy  beset  =  occupy,  so  that 
the  Fr.  Pr.  meaning  would  be  the  earlier.  It.  sagire  =  sazjan 
as  palagio  ==  palazjum  palatium. 

Sagro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Fr.  sacre  a  small  hawk;  a  translation  of  the 
Gk.  ikQa\j  cf.  G.  iveihe,  0.  H.  G.  wiho  kite,  prop.  =  sacer, 
cf.  turbot.    Al.  from  the  Ar.  cakr.   Sagro,  sacre,  O.  E.  saker        4 
was  also  used  for  a  kind  of  gun ,  cf.  moschetto. 

Sahir  Pg.  to  depart,  O.  Pg.  salir;  from  salire,  Fr.  saillir.  The  / 
was  lost  and  h  inserted  to  avoid  the  hiatus. 

Sahumar  Sp.  to  perfume;  for  suhumar,  L.  suffumicare. 

Sale  Fr.  goldsmith's  brush;  from  seta  bristle. 

Saime  It.,  Sp.  sain,  Pr.  sagin  so/in,  Fr.  sain-doux  lard;  from  sa- 
gina Sp.  sainete  a  dainty  bit,  also  a  farce.  The  form  -ime  and 
the  gender  (m.)  are  due  to  a  L.  sagimen. 

Sain  sainete  —  saime, 

Sais  Pr.  (f .  saissa)  gray  (of  hair) ;  perhaps  the  rare  L.  ccesius 
gray  (of  eyes),  whence  ceis  sets  sais,  cf.  plais  ior  pleis  (plexum). 

Saisir  —  sagire. 

Saison  —  stagione. 

Saja  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  saya,  Fr.  saie,  m.  It.  sajo,  Sp.  sayo  woollen  over- 
coat, coat,  also  the  stuff  of  which  it  was  made,  M.  H.  G.  sei, 
O.  Ir.  sai;  from  saga  (Ennius),  usu.  sagum  a  mihtary  cloak, 
according  to  Varro,  of  Gallic  origin.  Sagulatus  (clad  in  the 
sagulum)  became  in  Pr.  sallat,  vb.  Pr.  sallar  to  cover.  From 
saja  comes  It.  sajetta,  Sp.  sayete,  Pg.  saieta  saeta,  Fr.  sayette 
serge,  M.  H.  G.  seit. 

Sajar  —  sarrafar. 


384  SALA  —  SAMBUE. 

Sala  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  salle,  Wal.  salehsM-^  from  O.  H.  Gr.  sal 

a  house ,  dwelling. 
Salade  —  celata. 
Salassare  It.  to  bleed,  let  blood ;  from  sangue  lasciare,  cf .  O.  Pg. 

sanguileixado.    Also  It.  segnare  from  Fr.  saigner,  Pr.  sanguar, 

Sp.  sangrar,  L.  sanguinare. 
Salamoja  —  moja. 
Salavo  It.,  Fr.  sale  dirty;  the  latter  is  from  0.  H.  G.  uninflected 

salo  muddy,  the  former  from  the  inflected  salawer,  gen.  sa- 

lawes.   Hence  Fr.  vb.  salii\ 
Salchiclia  —  salsa. 
Saldo  • —  soldo. 
Sale  —  salavo. 

Salitre  Sp.  Pg.  salpetre,  Wal, salitru;  from  sal  nitrum,  It.  salnilro, 
Sallar  —  sacho. 
Salle  —  sala. 
Salma  soma  It.,  Sp.  salma  xalma  enxalma,  Fr.  somme  burden, 

Pr.  sauma  a  she-ass;  from  late  L.  sagma  (odyiia),  whence  also 

O.  H.  G.  sau?7i.    Isidore  has:  sagma  quce  corrupte  vulgo  salma 

dicitur,  cf.  Sip.esmeralda  horn  s?nat^agdus.  Hence  It.  asso?nare  to 

load,  Fr.  assommer  to  cudgel;  Fr.  sommelier  a  butler,  from 

loading  or  packing  the  casks  of  wine  in  the  cellar,  cf.  It.  so- 

mella  a  little  burden. 
Salmastro  It.,  Fr.  saumdtre  briny;  from  salmacidus,  Pr.  samaciu, 

O.  Fr.  saumache. 
Salmuera  —  moja. 

Salope  Fr,  slut,  dirty  wench;  for  slope j  cf.  E.  sloppy. 
Salpare  —  sarpare. 

Salpetre  Fr.,  E.  saltpetre;  from  sal  petrce. 
Salpicar  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  to  besprinkle;  prop,  with  salt,  cf.  Fr.  sati- 

poudrer;  picar  =  to  prick. 
Salsa  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Fr.  sauce  (for  sause),  E.  sauce;  from  salsus. 

Hence  It.  salsiccia,  Fr.  saucisse,  Sp.  salchicha,  L.  L.  salsitia, 

E.  sausage. 
Salsapariglia  It.,  Sp.  zarzaparilla ,  Fr.  salsepareille ,  E.  sarsa- 

parilla  a  Peruvian  plant;  from  Sp.  zarza  bramble  and  Parillo 

the  name  of  the  physician ,  who  first  used  it. 
Salvaggio  selvaggio  It.,  ^ip.  salvage,  Vr.  salvatge ,  Fr.  sauvage, 

E.  savage;  from  silvaticus,  It.  selvatico  salvatico,  Wal.  selbatic. 

Hence  sbst.  It.  salvaggina ,  Sp.  salvagina,   O.  Fr.  salvagine 

venison. 
Salvano  It,  night-mare ;  from  silvanuSj  so  selvatico  from  silvaticus. 
Sambue  0.  Fr.  a  housing,  horse-cloth,  used  by  ladies  of  rank, 

\j.'L.samhuca;=O.H.  G.samboh  sambuoh  samhuh  a  sedan.  It  is, 
)robably,  the  same  word  as  the  L.  sambuca  (l)  a  sort  of  harp 

^2)  a  military  engine  of  similar  shape,  used  for  scaling  walls. 


I 


SAMEDI  —  SARGIA.  385 

Samedi  Fr.  Saturday;  contracted  from  sahhati  dies,  Pr.  dissapte, 
It.  sdbato,  Wal.  semhete  &c, 

Sampogna  zampogna  It.,  Sp.  zampona,  Pg.  sanfonha,  Pr.  siti- 
phonici,  0.  Fr.  sy?np}ionie  chifonie ,  Wal.  cimpoe  a  musical  in- 
strument;, shawm,  bagpipe;  from symphonia,  cf.  Venant.  Fort.: 
donee  plena  suo  cecinit  symphonia  flatu, 

Sanco  —  zanca. 

Sancochar  Sp.  to  parboil;  from  semicoctus. 

Sandio  Sp.,  Pg.  sandeu  foolish,  simple,  perhaps  orig.  =  one  full 

of  wonder,  who  is  always  saying  sancte  deus!  cf.  santiguarse 

to  bless  oneself,  also  =-  to  wonder,  Wall,  doiidiew  a  hypocrite 

(doux  dieu). 
Sangle  —  cinghia. 
Sanglier  —  cinghiale. 
Sanglot  —  singhiozzo. 
Sanna  —  zanna. 
Sans  —  se?tza. 

Sansonnet  Fr.  starling;  prop.  =  little  Samson. 
Santiguar  Sp.  Pg.  to  make  the  sign  of  the  cross ;  from  sanctifi- 

care,  cf.  amortigiiar  ivom.  mortificare,  apaciguarixQvc^  pacific  are, 

averiguar  from  verificare  (-iguar  =■  -igvar  =  -ivigar  for  ifigar, 

cf.  fragua  =  fabrica). 
Santoreggia  — ^  satureja. 
Sana  Sp.,  Pg.  sanha  rage;  from  insania. 
Sap  O.  Fr.  Pr.  fir,  whence  Fr.  sapin  fir,  sapine  fir- wood  (L. 

sappinus).    Sap  belongs  to  a  L.  primitive  form,  v.  hubbone. 
Sape  —  zappa. 
Sapere  savere  It.,  Pg.  Sp.  Pr.  saber,  Fr.  savoir;  from  sdpere  with 

change  of  accent,  following  the  analogy  of  other  modal  verbs 

devere,  potere,  volere.    The  L.  scire  is  only  found  in  the  Sard. 

and  Wal. 
Sapo  Sp.  Pg.  toad;  from  Gk.  67]^  Grjjtog  a  poisonous  snake,  Lat. 

seps?   The  Basque  word  is  apoa  zapoa. 
Sarabanda  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  zarabanda ,  Fr.  sarabande,  a  saraband 

(sort  of  dance) ;  from  the  Pers.  serbend,  through  the  Spanish. 

Saroelle  —  cerceta, 

Sareia  —  sarte, 

Sardina  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  E.  sardine  a  fish;  from  L.  sarda,  Sardinia, 

Gk.  CaQdCvY],  It.  also  sardella. 
Sargento  —  sergente, 
Sargia  It.,  Sp.  sarga  sir  go,  Pr.  serga,  Fr.  serge  sarge,  E.  serge, 

a  woollen  stuff  with  a  mixture  of  linen  and  silk,  L.  L.  sarica; 

from  sericus  serica  silk ,  Basq.  ciricua.   Hence  Sp.  xergon,  Pg. 

xergao  enxergdo  a  coarse  stuffy  straw-sack  ^a;  =  5  as  in  ximio 

from  simius).  It.  sdrgano  &c. 

DIKZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  25 


386  SARGOTAR  —  SAUMATRE. 

Sargotar  Pr.  to  talk  gibberish?  iov sartagoiar(sartago  a  medley)? 

Burg,  sargoter,  however,  =  cahotSr,  cf.  Sard,  sarrdgu, 
Sarjar  —  sarrafar. 
Sarna  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  itch.   Isidore :  impetigo  est  sicca  scahies  . . .  hanc 

vulgus  sarnam  appellant.   The  B.:  is  sarra  zaragarra,  cf.  W. 

sarn  plaster,  sarnaidh  crusty.   I^erhaps  the  Sp.  Pg.  sarro  in- 
crustation, sediment,  belongs  to)  the  same  root. 
Sarpare  salpare  It.,  Wal.  sarpa,  Sp.  Pg.  zarpar,  Fr.  sarper  to 

weigh  anchor.   From  aQ7tdt,eiv ,  for  exJiarpagare.   Hence  Sp. 

zarpa  claw. 
Sarraeina  Sp.  a  tumultuous  contest.   From  B.  asserrecina. 
Sarrafar  Pg.  to  scarify,  make  incisions ;  prob.  a  corruption  of 

scarificare,  Sp.  sarjar j  sajar  (scarf ear  scarcar,  L.  re  =  Sp.  rj), 

B.  has  sarciatu. 
Sarraja  Sp.,  Pg.  serralha  a  vegetable;  lactuca  agrestis  est,  quam 

sarraliam  nominamus  eo  quod  dorsum  ejus  in  modum  sejTw  est. 
Sarria  Sp.  Pr.  Cat.  basket  of  rushes,  net,  O.  Fr.  sarrie,  B.  sar- 

rea,  also  Sp.  sera^  Pg.  seira  panier.   O.  H.  G.  sahar  =  rush, 

L.  L.  sarex  =  car  ex,  cf.  cc^Qixog  a  basket. 
Sarriette  —  satureja. 

Sarta  Sp.  string  of  beads;  from  sertum,  serta. 
Sarte  sartie  It.  (plur.),  0.  Fr.  sarties,  Sp.  xarcia  xarcias  cordage, 

tackling;  from  L.  Gk.  i^aQXiov  ship's  tackle  (^a'prtov),  which 

is  from  i^aQtit,£iv  to  equip  a  ship;  the  f.  from  Gk.  neut.  pi. 
Sarten  Sp.,  Pg.  sartagem  sarta,  Pr.  sartan,  cf.  Sic.  sartania  a 

frying-pan;  from  L.  sartago. 
Sas  —  staccio. 

Sastre  Sp.  tailor;  euphonic  for  sartre  from  sartor,  It.  sartore. 
Satin  —  seta. 
Satureja  santoreggia  It.,  Sp.  sagerida  axedrea,  Pg.  saturagem 

segurelha  cigurelha ,  Pr.  sadreia,  Fr.  sarriette  a  herb,  savory; 

from  satureja. 
Sauce  saucisse  —  salsa. 
Saudade  Pg.  (quadrisyllable)  ardent  longing,  adj.  saudoso.    For 

soledade  through  a  form  soidade,  and  so  would  orig.  denote 

absence  from  a  desired  object,  cf.  disio.    But  Marsh  (on  the 

English  Language,  Lect.  III.)  compares  saudade  with  the 

Scandinavian  saknadr,  saknad ,  saon. 
Sauge  Fr.,  E.  sage,  from  L.  salvia,  It.  Sp.  Pr.  salvia^  Wal.  salvie 

salie  jale. 
Saule  Fr.  (m.)  willow,  for  which  Burg.  Lorr.  has  sausse,  Pr. 

sauze  sautz.  It.  salcio,  Wal.  sake,  Sp.  salce  sauce  sauz  saz,  B. 

saliga,  all  from  salix  salicis,  whence  also  Fr.  saussaie  :==  salice- 

tum.    The  Fr.  saule ,  however,  is  to  be  referred  to  O.  H.  G. 

salaha,  stila,  cL  gaule  from  valu. 
Saumatre  —  salmastro. 


SAUMURE  —  SCAPFALE.  387 

Saumure  —  moja, 

Saure  —  sauro. 

Sauro  soro  It.  sorrel  (of  a  horse);  Fr.  saure  yellowish  brown  (Pr. 
saur  sor  blond,  yellow ,  red),  O.  Fr.  sorel  in  Agnes  Sorel  i.  e. 
Agnes  the  Blond,  E.  sorel  sorrel.  From  L.  G.  adj.  soor,  E. 
sear  dried  up,  vb.  A.  S.  searian,  O.  H.  G.  sor  en,  saiiren  to 
sear,  Fr.  saurer  to  smoke  herrings  {hareng  sauret  a  dried, 
smoked,  seared  herring,  or,  according  to  Cotgrave,  one  that 
is  smoked  till  it  gets  a  sorrel  hue,  a  red  herring),  cf.  colora- 
ridus  (Pliny)^  xerampelinus  (Juv.).  Malin  derives  sauro  from 
the  B.  zuria  white.  The  Pr.  eisaurar  =  a  L.  exaurare  (aura), 
Fr.  essorer,  whence  It.  sor  are  to  let  soar,  to  air,  s'essorer  to 
soar,  Fr.  sbst.  essor  flight;  It.  sciorinare  to  air. 

Sauvage  —  selvaggio. 

Savai  Pr.  bad,  wicked,  oi^^.  pros.  From  savus,  cf.  ibri-ai  ver-ai 
from  ehrius,  verus. 

Savate  —  ciahatta. 

Savoir  —  sapere. 

Say  a  —  saja. 

Sayon  Sp.,  Pg.  saiao  executioner,  officer  of  justice;  from  O.  H. 
G.  sago  (G.  sdger  =  saivger),  L.  L.  saio  sagio. 

Sazon  —  stagione. 

Sbaglio  —  hagliore. 

Sbarro  —  harra. 

Sbavigliare  —  hadare. 

Sberleflfe  —  balafre. 

Sbiadato  —  hiavo. 

Sbieco  —  hieco. 

Sbiesoio  —  Mais. 

Sbigottire  —  bigot. 

Sbirro  —  birro. 

Sbricco  —  bricco. 

Sbrizzare  —  sprazzare. 

Sbrocco  —  brocco. 

Sbulimo  —  bulimo. 

Scabino  It.  oftener  schiavino ,  Sp.  esclavin,  Fr.  echevin  a  sheriff. 
A  German  word:  A.  S.  scepeno ,  O.  H.  G.  sceffeno  sceffen,  G. 
scheffen  schoffe  schoppe ^  from  schaffen  to  arrange,  E.  shape. 
The  It.  scabino  was  formed  from  L.  L.  scabinus. 

Seaeeo  It.,  Sp.  xaque,  Pg.  xaque^  Pr.  escac,  Fr.  echec,  E.  check 
a  figure  (or  move)  at  chess,  chess  (jeu  des  echecs);  from  Per- 
sian shah  king.  Hence  Fr.  echiquier,  E.  exchequer  a  hall  or 
court  of  justice,  so  called  from  its  checquered  (echiquete)  pave- 
ment or  table  -  cover.  O.  Fr.  echec  =  robber  is  the  O.  H.  G. 
schdch. 

Scaffale  It.  frame,  stand;  from  M.  H.  G.  scha/e,  Bav.  schafen, 

25* 


388  SCAGLIA  —  SCARAFFARE. 

Du.  schap.   Gen.  sca/f o  =  hed8iesid.  Sic.  Rh.  sca/fa  =  sca/fale. 
For  G.  schaffot,  E.  scaffold,  v.  catafalco. 

Seaglia  It.,  Fr.  ecaille,  E.  scale;  vb.  scagliare ,  ecailler ,  scale. 
From  G.  sclmle,  vb.  schdlen,  0.  H.  G.  scalja  scaljan,  E.  5/^^?//^ 
cf.  Goth,  skalja  pot,  tile.  Hence  also  Fr.  ecale  nut  or  egg-shell. 

Scalabrone  —  calahrone. 

Scaleo  It.  cook;  from  (o^o\h.  skalks,  O.Yl.Q^.  scale  servant,  found 
also  in  sinisccdco,  ?najiscalco. 

Sealfire  It.  to  scratch,  from  scalpere,  cf.  soffice  from  supplex. 
But  whence  scalftito  for  scal/ito.  Is  it  from  scarificare,  scari fr- 
eer e ,  scar  fire  sealfire  scalfitto?  cf.  Sard,  scraffiri. 

Scalmo  scarmo  It.,  Sp.  escalmo  escalamo ,  N.  Pr.  escaume ,  Fr. 
ecJiome  (m.)  row -lock;  from  scalmus  y  cf.  echameau  a  raised 
bank  for  vines  from  scamellum, 

Scalogno  It.,  Sp.  escalona,  Fr.  echalotte,  E.  shallot;  from  c(epa 
Ascalonia  the  Ascalon  leek. 

Scalterire  sealtrire  to  sharpen,  polish,  scaltrito  scaliro  (cf.  finUo, 
adj.  find)  sharp,  cunning.  Sealtrire ,  according  to  the  Crusca, 
is  to  shape  from  the  rough,  to  make  sharp,  refine.  It  may  be 
from  secdpturire ,  so  scaliro  is  related  to  scalpere,  as  'yla(pvQ6g 
to  yldcpBiv,  The  s  was  thought  to  be  ex,  hence  caller  ire  to 
scratch,  (caltrito  =  scaltrito  in  sense). 

Scampare  —  scappare, 

Scana  —  zanna. 

Scancia  —  escanciar, 

Scancio  —  sgiiancio. 

Scandaglio  It.,  Sp.  escandallOy  Pr.  escandalh  plummet.  Alb.  scan- 
tale;  vb.  scandagliare  scandigliare  &c.;  from  scandere,  cf.  L.  L. 
'  scandilia  steps  of  a  ladder;   the  plummet -line  would  be  so 
called,  because  marked  at  regular  intervals.  N.  Pr.  escandalid 
=  to  gauge. 

Scandella  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  escandia  &c.,  a  kind  of  wheat,  L.  L. 
scandula,  Prob.  from  candidus,  cf.  wheat ,  which  is  connected 
with  ivhite .,  v.  Bopp,  Gloss,  s.  v.  sveta. 

Scappare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  escapar,  Fr.  echapper,  E.  escape.  From 
Rom.  cappa  mantle;  excappare  would  =  Gk.  sxdvsaaaL. 
0pp.  scappare  It.  has  incappare.  It  is  to  be  distinguished  from 
It.  scampare,  0.  Fr.  escamper  ==  ex-campare  fcamjnisj  to  quit 
the  field,  Sp.  escampar  to  clear  away,  Pr.  Cat.  to  spread,  cf. 
espassar  from  spatimn. 

Scappino  —  Scarpa. 

Scarafaggio  It.,  Sp.  escarahajo,  Pr.  escaravai  beetle ;  from  scara- 
haeus  (scarahajiis) .  It.  scarabone,  Pg.  escaravelho ,  Pr.  escara- 
vai, Fr.  escarbot  are  from  GxccQa^og. 

SearaflFare  It.  to  snatch  away;  from  M.  II.  G.  schrapfen,  Bav. 
schrafen,  Du.  schrapen  to  scrape,  cf.  escarbar. 


SCARAMUCCIA  —  SCHELETRO.  389 

Scaramuccia  schermugio  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  escaramuza ,  Fr.  escar- 
mouche  a  skirmish,  wlience  G.  scharmiltzel,  E.  scaramouch. 
From  schermire  to  fight,  O.ld.G.skerman;  the  -uccia  is  merely 
terminational,  of.  0.  Fr.  escarm-ie. 

Scardo  —  cardo. 

Scarlatto  It.,  Sp.  escarlate,  Pr.  escarlat,  f.  Fr.  ecarlate,  E.  scarlet; 
an  Eastern  word,  not  from  Galaticus  (as  Heindorf  and  Marsh, 
Lect.  on  Eng.  Lang.). 

Scarpa  It.,  Sp.  escarpa,  Fr.  escarpe,  E.  scarp  precipice,  declivity; 
vb.  Sp.  escarpar,  Fr.  escarperj  E.  scarp.  From  0.  N.  skarj), 
0.  H.  G.  scarf,  G.  scharf,  E.  sharp.  It.  Scarpa  shoe  is  so 
called  because  pointed,  whence  It.  scappino.^  O.  Fr.  escapin, 
Sp.  0.  Fr.  escarpin  slipper,  sock. 

Scarpello  —  escopro. 

Scarsella  —  sciarpa. 

Scarso  It.,  Pr.  escars  escas,  Fr.  echars,  Sp.  escaso,  Dii.  schaars, 
E.  scarce.  From  excarpsus  for  excerptus  (root  vowel  used  in 
comp,  cf.  R.  Gr.  2,  344,  5?/5  for  tus,  cf.  nascoso,  perso  &c.) 
reduced,  contracted.  In  the  sense  of  ^^ slender"  the  It.  also 
writes  scarzo. 

Scartare  It.,  Fr.  ecarter,  Sp.  Pg.  descartar  to  throw  out  cards, 
discard;  from  crtfr/«  a  card,  L.  charta.  The  O.  Pr.  has  only 
encariar  to  register,  from  carta,  Fr.  charte  a  document,  chart. 

Scarzo  —  scarso. 

Scatola  It.  a  box,  Rh.  scatla,  Wal.  scetulce;  from  G.  schachtel. 

Scegliere  It.  to  choose.  From  ex-elicjere,  cf.  for  the  doubling  of 
the  preposition  scilinguare.  Ex-Ugere  for  eligere  gives  Sp.  esleir, 
Pr.  eslire,  Fr.  ^?/r^. 

Scellino  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  escalin,  Fr.  escalin  a  coin;  from  Goth.  5/:?'/- 
//<7^5,  O.ll.G.skiiling,  lEt.  shilling  (from  schitd,  shield,  cf.sciido). 

Scemo  It.,  O.  It.  se?no,  Pied.  Pr.  sem  diminished,  dwindled;  vb. 
scemare,  Piedm.  seme,  Pr.  semar  to  diminish,  0.  Fr.  semer  to 
separate,  Fr.  sechemer  to  depart.  L.  L.  has  se?nus  simare  sce- 
matio.   From  semis  half,  cf.  Sp.  xeme  a  half- foot. 

Scempio  It.  punishment;  from  exemplum. 

Scendere  It.  to  descend;  from  descendere  (Sp.  descender  &c.), 
like  struggere  from  destruere. 

Scernere  scernire  It.  to  discern;  from  excernere,  Pr.  eissernir  to 
select,  part,  eissernit,  Pr.  eis  =  ex. 

Scerpare  It.  to  tear  to  pieces ;  for  scerpere  from  discerpere,  with 
change  of  conjugation ,  v.  R.  Gr.  2,  117.  Rh.  scarpar.  Com. 
Scarpa  from  dis- carper e. 

Scheggia  It.  a  splinter,  scheggio  a  precipice;  from  schidia  {G%i- 
diov)  used  by  Vitruvius  in  the  former  sense. 

Scheletro  It.,  Sp.  esqueleto,  Fr.  squelette  (m.),  E.  skeleton;  from 
CksXexov  a  dried  body,  a  mummy. 


390  SCHENCIKE  —  SCHIERA. 

Schencire  —  sguancio. 

Scherano  —  schiera. 

Schermo  It.  fight,  skirmish;  vb.  It.  schermire,  Sp.  Pg.  esgrimir, 

Pr.  O.  Fr.  escrimir;  from  O.  H.  G.  skirm  skerm  shield,  vb. 

skirman  {skirmjan  is  wanted  for  the  Rom.  forms),  Bav.  schrc- 

men.  Hence  It.  schermare,  Cat.  esgrimar,  Fr.  escrimer  to  fence; 

sbst.  It.  scherma  scrima,  Sp.  Pg.  esgrima,   Pr.  escrima,  Fr. 

escrime.    One  of  the  numerous  words  pertaining  to  the  use  of 

arms,  which  the  Rom.  nations  received  from  their  Gothic 

conquerors. 
Schermugio  —  scaramuccia, 
Scherno  It.,  Sp.  escarnio,  Pg.  escarnho,  Pr.  esfjiicrn,  O.  Fr.  es- 

chern  mockery,  scorn ;  vb.  It.  schernire,  Sp.  Pg.  cscarnir,  Pr. 

esquernir  escarnir,  O.  Fr.  eschetmir  cscharnir;  from  O.  H.  G. 

skern,  vb.  skernon  to  mock,  to  scorn. 
Scherzare  It.  to  sport,  sbst.  scherzo;  from  0.  H.  G.  schcrzcn  to 

frolic,  connected  with  0.  H.  G.  skeron  to  be  wanton. 
Schiaeciare  It.  to  squash,  crack,  sbst.  schiaccia;  from  O.  H.  G. 

klackjan  to  crack,  clack,  with  intensive  s,  M. H. G.  zerklecken. 

Quite  distinct  from  Fr.  ecacher  (quatto). 
Sch-iaflfo  It.  a  box  on  the  ear;  from  O.  H.  G.  schlappe,  E.  slap, 

through  a  conjectural  form  schlapfc.    N.  Pr.  has  vb.  esclafa. 
Sehiamazzare  It.  to  cry  out,  sbst.  schiamazzo,  O.  Fr.  esclamasse 

(whence  G.  schlamasse);  from  cxclamare. 
Schiantare  It.  to  crack,  break,  Pr.  esclatar,  Fr.  cclater;  sbst.  It. 

schianto,  Fr.  eclat  fragment,  splinfer,  crack,  hence  V^en.  schi- 

antizare  to  lighten.    The  It.  n  is  inserted,  cf.  lonlra  =  loutre; 

esclatar  is  from  0.  H.  G.  skleizen  for  sleizen  to  break  in  pieces, 

slice,  cf.  O.  Fr.  esclier  =  O.  H.  G.  sllzan, 
Sciiiatta  It.,  Pr.  esclata,  O.  Fr.  esclate  race,  kind;  from  O.  H.  G. 

slatha,  G.  ge-schlecht. 
Schiattire  —  ghiattire. 
Schiavino  —  scabino. 
Schiavo  It.,  Sp.  esclavo,  Pg.  escravo,  Pr.  esclau,  Fr.  esclave  (for 

eclou,  O.  Fr.  esclo-s  escla-s);  from  G.  sclave  for  slave,  E.  slave, 

prop,  a  Slave  taken  prisoner  in  battle;  hence  also  It.  schiavina, 

Sp.  esclavina,  O.  Fr.  esclavine,  M.  H.  G.  slavlne  a  pilgrim's 

long  robe. 
Schidone  —  spito. 
Schiena  It.,  Ven.  Piedm.  Rom.  Sard,  schina,  Sp.  esquena,  Pr. 

esquena  esquina,  Fr.  echine  spine.    From  O.  H.  G.  skina  a  pin, 

cf.  Lat.  spina  thorn   and   spine;   It.  schiniera,   Sp.  esquinela 

greaves,  from  O.  H.  G.  skina  skena  a  tube,  bone.    Not  from 

spina,  for  in  the  West  sp  does  not  pass  into  sq. 
Schiera  It.,  Pr.  esqueira,  O.  Fr.  eschiere  a  band;  from  O.  H.  G. 

scar  a,  G.  schaar  (share),   Vb.  Pr.  escarir,  O.  Fr.  escharir  to 


SCHIETTO  —  SCIAMITO.  391 

part,  divide,  L.  L.  scarire  to  fix,  design,  Pr.  escarida,  O.  Fr. 
escherie  lot.  Pr.  escala,  O.  Cat.  eschala,  O.  Fr.  eschiele  are 
corruptions  of  sccfra;  from  schiera  Ferrari  gets  scherano  a 
robber. 

Schietto  It.  pure,  smooth  (Pr.  esclei),  Rh.  scliliett  worthless ;  from 
Goth,  slaihts,  O.  H.  Gr.  sleht,  G.  schlicht  schlecht,  E.  slight. 
Neap,  schitto,  Rh.  schiett  =  only,  merely,  Du.  slechts,  G. 
schlechthin,  of.  It.  pure  from  purus. 

Schifo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  esqia/e,  Fr.  esquif  a  boat,  skiff;  vb.  O.  Fr. 
csqiiiper  to  fit  out  a  ship  (go  on  board),  Fr.  equiper,  E.  equip, 
Sp.  esquif ar  esquipar;  from  0.  H.  G.  skif,  Goth.  A.  S.  O.  N. 
skip  scip,  E.  ship.  O.  Fr.  eschipre  eskipre  from  A.  S.  scipcr,  E. 
skipper,  G.  schiffer, 

Schimbescio  —  sghembo. 

Schineio  —  sguancio. 

Schiniera  —  schiena. 

Schioppo  It.  corrupted  scoppio  a  blow,  crack,  fire-arm,  dim. 
schioppetto  scoppietto,  whence  Sp.  escopeta,  Fr.  escopette  a  car- 
bine, blunderbuss,  vb.  scoppiare,  L.  L.  sclupare  to  shoot. 
From  the  L.  stloppus  (or  sclopus)  (Persius),  cf.  fis{lare  =  fischi- 
are.   For  schioppo  also  stioppo,  cf.  stiaffo,  stianto,  stinco. 

Sehippire  It.  to  slip  away,  escape ;  for  sclippire  from  M.  H.  G. 
slip  fen,  Du.  slippen,  A.  S.  slipcm,  E.  slip,  G.  schliipfen. 

Schiuma  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  escuma,  Fr.  ecume  foam,  scum;  from 
0.  H.  G.  scum,  N.  skum,  E.  scum. 

Schivare  sehifare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  esquivar,  Fr.  esquiver,  0.  Fr. 
also  eschiver  (E.  escheiv),  Rh.  schivir  to  shun;  from  0.  H.  G. 
skiuhan,  G.  scheuen.  Adj.  It.  schivo  schifo,  Sp.  esquivo,  Pr. 
e^quiu,  O.  Fr.  eschiu,  Rh.  5cA/o  =  G.  scheu,  E.  ^/^y. 

ScMzzo  It.,  whence,  perhaps,  Sp.  esquicio,  Fr.  esquisse,  sketch; 
from  schedium  (Apuleius)  anything  made  extempore,  Gk.  (>;t£- 
d'tog,  Gxedtd^sLv  to  extemporize,  make  a  sketch.  It.  schizzare 
&c.  As  schizzo  for  schezzo,  so  L.L.  schida  for  scheda  {scindera 
and  (>;|jtd'?y  being  thought  of). 

Seiabla  seiabola  It.,  Ven.  sabala,  Sp,  5«&/^,  Fr.  E.  5^&r^.  From 
the  Slavonic:  Hung,  szahlya,  Serv.  sciblja,  Wal.  s^^/t;  &c.  (ac- 
cording to  Frisch  2,  139  from  L.  Gr.  ^a/3dg  crooked). 

Sciagura  —  augur  io. 

Scialacquare  It.  to  squander;  from  ex-adaquare  according  to 
IMcnage,  from  It.  scialare  and  acqua  according  to  others. 

Scialare  It.  to  exhale;  from  exhalare,  Sp.  exhalar.  It.  also  aso- 
larc  to  pant ,  Mil.  esalii. 

Seiame  sciamo  It.,  Sp.  enxcunbre ,  Pg.  enxame,  Pr.  eissam,  Fr. 
essaim  a  swarm;  from  examen.    Vb.  Fr.  echemer,  L.  examinare. 

Sciamito  It.,  Sp.  xamele,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  samit,  E.  samite,  G.  sammet; 
from  i^d^Ltog  ^d^ixog  six -threaded. 


392  SCIANCATO  —  SCOJATTOLO. 


Sciancato  -^  anca. 


1 


Sciarpa  ciarpa  It.,  Sp.  charpa,  from  Fr.  echarpe  girdle,  whence 
also  Du.  scaerpe,  G.  schdrpe,  E.  scai^f.  O.  Fr.  also  =  a  pil- 
grim's scrip,  0.  H.  G.  scerhe,  L.  G.  schrap,  E.  scj^ip  scrap  (cf. 
It.  ciarpa  =  scraps,  odds  and  ends).  From  echarpe  probably 
comes  the  dim.  escarcelle  (=  escarp-celle)  a  pouch,  whence  Sp. 
esc  ar  eel  a  J  It.  scar  sella, 

Sciarra  It.  scuffle,  fray,  sciarrare  to  scatter,  disperse;  perhaps 
from  G.  zerran  to  tear,  whence  ciarrare,  and,  with  prosthetic 
s,  sciarrare. 

Sciatta  —  piatto, 

Sciatto  It.  rude,  ugly;  from  ex  and  aptus  (Menage),  or  from  Sp. 
chato  flat,  whence  Rh.  sciait  short  and  fat.   Y.jnallo. 

Seier  Fr.  to  saw,  scie  a  saw.  It.  se^a;  from  secare,  Pr.  scf/ar  (fcc, 
O.  Fr.  sier  and  soier,  cf.  plier  and  ployer  from  plicare.  Hence 
Fr.  E.  scion  a  shoot  or  setting  for  sicion  from  sectio,  cf.  G. 
schnittling  and  E.  cutting. 

Scilinguare  It.  to  stutter ;  from  ex  elinguare. 

Scimitarra  It.,  Sp.  cimilarra,  Pg.  also  samitarra,  Fr.  cimelerre, 
(m.)  E.  scimitar.  According  to  Larramendi,  from  the  B.  cime- 
tarra.    Others  derive  it  from  the  Pers.  shamsher,  or  shemshir. 

Scioceo  It.  dolt,  foolish;  from  exsuccus. 

Sciogliere  sciorre  (sciolsi  sciolto)  to  loosen,  also  disciogliere  &c. 
to  loosen,  dissolve.  (1)  from  exsolverc  (2),  or  (l)  and  (2)  from 
dissolvc7^e.    Asciogliere  to  absolve  is  from  ahsolvere. 

Scioperare  It.  to  cease  from  work,  whence  sciopero  scioperone; 
from  ex  and  operare. 

Sciorinare  —  saiiro. 

Scipare  It.  to  waste;  from  dissipare,  Sp.  disipar,  cf.  desver,  and 
E.  Gr.  1,  231.   So  sciupare  from  dissupare. 

Scipido  sciapido  It.  insipid;  from  in-sipidus  in-sapidus. 

Sciringa  scilinga  It.,  Sp.  siringa  xeringa,  Pr.  siringua,  Fr.  56'- 
ringue,  syringe;  from  syrinx. 

Seirooco  scilocco  sirocco  It.,  Sp.  siroco  xaloque,  Pg.  xaroco,  Pr. 
Fr.  siroc ,  sirocco  South -East  wind;  from  Ar.  schoniq  {scliarq 
east). 

Scivolare  —  cigolare. 

Scodella  —  ecuelle. 

Scoglio  It.,  Sp.  escollo,  Pg.  escollio,  Pr.  escuelh,  Fr.  ecueil  rock; 
from  scopulus.  Pott,  however,  connects  it  with  ETivlla  (jSxvX- 
XsLv  <3%vla^  ■=  tearer,  destroyer  (of  ships),  v.  Kuhn's  Zeit- 
schrift  5,  255. 

Scojattolo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  esquilo,  Arag.  esquirol,  escurol,  Fr.  ccu- 
reuilj  E.  squirrel;  from  sciuriis  sciutndus ,  L.  L.  squirioltts.  The 
combination  in  being  unusual,  we  find  scuirus  (whence  esquirol 
escurol  squirret)  and  scurius  (whence  scoj-att-olo,  v.  R.  Gr.  2, 


SCOMPIGLIARE  —  SCRANNA.  393 

304) ;  hence  sci  lost  its  soft  sound.    The  more  usual  Sp.  term 

is  ardilla, 
Scompigliare  —  pigliare. 
Sconfiggere  sconflssi  sconfitto  It.  to  strike,  bruise,  Pr.  esco?i- 

fire  esconfis  esconfit;  from  ex-conficere)  but  inflected  as  if  from 

ex  -  configere. 
Seoppiare  —  coppia. 
Seoppio  —  schioppo. 
Scorbuto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  escorbuio,  Fr.  scorbut ,  E.  scurvy;  from 

L.  G.  schorbocky  Du.  scheurhuik  =■  G.  scharhock,  v.  Frisch 

2,  220. 
Scorziare  It.,  Sp.  escorzar,  O.  Fr.  escorcer  escoursser,  Wal.  horsi 

to  contract,  to  fold;  from  curtusj  as  hausser  from  alius.    Sbst. 

It.  scorcio,  Sp.  escorzo  contraction,  O.  Fr.  escors  escuers  fold, 

lap. 
Scoreggia  • —  coreggia. 
Scorgere  scorta  • —  corgere. 
Scornare  It.,  0.  Fr.  escorner,  E.  scorn;  prop,  to  show  pride  or      ^ 

insolence  towards  one,  cornua  sumere,  from  a  form  ex-cornare ; 

sbst.  scorno,  scorn.    There  is,  probably,  a  reference  to  the  G., 

V.  s.  scherno. 
Seorticare  —  corteccia. 
Scorza  It.,  Wal.  scoartze,  Pr.  escorsa,  Fr.  ccorce  bark;  vb.  It. 

scorzare,  Pr.  escorsar,  Fr.  ecorcer.    The  sbst.  is  prob.  derived 

from  the  vb.  which  is  from  ex-corticeare  (corUx);  for  a  form 

ex-corticare,  v.  corteccia. 
Scorzone  —  escuerzo. 
Scorzonera  It.,   Sp.  escorzonera,   Fr.  scorsonere  viper's  grass; 

2  derivations  are  given:  (1)  scorzone  a  poisonous  snake  (v. 

escuerzo),  =  L.  serpentaria ,  but  this  should  give  scorzoniera ; 

(2)  scorza  nera  =  G.  schwarz-iaurz.  The  orig.  form  may  have 

scorzoniera,  by  corruption  scorzonera. 
Seosso  It.  (only  in  Lomb.  scoss)  lap,  bosom;  from  O.H. G.  scdz, 

G.  schooss.   The  Wall,  has  ho  for  hot,  Du.  shoot. 
Scotolare  It.  to  swingle  flax;  from  O.  H.  G.  scutilon,  G.  schi'it- 

teln,  cf.  Wal.  scutura  to  shake,  agitate.    Scotola  =  shuttle. 
Scotta  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  escota  sheet  (naut.);  from  Swed.  skot,  G. 

schote  (E.  sheet),  Du.  shoot,  from  schiessen,  schieten. 
Scotta  It.  way;  from  excocta;  also  called  ricotta.   Com.  scocia  = 

excocta  as  strecia  =  siricta  &c. 
Seotto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  escote,  Pr.  escot,  Fr.  <?<:?o/^  L.  L.  scotum  share, 

scot.    It  is  the  G.  schoss  (from  schiessen?),  O.  Fris.  skot,  E. 

scot  shot,  O.  Gael.  sgot.    The  Fr.  e'co/  stump  of  a  tree  is  the 

O.  H.  G.  scuz,  whence  scuzling,  G.  schossling. 
Scozzone  —  cozzone. 
Scranna  It.  bench,  stool;  from  0.  H.  G.  scranna,  G.  schranne. 


•f 


394  SCRICCIO  —  SEDIA. 

Sericeio  sericciolo  It.  a  wren;  prob.  an  onomatop.;  cf.  Illyr. 
zaritsch. 

Scrocco  It.  parasite,  spunger,  Fr.  escroc  swindler,  Mil.  scroch 
rogue,  Rh.  scroc  wight,  vb.  scroccare  to  spiinge,  Fr.  escroqiier 
to  cheat.  Escroc  is  identical  with  Du.  schrok  glutton,  which, 
however,  may  be  from  the  Fr.  They  are,  perhaps,  to  be  re- 
ferred to  the  G.  schurke  rogue,  0.  H.  G.  scurgo^  cf.  It.  scor- 
cone. 

Scudo  scudiere  —  ecu, 

Scuffia  —  cuffia, 

Scuotere  It.,  Pr.  escodre  (partic.  escos),  O.  Fr.  escorre  escourre 
to  shake  off;  from  cxciiterc.  Sbst.  It.  scossa,  Pr.  escossa,  Fr. 
escnsse  concussion,  spring;  from  exctissa.  Hence  It.  riscuoterCj 
Pr.  rescodre  (partic.  rescos),  Fr.  rccourre  to  recover,  rescue, 
'\  from  re-exciUere ;  sbst.  It.  riscossa,  Pr.  rescossa,  Fr.  recousse, 

E.  rescue.  Pr.  secodre,  0.  Fr.  secorre  jsecourre,  Fr.  secouer, 
Sp.  saciidir,  Lomb.  sectidi,  Rh.  saccuder  to  shake,  from  succu- 
lere  (It.  scuotere);  sbst.  It.  secousse. 

Seure  It.  an  axe;  from  securis,  AVal.  secure,  Sp.  segur. 

Seuriada  It.,  Fr.  ecourgee  (for  escoiiriee).  Norm,  coiirgee,  E. 
sjl  scourge,  Sp.  zurriago;  from  excoriata  sc.  scutica,  a  thong  made 

of  leather. 

Sdrajarsi  It.  to  lay  oneself  at  length;  from  Goth,  sirmijan  or 
O.  H.  G.  strewjan  sternere ;  sd  =  st  as  in  sdrucciolare. 

Sdrucciolo  It.  slippery,  vb.  sdrucciolare  to  slip,  whence  Sp. 
esdruxulo  a  word  of  two  short  final  syllables;  from  O.  II.  G. 
striihhal  stumbling,  G.  straucheln  to  stumble. 

Sdrucire  —  cucire. 

Se  Pr.  in  anc-se ,  de-se,  ja-sse  =  anc  sempre  &c. ;  also  enjasse 

per  Jasse.    Cherubini  mentions  ViWiX,  pussee  which  he  derives 

ivQui  pill  assai. 
Seau  —  secchia. 
Secehia  It.,  Pg.  Pr.  selha,  0.  Fr.  seille,  also  m.  It.  secchio,  Pr. 

selh  a  pail;  from  situla  siCla,  L.  L.  sicla,  siclus.    Hence  Mil. 

sidell.  Com.  sedell,  O.  Fr.  seel,  Fr.  seau,  f.  Mil.  sidclla,  Com. 

sedela,  L.  sitella.   Hence  also  the  Ar.  al-satl  assail,  whence 

O.  Sp.  celtre,  Sp.  acetre. 
Seche  —  seppia. 
Secouer  secousse  —  scuotere, 
Seda  • —  seta. 
Sedano  It.,  Ven.  seleno,  Com.  selar,  Piedm.  seler,  Fr.  celeri,  E. 

celery;  from  (sklivov  parsley  =  celery  in  late  Greek,  cf.  Sp. 

apio  dulce.    Parsley  =  petro  -  selinum. 
Sedia  seggia  It.,  Fr.  siege  (m.),  seat,  siege,  It.  assedio  asseggio 

siege;  vb.  It.  assediare,  Sp.  asediar,  Fr.  assieger  to  besiege; 


SEGA  —  SEMONDRE.  395 

from  sedes  through  a  form  assedium  assediare,  no  such  form  as 

sedia  being  found. 
Sega  —  scier. 
Segale  segola  It.,  Pr.  seguel,  Fr.  seigle  (m.),  Wal.  secdre,  B. 

cekharea  rye;  from  secale,  L.  L.  sigala,  sigilum. 
Segnare  —  salassare. 
Segno  0.  It.,  Pg.  sino,  O.  Cat.  seny,  Pr.  senh,  Rh.  senn  a  bell, 

O.  Fr.  (corr.)  seint  saint;  from  signum  =  bell  in  L.  L.,  hence 

also  B.  ceinua,  cf.  tocsin. 
Sego  —  sevo. 

Segolo  It.  a  hatchet;  from  secula  a  sickle. 
Segugio  It.  bloodhound,  Mil.  sans  saviis,  Piedm.  sns,  L.  L.  sigu- 

sius  siiisius  seusius,  Sp.  sahueso,  Pg.  sabujo  (from  smisiiis  sahiisiiis 

sabuiso  sahueso).    Probably,  like  many  other  names  of  dogs, 

from  the  name  of  a  place,  Segusium  or  Siisa  in  Piedmont. 

From  Seg'usiiis  for  Segusianus  came  Seusius  and  Segutius  Se- 
gugio. 
Segurelha  —  satureja. 
Seigle  —  segale. 
Seigneur  —  signore. 
Seille  —  secchia. 

Seine  Fr.  E.  a  drag-net;  for  same  from  sagena  L.  It. 
Seira  —  sarria. 
Selon  Fr.  particle,  O.  Fr.  selone;  from  secundum^  with  a  reference 

to  longurn. 
Sem  —  scemo. 
Sema  sem  Com.,  Mil.  semma  adv.  =  It.  ora^  e.  g.  faot  sem  = 

Valtra  volta;  from  semel. 
Semana  semaine  —  settimana. 
Semaque  Fr.  (f.)  a  smack;  from  Du.  smak,  E.  smack ,  cf.  senau 

from  Du.  snauw ,  L.  G.  snau,  E.  snow  (a  small  ship). 
Semblant  semblar  sembler  semejar  —  semhrare. 
Sembrare  sembiare  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  semblat^  Fr.  sembler;  from  simu- 

lare  similar e.  Hence  It.  sembiante,  Sp.  semblante,  Fr.  semblant; 

It.  assembrare  assembiare,  Sp.  Pr.  asemblar,  Fr.  assembler,  E. 

assemble y  L.  assimilare  assimulare  (with  a  reference  to  simul); 

It.  rassembrare ,  Pr.  Sp.  resemblar,  Fr.  ressembler,  E.  resemble. 

Hence  also  It.  simigliare  somigliare,  Sp.  semejar,  Pr.  semelhar. 
Semillant  Fr.  brisk,  lively.   From  the  Celtic,  W.  sitn  free,  loose. 
Semola  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  semoule,  E.  dim.  semolina;  from  simila. 
Semonce  —  semondre. 
Semondre  Fr.,  Pr.  somondre  semondre  to  invite,  summon,  partic. 

semons,   whence  sbst.  semonse ,   somonsa  (E.  summons);  from 

summonere,  whence  also,  in  the  P'  conj.  sommer,  O.  Fr.  semo- 

ner  (whenceFr. semonneur).  The  Fr.  has  also  semonce  a  lecture, 

semoncer  to  lecture ,  reprimand.    Monere  in  Rom,  was  treated 


-t 


396  SENA  —  SERAN. 

as  a  verb  of  the  3'*^  conj.,  hence,  a  part,  monestiis,  whence 
mnonestar,  v.  Littre ,  p.  34. 
-4       Sena  It.,  Sp.  sena  sen,  Pg.  senne,  Fr.  sene,  E.  senna;  from  Ar. 
sand, 

Seneillo  Sp.  simple ;  a  dim.  from  simplex  =  It.  semplicello, 

Senda  Sp.  Cat.  path;  from  semita;  It.  sender o,  Sp.  sender o,  Pr. 
semdier  sendieira,  Fr.  sentier  from  semitarius. 

Sendos  Sp.,  Pg.  senhos,  O.  Pg.  56?//?05  the  only  distributive  re- 
maining in  the  Rom.  languages  in  the  orig.  sense,  L.  singtdi 
singulos,  R.  Gr.  3;  15.   O.  Sp.  sehero  is  from  singulajius. 

Seneehal  senescal  —  siniscalco. 

Senno  It.,  O.  Sp.  Pr.  O.  Fr.  Rh.  sen  understanding;  from  O.  H. 
G.  sin,  G.  Sinn.  Hence  Sp.  senado,  Pr.  senat,  0.  Fr.  sene 
sensible,  Fr.  for-cene  =  It.  for-sennato  senseless. 

Senopia  —  sinople. 

Sensale  It.,  Fr.  censal,  Pr.  (7<?6-5«/ broker ;  from  ccnsualis  a  col- 
lector, cf.  Papias:  censuales  sunt  of/iciales  qui  censum  per  pro- 
vincias  exigunt. 

Sentare  It.  (Com.),  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  seniar  (Pr.  only  in  part,  sental) 
to  place,  set,  settle;  a  participial  verb  from  sedere  sedens,  R. 
Gr.  2,  333.  Hence  It.  assentare,  Sp.  Pg.  asentar,  O.  Fr.  assen- 
ter,  Sp.  sbst.  asiento  a  seat  &c. 

Sentier  sentiero  —  senda. 

Sentinella  It.,  Sp.  centinela,  Fr.  sentinelle,  E.  sentinel,  sentry. 

^  From  It.  sentire  to  hear,  listen,  cf.  scolta  (scout)  from  scoltare. 

But  this  would  leave  the  middle  syllable  unaccounted  for. 

Galvani  derives  it  from  sentina  the  well-room  of  a  ship,  where 

the  sentinator  was  stationed  to  give  notice  of  any  leakage. 

Senza  It.,  0.  It.  also  sanza,  N.  Pr.  senso,  O.  Sp.  sines,  O.  Pr. 
senes  sens  ses,  O.  Fr,  sens,  Fr.  sans,  also  O.  It.  sen,  Sp.  sin, 
Pg.  sern,  Pr.  sen  preposition  from  L.  sine,  with  epenthetic  s 
senes  sens,  with  euphonic  a  senza  for  sensa,  as  manzo  for  ma?iso. 

Sena  —  insegna. 

Senor  —  signore. 

Sepoule  —  spola. 

Seppia  It.,  Sp.  xihiay  Fr.  seche  the  cuttle-fish;  from  sejna. 

Ser  —  essere. 

Sera  It.  Pr.,  Wal.  seare,  Pr.  m.  ser,  Fr.  soir  evening ;  Pr.  vb. 
aserar,  O.  Fr.  aserier  aserir  enserir,  Wal.  inscra  vesperascere ; 
from  serenus,  Sp.  sereno  evening  dew,  Pr.  seren,  Fr.  serein. 
Neap.  Serena,  also  Pr.  serena  =  It.  serenata,  Fr.  serenade,  E. 
serenade.   For  the  sense,  cf.  Gk.  evcpQovrj. 

Sera  — ■  sarria. 

Serail  —  serrare. 

Seran  Fr.  heckle,  serancer  to  heckle;  from  M.  Du.  schrantsen  to 
tear,  M.  H.  G.  schrenzen,  sbst.  M.  Du.  schrantse,  M.  H.  G. 


SERBA  —  SERZIR.  397 

schraniz.   The  regular  form  in  Fr.  would  be  ecrancer,  but  cf. 

M.  H.  G.  sranz  for  schrantz. 
Serba  Sp.  service -berry;  for  suerha  from  sorhum,  It.  sorha.   For        -t 

ue  from  o ,  cf .  f rente. 
Serge  —  sargia, 
Sergente  It.  0.  Sp.,  Sp.  sargento,  Fr.  sergent,  E.  sergeant;  from 

serviens,  cf.  pioggia  from  phwia,  cf.  Pr.  sZ/t^w  ^=  sergente) 

part,  of  servir,  Piedm.  servient, 
Sergozzone  —  gozzo. 
Serin  Fr.  a  canary-bird;  from  (Ta^jfi/ (=  a  singing  bird  in  He-   -    , 

sychius). 

Sermar  —  esmar. 

Serment  Fr.  an  oath;  from  s acr amentum ,  0.  Fr.  sairement y  Pr. 
sagramen,  L.  prop,  a  soldier^s  oath  of  allegiance,  a  word 
spread  throughout  the  Roman  provinces  by  the  soldiery,  v. 
Pott,  Kuhn's  Zeitschrift  1,  348. 

Sermollino  It.  wild  thyme;  from  serpyllum,  It.  also  serpillo  ser- 
pollo,  Sp.  Pr.  serpoty  Fr.  serpolet. 

Serorge  0.  Fr.  brother-in-law;  from  sororius. 

Serpe  It.  Pg.  O.  Fr.,  Sp.  sierpe,  Pr.  Rh.  serp,  Wal.  serpe  a  ser- 
pent; a  very  old  abbreviation  of  serpens ,  cf.  W.  sarf,  Sk. 
sarpa  (nom.  sarpas). 

Serpe  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  satye  a  bill,  a  pruning  -  hook ;  from  sarpere, 
Fest.  sarpere  antiqui  pro  pur g are  dicehant,  L.  L.  sarpa  sarcu- 
lum.  From  sarpa  in  a  passive  sense ,  cf.  sarmentum  for  sarp- 
mentum,  would  come  Sp.  serpa  a  shoot,  layer;  ^  for  a  as  in 
alerce,  lexos. 

Serper  —  sarpare. 

Serra  O.It.,  Sp.  sierra,  Pg.  Pr.  serra  a  mountain  chain  or  ridge; 
prop,  a  saw,  L.  serra,  cf.  serratus  serrated,  Montserrat. 

Serrare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  cerrar,  Pr.  serrar,  Fr.  server  to  fasten,  to 
press;  sbst.  It.  serra  a  throng,  Fr.  serre  talon,  grasp;  It.  ser- 
raglio,  O.  Sp.  cerraje,  Pr.  serralh,  Fr.  serail  prison,  seraglio; 
from  sera  a  lock,  bolt,  L.  L.  serra.  Sp.  c  is  to  distinguish  the 
word  from  serrar  to  saw. 

Serrin  Sp.  (m.)  saw -dust;  from  serrago  serraginis ,  as  orin  from 
wrugo. 

Sertir  Fr.  to  set  a  jewel;  from  sertum,  L.  L.  sertare  to  festoon, 
surround,  enclose.    N.  Pr.  is  sartir. 

Serventese  —  sirvente.  .  • 

Serviette  Fr.  mapkin.  Servir  une  table  =  to  arrange  the  plates 
&c.,  L.  ministrare,  service  =  E.  service  (of  plate  &c.),  ministe- 
rium.  It.  servito  course,  Pr.  servil  service,  whence  serviette  (for 
servilette,  cf.  Sp.  servilletd)  not  from  servir.  Hence  desservir  to 
clear  the  table,  dessert,  E.  dessert.  -=^ 

Serzir  —  zurcir. 


398  SESCHA  —  SGOMENTARE. 

Sescha  cesea  Pr.  reed;  sedge,  S^.  xisca  sugar-cane,  "B,  sesccij 
L.  L.  sisca.  From  the  Celtic :  Ir.,  Gael,  seisff^  W.  hesff,  A.  S. 
sege  secg,  E.  se^ge. 

Seso  Sp.,  Pg.  siso  understanding;  from  sensus. 

Sesta  seste  It.  compasses,  It.  O.Pg.  sesta  measurement,  measure; 
vb.  It.  sestare  assestare  to  measure,  cut  off,  Sp.  asestar  to  ad- 
just a  cannon,  aim,  level.  From  Gk.  ^vCxov  a  mason's  tool, 
a  trowel,  a  level,  or  a  square.  From  sestare  come  O.  H.  G. 
seston  disponere,  sestunga  dispositio. 

Sestiere  It.,  Sp.  sextario,  Pr.  sestier,  Fr.  setter  a  measure;  from 
sextarius,  O.  H.  G.  sehtari;  hence  also  It.  stcijo  for  sesta  jo,  cf. 
Rh.  ster  for  sester,  Lorr.  steire. 

Seta  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  sechij  Fr.  sole ,  L.  L.  seta;  from  the  form  seda  is 
O.H.  G.  sida  (as  pm«  from  jy<?/irt  iov poena,  prls  from  pret'nmi)^ 
G.  5^/<?<?,  Ir.  sloda,  W.  sidan.  From  L.  ir^«  a  bristle,  a  mean- 
ing still  belonging  to  the  Sp.  and  Fr.,  whence  also  It.  setone, 
Fr.  setoiij  E.  seton.  The  full  expression  is  found  in  L.  L.  seta 
serica.   Hence  It.  setinOj  whence  Pg.  setim,  Fr.  E.  satin. 

Setier  —  sestiere. 

Seton  —  seta. 

Seto  Sp.  hedge;  from  septum. 

Settimana  semmana  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  sema?ia,  Pr.  setmana,  Fr.  se- 
maine  week;  from  L.  L.  septimana ,  prop.  ==  seventh ,  AVal. 
septemene,  Ir.  sechtmaine.  The  Cat.  O.Pg.  have,  instead,  dojua 
from  hehdo?nas,  Sp.  hehdomada. 

Seuil  —  suolo. 

Seve  Fr.  sap;  from  sapa,  Pg.  seve  &c. 

Severonde  —  gronda. 

Sevo  sego  It.  {g  for  v  R.  Gr.  1,  187),  Sp.  Pg.  seho,  Pr.  Wal.  seu, 
Fr.  suif  (coYV.)j  Norm.  Rouchi  sieu  (E.  suet)  fat,  suet;  from 
sebum  sevum. 

Sevrer  Fr.  to  wean;  from  separare,  It.  soever  are. 

Sezzo  sezzajo  zezzo  It.  =  ultimo;  from  secius,  cf.  L.  L.  Gloss. 
secius  segnius,  found  also  in  da  sezzo  opp.  da  prima. 

Sfidare  —  disftdare. 

Sgarrare  —  garer. 

Sghembo  It.  oblique,  crooked.  Pied,  sginho;  from  O.  H.  G. 
slinih ,  Bav.  schlimm  schlemm  oblique.  Sic.  has  scalemhru  for 
sclembru  sclembu.  Compounded  with  biescio  (v.  biais)  we  have 
schimbescio  ^chimbecio. 

Sghignare  —  gliignare. 

Sgneppa  It.  woodcock;  Com.  sgnep,  Wal.  sneap  (m.);  from  O. 
H.  G.  snepfa  snepfo,  G.  schnepfa,  E.  snipe. 

Sgombrare  —  colmo. 

Sgomentare  It.  to  frighten,  be  frightened;  from  commeniari  to 
meditate,  excommentari  to  make  one  out  of  his  senses. 


SGORBIA  —  SIGNORE.  399 

Sgorbia  —  guhia. 

Sgridare  —  gridare. 

Sguancio  It.  crookedness ,  obliquity ;  from  G.  schwank  flexible, 
Swed.  sbst.  svank  crookedness,  Du.  zivanken  to  distort,  hence 
perhaps  scancio  for  sguancio,  and,  with  inserted  i  =  I  schian- 
cio,  vb.  schiancire.  The  Sic.  sguinciu,  Neap,  sguinzo  awry 
(hence  Sp.  esguince?)  is  either  a  form  of  sguancio  or  from  Gr. 
wincUscli,  ivinsch  oblique,  cf.  E.  squint.   It.  schincio  =  sguinciu. 

Sguizzare  —  guizzare. 

Sgurare  It.  (Lomb.  sgura),  Sp.  Cat.  escurar,  Fr.  ecurer  to  scour-, 
not  from  Gr.  scheuern,  Du.  schuren,  E.  scour,  which  are,  prob.,     "T 
themselves  from  the  L.,  but  from  ex- curare.   Ven.  and  Pr. 
curare  =  to  clean,  Wal.  curat  =  clean. 

Si  It.,  Sp.  si,  O.  Sp.  sin,  Pg.  sim,  Pr.  Fr.  67*;  from  sic  (ita  was 
more  commonly  used  as  an  affirmative).  Sard,  has  imo  or 
e?nmo  from  L.  immo. 

Si  0.  Fr.  particle  =  until.  In  comp.  de  si,  dessi,  desi  que, 
tressi  tressi  que,  entressi,  enfressi.  I'he  It.  has  si  in  the  same 
sense.  Inf.  29,  30:  non  guardasti  in  la,  si  fu  partito;  Cocc.  Dec. 
3,  9 :  ne  mai  ristette,  si  fu  in  Firenze.  This  may  be  a  shortened 
form  of  sin  (cf.  no  for  nori)^  and  the  word  may  have  passed 
from  Italy  into  France ,  or  the  Fr.  word  may  be  independent 
of  the  It.,  and  may  be  derived  from  signum  scopus. 

Sicrano  Pg.  pronoun  for  l^.quidam;  from  securus  in  the  sense  of 
certus.    Pr.  has  seguran. 

Sido  It.  excessive  cold ,  assiderarsi  to  be  benumbed  with  cold ; 
from  sidus  numbness ,  siderari  to  be  benumbed ,  G.  erslarren. 

Sidro  cidro  It.,  S^.sidra,  Fr.  cidre  (E*.  cider) y  Wal.  eigheariu; 
from  sicera  {pCKSQa),  by  corruption  cicera,  whence  cidra  as 
Fr.  ladre  from  Lazarus.    The  0.  Sp.  has  sizra. 

Siege  —  sedia. 

Sien  Sp.  (f.)  temple  (of  the  head);  from  somnus  (v.  tempia), 
whence  somn,  suen,  sien,  or  from  segmen  segm  segn  sien  (cf. 
des-den)  from  dignus,  and  cf.,  according  to  Pott,  tempus  (from 
root  T£ft)  orig.  =  a  division   or  part  of  the  head  (Forsch. 

2,  54.). 
Sien  —  mien. 
Sierra  —  serra. 
Siffler  Fr.  to  whistle  (O.  Fr.  also  sihler);  from  sifilare  an  old 

form  of  sibilare,  Pr.  sihlar,  siular,  also  cliiflar,  Sp.  silljar  and 

chiflar,  v.  chifolo. 
Siglaton  —  ciclaton. 
Sigle  —  singlar. 
Signore  It.,  Sp.  senor,  Pg.  Pr.  senhor,  Fr.  seigneur;  from  senior, 

like  Gk.  TtQSGpvtsQog  and  A.  S.  ealdor,  E.  alderman.    Senior 

replaced  the  m.  dominus  whilst  the  f.  domina  remained.   In 


400  SILHOUETTE  —  SIQUIER. 

Pg.,  however ;  senhor  was  used  f.  as  in  L.  Senior  for  dominus 
is  found  in  L.  L.^  and  is  sometimes  opposed  to  vasalliis.  The 
oldest  Fr.  form  is  nom.  sendra,  contr.  sire ,  ace.  seigneur , 
contr.  sieur,  whence  nom.  ?nessire,  ace.  monseigneur  and  rnon- 
sieur.  For  sire  =  sendre  (prob.  a  North -French  contraction) 
cf.  Picard.  ierons  =  tiendrons,  tere  =  tendre.  Of  Fr.  origin 
are  the  Pr.  sire  sira  (nom.  and  ace),  Sp.  ser  sire,  It.  ser  and 
sire  (Pr.  sior)^  E.  sir,  which  replaced  the  A.  S.  hearra. 

Silhouette  Fr.  a  profile ;  so  called  from  M,  de  Silhouette  a  finance- 
minister  under  Louis  XV.,  who  was  notorious  for  his  par- 
simony.  V.  Sismondi  Hist,  des  Francais  29,  94. 

Siller  Fr.  (intrans.)  to  run  ahead  (nav.),  prop,  to  furrow  the  sea, 
sillon  a  furrow,  wake;  from  N.  sila  to  cut,  sever,  with  liquid 
//,  as  in  piller  from  pillare,  Cf.  Mil.  sciloira,  Pied,  sloira  a 
plough,  V.  aratro. 

Siller  Fr.  to  sew  up  a  falcon's  eyes ;  for  oilier,  from  cilium. 

Silo  Sp.,  B.  siloa,  ciloa  a  granary,  N.  Pr.  silo.  Perhaps  from  L. 
slrus,  Gk.  CeLQog, 

Sim  —  s'l. 

Simigliare  —  sembrare. 

Sin  —  senza. 

Singelo  Pg.  single;  from  a  dim.  L.  singillus,  whence  singillarius 
(Tertullian). 

Singhiozzo  singozzo  It.,  Sp.  collozo,  Pr.  singlot,  sanglot,  Fr. 
sanglot ,  Rh.  sanglut  a  sob;  vb.  singhiozzare ,  singhiottire ,  sollo- 
zaTj  sanglot ary  sangloter;  corrupted  from  singidtus,  singultare, 
singuUire. 

Singlar  Sp.,  Pg.  singrar,  Fr.  cingler  to  sail  (with  a  favourable 
wind);  from  O.  H.  G.  segelen,  0.  N.  sigla,  G.  segeln  to  saily 
with  inserted  n  as  in  singlaton.  Immediately  from  the  G.  are 
O.  Fr.  sigle,  G.  segel  a  sail,  vb.  sigler. 

Sinisealeo  sesealco  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  senescal,  Fr.  senechal,  E.  seneschal 
=  prop,  aged  servant,  from  0.  H.  G.  sini-scalh,  L.  L.  sini- 
scalcus  y  cf.  mariscalco ,  scalco. 

Sino  and  insino  It.  particle  for  L.  tonus;  prob.  from  signutn,  cf. 
fino  from  finis, 

Sinople  Fr.  green  (in  blazonry),  whence  Sp.  sinople ,  and  also 
Pg.  sinople  a  green  jasper.  But  It.  senopia,  Pg.  sinopla,  E. 
sinoper  =  red ,  red  ochre,  from  L.  sinopis  red  ochre,  so  called 
from  Sinope  on  the  Black  Sea.  Cf.  a  MS.  of  1400  (quoted  in 
Menestrier  orig.  des  arm.) :  sicut  et  in  urhe  Sinopoli  ruhicundum 
invenitur  et  viride  dictum  sinoplum. 

Sione  It.  whirlwind;  from  aCfpcuv  a  waterspout,  Fr.  siphon,  L. 
sip] ion. 

Siquier  siquiera  siquiere  Sp.  adv.  for  L.  saltim;  from  si  and 
quiera  conjuctive  from  querer,  so  ==  si  velit. 


SIRE  —  SMAGARE.  401 

Sire  —  signore. 

Sirgar  Sp.  Pg.  Cat,  to  tow  (naut.),  sbst.  sirga  it  tow-line;  from 
a  form  siricare  formed  with  suffix  ic  from  oeiQav. 

Sirima  It.  the  end  of  a  strophe ;  from  syrma  (avQfia)  a  train,  Wal. 
serme  a  thread ,  Alb.  sirme  silk. 

Siroe  —  scirocco. 

Siroppo  sciroppo  It.,  Sp.  xarope,  Pg.  xarope,  enxarope,  Fr. 
strop,  E.  syrup,  strop,  shrub;  from  Ar.  schardh  drink,  wine, 
coffee. 

Sirvente  Fr.  (m.),  0.  Fr.  serventois,  Pr.  sirventeSj  sirventesc,  f. 
sirventesca ,  hence  It.  sirventese,  a  kind  of  song,  eulogistic  or 
satirical,  opp.  a  love-song;  from  serviens,  so  lit.  a  service-lay. 

Sisa  Sp.  Pg.  petty  theft,  pilfering,  excise,  vb.  Sp.  sisar^  Pg. 
scisar  to  filch,  cut  away.  Due.  makes  it  the  same  as  Fr.  assise, 
but,  according  toDiez,  from  Pr.  sensa  =  Li.  census,  as  siso 
from  sensus.  Scisar,  sisar  may,  however,  be  a  freq.  from  scin- 
dere. 

Sisclar  ciselar  Pr.,  xisclar  Cat.  to  whistle;  from  fistulare  (It. 
fischiare),  with  the  s  of  sibilare. 

Sitio  Sp.,  Pr.  seti  setje  place,  site,  vb.  Sp.  siiiar  asitiar,  Pr.  ase- 
tiar,  aseljar  to  besiege;  perhaps  from  O.  H.  G.  sizan,  0.  S. 
sittian  (E.  sit),  cf.  hisittian  to  besiege. 

Sitot  Pr.  conj.  for  L.  etsi;  from  si  tot  (tout)  although,  cf.  It.  tut- 
toche. 

Sivels  —  viaus. 

Sizel  —  cincel. 

Slandra  —  landra. 

Slinga  (schlinga)  Rh.,  Sp.  eslingua,  Pg.  eslinga,  Yv.elingue  sling; 
vb.  Pic.  clinguer  to  sling  (0.  Fr.  tinder) ;  from  O.H.  Gr.  slinga, 
G.  schlinge,  E.  sling. 

Slitta  It.  sledge;  from  O.H. G. slito.  Hence  Com.  slitiga  to  make       -4. 
smooth. 

Smaccare  —  macco. 

Smacco  It.  insult,  vb.  smaccare  (to  be  distinguished  from  smac- 
care, from  macco) ;  from  O.  H.  G.  smdhi,  G.  schmach  disgrace, 
vb.  smdheii,  G.  schmdhen  to  abuse,  smdhjan  to  debase.  The 
double  cc  is  found  also  in  ricco  from  rthhi,  taccola  from  tdha. 

Smagare  O.  It.,  0.  Pg.  esmaiar  to  be  dispirited,  dismayed,  Pr. 
esmaiar,  0.  Fr.  esmaier  esmoyer,  Berr.  emeger  to  dismay;  also 
Sp.  Pg.  desmayar,  E.  dismay;  sbst.  It.  smago,  Pr.  esmai  esmbij 
Sp.  desmayo,  E.  dismay,  swoon.  The  Fr.  emoi  anxiety,  emo-  ' 
tion,  though  usu.  derived  from  mouvoir,  is  only  another  form 
of  esmai.  It  is  from  the  O.  H.  G.  magan  to  be  able  (may)  with 
the  Rom.  privative  es  =  des,  cf.  0.  H.  G.  magen  to  be  strong, 
unmagen  to  faint.  We  seldom  find  the  Rom.  using  the  German 
word  only  in  compounds,  but  cf.  tra-stullarc  from  O.  H.  G. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  26 


402  SMALTO  —  SOBRIQUET. 

stuUan.  Some  derive  smagare  from  O.  H.  G.  smdhjan  to  degrade; 
but  this  is  found  in  smaccare,  v.  smacco. 
Smalto  It.;  Wal.  stnaltz  (jumaltz),  Sp.  Pg.  es?nalte,  Fr.  email,  E. 
^  enamel  (from  the  frequent  combination  en  email,  peindre  eii 

email  &c.);  L.  L.  smaltum.  From  O.  H.  G.  smelzan  stnalzjan 
smaltjan,  Gr.  schmelzen,  E.  smelt.  In  the  Fr.  email,  i  is  inserted 
after  a  (esmailt)  and  the  t  dropt  as  in  gal  for  gall  from  G. 

Smalzo  Ven.  butter;  from  G.  schmalz  grease. 

Smania  It.  madness,  smaniare  to  rage;  from  mania,  Gk.  \ia.via^ 
It.  also  mania. 

Smarrire  —  marrir, 

Smeraldo  It.;  Sp.  Pg.  f.  esmeralda,  Pr.  esmerauda,  Fr.  emeraude, 
E.  emerald;  from  smaragdus  (oiidgaydog  m.  f.)  Sansk.  mara- 
kala,  g  changed  to  /  as  in  salma  from  ady^a^  Baldacco  from 
Bagdad;  O.  Sp.  has  also  esmeracde,  Pr.  maracdc. 

Smerare  It.;  Sp.  Pr.  esmerar,  0.  Fr.  esmerer  to  clean;  from  ^rr- 
merare  as  spur  are  from  ex -pur  are,  sgurare  from  ex -curare, 
,i      Smeriglio  It.;  Sp.  esmeril,  Fr.  emeri,   E.  emery;  from  G^vQig 

O^LQLg. 

Smeriglione  —  sme?io. 

Smerlo  It.;  Pr.  esmirle  a  sparrow  hawk ;  merlin ;  Sp.  Pg.  es?neril 
i  a  small  piece  of  ordnance  (cf.  falconete ,  moschetto  &c.);   It. 

smeriglione,  Sp.  esmerejon,  Pg.  esmerilhdo,  Fr.  emerillon,  E. 

merlin.   From  merla,  L.  merula  a  blackbird?    The  O.  H.  G. 

has  smirl. 
Smilzo  —  milza. 
Smorfia  —  morfia. 
Smussare  —  7Jiozzo, 
Snello  It.;  Pr.  ?.v;z^/  ?rw^/,  O.  Fr.  ?V;?^/  /^;z^/  ^/?^/  nimble.   Prom 

O.  H.  G.  snel,  G.  schnell,  though  the  i  for  ^  (esnel)  is  not  easily 

accounted  for. 
So  —  ^/o. 
Soanar  —  sosanar. 
Sobaco  —  harcar, 
Sobajar  —  sobar, 
Sobar  Sp.;  Pg.  sovar  to  knead;  rub;  from  subigere,  in  usu.  Rom. 

subagere  (Sp.  sobajar),   contr.  into  sobar  as  exporrigere  into 

espurrir, 
Sobbissare  —  obisso, 
Sobrino  —  cugino. 
Sobriquet  Fr.  nickname;  also  written  soibriquet,  so  perhaps  from 

sot  and  O.  Fr.  briquet  =  It.  bricchetto  a  young  ass ;  Piedm. 

subrichet  =  obstinate.     The  Pic.  form  is  siirpiquei.     Others 

derive  it  from  a  form  supricus  (supra).    But  here  the  suffix 

icus  instead  of  aticus  is  doubtful. 


SOC  —  SOGNA.  403 

Soc  Fr.  plough  -  share,  coulter,  L.  L.  socus,  L.  Gk.  r^oxog,  Gael. 
SOC,  W.swch  plough -share,  snout;  It  zocco,  Vr.soc,  f.  Pr. 
Cat.  soca,  Fr.  souche  stock,  stem.  From  the  L.  soccus 
(l)  wooden  shoe  (2)  support,  stem,  stock.  ^S  becomes  z  also 
in  It.  zoccolo,  Sp.  zocalo,  zocio  zucco,  Pr.  zocs  a  wooden  shoe, 
Fr.  zocle,  socle. 

Soearrar  Sp.  Cat.  to  singe;  from  B.  sucartu,  according  to  Lar- 
ramendi,  from  sua  fire  and  carta  flame,  but  the  so  in  the  Sp. 
is  prob.  the  preposition  as  in  the  synon.  sollamar.  Yor  socarra 
=  craft,  cf.  soflama. 

Soda  It.  Sp.  Pg.  E.,  Fr.  sonde;  from  solida.  The  Sp.  sosa  (from 
salsus)  =  the  plant  from  which  it  is  made. 

Sodo  —  soldo. 

Sofa  It.  Pg.,  Fr.  sopha,  sofa  (m.),  E.  sofa;  {vom.A.v.coffali  a  bench. 

Sofflare  It.,  0.  Sp.  Pr.  suflar,  Fr.  souffler,  Sp.  soplar,  Pg.  soprar 
to  blow;  from  sufflare.  Hence' Fr.  soufflet  (l)  bellows  (2)  box 
on  the  ear,  cf,  s.  huf,  and  E.  blow.  The  Pg.  assoviar  is  con- 
nected. 

Sofflce  It.  weak,  supple,  yielding;  from  supplex,  whence  also 
Fr.  souple.  F  for  p  is  also  found  in  catafalco ,  caffo  and  a  few 
other  words. 

Soffratta  O.  It.,  Pr.  sofraita,  sofraclia,  O.  Fr.  souffraite  defect, 
injury;  O.  It.  soffrettoso,  Pr.  sofraitos,  Fr.  souffreteux  poor, 
poorly;  from  su/f ringer e  soffr actus,  Pr.  sofranlier. 

Soga  It.  (prov.)  Sp.  a  cord,  rope  (in  Dante  =  belt),  Pg.  Rh. 
suga,  B.  soca^  Sp.  also  =  a  measure  of  length  (L.  Gk.  Ga'ud- 
QLoVf  L.  L.  soca  soga),  vb.  soguear.  Diefenbach  compares  W. 
syg  a  chain,  Bret,  siig  a  towing-rope,  Gael,  sugan.  In  Sp. 
the  word  has  the  widest  range. 

Soglio  —  suolo. 

Sogna  O.It.,  Pr.  sonli,  Fr.  soin  care;  vb.  Fr.  soigner;  It.  hisogno, 
Pr.  hesonh  hesonha,  Fr.  hesoin,  Rh.  hasengs  need  (Fr.  hesogne 
work,  task),  It.  hisognare,  Pr.  hcsonhar;  O.  Fr.  essoigne,  es- 
someneed,  necessity,  difficulty,  excuse,  essoigner  to  excuse 
oneself;  O.  Fr.  ensounier  to  employ,  resoigner  to  fear.  InL.  L. 
we  find  sunnis  sunnia  soma  in  the  sense  of  legal  impediment 
(hence  delaying  about  a  thing,  careful  attention,  care),  in 
which  Grimm  recognises  a  Frank  word  =  0.  N.  syn,  vb. 
synja,  L.  L.  soniare  to  take  care  of.  Goth,  has  sunja  truth, 
sunjon  to  justify,  O.  S,  sunnea  excuse,  necessity,  hindrance, 
0.  H.  G.  sunne  =  essoigne  (L.  L.  exonia  exonium)  and  hesoin, 
which  latter  may  be  referred  to  an  0.  H.  G.  form  (from  an- 
other root)  hi-siunigi  scrupulositas ,  whence  a  sbst.  M-siuni 
may  be  inferred.  Due.  derives  from  L.  somnium  and  quotes  a 
L.  L.  Gloss,  somnium  cpQovttg,  but  this  may  be  merely  an 
adaptation  of  sonium  (soin),  v.  Pott,  Kuhn's  Zeitschrift  1,  340. 

26* 


4- 


404  SOHEZ  —  SOLLAZZO. 

From  soigner  is  O.  Fr.  suignante  concubine;  soignentage  con- 
cubinage. 

Sohez  soez  Sp.  dirty,  mean.  Not  from  suh  fcece,  which  would 
be  too  artificial,  but,  probably,  from  a  form  (used  by  the 
Spaniard  Prudentius)  suis  for  sus,  z  for  s  which  the  Sp.  is  fond 
of  retaining,  cf.  Bios,  Carlos  &c.\  for  the  accent  on  the  last 
syllable ,  cf .  juez.   Porcus  gives  adj .  puerco. 

Sole  —  seta. 

Soif  Fr.  thirst,  O.  Fr.  (more  correctly)  soiy  Pr.  set;  from  sitis. 
For  /  from  /  cf.  moeiif  from  modus,  Maimheuf  from  Magnobo- 
dusj  and  R.  Gr.  1,  213. 

Soin  —  sogna. 

Soir  —  sera, 

Solapar  —  lapo. 

Soldo  It.  brine;  from  O.  PI.  G.  sulza ,  G.  sulze,  Pr.  solz  soutz 
"carnes  in  aceto'\  Soldo  is  a  rare  instance  of  an  It.  m.  from 
an  O.  G.  f.  in  a.    A  G.  form  sulz  is  also  given. 

Soldo  It.,  Sp.  sueldo,  Pr.  sol y  Fr.  sol  sou  a  coin;  from  solidus  a 
coin  formerly  of  gold,  afterwards  of  silver,  prop,  of  thick, 
solid  metal  not  of  thin  plate.  Hence  It.  soldo,  Sp.  sueldo,  Pr. 
sout,  Fr.  solde  (f.,  solde  m.  =  balance)  payment,  pay;  It.  sol- 
dato,  Sp.  soldadOj  Fr.  soldat,  Pr.  soudadier,  0.  Fr.  soudoier,  E. 
soldier,  Liorr.  Pic.  Dauph.  souda?^d,  cf.  It.  pag a  =:  soldier.  By 
a  change  of  the  o  into  a  we  have  It.  adj.  saldo  also  sodo  (cf. 
ta/pa  topo\  vb.  saldare  =  Sp.  soldar,  Fr.  souder^  E.  solder;  but 
It.  soldare^  Fr.  solder  to  pay. 

Sole  —  5wo/o. 

Solfa  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  gamut  (in  Sp.  also  =  harmony);  from 
G,uido's  ut  re  mi  fa  sol  la  taken  backwards ,  the  la  serving  as 
the  article  (la  solfa);  hence  vb.  It.  solfeggiare  (whence  Fr. 
solfege),  Sp.  sol  fear,  Fr.  solfier;  Sp.  solfeo,  solfeador,  solfista. 

Solfo  zolfo  It.,  Sp.  azufre,  Pg.  enxofre ,  Pr.  solfre,  solpre,  Fr. 
soufre;  from  sulphur. 

Solive  Fr.  rafter,  joist.  Perhaps  from  the  L.  solum,  Fr.  sol  (in 
the  sense  of  the  floor  of  a  house.  It.  suolo ,  Sp.  suelo)  and 
0.  Fr.  ive^=  L.  equa,  cf.  Fr.  poutre  =  (l)  mare  (2)  beam. 
Isaac  Vossius  derives  it  from  sublica,  as  0.  Fr.  mendive  from 
mendica,  but  the  sense  hardly  suits;  others  again  from  suhle- 
vare  through  a  sbst.  suhlevium  =  Sp.  solivio.  It.  sollievo  a 
raising,  support;  but  here  we  should  expect  soulive^  cf.  sou- 
lever,  soulager. 

Sollar  Sp.  to  blow ,  breathe ;  from  sufflare, 

SoUastre  —  souil. 

SoUazzo  It.,  Sp.  solas  solaz,  Pr.  solatz ,  O.  Fr.  soulasy  E.  solace; 
from  solatium;  vb.  sollazzare,  solazar,  soulacier,  L.L.  solatiari, 
solatiare. 


SOLLETICARE  —  SOPLAR.  405 

SoUeticare  It.  to  tickle;  for  so-tellicare  from  stib-titillicare,  cf. 
Neap,  tellecare.     From  titillicare  we  have  also  dileticare  for 
tileticare. 
SoUione  It.  dog-days ;  from  sub  leone,  the  sun  being  then  in  the 

sign  of  the  Lion. 
SoUo  It.  loose.   For  soUlo  soUolo  a  dim.  of  solutus  as  mutolo  of 

mutus  (cf.  assoUd).   So  spalla  for  spafla. 
Sollo  Sp.  a  sea-pike,  Pg.  solho;  from  suillus. 
Sollozo  —  singhiozzo, 

Soltar  Sp.  to  loosen ;  for  solutar,  freq.  from  solvo. 
Sombra  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  shade.    Suhumbrare  =  so-omhrar  =  som- 

hrar  (Fr.  sombrer  to  founder),  whence  the  sbst.  sombra,  cf.  Sp. 

sombrage  =  It.  ombraggio.   The  Pr.  form  sotz-ombrar  supports 

this  derivation.   The  O.  Sp.  solombra  shade,  vb.  Pr.  Dauph. 

solombrar  may  be  a  mere  corruption  or  may  involve  the  article 

so  Vombra,  cf.  Lorr.  ailaurbe  =  ombre,  prop,  a  f ombre.    The 

Fr.  E.  adj.  sombre  (Du.  somber)  is  the  same  word.   Hence  Sp. 

sombrero  a  hat. 
Sommaco  It.,  S]).ziimaque,  Tg.sumagre,  Vr.Yr. sumac^  E.  sumach;      i- 

from  Ar.  sommdq. 
Sonune  sommelier  —  salma. 
Sommeil  Fr.,  Pr.  sonelh  sleep;  dim.  from  somnus  (somniculus), 

the  dim.  being  used  to  distinguish  between  som  (somnus)  and 

son  (soniis).    Hence  someilleux,  Pr.  somelhos,  It.  sonnachioso, 

L.  somniculosus. 
Sommer  —  semondre. 
Sommet  son  —  sommo. 
Sommo  It.,  Sp.  somo,  Pr.  som,  O.Fr.  som  son  summit;  from  sum- 

mum,  Fr.  son  bran  (what  is  uppermost  in  the  sieve),  Sp.  soma 

coarse  flour.    Hence  O.  Sp.  prepositional  en  somo,  0.  Fr.  en 

som,  en  son  and  par  som,  par  son,  e.  g.  par  son  Vaube  =  Pr. 

sus  I' alba,  sus  en  Valba,  It.  in  suW  alba.   Hence  Fr.  sommet  (for 

O.  Fr.  som),  E.  summit.   Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  asomar,  O.  Fr.  assommer 

to  bring  up,  or  out,  show,  appear. 
Somorgujo  Sp.  diver,  vb.  somorgujar ;  from  submergere ,  with  a 

rare  suffix,  cf.  gran- u jo,  burb-uja. 
Sonda  Sp,  Pg.,  Fr.  sonde  sounding -line;  vb.  sondar,  sonder,  E. 

sound.   As  Sp.  sombra,  Fr.  sombre  from  sub  umbra,  so  sondar 

from  sub  undare. 
Sopa  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  soupe,  E.  soup.   From  O.N.  saup,  O.  H.  G. 

5«w/ broth,  O.  N.  sup,  L.  Gr.  soppe,  O.  H.  G.  suf,  E.  sop,  sup; 

vb.  Sp.  sopar  to  sop,  Pr.  sopar,  Fr.  soiiper  to  sup  (eat  supper), 

cf.  Bav.  saufen  to  eat  sop.   Of  a  different  origin  are  the  It. 

zuppa,  Sp.  Pg.  chupar  to  sip,  sup,  Fr.  super,  cf.  G.  zuppe 

zupfen  supfen. 
Soplar  —  sof flare. 


406  •  SORARE  —  SOSEGAK. 

Sorare  —  saiiro. 

Sorbetto  It.,  Sp.  sorhete,  Pg.  sorvetc,  Fr.  sorhet,  E.  sherbet;  from 
Ar.  sharha,  sharhat  a  drink.  Others  derive  it  from  sorhere,  but 
derivatives  in  -ett  from  verbs  are  doubtful. 

Sorce  sorcio  It.,  Sp.  sorce,  Pr.  soritz,  Fr.  soiiris,  Wal.  soarece 
mouse;  from  sorex. 

Sorcier  Fr.  f.  sorciere,  E.  sorcerer  sorceress,  sbst.  O.  Fr.  sorcerie, 
E.  sorcery;  from  sort  lot,  also  =  spell,  enchantment.  Sorcier 
is  from  sortiarius,  It.  sortiere,  Sp.  sorter o  from  sortarius, 

Sorgozzone  —  gozzo. 

Sorn  Pr.  gloomy,  sullen,  sbst.  sornura;  O.Fr.  sorwe  twilight,  Sp. 
5orw«  night;  Fr.  sournois  malicious;  It.  sormone,  susornmie  a 
dissembler,  sneak,  susorniare  to  grumble,  mutter.  From  the 
Celtic,  W.  sivrn-ach  growl,  Corn.  sofTCfi  to  be  angry,  or  from 
Saturnus,  Pg.  Com.  soiiirno,  Piedm.  saturno,  Sard.,  saturnii, 
Gen.  saturne,  Sp.  Flor.  saturnino,  E.  saturnine,  Cf.  50z//  from 
satullus. 

Sornette  Fr.  trifle,  nonsense;  prob.  from  W.  swrn  trifle.  An 
old  Fr.  vb.  sorner  is  also  given. 

Sorra  —  zavorra. 

Sortija  Sp.,  Pg.  sortilha  ring.  From  soriicnla  (sors)  so  =  prop, 
a  magic  ring.  In  a  will  dated  1258  we  find:  que  as  suas  sorte- 
las  das  vertudes  (rings  of  magical  virtue)  as  gardem  para  as 
enfermas.    Cf.  Pr.  sortilhier  a  sorcerer. 

Sortire  It.,  Fr.  sortir  (sorto,  sors)  to  go  out,  issue,  spring.  Cat. 
surtir  to  issue,  spring,  Vw. sortir,  Sp.  surtir ,  Pg.  surdir  to 
spring  out  or  back,  reboimd;  Fr.  ressortir  (ressors)  to  go  out 
again,  S^.resutiir  to  spring  back,  Fv.ressort  spring,  elasticity. 
The  most  probable  derivation  is  that  from  surrectire  (cf.  sortir 
de  son  siege,  de  table  &c.),  though  participial  verbs  are  usually 
of  the  1*^  conj.,  but  cf.  ammortire,  qualir  (from  coactus). 

Sortire  It.,  Fr.  sortir  (sortisco,  sortisj  to  get,  obtain.  It.  also  to 
draw  lots,  S^.  surtir,  Com.  surti.  to  provide;  irom  sortiri;  It. 
assortire,  Sp.  asortir,  Fr.  assortir,  E.  assort;  Fr.  ressortir  to  be 
in  the  jurisdiction  of,  to  appeal,  resort,  sbst.  r^55or/  appeal, 
jurisdiction,  resort.  It.  risorto,  cf.  Due.  ressortum  quicquid  intra 
sortes  continetur  seu  jurisdictionis  terminos.  The  juristic  mean- 
ing of  the  word  is  derived  from  that  of  the  O.  Fr.  resortir  to 
draw  back,  take  refuge,  resort  to,  sbst.  resort;  thence  the 
sense  of  getting  (sortir),  recovering  (ressortir)  cf.  ricovrare 
(1)  to  recover  (2)  to  seek  refuge  at;  ricovrare  ad  un  luogo  is 
like  les  pairies  ressortissent  au  parlement. 

Sosanar  O.  Sp.  to  mock,  scorn,  sbst.  sosaho,  O.  Pg.  sosano  scorn ; 
from  siibsannare  (sanna) ;  Pr.  soanar,  O.  Fr.  sooner,  sbst.  soan, 
soana. 

Sosegar  (pres.  sosiego)j  Pg.  socegar  to  calm,  be  calm,  sbst.  so- 


SOSO  —  SOUPENTE.  407 

siego,  socego,  whence  It.  5M55/^^o.    For  sos-eguar,  from  a  L. 

suh-wquare?  From  cequare  in  0.  Sp.  we  find  igiiar  eguar,  Pg. 

igar.  % 

Soso  Sp.  (also  zonzd)  insipid;  from  i?tsulsus,  Pg.  insosso. 
Sostare  It.  to  still,  calm,  Pg.  Pr.  sostar  to  stop,  restrain;  from 

siibstare.    Hence,  perhaps,  also  Sp.  Pg.  susto,  Sard,  assustu 

fright.  Com.  sust,  Ven.  sustOj  Sic.  sustu  sorrow,  trouble, 
Sote  —  zote. 

Soto  Sp.,  Pg.  sonto  a  wood;  from  saltus,  O.  Pg.  It.  salto. 
Sotteceo  sottecchi  It.  adv.  clandestinely;  from  sotf  occhio,  Ven. 

sotochio. 
Sotto  It.,  O.  Pg.  soto,  Pr.  sotz,  Fr.  sous,  Wal.  subt;  from  suhtus, 

It.  also  sottesso  (v.  esso);  Fr.  dessous  =  It.  di  sotto.   Hence  It. 

sottano  lowest,  undermost,  sbst.  sottana,  Sp.  sotana,  Fr.  sou- 
tane cassock. 
Sou  —  soldo. 
Souclie  —  soc. 
Souei  Fr.  care;  from  adj.  soUicUum,  with  change  of  accent  solli- 

citwn,  or  from  the  vb.  se  soucier,  N.  Pr.  se  soucidd,  from  se 

sollicitare. 
Soudain  Fr.,  Pr.  sob  tan  adj.  and  adv.,  E.  sudden;  from  subi-        t> 

taneus.  * 

Soude  —  soda. 
Souder  —  soldo. 
Soudre  Fr.  to  solve,  loose;  from  solvere  solvere,  as poudre  from 

pidv/s  pidveris. 
Soufler  souflet  —  sof flare. 
Soufre  —  solfo. 
Souhait  —  hait. 
Souil  souille  Fr.  wallowing-place,  Pr.  solh  dirt,  sidha  pig,  sulhon 

porpoise,  Yy.  souillon  sluiy  yh.Yv.  souiller,  ^.  sully,  soil,  Pr. 

sulhar,  Ven.  sogiare;  It.  sugliardo,  perhaps  also  Sp.  sollastre 

scullion.   Pr.  sidha  (sulhon)  is  from  sucula;  Fr.  soidl  from  an 

adj.  suillus  swinish,  and  need  not  be  referred  to  a  German 

root,  Goth,  bi-sauljan,  or  G.  sudeln. 
Soul  Fr.  satiated,  glutted;  from  satidlus,  O.  Fr.  saoul,  Pr.  sadol, 

It.  satollo,  Rh.  sadids,  Wal.  setul.     Hence  Prov.  E.  sool  or 

sowl. 
Soulager  Fr.  to  relieve;  not  =  Fr.  soulacier  from  solatium,  but 

:=:  Sp.  soliviar  =  sub-leviare,  so  for  souleger  which  is  found 

in  O.  Fr. 
Soulier  • —  suolo. 
Soup9on  Fr.  (m.),  0.  Fr.  soupecon  (f.)  suspicion;  from  suspicio, 

Pr.  sospeisso.    0.  Fr.  vb.  suscher  from  suspicari. 
Soupe  —  sopa. 
Soupente  —  pente. 


408  SOUPLE  —  SPANNA. 

Souple  —  soffice, 

Souquenille  —  guenille. 

Source  —  sourdre. 

Sourdre  Fr.  to  spring,  rise ;  from  surgere,  Pr.  sorzer,  It.  sorgere, 

Sp.  surgir.   From  the  old  partic.  sors  comes  the  sbst.  source 

for  sourse,  0.  Fr.  also  sorjon  (Fr.  surgeon  a  sucker),  sordance, 

It.  sorgente,  Sic.  surgiva;  so  from  resordre  resors  comes  the 

_p  sbst.  ressource,  E.  resource. 

Souris  —  sorce. 

Sournois  —  sorn. 

Sous  soutane  —  sotto. 

Souvent  —  sovente, 

Sovatto  soatto  It.  leather,  strap;  from  subactum  =  tanned. 

Sovente  It.,  Pr.  soven,  soen,  Fr.  souvent;  from  subinde,  with 
unusual  change  of  rf  to  t,  perhaps  on  the  analogy  of  repente, 
frcquente,  immantinente. 

Soventre  0.  Fr.  particle  for  L.  secundum;  from  sequente,  Pr.  se- 
guentre,  Rh.  suenter. 

Soverchio  It.,  0.  Sp.  sobejo  (for  soberjo),  Pg.  sobejo  superabun- 
dant, excessive;  from  a  L.  superciilus.  Hence  sbst.  soverchie- 
ria  superchieria  abuse,  over-reaching,  whence  Fr.  super cherie, 
Sp.  super cheria  fraud,  deceit. 

Sozzo  —  sucido. 

Spaceare  It.  to  split;  from  0.  H.  G.  spacha  log,  Du.  spaecke 
pole?   The  Sp.  espeque  prop,  lever,  seems  connected. 

Spacciare  —  pacciare, 

Spada  It.,  Sic.  spata,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  espada,  Fr.  epee,  Wal.  spate 

sword;  from  spatha  spatula,  Gk.  ajtdd'r}.    Found  also  in  Alb. 

1-  spate,  B.  izpata,  and  in  W.  yspawd  shoulder,  Ir.  spad,  E. 

spade,  O.  H.  G.  spato,  G.  spaten.    In  0.  Sp.  it  is  masc,  also 

in  Pr.  espas,  ispieth,  but  Cat.  f.  la  espd. 

Spago  It.,  Hung,  sparga  twine ,  string.  According  to  Ferrari, 
from  spartum  rush,  Sp.  esparto  whence  sparticus  sparcus  spa- 
cus.  But  we  do  not  find  Rom.  masc.  derivatives  from  forms 
in  -  icus. 

Spaldo  It.,  Ver.  Ven.  spalto  balcony,  plur.  spaldi  projecting 
gallery;  prop.  =  battlement,  opening,  from  G.  spalt  cleft, 
slit? 

Spalla  It.,  Sp.  espalda,  O.  Sp.  espalla,  Pg.  espalda,  espadoa,  Pr. 
espatla,  Fr.  epaule,  0.  Fr.  espalde  shoulder.  From  spathula 
dim.  of  spatha  shoulder-blade  of  an  animal,  Wal.  spate  back, 
cf.  Apicius :  spatula  porcina.  The  Sard,  has  instead  L.  pala 
(=  Gk.  07td^Y\)  used  in  Cselius  Aurel.  for  a  shoulder-blade. 
_^  From  spatula  (not  from  palus)  come  It.  spalUera,  Sp.  espal- 
dera,  Fr.  E.  espalier. 

Spanna  It.  Rh.,  Wall,  aspagne,  masc.  O.  Fr.  espan,  Fr.  empan 


SPANU  —  SPELTA.  409 

a  span;  vb.  It.  spannare  (or  hova.pannus?)y  Rh.  spaniar.   From 

0.  H.  Gr.  spannttj  G.  spanne,  the  m.  forms  from  M.  H.  Gr.  span, 

E.  span. 
Spanu  Sic.  scarce;  from  Gk.  OTtavog. 
Sparagnare  sparmiare  rispanniare  It.,  Fr.  epargner,  Rh.  sparg- 

nar,  Burg,  reparmer  to  spare.   From  O.  H.  G.  spardn  sparen, 

E.  spare,  though  the  process  is  not  clear,  but  cf.  Lomb. 

car-agn-are  from  0.  H.  G.  karon  R.  Gr.  1,  87,  Fr.  lor-gn-er 

from  luren, 
Sparare  —  parare, 
Sparaviere  sparviere  It.,  O.  Sp.  esparvel,  Cat.  esparver,  Pr.  es- 

parvier,  Fr.  epervier  sparrow-hawk,  Fr.  also  sweep-net,  Sp. 

esparavel.   From  O.  H.  G.  sparwari  (G.  sperher  sparrow-hawk) 

which  is  from  Goth,  sparva,  E.  sparrow ,  Rh.  spar.    Hence 

also  Rh.  sprer  vulture.   Sp.  is  gavilan. 

Sparpagliare  —  parpaglione. 

Spasimo  It.,  Sp.  espasmo,  Pr.  espasme^  Sp.  Pg.  also  pasmo,  E. 
spasm;  yh.lt.  spasimare,  Com.  pasma,  Sp.  espasmar  pasmar, 
Pr.  esplasmar,  espalmar,  plasmar,  Fr.  pdtner;  from  L.  spasmus 
(Pliny  from  (57ta0^6g).  The  s  was  mistaken  for  ex  and  hence 
dropt  in  some  forms. 

Spassarsi  It.  to  amuse  oneself,  spasso  recreation,  whence  G. 
spassen  to  sport,  sbst.  spass;  a  freq.  from  expandere  expassus. 

Spavenio  It.  (for  sparveniof),  spavento,  Sp.  esparavan,  Fr.  epar- 
vin  from  0.  Fr.  esparvainy  E.  spavin.  Menage  derives  it  from  "~f* 
epervier,  because  the  disease  makes  animals  lift  their  feet  like 
hawks ,  an  etym.  confirmed  by  the  Cat.  form  esparavenc  =  of 
or  belonging  to  a  hawk,  Val.  esparver.  The  Sp.  esparavan 
also  =  a  hawk. 

Spaventare  spantare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  espantar,  Pr.  espaventar,  Fr. 
epouvanter,  Rouch.  epanter,  Wal.  (with  m  for  v')  speimenta  to 
frighten,  sbst.  It.  spavento  &c. ;  from  expavere,  part,  expavens. 
In  O.  Fr.  we  find  espaventer,  espauenter,  espoenter,  espoventer 
(v  inserted),  Rh.  spuventar.^ 

Spazzare  It.,  Sp.  espaciar,  Pr.  espassar  to  extend,  spread.  It. 
spaziarsi,  Sp.  espaciar se  to  walk  about;  from  spatiari. 

Specchio  speglio  It.,  ^-p.espejo,  Tg.espelho,  Fr.  espelJi  mirror-^ 
from  speculum.  The  word  is  found  in  Fr.  espiegle  a  trickish, 
cunning  fellow,  Rou.  vilespieque,  from  G.  Eulen-spiegel ,  in  Fr. 
Ulespiegle.  Hence  vb.  Sp.  espejar  to  polish,  clean,  despejar  to 
clean  away,  remove. 

Spedale  —  oste  (2). 

Spegnere  It.  to  extinguish.  From  expingere  to  paint  out ,  obli- 
terate. 

Spelta  spelda  It.,  Sp.  espelta,  Pr.  espeuta,  Fr.  epeautre  spelt;  L. 


410  SPEME  —  SPILLO. 

spelta  {^^^  cent.)  =  O.  H.  G.  spelta,  spelza  spelzo,  A.  S.  Du. 
E.  spelt,  G.  spelz. 

Speme  spene  It.  (poet.)  hope ;  an  accusative  form  from  spem. 
This  is  better  than  to  derive  it,  as  others,  from  spe  like  jnene 
from  pie,  mene  from  me,  tene  from  te  &c.,  since  n  before  a 
vowel  does  not  become  m  in  It.  though  the  reverse  process 
occurs,  e.  g.  fornire  ioY  formire,  sono  from  sum, 

Spendere  It.  to  spend,  from  expendere,  Sp.  expender,  whence 
also  G.  spenden,  O.  H.  G.  spenton,  E.  spend;  spesa  expense 
from  expensa,  L.  L.  spensa,  whence  G.  speise,  O.  H.  G.  spisa, 
Rh.  spisa;  spendio  from  dispeiidium.   0.  E.  spence  a  store-room. 

Sperone  sprone  It.,  O.  Sp.  esporon,  Sp.  espolon,  Pg.  esporao,  Pr. 
espero,  0.  Fr.  esporon,  Fr.  eperon  spur;  O.  Sp.  espuera,  Sp. 
espuela,  Pg.  espora;  from  O.  H.  G.  sporo,  ace.  sporon  (whence 
the  forms  with  n),  E.  spur.  From  the  Rom.  sbst.  comes  the 
vb.  It.  speronare  spronare,  Sp.  espolear,  Pg.  esporear,  Pr.  ^5/?^- 
ronar,  Fr.  eperonner, 

Spesa  —  spendere, 

Spesso  It.,  Sp.  espeso,  Pr.  ^5/?^5,  Fr.  epais,  O.  Fr.  €|/>o/s  espois, 
Alb.  5/?e5  thick;  from  spissus;  adv.  It.  spesso,  Pr.  ^57?^5  often, 
cf.  Petron.  oscula  spissa  frequent,  Gk.  TtvxvoVj  O.  H.  G. 
diccho. 

Spezie  It.,  Sp.  especie,  Fr.  e'pice  (E.  spice)  drugs ,  spice ;  from 
species  =  spezie  in  L.  L.,  0.  Fr.  espece.  Hence  It.  speziale  an 
apothecary. 

Spiare  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  espiar,  Fr.  e'pier,  E.  sptj,  Rh.  spiar;  from  O. 
H.  G.  spehon,  =  G.  spdhen.  Sbst.  It.  (m.)  spia,  Sp.  espia  (m. 
f.),  Pr.  espia  (f.),  0.  Fr.  espie  (f.),  E.  .sy;?/,  also  It.  spione,  Sp. 
Fr.  espion;  from  0.  H.  G.  5/?^^«  (f.)  exploratio.  The  Du.  has 
spie. 

Spiecare  —  pegar. 

Spiechio  —  spigolo, 

Spiedo  —  spito. 

Spignere  spingere  It.  to  thrust  out ;  from  expingere  on  the  ana- 
logy of  imping  ere,  cf.  Pr.  espenher  and  empenher. 

Spigolo  It.  edge ;  from  spiculum  point,  whence  also  spiechio  head 
of  garlic,  quarter  of  a  pear  &c.,  slice  of  orange  &c.,  Ven.  spi- 
golo. Neap,  spicolo,  Ven.  Ver.  spigo,  L.  spiciis  spicum,  cf.  Rh. 
spig  mountain -peak.  Rom.  spigul  =  (1)  spigolo  (2)  spiechio. 

Spillo  It.  (corr.  squillo),  pin  (E.  spilC).  From  spinula,  as  orlo 
r  from  orula,  R.Gr.  2,  271 ;  cf.  hdla  from  lumda,  ella  from  enola. 
Hence  also  Fr.  epingle  (f.),  N.  Pr.  espinglo.  Neap,  spingola 
(from  the  Fr.),  B.  ispilinga.  Champ,  eplingue,  g  -inserted  to 
separate  the  liquids  in  epinle.  The  Romag.  has  spinell,  Cf. 
Tac.  Germ.  17:  tegmen  omnibus  sagum'jibula  autj  si  desil,  spina 
consertim. 


I 


SPINACE  —  SPRINGARE.  411 

Spinace  It.,  Sp.  espinaca,  Pg.  espinafre,  Pr.  espinar,  Fr.  epinard,     -^ 

Wal.  spenac,  E.  spinach;  from  spina,  the  It.  from  spinaceus, 

the  Pg.  from  spinifer. 
Spinetta  It.,  Sp.  espineta,  Fr.  epinette,  E.  5/?m^^  a  stringed  in-     -^ 

strument;  from  spina,  because  struck  with  a  pointed  quill. 
Spingare  —  springare. 
Spirito  It.,  Wal.  spirit,  Sp.  espiritu,  Pg.  espirito,  Oat.  Pr.  esperil, 

Fr.  esprit,  whence  E.  spright  and  s/?/nY,  O.  Fr.  -£'5/?/r.    The 

sanctity  attaching  to  the  word  caused  some  anomalies ,  e.  g. 

in  the  Sp.  form  with  u,  and  the  uncontracted  Pr.  form. 
Spitamo  It.,  Sp.  espita  span;  from  OTttd'a^ij. 
Spito  Neap.,  Sp.  Pg.  espeto  spit,  Fr.  epois  stag's  horns;  from  . 

O.H.G.  spiz,  Du.  L.  Gr.  E.  spit.   We  have  also  a  synonymous 

form  with  d:  It.  spiedo  (spicdone,    corr.  schidone  schidione), 

Romag.  sped,  Gen.  spiddo,  Sard,  spidu,  Sp.  espedo  espiedo. 
Spoglio  spoglia  It.  (corr.  scoglio ,  scoglia),  O.  Sp.  e5/?o;o  spoil ; 

from  spolium,  L.  L.  spolia.    For  this  Sp.  has  despojo,  Fr.  ^6^'-        ' 

pouille,  Pr.  despuelh,  despuelha,  vb.  despojar,  de'pouiiier,  des- 

polhar. 
Spola  spuola  It.,  Sp.  espolin  spool;  from  O.  H.  G.  spuolo  (G. 

spide,   E.  spool);   Rh.  sjt?o^,   Limous.  espolo;   O.  Fr.  espolet       ^ 

spindle.   The  Fr.  epoule  i^  for  espoule,  epoule,  Lorr.  ehpieule 

(eh  =  Fr.  ^5;. 
Sponda  It.,  Pr.  esponda  margin,  parapet;  from  L.  sponda,  the 

sense  of  which  has  not  altogether  disappeared  from  the  Rom. 
Sporto  It.  projection,  balcony;  from  sporgere,  L.  exporrigere. 

But  Menage  derives  sportello  a  little  door  from  porta, 
Sposo  sposa  It.,  Sp.  esposo  esposa,  Pr.  espos  esposa,  Fr.  e'poux 

epoiise,  E.  spouse  orig.  =  betrothed  like  the  L.  sponsus  sponsa, 

but  afterwards  =  also  consort  (which  is  the  only  meaning  in 

Fr.  and  E.);  vb.  It.  sposare,  0.  Sp.  Pr.  esposar,  Fr.  epouser 

from  L.  sponsare. 
Spranga  It.  bar,  cross-beam,  clasp;  from  O.  H.  G.  spanga  with 

inserted  r. 
Sprazzare   sprizzare   spruzzare   It.   to   spirt,   sprinkle   =  G. 

spratzen  spritzen  spriJttzen.  So  also  sbrizzare  to  wet,  Rh.  sbrinz- 

lar,  cf.  shrocco  for  sprocco. 
Sprecare  It.  to  spill,  squander;  from  A.  S.  spree,  O.  N.  sprek 

a  broken  twig,  cf.  Sp.  derramar  from  ramo;  or  from  0.  H.  G. 

sprehha,  M.  H.  G.  sprecke  spot,  speck,  A.  S.  sprdncan,  G. 

sprenkeln,  E.  sprinkle. 
Springare  It.  Dante  Inf.  19,  120  (al.  spingare)  to  sprawl,  O.Fr. 

espringuer  dance  with  leaps.  Pic.  to  dance  for  joy;  from  O. 

H.  G.  springan,  E.  spring.    0.  Fr.  espringale  =  (l)  a  dance 

(2)  a  machine  for  throwing  missiles,  a  springald.  It.  spingarda 

a  battering-ram,  Sp.  espingarda  a  small  cannon, 


412  SPRIZZARE  —  STAGIONE. 

Sprizzare  —  sprazzare, 

Sprocco  —  hrocco. 

Spruzzare  —  sprazzare, 

Spulciare  —  pulce. 

Spuntone  spontone  It.,  Sp.  esponton,  Fr.  sponton,  E.  spontoon  a 
sort  of  pike;  from  It  punt  one  (punto,  punctum)  with  streng- 
thening s. 

Squadra  —  quadro. 

Squareiare  It.  to  tear  to  pieces,  prop,  to  quarter;  from  ex-qiiar- 
tare  (It.  squartare,  Fr.  ecarteler)  ex-quartire.  Neap,  squartare 
=  squareiare, 

Squelette  —  scheletro, 

Squilla  It.,  Lomb.  Rh.  schella,  Sp.  esquila,  Pr.  esquella,  esquelha, 
O.  Fr.  eschiele  bell;  from  O.H.G.  skilla,  skella,  G.  schelle  bell, 
which  come  from  vb.  skellan  to  ring,  whence  It.  squillare, 
L.  L.  is  schilla, 

Squillo  —  spillo. 

Squinanzia  It.,  Sp.  esquinancia,  Fr.  esquinancie,  E.  squinancy, 
quinsij;  from  HvvKyxt],  L.  cynanehe, 

Squittire  It.  to  chirp,  cry;  cf.  Bav.  quitschen. 

Stacca  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  estaca,  O.  Fr.  estaque  estache,  from  A.  S. 
staca,  L.  G.  E.  stake, 

Staccare  —  tacco, 

Staccio  It.,  Neap,  (more  correctly)  setaccio,  Mil.  scdazz,  also 
Sp.  cedazo,  0.  Fr.  saas^  Fr.  sas  sieve;  L.  L.  sedatium,  sitaceum 
for  a  L.  setacium  from  seta,  because  made  of  hair.  Wal.  has 
sctc,  sitize,  Norm,  set, 

Stadico  statico  It.,  Fr.  otage,  E.  hostage;  from  ostaticus,  ohsida- 
ticus  (ohses). 

StafFa  It.  Rh.  stirrup;  from  0.  H.  G.  staph,  stapho  step,  whence 
also  L.  L,  stapia.  Hence  It.  staff etta,  Sp.  estafeta,  Fr.  esta- 
fette:  cursor  tdbellarius,  cut  pedes  in  stapede  perpetuo  sunt  Fer- 
rari; also  stafftle  stirrup-leather,  staffilare  to  scourge  with  a 
thong  (Fr.  estafier  to  bully),  staffilata  a  blow ,  Fr.  estafilade  a 
slash,  cut,  vb.  estafilader, 

Staggio  It.,  Pr.  estatge,  Fr.  etage  (E.  stage)  state,  dwelling, 
story,  floor  &c. ;  from  stare  status  staticus  (Pr.  f.  estatga  abode). 

Staggire  It.  to  sequester,  seize,  detain,  staggina  sequestrator. 
Like  so  many  other  legal  words,  of  German  origin;  from  std- 
tigon  sistere,  or  from  stdtian  (stdtan)  to  fasten,  hold. 

Stagione  It.  season,  Sp.  estacion,  Pg.  esiacdo  season,  time;  vb. 
It.  stagionare  to  mature;  from  statio,  cf.  G.  stunde  moment 
from  stehn  stare.  The  Sp.  Pr.  sazon,  Pg.  sazao,  Fr.  saison,  E. 
season  (vb.  sazonar,  assaisonner,  sasonare,  season)  can  hardly 
come  from  statio,  though  we  find  z  =  st  in  Sp.  Zuniga  for 
Estuhiga.     Ducange  derives   them,   with  much  probability, 


STAGNO  —  STANCARE.  413 

from  satio  the  nearest  L.  representative  of  ''season",  cf.  the      ^ 
expressions:  satio  verna,  cestiva,  autumnalis  (Columella). 

Stagno  It.,  Sp.  estaiiOf  Pr.  estanh,  Fr.  etain  and  tain  (tin -foil  le 
tain  =  retain)  y  E.  tin.  Not  from  stannum  for  the  L.  nn  -f 
passes  into  It.  ffn  only  before  i  (grugnire  from  grunnire),  but 
from  the  O.  L.  stagnum  found  in  stagneus  stagnatus.  Fr.  vb. 
etamer  to  tin  from  etain  as  venimeux  from  venin  (venom),  cf. 
abstemius  from  ahstineo,  according  to  some  etymologers. 

Stajo  ■ —  sestiere. 

Stallo  It.  O.  Pg.,  0.  Sp.  estalo,  Pr.  0.  Fr.  estal  place,  abode, 
Fr.  etal  stall  (etaler  retail),  etau;  fem.  It.  stalla,  Sp.  estala, 
O.  Pg.  stala  stall,  whence  It.  Stallone,  Fr.  etalon,  E.  stallion 
=  equus  ad  stallum.  From  O.  H.  G.  5^«/  locus  (Gr.  stelle)  sta- 
bulum,  E.  stall,  vb.  Du.  stallen  to  expose  for  sale,  G.  «W5- 
stellen.  From  L.  stahulum  we  have  Pr.  estahle,  Fr.  eV«Z^/^  (f.). 
The  Fr.  etau  =  (l)  stall,  butcher's  stall  (so  also  etal,  cf.  eta- 
lier  a  butcher)  (2)  a  vice.  In  the  latter  sense  etau  might  be 
from  stal  in  the  sense  of  stand,  trestle,  frame,  or' from  the 
O.  Flem.  stael  stock,  Du.  steel,  but  the  Lorr.  eitauque,  Bas. 
estoka  are  evidently  from  the  G.  (schraub -) stock  =  vice,  and 
etau  is  probably  an  abbreviation. 

Stambecco  It.  wild  goat;  from  the  O.H.G.  stainboc,  O.Fr.  bouc- 
estain,  Rh.  stambuoch. 

Stamigno  It.,  Sp.  estamena,  Pg.  Pr.  estamenha,  Fr.  etamine,  E. 
stamin  bolting-cloth,  bunting,  sieve;  from  adj.  stamineus  made 
of  thread. 

Stampare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  estampar,  Fr.  etamper  to  stamp,  punch; 
from  O.  H.  G.  stamphon,  G.  stamp  fen,  E.  stamp;  AVal.  steamp 
sbst.  from  O.  H.  G.  stamph. 

Stancare  It.  to  tire;  Sp.Pg.Pr.  estancar,  Fr.  etancher,  ^.stanch, 

adj.  Sp.  estancoy  Fr.  etanche,  E.  staunch  (water-tight),  in  Pg.  -^ 
also  =  to  weary.  From  stagnate  to  stop,  hinder,  whence  to 
tire;  gn  becoming  nc  as  in  sbst.  Sp.  Pg.  estanque,  Pr.  estanc, 
Fr.  etang  (instead  of  etain),  Bret,  stann  from  stagnum,  the 
hardened  form  being  used  to  distinguish  the  word  from  stag- 
num tin,  though  the  soft  gn  is  found  in  Sp.  retahar ,  Val. 
estanyar  =  estancar;  Piedm.  stagn  has  both  senses.  In  Pr. 
Cat.  tancar  to  stop,  Sp.  atancarse  to  constrain  oneself,  the  s 
is  dropped  as  in  Pg.  tanque  (E.  tank),  for  estanque,  v.s.  stanga,  ^ 
Hence  It.  adj.  stanco  weary,  Sp.  estanco,  Pg.  estanque  costive, 
Pr.  estanc  still,  stagnant,  0.  Fr.  estanc  dull,  languid;  It.  may 
be  for  stancato,  but  the  rest  must  be  from  the  sbst.  stagnum 
(v.  R.  Gr.  2,  267),  since  adjectives  are  not  formed  from  verbs 
except  by  means  of  suffixes.  It.  mano  stanca  =  prop,  the 
feeble,  hand  (M.  H.  G.  tenc  left,  Wal.  stunge),  cf.  It.  (Pro v.) 


414  STANGA  —  STOFFA. 

mano  storta  the  distorted  hand ,  and  cf .  senestrarsi  un  piede  to 

sprain  the  foot.   V.  s.  gauche. 
Stanga  It.  Rh.  pole,  bar,  Fr.  etangueSj  E.  tongs  (cf.  started), 

properly  =  that  which  rests  on  two  supports  or  bars,  Fr. 

stangue  anchor- stock  (heraldic),  Wal.  steange;  from  0.  H.  G. 

stanga,  G.  stange  a  pole. 
Stanza  It.,  Sp.  estancia  abode,  room,  Pr.  estansa  position,  Fr. 

etance  eiancon  prop;  from  a  form  stantia  (stans  stare).   The 

stanza  of  a  song  is  supposed  to  be  the  store-room,  where  the 

poets'  art  is  concentrated  (Dante). 
Starna  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  estarna  a  sort  of  partridge;  from  (avis)  ex- 
terna, ¥y.  perdrix  grecque.    The  O.  H.  G.  starn,  A.  S.  steam 

is  the  name  of  another  bird,  the  starling. 
Stecco  It.  thorn,  stecca  staff,  log,  vb.  steccMre;  from  O.  H.  G. 

steccho  a  prick,  sting,  Du.  stek ,  E.  stick.    Cf.  s.  etiquette. 
Stendardo  It.,  Sp.  estandarte,  Pr.  estendart,  estandart ,  Fr.  eten- 

dard,  whence  M.  H.  G.  stantharty  E.  standard;  from  extendere, 

It.  stendere  le  insegne. 
Stentare  It.  to  be  in  want  (E.  stint).  Ph.  stentar  to  be  weary,  It. 

ste7ito  need,  hardship ;  from  abstentare  for  dbstinere,  to  abstain, 

be  hungry.   Hence  also  It.  histentare  histcnto,  Pr.  (from  ten- 

tiare)  biste?isar,  histens,  O.  Fr.  hestancier,  hestans. 
Stesso  istesso  It.  pronoun;  from  L.  iste  ipse. 
Stia  It.  henroost;  from  O.  H.  G.  stlga,  G.  stiege  ladder,  hen- 
roost. 
Stimare  It.  from  mstimare,  L.  L.  stimare. 
Stinoo  It.,   Mod.  Ven.  schinco.   Mil.  schinca  shin-bone,  shin; 

from  0.  H.  G.  skinko  reed ,  pipe ,  M.  H.  G.  schinke  bone. 
Stio,  lino  stio  It.  a  sort  of  flax,  sown  in  March;  from  sativum 

(Menage),  like  staccio  from  setacium,  or,  better,  from  mstivum. 
Stivale  It.,  O.  Sp.  estihal,  O.  Fr.  estival  a  boot,  whence  O.  H.  G. 

stifid,  M.  H.  G.  stival,  G.  stiefel.   Properly  a  summer -boot, 

from  cestivale  (Ducange). 
Stivare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  estivar  to  stow,  pack,  estiva  ballast,  cargo, 

estivador  packer,  stevedore;  from  stipare. 
Stizzare  —  tizzo. 
Stoceo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  estoque,  Pr.  Fr.  estoc  =  (1)  E.  tuck  (weapon), 

(2)  stock,  Com.  stock  a  stick;  from  G.  E.  stock,  Gael.  stoc. 

Tlie  G.  stocken  is  found  in  Pic.  etoquer.   For  Fr.  etau  =  stock, 

V.  s.  stallo. 
StoflFa  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  estofa,  Fr.  etoffe,  masc.  It.  stoffo,  Pg.  estofo 
4-  =  E.  stuff;  vb.  Sp.  Pg.  estofar,  Fr.  etoffer,  etouffer,  E.  stuff. 

The  vb.  is  synonymous  with  It.  stoppare,  Fr.  etouper,  E.  stop 

(v.  stoppa)  and  both  alike  are  from  L.  stuppa  tow,  which  in  G. 

became  stupfa  stuffa,  hence  Sp.  estofa  =■  also  quilted  stuff,  E. 

stuff.    Sp.  estofar  to  stew  from  O.  H.  G.  stuba,  stove  is  distinct 


STOJA  —  STRAMBO.  415 

from  esiofar  to  quilt  (staff a).    The  Gael.  stu})h  seems  to  be 

from  the  E.;  of.  scahhal  from  scaffold,  lobhte  =  loft,  gibhte  = 

gift. 
Stoja  It.,  Sp.  estera  for  esiuera  (as  frente  for  fruente)^  Pg.  esteira 

mat;  from  storea. 
Stoppa  It.,  Wal.  stupe,  Sp.  estopa,  Fr.  eioupe  tow;  from  stuppa. 

Hence  It.  stoppmo  match,  Fr.  eioupin,    E.  ioppin,   stopple, 

wad;  It.  vb.  stoppare,  O.  Fr.  estopar,  E.  ^^oj!?,  Fr.  etoupper  = 

L.  L.  stuppare. 
Stoppia  It.,  Pr.  estohla,  Fr.  etouhle  =  E.  stubble,  G.  stoppel;  the 

Fr.  eteule,  however,  is  the  L.  stipula,  cf.  O.  Fr.  w^w/^  from 

Stordire  It.  to  be  deaf,  to  deafen,  stupefy,  O.  Sp.  estordir  ator- 
dir,  Sp.  aturdir,  Fr.  etourdir,  adj.  stordito,  aturdido,  etourdiy 
stupid,  heedless.  Several  derivations  are  given  (1)  from  ^wr- 
dtis  a  thrush,  cf.  Sp.  tener  cabeza  de  tordo,  and  Gk.  proverb 
TicofpoxsQog  iCLxXrjg,  and  cf.  ericiare  from  ericius  (2)  W.  twrdd 
noise,  thunder,  cf.  etonner  from  tonus  (3)  E.  sturdy  (4)  from 
torpidus,  whence  extorpidire  extordire;  as  from  tepidus  comes 
tiedir  to  be  lukewarm,  so  from  torpidus  tourdir  to  be  numb. 

Storione  It.,  Sp.  esturion,  E.  sturgeon,  Fr.  etourgeon;  from  O.  H. 

G.  sturio. 
Stormo  It.,  Eh.  sturm,  Pr.  estorn,  O.Fr.  estor  storm;  It.  vb.  stor- 

mire,  Pr.  O.Fr.  estormir;  from  G.  sturm,  E.  storm,  vb.  sturman 

found  also  in  W.  y storm,  Bret,  stourm,  Gael,  stoirm. 
Storpiare  —  siroppiare. 
Stovigli  stoviglie  It.  an  earthen  vessel;  from  O.  H.  G.  stouf  := 

O.  N.  stoup,  A.  Si  5/^4/?,  E.  stoup,  dim.  O.H.G.  stoufilL  Hence 

also  O.  Fr.  esteu. 
Straecare  It.  to  harass ,  weary  (Pr.  estracar),  stracco  for  strac- 

calo  exhausted;  probably,  from  O.  H.  G.  strecchan  to  stretch 

(on  the  ground). 
Stracciare  It.,  Rh.  stratscliar,  Sp.  estrazar,  Pr.  estrassar  to  tear 

to  pieces ;  It.  straccio,  Sp.  estrazo  estraza  rag.   From  extr actus 

extractiare.   Cf.  tracciare. 

Strada  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  estrada,  O.  Fr.  estree,  Pic.  etree  street; 
from  L.  strata  sc.  via,  cf.  Virg.  strata  viarum,  E.  street.  In  Fr. 
a  street  was  also  called  chemin  ferre,  Pr.  cami  f err  at,  and 
sometimes  simply  ferree  (cf.  estree,  brisee,  route').  Hence  also 
It.  strato,  Sp.  estrado,  Pr.  estrd  for  estrat;  Fr.  estrade  (from 
the  Sp.)  raised  platform,  from  stratum.  Hence  also  Pr.  estra- 
dier,  O.  Fr.  estraier  a  rambler,  strayer  (stray),  cf.  s.  estraguar. 

Strambolt.  crooked,  bandy-legged,  Y\QiS..stranb  limping,  Romag. 
stramb  strange,  odd,  Wal.  slremb ,  Alb.  stremp  oblique,  false, 
Pr.  estramp  unrhymed   (verse),   stramp,   hence  It.  strambita 


t 


416  STRANIO  —  STRONZARE. 

want  of  rhyme ,  perverseness ,  Mil.  stramha  to  distort.  From 
L.  strahus  squinting,  cf.  Sp.  estramhosidad  =  It.  esirabismo. 
Hence  also  Sp.  estramboie,  It.  stramboito  burden  of  a  song, 
prop.  =  that  which  transgresses  ordinary  rules,  cf.  Dante 
Inf.  7,  40  (of  a  man),  Ven.  strahoto  =  blunder;  adj.  Sp.  Pg. 
estramhotico  strange,  eccentric.  F.  Pasqualino  has:  strammotta 
ridicula  cantiuncula  a  strammu  (It.  stramho)  ut  inmiatur  deflexio 
a  vera  signi/lcatione  in  malam  partem  accepta.  But  with  estram- 
hote  cf.  0.  Fr.  estrabot  estriboi  (v.  estribo)  whence  also  a  form 
estrimbote.  It.  stramba  a  rope  of  rushes  is  from  a  different  root, 
cf.  ^Siw,strempfel  withy,  the  vb.  strambellare  is  from  strampfeln 
to  struggle ,  cf.  Rh.  siramblire  to  shake. 

Stranio  strano  It.,  Wal.  strein,  Sp.  estraho,  Pr.  estratih,  Fr. 
etrange,  E.  strange ,  hence  It.  stram'ero,  Sp.  extra?igero ,  Pr. 
estr angler,  E.  stranger,  Fr.  etr anger;  from  extraneus, 

Strapasser  strapazzare  —  pazzo. 

Strappare  It.,  sbst.  strappata,  Sp.  esirapada,  Fr.  E.  estrapade; 
from  strapfen  to  draw,  G.  straff  ^\^i.   V.  estraper, 

Strascinare  —  trassinare, 

Strato  —  strada. 

Stratto  It.  eccentric,  extravagant ;  for  astratto  or  distratto  lost  in 
thought. 

Straziare  It.  to  ill-treat,  abuse,  sbst.  strazio;  from  distr actus, 
distractiare. 

Strebbiare  —  trebbia. 

Strega  It.,  Mil.  stria,  Pg.  estriaf?),  also  It.  stregona,  Wal.  stre- 
goe  witch,  masc.  It.  stregone,  Wal.  strigoiu;  vb.  stregare;  from 
L.  striga  night-bird,  owl,  also  witch  (Petronius  and  Apuleius), 
which  is  from  strix, 

Stregghia  streglia  It.,  Cat.  estrijol,  Fr.  etrille  curry-comb;  vb. 
It.  strecchiare,  Sp.  estrillar,  Fr.  etriller  to  curry;  from  stri- 
gilis. 

Stribord  Fr.  (also  tribord),  whence  Sp.  estribord;  from  A.S.  steor- 
bord,  E.  starboard  (G.  steuerbord), 

Strillo  It.  loud  cry,  vb.  strillare  (trill?) ;  from  stridulus. 

Stringa  It.,  Sp.  estringa  string,  \h.  string  are.  ^ot  horn  stringere, 
which  would  give  strigna,  cf.  cigna  from  cingere,  but  from  the 
A.  S.  string  streng,  O.N.  strenger,  M.Du.  stringhe,  vb.  string  en 
strengeUj  v.  Grimm  2,  37,  and  cf.  Pg.  forms  estrinca  estrinque, 
Sp.  estrinque  estrenque  rope. 

Striscia  It.  stripe,  strip,  vb.  strisciare.  From  the  G.  strich, 
though  G.  eh  is  not  usually  changed  to  It.  sci;  cf.  una  striscia 
di  paese  =  G.  cin  strich  landes. 

Stronzare  It.  to  cut,  lop,  from  O.  H.  G.  strunzan.  Sbst.  stronzo 
stronzolo  dung,  excrement,  O.  Fr.  estront,  Fr.  etr  on,  cf.  G. 
strunzen,  strunzel  a  piece,  dirt,  Du.  stront  dung. 


STROPPIARE  —  SUCIDO.  417 

Stroppiare  storpiare  It.,  Ven.  atrupiare,  Mil.  struppia,  Rh.  sti^up- 
chiar,  Sp.  Pg.  estropear,  Fr.  esiropier  to  maim,  mutilate,  sbst. 
It.  stroppio  hindrance,  check.  Perhaps  storpiare  is  the  orig. 
form  and  comes  from  extorpiare  for  extorpidare. 

Stroppolo  It.,  Fr.  estrope,  etrope  rope  5  from  struppus  (Gellius), 
Sp.  estrovo  from  stropus.    Cf.  Du.  strop ,  G.  striippe^  E.  strap, 

Stroscio  —  troscia. 

Strozza  It.  throat,  strozzare  to  throttle;  from  O.  H.  G.  drozza 
throat. 

StruflPo  strufolo  It.  a  heap  of  rags ;  perhaps  from  G.  strupf  any- 
thing torn,  0.  H.  G.  stroufen  to  pluck,  tear. 

Struggere  It.  to  destroy;  for  distruggere  =  destruere.    The  gg 

stands  for  a  euphonic  inserted  7  (destrujere) ,  cf.  L.  L.  tragere 

for  traere  from  frahere,  cf.  also  O.  Pg.  trager,  whence  Pg. 

trazer,  v.  R.  Gr.  1,  166. 
Struzzo  It.,  Pr.  estrus  ostrich,  from  struthio;  Sp.  av-estruz,  Fr. 

au-truche  (f.)  for  autrusse,  E.  o-strich,  from  avis  struthio ,  L.  L. 

strucio. 
Stucco  It.  E.,  Sp.  estuque,  Fr.  stuc;  from  0.  H.  G.  stucchi  crusta. 
Stufa  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  estufa,  Pr.  estuba,  Fr.  etuve  (E.  stew)  stove, 

vb.  It.  stufare,  Sp.  estufar,  estofar  estovar,  Fr.  etuver  (E.  stew); 

L.  L.  stuba,  0.  H.  G.  stupa,  M.  H.  G.  stobe,  G.  5/w&^,  Du.  E. 

stove,  A.  S.  6'^o/«,  Gael,  stobli  (from  the  E.). 

Stuolo  It.,  0.  Sp.  estol  troop,  retinue,  crew,  0.  Cat.  Pr.  estot 
army,  fleet,  Wal.5^0/  fleet;  from  (?TdAog,  Li.stoius  (Cod.Theod.). 
The  O.  Fr.  for  classis  was  estoire  (f.),  whence  M.H.  G.  storje; 
this  answers  to  aL.L.  storium  (f.  from  neut.)  which  =  stolium 
=  0x6Xiov,  cf.  navirie  =  navilie.  This  is  better  than  to  take 
it  from  estorer  (q.  v.)  =  instaurare,  for  a  derivative  instaurium 
would  not  be  regular. 

Stutare  —  tutare. 

Stuzzicare  It.  to  drive  on,  impel.  Mod.  stussa,  Rh.  stuschar; 
from  G.  stutzen  to  thrust.  Veneroni  gives  also  stozzare  to  im- 
press. 

Su  —  suso, 

Subbia  It.  chisel;  from  subula  awl. 

Subbio  It.,  Sp.  enxullo,  Fr.  ensouple  a  weaver's  beam;  from  insu- 
bidum. 

Sue  —  cucuzza. 

Succhiare  It.  to  suck;  from  a  L.  succulare,  from  sucus  succus, 
V.  suco.  Succhiare  also  =  to  bore,  pierce,  whence  succhio  a 
gimlet,  prop.  =  a  sucker. 

Succiare  sugare  —  suco. 

Sucer  —  suco. 

Siicido  sozzo  It.,  Sp.  sucio,  Pg.  sujo,  N.  Pr.  sous  dirty;  from 

DIEZ,    KOMANCE    DICT,  27 


418  SUCIO  —  SUOLO. 

sucidus  moist;  cf.  lana  sucida.    Sozzo  is  from  sucins  as  sezzo 

from  secius. 
Sucio  —  sucido. 
Sueo  sueco  sugo  It.,  Sp.  siico,  xiigo,  Fr.  Pr.  sue  juice ;  from  5*7- 

cus;  hence  It.  sugare,  O.  Sp.  sugar  (cf.  O.  H.  G.  sugmi),  Pr. 

sucar,  E.  suck;  It.  asciugare^   Sp.  enxugar,  Pr.  eisugaVy  Fr. 

essuyer,  Wal.  2<iwc«  m5^«^  from  exsucare  to  dry  up,  wipe  off 

moisture;  It.  asciutio,  Sp.  enxuto,  Pr.  eissug,  Berr.  6^i'5?/y,  Rh. 

6c7?/^  dry,  Fr.  sbst.  ^55?//,  from  exsuctus;  \i.  prosciugare  from 

per-exsucare ;  It.  prosciutto,  presciutto  {^^.presunU))  ham,  from 

per -exsuctus.    It.  succiare  suzzare ,  Fr.  sucer,  is  from  suctiare 

(suctus),  cf.  Pr.  succio,  Fr.  suction. 
Sucre  —  zucchero. 
Sud  Fr.,  whence  Sp.  5?/</,  Pg.  6'z//  (cf.  Sp.  ardid,  Pg.  ardil);  from 

A.  S.  5?/^^,  E.  south, 
Suela  —  5wo/o. 
Sueldo  —  50/^0. 
Suero  Sp.,  Pg.  50ro,  Sard.  5on/  whey,  from  serum,  the  Pg.  Sard. 

coming,  probably,  through  a  Fr.  so/r,  for  the  change  of  an 

accented  ^  to  o  before  a  single  consonant  is  unexampled. 
Siighero  It.  cork;  for  suvero  from  suber,  the  v  being  lost  and  gh 

inserted  to  avoid  the  hiatus,  cL pavone  pctofie  pagone  (pavo). 

Ven.  Cat.  suro  avoids  the  hiatus  by  a  contraction. 
Sugliardo  —  souil. 
Sugna  It.  fat,  grease;  for  axungia  cart -grease,  cf.  Ven.  soiiza 

(z  =  gi)j  Mil.  sonsgia. 
^    Suie  Fr.,  Pr.  suia,  sueia,  suga,  Cat.  sutje  (m.)  soot.    Of  these  the 

original  form  suga  may  be  referred  to  the  A.  S.  sotig  (sotg), 

E.  sooty,  from  sbst.  sot,  E.  soot,  whence  also  Gael.  siiUh. 
Suif  —  sevo. 
Suinter  Fr.  to  sweat,   ooze,   sbst.  suint  suin;   from  O.  H.  G. 

suizan  (orig.  suUan),  E.  sweat,  with  insertion  of  a  nasal,  v. 

R.  Gr.  1,  332. 
Suivre  Fr.  to  follow;   from  sequi,  Pr.  seguir  and  segre ,  L.  L. 
^  severe,  O.  Fr.  sevre,  sivre ,  suire,  suivre,  E.  sue, 

Sujo  —  sucido, 
Sumir  —  sumsir, 
Sumsir  sumpsir,  somsir  sompsir  Pr.  to  sink,  so??isi?ne?i  sinking, 

somsis  abyss ;  a  corruption  of  submergere,  Pr.  somergir,  g  after 

r  becoming  s,  as  in  esparser  (spargere),  terser  (tergere);   so 

sumrsir  sumsir,    Sp.  Pg.  have  sumir,  g  having  vanished  as  in 

espurrir  (exporrigere),  sobar  (subagere) ;  or  is  this  homsu?nere? 

From  somsir  comes ,  probably,  the  Fr.  sancir  to  founder ;  Pr. 

samcimen  is  found  for  sumsimen. 
Suolo  It.,  Pr.  sol ,  sola,  Sp.  suela,  Fr.  E.  sole  (of  the  foot)  ;  It. 

soglia,  soglio,  Pr.  sulh,  sol,  Fr.  seuil  threshold,  Sp.  suela  floor; 


SUPER  —  TABARIN.  419 

It.  soglia,  Sp.  suela,  Pg.  solha,  Fr.  E.  sole  (fisli).   The  forms 

with  the  /  pure  are  from  solum ,  the  others  from  solea.   From 

adj.  solarius  we  have  It.  sola  jo,  solar  e,  Pr.  solier,  solar  floor, 

E.  sollar,  Sp.  solar  ground,  Fr.  Soulier  shoe. 
Super  —  sopa. 

Supercheria  supereherie  —  soverchw. 
Sur  Fr.  preposition;  from  super,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  sobre,  O.  It.  sor; 

O.  Fr.  sore,  seure  from  supra. 
Sur  Fr.  sour;  from  O.  H.  G.  A.  S.  O.  N.  siir,  W.  sur,  E.  sour.      ^ 

Hence  Rou.  suriele.  Wall,  sural,  Fr.  surelle,  E.  sorrel  =  Du. 

zuurinff. 
Sur  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  seiir  (E.  sure)  segur;  from  securus,  Pr.  segur, 
Surcot  —  cotta. 
Sureau  Fr.  elder.    Sabucus  becomes  in  Sp.  sauco,  Wal.  soc,  Pr. 

sauc,  B.  sauca,  O.  Fr.  Pic.  seii;  for  names  of  trees  the  Fr.  is 

fond  of  the  term,  arius,  dim.  arellus,  hence  from  seu  the  form 

sureau.    The  O.  Fr.  seiir  is  perhaps  for  seiir -eau  rejecting  the 

dim.  suffix. 
Surgeon  —  sourdre. 
Surgia  Pr.  surgery;  for  srurgia  for  cirurgia,  chirurgia,  hence        -^ 

O.  Fr.  surgien,  E.  surgeon,  Du.  surgijn, 
Surplis  —  pelliccia. 
Surtir  —  sortire. 

Susina  It.  plum ;  perhaps  because  brought  from  Susa  (Muratori). 
Suso  It.,  shortened  sii  (c^  verso,  ver)^  Rh.  si,  Sp.  O.  Pg.  suso, 

Pr.  O.  Fr.  sus;  from  susum  for  sw^sus,  contr.  L.  sus  in  susque 

deque.   Hence  Fr.  dessus,  O.  Sp.  desu. 
Sussiego  —  sosiego. 
Susto  —  sostare. 
Suzerain  Fr.  prop.  adj.  (seigneur  s.)  a  feudal  word;  from  sus 

(=  susum),  on  the  analogy  of  souverain  ? 
Suzzare  —  su£0. 
Svanire  —  evanouir. 

Svellere  svegliere  It. ;  from  exvellere  for  evellere. 
Sverza  —  verza.  ^ 


T. 

Taba  Sp.  bone  of  the  knee-pan;  perhaps  from  Ar.  tahaq  a  small 

bone  between  the  vertebrae. 
Tabacco  It.,  Sp.  tabaco,  Fr.  (abac,  E.  tobacco;  an  American 

word,  prop,  a  tobacco  -  bowl. 
Taballo  —  ataballo. 
Tabarin  Fr.  a  jack -pudding;  the  name  of  a  mountebank  of  the  ^ 

17"'  century  (Roquefort). 

27* 


-f 


420  TABARRO  —  TACHE. 

Tabarro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  tahardo,  Fr.  E.  tabard,  M.  H.  G.  tapfart 
short  coat,  coat-of-arms ,  W.  tahai\  L.  Gr.  ra^naQiov,  Per- 
haps from  tap-es  a  covering,  It.  tappeto,  cf.  Kom.  cap  and  cab 
from  caput ,  where  also  the  t  vanishes. 

Tabique  Sp.  Pg.  a  partition -wall  of  lath  and  plaster;  Sp.  also 
taxbique ,  A.  taschbik  =  twisting,  plaiting,  making  lattice 
or  net -work,  the  root  being  schabaka  inseruit  unam  rem 
alteri,  perplexuit,  caneellatim  struxit.    V.  Mahn,  Untersuch. 

p.  71. 

Tabouret  —  tamburo. 

Tabust  tabut  0.  Fr.  Pr.  outcry,  disturbance,  vb.  tabuster  tabu- 
ter,  tabustar  tabussar,  tustar  turtar  to  knock,  disturb.  It.  tam- 
bustare  to  thrash;  Pr.  sbst.  iaburla,  vb.  tabornar.  From  tabor 
tambor  (tambour,  drum),  whence  also  Pr.  talabtist ,  Fr.  tara- 
buster  to  vex;  L.  L.  taburcmm  taburlum  =  tabor. 

Taeano  —  taccagno. 

Taceagnolt.,  Sip.tacaho,  ¥r.taqm?i  niggardly;  vb.  It.  taccagnare, 
Fr.  taquiner,  Lomb.  zaccagna  to  wrangle  about  trifles.  From 
G.  zcihe  tenacious,  miserly,  O.  H.  G.  zdhi,  cf.  Lomb.  taaiaard 
niggard.   For  c  or  cc  from  G.  hj  v.  s.  gecchire ,  smacco. 

Taccia  —  tacco. 

Tacco  It.  heel  of  a  shoe  (Sp.Pg.  taco  peg  seems  to  be  of  different 
origin),  Rh.  tac  spot ,  defect.  Wall,  tac  plate,  Rou.  tacq  a  spot 
of  land;  f.  It.  tacca  notch  and  spot,  Pr.  taca,  O.Fr.  Pic.  teque, 
It.  tecca,  Fr.  tache,  It.  taccia,  Sp.  Pg.  tacha  spot,  Occ.  tacho 
broad-headed  nail;  hence  It.  taccone  patch,  Sp.  Pg.  tacon  heel 
of  a  shoe,  tachon  head  of  a  nail,  Rou.  tacon  =  It.  taccone  and 
taccia;  vb.  Rh.  taccar  to  notch,  to  cleave  to,  Ven.  tacare, 
Lomb.  taca  to  fasten,  Pr.  tacar,  Fr.  tacher  to  spot,  Pr.  techir; 
It.  attaccare,  Sp.  atacar  =  Fr.  attacher,  E.  attach  also  =  Fr. 
attaquer  (the  Picard  form  of  attacher,  v.  Littre,  Hist.  d.  la 
langue  Fr.,  p.  13),  E.  attack  (prop,  to  fasten  on  to,  Gk.  cctctb- 
6d-aL  TLvog)]  It.  staccare,  Fr.  detacher,  E.  detach.  The  root  is 
found  in  the  Celtic  as  well  as  the  German:  Gael,  tac,  Cora. 

*  tach,  E.  tack,  Du.  tack,  G.  zacke  point,  tooth,  vb.  Du.  tacken, 
E.  tack,  cf.  O.  N.  taca,  A.  S.  tacan,  E.  take.  The  original 
meaning  seems  to  be  ^^ something  fastening  or  fastened''  then 
(2)  patch  (3)  spot  (4)  stain,  blemish.  The  It.  meaning  "notch'' 
is  to  be  immediately  referred  to  zacke, 

Taecola  It.  magpie,  ^«cco/o  jest,  taccolare  to  chatter;  from  O.  H. 
G.  tdha  cornicula,  or  from  a  form  tdhala,  whence  Germ,  dohle 
jackdaw. 

Taeba  tache  tacon  —  tacco. 

Tache  Fr.  (f.)  task,  job,  vb.  tacher  to  try.  For  tasche,  cf.  E. 
task,  Cat.  Ven.  tasca,  Pr.  tasca  tascha  rent,  income;  L.  L. 
tasca  prifistatio  agraria.   Found  also  in  Celtic:  W.  tasg,  Gael. 


TAFANO  —  TAITA.  421 

taisg.  As  Fr.  Idche,  Pr.  lasc  from  laxttSj  so  tdche,  tasca  from 
taxa  (L.  L.  for  iaxatio)  =  something  demanded  or  exacted, 
cf.  Ron.  tasque  =  Fr.  taxe. 

Tafano  It.,  Sp.  tdbano,  Pr.  O.Fr.  tavan,  Fr.  taon  (for  taan)^  Wal. 
^^?/w^  a  gadfly ;  from  tahanus  (tdhanus  later  tabdnus),  cf.  Papias : 
rt5?7?/s  ^M^/w  rustici  tabanum  vacant . 

Taffeta  It.,  Sp.  tafetan,  Fr.  taffetas,  taffeta;  from  Persian  tdftah. 

Tafur  Pr.  0.  Fr.  rogue,  Sp.  i^«/«wr  gamester,  cheat,  Pg.  taful 
also  =  debauchee,  N.  Pr.  vb.  tafurd  to  disturb,  confuse. 
From  Arab,  dahid  a  cheat? 

Tagarote  Sp.  Pg.  an  Egyptian  hawk;  from  the  river  Tagarros 
in  Africa,  on  the  banks  of  which  it  is  chiefly  found. 

Taglia  It.,  Sp.  taja,  talla,  Pg.  Pr.  talha,  Fr.  tattle  cut,  cutting, 
figure,  tally,  tallage;  M.  It.  taglio,  Sp.  tajo,  talle,  Pr.  talhy  Fr. 
(only)  detail,  E.  detail,  entail;  vb.  tagliare,  tajar,  talhar,  taillery 
Wal.  teid  to  cut;  Pr.  talhador,  Sp.  tallador  (engraver),  Fr. 
tailleur,  E.  /«//or  (for  which  It.  has  sartone,  Sp.  sastre);  It. 
tagliere,  Sp.  taller,  Pr.  talhador,  Fr.  tailloir,  Sp.  tajadero  chop- 
ping-block,  trencher,  plate,  whence  G.  teller;  and  many  other 
derivatives.  From  L.  /«/^«,  cf.  Nonius  4,  473:  Me^5  scissiones 
lignorum  vel  prmsegmina  Varro  dicit  de  re  rust.  Lib,  I,  nam  etiam 
nunc  ^'rustica  voce^^  intertaleare  dicitur  divider e  vel  exscindere 
ramum;  this  verb  is  the  Sp.  entretallar  to  cut  out,  \i,  frasta- 
gliare. 

Tai  O.  Fr.  mud,  vb.  entaiar;  from  Du..  taai  sticky,  clammy, 
O.  H.  G.  zdhi,  which  was  used  as  an  epithet  of  lime,  glue,  or 
clay,  G.  zdhe,  Rh.  zais.   Sic.  taja  =  mortar. 

Tale  Fr.  pillow-case;  from  theca  covering,  O.Fr.  (more  cor- 
rectly) toie,  cf.  no?jer  from  necare.  Cf.  Rh.  teija  from  theca,  as 
speija  from  spica.  The  O.  H.  G.  ziechd,  G.  zieche ,  E.  tick  are 
also  from  theca,  as  ziegal  from  tegula. 

Taie  —  taita. 

Taille  tailler  —  taglia. 

Tain  —  stagno. 

Tainar  Pr.  to  loiter,  delay,  also  trans,  to  delay,  put  off,  impers. 
me  taina  -~  il  me  tarde,  sbst.  ta'i'na.  Hence  Pr.  atainar,  O.  Fr. 
ata'iner  to  delay,  also  to  dally,  irritate,  trifle  (Bret,  atahineiri); 
sbst.  ata'ina,  ata'ine,  Burg,  ataine,  Bret,  atahin  (m.).  It  is  per- 
haps connected  with  Fr.  taquin,  taquiner,  from  Q.zdhe  clammy, 
though  no  forms  tahin  tahiner  are  found. 

Taisson  —  tasso. 

Taita  Sp.  (in  children's  speech)  father.  Com.  Neap.  Pic.  tata, 
Wal.  tate  father,  Rh.  tat  grandfather,  tata  grandmother; 
hence  0.  Fr.  Pic.  Wall,  tayon  grandfather.  Pic.  Champ,  ra- 
tayon  great-grandfather.  It  is  the  L.  tata,  Gk.  rata,  Du. 
teyte,  L.  G.  taite  tatte,  W.  tad,  Ir.  daid,  E.  dad,  daddy,   Fr. 


r 


422  TAJ  A  —  TAMIGIO. 

taie  is  from  tata ,  as  crate  from  creta.  Sp.  tato  tata  =  younger 
brother,  sister,  Romag.  dad,  dada.  The  Goth,  atta,  Sw.  ditej 
Gk.  atta^  Alb.  at,  is  also  found  in  Rom.:  Com.  atta  father, 
Rh.  his- at  great-grandfather,  L.  atta  (Festus). 

Taj  a  tajar  —  taglia. 

Tala  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  felling  of  trees,  vb.  talar  to  fell  trees,  cf.  Fr. 
name  Boistalle.  Not  identical  with  tallar  to  cut.  It  seems  to 
be  an  old  Sp.  word,  B.  tala  "excidium  sylvarum"  (B.  Gloss.), 
cf.  the  names  of  Sp.  places,  Tala-hriga,  Tala-mina,  Tal-ori, 
Tala -vera  &c.,  =  E.  term,  field,  feld,  cf.  Humboldt  Urbew. 
Hisp.  p.  53.  It  may  be  the  0.  H.  G.  zdlon  diripere  =  L.  L. 
tdlare. 

Taladro  —  taraire. 

Taleo  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.E.  talc;  from  Ax.Ualaq,  perhaps  of  Persian 
origin. 

Talega  Sp.,  Pg.  taleiga,  Pr.  taleca  bag,  sack;  from  ^vkaiiogl 
Wal.  tiledge, 

Talento  It.,  Sp.  talento  talente  talante,  Pr.  talen  talan,  Fr.  E. 
talent.  The  O.  Rom.  meaning  (It.  talento,  Sp.  talente  talante, 
0.  Fr.  0.  E.  talent ,  Wall,  dalent)  was  will,  inclination,  from 
talentum  (tdlavtov)  balance,  weight,  inchnation.  A  later 
meaning  was  that  of  ^Halent^',  genius;  perhaps  derived  from 
the  Parable  of  the  Talents.  Hence  It.  attalentare ,  Pr.  atalen- 
tar,  0.  Fr.  atalenter  to  please,  entice,  charm. 

Talevas  O.  Fr.  a  sort  of  shield;  for  tavelas,  from  It.  tavolaccio  a 
wooden  shield  (tabula), 

Talismano  It.,  Sp.  Fr.  E.  talisman;  from  Ar.  Hilsam  which  is 
from  the  Gk.  rsXea^a  an  incantation. 

Tallo  It.  Sp.,  Pg.  talo,  Fr.  talle  (f.)  shoot,  sprout;  from  thallus 

(d'alkog). 
Tallone  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Fr.  talon  heel  (E.  talon);  from  talus  ancle  = 

talaun  in  the  Cass.  Gloss.,  v.  Due.  talo. 

Tamarindo  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  tamarin,  E.  tamarind;  from  Ar.  tamar 
hindi  Indian  date. 

Tambo  Pg.  bridal  bed;  from  thalamus,  with  h  inserted,  O.  Pg. 

tamo  marriage  -  feast. 
Tamburo  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  tambor  atambor,  Pr.  tabor  (E.  tabor),  Fr. 

E.  tambour,  M.  H.  G.  tambur  and  tabiir  drum,  Wal.  tambure 

lyre;  dim.  It.  tamburino  &c.,  Fr.  tabouret  (E.  tabret)  foot-stool; 

from  Pers.  Hambiir,  Ar.  ^tombur  lyre. 
Tambussare  —  tabust. 
Tamica  — •  tomiza. 
Tamigio  It.,  Ven.  tamiso,  Sp.  tamiz,  Pr.  Fr.  tamis  sieve;  vb.  It. 

tamigiare,  Fr.  tamiser  to  sift.   Fi^om  the  Du.  teems  sieve  (cf. 

0.  H.  G.  zemisa  bran). 


TAMPA  —  TAPE.  423 

Tampa  tampon  tampir  —  tape. 

Tan  Sp.;  Pg.  tdo  adv.  from  tantus,  E.  Gr.  1,  447. 

Tan  Fr.  E.,  vb.  tanner  to  tan,  Rou.  tener,  M.  Du.  tanen,  teynen; 
hence  Fr.  tanne,  E.  tawny,  It.  tane,  Sard,  tanau,  Du.  taneyt 
(==  O.  Fr.  part,  taneit).  From  Gr.  ^«;2/?c  fir,  or  from  Bret,  tann 
oak?  The  latter  word  is  only  found  in  one  dialect  of  the 
Bret,  and  not  elsewhere  in  Celtic.  In  L.  L.  we  find  ^^aluta 
locus  uhi  pelles  in  calce  pilantur  et  tanantur^\ 

Tana  It.  Rh.  N.  Pr.  a  den. .  For  sottana,  L.  subtana,  subtanea,  as 
Com.  trana  from  sotterranea,  subterranea.  Or  is  it  formed 
from  Fr.  taniere,  as  a  primitive  word? 

Tanaceto  It.,  Sp.  athanasia,  Fr.  tanaisie,  E.  tansy;  from  athana- 
sia  immortal. 

Tanaglia  It.,  Pr.  tenalha,  Fr.  tenaille  (0.  Fr.  estenielle)  pincers, 
tongs;  from  tenaculum,  pi.  tenacula  (Terentianus  Maurus). 
The  Sp.  word  is  tenaza  from  tenax,  pi.  tenacia, 

Tancar  —  stancare. 

Tancer  —  tencer. 

Tanche  Fr.,  E.  tench;  L.  It.  tinea. 

Tandis  Fr.  particle;  from  tantos  dies,  or  from  tamdiu  cf.  Pr. 
tandius,  v.  quandius. 

Tanfo  It.  from  O.  H.  G.  tamf,  G.  dampf,  cf.  Champ,  tanfer  to 
pant  ==  O.  H.  G.  tamfjan  to  be  stifled. 

Tanghero  —  tangoner. 

Tangoner  Fr.  to  drive  on,  press;  the  L.  L.  tanganare  to  stick 
to,  sbst.  tanganum,  cf.  W.  tengyn  sticky,  tenacious.  Con- 
nected with  it  is  the  O.  Fr.  adj.  tangre  obstinate,  =  M.  H.  G. 
zanger  sharp,  obstinate,  M.  Du.  tanglier  sharp,  whence  It.  tan- 
ghero. Com.  tangan  gross,  rude. 

Taniere  Fr.  den,  O.Fr.  taisniere,  tesniere;  prob.  contracted  from 
taissonniere ,  and  so  orig.  =  badger's  hole. 

Tanque  —  stancare. 

Tante  Fr.,  O.Fr.  ante  (ace.  antabi),  E.  aunt,  Pr.  amda,  L.  amita, 
Lomb.  ameta,  Crem.  medda,  Rh.  onda.  The  t  is  either  merely 
euphonic  as  in  a-t-il,  voila-t-il,  cafetier,  or  is  for  ta,  cf.  in 
Wall,  c^est  's  monfre  (mon  frere)  it  is  his  brother ,  s'  matante 
his  aunt. 

Taon  —  tafano. 

Tape  Fr.  a  tap,  tappu  Sic.  a  bung,  hence  Fr.  tapon,  tampon,  E. 
tompion  a  stopple;  Sp.  tapUj  Pg.  tampa  a  lid;  vb.  Fr.  taper, 
Sp.  Pg.  tapar,  Flor.  tappare.  Com.  tapa,  Pr.  tampir  to  stop 
up,  cover;  from  Du.  E.  tap.  We  have  another  form  in  the  It. 
zaffOj  vb.  zaffare,  from  0.  H.  G.  zapfo,  zampillo  a  jet  of 
water.  The  Sp.  zampar  to  hide  is  another  form  of  tapar  to 
cover. 

Tape  Fr.  a  tap  (blow),  vb.  taper,  tapoter;  from  L.  G.  tappe  foot, 


424  TAPIA  —  TARDE. 

E.  tap.  A  H.  G.  form  of  the  same  word  is  It.  zampa,  ciampa 
(cf.  zufolare,  ciufolare),  foot,  zampare  to  kick,  ciampare,  in- 
ciampare  to  stumble. 

Tapia  Sp.,  Pg.  taipa,  Sard.  m.  tUpiu  a  mud- wall,  cf.  Lomb.  tahia 
a  poor  hut.  Palafox's  answer ,  when  summoned  to  surrender 
Saragossa,  was:  Guerra  hasta  la  ultima  tapia,  Prob.  of  Eastern 
origin,  Turk.  Ar.  ^tdbiah  rampart,  bastion. 

Tapino  —  tapir. 

Tapir  Fr.  (se  tapir)  to  squat,  crouch,  0.  Fr.  s'atapir  to  hide 
oneself,  0.  Fr.  tapin,  Pr.  tapi  hidden,  disguised,  a  tapi,  O.  Fr. 
en  tapin  in  disguise ,  espec.  of  pilgrims ,  hence  0.  Fr.  tapin  a 
pilgrim,  tapiner  to  hide  disguise,  Fr.  en  tapinoishy  ^iQ^\.\hy 
secretly,  O.  Fr.  en  tapinage ,  L.  L.  tapinatio.  From  a  G.  root 
widely  found  in  Rom.  (v.  tape  1)  zapf  ^=  a  peg,  wedge  &c., 
Fr./rt/;o;i=: bundle,  Swed.  tapp;  tapir  =  to  form  into  a  bundle, 
huddle  together,  cf.  Fr.  cacher.  Ducange  derives  from  talpa, 
the  influence  of  which  is  certainly  seen  in  Champ,  taupin 
secret.  It.  tapino  poor,  is  prob.  from  ta7tBiv6s\  talpino  taiipino 
owe  their  forms  to  talpa. 

Tapis  tapiz  —  tappeto. 

Tappeto  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  tapete  tapiz,  Pr.  tapit ,  Fr.  lapis  carpet; 
partly  from  tapetum,  partly  from  tapes  tapetis. 

Taquin  —  taccagno. 

Tara  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr. ,  Fr.  E.  tare;  from  Ar.  7?r^/?  or  ^turra^h 
thrown  away,  set  aside. 

Taradore  —  taraire. 

Taragona  —  targone. 

Taraire  Fr.  (m.),  Fr.  tariere,  Sp.  taladro,  Pg.  trado,  Rh.  terader 
auger,  gimlet.  From  L.  L.  taratrum  =  tegstgov.  In  It.  tara- 
dore a  vine -worm,  the  same  word  is  seen  with  the  suffix  tor, 
though  no  verb  tarar  exists,  cf.  also  Fr.  tar  aud  a  borer,  which 
presupposes  such  a  verb.  The  word  is  also  found  in  Celtic, 
W.  taradr,  Bret,  tarar,  talar  tarer  terer  borer,  Gael,  tor  a  to- 
radh,  cf.  roQog  graver.  From  L.  terebellum  come  It.  trivcllo, 
Pr.  taravel ,  Dauph.  taravella,  Pic.  terelle ,  Pg.  travoella  borer, 
Sp.  teruvela  moth.  For  Sp.  taladro  for  taradro,  cf.  L.  telebra 
for  terebra  (v.  App.  ad  Probum).  To  the  same  family  belong 
Sp.  taraza,  Pg.  traca  moth,  vb.  tarazar,  tracar  to  bite;  per- 
haps =  teredo  with  a  change  of  suffix. 

Tarantola  tarantella  It.,  whence  Sp.  tarantula,  Fr.  tarentelle,  a 
tarantula  (spider),  so  called  because  chiefly  found  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Tarentum  (It.  Taranto). 

Taraud  taraza  —  taraire. 

Tarazon  —  torso. 

Tarde  Sp.  Pg.  (f.).  Cat.  tarde  tarda  evening,  afternoon  (from 


TARGA  —  TARTARUGA.'  425 

midday  to  night);  from  adv.  iarde  long,  so  late,  cf.  pgadvg 
long,  slow,  N.  Gk.  figccdv  evening. 

Targa  It.,  Sp.  tarja,  Pg.  Pr.  tarja,  Fr.  E.  targe,  Sp.  also  darga 
adarga,  0.  Cat.  darga;  vb.  Pr.  se  tar  gar,  Fr.  se  targuer  (to 
pride  oneself,  boast).  From  O.  H.  G.  zarga  defence,  shield, 
whence  A.  S.  targe ^  O.  N.  targa  shield;  the  G.  meaning 
^^border,  edge,  brim"  (cf.  G.  zarge)  is  still  found  in  Sp.  atarjea 
edge  of  a  canal  or  sluice.  The  Sp.  adarga  adaraga  daraga  may 
be  referred  to  the  Ar.  addaraqah  leathern  shield. 

Targer  O.  Fr.  to  loiter,  tarry.  Pic.  atarger  terger.  From  tardare 
through  a  freq.  form  tardicare,  Si&juger  homjudicare,  cf.  from 
dinar e  clinicare,  from  pendere  pendicare.  Rh.  has  with  difiF. 
suffix  tardinar,  and  tardivar.  0.  Fr.  targer  is  to  Fr.  tarder  as 
O.  Fr.  enferger  to  enferrer. 

Targone  It.,  Sp.  taragona,  Fr.  tar g on,  E.  tarragon,  Wall,  dra- 
gronn,  Ar.  ^tarkhiin;  from  draco,  in  the  sense  oi  dracunculus, 
cf.  Sp.  taragontea  from  dragontea.  Hence  also  Pg.  estragdo, 
Fr.  estragon. 

Targuer  —  targa. 

Taridalt.  Sp.  Pr.  Cat.  a  ship,  transport.  Ar.  Uaridah  a  transport. 

Tarier  O.  Fr.  to  vex,  plague;  from  L.  G.  tar  gen,  Du.  iergen, 
M.  H.  G.  zergen,  0.  H.  G.  zerjan, 

Tariere  —  taraire. 

Tariffa  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  tarifa,  Fr.  tarif  (m.),  tariff;  from  Ar.  ta^rif 
publication  {^arafa  to  know). 

Tarima  Sp.  Pg.  (also  tarimbd)  trestle,  bedstead,  bench;  from 
Ar.  Harimah  bedstead. 

Tarin  Fr.  siskin,  Paris,  terin;  perhaps  from  Pic.  tere  =  tendre 
(cf.  terons  =  tiendrons),  so  prop.  =  the  pretty,  tender  bird. 
So  O.  N.  nta  =  (1)  pretty  (2)  tit, 

Tarir  Fr.  to  dry,  dry  up;  from  0.  H.  G.  tharrjan,  darrjan. 

Tarlo  —  tarma, 

Tarma  It.  Sp.,  Rh.  tarna  moth,  wood- tick;  from  tarmes  (m.), 
with  a  change  of  declension  L.  L.  tarmus,  tarnus.  It.  tarlo  is 
either  a  corruption  of  tarmo,  or  from  a  dim.  tarmulus. 

Tarracena  —  arsenate. 

Tartagliare  It.,  Ven.  tartagiare,  Rh.  tartagliar,  Sp.  tartajear, 
Pg.  tartar  car  to  stutter,  Pr.  tartalhar;  Sp.  tartalear  a  reel,  be 
perplexed;  adj.  Sp.  tato,  Pg.  tataro,  Sp.  Pg.  tarta-mudo  stam- 
merer; an  onomatop.,  Du.  tateren  to  stammer.  Ar.  has  tar- 
tara  titubare. 

Tartana  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  tartane,  E.  tartan  (naut.)  a  boat  with 

one  mast;  a  derivative  oi  tatida,  q.  v. 
Tartaruga  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  tortuga,  Pr.  tor  tug  a  tartnga,  Fr.  tortue  a 

tortoise,  L.  L.  tortuca  tartuca;  so  called  from  its  crooked  feet 


426  TARTUFO  —  TAYON. 

(tortus) J  cf.  E.  tortoise  =  Pr.  tortesa  crooked.   Another  name 
of  the  tortoise  in  It.  is  hotta  scudaja  =  G.  schildkrote, 

Tartufo  —  truffe. 

Tas  Sp.  Fr.,  Pr.  tatz  a  heap,  vb.  tasser;  from  A.  S.  tass,  E.  tass 
a  heap  of  corn,  which  is  the  same  word  as  Gael,  dais^  W.dds, 
E.  dais. 

Tasajo  Sp.,  Pg.  tassalho  a  piece  of  smoked  flesh,  hiing-beef ;  from 
taxea  fat  (Isidorus  from  Afranius)?  or  from  tessella? 

Tasca  It.  Pr.,  Fr.  Provin.  tache,  tasque,  tasse,  Wall,  tah,  Wal. 
tasce,  O.  H.  G.  tasca,  G.  tasche  purse.  Perhaps  =  O.  H.  G. 
zesche  a  train,  vb.  zaschen  zeschen  to  trail,  drag  =  O.  H.  G. 
zascon,  so  the  purse  would  be  that  which  trails  or  hangs  from 
the  neck  or  girdle.  This  is  better  than  Grimm's  der.  from 
L.  L.  taxaca  texaca  a  theft,  so  =  receptacle  of  stolen  goods, 
cf.  the  converse  process  in  sacco,  though  in  both  cases  the 
origin  would  be  eventually  the  same,  0.  H.  G.  zascdn  = 
to  rob. 

Tascar  Sp.  Pg.  to  dress  or  heckle  hemp  &c.;  from  O.  H.  G. 
zascdn  to  tear,  Bav.  zaschen ,  v.  tasca, 

Tasse  —  tazza, 
^        Tassello  It.,  Fr.  tasseau  a  peg,  clasp,  bracket;  O.Fr.  tassiel  also 
=  a  knob,  knot,  clasp  (E.  tassel);  from  taxilhis  a  peg. 

Tasso  It.,  Pr.  tais  taiso,  Fr.  taisson,  Sp.  texo?i  and  with  suffix  uff 
tasugo,  Pg.  teixugOy  L.L.  taxus,  taxo  a  badger;  a  word  widely 
spread  in  Rom.  (Wal.  only  has  esure  =  L.  esor  eater ,  E.  has 
brock,  gray,  badger,  Dan.  brok,  grdfling,  Swed.  grdfsvin) ;  from 
O.  H.  G.  dahs,  0.  L.  G.  das,  G.  dachs,  Avhere  the  d  =  th,  cf. 
tedesco  from  diutisc,  Pr.  ties.  The  L.  has  meles,  which  appears 
in  Neap,  mologna,  Fr.  also  blaireau,  q.  v. 

Tastare  It.,  O.Sp.  Pr.  tastar,  Fr.  tdter  to  feel,  E.  taste,  G.  tasten. 
A  frequentative  from  taxare:  taxare  pressius  crebriusqiie  est 
quam  tangere  Gellius.  Hence  It.  sbst.  tasto  handle  of  a  lute, 
Sp.  Pg.  traste.  Cat.  trast,  Andal.  tast. 

Tasugo  —  tasso. 

Tater  —  tastare. 

Tato  —  taita. 

Tato  —  tartagliare. 

Tattera  It.  trumpery;  cf.  E.  tatters,  L.  G.  tattern,  0.  H.  G.  zata 
shaggy  stuff. 

Taudir  0.  Fr.  to  cover,  Fr.  tandis  a  hovel.  Pic.  taudion;  prob. 
from  a  G.  source,  O.  N.  tialld,  M.  Du.  telde,  G.  zelt  tent,  vb. 
O.  N.  tiallda  to  pitch  tents.  • 

Taiit  —  ataud. 

Taveler  Fr.  to  spot,  speckle;  from  table,  O.  Fr.  tavele  a  chess- 
board. 

Tayon  —  taita. 


TAZZA  —  TEMPI  A.  427 

Tazza  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  taza,  Pr.  tassay  Fr.  tasse  a  cup,  Wal.  iaSy 
Serv.  if«5;  from  Ar.  Uassah  a  bason  (from  Pers.  tast  or  tashf). 
Ar.  5  often  =  Rom.  z,  cf.  Pg.  Zoleimao  from  Sulaimdn. 

Te  It.,  Sp.  i?^',  Fr.  the,  E.  ^^«;  from  the  Chinese.   Neap,  cha,  It. 

T©  ate  Pg.,  O.  Pg.  atem  preposition;  from  tenus  ad-tenus,  O.  Sp. 

atdnes.   The  synonymous  O.  Sp.  O.  Pg.  fata  ata  are  from  the 

Ar.  ^hattd. 
Tea  Sp.  Pg.  torch,  atear  to  light;  from  tceda, 
Teeca  —  taccO. 
Teeehire  It.,  attecchire  to  thrive,   grow;   from  Goth,  theihan, 

O.  S.  thihan  =  0.  H.  G.  dihan,  G.  gedeihen.   The  Fr.  is  tehir 

(cf.  gecchire,  gehir)  =  (1)  grow  (2)  make  to  grow.  Cf.  Piedm. 

tec  thick,  from  O.  H.  G.  thik,  G.  dick,  E.  thick, 
Techir  —  tacco. 
Tecla  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  Sard,  key  of  a  pianoforte  &c.;  from  tegula. 

The  late  origin  of  the  word  is  shown  by  its  incorrect  form 

(Sp.  should  be  teja,  Pg.  telhd). 
Tegola  tegolo  It.,  Wal.  tegle,  Sp.  teja  tejo,  Pg.  telha  tijolo,  Pr. 

teule  (m.),  Fr.  tuile  (f.),  whence  tuilier,  tuilerie,  E.  tile;  It.  teg- 

ghia,  teglia  lid;  all  from  tegula,  whence  also  Pg.  tigella  dish. 
Tehir  —  teeehire, 
Teiga  teigula  Pg.  rush  basket;  from  theca,  or  from  teges  (i.) 

matting? 
Teigne  —  tigna, 
Teiller  Fr.  to  peel  (hemp) ;  from  tilia;  (pi.)  bast  of  the  linden 

tree,  O.  Fr.  title ,  Rou.  tile;  It.  tiglio  the  bark  of  hemp. 

Teindre  Fr.  to  dye,  tinge;  from  tingere,  It.  tignere,  Sp.  tenir. 

Teja  telha  —  tegola. 

Teler  Fr.  in  atteler  to  harness ,  deteler  to  unyoke.  Some  have 
suspected  a  connection  with  L.  protelum,  protelare,  which  verb 
is  not  found  in  an  uncompounded  form  (cf.  s.  entamer),  but  an 
O.  Fr.  esteler  for  ateler  occurs,  which  points  to  the  true  etymon, 
the  G.  stellen  to  put,  cf.  Fr.  mettre,  Sp.  poner,  E.  put  used  in 
same  sense.  Atteler  and  deteler  are  formed  analogously  to  at- 
tacher  detacher, 

Tema  Sp.  obstinacy,  prop,  in  defending  a  theme,  tematico  ob- 
stinate, Pg.  tema  theme,  teima  obstinacy;  cf.  It.  prova, 

Temblar  —  tremolare, 

Temolo  It.  a  grayling,  Sp.  timalo;  from  thymmus,  its  flesh  being 
supposed  to  smell  like  thyme. 

Tempia  It.,  Pr.  templa,  Fr.  tempe  for  O.  Fr.  temple,  Wal.  temple, 
E.  temple;  from  pi.  tempora,  with  common  Rom.  change  of  r 
into  2,  Sard,  trempa  =  cheek.  The  Sp.  is  sien  (q.  v.),  Pg. 
fonte  (i.  e.  of  pulsation),  Cat.  pols,   Ven.  sono,   Sic.  sonnu 


428  TENAILLE  —  TESTIGO. 

(somniis),  cf.  G.  schlaf  (prop,  sleep),  Parm.  dormidor,  Sard. 

chizu  (==  ciglio),  Fr.  tin  (q.  v.). 
Tenaille  —  tanaglia. 
Tencer  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  tensar  to  strive,  quarrel,  Fr.  lancer  to  scold, 

abuse,  E.  taunt;  a  participial  verb  from  tenere  tentiis,  so  from 

a  form  tentiare,  ==.  to  maintain  assert,  a  meaning  which  the 

0.  Fr.  vb.  also  possessed.  Hence  O.  Fr.  tence,  tencon,  Pr. 
tensa  tenson,  It.  tenza,  tenzone.  For  the  compound  0.  Fr. 
hestancievy  v.  stentare. 

Tenda  It.  Pg.  Pr.,  Sp.  tienda,  Fr.  tente,  E.  tent,  Wal.  tinde;  from 

tendere,  whence  also  Sp.  tendon,  Pg.  tetiddo,  Fr.  E.  tendon,  but 

It.  tendine  as  if  from  a  L.  tendo  tendinis. 
Tenza  —  tencer, 

Tepe  Sp.  Pg.  green  sod,  Piedm.  Com.  tepa  moss,  Bresc.  iopa, 
Terchio  —  terco. 
Terciopelo  Sp.  Pg.  velvet;  from  tercio  and  pelo,  so  prop.  = 

woven  with  three  threads,  trilix. 
Terco  Sp.  obstinate,  hard.   From  tetricus,  It.  terchio? 
Terliz  —  traliccio. 
Terne  Fr.  dull,  wan,  vb.  ternir  to  tarnish;  from  O.  H.  G.  tarni 

covered,  tarnjan  to  cover,  so  darken,  dull. 
Tertre  Fr.  Pr.  (m.),  0.  Fr.  teltre,  Wall,  tier  hill,  hillock;  from 

rkgd^Qov  an  end  or  point. 
Terzuolo  It.,  Sp.  torzuelo,  Pg.  treco,  Pr.  tersol  trcsol ,  Fr.  E. 

tiercel,  E.  tassel,  Fr.  tiercelet ,  E.  tercelet,  a  male  hawk,  M. 

H.  G.  terze,  terzel;  from  tertiits  tertiolus,  because  the  third  in 

the  nest  was  supposed  to  be  a  male?   For  It.  terzeruolo  =  a 

pistol,  oi,  falconetto ,  moschetto,  sagro. 
Teschio  —  testa. 
Tesoira  Piedm.,  O.Fr.  tezoire,  Pg.  tesoura,  Sp.  tixera,  Pr.  tosoira 

shears,  scissors.    The  Pr.  is  the  nearest  the  original,  L.  ton- 

soria  (f err  amenta)  Palladius. 
Tesserandolo  —  tisserand. 
Tesson  —  testa. 
Testa  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  Fr.  tete  head;  from  L.  testa  a  pot,  cf.  It. 

coccia,  Sard,  conca,  G.  kopf  =  in  O.  H.  G.  a  cup,  cf.  R.  Gr. 

1,  54.  The  dim.  testula  gives  It.  teschio  skull,  as  fistula  fischi- 
are.  From  testum  come  It.  Sp.  Pg.  testo,  Fr.  tet  potsherd  = 
Fr.  tesson  for  teston.  Hence  also  It.  testier  a,  Sp.  testera,  Fr. 
teller Cy  E.  tester. 

Testeso  teste  adv.  for  L.  nuper.  From  ante  istum  ipsum,  an- 
testesso,  cf.  fante  for  infante,  hilico  for  ombilico.  As  the  It.  had 
gill  and  giuso,  su  and  suso,  in  like  manner  was  formed  teste  by 
the  side  of  testeso  (for  testesso\ 

Testigo  Sp.  witness;  from  a  torm  testi/icus,  as  tcstiguar  from 
testiftcarc,  v.  santiguar. 


TETTA  —  TIMBAL.  429 

Tetta  zitta  zezzolo  eizza  It.,  Wal.  Alb.  tzitze,  Sp.  Pr.  teia,  Fr. 
tette,  teton  teat;  from  the  G.:  A.  S.  tite,  E.  teat,  G.  zitze,  cf. 
W.  titten,  Gk.  rtrd'r],  with  medial  Cat.  dida  nurse,  Sard,  dida 
ddedda  teat,  W.  didi,  B.  dithia,  0.  H.  G.  deddi. 

Texon  —  tasso. 

Tez  Sp.  (f.)  smooth  surface,  bloom  of  the  skin,  Pg.  tez  tes  tex 
outer  fine  skin  or  rind,  vb.  Sp.  atezar.  From  tersus  smooth, 
vb.  tersare. 

Theriaea  theriaga  Pg.,  ieriaca  Pr.  It.  Sp.,  Pr.  It.  Sp.  triaca,  Pg. 
triaga  an  antidote ,  confection ;  orig.  antidote  against  the  bite 
of  poisonous  animals,  L.  theriaea  (Pliny,  H.  N.),  Gk.  d'rjQiccxrj  < 
(sc.  dvttdotog  Alex.  Trail,  d-.  (pccQ^axa  Galen),  Ar.  tirydq.  "" 
Hence  dim.  L.L.  triaculum,  R.  triacla,  O.E.  triacle,  E.  treacle. 
From  the  orig.  meaning  we  get  that  of  ^^ confection'',  ^^elec- 
tuary'', and  thence  the  E.  treacle  (It.  melassa,  Fr.  melasse^ 
Sp.  melote),  which ,  being  much  used  in  electuaries,  resembled 
them  in  appearance  and  consistence. 

Ticchio  It.  freak,  whim.  From  0.  H.  G.  ziki  kid,  as  capriccio 
from  capra? 

Tiede  Fr.  tepid;  from  tepidus,  Pr.  tehe,  f.  teheza,  Cat.  tehi,  Sp. 
tibio. 

Tien  —  mien. 

Tiercelet  —  terzuolo. 

Tiere  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  tieira  tieiro  row,  troop;  from  0.  H.  G.  ziari 
ornament,  G.  zier,  A.  S.  E.  tier;  It.  tiera,  Bresc.  tera.  The 
Wall,  tir  race  (cf .  razzd)  =  tiere  as  plr  =  pierre. 

Tierno  Sp.,  Pg.  terno  tender;  from  tener,  Fr.  tendre. 

Tieso  Sp.,  Pg.  teso  firm,  hard;  from  tensus,  It.  teso. 

Tifer  O.Fr.,  Fr.  attifer,  Piedm.  tifle,  O.E.  tife,  to  deck,  bedizen. 
From  Du.  tippen  to  cut  the  points  of  the  hair,  H.  G.  zipfen; 
cf.  Com.  zifa  via  to  cut  short  off.  Champ,  cifer  chiffer  =  tifer, 

Tige  Fr.  f.  stalk;  from  tibia,  It.  Sp.  tibia,  Wal.  tzeave  (Serv. 
tzev). 

Tigella  tijolo  —  tegola, 

Tigna  It.,  Sp.  tina,  Pr.  teina,  Fr.  teigne  moth,  scurf;  from  tXnea, 
later  tinea,  v.  R.  Gr.  1,  145. 

Tilde  Sp.,  Pg.  til  m.  a  small  line,  dash  or  dot  over  a  letter.  Cat.        .l 
titlla;  from  titulm,  cf.  cabildo  from  capitulum,  andcf.  Wal.  title 
circumflex,  Occ.  titule  dot  over  an  i, 

Tillae  Fr.  deck,  whence  Sp.  tilld,  Pg.  tilhd;  from  O.  N.  thilia, 
Sw.  tilja,  A.  S.  thille,  0.  H.  G.  dili  floor  =  G.  diele,  E.  deal       -k 
a  plank,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  thil  ima  pars  navis.   The  suffix  ac  may 
have  been  borrowed  from  L.L.  astracum,  G.  estrich  floor.  But 
V.  Grimm,  s.  v.  diele. 

Timalo  —  temolo, 

Timbal  timballo  —  ataballo. 


430  TIMBRE  —  TOCCA. 

Timbre  O.  Fr.  a  sort  of  kettle-drum;  from  tympanum,  the  hr 
being  borrowed  perhaps  from  cymbalum.  Fr.  timbre  =  a  clock- 
bell  ;  a  bell  without  a  clapper ,  which ,  like  a  kettledrum ,  was 
struck  from  without;  also=  (1)  a  helm,  from  the  resemblance 
in  shape ;  Du.  timber,  Sp.  ti?nbre,  (2)  a  coat -of- arms  (3)  a 
postage  label  (impressed  with  a  figure  or  coat -of -arms). 

Tin  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  tin  ten  temple  of  the  head.  The  Lim.  tim  is 
nearest  the  orig.  L.  tcmpus,  L.  L.  timptis,  p  being  dropped  as 
in  iam  from  lampas. 

Tino  Sp.  Pg.  skill,  tact,  also  atino,  vb.  atinar  to  hit  the  mark. 
Perhaps  from  the  prep,  tenus  ad-tenus  (v.  te)j  cf.  O.  H.  G.  zil 
=  A.  S.  til  =  G.  ziel  a  mark  which  coincides  with  the  prep. 
til.   From  vb.  atinar  would  come  atino,  whence  tino, 

Tio  —  zio, 

Tique  —  zecca, 

Tirare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  tirar,  Fr.  tirer  to  draw ,  sbst.  It.  Sp.  Pr. 
lira,  Fr.  tire  pull,  stretch ;  from  Goth,  tairan,  O.  H.  G.  zeran, 
E.  tear.  The  Pr.  vb.  =  also  to  be  vexed,  displeased,  cf.  It. 
tiro  quarrel,  O.  Fr.  tire  trouble.  Hence  Pr.  tirassar,  O.  Fr. 
tiracer,  tirasser,  Sp.  estirazar  to  drag,  to  stretch.  Hence  also 
O.  Fr.  attirer  whence  E.  attire,  which  it  would  be  easier  to 
refer  to  tiere  row  (tierj,  were  it  not  for  the  Pr.  atirar  which 
seems  divergent  from  aticirar.  Sbst.  attirail  =  gear,  appara- 
tus, train.  It.  attiraglio  are  from  tirare. 

Tisana  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  tisane  ptisan  (medical  drink) ;  from  ptistina, 

Tisnar  tison  —  tizzo. 

Tisserand  Fr.  weaver,  whence  It.  tesserandolo ;  from  textor  with 
suffix  and  =  O.H.G.  ing,  inc,  cf.  Fr.  name  Teisser-enc.  O.  Fr. 
has  tissier. 

Tixera  —  tesoira. 

Tizzo  It.,  Sp.  tizo,  also  It.  tizzone,  Sp.  Pr.  tizon,  Pg.  ticao,  Fr. 
tison  firebrand;  from  titio.  Hence  Sp.  vb.  tiznar  to  smut, 
blacken  with  soot  &c.,  sbst.  tizne  soot ;  It.  attizzare,  Sp.  atizar, 
Pr.  atizar  atuzar,  Fr.  attiser  to  stir,  excite  (E.  en-iice),  Wal. 
atzitza.  It.  stizzo  brand,  stizza  anger,  stizzare  stizzire  to  ex- 
cite, Rh.  stizzar  to  extinguish. 

Toalla  —  tovaglia. 

Toba  Sp.  thistle -stalk;  from  tujya  pipe,  Pr.  touve^  cf.  Fr.  tige 
(1)  pipe  (2)  stalk. 

Toba  —  tufa. 

Tobillo  Sp.  ankle;  from  tuberculum  a  bunch  or  swelling,  or 
better  immediately  from  tuber,  for  tuberculum  would  give 
tobejo. 

Tocca  It.,  Sp.  toca,  Pg.  touca,  Fr.  toque  cap,  bonnet;  from  W. 
toe,  vb.  tocio,  twcio  to  cut  off,  cf.  G.  mUtze  a  cap,  from  mutzen 


TOCCARE  —  TOMBACCO.  431 

to  curtail,  v.  almiissa.  Hence  also  It,  tocco,  Rh.  tocc  a  slice 
(of  bread  &c.),  Sp.  tocon  a  stump. 

Toecare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  tocar,  Fr.  toucher,  toquer,  E.  touch;  from 
O.  H.  G.  zuchdn,  Gr.  zucken  to  move,  stir,  draw,  which  mean- 
ing is  found  in  the  O.  Fr.  se  toucher  de  quelque  chose  to  dis- 
engage oneself  from,  escape  from,  and  in  Fr.  toucher  de  t ar- 
gent, ses  appoinlements  etc,  to  receive  money,  one's  salary  etc., 
cf.  L.  stringer e  (1)  to  draw  (2)  to  touch,  attingere  (1)  touch 
(2)  take,  Goth,  tekan  touch,  E.  take.  Wal.  toca  =  knock  (at 
a  door),  cf.  It.  toecare  il  liuto,  Fr.  toucher  du  piano, 

Tocha  —  torciare, 

Toeho  Sp.  clownish,  rude;  cf.  It.  tozzo  thick  and  short. 

Toeino  Sp.  bacon,  pickled  pork.   From  tucetum  or  tomacina? 

Toeon  —  tocca. 

Tocsin  Fr.  E. ;  from  O.  Fr.  toquer  =  toucher  and  sein  or  seint  sl 
bell,  V.  segno,  ^r=  a  Pr.  toca-senh,  Lim.  toco -sen. 

Todavia  —  via. 

Toilette  Fr.  dressing -table -cover,  dressing-table;  irovci  toile, 
L.  tela. 

Toise  f .  Fr.  a  measure ;  prop,  the  length  of  the  outstretched  arm, 
from  tender e  tensus,  It.  tesa  stretching,  cf.  G.  klafter  fathom 
from  klaffen  to  gape.   Vb.  O.  Fr.  teser,  toiser  to  measure. 

Toison  —  iosone. 

Toivre  O.  Fr.  cow,  beast;  from  A.  S.  tiher,  O.  H.  G.  zepar  a 
beast  for  sacrifice,  whence  G.  unge-ziefer  (an  animal  not  fit 
for  sacrifice)  vermin,  cf.  Pg.  zevro  zevra  an  ox,  cow,  Sp.  &c. 
zebra.    So  O.  Fr.  Toivre  from  L.  Tiher. 

Toldo  tolda  Sp.  Pg.  covering,  awning,  vb.  toldar  to  cover  with  an 
awning.   From  L.  tholus  a  dome,  canopy,  with  Sp.  d  inserted. 

Tole  Fr.  (f.)  iron -plate;  from  tabula.  Pro  v.  Fr.  taule,  cf.  Pied. 
Com.  tola.  Mil.  tolla,  and  cf.  \i.fola  horn,  fabula. 

Tolo  Pg.  stupid,  augm.  toleirdo.  Not  from  G.  toll,  for  H.  G.  t 
=  L.  G.  ^  (E.  dull)  does  not  give  a  ^  in  Sp.,  but  perhaps 
shortened  from  Pg.  tolhido,  O.  Pg.  tolido  maimed,  numbed 
(v.  tullir),  cf.  manso  for  mansueto. 

Tomajo  It.  upper  leather;  N.  Gk.  xo^dQv,  Russ.  towar  leather. 

Tomar  Sp.  Pg.  to  take,  also  to  bear,  which  only  in  Cat.  Of 
Goth,  origin,  cf.  O.S.  tomian  to  free,  hence  release,  take  away 
from,  cf.  Sp.  quito  free,  quitar  to  take  away. 

Tomare  —  tombolare. 

Tomate  Sp.  Pg.,  iomatec,  tomaco  Cat.,  Fr.  tomate,  E.  tomato 
love -apple;  from  Mexican  tomatl. 

Tomba  It.  Pr.,  Sp.  Pg.  tumba,  Fr.  tombe,  E.  tomb;  fromL.  tumha 
(Prudentius)  =  xv^^og  with  change  of  gender. 

Tombaeco  It.,  Sp.  tumbaga,  Fr.  E.  tombac  a  metal,  red  brass, 
pinchbeck ;  from  the  Malay  tambdga  copper ,  Pg.  tambaca. 


432  TOMBACCO  —  TOQUE. 

Tomber  tombereau  —  tomholare. 

Tombolare  It.;  Sp.  Pr.  tumhar,  Pg.  Pr.  iomhar,  O.  Fr.  txmiber 
tomber,  Fr.  tomber  to  fall,  tumble.  It  is  the  0.  N.  tumba  to  fall 
forwards,  al.  from  tumba  a  heap,  cf.  Sp.  tropellar  from  tropel 
a  heap.  Another  form  is  found  in  It.  tomare,  Lorr.  teumei, 
Champ.  0.  Fr.  turner,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  tumon,  G.  taumeln,  M.  Du. 
tumen.  From  tomber  comes  Fr.  tombereau,  E.  tumbrel,  Burg. 
tumereau,  a  cart  the  body  of  which  can  be  thrown  up. 

Tomiza  Sp.,  Pg.  tamica  a  rope  made  of  rushes;  from  tomix. 

Tomo  Sp.  Pg.  bulk,  weight;  from  tomus  =  volumen. 

Tomplina  —  tonfano. 

Tona  Pr.,  Fr.  tonne,  y^2\.toane;  Sp.  tonel^  Fr.  tonneau  cask,  tun, 
also  Fr.  tonnelle  arbour,  tunnel -net,  E.  tunnel  (because  made 
with  hoops  like  a  cask).  From  O.H.G.  O.N.  tunna,  G.  tonne, 
E.  tun  ton,  v.  Grimm,  3,  457. 

Tona  Pg.  thin  rind  or  husk  of  trees  or  fruits.  Prob.  an  indigenous 
word,  cf.  W.  ton7i  (m.)  husk,  shell. 

Tondino  —  tondo. 

Tondo  It.  round,  sbst.  disk,  tondino  hoop,  plate  (also  in  Sp.); 
from,  rotundus,  by  aphseresis.  Hence  bis-tondo  roundish,  where 
bis  expresses  the  imperfection  of  the  miality,  Piedm.  bis-riond, 

Tondre  O.Fr.  Norm,  (m.)  tinder;  from  O.N.  tundr,  A.S.ty?ider, 
E.  tinder,  G.  zunder.   Hence  also  Pr.  tondres  rags. 

Tonfano  It.  pool,  whirlpool,  r=  0.  H.  G.  tumphilo  gurges,  M. 
H.  G.  tilmpfel,  G.  diimpfel;  N.  Pr.  toumple,  Pr.  tomplina. 

Tonne  • —  tona, 

Tonnerre  Fr.  (m.),  Pr.  tonedre,  E.  thunder;  from  tonitrus,  O.  Sp. 
tonidro. 

Tonte  Fr.  sheep -shearing;  from  tondere,  cL  pente. 

Tontine  Fr.  E.  a  species  of  life  annuity,  introduced  into  France, 
in  1 653;  by  Lorenzo  Tonti  a  Neapolitan. 

Tonto  Sp.  Pg.  foolish,  stupid;  from  attonitus  whence  also  Sp. 
atontar  to  stupify. 

Topar  tope  —  toppo. 

Topin  tupin  Fr.,  Pr.  topi  a  pot;  from  G.  topf,  Du.  dop. 

Topo  It.  rat,  mouse;  =  Sp.  topo.  Cat.  taup  mole,  from  talpa 
(talpus). 

Toppo  It.  block,  Sp.  tope  top,  end,  O.  Fr.  top  tuft;  Fr.  toupet 
tuft,  toupie.  Norm,  toupin  top,  humming-top  (pointed  block, 
E.  top);  vb.  Sp.  topar  to  strike  against,  meet,  It.  intoppare. 
The  word  is  widely  spread:  E.  top,  0.  Fris.  top,  O.  N.  toppr 
tuft,  O.H.G.  zopf,  Gael.  W.  top  &c.  To  the  same  root  belong 
Sp.  tupir,  Pg.  a-tupir,  en-tupir  to  press  close,  Piedm.  topon, 
0.  Fr.  toupon  stopple,  cf.  W.  top,  Du.  top  a  heap,  G.  stopfen 
(E.  stop). 

Toque  —  tocca. 


TOQUER  —  TORSELLO.  433 

Toquer  —  toccare. 

Torba  It.;  Sp.  turha,  Fr.  tourbe  turf;  from  O.  H.  G,  zurf,  A.  S. 
E.  turf,  O.  N.  torf, 

Toroa  torcaz,  torehe  toreher  —  torciare. 

Torchio  torcolo  It.,  Pr.  trolh,  O.  Fr.  ireuil  press,  Fr.  windlass; 
from  torculum,  whence  also  Sp.  esirujar  =  extorculare  extorc- 
lare. 

Torciare  It.  to  twist,  fasten,  Sp.  atrozar  to  fasten,  truss  (naut.), 
O.  Fr.  torser  to  pack  up,  Fr.  trousser,  Pr.  trossar ,  whence 
O.  Sp.  trossar,  Sp.  troxar  (cf.  puxar  =  pousser),  Pg.  irouxar, 
E.  truss;  sbst.  Lomb.  torza  torsa  truss  of  hay  or  straw,  = 
L.  L.  trossa,  Sp.  troza,  torzal  a  rope,  Fr.  trousse,  Pr.  trossa, 
Sp.  troxa,  Pg.  troxa,  E.  truss;  Pr.  trossel,  Fr.  trousseau,  O.Fr. 
torseau,  whence  It.  torsello.  From  a  vb.  tortiare  (tortus);  the 
G.  tross  is  from  trossa,  as  Du.  tor  sen  from  torser.  Hence  also 
It.  torcia,  Ver.  Ven.  torzo  torch  {tortum  twisted  like  a  rope), 
O.  It.  toiHiccio,  O.  Fr.  tortis,  Pg.  torcida.  The  Pr.  torcha,  Fr. 
torehe,  E.  torch,  O.  Sp.  entorcha,  Sp.  antorcha,  Pg.  tocha,  vb. 
Fr.  toreher  to  wipe  {torehe  also  =  a  wisp  of  straw),  would 
come  better  from  an  old  form  ifor<7«  (Pr.  torear  =  toreher),  Sp. 
<?7i  for  z,  cf.  panza  pancho.  Sp.  /orc^  wisp,  tuerca  screw^  torcaz 
ring-dove ,  are  immediately  from  torquere. 

Tordre  Fr.  to  twist;  from  torquere.  It.  torcere,  Pr.  torser,  so  for 
torc're  torsdre.  Hence  Fr.  bestordre  to  distort,  bestors  crooked. 

Toria  Sp.  layer,  shoot.   From  ti'irw  (Columella)  a  sprout? 

Toriga  —  tour  a. 

Tormo  Sp.  a  high  insulated  rock;  for  torno,  from  O.  S.  O.  N. 
tur?i  (tunisj,  Pr.  torn,  with  a  change  of  spelling,  to  distinguish 
it  from  torno  a  turn. 

Torno  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  torn,  Fr.  tour  (m.),  E.  turn,  whence  It. 
in -torno,  Pr.  entorn,  Fr.  au-tour,  a  I'entoiir  &c.'^  from  tornus 
(roQvog).  Hence  vb.  It.  tornare,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  tornar,  Fr.  tour- 
ner  to  turn,  Wal.  turna  to  pour  out  (cf.  Fr.  verser  =  versari); 
from  tornare  (roQvsveiv)  to  turn  in  a  lathe.  The  Rom.  sense 
.was  probably  known  to  the  spoken  Latin,  as  it  appears  in 
very  early  L.  L.  and  in  Wal.,  cf.  also  retornare  :=  to  return 
in  Theophylact  Simocatta  (c.  600).  The  meaning  of  the  L. 
word  is  expressed  in  It.  by  torniare,  tornire.  Hence  It.  Sp. 
Pg.  torneo,  Pr.  tournei,  Fr.  tournoi,  E.  tourney;  vb.  torneare, 
tornear,  torneiar,  tournoyer.  0.  Fr.  atorner  to  prepare,  adorn, 
sbst.  atom  ^^prseparatio^',  Fr.  atour  adornment;  E.  attorney. 

Torozon  Sp.,  O.  Sp.  torzon  gripes;  from  torsio,  It.  torsione. 

Torrar  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.,  Sp.  also  turrar  esturar  to  toast;  from  tor- 
rere,  extorrere,  with  a  rare  change  of  conjugation.  The  Rh. 
torrer  is  more  correct. 

Torsello  —  torciare, 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  28 


434  TORSO  —  TOUFFE. 

Torso  It.,  Pied,  trouss,  Sp.  Pg.  irozo,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  It^os  stump, 
.    trunk,  piece,  Pr.  tors  ^^pars'^;   vb.  Sp.  trosar ,  destrosar  to 

break  to  pieces  (unless  from  destructus).  From  thyrsi(s{%'VQ6o^) 

sprout,  O.  H.  G.  turso,  toi^so,  G.  dorsch,  wlience  the  meaning 

stalk,  core,  heart,  Pr.  tros  de  caul ,  Fr.  irou  de  chou,  O.  Fr. 

trox  de  pomme,  then,  generally,  anything  broken  offer  severed, 

piece,  fragment,  in  Sp.  the  only  meaning.   Besides  the  O.  Fr. 

tros  we  find  the  provincial  forms  irons,  tronce,  troncon,  Pr. 

tronso,  vb.  Sp.  tronzar,  O.  Fr.  troncener  to  shatter,  E.  trounce. 

Sp.  has  tarazon,  Pg.  tr actio  for  trozon  torzon. 
Torta  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  tourte,  Wal.  turte,  O.  Fr.  (corr.)  tarley  E.  tart; 

from  L.  torta  (twisted). 
Torto  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  tuertOy  Pr.  Fr.  tort,  L.  L.  tortum  wrong;  from 

tortus  twisted,  perverted  (cf.  wrong  from  ivrm{/)y  so  opp.  to 

directum,  diritto,  droit.    From  adj.  tort  it  is  comes  Fr.  entorti//rr^ 

Sp.  entortijar  to  entangle, 
Tortue  tortuga  —  tartaruga. 
Torvisco  Sp.,  Pg.  trovisco  a  plant  found  in  the  South  of  Europe. 

From  L.  turbiscus  Isidorus :  quod  de  uno  cespite  ejus  mutta  vir- 

gulta  surgant  quasi  turha. 
Torzuelo  —  terzuolo. 
Tosco  It.,  Sp.  tosigo,  Pr.  tueissec,  O.  Fr.  toxiche,  Wal.  toxice 

poison;  fi'om  toxicum.   N.  Pr.  tossec  also  =  toad. 
Toso  It.  (pro v.),  Pr.  ios,  O.  Fr.  tosel  boy,  f.  It.  Pr.  tosa,  O.  Fr. 

tose  girl.  From  It.  tot^so  trunk,  stem  (cf.  garzone),  rather  than 

from  tonsus  or  intonsus  as  some  derive  it.   The  r  is  elided  as 

in  dosso,  giuso ,  ritroso,  rovescio,  pesca. 
Tosone  It.,  Sp.  tuson,  Fr.  toison  fleece;  from  to?isio  (a  shearing) 

made  concrete  and  masculine,  except  in  Fr.  which  retains  the 

Latin  gender.   In  Berr.,  however,  it  is  masculine. 
Tosto  It.  O.  Sp.  0.  Pg.,  Pr.  tost,  Fr.  tot  adv.  for  statim,  illico. 

It.  also  adj.,  Fr.  also  in  aussitot,  hientOt ,  plutof ,  tantot.   Usu. 

derived  from  tostus,  cf.  It.  caldo  caldo,  O.  Fr.  chalt  pas,  G. 

fusswarms ,  E.  hot  haste;  but  Neap.  Ven.  tosto  =  fast,  hard 

(prop. baked?),  so  Diez  prefers  to  derive  it  hoiwtot-cito  toi-citus 

(cf.  amista  =  amicitas,  destat^e  =  de-excitare).    Totus  is  used 

to  intensify  expressions  of  haste,  e.  g.  in  It.  tutto  in  un  tempo, 

Fr.  tout  a  Vheure. 
Tot  —  tosto. 
Touaille  —  iovaglia. 
Toucher  —  toccare. 
Touer  Fr.  to  tow,  whence  Sp.  Pg.  atoar;  from  E.  toiv.   Hence 

sbst.  toue  a  ferry-boat. 
ToufFe  Fr.,  whence  E.  tuff,  tuft  (Pic.  touffelte),  W.  tivf.  A  H.  G. 

form  for  touppe  =  G.  zopf,  O.  N.  toppr  (top),  =  It.  zuffa. 

Wal.  Alb.  tufe  bush  is  perhaps  the  Gk.  xv(py\  =  dvd^rjXi]. 


TOUPET  —  TRAFFICO.  436 

Toupet  toupie  toupon  —  toppo. 

Tour  —  torno. 

Toura  Pg.  a  barren  cow  =  L.  taura  (Festus,  Varro,  Columella). 
Hence  Pr.  adj.  tonga  iurga  barren  (of  women),  X.  Pr.  turgea, 
Pied,  turgia,  Norm,  iorliere  (from  laurula)  =  Pg.  toura, 

Tourbe  —  torha. 

Tourner  tournois  —  torno. 

Tourte  —  torta. 

Toutefois  —  via. 

Tovaglia  It.,  Sp.  ioalla,  Pg.  Pr.  toalha,  Fr.  touaille,  E.  towel; 
from  O.  H.  G.  duahilla,  twaliilla,  M.  H.  Gr.  twcliele,  which  is 
from  duahan  thivahan  to  wash.  Hence  also  O.  Fr.  iooillier  to 
wash,  rub. 

Tozo  Arag.  short,  dwarfish,  toza  stump,  tozar  to  butt;  from 
tunsus  pounded. 

Tozuelo  Sp.  nape  of  the  neck,  fat  part  of  the  neck.  For  torznelOy 
from  torus  muscle,  swelling. 

Tra  It.  preposition ;  shortened  from  intra  as  fra  from  infra. 

Trabacca  —  tref. 

Trabajo  —  iravaglio. 

Traboecare  —  huco. 

Trae  Fr.,  E.  track,  Sp.  traque  a  train  of  powder.  Com.  trach 
sound  as  of  a  blow,  Fr.  traquer  to  beat  a  wood,  enclose  game 
(traquer  un  loup  to  track),  detraquer  to  remove,  traquet  trap, 
mill-clapper,  Sp.  traquear  to  crack,  shake  =  It.  traccheggiare 
to  toy,  Fr.  traquenard  an  ambling  pace,  a  dance,  a  trap,  tracas 
bustle ,  vb.  tracasser.  In  all  these  may  be  recognised  the  Du. 
treck  stroke  or  O.  H.  G.  trach  (vb.  M.  H.  G.  trechen,  pret. 
trach),  cf.  detraquer  =  Du.  vertrekken  to  lead  aside,  whence 
G.  vertrackt  distracted. 

Tra9a  —  taraire. 

Tra9ao  —  torso. 

Tracas  —  trac. 

Traccheggiare  —  trac. 

Tracciare  It.,  0.  Fr.  trader  to  track,  Sp.  irazar,  Fr.  tracer  to 
trace;  sbst.  It.  traccia  stroke,  track,  Sp.  traza,  Pr.  trassa,  Fr. 
E.  trace.  From  tractiare  (tr actus);  hence  also  O.  Fr.  trasser, 
It.  trassare  (from  Pr.  trassar?). 

Tracotanza  —  coitare. 

Tradire  It.,  Pg.  Pr.  Fr.  traJiir  to  he -tray;  from  tradere,  cf.  TtQO- 
didovai,  Goth,  levjan;  sbst.  It.  traditore,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  traidor, 
Fr.  traitre,  E.  traitor,  L.  traditor;  Sp.  traicion,  Pg.  traicao, 
Pr.  trassio,  Fr.  trahison,  E.  treason  (L.  traditio.  It.  tradizione). 

Trado  —  taraire. 

Traffico  It.,  Sp.  trdfico,  trdfago,  Pg.  trdfego,  Pr.  trafeg,  trafei, 
Fr.  trafic ,  E.  traffic;  vb.  It.  traffcare,  Sp.  traficar,  trafagar, 

28* 


436  TRAGAR  —  TRANSITO. 

Pg.  irafegueur,  Fr.  irafiquer,  E.  to  traffic,  0.  Pg.  Irasfegar  to 
pour  out,  transfuse  (v.  trasegar)  also  =  trafegar  to  traffic,  and 
Cat.  trdfag  traffic,  means  also  transfusion.  If  the  words  be 
identical ,  there  is  an  unusual  change  of  accent. 

Tragar  Sp.  Pg.  to  swallow,  Sard,  tragare.  From  trahere  (cf.  Pr. 
traire  to  swallow),  trahicare  traigar  tragar,  as  from  volvere  vol- 
vicare  volcar. 

Trage  Sp.,  Pg.  trajo  garb,  dress;  from  Sp.  ti^aer  to  wear,  L. 
trahere,  L.  L.  tragere,  cf.  strtiggere, 

Tragin  —  traino. 

Trailla  Sp.  a  roller;  from  traha  a  sledge. 

Traino  It.,  Sp.  tragin,  Pr.  trahi,  Fr.  E.  train  (O.Fr.  train),  from 
trahere;  yb.  It.  trainare,  Pr.  trahinar,  Fr.  trainer.  The  suffix 
ino  is  not  added  to  verbs ,  so  the  It.  and  Sp.  forms  may  have 
been  borrowed  from  the  Pr.  Fr.  (trahim  traim).  Cf.  O.  Fr. 
ga-'in  =  It.  gua-ime. 

Tralce  traleio  It. ;  from  tradux  traducis  corrupted  into  tranicis 

iv.  Due.  tra7iex)y  as  pei^dicis  into  pernice;  thence  trance  tralce, 
jomb.  trosa. 
Trale  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  trasle;  from  0.  H.  G.  throscelii,  A.  S.  throsle, 

E.  throstle,  O.  N.  throstr,  G.  drossel  (prov.  draschel).     It  is 

called  in  Mil.  dress,  A.  S.  thrisc ,  E.  thrush, 
Traliccio  It.,  Sp.  terliz,  Fr.  treillis,  0.  Fr.  treslis  =  G.  drill ich, 

E.  drill;  from  triliciiim  and  /r///a:. 
Tramaglio  It.,  Fr.  tra?nail,  Norm,  tremail  fishing -net  (E.  tra?n- 

7nel),  L.  L.  tremacidum,  tremaclem  (ace),  cf.  Wall,  tramaie 

basket-work.   From  ter  or  tri  and  macula  (mesh)  as  traliccio, 
'  treillis  from  tri-licium, 
Trambasciare  —  amhasciata, 
Trambustare  —  busto, 
Tramoggia  It.,  Sic.  trimoja,  Pg.  tremonha,  Pr.  tremucia,  Fr.  tremie 

mill-hopper;  from  trimodius,  as  containing  3  modii.    But  Diez 

prefers  to  derive  it  from  tremere,  for  trema-moggia. 
Tramontana  It.  (=  North,  North -wind.  North -star)  whence  it 

has  passed  into  Sp.  Pr.  Fr. ;  from  transmontanus  so  =  that 

which  lies  beyond  the  Alps. 
Trampa  —  trapa. 
Trampolo  (usu.  in  plur.)  It.  stilts;  from  G.  trampeln,  E.  tr ample ^ 

N.  trampa,  this  from  Goth,  trimpan,    Pr.  trampol  trampling  is 

from  the  same  origin. 
Trance  —  transito. 
Traneher  —  trinciare. 
Trangugiare  —  gozzo. 
Transe  —  transito. 
Transito  It.  passage  from  life  to  death,  decease,  L.  L.  transituSf 

whence  Sp.  Pg.  trance  (m.),  E.  trance,  danger,  Fr.  (f.)  transe 


TRAPE  —  TRAVAGLIO.  437 

fright.  From  transUiis,  whence  also  G.  transt.  Vb.  O.  Sp. 
O.  Fr.  transir  to  depart,  die,  Fr.  iransir  to  chill  or  be  chilled 
with  cold  or  fear,  Sard,  iranme  to  stun,  Sp.  transido  weary, 
worn  out,  Pr.  transitz  semimortuus ,  in  a  trance. 

Trape  trapu  Fr.  thick,  short,  squat.  From  0.  H.  G.  taphar 
tapar  gravis,  G.  tapfer  valiant  (E.  dapper),  cf.  taphari  a  lump 
and  the  vb.  tapfern  ^^maturare"  =  Fr.  traper  ^^egregie  suc- 
crescere^\    Trape  is  from  tapar  as  tremper  from  temperare, 

Trapiche  Sp.  Pg.  a  sugar -mill;  from  trapetum, 

Trapo  —  drappo. 

Trappa  Pr.,  Fr.  trappe,  Sp.  trampa  trap,  It.  trappola,  Rh.trapla; 
vb.  It.  attrappare ,  Sp.  atrapar ,  atrampar,  Pr.  atrapar,  Fr» 
atrapper  to  entrap;  from  O.  H.  G.  trapo  noose,  E.  trap,  L.  L. 
trappa,  cf.  M.  Du.  trappen  to  trap, 

Traquear  traquet  —  trac. 

Traquete  —  trinchetto. 

Tras  tra  It.  (in  comp.,  for  another  tra  v.  s.  v.),  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  tras, 
Fr.  tres,  from  trans.  In  Fr.  it  is  only  used  as  an  adv.  e.  g. 
tres  grand,  tres  cher.  It.  trasgrande  tracaro,  cf.  G.  uher gross, 
E.  overgreat ,  and  cf.  the  comparative  suffix,  from  the  same 
root  (Sansk.  tri  transgredi),  Sansk.  -tara,  Gk.  -T£()og.  Hence 
Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  detras,  h.h.de  trans  (Vulgate),  and  atras. 

Trasegar  Sp.,  Pg.  trasfegar,  Cat.  trafagar  to  pour  from  one 
vessel  into  another,  to  decant,  turn  upside  down,  sbst.  tra- 
siego,  trasfego,  trdfag.  The  derivation  from  trans -cequare 
Avould  not  account  for  the  /"which  is,  probably,  for  v ,  trans- 
fegar  for  transvegar  =  trans-vicare  from  vicis,  so  =  to  change, 
turn,  pour  (cf.  verser). 

Trasfegar  —  trasegar. 

Trasgo  Sp.  Pg.  goblin,  sprite ;  from  trasegar  so  =  one  who  turns 
everything  topsy  turvy.  For  similar  formations ,  cf.  It.  lecco 
from  leccare,  allievo,  eleve  from  allevare,  Yr.juge  iromjuger, 
It.  furbo  from  forhire. 

Trassare  —  tracciare. 

Trassinare  It.  to  track,  to  maltreat,  strascinare  strascicare  to 
trail,  drag,  sbst.  strascino  and  strascico;  probably  from  Pr. 
traissa  noose,  trace,  trassa  track,  trace,  v.  tracciare. 

Traste  —  tastare. 

Trasto  Sp.  Pg.  old  furniture;  perhaps  from  transtrum  a  bench, 
0.  Fr.  traste  a  beam. 

Trastullo  It.  diversion,  pastime,  vb.  trastiillare;  from  O.  H.  G. 
stulla  a  moment,  hour,  leisure  -  hour ,  cf.  G.  stunde  (1)  hour 
(2)  leisure- hour. 

Travaglio  It.,  Sp.  trahajo,  Pg.  trdbalho,  Pr.  trahalh,  trehalhj  Fr. 
travail,  E.  travail,  travel  (cf.  G.  arheiten  in  Bav.  =  to  travel, 
wander).  It.  travagliare  &c.   Diefenbach  derives  it  from  the 


438  TRAVAR  —  TREFONDS. 

Celtic,  Gael,  treabh  to  plough,  cf.  Gr.  arbeiten  =  io  plough, 
till,  but  it  may  be  better  deduced  from  the  Rom.  vb.  travar 
to  hinder  (trabs),  the  notion  of  annoyance,  pain,  labour, 
being  derived  from  that  of  hindrance. 

Travar  Pg.,  Sp.  trdbar  to  join,  seize,  fetter,  Pr.  travar,  Fr.  en- 
traver  (sbst.  entraves)  to  trammel,  impede,  Sp.  destrahar,  0. 
Fr.  destraver  to  set  free;  from  trahs,  Pg.  travc  stocks,  fetters. 

Travieso  Sp.,  Pg.  iravesso  oblique ,  sbst.  ti'aves  obliquity,  bias, 
atravesar  to  lay  athwart,  cross;  from  transversus,  Fr.  tra- 
ver s  &c. 

Travoella  —  tarairc, 

Trazar  —  tracciare, 

Trazer  —  esparcir. 

Trebbia  It.,  Sp.  trillo,  Pg.  (rilho  flail;  vb.  It.  trehhiare,  tribbiare 
to  thresh,  Pr.  trilhar,  O.  Fr.  triblcr  also  =  to  crush,  bruise; 
from  tribula  tribulare,  whence  compound  It.  strcbbiare  strib- 
biare  to  rub ,  polish.  Tribulare  was  used  by  the  ecclesiastical 
writers  in  a  hgurative  sense  =  to  torment ,  afflict.  It.  tribo- 
lare,  Pr.  tribolar  trebolar  treblar  (also  to  trouble),  0.  Fr.  tri- 
boiller,  sbst.  It.  tribolo  &c.,  Fr.  E.  tribulation  &c. 

Trebol  —  irifoglio. 

Trebucher  —  buco. 

Treccare  It.,  Pr.  trichary  Fr.  tricher,  O.  Fr.  trecher  to  cheat; 
sbst.  Pr.  trie  trick.  From  Du.  trek,  E.  trick,  from  vb.  trekken 
to  drag,  M.  H.  G.  trecken  (pros,  triche).  The  Fr.  triquer  is 
also  from  trekken, 

Treccia  It.,  Pr.  tressa,  Fr.  tresse,  O.Fr.  trece,  E.  tress,  Sp.  trenza, 
Pg.  tranca  tress,  plait  (of  hair) ;  vb.  trecciare  &c.  to  plait.  From 
XQiXa  threefold ,  trifariam ,  whence  trichea  treccia  (as  braccio 
from  brachiu?Ji);  vb.  trecciare  =  to  plait  in  three.  For  the 
inserted  ?i  in  Sp.  Pg.  cf.  manzana,  ponzona.  It.  trina,  Pr.  trena 
(from  trintcs)  =  treccia. 

Tref  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  trap  hut,  tent;  from  trabs  beam,  pars  pro  toto, 
cf.  Papias  tenda  quce  ^^  rustice^^  trabis  dicitur.  In  the  sense  of 
the  L.  word  we  have  0.  Fr.  tref,  Pr.  trau.  Hence  0.  Fr.  atra- 
ver  =  loger  (loge  tent),  Pr.  destrapar  (destrabar),  cf.  travar. 
It.  trabacca  =  trabs. 

Trefe  Sp.  lean,  thin,  consumptive  (also  =  spoilt,  adulterated), 
Pg.  t?'e/'o  tref  ego  cunning,  crafty,  hence  Pr.  tref  a  faithless, 
vb.  trefanar,  sbst.  tref  art.  It  is,  perhaps,  the  Heb.  ^terefd, 
which  signifies  that  which  has  been  torn  by  a  wild  beast,  and, 
consequently,  is  unfit  for  food. 

Trefego  —  traffico. 

Trefle  —  trifoglio. 

Trefonds  Fr.  ground,  subsoil,  bottom;  from  terj^w  fundus.  The 
old  spelling  tresfonds  is  therefore  wrong. 


TREGENDA  -^  TKESOR.  439 

Tregenda  It.  a  ghost -chorus,  hence  the  saying  ^^  andare  in  tre- 

genda  con  le  streghe^^;  from  irecenta  =  any  large  number. 
Treggea  It.,  Pr.  dragea,  Fr.  dragee,  O.  E.  dragge,  Sp.  dragea 

gragea,  Pg.  gragea,  grangea  sweet-meat ;  from  the  Gk.  tQayrj- 

^ata  sweet-meats,  a  word  preserved  in  conventual  houses. 
Treggia  It.  noose,  loop;   from  trahea  pronounced  traja,  with 

change  (rare  in  It.)  of  a  to  e. 
Tregua  It.  Sp.  Pr.,  Pg.  tregoa,  Fr.  treve,  O.  Fr.  trive,  L.  L. 

treuga,  E.  truce.   Prop.  ==  surety,  from  O.  H.  G.  triwa,  triuwa 

fides,  foedus  (w  =^  gu),  G.  ireue,  Goth,  triggva,  E.  true;  cf. 

0.  Fr.  vb.  s'atriver  a  qqun  foedus  inire  cum  aliquo, 
Treille  Fr.,  Pr.  trelha  vine -arbour,  hence  treillis  trellis  (cf.  tra- 

liccio);  from  tricMla  arbour  (Virg.  Copa). 
Treillis  —  treille  and  traliccio. 
Trembler  —  tremolare, 
Tremie  —  tramoggia. 
Tremolare  It.,  Fr.  trembler ,  E.  tremble,  Sp.  temblar,  W.  tremura; 

from  tremulus. 
Tremonha  —  tramoggia. 
Tremousser  Fr.  to  stir  about  actively,  flutter-,  from  transmotiare 

(transmotus).   The  particle  denotes  excess ,  as  in  tressaillir. 
Tremper  Fr.,  Pr.  trempar  to  soak;  for  temprer  temprar,  from 

temper  arc  to  temper.    0.  Fr.  tremper  une  harpe  to  sound,  tune 

a  harp  =  It.  temperare. 
Trencar  —  trinciare. 
Trenza  —  treccia. 
Trepano  It.  Sp.,  Fr.  trepan,  E.  trepan y  It.  also  trdpano;  from 

XQVTtaVOV. 

Trepar  Sp.  Pg.  Cat.  to  climb;  prop,  to  step,  from  G.  treppe  a 
step,  stairs,  M.  H.  G.  trappe,  Du.  trap,  0.  N.  trappa  step, 
connected  in  origin  with  Pr.  trepar  (v.  treper),  cf.  Occ.  escalo 
steps,  escala  to  climb,  L.  gradus,  Fr.  gravir.  Cat.  Sp.  trepar 
to  bore  through,  trepan,  is  from  the  Gk.  tqetcslv,  Festus:  trepit 
vertit. 

Trepeiller  trepigner  —  treper. 

Treper  triper  0.  Fr.,  Pr.  trepar  to  hop,  spring;  Du.  trippen,  G. 
trippeln,  E.  trip,  W.  tripio,  Bret,  trijm.  Hence  Fr.  trepigner 
to  stamp,  which,  however,  presupposes  a  noun  trepin  (v. 
cligner^,  O.  Fr.  trepeiller  to  run  to  and  fro,  flutter,  trepeil  un- 
rest, Pr.  trepeiar  to  sprawl. 

Tres  —  tras. 

Trescare  It.,  Pr.  trescar,  O.Fr.  trescher  to  dance,  Sp.  Pg.  triscar 
to  caper,  stamp,  Mil.  tresca  to  thresh;  from  Goth,  thriskan, 
O.  H.  G.  drescan,  G.  drescJien,  E.  thresh. 

Tresor  Fr.,  E.  treasure;  from  thesaurus,  It.  Sp.  tesoro,  Pr.  thesaur, 
0.  Sp.  also  tresor 0,  Wald.  tresor.    The  form  with  r  is  very 


440  TRESSE  —  TRIGAR. 

old,  for  it  is  found  in  the  A.  S.  iresor,  and  O.  H.  G.  treso  triso 
borrowed  from  the  Rom.  Tresanr  is  for  tensaur  (Plant,  then- 
saurus,  Bret,  tensaoiir)^  as  frcstra  iov  fnestr a  fenestra ,  trotter 
from  tlutare  tolutare. 

Tresse   —  treccia. 

Treteau  Fr.,  0.  Fr.  trestel,  E.  trestle;  from  Du.  drie-stal  three- 
footed  seat.   For  Fr.  /  =  H.  G.  ^,  v.  tasso. 

Treuil  —  torcMo.  \ 

Treva  Pg.  (usu.  only  in  pi.)  darkness;  from  tenehrce,  Sp.  tinie- 
hlas  &c.  i 

Treve  —  tregua.  \ 

Trevo  —  trifoglio, 

Triaca  triacla  &c.  —  theriaca. 

Tricare  Neap.,  Lomb.  trig  a,  Pr.  trigar  to  stop,  hinder,  E.  trig ; 
from  tricari  to  make  difficulties ;  sbst.  Com.  trig  on  loiterer  = 
L.  trico  shuffler  (Lucilius),  Fr.  trigaud;  Pr.  tiigor  delay. 
Hence  It.  intricare  intrigare,  Sp.  entricar,  intrincar,  Pr.  entri- 
car,  Fr.  intriguer,  E.  intrigue  =  L.  intricare;  Sp.  estricar  =  L. 
extricare;  It.  distrigare  to  extricate,  Gloss.  Isid.  destrigare 
"  consummare '^ ;  but  Pr.  destrigar,  0.  Fr.  detrier  =  trigar  to 
impede,  injure;  hence  Pr.  sbst.  destric  (distinct  from  destreit) 
disadvantage  (opp.  enans  advantage).   W.  irlgo  a  stay,  loiter. 

Tricher  —  treccare. 

Tricoises  Fr.  pi.  farrier's  pincers;  Du.  trek-ijzer  (drag -iron) 
pincers.    Cf.  treccare, 

Tricoter  Fr.  to  knit,  tricot  knitting.  A  rare  instance  of  the  loss 
of  an  initial  s  impure  (cf.  pdmer  for  cpdmer\  tricoter  being, 
probably,  from  Du.  strik  loop,  knot,  strikken  to  join,  knit, 
-cf.  Fr.  etriquet  a  fishing -net.  Fr.  trique  tricot  a  cudgel,  vb. 
tricoter  are,  probably,  from  Du.  strijken  to  strike,  strijker, 
striker;  O.  Fr.  estrique  =  strickle,  M.  H.  G.  striche. 

Trier  Fr.,  Pr.  Cat.  triar  to  pick,  cull,  whence  E.  try,  O.  It. 
triare;  sbst.  trie,  tria.  From  trltare  a  freq.  of  terere  to  thrash, 
Pr.  triar  lo  grd  de  lapalha  to  separate  the  corn  from  the  straw, 
cf.  It.  tritare  --  to  triturate,  sift,  examine,  Norm,  triller,  Rou. 
trilier  =  tritulare.  Piedm.  trie  has  Fr.  form  and  It.  meaning. 
Cf.  tria  via  Pr.  =  trita  via. 

Trieu  Pr.  (m.)  way,  road;  from  trivium,  so  =  O.  Fr.  triege  (g 
from  palatal  /,  cf.  neige). 

Trifoglio  It.,  Wal.  trifoiu,  Pr.  trefueil,  0.  Fr.  trefeul,  E.  trefoil, 
with  accent  thrown  back  Sp.  trebol,  Pg.  trevo,  Fr.  trefie 
clover;  from  trifoliwn,  trifolitm  (cf.  Sp.  acebo  ==  aqui folium, 
Pg.  funcho  =  fceniculum.') 

Trifoire  0.  Fr.  (f.)  an  artistic  chasing  or  ornament  in  the  shape 
of  a  porch,  L.  L.  triforium  (tri  fores). 

Trigar  0.  Pg.  to  impel,  hasten  {os  cavallos  &c.),  sbst.  triganca 


TRIGLIA  —  TRIPAILLE.  441 

haste.  Just  the  opposite  of  the  Pr.  trigar  (v.  tricare)  to  stop, 
hinder.  Prob.  of  Goth,  origin;  threihan  to  press  =  A.  S. 
thringan  (E.  throng),  O.  H.  Gr.  dringan,  G.  dringen. 

Triglia  It.,  Sp.  trilla  (Fr.  trigle?)  a  surmullet;  from  TQiylr]. 

Trigo  Sp.  Pg.  wheat;  from  triticum  with  euphonic  syncope  of  the 
middle  syllable. 

Trillare  It.,  =  G.  trillern  vibrare  vocem,  teQerileiv ,  Sp.  Cat. 
Pg.  trinar,  E.  trill,  Du.  trillen. 

Trillo  —  trehhia. 

Trimer  Pic.  to  move  or  work  eagerly,  Berr.  to  be  tired  out, 
N.  Pr.  trimar  to  go  quickly.  Chevallet  recognises  in  it  the 
Bret,  tremeni  =  W.  tramwy  to  run  to  and  fro ,  cf.  0.  Sp.  try- 
mar,  Bas.  trimatu  to  be  weary  (from  the  Rom.). 

Trinca  Sp.  Pg.  union  of  three,  a  trinity;  probably  a  corruption 
of  trinitas  altered  from  a  reverential  feeling,  cf.  R.  Gr.  2,  462. 
Or  is  a  form  trinicus  (trinus),  framed  on  the  analogy  of  uni- 
cus  (unus)? 

Trincar  trinehar  —  trinciare. 

Trincare  It.,  Fr.  trinquer  to  drink,  tipple,  0.  Fr.  also  drinker, 
sbst.  drinkerie;  from  G.  trinken,  E.  drink.  Another  expression 
borrowed  from  Teutonic  drinkers  is  Sp.  carauz  (m.)  an  empty- 
ing of  the  glass,  a  drinking  a  bumper,  whence  Fr.  carousse  (f.), 
E.  carouse,  from  the  G.  gar  aiis  ^^quite  (drained)  out"  (G.garaus 
=  utmost  ruin,  end),  cf.  Rabelais :  boire  carrous  et  alluz  (=  all 
aus).  Cf.  s.  hrindisi,  and  Covarruvias,  s.  v.  lanciscot;  others 
derive  carouse  from  G.  krause  =  E.  cruse,  a  drinking -vessel. 
The  It.  tedesco  (==  German),  Neap,  todisco,  is  used  to  signify 
a  toper. 

Trinchetto  It.,  Sp.  trinquete.  Cat.  triquet,  Fr.  trinquet,  E.  trinket, 
Pg.  traquete  a  fore -sail,  fore -mast;  Sp.  trinquetilla ,  Fr.  trin- 
quette  fore  -  stay  sail ;  from  Sp.  trinca  (trinitas),  because  trian- 
gular, but  Sp.  trincas,  It.  trinche  =  ropes  for  lashing  (con- 
nected with  tricoterf), 

Trinciare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  trinehar.  Cat.  trinxar  to  carve,  Pr.  trencar 
(Cat.),  trenchar  to  cut  off,  trench.  Pic.  trinquer,  O.Fr.  trenchier, 
Fr.  trancher  to  cut,  decide  (tranchoir=^  trencher),  Sic.  trincari 
to  quarry  stone,  Sp.  trincar  to  chop,  Pg.  to  bite  off;  sbst.  It. 
trincio,  Sard,  trincu  cut,  Fr.  tranche  (f.)  slice;  Pr.  trenchet 
edge ,  Sp.  trinchete,  tranchete,  Fr.  tranchet,  Cat.  trinxet,  Sard. 
trincettu  trinchettu  knife;  comp.  Pr.  detrencar,  Fr.  detrancher, 
retrancher,  E.  retrench  &c.  Of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps  from 
internecare;  whence  may  come  Pr.  entrencar,  entrencar  lo  cim 
to  break  off,  destroy  =  culmum  internecare.  Others  derive 
from  inter imere  (interimicare). 

Trinquer  —  trincare. 

Tripaille  —  trippa. 


442  TRIPP  A  —  TROMBA. 

Trippa  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  iripUj  Fr.  E.  tripe.  Of  uncertain  origin, 
though  found  in  several  languages,  Du.  tripe,  W.  tripa  (pi.); 
Bret,  stripeiiy  B.  tripa.  Hence  Fr.  tripaille  garbage,  formed 
like  entrailles. 

Trique  —  tricoter, 

Trissar  trisar  Pr.  to  grind ,  bruise ;  a  participial  verb  (tritiare) 
from  tritus  terere,  cf.  aussar  from  aitus.  It.  has  only  tritare  not 
trizzare,  but  Sp.  triza  =  a  mite,  particle. 

Trivello  —  taraire. 

Triza  —  trissar. 

Tro  Pr.  particle  for  L.  tenus,  in  full  entro;  from  intro;  so  Com. 
trOj  O.  Sp.  entro,  v.  ^.jusque. 

Trobar  —  trovare. 

Trocar  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  troquer,  E.  truck;  sbst.  Sp.  trucco,  Pg.  ^roco^ 
Fr.  /ro^r.  Either  from  Gk.  rpo;rfc;«6g  (L.  tropica  changes)  tro- 
picare  tropcar  trocar,  or,  better,  from  vicis,  travicare  traucar 
trocar. 

Trocir  0.  Sp.  to  depart,  die;  from  traducere. 

Trofeo  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  trophee,  E.  trophy;  from  tropwum  {tgo- 
Ttalov),  with  unusual  change  of  the  labial  tenuis  into  the 
aspirate. 

Troglio  It.  stutterer;  from  xgavlog. 

Trogne  Fr.  f.  a  queer,  ugly  face,  phiz.  Pied.  m.  trogno  trugno. 
Connected  with  the  W.  trwyn  (m.),  Corn,  tron  snout,  and  still 
more  closely  with  O.N.  triona  i,,  Dan.  tryne,  cf.  M.H.G.  tiiel 
mouth,  snout.  The  Du.  tronie  and  L.  G.  troonje  may  be  from 
the  Fr.  Perhaps  the  word  is  the  same  as  the  L.  truo  truonis 
a  sea-bird,  a  cormorant,  used  by  Csecilius  =  a  big-nosed  man. 

Trognon  Fr.  stump,  stalk.  For  tro7ic  (truncus)  suppose  an  old 
Fr.  form  tron,  obtained  by  a  wrong  division  of  tronc-on 
(troncon);  hence  would  come  trognon,  as  from  rein  roignon^ 
cf.  Sard,  trunca  ^=  stalk  of  a  cabbage. 

Troja  It.,  O.  Sp.  troy  a.  Cat.  truja,  Fr.  truie  a  sow.  First  in  the 
Cassel  Gloss.  Porcus  Trojanus  =  a  Koman  dish  quasi  aliis 
inclusis  animalihus  gravidum  Macrob.  Sat.  2,  9,  with  a  reference 
to  the  Trojan  horse,  ^^machina  fceta  armis^\  Hence  porco  di 
Troja,  and  finally  troja  =  a  sow  with  young,  cf.  hernia  = 
panno  dihernia.  The  Sp.  word  is  not  found  in  its  proper  sense, 
but  =  (l)  a  bawd  (2)  a  sack  filled  with  eatables ;  cf.  Neap. 
cavallo  di  Troja  =  a  glutton,  Sard,  troju  =  foul,  dirty. 

Troler  Fr.  to  cause  to  wander,  lead  astray,  also  to  wander, 
stroll;  E.  troll,  G.  trollen,  W.  trolio  to  roll,  roam,  perhaps 
from  a  W.  root  tro,  though  the  diphthong  of  the  O.Fr.  trauler 
(E.  trawl),  Occ.  ^entraula,  seems  to  point  to  L.  It.  travolare. 

Tromba  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  trompa,  Pr.  tromha  trompa,  Fr.  trompe  (E. 
trump)  trumpet ;  perhaps!?  from  tuba  with  inserted  r,  as  in 


TROMPE  —  TROTTARE.  443 

ironar  from  tonarc,  and  m  as  in  pimpa  from  pipa  (Diez).  It 
may,  however,  be  an  onomatop.,  though  the  Rh.  tiba  horn, 
Wal.  tohe  drum,  and  the  meaning  of  the  It.  tromba  (tube)  sup- 
port the  derivation  from  tuba.  Hence  It.  trombeita  &c.,  Wal. 
trimbitze;  vb.  It.  trombare,  Pr.  trompar,  0»Fr.  tromper  to  blow 
the  trumpet,  Fr.  trompeter.  The  word  has  another  and  distinct 
set  of  meanings ;  It.  tromba  whirlwind,  Fr.  trombe  trompe  water- 
spout, Sp.  trompa  trompo  whipping-top;  from  turbo?  Sp.  trom- 
par,  Fr.  tromper  to  deceive ,  se  tromper  to  err  (prop,  to  lead  in 
a  circle,  lead  astray),  is  probably  connected  with  the  latter 
sense  of  tromba,  cf.  Sp.  trompar  to  whip  a  top. 

Trompe  tromper  —  tromba. 

Trompicar  —  tropezar, 

Tron  O.  Fr.  Pr.  firmament,  whence  M.  Du.  troon.  From  W. 
iron  circle ,  bending ,  or  from  torn  (turn),  cf.  tronar  for  tornar. 

Tron9on  —  torso. 

Tronfio  It.  haughty,  from  Gk.  tQvcpij,  whence  also  Wal.  tru/ie, 
vb.  t?^u/i? 

Trono  O.  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  tron,  Pg.  trom  thunder;  vb.  O.  It.  tronare, 
Sp.  O.Pg.  Pr.  tronar,  Pg.  troar,  and  trovejar  for  troejar;  from 
tonus  tonare,  with  inserted  r,  cf.  tromba;  It.  however  has  tuono 
tuonare. 

Tronzar  —  torso. 

Tropa  Sp.  Pg.;,  Fr.  troupe  (E.  troop),  hence  It.  truppa,  Pr.  trop 
fherd) ;  adj.  It.  troppo,  adv.  Pr.  Fr.trop;  L.L.  truppus.  Perhaps 
irom  turba  turpa  truppa  truppus,  cf.  trouble  from  turbula.  The 
W.  torv  is  not  nearer  than  the  L.,  and  the  Gael,  drobh  is  the 
E.  drove,  =  A.  S.  draf  from  drifan  to  drive.  From  truppus 
comes  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  tropel,  Fr.  troupeau,  Sp.  Pg.  atropellar  tro- 
pellar  to  trample,  Pr.  atropelar,  0.  Fr.  atropeler  to  collect. 
V.  tropezar. 

Tropezar  Sp.  Pg.  to  stumble,  sbst.  tropiezo  tropeco;  also  Pg. 
tropicar,  Sp.  trompicar.  As  tropellar  from  tropel,  so  tropezar 
from  the  primitive  tropa;  O.  Sp.  has  also  en -tropezar,  en- 
trompicar.  The  suffix  ez  is  strange,  cf.  bostezar  (but  the 
present  tense  is  not  bostiezo,  like  tropiezo),  acezar, 

Troquer  — •  trocar. 

Tros  trosar  —  torso. 

Troscia  It.  channel,  gutter,  siroscio  noise  of  falling  water,  stros- 
ciare  to  fall  (of  water) ;  from  Goth,  ga-drausjan  to  flow  down, 
fall,  G.  dreuschen,  L.  G.  drusen. 

Trosqu'a  — jusque. 

Trota  It.,  Sp.  trucha,  Pg.  truita,  Pr.  trocha,  Fr.  truite,  E.  trout; 
from  L.  L.  tructa  (Gk.  tQcanxYis). 

Trottare  It.,  Sp.  Pr.  trotar,  Fr.  trotter,  E.  Gael,  trot,  W.  trotio; 
sbst.  trotto,  trote,  trot.   From  tolutare  (ire  tolutim),  ilutare,  tro- 


444  TROU  —  TRUFFA. 

tare  (cf.  chapitre  from  capitulum,  and  cf.  also  troHer  O.  Fr. 
=  tolutarius). 

Trou  Fr.,  Pr.  trauc,  Cat.  irau  hole,  troxier,  troucar  to  bore. 
Perhaps  =  Pr.  trdbucar  ipuco  It.  =  hole)  prop,  to  fall ,  from 
hue  trunk,  whence  for  the  sake  of  distinction,  a  second  form 
trauear, 

Trou  de  chou  —  torso. 

Trouble  Fr.  (m.)  E.,  vb.  iroubler,  tourbler;  from  turbula. 

Troupe  —  tropa. 

Trousse  —  toreiare, 

Trouver  —  trovare. 

Trovare  It.,  Pr.  Cat.  trobar,  Fr.  trouver  to  find,  Rh.  truvar  to 
find  a  verdict,  0.  Fr.  trouver  une  lot.  In  Wal.  the  word  is 
altogether  wanting,  in  Sp.  and  Pg.,  which  substitute  ?mttar, 
achar,  it  is  found  only  in  the  sense  of  to  "versify",  trova 
verse ,  though  trobar  is  found  =  trovare  in  0.  Sp.  Sard,  has 
instead  crobare  =  It.  accoppiare  and  incontrare.  The  orig. 
sense  is  to  fetch ,  seek ,  so  It.  truovami  un  ago  =  fetch  me  a 
needle,  Tasso:  Goffredo  trova  fetch  Godfrey,  cf.  It.  ritrovare 
to  search  thoroughly,  Rou.  retrouve  =  recherche.  The  con- 
nexion is  easy.  The  word  is  derived  from  turbare  to  turn 
topsy-turvy  (in  searching  for,  dvatQSTtSiv  rr}  ^rjitjosL),  cf.  It. 
fruffare,  r  ovist  are  ^  and  cf.  trouble  from  turbida,  tropa  &c.  from 
turba.  This  der.  is  confirmed  by  the  O.  Pg.  trovar  =  turbare. 
Neap,  struvare  =  disturbare,  controvare  =  contvrbare. 

Trovejar  —  trono, 

Troxa  torza  —  toreiare. 

Trozo  —  torso. 

Truan  Pr.  (f.  truandd),  Fr.  truand,  Sp.  truhan,  Pg.  ty^uao  vagrant, 
beggar  (Sp. buffoon),  E.  truant;  yh.Vr.truhandar,  Fr.truander, 
Sp.  truhanear.  From  the  Celtic:  W.  Corn.  Bret,  tt^ti  wretched 
=  0.  Ir.  trog,  v.  Dief.  Celt.  1 ,  150.  The  /  of  the  0.  Sp.  Pr. 
trufan  would  seem  to  be  borrowed  from  truffa  trufa  trick,  the 
t  of  the  L.L.  trutannus  from  the  0.  H.  G.  truhting  companion. 

Trucco  It.  a  game  with  balls  (E.  trucks,  Sp.  triicos),  Sp.  truco, 
Pr.  Pied,  true  thrust,  push,  Com.  a  stamping,  N.  Pr.  truco  f. 
a  bruising,  crushing;  vb.  Pied,  truche,  Com.  N.  Pr.  trued,  Rh. 
trukiar  to  stamp,  press ,  thrust ,  Ven.  s-trucare  to  squeeze  out. 
The  root  is  seen  in  the  G.  druck  drucken,  A.S.  thryccan,  0.  N. 
thryckia  to  thrust,  press. 

Trucheman  —  dragomanno. 

Trufifa  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  trufa,  Fr.  truffe,  B,  trufa  jest,  fib;  vb. 
truffare,  trufar,  truffcr  to  jeer;  It.  truffaldino.  Probably  the 
same  word  as  the  following  truffe,  truffle,  cf.  O.  Fr.  trufle  = 
truffle  and  trifle,  Mil.  tartuffol  =  (1)  truffle  (2)  dotard.  Neap, 
taratufoio  simpleton  =  It.  tartufolo. 


TRUFFE  —  TUILE.  445 

TrufiTe  Fr.  (f.),  Com.  trufol,  Gen.  trifola,  E.  truffle  =  Sip.turma; 
Cat.,  with  inserted  ?nj  trumfo  trumfa  a  tubercle,  potato;  from 
L.  tuber  with  transposition  of  r,  and  change  of  h  into  f,  truffe, 
trumfo  false  Sp.  =  tumour),  turma.  The  fern,  form  may  have 
arisen  irom  the  plur.  tubera.  The  It.  tartufo  (=  tartrufo), 
Mil.  tartuffol,  Ven.  tartufola,  Pied,  tartifla,  Rh.  tartufel,  Occ. 
tartifle,  Fr.  (Berr.)  tartufle  (Tartuffe),  are  from  ^^rr<j?  tuher,  cf. 
Sp.  tur?nas  de  tierra.  Other  dialects  have  the  form  without  r, 
Genev.  tufelle,  Occ.  tufeda,  Sp.  co-tufa,  cf.  Sic.  cata-tuffvlu; 
Ven.  tufoloto  =  a  short  fat  man,  a  lump.  These  are,  probably, 
from  tar-tufOy  dropping  the  first  syllable.  From  tartufola,  by 
dissimilation,  the  G.  kartoffel,  Prov.  G.  tartoffel  =  ^.Vv.  trufa, 

Truhan  —  truan, 

Truie  —  troja. 

Truiller  O.Fr.  to  enchant,  bewitch;  from  O.N.  trolla,  sbst.  trolly 
M.  H.  G.  trolle,  E.  droll, 

Truite  —  trota, 

Trujal  Sp.  oil -mill;  from  torcular, 

Trujaman  —  dragomanno. 

Trumbo  —  truffe, 

Trumeau  Fr.  leg  of  beef,  pier,  O.  Fr.  shin-bone  (of  men) ;  hence 
trumeliere  (l)  greaves  (2)  window-shaft  or  pier,  space  between 
two  winds.  From  G.  trumm  end,  piece  (thrum),  Bav.  kegel- 
triimmer  (pi.)  beams  running  between  two  windows. 

Truogo  truogolo  It.,  Wal.  troc  trough;  from  O.  H.  G.  trog,  E. 
trough.  We  find  also  O.  Fr.  troc  ^  Norm,  treu  tros  kneading- 
trough. 

Trusar  truisar  trussar  Pr.,  Lomb.  trusa  trussa,  E.  thrust;  Pr. 
atruissar  atriusar;  from  L.  trusar e ,  trusitare. 

Tudel  Sp.  Pr.,  Pied.  Com.  iuel,  Fr.  tuyau  tube,  pipe.  It  is  the 
0.  N.  tiida,  Dan.  tiid,  Du.  tuit ,  G.  (Prov.)  zaute, 

Tuer  —  tutare, 

Tuerca  —  torciare. 

Tuero  Sp.  log  of  wood,  Pg.  toro  trunk,  Lomb.  toeur  (tor)  a  block ; 
from  torus  muscle,  swelling,  cf.  Sp.  muhon  =  (1)  muscle  (2) 
stump.   Hence  Sp.  atorarse  to  remain  fixed  (like  a  block). 

Tuffare  It.  to  dip,  immerse;  from  0.  H.  G.  taufan,  G.  taufen, 
cf.  ruhare  from  roubon, 

Tufo  tuflPo  It.,  Sp.  tufo  vapour,  N.  Pr.  toufe  choking  vapour, 
adj.  Lorr.  toffe  suffocating;  Fr.  etouffer  to  suffocate.  From 
xv(pog  vapour,  also  arrogance,  pride  (L.  typhus  Arnob.)  =  Sp. 
tufo,  pi.  tufos  hair -locks,  Pg.  tufos,  vb.  tufar  to  puff  out, 
atufar  to  vex,  harass,  tufdo  whirlwind  =  Gk.  xvcpcov.  Cf.  also 
Sp.  tufar,  Lomb.  toffa,  Rh.  toffar  tuffar  to  smell,  stink.   . 

Tufo  It.  Pg.,  Fr.  tuf,  Sp.  toba  a  stone;  from  tophus, 

Tuile  —  tegola. 


446  TULIP  ANO  —  UCCELLO. 

Tulipano  It.,  Wal.  tulipan,    Sp.  tulipa  iulipan,  Fr.  titlipe,  E. 

tulip;  from  Pers.  Turk,  dulband  (whence  It.  turhante  turhaii)  a 

turban ;  from  the  resemblance  in  shape.  The  Pers.  Turk,  name 

for  tulip  is  Idla, 
Tullirse  Sp.,  Cat.  tulirse  to  be  maimed,  crippled  =  Pg.  tolherse 

de  membroSf  from  tollere,  O.  Sp.  toller, 
Tumba  —  tomha. 
Tumbar  —  tomholare. 
Turner  —  tomholare, 
Tuorlo  torlo  It.  yelk  of  an  egg;  from  torylvs  muscle,  fleshy, 

nutritive  part;  Pied,  torlo  a  tumour,  boil. 
Tuper  —  toppo. 
Turar  turare  —  atturare, 
Turcasso  —  turquois, 
Turchese  It.,  Pr.  Sp.  turquesa,  Fr.  E.  turquoise,  It.  also  turchina; 

the  ^^ Turkish"  stone. 
Tureimanno  —  dragomanno. 
Turco  O.Sp.  contemptuous,  uncircumcised;  from  Turco  a  Turk. 

Cf.  Sic.  turcu,  Piedm.  lurch  stiff,  unbending  &c. 
Turlupin  Fr.  a  punster;  name  of  a  buffoon,  temp.   Louis  XIII. 

(Menage). 
Turma  —  truffe. 
Turquois  0.  Fr.  quiver,  M.  H.  G.  tdrkk,  hence,  on  the  analogy 

of  carcasso,  the  It.  turcasso.   From  Pers.  tarkash. 
Turrar  —  torrar. 
Tutare  It.  to  appease,  attutarCy  stutare  to  quench,  extinguish, 

Pr.  tudar,  atuzavy  estuzar,  Lang,  tuda,   Fr.  tuer  (cf.  tucr  la 

cliandelle,  le  feu  &c.).   Not  from  Goth,  dauthjan,  O.H.G.  totan 

(E.  doubly  death) J  which  would  give  Pr.  daudar  or  taudar,  Fr. 

touer,  but  prob.  from  tiilari  to  defend,   ward   off,   render 

harmless,  extinguish,  L.  tutari  famem  =  It.  attutare  la  fame. 
Tuttavia  —  via, 
Tuyau  —  tudel. 


U. 

Ubbia  It.  superstitious  dread,  foreboding.  Perhaps  (1)  from 
ohviam  an  omen  at  starting  (fVddtoi/),  or  (2)  from  uh  and  via 
begone!  away!  (abominantis),  or  (3)  =  Pr.  avia  ill-luck. 

Ubino  —  hohin. 

Uceello  It.  (poet,  augellq),  Pr.  augel,  Fr.  oiseau,  L.  L.  aucellus 
bird ;  from  aucella  aucilla  ( Apicius ,  Apuleius)  with  change  of 
gender ;  Sp.  dim.  avecella  ^=  L.  avicella.  Hence  It.  ucccllare 
to  fowl,  go  fowling,  M.  H.  G.  vogeleriy  O.  Fr.  oiseler  to  hop 
like  a  bird. 


UFFO  —  UPUPA.  447 

UfiEb  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  ufo  in  a  uffq,  a  ufo  in  vain,  to  no  purpose, 
Avhence  Sp.  Pg.  ufano  idle,  vain,  Pr.  ufana,  ufanaria,  ufanese 
idleness,  vanity  &c.  The  O.  H.  Gr.  sbst.  uhhd  or  uppd  was 
similarly  used,  in  uppm  =  in  vain.  Cf.  Goth,  u/jo  super- 
fluous, and  for  the  G.  j^,  cf.  Com.  a  up.  Others  derive  it  a  uffo 
from  ex  uffo  =  ex  ufficio  ^^ gratis^'. 

Uggia  It.  shade  (in  bad  sense),  figur.  dislike,  aversion,  fore- 
boding, adiiggiare  to  shade  harmfully,  injure.  Perhaps  from 
ohviam,  cf.  O.  Sp.  uviar  to  meet,  happen,  or,  better,  from 
odium  with  change  of  gender ,  as  in  noja  from  the  same  word 
(u  =  0,  as  in  uscio  =  ostium),  cf.  essere  in  uggia,  venire  in  uggia 
ad  alcuno  ==  L.  in  odio  esse,  odio  venire  alicui.  Hence  uggia 
would  mean  (l)  hateful,  pernicious  (to  plants)  shade,  evil 
foreboding,  foreboding. 

Ugola  —  luette. 

Uguanno  It.,  O.  Sp.  hogano,  O.  Pg.  ogano,  Pr.  ogan,  O.  Fr. 
ouan,  Rh.  uon,  adv.  for  L.  homo;  from  hoc  anno.  It.  unguanno, 
Pr.  ongan  may  be  '^hunc  annum^\    Cf.  antaiio. 

Uncir  Sp.,  0.  Sip.  Juncir  to  yoke  oxen;  irom  Jungere ,  cf.  ercer 

from  erigere. 
Una  Sp.,  Pg.  unha  nail,  claw;  from  ungida,  It.  unghia. 
Uomo  It.,  Wal.  om;  Sp.  homhre  (from  honinem  as  fembra  from 

fem'na),  Pg.  homem  (homin-),  Pr.  O.  Fr.  horn,  ace.  home,  whence 

Fr.  homme.   From  the  O.  Fr.  nom.  horn  or  om  comes  on  =  E. 

one,  G.  man;  for  a  similar  distinction  between  the  pron.  and 

the  sbst.  cf.  0.  Fr.  ma  (E.  me  in  methinks  &c.)  and  man,  Du. 

man  and  men,  Dan.  mand  and  man.   Hence  It.  omaggio,  Sp. 

homenage,  Pr.  homenatge,  Fr.  hommage,  E.  homage  =z  homina- 

ticum,  where  homo  has  the  L.  L.  sense  of  ^^ servant". 
Uopo  It.,  Wal.  op,  0.  Sp.  huevos,  Pr.  ohs,  0.  Fr.  oes;  from  opu^. 

In  the  Fr.  oes  the  p  has  vanished,  and  o  become  oe  =  ue,  cf. 

oevf^e  uevre,  hoefs  buefs. 
Uosa  It.,  O.  Sp.  huesa,  O.  Pg.  osa ,  0.  Fr.  hose,  W.  ^05,  L.  L. 

hosa  osa;  Fr.  houseau;  It.  w5^^/o  boot;  from  O.  H.  G.  hosa  ^^ca- 

liga^%  G.  E.  hose. 

XJpa  aupa  Sp.,  Cat.  upa  up!  rise  up!  vb.  Sp.  upar  to  rise  up. 
Goth,  tup,  lupa  avc3^  0.  Sax.  up,  tip,  upa,  E.  up,  A.  S.  vb.  up- 
pian,  O.  N.  gppa  to  raise. 

Upiglio  It.  garlic;  from  ulpicum,  ulpiculum. 

Upupa  It.  hoopoe ,  Mil.  huha,  Romag.  poppa,  Pied,  popo,  Pg. 
poupa,  also  It.  huhhola,  Sp.  ahubilla;  also  Pr.  wjt?«,  Fr.  huppe 
(the  asp.  from  the  G.  vfied-hopf,  cf.  E.  hoopoe),  which  latter 
came  to  mean  a  tuft  or  crest  (such  as  the  hoopoe's).  These 
names  are  derived  from  the  bird's  note,  as  are  also  Gk.  fjroV', 
Sp.  putput,  Fr.  puput,  G.  (prov.)  wutwut,  E.  peewit. 


448  URACANO  —  USTED. 

Uraeano  It.;  Sp.  huracan,  Pg.  furacao,  Fr.  ouragan,  E.  hurri- 
cane; a  Caribbean  word. 

Urea  Sp.  Pg.  a  sort  of  ship;  from  L.  orca  a  jar,  vessel,  cf.  urea 
=  L.  orca  ==  a  grampus. 

Uree  Sp.  Pg.  heather;  from  erice, 

Uria  —  augurio. 

Urlare  It.,  Wal.  urla,  Fr.  Hurler  (h  asp.),  0.  Fr.  also  huler  uler 
perhaps  through  confusion  with  G.  lieiUen  (E.  Iiowl),  Tg.huivar 
(of.  couve  from  caulis);  from  uhilai^e  as  zirlare  hora  zinzilulare. 
The  Sard,  is  urulare,  Pr.  udolar.  From  //w/^/-  comes  Fr.  huloite 
owl.  Hou.  cahuler  =  cat- huler  to  cry  like  a  cat.  In  the  It. 
chiurlare  the  first  syllable  is  difficult. 

Urraca  Sp.  Pg.  magpie.  From  the  B.  urraca  magpie,  which  is 
from  urra  a  nut.  Urraca  was  also  used  in  Sp.  (0.  Sp.  //wr- 
raca,  Orracd)  as  a  female  name,  orig.  a  nickname  " Chatter- 
box'\  Urraca,  an  unintelligible  word  to  Spanish  ears,  was 
transformed  into  Marica  (little  Mary) ,  which  has  the  same 
meaning,  cf.  magpie  =^  magot  (Margaret)  -pie. 

Urtare  It.,  Pr.  urtar,  Yr.heurter  (for  theO.Fr.Jmrter)  to  thrust; 
sbst.  It.  urto,  Fr.  heu?^t  thrust,  knock;  comp.  0.  Fr.  dehurter, 
N.  Pr.  dourdd  Tso  derbd  from  defierher),  Norm,  dourder.  The 
word  is  found  m  M.  H.  G.  hurten  hurt,  Du.  htirten  horten  hurt 
hort,  E.  hurt,  hurtle,  but  is  not  found  in  the  older  Teutonic 
dialects ,  whither  it  was  probably  introduced  from  the  lan- 
guage of  the  French  tournaments.  The  origin  is  Celtic:  W. 
hivrdh  (1)  push  (2)  goat  (L.  L.  in  England  hurdus  hurdardus), 
cf.  G.  hocken  to  push,  butt,  from  bock  a  goat,  Fr.  (Bourgogne) 
hoquai,  L.  arietare, 

Usatto  —  uosa. 

Usbergo  osbergo  It.,  Pr.  ausberc,  O.Fr.  halberc  hauberc  (h  asp.), 
E.  hauberk,  Fr.  haubert;  from  0.  H.  G.  halsberc,  A.  S.  heals- 
beorg,  O.  N.  Jidlsbiorg  (f.)  =  that  which  protects  (bergen)  the 
neck  (hah),  M.  H.  G.  also  halsveste,  cf.  G.  /ro/Z^r  jerkin  (from 
collar e  a  collar).  The  Fr.  has  lost  the  s  between  two  con- 
sonants ,  cf.  hols  halterel  haterel  (E.  halter)  for  halsterel.  The 
0.  It.  has  a  fem.  sberga  for  usberga, 

TJscio  It.,  Wal.  use,  0.  Sp.  uzo,  Pr.  uis  us,  O.  Fr.  huis,  from 
ostium;  It.  usciere,  0.  Sp.  uxier,  Fr.  huissier  porter,  E.  usher, 
from  ostiarius, 

Uscire  —  escire. 

Usignuolo  —  rosignuolo. 

Usted  Sp.,  pi.  ustedes  personal  pronoun  of  the  2"^  person,  contr. 
from  vuestra  merced,  cf.  It.  vossignoria,  G.  euer  gnaden,  E.  \jour 
honour.  So  usencia  from  vuestra  reverencia,  usenoria  from 
vuestra  senoria;  some  forms  reserve  the  Vj  Cat.  voste  and  Sp. 
vosaste,  Cat.  vosencia  vosenyoria. 


UTELLO  —  VAMPO.  449 

XJtello  It.  oil -flask;  a  dim.  of  L.  uter. 

Uviar  ubiar,  hubiar  huyar  0.  Sp.  to  help,  meet;  from  obviare 
(the  h  being  erroneous)  in  late  L.  =  to  help ;  uviar  is  older 
than  ohviar,  It.  ovviare  to  hinder.  Hence  ant-uviar  to  prevent, 
sbst.  antuvio. 


V. 

Vaearme  Fr.  (m.)  tumult,  outcry ;  from  the  M.  Du.  interj .  wach- 
arme  alas  wretch!  by  dissimilation,  for  gacarme,  v.  vague, 

Vacio  Sp.,  Pg.  vasio  empty,  vb.  vaciar,  vasiar;  from  vacivus. 

Vaglio  it.  sieve;  from  vallus  (Varr.)  a  dim.  of  vannus.  The  Mod. 
has  more  correctly  vallo,  II  becoming  liquid  only  before  e  or  i. 
Vb.  vagliare,  Lomb.  vanta  —  vannitare. 

Vago  It.  (l)  unsteady  (2)  lustful,  desirous  (3)  seducing,  charm- 
ing, as  sbst.  a  lover.   Orig.  =  an  inconstant  lover,  L.  vagus. 

Vague  Fr.  (f.)  wave,  vb.  vaguer  to  surge;  from  O.  H.  G.  wdc, 
Goth,  vegs,  M.  Du.  waghe,  E.  wave,  G.  woge;  vague  is  by  dis- 
similation for  gague.  From  the  Fr.  come  0.  Pg.  vagua,  Pg. 
vaga.   Fr.  vaguer  to  roam  is  from  vagarL 

Vaguido  Sp.,  Pg.  vdgado  vdguedo  giddiness;  adj.  Sp.  vaguido 
giddy.  From  Goth,  vagjan,  0.  H.  G.  wegjan,  A.  S.  vagian, 
E.  wave,  G.  wogen,  whence  sbst.  O.  H.  G.  wagida  wegida. 
Thus  vaguido  is  iovgaguido  (v.  vague),  and  from  the  same  root 
as  the  preceding  word. 

Vaho  —  hafo. 

Vainiglia  It.,  Sp.  vainiUa  and  vainica,  Pg.  hainilha  haunilha,  Fr. 
vanille,  E.  vanilla  an  American  plant;  dim.  from  Sp.  vaina 
husk,  pod  (L.  vagina), 

Vaisseau  —  vascello. 

Vaiven  Sp.,  Pg.  2;<Z2V^w  fluctuation,  inconstancy;  ivom  v a  vie7ie 
or  va  y  viene  "come  and  go'',  'move  to  and  fro'. 

Vajo  It.  a  kind  of  fur,  Pr.  vair,  whence  vairador  furrier;  from 
varius. 

Vajuolo  vajuole  (f.  pi.)  It.,  Sp.  viruela,  viruelas,  Fr.  ve'role  pox, 
L.  L.  variola;  from  varius, 

Valanga  —  avalange. 

Valet  valetto  —  vassallo, 

Valigia  It.,  Sp.  balija,  Fr.  valise  (whence  G.  felleisen).  Perhaps 
from  vidulus,  whence  (as  from  capillus  capillitium,  cf.  grandi- 
zia,  grandigia,  contigia  from  comtus)  might  come  vidul-itia, 
velligia  (as  strillo  from  stridulus) ,  valligia,  valigia. 

Valise  —  valigia, 

Vampo  vampa  It.  flame,  heat,  vb.  avvampare ;  from  vapor  with 
loss  of  r  as  in  sarto,  pepe,  cece;  hence  also  vampore,  Wald. 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT,  29 


450  VANELLO  —  VASSALLO. 

vanpor.    Without  m  we  have  vapa,  Alb.  vape,  Wal.  vepae; 

Sp.  hampa  {iov  fampa)  brag;  boast,  cf.  It.  menar  vampo  to 

boast ;  Burg,  vamhee  cloud  of  smoke. 
Vanello  vanneau  —  vanno. 
Vanno  It.  (usu.  in  plur.),  whence  Fr.  pi.  vanneaux;  from  vannus. 

The  lapwing  is  called  in  It.  vanello,  Fr.  vanneau,  Mil.  vanett 

(cf.  E.  lap -wing),  in  It.  also  pavoncella. 
Vantagio  —  anzi. 
Vantail  —  veniaglio, 
Vantare  It.,  Pr.  vantar,  Fr.  vanter,  E.  vaunt;  sbst.  It.  vanto,  E. 

vaunt;  from  vanitare  (Augustine),  vanus, 
Varare  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  varar,  0.  Fr.  i;«r^r  to  launch  a  ship; 

from  vara  a  cross-beam,  slanting  beam  (stocks),  Sp.  =  a  rod, 

pole.   Pg.  varar  also  =  (l)  to  draw  a  ship  to  land  (2)  to  be 

stranded,  which  meaning  also  belongs  to  the  Sp.  varar,  whence 

desvarar  to  get  a  ship  afloat. 
Varangue  Fr.  f .  the  first  timbers,  floor- timber^  of  a  ship,  hence 

Sp.  varenga,  from  Swed.  vrdnger  (pi.)  the  ribs  of  a  vessel. 
Vareare  valcare  valicare  It.  to  step  across ,  pass ,  Rh.  vargar  to 

pass ,  out-run ,.  sbst.  It.  varco  passage.  Wedg.  derives  it  from 

the  E.  halk,  Sw.  halka  to  pass  over  in  ploughing  &c.  (whence 

halk  =  the  separation  between  one  division  and  another,  a 

beam,  Fr.  hauche,  ebaucher).  But  Diez  from  varicare  to  stride 

(cf.  prcevalicare) ,  move  on,  pass,  cf.  L.  passus  step,  prop. 

=  the  expansion  of  the  legs.    Cf.  L.  L.  varicat  "ambulaf , 

Gloss.  Isid. 
Varech  Fr.,  Pr.  varec  wrack  (sea- weed),  Fr.  also  =  wreck. 

From  E.  wrack,  wreck,  A.  S.  vrdc, 
Varenga  —  varangue, 
Varlope  Fr.  f.  plane;  from  Du.L.G.  iveerloop  (from  wider-laufen 

to  run  back?).   Hence  Sp.  Pg.  garlopa,  Lim.  garlopo, 
Varon  —  harone. 
Varvassoi'e  —  vassallo, 
Vas  Pr.  prepos.,  corr.  from  ves  vers  =  L.  versus,  devas,  davas 

from  de  versus.   From  davas  comes  the  Pr.  particle  daus  das 

dous  deus  (devas). 
Vasa  vase  —  gazon. 
Vasealt.  tub,  also  l)asca.  Prob.  from  vasica  (vas),  though  other 

derivations  are  given,  Celtic  hasgawd,  G.  waschen,  B.  uasca 

(a  pail). 
Vascello  It.,  Sp.  haxel,  Pg.  baixel  ship,  Pr.  vaissel,  Fr.  vaisseau, 

E.  vessel,  Wall,  vahai  coffin;  from  vascellum  (vas  vascuhim). 

For  vessel  ==  a  cup  &c.,  the  Sp.  has  vasillo,  haxillo ,  It.  vasello. 
Vassallo  It.  Pg.,  Sp.  vasallo,  Fr.  E.  vassal,  L.  L.  vassallus.   The 

oldest  L.  L.  was  vassus,  a  form  unknown  to  the  Rom.,  which 
.   took  the  fuller  vassal.   This  in  0.  Fr.  =  (l)  vir  (2)  pugnator; 


VASTAGO  —  VEGA.  451 

vassalage  =  prowess ,  cf .  barnage  from  haro.  From  the  W. 
gwds  young  man,  servant,  cf.  O.  H.  G.  degan  (1)  young  man 
(2)  champion,  hero  (3)  servant.  The  Rom.  vassal  (no  suffix 
all  being  known)  is  from  the  W.  adj.  gwas-awl  ^'serving'\ 
The  word  is  very  old,  for  the  later  form  would  have  been 
guassus  guassal,  cf.  verne  from  gwernen.  Hence  0.  Fr.  vaslet 
varlet  a  boy,  Fr.  valet,  It.  valetto.  An  inferior  vassal,  or 
under-tenant  was  called  Fr.  vavasseur  vasseur,  Pr.  vasvassor, 
valvassor,  L.  L.  vavassor,  vavassorim,  O.  Fr.  f.  vavassore,  whence 
It.  varvassore,  harhassore,  0.  Val.  vervesor,  probably  from  vas- 
sus  vassorum,   V,  Pott,  Forschung.  2,  347. 

Vastago  Sp.  a  shoot;  of  uncertain  derivation.  Some  refer  it  to 
pidatog  pXaOnxog. 

Vaudeville  Fr.  a  popular  song,  ballad ;  from  Vau-de-vire  in  Nor- 
mandy, where  the  vaudeville  was  first  introduced  about  the 
end  of  the  14*^^  century  by  Olivier  Basselin. 

Vautour  —  avoltore. 

Vautrer  (&c.)  Fr.  to  wallow;  in  O.  Pr.  veautrer,  voutrer,  voitrer, 
voltrer  =  It.  voltolare  from  volvere. 

Vaya  —  haja  (2). 

Veado  Pg.  stag;  from  venatus,  Sp.  venado,  Wal.  vunat. 

Veau  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  veel  (E.  veal);  from  vitellus;  heiice  Fr.  velin,  E. 
vellum,  Fr.  veler  to  calve. 

Veaus  viaux  viax  O.  Fr.  particle  for  L.  saltern;  from  L.  vel 
{j=  etiam)  with  an  adverbial  s  added.  It  is  found  in  comp. 
with  si,  O.  Fr.  sivels,  Pr.  sivals  sivaus  (for  vels,  as  vas  for  ves, 
vers).   Cf.  s.  veruno. 

Vec  —  ecco. 

Vecohio  veglio  It.,  Wal.  veachiu,  Sp.  viejo,  Pg.  velho,  Pr.  vielh, 
Fr.  vieil  vieux  old ;  from  vetulus  vetlus  veclus,  which  latter  is 
found  in  an  ancient  grammarian  "vetulus  non  veclus^K 

Vece  It.  sbst.,  adv.  Sp.  Pg.  vez,  Pr.  vetz ,  Fr.fois,  N.  Pr.  fes; 
from  L.  vicem,  cf.  Hor.  plus  vice  simplici  =  plus  dune  fois. 
Hence  0.  Sp.  0.  Pg.  Pr.  vegada,  Rh.  gada,  g  for  z  as  in  Sp. 
Pr.  per  dig  on ,  Pg.  per  dig  ao  from  perdiz  perditz. 

Vedetta  It.  watch,  scout,  Fr.  vedette,  E.  vedet,  vedette.  Not  from 
videre,  for  the  suffix  ett  is  rarely,  if  ever,  added  to  verbs,  but, 
perhaps,  a  corruption  of  It.  veletta  (v.  veglia). 

Vedija  Sp.  lock  of  wool,  entangled  hair,  cf.  Rh.  vadeglia,  Com. 
vedeglia  lock ,  flock ;  hence  Sp.  guedeja  (gu  =  v)  lock  of  hair, 
mane  of  a  lion ,  Pg.  guedelha  gadelha  long  hair ,  velvet.  Per- 
haps by  dissimilation  for  velilla  or  vellilla,  =  vellicula,  from 
vellus. 

Vedro  O.  Pg.  old;  from  vetus  veteris,  cf.  It.  Castel-vetro,  Sp. 
Mur-viedro. 

Vega  Sp.  Cat.  Sard.,  Pg.  veiga  open  plain.   From  the  Basque, 

29* 


452  VEGaiA  —  VENERDI. 

either  from  her  a  deep  soil,  or  from  he-guea  without  cavities, 
i,  e.  flat  (Larramendi). 

Veggia  It.  cart-load;  from  vehes,  later  veges  vejes  (v.  Ducange), 
changed  to  the  1^^  declension.   For  the  g  or  j,  cf .  struggere, 

Veglia  It.,  Sp.  vela,  Pg.  vigia,  Pr.  velha,  Fr.  veille  watch;  vb. 
vegliare  &c.,  Sp.  veleta  weather-cock,  It.  veletta  sentinel;  from 
vigilia,  vigiliare. 

Veiaire  viere  0.  Fr.  (m.),  Pr.  veiaire,  O.  Sp.  vejaire  judgment, 
view,  also  sight,  countenance.  L.L.  2;/c«nw5=  judge,  whence 
a  sbst.  vicarium  judgment,  hence  veiaire  (cf.  an  old  form  vigaire 
Honnorat)  (l)  judgment  (2)  sight  (3)  (from  abstract  to  con- 
crete, as  G.  gesichty  E.  sight)  countenance.  Wall,  has  vir  == 
viere,  as  pir  =  pierre, 

Veillaquerie  —  vigliacco. 

Veille  veiller  —  veglia. 

Veit  viet  vieg  Pr.  veretrum;  from  vectis  =  veretrum  in  L.  L. 
For  Pr.  vieg  cf.  from  lectus  Pr.  liet,  lieg ,  Fr.  lit. 

Vela  —  veglia. 

Velar  Sp.  Pg.  to  marry,  prop,  to  veil,  hence  the  bride  was 
called  velada  (husband  =  velado)^  cf.  L.  nubere,  Goth,  liugan 
(Grimm). 

Veletta  ■ —  veglia, 

Velhaeo  —  vigliacco. 

Velleita  It.,  Sp.  veleidad,  Fr.  velleite,  E.  velleity;  a  scholastic 
word ,  derived  from  velle. 

Velours  Fr.  (m.)  velvet.  The  r  is  an  insertion ,  cf.  Nicot  veloux 
velous,  Matt.  Paris  villuse  from  villosus.  The  It.  is  velluto,  Sp. 
veludo,  0.  Fr.  vellu-eau,  from  villutus  (E.  velvet);  hence  Fr.  vb. 
vel outer  (ou  from  villosus). 

Veltro  It.,  Pr.  veltre,  O.  Fr.  viautre  greyhound  (hence  0.  E. 
fewterer  hound-keeper),  Corn,  giulter;  O.  Fr.  viautrer  to  hunt. 
From  L.  vertragus  (Martial. :  non  sibi  sed  domino  venatur  ver- 
tragus  acer).  A  Celtic  word,  cf.  ^lian. :  ai  8s  Tcoddxsig  Tcvvsg 
at  KsXnxal  KaXovvtai  ovsQXQayoL  xvvsg  (pcov^  rfj  xsXtlk^]  from 
Ir.  iraig  a  foot;  with  intensive  verj  v.  Dief.  Grig.  Europ. 
p.  330. 

Venaison  Fr.,  Pr.  venaiso,  E.  venison;  from  venatio  (concrete  for 
abstract). 

Vencejo  Sp.  string;  from  a  dim.  vinciculum  of  vinculum. 

Venda  —  benda, 

Vendange  Fr.,  Pr.  vendanha,  Bret,  bendem,  vintage;  from  vin- 
demia. 

Vendaval  Sp.  Pg.,  v.  vent  d'amont, 

Vendredi  ■ —  venerdi. 

Venerdi  It.,  Fr.  vendredi,  Pr.  Cat.  divendres  Friday,  from  Vene- 
ris dies,  dies  Veneris;  Sp.  viernes,  Pr.  venres,  from  Veneris, 


VENGAR  —  VERGOGNA.  453 

Wal.  vinerif  Ven.  henere,  Romag.  venar,  Pg.  has  sexta  feira. 
Sard,  chendhura,  chendura,  cenahara  is,  probably,  from  ccena 
pur  a,  Friday  being  a  fast  day. 

Vengar  venger  —  vengiare. 

Vengiare  It.,  Sp.  vengar,  Pg.  vingar,  Pr.  vengar,  Fr.  venger  to 
revenge;  from  vindicare  (Wal.  vindecd  to  heal  i.  e.  save,  vin- 
dicate). Comp.  Pr.  revenjar,  O.  Fr.  revenger,  E.  revenge,  Fr. 
revancher,  sbst.  revanche,  of.  0.  Fr.  nache  =  nage. 

Vent  d'amont  Fr.  East -wind,  land-breeze,  vent  d' aval  West- 
wind,  sea-breeze,  the  E.  being  the  higher  ground.  Hence 
Sp.  vendaval  ==  South  -  West  -  wind. 

Venta  Sp.  a  road -side  inn,  O.  E.  vent,  also  =  sale.  It.  vendita; 
0.  Fr.  vente  =  market,  cf.  Sp.  fonda  =  inn,  L.  L.  funda  = 
market-place. 

Ventaglio  it.,  Sp.  ventalle  fan,  Pr.  ventalh,  Fr.  ventail  vent,  van- 
tail  folding  door,  eventail  fan.  It.  ventaglia  &c. ,  E.  ventail  (of 
a  helmet) ,  from  ventus,  cf .  ventana. 

Ventaja  —  anzi. 

Ventana  Sp.  window;  orig.  :=:  vent,  air-hole,  from  ventus,  cf. 
0.  N.  vind-auga,  E.  wind-ow,  Dan.  vindue,  and  for  the  suffix, 
cf.  solana  from  sol.  The  Pg.  word  isjanella,  irovajanua?  Sp. 
finiestra,  hiniestra  are  obsolete. 

Ventavolo  It.  North- wind;  a  corruption  of  ventus  aquilus? 

Ver  Pr.  0.  Fr.  spring;  Sp.  verano,  Pg.  verdo  late  spring;  comp, 
Pr.  primver.  It.  Sp.  Pr.  primavera,  Wal.  primevare,  O.  Fr.  pri- 
mevere,  BsiBqu.e  primadera  spring,  orig.  (as  still  in  Sp.)  early 
spring;  for  this  Fr.  hsis printemps,  Tied,  prima,  Occ.  primo  (f.). 
Ven.  has  verta,  Dauph.  pipa,  v.  piva. 

Vera  —  riviera. 

Verano  —  ver. 

Verdolaga  —  portulaca. 

Verdugo  Sp.  (1)  young  shoot  (2)  dagger,  tuck  (also  a  gaoler 
^^qui  vergis  csedit").  It.  verduco;  from  verde,  viridis.  The  latter 
meaning  also  belongs  to  the  0.  Fr.  ver  dun  (Marot,  Rabelais), 
but  this  is  from  Verdun  where  such  weapons  were  made. 
Amadis  is  called  le  chevalier  de  la  verte  epe'e;  is  this  ^^verte^^ 
connected?  Besides  rod  or  shoot,  verdugo  in  Pg.  also  =  a 
plait  or  fold,  hence  Sp.  ver  dug  ado,  Pg.  verdugada  aver  dug  ada 
a  hooped  petticoat ,  farthingale. 

Vereda  Sp.  Pg.  a  path;  per  quam  veredi  vadunt  Ducange,  cf. 
vreder. 

Vergel  verger  —  verziere, 

Verglas  Fr.  (m.)  glassy  ice;  from  verre  (m.)  and  glace  (f.). 

Vergogna  It.,  Pg.  Pr.  vergonha,  Fr.  vergogne,  Sp.  vergiienza, 
O.  Sp.  vergiieha  shame;  from  verecundia ,  cf.  Bourgogne  from 
Burgundia ,  d  becoming  z  in  the  Sp. 


454  VERICLE  —  VERROU. 

Vericle  Fr.  a  paste  jewel;  from  a  L.  vitriculum,  dim.  of  vitrum 

glass,  pi.  vitricula. 
Vericueto  Sp.  a  rough  road ;  from  B.  hiregueta  which  =  hide- 

gue-ta  an  impassable  spot,  v.  Larramendi. 

Verjus  Fr.  sour  grapes,  E.  verjuice;  from  t^^rOw5  =  green  juice. 

Vermeil  vermejo  —  vermiglio. 

Vermena  It.  shoot;  from  verbena  twig,  orig.  sacred  twig. 

Vermiglio  It.,  Sp.  hermejo,  Pg.  vertnelho,  Pr.  Fr.  vermeil,  E.  der. 
vermilion;  L.  L.  vermiculus ;  from  vermiculus  insect,  cf.  carme- 
sino,  and  v.  Marsh,  Lectures  on  the  Engl,  language,  and 
Mahn,  Untersuch.  p.  62. 

Verne  Fr.,  provin.  vergne,  0.  Fr.  heme,  Pr.  ver7ia  vern,  N.  Pr. 
vernho  averno  &c.,  Pied,  verna  alder.  From  af^bor  venia  or, 
better,  from  W.  gwern  (f.)  (1)  a  marsh  (2)  =  coed  gxvern 
alders,  sing,  givernen,  so  Bret,  gwern,  Ir.  fedrn. 

Vernice  It.,  Sp.  berniz  barniz,  Pr.  vernitz,  Fr.  vernis,  E.  varnish, 
W.  bernais,  G.  firnis;  vb.  It.  verniciare,  Sp.  barnizar,  Pr.  ver- 
nissar,  Fr.  vernisser,  E.  varnish,  also  It.  vernicare,  Pr.  bernicar, 
and  Fr.  vernir.  This  last  is  the  orig.  form ,  and  might  come 
from  G.  bernjan  for  brenjan  to  make  glisten ,  but  G.  initial  b 
is  not  thus  weakened.  L.  Gk.  pegvLxtj  would  be  formed  from 
vernice,  Vernir  is  probably  vitrinire  to  glaze  (cf.  vitrinus  for 
vitreus  in  Pr.  veirin)  =  It.  vittiare,  Sp.  vedriar,  Sard,  imbidri- 
rtr^  (Menage).  Eastlake,  however,  says  (Materials  for  a  history 
of  oil-painting,  p.  220)  that  varnish  must  be  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Gk.  ^EQOviKriy  as  referring  either  to  the  golden  hair  of  the 
Egyptian  princess ,  or  to  the  city  Berenice,  where  the  amber- 
coloured  nitre  was  found.  Veronica  was  patron  Goddess  of 
painters. 

Verole  —  vajuolo. 

Veron  Fr.  a  small  speckled  fish,  minnow,  Com.  vairm;  from 
varius. 

Verona  It.  an  open  gallery,  balcony.  Perhaps  from  vir,  -on  the 
analogy  of  dvdQav  &c. 

Verrat  Fr.  boar;  from  verres,  O.Fr.  ver,  ferrat  (for  verrat).  Dif- 
ferently formed  are  Rou.  verrou,  verau,  verrat,  Norm,  verard, 
Sp.  verraco,  Pg.  varrdo, 

Verricello  —  verrina, 

Verrina  It.,  Sic.  virruggiu  bore,  gimlet,  Rou.  verin  screw,  Fr. 
vrille  (for  verille)  gimlet;  hence  It.  verricello  reel,  Fr.  vrillc 
also  =  the  screw-like  tendril  of  the  vine.  Perhaps  from  veru, 
verrina  from  veruina  (Plautus).  Verrina  is  in  Sard,  berrina 
barrina.  Cat.  barrina,  Sip.  barrena  (?) ;  Fg.  verruma  perhaps 
belongs  to  the  Ar.  bairam  or  barimah, 

Verrou  verrouil  Fr.,  Pr.  verrolh  a  bolt ;  from  veruculum  (veru). 


VERS  ARE  —  VIA.  455 

Vx.  ferrolh,  V^.  ferrolho,  S^.herrojo,  WsilL  fe'rou  are  either 
from  ferrum,  or,  at  least;  have  borrowed  its  initial  letter. 

Versare  It.^  Pr.  versar,  Fr.  verser,  Wal.  versa  to  pour;  from  ver- 
sare,  cf.  Wal.  iurna.  The  same  word  occurs  in  O.  Sp.  hosar, 
Sp.  rebosar  =  L.  vorsare,  revorsare. 

Veruno  It.  pronoun  =  nullus;  0.  It.  also  vernullo,  L.  L.  veruUus 
verhullus;  Prov.  It.  vergotta  vergott  aliquid.  Veruno  is  from 
vel  unus,  and  with  particle  of  negation  =  'L.ne  unus  quidem  or 
It.  nepure  uno.  The  change  of  /  to  r  between  vowels  is  unusual 
in  It.;  but  may  have  arisen  from  the  analogy  of  vel -nullus, 
vel-gutta.   Cf.  0.  Fr.  vels  un  (v.  veaus)  and  Wal.  vre~un. 

Verve  Fr.  (f.)  rapture,  spirit.  Is  it  from  a  L.  e^^rf a  =  ram's 
head  (found  in  an  inscription),  cf.  capriccio  from  caper?  But 
the  0.  Fr.  has  the  sense  of  throw,  cast,  swing,  cf.  verve  po- 
etique,  and  this  points  to  the  Du.  werp  =  worp  j actus,  cf.  elan 
from  lancer. 

Verveux  —  hertovello. 

Verza  Lomb.  Pg.,  Sp.  herza,  Wal.  vearze,  It.  verzotto  cabbage; 
hence  Sp.  hercero  greengrocer;  from  L.  viridia  (pi.)  garden 
produce.  Menage  makes  It.  herza  shin  the  same  word,  prop, 
cabbage  -  stalk ,  cf.  Fr.  tige,  It.  gamho.  It.  has  also  sverza  (l) 
cabbage  (2)  splinter. 

Verzierelt.,  Sp.  vergel,  Vr.vergier,  Fr.  verger  garden;  from  viri- 
diarium  or  viridarium  (Pr.  also  verdier).  E.  verger  is  from  Fr. 
verge  a  rod  (virga). 

Vesee  Fr.  vetch;  for  vece,  from  vicia,  It.  veccia,  E.  vetch. 

Veta  Sp.,  Pg.  beta  vein  in  wood,  stripe,  ribbon  (Pr.  veta);  from 
vitta. 

Vetille  Fr.  trifle.  Pied,  vetilia,  vb.  vetiller,  vetilie;  perhaps  from 
vitilia  basket-work,  cf.  gerrce  =  (l)  wickerwork,  vitilia 
(2)  trifles,  nonsense,  vetilles,  v.  Festus. 

Vetrice  It.  osier;  for  vetice,  from  vitex. 

Vetta  It.  (l)  top,  head,  point  (2)  rod ;  from  vitta  head  fillet  worn 
by  the  priests ,  so  =  top  &c.,  cf .  apex. 

Veuf  —  vide. 

Veule  Fr.  weak,  O.  Fr.  vain,  idle,  empty,  frequently  in  the 
combination  veulz  et  vains;  perhaps  from  L.  vola  =  hollow  of 
the  hand,  because  (1)  hollow  =  empty,  or  (2)  for  van- vole 
(ventvole  Thom.  de  Canterbury,  p.  26)  =  vana  vola,  after- 
wards altered  to  vain  et  vole. 

Vezo  vezzo  vi9o  —  vizio. 

Vi  —  ivi. 

Via  It.  particle,  una  via  =  once,  due  via  tre  twice  three;  from 
via,  cf .  Nor.  gang,  Du.  reis.  Via  was  hardened  into  fia,  O.  Fr. 
fie,  hence  It.  fiata,  0.  Fr.  fiede,  fiee,  foiee,  Wall.  feie.   Comp. 


456  VIA  —  VIGLIARE. 

It.  tuttavia,  Sp.  todavia,  0.  Fr.  ioiitesvoies ,  Fr.  toutefois.   For 

Fr.  fois  V.  vece. 
Via,  su  via  It.,  Sp.  via,  Pr.  O.  Cat.  via  sus  interjection,  come! 

from  via  away! 
Viaggio  It.,  Sp.  viage,  Pr.  viatge,  Fr.  E.  voyage,  Wal.  t;m^/;  vb. 

viaggiare  &c.  *,  from  viaticum. 
Viande  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  vianda,  E.  viand  meat,  Fr.  viande  flesh-meat 

(O.  Fr.  cam),  cf.  use  of  the  E.  meat;  from  vivenda.   From  the 

Fr.  come  It.  vivanda,  provianda  (E.  provender). 
Vias  O.  Fr.,  Pr.  viatz  (vivatz)  adv.  for  L.  cito;  from  vivacius  (cf. 

ocmS;,  citius),  Gl.  Cass,  vivaziu.   N.  Pr.  has  vivacer,  viacer. 
Viautre  —  veltro. 
Vicenda  It.  turn,  change;  from  vice,  vece,  the  verbal  termination 

enda  {leggenda  &c.)  being  added  to  a  sbst. 
Vidame  Fr.  (a  feudal  word)  from  vice  dominus,  whence  G.  viz- 

thum. 
Vide  Fr.,  O.  Fr.  Cat.  vuid,  Pic.  wide,  Pr.  vuei,  voig ,  Wall,  vud, 

Kh.  vid,  E.  void  empty,  from  viduus,  with  a  transposition  of 

the  first  u;  vb.  vider,  0.  Fr.  vuidier,  Pr.  t;t/2«r  voidar,  E.  t;o/</, 

Cat.  vuxjdar,  from  viduare;  comp.  de'vider  to  wind  off,  O.  Fr. 

desvuidier.  The  diphthong  will  not  permit  the  der.  from  O.  H. 

G.  wit,  E.  wide.    Another  form  oi  viduus  vidua  is  found  in 

veuf  veuve,  Pr.  veuva,  vezoa,  Sp.  viuda,  Pg.  viuva,  It.  vedova, 

Wal.  veduve,  E.  widow. 
Vidimer  Fr.  to  attest  a  document;   from   vidimus  "we  have 

seen  it". 
Vie  via  It.  adv.  used  with  comparatives;  from  via,  vie piii  duro 

=  (many)  times  harder.  This  is  better  than  to  derive  it,  with 

Diez,  from  vis  or  from  L.  adv.  vive. 
Vieillard  viejo  —  vecchio. 
Vielle  —  viola. 
Vierge  Fr.  virgin,  irregular  for  verge  to  distinguish  it  from  verge 

=  virga,  O.  Fr.  usu.  virge  =  vierge,  verge  =  virga.    O.  Fr. 

had  also  virgine  c=  Pr.  vergena  the  Virgin  Mary. 
Viernes  • —  venerdL 
Vieux  —  vecchio. 
Viez  —  biasciu. 
Viga  Sp.  Pg.  a  beam,  Pr.  Cat.  biga.  Is  it  prop,  the  pole  of  a 

chariot,  L.  biga  chariot? 
Vigia  —  veglia. 
Vigliacco  It.,  Sp.  bellaco,  Pg.  velhaco  mean,  bad,  Fr.  veillaquerie; 

from  vilis  (R.  Gr.  2,  283),  or  an  appellative  from  Valachus 

Walachian. 
Vigliare  It.  to  sweep  away  the  chaff,  hence  sort,  pick ;  from  ver- 

riculare  for  vergliare  (i  for  e  to  distinguish  it  from  vegliare). 

Hence  sbst.  viglio. 


VIGNETTE  —  VIOLA.  457 

Vignette  Fr.  orig.  the  marginal  decoration  of  a  book;  prop.  = 
little  vine,  vine-branches  being  represented  in  such  illustra- 
tions. 

Vignoble  Fr.  (m.)  vineyard,  for  vignole  =  It.  vignuola?  or  from 
vini  opulens  (not  Rom.,  only  in  It.  opyJente)  y  cf.  serpe  serpens? 

Viguier  Fr.  Pr.  judge,  district-magistrate,  Sp.  veguer;  from  vi- 
car ius  prop,  deputy. 

Vihuela  —  viola, 

Vilain  —  villa, 

Vilebrequin  Fr.  wimble,  drill;  from  L.  G.  wiriboreken,  cf.  G. 
windelhohrer  f  M.  Du.  wimpel  -  kin ,  E.  ivimble.  It  corresponds 
to  Sp.  herhequi,  Pg.  herheguim,  Pic.  hiberquin  &c. 

Villa  it.  country-house,  Sp.  villa  market -town,  borough,  Fr. 
ville  town,  city.  In  the  L.  Sal.  we  find  villa  in  the  sense  of 
"hamlet",  "village",  in  O.  Fr.  Pr.  =  L.  or  Sp.  Hence  It. 
villano,  Sp.  villano,  Pr.  vild,  O.Fr.  ?;?7«m  husbandman,  whence, 
in  a  moral  sense,  mean,  wretched,  ugly,  villanous,  which  was 
the  chief  meaning  in  Pr.,  the  only  one  in  Fr.  and  E.  (villain), 
the  Fr.  preserving  the  old  spelling  with  a  single  /  from  associat- 
ing the  word  with  vil  fvilisj. 

Villancieo  Sp.  a  hymn  with  music  sung  on  festivals ,  such  as 
Christmas  and  Corpus  Christi;  prop,  a  country  song,  from 
villano  (cf.  Pg.  villancete,  Sp.  villanesca), 

Vilordo  —  lordo. 

Viluppo  It.  confusion,  entanglement;  vb.  0.  Sp.  Pr.  volopar, 
O.  Fr.  voleper;  It.  inviluppare ,  Pr.  envolopar  enveloper,  N.  Pr. 
agouloupd,  Fr.  envelopper,  E.  envelope;  Pr.  revolopir  to  throw 
around.  The  etym.  is  doubtful.  Is  it  from  volup,  so  that  vilup- 
parsi  would  be  =  to  coax  or  cocker  oneself,  keep  oneself 
warm,  wrap  oneself  up?  The  forms  with  Ip  for  lop  lup  must 
be  contractions  (e.  g.  0.  Val.  envolpar,  Romag.  agulpe ,  Ven. 
imbolponare), 

Vinchio  It.  withe ,  osier;  hom.  vinculum ,  hence  avvinchiare,  cf. 
vinculatus  (Csel.  Aurel.). 

Vincido  It.  soft  from  moisture;  for  viscido  from  viscidus,  pane 
vincido  =  moist,  viscous  bread;  Sard,  bischidu.  Wal.  veasted 
(from  viscidus)  =  withered. 

Vinco  It.  osier.  As  vinchio  from  vinculum,  so  vinco  from  a  sup- 
posed primitive  vincum. 

Viola  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pr.  viula  viola  ^  Fr.  viole,  E.  viol,  Wal.  vioare; 
hence  violino,  violone,  violin  &c.  The  Pr.  forms,  with  the  ac- 
cent on  the  first,  must  be  the  oldest.  The  L.L.  is  vitula,  which 
can  only  come  from  vitulari  to  skip  like  a  calf  (cf .  G.  kdlbern), 
to  make  merry ;  the  violin  was  the  usual  instrument  of  merri- 
makers,  hence  called  vitula  jocosa  (Ducange).  Skipping,  danc- 
ing, and  playing  music  are  mutually  connected  (cf.  giga, 


458  VIORNE  —  VISO. 

carole),  hence  vitula  from  vitulari,  as  leva  lever  from  levare. 
From  vitula  we  have  by  transposition  viutla  (as  veuza  from 
vidua,  teune  from  tenuis) ,  whence  viula  viola  (as  rolar  from 
r  of  tare),  hence  It.  viola,  Sp.  vihuela  (h  to  avoid  the  hiatus), 
Fr.  viole,  0.  Fr.  vielle,  viele  vitella,  M.  H.  G.  vigele.  If  the 
O.  H.  G.  fidula  found  in  Otfried,  M.  H.  G.  fiedel,  E.  fiddle  be 
the  same  word,  as  is  probable  (for  f  ^=  v,  cf.  ferrat,  fidelli  for 
verrat,  videlli),  we  have  in  the  0.  G.  an  earlier  instance  of 
vitida  than  can  be  found  in  the  L.  L. 

Viorne  Fr.  =  L.  viburnum,  It.  vihurno, 

Vipistrello  —  pipistrello. 

Vira  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  O.  Fr.  vire  arrow,  bolt,  Bret.  Mr;  Sp.  virote, 
It.  veretta,  verettone  spear,  shaft.  Vira  cannot  come  regularly 
from  v^ru,  though  veretta  may  be  thence  derived.  Perhaps  it 
is  from  viper  a,  Sp.  vibora,  in  a  Neap,  chronicle:  et  parme  che 
al  cor  mejonga  una  vira  =  viper  a. 

Virar  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.,  0.  Fr.  virer.  Pied,  vire  to  wind,  twist,  Rou. 
virler  to  roll,  Sp.  also  birar  to  tack-,  sbst.  Pr.  viro  circle,  cir- 
cumference, only  used  adverbially  or  prepositionally,  e.  g. 

,  en-viro,  Fr.  en-viron;  vb.  environar,  environner,  E.  environ,  It. 

T  invironare.  Not  from  gyrare,  for  gi  does  not  become  vi,  but 
perhaps  a  word  handed  down  from  the  "lingua  rustica'\  L. 
viria  =  bracelet,  ring  for  the  arm,  O.  Fr.  vire,  Romag.  vira, 
Com.  Ven.  Rh.  vera.  It.  viera  ring,  also  from  a  L.  viriola,  Sp. 
virola  birola,  O.Fr.  virole  ferrule.  Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  33,  12  has: 
viriolce  Celticce  dicuntur,  virice  Celtibericm.  Humboldt  refers  to 
the  Iberian,  whence  the  word  passed  to  the  Celts,  cf.  Basque 
biruncatu  to  twist,  turn,  but  this  is  L.  verruncare;  the  proper 
name  Viriatus  (clasp  -  wearer)  is  of  the  same  origin. 

Virole  —  virar, ' 

Viruela  — ■  vajuolo, 
^    Vis  Fr.  screw  (f.),  Pr.  vitz,  0.  Fr.  vis  winding  stairs;  from  vitis 
==  tendril  of  a  vine,   then  =  anything   of  a  similar  spiral 
form,  cf.  It.  viie  tendril,  screw,  0.  Fr.  viz.  Pied,  vis  or  vi 
screw. 

Viseiola  It.,  Wal.  visine  (M.  Gk.  ^C^ivov),  Fr.  guigne  (0.  Fr. 
guisne)j  Sp.  guinda,  Basque  (Navarre)  guile  a  kind  of  cherry, 
O.  H.  G.  wihsela,  G.  iveichsel,  a  word  which  is  also  found  in 
Slavonic,  cf.  Schmeller  4,  17. 

Viseus  ■ —  vizio, 

Vislumbre  Sp.  faint,  dim  light;  for  bis-lumbre  (v.  bis), 

Viso  0.  It.,  Pr.  O.  Fr.  vis  with  substantive  verb  and  dat.  of  the 
person:  fu  viso  a  me  =  visum  fuit  mihi,  Comp.  It.  avviso,  Pr. 
Fr.  avis  in  the  same  sense,  and  as  sbst.  =  E.  advice,  Sp.  aviso 
information ;  vb.  avvisare  &c.  From  avviso  with  a  change  of 


VISPO  —  VOISDIE.  459 

preposition  (as  e.  g.  in  entice  from  attiser)  we  have  E.  invoice       H- 
(letter  of  advice). 

Vispo  —  visto. 

Visto  It.,  O.  Fr.  viste,  Fr.  vite,  Pr.  vist,  Gasc.  histe  adj.  and  adv. 
brisk,  quick  &c.,  in  O.  Fr.,  but  not  in  N.  Fr.,  of  persons. 
The  It.  visto  is  the  orig.  form ,  and  is  for  avvisto  for  avveduto 
circumspect,  hence  alert,  ready,  quick,  cf.  It.  all^  erta  on  the  ^ 
watch ,  with  Fr.  alerte,  E.  alert.  In  Piedm.  adv.  expressions 
vist  non  vist  and  vist  e pris  =  in  a  moment,  vist  is  evidently  a 
participle. 

Vite  —  visto, 

Vitecoq.  O.  Fr.  Norm,  snipe;  from  A.  S.  vudcoc,  E.  woodcock. 

Vitriuolo  It.,  Sp.  vitriolo,  Pr.  Fr.  E.  vitriol;  from  vitrum,  because 
of  its  vitreous  nature. 

Vivac  —  bivouac. 

Vivole  It.  (pi.),  Sp.  abivas  adivas,  Fr.  avives,  L.  L.  vivolce  glands 
(of  horses),  hence  a  disease  therein,  E.  vives,  Q^.feifel.  The 
der.  is  unknown. 

Vizio  It.  fault,  vice,  also  desire,  lust,  in  another  form  vezzo 
vicious  habit,  habit,  also  delight,  caressing  (Rh.  vezs) ;  viziato 
spoilt,  also  sly,  cunning;  vezzoso  charming;  avvezzare  invez- 
zare,  Wal.  invetza  to  accustom,  use;  disvezzare,  desvetza  to 
disuse.  Sp.  vicio  =  vice ,  lust ,  like  the  It.  and ,  besides ,  = 
luxuriant  growth  of  plants;  vezo  habit;  vicioso  (l)  vicious 
(2)  luxuriant ;  vezar  avezar  to  accustom ,  desvezar,  malvezar, 
Pg.  vicio  vice,  vico  luxuriant  growth,  vicioso  vicious,  vicoso 
luxuriant  (hence  Villa  vicosa  i.  e.  in  a  luxuriant  country) ;  vezo 
custom,  vezar  avezar  =  Sip.  The  Pr.  vici  =  vice,  cunning 
(Cat.  pleasure),  vetz  habit;  viziat  veziat  vezat  cunning;  vezar, 
avezar  =  Sp.,  envezar  to  lust,  and  so  O.  Fr.  voisie,  envoisier. 
All  from  vitium  =  (1)  bad  habit,  and,  thence,  habit  generally 
(2)  lust ,  cf .  Fr.  vice.  0.  Fr.  viseus  voiseus  sagax  =  It.  vezzoso 
with  the  sense  of  viziato,  the  0.  Fr.  sbst.  voisdie  is  perhaps  a 
der.  from  adj.  voisiSj  =  a  Pr.  vezadia  contr.  vesdia,  voisdie. 

Vizzo  guizzo  It.  weak,  flaccid;  from  vietus  treated  like  rudis  &c., 
V.  fuio. 

Voeu  Fr.  (m.),  E.  vow;  from  votum,  Pr.  vot,  vb.  vouer,  Pr.  vodar;        \ 
devouer,  L.  devotare,  E.  devote. 

Vogare  It.,  Sp.  bogar,  Pg.  Pr.  vogar,  Fr.  voguer  to  sail,  row; 
sbst.  It.  Pg.  voga,  Sp.  boga,  Fr.  vogue  (l)  rowing,  course  of  a 
ship  (2)  E.  vogue.  For  gogare  (cf.  vague)  from  an  O.  H.  G. 
wogon,  G.  wogen  =  O.  H.  G.  wag  en,  M.  H.  G.  wagen,  G.  be- 
wegen  to  set  in  motion ,  in  wago  wesan  =  etre  en  vogue. 

Voire  voir  O.  Fr.  Pic.  adv. ;  from  L.  vere. 

Voisdie  —  vizio. 


460  VOISON  —  VRILLE. 

Voison  0.  Fr.,  Lorr.  veho.  Wall,  wiha  polecat,  L.L.  veso.   From 

A.  S.  vesUf  E.  weasel,  M.  H,  G.  wiseL   Hence,  perhaps.  Norm. 

veson  a  lewd  woman. 
Voiture  Fr.  carriage;  from  vectura,  It.  veitura, 
Volcar  Sp.  to  upset,  overthrow,  C&Lbolcar,  emboUcar  to  entangle, 

Limous.  boulca  to  pour  out;  for  volvicar  from  voivere,   Pg.  em- 

borcar  for  embolcar? 
Vole  —  veule, 
Voler  —  embler. 
Volere  It.,  Pr.  voler,  Fr.  vouloir,  Wal.  vrea,  Sp.  only  in  comp. 

e.  g.  si-vuel-qual  for  quilibet;  from  velle,  but  conjugated  as 

from  a  root  vol,  cf.  L.  L.  voleam  for  velim,  volcrem  for  vellem. 

Wal.  2;r^^,  sbst.  vreare  =  y/^r^  vrere  by  contr.  from  volere, 

cf.  Lomb.  vore.   Hence  It.  voglia,  vb.  invogliarc  to  bring  one 
4-  ■       to  one's  will,  to  inveigle. 

Volgere  It.  (also  voivere)  owes  its  ^  to  a  supposed  analogy  to 

verbs  conjugated  in  the  same  form:  volgere  volsi  volto,  erg  ere 

ersi  erto  &c. 
Volpilh.  Pr.  cowardly;  from  vidpecula.   Hence  vb.  0.  Fr.  gou- 

piller  to  treat  cowardly. 
-^    Volta  It.  Pr.,  Fr.  volte  voide,  Wal.  bolte,  Sp.  boveda  (Pg.  abo- 

beda  from  a  Pr.  form  vouta),  E.  vault;  from  voivere  volutus, 

Rom.  voltus  (It.  Pr.),  hence  \h.  voltare,  Sp.  voltear  &c.,  cf.  s. 

bulto, 
Vore  — •  orlo, 
Voto  It.  empty,  vb.  votare.    Voto  is  probably  volto  hollowed  out, 

cf.  Neap,  vota  —  volta,  votare  —  voltare,  Ven.  luna  voda  the 

waning  moon  with  It.  la  luna  volta  the  moon  wanes.  The  Ven. 

vodo,  Pied,  void,  Lomb.  voeuid,  Sard,  boidu,  boitu  (vb.  s-buidai) 

must  be  referred  to  the  0.  Fr.  vuid  (E.  void)j  Fr.  vide. 
Vouer  —  voeu, 
Vouloir  —  volere,  • 

Voute  - —  volta, 
Voyer  Fr.  road -surveyor;  from  viarius,  in  0.  Fr.  x=  vicarius, 

V.  Ducange. 
"VoyGrYY/in.  convoyer  io  convoy,  envoyer  to  send,  ^h%i.  convoi, 

envoi  (convoy,  envoy);  from  conviare,  inviare.   It,  convojare  is 

from  the  Fr. 
Vrai  Fr.,  O.Fr.  Pr.  verai  true;  not  from  verax  but  from  veracus, 

cf.  from  ebrius  ebriacus,  Pr.  ybriai,  Cambrai  from  Cameracum, 

Douai  from  Duacum. 
Vreder  Fr.  to  run  to  and  fro;  from  veredus,  cf.  Sp.  vereda, 
Vrille  —  verrina. 


WAGGON  —  YEDGO.  461 


W. 

Waggon  Fr.  from  the  E.  waggon^  A.  S.  vdcen  =  G.  ivagen. 

Warlouque  —  herlusco, 

Welke  O.  Fr.  =  A.  S.  veolc,  E.  welk,  M.  Du.  welk. 

Werbler  werbloier  O.  Fr.;  from  G.  wirheln,  E.  warhle. 

Wigre  O.  Fr.  spear;  from  O.  N.  vigr,  A.  S.  vigar,  vigur. 

Wilecome  O.Fr.^  vb.  welcumier;  a  word  introd.  in  the  12'^  cent, 
from  the  A.  S.  vilecume,  vilcumian,  E.  welcome;  the  "loving 
cup''  was  also  called  vilcom,  Hung,  hillikom,  It.  hellicone  (Redi), 
Fr.  vidrecome. 


X. 

Xaloque  —  scirocco. 

Xamete  —  sciamito. 

Xaque  —  scacco. 

Xaqueca  Sp.  Pg.  head -ache;  from  Ar.  shaqiqah,   one  side  of 

the  head. 
Xara  Sp.  Pg.  (l)  wild  rose  (2)  darl,  arrow ,  adj.  Sp.  xaro;  cf. 

Ar.  sha^rd  rough,  bristly ;  bushes,  shrubs. 
Xarcia  —  sarte. 
Xarifo  Sp.  fine,  showy,  well-dressed;   from  Ar.  sharif  noble, 

cf.  the  Turk,  hatii  shenf  noble  hand  writing  =  royal  decree.       ^ 
Xarope  ■ —  siroppo. 

Xato  xata  Sp.  calf;  from  Ar.  shaH  shoot,  twig,  scion? 
Xauro  —  augurio, 
Xefe  —  chef. 
Xeme  —  scemo. 
Xerga  —  gergo. 
Xergon  —  sargia, 
Xeringa  —  sciringa, 
Xibia  —  seppia. 
Xicara  Sp.  chocolate  cup,  hence  Pg.  chicara,  It.  chicchera;  from       ^ 

the  Mexican  xicaili,  v.  Mahn,  p.  18. 
Xisca  —  sescha. 
Xugo  —  suco, 

Y. 

Y  —  ivi. 

Ya  • —  gia. 

Yantar  O.  Sp.,  Pg.  jantar,  Rh.  ientar  to  breakfast ;  from  L.  jen- 

tare,  L.  Ij.Jantare. 
Yedgo  —  eppto. 


462  YEGUA  —  ZAMARRO. 

Yegua  —  cavallo. 

Yelmo  —  elmo, 

Yermo  —  ermo. 

Yerno  Sp.  son-in-law;  from  gener,  Pg.  genro,  Fr.  gendre. 

Yerto  Sp.  rough,  stiff;  from  hirtus,  Pg.  hirto,  It.  irto.    0.  Fr. 

en-herdir  to  bristle  up. 
Yesea  —  esca. 
Yeuse  —  elce, 

Ypreau  Fr.  a  sort  of  elm ;  from  Ypres  where  it  abounds. 
Yunque  —  incude. 


Z. 

Zabullir  Sp.  to  plunge,  dive;  from  sub-hullire  to  bubble. 
Zaecaro  zaeehero  It.  a  lump  of  excrement  (on  sheep  &c.) ;  from 

O.H.Gr.  zahar,  ^.^.Q^.zaher  (G.  zdhre  tear)  drop,  dropping, 

of.  Gk.  dccKQv.    Yen.  is  zacola.   From  pillola  we  nave  pillac- 

chera  with  same  meaning. 
Zaffata  zafTo  —  tape  and  ceffo, 
ZafiPerano  It.,  Sp.  azafran,  Fr.  safran,  Wal.  sofrdn,  E.  saffron; 

from  Ar.  za^fardn, 
Zafo  Sp.,  Pg.  safo  free,  vb.  zafar,  safar  to  free,  clear,  adorn; 

from  Ar.  sahd  to  peel,  shave,  trim. 
Zaga  Sp.  O.  Pg.  load  on  the  back  of  a  carriage,  back  part  of  a 

thing,  O.  Sp.  zaga  (Sp.  azaga)  behind;  Sp.  rezaga  rear.  From 

Ar.  sdqah  rear,   or  from  Basque  atzaga  end  i^atzea  hinder 

part). 
Zagaia  azagaia  Sp.  Pg.,  O.  Fr.  arcigaye,  archegaye,  It.  zagaglia 

point  of  a  spear,  Moorish  javelin.  From  Ar.  al-khdziq. 
Zagal  Sp.  Pg.  shepherd,  stout  youth,  swain.   From  sagum,  or 

from  Ar.  zagal  bold? 
Zahareno  —  safara. 
Zahorra  —  zavorra, 
Zahurda  Sp.  hogstye;   from  B.  sar  to  enter  and  urdea  swine 

(Larramendi). 
Zaino  It.  Sp.  Pg.  brown,  chestnut -colour;  from  the  Ar. 
Zaino  It.,  Sp.  zaina  a  shepherd's  pouch;  from  O.H.G.  zain  pipe, 

or  zaind  basket. 
Zalagarda  Sp.  ambuscade;  from  0.  G.  zdld  ruin  and  warta 

ambush. 
Zalea  Sp.  sheepskin  with  the  wool  on;  from  B.  osa  ulea  all  wool, 

V.  Larram. 
Zamarro  Sp.  sheepskin,  zamarra,  chamarra,  Sard,  acciamarra 

coat  made  of  sheepskin,  It.  zimarra,  hence  Fr.  chamarrer  to 


ZAMBO  —  ZARZA.  463 

trim  with  fur;  properly  house -coat,  from  B.  echamarra  (Lar- 

ramendi). 
Zambo  Sp.  bandy-legged;  from  scamhus. 

Zambra  Sp.  Moorish  festival;  Ar.  zamr  song,  or  sdmirah  com- 
pany. 
Zampa  zampar  zampiUo  —  tape, 
Zainpogna  zampona  —  sampogna, 
Zana  It.  basket;  from  O.  H.  Gr.  zeind, 

Zanahoria  Sp.,  Pg.  cenoura  carrot;  from  the  B.  where  it  =  yel- 
low root,  Cat.  safranaria, 
Zanca  It.  Sp.,  Pg.  sanco  shank,  long  bone,  stalk,  Sp.  zanco, 

Lomb.  zanch,  Ven.  zanca  stilt,  Pr.  sanca  cothurnus,  Sard. 

zancone  shin.   Also  Pg.  chanca  long  foot,  Sp.  chanco  chanclo 

patten,  clog.    From  A.  S.  scanca,  E.  shank  =  an  O.  H.  G. 
.  scancho. 
Zanco  It.  left;  for  stanco  wearied,  left,  as  zambecco  for  stam- 

hecco. 
Zanefa  —  cenefa, 
Zangano  Sp.,  Pg.  zangdo  drone,  idler.     It  is  the  It.  zingano 

gipsy. 
Zanna  It.  tusk,  hook;  from  O.H.G.  zand,  zan,  G.  zalin  a  tooth. 

Another  form  sanna  is  found ,  the  s  of  which  is  probably  due 

to  L. sanna. 
Zanni  It.,  E.  zany  the  clown  in  a  comedy;  a  provincial  form  of 

Gianni  for  Giovanni ,  v.  Menage. 
Zanzara  —  zenzara, 
Zapata  —  ciahatta. 
Zappa  It.  Eh.,  Sp.  zapa  spade,  Fr.  sape  sap;  vb.  zappare  &c.  to 

sap.  From  oxccTtccvr},  (jxdjtraLVj  sc  becoming  z  as  in  zoUa  from 

skoUa ? 
Zaque  Sp.  wine -bottle;  from  B.  zaguia,  zaquia,  from  zato-quia 

leathern  bottle,  Larram. 
Zara  —  azzardo, 
Zaragiielles  Sp.  (m.  plur.)  a  kind  of  breeches  or  drawers,  L.  L. 

pi.  saraballa,  sardbella,  sardbara  ^^fluxa  et  sinuosa  vestimenta^^ 

tlgatio,  L.  Gr.  ^agdpaQcc,  Ar.  sirwdl,  whence  Pg.  ceroulas. 
Zaranda  Sp.,  Pg.  ciranda  sieve,  screen;  from  Ar.  sarada  "con- 

texuit". 
Zarcillo  Sp.,  0.  Sp.  cercillo  ear-ring;  from  circellus  (Apicius), 

B.  circillua. 
Zarco  Sp.  Pg.  light-blue,  ^iQ.zarcu  pale;  ivom.  Ar,  zaraq  subst., 

azraq  adj.  blue. 
Zarpa  zarpar  —  sarpare, 

Zarria  Sp.  dirt,  mud;  from  B.  zarria,  charria  hog. 
Zarza  Sp.  thorn,  thorn -bush,  bramble  (whence  zarzaparilla,  v* 

salsapariglia) ;  from  B.  zartzia,  from  sartu  to  penetrate  and 


> 


464  ZATA  —  ZERO. 

cia  point,  whence  also  zarzaidea  raspberry -bush  {idea  com- 
panion or  aidea  connexion). 
Zata  —  zatta, 

Zato  Sp.  morsel  of  bread ;  from  B.  zatoa  morsel. 
Zatta  zattera  It.,  Sp.  zata,  zatara  raft;  of  unknown  origin. 
Zavorra  It.,  Wal.  sabure,  Sp.  zahorra,  sorra  ballast;  from  sa- 

hurra, 
Z2i.zzdi,  zazzera  long  curly  hair,  from  0.  H.  G.  zatd,  G.  zotte 

shaggy  hair. 
Zeba  It.,  Sp.  chiho  chivo  kid;  the  root  is  found  also  in  the  O.  H. 

G.  zibbe  lamb.  Alb.  tzgiep,  tsjapy  Wal.  tzap  he-goat  =  Lomb. 

zaver. 
Zebelina  —  zibellino, 

Zebro  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  E.  zebra,  Fr.  zebre;  a  South  African  word. 
Zecca  It.,  Kh.  zece,  zecla,  Fr.  tique,  E.  tick  (insect);  from  Du. 

teke,  M.  H.  G.  zeche,  G.  zecke, 
^       Zecca  It.  mint,  Sp.  zeca  seca;  hence  zecchino  a  gold  coin;  from 

Ar.  sikkah  a  stamp  or  die,  mint. 
>i       Zediglia  It.,  Sp.  cedilla,  Fr.  ce'dille ,  a  cedilla  used  to  show  that 

a  c  has  the  sound  of  z  (formerly  written  cz ,  e.  g.  canczon  = 

cancon,  czo  =  co);  a  dim.  of  zeta. 

Zelo  It.  Sp.  Pg.,  Pg.  also  cio  for  cilo,  Pr.  zele,  E.  zeal;  from 
zelus  (t,rjXos).  Hence  It.  zeloso,  Sp.  zeloso,  Pg.  cios,  E.  zealous; 
also  with  a  palatal  initial  (as  in  giuggiola  from  zizyphum,  gen- 
i  giovo  from  zinziber),  It.  gcloso,  Pr.  gelos,  Yr.  j'aloux ,  i.  jealous, 
sbst.  gelosia  &c.  jealousy,  also  =  a  Venetian  blind,  Sp.  celo- 
sia,  Comp.  Sp.  vb.  rezelar,  Pg.  recear,  sbst.  rezelo,  receo, 
Zendale  sendale  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  0.  Fr.  cendal,  M.  H.  G.  zendal, 
zindal,  G.  zindel,  also  It.  zendado,  Pr.  sendat,  M.  H.  G.  zendat 
a  sort  of  taffeta,  chiefly  used  in  France  for  banners,  Sp.  also 
a  fine  linen  stuff;  usu.  derived  from  sindon. 

Zenzara  zanzara  It.,  Wal.  tzenzariu,  Sp.  zenzalo,  0.  Fr.  cincelle 
gnat,  mosquito,  so  O.  H.  G.  zinzila  zenzala  gnat,  cf.  Alb. 
zinziras  cricket;  an  onomatop.,  cf.  L.  zinzilulare  to  chirp;  cf. 
M.  H.  G.  gelse  gnat  from  gal  song.  Hence  Pg.  vb.  zinir  zunir 
to  hum  (of  insects). 

Zenzovero,  zenzero  and  gengiovo  It.,  Sp.  gengibre  agengibre,  Pr. 
gingebre,  Fr.  gingembre,  E.  ginger,  Wal.  ghimberiu,  M.  Du. 


■+ 


^ 


ghinchere  (G.  ingwer);  from  L.  zingiberi  {t,iyyi^BQi),  zinziber 
an  Oriental  word.   Ar.  zanjabil.   From  g  =  z,  cf.  zelo. 

Zeppa  It.  wedge,  zeppare  to  cram  full;  zeppo  crammed.  From 
O.  H.  G.  zapfo,  M.  H.  G.  zepfe,  G.  zapfen  peg,  whence  also 
zaffo. 

2ero  It.  Sp.  Pg.  E. ,  Fr.  zero;  from  Ar.  cifron,  cifr,  v.  s.  cifra 
in  which  the  c  =  Ar.  c  (j^).   Mil.  has'?w//«. 


ZESTE  —  ZOPPO.  465 

Zeste  Fr.  (m.)  the  zest  of  a  nut;  from  schistus  (cxiaxog),  cf.  fis 
(Com.)  from  fissus.   For  z  =  sch,  cf.  cedule  from  schedula, 

Zevro  —  toivre. 

Zezzo  —  sezzo. 

Zezzolo  —  ietta. 

Zibellino  It.,  Pr.  seheli,  sembeli,  Sp.  Pg.  f.  cehellina,  zebeUina, 
Fr.  zibeline,  L.  L.  sdbellinus,  sabellum,  O.  Fr.  E.  sable,  G.       H" 
zobel;  a  Slavonic  word,  Russ.  50&0/,  Serv.  samur,  Wal.  samur. 
Ar.  sammiir. 

Zibetto  It.,  Fr.  civette,  E.  c/r^^*  an  Oriental  word,  M.  Gk.  fa-"     -4. 
Tcstiovy  V.  Pott,  Lassen's  Zeitschrift  4,  17.    Sp.  is  ^«^o  <?e  al- 
galia. 

Zibibbo  It.  a  Syrian  raisin;  from  Ar.  zaMh, 

Zigrino  —  chagrin. 

Zimarra  —  zamarro. 

Zimbello  It.,  Sp.  cirribel,  Pr.  O.Fr.  cembel  decoy-bird,  decoying; 
vb.  It.  zimhellarey  0.  It.  cimhellare,  Pr.  cemhelar,  O.  Fr.  cem- 
heler  (encembeler)  to  decoy.  Ctjmbalum,  dim.  cymbellum,  was 
the  bell  which  summoned  the  monks  to  their  meals.  0.  Fr. 
Pr.  cembel  also  =  a  meeting  of  players  at  a  game,  espec.  a 
tournament,  hence  vb.  cembeler,  O.  Sp.  cempellar  to  tilt,  joust. 

Zio  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  tio  uncle,  It.  zia,  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  tia  (Pr.  sia)  aunt; 
from  late  L.  thius  thia  {%-Ei6gy  %'eid). 

Zipolo  It.  peg  in  the  cock  of  a  vessel;  from  G.  zip f el  tip,  cf.  Du. 
E.  tip, 

Zirbo  It.  caul,  L.  L.  cirbus;  from  Ar.  iarb. 

Zirigana  Sp.  adulation;  from  B.  zurigaha,  churigana  (white- 
washed). 

Zirlare  It.,  Sp.  chirlar,  chirriar,  Pg.  cMrlar  chilrar  to  chirp;  from 
L.  zinzilulare  y  contr.  zilulare. 

Zito  It.  boy,  zita  girl,  also  citto  citta,  zitello  zilella,  cittolo  cit- 
tola;  of  the  same  origin  as  zitta  teat;  cf.  Pied,  teta,  L.  mamilla 
in  both  senses. 

Zitta  —  tetia. 

Zitto  It.,  f.  zitta,  Sp.  cMto  chiton,  Fr.  chut,  Wal.  citu  an  inter- 
jection, hush!  an  onomatop.,  like  the  L.  st.  To  chut  belongs 
Fr.  chuchoter  to  whisper,  chucheter  to  twitter,  N.  Pr.  child  io 
whisper. 

Zoccolo  —  soc, 

Zoira  —  zorra, 

Zolla  It.  Rh.  clod;  from  0.  H.  G.  scolla,  G.  scholle,  v.  zanca. 

Zompo  —  zoppo,  X 

Zonza  —  soso. 

Zoppo  It.,  Sp.  zopo  zompo,  Wald.  zop,  Rh.  zopps  lame,  maimed, 
cf.  O.  Fr.  chope  log,  stump;  vb.  Fr.  chopper  to  knock  against 
(O.  Fr.  sopper).  It.  zoppiare  to  halt.  Cat.  ensopegar  to  stumble ; 

DIEZ,    ROMANCE    DICT.  30 


466  ZORRA  —  ZURRAR. 

from  G.  schupfen  to  push,  Du.  schoppen^  cf.  also  Du.  sompe 
lame,  sompen  to  halt. 
Zorra  Sp.  Pg.,  O.  Sp.  zurra  fox,  hence  Pg.  zorro,  B.  zw^a  cun- 
ning.  Prob.  from  vb.  zurrar  to  shave  off  the  hair,  because 
-V-       the  fox  loses  his  hair  in  summer  (Covarruvias),  cf.  dXojtsxia 
baldness,  from  dlcoTtrj^.    Zorra  would  thus  be  a  nickname  of 
the  fox,  as  it  is  also  =  a  harlot,  cf.  scortum.   Perhaps  the  Pr. 
zoira  '^vetus  canis  "  is  connected. 
Zorzal  Sp.  Pg.  a  thrush;  from  Ar.  zorziir,  or  from  B.  zozorra. 

Zote  Sp.  Pg.,  Fr.  sot,  Piedm.  sot,  E.  sot;  according  to  som-  ^rom 
the  Semitic,  Rabbin,  shoteh  fool.  But  Pictet  refers  it  to  the 
Ir.  suihan  blockhead,  rogue,  sotaire  fop,  and  these  he  traces 
to  the  Sanskrit. 

Zotico  It.  boorish,  rude;  from  exoticiis,  according  to  Menage, 
but  It.  z  =  X  is  not  elsewhere  found. 

Zozobrar  Sp.  to  be  weather-beaten,  founder  (of  a  ship);  from 
so  under  and  sobre  over,  so  =  to  be  turned  upside-down. 

Zucca  —  cucuzza. 

Zucehero  It.,  Sp.  Pg.  azucar,  Pr.  Fr.  sucre,  Wal.  zehar,  O.  H. 
G.  zucura,  G.  zucker,  E.  sugar;  from  Ar.  sukkar  as-sukkar 
(whence,  immediately,  the  Sp.),  this  from  the  Pers.  shakar, 

r 

Sansk.  ^|cfi  ^  Gk.  edxxcc^,  adxxccQov,  L.  saccharwn.  Sugar 
was  cultivated  by  the  Arabs  in  Egypt,  Crete  and  Syria  and 
also  in  Sicily  and  Spain.  From  Egypt  it  was  imported  to 
Venice,  from  Spain  to  France. 

Zuffa  It.  scramble,  row ;  from  G.  zupfen  to  pluck,  as  ruff  a  from 
rupfen;  Swiss  zuffe  ==  bundle. 

Zufolo  —  ciufolo. 

Zumaque  —  sommaco. 

Zumaya  zumacaya  Sp.  an  owl;  from  B.  zumha-caya  able  to 
mock;  or  from  Sp.  zumba-cayo  mocking- daw. 

Zumbar  Sp.  to  sound ,  hum ;  an  onomatop. 

Zumo  Sp.  juice,  sap;  from  icninos  sauce. 

Zupia  Sp.  sour  wine,  refuse;  from  B.  zupea  zurpea  sediment. 

Zuppa  —  sopa. 

Zura  zuro  zurana  zurita  zorita  dove,  stock -dove. 

Zurcir  Sp.,  Pg.  cirzir,  serzir,  Cat.  surgir  to  baste,  stitch,  patch; 

from  sarcire. 
Zurdo  Sp.  left,  left-handed;  orig.  awkward,  from  surdus  deaf, 

Sp.  no  ser  zurdo  =  to  be  clever. 
Zurlo  It.  also  zurro  lust,  heat;  connected  with  L.  surire  (Apu- 

leius). 
Zurrar  Sp.,  Pg.  surrar  to  curry,  tan,  drub.   Orig.  =  to  shave, 

so,  perhaps,  a  contraction  oji  surradere. 


ZURRIAGA  —  ZUTANO.  467 

Zurriaga  Sp.  thong ,  whip;  from  B.  zurriaga,  cf.  scuriada  (cf.  z 

from  sc  in  zamho  &c.). 
Zurrir  zurriar  Sp.  to  hum ,  buzz  5  an  onomatop.,  L.  susurrare. 
Zurron  Sp.;  Pg.  surrao  a  shepherd's  wallet,  leathern  scrip ;  from 

Ar.  currah  a  purse.   Cat.  has  sarro,  B.  zorroa. 
Zutano  citano  Sp.  =  L.  quidam.    According  to  Mahn,  from 

G.  so -than  for  so-geihan  (so -done)  from  thun  to  make;  sothan 

is  found  in  Prov.  Germ.,  and  in  Dan.  saadan,  Swed.  sddan, 

D".  zoodanig. 


BO* 


ENGLISH  VOCABULARY. 


Nolo.    Eng'lish 

words,  which  are  identical  in  form  with  Romance  words,  are  nol  inserted  h 

A. 

Antic 

—  antique. 

Appanage 

—  appaner. 

Abandon 

—  bando. 

Apparel 

—  parecchio. 

Abet 

—  beter. 

Approach 

—  proche. 

Abyss 

—  abisso. 

Apricot 

—  albercocco. 

Accost 

—  costa. 

Apron 

—  nappa. 

Accoutre 

—  cucire. 

Arbalest 

—  arbalete. 

Achieve 

—  acabar. 

Arbour 

—  alb  ergo. 

Acquaint 

—  conto. 

Arch 

—  aragon. 

Admiral 

—  almirante. 

Arraign 

—  desrener. 

Adjust 

—  guista. 

Arras 

—  arazzo. 

Advantage 

—  anzi. 

Array 

—  redo. 

Adventure 

—  avventura. 

Arrear 

—  retro. 

Advice 

—  viso. 

Arris 

—  arista. 

Adze 

—  accia. 

Artisan 

—  artigiano. 

Aglet 

—  aguglia. 

Ash 

—  ascua. 

Agree 

—  grado. 

Assart 

—  essart. 

Aim 

—  esmar. 

Assay 

—  saggio. 

Alas 

—  lasso. 

Astonish 

—  ^tonner. 

Alembic 

—  lambicco. 

Atheling 

—  adelenc. 

Alert 

—  erto. 

Attach 

—  tacco. 

Allegiance 

—  lige. 

Attack 

—  tacco. 

Alligator 

—  lacerta. 

Attire 

—  tirer. 

Allow 

—  allodio,  allouer. 

Attorney 

—  torno. 

Alloy 

—  lega. 

Auburn 

—  halbran. 

Almond 

—  mandorla. 

Aumbry 

—  armoire. 

Alms 

—  limosina. 

Aunt 

—  tante. 

Ambassador 

—  ambasciata. 

Aunter 

—  avventura. 

Amber 

—  ambra. 

Avow 

—  voeu. 

Amble 

--  ambiare. 

Azure 

—  azzurro. 

Ambry 

—  armoire. 

Ambush 

—  bosco. 

B 

Amenable 

—  ammainare. 

.A^« 

Amuse 

—  muso. 

Babble 

—  babil. 

Ancestor 

—  ancetres. 

Babe  &c. 

—  babbeo,  bava 

Anchovy 

—  acciuga. 

Baboon 

—  babbuino. 

Ancient 

—  insegna. 

Bachelor 

—  baccalare. 

Andiron 

—  landier. 

Badger 

—  blaireau. 

Anguish 

—  angoscia. 

Baffle 

—  beffa. 

Anneal 

—  niello. 

Bait 

—  beter. 

Annoy 

—  noja. 

Balk 

—  balco. 

Anthem 

—  antienne. 

Ball 

—  balla,  ballare 

b-irtcX.\  (K^i^ ^'^^(f^-a^    I  ^^o^T^  ;  %Y(r^l 


BALLOON  —  BUDGET. 


469 


Balloon,  ballac 

—  balla,  ballare. 

Bleach 

—  bianco. 

Ballast 

—  lasto. 

Bleak 

—  bianco. 

Balluster,  banis- 

Blemish 

—  bleme. 

ter 

—  balaustro. 

Blink 

—  bianco. 

Banner 

—  banda. 

Blow 

—  buf. 

Barbican 

—  barbacane. 

Blue 

—  biavo. 

Bargain 

—  bargagno. 

Board 

—  borda. 

Barge 

—  barca. 

Boat 

—  batto. 

Baratry 

—  baratto. 

Boast 

—  bozza. 

Barnacles 

—  bornio. 

Bold 

—  baldo. 

Barouche 

—  biroccio. 

Bolster 

—  poltro. 

Barrel 

—  barra. 

Bolt 

—  bluter. 

Barrister 

—  barra. 

Bombazine 

—  bambagio. 

Barter 

—  baratto. 

Booty 

—  bottino. 

Barren 

—  bre'haigne. 

Borage 

—  borraggine. 

Basil 

—  bis. 

Borel 

—  bourreau. 

Basin 

—  bacino. 

Bottomry 

—  bomerie. 

Bastard 

—  basto. 

Bowel 

—  budello. 

Baste 

—  basta. 

Brace 

—  bressin. 

Bat 

—  bastone. 

Brag 

—  brague. 

Bat  (-horse) 

—  basto. 

Braid 

—  brete. 

Bate 

—  battere. 

Brase 

—  bragia. 

Batter 

—  battere. 

Brasier 

—  bragia. 

Battery 

—  battere. 

Brass 

—  bragia. 

Battle 

—  battere. 

Brawn 

—  brandone. 

Bawdekin 

—  baldacchino. 

Brazil 

—  brasile. 

Bawdrick 

—  baudre'. 

Breach 

—  br^che. 

Bawson 

—  balza. 

Break 

—  briser. 

Bay  (sbst.) 

—  baja. 

Breech 

—  braga. 

Bay  (adj.) 

—  bajo. 

Breeze 

—  briser,  brezza. 

Bay  (at  bay) 

—  bada. 

Brew 

—  bras. 

Bay  (vb.) 

—  bada. 

Brick 

—  briser. 

Bayonet 

—  baionnette. 

Bride 

—  bru. 

Beadle 

—  bidello. 

Bridle 

—  brida. 

Beak 

—  becco. 

Brim 

—  berme. 

Beaker 

—  bicchiere. 

Broach 

—  brocco. 

Beat 

—  battre. 

Brocade 

—  brocco. 

Beaver 

—  bevero. 

Broccoli 

—  brocco. 

Become 

—  avenant. 

Brock 

—  brocco. 

Bedel 

—  bidello. 

Brocket 

—  brocco. 

Bedizen 

—  badigeon. 

Broil 

—  broglio,bruciara 

Beefeater 

—  buf. 

Brooch 

—  brocco. 

Beer 

—  birra. 

Broth 

—  brodo. 

Beestings 

—  beter. 

Brothel 

—  borda. 

Believe 

—  ricredersi. 

Brown 

—  bruno. 

Belfry 

—  battifredo. 

Brown  (study) 

—  broncio. 

Bench 

—  banco. 

Broider 

—  bordo. 

Beverage 

—  breuvage. 

Browse 

—  broza. 

Bezant 

—  bisante. 

Bruise 

—  briser. 

Bezel 

—  bis. 

Brush 

—  broza. 

Bias 

—  biais. 

Buck 

—  bouc. 

Bier 

—  bara. 

Buck,  buck- 

Bitch 

—  biche. 

ashes  &c. 

—  bucato. 

Blade 

—  biado. 

Bucket 

—  bac. 

Blank 

—  bianco. 

Buckle 

—  boude. 

Blaze 

—  blasone. 

Buckram 

—  bucherame. 

Blazon 

—  blasone. 

Budget 

—  bolgia. 

470 

BUFFET  - 

—  COAST. 

Buffet 

—  buf.                         1 

Carriage 

—  carriera. 

Buffoou 

—  buf. 

Carrion 

—  carogna. 

Bulge 

—  bulto. 

Carvel 

—  caravelle. 

Bulk 

—  bulto. 

Case 

—  cassa. 

Bull 

—  bolla. 

Cash 

—  cassa. 

Bullet 

—  bolla. 

Cassock 

—  casacca. 

Bullion 

—  bolla. 

Cat 

—  gatto. 

Bulwark 

—  boulevard. 

Catch 

—  cacciare. 

Bun 

—  bugna. 

Cater 

—  accattare. 

Bundle 

—  benda. 

Caterpillar 

—  chenille. 

Bunion 

—  bugna. 

Cattle 

—  accattare. 

Bunt 

—  bupcna. 

Caudle 

—  bolla. 

Buoy 

—  boja. 

Causeway 

—  calzada. 

Burden 

—  bordone. 

Cavalcade 

—  cavallo. 

Burgeon 

—  bourgeon. 

Cavalier 

—  cavallo. 

Burgh 

—  borgo. 

Cavalry 

—  cavallo. 

Burine 

—  burino. 

Celery 

—  sedano. 

Burn 

—  bruno. 

Cemetery 

—  cimeterio. 

Burnish 

—  bruno. 

Centre  (vb.) 

—  centinare. 

Buskin 

—  borzacchino. 

Centric 

—  cimeterio. 

Buss 

—  busse. 

Chafe 

—  chauffer. 

Buss 

—  buz. 

Challenge 

—  chalonge. 

Bustard 

—  ottarda. 

Chamberlain 

—   camarlingo 

Butcher 

—  bouc. 

Chap 

—  chaupir. 

Butt 

—  bozza. 

Chapel,  chaplet 

—  cappa. 

Chapman 

—  chaupir. 

c. 

Chapter 

—  capitolo.' 

Chattels 

—  accattare. 

Cabbage 

—  cabus. 

Check 

—  scaeco. 

Cabin 

—  capanna. 

Cheer 

—  cara.l 

Cabinet 

—  capanna. 

Chemist 

—  alchimia. 

Caitiff 

—  cattivo. 

Chequer 

—  scaeco. 

Cajole 

—  gabbia. 

Cherry 

—  ciriegia. 

Caliver,  calliper —  calibro. 

Chess 

—  scaeco.' 

Cambric 

—  Cambrai 

Chief 

—  chef. 

Camlet 

—  cambellotto. 

Chimney 

—  caminata. 

Camous 

—  camuso. 

Chisel 

—  cincel. 

Camphor 

—  canfora. 

Chivalry 

—  cavallo. 

Canoe 

—  cane. 

Choose 

—  choisir. 

Cant 

—  canto. 

Chopine 

—  chapa. 

Canteen 

—  canto. 

Chough 

—  choc. 

Cantle 

—  canto. 

Chub 

—  chabot. 

Canton 

—  canto. 

Cider 

—  sidro. 

Canvas 

—  canape. 

Cipher 

—  cifra. 

Cape 

—  cappa. 

Civet 

—  zibetto. 

Caper 

—  cappero. 

Claim 

—  chiamare. 

Caper 

—  cabrer. 

Clarion 

—  clairon. 

Capstan 

—  cabestan. 

Clash 

—  chiasso. 

Captain 

—  capitano. 

Clear 

—  chiaro. 

Caraway 

—  carvi. 

Climb 

—  grimper. 

Carbine 

—  carabina. 

Clock 

—  cloche. 

Careen 

—  crena. 

Clod 

—  crotte. 

Career 

—  carriera. 

Close 

—  chiudere. 

Carmine 

—  carmesino. 

Clove 

—  chiodo. 

Carnival 

—  carnevale. 

Cluck 

—  chiocciare. 

Carob 

—  carrobo. 

Coach 

—  cocchio. 

Carouse 

—  trincare. 

Coast 

—  costa. 

/^k»-c^^'    -'•'' 


COAT  — 

.  DEFRAY. 

Coat 

—  cotta. 

Cream 

—  crema. 

Cochineal 

—  cocciniglia. 

Cress 

—  crescione. 

Cock 

—  cocca. 

Cricket 

—  criquet. 

Cock 

—  coq. 

Crimson 

—  carmesino. 

Cockade 

—  coq. 

Cripple 

—  groppo. 

Cockchafer 

—  hanneton. 

Crock 

—  cruche. 

Cockle 

—  coquelicot. 

Crop 

—  groppo. 

Cockney 

—  cuccagna. 

Crosier 

—  croccia. 

Cod 

—  cosse. 

Crotchet 

—  croccia. 

Coffee 

—  caffe. 

Crowd 

—  rote. 

Coffer 

—  cofano. 

Crupper 

—  groppo. 

Coffin 

—  cofano. 

Cruse,  cruskin 

—  crisuelo. 

Cog 

—  cocca. 

Crutch 

—  croccia. 

Coil 

—  cogliere. 

Cuckoo,  cuckold  —  cucco. 

Colander 

—  couler. 

Cue 

—  coda. 

Cole 

—  cavolo. 

Cullis 

—  couler. 

Combe 

—  combo. 

Culverin 

—  couleuvre. 

Comfort 

—  confortare. 

Cumber 

—  colmo. 

Commodore  (Pg. 

Cup 

—  coppa. 

capitao  mor) 

—  capitano. 

Cupola 

—  coppa. 

Companion 

—  compagno. 

Cure,  curate  &c 

.  —  cur  a. 

Comrade 

—  camerata. 

Curfew 

—  couvre-feu. 

Conduit 

—  docciare. 

Curlew 

—  corlieu. 

Coney- 

—  coniglio. 

Currant 

—  Corinthe. 

Constable 

—  contestabile. 

Curry 

—  redo. 

Contraband 

—  bando. 

Curtail 

—  tagliare. 

Contrive 

—  trovare. 

Curtain 

—  cortina. 

Control 

—  rotolo. 

Curvet 

—  corvetta. 

Coop 

—  coppa. 

Cushion 

—  coltrice. 

Cope 

—  cappa. 

Custom 

—  costuma. 

Copper 

—  cuivre. 

Copperas 

—  copparosa. 

D 

Cordwain 

—  cordovano. 

.X-'  • 

Cornelian 

—  corniola. 

Daffodil 

—  asphod^le. 

Corporal 

—  caporale. 

Dagger 

—  daga. 

Cost 

—  couter. 

Dais 

—  tas. 

Cosy- 

—   cheto. 

Damage 

—  dommage. 

Cotton 

—  cotone. 

Damask 

—  damasco. 

Count 

—  contare. 

Damsel,  dan 

—  donno. 

Count  (sbst.) 

—  conte. 

Damson 

—  damasco. 

Counterpane 

—  coltrice. 

Dandelion 

—  dent -de -lion 

Country- 

—  contrada. 

Dandle,  dandy 

—  dondolare. 

Courser 

—  coso. 

Dapper 

—  trape. 

Covenant 

—  convine. 

Darling 

—  dorelot. 

Covent 

—  convine. 

Darraign,  dar- 

Coverlet 

—  couvre-lit. 

reine 

—  desrener. 

Covet 

—  cupido. 

Date 

—  dattero. 

Covin 

—  convine. 

Daub 

—  addobbare. 

Coward 

—  codardo. 

Daunt 

—  duendo. 

Coy 

—  cheto. 

Dean 

—  doyen. 

Crag 

—  crau. 

Debauch 

—  bauche. 

Crane 

—  grone. 

Debt 

—  dette. 

Cranny 

—  cran,  carne. 

Decant 

—  canto. 

Crape 

—  crepe. 

Decay 

—  cadere. 

Crash 

—  e'craser. 

Decoy 

— 

Crawfish 

—  e'crevisse. 

Defalcate 

—  falcare. 

Crawl 

—  grouiller. 

Defray 

—  frais. 

471 


472 

DELAY  - 

-  FEES. 

Delay 

—  delai,  dileguare. 

Emerods 

—  he'morro'ides 

Deliver 

—  liverare. 

Emery 

—  smeriglio. 

Demean 

—  ammainare. 

Employ 

—  pieyare. 

Demesne 

—  domaine. 

Enamel 

—  smalto. 

Demure 

—  mur. 

Encroach 

—  croccia. 

Denizen 

—  ens. 

Endeavour 

—  devoir. 

Deploy 

—  piegare. 

Endow 

—  doner. 

Despatch 

—  de'pecher. 

Enhance 

—  anzi. 

Despite 

—  de'pit. 

Ensign 

—   insegna. 

Detach 

—  tacco. 

Entail 

—  taglia. 

Detail 

—  taglia. 

Entice 

—  tizzo. 

Deuce  (at  play) 

—  deux. 

Entire 

—  intero. 

Device,  devise 

—  diviso. 

Enure 

—  augurio. 

Diaper 

—  diaspro. 

Equerry 

—  scudo. 

Die 

—  dado. 

Equip 

—  schifo. 

Diet 

—  dieta. 

Ermine 

—  armellino. 

Disaster 

—  astro. 

Errant 

-  erre. 

Discard 

—  scartare. 

Escape 

—  scappare. 

Dismay 

—  smagare. 

Escheat 

—  cadere. 

Distrain,distress—  de'tresse. 

Eschew 

—  schivare. 

District 

—  de'tresse. 

Escort 

—  corgere. 

Ditty 

—  dechado. 

Escutcheon 

—  scudo. 

Dock 

—  docciare. 

Esil 

—  aisil. 

Dolt 

—  doudo. 

Esquire 

—  scudo. 

Dosel 

—  douille. 

Essay 

—  saggio. 

Dote,  dotard 

—  radoter. 

Essoin 

—  sogna. 

Douse 

—  docciare. 

Exchequer 

—  scacco. 

Dower,  dowager 

—  doner. 

Ewe 

—  ouaille. 

Down 

—  dun  a. 

Ewer 

—  eau. 

Drab 

—  drap. 

Eyre 

—  erre. 

Draff 

—  drague. 

Dregs 

—  drague. 

F. 

Drill 

—  traliccio. 

-*.  • 

Drink 

—  trinuare. 

Fail 

—  fallire. 

Droll 

—  drole. 

Fairy 

—  fata. 

Dross 

—  drague. 

Fallow 

—  falbo. 

Drove 

—  tropa. 

Faldstool 

—  faldistorio. 

Drug 

—  droga. 

Falter 

—  faltare. 

Drugget 

—  droguet. 

Fancy 

—  fantasie. 

Dub 

—  addobbare. 

Fardel 

—  fardo. 

Duke,  duchy  &c. 

—  duca. 

Farm 

—  ferme. 

Dungeon 

—  duna. 

Farrier 

—  ferro. 

Farthing 

—  ferlino. 

E. 

Farthingale 

—  verdugo. 

Fash 

—  fastio. 

Eager 

—  aigre. 

Fashion 

—  fa^on. 

Eagle 

—  aigle. 

Faulchion 

—  falcone. 

Ease 

—  agio. 

Fault 

—  falta. 

Ebb 

-   ebe. 

Fawn 

—  faon. 

Eglantine 

—  aiglent. 

Fay 

—  fata. 

Electuary 

—  lattovaro. 

Feat,  feature 

—  fattizio. 

Ell 

—  alna. 

Fee 

—  feo. 

Embarrass 

—  barra. 

Feeble 

—  fievole. 

Embassy 

—  ambasciata. 

Felt 

—  feltro. 

Embrocation 

—  brocca. 

Fennel 

—  finocchio. 

Embroider 

—  bordo. 

Ferret 

—  furon. 

Emerald 

—  smeraldo. 

Fers 

—  fierce. 

FESCUE  —  GRAIN. 


473 


Fescue 

Feud 

Feudal 

Fewterer 

Fiddle 

Fief 

Field 

Fife 

Filigree 

Fillet 

Filter 

Finch 

Fine  (sbst.) 

Fine  (adj.) 

Fitchet 

Flag 

Flail 

Flap 

Fleam 

Fleet 

Fletcher 

Flitch 

Flock 

Flounce 

Flour 

Flute 

Fodder 

Foil 

Foin 

Fold 

Fool 

Forage 

Foreign 

Forfeit 

Foumart 

Founder 

Foundry 

Frail 

Fray 

Freak 

Freebooter 

Freeze 

Fresh 

Frieze 

Fret 

Friar 

Frigate 

Fright 

Fringe 

Frippery 

Frock 

Fuel 

Fumitory 

Fund 

Funnel 

Fur 

Furbelow 


festuca. 

Furbish 

—  forbire. 

faide. 

Furmety. 

—  frumente'e. 

fio. 

Fustian 

—  fustagna. 

veltro. 

viola. 

G. 

fio. 

tala. 

Gabion 

—  gabbia. 

pipa. 

Gain 

—  guadagnare 

grano. 

Gaiter 

—  guetre. 

til. 

Galingal 

—  galanga. 

feltro. 

Galley 

—  galla. 

finco. 

"Gallimawfrey 

—  galimafre'e. 

finanza. 

Gallon 

—  jale. 

fino. 

Galloon 

—  gala. 

fissau. 

Galosh 

—  galoscia. 

fiacco. 

Gambison 

—  gambais. 

fle'au. 

Gamble,  gambo 

—  gamba. 

fiappo. 

Gammon 

—  gamba. 

fiama. 

Gander,  gannet 

—  ganta. 

flotta. 

Gangrene 

—  cangrana. 

freccia. 

Gaol 

—  gabbia. 

fleche. 

Garble 

—  garbillo. 

fiocco. 

Garden 

—  giardino. 

froncir. 

Gargle,  gargoil 

—  gargatta. 

fleur. 

Garland 

—  ghirlanda. 

flauto. 

Garment 

—  guarnire. 

fodero. 

Garner 

—  grenier. 

folle. 

Garnet 

—  grana. 

faint. 

Garnish 

—  guarnire. 

falda. 

Garret 

—  guarire. 

folle. 

Garrison 

—  guarnire. 

fodero. 

Garter 

—  jarra. 

fuora. 

Gaudy 

—  goda. 

forfare. 

Gauge 

—  j  auger. 

faina. 

Gauntree 

—  cantiere. 

fondo. 

Gauze 

—  gaza. 

fondere. 

Gavel 

—  gabella. 

frele. 

Gay 

—  gajo. 

fregare,  frayeur. 

Gazette 

—  gazzetta. 

fregare. 

Gibbet 

—  giubbetto. 

filibuster. 

Gilly- flower 

—  girofano. 

Gimmals 

—  jumeau. 

fresco. 

Ginger 

—  zenzovero. 

fregio. 

Gipser 

—  gibier. 

frette. 

Gizzard 

—  ge'sier. 

fraire. 

Glare,  glass 

—  glaire. 

fregata. 

Glean 

—  glaner. 

frayeur. 

Glove 

—  lua. 

frangia. 

Goal 

—  gaule. 

friper. 

Goblin 

—  gobelin. 

rocchetto. 

Gooseberry 

—  grosella. 

fuoco. 

Gore 

—  gherone. 

fummosterno. 

Gormandize 

—  gourmand. 

fondo. 

Gout 

—  gotta. 

fonil. 

Gown 

—  gonna. 

fodero. 

Graflf,  graft 

—  grefFe. 

falbala. 

Grain 

—  grana. 

474 


GRAMARY  —  JELLY. 


Gramary 

—  grimoire. 

Hawser 

—  alzare. 

Grant 

—  creanter. 

Hazard 

—  azzardo. 

Grate 

—  grada. 

Hearse 

—  herse. 

Grease 

—  gras. 

Hedge 

—  haie. 

Greet 

—  gridare. 

Heinous 

—  hair. 

Grill 

—  grada,  bruciare. 

Helm,  helmet 

—  elmo. 

Gripe 

—  griflfer. 

Henchman 

—  anca. 

Groan 

—  grugnire. 

Herald 

—  araldo. 

Groat 

—  grosso. 

Hermit 

—  ermo. 

Grocer 

—  grosso. 

Heron 

—  aghirone. 

Grogram 

—  grosgrain. 

Herring 

—  aringa. 

Group 

—  groppo. 

Hiccough 

—  hoquet. 

Grouse 

—  grigio. 

Hideous 

—  hide. 

Grudge 

—  gruger. 

Hilt 

—  elsa. 

Gruel 

—   gruau. 

Hoarding 

—  horde,  bagordo. 

Grumble  j 

—  grommeler. 

Hobby,  hobble 

—  hobino. 

Grunt 

—  grugnire. 

Hoist 

—  issare. 

Gudgeon 

—  goujon. 

Hook 

—  hoc. 

Guerdon 

—  guiderdone. 

Hornet 

—  frelon. 

Guild 

—  geldra. 

Hose 

—  uosa. 

Gulf 

—  golfo. 

Host 

—  hucher,  oste. 

Gull 

—  giallo. 

Hostage 

—  ostaggio. 

Gurgeons 

—  gruger. 

Housing 

—  housse. 

Gusset 

—  guscio. 

Howl 

—  urlare. 

Gutter 

—  gotta. 

Hulver 

—  houx. 

Hurly-burly 

—  charivari. 

H. 

Hurdle 

—  horde,  bagordo 

Hurricane 

—  uracano. 

Habergeon 

—  usbergo. 

Hurt,  hurtle 

—  urtare. 

Hack 

—  acciare. 

Hutch 

—  huche. 

Hack,  hackney 

—  haca. 

Halbert 

—  alabarda. 

I. 

Hale,  haul 

—  halar. 

Halm 

—  chaume. 

Imbrue 

—  breuvage. 

Halter 

—  usbergo. 

Imp 

—  ente. 

Hammock 

—  amaca. 

Impair 

—  empirer,  pire. 

Ha"mper 

—  anappo. 

Impeach 

—  empecher. 

Harass 

—  barer. 

Indite 

—  dec. 

Harbinger 

—  alb  ergo. 

Infantry 

—  fante. 

Harbour 

—  alb  ergo. 

Ingot 

—  lingot. 

Hardy 

—  ardire. 

Ink 

—  inchiostro. 

Harlequin 

—  arlecchino. 

Inveigle 

—  volere. 

Harlot 

—  arlotto. 

Invoice 

—  viso. 

Harness 

—  arnese. 

Issue 

—  uscire. 

Harold 

—  araldo. 

Harp,  harpoon 

—  arpa. 

J. 

Harridan 

—  haridelle. 

Harry 

—  barer. 

Jabber 

—  jabot. 

Hash 

—  acciare. 

Jack,  jacket 

—  giaca. 

Haste 

—  hate. 

Jail 

—  gabbia. 

Hatch 

—  acciare. 

Jar 

—  giara. 

Hate 

—  hair. 

Jargon 

—  gergo. 

Hauberk 

—  usbergo. 

Javelin 

—  giavelotto. 

Haunch 

—  anca. 

Jaw 

—  joue. 

Haunt 

—  banter. 

Jay 

—  gajo. 

Have 

—  haver. 

Jealous 

—  zelo. 

Haven 

—  havre. 

Jelly 

—  geler. 

JENNET  —  MARCHPANE. 

47 

Jennet 

—  ginete. 

Lick 

—  leccare. 

Jeopardy 

—  jeu  parti. 

Liege 

—  lige. 

Jerfalcou 

—  girfalco. 

Limb 

—  leme. 

Jessamine 

—  gesmino. 

Limbo 

—  lembo. 

Jet 

—  gettare. 

Limehound 

—  limier. 

Jewel 

—  godere. 

Limn 

—  enluminer. 

Jig 

—  giga-. 

Lineage 

—  linea. 

Joist 

—  giste. 

Linnet 

—  linot. 

Jolly 

—  giulivo. 

Lintel 

—  linde. 

Jostle 

—  giusta. 

Liquorice 

—  regolizia. 

Journey 

—  giorno. 

List 

—  lista. 

Joust 

—  giusta. 

Lists 

—  liccia. 

Juggle 

—  giocolaro. 

Litter 

—  lettiera. 

Julep 

—  giulebbe. 

Livery 

—  liverare. 

Junket 

—  giuncata. 

Lizard 

—  lacerta. 

Loadstone,  load 

- 

K. 

star 

—  locman. 

Loaf,  loafer 

—  gaglioffo. 

Kerchief 

—  couvre-chef. 

Lodge 

-  loggia. 

Kerseymere 

—  casimiro. 

Loin 

—  longe. 

Kettle 

—  cazza. 

Lorimer 

—  loire. 

Kickshaw 

—  quelque  chose. 

Lot 

—  lotto. 

Kitchen 

—  cucina. 

Lout 

—  lordo. 

Knife 

—  canif. 

Lovage 

—  levistico. 

Lozenge 

—  lusinga. 

L. 

Lumber 

—  lombard. 

Lurch 

—  lurcio. 

Label 

—  lambeau. 

Lure 

—  logoro. 

Lace 

—  laccio. 

Lute 

—  liuto. 

Lack 

—  lacca. 

Lutestring 

—  lustrino. 

Lackey 

—  lacayo. 

Lacquer 

—  lacca. 

M. 

Lake 

—  lacca. 

Lampoon 

—  rampa. 

Mace 

—  macco,  mazza 

Lamprey 

—  lampreda. 

Mackarel 

—  maquereau. 

Laniard,  lanner 

—  laniere. 

Mad 

—  matto. 

Lap,  lappet 

—  lambeau. 

Mail 

—  maglia. 

Lapis  lazuli 

—  azzurro. 

Maim 

—  magagna. 

Latch 

—  laccio. 

Maintain 

—  mantenere. 

Latten 

—  ottone. 

Malapert 

—  aperto. 

Launch 

—  lancia. 

Mall 

—  maglio. 

Laundry 

—  lavanderia. 

Mallard 

—  malart. 

Lavender 

—  lavanda. 

Malmsey     , 

—  malvasia. 

Law 

—  lague. 

Manage 

—  manear. 

Lay 

—  lai. 

Mandarin 

—  mandare. 

League 

—  lega. 

Mandrake 

—  mandragora. 

Lease 

—  lasciare. 

Mangle 

—  mangano. 

Leash 

—  laisse. 

Mangold 

—  manigoldo. 

Leaven 

—  levain. 

Mannekin 

—  mannequin. 

Lecher  &c. 

—  leccare. 

Manner 

—  maniero. 

Leden 

—  ladino. 

Manor 

—  mas. 

Lees 

—  lia. 

Mansion  , 

—  magione. 

Leisure 

—  loisir. 

Mantle 

—  manto. 

Lemon 

—  limone. 

Manure 

—  manoeuvre. 

Level 

—  libella. 

Mar 

—  marrir. 

Lever,  levy 

—  levare. 

March,  marquis 

—  marca. 

Leveret 

—  lievre. 

Marchpane 

—  marzapane. 

476 


MARKED  —  PALL. 


Market 

—  marche'. 

Moult 

—  muer. 

Marjoram 

—  mujarana. 

Mount 

—  avalange. 

Marl 

—  marne. 

Mourn 

—  morne. 

Marl,  marline 

—  merlin. 

Much 

—  mucho. 

Marmelade 

—  membrillo. 

Muff,  muflfle 

—  muff  are. 

Maroon 

—  cimarrao. 

Mull  ion 

—  mezzo. 

Marsh 

—  mare. 

Mummery 

—  momerie. 

Marshal 

—  mariscalco. 

Mur 

—  mormo. 

Marten,  martlet 

—  martora. 

Murder 

—  meurtre. 

Marvel 

—  maraviglia. 

Muscle 

—  moule. 

Mask 

—  maschera. 

Muse 

—  muso. 

Mason 

—  maQon. 

Mushroom 

—  mousse. 

Mass 

—  messa. 

Musket 

—  moschetto. 

Mastiff 

—  magione. 

Muslin 

—  mussolo. 

Mate    ( check  - 

Mustard 

—  mostarda. 

mate) 

—  matto. 

Muster 

—  mostrare. 

Matriculate 

—  marguillier. 

Mutiny 

—  meute. 

Mattrass 

—  materasso. 

Mutton 

—  montone. 

Maugre 

—  grado. 

Muzzle 

—  muso. 

Maund 

—  manne. 

Mystery 

—  mestiero. 

Meagre 

—  maigre. 

Mead 

—  mes. 

N. 

Meddle,  medley 

—  mischiare. 

Medlar 

—  mespilo. 

Nag 

—  haca. 

Megrim 

—  magrana. 

Necromancy 

—  negromante,  gri 

Menial 

—  magione. 

Nias 

—  nido.          [moire 

Mention 

—  mentare. 

Nice 

—  nescio. 

Merchant 

—  marche. 

Nightmare 

—  cauchemar. 

Mercy 

—  mercfe. 

Nowel,  newel 

—  noyau. 

Mere 

—  mare. 

Nuisance 

—  nuire,  nuocere. 

Mesh 

—  maschera. 

Nutmeg 

—  mugue. 

Mess 

—  mets. 

Messuage 

—  magione. 

0. 

Mew,  mews 

—  muer. 

Mew  (bird) 

—  mouette. 

Onion 

—  oignon. 

Mien 

—  mine. 

Ointment 

—  oindre. 

Mile 

—  miglio. 

Ordeal 

—  ordalie. 

Milt 

—  milzsa. 

Ordure 

—  ordo. 

Minion 

—  mignon. 

Oriole 

—  loriot. 

Minish 

—  minuzzare. 

Osprey 

—  orfraie. 

Minstrel 

—  mestiero. 

Oss 

—  oser. 

Minuet,  minute 

—  minuzzare. 

Ostler 

—  oste. 

Mirror 

—  miroir. 

Ostrich 

—  struzzo. 

Mischance 

—  me'chance. 

Otter 

—  lontra. 

Mischief 

—  menoscabo. 

Ounce 

—  lonza. 

Miscreant 

—  ricredersi. 

Oust 

—  oter. 

Mitten 

—  mezzo. 

Owl 

—  urlare. 

Mizen 

—  mezzo. 

Moat 

—  motta. 

P. 

Mock 

—  moquer. 

Mohair 

—  moire. 

Pace 

—  passo. 

Moist 

—  moscio. 

Paddle 

—  pattuglia. 

Mole 

—  mulot. 

Pail 

—  poele. 

Moor 

—  amarrar. 

Paint 

—  peindre. 

Morocco 

—  marrochino. 

Palaver 

—  parola. 

Morsel 

—  morceau. 

Palfrey 

—  palafreno. 

Mote 

—  motta. 

Pall 

—  palio. 

PALLET  — 

-  PKOWESS. 

Pallet 

—  paglia. 

Pioneer 

—  pedone. 

Palsy,  palasye 

—  paralysie. 

Pip 

—  pipita. 

Pane,  panel 

—  pan 

Piston 

—  pestare. 

Pannier 

—  paniere. 

Pit 

—  pozzo. 

Pansy 

—  pense'e. 

Pitcher     , 

—  bicchiere. 

Pantry 

—  pain,  pane. 

Pittance 

—  pietanza. 

Parade 

—  parare. 

Plaice 

—  plie. 

Paramount 

—  avalange. 

Plantain 

—  llanten. 

Parchment! 

—  parchemin. 

Plaster 

—  piastra. 

Pare 

—  parare. 

Platoon 

—  pillotta. 

Parish 

—  parrocchia. 

Plea,  plead 

—  piato. 

Parley,  parlia- 

Please 

—  plaisir. 

ment 

—  parola. 

Pledge 

—  plevir. 

Parlour 

—  parola. 

Plover 

—  pipa. 

Parrot 

—  parrocchetta. 

Plough 

—  aratro. 

Parry 

—  parare. 

Pluck 

—  piluccare. 

Parsley 

—  petrosellino. 

Plunder 

—  sacco. 

Parsnep 

—  pastinaca. 

Plunge 

—  piombare. 

Partisan 

—  partigiana. 

Plush 

—  peluche. 

Partridge 

—  perdice. 

Ply 

—  piegare. 

Pastern 

—  pastoja. 

Pocket 

—  poche. 

Patrol 

—  pattuglia. 

Poise 

—  peso. 

Paunch 

—  pancia. 

Poke 

—  poche. 

Pavilion 

—  padiglione. 

Policy    (docu- 

Pawn 

—  pan. 

ment) 

—  polizza. 

Pawn 

—  pedoue. 

Poltroon 

• —  poltro. 

Pay 

—  pagare. 

Pomander,  po- 

Peach 

—  persica. 

matum 

—  pomo. 

Pearl 

—  perla. 

Pompion 

—  pepone. 

Peasant 

—  paese. 

Popinjay 

—  pappagallo 

Pedestal 

—  piedestallo. 

Poppy 

—  pavot. 

Peel 

—  poele. 

Porcupine 

—  porce'pic. 

Peewit 

—  upupa. 

Porpoise 

—  marsouin. 

Pellet,  pelt 

—  pillotta. 

Portcullis 

—  couler. 

Pell-mell 

—  pele-mele. 

Postern 

—  poterne. 

Pelice,  pilch 

—  pelliccia. 

Posy 

—  pense'e. 

Pencil 

—  pinceau. 

Potatoe 

—  patata. 

Penthouse 

—  pente. 

Poultry 

—  poule. 

Peony 

—  pivoine. 

Pounce 

—  punzar. 

People 

—  peuple. 

Pounce 

—  ponce. 

Perform 

—  fornire. 

Pound 

—  pan. 

Periwig 

—  piluccare. 

Powder 

—  poudre. 

Pester 

—  pastoja. 

Power 

—  pouvoir. 

Petrel 

—  petto. 

Praise 

—  pregio. 

Petronel 

—  petto. 

Pray 

—  pregare. 

Petty 

—  pito. 

Preach 

—  precher. 

Pew 

—  poggio. 

Prentice 

—  apprendre. 

Pewter 

—  peltro. 

Press  (-  money, 

Pick 

—  becco. 

-gang) 

—  presto. 

Pierce 

—  pertugiare. 

Priest 

—  prete. 

Pilgrim 

—  pellegrino. 

Prim,  prime 

—  primo. 

Pill,  pillage 

—  pigliare. 

Print 

—  imprenta. 

Pillory 

—  pilori. 

Profile 

—  profilare. 

Pin 

—  spillo. 

Provender 

—  prebenda. 

Pinch 

—  pizza. 

Provost 

—  prevosto. 

Pinnace 

—  pinaccia. 

Prow 

—  prua. 

Pinnacle 

—  penna. 

Prowess 

—  pro. 

477 


478 

PROWL  — 

-  ROCKET. 

Prowl 

—  proie. 

Ransom 

—  randon. 

Proxy  (procura 

- 

Rape 

—  rappare. 

cy) 

—  procurare. 

Rappee 

—  raspare. 

Prude 

—  pro. 

Rascal 

—  raca. 

Pucker 

—  poche» 

Rase,  raze 

—  rasare. 

Pudding 

—  bonder. 

Rash 

—  rascar. 

Puddle 

—  pattuglia. 

Rattle 

—  r^ler. 

Puisne 

—  puis  -ne. 

Rave,  ravel 

—  reve. 

Pule 

—  piauler. 

Ray 

—  raggio. 

Pull,  pulley 

—  poulier. 

Raze 

—  rasare. 

Pummel 

—  pomo. 

Ready 

—  redo. 

Pump 

—  bomba. 

Realm 

—  reame. 

Pumpkin 

—  pepone. 

Ream 

—  risma. 

Punch 

—  punzar. 

Rear 

—  retro. 

Punch 

—  pulcinella. 

Rebuff 

—  buf. 

Puny 

—  puis-n^. 

Rebuke 

—  buquer. 

Purchase 

—  cacciare. 

Rebut 

—  raboter. 

Purfle 

—  profilare. 

Recreant 

—  ricredersi. 

Purl 

—  profilare. 

Recruit 

—  recru. 

Purloin 

—  pourloigner. 

Redoubt 

—  ridotto. 

Purse 

—  borsa. 

Reef 

—  arrecife. 

Purslain 

—  portulaca. 

Refrain 

—  refreindre(refrin 

Pursue 

—  poursuivre. 

Rein 

—  redina.      [gere). 

Purvey 

—  pourvoir. 

Reindeer 

—  rangifero. 

Push 

—  pulsar. 

Release 

—  lasciare. 

Putty 

—  pote'e  (pot). 

Relish 

—  leccare. 

Remember 

—  membrare. 

Q. 

Rennet 

—  reinette. 

Rent 

—  rendere. 

Quail 

—  quaglia. 

Repair 

—  repairer. 

Quaint 

—  conto. 

Replevin 

—  plevir. 

Quarantine 

—  quarentaine. 

Reply 

—  piegare. 

Quarrel 

—  querelle. 

Reprisal 

—  ripresaglia. 

Quarrel 

—  quadro. 

Reproach 

—  reprocher. 

Quarry 

—  quadro. 

Reprove 

—  provare. 

Quay 

—  cayo. 

Requite 

—  cheto. 

Queer 

—  guercio. 

Rescue 

—  scuotere. 

Quibble 

—  quolibet. 

Respite 

—  re'pit. 

Quince 

—  cotogna. 

Restive 

—  restio. 

Quinsy 

—  squinanzia. 

Restrain 

—  restreindre(strin- 

Quire 

—  cahier. 

Ret 

—  rouir.         [gere). 

Quit,  quite,  quit 

- 

Retail 

—  stallo. 

tance 

—  cheto. 

Retrieve 

—  trovare. 

Quiver 

—  couire. 

Rhubarb 

—  rabarbaro. 

Riband,  ribbon 

—  ruban. 

R. 

Rice 

—  riso. 

Rickets 

—  rachitis. 

Race 

—  razza,  rasse. 

Rifle 

—  riffa. 

Racket 

—  racchetta. 

Ring 

—  aringo. 

Raffle,  raff 

—  raffare. 

Rinse 

—  rincer. 

Rail  (vb.) 

—  raler. 

Risk 

—  risicare. 

Rally 

—  rallier. 

Rivet 

—  river. 

Rampart 

—  parare. 

Roam 

—  romeo. 

Rampion 

—  raperonzo. 

Roast 

—  rostire. 

Random 

—  randon. 

Rob 

—  roba. 

Rank,  range 

—  rang. 

Rochet 

—  rocchetto. 

Ransack 

—  sacco. 

Rocket 

—  rocca,  ruca. 

ROLL  — 

SOLACE. 

Roll 

—  rotolo. 

Sear 

—  sauro. 

Ronyon 

—  rogna. 

Search 

—  cercare. 

Rook 

—  freux. 

Season 

—  stagione. 

Rose 

—  ros ,  rosa. 

Second  (sbst.) 

—  minuto. 

Rosemary 

—  ramarino. 

Sedge 

—  sescha. 

Rot 

—  rouir. 

See  (sbst.) 

—  sie'ge. 

Rote 

—  rota. 

Seisin,  seize 

—  sagire. 

Rowel 

—  rota. 

Semolina 

—  semola. 

Ruby 

—  rubino. 

Seneschal 

—  siniscalco. 

Ruflf,  ruffle 

—  ruffare. 

Sepoy 

—  cipaye. 

Rule 

—  regola. 

Seraglio 

—  serrare. 

Rusk 

—  ruche. 

Sergeant 

—  sirvente. 

Sever 

—  se'parer. 

s. 

Sexton 

—  sacristain. 

Shagreen 

—  chagrin. 

Sable 

—  zibellino. 

Shallop 

—  chaloupe. 

Saffron 

—  zafferano. 

Shallot 

—  scalogno. 

Sage 

—  saggio. 

Shammy 

—  camozza. 

Sage 

—  sauge. 

Shank 

—  zanca. 

Salet 

—  celata. 

Share 

— •  schiera. 

Samite 

—  sciamito. 

Shawl 

—  chaie. 

Sap 

—  seve. 

Shawm 

—  chalumeau 

Sarcenet 

—  sargia. 

Sheet 

—  scotta. 

Sarsaparilla 

—  salsapariglia. 

Shell 

—  scaglia. 

Sash 

—  cassa. 

Sherbet 

—  sorbetto. 

Saunter 

—  Sainte  Terre. 

Shilling 

—  scellino. 

Sausage 

—  salsa. 

Ship 

—  schifo. 

Savage 

—  salvaggio. 

Shock 

—  ciocco. 

Save 

—  salvo. 

Shop 

—  e'choppe. 

Saw 

—  scier. 

Shore 

—  e'core. 

Scaffold 

—  catafalco. 

Shy 

—  schivare. 

Scald 

—  scaldaja. 

Sill 

—  suolo. 

Scale 

—  scaglia. 

Simnel 

—  semola. 

Scamp,  scampei 

'  —  campo. 

Sir 

—  signore. 

Scantling 

—  echantillon. 

Sirup 

—  siroppo. 

Scaramouch 

—  scaramuccia. 

Skate 

—  echasse. 

Scarce 

—  scarso. 

Sketch 

—  schizzo. 

Scarf 

—  sciarpa. 

Skiff 

—  schifo. 

Scarlet 

—  scarlatto. 

Skipper 

—  schifo. 

Scion 

—  scier. 

Skirmish 

—  schermo. 

Scimitar 

—  scimitarra. 

Skirret 

—  chirivia. 

Scorn 

—  scherno. 

Slander 

—  landra. 

Scot 

—  scotto. 

Slap 

—  schiaffo. 

Scour 

—  sgurare. 

Slave 

—  schiavo. 

Scourge 

—  scuriada. 

Slight 

—  schietto. 

Scout 

—  ascoltare. 

Sling 

—  slinga. 

Scrap 

—  sciarpa. 

Sloop 

—  chaloupe. 

Scrape 

—  scaraffare,escra- 

Sluice 

—  esclusa. 

Scratch 

—  grattare.       [per. 

Slut 

—  salavo. 

Screen 

—  e'er  an. 

Smelt 

—  smalto. 

Screw 

—  e'crou. 

Sniff 

—  niffa. 

Scrip 

—  sciarpa. 

Snipe 

—  sgneppa. 

Scullery 

—  e'cuelle. 

Snuffle 

—  niffa. 

Scullion 

—  e'cuelle. 

Soar 

—  sauro. 

Scum 

—  schiuma. 

Soil 

—  souil. 

Scurf,  scurvy 

—  scorbuto. 

Sojourn 

—  giorno. 

Scuttle 

—  e'coutille. 

Solace 

—  sollazzo. 

479 


480 

SOLDER  — 

-  TOMPION. 

Solder 

—  soldo. 

Stuflf 

—  s  toff  a. 

Soldier 

—  soldo. 

Sturgeon 

—  storione. 

Sole 

—  suolo. 

Suck 

—  suco. 

Soot 

—  suie. 

Sudden 

—  soudain. 

Sorrel 

—  sur. 

Suet 

—  sevo. 

Sot 

—  zote. 

Sugar 

—  zucchero. 

Sound 

—  sonda. 

Suit 

—  suite. 

Sour 

—  sur. 

Sully 

—  souil. 

Souse 

—  salsa. 

Summerset 

—  sobresault. 

Span 

—  spanna. 

Summon 

—  semondre. 

Spare 

—  sparagnare. 

Sumpter 

—  salma. 

Sparrow 

• —  esprohon,  spara- 

Surfeit 

—  surfait. 

[viere. 

Surge 

—  sourdre. 

Sparrow-grass 

> 

Surgeon 

—  surgia. 

sperage 

—  asparago  ,       as- 
perge. 

Surplice 

—  pelliccia. 

Spavin 

—  spavenio. 

T. 

Spell 

—  e'peler. 

Spice 

—  spezie. 

Tabour,  tabret 

—  tamburo. 

Spill 

—  spillo. 

Tack,  take 

—  tacco. 

Spinach 

—  spinace. 

Tailor 

—  taglia. 

Spite 

—  de'pit. 

Tallage,  tally 

—  taglia. 

Sprout 

—  brote. 

Tambour,  tam- 

Spur 

—  sperone. 

bourine 

—  tamburo. 

Spy 

—  spiare. 

Tammy 

—  tamigio. 

Squad,  squadron —  quadro. 

Tampion 

—  tape. 

Square 

—  quadro. 

Tank 

—  stancare. 

Squire 

—  scudo. 

Tansy 

—  tanaceto. 

Squirrel 

—  scojattolo. 

Tap 

—  tape. 

Stallion 

—  stallo. 

Target  &c. 

—  targa. 

Stanch 

—  stancare. 

Tarnish 

—  terne. 

Standard 

—  stendardo. 

Tart 

—  torta. 

Stannary 

—  stagno. 

Task 

—  tS,che. 

Staple , 

—  e'tape. 

Tassel 

—  tassello. 

Starboard 

—  stribord. 

Taste 

— ■ tastare. 

Starling 

—  starna. 

Taunt 

—  tencer. 

Starve 

—  negare. 

Tawny 

—  tan. 

Stencil 

—  e'tincelle. 

Tea 

—  t^. 

Stew 

—  stufa. 

Tear 

—  tirer. 

Stickle 

—  charpie. 

Tench 

—  tanche. 

Stint 

—  stentare. 

Tent 

—  tenda. 

Stirrup 

—  estribo. 

Tester 

—  testa. 

Stop 

—  toppo. 

Tetter 

—  dartre. 

Store 

—  estorer. 

Thick 

—  tecchire. 

Stoup 

—  stovigli. 

Thrall 

—  drille. 

Stout 

—  estout. 

Throssel,  thrush 

• —  trale. 

Stove 

—  stufa. 

Thunder 

—  tonnerre. 

Stover 

—  estovoir. 

Tick 

—  taie,  zecca 

Strait 

—  estrac,  e'troit. 

Tier 

—  tiere. 

Strange 

—  stranio. 

Tile 

—  tegola. 

Strap 

—  strappolo. 

Timbrel 

—  ataballo. 

Stray 

—  estrayer. 

Tin 

—  stagno. 

Street 

—  strada. 

Tinsel 

—  etincelle. 

Stretch 

—  straccarc. 

Tinder 

—  tondre. 

Strive 

—  estribo. 

Tobacco 

—  tabacco. 

Strop 

—  stroppolo. 

Toilette 

—  toile,  tela. 

Stubble 

—  stoppia. 

Tompion 

—  tape. 

TOP  —  WOAD. 


481 


Top 

—  toppo. 

Van 

— vanno. 

Tortoise 

—  tartaruga. 

Vantage 

—  anzi. 

Tourney,  tourn  a 

- 

Varnish 

—  vernice. 

ment 

—  torno. 

Vault 

—  volta. 

Tow  (vb.) 

—  touer. 

Vaunt 

—  vantare. 

Tow  (sbst.) 

—  stoppa. 

Veal 

—  veau. 

Towel 

—  tovaglia. 

Vellum 

—  veau. 

Town 

—  duna. 

Velvet 

—  velours. 

Track 

—  trac. 

Venison 

—  venaison. 

Trail 

—  traille. 

Venture 

—  avventura. 

Traitor 

—  tradire. 

Verdigris 

—  ve»t-de-gris 

Trammel 

—  tramaglio. 

Vial 

—  phiole. 

Trance 

—  transit©. 

Village ,  villain 

—  villa. 

Travail,  travel 

—  travaglio. 

Vinegar 

—  vinaigre. 

Trawl 

—  troler. 

Viol,  violin 

—  viola. 

Treachery 

—  tradire. 

Viper 

—  givre. 

Treacle 

—  theriaca. 

Visor 

—  visiere. 

Treason 

—  tradire. 

Void 

—  vide. 

Treasure 

—  tre'sor. 

Volley 

—  vole'e. 

Treat,  treaty 

—  trattare. 

Vouch,  vow 

—  voeu. 

Trefoil 

—  trifoglio. 

Trellis 

—  treille. 

w. 

Trench 

—  trencar. 

»  T     • 

Tress 

—  treccia. 

Wad 

—  ovata. 

Trestle 

—  tre'teau. 

Wade 

—  guado. 

Tribulation 

—  trebbia. 

Wafer 

—  gaufre. 

Trick 

—  treccare. 

Wage,  wager 

—  gaggio. 

Troll 

—  troler. 

Waif 

—  gaif. 

Troop 

—  tropa. 

Wait 

—  guatare. 

Trough 

—  truogo. 

Walk 

—  gualcare. 

Truce 

—  tregua. 

Walnut 

—  gauge. 

Truck 

—  trocar. 

War 

—  guerra. 

Truss 

—  torciare. 

Ward,  ware 

—  guardare. 

Try 

—  trier. 

Warn 

—  guarnire. 

Tuck 

—  stocco. 

Warrant 

—  guarento. 

Tuff,  tuft 

—  touffe,  toppo. 

Warren 

—  garenne. 

Tulip 

—  tulipano. 

Wasp 

—  guepe. 

Tumble,  tumbre 

—  tombolare. 

Waste 

—  guastare. 

Tun 

—  tona. 

Wastel 

—  gateau. 

Tunn 

—  tona. 

Watch 

—  guatare. 

Turban 

—  tulipano. 

Wave 

—  vague. 

Turn 

—  torno. 

Waymenting 

— 

Turtle 

—  tartaruga. 

(Chauc.) 

—  gaimenter. 

Turtle  (-dove) 

—  tourterelle. 

Weak 

—  gauche. 

Welcome 

—  wile  come. 

u. 

Welsh 

—  gauge. 

Wend 

—  gandir. 

Umber,  umbrage 

; —  ombre,  ombrage. 

Werewolf 

—  loup-garou. 

Umpire 

—  non  pair. 

Wicket 

—  guichet. 

Uncle 

—  oncle. 

Wide,  Avidow 

—  vide. 

Urchin 

—  riccio. 

Wile 

—  guile. 

Usher 

—  uscio. 

Wimble 

—  vilebrequin. 

Wimple 

—  guimple. 

V. 

Wincl,  windlass 

—  ghindare. 

Window 

—  ventana. 

Valance 

—  avalange. 

Wizard 

—  guiscart. 

Van 

—  anzi. 

Woad 

—  guado. 

DIEZ,    UOMANCE    DICT. 

31 

V 


482 


—  ^^n^ci'-i^ 


WOE  —  ZERO. 


Woe 

Woodcock 

Wren 

Writhe 

Wrong 


Yelk 
Yellow 


—  giiai. 

—  vitecoq. 

—  guaragno. 

—  rider. 

—  torto. 

Y. 

—  moyeu. 

—  giallo. 


Yelp 
Yew 
Yule 


Zany 

Zeal 

Zero 


—  glapir. 

—  iva. 

—  giulivo. 

z. 

—  zanni. 

—  zelo. 

—  cifra. 


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y  '^y: 


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