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ETOLUTION 

1927-38 


AMNH  LIBRARY 


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FOR  THE  PEOPLE 

FOK  EDVCATION 

FOP.SCIENCE 


LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM 

OF 

NATURAL  HISTORY 


"l!l°3  ■uoi>|30is    ^^^^ 

usoNiamnw 


Number  4 


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March,  1928    ^O^fTS)*^ 


10  Cents 


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tlon     Publishing     Corp., 
Fifth    Avenue.    New    York. 


A  JOURNAL  OF  NATURE 


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Courtesy  of  American  Museum  of  Nalu  rut  History 

1.  Primitive  Primate 

2.  Prototypal  Anthropoid 

3.  Primitive  Antliropoid 

4.  Trinil  Man 

5.  Piltdown   Man 

6.  Heidelbeig  Man 


1 . 

Neanderthal   Man 

8. 

Cro-Magnon    Man 

9. 

Australian   Blaoktellow 

10. 

Hottentot 

11. 

Chinese 

12. 

American 

A.     Gorilla,  Africa 
B.     Chimpanzee,  Africa 
(.'.     Orang-utang,   Borneo 
D.     Gibbon.    India 


^ 


/-     ^     -/     X 


^ 


FAMILY     TREE     OF      MAN 

By   Wm.    K.   Giesory 


^  .- 


/  /  / 


■^- 


/ 


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Pack  Two 


EVOLUTION 

The  Maze  of  Species 

By  Hensiiaw  Ward 


March,  1928 


THERE  is  one  simple  reason  why  a  non-scientist  may 
find  it  hard  to  believe  the  evolution  theory:  he 
knows  nothing  about  the  infinite  number  of  variations 
within  the  species  of  plants  and  animals.  He  supposes 
that  a  "species"  of  animal  is  a  fixed,  clean-cut  depart- 
ment of  life  which  can  always  be  identified;  he  sup- 
poses that  the  difference  between  an  animal  and  a  plant 
is  a  definite  and  impassable  barrier;  he  supposes  that  a 
"species"  of  plant  is  a  peculiar  sort  of  organism  which 
a  botanist  can  always  recognize. 

But  the  truth  is  just  the  opposite:  it  is  difficult  to  draw 
a  dividing  line  between  plants  and  animals;  most  spe- 
cies have  variant  forms  that  link  them  with  other  spe- 
cies; within  every  widely-distributed  species  there  are 
endless  variations.  The  biologist  has  to  believe  in  evo- 
lution because  he  finds  that  every  flourishing  family  of 
organisms  is  a  maze  of  interlaced  forms  which  would 
be  a  disorderly  nightmare  if  it  were  not  for  an  evolu- 
tion tlieory. 

I  will  present  some  illustrations  from  botany.* 

How  many  kinds  of  mosses  have  you  ever  heard  of? 
If  we  had  never  seen  but  ten  kinds,  we  could  rest  with 
the  supposition  that  they  were  originally  created  so; 
but  when  we  learn  that  there  are  sixteen  thousand  spe- 
cies of  these  inconspicuous  growths  and  that  the  more 
common  of  the  species  have  varieties  that  grade  off  in- 
sensibly into  varieties  of  other  species,  then  we  can  not 
be  content  with  any  such  guess  at  the  cause.  The  more 
a  botanist  becomes  familiar  with  the  countless  varieties 
of  plants,  the  more  certain  he  feels  that  he  is  dealing  with 
some  sort  of  continuous  growth  of  the  whole  system  of 
organisms.  A  few  dozen  different  ferns  would  never 
have  excited  a  Wallace  or  a  Darwin  to  cudgel  his  brains 
for  an  interpretation  of  nature:  but  the  four  thousand 
five  hundred  species  that  botanists  now  know  might  well 
cause  an  inquisitive  mind  to  lie  awake  at  night. 

There  are  about  one  hundred  thousand  species  of  this 
lower  division  of  plants.  Of  the  higher  division,  the 
flowering  plants,  there  are  more  than  one  hundred  and 
thirty  thousand  species.  Some  of  the  items  that  make  up 
the  total  are  five  thousand  grasses,  one  thousand  palms, 
two  thousand  lillies.  seven  thousand  orchids,  one  thou- 
sand two  hundred  cactuses. 

More  significant  than  mere  numbers  is  the  way  in 
which  plants  unlike  in  appearance  are  found  to  be  alike 
in  their  anatomy  and  way  of  growing,  so  that  kinds  which 
are  very  dissimilar  in  all  outward  appearance  are  found 
to  have  inwardly  a  decided  family  resemblance.  Thus 
elm  trees,  fig  trees,  nettles  and  hops  are  found  to  have 
such  similarity  in  their  flowers  that  they  belong  together. 
The  figs  include  such  apparently  unlike  plants  as  the 
rubber  tree,  the  banyan  and  a  vine-like  parasite.     In  an- 


*  Taken  from  Evolution  for  John  Doe,  Pages  24-26. 


other  great  group  the  botanists  have  been  obliged  to  lump 
together  geraniums,  flax,  oranges,  mahogany  and  castor 
beans,  because  they  are  similar  in  their  ways  of  propa- 
gating. The  scientists  have  no  desire  to  do  queer  things; 
they  would  much  prefer  to  say  that  rubber  trees  and 
milk- weeds  are  alike  because  of  their  milky  sap;  simpli- 
city has  always  been  their  aim.  But  nature  has  made  it 
impossible  for  them  to  find  any  simple  way  of  classifying. 
It  is  as  if  she  had  strung  the  most  diverse  forms  on  one 
thread  of  structure,  and  had  then  so  looped  and  tangled 
the  thread  that  the  botanists  are  taxed  to  their  wits'  ends 
to  straighten  it  out  in  anything  like  orderly  sequence. 
Wlien  a  man  has  labored  for  thirty  years  at  this  effort 
to  untangle  related  forms,  he  comes  to  think  of  plant 
life  as  a  labyrinth,  and  he  demands  a  clue.  What  will 
guide  him?  His  work  would  be  easier  if  he  could  dis- 
cover that  all  the  crisscrossing  forms  were  originally 
created  as  distinct  kinds  of  organisms,  but  the  opposite 
conviction  is  continually  thrust  upon  him — namely,  that 
all  plant  life  has  forever  been  altering  in  character,  put- 
ting out  changes  here,  there  and  everywhere. 

The  puzzle  would  not  amount  to  much  if  a  species  were 
always  a  species — if,  for  example,  a  certain  kind  of  pine 
tree  were  everywhere  the  same.  But  within  any  species 
there  may  be  endless  variations,  some  of  them  amounting 
to  striking  differences. 

An  illustration  is  a  certain  small  grass  growing  com- 
monly in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  Draha  verna. 
When  samples  of  this  are  gathered  from  different  parts 
of  the  world,  it  is  found  that  there  are  many  distinct 
types — no  less  than  two  hundred  have  been  counted,  each 
of  which  will  breed  true  from  seed.  Each  of  these  types, 
the  so-called  "varieties",  might  be  called  a  species.  Any 
naturalist  who  cares  to  cultivate  the  varieties  can  breed 
new  ones;  he  can,  as  it  were,  watch  the  plant  branching 
out  into  new  forms.  A  botanist  in  Amsterdam  once 
counted  seven  hundred  varieties  of  hyacinths.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  American  florists  have  caused  fifty  species  of 
irises  to  branch  out  into  one  thousand  five  hundred  dis- 
tinct varieties,  that  they  have  developed  as  many  forms 
of  roses,  and  that  there  have  been  produced  in  the  gar- 
dens of  the  world  no  less  than  eight  thousand  varieties 
of  roses.  The  great  Dutch  botanist  De  Vries  says  of 
hawkweed : 

"Thousands  of  forms  may  be  cultivated  side  by  side 
in  botanical  gardens,  exhibiting  undoubted  differentiat- 
ing features,  and  reproducing  themselves  truly  by  seed." 

What  shall  a  naturalist  conclude  after  he  has  spent 
studious  decades  in  watching  these  ceaseless  fluctuations 
of  countless  forms  of  plant  life?  What  shall  he  think 
when  he  takes  stock  of  this  medley  of  life,  this  un- 
mapped chaos  of  contradictions  and  relationships?  He 
has  no  chart  or  compass  until  he  adopts  the  evolution 
theory;  with  it  he  can  always  steer  a  course. 


The  earth  has  her   boundaries,  but  human   stupidity 
has  no  limits. — Gustave  Flaubert. 


Logical  consequences  are  the  scare-crows  of  fools  and 
the  beacons  of  wise  men. — Thos.  Huxley. 


March.  1928 


EVOLUTION 


Page  Thrke 


Thomas  H.  Huxley  and  Peter  Kropotkin 


By  Alexander  Goldenweiser 


THE  advent  of  evolution  was  like  the  explosion  of  a 
bombshell  in  a  hostile  camp.  The  adherents  of  the 
doctrine  of  the  immutability  of  species,  the  representa- 
tives of  orthodox  theology,  all  those — among  scientists, 
laymen  and  clergy  alike — who  had  vested  interests  in 
these  doctrines,  were  up  in  arms.  Once  more  dogma  and 
complacency  were  shaken  unto  their  very  foundations. 

In  an  emergency  such  as  this  courage,  energy  and  en- 
thusiasm were  needed  to  take  up  the  cudgels  for  the  new- 
doctrine.  These  qualities  were  possessed  to  a  remark- 
able degree  by  Thomas  H.i 
Huxley,  eminent  biologist  in 
liis  own  right,  friend  of 
Charles  Darwin  and  Her- 
bert Spencer.  He  took  up 
the  fight  where  Darwin  had 
left  it.  Eminent  divines  and 
silver  tongued  prime  minis- 
ters like  Gladstone  presentlv 
found  their  biblical  quota- 
lions  and  oratorical  fire- 
Ijrands  countered  by  uncom- 
promising facts  from  the 
biological  laboratory  butt- 
ressed by  logical  rigor. 
Huxley  was  a  fighter.  What 
Darwin  had  done  in  his 
Descent  of  Man  with  cau- 
tion and  timidity,  Huxlev 
did  in  his  Mans  Place  In 
Nature,  an  outspoken  and 
merciless  pamphlet,  in 
which  he  brought  together 
the  evidence  of  comparati\e 
anatomy,  embryology  and 
physiology,  to  the  eflfect  that 
man  was  but  the  last  link 
in    the    animal    chain,    that 

the  differences  between  man  and  the  anthropoid  apes — 
the  gorilla,  chimpanzee,  orang-utang  and  gibbon — were 
slighter  than  those  separating  the  anthropoids  from  the 
monkeys.  There  was  no  gainsaying  these  carefullv  mar- 
shalled facts.  In  his  Darwinian  essays,  given  as  lectures 
to  groups  of  workingmcn.  Huxley  was  spreading  the  new 
doctrine  among  the  wider  groups  of  the  semi-educated. 

At  the  fighting  front  caution  is  thrown  aside  and  limit- 
ing "huts"  and  "ifs"  are  easilv  forgotten.  This  hap- 
pened in  the  case  of  evolution.  The  doctrine  of  natural 
selection  as  sponsored  by  Huxley,  assumed  the  character 
of  a  struggle  to  the  death  in  nature,  a  struggle  of  tooth 
and  claw,  in  which  the  weaker  perished  and  the  victors 


survived  over  the  dismembered  bodies  of  their  victims. 
Darwin  had  never  intended  to  emphasize  the  struggle 
element  to  such  an  extent,  especially  not  the  feature  of 
its  ferocity.  But  the  picture  drawn  by  Huxley  had  dra- 
matic appeal  and  it  was  taken  up  by  less  scrupulous 
popularizers  who  distorted  it  still  further.  From  that 
time  on  the  biologically  inspired  doctrine  of  struggle, 
in  which  the  weak  perished  and  power  conquered,  ex- 
ercised a  sinister  influence  on  sociological  and  political 
thought — as.   for   example,   in  the  doctrines  of  Cumpto- 

wics  and  his  disciple  Ralz- 
enhofer,  the  Austrian  socio- 
logists. The  struggle  of  men 
and  nations  for  survival,  for 
conquest,  was  but  a  sequel 
of  that  vaster  struggle  al- 
ways carried  on  in  nature 
in  the  form  of  natural  selec- 
tion. 

This  exaggeration  of  the 
Darwinian  theory  was  coun- 
tered by  Peter  Kropotkin. 
anarchist,  geologist  and  am- 
ateur biologist,  in  his  fas- 
cinating book  Mutual  Aid 
in  Evolution.  In  die  pages 
of  this  remarkably  detailed 
and  erudite  study,  Kropot- 
kin pointed  out  that  the  other 
factor  in  biological  prog- 
ress, a  factor  lost  sight  of 
in  the  Darwin-Huxley  the- 
ory, was  co-operation,  mut- 
ual aid.  Through  co-opera- 
tion weaker  animals  such  as 
wild  horses,  asses  and  goats, 
managed  to  survive  and 
multiply  in  the  face  of  the 
depredations  of  their  more  powerful  preying  foes.  Kro- 
potkin also  made  the  important  point  that  the  "struggle"' 
was  not  so  much  between  species  and  species,  as  it  was 
of  animals  against  nature,  physical  environment,  cliniale. 
and  that  it  was  in  this  latter  kind  of  struggle  that  the  fit- 
ter survived.  Not  satisfied  with  having  demonstrated  ihe 
importance  of  mutual  aid  in  the  animal  kingdom,  Kro- 
potkin carried  his  researches  further  into  the  field  of 
primitive  society  and  thence  to  the  cities  of  medie\al 
Europe  and  modern  workers'  co-operatives.  Kropotkin's 
well  documented  and  brilliant  book  serves  as  a  necessarv 
counter-poise  to  the  one  sided  distortions  of  the  original 
Darwinian  doctrine. 


Thomas  H.   Huxlev 


■'The  only  question  which  any  wise  man  can  ask  himself,  and 
wliich  any  honest  man  will  a?k  himself,  is  whether  a  doctriru- 
is  true  or  false." — Tliomas  Huxley. 

«        *        « 

■"Whatever  happens,  science  may  bide  her  time  in  patience  and 
in   confidence." — Tliomas   Huxley. 


"Thoughtful  men.  once  escaped  from  the  blinding  influences 
of  traditional  prejudice,  will  find  in  the  lowly  stock  whence  Man 
has  sprung  the  best  evidence  of  the  splendor  of  his  capacities; 
and  will  discern  in  his  long  progress  through  the  Past  a  reason- 
able ground  of  faith  in  his  attainment  of  a  nobler  Future." — 
Thomas  Huxley. 


Pace  Four 


EVOLUTION 


March,  1928 


How  Man  Differs  From  The  Ape 


By  Bernhard  J.  Stern 
II.    PSYCHOLOGICALLY 


<<  A  RE  apes  and  monkeys  our  poor  relatives?"'  asked 

*■•  Doctor  R.  R.  Marett,  the  English  anthropologist 
in  a  recent  lecture.  His  answer:  "I  think  myself  that  it 
would  be  snobbery  to  deny  it." 

It  has  been  a  common  feature  of  such  snobbery  to  glo- 
rify man  and  his  abilities  and  achievements  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  anthropoids.  Various  unique  abilities  and 
powers  have  been  attributed  to  man  that  are  also  present 
among  our  poor  relatives.  And  when  one  reads  Koeh- 
ler"s  The  Mentality  of  Apes  and  Yerke's  Almost  Human 
one  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  these  relatives  are  not 
as  poor  as  we  have  thought  them  to  be. 

For  example  one  hears  repeatedly  that  "man  is  the 
only  tool-using  animal''.  Anyone  that  knows  anything 
at  all  about  the  behavior  of  the  apes  will  deny  this.  Put 
some  bananas  beyond  the  reach  of  a  chimpanzee  and 
have  a  stick  in  the  vincinity  and  you  will  observe  how 
quickly  the  bananas  will  disappear  in  the  stomach  of  the 
animal.  The  ape  will  use  a  box,  a  pole,  even  the  back  of 
a  man  to  get  some  coveted  bananas  that  are  too  high  for 
him  to  reach.  He  also  uses  straws  and  twigs  for  spoons 
and  for  catching  ants. 

"But,"  says  the  reader  who  has  been  raised  in  the  con- 
ceit that  he  alone  can  use  tools,  "Is  not  man  the  only 
tool  making  animal?"  Not  even  that  is  man's  unique 
ability.  Koehler  indicates  effectively  how  the  ape  too 
creates  tools.  The  outstanding  instance  is  that  when  an 
ape  broke  off  a  branch  of  a  bush  and  used  it  to  obtain 
his  food.  No  more  can  we  use  that  dramatic  but  hack- 
neyed opening  sentence  of  the  legend  of  man  "That 
moment  when  our  primitive  forefather  broke  a  brancli 
from  a  tree  and  made  it  into  a  club  he  became  human." 

There  are  wide  psychological  implications  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  the  tool  described  "above.     It  dispels  another 


of  the  unique  powers  attributed  to  man — that  of  abstract 
thinking.  For  to  perceive  tlie  possibilities  of  a  stick  in 
a  bush  is  to  distinguish  between  a  part  and  a  whole  which 
is  an  advanced  type  of  abstract  thought.  And  of  course, 
the  use  of  tools  of  any  sort  implies  purposeful  thinking, 
that  is,  directing  behavior  for  a  certain  end. 

Memory  is  another  of  man's  supposed  attributes  which 
the  ape  is  thought  not  to  possess.  But  this  too  is  in- 
correct. Careful  observation  and  experiment  has  proven 
that  the  ape  does  remember  and  even  associates  uncon- 
nected objects,  as  for  example  where  a  stick  was  put 
twelve  hours  previously  in  order  that  he  might  get  some 
bananas  outside  his  reach  that  are  particularly  tempting 
to  him  at  the  moment. 

The  greatest  and  most  popular  conceit  of  man  in  re- 
gard to  the  apes  is  man's  idea  that  the  ape  apes  him. 
Apes  do  not  ape  anything  they  do  not  understand  or  com- 
prehend. When  a  man  makes  a  fool  of  himself  before 
the  ape's  cage  at  the  zoo,  he  is  deceiving  himself  if  he 
thinks  that  the  ape  is  performing  any  antics  that  he 
would  not  do  were  the  man  not  there.  The  acts  which 
were  thought  to  be  an  imitation  of  man  are  performed 
by  apes  who  have  never  encountered  a  Homo  Sap. 

What  then  is  the  distinguishing  feature  between  man 
and  the  ape?  It  is  the  fact  that  man  has  an  articulate 
language.  The  ape  has  this  only  in  a  very  rudimentary 
form.  Learned  recognized  thirty-two  sounds  or  elements 
of  speech  relating  to  food,  drink,  to  other  animals  and 
persons.  But  man's  well  developed  articulate  language 
which  is  itself  a  learned  trait,  has  enabled  him  to  trans- 
mit and  accumulate  knowledge  from  generation  to  gen- 
eration. Through  it  he  has  been  able  to  build  a  culture 
which  has  enabled  him  to  transform  his  environment 
and  which  in  turn  transforms  him. 


"Is  This   Me?" 


By  GicoRt-E  A.  DoRSEY 


SEX  is  biologic;  it  has  a  natural  history — like  the  bones 
of  our  body,  or  the  cells  of  our  brain.  Civilization 
is  quite  another  affair — human  history  writ  large.  Man 
can  mould,  change,  alter,  destroy  civilization,  but  sex  and 
human  nature  are  in  the  blood,  part  of  our  natural 
inheritance.  To  understand  ourselves  and  our  civiliza- 
tion, we  must  know  that  civilization  has  come  to  be  what 
it  is  because  we  are  what  we  are.    What  are  we? 

Man  is  not  what  he  thought  he  was.  His  own  dog? 
bark  at  him.  Like  the  old  woman  who  woke  up  in  the 
market-place  and  found  her  petticoat  cut  off  to  her  knees, 
he  asks:  Is  this  me,  or  isn't  it?     And  if  not,  who  am  I? 

Men  and  women  make  Man.  The  Psalmist  exclaimed 
in  awe:  "Lord,  what  is  Man?"  "Lord,  what  is  Man  not?" 
asks  Hewlett  scornfully.  Neither  attitude  gets  us  any- 
where.    Nor  did  our  calm  complacency  of  a  few  years 


ago.  We  even  boasted  of  our  power  over  Nature.  We 
did  not  know  that  it  was  loaded.  That  "power"  burst — 
filling  our  body  with  shrapnel,  befogging  our  mind  with 
the  fumes  of  poison  gas. 

Reaction:  nations  demand  new  bombers;  Man.  neu' 
remedies — the  old  ones  have  lost  their  kick.  Both  de- 
mands are  met:  new  explosives,  new  prescriptions.  Some 
would  prescribe  for  human  nature  as  if  it  were  a  dis- 
ease, to  be  cured  in  six  weeks  with  six  bottles,  or  with 
a  new  set  of  glands! 

Is  that  it?  Is  it  Man's  nature  that  is  ailing?  But 
to  cure  it — six  weeks?  In  60,000  years,  possibly.  If 
the  past  is  any  guide,  Man  can  no  more  "cure"  his  nature 
than  he  can  pull  himself  up  by  his  bootstraps. 

Perhaps  Nature  will  cure  him.  Perhaps.  But  not 
soon — Nature  takes  her  time.     She  allowed  the  Elephant 


March,  1928 


EVOLUTION 


Page  Five 


two  million  years  to  lose  one  tusk,  the  Horse  a  million 
years  to  lose  one  toe.  She  gave  Man  five  million  years 
to  lose  his  tail;  we  carry  around  five  bones  of  it  yet. 
A  half-million  years  ago  she  stood  Man  on  two  feet; 
our  bodies  are  not  yet  adjusted  to  an  upright  gait. 

It  is  curious  that  Man  trusts  his  voice  to  the  telephone 
and  his  family  to  the  motor  car,  while  he  still  clings, 
like  the  poet's  vine  to  the  moudering  wall,  to  his  ancient 
notions  about  his  own  nature.  It  was  more  than  200 
years  after  Man  knew  that  the  earth  revolves  once  every 
twenty-four  hours,  that  he  discovered  his  own  blood  com- 
pletes its  circuit  every  twenty-three  seconds.  He  can  pre- 
dict comets,  but  not  wars,  famines,  or  elections.  He 
knows  his  Ford's  viscera  better  than  he  knows  his  own. 
He  rears  calves  more  intelligently  than  he  raises  chil- 
dren. He  does  not  know  why  he  suffers  from  rupture 
or  drops  dead  of  heart-failure:  or  that  he  has  hare-lip 
because  there  were  Sharks  in  his  ancestry,  and  cleft  palate 
because  he  is  of  the  line  of  Amphibia  and  Reptiles. 

East  is  East  and  West  is  Europe,  said  Kipling,  there- 
by insinuating  grave  error.  But  had  he  said  that  Susie 
O'Grady  and  the  Chinese  lady  are  sisters  under  the  skin. 


he  w-ould  have  served  truth.  What  we  should  like  to 
know  is:  why  is  their  skin  different?  Or  why  an  East, 
or  a  Chinese  lady — or  women  at  all?  And  if  Man's 
nature  is  incurable,  are  his  habits?  Or  is  Man  the  onlv 
dog  that  cannot  learn  new  tricks,  the  only  machine  that 
defies  law,  the  only  animal  that  cannot  be  understood? 

What  are  we?  Before  we  can  answer  that  question  we 
must  know  something  of  our  physical  body:  what  it  is, 
where  it  comes  from,  who  made  it,  what  it  is  good  for. 
what  is  its  upkeep.  Why  so  many  sizes  and  colors;  will 
the  color  fade;  is  one  color,  size,  or  sex  better  than  an- 
other? Why  do  so  many  fail  before  they  are  used  up, 
v.hy  do  they  wear  out  at  all?  Is  it  coming  or  going, 
is  there  likely  to  be  a  new  model  out  soon,  and  will  it  be 
better  (and  if  so,  in  what  respect),  or  cheaper? 

When  we  know  this  body  of  ours  we  begin  to  know- 
what  we  are — and  that  will  help  us  to  understand  whv 
Man  made  culture  and  why  we  call  our  culture  Civiliza- 
tion and  think  it  pretty  good.  It  will  also  help  us  to 
understand  why  the  old  lady  who  lost  her  petticoat  in 
the  market-place  got  frightened  when  she  discovered  she 
had  legs — and  whv  her  dog  barked  at  her. 


X-Rays   Stimulate  Variation 


Beloiv  we  reprint  from  "Science"  of  January  21th. 
1928,  an  abstract  of  the  paper  by  Dr.  H.  J.  Muller  of  the 
University  of  Te.-cas  presented  before  the  Joint  Genetic 
Sections  of  ih-e  American  Society  of  Zoologists  and  the 
Botanical  Society  of  America,  at  their  Nashville  meeting. 
Awarded  the  American  Association  Prize  of  one  thousand 
dollars  for  the  most  notable  contribution  to  the  advance- 
ment of  Science.  We  hope  to  have  a  less  technical  presen- 
tation of  this  tremendously  important  subject  soon. 

"The  Effects  of  X-Radiation  on  Genes  and 
Chromosomes"    (Abstract) 

THIS  paper  reported  the  author's  experiments  of  the 
past  fifteen  months  on  the  hereditary  effects  of  X- 
rays  applied  to  the  fruit  fly,  Drosophila  melanogaster. 
By  means  of  special  courses,  the  discrimination  of  muta- 
tions in  individual  genes  from  genetic  recombinations  of 
various  sorts  (due  to  segregation,  non-disjunction,  etc.), 
was  facilitated,  and  lethal  as  well  as  visible  changes  were 
rendered  detectable.  Results  in  the  second  and  later  gen- 
erations, based  on  several  thousand  cultures,  showed  that 
gene  mutations  had  occurred  in  the  most  heavily  treated 
germ  cells  at  about  150  times  the  frequency  of  those  in 
the  controls,  derived  from  the  same  source,  while  in  germ 
cells  less  heavily  treated  the  result  was  intermediate. 
Germ  cells  in  all  stages  studied  were  susceptible  to  the 
effect:  these  included  oogonia.  ova,  spermatozoa  shortlv 
before  fertilization,  and  spermatozoa  when  rayed  either 
in  the  male  or  in  the  female  receptacles  six  or  more 
days  prior  to  fertilization. 
"  The  induced  mutations  resembled   spontaneous  ones, 

inasmuch  as:    (1)    The  great  majority  were   lethal;    of 
the  rest  most,  but  not  all,  reduced  viability  or  fertility- 

(2)  Recessives  greatly  outnumbered  definite  dominants. 

(3)  Many  of  the  visible  effects  were  relatively   incon- 
spicuous.    (4)  Though  "new"  mutations  were  somewhat 


more  frequent,  there  were  also  numerous  repetitions  of 
familiar  mutations.  (5)  All  regions  of  the  chromatin 
were  affected,  but  the  induced  mutations  were  more  dense- 
ly distributed  in  those  regions  of  the  linkage  map  in 
which  more  spontaneous  mutations  have  occurred. 
(6)  Multiple  allelomorphism  occurred.  (7)  So  also  did 
reverse  mutation  of  genes  already  mutant  when  treated. 
Tlie  two  latter  facts  argue  against  the  effects  always  be- 
ing complete  losses  or  inactivations.  (8)  Though  point- 
mutations  were  the  rule,  there  was  an  occasional  "line- 
mutation"  involving  a  row  of  neighboring  genes,  as  if 
by  an  electron  that  had  passed  parallel  to  the  chronio- 
nema.  (9)  The  vast  majority  of  the  treated  genes,  both 
mutant  and  normal-seeming,  remained  stable  in  their 
inheritance  throughout  succeeding  generations,  though 
at  least  one  case  of  an  "eversporting"  condition  arose. 

Evidence  was  secured  (by  making  use  of  non-disjunc- 
tion) that  only  one  of  the  two  identical  genes,  or  allelo- 
morphs, present  in  a  diploid  cell,  is  caused  to  mutate  at 
a  time.  The  effect  on  a  given  gene,  in  a  haploid  germ 
cell,  is  "fractional,"  in  that  only  a  fraction  of  the  re- 
sulting embryo  will  receive  mutant  gene  material,  the 
remainder  being  of  normal  gene  content.  Since  there  is 
no  evidence  of  an  indiscriminate  intermingling  of  the 
mutant  and  normal  tissues  thereby  arising,  it  becomes 
unlikely  that  the  gene  is  compounded  of  many  inter- 
changeable members.  This  is  also  evidenced  by  the 
stability  of  treated  genes  in  heredity. 

Besides  gene  mutations,  frequent  rearrangements  of 
gene  order — involving  inversions,  translocations',  dupli- 
cations, etc.,  of  chromosome  sections — were  found,  by 
genetic  evidence,  to  be  produced  by  X-rays.  These  pro- 
vided information  concerning  various  questions.  For 
example,  cytological  verification  of  two  such  cases  yield- 
ed direct  evidence  for  the  physical  validity  of  the  link- 
age maps  and  of  the  corollary  theory  of  crossing-over. 


Pace  Six 


EVOLUTION 


March,  1928 


Spheric  Mirror  Shows  Human-Ape 

Relationship 


By  a.  L.  Herrera 


j^>  / 


THE  study  of  the  distortion  of  natural  objects  as  re- 
flected by  a  spheric  mirror  is  instructive.  It  ex- 
aggerates details  of  structure  and  form  in  such  a  way 
that  insignificant  differences  are  remarkably  accentuated, 
and  discovers  the  reciprocal  relations  of  organic  forms, 
their  common  and  differential  characters.  It  confirm? 
many  of  the  presumptions  of  the  theory  of  evolution  and 
discloses  some  important  facts  of  morphogeny.  In  some 
cases  it  even  allows  us  to  foresee  the  results  of  artificial 
selection  and  cross-breeding. 

In  a  spheric  mirror,  the  nearer  the  object  is,  the  big- 
ger is  the  image.  The  size  of  whatever  is  farther  away 
from  the  mirror  is  aparently  reduced.  Thus  a  kangaroo 
iiiav  acquire  the  normal  aspect  of  a  mammal  having  four 
legs  of  the  same  size.  If  its  head  and  fore-limbs  point 
toward  the  mirror  its  long  hind-legs  are  apparently  short- 
ened. And  thus  the  size  of  an  ibis'  beak  whose  base 
is  held  toward  a  curved  mirror  diminishes  so  that  it  as- 
sumes the  shape  of  the  normal  bill  of  a  small  bird. 

It  is  a  plain  and  practical  manner  of  demonstrating  the 
old  law  of  Geoffrev  de  St.  Hilaire,  or  organic  compen- 
sation. 

As  shown  in  the  drawings  (Figure  1)  the  orang- 
outang's skull  (a)  reflected  in  a  spheric  mirror  (a  glass 
of  liquid  air),  with  its  maxillar  region  as  far  as  possible 
from  the  reflecting  surface,  assumes  (b)  the  aspect  of  a 
brachicephal  human  skull.  The  maxillar  region  could 
not  be  shown  satisfactorily  in  the  drawing,  but  any  one 
can  try  the  experiment  and  see  that  the  maxillary  and 
dental  prognatism  disappears  completely. 

Figure  (d)  shows  a  normal  human  skull  placed  before 
the  mirror  so  that  the  facial  and  maxillar  regions  may 
appear  larger.  The  result  (c)  is  worth  notice.  It  be- 
comes the  image  of  an  ape's  skull.  Compare  it  with 
(e),  the  Gorilla  skull.     Note  its  big  oblique  orbits,  very 


narrow  forehead,  well  marked  maxillar  and  dental  prog- 
natism, and  bent  back  chin.  It  looks  very  much  like 
the  skulls  of  fossil  men;  its  general  aspect  is  beastly 
and  very  far  from  human. 

We  can  see  here  how  the  development  of  the  occipital 
part  and  of  the  vault  of  the  cranium  in  human  skulls 
reduces,  bv  organic  compensation,  the  facial  and  maxil- 


lar  parts.  This  even  indicates  that  supeiincn  will  have 
an  enormous  cranial  vault  and  atrophied  maxillaries. 

The  second  figure  is  a  chimpanzee's  head  modelled  in 
wax.  It  seems  human  as  reflected  by  the  mirror. 
(Figure  2). 

This  demonstrates  that  the  gap  between  man  and  ape 
is  small,  and  that  a  mere  compensation  of  growth  in 
certain  directions  is  sufficient  to  bridge  it. 


March,  1928 


EVOLUTION 


Page  Seven 


Evolution  and  the  New  Perspective  of 

Life  Purposes 


By  Harky  Elmer  Barnes 


THE  evolutionary  conception  and  the  new  cosmology 
are  as  disruptive  of  the  accepted  views  of  man  as 
they  are  of  the  older  theological  attitude  towards  God. 
According  to  the  accepted  biblical  theory,  man  was  a 
theological  entity  and  not  a  unit  of  bio-chemical  be- 
havior. He  was  important  chiefly  as  the  custodian  of 
an  immortal  soul,  for  which  his  fleshly  being  served 
merely  as  the  temporary  envelope  pending  the  earthly 
experiment  which  determined  the  destiny  of  each  indi- 
vidual soul.  In  the  more  optimistic  passages  of  Holy 
Writ  man  was  defined  as  only  a  little  lower  than  the 
angels,  while  in  the  more  abject  strains  he  was  viewed 
as  but  a  worm  of  the  dust. 

The  scientific  facts  reveal  man  as 
Jieither  a  worm  nor  an  angel  with 
pruned  wings.  He  is  the  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  simian  group  and  therefore 
the  dominant  element  for  the  time  be- 
ing in  the  aniinal  kingdom.  This  view 
of  man  as  an  animal  has  been  extreme- 
ly repellant  to  many  of  the  more  pious 
and  conventional  brethren,  but  there  is 
little  rational  ground  for  such  an  at- 
titude, once  it  is  understood  what  one 
really  means  by  this.  When  one 
views  the  situation  in  a  scientific  and 
common  sense  attitude,  he  recognizes 
that  the  animal  kingdom  represents  the 
highest  order  of  life  on  the  planet; 
that  is,  the  highest  level  of  develop- 
ment known  to  man.  Therefore,  to  be 
the  temporary  leader  of  the  animal 
world  is  the  highest  form  of  achieve- 
ment to  which  man  could  possiblv  pre- 
tend and  this  title  is  the  superlative 
praise  which  can  possibly  be  bestowed  upon  him. 

Further,  not  only  is  the  conception  that  man  is  an 
animal  a  demonstrated  fact  in  no  way  humiliating  to 
the  human  race;  it  also  has  much  more  practical  sig- 
nificance. If  it  were  known  to  be  true  that  we  are 
slightly  mitigated  angels,  this  would  afford  no  clue 
to  the  study  of  mankind,  because  no  one  lias  seen  an 
angel  and  we  possess  no  knowledge  of  the  personal 
traits  and  behavior  patterns  of  the  angelic  host.  On 
the  other  hand,  once  we  come  to  recognize  the  fact  that 
man  is  an  animal  we  immediately  have  the  rich  fielil 
of  comparative  anatomy,  physiology  and  psychology  l<> 
draw  upon  and  from  which  to  build  a  solid  approach 
to  the  study  of  human  nature  and  behavior.  These 
branches  of  science  reveal  man  as  a  super-simian,  and 
the  study  of  simian  psychology,  as  summarized  in  such 
books  as  those  by  Kohts,  Koehler  and  Yerkes,  affords 
more  in  the  way  of  a  key  to  human  behavior  than  all 
tlie  hooks  on  theology  ever  compiled  from  the  days  of 


primitive  folklore  to  the  most  abstruse  apologetic  man- 
ual of  a  contemporary  professor  of  systematic  theology. 
Even  a  humorous  and  avowedly  trivial  little  book  like 
Clarence  Day's  "This  Simian  World"  will  tell  one  more 
relevant  and  cogent  things  about  human  nature  than 
all  the  ponderous  tomes  of  an  Aquinas  or  the  collected 
sermons  of  a  dozen  Moodys  or  Spurgeons. 

The  implications  of  the  above  for  sociology  and  ethics 
are  very  great  and  far-reaching  indeed.  It  comes  down 
to  this,  namely,  that  the  type  of  behavior  and  institu- 
tions which  are  best  suited  to  advance  human  happi- 
ness and  efficiency  must  be  sought  and  constructed  in 
conformity  with  the  need  of  a  species 
ot  super-simians  inhabiting  diverse 
types  of  geographic  environment. 

The    implications    of    contemporary 
iistro-physical  discoveries,  together  with 
tlie    parallel    progress    of    research    in 
biology  and  anthropology,  have  neces- 
sitated a  complete  revolution  in  the  ac- 
cepted  views    of    the   purpose    of   life. 
This  earth  can  no  longer  be  regarded 
as  a  temporary  training-camp,  prepara- 
tory   for    life   in    the    New    Jerusalem, 
rather,  it  can  be  rationally  regarded  at 
l)resent  in  no  other  way  than  as  a  place 
in  which  a  man  should  make  himself  as 
happy   as   possible   during    his   tempo- 
rary   existence  here   upon   earth.      Not 
only  must  the  objectives  of  human  life 
be  reduced  to  a  secular  plane,  but  we 
must  now  definitely  enunciate  and  de- 
tend  "the  right  to  be  happy."    To   be 
ill  re,  we  may  concede  at  the  outset  that 
happiness  need  not  be   identified  with 
the  tastes  and  achievements  of  Casanova,  Fatty  Arbuckle 
or  the  "Old  Soak,"  though  they  may  be  as  safe  and  de- 
sirable guides  as  Calvin   or  Immanuel  Kant.  We  must 
formulate  a  conception  of  happiness  which  will  be  suf- 
ficiently comprehensive  and  well-grounded.    Perhaps,  as 
a  statement  of  general  principles,  we  can  do  no  better 
than  to  revert  to  the  one  great  previous  effort  to  formu- 
late ethical   principles  on  secular  foundations,  namely, 
the  ethics  of  the  Greeks,  and  particularly  to  Aristotle's 
conception  of  virtue  as  the  "happy  mean."  But  we  can  go 
further  than  the  Greeks  in  transforming  this  generalized 
formula  into  terms  of  concrete  guidance  through  our  pres- 
ent day  knowledge  of  biology,  psychology  and  sociology. 


Hakky  Elmer  Barnes 


"Tyro  MAN  ever  had  eyes  less  hampered  and  more  assisted  by 
liis  mind  than  Alexis  De  Tocqueville;  born  in  an  age 
which  buzzed  witli  theories,  he  could  nevertheless  see  what  he 
li.okcd  at:  he  believed  what  he  saw  in  a  day  when  most  people 
only   ?aw  what  they  believed." — From   The  Villager. 


Page  Eight 


EVOLUTION 


March.   1928 


EUOLUT(ON 

A  Journal  of  Nature 

To    combat    i^t^uii y    and    superstition    and 

develop    the    open    mind    by    popularizing 

natural  science 


Published    monthly    by 
Evolution   Publishing   Corporation 

96  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Telephone:  Watkins  7587 

L.  E.  Katterfeld, 

Managing  Editor 


Subscription    rate:    One   dollar   per  year 

In  lists  of  five  or  more,  fifty  cents 

Single    copy    10c;    20    or    more    5c    each 

Application   as   second   class   mail   pending 
at  Post  Office  in   New  York,   N.    Y, 

NUMBER  4  MARCH,  1928 


PUSSY-FOOTING 

In  the  report  of  Austin  H.  Clark,  News 
Manager  of  the  recent  Nashville  congress 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  we  find  the  follow- 
ing illuminating  observation: 

"Certain  aspects  of  science  in  the  recent 
past  have  given  rise  in  Tennessee  to  a 
considerable  amount  of  controversy,  and 
it  might  have  been  expected  that  at  this 
meeting  the  local  papers  would  seize  the 
opportunity  of  reviving  the  discussion. 
Nothing  of  the  sort  occurred.  On  the  con- 
trary, the  local  papers  handled  a  delicate 
situation  in  such  a  masterly  way  as  to 
give  a  new  broader  meaning  to  the  phrases 
of  southern  courtesy  and  southern  hospi- 
tality." 

A  year's  free  subscription  will  be  given 
as  a  prize  to  any  reader  proposing  a  better 
name  for  this  than   "Pussy-footing." 

BELOW  THE   BELT 

John  Roach  Straton,  fundamentalist 
preacher,  achieves  notoriety  no  matter 
where  he  orates.  Just  now  he  is  reported 
to  have  "struck  another  vigorous  blow  at 
evolution"  in   San  Jose,  California. 

And  of  what  consisteth  this  "vigorous 
blow"?  Hath  the  Reverend  Doctor  con- 
ducted experiments  or  observations  to  dis- 
prove any  one  of  the  myriad  items  of  evi- 
dence for  evolution  accumulated  through 
the  painstaking  labor  of  legions  of  scien- 
ticts  all  over  the  world?  Listen  to  the 
Great   Divine: 

"Consider  Hickman.  What  did  Hickman 
study  in  school?  Did  he  study  the  Bible? 
No,  he  studied   evolution." 

Of  course,  'if  Hickman  had  studied 
evolution  it  would  prove  exactly  nothing 
at  all  in  this  connection.  But  the  fact 
happens  to  be  that  Hickman  was  very  re- 
ligious, saw  the  "will  of  God'  in  all  that 
he  did,  and  prayed  constantly  to  get  out 
of  trouble. 

From  here  it  looks  like  this  John  Roach 
follower  of  the  lowly  Nazarene  is  hitting 
below   the    belt. 


CONFIDENTIAL    QUESTIONNAIRE 

The  following  questionnaire  has  been 
sent  to  every  College  and  University  Presi- 
dent with  the  notation  that  "answers  are 
for  compilation  only  and  will  be  held  in 
strict  confidence.  If  you  wish  to  comment 
for  publication,  please  use  separate  sheet. 
Kindly  return  before  March  25th.  so  that 
we  can  compile  the  answers  for  our  April 
issue." 

1.  Is  evolution  taught  in  your  institu- 
tion? 

2.  Is  it  taught  as  fact,  or  as  mere 
theory? 

3.  Do  YOU  consider  evolution  a  fact? 

4.  Should  teaching  evolution  be  pro- 
hibited by  law? 

5.  Shall  we  send  our  magazine.  Evo- 
lution,  to   your  library   regularly? 

Enough  answers  have  already  been  re- 
ceived to  assure  that  the  compilation  will 
be  most  interesting  and  instructive.  It  will 
be  made  a  feature  in  the  April  number  of 
Evolution  and  should  achieve  a  wide  cir- 
culation among  students  as  well  as  teach- 
ers. 


JUST    A   WORD 

The  printing  of  a  signed  article  does 
not  necessarily  mean  its  endorsement.  The 
editor  does  not  presume  to  limit  this  jour- 
nal to  articles  with  which  he  agrees,  but 
also  prints  others  that  he  thinks  would  be 
interesting  to  the  readers. 

Our  advertising  columns  are  open  to 
organizations  and  concerns  that  are  "on 
the  square".  We  shall  never  knowingly 
permit  any  fake  or  misrepresentation.  In 
this  we  ask  the  co-operation  of  our  read- 
ers. 


EVOLUTION  DINNER 

The  Evolution  Dinner  will  take  place 
at  6:45,  Friday,  the  Thirteenth  of  April, 
at  Cafe  Boulevard.  132  West  41st  Street. 
Mark  this  in  your  note  book  right  now  if 
you  are  within  hailing  distance  from  New 
'Vork.  For  of  course  you'll  want  to  be 
there  to  get  acquainted  with  the  writers 
and  some  of  the  other  supporters  of 
Evolution. 

There  will  be  a  symposium  on  The 
Evolution  of  Evolution".  No  long-winded 
speeches.  Limit:  five  minutes.  Some  splen- 
did music.  Also   "eats". 

So  plan  to  bring  some  friends.  The  rate 
will  be  $1.75  per  person.  Please  make 
reservation  as  long  in  advance  as  possible, 


FRIDAY    THE    THIRTEENTH 

Friday  the  Thirteenth  of  April  is  the 
first  anniversary  of  the  chartering  of  the 
Evolution  Publishing  Corporation.  Will 
you  send  a  Birthday  present  to  this  live- 
ly kicking  infant  in  the  form  of  some  new 
subscriptions?  And  perhaps  also  a  con- 
tribution to  help  broadcast  sample  copies? 
We  hope  to  be  remembered  This  month  by 
Every  reader. 


IN  THE  BEGINNING 

Two   tiny   cells   unite,    surrendering 

Their   individualities,   to   bring 

A  new-born  entity  to  life;   and  so 

The  lunar  cycles  glow  and  dim  and  glow; 

While     Nature,     for     the     millionth     time, 

resolves 
The  mystery  of  HOW  mankind  evolves. 

The  single  cell  divides  and  multiplies, 
And    passes    through    a    thousand    forms, 

and    dies 
A    thousand    deaths    of    change,    and    yet 

survives 
Till,    at    the    end    of   half   a    million    lives. 
Nature  completes  the  sum  of  it,  and  flings 
Her    proved    solution    to    the    World    of 

Things. 

"Here  is  the  heir  of  all  that  was"',  says  she, 
"And  here  the  sire  of  all  that  is  to  be!" 
They  cut   the   cord,   draw  the   placenta 

through. 
And  go  to  tell  your  father  that  it's  YOU! 
— C.  H.  M. 


A  DINNER  IN  YOUR  CITY  TOO? 

Mr.  O.  0.  Whitenack  of  the  Colorado 
Rationalistic   Association   writes: 

"At  the  same  hour  you  are  feasting  in 
New  York  and  planning  to  get  the  scalps 
of  the  bigots  we  are  going  to  have  a  din- 
ner in  Denver  in  honor  of  your  great  maga- 
zine and  the  gospel  it  proclaims.  We  hope 
the  same  will  be  possible  in  other  cities. 
Professor  Shipley  should  be  able  to  send 
his  greetings  from  the  Pacific  coast  and 
Mr.  Steiner  should  have  a  meeting  in  Chi- 
cago. , 

"At  about  seven  oclock  that  evening 
<9  p.  m.  New  York  time)  we  want  to  ex- 
change greetings  with  you  by  telegrams, 
messages  that  will  express  to  the  world 
what  we  stand  for  and  what  we  hope  to 
accomplish. 

"Neither  of  us  is  to  let  the  other  know 
the  message  we  are  to  send,  but  it  must 
of  course  bear  upon  evolution  and  the 
magazine.  We  will  let  you  know  what  de- 
tails are   arranged   as  soon  as  possible." 

This  is  truly  a  splendid  idea.  Similar 
dinners  might  be  arranged  in  every  city 
for  Friday  the  Thirteenth  of  April, 
wherever  there  is  an  interested  group  of 
Evolution  readers,  to  celebrate  the  birth- 
day anniversary  of  the  Evolution  Pub» 
lishing  Corporation  and  make  plans  for 
the  struggle  against  fundamentalism  in 
their   communities. 

Details,  such  as  addresses  where  din- 
ners are  to  be  held,  hour  and  price,  names 
of  responsible  persons,  speakers,  etc., 
should  reach  us  by  March  25th  if  pos- 
sible, to  be  published  in  Evolution. 

Every  reader  is  invited  to  help  make 
Friday  the  Thirteenth  of  April  a  tre- 
mendous nation-wide  demonstration  in 
favor  of  the  freedom  to  learn  and  teach 
whatever   science   discovers. 

Write  us  your  plans  right  away.  But 
do  not  wait  for  approval.  Follow  the 
splendid  example  of  our  fiiends  in  Den- 
ver and  Get  Busy. 


March. 1928 


EVOLUTION 


Pace  Nine 


What  Evolution  Means  to  You 


By  Maynard  Shipley 


Maynard    Shipley 


'T^HE  evolution   concept   is  not  merely  one  of  the  grandest  gen- 

eralizations  of  science;  it  is  also  of  real  practical  significance, 

not  only   to   the   fathers   and   mothers  of   the   children   who   must 

attend  mu   las-suppnrted  schools,  but  also  to  every  citizen  in  his 

ow-n  right.  It  has  an  import- 
ant beaiing,  on  every  problem 
lliat  we  have  to  face. 

At  this  point  I  can  im- 
agine some  even  of  the  read- 
ers of  Evolution  saying  to 
themselves:  "Well,  I  know 
that  evolution  is  an  import- 
ant scientific  concept,  and  I 
believe  it  should  be  taught 
in  our  schools,  but  what  do 
1  personally  care  about  it? 
Evolution  doesn't  butter  any 
bread  for  me!"' 

Some  months  ago,  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Science  League 
of  America,  I  received  a  let- 
ter from  a  very  well-known 
medical  man  who  practises  in  one  of  the  southern  states.  As  a 
graduate  of  one  of  our  great  medical  colleges,  he  is,  of  course, 
an  evolutionist.  But  he  expressed  the  opinion  that  it  was  not 
necessary  that  our  boys  and  girls  should  be  taught  biology — 
the  science  of  living  beings.  He  did  not  claim  that  biology 
could  be  properly  taught  with  evolution  left  out;  he  knew,  as 
all  real  students  of  science  know,  that  it  could  not.  But  he  asked 
if  the  time  devoted  to  the  natural  sciences  in  our  schools  could 
not,  to  better  advantage,  be  given  to  some  useful  art  or  trade. 

But  why  the  antithesis?  Why  not  give  at  least  a  small  part 
oi  the  time  to  the  science  of  healthful  and  enlightened  living, 
along  with  the  art  of  making  that  living?  Why  devote  all  of  a 
pupil's  time  to  business  methods  or  business  ethics  or  to  learning 
a  trade — in  short,  to  making  money?  Is  money-making  an  end 
in  itself?  Or  is  not  the  making  of  money  merely  a  means  to  a 
higher  end — namely,  the  rounding  out  of  a  wholesome,  comfort 
able,  helpful,  sane,  and  beautiful  life? 

Why,  indeed,  should  not  all  boys  and  girls  be  taught  at  least 
the  elementary  principles  of  biology  and  geology  and  astronomy 
(all  of  which,  I  repeat,  are  dependent  on  evolution  for  their 
proper  understanding)?  We  teach  them  the  best  in  literature, 
something  of  the  world  they  live  in  and  its  history,  the  easier 
parts  of  mathematics,  a  little  of  art  and  music,  perhaps  some 
foreign  language:  but  too  many  of  us  think  a  boy  or  girl  can  be 
"educated"  who  knows  nothing  whatever  of  the  great  basic  foun- 
dation  of   all   modern   life — science. 

Perhaps  few  would  deny  that  we  owe  the  best  that  modern 
culture  affords  to  "all  the  children  of  all  the  people."  Tomorrow 
lliey  will  be  voters,  who  may  be  called  upon  to  decide  whether 
biology  and  geology  (which  necessarily  involve  the  processes  of 
evolution)  shall  be  taught  at  all  in  twentieth-century  America. 
Above  all,  our  children  must  learn  that  all  contemporary  in- 
vestigation is  firmly  based  upon  the  evolutionary  concept,  and 
that  this  concept  touches  upon  every  phase  of  modern  life — even 
including   personal  hygiene  and   public  health. 

Not  only  is  the  evolution  concept  necessary  to  a  real  under- 
standing of  the  natural  sciences,  but  it  is  essential  in  every 
branch  of  human  welfare — in  plant  and  animal  industry,  in 
medicine,  surgery,  geology,  zoology,  psychology,  human  origins, 
child  study,  criminology  and  penology — in  short,  in  every  depart- 
ment of  human  knowledge.  The  great  progress  of.  applied 
science  today  in  America  is  entirely  dependent  for  its  continued 


growth   on   freedom    in    pure   science.      If   you    destro)    the    root, 
the  tree  will  fall. 

Among  the  most  treasured  books  in  my  library  is  a  work  by 
Charles  Darwin — a  volume  which  was  used  for  a  period  of 
thirty-five  years  by  that  greatest  of  experimental  horticulturists, 
the  lamented  Luther  Burbank.  It  was  because  of  his  close  study 
of  the  works  of  the  immortal  Darwin  that  he  was  able  to  give 
to  the  world  not  only  hundreds  of  new  flowering  plants  of  un- 
excelled beauty,  but  also  new  fruits,  vegetables,  and  cereals 
which  have  added  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  to  the  value 
of  products  of  the  soil. 

It  is  obviously  the  duty  of  all  who  appreciate  the  patient  and 
painstaking  workers  in  field  and  laboratory,  to  aid  in  the  pro- 
tection of  freedom  in  research  and  instruction.  It  would  be 
humiliating,  indeed,  to  be  a  citizen  of  a  state  or  country  where 
science  was  shackled  and  despised;  but,  more  important  still, 
it   would   also  be  dangerous  to  public  health  and  welfare. 

It  has  well  been  said  that  "if  there  is  any  method  of  insuring 
that  wnat  is  taught  is  true,  better  than  that  of  giving  investigat- 
ors and  teachers  the  utmost  freedom  to  discover  and  proclaim 
the  truth  as  they  see  it,  that  method  has  never  been  discovered. 
If  those  who  know  most  about  a  subject  sometimes  decide 
wrongly,  matters  are  not  likely  to  be  mended  by  putting  the 
decision  into  the  hands  of  those  who  know  less." 

While  it  is  well  known  that  not  one  living  biologist,  geo- 
logist, botanist,  zoologist,  palaeontologist,  or  anthropologist,  of 
recognized  standing  in  his  profession,  anywhere  in  the  civilized 
world,  doubts  that  things  came  to  be  what  they  are  found  to  be, 
by  a  process  of  evolution — of  orderly  change  under  immutable 
natural  laws — nevertheless,  what  the  friends  of  science  are  really 
supporting  (or  trying  to  protect)  is  not  so  much  this  unanimous 
conclusion  of  the  scientists,  as  the  validity  of  the  method  on 
which  it  is  based,  the  method  of  science,  and  the  moral  right  and 
duty  of  the  workers  in  field  and  laboratory  to  make  known  to  the 
students  in  our  tax-supported  educational  institutions  the  full 
results  of  their  researches.  Science  commands  our  respect,  not 
on  the  basis  that  its  present  conclusions  are  absolutely  and  for 
all  time  true,  but  on  the  ground  that  its  method  is  for  all  time 
true — the  method,  not  of  tradition  or  revelation  or  authority,  but 
of  discovery,  careful  observation,  research,  experimentation,  com- 
parison, testing,  analysis,  sjTithesis.  We  want  to  know,  not  what 
somebody  said  that  someone  else  said,  many  centuries  ago,  per- 
haps, but,  precisely:  "What  are  the  present  facts  in  the  case?" 
These  facts,  as  fast  as  discovered,  must  be  set  in  order,  then 
interpreted  or  accounted  for;  not  in  accordance  with  tradition 
or  unsupported  logic,  but  in  accordance  with  all  the  knowledge 
at  the  moment  available.  Our  boys  and  girls  are  entitled  to  the 
full   benefits   of   this   method — the   method   of   science. 

We  sometimes  hear  it  said,  "But  scientists  change  their  con- 
clusions; what  the  pupil  learns  today  may  be  invalidated  to- 
morrow." To  a  certain — and  a  very  limited — extent  this  may  be 
true;  in  other  words,  science  is  not  static,  but  grows  as  more 
and  more  is  found  out  by  research.  But  once  the  pupil  has  been 
thoroughly  grounded  in  the  scientific  method  and  attitude,  these 
changes  will  only  add  to  his  knowledge  as  they  are  revealed 
to  him.  He  has  hold  of  the  basic  principle,  and  is  prepared  to 
receive  and  understand  each  new  discovery  as  it  is  made,  and 
each  new  conclusion  as  it  is  formulated.  A  generation  educated 
in  even  the  most  elementary  principles  of  science  would  find 
this  world  a  far  more  interesting,  more  healthful,  and  more 
reasonable  place  to  live  in,  than  one  where  the  inhabitants  had 
grown  up  in  ignorance  of  this  foundation  of  all  progress. 

Evolution  is  the  one  and  only  scientific  conception  which 
"serves  to  give  unity  and  direct  ion  to  the  study  of  human 
culture  as  a  whole." 


Page  Ten 


EVOLUTION 


March,  1928 


How  Old  Is  the  World? 


By  Allen  S.  Broms 


/^OING  down  a  deep  well  or  mine-shaft, 
one  would  find  the   ground   tempera- 
ture   rising    steadily, — about    one    degree 
Fahrenheit  for  each  fifty  feet  of  descent. 
At    this   rate,    the    temperature   at   twenty 
miles  below  the  surface  would  be  sufficient 
to  melt  some  of  the  rocks.  At  the  center 
of    the    Earth    everything    would    be,    not 
merely  liquid,  but  gaseous,  though  the  enormous 
pressure  of  the  overlying  rock  matter  would  keep 
the   whole   mass    (solids,   liquids   and    gases)    as 
rigid    as   if   made  of   solid   steel.     Only   a   verj- 
thin  outer  crust  would   be  solid  because  it   was 
cool. 

I  daresay  the  Fundamentalists  would  explain 
all  this  as  due  to  "fire  and  brimstone"  and 
picture  (with  more  or  less  holy  self-satisfaction) 
that  eternal  abode  for  us  evolutionists  in  which 
we  are  doubtless  to  occupy  the  most  scorching 
place  of  honor.  I  fear,  however,  that  we  must 
disappoint  by  rejecting  this  pious  explanation  in 
favor  of  one  that  is  sensible. 

Earth  Heat  From  Radioactivity 

Chemical   analysis   of   various   kinds   of   rocks 
from  all  parts  of  the  Earth  reveal  the  fact  that 
practically    all    contain    minute    portions    of    the 
radioactive  elements  uranium  and  thorium.  By  a 
series  of  steps,   these   elements  finally  break   up 
into  helium  and  lead,  the  helium  being  shot  out 
most  violently   (see  illustration).     Heat  is  there- 
by  released,   slowly,    but    steadily.     As   we   can 
readily  measure   how   fast   heat   is   given   off  by 
•each    element    and    we    know    quite    closely    the 
amounts   of   the    elements   in    the    rocks   of    the 
Earth  it  is  a  simple  matter  to  determine  whether 
enough  heat  is  given  off  to  account  for  the  tem- 
peratures  found   underground,   keeping   in   mind 
that  much  earth  heat    slowly  works   its   way   to 
the   earth  surface   and   is   then   lost   by   radiation 
into    outer    space.      We    find    that    not    only    is 
enough  heat  thus  produced,  but  too  much.  This 
would  indicate  that  the  Earth  is  not  cooling  off, 
but  actually   getting  hotter.     Thereby,  we 
shall  find,   hangs   a   most   interesting   geo- 
logical tale. 


Previous  Age  Estimate  Too  Loiv 
On  the  opposite  assumption,  that  the 
Earth  was  gradually  cooling  off  from  an 
original  molten  state.  Lord  Kelvin  had 
estimated  the  age  of  the  Earth  at  40,000,- 
000  years.  All  he  had  to  do  was  to  meas- 
ure the  rate  at  which  the  earth  heat  was 
being  radiated  into  space,  make  due  al- 
lowances for  higher  rates  at  higher  tem- 
peratures in  the  past,  and  figure  how  long 
it  would  take  to  cool  it  from  the  molten 
state. 

Geologists  claimed  that  his  estimate  was 
too  low.  They  had  studied  the  rates  at 
which  sediments  were  being  deposited, 
they  knew  what  miles  upon  miles  of  sedi- 
mentary rocks  had  to  be  accounted  for, 
and  they  found  forty  million  years  too 
short.  They  determined  the  rates  at   which 


EARTH  CRUST 


LIQUID      ROCKS 


GASEOUS  ROCKS 

(ALL  RISIO  AS 

SOLID  STEEL 

UNDER     THE 

ENORMOUS 

PRESSURE.) 


Tracks 


streams    were    cutting    and    lowering    con- 
tinental surfaces  and  about  how  much  of 
tliis  had  been  done  in  the  past,  and  again 
the    time    allowed    was    too    short.      They 
measured  the  saltness  of  the  oceans   (par- 
ticularly   the    sodium    content)     and    how 
fast   the  rivers  and  shore  waves  were  re- 
moving  the    salts   from   the    rocks   to   the 
seas,  and  they  concluded   that  the  oceans  them- 
selves were  more  than  100,000,000,  perhaps  even 
175,000,000    years    old.    Of    course,    this    would 
make  the   Earth  itself  much  older. 

Heat  of  th-e  Sun  Explained 
Until  the   discovery  of  radioactivity,   the   heal 
necessary  to   keep   the   Earth   warm   for   such   a 
long    time    could    not    be   explained.      The    heat 
from  the  Sun,  though  it  makes  a  lot  of  differ- 
ence at  the  surface  of  the  Earth,  does  not  pen- 
etrate very   deeply   below   that   surface.   Besides, 
it    had    been    taken    into    account.      In    fact,    it 
presented  just  another   difficulty,   for  from  what 
source  was  derived  the  enormous  amount  of  heat 
being  radiated   by  the   Sun?      If   the   Sun   were 
solid  coal,  it  would  all  be  burned  out  in  a  few 
thousand    years.      A    theory   of    heat    from    con- 
traction   extended    the    time    to    a    few    million 
years.      But    the    heat    from    radioactivity    multi- 
plied this  into  billions  of  years,  in  closer  agree- 
ment   with    what    we   know   of    the    age    of    the 
Earth. 

A    Peep   Into   the    Geologic   Future 

In  the  Earth  itself,  it  was  found  that  the  heat 

from  radioactivity  more  than  offsets  the  loss  into 

space   and  that  the   Earth  is  therefore  probably 

getting    hotter.    Some   of    this   heat   reaches   the 

surface  and  promptly  escapes  into  space,  but  the 

temperature   deep   down   inside   is  slowly   rising, 

for  the  earth-crust  acts  as  an  excellent   blanket 

in   keeping   the   accruing   heat    inside.   Professor 

Joly  has  carefully  figured  the  rate  of  this  heat 

accumulation  and  concludes  that  in  some  thirty 

to   forty  million   years   the   temperature   will   rise 

high  enough  to  melt  and  weaken  portions 

of  the  earth  crust.     If  this  is  true,   then 

eventually   the   lid   must   blow   off. 

What   happens  when   the   lid   blows   off 
is    another    story,    to    be   told   in    the    next 
article.      Only    one    effect    need    be    noted 
here.    According   to    Joly    there    ensues    a 
period  of  rapid  heat  release  so  that  within 
six   to   twelve   million   years  quite  all  the 
accumulated    heat    would    be    lost.      Then 
the  earth-crust  blanket  would  settle  down 
again    to    its  job   of   holding   the   heat   ac- 
cumulating for  the  next  great  cycle.  Every 
forty    to    fifty    million    years    these    great 
cycles  would  repeat  themselves.    And  as  we 
have  good  reasons  for  believing   that  five 
or   six   of   these   cycles   have   occurred   in 
geological    times,    we    can    again    estimate 
the    age   of    the    Earth, — roughly    between 
two     and    three     hundred     million     years, 
of   Helium    Atoms   shot   out   from   which    agrees    fairly    well    with    the    best 
Thorium  estimates  from   other   evidences. 


CENTER  OF  I  THE  EARTH. 
A    slice    of    the    earth 
according    to    the 
Radiactivity   Theory 


March.  1928  E  \   0  L  U  T  I  0  N 

Evolution  and  Evolution  Theories 

By  Walter  C.  Kraatz 


Page  Eleven 


IVFANY  well-intentioned  but  much  mis- 
taken  people  regard  evolution  (cus- 
tomarily called  the  theory  of  evolution) 
as  merely  theoretical  and  as  synonymous 
with  Darwin.  Of  the  many  ordinary  mis- 
conceptions met  with  by  one  teaching  bio- 
logy, this  one  of  identifying  Darwinism 
with  evolution  is  one  of  the  most  wide- 
spread and  persistent.  Countless  times  is 
the  mistake  corrected  in  the  numerous 
courses  given  and  in  the  books  on  evolu- 
tion for  student  and  laymen,  and  still  the 
idea  sticks,  to  the  confusion  of  many,  who 
therefore  are  in  doubt  about  the  solid 
establishment   of  evolution  itself. 

Naturally  if  one  were  to  approach  the 
subject  without  biological  background  and 
without  plan  or  system  read  some  older 
evolution  books,  including  the  greatest 
classics  of  evolution  for  all  time,  the 
works  of  Darwin,  he  would  quite  pos- 
sibly not  differentiate  the  two  things,  be- 
cause he  would  be  going  through  a  lengthy 
enumeration  of  facts  tending  to  demon- 
strate evolution,  and  at  the  same  time, 
getting  most  pointedly  the  constant  ex- 
planation of  evolution  by  natural  selec- 
tion as  given  by  Darwin.  In  the  popular 
mind  and  also  in  the  careless  words  of 
some  science  writers,  evolution  is  identi- 
fied with  Darwinism.  It  should  not  be 
•done,  even  though  Darwin  is  the  greatest 
figure  in  evolutionary  biology  and  did 
more  than  anyone  else  to  establish  evolu- 
tion, as  well  as  offer  about  the  most  ac- 
ceptable explanation  or  causal  theory  that 
has  been  offered.  Some  do  not  agree  to 
his  causal  theory  of  natural  selection,  but 
ihey  are  nevertheless  staunch  evolutionists. 
Evolution  should  no  more  be  regarded 
as  synonymous  with  Darwinism  than  gra- 
vitation itself  might  be  defined  as  syno- 
nymous with  Newtonisra  (if  we  may  use 
the    term). 

Any  modern  evolution  textbook  will  pre- 
sent   this   matter   in   a    systematic   way. 

Evolution,  the  name  for  the  ages-long 
gradual  development  of  the  wonderful  mul- 
titude of  animal  and  plant  species,  is  an 
overly  large  subject  to  learn  comprehen- 
sively. We  will  not  discuss  it  in  this 
little  article,  but  merely  see  what  fields  of 
evidence  there  are,  what  groups  of  num- 
berless facts  in  nature  have  established 
it,  and  then  this  little  list  of  fields  of 
evidence  will  aUow  us  to  differentiate 
sharply  from  this  other  subject  of  theo- 
ries of  evolution,  that  is,  theories  of  ex- 
planation of  the  mode  of  evolution. 

There  are  many  fields  within  the  bio- 
logical sciences  that  offer  overwhelming 
demonstration  for  evolution.  They  com- 
prise: morphology  or  comparative  ana- 
tomy, classification,  embr>'ology  (the  pre- 
birth  or  pre-hatching  part  of  the  individu- 
al's development),  paleontology  or  the 
study  of  fossils,  which  is  the  study  of  the 
countless  relics  of  the  ages  of  life  suc- 
cession   on    the    globe,    geographical    dis- 


stribution  of  animals  and  plants,  the  blood 
tests,  domestication,  and  some  other  ex- 
perimental botanical  and  zoological  lines 
of  research.  It  would  take  a  series  of 
articles  to  explain  these  even  very  brief- 
ly. Everyone  who  has  learned  some  con- 
siderable amount  of  this  evidence  realizes 
that  evolution  is  a  fact,  or  better  termed, 
a  natural  process  or  natural  law. 

But  what  is  the  mode  of  evolution  or 
what  the  process?  How  does  it  go  on? 
By  what  means  is  it  working?  Just  what 
are  all  the  factors  deep-seated  in  nature, 
and  how  do  they  correlate  to  make  all 
the  new  species  of  animals  and  plants? 
This  is  a  great  problem,  not  entirely 
solved.  This  is  obviously  a  different  in- 
quiry from  that  of  the  evidences  for  evolu- 
tion itself.  Evolution  is  history.  The 
meaning  of  the  phrase  theories  of  evolu- 
tion, is  not  the  history  itself  but  the  in- 
herent things  that  cause  and  accomplish 
this  particular  succession,  or  cause  this 
liistory,  of  new  organisms. 

To  answer  or  attempt  to  answer  the 
problem  of  the  mode  or  method  of  evolu- 
tion, or  the  cause  of  origin  of  new  species, 
has  been  the  work  of  many  biologists,  and 
has  been  worked  up  together  with  the  ac- 
cumulation of  evidence  of  the  fact  of 
evolution.  Underlying  these  explanations 
nr  theories  are  some  absolutely  funda- 
mental factors,  namely  heredity,  variation, 
and   selection. 

The  most  important  theories  that  have 
been  promulgated,  without  reference  to 
their  present  standing  are:  Lamarck's 
theory,  sometimes  called  the  theory  of 
use  and  disuse,  which  is  the  oldest  scien- 
tific theor)-  of  evolution  worth  noting; 
Darwin's  theory,  the  theory  of  natural 
selection  or  survival  of  the  fittest,  which 
can  be  called  Darwinism  correctly;  De- 
Vries's  theory  or  mutation  theory;  the 
orthogenesis  theories;  isolation  theories, 
and  others,  some  of  which  are  best  in 
correlation  with  others. 

The  important  point  in  this  connection 
is  that  difference  of  opinion  with  respect 
to  any  or  all  these  theories  has  not  the 
slightest  effect  on  evolution  itself.  AU 
biologists — and  everyone  wonhy  of  the 
name  is  meant  here,  not  some  teachers 
in  fundamentalist  colleges  who  may  warp 
their  biology  to  suit  their  fundamentalist 
masters — accept  evolution,  though  they 
may  be  arguing  about  Darwinism,  De- 
Vries's  mutation  and   Lamarckism. 

The  public  so  often  confuses  the  two, 
evolution,  and  these  theories  of  evolution. 
In  newspaper  articles,  particularly  in  the 
glaring,  ambiguous  headlines,  they  are 
confused  time  and  time  again.  Disagree- 
ment over  some  detail  of  the  causal  theo- 
ries of  evolution,  denial  of  Darwinism  or 
of  Lamarckism,  is  wrongfully  misinterpret- 
ed as  denial  of  evolution.  It  is  high  time 
that  purveyors  of  news  and  opinion  and 
the  public  at  large  get  this  matter  care 
fully    in    mind. 


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common,  voting  stock  will  be  given,  if 
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The  immediate  business  is  publish- 
ing this  journal.  Evolution  and 
selling  books.  Later  a  Lyceum  Bureau 
for  touring  natural  science  lecturers 
will  be  developed. 

Although  it  is  expected  the  business 
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on  the  basis  of  making  profits,  but  be- 
cause  this   work   is  WORTH   DOING. 

Additional  capital  furnished  now  will 
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for  Evolution  magazine  a  success. 
Checks  should  be  made  payable  to 
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ment is  made  in  full,  or  whether  it 
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stock  to  be  held  until  balance  is  paid. 

LET  US  MAIL  SAMPLES  TO  YOUR 
FRIENDS 

Of  course  you'U  show  this  issue  of 
Evolution  to  your  friends  and  ask 
them  to  subscribe.  But  you  probably 
know  some  who  woidd  be  interested, 
whom  you  can  not  visit  yourself.  Send 
us  their  names  and  addresses  and  we'll 
mail  them  sample  copies. 

It  will  cost  us  about  five  cents  a 
copy  to  send  out  these  samples,  so  if 
you  can  send  along  a  check  to  help 
pay  for  them  we'll  not  object.  How- 
ever, if  your  bank  account  is  minus 
don't  let  that  stop  you-  Send  us  the 
names  anyway  and  we'll  raise  the  cash 
otherwise- 

WHAT'S  A  HUNTER  WITHOUT 
AMMUNITION? 

A  hunter  without  ammunition  is  in 
the  same  fix  as  an  evolutionist  without 
copies  of  Evolution.  Surely  YOU 
don't  want  to  remain  in  such  a  pickle. 
The  best  way  out  is  for  yon  to  fill 
in  appropriate  characters  on  the  fol- 
lowing  blank   in   a  hurry. 

Evolution  Publishing  Corp., 
96  Fifth  Ave.,   New  York  City. 

Send  me  a  bundle  of  copies  of 

Evolution  every  month   for  one  year. 
(Rate:  five  or  more,  50c  each  per  year) 

I  enclose  $ 

Street  and 

Number _ 

City  & 

State „ 


Pace  Twelve 


EVOLUTION 


March    192S 


Funnymentals 

''I.  We  believe  in  the  Scriptures  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament  as  verbally 
inspired  of  God,  and  inerrant  in  the  ori- 
ginal writings,  and  that  they  are  of 
supreme  and  final  authority  in  faith  and 
life. 

II.  We  believe  in  one  God,  eternally 
existing  in  three  persons,  Father,  Son  and 
Holy  Spirit. 

III.  We  believe  that  Jesus  Christ  was 
begotten  by  the  Holy  Spirit,  and  born  of 
the  Virgin  Mary,  and  is  tine  God  and 
true   man. 

IV.  We  believe  that  man  was  created 
in  the  image  of  God,  that  he  sinned  and 
thereby  incurred  not  only  physical  death 
but  also  that  spiritual  death  which  is  sep- 
aration from  God;  and  that  all  human 
beings  are  bom  with  a  sinful  nature,  and. 
in  the  case  of  those  who  reach  moral 
responsibility,  become  sinners  in  thought, 
word  and  deed. 

V.  We  believe  that  the  Lord  Jesus 
Christ  died  for  our  sins  according  to  the 
Scriptures  as  a  representative  and  sub- 
stitutionary sacrifice;  and  that  all  that 
believe  in  Him  are  justified  on  the  ground 
of  His  shed  blood. 

VI.  We  believe  in  the  resurrection  of 
the  crucified  body  of  our  Lord,  in  His 
ascension  into  heaven,  and  in  His  present 
life  there  for  us,  as  High  Priest  and  Ad- 
vocate. 

VII.  We  believe  in  "that  blessed  hope", 
the  personal,  premillennial  and  imminent 
return  of  our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus 
Christ. 

VIII.  We  believe  that  all  who  receive 
by  faith  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  are  born 
again  of  the  Holy  Spirit  and  thereby  be- 
come children  of  God. 

IX.  We  believe  in  the  bodily  resur- 
rection of  the  just  and  the  unjust,  the 
everlasting  felicity  of  the  saved  and  the 
everlasting  conscious  suffering  of  the  lost.' ' 

Confession  of  Faith  of  Worlds  Chris- 
tian Fundamentals  Association,  reprinted 
from  February  1928  number  of  its  official 
organ. 


Reprinted  from  Feb.  21. 
1928  issue  ef  Signs  of  the 
Times  "{World's  Prophetic 
Weekly." 


EVOLUTION  VERSUS  THEOLOGY 
Maynard  Shipley,  evolutionist,  and  John 
Roach     Straton,     fundamentalist,     debated 
March  7th  at  the  Civic  Center  Auditorium 
in   San   Francisco. 

Approximately  five  thousand  people, 
mostly  fundamentalists,  attended  and  fer- 
vently applauded  their  speaker,  and  boo- 
hooed  science  and   evolution. 

Upon  leaving  the  auditorium  an  appar- 
ently intelligent  person  was  heard  to  re- 
mark: "I  never  before  believed  that  man 
descended  from  monkey,  but  since  I  have 
seen  five  thousand  people  fervently  applaud 
fundamentalism,  which  has  given  us  no- 
thing, and  attempt  to  boohoo  science,  which 
has  given  us  everything.  I  am  thoroughly 
convinced  that  man  didn't  descend  from 
monkey,  but  that  he  still  is  one.''  /.  Baxter 

NEWS  FROM  ARKANSAS 
Although  the  Secretary  of  State  in  Ar- 
kansas writes  that  no  petition  has  been 
filed  with  him  as  yet,  we  have  definite 
report  that  the  fundamentalists  have  al- 
ready secured  enough  signatures  to  their 
petition  to  place  the  question  of  evolution 
on  the  ballot  in  Arkansas  at  the  next 
election. 


EVOLUTION  ON  THE  AIR 
Maynard  Shipley,  President  of  the  Sci- 
ence League  of  America,  is  giving  a  series 
of  talks  on  evolution  over  the  radio  (Sta- 
tion KFRC,  San  Francisco)  at  4  P.  M. 
Pacific  time  on  alternate  Thursday  after- 
noons,  March   15th,  29th,  etc. 

Readers  of  Evolution  having  followed 
Mr.  Shipley's  splendid  articles  in  this 
journal  will  surely  be  delighted  to  hear 
him,  and  lo  ask  their  friends  also  to  listen 
in.  Let  Station  KFRC  know  that  this  is 
appreciated. 


AND  NOW  KENTUCKY 
Representative  Hobbs  of  Wolfe  and 
Powell  Counties,  Kentucky,  has  just  in- 
troduced an  anti-evolution  bill  in  the  Ken- 
tucky General  Assembly.  This  body  voted 
dov\-n  an  anti-evolution  bill  in  1921  by  42 
to  41.  and  again  defeated  the  proposition 
in  1926.  Bui  since  then  the  Fundamental- 
ist Bible  Crusaders.  Ku  Klux  Klan,  etc., 
have  been  active  in  Kentucky  and  the 
outcome  this  time  is  by  no  means  assuied. 


.04^^- 


CHRISTIAN  ERA 


CHRISTS 
SECOND 
COMING 


RIGHTEOUS 

■  TAKEN  TO 

HEAVEN 


THE  MILLENNIAL  PERIOD  (1.000  yeifi) 
(DARTli  DCSOLATD.  KIGHTEOUS  IN  HEAVEN.  WICKED  DEAD) 


MY  ANCESTORS 

At    work   or   play    from    day   to    day 

I  dream  of  them  serenely, 
Not   just   as   folks   are   thought   to   dream 

Of  forbears  quaint  and  queenly; 
Of    Kings    and    Lords,    with    crowns    and 
swords, 

The   artists   are   but   jesters, 
But  of  the  sort   that  science  says 

Were  likely  our  ancestors. 

I   watch  my  wife,  with   fork  and  knife 

And    aU    her   house    utensils. 
Or  at  my  desk  I  take  account, 

Of  papers,  books,  and  pencils; 
And    quick   as  scat,   all   this  and  that 

Has  vanished  quite  completely, 
And   I   am   some   perplexed  to   tell 

The  simple  truth  discreetly. 

My  wife  is  there,  dressed  just  in  hair 

And  hide,  to  put  it  plainly. 
Or  rather  I  should  say,  my  wives; 

I    try   to   blush   quite  vainly. 
If  that  is  me  I  humbly  see 

Rubbing   my  note,   and   scratching 
In   the   inimitable   way 

Of  monkeys  who  are  matching. 

On  every  band  the  monkey  band 

Are  in  a  merry  riot; 
They  live,  these  ancestors  of  mine 

Upon  a  simple  diet; 
They  do  not  work,  they  do  not  shirk. 

Nor   go   to   church  on   Sunday, 
And  as  they  have  no  clothes  to  soil 

They  never  wash  on   Monday. 

Tliey  have  no  creeds,  no  title  deeds. 

Nor  lawyers  nor  physicians; 
No  flags  or  governments  to  breed 

A  pest  of  politicians; 
They   have  no  cooks,  they  have  no  books. 

No   landlords  and  no  tailors. 
No  soldiers  and  no  serving-men. 

No  preachers  and  no  jailors. 

My   ancestors,  and  also  yours. 

However  we  deny   them, 
Whether   for   better  or   for  worse 

Our   present    ways   belie   them: 
I    wonder    much    at    such    and    such. 

By  decent  folks  defended, 
And  sometimes  feel  too   sure  that  man 

Is  from  the  ape  descended. 

—ROBERT  WHITAKER 


-s. 


:::7!?1: 


HOLY  CITY  . 
DESCENDS 


THE  NEW  WORa> 


satam 
coneined' 

TO  EARTH 


RESURRECTION       WICKED 
OF  JUST  SLAIN 


WICKED 
RESURRECTED 


March.  1928 


EVOLUTION 


Pack  Thirteen 


A  Greater  Danger  Than  Evolution  some  good  books 


By  Cleveland  Sylvester  Simkins 


A  FAR  greater  danger  to  the  established 
dogmas  of  religious  intoleration  than 
evolution  lies  in  the  chemical  analysis  of 
the  phenomena  of  life.  This  field  is  new 
and  the  startling  discoveries  already  made 
are  quite  unintelligible  to  the  censoring 
angels  of  American  morals,  education  and 
the  Statue  of  Liberty.  Just  now  the 
fundamentalists  are  awakening  to  the 
somnambulant  delusion  that  Darwin  and 
Nietzsche  are  responsible  for  the  doctrine 
of  evolution,  sixty-five  years  after  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  "Origin  of  Species",  and 
three  thousand  after  the  first  hint  of  an 
evolutionary  process,  hence  it  may  be  rea- 
sonable to  predict  that  a  hundred  years 
more  and  we  shall  be  forbidden  to  ex- 
periment upon  the  living  cell  because  it 
writes  the  chemical  formula  of  the  soul 
and  proves  that  life  is  a  physio-chemical 
process. 

This  myriad  I,  composed  of  units  be- 
low the  range  of  naked  vision,  labors  to 
produce  my  individuality  from  fertilization 
to  the  grave.  Even  Christ  was  wrong  for 
the  lilies  of  the  field  toil  and  spin,  though 
rooted  to  the  spot.  We  die,  so  does  the 
lily  of  the  field,  but  the  chemical  sub- 
stances and  physical  forces  undergo  their 
transformations  even  after  death;  perhaps 
they  pause,  but  rather  does  it  seem  as  if 
they  rise  again  to  keep  the  living  things 
upon  the  earth  potentially  immortal.  Each 
living  cell  possesses  that  capacity  of  po- 
tential immortality,  for  if  isolated,  fed 
and  warmed  and  watered  it  will  live  on 
and  on  as  an  independent  unit  outside  the 
body  that  nourished  and  differentiated  it. 
The  isolated  cell  respires,  it  breathes,  re- 
sponds to  stimuli,  conducts  an  electric  cur- 
rent with  varying  intenshy  according  to 
the  condition  of  its  vitality.  I  may  slowly 
kill  the  cell  and  in  its  lingering  death  de- 
termine that  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxide 
given  off  slowly  falls  as  death  o'er  takes 
it,  but  never  falls  to  zero.  The  electrical 
resistance  decreases  to  the  point  of  death, 
but  never  does  it  cease  completely.  Hence 
the  process  of  death,  of  vitality  and  re- 
activity presents  mechanisms  that  can  be 
measured  and  investigated  by  accurate 
means.  The  mechanism  of  life  and  death 
contains  no  vital  principle,  no  elan  vital, 
no  spiritual  power  nor  mystic  source  of 
energy  beyond  the  ken  of  man's  intelli- 
gence or  the  penetration  of  his  dissecting 
needle. 

Those  pioneer  investigators  who  have 
progressed  so  far  into  the  seemingly  un- 
knowable things  of  life,  have  passed  be- 
yond the  outposts  set  up  by  evolution  and 
boldly  explore  a  new  and  IVrlile  field,  half 
hid  from  the  eyes  of  the  world.  We  are 
unprovoked  by  the  searchers  for  the  Holy 
Grail,  because  they  know  not  what  we  do. 

Stop  us  from  teaching  evolution  if  you 
will,  that  lies  behind  us,  it  cannot  be 
eradicated  nor  beaten  from  the  minds  of 
scholars;    naught   can    avail    from   its   sup- 


pression for  we  shall  turn  to  deadlier 
weapons  still,  since  they  are  already  in 
our  hands. 


OTHER  WORLDS,  By  O.  J.  Schuster, 
The  Christopher  Publishing  House, 
Boston,   $1.50. 

Good  popularizations  of  science  always 
delight  me  and  I  have  been  having  a  par- 
ticularly good  time  reading  Schuster's 
"Other  Worlds",  there  being  only  one 
little  fly  in  the  ointment.  The  facts  of 
general  astronomy  are  correctly  stated  and 
could  hardly  be  more  condensed,  yet  his 
way  of  putting  it  all  is  so  pleasantly  lucid 
that  one  gels  no  impression  of  condensa- 
tion. One  takes  brief,  vivid  journeys  to 
strategic  points  on  the  earth,  to  the  moon, 
sun  and  planets  and  finally  a  round  trip 
of  the  high  spots  of  the  universe,  travel- 
ling when  necessary  with  the  speed  of 
light.  Astronomy  has  always  had  a  pop- 
ular appeal,  but  the  author  has  done  so 
very  well  that  e\en  the  long  familiar  sub- 
ject becomes  freshly  marvelous. 

There  is  just  the  remotest  hint  in  the 
foreword  that  the  author  intends  to  re- 
peat his  performance  in  other  fields  of 
science.  I  hope  so  and  invite  him  to. 
He  has  the  knack  and  sticks  to  the  facts 
— which  ai^e  wonderful  enough — so  he 
qualifies    fully    by    my    standards. 

But  I  have  a  complaint  when  he  takes 
us  aboard  his  "Magic  Ship  Mintaka".  Hu- 
man beings  do  not  like  to  be  patronized, 
and  this  device  strikes  me  as  distinctly 
patronizing.  I  dare  say  the  trouble  is 
that  he  really  does  nothing  with  it  when 
he  has  created  it.  Had  he  romanced  with 
it  like  a  Jules  Verne,  I  am  sure  I  would 
have  been  satisfied.  Had  he  introduced 
us  to  its  mechanism,  taught  us  to  operate 
it,  and  had  thrilling  accidents  happen  to 
it,  then  one  could  be  satisfied.  But  to  go 
aboard  a  ''magic  ship,"  which  he  did  not 
even  picture,  and  then  not  to  be  permit- 
ted to  run  the  dam  thing,  is  quite  too 
much.  Wlien  I  go  on  his  next  trip,  7 
hope  the  old  boat  sinks.  But  in  spite  of 
it,  this  was  a  great  trip. 

A.  S.  B. 


HONORS   FOR   FEBRUARY 


The  honors  for  the  best  sale  during  Feb- 
ruary again  go  to  R.  Walsh  of  the  Little 
Blue  Book  Shop,  3441  Woodward  Avenue, 
Detroit,  with  200  copies.  Who'll  beat  this 
for  March? 


TCpVERY  reader  of  Evolution  is  of 
course  also  a  reader  of  books.  We 
recommend  the  following  in  their  respec- 
tive fields. 

We  shall  also  be  glad  to  supply  any 
other    books    at    regular    pulishers     price. 

The  commission  we  receive  on  book 
sales  will  help  to  broadcast  Evolution, 
but   we'll   share   it   with   you. 

In  combination  with  a  one  year  sub- 
scription for  Evolution  at  one  dollar,  you 
may  deduct  $1.00  on  an  order  of  over  $5.00, 

EVOLUTION   BOOK  SERVICE 
96  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Send  the  items  checked  to  undersigned: 

MY  HERESY:  Bishop  William  Mont- 
gomery Brown  _ $2.00 

WAR  ON  MODERN  SCIENCE:  May- 
nard  Shipley 3.00 

THE  HIGHER  FOOLISHNESS: 
David  Starr  Jordan  _  2-50 

EVOLUTION  FOR  JOHN  DOE:  Hen- 
shaw  Ward  3.50 

CIRCUS  OF  THE  INTELLECT: 
Henshaw  Ward   -.., _ 3.50 

EXPLORING     THE     UNIVERSE: 

Henshaw  Ward  - _.._  3.50 

DARWIN,  THE  MAN  AND  HIS 
WARFARE:    Henshaw  Ward 5.00 

CONCERNING  MAN'S  ORIGIN:  Sir 
Arthur  Keith  2.00 

ORIGIN  OF  BIRDS:  Gerhard  Heil- 
man 7.50 

OTHER  WORLDS:    O.  J.  Schuster 1.50 

THE  WAYS  OF  LIFE:  Richard 
Swan    Lull    3.00 

IHE  HUMAN  BODY:  Logan  Glen- 
den  ing  5.00 

HISTORY  or  WARFARE  OF 
SCIENCE  WITH  THEOLOGY 
White    (2    volumes)    6.00 

OUTLINE  OF  MAN'S  KNOWL- 
EDGE:   Clement  Wood  5.00 

SCIENCE  VERSUS  DOGMA: 

Charles   T.   Sprading _ _   1.50 

MICROBE  HUNTERS:  Paul  de  Kruif  3.50 

WHY  WE  BEHAVE  LIKE  HUMAN 
BEINGS:  George  A.  Dorsey- 3.50 

THE  NATURE  OF  MAN:  Dorsey „  1.00 

MAN'S      PLACE      IN      NATURE: 

Thnma.s    Huxlev 1.10 

ORIGIN   OF   SPECIES:    Darwin 1.25 

CREATION :  NON  -  EVOLUTION- 
ARY THEORIES:  Edwin  Tenney 
Brewster    3.50 

CHIMPANZEE  INTELLIGENCE: 
Yerkes  and  Leonard  _ 1.50 

MENTALITY  OF  APES:  Koehler 3.00 

ALMOST  HUMAN:  Robert  Yerkes..._  3.00 

ORGANIC  EVOLUTION:  Lull  3.40 

RIDDLE  OF  THE  UNIVERSE: 
Haeckel   2.50 

EVOLUTION:   Monthly,  One  Year,  $1.00 

(Write  VERY  plainly) 

Amount  enclosed  $ 


Fuming  Fundamentalist  (orating)  :  ""Do 
I  look  as  though  I  descended  from  a 
monkey?     Do  I?" 

Back  Seat  Wan:  "You  don't,  Mister, 
for  a  fact.     Tell  us  how  it  happened!" 


Name 
Street 

&  No.  .. 
City  & 

State  


Page  Fourteen 


E  V  0  L  U  T  I  0  -\ 


From  Our  Readers 


■"Please  not  to  send  any  more. — one  is 
enough.  What  we  need  in  this  world  is 
not  from  what  we  are  'evolved',  but 
rather,  whither  are  we  bound!  Any 
science  that  helps  to  shake  man's  faith  in 
the  Eternal  God,  Creator  of  the  Universe, 
is  a  menace  to  the  best  interests  of  the 
race."'     D.  L.  Ellis,  Tennessee. 

"My  eyes  fell  accidentally  upon  the  first 
issue  of  Evolution.  I  found  the  first  two 
issues  interesting  and  good  reading.  But 
this  last  issue,  February,  much  better.  I 
find  it  excellent.  I  wish  you  would  send 
me  25  copies  for  distribution.'  C.  Sahlin, 
Minnesota. 

"Evolution  is  great!  Evolution  is  real, 
because  it  adheres  closely  to  the  dissem- 
ination of  facts  of  science,  simply  and 
cogently  stated."'  E.  S.  Moser,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

"You  are  putting  across  some  strikingly 
fine  things  and  I  wish  you  great  success." 
V.   F.   Calverton,   Maryland. 

"Your  latest  number  of  Evolution  is 
even  better  than  its  predecessors  and  meets 
the  existing  conditions  admirably."  Hugh 
F.  Munro,  Pennsylvania. 

■"I  have  viewed  not  without  some  alarm 
the    recent    movements    against    the    study 


of  evolution.  The  only  remedy  for  this 
it  seems  to  me  is  the  better  education  of 
the  public  mind.  I  fully  appreciate  the 
fact  that  this  is  a  slow  and  arduous  task, 
but  it  is  through  such  a  magazine  as 
yours,  which  is  written  so  that  "he  who 
runs  may  read",  that  the  portion  of  the 
public  mind  which  has  not  yet  learned 
to  think  in  terms  of  evolution  can  best  be 
approached."    Leon   E.   Peeler,  New  York. 

"Just  received  my  first  copy  of  your 
magazine  and  am  well  pleased  with  it.  I 
want  lo  help  some,  so  I  herewith  send 
$1.00  for  which  please  send  me  20  copies 
for  distribution."'  A.   V.   Bragg.   California. 

'"You  are  doing  a  splendid  work.  Wish 
you  every  success  in  your  undertaking. 
You  may  send  me  some  more  subscrip- 
tion  blanks."  V.  Van   Voorst,  Missouri. 

"I  am  enclosing  my  check  for  $2  to  pay 
for  40  copies  of  February  Evolution.  They 
sell  like  hot  cakes  at  a  dime  a  copy 
at  the  monthly  lectures  given  here  'oy 
Dr.  John  Emerson  Roberts,  who  heads  a 
Rationalist  organization  kno\\Ti  as  The 
Church  of  This  World.  The  good  Doctor 
announces  that  they  will  be  on  sale  after 
the  lecture,  and  they  are  all  sold.  I  am 
glad  to  help  the  cause  in  tliis  way." 
F.    V.    Schoolcraft,   Missouri. 


For  an  Evening;  to  15e  Rcnienibored  with  Pleasure  Forever 


ISriiiK    "i'tmr    Friends    to    tlie 


Evolution  Dinner 


at  6:45,  FRIDAY  THE  THIRTEENTH  of  April 
CAFE    BOULEVARD    '''  T/ust^'laft'T/'  ^Za^a;1  ""' 

Symposium:     "The  Evolution  of  Evolution" 

(Speech   limit:   5   minutes) 

1.75  Per  Per.«on  Phone:  Watkiii-:   7.WT 

(Please    make    reservation    in    advance,    if    possible) 


EVOLUTION,  9fi  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  Cit.v. 
L.    E.    Katterfeld,    Mgr. 


Date. 


Tou   may   reserve pl.ates   at    the    Evolution    Dinner    Friday 

svening,   April  13th,   for   the   undersigned   and    friends   at  .$1.73  each. 

Find  enclosed  $ 


?^ame 


Street  & 
Numl^er 


City  & 
State    . 


March,  1923 

"Just  a  line  to  express  my  congratula- 
tions to  you  for  Evolution,  which  is  a 
dandy  little  magazine  well  edited  and  de- 
serving much  success."  Joseph  Lewis,  New 
York, 

''I  am  greatly  elated  regarding  the  fine 
articles,  and  those  who  subscribed  through 
my  solicitation  feel  likewise.  I  fully  re- 
alize the  struggle  in  connection  with  a  new 
publication.  Success  or  failure  for  the 
magazine  lies  with  the  subscribers  whose 
duty  it  is  to  obtain  new  subscribers.  Tak- 
ing the  make-up  and  subject  matter  as  a 
criterion  for  the  future  I  predict  success 
for  Evolution."  II.  T.  Ahrens,  Washing- 
ton. 

'Our  greatest  fault  is  stating  a  thing 
as  a  fact  which  may  not  be  a  fact,  and 
which  would  not  matter  to  us  at  present 
if  it  were  a  fact.  There  are  enough  things 
we  Know  to  keep  us  busy.  Whether  a  thing 
is  a  fact,  doubtful,  possible  or  probable, 
say  so,  if  it  is  important  enough  to  mat- 
ter. Herein  lies  the  error  of  fundamen- 
talism,— except  its  big  crime:  denying 
free  expression."  P.  B.  Cowdery.  Cali- 
fornia. 


To   use  the  human   reason 
Is    "Fundamental"     treason; 
Just  go  it  blind. 
Leave  brains  behind — 
Like  tails,   they're   nut   of  season. 

Bob    Lyle 


LIBRARY  FUND 


Numerous  Public  Libraries  have  asked 
us  to  place  them  on  our  "Free  List". 
Evolution  has  no  "'Free  List",  and  we 
have  no  capital  with  which  to  pay  for 
subscriptions  to  be  sent  to  libraries.  How- 
ever, we  realize  that  this  would  be  very 
much  worth  while,  and  therefore  invite 
interested  friends  to  contribute  to  a 
LiBHARv  Fund. 

Every  dollar  contributed  to  this  fund 
will  pay  for  sending  Evolution  to  two 
libraries  for  one  year.  For  fifty  dollars 
we  will  supply  one  hundred  public  libra- 
ries, and  at  the  same  time  issue  to  the 
contributor  shares  in  our  Publishing  Cor- 
poration for  this  amount.  Who  will  start 
this  ball  rolling? 


PITY  THE  HEATHEN 

If  Evolution  reaches  only  con- 
vinced evolutionists  it  isn't  worth  print- 
ing. Our  real  task  is  to  carry  the 
facts  about  evolution  to  those  who  do 
not  understand  what  it  is  all  about,  so 
they  can  no  longer  be  stampeded  by 
fundamentalists.  This  we  can  do  only 
with  your  help.  Order  a  few  extra 
copies  to  give  friends  and  neighbors. 
We'll  send  you  five  copies  each  month 
for  a  whole  year  for  only  |2.50. 


Why  We  Behave 

Like  Human  Beings 

By  George  A.  Dorset,  ph.d.  ll.d. 

Formerly  Curator  of  Anthropology. 
Field  Museum  and  Associate  Professor 
of  Anthropology,   University  of  Chicago 

John  B.  Watson,  author  of  "Behavior- 
ism" says:  "It  focuses  for  the  first  time 
the  light  of  science  upon  the  weak  and 
shivering  organic  unit  we  call  man. 
Only  a  man  who  has  spent  his  life 
studying  man  in  the  jungle  as  well  as 
in  the  drawing  rooms  and  cafes  could 
write  such  a  book.     $3.50. 

HARPER    &    BROTHERS 


HEALTH      FOOD,      Not     Breakfast     Fooil 

Food  for  every  meal  and  for  every  ailiu^^ 
person — lias  stood  the  public  test  29  years 
Tyler's  Macerated  (whole)  Wheat  Combin 
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ready  to  eat — banishes  constipation  at  once 
restoring  normal  health  and  strength.  In- 
comparable for  women  in  delicate  condi 
tion.  Send  dollar  or  check  for  week's  sup- 
ply on  a  money-back  guarantee.  BYHON 
TYLER  (Established  1899),  1920,  Gibraltar 
Bldg.,   Kansas   City,   Mo. 


Well  Located  Improved  Lots 

on 
Long  Island.  Titles  guaranteed.  .$175  up. 
— 10%    down,    2';'o    per  month.   Commut- 
ing   distance   from    New   York   City. 
30ATING.  BATHING.  FISHING  NEAR 

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p.   O.   Box   36,   Hempstead,   L.   I..   N.  T. 


All  Who  Are  Opposed  to 

SUNDAY  CLOSING  LAWS 

and    other    forms    of    legalized    bigotry 
should 

Join  the  Anti-Blue  Law 
Army — Now 

and  aid  the  work  of  defeating  the  bigo- 
try lobby. — Dues,  $1.00  a  year. 

THE      N.^TIONAI,      ASSOCIATION 
OPPOSED    TO    BLUE    L.WVS,    Inc. 

817  13th  ST.,  N.  W.,  Washington.  D.  C. 


Science  League  of  America 

For   Freedom   in   Science    Teaching 

Every   sympathizer   invited   to    join. 

Fee:   Annual,  $3;  Life,  $25 

Write  for  pamphlet. 

509    Gillette    Bldg.,   San    Francisco. 


HaRKY    HiBSCHMAN,    LL.D. 

Lecturer    and    Writer 

Available  for  Lectures  and  Debates   on 
EVOLUTION 

and  kindred  subjects.  Recently  broad- 
fast  a  series  of  debates  over  WEAP 
and  other  stations;  formerly  practiced 
law  on  the  Pacific  Coast;  but  since 
1917  has  devoted  his  time  exclusively 
to    the   platform    and    pen. 

Address  care  of  EVOLUTION, 
90    Flrih    Ave.,    New    Tork    City. 


EVOLUTION 
BROADCASTERS 

Contributions  to  our  Bro.\dcasting 
Fund,  with  which  we  mail  out  several 
thousand  sample  copies  each  month  to 
prospective  new  readers,  were  made  since 
last  report  by  the  following  friends: 

F.  M.  White,  Ark. 

M.   B.   Hunt,   Calif. 

Lynn  A.  Drew,  111. 

M.  Mark,  Ind. 

Thos.   D.   Murphy,   Iowa. 

Clarissa  Thomson,  Mass. 

M.  L.  Campbell,  Mo. 

Caro  Lloyd  Strobell,  N.  Y. 

J.  Leon  Williams,  N.  Y. 

Clarence  V.  Howell,  N.  Y. 

Francis  Pilat,  N.  Y. 

Nicholas  Horn,   N.  Y. 

.*\rtur  Leeds,  N.  Y. 

Joseph   Lewis,  N.  Y. 

V.  H.  Jackson,  N.  Y. 

W.   H.   McGreev7.   N.   Y. 

August  R.  Zicha.  N.  Y. 

L.  M.  Waugh,  N.  Y. 

Daniel  Laufer.  N.  Y. 

Ida   Crouch   Hazlet,  N.   Y. 

H.  M.  Manning,  Penna. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  S.  Moser,  Penna. 

Every  dollar  contributed  to  this  Broad- 
casting fund  enables  us  to  mail  out  sample 
copies  to  twenty  new  addresses.  We  have 
over  one  hiuidred  thousand  names  of  pros- 
pective subscribers  and  shall  send  sam- 
ples to  them  as  rapidly  as  the  contribu- 
tions of  our  friends  make  this  possible. 
This  is  the  best  method  of  planting  the 
seed  in  new  communities. 


CHEMISTRY  TO   CONTROL 
LIFE 

'"TPllE  chemist  of  the  future  will  turn 
from  his  humble  task  of  providing 
the  conveniences  of  life  and  gain  control 
of  life  itself." 

It  was  Dr.  Edwin  E.  Slosson,  director 
of  Science  Service,  speaking  before  a 
group  of  psychologists  gathered  from 
many  parts  of  the  world  for  conference 
at   Wittenberg   College,   Springfield,   Ohio. 

"The  chemist  of  the  future.""  continued 
Dr.  Slosfon.  "may  mould  stature  and  char- 
acter as  the  sculptor  moulds  his  clay.  The 
factors  of  heredity  and  the  origin  of  species 
when  you  get  doivn  to  bed  rock,  are 
chemical  problems.  What  we  value  as 
individuality —  fascinating  temperaments, 
charms  of  vivacity,  woe  and  sympathy — 
are  all  due  to  definite  hormones,  some  nf 
which  are  already  known  chemical  com- 
pounds. 

"Courage  is  not  a  matter  of  'sand'  but 
of  sugar.  Diabetic  patients  who  are 
gripped  with  a  form  of  fear  from  an  over- 
dose of  insulin  may  have  their  courage 
immediately  restored  by  sucking  a  lolly- 
pop.  A  variation  of  a  few  hundredths  of 
one  per  cent,  in  the  glucose  of  the  blood 
may  make  the  difference  between  coward- 
ice and  courage,  may  determine  whetlier 
a  man  shall  be  shot  as  a  slacker  or  mcdaled 
as  a  hero." 


By  HCNSHA^V  WARD 

Author  of  Evolution  for  John  Doe 

CHARLES 
DARWIN 

The  Man  and  His  Warfare 
A  truly  noble  human 
soul  stands  forth  in 
clean-cut  perspective. 
— Professor  A.  G. 
Keller  of  Yale. 
Wustrated.  |5_qq 


By    ALBEKT 
EDW.4RD    WIGGAM 

Author   of 
New    Decalogue   of    Science 
Fruit   of  the  Family   Tree 

l\\e  Next  Age 
o\   Man 

The  best  thing  that 
Mr.  Wiggam  has  done. 
— Christian  Century. 

$3.00 


By  FLOYD  L.  DARROW 

af^STORYo/ 
CHEMISTRY 

A  masterpiece  in 
explaining  science 
to  the  public  —  pre- 
senting a  thousand 
surprising  facts. 
— Henshaiv  Ward. 


Illustrated. 


$4.00 


By    DAVID    ST.\RR    JORD.AN 

The  Higher 
FoolJsliMess 

A  delightful  human- 
itarian, distinguished 
scientist.  Has  both  a 
sense  of  style  and  of 
humor — A'.  Y.  Times. 
$2.50 

The  Bohhs-Merrill  Co. 

Publishrr.<t  -  -  Indianavolis 


Pacxe  Sixteen 


EVOLUTION 


March,  1928 


'While  men  slept  his  enemy  came  and  sowed  Tares  amon^ 
the  wheat  and  went  his   way". 


IF  YOU  AGREE 


with 


EUOLUTtON 


do  not  keep  the  good  news  to  yourself. 
Ask  others  to  read  it  too. 

It  isn't  worth  while  to  print  this  journal  only 
for  YOU.  We  must  also  reach  your  friends  that 
do  not  understand  the  scientific  method  yet.  This 
is  possible  only  through  your  help. 

So— 

Use  This  Blank  This  Month! 


IN  THIS  ISSUE: 

HARRY  ELMER  BARNES:    Author.    -Tlie  Genesis  of  the 
World  War". 

ALLAN   STRONG   BROMS:    Formerly   Science    Lecturer, 
Twin  Cities  Workers  University  Society. 

GEORGE  A.   DORSEY:    Author   "Why  We   Behave   Like 
Human  Beings"  and  "The  Nature  of  Man". 

ALEXANDER    GOLDENWEISER:    Editorial    Staff,    "En- 
cyclopedia of  the  Social  Sciences". 

ALPHONSE   A.   HERRERA:    Director   National   Museum, 
Republic  of  Mexico.    Author  of  many  scientific  works. 

WALTER   C.   KRAATZ:     Dept.  of  Biology,   University  of 
Akron. 

MAYNARD  SHIPLEY:  Pres.  Science  League  of  America. 
Author,  "War  on  Modern  Science". 

CLEVELAND    SYLVESTER    SIMKINS:     Dept.    of    Ana- 
tomy.  Universally   of   Tennessee. 

BERNHARD    J.    STERN:     U.    of    Washington.    Author, 
"Social  Factors  in  Medical  Progress". 

HENSHAW   WARD:    Author.   "Evolution    for   John   Doe", 

"Darwin,  The  Man  and  His  Waifare",  etc. 
ROBERT  WHITAKER:    Author,  Lecturer.  Cosman  Service. 


THE  ROLL  OF  HONOR 

Our  Roll  of  Honor  for  February  consists  of  the  fol- 
lowing friends  who  have  proven  their  devotion  to  the 
cause  of  scientific  freedom  by  sending  the  indicated 
nuinber  of  subscriptions  for  Evolution. 


12 

12 

9 


Clarissa  H.  Thomson,  Mass.  5 

Ed  Lindgren,  N.  Y.  5 

H.  S.  Brode,  Wash.  5 

E.  A.  Spaide,  Mich.  5 
Joseph  A.  Bailif,  No.  Dak.  5 

F.  A.  Delabarre,  Mass.  5 
H.  Mayer  Daxlanden.  N.  Y.  5 
Daniel  Laufer,  N.  Y.  5 
W.  O.  Smith,  Penna.  5 
Mildred  B.  Hunt,  Calif.  5 


W.  W.  Twiss  H.  Mich. 
W.  H.  Meal 
G.  B.  Benham,  Calif. 
L.  D.  Raynolds,  Kans. 
P.  B.  Cowdery,  Calif. 
O.  D.  Whitenack,  Colo. 
Sidney  Bailey,  N.  J. 
W.  E.  Willis.  Okla. 
Fr.  Masek,  HI. 
J.  E.  Tuckett,  Utah 


Three  each  from  the  following: — Wni.  O'Brien,  Ariz; 
J  W.  Lindquist.  Calif.;  G.  Stanislawski,  HI.;  A.  A.  Avery. 
Kans.;  Albert  Berthelot,  A.  D.  Latham,  Mich.;  R.  D. 
Overbold,  Nebr.;  Wm.  L.  Holler,  J.  J.  Sternbach,  G. 
W.  Carter,  N.  Y. ;  Bells,  Texas. 

Let  every  reader  of  Evolution  enlist  in  this  Roll  of 
Honor  by  sending  a  list  of  new  subscribers  to  be  reported 
in  our  April  issue. 


Evolution  Publishing  Corporation,    96  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

For  the  enclosed  $ -  send  Evolution  for  one  year  to: 

Name  Street  and  Number 


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(To   three   addresses,   $2) 

City  and  State 


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