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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR
EXPERIMENT
STATION
ECORD
VOLUME XXXI
JULY-DECEMBER, 1914
LIBRARY
NEW YOkK
BOTANICAL
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
X915
.X-5'
m
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus.
Weather Bureau — C. F. Marvin, Chief.
Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.
Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief.
Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester.
Bureau op Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.
Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief.
Bureau of Crop EsTuftATEs — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician.
Bureau op Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.
Bureau op Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief.
Office op Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director.
Opfice of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief.
Office op Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director.
THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
ALABAilA—
College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.a
Canebrake Station: Uniontown; L. H. Moore."
Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W.
Carver.a
Alaska— Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.''
Arizona — Tucson: R. H. Forbes.o
Arka'ssas— Fay ettcville: M. Nelson.o
CALTFOZi^iA— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt."
Colorado — Fort Collins: C. P. GiUette.o
Connecticut—
Statu Station: New Haven;\„ ^^ ^ ,.
c^ c, ,■ c. '>E. H. Jenkins.a
Storrs Station: Storrs; I
Delaware— iVfwarfc; H. Hayward.o
FtoniDA— Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs.a
Georgia — Experiment: R. J. H. DeLoach.a
Guam— /stand of Guam: A. C. Hartenbower.c
Hawad—
Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.c
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P.
Agee.o
Idaho — Moscow: J. S. Jones. d
Illinois — Urbana: E. Davenport.^
Indiana — La Fayette: A. Goss.o
lowfA—Ames: C. F. Curtiss.a
Kansas— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.a
Kentucky — Lexington: J. H. Kastle.a
LOUISUNA—
State Station: BotoniSoM^e; \
Sugar Station: .4 MdMftowParfc.L t, t^ j
„ „ , J-vV. R.Dodson.o
New Orleans;
North La. Station: Calhoun; J
Maine— Orowo.- C. D. Woods."
Maryland — College Park: H. J. Patterson.o
Massachusetts— ^mftcrs^.- W. P. Brooks."
Michigan— .East Lansing: R. S. Shaw."
Mrm^i^soTA— University Farm, St. Paul: A. F.
Woods."
Mississwpi— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd."
Missouri—
College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford."
Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans."
" Director. b Special agent in charge.
'\b. W. Kilgore.o
Montana— £o2€mo7i.' F. B. Linfield.o
Nebraska — Lincoln: E. A. Burnett."
Nevada— i? mo.- S. B. Doten."
New Hampshire— jDwrftom.- J. C. Kendall."
New Jersey— iVeu) Brunswick: J. G. Lipman.o
New Mexico— State College: Fabian Garcia."
New York—
State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan."
Cornell Station: Ithaca; B. T. Galloway."
North Carolina—
College Station: West Raleigh;\
State Station: Raleigh;
North T) akota— Agricultural College: T. P.
Cooper."
Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome."
OKLAno^iA— Stillwater: W. L. Carlyle."
Oregon— CormZZis.- A. B. Cordley.o
Pennsylvanla.—
State College: R. L. Watts."
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby."
Porto Rico-
Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.*
Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower."
Rhode Island— A'in{7s?on.- B. L. Hartwell."
South Carolina — Clemson College: J. N. Har-
per."
South Dakota — Brookings: J. W. Wilson.a
Tennessee — Knoxville: H. A. Morgan."
Texas— College Station: B. Youngblood."
Utah— Xo^on.- E. D. Ball."
Vermont — Burlington: J. L. Hills."
Virginla.—
Blacksburg: W. J. Schoene.d
Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson."
Washington— PwZtmon.- I. D. Cardiff."
West yiRGH^iA— Morgantown: E. D. Sander-
son."
Wisconsin — Madison: 11. L. Russell."
Wyoming — Laramie: H. G. Knight."
c Agronomist in charge.
d Acting director.
II
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPAETMENT8.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and FertilizerJ^- ^- ■^^'*-^-
[R. \V. Trullinger.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology/^- ^- ^vans. Ph. D.
\\V. E. Boyd.
(J. L SCHULTE.
[G. M. Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
Foods and Human Nutrition/^" l' Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
IH. L. Lang.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
. . rW. A. Hooker.
Veterinary MedicineJL w. Fetzer.
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
Field Cropsj^
CONTENTS OF VOLUiME XXXI.
EDITORIAL NOTES.
Page.
The agricultural appropriation act, 1914-15 1
Formation of the American Association of Agricultural College Editors ■ 101
Sixth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture 301
The United States and Canadian commissions on vocational training and some
of their conclusions as to agricultural education 401
An agency for the publication of agricultural research 601
The organization of a section for agriculture in the American Association 604
Plant physiology in agricultural courses 701
Study of the life of the plant in field experiments 704
STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Alabama College Station:
Bulletin 175, January, 1914 40
Bulletin 176, February, 1914 58
Circular 21, March, 1913 794
Arizona Station:
Bulletin 71, July 1, 1913 891
HI
IV EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Arkansas Station: Page.
Bulletin 117, May, 1914 680
Bulletin 118, May, 1914 631
Circular 21, March, 1914 644
Circular 22, March, 1914 631
Cii-cular 23, April, 1914 636
Circular 24, April, 1914 693
California Station:
Bulletin 245, August, 1914 727
Circular 117, April, 1914 89
Circular 118, June, 1914 690
Colorado Station:
Bulletin 189, June, 1913 468
Bulletin 195, May, 1914 441
Bulletin 196, June, 1914 818
Bulletin 197, May, 1914 879, 885
Bulletin 198, June, 1914 836
Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913 694
Connecticut State Station:
Special Bulletin (Forestry Publication 9), September, 1913 537
Annual Report, 1913, pt. 6 331,334,341,396
Annual Report, 1914, pt. 1 641,657
Connecticut Storrs Station:
Bulletin 75, November, 1913 171
Bulletin 76, March, 1914 172
Bulletin 77, June, 1914 484
Florida Station:
Bulletin 122, March, 1914 54
Annual Report, 1913 723, 731, 734, 742, 747, 749, 750, 751, 769, 794
Georgia Station:
Bulletin 104, January, 1914 432
Bulletin 105, January, 1914 432
Bulletin 106, February, 1914 438
Bulletin 107, March, 1914 436
Bulletin 108, April, 1914 432
Guam Station:
Annual Report, 1913 416, 425, 441, 467, 482, 495
Hawaii Station:
Bulletin 33, April 25, 1914 11
Bulletin 34, May 25, 1914 249
Bulletin 35, August 24, 1914 723
Press Bulletin 45, May 11, 1914 388
Press Bulletin 46, June 20, 1914 568
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station:
Division of Agriculture and Chemistry Bulletin 44, 1914 688
Idaho Station:
Bulletin 79, April, 1914 231
Illinois Station:
Bulletin 155, Abstract, April, 1912 533
Bulletin 166, January, 1914 867
Bulletin 167, March, 1914 666
Circular 170, 1914 48
CONTENTS. V
Illinois Station — Continued. Page.
Circular 171, June, 1914 454
Circular 172, June, 1914 644
Circular 173, June, 1914 836
Circular 174, July, 1914 873
Circular 175, July, 1914 865
Soil Report 6, August, 1913 23
Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913 396
Indiana Station:
Bulletin 165, popular edition, April, 1913 44
Bulletin 167, popular edition, October, 1913 169
Bulletin 172, March, 1914 37
Bulletin 173, March, 1914 86
Bulletin 174, April, 1914 323
Bulletin 175, April, 1914 431
Bulletin 176, August, 1914 739
Circular 43, March, 1914 75
Circular 44, September, 1914 781
Iowa Station:
Bulletin 145, October, 1913 628
Circular 1, March, 1912 139
Circular 2, 2d edition, April, 1913 125
Circular 3, July, 1912 330
Circular 4, September, 1912 331
Circular 5, December, 1912 139
Circular 6, January, 1913 168
Cii-cular 7, April, 1913 127
Circular 8, April, 1913 131
Circular 9, April, 1913 122
Cii-cular 10, April, 1913 122
Circular 11, March, 1913 344
Circular 12, April, 1913 265
Cricular 13, April, 1913 232
Circular 14, June, 1913 286
Circular 15, December, 1913 215
Circular 16, March, 1914 272
Circular 17, April, 1914 271
Kansas Station:
Bulletin 195, December, 1913 73
Bulletin 196, December. 1913 53
Bulletin 197, January, 1914 37
Cii-cular 35, 1914 76
Circular 36, 1914 495
Circular 37, May 12, 1914 455
Kentucky Station:
Bulletin 178, March, 1914 ,. , , 227
Bulletin 179, June, 1914 892, 893
Bulletin 180, July, 1914 870
Bulletin 181, August, 1914 886. 889
Biennial Report Director, 1911-1913 396
Food and Drugs Report, 1910-11 358
Seventh Biennial Report Food and Drug Work, 1911-1913 359
Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1911 316, 396
VI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Louisiana Stations: Page.
Bulletin 143, March, 1914 72
Bulletin 144, April, 1914 117
Bulletin 145, April, 1914 157
Maine Station:
Bulletin 222, December, 1913 117, 196
Bulletin 223, January, 1914 151
Bulletin 224, February, 1914 132, 141
Bulletin 225, February, 1914 157
Bulletin 226, March, 1914 130, 131
Bulletin 227, March, 1914 243
Bulletin 228, June, 1914 569
Bulletin 229, July, 1914 832
Official Inspection 48, March, 1913 68
Official Inspection 49, April, 1913 68
Official Inspection 50, May, 1913 73
Official Inspection 51, June, 1913 77
Official Inspection 52, July, 1913 43
Official Inspection 53, September, 1913 31
Official Inspection 54, October, 1913 49
Official Inspection 55, December, 1913 63
Official Inspection 56, Febniary, 1914 67
Official Inspection 57, February, 1914 556
Official Inspection 58, March, 1914 576
Official Inspection 59, April, 1914 556
Official Inspection 60, 1914 564
Maryland Station:
Bulletin 179, February, 1914 438
Massachusetts Station:
Bulletin 148, April, 1914 683
Bulletin 149, April, 1914 636
Bulletin 150, April, 1914 718, 740, 752
Bulletin 151, April, 1914 713
Bulletin 152, May, 1914 765
Bulletin 153, June, 1914 718
Bulletin 154, June, 1914 735
Meteorological Bulletins 303-304, March- April, 1914 213
Meteorological Bulletins 305-306, May- June, 1914 415
Meteorological Bulletins 307-308, July-August, 1914 718
Michigan Station:
Special Bulletin 64, January, 1914 563
Special Bulletin 65, February, 1914 585
Special Bulletin 66, March, 1914 543
Special Bulletin 67, March, 1914 533
Special Bulletin 68, March, 1914 542
Special Bulletin 69, March, 1914 533
Special Bulletin 70, April, 1914 595
Minnesota Station:
Bulletin 133, July, 1913 642
Bulletin 138, February, 1914 146
Bulletin 139, May, 1914 633
Bulletin 140, July, 1914 670
Bulletin 141, July, 1914 650
CONTENTS. vrr
Minnesota Station — Continued. Page.
Bulletin 142, July, 1914 742
Twentieth Annual Report, 1912 195
Twenty-first Annual Report, 1913 168, 173, 195
Mississippi Station:
BuUetin 164, February, 1914 136
Circular — Growing Hogs in Mississippi, June 20, 1914 769
Circular — Mississippi Poultry House, March, 1914 786
Missouri Station:
BulletiBlie, Febmary, 1914 31
Bulletin 117 (Annual Report, 1913 ;, February, 1914.. 334, 342, 349, 366, 368, 370, 396
Bulletin 118, May, 1914 783
Circular 67, March, 1914 786
Circular 68, April, 1914 830
Circular 69, April, 1914 819
Circular 70, July, 1914 851
Montana Station:
Bulletin 94, July, 1913 673
Bulletin 95, August, 1913 668
Bulletin 96, Febmary, 1914 645
Bulletin 97, February, 1914. 689
Bulletin 98, February, 1914 648
Circular 28, August, 1913 649
Circular 29, August, 1913 684
Circular 30, October, 1913 633
Circular 31, November, 1913 666
Circular 32, November, 1913 675
Circular 33, November, 1913 682
Circular 34, January, 1914 670
Circular 35, January, 1914 655
Circular 36, February, 1914 635
Circular 37, February, 1914 644
Circular 38, February, 1914 835
Circular 39, May, 1914 843
Special Circular 1, March, 19i:^, 767
Special Circular 2, March, 1914 767
Twentieth Annual Report, 1913 694
Nebraska Station:
Bulletin 139, April 6, 1914 174
Bulletin 140, March 12, 1914 419
Bulletin 141, May 1, 1914 328
Bulletin 142, April 27, 1914 336
Bulletin 143, June 22, 1914 866
Bulletin 144, August 15, 1914 869
Bulletin 145, September 1, 1914 891
Research Bulletin 4, February 1, 1914 135
Research Bulletin 5, July 1, 1914 419
Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1913 438, 439, 468, 495
Nevada Station:
Annual Report, 1913 19, 24, 36, 43, 77, 98
New Hampshire Station:
Bulletin 1G6, September, 1913 139
Bulletin 167, December, 1913 126
VIII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
New Hampshire Station — Continued. Page.
Bulletin 168, January, 1914 141
Technical Bulletin 7, December, 1913 847
Technical Bulletin 8, June, 1914 802
New Jersey Stations:
Bulletin 260, June 29, 1913 124
Bulletin 261, December 6, 1913 126
Bulletin 262, December 22, 1913 142
Bulletin 263, December 31, 1913 196
Bulletin 264, January 14, 1914 126
Bulletin 265, December 31, 1913 568
Bulletin 266, March 28, 1914 532
Circular 7 (revised) -. 77
Circular 31 45
Circular 32 76
Circular 33 52
Circular 34 449
Circular 35 448
Circular 36 446
New Mexico Station:
Bulletin 90, May, 1914 470
Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1913 745, 782, 794
New York Cornell Station:
Bulletin 341, February, 1914 295
Bulletin 342, April, 1914 443
Bulletin 343, April, 1914 434
Bulletin 344, April, 1914 .\ - 489
Bulletin 345, April, 1914 668
Bulletin 346, June, 1914 650
Bulletin 347, June, 1914 751
Circular 22, February, 1914 46
Circular 23, June, 1914 723
Circular 24, July, 1914 787
New York State Station:
Bulletin 373, February, 1914 78
Bulletins 373 and 380, popular editiou, March, 1914 674
Bulletin 374, February, 1914 54
Bulletin 375, March, 1914 45, 46
Bulletin 376, March, 1914 46
Bulletin 377, March, 1914 156
Bulletin 378, March, 1914 139
Bulletin 379, March, 1914 137
Bulletin 380, March, 1914 372
Bulletin 381, March, 1914 339
Bulletin 381, popular edition, March, 1914 837
Bulletin 382, April, 1914 352
Bulletin 382, popular edition, April, 1914 654
Bulletin 383, April, 1914 337
Bulletin 383, popular edition, April, 1914 636
Bulletin 384, April, 1914 340
Bulletin 385, April, 1914 337
Bulletin 386, May, 1914 663
Bulletin 387, May, 1914 651, 652
Bulletin 388, May, 1914 649, 650
CONTENTS. IX
New York State Station — Continued. Page.
Technical Bulletin 32, January, 1914 707
Technical Bulletin 33, February, 1914 709
Technical Bulletin 34, May, 1914 710, 714
North Carolina Station:
Bulletin 227, April, 1914 630
Technical Bulletin 9, May, 1914 621
Technical Bulletin 10, May, 1914 636
Circular 1, July, 1913 489
Circular 2 (revised), February, 1914 488
Circular 3, October, 1913 41
Circular 4, November, 1913 509
Cii-cular 5, October 29, 1913 578
Circular 6, October, 1913 30
Circular 7, November, 1913 '. 38
Circular 8, November, 1913 38
Circular 9, November, 1913 37
Circular 10, October, 1913 43
Circular 11, February, 1914 30
Circular 12, February, 1914 39
Cii-cular 13, February, 1914 41
Circular 14, February, 1914 41
Circular 15, January, 1914 98
Circular 16, February, 1914 631
Circular 17, April, 1914 693
Circular 18, May, 1914 628
Circular 19, June, 1914 644
North Dakota Station:
Bulletin 107, December, 1913 148
Bulletin 108, April, 1914. 582
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 3, February, 1914 657
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 4, March, 1914 657
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 5, April, 1914 658
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 6, May, 1914 657, 676
Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 7, June, 1914 657
Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1913 615, 694
Ohio Station:
Bulletin 259, March, 1913 615
Bulletin 262, June, 1913 472
Bulletin 263 (Twenty-second Annual Report, 1913), July, 1913 98
Bulletin 264, October, 1913 852
Bulletin 265, November, 1913 642
Bulletin 268, January, 1914 868
Bulletin 269, January, 1914 35
Bulletin 271, February, 1914 268
Bulletin 272, May, 1914 226
Bulletin 273, May, 1914 430
Bulletin 274, June, 1914 430, 471
Bulletin 275, June, 1914 430
Circular 140, November 1, 1913 853
Circular 142, January 15, 1914 59
Cii-cular 143, February 1, 1914 60
Circular 144, April 1, 1914 217
Circular 145, May 15, 1914 495
X EXPEEIMEKT STATION RECOED.
Oklahoma Station:
Circular 24, December, 1913 156
Circular 25, January, 1914 138
Circular 26, January, 1914 131
Circular 27, March, 1914 357
Circular 28, March, 1914 354
Circular 29, April, 1914 336
Circular 30, April, 1914 474
Circular 31, May, 1914 558
Circular 32, June, 1914 532
Circular 33, June, 1914 592
Circular 34, July, 1914 829
Circular 35, July, 1914 832
Oregon Station:
Bulletin 117, April, 1914 414
Bulletin 118, June, 1914 818
Research Bulletin 3, March, 1914 407
Pennsylvania Station:
Bulletin 128, February, 1914 ' 45
Bulletin 129, March, 1914 236
Bulletin 130, April, 1914 437
Porto Rico Station:
Bulletin 15 , May 29, 1914 354
Bulletin 16, September 17, 1914 816
Annual Report, 1913 627. 634, 637, 644, 645, 664, 694
Rhode Island Station:
Bulletin 156, March, 1914 473
Bulletin 157, April, 1914 485
Bulletin 158, May, 1914 572
Bulletin 159, June, 1914 : 781
Inspection Bulletin, May, 1914 467
Inspection Bulletin, June, 1914 624
South Carolina Station:
Bulletin 173, September, 1913 207
Bulletin 174, December, 1913 249
Bulletin 175, March, 1914 250
Circular 23, December, 1913 158
Circular 24, January, 1914 182
Circular 25, February, 1914 141
South Dakota Station:
Bulletin 148, January, 1914 470
Bulletin 149, March, 1914 435
Bulletin 150, April ,1914 438
Tennessee Station:
Bulletin 103, January, 1914 Ill
Bulletin 104, April, 1914 469
Bulletin 105, April, 1914 489
Bulletin 106, June, 1914 635
Bulletin 107, June, 1914 815
Bulletin 108, June, 1914 837
Texas Station:
Bulletin 162, December, 1913 71
Bulletin 163, December, 1913 65
CONTENTS. XI
Texas Station — Continued. Page.
Bulletin 164, AprD, 1914 863
Bulletin 165, April, 1914 801
Bulletin 166, May, 1914 862
Bulletin 167, June, 1914 823
Circular 1, new series, December, 1913 442
Circular 2, new series, January, 1914 488
Circular 3, new series, December, 1913 439
Circular 4, new series, February, 1914 489
Utah Station:
Bulletin 132, March, 1914 429
Bulletin 133, May, 1914 428
Circular 16, March, 1914 139
Circular 17, March, 1914 471
Vermont Station:
Bulletin 175, October, 1913 642
Bulletin 176, January, 1914 640
Bulletin 177, February, 1914 634
Bulletin 178, March, 1914 640
Bulletin 179, April, 1914 643
Bulletin 180, May, 1914 663
Bulletin 181, May, 1914 838
Virginia Station:
Bulletin 204, February, 1914 37
Virginia Truck Station:
Bulletin 10, January 1, 1914 44
Washington Station:
Popular Bulletin 57, February, 1914 441
Popular Bulletin 60, February 4, 1914 432
Popular Bulletin 61, Febmary 10, 1914 454
Popular Bulletin 62, February 15, 1914 435
Popular Bulletin 63, July 20, 1914 769
Popular Bulletin 64, February, 1914 740
Popular Bulletin 65, February, 1914. 749
Popular Bulletin 66, March 10, 1914 740
Populai- Bulletin 67, March 11, 1914 740
Popular Bulletin 68, March 24, 1914 759
Popular Bulletin 69, April 1, 1914 723
West Virginia Station:
Bulletin 143 , April, 1914 44
Bulletin 144, March, 1914 190
Bulletin 145, May, 1914 270
Wisconsin Station:
Bulletin 202 (revised edition). May, 1914 723
Bulletin 204 (revised edition), May, 1914 723
Bulletin 212 (revised edition), March, 1914 134
Bulletin 236, April, 1914 333
Bulletin 237, May, 1914 448, 453
Bulletin 238, June, 1914 490
Bulletin 239, June, 1914 874
Bulletin 240, June, 1914 817, 823, 827,
829, 835, 840, 849, 864, 870, 874, 876, 887, 890, 893, 899
Xn EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Wisconsin Station — Continued. Page.
Bulletin 241, July, 1914 875
Circular 46, May, 1914 467
Circular 47, June, 1914 467
Circular 48, June, 1914 438
Circular 49, July, 1914 823
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS
ABSTRACTED.
Annual Reports 1913 195
Journal Agricultural Research, vol. 2, No. 1, April, 1914 107, 130, 150, 153, 158
Journal Agricultural Research, vol. 2, No. 2, May, 1914 201, 237, 247, 252, 288
Journal Agricultural Research, vol. 2, No. 3, June, 1914. . . 445, 449, 450, 458, 476, 477
Journal Agricultural Research, vol. 2, No. 4, July, 1914 525, 540, 544, 574
Journal Agricultural Research, vol. 2, No. 5, August, 1914 747, 748
Bulletin 51, A Bacteriological and Chemical Study of Commercial Eggs in the
Producing Districts of the Central West, Mary E. Pennington et al 570
Bulletin 54, The Topographic Features of the Desert Basins of the United States
with Reference to the Possible Occurrence of Potash, E. E. Free 218
Bulletin 61, Potash Salts and Other Salines in the Great Basin Region, G. J.
Young 423
Bulletin 70, Immunization Tests with Glanders Vaccine, J. R. Mohler and A.
Eichhorn 83
Bulletin 71, The Wet Lands of Southern Louisiana and Their Drainage, C. W.
Okey 185
Bulletin 72, Suitability of Longleaf Pine for Paper Pulp, H. E. Surface and
R. E. Cooper '- 144
Bulletin 73, Raising and Fattening Beef Calves in Alabama, D. T. Gray and
W.F.Ward 169
Bulletin 75, Alfalfa Seed Production; Pollination Studies, C. V. Piper et al. . . 133
Bulletin 76, Laboratory and Field Assay of Arsenical Dipping Fluids, R. M.
Chapin 115
Bulletin 77, Rocky Mountain Mine Timbers, N. deW. Betts 144
Bulletin 78, The So-called Tobacco Wirevporm in Vii'ginia, G. A. Runner 253
Bulletin 79, Research Studies on the Curing of Leaf Tobacco, W. W. Garner,
C. W. Bacon, and C. L. Foubert : 115
Bulletin 80, Effects of Varying Certain Cooking Conditions in Producing Soda
Pulp fi-om Aspen, H. E. Surface 715
Bulletin 81, The Potato Quarantine and the American Potato Industry, W. A.
Orton 149
Bulletin 82, Powdery Scab {Spongos-pora suhterranea) of Potatoes, I. E. Melhus. 149
Bulletin 83, Farmers' Institute and Agricultural Extension Work in the United
States in 1913, J. Hamilton 195
Bulletin 84, Experiments with Udo, the New Japanese Vegetable, D. Fairchild . 140
Bulletin 85, The Cost of Pasteurizing Milk and Cream, J. T. Bowen 188
Bulletin 86, Tests of Wooden Barrels, J. A. Newlin 144
Bulletin 87, Flumes and Fhiming, E. S. Bruce 485
Bulletin 88, The Control of the Codling Moth in the Pecos Valley in New Mex-
ico, A. L. Quaintance 252
Bulletin 89, The Death of Chestnuts and Oak? due to Armillaria mellea, W. H.
Long 246
Bulletin 90, The Rose Aphis, H. M. Russell -. 250
Bulletin 91, Cost and Methods of Clearing Land in the Lake States, H. Thomp-
son and E. D. Strait 288
CONTENTS. XIII
Bulletin 92, Destruction of Germs of Infectious Bee Diseases by Heating, G. F Page.
White. 255
Bulletin 93, The Temperature of the Honeybee Cluster in Winter, E. F. Phillips
and G. S. Demuth 254
Bulletin 94, Domestic Breeds of Sheep in America, E. L. Shaw and L. L. Heller. 567
Bulletin 95, Insect Damage to the Cones and Seeds of Pacific Coast Conifers,
J. M. Miller 548
Bulletin 96, The Temperature of the Bee Colony, B.N. Gates 553
Bulletin 97, Identification of Commercial Fertilizer Materials, W. H. Fry. . . . 517
Bulletin 98, The Application of Refi-igeration to the Handling of Milk, J. T.
Bowen ■. 575
Bulletin 99, Tests of Selections from Hybrids and Commercial Varieties of Oats,
C. W. Warburton et al 527
Bulletin 100, Walnut Aphides in California, W. M. Davidson 753
Bulletin 101 , Relative Resistance of Various Conifers to Injection with Creosote,
C. H. Teesdale 743
Bulletin 102, Acidity as a Factor in Determining the Degree of Soundness of
Corn, H. J. Besley and G. H. Baston 525
Bulletin 103, Alum in Foods 556
Bulletin 104, Thrips as Pollinators of Beet Flowers, H. B. Shaw 549
Bulletin 105, Progress Reports of Experiments in Dust Prevention and Road
Preservation, 1 913 686
Bulletin 106, The Granular Venereal Disease and Abortion in Cattle, W. L. Wil-
liams 779
Bulletin 107, Birds in Relation to the Alfalfa Weevil, E. R. Kalmbach 655
Bulletin 108, Harmful Effects of Aldehydes in Soils, 0. Schreiner and J. J.
Skinner 620
Bulletin 109, The Molds of Cigars and Their Prevention, R. H. True 613
Bulletin 110, Fattening Cattle in Alabama, D. T. Gray and W. F. Ward 664
Bulletin 111, The Sequoia Pitch Moth, a Menace to Pine in Western Montana,
J. Brunner 652
Bulletin 112, The Oat Aphis, J. J. Davis 753
Bulletin 113, The Lesser Bud-Moth, E. W. Scott and J. H. Paine 755
Bulletin 114, Report Upon the Black and Boggy Swamps Drainage District,
Hampton and Jasper Counties, S. C, F. G. Eason 684
Bulletin 115, Gate Structures for Irrigation Canals, F. C. Scobey 782
Bulletin 116, New Facts Concerning the "\;\Tiite-Pine Blister Rust, P. Spaulding. 647
Bulletin 117, Profits in Farming on Irrigated Areas in Utah Lake Valley, E. H.
Thomson and H. M. Dixon 689
Bulletin 118, Experiments in the Destruction of Fly Larvae in Horse Manure,
F. C. Cook et al 653
Bulletin 119, Five Oriental Species of Beans, C. V. Piper and W. J. Morse 739
Bulletin 120, Apple Powdery IMildew and its Control in the Pajaro Valley,
W. S. Ballard and W. H. Volck 748
Bulletin 121, Spinning Tests of Upland Long-Staple Cottons, F. Taylor and
W. A. Sherman 631
Bulletin 122, The Inorganic Composition of Some Important American Soils,
W. O. Robinson 719
Farmers' Bulletin 573, The Angora Goat, L. L. Heller 75
Farmers' Bulletin 574, Poultry House Construction, A. R. Lee 93
Farmers' Bulletin 575, The Agricultural Outlook 73, 95
Farmers' Bulletin 576, Breeds of Sheep for the Farm, F. R. Marshall 75
Farmers' Bulletin 577, Growing Egyptian Cotton in the Salt River Valley, Aii-
zona, E. W. Hudson 41
XIV EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED.
Page.
Farmers' Bulletin 578, The Making and Feeding of Silage, T. E. Woodward. . . 72
Farmers' Bulletin 579, Crimson Clover: Utilization, J. M. Westgate 38
Farmers' Bulletin 580, Beef Production in the South, W. F. Ward and D. T.
Gray 74
Farmers' Bulletin 581, The Agricultural Outlook 95
Farmers' Bulletin 582, Uses for Chestnut Timber Killed by the Bark Disease,
J. C. NelUs 144
Farmers' Bulletin 583, The Common Mole of the Eastern United States, T. H.
Scheffer 154
Farmers' Bulletin 584, The Agricultural Outlook * 190
Farmers' Bulletin 585, Natural and Artificial Incubation of Hens' Eggs, H. M.
Lamon 173
Farmers' Bulletin 586, Collection and Preservation of Plant Material for Use in
the Study of Agriculture, H. B. Derr and C. H. Lane 394
Farmers' Bulletin 587, Economic Value of North American Skunks, D. E.
Lantz 370
Farmers' Bulletin 588, Economical Cattle Feeding in the Corn Belt, J. S. Cot-
ton and W. F. Ward 468
Farmers' Bulletin 589, Homemade Silos, H. Rabild, A. K. Risser, and K. E,
Parks 591
Farmers' Bulletin 590, The Agricultural Outlook 391
Farmers' Bulletin 591, The Classification and Grading of Cotton, D. E. Earle
and W. S. Dean 433
Farmers' Bulletin 592, Stock- Watering Places on Western Grazing Lands, W. C.
Barnes 366
Farmers' Bulletin 593, How to Use Farm Credit, T.N. Carver 389
Farmers' Bulletin 594, Shipping Eggs by Parcel Post, L. B. Flohr 370
Farmers' Bulletin 595, Arsenate of Lead as an Insecticide Against the Tobacco
Hornworms in the Dark-Tobacco District, A. C. Morgan and D. C. Parman. . 454
Farmers' Bulletin 596, The Culture of Winter WTieat in the Eastern United
States, C. E. Leighty 438
Farmers' Bulletin 597, The Road Drag and How It is Used 486
Farmers' Bulletin 598, The Agricultural Outlook 391
Farmers' Bulletin 599, Pasture and Brain Crops for Hogs in the Pacific North-
west, B. Hunter , 470
Farmers' Bulletin 600, An Outfit for Boring Taprooted Stumps for Blasting, H.
Thompson 486
Farmers' Bulletin 601, A New System of Cotton Cdlture and Its Application,
0. F. Cook 433
Farmers' Bulletin 602, Production of Clean Milk : 771
Farmers' Bulletin 603, Arsenical Cattle Dips, R. M. Chapin 776
Farmers' Bulletin 604, The Agricultural Outlook 789
Farmers' Bulletin 605, Sudan Grass as a Forage Crop, H. N. Vinall 737
Farmers' Bulletin 606, Collection and Preservation of Insects for Use in the
Study of Agriculture, C. H. Lane and N. Banks 792
Farmers' Bulletin 608, Removal of Garlic Flavor from Milk and Cream, S. H.
Ayers and W. T. Johnson, jr 771
Farmers' Bulletin 609, Bird Houses and How to Build Them, N. Dearborn 751
Farmers' Bulletin 610, Wild Onion: Methods of Eradication, H. R. Cox 739
Farmers' Bulletin 611 , The Agricultural Outlook 789
Press Notice, January 14, 1914, Prickly Pear Cactus as a feed for Dairy Cows. . 77
List of Workers in Agriculture and Home Economics in U. S. Department of
Agriculture and Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations 599
Yearbook, 1913 316, 332, 333, 337, 340, 349, 356, 359, 367, 388, 396
CONTENTS. XV
Bureau of Animal Industry: Page.
Bulletin 110, pt. 3, A Biometrical Study of Egg Production in the Domestic
Fowl, R. Pearl and F. M. Surface 669
Bighead in Sheep, H. J. Frederick 883
Effects of Tick Eradication on the Cattle Industry of the South, W. F.Ward . 883
Progress and Results of Cattle-Tick Eradication 85
Bureau of Biological Survey:
North American Fauna No. 36, Revision of the American Harvest Mice,
A. H. Howell 647
Bureau of Entomology:
Bulletin 26, technical series, American Black Flies or Buffalo Gnats, J. R.
Malloch 254
Bulletin 27, pt. 2, technical series. Classification of the Aleyrodidse, II,
A. L. Quaintance and A. C. Baker 755
The Periodical Cicada in 1914, C. L. Marlatt 351
Bureau of Plant Industry:
Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported, July 1 to September 30, 1912 327
Menziesia, A New Stock- Poisoning Plant of the Northwestern States, C. D.
Marsh 376
Work of the Huntley Experiment Farm, 1913, D. Hansen 828
Work of the Truckee-Carson Experiment Farm, 1913, F. B. Headley. 828, 835, 889
Bureau of Soils:
Field Operation, 1911 (Thirteenth Report) 512
Field Operations, 1913—
Soil Survey of Ashley County, Arkansas, E. S. Vanatta et al 813
Soil Survey of Bradford County, Florida, W. C. Byers et al 813
Soil Survey of Gordon County, Georgia, J. 0. Veatch 814
Soil Survey of Miller County, Georgia, R. T. Allen and E. J. Grimes. . 814
Weather Bureau:
Bulletin Z, The Floods of 1913 in the Rivers of the Ohio and Lower Missis-
sippi Valleys, A. J. Henry 214
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 1-2, January-February, 1914.212, 213, 229
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 3-4, March-April, 1914 614, 615
Climatological Data, Vol. 1, Nos. 1-2, January-February, 1914 213
Climatological Data, Vol. 1, Nos. 3-4, March-April, 1914 415
Climatological Data Vol. 1, Nos. 5-6, May-June, 1914 615
List of Meteorological Text-Books and Reference Books, 3rd edition (Doc-
ument 512), C. F. Talman 509
Report, 1913 212
Office of Experiment Stations:
Syllabus 15, Illustrated Lecture on the Homemade Fireless Cooker, Mrs.
K. C. Davis and Angeline Wood 299
Syllabus 16, Illustrated Lecture on Swine in the United States, W. B.
Jessee 694
Evans, Ph.
Boyd.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotochny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D.. M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers |j^ ^. trullinger.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathologj- j^y' j,"
„. , , ^ f J. I. SCHULTE.
Field Crops j^. ^^ tuckeu, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
-, , , TT -V- * -i.- V, /C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition I jj- ^ lang
Zootechny, Dairying, and Daii-y Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
,,. , . AT 1- • /W. A. Hooker.
VeterinaiT Medicme j^. w. Fetzer.
Rural Engineering — R. W. Tkullingeb.
Rural Economics — E. JMerritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moobe.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXI, NO. i.
D.
NEW YORI
iiOlANlCAl
Editorial notes: Page-
The agricultural appropriation act, 1914-15 1
Recent work in agricultural science 10
Notes 99
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.
Simple plant bases and the synthesis of proteins and lecithins, Trier 10
In regard to our knowledge of phytin, Jegorow 10
Investigation of the mannit occun-ing in asparagus juice, Busolt 10
The carbohydrates in green string beans and cauliflower, Busolt 11
The organic nitrogen of Hawaiian soils, Kelley and Thompson 11
Organic constituents of culture solution and mycelium from soil, Sullivan. ... 12
Polyatomic alcohols as sources of carbon for lower fungi, Neidig 13
Influence of organic substances on diastase, Chapman and Etheridge 13
Effect of acids upon catalase of taka-diastase, Neidig 13
About the presence of stachyose in beans and other legumes, Tanret 13
The juice of Ficus coronata, an incomplete vegetable pancreatic juice, Gerber. . 13
The decomposition of amygdalin and vicianin by enzym action, Compton 14
The decomposition of cellulose by micro-organisms, Krainsky 14
A titrimetric method for thiosulphate in presence of sulpliites, Bodnar 15
The approximate determination of traces of thiosulphate in sulphites, Bodndr. . 15
Estimating the fineness of flowei's of sulphur and ground sulphur, Hofman. ... 15
Estimation of small quantities of manganese and chromium, Dittrich 16
Drying soils in an electrically heated vacuum desiccator, Hornberger 16
I
II CONTENTS.
Page.
The determination of phosphoric acid in the soil, Hornberger 16
Citrate-soluble phosphoric acid in phosphates, Starodubowa and Jakuschkin ... 16
The alundum crucible for the determination of phosphoric acid, Liberi 17
In regard to fertilizer analysis, Mitscherlich and Simmermacher 17
The determination of cellulose with nitric acid, Rao and ToUens 18
Estimation of sugar in honeys, comfits, jellies, sirups, etc., Muttelet 18
Detection of technical invert sugar with /?-naphthol, Litterscheid 18
About honey examination, Buchner 18
Determination of sugar in bagasse. Pellet 18
Hot and cold digestion in beet analysis, Pellet 18
Relationship between weight of sugar beet and composition, Harris and Gortner. 19
Report of the department of chemistry, Jacobson and Adams 19
METEOROLOGY — WATER.
Weather science, Lempfert 19
Weather forecasting, Deeley 19
The agricultural meteorological service in Germany, Bornstein 19
Present organization of agi-icultural meteorology in Sweden, Hamberg 20
About climatical variations, Arctowski 20
The thermal state of the atmosphere, Boutaric 20
Measiu-ements of the emanations content of soil air, Kahler 20
Variation with altitude of radium emanation of atmosphere, Wright and Smith. . 20
The climate and weather of San Diego, California, Carpenter 21
Climate and meteorology of New Zealand, Bates 21
Monthly and annual rainfall from 1837 to 1912 at St. Paul, Minnesota 21
Composition of rain water collected in the Hebrides and in Iceland, Miller 21
The economic value of tropical rainfall, Capus 21
The genesis of dew, Godden 22
A sliding rule for the determination of the dew point, Korff-Petersen 22
Combating hail 22
Electrical protection against hail in Gironde, Courty 22
Surface water supply of St. Lawi-ence River Basin, 1912, Covert et al 22
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
The characterizing of soil according to the zeolitic silicates, Gans 22
Earth flows and structure soil in polar and subpolar regions, Sapper 23
Knox County soils, Hopkins, Mosier, Pettit, and Readhimer 23
Soil investigations, Sharp 24
Heat movement in pseudo-isotropic soil, Anderk6 24
An erosion studyj Coffey 24
Lysimeter investigations, 1913, Richter 24
The effect of heat on solubility of mineral constituents of soil, McGeorge 25
The decomposition of cellulose in moor soil and peat, Daszewska 25
The decomposition of soil carbonates, Mclntire 25
Management of soils to prevent blowing, Jardine 25
Contribution to the physiology of soil, Bernbeck 26
The distribution of bacteria m various soil types. Conn 26
Real and apparent nitrifying powers, Gainey 26
Studies on soil protozoa, Cunningham and Lohnis 26
Action of antiseptics in increasing growth of crops, Russell and Buddin 27
Fertilizers and soil organisms, Lumia 27
The purpose and interpretation of fertilizer experiments, Coffey 28
On the plans of fertilizer experiments, Gile 28
Row fertilizing experiments, Ahr 29
Pond fertilizing experiments, Kuhnert 29
An incompatibility in fertilizer mixing, Keitt 29
Injuries to the cornea by artificial fertilizers, Eickmeyer 29
The trade in fertilizing materials, Lambert 29
Consumption, production, and commerce in fertilizers in Russia, Piettre 29
Source, availability, and suitability of different plant foods, Williams 30
Composition and fertilizing A'alue of farm crops and other materials, Williams. . 30
[The guano situation in Peru] 30
Peat-moss litter, Todd 30
Sulphate of ammonia industry of Germany, Skinner 30
CONTENTS. ni
Page.
Potasli shipments during 1914, Skinner .- 31
Occurrence and composition of some Alabama phosphates, Ross 31
On the action of lime and magnesia in the nutrition of plants, Haselhoff 31
Catalytic fertilizers, magnesium salts, etc., Munerati 31
Catalytic fertilizers, Boullanger 31
Radio-active fertilizers, Malpeaux 31
Recent experiments on the fertilizing action of sulphur, Boullanger 31
Fertilizer inspection 31
Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers, 1913, Trowbridge 31
Tabulated analyses of commercial fertilizers 31
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Plant life, Farmer 32
A recording transpirometer, Blackman and Paine 32
Relation between structure and physiological characters, fakushkin and VaAdlov 32
Anatomical coefficients and physiological characters of plants, Kolkunov 32
A contribution to the physiology of the purple sulphur bacteria, Skene -32
Some toxic and. antitoxic effects in cultures of SpirogjTa, Hoyt 32
Gaseous exchanges of plants with the atmosphere, Maquenne and Dernoussy. . 33
Respiration of plants under various electrical conditions. Knight and Priestley . . 33
Studies on freezing and frost killing in plants, Maximow 34
A study of the effect of smoke and dust on plants, Sabachnikoff 34
The occurrence of rennet in Rhizopus nigricans, Durandard 34
Presence in leaves and flowers of yellow pigments, Combes 34
Differential mortality with respect to seed weight in Pisum sativum, Harris 35
Studies in seedless fruits, Negri 35
Origin of species in polymorphic genera, De Vries 35
The vegetation in the vicinity of Leyni in relation to agriculture, Ferrari 35
The flower-finder, Walton 35
FIELD CROPS.
Forage crops: Annual grasses and roots, Williams and Welton 35
Plants introduced into a desert valley as a result of irrigation, Parish 36
Irrigation experiments, True et al 36
Experiments with lime nitrogen, sulphate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda 36
Comparative fertilizer experiments with cereals in 1912, Wehnert 37
Soy beans and cowpeas, Wiancko, Fisher, and Cromer 37
Chemical analyses, Bigler 37
Grass mixtures for North Carolina pastures, Williams 37
The creeping rootstock of Agropyron repens, Knight 37
Alfalfa in Kansas, Jardine and Call 37
The management of blue-grass pastures. Carrier and Oakley 37
The premier clover for North Carolina farmers, Williams 38
Crimson clover: Utilization, Westgate 38
The growth of maize on cogan soil, Navarro 38
Applying fertilizers to corn and cotton by different methods, Williams 38
Effects of fertilizing materials upon the maturity of cotton, Williams 39
Fertilizer experiments with cotton in northern Alabama in 1913, Duggar et al. . 40
Method of improving cotton by seed selection, Winters 41
Buying cotton seed for planting. Winters 41
Long staple cotton in North Carolina, Williams 41
Growing Egyptian cotton in the Salt River Valley, Arizona, Hudson 41
Cotton in the Dominican Republic 41
Composition of hops grown in different parts of world, Tartar and Pilkington. . . 41
Species and varieties of malangas cultivated in Cuba, Roig y Mesa et al 41
The influence of subsoiling on yield, Augstin 41
Notes on the culture of peanuts, Leplae 41
Fertilizer experiments with potatoes, Clausen 41
Experimental study on varieties of potatoes, 1910-11 and 1911-12, Tonnelier. . 42
Notes on potato growing 42
[Experiments with rape], Bieler 42
Production of rape seed near Shanghai, Wilder 42
The cultivation of rice in Uruguay, Kessissoglou 42
Composition of sugar beets grown in the northern counties, Collins and Hall 42
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Sugar-beet seeds, Schribaux < 42
Sugar-beet seeds, Demolon 42
Experiments in selection of sugar cane, Rosenfeld and Barber 42
Experiments on thinning sugar cane in the row, Rosenfeld and Hall 42
Mutation in tobacco, Hayes and Beinhart 43
The inheritance of certain characters of turnips, Kajanus 43
Hairy vetch, Williams 43
Notes on wheat, Gascon -_ 43
The methods employed in testing grass seeds, Pethyb ridge 43
Shall seed be tested in artificial media or in soil? Hiltner 43
Germination tests, True et al 43
Seed inspection - 43
Culture and weed extermination experiments at Warsaw in 1912, Stormer 43
On the castration of plants, Heckel 44
Is the theory of probabilities applicable in agricultural experiments? Baule. . . 44
HORTICULTURE.
A market garden and truck survey of the Ohio and Kanawha river valleys, Dacy 44
The home vegetable garden, Johnson and Miller 44
Tomato investigations, Boyle 44
Foreign markets for Oregon fruit and laws governing importations, Lamb 44
Fruit culture and cold storage, Berges 44
The establishment of an apple orchard, Farley 45
Cost of an apple orchard to bearing age, Burritt 45
Apples on Long Island, Nostrand 45
The apple in Pennsylvania: Varieties, planting, and general care, Stewart 45
Tillage and sod mulch in the Hitchings orchard, Hedrick 45
Sod mulch sometimes a success, Hall 46
Ten years' profits from an apple orchard, Hedrick 46
Wholesale prices of apples and receipts in New York City for 20 years, Knapp. 46
Our best German varieties of fruits. — I, Apples 46
On the breeding of wine grapes, Dern 47
Effects of frost on grafted vines in the Vaudois vineyards, Faes and Porchet. . . 47
On the grafting of wine grapes, Bernatsky 47
Report on the wine and fruit industries of Argentina, Mackie 47
A resume of investigations on the genus Rubus, Lidfors.s 47
[Strawberries and tomatoes at Wisley, 1913] 47
Tropical and subtropical fruits in California, Popenoe 47
The atemoya, a new fruit for the Tropics, Wester 47
Banana culture, Barrett 48
Practical cacao planting in Grenada, Malins-Smith 48
Cultivation of the coconut palm in Burma, Sawyer 48
Hybridity and hybridization among edible citrus, Trabut 48
World's commerce in citrus fruits and by-products, Wallschlaeger 48
The kumquat Citrus japonica), Trabut 48
Notes on Siamese pomelos, Boyle 48
Tulips, Jacob 48
Violas at Wisley, 1913 48
The " Illinois way ' ' of beautifying the farm, Miller 48
Insecticide and fungicide inspection 49
FORESTRY.
A handbook of forestry, Hudson 49
The cultivation of osiers and willows » 49
The intensive management of high mountain forests, Kubelka 49
The forests of the western Caucasus, Riibel 49
DISEASES OP PL.-VNTS.
International control of pests and diseases of plants, Ritzema Bos 49
Report on plant diseases in Ohio for 1912, Selby 49
Mycological notes, Tuiistall 49
Plant sanitation in Malaya 50
Soil alkalinity and plant chlorosis, Crochetelle 50
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Biological treatment of diseases in plants, von Tubeiif 50
Chemical means for combating pecits of agricultural plants, Molz 50
Some factors influencing the efficiency of Bordeaux mixture, Hawkins 50
Resistance of grains to parasitic fungi, Vavilov 50
Parasitic injury to winter grains, Stormor and Kleine 50
Smut protection and influence of cropping time on health of crop, Miiller et al. 50
Studies on the biology of loose smut of barley, Broili and Schikorra 50
Three cases of monstrosity in maize, De la Barreda 51
The downy mildew of maize, Butler 51
The downy mildew of pearl millet and sorghum, Kulkarni 51
Foot disease of wheat, llobert 51
Stalk disease of wheat, Boi jeau 51
Pythium deharyannjni, Butler 51
Potato disea:ies, Foex and Perret 51
Potato diseases in New Jersey, Cook and Martin 52
Leaf roll of potato, Appel and Schhmiberger 52
Colocasia blight caused by J'hytophlhora colocasice, Butler and Kulkarni ... 52
The mosaic disease of the tomato and related plants, Melchers 52
Root knot in the tomato, "Wager 52
Preliminary report on a disease of melons and cucumbers, Kamerling 52
Disease susceptibility of apple varieties in Ohio, Selby 53
Black spot canker or apple tree antliracnose, Lawrence 53
The control of apple blotch, Lewis 53
The control of fire or pome blight, Lawrence 53
Treatments for fruit tree diseases, Perronne 53
A new disease of pear, Passy 53
Treatment of court-noue with tar, Bertrand 54
Spots characteristic of downy mildew, Ravaz 54
Does Cronurtium ribicola overwinter on the currant? Stewart and Rankin 54
Do dormant currant plants carry pine rust? Hall 54
A disease of agaves, Burkill 54
Cacao canker, Ku\'^>er 54
Citrus canker, Stevens 54
[Root diseases of lime trees in Dominica], Tempany 55
A leaf disease of papaya, Maublanc 55
[Recent mycological tours], Tunstall 55
Mycologist's notes, Tunstall 55
[Some diseases of tea], Tunstall 55
Fungi parasitic on the tea plant in northeast India, I, Tunstall 55
[Mosfjuito blight of tea], Car])enter 55
A note on the treatment of blister blight, Tunstall 56
Root disease of tea, Tunstall 56
A root disease of tea, Tunstall 56
Preliminary note on a disease of Basella rubra, Rangel 56
Nematode studies, Schwartz 56
Parasitism of mistletoe, Van Poeteren 56
Witches' broom on Juniper, Heinricher 56
A fruit rot of Hevea brasiliensis in Kamerun, Peters 56
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY.
Zoological record. Sharp 56
Omithofaunistic, phonologic, and bibliographic literature of Hungary 57
The wanderings of animals, Gadow 57
Introduction to the study of mimicry, Jacobi 57
The relation between flower color and insects. East and Glaser 57
Birds of Ontario in relation to agriculture, Nash 57
Notes on some birds of Trinidad and Tobago, Feilden 57
Birds as carriers of the chestnut bUght fungus, Heald and Studhalter 57
Birds as destroyers of grasshopijers in California, Bryant 57
[Insect pests in Tunis] 57
[Insect enemies of plants and animals] - - - - 57
Destruction of mosquitoes and other insect carriers of disease, Purdy 58
Reducing insect injury to stored corn, Hinds 58
The insect enemies of cotton in Africa, Zacher 58
[Insect enemies of the peanut], Chevalier 58
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Animal enemies of the sugar beet in 1913, Fallada 58
The insect enemies of the coco palm in the South Sea Islands, Zacher 58
[Insect enemies of the lime in the West Indies], Ballon and South 58
White ants and fungi. Fetch 58
The black termites of Ceylon (Eutermes monoceros), Fetch 58
Achseta moria, a sisal hemp pest, KranzUn 58
Studies of inheritance and evolution in Orthoptera, I, Nabours 58
On two new species of Thysanoptera from the West Indies, WilUams 59
Records and descriptions of British Thysanoptera, Williams 59
Eurygaster integriceps and combating it by means of parasites, Vasil'ev 59
The periodical cicada or seventeen-year locust, Gossard 59
A catalogue of the Psyllidas, Aulmann 59
A note on Oxyrhachys tarundus, Chatterjee 59
Morphology and biology of the Membracidae of Kansas, Branch 59
The obliteration of sexual reproduction in Chermes, Marchal 59
Mealy bug parasites in the Far East, Smith CO
Appearance of Icerya purchasi and Novius cardinalis in Fortugal, Mendes 60
The San Jose scale, oyster shell bark louse, and scurfy bark louse, Houser 60
Constitution of dominant and recessive whites in silkworm, Toyama and Mori. . 60
Turnip moth larvae injuring tobacco in Hungary, Grof 60
The spraying of oak trees in Richmond Park 60
Beetles becoming parasites, Kellogg 60
Oak pests. — The oak twig girdler (Agrilus politus), Childs 60
Two enemies of the American red oak, Houba 61
Damage to Austrian pine in the Mame by Pityogenes bidentatus, Vuillet 61
The yellow-headed coffee borer (Dirphya [Nitocris] princeps), Gowdey 61
Notes on the life history of Cyrtotrachelus longipes, Witt 61
On the biology of Phytonomus murinus and its parasites, Grossheim 61
Consumption of a hive of bees during the year, Hommell 61
Report on a collection of Hymenoptera made in Guam, Fullaway 62
Two species of bassid Ichneumonidae parasitic on a syrphid larva, Cameron — 62
Species of Hymenoptera in collections of Forest Research Institute, Cameron. . 62
Cophthora semblidis (Pentarthron carpocapsse) , Radetzky 62
The eradication of mosquitoes by the cultivation of bats, Campbell 62
House flies and disease, Ross 63
Fruit flies and other insects attacking fruits in New South Wales, Gumey. ... 63
A dipterous parasite of Glossina morsitans, Austen 63
[The reaiing of pomace flies on sterile media], Delcourt and Guy^not 63
Oil sprays. — Five years' successful use, Jones 63
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Clams, oysters, scallops 63
The food value of fish jifter cold storage _ 64
Studies on the ripening and decomposition of meat, Ottolenghi 64
The slaughtering and meat packing industry 64
Eggs from the standpoint of nutrition, Delaye 65
A study of flours and meals of different sorts, Gury 65
Flour-mill and gristmill industry 65
Digestion experiments on men with cotton-seed meal, Rather 65
Rice cleaning and polishing _. 66
The soy bean and its use for food and condimental purposes, Grimme 66
Servian plum butter 66
Canning and preserving 67
Tin poisoning from canned asparagus, Friedmann 67
Carbonated and other beverages 67
Laws, rules, and regulations pertaining to [foods, drugs, etc.] 67
Report upon an act relative to the cold storage of certain food products 67
Results of analyses of food samples 67
Food and drug inspection 67
Report of the analyst, Lythgoe 67
[Examination of food materials], Wiedemann et al 67
Drugs 68
Protection of food offered for sale 68
[Conveying typhoid fever by clothing, food, and soiled fingers], Cummins 68
Fecal contamination of roller towels 68
The grocer's encyclopedia, compiled by Ward 68
CONTENTS. VII
Page.
Yearly and monthly prices of foodstuffs in Prussia, 1911 68
Dining at the Alexandra Trust 68
Portable rations, Fahey 68
[Menu making and the nutritive value of meals], Jacobs 68
Feeding experiments with isolated food substances, Osborne, Mendel, and Ferry 69
Influencing the bone growth by food poor iu phosphorus, Schmorl 69
The functions of the liver in the metabolism of fats, I, Raper 69
On the reinspiration of expired air, Crowder 70
Air in mills with reference to artificial humidifications, Clark and Gage 70
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Genetics, Walter 70
The present state of the question of inbreeding in Germany, Kraomer 70
Respiration and assimilation in ruminants, Zuntz, vou der Heide, Klein, et al . . 71
Value of the principal phosphorus compounds to the ruminant, Fingerling 71
Calculation of market value of feeding stuffs, Pfeiffer 71
Estimating the market value of feeding stuffs on the Kellner basis, Neubauer. . 71
Digestibility of chloroform extract of hays and fodders, Fraps and Rather 71
Variation in physical comj)osition of wheat milling offals, Cranfield 71
The making and feeding of silage, "Woodward et al 72
Silos and ensilage, Dodson and Staples 72
Composition and value of grapevines as feed material, Kling 72
Commercial feeding stuffs, Stallings 73
Feeding stuff inspection 73
The analysis and registration of commercial f eedstuffs, Fitz 73
Feeding stuffs, Sandles 73
Live stock of the United States 73
Live stock report, Chicago, 1913 74
Beef production in the South, Ward and Gray 74
Experiments on the moorland pastures, Tacke 74
Utilization of skim milk as feed for calves, Pirocchi 75
The jerked beef industry in Argentina, Richelet 75
Primitive breeds of sheep and their crosses 75
Breeds of sheep for the fai-m, Marshall 75
Mutton, Paterson 75
The Angora goat. Heller 75
The utilization of skim milk and potatoes by feeding to pigs, Hansen 75
Advertising stallions and jacks under the Indiana stallion law, Thompson 75
Diversified poultry farming, Clark 76
A new method for the industrial preservation of eggs, De Keghel 76
Importation of eggs from China, Olmstead 76
Pigeon raising, Macleod 76
DAIRY-FARMING — DAIRYING.
Making the dairy pay, Hull 76
Conformation of cows and milk yield, Reimers 76
Report of the Dickinson County Cow-Testing Association, Reed 76
Dairy feeding and the home mixing of feeds, Cook 77
[Feeding experiments] 77
Comparison of alfalfa hay and silage for dairy cows, True et al 77
Prickly pear cactus as a feed for dairy cows 77
Effect of concentrated feeds on butter 77
Weight of butter 77
Comparison of microscopical and plate method of counting bacteria, Brew 78
Pure milk production and the abortion bacillus, Schroeder 79
Fruity or sweet flavor in Cheddar cheese, Edwards 79
[Dairy laws] 79
Cost of milk inspection 79
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Report of veterinary director general and live-stock commissioner, Rutherford . . 79
Determination of the mineral lethal dose of drugs, Dreyer and Walker 80
Nitrous oxid as an anesthetic in animal experimentation, Dolley 80
Poisoning by castor seeds (Ricinus), Lauder 80
Vin CONTENTS.
Page.
The formation of leukins, Schneider 80
Bacteria, Schottelius, trans, by Geoghegan 80
Present knowledge of the pathogenic role of helminths, Galli-Valerio 81
The sporotrichoses, De Benrmann and Gougerot 81
Argas and spirochetes, Marchoux and Couvy 81
Concerning the filterability of Spirochasta duttoni, Todd andWolbach 81
The cultivation of Spirochseta elusa n. sp., Wolbach and Binger 81
Distribution and morphology of Spirochseta duttoni and S. kochi, Wolbach 81
Multiplication in Triatoma infestans of the nial de caderas trypanosonie, Neiva. . 82
A note on the pathogenicity of Trypanosoma letvisi, Brown 82
Anthrax vaccination in Japan, Nitta 82
The diagnosis of glanders, Mohler and Eichhorn 83
Immunization tests with glanders vaccine, Mohler and Eichhorn 83
Occurrence of tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood, Rothackcr and Charon. . 83
Tubercle bacilli in the blood, BeiTy 83
Elimination of tubercle bacilli in feces of tuberculous bovines, Titze et al 84
Protecting influence of protein against tuberculosis, Hornemann and Thomas. . 84
The vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, M'Fadyean et al 85
Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis, Descazeaux 85
Etiology, pathology, and therapeutics of piroplasmosis in Sao Paulo, Descazeaux 85
Report on the use of salvarsan in septic pneumonia of bovines, Steinhausz 85
Verminous bronchitis in bovines, Moussu 85
The development of Hypoderma bovis and means for its destruction, Lucet 85
Progress and results of cattle tick eradication 85
The parasitic diseases of sheep in the Province of Algiers 86
A specific epizootic form of necrobacillosis in the goat, Pesadori 86
Hog cholera, Craig and Whiting 86
Combating hog cholera by vaccination, Pfeiler 86
[Hog cholera], Uhlenhuth 86
Investigating the infectious diseases of the hog, Pfeiler 86
The relation of shoat typhoid to virus hog cholera, Pfeiler and Stabdfuss 87
Forage poisoning or equine encephalomyelitis, Kinsley 87
The etiology of equine influenza, Panisset 87
The treatment of equine pneumonia with iodocol, Houdemer 87
Poultry diseases and their treatment, Kaupp 88
The filterable virus of avian diphtheria and contagious epithelioma, von Rdtz . . 88
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Report of seventh annual convention of Western Canada Irrigation Association . . 88
Ground water for irrigation in the vicinity of Wichita, Kansas, Meinzer 88
The diversion of irrigating water from Arizona streams, Harris 89
Hydraulic power in the Alps region, De la Brosse et al 89
Agricultural hydraulics in Java, British India, and Indo China, Normandin. . 89
Drainage and irrigation. — Management of irrigation systems, Stockton 89
The selection and cost of a small pumping plant, Etcheverry 89
The discharge capacity of semicircular steel flumes, Moritz 89
Corrugated iron construction on Sacramento Valley irrigation project. Mills. . . 90
A study of economic conduit location, Hickok 90
A treatise on roads and pavements, Baker 90
A glossary of road terms, Boulnois 90
The principles of the application of power to road transport Wimperis 90
Experimental road construction in Scotland, Smith and Ronald 90
Test of a 40-ft. reinforced concrete highway bridge, Abrams 91
Some properties of building materials, Keeling 91
Results obtained with the autoclave tests for cement, Force 91
Tests of natural concrete aggregates, Greenman 91
Fine particles [in cement] estimated by rate of hydration, Spackman 91
Apparatus for determining consistency [of cement paste]. Chapman 91
Thermal activities of Portland cement during the period of setting, Beals, jr. . 91
Solubility of cement tile. Day 92
Gas engines and producers, Marks and Wyer 92
A new kerosene carbureter, Holley 92
A unique kerosene carbureter, Lucas 92
Specifications for motor power spraying machines 92
How to harvest ice rapidly, Wood 92
Destroying stumps with acids, Coggins 92
CONTENTS. IX
Page.
Poultry house construction, Lee 93
A practical farm ice storage house, Cooper 93
House heating fuel tests, Meeker and Wagner 93
Rural hygiene. Brewer 93
RURAL ECONOMICS.
The new agrarianism, Dahlingor 93
Slav farmers on the ' ' abandoned farm " area of Connecticut, Cance 93
What farmers use 93
Information concerning agriculture in Argentina, Hermes and Holtmeier 93
An agricultural faggot, Rew 94
The determination of the fertilizer requirements of soils, Hoffmann 94
The management of a large farm in VolhyTiia, Klein 94
The agricultural law; its improvement and enforcement, Hudson 94
Can European credit methods be applied to American farming? Kemmerer. . . 94
Agricultural accident insurance in Belgium, Vhebergh 94
The cooperative insurance of hve stock in England and Wales, Wilson 95
The agricultural outlook, Daugherty, Andrews, Duvel, and Holmes 95
[Stocks of potatoes January 1, 1914, and world's wheat crop for 1913], Holmes. . 95
[Agricultural statistics of the British Empire and foreign countries], Rew 96
Prices of crops, Uve stock, and other Irish agricultural products, Butler 96
Agricultural statistics of Saxony, Wurzburger 96
The commerce of France with Russia 96
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Organization of agricultural education and extension, Woods 96
Agricultural education in secondary schools, Nolan 96
The high school agrictdture clubs, Dougherty 96
Club work in Ohio, Ivins 96
Industrial education in Oregon, Webb 97
Mutual forest societies of elementary school children, Adam 97
Will school-gardening sur^^Lve? Benedict 97
Credit for home work in agriculture 97
Developing home economics work in Missouri, Bell 97
Agricultm-al home economics instruction in foreign countries, Schindler 97
Woman's place in agriculture 98
The professional place of the farm woman 98
Associations of farm women 98
The farm woman, the mother of the family, and the housekeeper 98
Farmers' clubs, their organization and work 98
MISCELL.^^NEOUS.
Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1913 98
Thirty -second Annual Report of Oliio Station, 1913 98
Press bulletins 98
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Alabama College Station: Page.
Bui. 175, Jan., 1914 40
Bui. 176, Feb., 1914 58
California Station:
Circ. 117, Apr., 1914 89
Florida Station:
Bui. 122, Mar., 1914 54
Hawaii Station :
_ Bui. 33, Apr. 25, 1914 11,24
Illinois Station:
Cii-c. 170, 1914 48
Soil Rpt. 6, Aug., 1913 23
Indiana Station:
Bui. 165, popular ed., Apr.,
1913 44
Bui. 172, Mar., 1914 37
Bui. 173, Mar., 1914 86
Circ. 43, Mar., 1914 75
Kansas Station :
Bui. 195, Dec, 1913 73
Bui. 196, Dec, 1913 53
Bui. 197, Jan., 1914 37
Circ. 35, 1914 76
Louisiana Stations:
Bui. 143, Mar., 1914 72
Maine Station:
Off. Insp. 48, Mar., 1913 68
Off. Insp. 49, Apr., 1913 68
Off. Insp. 50, May, 1913 73
Off. Insp. 51, June, 1913 77
Off. Insp. 52, July, 1913 43
Off. Insp. 53, Sept., 1913 31
Off. Insp. 54, Oct., 1913 49
Off. Insp. 55, Dec, 1913 63
Off. Insp. 56, Feb., 1914 67
Missouri Station:
Bui. 116, Feb., 1914 31
Nevada Station:
An. Rpt. 1913 ... 19, 24, 36, 43, 77, 98
New Jersey Stations:
Circ. 7 (rev.) 77
CircSl 45
Circ. 32 76
Circ. 33 52
New York Cornell Station :
Circ. 22, Feb., 1914 46
New York Station:
Bui. 373, Feb., 1914 78
Bui. 374, Feb., 1914 54
Bui. 375, Mar., 1914 45, 46
Bui. 376, Mar., 1914 46
North Carolina Station:
Circ. 3, Oct., 1913 41
Circ. 6, Oct., 1913 30
Circ. 7, Nov., 1913 38
Circ. 8, Nov., 1913 38
Circ. 9, Nov., 1913 37
X
Stations in the United States — Contd.
North Carolina Station — Contd. Page.
Circ 10, Oct., 1913 43
Circ 11, Feb., 1914 30
Circ 12, Feb., 1914 39
Circ 13, Feb., 1914 41
Circ. 14, Feb., 1914 41
Circ. 15, Jan., 1914 98
Ohio Station :
Bui. 263 (Thirty-second An.
Rpt. 1913), Julv, 1913 98
Bui. 269, Jan., 1914 35
Circ 142, Jan. 15, 1914 59
Circ. 143, Feb. 1, 1914 60
Pennsylvania Station:
Bui. 128, Feb., 1914 45
Texas Station:
Bui. 162, Dec, 1913 71
Bui. 163, Dec, 1913 65
Virginia Station :
Bui. 204, Feb., 1914 37
Virginia Truck Station :
Bui. 10, Jan. 1, 1914 44
West Virginia Station :
Bui. 143, Apr., 1914 44
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Bui. 70, Immunization Tests with
Glanders Vaccine, J. R. Mohler
and A. Eichhorn 83
Farmers' Bui. 573, The Angora
Goat, L. L. Heller 75
Farmers' Bui. 574, Poultry House
Construction, A. R. Lee 93
Farmers' Bui. 575, The Agricul-
tural Outlook 73,95
Farmers' Bui. 576, Breeds of Sheep
for the Farm, F. R. Marshall. . . 75
Farmers' Bui. 577, Growing Egyp-
tian Cotton in the Salt River
Valley, Arizona, E. W. Hudson. 41
Farmers' Bui. 578, The Making
and Feeding of Silage, T. E,
Woodward 72
Farmers' Bui. 579, Crimson Clover:
Utilization, J. M. Westgate 38
Farmers' Bui. 580, Beef Produc-
tion in the South, W. F. Ward
and D.T.Gray 74
Farmers' Bui. 581, The Agricul-
tm'al Outlook 95
Press Notice, Jan. 14, 1914, Prickly
Pear Cactus as a Feed 'for Dairy
Cows 77
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Progress and Results of Cattle-
Tick Eradication 85
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXI. July, 1914. No. 1.
With the continued enlargement and extension of the functions
of the United States Department of Agriculture, the annual appro-
priation act providing for its support has become more and more
a measure of much public interest. The latest of these acts, signed by
President Wilson June 30, 1914, and carrying appropriations for
the fiscal year commencing with the following day, is no exception
in this respect, again establishing as it does the principle of federal
aid to agriculture in the broadest use of the term, providing for the
maintenance and development of its manifold activities to a larger
extent than ever before, and opening the way to an increased effi-
ciency through a reorganization of its Avork.
The total amount carried by the act is $19,865,832. This is an
increase of $1,878,887, or over 11 per cent, over the previous year,
and of $804,500 over the estimates submitted by the Department.
The increased allotments are distributed throughout the entire De-
partment, and while many are designed to provide more adequately
for its administrative and regulatory functions, which now absorb
nearly two-thirds of the total appropriations, opportunity" is also
afforded for the extension of most of its lines of research, and espe-
cially for the development of its various forms of demonstration
work.
In its general make-up, the law conforms closely to its immediate
predecessor, and in fact is somewhat more rigidly confined to the
routine work of the Department. There are, however, a number
of items of new legislation. Thus, the Secretary of Agriculture is
directed to prepare a plan for " reorganizing, redirecting, and
systematizing the work of the Department of Agriculture as the
interests of economical and efficient administration may require."
This plan is to be submitted to Congress with the estimates of ex-
penditures for the fiscal year 1915-16, these estimates being arranged
on the basis of its provisions. A special object of the proposed re-
organization is the elimination of the possibility of duplication, and
the securing of close coordination of related lines of work.
Another provision increases the maximum salary which may be
paid to investigators or others engaged in scientific work from
1
2 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOED.
$4,000 to $4,500. Under the previous limit, a number of the more
experienced investigators have been drawn away from the Depart-
ment.
B}^ a clause inserted in the section dealing with the Office of
Experiment Stations, funds are given the Secretary of Agriculture
to carry out the provisions of the Smith-Lever Extension Act. An
extension of the franking privilege is also included under which
all correspondence, bulletins, and reports for the furtherance of the
purposes of that act may be transmitted in the mails free of postage
by the college officer or other person connected with the extension
department of the college designated by the Secretary of Agricul-
ture, under regulations to be prescribed by the Postmaster General.
Great interest was again "manifested in the demonstration and ex-
tension activities conducted by the Department itself, and some of the
largest increases carried in the act are those for their further devel-
opment. The sum of $400,000 is definitely allotted to farmers'
cooperative demonstration work outside the cotton belt, and $673,240
for similar demonstrations in the areas threatened by the boll
weevil. In the case of the latter work, a proviso is inserted restrict-
ing the expenditures to the funds provided and such cooperative
funds as may be voluntarily contributed by state, county, and
municipal agencies, associations of farmers and individual farmers,
universities, colleges, boards of trade, chambers of commerce, other
local associations of business men, business organizations, and indi-
viduals Avithin the State. The allotment for the campaign against
the cattle tick is increased from $325,000 to $iOO,000, of which
$50,000 may be used for live stock demonstration work in areas freed
of ticks. There is also an appropriation of $60,000 for experiments
and demonstrations in cooperation with States or individuals in
live stock production in the cane sugar and cotton districts, and one
of $40,000 to aid in the agricultural development of the govern-
ment reclamation projects by assisting settlers through demonstra-
tions, advice, and in other ways.
Most of the various regulatory or police functions assigned to
the Department receive increased support. The permanent appro-
priation of $3,000,000 for meat inspection is supplemented by a
grant of $375,000, an increase of $175,000 over the previous year.
This increase is mainly because of additional work through the
inspection of imported meats, in accordance with the Tariff Act
of 1913. The meat inspection is also extended to reindeer. The
allotment for the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act is in-
creased by $25,641, largely to meet the additional duties imposed
by the recent extension of the act to include meat and meat food
products and the amendment requiring the declaration of the net
EDITORIAL. 3
weight in paclcage and similar goods. An increase from $10,000 to
$50,000 is provided for the protection of migratory game and in-
sectivorous birds, and one from $75,000 to $100,000 for the cooper-
ative fire protection of the forested watersheds of navigable streams.
The appropriation for the enforcement of the plant quarantine act
is increased from $40,000 to $50,000, with $50,000 additional to en-
able cooperation with States quarantined against the interstate
movement of Irish potatoes.
As usual there is considerable new legislation relating to forestry
matters. The Appalachian Forest Reserve Act of 1911 is amended
by increasing the proportion of the gross receipts from the National
Forests acquired under its provisions which is returned to the re-
spective States and counties, for the benefit of their public schools
and roads, from five to twenty-five per cent. Provision is also made
for the handling through the Treasury Department of funds con-
tributed for cooperative work in the protection and improvement
of the National Forests, as Avell as for forest investigations, and a
requirement is inserted whereby all such contributions must an-
nually be reported to Congress.
The appropriation for studies of the marketing and distribution
of farm products is increased from $50,000 to $200,000. Authority
is also given the Department for studies of cooperation among
farmers in the United States in rural credits and other lines and
to disseminate information on the subject, with an appropriation
of $40,000 for the purpose.
Other new projects for which definite appropriations are made
include $10,000 for the importation of Corriedale and other sheep
for breeding purposes; $5,000 for studying the grading, Aveighing,
and handling of naval stores; $7,000 for the publication of reports
and maps dealing with the location, extent, etc., of the kelp beds
on the Pacific Coast; $10,000 for furnishing official cotton grades
and samples to certain associations; $5,000 for the improvement of
an additional game preserve; and $5,000 for agricultural extension
work in Hawaii. Authority is also given for studies of seismology,
a number of new insects and plant diseases, the handling of fish,
oysters, and other foods and food products, and the utilization of
agricultural products for clothing and other uses in the home. An
exhibit by the Department, illustrative of farming in the subhumid
regions, is provided for the International Dry Farming Congress
to be held at Wichita, Kansas, October 7 to 17, 1914, with an appro-
priation of $20,000 for the purpose.
Considering the appropriations definitely allotted to the several
Bureaus, that of the Weather Bureau aggregates $1,667,270. This
is an apparent decrease of $40,340, but this is mainly because no new
4 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED.
observatories are provided except a building at Neali Bay, Wash-
ington, to cost $3,000. The allotments of the Bureau have been classi-
fied on a new basis, $327,270 being available for statutory salaries;
S122,000 for carrying on investigations in meteorology, climatology,
seismology, evaporation, and aerology, and the dissemination of
meteorological, climatological, and marine information in the city
of Washington; $1,189,000 for similar expenses outside of Washing-
ton; and $26,000 for the maintenance of a Bureau printing office in
Washington. The Secretary is also directed to report to Congress
relative to the future disposition of the plant at Mount Weather,
Virginia, from which the extensive research work formerly carried on
is being largely withdrawn.
An increase of $288,830 is accorded the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try, making its total $2,320,026. This is in addition to the permanent
annual appropriation of $3,000,000 for meat inspection previously
referred to and also to a special appropriation of $600,000, approved
Februay 23, 1914, of which $50,000 was allotted to the inspection of
virus, serums, etc., used in the treatment of animal diseases, $100,000
for the investigation, treatment, and eradication of dourine, and the
remainder for similar work with hog cholera. Among the largest
items of increase in the Bureau's appropriation are those supple-
menting the meat inspection funds and for the tick eradication cam-
paign alread}'^ mentioned, and for work in dairying which receives
$256,490, an increase of $78,590. The various items pertaining to
animal husbandry are combined into a single group aggregating
$182,840, of which $30,000 may be used for the horse breeding project,
$24,500 for the poultry studies, including the ostrich industry, and
$10,000 for sheep importation. The appropriation for inspection and
quarantine work is $625,520, and that for pathological investigations
of animal diseases $77,360.
The Bureau of Plant Industry receives $3,616,045. This is an
increase of $948,050, about two-thirds of which is accounted for by
the large additions to the funds for demonstration purposes pre-
viously mentioned, and the remainder chiefly by smaller increases
apportioned among a large number of projects. The congressional
seed distribution is continued on the usual basis and with an appro-
priation of $257,000, as for the previous year. The Bureau also
receives $166,500 for the testing and distribution in quantities suffi-
cient for practical field tests of new and rare seeds which from
j.trevious trials seem especially promising, and for the improvement o I:
alfalfa, clover, and other forage crops, $100,000 of this amount being
available for the purchase and distribution of these new and rare
seeds. The amoimt of $74,600 is appropriated for the foreign seed
and plant introduction.
EDITORIAL. 5
Large appropriations are again made for the prosecution of studies
with specific crops. Thus, for cotton $91,000 is provided for an inquiry
into ginning, grading, baling, and wrapping practices. This Avork is
extended to include gin compressing and the distribution of the offi-
cial grades of cotton samples, and the appropriation for testing the
waste, tensile strength, and bleaching qualities of the A^arious stand-
ard grades of cotton is increased from $10,000 to $60,000. For other
fiber plant studies, especially with flax, $20,850 is again allotted, as
well as $38,000 for acclimatization and adaptation work with cotton,
corn, and other crops introduced from tropical regions. The tobacco
studies receive $25,000; the cereal investigations $135,405, of which
$40,000 is for corn; the studies of grain handling and grading
$76,320; those of drug plants $55,380; and those of sugar beets and
the production of table sirup and the means of utilizing cane by-
products $41,495. For studies in fruit growing, handling, and mar-
keting $107,500 is available, together with $56,320 for other horti-
cultural work, and $26,690 for the maintenance of the various depart-
mental greenhouses and the Arlington Experimental Farm.
Another large division of the work has to do with plant diseases,
S37,000 being available for the maintenance of the general patholog
ical laboratory and the herbarium of plant diseases, $52,675 for fruit
diseases, $69,510 for those of forest trees and ornamentals, and
$46,000 for cotton and truck crops. For plant physiology and plant
breeding there is allotted $44,540, together with $22,280 for the
I'reeding and physiological study of alkali and drought resistant
crops. There is also $35,000 for soil bacteriology and plant nutrition
studies, $25,000 for biophysics, $24,000 for economic and s3^stematio
botany, $28,700 for studying and testing commercial seed, $5,000 for
studies of methods of utilizing logged-otf lands, and $230,380 for
studies of crop production and land utilization under arid and semi-
arid conditions.
The Forest Service receives as usual the largest allotment of any
Bureau, its aggregate being $5,548,256 as compared with $5,399,679
for the previous year. There are also available the various appro-
priations under the Appalachian Forest Reserve Act already re-
ferred to, certain unexpended balances from the previous year, and
an appropriation of $100,000 for fighting and preventing forest fires
in cases of extraordinary emergency, this being a reduction from
$200,000. The bulk of the appropriation is, of course, to be devoted
to the protection and maintenance of the individual National For-
ests, with $400,000 for the construction and maintenance of improve-
ments, $165,640 for reforestation, $140,000 for studies of wood uti-
lization and preservation, $150,000 for forest fire protection, $25,000
for range studies, $83,728 for silvicultural and dendrological experi-
b EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
ments, and $40,160 for miscellaneous forest studies and the dissemi-
nation of results. The selection and segregation of lands within
National Forests that may be opened to entry under the homestead
laws is to be continued under an appropriation of $100,000, with an
additional allotment of $85,000 for the survey and listing of those
lands chiefly valuable for agriculture.
The appropriations of the Bureau of Chemistry are increased
from $1,058,140 to $1,077,581. The allotment for the enforcement
of the Food and Drugs Act is $634,301, with $4,280 additional for
the study and inspection of American food exports, $50,000 for
studies of the handling and marketing of poultry and eggs, $20,000
for similar work with fish, oysters, etc., $10,000 for biological in-
vestigations of food and drug products and their constituents, and
$52,400 for general investigations. Because of a transfer to the
Bureau of Standards of the work of testing miscellaneous supplies
purchased on contract for the various Departments of the Govern-
ment, the appropriation for this purpose is reduced from $40,000
to $14,000.
The various lines of work of the Bureau of Soils and the Bureau
of Entomology are continued much as at present, with small in-
creases in a number of items. The Bureau of Soils receives $360,635,
an increase of $26,615, of which $11,500 is to extend the inquiry as
to possible sources of natural fertilizers, particularly nitrogenous
materials. The soil survey work of the Bureau is granted $169,800,
with $20,000 additional for the examination and classification of
agricultural lands in forest reserves in cooperation with the Forest
Service, $15,265 for studies in soil physics, $22,350 for chemical in-
vestigations, and $32,700 for soil fertility work. The increase of
$87,210 accorded the Bureau of Entomology is divided among its
studies of several groups of insects, the largest single item of ex-
penditure being as usual that for the gipsy and brown-tail moth cam-
paign, for which $310,000 is available. The total appropriation of
the Bureau is $829,420.
The Bureau of Biological Survey is granted $281,290, an increase
of $110,300. This appropriation is to be used principally for ad-
ministrative and police purposes, $66,000 being allotted for the
enforcement of the Lacey and McLean laws for the regulation of
imports and interstate movement of game, birds, etc., $21,000 for
the maintenance of the various game preserves and transfer of game,
and $5,000 for the improvement of an additional preserve in Sullys
Hill Park, North Dakota. The appropriations for studies of the
food habits of birds and mammals and for other biological investi-
gations, however, are nearly doubled, $15,000 being granted for the
destruction of ground squirrels on National Forests, $5,000 for the
study of a serious disease of wild ducks in Utah, $95,000 for the
destruction of wolves, prairie dogs, and other injurious animals,
EDITORIAL. 7
the rearing of fur-bearing animals, and similar work, and $26,500
for field studies of the distribution and migrations of water fowl and
other birds and of the bird and mammal life of the public domain.
The Bureau of Statistics is rechristened the Bureau of Crop Esti-
mates, the new designation representing more accurately, it is be-
lieved, the nature of its work and obviating confusion with results
based on actual enumerations such as are made by the Bureau of
the Census. Several changes are also made in the language prescrib-
ing the work of the Bureau, and the appropriation at its disposal
is increased from $243,680 to $275,580. It is expected that these
changes will permit of enlarging the scope and completeness of the
data collected, notably as regards special crops and industries.
The various activities of the Office of Experiment Station^ are
continued and several of its functions are considerably extended.
The total appropriation is $1,930,780, of which $1,440,000 is paid
to the state experiment stations under the Hatch and Adams acts,
and $50,500 (a net increase of $10,720) is for general expenses in
connection with the enforcement of these acts and the Smith-Lever
Act. The work of the Agricultural Education Service and of the
Irrigation and Drainage Investigations is continued on the present
basis with allotments of $23,000, $106,400, and $96,280 respectively,
and $68,840 is granted for statutory salaries.
The total allotment for the insular experiment stations is $120,000,
of which the Alaska stations receive $40,000 and those in Hawaii,
Porto Rico, and Guam, $35,000, $30,000, and $15,000, respectively.
The act provides that of the allotment for the Hawaii Station $5,000
may be used in agricultural extension work, the Territory receiving
no funds under the Smith-Lever Act. The annual leave privileges of
employees of the Department permanently assigned to Alaska. Ha-
waii, Porto Eico, and Guam are extended to correspond to those now
applying to employees in Washington.
The appropriation for the Nutrition Investigations of the Office
is increased from $16,000 to $25,760 and the authority hitherto
granted to study means of utilizing agricultural products for food
IS broadened to include clothing and household equipment. With
the enlarged appropriation it is proposed to continue and extend the
studies of food with reference to nutritive value and economical
use in the home, studying both popular and technical problems, the
latter including, among other things, the calorimetric study of
changes which take place in fruits and vegetables during ripening
and storage. In the case of clothing and household equipment, such
questions, considered from the standpoint of the expenditure of
human energy, will be studied as the relative durability, economy,
48456°— No. 1—14 2
8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and efficiency of comparable materials and articles for specific pur-
poses, the protective power of clothing of different Idnds, the rela-
tive value and efficiencj^ of different materials and methods with
reference to household labor, the relation of the diet to body effi-
ciency, and similar questions. It is believed that the results of such
investigations will be of much interest not only to the housekeeper
but also to the general public since they will furnish definite infor-
mation along lines hitherto very inadequately studied but of great
importance in the consideration of questions of rational and eco-
nomical living. They should also be of direct benefit to the farmer
since agricultural production is influenced to a very great extent by
the demands of the home.
The salary of the director of the Office of Public Eoads is in-
creased from $4,000 to $4,500, and the appropriations as a whole
from $279,400 to $352,560. The principal increase is one of $40,000
for studies of road building and maintenance, making $145,000
available for the purpose, special emphasis to be directed to the ordi-
nary sand-clay and dirt roads. Increases of $4,800 are also granted
for road management studies, $6,260 for tests of road materials, and
$15,000 for field trials of various materials, types of construction, and
road equipment.
The work of the remaining branches of the Department is con-
tinued substantially as at present. The increasing administrative
work is evidenced in the enlarged allotments for the Office of the
Secretary, rent, and miscellaneous expenses for which $339,880,
$108,329, and $110,000 respectively are available. As a result of
recent legislation whereby the administrative auditing of accounts
is now carried on in the several Bureaus, the appropriation for the
Division of Accounts and Disbursements is reduced from $104,370
to $46,320. The Division of Publications receives $189,500 and the
Library $45,360.
In connection with the appropriations included in the Act itself,
reference should also be made to the funds derived in other ways.
For the fiscal year under discussion, permanent appropriations
under the Department aggregate, exclusive of those recently pro-
vided by the Smith-Lever Act, $5,999,200, the largest items being
those of $3,000,000 for meat inspection and $2,000,000 for the acqui-
sition of lands for the protection of watersheds of navigable streams,
and the remainder being almost wholly for forestry purposes. The
appropriation act for sundry civil expenses carries an appropriation
for the Department printing and binding of $500,000, an increase of
$10,000, of which $137,500 is for Farmers' Bulletins and $47,000
for the Weather Bureau.
When it is recalled that large appropriations will also be available
for agricultural education in the land-grant colleges under the Mor-
EDITORIAL. 9
rill and Nelson acts, for the rural education work of the Bureau
of Education, demonstration work in agriculture among the Indians,
and the payment of the country's quota toward the support of the
International Institute of Agriculture, the wide extent to which
the principle of federal assistance to agriculture is being carried
into practice becomes apparent, and the aggregate expenditure from
the Federal funds appears increasingly impressive. As was pointed
out by Chairman Lever of the House Committee on Agriculture,
howcA^er, the entire agricultural appropriation is still inconsequen-
tial as compared with the total federal appropriations, the magni-
tude of the agricultural interests of the country, or even of the
annual losses to farm products sustained through insect pests and
plant diseases.
Moreover, the conviction is deepening that these appropriations
are largely in the nature of a permanent investment for the benefit
of the nation as a whole. In the words of Hon. C. G. Edwards of
Georgia, "in extending these various benefits and advantages to
the farmers we are but doing a simple justice to the sinew and back-
bone of our great citizenship. In helping the farmers we are help-
ing the whole country, for every class is dependent upon the farmer.
. . . We can do nothing that will make for the future welfare of
our country more than to aid in this work, which means the estab-
lishing of farms and homes. ... In making appropriations to
improve agricultural conditions we are ' casting bread upon the
waters,' that will return not only to feed the people of this country,
but will means a tremendous increase in our annual farm produc-
tions, and will add to the country's wealth, prosperity, happiness,
and greatness."
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Simple plant bases and their relation to the synthesis of proteins and
lecithins, G. Teier (Uber einfache Pflanzcnhasen und ihre Beziehungen zum
Aufbau cler Eiweissstoffe und Lecithine. Berlin, 1912, pp. IV+llT). — ^This
practically constitutes a review of the investigations of E. Schulze and his co-
workers (abstracted from time to time) and the work of others in this field.
Support is given to the Stoklasa theory that the formation of the simplest
amino acids of proteins is inseparable from the formation of the components
(bausteine) which go to make up the lecithins. The alcohols of the lecithins
and the amino acids of the proteins are both deemed a result of Cannizzaro's
aldehyde reaction.
The contents of the book include data on the development of alkaloid chem-
istry; alkaloids and their "bausteine;" the relation between cholin and be-
tain; a new conception of the formation of cholin and betain as well as the
simplest components (bausteine) of proteins and lecithins; formation of car-
bohydrates; Cannizzaro's reaction; the introduction of nitrogen in complexes
predestined to become proteins and lecithins; nitrates and ammonium salts;
function of phosphoric acid ; the synthesis of lecithins ; the methylating agent ;
the position of methyl alcohol and methyl compounds; transformations of glyc-
erol aldehyde; the amino acids — serin derivatives; the formation of methyl-
amin — the formamid hypothesis ; the compounds of the C4-series — asparagin ;
the compounds of the Cs- and Ce-series — glutamin, pentoses; urea and urea
derivatives ; cleavage of arginin : the role of hydrocyanic acid — Treub"s hypoth-
esis; unknown components (bausteine) of proteins; formation of trigonelliu;
significance of betain; intermediary formation of betain; components (bau-
steine) of plant and animal pho.sphatids : the author's studies in regard to the
method of preparing lecithins from plant seeds ; an explanation of the
parallelism between protein and lecithin formation ; biological functions of
lecithins, etc.
In regard to our knowledge of phytin, M. A. Jegorow (ZJiur. Opytn. Agron.
{Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), U {1913}, No. 4, pp. 229-237).— The product
yielded by Contardi's method for synthesizing phytin always contains inorganic
phosphoric acid, and in the most favorable cases only one-half of the original
phosphoric acid is present in the organic form when determined by the Schulze-
Castoro method. In the experiments it was also shown that the inorganic
phosphoric acid, which in the synthetic product exists as free acid, can be
easily and completely extracted at room temperature with ether. Tile only or-
ganic phosphoric acid compound obtainable is one containing 22.6 per cent of
organically boimd phosphorus (P^Os 51.76 per cent).
Investigation of the mannit occurring in asparagus juice, E. Busolt (Jour.
Landw., 60 (1912), No. 4, pp. 393-396). — It has been previously pointed out by
Tollens and Wichers (E, S. R., 27, p. 502) that asparagus juice does not seem
10
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 11
to contain mannit until after the juice is allowed to stand for a time, when
mannit is produced through the agency of organisms or enzyms. In all proba-
bility mannit originates in the same manner in string beans.
The findings of Wichers and Tollens were verified by this work, and from
the mannit the tri-acetal compound was prepared.
A contribution to our knowledg'e of the carbohydrates present in vege-
tables.— II, In regard to the carbohydrates present in the juice of green
string' beans. — III, The carbohydrates present in cauliflower, E. Busolt
{Jour. Landw., 61 {1913), No. 2, pp. 153-160). — From 10 kg. of green string
beans 5,500 cc. of juice was obtained ; 3,000 cc. of this juice was kept in a beaker
without extra precautions for 8 days, then brought to the boiling point and
concentrated to a sirupy consistency. Within 3 months' time a solid mass of
crystals was obtained which was identified as mannit, and from the mannit
a tri-acet-acetal compound was prepared. This finding is similar to that noted
above, and elsewhere. Inositol (Vohl") was not notetl. Juice boiled directly
after collection and evaporated 8 days later to a sirup did not yield any
crystals.
The work with cauliflower was practically a continuation of that reported
by Dmochowski and Tollens (E. S. R., 23, p. 415) but with special reference to
the presence of glucose in the juice. Under no circumstances could glucose be
noted but nmnnit crystals were obtained instead. The hexanitrates and tri-
benz-acetal couii>ounds were prepared from the mannit.
The organic nitrogen of Hawaiian soils, W. P. Kelley and Alice R. Thomp-
son {Idauaii »ta. Bui. 33 {191Jf), pp. 22). — Studios are reported on the chemical
nature of the orgamc nitrogen present in soils, using the acid method of hydro-
lysis and the following soils belonging to the laterite class common to the
Hawaiian Islands: A silty loam taken from old pasture land containing con-
siderable amounts of organic matter and where semiarid conditions prevail ;
a highly organic sandy soil from land recently cleared of a tropical jungle,
and from a district where rainfall is heavy and drainage good; a .silty loam
used for pineapple culture, but formerly for pasture land, and in a semiarid
district; a loam soil containing much gravel and from lands used previously
for rice experiments, and which has served for aquatic agriculture for many
years ; two soils devoted to rice culture for 30 to 40 years, silty in character, and
taken from the windward side of the Kanehoe district; a highly humus soil
continuously used in rice culture for 30 or more years; and two silty soils
devoted to aquatic agi'iculture, one to rice and the other to taro. So far as
known, no nitrogenous fertilizers have been applied to these soils.
The amount of total nitrogen present in the soil, calculated to a dry basis,
varied from 0.122 to 1.241 per cent (average 0.4G3 per cent). The nitrate
nitrogen ranged from 0.05 to 1.751 per cent, and the ammoniacal nitrogen from
0.169 to 2.564 per cent of the total nitrogen, showing that these two forms
constitute but a small proportion, the gi'eater part being probably in organic
form.
Soils representing unaerated conditions, with two exceptions, contained next
to no nitrate. " The nitrate found in the remaining unaerated soils was formed
almost entirely during the time of drying out in the laboratory."
" Upon boiling difl'erent soils with strong hydrochloric acid, the amounts of
nitrogen dissolved ranged from 67.51 per cent to 91.88 per cent of the total
nitrogen. With two exceptions, the relative percentages of amid nitrogen,
split off in the hydrolysis, were approximately the same, amounting on the
average to 23.91 per cent of the nitrogen dissolved. Basic nitrogen occurred
"Ann. Chem. u. Pharm., 99 (1856), No. 1, pp. 125-128; 101 (1857), No. 1, pp. 50-58.
12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
In the solutions in variable amounts, the average being 9.98 per cent of the
soluble nitrogen. The percentages of nonbasic nitrogen, determined by differ-
ence, proved to be quite concordant in most of the soils, amounting on the
average to 64.57 per cent of the soluble nitrogen."
The amids constitute a much higher percentage of the nitrogen of soils than
are said to occur in vegetable proteins. On the other hand, the percentage of
basic nitrogen was far less than exists in the majority of vegetable proteins.
The aquatic (anaerobic) soils showed a higher percentage of total nitrogen
soluble in hydrochloric acid. On an average 70.69 per cent of total nitrogen
was obtained from the aerated soils and 87.93 per cent from unaerated soils.
This indicates that a putrefactive process predominates in submerged soils,
as previously indicated (E. S. R., 30, p. 420), which leaves the nitrogenous
substances more easily soluble in hydrochloric acid. " The amount of nitrogen
soluble in 1 per cent hydi'ochloric acid was about twice as large as that of ammo-
nia originally occurring in the soils. The solubility in 3 per cent sodium hydrate
varied from 49.56 per cent to 76.62 per cent of the total nitrogen. Of the nitro-
gen thus dissolved, 57.85 per cent was precipitated by dilute hydrochloric acid,
of which 11.93 per cent (expressed in percentage of the humus nitrogen)
remained insoluble after boiling in strong hydi-ochloric acid for 10 hours.
Amids comprised 28.77 i3er cent of the humus nitrogen, of which about one-
half existed as amid in the original humus solutions, and which remained In
solution upon acidifying with hydrochloric acid. The remaining half was
split off when the humus, precpitated by hydrochloric acid, was subjected to
acid hydrolysis. The basic nitrogen ranged from 4.39 per cent to 44.83 per
cent of the humus nitrogen, increasing as the total nitrogen of the humus
decreased. Nonbasic nitrogen was found to constitute 53.38 per cent of the
humus nitrogen, of which 25.05 per cent existed as such in the original humus
solutions.
"The amounts of amid and basic nitrogen in humus expressed as percentages
of the humus nitrogen were found to be higher than the amounts obtained by
subjecting the original soil to hydrolysis. In view of the large amounts of
amid occurring in humus solutions, it was found better to use sodium hydrate
as the solvent for extracting humus that is to be used for total humus nitrogen
determinations. The humus of Hawaiian soils contains a small percentage of
nitrogen (5.88 per cent as an average of 22 samples), in which respect the
humus of these soils closely resembles that found in humid soils in the States."
See also previous notes by others (E. S. R., 25, pp. 622, 623; 26, pp. 320,
615, 616; 28, p. 813).
Some organic constituents of the culture solution and the mycelium of
molds from soil, M. X. Sullivan (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 38 {1913), No. 984,
p. 678). — ^An examination was made of the dried mycelium of mixed mold cul-
tures from soil and of Penicillium glaiicnm grown on Raulin's solution and of
the filtered solution after mold growth for organic constituents.
" In the mixed molds was faund a large number of organic substances,
many of which were subsequently found in P. glaucwn. In the alcoholic soda
extract of P. glaucum were found oleic and palmitic acids, a fatty acid melting
at 54° C, a fatty acid which appears to be elaidic acid, hypoxanthin, guanin
and adenin, histidin, thymin, and chlorin. In the direct alcohol extract was
found mannit, cholesterol bodies, hypoxanthin, and cerebrosids. From mold
grown on Raulin's solution plus peptone a small amount of guanidin was found.
In the culture solution after a number of weelis' growth were found fatty
acids, purin bases, a small quantity of a histidin-lilfe body, pentose sugar,
unidentified aldehydes, etc. Many of these compounds have been found in soil
AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 13
and the conclusion is drawn that micro-organisms, such as yeasts, bacteria, and
molds, play an important part in their formation."
Polyatomic alcohols as sources of carbon for lower fungi, R. E. Neidig
{Jour. Biol. Chcm., 16 (1913), Xo. 1, pp. l/f3-U5; al>s. in Science, «. s0r., S8
{WIS), No. 984, P- 61/5). — The alcohols used as regards their utilization by 4
genera and 8 species of molds were methyl alcohol, glycol, glycerol, erythrite,
adonite, mauuit, dulcite, and sorbite. The molds were cultivated in media
containing these alcohols.
" It was found that methyl alcohol produced no growth, glycol induced ger-
mination only, glycerol produced strong cultures, erythrite could be used by
the majority of molds and adonite by only a few, while all three of the
hexatomic alcohols may be regarded as good sources of carbon. These results
indicate that molds are able to use both optically active and inactive com-
pounds as sources of carbon. If viewed from the standpoint of their oxida-
tion products it is possible that active compounds are first formed and these
are then utilized in the development of the molds."
Influence of certain org'anic substances upon the secretion of diastase by
various fungi, Christine Ch.\pman and W. C. Etheridge {Ahs. in Science,
n. sen, 38 {1913), No. 984, p. 675). — The influence of varying concentrations of
cane sugar, glucose, peptone, and tannic acid upon the secretion of diastase by
Aspergillus niger, A. oryzcr, PenicilUum cxpansum, P. camcmbcrti, Mucor
rouxii, and Cephalothccium roseum was investigated. Czapek's solution was
employed with the sugar replaced by 0.4 per cent soluble starch.
In general it was found that the presence of any of these organic substances
retarded the action of diastase by the fungi, and the higher the concentration
the greater the retardation.
Effect of acids upon the catalase of taka-diastase, R. E. Neidig {Abs. in
Science, n. scr., 38 {1913), No. 984, p. 675). — Data are given showing the
inhibitory effects of several of the Important inorganic and organic acids
toward the catalase of taka-diastase.
" Curves were platted for different acid concentrations which show the quan-
tity of oxygen liberated at stated intervals. The acids, arranged in order of
the magnitude of their inhibiting effect for equi-normal solutions, are as
follows : Sulphuric, hydrochloric, oxalic, tartaric, citric, and acetic. The in-
hibiting effect of the first three was much more pronounced than that of the
others. Neutralization of the acid solution usually restored some of the
activity, the amount of increase depending upon the particular acid used.
Yau Slyke's amiuo-nitrogen apparatus was used in these experiments for
measuring the amount of oxygen liberated."
About the presence of stachyose in beans and other legumes, G. Tanret
{Bid. Soc. Chini. France, 4. ser., 13 {1913), No. 4, pp. 176-182; abs. in Chem.
Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 33, p. 334). — Stachyose, when boiled with strontium oxid,
forms an insoluble compound from which sugar can easily be obtained. This
reaction was tried with various legumes and in all cases, with the exception
of peas, crystallized stachyose could be obtained, although it was always mixed
or combined with crystallized saccharose. According to this stachyose forms
a portion of the coloring material in foodstuffs.
The juice of Ticus coronata, an incomplete vegetable pancreatic juice
■without amylase but with a predominating proteolytic enzym. — ^A com-
parison with F. carica, C. Gerbeb {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 156 {1913),
No. 25, pp. 1917-1919). — ^The latex of F. coronata is conspicuous for its absence
of caoutchouc. When it leaves the tree it is without color and on standing it
rapidly turns reddish brown but remains transparent. It contains an amylase
and in this respect it resembles Morus alba. The lipolytic power of the latex
14 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
is twice as strong as that of F. carica. It is much more thermostable than the
eii2ym of the latter. The proteolytic enzym (?), measured according to its
coagulating power on milk, is four times as strong as that present in F. carica
and also more thermostable. It coagulates at all temperatures and coagulates
boiled milk much better than raw milk. The enzym causing the caseation is
very sensitive toward boric acid and the chlorids of cadmium and copper
The decomposition of amygdalin and vicianin by enzym action, A.
CoMPTON {Chem. News, 106 {1912), No. 275S, pp. 163-165; abs. in Chem. Ztg.,
87 {WIS), No. 28, p. 281). — If the biose in the amygdalin molecule is called
amygdalose, the decomposition of amygdalin proceeds as follows :
Amygdalase
CooHotOiiN
CeHiaOg Amygdalinase
(Yeast, Almond
emulsin)
C„H„0„N
(Almond emulsin)
fHCN >
CeHsCHO
VrHioOr
(A)
Vicianin is also converted into hydrocyanic acid, beuzaldehyde. and the biose
vicianose if the glucosid is treated with an extract of Yicia augustifolia. If,
however, almond emulsin is used, the simple sugars arabinose and glucose
result :
Vicianose fHCN Vicianase
CeHjCHO
(Vetch, Almond iCuHzoO
emulsin) I (Almond emulsin)
CfiHinOs
CrHioOr
KB)
As marked differences are shown in the above, the question is asked why the
decomposition does not proceed according to the following scheme:
Amygdalinase
CaoH^^OaN
HON Amygdalase
C„H,CHO
K'hH,,0„
[Ci^H^^Oh (?) U'elli^Oo
kC)
If it were possible to prepare an amygdalase free from amygdalinase, it is
believed some new light would be thrown upon the above processes. In all
probability the reactions occurring with the complex enzyms are dependent
upon the amount of amygdalase and amygdalinase present in the mixture. If
amygdalinase is present in the larger quantity, the reaction proceeds according
to formula (C), but if amygdalase is in excess, the reaction according to
formula (A) probably takes place.
The decomposition of cellulose by micro-organisms, A. Krainsky {Zhur.
Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), lit {1913), No. 4, PP- 255-261, figs.
7). — For noting the cellulose-decomposing capacity of organisms a square or
round piece of filter paper was used in Erlenmeyer flasks containing a mineral
nutrient solution. The filter paper was so placed that a portion of it dipped
into the nutrient medium and also touched the wall of the flask. The surface
of the filter paper in these experiments was infected with an infusion of the
soil obtained from a botanical garden, and the flasks with their contents were
incubated at 30° C. At this temperature the filter paper became covered with
fungi and the black and reddish cultures were particularly capable of pro-
ducing pockets in the filter paper.
Two esi:)ecial]y good cellulose-decomposing Actinomyces species were isolated
In pure cultures. One of the cultures {Actimomyces melanocyclus) capable
of producing black rings was found to be identical with Micrococcus melano-
cyclus, which has been described by Maerker, and produces red colonies on
paper which soon become covei'ed with black aerial si>ores. On glucose-agar
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 15
round colonies are formed which also will form black spores. The second
culture, A. alho-roseus, on filter paper forms white, chalklike flakes, but later
red pigment is produced which colors both the filter pai>er and the nutrient
solution. On ammonium sulphate dextrose agar and on bouillon dextrose
agar white aerial spores are produced, but on bouillon agar no aerial spores
are obtained. The aerial spores of A. mclanocyclus resemble cocci while those
of A. albo-roseus are oval or bacilli-like. Although both of the organisms de-
compose cellulose, A. melanocyclufi is stronger in this resiiect. Reducing sugars
were not found in the culture medium.
A new and simple titrimetric method for determining thiosulphate in
the presence of sulphites, J. Bounau {Kisdrlet. Kijzlcin., 16 {1913), No. Jf,
pp. 55^-561). — The method, which is used for Hme-sulpiiur wash, depends upon
the fact that silver thiosulphate will become decomposed by the interaction
of water and sulphuric acid results. By simply titrating the sulphur content,
the amount of thiosulphate taking part in the reaction can be estimated. The
method can also be used for determining the titer of a sodium thiosulphate
solution even though large amounts of sulphites are present.
By the iodometric method suli)hiies can be estimated when thiosulphates are
present, providing the amount of thiosulphate is known. This can easily be
determined by the author's method. The method has the advantage over Gut-
mann's method in so far that the presence of chlorids does not interfere with
the results.
The detection and approximate determination of traces of thiosulphate in
sulphites, J. BoDNAR {Kis6rlet. Kozlvin., 16 {1913), No. 4> PP- 562-566). — If
silver nitrate is added to a sulphite solution (sodium sulphite), silver sul-
phite is deposited, which when exi>osed to the air will retain its color for a
long time. Silver thiosulphate, on the other hand, loses its whiteness rapidly
and turns lemon yellow, orange yellow, dark brown, and finally black. Conse-
quently if silver nitrate is added to a sulphite solution which contains
thiosulphate, a white precipitate is not obtained, but according to the amount
of thiosulphate present a light yellow up to a black precipitate results.
The above reaction will detect as little as 0.3 cc. of fiftieth-normal sodium
thiosulphate in 5 cc. of a 10 per cent sodium sulphite solution, corresponding
to 0.09 per cent of sodium thiosulphate. As the intensity of the color is pro-
portional to the amount of thiosulphate present, the method may serve as an
approximate one for estimating the amount of thiosulphate in sodium sulphite.
The reactions of Reynold, Koninck, Musset, Arnold, and Gutmann were
found less sensitive than the one proix)sed above.
Estimating the fineness and the chemical examination of flowers of sul-
phur and ground sulphur used for combating plant diseases, T. S. Hofman
{Verslag. Landhouwk. Onderzoek. RijksJanddouwproefstat. [Netherlands], No.
H {1913), pp. 1-8). — In Holland sulphur is used chiefly for dusting vines and
rose plants for combating mildew diseases. The fineness of sulphur detei-miues
to quite an extent its adhesive power, and for estimating the fineness a modifi-
cation of Chancel's method is employed. According to the original method 5
gm. of sulphur is shaken with ether in a calibrated tube termed a " sulphurime-
ter," which is described in detail. The finer the sample of sulphur, the greater
is the space which it occupies.
In order to reduce the error in these experimental tests 40 instead of 5 gm.
of sulphur was taken, and instead of ether alcohol was used. The results ob-
tained by Chancel's method and the modified method are reported.
For judging sulphur the following shoifld be noted: (1) the color and the
appearance; (2) the texture as noted by the tips of the fingers; (3) the ap-
pearance under the microscope; (4) the solubility in carbon bisulphid; (5) its
16 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
reaction; and (6) the content of arsenic, asli, moisture, and impurities or
adulterations.
The estimation of small quantities of manganese and chromium in min-
erals and rocks, M. Dittkich {Ztschr. Anorgan. Chem., 80 (1913), No. 2, pp.
171-173; a1)S. in Jour. Chem. Sac. [London], 104 (1913), No. 606, II, pp. 3U,
3^5), — It is pointed out that the colorimetric method for manganese Is often
difficult to use because of the presence of chromivmi which changes the color
of the solution. If, however, ammonia is added to the mixed solution of per-
manganate and chromate and the solution is warmed, all of the manganese
and iron are precipitated in the hydroxid form. The washed precipitate can
then be dissolved and oxidized and the manganese estimated with ammonium
persulphate in the usual manner. The chromium can be detei-mined colorimetri-
cally by comparing it with a standard solution of potassium chromate after
the removal of silver by sodium chlorid and concentrating. The method is not
entirely accurate.
Drying in an electrically heated vacuum desiccator for determining the
hygroscopicity of soils, R. Hornberger (Landw. Vers. Stat., 82 (1913), No. 3-Jf,
pp. 303-307). — Certain defects are present in the Mitscherlich desiccating appa-
ratus. In this article the author relates his experiences with the apparatus
and suggests various contrivances for overcoming the difBculties.
The determination of phosphoric acid in the soil, R. Hornbergee (Landw.
Vers. Stat., 82 (1913), No. 3-4, pp. 299-302) .—During the course of analyses of
the hydrochloric extract of forest soils (red sandstone) a small part of the
phosphomolybdate precipitate did not dissolve in ammonium hydroxid despite
the fact that thorough washing was done. This material remained on the filter
as a small white residue. The ommoniacal solution of the phosphomolj'bdate
was not clear after filtration and after a few days clarification set in with a
deposit of some whitish flalies. The deposit was found to consist of titanium.
Test, were then made with artificial mixtures to determine how this disturb-
ing factor could be removed. It is shown that when molybdic acid solution
and ammonium nitrate are added to a nitric acid solution of the phosphate,
some titanium is precipitated which remains insoluble when the phosphomolyb-
date is treated with ammonium hydroxid. A portion of this, which is present
in a fine state, passes through the filter into the filtrate.
The titanium in the filtrate can be removed after allowing the solution to
stand for a time but it is advisable to add to the wash water some ammonium
chlorid in order to prevent the titanium from passing through the filter. The
total elimination of titanium was not possible, but the least contamination of
the ammonium phosphomolybdate precipitate takes place when the molybdate
solution is in excess and no hydrochloric acid is present; under these condi-
tions the percentage of phosphorus in the titanium precipitate is also the
smallest. Both of these errors can be prevented if the titanium residue from
the filtrate is fused with soda and the melt is extracted with water. The
phosphorus goes into solution, the titanium remains behind, and after driving
out the carbon dioxid the phosphoric acid can be determined in the usual
manner.
Citrate-soluble phosphoric acid in. some crude phosphates, M. A. Stabo-
DXJBOWA and I. Y. Jakuschkin (7ct. Mosl-ov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. (Ann. Inst.
Agron. Moscou), 19 (1913), No. 2, pp. 377-395) .—This investigation shows that
crude phosphates of all kinds can be decomposed with acetic acid. It
was furthermore noted that Wagner's reagent also attacks the most internal
nucleus of all raw phosphates and consequently is of no value for judging
adulterations in Thomas slag powders. Petermann's reagent can not be used,
especially at low temperatures, for decomposing crude phosphates which are
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 17
unavailable for the Graminea;, but when applied to phosphates which are ca-
pable of furnishing their phosphoric acid to the Graminese the reagent extracts
a considerable amount of phosiihoric acid.
Ordinary phosphorites show only ti'aces of phosphoric acid with this method,
and the phosphorites from Singilei yield about 4 per cent of citrate-soluble
phosphoric acid, which is about one-fourth of all the phosj^horic acid present
in this fertilizer. Iron and aluminum phosphates are easily soluble in Peter-
mann's reagent while calcium phosi^hate is almost insoluble.
The alundum crucible for the determination of phosphoric acid, G. Libeki
(Ann. R. 8taz. Chim. A&t\ Spc-r. Roma, 2. ser., 6 {1913), No. 2, pp. 247-255).—
It is concluded that the alundum crucible will be of service for the determina-
tion of phosphoric anhydrid as magnesium pyrophosphate. It is necessary,
however, to remove the impurities which are present in the crucible by wash-
ing with hydrochloric acid in order to obtain a comparatively constant weight.
In regard to fertilizer analysis, E. A. Mitsciierlich and W. Simmermachek
(Zenthl. Kunstdiinger Indus., 18 {1913), No. 20, pp. 430, 431).— In a previous
communication one of the authors has pointed out that the methods for
judging a fertilizer and a soil should be founded on the same principles.
This is especially true because a fertilizer is only assimilable when it becomes
a part of the soil. As fertilizers when in the soil undergo a certain amount
of change, analyses lose some of their significance. The results obtained with
fertilizers in sand cultures, however, give figures which ai'e of physiological
and commercial value.
The purpose of this work is to bring together or connect the figures obtained
for the solubility of fertilizers and those obtained in vegetative experiments
as a result of using fertilizer. The logarithmic formula of the law of minimum
is theoretically discussed and its validity is demonstrated from a practical
standpoint. The principles for a new method of chemical fertilizer analysis,
which depends upon the determination of the nutrient materials in the fer-
tilizer and the estimation of the saturation concentration of the nutrients in
water saturated with carbon dioxid at 15° C. are explained. The relation
between the plant physiological and chemical fertilizer analysis is shown.
The determination of cellulose with nitric acid, V. Rao and B. Tollens
(In Festschrift zum s-iebzigstcn Gehurtstage van Jacob Esser. Berlin, 1913,
pp. 49-56). — The methods compared in this study were the Cross and Bevan,
Dmochowski and Tollens (E. S. R., 23, p. 417), and J. Konig and the materials
used were pure cellulose in the form of absorbent cotton, Swedish filter paper,
common filter paper treated by Henueberg's method with 1.25 per cent sul-
phuric acid and 1.25 per cent potassium hydroxid, sulphate cellulose, sodium
hydrate cellulose, crude wood fiber, jute, cacao shells, rice straw, wheat straw,
rye flour, oat flour, ground American white corn, buckwheat, cotton-seed meal,
marrow from Aralia papyrifera (which is used in China and Japan for making
paper), and cacao beans. With the cacao beans it was first necessary to
remove the fat when either the Cross and Bevan or the Dmochowski and
Tollens method was used.
The Cross and Bevan method uniformly gave the highest results with
all materials except the marrow of A. papynfera, and these were not always
similar to those obtained by multiplying the results obtained by the Dmochow-
ski and Tollens method by 1.1. In some cases the factor was less than 1.1
and in others more. For jute and cereal straws it ranged from 1.16 to 1.38.
Nitric acid in some cases attacks the cellulose more than chlorin, which is used
in the Cross and Bevan method, but its employment is preferable since chlorin
affects the health of the laboratory workers. It is first necessary, however,
to establish the correct conversion factors.
18 EXPEEIMENT STATION" RECORD.
Estimation of sugar in food products (honeys, comfits, jellies, marma-
lades, sirups, etc.), C. F, Muttelet {Ann. Falsif., 6 (1913), No. 5S, pp. 138-
143). — Constants for the following sugars were used in this work: Saccharose
[a]D'^+m.5, glucose +53, levulose —93.5, and invert sugar —20.25.
The product under examination is made into a solution (A) which contains
from 5 to 10 gm. of saccharin matter free from other reducing substances in
100 cc. Ten cc. of this is made up to 100 cc. (solution B) and used for the
determination of the copper-reducing power, and the result for 100 cc. of
solution A is expressed as p grams. The reduction after inversion is also
determined and this for 100 cc. of solution A is expressed as g.
The rotation of the solution A is taken at 20° C. in a 200-mm. tube and the
rotation designated as D. The amount of saccharose (S) present =0.95 (q-p)
gm., which corresponds to a deviation of c, c being equal to 1.33 X/Sf. The sum
of the weight of the glucose (O) and levulose (L) =0+L=p. which corre-
sjwnds to a rotation of d=D — c. The results obtained are multiplied by 10
if 10 gm. of substance is used to make the solution A. All of the above rota-
tions are in circular degrees.
Detection of technical invert sugar with ^-naphthol, F. M. Littekscheid
(O/tem. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 32, p. 321). — This reaction, like Fiehe's, depends
upon the formation of a coloring matter. It is conducted as follows :
From 10 to 20 gm. of the honey, or other substance supposed to contain invert
sugar, is rubbed up three or four times with 10 cc. of ether and the ethereal
extracts filtered into a shallow porcelain dish. A small crj-stal of jS-naphthol is
dissolved in the ethereal filtrate and the dish set aside to allow a spontaneous
evaporation of the ether. To the residue which remains is added from 4 to
5 cc. of an 88 to 90 per cent solution of pure sulphuric acid and observation
made at intervals of the color changes which take place in the dish during
a period of one-half hour. Honeys containing no technical invert sugar
give a dirty yellow coloration which within one-half hour is j'ellowish green
with a reddish hue. In a positive reaction the color is a Bordeaux to a
violet red, its intensity depending upon the amount of invert sugar present.
In many cases the reaction can also be obtained by simply rubbing up the
honey twice with ether containing one or two crystals of |3-naphthol, decanting
off the supernatant fluid into a porcelain dish, allowing it to evaporate, and
adding sulphuric acid as described above.
This work will be reported upon later in more detail.
About honey examination, G. Buchnee (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 19 (1913),
A'o. 7, pp. 132, 133). — A so-called flower honey (Bliitenhonig) apparently con-
taining no glucose gave the Lund and Ley reaction, making it appear as though
invert sugar was present, but was found on microscopical examination to
contain crystals of calcium oxalate.
Determination of sugar in bagasse, H. Pellet (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Suer. et
Distill., SO (1913), No. 6, pp. 305-312; aU. in Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. U,
Repert, p. 66). — The samples taken hourly are mixed together and minced in
a mechanically driven chopping machine. The comminuted material is then
extracted with hot water in a Zamaron-Norris apparatus which was modified
by the author in order to allow it to be hermetically sealetl. Sugar cane can
also be extracted with the apparatus. The water in the bagasse may be deter-
mined by drying 50 gm. at 110° C. in an electric oven.
Hot and cold digestion in beet analysis, H. Pellet (Bui. Assoc. Chim.
Sucr. et Distill, 30 (1913), No. 6, pp. 328^3^; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913),
No. U, Repert., p. 66).— In view of Chapelle's statements (E. S. R., 28, p. 413),
some further tests were made with the hot and cold digestion methods. The
results for sugar in both instances were alike.
METEOROLOGY WATER. 19
Further notes on the relationship between the weight of the sugar beet
and the composition of its juice, J. A. Habbis and R. A. Goetneb {Biochem.
Bill., 2 (1913), Xo. 8, pp. 52Jf-529, pi. 1).—A critical analysis of Xovotny's
results and those of Andrlik et al. (E. S. R., 27, p. 642; 30, p. 536).
The authors conclude that the notes presented by Andrllk, Bartos. and
Urban "form a very slender basis for the conclusion (widely circulated by
uncritical reviewers) that in beets of the same strain there is no negative cor-
relation between weight and sugar content. Nevertheless one must recognize
the possibility of the correctness of the conclusion. Should it prove to be
valid, the suggestion follows that the negative correlation demonstrated in
commercial cultures has a genetic origin, i. e., that strains characterized by
large root size are also characterized by low sugar content, and that when
these strains are intermingled and intercrossed in field cultures there results
a negative correlation between the weight of the individual beet and the sugar
content of its juice. Such a result would be of the greatest interest to breeders."
Beport of the department of chemistry, C. A. Jacobson and M. Adams
{Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. J/ISO). — This details the work in progress and
completed (E. S. R., 25, p. 810; 26, p. 802 ; 27, p. 713 ; 28, pp. 608, 710; 29, p. 111).
In some experiments on wood distillation the products resulting from 4 woods
were studied. "From a sample of 'fat' yellow pine a clear water-white sam-
ple of light oil, boiling at between 158 and 178°, and possessing many of the
properties of the spirits of turpentine, has been obtained. This oil is now
being examined to determine its chemical identity. Calculated from the re-
sults so far obtained, one cord of * fat ' yellow pine should yield 20 gal. of this
turpentine-like oil. Besides tliis light oil, there have been obtained from the
same Avood, acetic acid, methyl alcohol, creosote, wood tar, and charcoal of
commercial value. A sample of green yellow pine was also distilled and a
sample of the above-mentioned light oil was obtained, but the yield was
small, amounting to only about 5 gal. per cord. Samples of sagebrush and
Pinus monophyUa have also been distilled, but the assay of the distillate has
not yet been completed."
METEOROLOGY— WATER.
Weather science, R. G. K. Lempfebt {London, Edinburgh, and New York,
[1912], pp. 94, figs. 16). — This brief treatise describes and discusses the obser-
vations of an individual station and the processes underlying weather changes,
and shows how the observations at different places are combined in the study
of the weather and in forecasting.
Weather forecasting, R. M. Deeley {Nature [London], 93 {1914), No. 2316,
pp. 58, 59). — A plea is made for better daily weather charts as a means of
utilizing the great mass of data now " practically buried so far as the indi-
vidual meteorologist is concerned."
The agricultural meteorological service in Germany, R. Bobnstein
{Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913),
No. 11, pp. 1661-1612). — A brief description of this service is given. It is
stated that the whole country is divided into meteorological sers-ice districts,
each with its station and in some cases with substations. The most important
duty of the service is the timely and prompt distribution of daily weather
charts.
" In order to keep the whole meteorological service in close touch with prac-
tical agriculture, in most districts reliable collaborators {Yertrauensmanner)
have been appointed. These are practical farmers, teachers of agriculture,
and the like, at least one in each district, who constantly devote their atten-
20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tion to the meteorological service; they express their opinion on the weather
forecast and follow all the details of the work. Their criticism of the forecast
is expressed in figures and sent every weeli on post cards to the heads of the
service. The value of these ' percentages of hits ' is not very great, [and they]
are not published ; nevertheless, they often give the directors of the service use-
ful hints and have thus, in spite of many objections, been kept up. Further,
the Vertrauensmanner transmit to the directors many of the wishes and pro-
posals arising from the daily practice of farming, and in this manner many
valuable improvements have been made in the meteorological senice."
The need of educating farmers to a better understanding and use of the
weather charts is emphasized. " Lectures and discussions in meetings of
associations, especially agricultural and educational, as well as special courses
for teachers and the inclusion of meteorology in the curriculum of seminaries
and universities, provide both for making grown-up people acquainted with
the principles of meteorology and for introducing this branch of science into the
schools."
Present organization of agricultural meteorolgy in Sweden, H. E. Ham-
BEEG (InternaL Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. A^r. Intel, and Plant Diseases,
5 {1914), No. 1, pp. 6-8). — The meteorological service of Sweden is centralized
in the State Meteorological Institute at Stockholm. There is no special service
for agricultural meteorology, but an effort is made to collect data and to issue
storm warnings and forecasts and publications of interest to agriculture. The
Swedish Monthly Meteorological Bulletin in the Interests of Agriculture has
been issued for over 30 years. " Each number contains a chart showing the
quantity of rainfall, and a certain number of tables on the temperatures of the
air and the soil, and the winds, besides communications from observers, etc."
Special provision is made for observations in the interest of agriculture on
storms, frosts, and ice, as well as for phenological observations.
A short list of references to articles bearing on the subject is given.
About climatical variations, H. Abctowski (Amer. Jour. 8ci., 4- ser., 37
(1914), No. 220, pp. 305-315, figs. 3). — A'arious causes which produce climatic
changes are discussed, the more important conclusions reached being " that more
or less periodical changes of the solar constant must be the real primary cause
of the various climatic variations. . . . Differences of 0.15 to 0.20 have been
observed every year. Such differences, if permanent during some centuries or
thousands of years, would produce the required differences of temperature."
The thermal state of the atmosphere, A. Boutaric ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Bci.
[Paris'], 158 {1914), No. 9, pp. 652-656). — Methods of mathematical physics are
applied in this article to the solution of the question of the causes of the fall
in temperature of the atmosphere with elevation.
]M[easurem.ents of the emanations content of soil air, K. Kahler (.Phys.
Ztschr., 15 {1914), No. 1, pp. 27-31). — Measurements by means of the Benndorf
electrometer are recorded.
It was found that changes in atmospheric pressure exerted a great influence
upon the amount of the radio-active emanations of the soil and also upon the
escape of the emanations from the soil into the air. Sunshine favored the
escape of the emanations but its action was masked by other factors.
A determination of the variation with altitude of the radium, emanation
content of the atmosphere, J. R. Wright and O. F. Smith {Phys. Ztschr.,
15 {1914), No. 1, pp. 31-39). — The amount of radium emanations in the air at
Manila at a height of 5 meters above the sea and on Mt. Pauai, 2,460 meters
abOA'e sea level, was determined by the method of absorption in coconut
charcoal.
METEOROLOGY WATER. 21
The average of emanations per cubic meter of air was equivalent to 82.48 X
10"" gm. for Manila, and 19.18X10" gm. for Mt. Pauai, tlie average ratio
between the two being 4 : 1, The amount of emanations in the air varied at a
given place within comparatively wide limits in dependence upon the meteoro-
logical conditions. With rainy weather and high winds the amount was very
low, while with fine weather and low winds the amount was comparatively
high. The content was much higher at night than during the day.
The climate and weather of San Diego, California, F. A. Carpenter (San
Diego, 1913, pp. XII +118, pis. 13, figs. i5).— This treatise, setting forth fully
the characteristic as well as the unusual features of the weather and climate
of San Diego, is based upon a continuous official meteorological record since
1849 and upon noninstrumental observations dating baclc to 1542.
Climate and meteorology of New Zealand, D. C. Bates (New Zeal. Off.
Yearbook 1913, pp. 34-o0, pis. 5, fig. 1). — Observations on temperature, pressure,
rainfall, sunshine, wind, etc., during 1912 are summarized and discussed, and
comparisons are made with the meteorological conditions of previous years. The
generally favorable climatic conditions of the country are emphasized, and it
is shown that these conditions are unusually conducive to health and agri-
cultural productiveness.
The leading feature of the climate is the abundance and frequency of tlie
rainfall and its comparatively uniform distribution. Sunshine and rain alter-
nate fairly well throughout the year, with much greater predominance of the
former. The rainfall is usually more intense and frequent during the night
than during the day.
Monthly and annual rainfall from 1837 to 1912, inclusive, at St. Paul,
Minnesota {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Water Comrs. St. Paul, Minn., 13 (1912), pp. 116,
in, pi. 1; Engin. News, 10 (1913), No. 11, pp. 51J,, 515, figs. 2).— The rainfall
record for 1837-1911 is shown in tables and diagrams in the first report cited;
the data for 1912 are added in the second article referred to. The highest
annual rainfall recorded was 49.69 in. in 1849; the lowest, 10.21 in., in 1910.
The mean annual rainfall for the whole period was 27.41 In.
Composition of rain water collected in the Hebrides and in Iceland,
N. H. J. Miller (Jour. Scot. Met. Soc, 3. ser., 16, No. 30, pp. 141-158; ahs. in
Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (1914), No. 615, I. p. 128; Rothanuted Expt.
Sta., Harpenden Ann. Rpt. 1913, pp. 20, 21). — Determinations of ammonia and
nitrate nitrogen and chlorin in samples of rain water collected at Vifilsstadir,
Iceland, and at Butt of Lewis and other places in the Hebrides and on the west
coast of Scotland are reported.
The results for ammonia and nitrate nitrogen were very low, the annual
rainfall of 39.7 in. at Butt of Lewis containing only 0.034 parts of nitrogen
as ammonia and 0.032 parts of nitrogen as nitrates per million : that of Vifils-
stadir 0.091 and 0.03 parts, respectively. The total nitrogen per acre brought
down by the rainfall was 0.6 lb. at Butt of Lewis and 1.06.5 lbs. at Vifilsstadir.
The amounts at other places were somewhat higher (1.8 to 2.2 lbs.) but only
about half the amount found in x*ain water at Rothamsted.
The chlorin content of the rain water varied from 7.8 parts per million per
month, equivalent to 52.2 lbs. per acre annually at Vifilsstadir, to 749.9 parts
per million, equivalent to 6,884 lbs. per acre at Butt of Lewis, and 759.6 parts
per million, equivalent to 5,753 lbs. per acre, at Barrahead.
The economic value of tropical rainfall, G. Capus (Ann. G6ogr., 23 (1914),
No. 128, pp. 109-126, figs. 4)- — Determinations of the nitrogen content of the
rainfall at Hanoi, Tonkin, from April, 1902, to September, 1909, are reported
and discussed.
22 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
The average annual rainfall during this period was 1.65 meters (5.4 ft.).
The evaporation was approximately one-half of the rainfall. The average
amount of nitric nitrogen brought down annually by the rain was 43.35 lbs.
per acre, of ammoniacal nitrogen 11.58 lbs. These are much larger amounts
than are found in the rainfall of temperate regions and sufficiently large to be
of considerable economic importance from the fertilizing standpoint.
The genesis of dew, W. Godden (Sijmons' Met. Mag., 48 {1913), No. 513,
p. 163). — Observations on grass lands are briefly reported from which the
general conclusion is drawn that about 69 per cent of a given dew deiwsit is
exhaled by the grass, about 25 per cent is precipitated from the atmosphere,
and the rest is derived from the soil.
A sliding rule for the determination of the dew point, absolute and rela-
tive humidity, as well as saturation deficiency, A. Korff-Petersen (Ztschr.
Hyg. u. InfeUionskranh., 77 {Idllf), No. 1, pp. 111-183, fig. i).— The rule and
its method of use are described.
Combating hail {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 14 {1914), No. 2, pp. 130-144,
218-238). — An account is given of a discussion of this subject by a number of
different persons, in which particular emphasis is laid upon the relation of
forests to hailstorms and the possibility of reducing damage from this source
by extension of the forest area.
Electrical protection against hail in Gironde, F. Courty {Vie Agr. et
Rurale, 3 {1914), ^o. 12, pp. 313-316, figs. 3).— Positive and negative results ob-
tained with "electric niagaras" and similar devices are reviewed without
definite conclusions as to their efficacy.
Surface water supply of St. Lawrence River Basin, 1912, C. C. Covert,
A. H. HoRTON, and W. G. Hoyt {U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 32/f
{1914), pp. 149, pis. 3). — This report presents results of measurements of flow
made on streams tributary to Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and
Ontario, and to the St. Lawrence River.
A summary of mean discharge per square mile shows the almost entire lack
of uniformity or agreement between any two streams, " which indicates that the
discharge of each stream is a law unto itself, and that all projects dependent
upon stream flow, if they are to be developed along the safest and most eco-
nomical lines, must be based on records of stream flow collected with great care
over a long series of years as near the location of the project under considera-
tion as possible."
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
The characterizing of soil according to the molecular composition of the
silicates soluble in hydrochloric acid (zeolitic silicates), R. Gans {Internat.
Mitt. Bodenk., 3 {1913), No. 6, pp. 529-51 l).^The author summarizes the results
of investigations by himself and others as follows:
The zeolitic silicates show the same general composition and behavior as
the artificial aluminum silicates and may like them be considered as chemical
compounds. As a result of weathering they do not always occur in the soil
in pure form but are frequently mixed with decomposition products. They
show the characteristic aluminum silicate molecular composition 3+Mols. Si02 :
1 Mol. AI2O3 : 1 Mol. base when protected from weathering by the carbonates of
the alkaline earths, i. e., in neutral or alkaline soils. They show a less base
content than 1 Mol. base : 1 Mol. AI2O3 when decomposed by acid (carbon dioxid)
weathering solutions. The proportions of SiOs to AI2O3 remains 3+ : 1 under
such conditions, i. e., in acid soils. They show a less silica content than 3 Mol.
SiOj : 1 Mol. AliOa when decomposed by alkaline weathering solutions which
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 23
dissolve out a part of the silica. On this account, i. e., in neutral or alkaline
soils, they are unable to combine 1 Mol. of base with 1 Mol. AhOz. This shows
that the neutral, alkaline, or acid nature of the soil is indicated not by the per-
centage by weight of the bases extracted by boiling concentrated hydrochloric
acid, but by the molecular relation of the bases to the silica and clay in the
decomposing silicate. This relation best characterizes the condition of the
soil.
The determination of the silica by the hydrochloric acid method according
to Van Bemmelen is to be recommended. The molecular calculation of re-
sults of analysis should also include the uncombined bases.
The use of the Mitscherlich method of determining hygroscopicity is urgently
recommended in the investigation of soils and the use of the method of calcula-
tion in equivalents advanced by De Sigmond (E. S. K., 28, p. 318) is discussed.
The molecular calculation is considered valuable whether dealing with a
physical or a chemical combination in the weathered complex. It is of equal
value for the calculation and judgment of soils whether the neutral reaction
is due to the existence of neutral aluminum silicates or to an absoi-ption maxi-
mum which shows the same molecular relation as the neutral aluminum silicate
and whether the acid reaction is due to acid aluminum silicates or to absori>-
tively unsatisfied gels of silica and alumina.
Earth flows and structure soil in polar and subpolar regions, K. Sappeb
{Intcmat. Mitt. Bodenk., Jf {19H), No. 1, pp. 52-^7; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Parish,
52 (1914), I, No. 12, p. 370). — The soil flows occurring in polar and subpolar
regions are said to differ from those of tropical regions in that they are less
fluid and the stone and earth constituents are not as a rule separated into
homogeneous groups and layers by gravity. The soils are either homogeneous
or heterogeneous according to the slope of the ground nnd the degree of the
sorting and separating action produced by freezing and thawing, capillarity,
and alternate wetting and drying.
The polygon and thufur soils of these regions (E. S. R., 30, p. 515) are said
to occur in the more homogeneous forms of flowing soil, the so-called stone
strips, nets, rings, and fields in the more heterogeneous forms. Several theories
are advanced as to the exact manner of their formation.
Knox County soils, C. G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, J. H. Pettit, and J. E.
Readhimek ilUinois Sta. Soil Rpt. 6 {1913), pp. 43, pis. 2, figs. 5). — This is the
sixth of the series of the Illinois county soil reports, and deals briefly with the
physiography, topography, and formation of the soils, and more fully with soil
material and soil tjqpes, chemical composition of the soil, and field tests of the
fertilizer requirements of certain of the prevailing types.
Knox County lies in the upper Illinois glaciation. The soils of the county
are divided into three classes as follows: " (1) Upland prairie soils, rich in
organic matter. These w^ere originally covered with wild prairie grasses, the
partially decayed roots of which have been the source of the organic matter.
The flat prairie land contains the higher amount of this constituent because
the grasses and roots grew more luxuriantly there and the higher moisture
content largely preserved them from decay. (2) Upland timber soils, including
those zones along stream courses over which forests once extended. These
soils contain much less organic matter because the large roots of dead trees
and the surface accumulations of leaves, tveigs, and fallen trees were burned
by forest fires or suffered almost complete decay. The timber lands are divided
chiefly into two classes — the undulating and the hilly areas. (3) Swamp and
bottom lands, which include the flood plains along streams and some small
peaty swamp areas. . . .
48456°— No. 1—14 3
24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
"More than half the entire county is covered with the common prairie soil
known as brown silt loam, and about one-third consists of two upland timber
types, the yellow silt loam (hilly) and the yellow-gray silt loam (undulating),
the former occupying almost one-fifth of the entire county. . . .
" The most significant fact revealed by the investigation of the Knox Coimty
soils is the low phosphorus content of the common brown silt loam prairie."
Soil investigations, [L. T. Sharp] {Nevada Stci. Rpt. 1913, pp. 24-38).—
The first part of this paper discusses the soils of Nevada relative to fertility
and crop production, and the second part reports the status of scientific investi-
gations looking to soil improvement.
Chemical analyses of representative soil types show them to be " intrinsically
rich in mineral plant food and naturally deficient in nitrogen." Alkali was
present in various amounts in almost all the soils examined.
A series of experiments on the biological fixation of nitrogen did not war-
rant definite conclusions, but, " the evidence at hand ... on the whole is
rather favorable to the explanation of the accumulation of nitrates in Colo-
rado soils ... by Headden and Sackett" (E. S. R., 29, p. 621; 30, p. 818).
Studies of bacteria in soils as affected by irrigation showed that the water
content most suitable for ammonification was not the optimum condition for
nitrification. Ammonification was most rapid with 25 per cent water content,
and was not markedly affected by differences of 3 per cent in water. On the
other hand, 19 per cent of water was most advantageous for nitrification, and
the rate of nitrification decreased over 50 per cent as the water content
increased to 25 per cent. " It is probable that 18 to 20 per cent of water is
the most suitable water content for this soil, . . . for the bacterial processes
taking place in it."
Studies of colloids as protective substances for bacteria, particularly in the
presence of alkalis, showed that aluminum hydroxid rendered sodium chlorid
and sodium sulphate in solution at certain concentrations less toxic. Alumi-
num hydroxid and colloidal starch were more or less toxic to pure cultures of
ammonifying organisms and slightly depressed ammonification with mixed cul-
tures. Aluminum hydroxid stimulated nitrification to some extent.
Heat movement in pseudo-isotropic soil, A. v. Andebk6 (Met. Ztschr., 30
{1913), No. 12, pp. 580-589). — ^A mathematical exposition of heat movement in
soils is given. This is based on the assumptions that a homogeneous pervious
soil stratum, which would be isotropic but for the effect of meteorological fac-
tors and ground water variations, may be considered pseudo-isotropic, and that
the sum of the factors, including amplitude, phase, and variations in heat ca-
pacity and conductivity, which influence heat movements in pseudo-isotropic
soils, may be expressed by Fourier's law and modifications thereof.
An erosion study, G. N. Coffey {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 5 {1914), ^o. ^,
pp. 230-232). — ^A method described for measuring the amount of material
removed in suspension and solution from the surface of a given area consists
of surrounding a small plat on all sides except the upper one with a split
glazed tile surface drain so that surface wash from the plat is carried into
this drain and thence through a pipe to a steel tank. For determining the
plant food carried away in the drainage water two lines of tile are placed 30
in. deep surrounding the plat, the inner line being for the purpose of collecting
subsoil drainage from the plat and the outer line for removing surrounding sub-
soil water.
Lysimeter investigations, 1913, G. Richtee {Mitt. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst.
Landw. Bromherg, 6 {1914), ^'O. 3, pp. 212-224) .—This is a brief account of a
continuation of work by Kriiger previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 125). It
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 25
reports investigations on the water economy of soil under summer barley and
lupines as a stubble crop, on the influence of cultivation on evaporation, and
on the approximate evaporation from plants and soil surfaces after sprinkling.
Fallowed soil had a greater and soil planted to barley a less water content
at the end of the vegetation period than at the beginning. Evaporation from
fallow soil was 31 per cent and from the planted soils between 88 and 93 per
cent of the rainfall and of the water artificially applied^ The average transpi-
ration by the barley plants was 68 per cent of the total evaporation. With
lupines as a stubble crop the difference in evaporation from fallow and planted
soil was less than with barley, the average transpiration from the crop being
58 per cent of the total evaporation. Owing to its wastefulness of water, how-
ever, the cultivation of lupine as a stubble or intermetliate crop is thought to
influence unfavorably the soil water balance particularly in light soils. Culti-
vation appreciably decreased evaporation and increased the quantity of water
taken up by the soil. The evaporation after sprinkling varied, being on the
average somewhat greater from fallow than from planted soil. The average
approximate evaporation from the planted soil was 8 per cent of the water
added. On the average the immediate loss by evaporation after sprinkling was
at th€ rate of about 2,000 gal. per acre regardless of the amount of application.
It is concluded that the larger the application of water the better if due
consideration be given the type of soil and plant and the limits of economy.
The effect of heat upon the solubility of the mineral constituents of the
soil, W. McGeobge (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 3, pp. 223-
227). — The investigations on which this article is based have already been
noted from another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 419).
The decomposition of cellulose in moor soil and peat, Wanda Daszewska
(Bui. Soc. Bot. Gen&ve, 2. set:, Jf (1912), No. 7, pp. 255-316). — Numerous species
(some of them new) of micro-organisms isolated from moor soils or from peat
are described and their behavior toward the decomposition of cellulose was
studied.
The decomposition of cellulose by these organisms did not result in the
formation of brown humus products. The hyphomycetes were more active in
decomposing cellulose in the soil than bacteria. The dark color of humus is
thought to be probably due to the color of mycelium and spores, to the brown
and black pigments, and also to oxidizing substances (ferments) secreted by
most of the hyphomycetes. The hyphomycetes bring about an aerobic decom-
position of cellulose by means of cytase. The organisms grow in a water
extract of peat if provided with a supply of carbon, cellulose being suitable
in case of organisms which decompose this substance.
A bibliography of the subject is given.
The decomposition of soil carbonates, W. H. McIntibe (Science, n. ser.,
39 (1914), No. 1001, pp. 361, 362).— \ brief note is given on investigations
which have shown that calcium and magnesium carbonates quickly disappear
as such when applied to the soil and which indicate that the magnesium car-
bonate and, to a less extent, the calcium carbonate react with and are fixed
by silica. Titanium oxid was found to bring about the same decomposition as
silica. The evidence secured indicates that magnesium carbonate does not
exist in soils of humid climates.
Management of soils to prevent blowing, W. M. Jakdine (Jour. Amer. Soc.
Agron., 5 (1914), A^o. 4, pp. 213-217, pis. 5 ) .—Attention is drawn to the in-
jurious blowing of soils in the Great Plains area and methods of prevention
are proposed. The importance of keeping the surface of blowing soils rough
or corrugated is noted, and implements such as the alfalfa cultivator, spring-
tooth harrow, corn cultivator, and the lister in extreme cases, are said to be
26 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
well adapted for their cultivation. Manure, straw, and trash also furnish
effective protection when spread upon the land uniformly. " More extreme
measures must be taken with [sandy soils], such as farming in strips, [and]
allowing weeds or other vegetation to grow and form windbreaks on the
alternate strips."
Contribution to the physiology of soil, Bernbeck (Forstw. Centbl., n. ser.,
86 (1914), No. 1, pp. 26-44). — This article discusses the importance of the
" physiological depth " of soils, i. e., the depth of the soil layer in which roots
grow, particularly in its relation to the free circulation of moist air in forest
soils. Various means of increasing the physiological depth are described.
The distribution of bacteria in various soil types, H. J. Conn (Jour. Amer.
^oc. Agron., 5 (1914), No. 4, PP- 218-221). — The results of studies of the micro-
flora of 14 dfferent soils make "it evident that, both quantitatively and quali-
tatively, there is surprisingly little variation between the bacteria of different
soils. Soil has its own distinctive types of bacteria, and they are not many in
number." The predominating types observed in cultures in ordinary media,
and not including nitrifying, nitrogen-fixing, and other forms, were as follows:
(1) Peritrichic, spore-bearing, long rods (5 per cent) — BaciUtis mycoidcs, B.
suMilis, B. megatherium, and an imnamed type; (2) nonspore-bearing, short
rods (50 per cent) — liquefying type (unnamed), and nouliquefying tjrpe
(unnamed) ; (3) Pseudomonas (5 per cent) — P. fluorescens (liquefying), and
nouliquefying type (unnamed) ; (4) Actinomycetes (40 per cent) — A. chro-
mogcnus ( ?) and A. albus.
" In every soil studied, whether a muck, a clay loam, a loam, or a sand, all
of these types were found and no others occurred in appreciable numbers."
Real and apparent nitrifying powers, P. L. Gainey {Science, n. ser., 39
{1914), No. 992, pp. 35-31; ahs. in Chem. Ahs., 8 {1914), No. 5, p. 978).— Data
are presented to show that deducting the nitrate nitrogen originally present or
that in an incubated check as is done in two of the methods commonly used to
determine the nitrifying power or efficiency of soils does not give correct results
when easily decomposable organic nitrogenous substances are added to soils
containing nitrate nitrogen.
" Simply taking as the correct factor the amount found at the final analysis
will probably approach nearer the truth than any other method now in prac-
tice." However, this method gives only the apparent nitrifying power of the
soil since " there is absolutely no way of determining the actual amount
formed that immediately disappears."
Studies on soil protozoa, A. Cunningham and F. Lohnis {Centbl. Bakt.
[etc.}, 2. AM., 39 {1914), No. 23-25, pp. 596-610) .—The investigations reported
dealt with the growth of protozoa on various media and the effect of heat on
active and encysted forms.
The death point of active and encysted protozoa was found to be for flagel-
lates 44° C. (active forms), 70-72° (cysts); for ciliates 54° (active forms),
72 (cysts) ; and for amoebie 48° (active forms), 72° (cysts).
" In the case of the cysts the figures obtained are quite constant for the three
forms of protozoa examined. The active forms, however, show marked dif-
fei-ences in their power of resistance and it is noteworthy that the latter appears
to be roughly in proportion to the average size of the individuals.
" The results show quite a marked difference between the powers of resist-
ance to heat of the cysts and the active organisms — a difference at all events
quite large enough to allow of the selection of an intermediate temperature
which will kill all active forms but leave the cysts uninjured. In the fixing of
this temperature, however, the retarding effect which heat has had upon
excystation in these experiments must be kept in mind. It will, therefore, be
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 27
advisable to take a temperature as little above the death point of the active
ciliates as is absolutely necessary to insiu-e the killing of these organisms.
Probably a temperature of 58 to G0° would be suitable for this purpose."
The action of antiseptics in increasing the growth of crops in soil, E. J.
ItussixL and W. Btjddin {Jour. Hoc. i'hcm. Indus., 32 (1D13), No. 24, PP- IISG-
1142 figs. 5; ahs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1014, I, No. 8, pp. 806, 807; Rothamsted
Expt. 8ta., Harpenden Ann. Rpt. WIS, pp. 17, 18). — In continuation and exten-
sion of previous work (R S. R., 28, p. 538; 29, p. 122; 30, p. 219) the authors
studied the relative effectiveness of individual volatile and nonvolatile anti-
septics for partial sterilization of soils.
The action of toluene is said to be typical of that of the whole class of vola-
tile antiseptics studied as it causes first a decrease and then an increase and
also a change in type iu the micro-organic population of the soil, the susi>ension
of nitrification, a marked increase in ammonia in'oduction, and the liberation
of very small amounts of ammonia. The volatile antiseptics studied are classed
in order of their effectiveness as follows: Toluene, carbon bisulphid, benzene,
cyclohexane, chloroform, ether, hexane, and methyl and ethyl alcohols.
"The nonvolatile antiseptics present a more complex case because they per-
sist in the soil and modify the development of the bacterial flora." Cresol is
said to be typical of this class and its later effects differ from those of the
volatile antiseptics in that the bacterial numbers are unusually increased, the
flora is less mixed and very simple, and the high numbers of oi'ganisms do not
persist but decrease rapidly to the numbers in untreated soil. " Simultaneously
there is an increase in the amount of ammonia formed in the soil, but nothing
corresponding to the increase in bacterial numbers." Fhenol resembles cresol
in its action but the rise in bacterial numbers is more marked and there is an
even smaller production of ammonia. Hydroquinone behaves somewhat like
phenol, the quiuone is similar but is less potent. Formaldehyde is normal iu
its initial behaviour but subsequently there is a marked rise in the amount of
ammonia produced but no increase in the bacterial numbers above what occur
in the untreated soil.
" Pyridin is the nearest approach to a nitrogenous antiseptic. All the non-
volatile antiseptics in higher doses bring about a dei)ression in the amount of
nitrate revealed by aualy.sis."
As regards their beneficial effect on plants grown in ix)t experiments with
soils containing disease organisms the antiseptics tested are classed as follows:
Most effective, formaldehyde and pyridin ; medium, cresol, phenol, calcium sul-
phid, carbon bisulphid, toluene, benzene, and petrol ; least effective, higher
homologues of benzene and naphthalene and certain of its derivatives. " None
of these antiseptics is as good as steam, either in increasing the amount of
ammonia in the soil, in killing insect and fungoid pests, or in inducing a good
fibrous root development."
It is concluded that antiseptics may be used with advantage in practice where
the crop yield is limited by the supply of nitrogenous plant food, and whare
disease organisms and other detrimental forms are present and the micro-
organic population of the soil has lost much of its effectiveness in producing
ammonia from the nitrogen compounds therein.
A list of previous articles on the sub.iect is given.
Pertilizers and soil organisms, C. Lumia (Mem. R. Accad. Lincei, CI. Sci.
Fis., Mat. c. Nat, 5. scr., 9 {WIS), No. 12, pp. 457-471).— The results of the
author's investigations and observations confirm results obtained in previous
work (E. S. R., 14, p. 647). He concludes that the mineral constituents of
fertilizers and also carbohydrates exert a direct and favorable action on the
micro-organisms of the soil, and may be in part utilized directly by some of
28 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
the higher plants, but have more frequently an indirect effect on plants by
furnishing conditions favorable to organisms which supply them with nitrogen
compounds and render phosphoric acid soluble.
The purpose and interpretation of fertilizer experiments, G. N. Coffey
{Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 5 {1914), No. 4, pp. 222-230, fig. 1). — The principal
points emphasized in this article are (1) the need of greater uniformity in
the methods of fertilizer experimentation in order that the results secured
may be more nearly comparable; (2) the advisability of determining the rela-
tive need of a soil, and of different soils, for the different fertilizing elements;
(3) the reliability of the results secured from the use of the elements alone
for this puii^ose; (4) the suggesting of a line along which it maj^ be possible
to work out a satisfactory plan for obtaining this information; and (5) the
proposing of a method by means of which it may be possible to interpret the
results of fertilizer experiments in a way most easily understood by the farmer.
The plan proposed would involve simple uniform tests of the three fer-
tilizing constituents separately on all important soil types and from data so
obtained calculating the most profitable fertilizer combinations to use. Such a
method, based on tests of single fertilizer constituents at Wooster and Strongs-
ville, Ohio, is applied in this article to experiments made at the two places
named and at the Pennsylvania Station. The method of calculation is stated
as follows: ~^~r~ ==X where A =amount of nitrogen (or potash) applied;
/A'^=inerease from nitrogen (or IK from potash) ; /P=increase from phos-
phorus'; CP=cost of phosphorus; C2V^=cost of nitrogen (or CK cost of potash) ;
and X=relative proportion for most profitable returns.
" The first part of the formula is predicated upon the theory that the relative
need of a soil for the elements is proportional to the increases produced by
these elements ; the second upon the theory that the amount of these elements
used should be varied in proi)ortion to their cost. While these theories may not
hold absolutely true, they probably represent as near an approach to a general
statement as can be made at the present time."
On the plans of fertilizer experiments, P. L. Gile {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron.,
6" {1914), Ao. 1< pp- 36-41, fig- !)■ — The application of the law of minimum as
enunciated by Liebig and modified by ^litscherlich to field experiments is dis-
cussed, and it is pointed out that while tlie plain principles w'hich common sense
jind the experience of investigators show should govern in the planning and
execution of fertilizer tests are universally recognized they are not always
followed. There are various considerations which make it probable that the
increased growth of crops resulting from an increase of the element in mini-
mum is repi'esented by a curve as Mitscherlich holds and not a straight line as
Liebig's definition of the law of minimum indicates. This is in accord with
Hall's application of the law of diminishing returns to fertilizer experiments and
with the excess (Luxus) consumption by plants of a fertilizer added in
increasing amounts.
"With the variable conditions that field experiments are subject to. it is
doubtful if the increased growth caused by fertilizers will often follow exactly
the theoretical rate. For this reason it seems that a plan of a fertilizer test
somewhat as follows would give resiilts which are more accurate than many
of the present plans for such experiments and yet afford conclusions that are
not dependent on theoretical considerations.
" In a test of the availability of different forms of nitrogen, for instance,
all the plats shoifid receive phosphoric acid and potash in considerable excess.
The standard, or most available form of nitrogen, as nitrate of soda,
should be applied in several quantities, say at the rate of 20, 30, 40, 60, and 90
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 29
lbs. of nitrogen per acre, while all the other forms of nitrogen could be applied
at the rate of, say 50 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. Then a comparison of the
yields would show whether 20, 30, 40, or 60 lbs. of the standard form of ni-
trogen were requiretl to give the same yield as the 50 lbs. of the unknown form
of nitrogen. The ratio of the quantities giving the same yields would give the
relative availabilities.
" Such a plan would show whether or not the quantities of fertilizers tested
were in minimum and thus guard against errors which sometimes occur. The
conclusions would also be valid whether Liebig's or Mitscherlich's law of
minimum is the correct one. . . .
" The objection to this plan is that it multiplies the number of plats and so
necessitates a larger area for the experiment. It seems better, however, to
increase the number of different treatments by two or three, and so increase
the accuracy of the whole work. If it is impracticable to test four or five
quantities of the standard, or most available fertilizer, at least two quantities
should be used, so that it will be evident that the smaller quantity (which
can be used for the comparison) is not present in excess of the crop's re-
quirements."
Row fertilizing- experiments, Ahr (Mitt. Dent. Landic. Oesell., 29 (1914),
Nos. 7, pp. 94-98; 8, pp. 123-125). — The general outcome of the experiments
here reported was that with cereals row fertilizing showed no advantage over
the usual method of application. With beets, however, the results were de-
cidedly better with row fertilizing.
Pond fertilizing- experiments, Kuhneet (Monatsh. Landw., 6 (1913), No. 12,
pp. 353-371). — Experiments with various fertilizing materials and mixtures to
promote the growth of food plants and thus increase the fish product of ponds
are reported.
An incompatibility in fertilizer mixing, T. E. Keitt (Ahs. in Science, n.
ser., 39 (19U), No. 1001, pp. 363, 36//).— It is stated that "when basic slag is
mixed with muriate of potash or kainit a large proportion of the potash be-
comes insoluble in water. The insoluble compound thus formed is very slightly
soluble in neutral ammonium citrate of sp. gr. 1.09, and only slightly soluble
in citric acid, but is readily soluble in hydrochloric acid of sp. gr. 1.1115."
Injuries to the cornea by artificial fertilizers, J. Eickmeyer ( Uber Horn-
haxitvcrlctzumjcn durch kiinstJivhc Dilngcmittcl. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Rostock,
1911; aljs. in Zenthl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 14 (1012), Nos. 3-4, p. 154).— Tests
were made with rabbits to verify some clinical findings noted in man as to
the effect of artificial fertilizers on the eye.
Superphosphates were found to produce a slight conjunctivitis and a transient
cloudiness of the cornea ; Thomas slag produced a marked conjuctivitis with
a transient turbidity of the cornea and residual scars; calcium cj'anamid in-
cited a marked neurotic conjunctivitis and also keratitis. When brought on
the cornea as a paste these substances showed a marked toxicity.
The trade in fertilizing materials, M. Lambert (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser.,
27 (1914), No. 7, pp. 214-216) .—This article briefly discusses recent develop-
ments in the trade in sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, calcium cyanamid
and nitrate, phosphates, and potash salts.
Consumption, production, and commerce in artificial fertilizers in Russia,
PiETTRE (Bul. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 12 (1913), No. 5, pp. 585-587).—
Statistics of consumption, importation, and production during the last ten
years are briefly summarized showing that, while the total amount of fertilizer
used in Russia is still comparatively small, there has been a remarkable in-
-crease both in importation and home production during recent years.
so EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Source, availability, and suitability of different forms of plant food con-
stituents to different crops, C. B. Williams (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 11
(1914), pp. 5). — This is a brief popular discussion of the subject.
Composition and fertilizing value of farm crops and other farm materials,
C. B. Williams {North Carolina Sta. Circ. 6 (1913), /oiio).— Tables show the
fertilizing constituents, the value of various farm products, and other data.
[The guano situation in Peru] (Peru To-day, 5 (1913), Nos. 4, pp. 858, 859;
G, pp. 957-959; West Coast Leader, 2 (1913), No. 80, p. 11; ahs. in Intemat.
Inst. Agr. [Roni€~\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), ^o. 2,
pp. 204-207). — From reviews of the annual report of the Penivian Guano Com-
pany for the year ended March 31, 1913, and the financial message of the
President of the Republic dated September 5, 1913, it is noted that the guano
extracted during the year for domestic use in accordance with the agreement
between the Peruvian Government and the guano company entered into in
1909 was 24,350 (Spanish) tons of high grade guano containing 9.18 per cent
of nitrogen (which was only 20 per cent of the amount demanded by the users)
and 12,242 tons of low grade guano containing less than 3 per cent of nitrogen.
The total amount of guano extracted under this agreement since 1909 has
been high grade 93.297 tons, low grade 44,044 tons, or a total of 137,341 tons.
The Peruvian corporation which assumed certain obligations of the Peruvian
Government in 1890 in exchange for the right to extract and export guano not
to exceed 2,000,000 tons has exported to date 1,134,918 tons. It is stated that
from 1841 to 1879, when the industry was at its height, over 12,000,000 tons of
guano was exported.
Realizing that the frequent disturbance of the guano-producing birds conse-
quent upon unrestricted extraction of the guano is seriously interfering with
the renewal of the deposits, the Peruvian Government has employed experts to
report upon means of preventing the disappearance of the birds and has taken
steps to provide for rotation in working the deposits and a closed season of
five months each year to protect the birds.
Peat-moss litter, W. F. Todd (Jour. Amer. Peat Sac., 6 (1913), No. 4, pp.
161-166; al)s. in Engin. Mag., 46 (1914), ^o. 6, pp. 985-987).— Attention is called
to the deodorizing, disinfecting, and absorbent properties of peat moss which
specially fit it for use as a litter. It is said to furnish good bedding, to keep
the hoofs of animals in good condition, and to yield a very valuable manure
in which flies do not breed.
Sulphate of ammonia industry of Germany, R. P. Skinner (Daily Cons,
and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 17 (1914), No. 54, p. 878).— Brief reference is made to
the activities of two large rival firms manufacturing ammonium sulphate in
Germany, and statistics of imports and exports of this material are given.
It is stated that the imports were 34,G26 metric tons in 1913 as compared
with 23,097 tons in 1912. The exports amounted to 75,868 tons in 1913 as com-
pared with 56,948 tons in 1912. The exix»rts to the United States amounted
to 5,629 tons in 1913.
Potash shipments during 1914, R. P. Skinner (Daily Cons, and Trade
Rpts. [U. 8.], 17 (1914), No. 56, p. 909; Commercial Pert., 8 (1914), A'O. 3, p.
16; Jour. Indus, and Entgin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 5, p. 429). — Statistics of the
deliveries for domestic and foreign consumption during the year 1914 in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Potash Syndicate law and of actual exports of
potash salts from Germany during 1912 and 1913 are given.
The deliveries agreed upon are for domestic consumption 635,300 metric
tons of pure potash, and for foreign consumption 531,300 tons. The total ex-
ports in 1913 amounted to 1,829,617 metric tons valued at $22,164,000.
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 31
Occurrence and composition of some Alabama phosphates, B. B. Ross (Ahs.
in Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), A'o- 1001, p. 363). — It is stated that "large quanti-
ties of phosphate-bearing strata are found in Alabama, apparently closely
associated with a thick bed of rotten limestone and with green sands ; their
formation is ascribed to a leaching of this phosphatic limestone. This view is
confirmed by analyses of boulders, which showed that the weathered layers
contain considerably less phosphate than the unweathered portion. Much of
this phosphate deposit could not be worlied economically at the present time,
but it may be capable of later development when other fields become partly
exhausted. The green sands contain both potash and phosphate, and many
possess local value as a fertilizer."
On the action of lime and magnesia in the nutrition of plants, E. Hasel-
HOFF {Landio. Jahrb. J/S {1913), No. 4, pp. 609-633; abs. in Ztschr. Angew.
Chem., 21 il91.'f), No. 37, Referatenteil, p. 298). — A series of pot experiments
with different crops are reported, the results of which do not substantiate
Loew's theory regarding the necessity for a definite ratio of lime to magnesia
for each kind of crop.
Catalytic fertilizers, magnesium salts, etc., O. Munebati (BoJ. Quind. Sac.
Agr. Jtul., 19 (191Jf), No. 4> PP- 116-119). — A number of experiments with
manganese sulphate and magnesium sulphate, which gave results not entirely
conclusive but generally showing some inci'ease from the use of these sub-
stances, are reported.
Catalytic fertilizers, E. Boullangee {Tie Agr. et Rurale, 2 {1913), No 9,
pp. 2IfJf~2Jtl). — This is a summary of results of experiments by the author and
others with manganese salts on oats, wheat, barley, beets, potatoes, grasses,
and garden vegetables, and with aluminum and sodium silicates and iron sul-
phate on garden crops. The results were not conclusive but are thought to
warrant further investigation.
Radio-active fertilizers, L, Malpeaux {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 2 {1913), No. 9,
pp. 241, 242; ahfi. in Intermit. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and
Plant Diseases, 4 {1913), No. 4, p. 563; Chem. Abs., 8 {1914), No. 5, p. 979).—
A mineral substance showing a small degree of radio-activity was used at rates
of from 22 to 40 lbs. i>er acre in combination with the ordinary fertilizing
materials in ix>t and field experiments. The radio-acti\e material apparently
increased the yield of oats and crimson clover in pot experiments and of oats,
mangels, and sugar beets in field experiments. It exerted no effect on the
composition of the sugar beets.
Recent experiments on the fertilizing action of sulphiu', E. Boullangee
{Vie Agr. et Rurale, 2 {1913), No. 9, pp. 24I, 248).—S. very brief note is given
on recent experiments tending to show the importance of sulphur as a fertilizer.
Fertilizer inspection {Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 53 {1913), pp. 105-140) .—Re-
ports of analyses of samples of fertilizers found on sale in ^Maine in 1913 are
published in this circular, together with other pertinent information relating
to the inspection, composition, valuation, and use of fertilizers, along the lines
previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 126).
Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers, 1913, P. F. Tbowbeidge
{Missouri Sta. Bui. 116 {1914), pp. 3//7-399).— Analyses and valuations of about
500 samples of fertilizers examined during the year are reported. It is stated
that the amount of fertilizer sold in the State during the year was far in excess
of that of any previous year.
Tabulated analyses of commercial fertilizers {Penn. Dept. Agr. Buls. 242
{1913), pp. 87; 244 {1914), pp. 65).— These two bulletins give in detail the
results of inspection, including analyses and valuations of fertilizers in Penn-
sylvania in 1913.
32 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
AGRICULTTmAL BOTANY.
Plant life, J. B. Farmer (New York and London, 1913, pp. 255, figs. 28). — In
this book tlie author has sought to describe the salient features of plant life
from the Aiewpoint of function. Technicalities have been avoided as much as
possible and he has purposely omitted many things usually given in such a
work in order to treat of matters not generally discussed in popular treatises.
A recording transpirometer, Y. H. Blackman and S. G. Paine (Ann. Bat.
[London], 28 (1914), No. 109, pp. 109-113, pi. 1, fig. i).— The authors describe
an instrument that is said to be comparatively accurate and of low cost which
is believed to be well adapted for physiological experiments.
Anatomical investigations on the relation between structure and physio-
logical characters of plants, O. Y. Iakushkin and N. Yavilov (ZJiur. Opytn.
Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 13 (1012), No. 6, pp. 830-861).— Descrihmg
and summai'izing studie,s carried out by them in relation to the views of Kolku-
nov (E. S. R, 20, p. 129; 21, p. 543) to the effect that there exists a correlation
between the size of leaf cells and stomata on the one hand and the physio-
logical characters (as related to drought resistance, productivity, etc.) on the
other, the authors state that their findings rather oppose than support such
correlation.
The reciprocal relations between anatomical coefficients and physiological
characters of plants, Y. Y. Kolkltnov (Zliur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour.
Expt. Landw.), 14 (1913), No. 6, pp. 321-340). — A reply to the above, presenting
further arguments in support of the author's views.
A contribution to the physiology of the purple sulphur bacteria, M. Skenk
(New Phytol., 13 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. i-i7).— The author gives the results of
investigations on some of the purple sulphur bacteria, in which he states that
attempts to obtain pure cultures have been without success. In mixed cultures
Amcebobacter, and probably also Lamprocystis, thrive best in mineral solu-
tions containing ammonium sulphate as a source of nitrogen and lime as a
neutralizing agent. Organic sources of nitrogen and carbon, as far as teste<l,
were unfavorable and in general inhibited the growth of the bacteria. Develop-
ment of these organisms can take place only in the presence of hydrogen sul-
phid and growth only in the presence of light. The purple sulphur bacteria
require free oxygen, which is probably supplied them by associated green or-
ganisms.
Some toxic and antitoxic effects in cultures of Spirogyra, W. D. Hoyt (B%d.
Torrey Bot. Club, 40 (1913), No. 7, pp. 333-352). — A report is given of experi-
ments conducted to determine a nutrient solution suitable for algal growth
under laboratory conditions.
Crone's solution was found to be the best solution tested, while that of
Molisch was almost as satisfactory. Sachs's solution and that of Knop were
decidedly unfavorable. Tap water and ordinary distilled water of the labora-
tory were found markedly toxic to this species of Spirogyra. The toxicity of
tap water was partially removed by concentrating It and was entirely
removed by heating to 144° C, or by distillation in glass. The toxicity of ordi-
nary distilled water was partially corrected by adding to the culture lime,
chalk, solid agar, dry sphagnum moss, colloidal platinum, or other absorbents.
The results obtained seem to indicate that the toxic materials present in
the tap water were almost wholly volatile, while those in distilled water were
mostly nonvolatile, probably derived from the supply pipes and from the
still. Where potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate, potassium chlorid, mag-
nesium sulphate, and calcium chlorid were used singly or in combination, a mix-
ture of the three potassium salts was found as toxic as potassium chlorid used
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 33
alone. Potassium cblorid, magnesium sulphate, and calcium chlorid were found
to be extremely toxic wbeu used singly, but mixtures of any two were less
toxic than a solution of a single compound. Good growth was obtained only
when the salts of all three metals were present In favorable proportions. The
toxicity of magnesium sulphate was completely counteracted by potassium
chlorid or by calcium chlorid. Weak solutions of some of the toxic salts were
improved by the addition of animal charcoal or colloidal platinum, and it seems
the effect of powdered calcium carbonate in counteracting the toxicity of th^
initrient salts was due in part to the adsonitive action of the solid.
Recent studies on gaseous exchanges of green plants with the atmosphere,
L. Maquenne axxd E. Demoussy (Nouvelles Recherches sur les Echanges
Qazeux des Plantes Vertes avec V Atmosphere. Paris, 1913, pp. 166, pis. J/, figs.
3). — This is a somewhat detailed account of the authors' more recent work
(E. S. R., 20, p. 27). It includes findings and deductions from studies, chiefly
on Euonymus japonica, regarding respii-ation of leaves under different condi-
tions, such as darkness and A'ariable pressure, also an exposition of methods
employed in measuring respiratory coefficients of the influence of carbon dioxid
contained in the air, of chlorophyll activity, etc. Of the more general con-
clusions stated at some length a few may be summarized as follows:
The respiratory coefficient of leaves is variably influenced by age and activity
of the tissues; also by illumination and temperature, given degi'ees of which
correspond to the chemical composition noted in the plant and are apparently
related to the activity of diasta.ses therein. When a plant is in equilibrium
witli external conditions there exists a simple relation between the real respira-
tory quotient thereof, its coefficient of absorption for carbon dioxid at the ex-
isting tempei'ature, the density of the charge within the apparatus, and the
apparent respiratory quotient in the same conditions, this relation permitting
the approximate calculation of one of these magnitudes when the others are
known.
The coefficient of absorption of carbon dioxid by green plants varies with
temperature according to the law of solubility therefor. It appears to be for
thin leaves about double the coefficient of solubility of pure carbon dioxid,
which thus appears to supersaturate the cellular structure. The phenomenon
of assimilation does not sensibly modify the relations between hydrogen and
oxygen in the composition of vegetable tissues. The variations of ratio noted
in gaseous exchanges, diurnal or nocturnal, between a plant and the atmosphere
and consequently the changes of composition in the plant organs, are thought
to be attributable mainly to the influence exerted by heat.
The respiration of plants under various electrical conditions, R. C. Knight
and J. H. Pkikstley (Ann. Bot. [London], 2S (1914), No. 109, pp. 135-161,
figs. 6). — ^The authors state that field trials on the effect of electrical conditions
upon plant growth (E. S. R., 23, p. 326) have suggested that an increased
crop or an earlier ripening may be the result of such treatment. In the pres-
ent paper an attempt has been made to analyze this apparent effect by deter-
mining the effect of such electrical conditions xipon respiration.
The experiments have shown that direct currents of a density 10" to 30"*
amperes have no effect on the respiration of peas other than that due to
accompanying changes of temperatui'e. Overhead dischai-ges producing a cur-
rent of density less than 3X10-° amperes have no effect on respiration. When
higher currents were employed a definite increase of carbon dioxid was ob-
served, which is attributed wholly to the rise of temperature caused by the
discharge. In the field, where the currents are too small to produce any
appreciable rise of temperature, the authors are of the opinion that electrifica-
34 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
tiou would have no effect upon respiration, and tliat explanation for any
acceleration of growth must be sought in other functions of the plant.
The gaseous products of electrical discharge in air are said to have no effect
upon germinating peas but are deleterious to young seetllings.
Experimental and critical studies on freezing and frost killing in plants,
N. A. Maximow (Jahrh. Wiss. Bot. [Pringshcim], 53 (1914), No. 3, pp. 327-^20,
figs. 6). — Reviewing briefly previous communications by himself (E. S. R., 28,
p. 630) and others on the death point of plant cells as related to composition,
concentration, and freezing points of the contained or containing solutions, the
author gives details and results of his more recent studies, concluding that
killing by cold is probably due not simply to low temperatures as such (im-
plying a specific temperature minimum), but to physico-chemical changes set
up in the plasma colloids during the formation of ice therein. A bibliography is
appended.
A study of the effect of smoke and dust on plants, V. Sabachnikoff iCon-
trihution d, VEtude (les Fumies ct des Poiissi^res Industrielles dans Icurs
Rdpports avec la Y6g6taUon. Thesis, Univ. 'Nancy, 1913, pp. 252, pis. 10, figs.
8). — The author gives a critical review of available literature on the subject,
describing in detail some of the recent investigations conducted in Germany,
Austria, and France.
An account is also given of his investigations on the effect of sulphuric acid
in the air on the vitality and reproductive power of pollen and on the develop-
ment of grain in wheat. Oi^en flowers and gro^^ing heads of wheat plants
were placed within asi«rators and atmospheres containing known quantities of
sulphuric acid were drawn over them. It was found that exposure for more
than 24 hours to a concentration of more than 1 : 13,000 parts of sulphuric acid
was fatal to the action of pollen and a proportion in excess of 1 : 30,000 was
detrimental to the reproduction of plants. In the experiments viith wheat at
the time of flowering, sulphuric acid 1 : 10,000 completely prevented seed forma-
tion. A concenti'ation of 1 : 30,000 notably reduced the average number and
weight of the seed formed. Diminution in average weight was in proportion
to concentration of sulphuric acid. The injury is considered to be largely
confined to the reproductive organs of the plant.
A bibliography of more than 200 titles is given.
The occurrence of rennet in Rhizopus nigricans, M. Dubandard {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris}, 158 (1914), ^^o. 4, pp. 270-272).— The author reports
experiments which demonstrated the presence of an active rennet in the
mycelium of R. nigricans that rapidly coagulated milk at proper temperatures.
The optimum temperature for the activity of the enzym was about 50° C.
with a cessation of activity at 10°, and at 60° it was entirely destroyed. At
a temi>erature of 55° the enzym required 50 times as long a period to bring
about the coagulation of milk as was needed at the optimum temperature.
On the presence in leaves and flowers not containing anthocyanin of
yellow pigments which may be transformed into anthocyanin, R. Combes
{Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), ^"o. 4, pp. 272-274)-— In con-
tinuation of his studies on the autumn coloration of Ampelopsis hederacea
(E. S. R., 30, p. 729) the author has investigated a number of other plants to
determine whether anthocyanin is formed by the transformation of other
pigments. Studies were made of privet, several varieties of grapes, the foliage
of some of which redden in autumn while others turn yellow, and of narcissus,
the flowers of which contain a yellow pigment.
In the case of privet and the varieties of grapes that redden on the approach
of winter, the red color is brought about by the oxidation of the yellow pigment
FIELD CROPS. 35
normally present in the leaves. In the varieties which have yellow leaves or
which do not uormally redden and in the yellow flowers of narcissus the pig-
ment may be changed into a red coloring material by reduction.
On differential mortality with respect to seed weig'h.t occurring in field
cultures of Pisum sativum, J. A. Harris (Aincr. Nat., j^S (1914), j\'o. 56"6',
pp. 83-86).— Claiming to have shown previously (E. S. R., 28, p. 636; 29, p. S29)
that for the dwarf varieties of Phaseolus vulgmis the mortality of apparently
perfect seeds (failure to germinate or to complete the life cycle) is not random,
the author reports on an extension of these studies to P. sativum. He states
that in these Legumiuosse the mortality which occurs before germination is
differential, but that in both cases wider series of experiments and refinement
of methods of analysis are necessary to establish fully the nature and imme-
diate (physical or chemical) cause of this selective death rate.
Studies in seedless fruits, G. Negki {Ann. R. Accad. A(jr. Torino, 55 {1912),
pp. 517-581). — The author gives the results of extended investigations on the
subject of fruit development without seed formation, and describes apogamous,
parthenocarpic, and other forms of fruit in which the ovary is stimulated to
development without the ovules being fertilized. A bibliography is api^ended.
Origrin of species in polymorphic genera, H. ue Vries {Rrv. G6n. ScL,
25 (1914), -A'o. 5, pp. 181-191). — From his observations and experiments the
author concludes that in as polymori^hous a group of plants as CEnothera muta-
tion is not a special quality of (B. lainarckiana alone, but is also a character-
istic of other si>ecies. It is held that mutation is a cause of the wide range of
forms observed in many wild species as well as in cultivated forms of many
plants. (E. lamnrckiana is considered as possessing a considerable number of
characters that are in a state of very unstable equilibrium, and to this fact
is due the succession of forms that have been experimentally derived therefrom.
The vegetation in the vicinity of Leyni in relation to agriculture, E.
Ferrari {Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 55 {1912), pp. 459-515). — A report is
given of a study of the various types of plant associations with reference to
the possible agricultural adaptations of the soil.
The flower-finder, G. L. Walton {Philadelphia and London, 1914, pp.
J XVI +394, pis. 17, figs. 573). — ^This is a popular work for the identification of
common wild flowers, and is designed for the novice who wishes to determine
some of the more common fruits and flowers. The plan is to identify the
flowers and fruits by their color and other marked characteristics. Charts are
furnished for the different colors which are commonly represented in wild
flowers, from which references to definite groups are given, and, except where
only slight differences occur, all of the species are illustrated by line drawings.
FIELD CEOPS.
Forage crops: Annual grasses and roots, C. G. Williams and F. A. Welton
(Ohio Sta. Bill. 269 {1914), PP- 165-197, figs. iS).— This bulletin gives cultural
notes for corn for silage, sorghums, millets, rye, wheat, oats, mangels, sugar
beets, turnips, and rape.
Tables show analyses and yields per acre of 8 varieties of corn for silage for
5 years. The total yields ranged, from 4.86 to 20.71 tons per acre, protein from
463.6 to 567.6 lbs., crude fiber from 1,204.5 to 1,795.5 lbs., nitrogen-free extract
3,880.8 to 4,700.2 lbs., and fat from 94.5 to 144.8 lbs. per acre.
Results of tests for thickness of planting com for the silo showed " that the
differences in yield of corn per acre vary widely with the season. In 1909 and
1912 the 4-in. drilling led by a wide margin, while in 1911 and 1913 it was a
little behind the 6-in., and but slightly ahead of the 10-in. In 4 of the 5 years
36 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
the 12-in. planting has given the lowest yield of all." During the seasons of
excessive rainfall the 4-in. plantings make the large yields. In seasons when
the rainfall is short or moderate the lead over the 12-iu. planting is less than 1
ton per acre on the average.
Cane was found to be inferior to com for silage under Ohio conditions.
In a variety test of both saccharin and nonsaccharin varieties of sorghums
covering 7 years the average yields of green forage per acre ranged from 4.8 to
13.9 tons for the different varieties. Yields in millet variety tests for 7 years,
including 9 varieties, ranged from 0.6 (Early Fortune broom corn) to 9.2
(Japan barnyard) tons per acre of dry forage.
Of oats and field peas it is noted, from tests in seeding them, 1 : 2, IJ : 1^, and
2 : 1 bu. per acre, " that when total tonnage is the chief object, oats should
predominate, and when the chief object is feed of high quality the peas should
be in excess."
Plants introduced into a desert valley as a result of irrigation, S. B.
Pabish {Plant World, 16 {1913), No. 10, pp. 275-280).— In this article the
author notes the extent of occurrence of the following weeds that have been
introduced into the Imperial Valley, Cal., incidental to crop cultivation : Ainar-
(inthus palmcri, Ambrosia psilostavhua, Aster exilus, A. spiriosus, Atriplex semi-
haccata, Baccharis glutinosus, Brassica nigra, Clilons elegans, Chcnopodium
muralc, Cynodon dactylon. Datura discolor, Echinochloa zclagensis, E. colona,
Eclipta alba, Erigeron canadensc, HcUanthus annuus, Holcus halepcnsis, Lcpto-
chloa imbricata, Lippia nodlflora, "Malva parviflora, Melilotiis indica, Paspalunh
distichum, Pluchea sericea, Physalis wrightii, Portulaca oleracea, Salix exigua,
Scirpus paludosus, Selaria glauca, Sesbania macrocarpa, Sesuvium sessile, Sida
hcderacea, Solanuni clcagnifoUam, Sonchus aspcr, 8. oleraceus, Tribulus terres-
tris, Xanthiiwi commune, and X. canndense.
Irrigation experiments, G. H. Tkue et al. {Nevada 8ta. Rpt. 1913, p. 11). —
One season's results of irrigation experiments with White Australian wheat
and Siberian oats are here reported. The schedule of irrigation was based
upon the time of heading of the grain and varied from 3 irrigations before and
2 after heading to 1 before and 1 after heading.
The largest yield of wheat, 549 lbs. per acre, was obtained with 2 irrigations
before and 2 after heading, which applied water to the depth of 0.92 ft. ; the
smallest yield, 332 lbs. per acre, with 1 irrigation before and 1 after heading,
which applied water to the depth of l.OS ft.
With oats the largest yield, 340 lbs. per acre, was obtained with 1 irrigation
before and 2 after heading, which applied water to the depth of l.OS ft. ;
smallest yield, 232 lbs. per acre, was obtained with 1 irrigation before and 1
after heading, which applied water to the depth of 0.89 ft.
Comparative fertilizer experiments with lime nitrogen, sulphate of am-
monia, and nitrate of soda on some hoed crops in 1912 {Landio. WchnM.
Schles. Hoist., 63 {1913), No. 52, pp. IO4O-IOU) .—Compared on a basis of net
returns, the nitrate of soda plat was the only one that gave a uniformly profit-
able yield with beets. The lime nitrogen and ammonia plats did not always
show a net profit, although the average of seven tests gave a positive return.
AVith potatoes the only plats to give" a uniformly profitable return were those
that received lime nitrogen ; the other plats showed fluctuations. The average
of 5 tests shows a plus return with the sulphate of ammonia and a minus i-eturu
with the nitrate of soda.
With cabbage the yields from the sulphate of ammonia plats were the only
ones that gave a uniformly profitable net return, while both of the other plats
gave some losses.
FIELD CROPS. 37
With cauliflower tlie pl.-its all gave profitable returns, tlie largest being from
the sulphate of ammonia plat.
All of the plats in the experiment received P2O5 and K2O to make up a com-
plete fertilizer for the crops.
Comparative fertilizer experiments with cereals in 1912, Wehnert
(Landtc. Wchnbl. Schles. Hoist., 63 (1913), No. 51, pp. 1010-1016).— In testing
the value of lime nitrogen, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia on oats
and barley the best yields of grain and straw were obtained with sulphate of
ammonia in general on all classes of soil tested.
Soy beans and cowpeas, A. T. Wiancko, M. L. Fisher, and C. O. Ckomer
(Indiana iita. Bui. 172 {191/f), pp. 421-Jf38, figs. 8). — This bulletin, continuing
jjrevious work (E. S. R., 18, p. 103S), reports tests of cultural methods suited
to Indiana conditions, includes some historical notes, and describes 18 varieties
of soy beans and 11 varieties of cowpeas with yield data.
It is noted that both soy beans and cowpeas are well adapted to the climatic
conditions of Indiana and that they have a wider soil adaptation than most of
the -common crops. One of the most important uses is regarded as sowing after
harvest, on wheat or oat stubble, early potatoes, cannery peas, and as an orchard
cover crop. Used in this way data show that after wheat, for the years 1909-
1912, the average yield per acre of soy beans in green weight of tops was 10,660
lbs. and of roots to a depth of 18 in., 2,355 lbs., containing Sl.S and 10.9 lbs. of
nitrogen, respectively. The average yield per acre of cowpeas in green weight
of tops was 12,872 lbs. and of roots to the depth of 18 in. 2,691 lbs., containing
96.2 and 16.7 lbs. nitrogen, respectively.
Several years' experiments on methods and rates of planting soy beans for
seed and hay production show that solid drilled, using about 60 lbs. seed per
acre, gave larger yields per acre of both grain (21.7 bu.) and of hay (6,368 lbs.)
than drilling in rows 24, 28, 32, 40, and 42 in. apart or broadcast. The seed
yields with cowpeas were too small to warrant conclusions.
Chemical analyses, P. Bigler (Relat. Min. Agr. Indus, e Com., Brazil, No.
2 (1911), pp. 180-183). — ^This gives in tabular form very complete analyses of
28 samples of sugar cane and of 81 samples of cassava.
Grass mixtures for North Carolina pastures, C. B. Williams (North
Carolina 8ta. Circ. 9 (1913), pp. 6). — Grass mixtures for permanent pastures
in the coastal plains, Piedmont, and mountainous sections for uplands and
lowlands are given, together with cultural notes.
The creeping rootstock of Agropyron repens, Margery Knight (Jour. Bot.
[London], 51 (1913), No. 612, pp. 3^1-343, pi. 1).— This article describes the
plant as a whole and the structure of the stem, the structure and development
of the leaf, and the origin of the leaf and roots.
Alfalfa in Kansas, W. M. Jardine and L. E. Call (Kansas 8ta. Bui. 197
(1914), PP- 577-610 figs. 15). — This bulletin gives data on cultural methods,
including inoculation, row seeding, handling of hay and seed crop, influence
of alfalfa on soil fertility and on succeeding crops, rotation, and animal and
insect pests.
The effect of 10 tons per acre of barnyard manure applied to wheat before
seeding to alfalfa in 1907 on an old cultivated fleld was as follows : Yield of
alfalfa in 1908, manured 8,560 lbs., unmanured 4,104 lbs. ; in 1909, manured
31,856 lbs., unmanured 8,541 lbs. The effect of acid phosphate for 4 seasons.
1910-1913, was shown in an increased net income of $8.74 per acre. See also a
previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 473).
The management of blue-grass pastures, L. Carrier and R. A. Oakley
(Virginia Sta. Bui. 204 (1914), PP- 3-18, figs. 8). — ^The results in these experi-
ments, conducted in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this
38 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
Department, were measured in hay production and in gain in steers per acre
that were pastured on the fields.
The results of 3 years' investigations have shown that " in the grazing ex-
periments at Blacksburg, very little benefit was derived from the cultural treat-
ment by disking and harrowing of blue-grass sod, indicating that this practice
can not be recommended, at least without qualification.
" Heavy grazing gave 1,485 lbs. of gain on 2* acres of land in 3 years. Light
grazing gave 838 lbs. of gain in the same time on an equal area. The heavily
grazed field had a more even turf and was much freer from weeds than the
lightly grazed field at the close of the 5 years' experiment. More blue-grass
pastures are injured by uudergrazing than by overgrazing. Heavy grazing is
not practicable on pastures used for finishing fat cattle, since it is necessary to
have a surplus of grass in order to do this. In this case it is recommended that
those areas of pasture that are worst infested with broom sedge and other weeds
be fenced and grazed down closely with young stock or sheep for 2 years, until
the sod has improved ; then the pasture can be used again to finish fat cattle.
" Very little, if any, advantage was secured by grazing cattle in different
fields, alternately, as compared with continuous grazing on the same field. The
practice of alternate grazing is of doubtful value.
" The results reported here were obtained on a limestone soil, and on a blue-
grass red-top pasture. Whether the same results would be obtained on other
types of soil or on other grasses, we can not say."
A series of plat experiments with fertilizers for weed eradication is in progress,
and while not continued long enough to justify conclusions indicates that it
will pay to use from 200 to 300 lbs. acid phosphate per acre every five or six
years on ordinary blue-grass pastures.
The premier clover for North Carolina farmers, C. B. Williams (North
Carolina Sta. Giro. 7 {1913), pp. 5).— ^Methods of culture, harvest, and grazing
are given for crimson clover with notes on food value.
Crimson clover: Utilization, J. M. Westgate {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers^
Bui. 579 (1914), pp. 10, figs. 7).— Continuing a previous publication (E. S. R.,
29, p. 633), the author discusses the time of cutting, harvesting, spontaneous
combustion, feeding value, and hair balls in considering crimson clover as a hay
crop. Instances are noted in which this crop has been also successfully used as
a soiling crop, as pasture, as a soil improver, and as a cover crop.
The growth of maize on cogon soil, A. F. Navarro {PhUippine Agr. and
Forester, 2 {1912), No. 1-3, pp. 11-18).— This paper reports the results of pot
experiments in which cogon soils were leached with NH^, with water, burned,
and treated with chemical sterilizers, chemical fertilizers, stable manure, and
silkworm excrement. In order to discover a method of making this kind of
soil productive, leaf measurements of the corn plants were taken daily and
the following conclusions drawn :
" The application of lime to cogon soil is decidedly beneficial. The cogon
soil used was deficient in nitrogen in whatever form. The applicaton of manure,
obtained from the stable or silkworm house, results in much more active
growth. The sterilization of the soil is beneficial. Various methods of improv-
ing the growth of maize on cogon land have been found, but no practical solu-
tion of the problem undertaken."
Effects of applying commercial fertilizers to corn and cotton by different
methods, 0. B. Williams (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 8 (1913), pp. 4).— The
data show an increased yield with both corn and cotton when fertilizer was
applied in the furrow instead of broadcast. Fertilizer applied 3 times as deep
as usual had no influence over ordinary depth with corn. With cotton the
FIELD CROPS. 39
greatest depth seemed to give larger yields when broadcasted, but had uo
influence when applied in the row.
Dividing the entire fertilizer application seemed to have uo effect on the
corn crop. On clay soils cotton yielded less when the application was divided,
one-half applied at planting time and one-half July 1, but on flue sandy soil
the reverse was noted.
"At the experiment station [clay soil] and Iredell farms [sandy clay soil]
with cotton the best results were secured by using dried blood or cotton-seed
meal and applying it all at planting in the row with the carriers of phosphoric
acid and potash. At the Edgecombe farm [fine sandy loam] the highest yield
of seed cotton on an average was secured where half of the nitrogen as dried
blood was supplied in the row at planting with the phosphoric acid and potash
and the remaining half of the uitx'ogen application reserved and made as a
side dressing in the form of nitrate of soda about July 1. With corn at
the Edgecombe farm, dividing the blood application and applying half with
the other materials in the row at the planting of the corn and adding the
other half as a side dressing about July 1 produced better results than applying
all the blood at planting, or half of the nitrogen as blood at planting and the
other half as nitrate of soda as a side application, or all nitrogen in the form of
nitrate, half at planting with phosphoric acid and potash and the other half as a
side application about the first of July. At the experiment station farm with
corn, the best results were secured where half of the nitrogen as blood was
applied with the potassic and phosphatic materials at planting and the other
half of the nitrogen as nitrate of soda was used about July 1, and where all
the nitrogen was supplied by nitrate of soda, half being applied at planting
with other materials and half later as a side dressing alongside of the rows.
At the Iredell farm dividing the blood application, or substituting nitrate in
part or in whole for the blood and dividing the application of the nitrate of
soda, did not produce as large yield as was secured where all the nitrogen as
blood was applied with the phosphoric acid and potash at planting, or where
the whole application — blood being the carrier of nitrogen — was divided, half
being applied at planting in the row and the other half being put on as a side-
dressing about the first of July,"
The advisability of applying the entire fertilizer application at planting
time on close texture soils is noted, while it may be divided, especially the
nitrogen, on open soils and the first application made in an organic form and
the second in a mineral form.
Effects of different fertilizing materials upon the maturity of cotton,
C. B. Williams (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 12 (1914), pp. 4). — The effect of
different carriers of phosphoric acid on the maturity of the cotton crop is noted
as follows: With acid phosphate added to an application consisting of manure
salt and dried blood, there was almost 13 per cent increase in seed cotton open
of total crop at the first picking and more than 7 per cent increase at the end
of the second picking. This application also gave 22 per cent more open at
the first picking and 12 per cent at the end of the second picking than was se-
cured from the no-fertilizer plat. Basic slag was found to hasten maturity
even more than acid phosphate, as practically one-half of the cotton was open
at the first picking on the plat which received this material in connection with
manure salt and dried blood. This w^as about 12.5 per cent more than with
acid phosphate. When this latter material was applied in the drill in connec-
tion with a ton of stable manure per acre, the effects upon hastening maturity
were markedly reduced. Where high-grade finely ground phosphate rock was
used at the rate of 274 lbs. per acre in connection with a ton of stable manure,
48456°— No. 1—14 4
40 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
and both were applied in the drill, the percentage of total seed cotton opened
at the first picking was about 35 per cent and at the end of the second more
than 20 per cent greater than on an unfertilized plat adjacent.
As to the effect of different carriers of nitrogen when 78 lbs. of high-grade
dried blood was added to acid phosphate and manure salt, the percentage of
total crop open at the first picking was increased 3.3 per cent. Where one-half
the blood was replaced an equivalent of nitrate of soda, used as a side
dressing and applied early in July, the percentage of total crop open at the first
picking was generally greater. When one-fifth of the nitrogen was derived
from nitrate of soda and the remaining four-fifths from dried blood there was a
rather marked increase in the percentage of total crop open at the first picking.
When the nitrogen was derived from blood, one-half of which was applied at
planting and the remainder as a side dressing.early in July, a larger percentage
of total crop opened at the first picking than where nitrate of soda was divided
and applied in the same way. With cotton seed applied in the drill at plant-
ing, the effect upon maturity was about the same with dried blood ; while with
stable manure there was a material increase in the percentage of total crop
open at the first picking, but no difference at the second picking.
In regard to potash it is noted that as its proportion increased the percentage
of total crop opened at the first picking gradually diminished, except for the
year 1907, August of which had about 3 in. less rainfall than was normal.
For the types of soil studied, increasing from 200 to 800 or 1,200 lbs., the
amount of the application per acre of a fertilizer analyzing 7 per cent available
phosphoric acid, 2^ per cent nitrogen, and 2i per cent potash, was accompanied
generally by an increased percentage of the seed cotton open at the first picking.
The following tentative deductions are made relative to the influence of ferti-
lizer upon the growth of cotton: "(1) Fertilization with ordinary applications
of commercial fertilizers hastens maturity. (2) Sandy and sandy loam soils,
whether fertilized or unfertilized, yield larger percentages of total cotton open
at the first 2 pickings combined than do red clay soils. (3) Heavy phosphoric
acid (N-Ps-K) fertilization on sandy and sandy loam soils, and medium heavy
(N-P2-K) applications of phosphoric acid from basic slag, have produced the
largest percentages of total seed cotton open at the first picking. (4) Normal
(N-P-K) fertilization yields on both sandy and red clay soils a larger per-
centage open at the first picking than high nitrogen (Ns-P-K) applications.
(5) High nitrogen (N3-P-K) applications generally yield on all types of soil
studied larger percentages of total yield open at the first picking than high pot-
ash (N-P-Ks) applications. (6) Air-slaked lime alone does not hasten ma-
turity, but when used in connection with commercial fertilizer it augments their
influence in hastening maturity."
Local fertilizer experiments with cotton in northern Alabama in 1913,
J. F. DuGGAR, J. T. Williamson, and L. J. IIawley {Alabama Col. Sta. Bid.
175 (IdlJf), pp. 3-//7).— "This bulletin records the results of 32 fertilizer ex-
periments with cotton, conducted by the Alabama Experiment Station in the
counties of the northern half of Alabama in 1913. Of these, 21 are regarded as
conclusive.
In 17 of the conclusive experiments cotton-seed meal was apparently needed
and profitable. In 12 experiments, phosphate was more effective than kainit;
in 3 it was about equally as important as kainit; and in 2 tests, it was less
effective than kainit, though apparently needed. Kainit was apparently needed
to a greater or less extent in 16 tests.
"As a rule, the complete fertilizers were more profitable than cotton-seed
meal, acid phosphate, or kainit applied singly or in pairs. The complete fertil-
izers were also the most profitable applications in 1911 and 1912 in north Ala-
bama. In the general average it was more effective and more profitable in all
FIELD CROPS. 41
3 years to apply 100 lbs. of kainit in a complete fertilizer than to use 200 lbs.
of kainit. The average of the conclusive experiments shows that in 1913 in
north Alabama 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda applied after the plants were 6 in.
high was more effective and profitable than was 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal ap-
plied before planting."
Method of improving cotton by seed selection, R. Y. Winters (North
Carolina Sta. Circ. 3 {1913), pp. 4, fig. i).-— Methods of selection through the
third year in the plant-to-row system of crop improvement with cotton are given.
Buying' cotton seed for planting, K. Y. Winters (North Carolina Sta. Circ.
14 (1014), pp. 2). — Cautions to buyers and suggestions for the home growing
of cotton seed are given.
Long staple cotton in North. Carolina, C. B. Williams (North Carolina Sta.
Circ. 13 (1914), PP- ^)- — Stiitistioiil notes are giA'en with suggestions for grow-
ing and ginning upland long-staple varieties.
Growing Egyptian cotton in the Salt River Valley, Arizona, E. W. Hudson
(U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 511 (1914), PP- 8)-— In order to foster the
cultivation of Egyptian cotton for the production of large yields of uniformly
long and strong fiber this publication describes methods of preparing the land
and irrigating and cultivating the ci'op which have proved successful in the Salt
River Valley. The subjects taken up include selection, slope, and early prepara-
tion of land, preparation of the seed bed, planting, early cultivation, early irri-
gation, thinning, late cultivation, late irrigation, picking, ginning, and baling.
Cotton in the Dominican Repiiblic (Bui. Pan Amer. Union, 31 (1913), No. 5,
I'p. 611-680, figs. 2). — This describes the methods of cultivation employed in a
successful attempt to cultivate cotton under irrigation in the Yaque Valley,
near Monte Cristi. The product of 350 acres is noted as being " extremely long,
fine, and strong, averaging very even, and is graded as 15-in. staple."
A comparative study of the composition of hops grown in different parts
of the world, II. V. Taktab and B. Pilkington (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Client..
5 (1913), No. 6, pp. //7S-//80).— Previously note<l from another source (E. S. R.,
29, p. 534).
Species and varieties of malangas cultivated in Cuba, J. T. Roio Y Mesa
ET AL. (Estac. Expt. Ag-ron. Cuba Bol. 21 (1913), pp. 26, pis. 11).— This de-
scribes 11 varieties of Xanthosoma and Colocasia, with their chemical analyses
and methods of cultivation.
The influences of subsoiling on yield, Augstin (Illus. Landiv. Ztg., 33
(1913), No. 32, pp. 303, 304, flffs. 2).— Oats showed an increased yield of both
straw and grain when the land was subsoiled to a depth of from 24 to 27.5 cm.
(9.4 to 11.7 in.).
Notes on the culture of peanuts, E. Leplae (Bui. Agr. Coivgo Beige, 4
(1913), No. 3, pp. 610-621, figs. 4)- — This gives notes on the peanut industry in
the Belgian Kongo district and describes methods of cultivation in practice
there.
Fertilizer experiments with potatoes, Clausen (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 33
(1913), No. 18, pp. 164-166, fig. i).— Results here noted give relative yields a,<
follows: With complete fertilizer 100, without nitrogen 44, without phosphorus
76, without potash 67, with complete fertilizer plus lime 80, and without fer-
tilizer 39.
In another experiment the peculiar influence of a deficiency of potash in the
presence of lime-nitrogen and Thomas slag is noted. The relative yields were
complete fertilizer 100, without nitrogen 76.4, without phosphorus 69.4, without
potash 36, and unfertilized 41.5. The small yield without the potash is ex-
plained as a result of a physical action of the lime nitrogen and Thomas slag
on the soil, which was of a light sandy nature.
42 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Experimental study on varieties of potatoes for the periods 1940-11 and
1911-12, A. C. ToNNELiEK {Buenos Aires: Min. Agr., 1913, pp. 147, figs. 147). —
Notes on about 500 varieties of potatoes include metliods of cultivation, rainfall,
and yield per hectare which ranged from 120 to 43,480 kg. This work was
done at the experiment station.
Notes on potato growing {Queensland Agr. Jour., 31 {1913), No. 6, pp. 343-
348). — There was an average gain of 2 tons, 5 cwt. of tubers per acre when the
seed potates were allowed to sprout before planting. Certainty of a perfect
stand by this method is noted as the chief gain factor. The heaviest yields
were secured when the sets were planted 1^ ft. apart, in rows 3 ft. apart.
Earthing up in rows running north and south gave an increase in yield of about
2 tons over earthing up in rows running east and west when potatoes were
planted 3 ft. apart each way.
[Experiments with rape], Bieleb {Illus. Landw. Ztg., 33 {1913), No. 90, p.
815). — This paper reports results of variety tests of rape for the years 1906,
1908, 1910, and 1911 and notes a correlation between rainfall and vegetation
period of rape as follows: 238 mm. and 48 days, 196 mm. and 39 days, 208 mm.
and 57 days, and 123 mm. and 39 days.
In a culture experiment soil preparation by plowing 8 in. and subsoiling 12
in. deep gave a greater yield of rape seed, while plowing to the deph of 14 in.
without subsoiling gave larger yields of straw than other methods, including
plowing to the depth of 8 in. without subsoiling.
Production of rape seed near Shanghai, A. P. Wilder {Daily Cons, and
Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 16 {1913), No. 300, p. i^^-S).— This notes the production of
rape seed in the Loongwah district, China, where yields reach 1.600 lbs. per
acre. The manufacture of oil is also noted.
The cultivation of rice in Uruguay, T. Kessissoglou {Rev. Min. Indus.
Uruguay, 1 {1913), No. 5, pp. 4^-112, figs. 42)- — Aside from methods of culti-
vation employed in Uruguay this gives botanical characteristics, history and
classification of rice, and some notes on results of variety and cultural tests at
the National Institute of Agronomy at Montevideo, between October, 1912, and
April. 1913.
The composition of sugar beets grown in the northern counties, S. H.
Collins and A. A. Hall {Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 32 {1913), No. 19, pp. 929-
931). — The tabulated results of analyses of the sugar-beet crops of 1911-12
under various manurial treatments are given. The sugar content ranged from
12.45 to 16.85 per cent.
Sugar-beet seeds, Schkibatjx {Bui. Soc. Agr. France, 1913, May 1, pp. 322-
326). — This paper discusses methods of placing valuations on beet seeds of
different sizes based on germination tests. A scale of seed weights and ger-
minative ability, based upon the author's experiments, is presented.
Sugar beet seeds, M. A. Demolon {Bui. Soc. Agr. France, 1913, May 1, pp.
326-328). — In studying the influence of the size of beet seeds on the product
very small (100 balls=0.4 gm.), small (100 balls =0.8 gm.). medium (100
balls=1.6 gm.), and large seeds (100 balls=2.22 gm.) yielded 354, 330, 390, and
371 gm., respectively.
Experiments in selection of sugar cane, A, H. Rosenfeld and T. C. Barber
{Rev. Indus, y Agr. Tucumdn, 4 {1013), No. 5, pp. 200-204)- — The average
results of 3 years' work of selection gave a yield of 48.378 kg. per hectare as
compared with 39,732 kg. for unselected canes.
Experiments on thinning sugar cane in the row, A. H. Rosenfeld and J. A.
Hall {Rev. Indus, y Agr. Tucumdn, 4 {1913). No. 4' PP- 150-152). — The results
showed a yield of 41,653 kg. per hectare without thinning as compared with
38,326 kg. for the thinned area.
I
FIELD CROPS. 43
Mutation in tobacco, H. K. Hayes and E. G. Beinhart (Science, n. se>'.,
39 (1014), No. 092, pp. SJf, S5). — This iinper notes the appearance of a new type
of tobacco plant, discovered in a crop of " Cuban " tobacco in Connecticut that
had been selfed for five generations. The new type occurred in about one in a
million from the 1910 seed crop and bore from 62 to SO leaves per plant, about
50 per cent more thau the normal type, aud thus far has bred true, thus indi-
cating that mutation must have taken place after fertilization.
The inheritance of certain characters of beets and turnips. — II, Turnips,
B. Kajanus (Ztschr. I'flanzcnziicht., 1 (1913), No. J/, pp. 410-.'i63, pis. 3, figs.
2). — This continues work previously noted (E. S. R:, 29, p. 832).
From the results of ci'ossing turnips of different colored flesh, of different
shape of roots, and of different leaf characters of several species, the author
concludes that form is a constant factor; that violet red color (anthocyanin)
is either stabile or labile; that dark red is dominant over light red or colorless;
that there are two types of green color, one of chlorophyll origin at the root
crown, and the other a greenish tint accompaning the yellow topped roots; that
the color of the yellow topped turnips is recessive with green and red; that the
j-ellow flesh color is i-ecessive with the white flesh ; that the orange-yellow
flower color and yellow flesh, and lemon-yellow flower color and white flesh, are
correlated; that smooth and hairy characters of the leaves form a Mendelian
jiair; and that the side tubercules on the roots of the hybrids are probably due
to bacteria infection.
Hairy vetch, C. B. Williams (North Carolina 8t<i. Circ. 10 (101 S), pp. 5,
fig. i).— Cultural notes, together with comments on its use for soil improve-
ment, pasturage, and food value, are given.
Notes on wheat, J. Casc6n (Bol. Agr. Tec. y Econ. 5 (1913), No. 59, pp. 1013-
1024). — N study of the effect of climatic factors on the yield and baking quali-
ties of wheat showed that the rainfall was very important in connection with
clean cultivation and the use of nitrate of soda as a fertilizer.
The methods employed in testing' grass seeds, G. H. Pkthybridge (Jour.
Econ. Biol., 7 (1912), No. 2, pp. 41-49, fig. i).— The author believes that the
method used by the Irish Seed-Testing Station, in which the seed containing
no caryopsis is not counted as an impurity, gives nearer the correct value of the
seed sample than the method used on the Continent that attempts to discard
the empty seeds and bases the germination test on the full seeds only.
Shall seed be tested in artificial media or in soil? L. Hiltneb (Prakt. Bl.
Pflanzenhau u. Scliutz, n. ser., 11 (1013), Nos. 7, pp. 85-01; 8, pp. 104-106).—
From a review of investigations on the subject the author concludes that brick
dust is the most practical medium for .seed-testing stations, but that the ideal
way would be to use soil from each field where the seed is destined to be planted
in oi'der to determine the true agricultural value.
Germination tests, G. H. Tkue et al. (Nevada St a. Rpt. 1913, pp. 23, 24). —
Results of testing seed for growers, dealers, and farmers in the State led to
the conclusion " that the presence of either brown or green seeds lessens the
value of [alfalfa] seed from a commercial standpoint. Our many tests of
western-grown alfalfa seed have shown that in practically all samples there is
quite a large percentage of hard seeds that will not germinate in even 28 days.
Dry-farm alfalfa seed contains a larger percentage of hard seeds."
Seed inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 52 (1913), pp. 93-104) .—This publi-
cation gives the chief requirements of the Maine seed law, discusses the seed
industry in the State, and gives results of inspecting 1,211 samples of seeds
during 1913.
Culture and weed extermination experiments at Warsaw in 1&13, K.
Stoemer (Dent. Landw. Presse, 40 (1013), No. 37, pp. 445, .^.^6).— The best
44 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
results are reported to have been obtained by tlie use of a ridging implement
with oats and barley as compared with harrowing or hand cultivating.
Spraying with a 25 per cent solution of iron sulphate when wild mustard
had put out its third leaf proved destructive to it in a field of oats.
On the castration of plants, E. Heckel (Rev. Sci. [Paris], 51 {1913), I, No.
8, pp. 225-228). — The author reports increases in the sugar content of sorghum
and maize plants, in some cases as much as 13o per cent, after complete or par-
tial castration by removing both male and female organs or only the female
organs.
Under what conditions is the theory of probabilities applicable in agri-
cultural experiments? B. Baule iFiihling's Lanclw. Ztg., 62 {1913), No. 5,
pp. 160-180, figs. 8). — This is a mathematical discussion based upon Gauss'
law of division, applied to field work.
HORTICULTURE.
A market g'arden and truck survey of the Ohio and Kanawha River
Valleys in West Virginia, A. L. Dacy {West Virginia Sta. Bui. IJfS {1914),
pp. SJf, figs. 13). — The author here presents the results of a survey by himself
and R- R. Jeffries of the vegetable growing industry in the Ohio and Kanawha
river valleys, including also several miles of bottom lands on a number of
creeks. The survey was conducted as a basis for the further study of the
problems affecting the market gardening and trucking industry in the State.
The data discussed deal Vv'ith the extent of the industry, cultural practices, and
methods of marketing.
The survey showed that vegetable growing is already of considerable magni-
tude in the Ohio and Kanawha River Valleys and that the average returns are
much greater than those from the ordinary farm crops. While it is believed
that better cultural methods would yield an increased amount of vegetables,
the chief hindrance to the development of the industry appears to be a scarcity
of labor to farm the land.
The home vegetable garden, T. C. Johnson and F. E. Miller {Virginia
Truck Sta. Bui. 10 {191Jf), pp. 207-266, figs. 9).— A practical treatise on vege-
table growing with special reference to the home garden. Introductory con-
siderations deal with the general principles of vegetable growing. Cultural
details are then given for growing various kinds of vegetables, including musk-
melons and watermelons, adapted for growing in Vii-ginia.
Tomato investigations, J. G. Boyle {Indiana Sta. Bui. 165 {1913), popular
ed., pp. 3-8. figs. 3). — A popular summary of the bulletin previously noted (E. S.
K., 29, p. 434).
Report on foreign markets for Oregon fruit and laws governing importa-
tions, S. F. Lamb {Ann. Rpt. Oreg. State Hort. Sac., 4 {1912), Sup. [pub. 1914],
pp. 89). — A compilation of data and information secured from consular reix)rts,
showing the status of various foreign markets with reference to the utilization
of fresh, dried, and canned fruits. Statistics of fruit imports of foreign
countries, together with laws and regulations of foreign countries concerning
American fruits, are also given.
Truit culture and cold storage, P. Berg^is {An. Soc. Rural Argentina, 4S
{1914), No. 1, pp. 36-53, figs. 11). — This comprises a statistical study of the
production, consumption, and commerce of fruits in Argentina, together with
suggestions relative to means of extending the fruit industry in which special
attention is given to the employment of precooliug and refrigeration in the
storage and transit of fruits.
HORTICULTURE. 45
The establishment of an apple orchard, A. J. Fabley (New Jersey Stas.
Circ. 31, pp. S-8). — Practical iustructious are giveu for the establishment aucl
care of a young apple orchard diiriug the first season.
Cost of an apple orchard to bearing age, M. C. Burritt (Rural New Yorker,
73 (19W, Nos. 4245, p. 3U; 42J,6, p. 406; 4247, p. 468).— The author outlines
his methods of keeping records and presents data showing the cost of growing
to bearing age of two particular apple orchards, one 11 years old filled one way
with plums and the other G years old filled both ways with peaches.
He concludes from his own experience that by the use of tree fillers and inter-
crops an orchard at 10 years of age can be made practically selfsupporting.
At the same time the opinion is advanced that on the average the net profits
from orchards during their entire life time do not greatly exceed the net returns
from ordinary field crops. The author calls attention to the importance of
keeping accurate records of orchards for their entire life time in order to avoid
false ideas of profits and to steady land values.
Apples on Long Island, P. E. Nostrand (Rural New Yorker, 73 (1914), ^os.
4245, p. 341; 4246, p. 403; 4247, p. 443; 4248, p. //85).— In this article the author
briefly describes his experience in growing apples and gives notes on the char-
acter and condition of a large number of varieties tested in his orchard. In
most cases twenty or moi'e trees of each variety were planted.
The apple in Pennsylvania: Varieties, planting, and general care, J. P.
Stewart (Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 128 (1914), pp. 109-136, figs, ii).— This bulle-
tin contains practical directions for the planting, care, and niauagemeut of an
apple orchard, including also a descriptive list of varieties adapted for plant-
ing in various sections of Pennsylvania. The subject matter is based largely
on the station's experiments and observations in orcharding which have been
in progress for a number of years.
Tillage and sod mulch in the Hitchings orchard, U. P. Hedbick (New
York State Sta. Bui. 375 (1914), PP- 55-80, pis. 7).— This is the second report
on the station's comparative tests of tillage and sod mulch in apple orchard
culture. The first report gave the results secured for the first five years in an
orchard in the apple belt of western New York, and tillage was found to be
the better treatment (E. S. R., 21, p. 23S). The experiment described in the
present report has been carried on for a period of ten years in the Hitchings
orchard near Syracuse, which orchard has become famous because, contrary
to the usual practice of tillage followed by a cover crop, the sod mulch system,
commonly known as the Hitchings method, has been used with great success.
The tests were made in a level valley plat of 2-year-old trees, in a plat of
9-year-old trees on the lower part of a rolling hill, and in a plat of 10-year-old
trees higher up on the hillside. In each plat half of the land was in tillage and
half in sod. The tilled plats were plowed early in the spring and cultivated
from seven to eleven times, a cover crop, usually of clover, following. In the
sod plats was a mixed growth of orchard grass and blue grass, the grasses be-
ing mowed usually about the middle of June and left as they fell to form the
" sod mulch." All plats were given identical care except as to the above soil
treatment.
The young orchard matured so slowly that no yield data were secured. In
the bearing sections the trees in sod bore an average of a little less than 4 bu.
per tree per year, or about 4/5 bu. per tree more than the trees under tillage.
Year in and year out there was little difference in size between the apples in
the two sections. In the young orchard the trees grew somewhat better and
more uniformly on the tilled plat, while in the bearing sections the trees ap-
peared to thrive as well under either method of culture. The cost of tillage
ranged from $11.22 per acre on the level plat to $24.33 per acre on the rough
46 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
hill plat, or an average of $16.28 per acre for tilling the 3 plats, whereas mowing
on the 3 sod plats averaged only 72 cts. per acre.
No analyses were made of the soil in these plats at the hegiuniug of the ex-
periment, but analyses made at the end of the 10-year period indicate that
tillage has tended to dei)lete the soil of humus and nitrogen more than is good
for apple land. These results, combined with the author's observations in
recent years, led to the conclusion that cover crops alone in many cases are
not sufficient to supply tilled orchards with humus and nitrogen, and that the
deficiency must be made up by an occasional application of stable manure, or
by occasionally keeping the orchard in clover sod for a season.
The author attributes the sui:)eriority of the sod-mulch method in the hill
sections of the Hitchings orchard to the existence of a deep soil and hillside
seepage which furnishes an abundance of moisture for both trees and grass.
Summing up these investigations as a whole tillage is believed to be unques-
tionably the best method of caring for the majority of the apple orchards in
New York. On the other hand, the Hitchings method of sod-mulching apple trees
may be used advantageously in steep hillside orchards inclined to wash badly
under tillage, on land which is too rocky to be readily tilled, on soils having
considerable depth and retentive of moisture, and under certain economic
conditions under which it seems desirable to make a larger acreage in sod
counterbalance a greater productiveness under tillage, thereby bringing the net
income to the same level.
Sod mulch sometimes a success, F. H. Hall {New York State Sta. Bui. 375
(IDUi), popular vd., pp. 3-8). — A popular edition of the above.
Ten years' profits from an apple orchard, U. P. Hedrick (\eiv York State
Sta. Bui. 376 (IBlJi), pp. 81-90, pL 1). — The author here presents data on the
cost of various operations, yields, and selling prices for a period of 10 years
for an orchard in which the station has carried on a comparative test of sod
mulch and tillage (E. S. R., 21, p. 238). The data, as far as possible, are given
for three units, the barrel of apples, the tree, and the acre.
Summarizing the results for the whole period, the average annual yield of the
orchard has been 79.2 bbl. of firsts and seconds per acre and 37.0 bbl. of culls or
cider stock per acre. The firsts and seconds cost $1.29 to produce and sold for
$2.00, leaving a profit of $1.31 i>er barrel or $103.40 per acre. There was a loss
of $7.89 per acre on the culls, making the average net profit per acre $95.60.
The author points out that the cost of production is somewhat high, since the
State can not do work as cheaply as an individual. On the other hand, the
extra cost has been offset by the good condition of the orchard at the end of
the experiment. It is believed that the profits are much greater than those
from the average plantation in New York.
Wholesale prices of apples and receipts of apples in New York City for
twenty years, H. B. Knapp {New York Cornell Sta. Cire. 22 {191 Ji), pp. 13-
19). — This comprises a statistical study of receipts and wholesale prices of
apples during the 20-year period 1893-1913. The receipts are shown for each
year and month. The average prices are given by years and months and also
the average prices of different varieties of apples. A comparison is made of
the rise in price with the changes in price of other products.
In the last 10 years apples show an increase in price of 9^ per cent as com-
pared with the previous 10 years. In the same period the price of cotton has
increased 64 per cent, corn 42 per cent, hay 33 per cent, oats 38 per cent, po-
tatoes 28 per cent, and ^vheat 37 per cent.
Our best German varieties of fruits. — I, Apples {Unscre besten deutschen
Ohstfiortcu. Band J: Aepfel. Wiesbaden [191^], pp. 1ft, pis. .^i).— This is the
first of a 3-volume series describing the more important orchard fruits of Ger-
HORTICULTURE. 47
uiany. The present volume coutaius color i)lates of 41 varieties of apples, each
plate being accoiupauied by a detailed description of the ti'ee and fruit and
information relative to its adaptability to soil and climate, productivity, ripen-
ing period, etc.
On the breeding of wine grapes, Dern (Bcitr. Pflunzcnzucht, No. 4 (1914),
pp. 37-57). — In this paj)er the author shows in a general way what has been
accomplished in the iiiii)r()vemeut of wine grapes by means of selection alone,
points out many difficulties which will be met in the attempt to improve grapes
by breeding, and outlines some of the principal points which tlie breeder should
have in mind in improving wine grapes.
The effects of frost on grafted vines in the Vaudois vineyards, H. Faes
and F. 1'orchet (Prog. Afjr. et. Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centrc). 35 {1914), No. 13, pp.
391-397). — In order to obtain some light on the opinion expressed in many
sections that European grapes grafted on American vines are more resistant to
frost conditions, the authors made observations on a number of varieties, both
grafted and ungraftcd, in Vaudois vineyards after the spring frosts in 1013.
From the data secured they conclude that the seeming superiority of the grafted
vines is due to their young age as compared with the ungrafted vines rather
than to any greater natural resistance to frost.
On the grafting of wine grapes, J. Bernatsky {Jahresber. Vcr. Angeiv. Bot.,
11 {1913), pt. 1, pp. 60-79).— The author here calls attention to the failures
which have frequently resulted in the attempt to reconstitute European vine-
yards by grafting on American stocks and discusses in detail the selection of
stocks and scions, the principles of grafting, nursery pi-actices, and planting
operations with sjiecial reference to the successi^il reconstitution of vineyards.
Report on the wine and fruit industries of Argentina, Mackie {Diplo. and
Cons. Rpts. iLondon], Misc. Sen, No. 687 {1914), pp. 22). — A general survey of
the wine and fruit industries of Argentina, prepared under the direction of the
British consular service.
A resume of investigations on the genus Rubus, B. Liuforss {Ztschr.
Induktive Abstain, u. Vcrerbunyslehre, 12 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-13). — This com-
prises a posthumous manuscript by the author and here presented by W.
Johannsen dealing with his hybridization experiments with the genus Rubus,
[Strawberries and tomatoes at Wisley, 1913] {Jour. Roy. Hart. 8oc.
[London], 39 {1913), No. 2, pp. 401-414)- — Descriptive notes are given on 76
varieties of strawberries and some 90 varieties of tomatoes tested at the Wisley
Gardens in 1913.
Tropical and subtropical fruits in California, F. W. Popenoe {Jour. Roy.
Bort. Soc. [Lmulon], 39 {1913), No. 2, pp. 330-337, pis. 5).— This comprises
horticultural notes on those tropical and subtropical fruits in California
which have become so well established as to be offered by the trade. An addi-
tional list is given of fruits and plants many of which have not as yet passed
beyond the experimental stage.
The atemoya, a new fruit for the Tropics, P. J. Wester {Philippine Agr.
Rev. [English Ed.], 7 {1014), No. 2, pp. 70-72, pi. 1).—As a result of his polli-
nation experiments with Annouas (E. S. R., 24, p. 341) the author secured a
number of hybrid forms one of which, a cross between the sugar apple {Annona
squamosa) and the cherimoya {A. cherimola), has fruited for the first time.
This fruit, which has been given the name atemoya, is practically identical
with the prominent carpelled cherimoyas and appears to combine to a certain
degree the adaptability of the sugar apple to grow well in low altitudes near the
equator with the excellent flavor of the subtropical cherimoya which does not
succeed well iu such situations.
48 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Banana culture, O. W. Baekett (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7
{1914), No. 2, pp. 58-64, pi. 1). — This circular comprises a brief practical
treatise on banana culture with special reference to Philippine conditions.
Practical cacao planting- in Grenada, W. M. Malins-Smith {West India
Com. arc., 28 (1913), Nos. 379, pp. 153-155; 380, pp. 115-111, figs. 2; 381, pp.
198-200, fig. 1; 382, pp. 225, 226, fig. 1; 383, p. 246; 384, PP- 210, 211; 385, pp.
293-296; 386, pp. 311, 318; 381, pp. 343-345; 388, pp. 365-361; 389, pp. 393, 394,
fig. 1; 390, pp. 416-419; 391, pp. 438-440; 392, pp. 461-463; 393, pp. 484-481;
394, PP- 508-510; 395, pp. 533-536; 396, pp. 551-560, pi. 1, figs. 3).— A series of
articles comprising as a whole a treatise on cacao planting and cultivation
with special reference to conditions in Grenada.
Cultivation of the coconut palm in Burma, A. M. Sawyer (Dept. Agr.
Burma Bui. 11 (1914), pp. 9, pis. 1). — A brief practical treatise on the estab-
lishment, care, and maintenance of a coconut plantation.
Hybridity and hybridization among edible citrus, L. Trabut (Jour. Agr.
Trop., 14 (1914), No. 153, pp. 65-69). — The author calls attention to various
natural variations and artificial crosses which occur among citrus fruits, points
out the stability and superiority of certain hybrid forms, and suggests the
utilization of hybridization for the improvement of orange groves.
The world's production and commerce in citrus fruits and their by-
products, F. O. Wallschlaegeb (Citrus Protect. League Cat. Bui. 11 (1914),
pp. 3+55+7). — This comprises a statistical account of the production and com-
merce in citrus fruits and their by-products for the various citrus producing
regions of the world. The subject matter is based upon data collected by
various branches of the United States Government, together with data and in-
formation which has accumulated in the office of the California Citrus Pro-
tective League.
The citrus fruit crop of the world is equal to about 100,000,000 boxes or
250,000 carloads of California size. The five most important countries in the
order of their production are the United States, Spain, Italy, Japan, and
Palestine. The United States and Spain each produce approximately 30 per
cent and Italy 25 per cent of the total crop.
The kumquat (Citrus japonica), Trabut (Bui. Sci. Pharmacol., 21 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 129-131, figs. 4). — A monograph on the kumquat with reference to its
botany, distribution, varieties, and culture.
Notes on Siamese pomelos, H. H. Boyle (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English
Ed.], 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 65-69, pis. 5). — This comprises horticultural notes on
pomelos and some other fruits observed during a visit to the seedless pomelo
plantations of Siam.
Tulips, J. Jacob (London and Edinhurgh, [1912], pp. XI-\-116, pis. 8). — A
popular manual of tulip culture both under glass and in the open, including
Information with reference to propagating and breeding tulips, diseases, and
selection of varieties. Some of the principal incidents in the history of tulips
commencing with the year 1554, including bibliographic references, are also
given.
Violas at Wisley, 1913 (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 39 (1913), No. 2,
pp. 381-400). — Brief descriptive notes are given of some 27G varieties of viola?
and pansies tested at the Wisley Gardens in 1913.
The "Illinois way" of beautifying- the farm, W, Miller (Illinois Sta. Giro.
110 (1914), pp. 36, figs. 113). — This circular treats of beautifying the farm by
the judicious selection and arrangement of shrubs, flowers, vines, and trees.
Special attention is directed to the utilization of trees and shrubs that grow
wild in Illinois. Consideration is given to plantings for windbreaks, screen-
ing unsightly objects, creating desirable views from the house, foundation
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 49
plantings, lawn borders and shrubbery, flower gardens, and borders of native
plants. A plea is made for the establishment of permanent country homes with
surroundings in which the local color shall be restored and preserved.
The text is fully illustrated and lists are given of plants for special needs.
Insecticide and fung'icide inspection {Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 54 (.1913), pp-
I4I-I48). — Analyses are reported of insecticides and fungicides examined by
the station during the year. They include samples of arsenate of lead, Paris
green, arsenite of zinc paste, Bordeaux mixture, lime-sulphur solutions, water
soluble arsenical compounds, and miscellaneous insecticides.
FORESTRY.
A handbook of forestry, W. F. A. Hudson (Watford, England, [IdlS^, pp.
82, figs. 25). — ^A short treatise on the general principles of practical forestry
with special reference to English estates. The work is intended primarily
for the general estate manager, whose duties usually include the care and
management of woodland.
The cultivation of osiers and willows (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London],
Misc. Pubs. 18 (1913), pp. 33, pis. 6). — A popular cultural treatise including
also information relative to varieties and the preparation of willows for
market.
The intensive management of high mountain forests, A. Kubelka (Die
intensive Bewirtscluiftung der Ilochgebirgsforste. Vienna and Leipsie, 1912,
pp. yiII-\-86). — A treatise on forest management in high mountain regions in
which special consideration is given to the application of Wagner's principles
of spacial arrangement in forests (E. S. R., 20, p. 645) to this type of forestry.
Other important phases discussed include the development of a permanent
system of log roads, the preparation and execution of working plans, various
systems of working, and silvicultural practices.
The forests of the western Caucasus, E. A. RObel (Jour. Ecology, 2 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 39-42, pis. 3). — This comprises a brief phytogeographical sketch of
the forests of the western portion of the Caucasus range.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
International collaboration looking' to control of pests and diseases of
plants, J. RiTZEMA Bos (Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, 19 (1913), No. 6, pp. 153-
235). — This is a general review of plant pests and diseases, losses therefrom,
and means in use or available for control thereof, in various countries or
regions, and urging international cooperation to that end.
Report on plant diseases in Ohio for 1912, A. D. Selby (Ohio State Hort.
Soc. Ann. Rpt., 46 (1913), pp. 100-110) .—Accordiug to the author, the year 1912
was characterized by low temperatures during the winter months, followed by
a cold belated spring. The effect of low temperatures and winter injury to
trees and shrubs is described at length, after which brief notes are given on
the fungus diseases reported upon the principal horticultural, vegetable, and
field crops of the State.
Mycological notes, A. C. Tunstall (Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart.
Jour., 1913, No. 4, pp. 108, 109). — The author describes the sleeping disease of
tomato due to Fusarium lycopersici, which has made its appearance in India,
and also gives an account of some investigations on red rust. It was found that
fruiting bodies of Stilbum nanum resemble those of the alga Cephaleuros
mycoidea, but they have no connection with the true red rust of tea.
50 ■ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Plant sanitation in Malaya {hidia-RuMcr Jour., Jfi (191^), No. 7, pp. 19,
20). — The text of the enactment of 1913 for the protection of trees, plants, and
cultivated products in the Federated Malay States is given.
Soil alkalinity and plant chlorosis, J. Crochetelle {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr.,
26 {1913), Nos. Jf7, }}p. 657, 658; 49, pp. 7^5-727).— Results of experiments in
heavy liming of sandy soil bearing colza are held to show that the assimila-
tion of phosphoric acid is hindered by the presence of much lime, and that
this latter condition is in causal relation with chlorosis on alkaline soils.
Biological treatment of diseases in plants, C. von Tubeuf {Naturio. Ztschr.
Forst u. Landw., 12 {1914), No. 1, pp. 11-19). — Pinus lamhertiana, already
infected with blister rust {Cranartium rihicolum), was dusted with conidia of
TubercuUna maxima late in May, 1913. Early in November the latter fungus
was found to have developed considerably and to have dusted with conidia
the neighboring pustules of the former. Observations are to be continued
with the hope that T. maxima may prove able to weaken and check C. rihicoJuin
at least on the larger pines.
A bibliography is appended.
Chemical means for combating pests of agricultural plants, E. Molk
{Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 62 {1913), No. 23, pp. 822-838).— This is a general
review of numerous chemical preparations and their employment and value
as protection against vegetable or animal parasites during recent years, as
reported by various investigators.
Some factors influencing the efficiency of Bordeaux mixture, L. A. Haw-
kins {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 {1914), Nos. 3, pp. 72-78; 5, pp.
142-I46; 7, pp. 210-215). — The substance of this article has already been noted
from another source (E. S. R., 28, p. 537).
Resistance of grains to parasitic fungi, N. Vavilov {Trudy Selelcts. Stant-
sU Moskov. Selsk. Klioz. Inst. {Arb. Vers. Stat. Pflansenziich. Mask. Landw.
Inst.), 1 {1913), No. 1, pp. 1-108, pis. 3). — This is an account of studies regard-
ing susceptibility of wheat and oat varieties to fungus attack ; also regarding
the relation of their disease resistance to structure and environment and the
value of these characters as criteria for classification. The results are given
in considerable detail.
Parasitic injury to winter grains, K. Stobmee and R. Kleine {Illus. Landw.
Ztg., 33 {1913), No. 31, pp. 296-298, fig. i).— This is substantially the same as
an article previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 446). In that notice, the strength
of the corrosive sublimate solution recommended, which was by mistake given
as 0.001 per cent, should have been given as 0.1 per cent, or 1 : 1000.
Smut protection and the influence of cropping time on output and health
of crop, H. C. Mulleb, E. Molz, and O. Morgenthaler {Landw. Vers. Stat.,
83 {1913), No. 3-4, pp. 211-220). — Giving tabulated results of studies on summer
wheat and barley, the authors show that late planting decreased the attack of
Holminthosporium on barley, but increased that of loose smut on wheat ; and
that attack on the latter grain by the wheat fly {Chlorops twiiiopus) was enor-
mously increased by planting a few weeks later. It is stated also that later
planting of summer wheat decreased sensibly the germiuability of the result-
ing seed grain and that the grain from stalks infested by Chlorops showed lower
germiuability than did wheat from normal grains.
Studies on the biology of loose smut of barley, J. Broili and W. ScHiK0Rr.A
{Ber. Deut. Bot. Oesell, 3t (1913), No. 7, pp. 336-339, fig. /).— Pui-suant to
previous work of Broili (E. S. R., 24, p. G47). the authors made a studj' of
Ustilago hordei nuda in embryos of grains selected from barley artificially in-
oculated.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51
Of 21 plants grown from seeds suspected to be infected 13 developed loose
smut and from these the fungus was cultivated, proving to be U. liordei iiuda.
The work is being carried forward with a view to the possibility of developing
a variety resistant to loose smut.
Three cases of monstrosity in maize, L. de la BAEREa)A (Bol. Dir. Gen. Agr.
[Mexico'], Rev. Agr., 2 {1912), No. 9, pp. 803-808, pi. i).— The author gives a
description and discussion of three ears of maize presenting curious anomalies
of growth, two specimens showing attack by Ustilago maydis.
The downy mildew of maize, E. J. Butleb {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot.
Scr., 5 {1913), Xo. 5, pp. 275-280, pis. 2). — The author describes a disease of
maize due to t<clcrospora maydis, which is said not to have been previously
known in India. The fungus was first discovered in Java and made its appear-
ance on the Pusa Farm in 1912. The presence of the fungus becomes apparent
before the plants have attained full growth. The lower leaves are usually
normal, but the upper part is chlorotic.
For the control of this disease prevention of the formation of oospores is
recommended, and for this purpose the removal and destruction of all diseased
plants before their wilting is advised.
Observations on the downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) of pearl
millet and sorghum, G. S. Kulkarni {Mem. Dcpt. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 5
{1913), No. 5, pp. 268-274, pis. 2). — According to the author this fungus is found
on pearl millet, sorghum, Italian millet, and teosiute. The effect of the fungus
on pearl millet and on sorghum is described at some length.
Cross-inoculations with cultures of the fungus taken from both the hosts failed
to produce infection. This is believed to have been due possibly to the fact
that infection occurs only at the seedling stage or that there may be biological
forms of the same species. The author is led to believe, from his investiga-
tions, tliat the two fungi are distinct and he draws up contrasting charactei-s
for the different varieties. He states that the conidia lose their vitality after
a few hours and that it is as yet unknown how the fungus passes from year to
year. A test made of the seed to determine whether they might carry the
fungus resulted in the production of sound plants.
Foot disease of wheat, E. Robert {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 26 {1913), No.
Jf9, pp. 715, 716). — It is stated that foot disease of wheat is serious following
a mild, moist winter, resulting in a somewhat rank vegetative growth, and that
this disease is also favored by short term rotation, heavy seeding in the drill,
and varietal precocity of growth.
Stalk disease of wheat, A. Boijeau {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre) ,
35 {1914), No. 8, pp. 242-247). — Noting the considerably increased intensity of
foot disease of wheat in 1913, the author states that certain factors appear to
be influential in this connection, as mild and moist winters, incomplete soil fer-
tility or wrong time of manuring, running the ground to wheat too constantly
year after year, and bad physical condition of the soil in the spring.
Employment of later maturing varieties, as far as permitted by climatic con-
ditions, is suggested.
Pythium debaryanum, E. J. Butlee {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 5
{1913), No. 5, pp. 262-267, pi. 1). — A description is given of this fungus, which
is said to be of recent recognition in India. In the article the author describes
the attack on seeds of castor beans which had been sown in uusterilized soil.
Potato diseases, E. Foex and C. Ferret {Vie Agr. ct Rurale, 3 {1914), No. 5,
pp. 129-134, fi9^- 2). — This is a condensed review of recent studies reported by
various authors on leaf curl, leaf roll, blackleg, etc., of potato, and their
alleged causes, in connection with preventive or remedial measures tested or
proposed. A bibliography is given.
52 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Potato diseases in New Jersey, M. T. Cook and G. W. Mabtin {'New Jersey
Stas. Circ. 33, pp. 2If, figs. 13). — A description is given of some of the more
common diseases of potatoes, with suggestions for their control.
Leaf roll of potato, O. Appel and O. Schlumberger {Mitt. K. Biol. Anst.
Land u. Forstic, No. 12 {1912), pp. 14, 15). — No conclusions are drawn from the
variable relations observed between weight of crop obtained and weight of
tubers planted in case of seed potatoes showing leaf roll. The experiments
have been continued.
Colocasia blight caused by Phytophthora colocasise, E. J. Butler and G. S.
KuLKARNi {Mem. Dept. A^/r. India, Bot. Ser., 5 {1913), No. 5, pp. 233-261,
pis. 4). — The authors describe a widely distributed disease of Colocasia, or
tare.
The disease is said to be found practically wherever the plant is cultivated
and also occurs on wild specimens in moist localities. In severe attacks all the
leaves may be destroyed and the plant killed, or in milder attacks the older
leaves are more or less destroyed by the fungus, in which case the corms may
be entirely lacking or if any are formed they will be small and shrunken.
Infection of the corm was noticed comparatively recently, while the attack on
the leaves had been known for a number of years. On the corm a dry rot of
rather soft texture is formed. Microscopic characters of the fungus, results
of inoculation experiments, etc., are given. From the inoculation experiments
it is found that Colocasia is the only representative of the family Aracese that
serves as a host for this fungus. The systematic relationship of the fungus is
discussed at some length, after which suggestions are given for prevention of its
attack. The means suggested include spraying, removal and destruction of
spotted leaves, and selection of sound corms for planting.
The mosaic disease of the tomato and related plants, L. E. Melchers {Ohio
Nat., 13 {1913), No. 8, pp. 1.^9-175, figs. 3). — The author presents a review and
bibliography of the essential literature of mosaic disease of plants and gives
brief description of his investigations on the mosaic disease of tomato and
potato.
The disease is said to be quite prevalent on tomatoes, especially when grown
under glass, and frequently appears in Ohio on the main crops. It was noticed
In February, 1913, on potatoes grown in the greenhouse, the first symptoms
appearing when the plants had attained a height of approximately 18 in.
The disease appeared spontaneously without pruning, mutilation, or artificial
stimulation, but thus far has not been observed on potatoes growing in the field.
Histological studies were made of the tissues and no characteristic abnormali-
ties were observed on the tomato. In potato leaves sections of the mottled
areas were readily distingushed by the shape and size of the palisade cells.
Their length was from one-half to one-third that of normal cells and their
thickness was usually somewhat increased. The spongy parenchyma was some-
what abnormal in appearance in the yellow regions which contained fewer
chloroplasts.
An extended discussion is given of the characteristics of the mosaic disease
on different plants, theories regarding its cause, and preventive measures.
Root knot in the tomato, H. A. Wager {So. African Jour. 8ci., 10 {1913),
No. 3, pp. 51-53, pi. 1, fig. 1). — A description is given of a nematode disease of
tomatoes, which the author believes is due to a si^ecies differing from Hctero-
dera radicicola as described in the United States and elsewhere.
Preliminary report on a disease of melons and cucumbers, Z. Kamerltnq
{Bui. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Brazm, 2 {1913), No. 4. pp. 157-161, pis. 2).—
The author reports briefly the partial study of a cucumber and melon disorder,
in connection with which Heterodera radicicola was noted.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 53
Disease susceptibility of apple varieties in Ohio, A. D. Selby (Ohio State
Eort. 8oc. Ann. Rpt., ^6 (1913), pp. 73-78). — A tabular list is given of disease
susceptibility in Ohio of 38 varieties of apples to crown gall, collar rot, blister
canker, twig blight, scab, bitter rot, blotch, black rot of fruit and canker, fruit
spot or Baldwin spot, and fungus fruit spot due to Cylindrosporium pomi.
Black spot canker or apple tree anthracnose, W. H. Lawrence (Bien. Rpt.
Bd. Hort. Oregon, 12 (1911-12), pp. 93-97).— The author gives a description of
the black spot canker due to Glomsporium malioorticis, the perfect form of
which is Ncofahrca malicorticis. A previous account of his investigations on
this subject has been noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 790). Among the more important
facts recently observed regarding it, is the occurrence of the disease on stored
fruit from orchards in which anthracnose canker was not known to occur.
The author advises thorough, repeated spi*aying for the control of this fungus,
autumn spraying following the maturing of the fruit being considered of de-
cided advantage over later applications. The use of a Bordeaux petroleum
emulsion was briefly tested and seems to be of considerable promise.
The control of apple blotch, D. E. Lewis (Kansas Sta. Bui. 196 (1913), pp.
517-57 It, figs. 21). — ^An account is given of experiments for the control of the
apple blotch due to PhyUosticta solitaria. This disease is of rather common
occurrence in the orchards of Kansas, frequently causing over 90 per cent of
injury to susceptible varieties.
The author states that it may be successfully controlled by the application
of Bordeaux mixture the first season sprayed, and by the continued use of
this fungicide during successive seasons it can be almost completely eradicated
from an orchard in from four to six years. The 3:4: .TO formula of Bordeaux
mixture is recommended for use. Lime-sulphur solution was found less
effective than Bordeaux mixture for the control of apple blotch, but during
wet weather its use is recommended in place of Bordeaux mixture on account
of the tendency of the latter fungicide to russet the fruit. The work of eradi-
cating the disease can be hastened by cutting back trees and the commercial
value of the fruit correspondingly increased.
The control of fire or pome blight, AT. H. Lawrence (Bien. Rpt. Bd. Hort.
Oregon, 12 (1911-12), pp. 107-109). — A description is given of the bacterial
blight of apples and pears, and attention is called to the necessity for organized
effort for its control.
Treatments for fruit tree diseases, P. Perronne (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed.
VEst-Ccntrc), 35 (1914), ^'o. 2, pp. 57-60).— The author details chemical and
surgical treatments claimed to prove beneficial under given conditions in case
of peach rust, and black s}oot of pear trees.
A new disease of pear, P. Passy (Jour. 8oc. Nat. Hort. France, 4- ser., 14
(1913), May, pp. 288, 289; Rev. Hort. [Paris], 85 (1913), No. 11, pp. 252, 253).—
A description is given of a disease of pear trees which has been recognized for
about a dozen years.
The cause is not definitely known, although it is believed possibly to be bac-
terial in its origin. The progress of the disease is shown in the checking of
development of the shoots in midseason, at which time the epidermis loses its
smooth appearance and takes on a purplish color, later becoming roughened.
The following year the branches showing signs of the disease are purplish in
color and rough, and in case of severe attack the leaves fail to develop. In
some instances the cracking of the epidermis is quite marked, the slits extend-
ing to a considerable depth. As is indicated above, little is known regarding
this disease, which is still under observation.
Treatment of court-noue with tar, J. Bertkand (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (E'd.
VEst-Ccntre), 35 (1914), No. 3, pp. 80-8^).— This is mainly a favorable discus-
54 BXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
sion of tlie work and conclusions reported by Lamouroux (E. S. R., 30, p. 24G)
regarding treatment of grape stocks witli coal tar for court-noue.
Spots characteristic of dowiiy mildew, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed.
VEst-Centre) , 35 {19U), No. 5, p. Ul, pl- i).— Both the yellow or so-called oil
spots (often the first indication of the mildew) and the whitish patches (usu-
ally seen only on the lower surfaces of the leaves) are shown in natural color.
A later discussion of the significance of each is promised.
Does Cronartium ribicola overwinter on the currant? F. C. Stewart and
W. H. Rankin {New York State Sta. Bui. 37^ {19U), pp. 41-53, pis. 3, fig. 1;
ais. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 1, p. ^.3). — The occurrence of this fungus
on currants at the New York State Station for several years led to the suspicion
that possibly the fungus might winter-over on the black currant. A large num-
ber of black currant plants thoroughly infested with Cronartium were divided
into six lots and sent to widely separated experiment stations for observation.
No Cronartium was to be found on the new leaves and attempts at inoculation
by means of infected leaves wintered in wire cages out of doors also failed. It
is concluded that C rilncola rarely if ever overwinters on currants.
In the same connection the authors report the finding of two 15-year-old white
pines affected with Peridermium strobi in May, 1913. These trees have been
destroyed so as to prevent the further spread of the disease.
Do dormant currant plants carry pine rust? F. H. Hall {New York State
Sta. Bui. 214 (1914), popular ed., pp. 4, fig. 1). — A popular edition of the above.
A disease of agaves, I. H. Buekill {Gard. Bui. Straits Settlements, 1 {1913),
No. 6, pp. 193, 194). — The author reports a disease of agaves in Singapore due
to a fungus attacking the mature leaves on the upper surface, rendering them
useless for the extraction of fiber. The attack, which is briefly described, is
said to resemble in some respects that of a CoUetotrichum, while the spores
i-esemble those of a Coryneum.
Cutting and burning the leaves as soon as the disease is noted is recom-
mended.
Cacao canker, J. Kuyper {Dept. Landh. Suriname Bui. 31 {1913), pp. 29-
3S). — The author reports studies on cacao canker pursuant to the work of
Rorer (E. S. R., 23, p. 748), Fetch (E. S. R., 2."., p. 46), and Rutgers (E. S. R.,
29, p. 248), in which all the stem and fruit infections made by him with a
fungus claimed to be Phytophthora faheri produced effects characteristic of
cacao canker, the control showing no such results. He has not yet succeeded in
isolating this fungus from these lesions.
Citrus canker, H. E. Stevens {Florida Sta. Bui. 122 {1914), PP- 111-118,
figs. 4). — A preliminary account is given of a new citrus disease which was
first observed in the fall of 1912 and again in the spring of 1913, when leaves
and twigs of grapefruit were found badly infected.
The disease in general has the same appearance on leaves, fruit, and twigs.
It appears in small circular spots from one-sixteenth to one-fourth of an inch
across, occurring either singly or several together. The spots are raised above
the surrounding tissue, are light brown in color, and are composed of a spongy
mass of dead cells covered by a thin white or gray membrane, which finally
ruptures and turns outward forming a ragged margin around the spot. On
the older twigs pronounced cankers are formed.
The disease at first was thought to be an unusual manifestation of scab,
scaly bark, or possibly anthracnose, but it was found to differ materially from
any of these. The organism causing it has not yet been determined, but it is
probably due to some fungus. A number of species of fungi have been found
associated with the spots and some of these are under investigation. The
disease appears to be confined mainly to the grapefruit, the sweet orange
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 55
aplturoutly not being affected. It is infectious and the climatic condition of
Florida appears to favor its rapid spread. In addition to Florida it is known to
occur also in Alabama and may exist in Texas.
Tbe author recommends the careful inspection of nursery stock, the destruc-
tion by burning of small affected trees, and the pruning off and burning of all
diseased parts of larger trees.
[Root diseases of lime trees in Dominica], H. A. Tempany {Imp. Dcpt. Agr.
West Indies, Rpt. Ayr. Dcpt. Dominica, 1!) 1 2-13, pp. d-l'i)- — 'I'lie author gives
an account of investigations by F. A. South on stem canker diseases of lime
trees, the black root disease due to Rosellinia sp., and the red root disease
caused by Sphcerostilbe sp., together with suggestions for their control so far as
definite means are known.
A leaf disease of papaya, A. Maublanc {Bol. Uin. Agr., Indus, e Com.
[Brazil], 2 (1913), No. 1, pp. 126-130, pi. i).— This is substantially the same
as an article previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 29, p. 848).
[Recent mycological tours], A. C. Tunstall {Indian Tea Assoc., Sci. Dept.
Quart. Jour., 1912, No. 4, PP- 105-108). — This is a brief account of tours through
several districts, noting the presence and relative importance to tea growers of
Ustulina zonata, Hymenochwte noxia, Cephaleuros virescens, La;stadia thcoB,'
and Botryodiplodia theobromw in the different sections. H. noxia was found
apparently spreading through the medium of a wooden fence along which the
adjacent tea bushes were dying from this fungiis.
Mycologist's notes, A. C. Tunstall {Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quai't.
Jour., 1913, No. 1, pp. 30-32). — The author reports some observations made on
plant disorders while visiting several stations.
Hymenochwte noxia was the most prevalent of the root diseases of tea met
with. Ustulina zoiiata was found on tea in a few gardens. Rosellinia, observed
in some shady patches of tea, had apparently done harm in only one case.
Blister blight of the leaves, due to Exobasidium vexans, was seen as early as
January, the starting places showing signs of having borne a continued crop
of fungus throughout the cold weather. Removal of infection centers has con-
siderably reduced this blight. Copper blight {Lcestadia thew), though common,
appears to do but little damage. ^
[Some diseases of tea], A. C. Tunstall (Indian Tea Assoc., Sci. Dept.
Quart. Jour., 1913, No. 4, PP- 104-106). — A description is given of die-back due
to Oloeosporium sp., blister blight, and canker.
The die-back, it is said, may be conti'olled by spraying with Bordeaux mix-
ture. The blister blight, caused by Exobasidium vexans, has been studied at
considerable length and no evidence has been found that it occurs on any other
plant than tea. It is considered probable that the disease must pass the winter
in an active state on the tea plant itself, and that thorough spraying with
Bordeaux mixture or similar fungicide would probably control it. Studies on
the cause of canker have failed to show how the fungus enters the plant, and
thus far no definite means for killing it have been discovered.
Fungi parasitic on the tea plant in northeast India, I, A. C. Tunstall
(Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., 1913, No. 4, pp. 100-103) .—The
author describes attacks of Pythium debaryanum and Mucor mucedo on tea
plants.
[Mosquito blight of tea], P. H. Carpenter (Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept.
Quart. Jour., 1912, No. Jf, pp. 104, 105). — Reporting an inspection tour in
several districts, the author notes that in Cachar the most important pest
found is mosquito blight. This appeared to be worse in 1912 than for many
years past. It is said to affect tea grown on a peat soil earlier and more se-
48456°— No. 1—14 5
56 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
verely than on other soils. The light leaved varieties are said to appear nauch
less susceptible to this disease than the others grown in these districts.
A note on the treatment of blister blig'ht, A. C, Tun stall {Indian Tea
Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., 1913, No. 2, pp. 50-53).— The author reports
recent observations in Assam and Darjeeling leading to the conclusions that
ExoMsidium vexans is able to attack tea only and that the disease passes the
winter in an active stage, no dormant stage or special winter form being known.
Wind may carry spores for long distances, this fact requiring cooperation over
wide areas. Treatments described include the application to dormant bushes
of a solution composed of 2 lbs. sodium hydrate to 10 gal. water; to green
bushes, one consisting of 6 lbs. each of copper sulphate and quicklime to 100
gal. water; and in rainy seasons of 2 oz, each of common salt and lime to
1 gal. water. The spraying fluid, it is said, is most economically applied from
below.
Root disease of tea, A. C. Tunstall {Indian Tea Assoc, /S'ci. Dept. Quart.
Jour., 1912, No. 1, pp. 17-22). — This is a digest of a circular by Fetch, which
has already been noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 47).
A root disease of tea, A. C. Tunstall {Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart.
Jour., 1913, No. 2, pp. 54, 55). — Fomes lucidus is reported to have been observed
to attack tea. Recent researches are said to have shown also that this is a
dangerous parasite of betel nut palm and other trees as reported by Butler
(E. S. R., 29, p. 445).
Preliminary note on a disease of Basella rubra, E. Rangel {Bol. Min. Agr.,
Indus, e Com. [Brasil], 2 {1913), No. 4, pp. 177-180, pis. 2; Lavoura; Bol. Soc
Nac Agr. [Brazil], 17 {1913), Nos. 7-8, pp. 136-UO, pi. 1).—A leaf disease of
B. ruira was ascribed to a fungus studied and named Stagonospora haselhe
n. sp., in association with anothe'* fungus which was named Phyllosticta
tascllo' n. sp.
Nematode studies, Schwabtz {Mitt. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstic, No.
12 {1912), pp. 26, 27, fig. 1). — The author notes the discovery in lily-of-the-
valley of a nematode which is described under the name Aphelenchus oderholdi
n. sp. A second species appearing in tap water, named A. mycogenes n. sp..
is said to be closely related to A. olesistus. Tylenchus dipsaci is reported as
causing galls on phlox.
Parasitism of mistletoe, N. van Poeteben {Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, 18
{1912), Nos. 5-6, pp. 101-113, pi. 1; But. Soc. Cent. Forest. Belg., 20 {1913),
No. 12, pp. 834-844)- — A. case, discussed in considerable detail, of Tiscum album
growing in a large cluster on an otherwise leafless graft terminating an apical
branch of Sorbus aucuparia, is cited as possibly throwing some light on the
actual or potential nutritive relations between parasite and host.
Witches' broom on Juniper, E. Heinkichee {Natuno. Ztschr. Forst u.
Landw., 12 {1914), No. 1, pp. 36-39, fig. 1). — The author states that Arceutho-
Mtim oxyced-ri easily parasitized Juniperiis communis, producing characteristic
witches' broom thereon.
A fruit rot of Hevea brasiliensis in Kamerun, L. Peters {Mitt. K. Biol.
Anst. Land u. Forstw., No. 12 {1912), pp. i8-22).— Reporting a fruit and seed
rot of H. brasiliensis, the author states that along with a Phytophthora, other
fungi and several bacteria are found, regarding which further studies are con-
Bidered desirable.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Zoological record, D. Sharp {Zool. Rec, 48 {1911), pp. XII+U298]; 49
(1912). pp. XII +[1374]). — These volumes record the zoological literature relat-
ing chiefly to the years 1911 and 1912, respectively.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 57
The ornithofaunistic, ornithophenologic, and ornithobibliographic litera-
ture of Hungary prior to 1910 {Aquila, 20 (1913), No. 1-4, pp. 252-330) .—The
literature here listed alphabetically by authors consists of 3,090 titles.
The wanderings of animals, H. Gadow (Cambridge [England] and New
York, 1913, pp. VI +150, pis. 17; rev. in Sri. Prog. Twentieth Cent., 8 (1914),
No. 31, p. 578). — The chapters of this work deal with the history of geographical
distribution, features of environment, numbers and density of species, former
configurations of land and water, and distribution of selected groups. A bibli-
ography is appended.
Introduction to the study of mimicry, A. Jacobi (Mimikry tind Vcricandte
Erseheinungen. Brunsxciek, 1913, pp. lX-\-216, figs. 13; rev. in Nature [London],
92 (1914), ^0. 2311, pp. 653-655). — The chapters of this work relate to protec-
tive coloring, protective resemblance, warning colors, mimicry or protective
imitation, the imitation of aculeate Hymenoptera or " Sphecoidie," the imitation
of ants or " Myrmecoidie," the imitation of beetles, imitation amoug Lepidop-
tera, and the general characteristics of mimetic Lepidoptera.
A bibliography of 59 titles is appended. The review is by E. B. Poultou.
Observations on the relation between flower color and insects, E. M. East
and R. W. Glaser (Psyche, 21 (1914), No. 1, pp. 27-30).— In experiments with
10 average plants of each of the 4 colors, white, yellow, red, and purple, it was
found that 39.1 per cent of the white, 18.12 per cent of the yellow, 15.21 per
cent of the red, and 10.74 per cent of the purple flowers were fertilized. The
authors estimate that about 6 per cent of the pollination of colored types was
made by night flyers (Sphingida?, etc.) while during the same period these
insects pollinated from 20 to 25 per cent of the white type.
Birds of Ontario in relation to agriculture, C. W. Nash (Ontario Dept. Agr.
Bui. 218 (1913), pp. 124, fiffs. -JS). — A revised edition of a bulletin previously
noted (E. S. R.. 22. p. 153).
Notes on some birds of Trinidad and Tobago, G. St. C. Feilden (BuL Depf.
Agr. Trinidad and Tohano, 13 (1914). ^'o. 77, pp. 25-33). — This annotated list
of some of the more common birds includes economic notes.
Preliminaiy note on birds as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus, F. D.
Heald and R. A. Studh.vlteb (Science, n. ser., 38 (1913), No. 973, pp. 278-
280). — The results of the authors' experiments in the spring of 1913 to deter-
mine whether birds carry the spores of the blight fungus are summarized as
follows : The spores of the blight fungus carried by birds are pycnospores and
not ascospores ; the maximum numbers are carried during the few days follow-
ing rain periods; and the pycnospores carried are brushed off from either the
normal or diseased bark, or both, in the movements of the birds over these
surfaces.
Sirds as destroyers of grasshoppers in California, H. C. Bryant (Auk, 31
(1914), ^0. 2, pp. 168-177). — Much of the data here presented has been pre-
viously noted from another source (E. S. R., 28, p. 351).
[Insect pests in Tunis] (Bui. Dir. G^n. Agr. Com. et Colon. Tunis, 17 (1913),
No. 71, Sup., pp. 31-51, pis. 2). — This report of studies conducted at the Tunis
Agricultural Parasitology Station treats of the Hessian fly, the granary weevil,
the rice weevil, the wheat bulb-fly (Hylemyia coarctata), and the Angoumois
grain moth.
[Insect enemies of plants and animals] (Vie Agr. et Riirale, 3 (1914), No.
14, pp. 365-391, figs. 21). — This includes a general review of the subject by
G. Gu6naux (pp. 36.^372), methods of combating flies by Vaillard (pp. 373-
378), the employment of bacteria in destroying field mice by L. Ferrier (pp. 378-
382), the fumigation of plants with hydrocyanic acid by P. Marchal (pp. 383-
386), the manner of combating insect enemies of plants by parasites and prcd-
58 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD.
ators by A. Vuillet (pp. 3S6-389), aud the insect euemies of the beet in southern
France by F. Picard (pp. 390, 391).
The destruction of mosquitoes, fleas, flies, pediculi, and other insect
carriers of disease, J. S. Pukdy (Rpt. Anstral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 13 {1911), pp.
662-673). — A general discussion.
Reducing insect injury to stored corn, W. E. Hinds (Alabama Col. Sta. Bui.
176 (1914), pp. 51-68, pis. 4). — This bulletin describes the more important
insect enemies of stored corn and means by which their injury can be pre-
vented.
In storage tests about fifty times as many weevils were found on early corn
up to midwinter as late matured corn. It was found that the value of the
grain saved by husking will more than pay for the labor required. The practice
of storing corn wet and salted is decidedly favorable to insect injuries. In a
study of varieties weevil resistance was found to depend first upon the length
and tightness of the husk covering upon the maturing ear.
The insect enemies of cotton in Africa, F. Zacher (Ar&. K. Biol. Anst.
Land u. Forstw., 9 {1913), No. 1, pp. 121-232, figs. S3).— A discussion of the
more important cotton insects, their injury, means of control, etc. A biblio-
graphy is appended. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 752).
[Insect enemies of the peanut], A. Chevalier {Jour. Agr. Trop., 13 {1913),
No. 141, pp. 73-76). — A brief discussion of the more important pests.
Animal enemies of the sugar beet in 1913, O. Fallada (Osterr. Vngar.
Ztschr. Zuckerindus. a. Landw., 43 {1914), ^0. 1, pp. 19-23, fig. 1). — This is the
author's annual review (E. S. R., 28, p. 352).
The insect enemies of the coco palm in the South Sea Islands, F. Zacheb
(Ar&. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstw., 9 {1913), No. 1, pp. 73-120, figs. 38).—
Fifty insect enemies of the coconut palm are dealt with, particular attention
being given to the rhinoceros beetle {Oryctes rhinoceros). A bibliography of
the more important literature relating to the subject is included.
[Insect enemies of the lime in the West Indies], H. A. Ballou and F. W.
South {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies Pamphlet 72 {1913), pp. 39-61, figs. 13).—
The scale insects mentioned are the purple scale, the white scale or orange
snow scale {Chionaspis citri), the green scale {Coccus ciridis), the California
red scale {Chrysomphalus aurantii), the West Indian red scale {Selenaspidus
articulatus), the Florida red scale (C. aontdum), and the hemispherical scale.
The other pests mentioned are the citrus rust mite, the bark borer Leptostylus
praemorsus, the twig borer of limes {Elaphidion mite), and root borers.
Remedial measures, natural enemies, internal parasites, and insecticides and
their use are then briefly discussed.
White ants and fungi, T. Petch {Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya, 5 {1913),
2Vo. 6, pp. 389-393). — This is a discussion of the probable association of termites
with Entoloma microearpnm.
The black termite of Ceylon (Eutermes monoceros), T. Petch {Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gard. Peradeniya, 5 {1913), No. 6, pp. 395-420, pis. 9, figs. 2).— A detailed
account of this species including its nest, the external structure, the proces-
sional habit, food, etc.
Achaeta moria, a sisal hemp pest, Kranzlin {Pfianzer, 9 {1913), No. 11,
pp. 568-570; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bill. Agr. Intel, and Plant
Diseases, 5 {1914), ^o- 2' P- 286). — This orthopteran is reported to have injured
year-old plants in plantations of Agave rigida sisalana by consuming the lower
leaves just above the junction with the stem.
Studies of inheritance and evolution in Orthoptera, I, R. K. Nabours {Jour.
Genetics, 3 {1914). ^'0. 3. pp. 141-170, pi. 1. figs. 3).— "The inheritance behavior
of the color patterns iu these orthopterous insects shows clearly the Meudelian
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 59
type of inheritance, and tlie essential result of these experiments has been the
extension of this pi'inciple to a considerable number of types of a phylogeneti-
cally low group of ametabolous insects."
On two new species of Thysanoptera from the West Indies, C. B. Wil-
liams (Jour. Econ. Biol., 8 (1918), No. /f, pp. 209-215, fujs. 2). — Corynothrips
steiwpterus and FranldinicUa mclanommatus, taken in large numbers from
cassava plants at the agricultural experiment station, at Kingstown, St. Vincent,
West Indies, are described as new to science.
Records and descriptions of British Thysanoptera, C. B. Williams (Jour.
Boon. Biol., 8 (1013), No. J,, pp. 216-230, figs. 3).— The author has found the
method of coJlecting flowers in paper bags recommended by Uzel to be of con-
siderable value since it is possible to obtain material in this way from untrained
correspondents in various parts of the country. It is stated that in this way
pea thrips (Frankliniella rohusta) were received from 24 counties in England,
Wales, and Ireland.
Eurygaster integriceps and new methods of combating it by means of
parasites, I. V. Vasil'ev (Trudy Biuro Ent. [St. Pctersb.], J, (1913), No. 11, pp.
81, figs. 31; abs. in Rev. Apph Ent., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 11, pp. UG-Ji50).—
Next to the Morocco locust this plant bug is the most serious pest of crops.
During the last two or three decades it has caused inmiense devastation in
Transcaucasia and Transcaspia and is also known in Caucasia. In Transcaspia
its principal injury is to winter wheat, the cultivation of which predominates in
that country, barley being damaged to only a small degree. A number of im-
portant parasitic enemies of this pest are discussed, including 2 tachinids and 5
proctotrupids of the genus Telenomus.
The last part of the work relates to methods of combating the pest by means
of its parasite.s, it being pointed out that only the egg parasites have a practical
importance in this respect. The experimental transportation of the egg parasite
Telenomus vassilievi from central Asia to the government of Kharkof is
described.
The periodical cicada or seveiiteen-year locust, H. A. Gossabd (Ohio Sta.
Circ. 142 (1914), PP- 41--'n, fios. 7). — This circular has been prepared with a
view to furnishing information on the periodical cicada, which is due to appear
over most of eastern Ohio during the summer of 1914.
A catalogue of the Psyllidae, G. Aulmann (Psyllidarum Catalogus. Berlin,
1913, pp. 92). — A synonymic catalogue of the Psyllidse of the world, in which
478 speces are listed.
A note on Oxyrhachys tarundus, N. C. Chatterjee (Indian Forester, 40
(1914), No. 2, pp. 75-79, pis. 2). — This membracid is reported as injuring
Alhizzia Icbbeck, A. prdcera. Acacia cdtechu, and Phyllanthus ^niblica trees.
Attention is called to the fact that the habits of this Oxyrhachys are very
similar to those of Ceresa bubalus, described by Mai*latt (E. S. R., 9, p. 675).
Morphology and biology of the Membracidae of Kansas, Hazel E. Branch
(Kans. VJiiv. Sci. Bui., 8 (1913), No. 3, pp. 75-115, pis. 17).— This report of life
history and morphological studies of the Membracidse of Kansas includes tables
for the separations of the subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species occurring in
Kansas. A list of food plants and a bibliography are appended.
The obliteration of sexual reproduction in Chermes, P. Makchal (IV.
Conf. Inteniat. G^netique Paris, Compt. Rend, et Raps., 1911, pp. 488-490). — In
an article previously noted (E. S. E.. 19. p. 860) the author has reported the
results of his research on the life history of Chermes pint. In the indige-
nous race of this species sexual reproduction does not take place. Although
large numbers of functionless females are produced, not a single male has been
observed. On the other hand, the oriental race of C. pini possesses a normal
00 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
sexual stage. The author designates this phenomenon, in which the males are
absent, as spanandry.
Since the previous account was published a very similar case of the oblitera-
tion of sexual reproduction has been observed in C. strohi which lives on
Pinus strohns. A rudimentary sexual stage takes place on Picca nigra.
Winged forms migrate in large numbers to P. nigra where they give rise solely
to females. It is probable that in America there exists another race of C. strohi,
in which the normal sexual stage occurs on Picea. A third type on which the
sexual stage has hitherto been thought to be completely obliterated, is found in
C. pica;. This species lives on Abies pectitmta; it is very near C. nussVini,
from which it is distinguished morphologically and also by the fact that sexual
reproduction does not occur. The author has found that in C. picw winged forms
occasionally may appear. These forms do not migrate to Picea, but remain
on A. pectinaia where they produce parthenogenetic forms.
Mealy bug parasites in the Far East, H. S. Smith {Mo. Bui. Com. Hart.
Cal., 3 (WW, No. 1, pp. 26-2.9).— Previously noted from another source (E. S.
R., 30, p. 753).
Appearance of Icerya purchasi and Novius cardinalis in the District of
Beira Baixa (Portugal), C. Mendes {Brotcria, /SV/-. Zooh, 11 (1913), Xo. 2, p.
146; ahs. in Intermit. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Dis-
eases, 4 (1913), No. 8, p. 1310).— The occurrence in 1910 of a large number of
fluted scales on acacias (Acacia melanoxylon) in Beira Baixa was followed
by the appearance of the lady beetle iV. cardinalis, atid within a year all the
fluted scales were destroyed by this predator.
The San Jose scale, the oyster shell bark louse, and the scurfy bark louse,
J. S. HousER (Ohio Sta. Clrc, UfS (1914). pp. 49-62, figs. 11).— Brief popular
accounts of these three scale jjests and directions for combating them.
On the zygotic constitution of dominant and recessive whites in the silk-
worm, Bonibyx mori, K. Toyama and S. Mori (Ztschr. Induktive Ahstam. u.
Vererbungslehre, 10 (1913), No. 3, pp. 233-241).— This report of studies con-
ducted at Tokio includes a bibliography of 15 titles.
Turnip moth larvae injuring tobacco in Hungary, B. Grof (Magyar
Doli6uynjsag, 30 (1913), No. 11, pp. 3, 4; abs. in Intenmt. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 (1913), No. 8, p. 1307). — The larva of
Agrotis segctum. is reported to tunnel in the ground .ibout 2 in. below the sur-
face and destroy the roots of tobacco.
The spraying of oak trees in Richmond Park (Entomologist, 46 (1913), No.
601, p. 195). — This note relates to the spraying of some 400 oak trees with lead
chromate for the control of defoliating caterpillars.
Beetles becoming parasites, V. L. Kellogg (Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), No.
1001, pp. 360, 361). — The beetles mentioned include the beaver parasite Platy-
jisylla castoris, which lives all its life both as a larva and adult on its host;
Leptinus testaccns, which frequents the nests of field mice, shrews, and other
small mammals of similar habit, and has also been taken from bumblebees'
nests; Lcplinillus ralidus, which occurs on beavers in the Hudson Bay region;
and Lyrosoma opaca, a silphid found in the North Pacific about the tenanted
nests of the murres.
Oak pests. — The oak twig girdler (Agrilus politus), L. Childs (Mo. Bui.
Com. Uort. Cal., 3 (1914), No. 3, pp. 150-155, figs. 3).— The injury to live oak
(Qiicrcus agrifoUa) by the oak twig girdler is said to be very conspicuous,
the attacks upon the smaller twigs resulting more particularly in damage to
the appearance of the tree. The author's pruning exi)eriments in 1911-12 are
said to have proved conclusively that the injury can be almost entirely elim-
inated by occasional cutting out of the attacked twigs in individual trees even
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 61
though there is not an entire clean up of all surrounding infestations. The
cutting out and burning of infested branches should be undertaken between
October 1 and April 1.
Two enemies of the American red oak, J. Houba {Bui. Hoc. Cent. Forest.
Belg., 20 (1913), No. 4, pp. 2^9-255, figs. 4).— Two enemies of Quercus rubra,
namely, Xylehorus dispar and Trypodendron quercus or X. quervus, are said to
have made their appearance in the vicinity of Marche, Belgium.
Damage to Austrian pine in the Marne by Pityogenes bidentatus, A.
VuiLLET (Rev. Phytopath. Appl., 1 (1913), No. 8, pp. Ill, 112; abs. in Rcr. Appl.
Ent., 1 (1913), 8er. A, No. 11, p. ^23). — Plantations of Pinus austriacu in the
Department of Marne are reported to have been seriously injured during the
year through attacks of this beetle (P. bidentatus). The author states that
it is also the most serious enemy of all other species of pine in P'rance. It ap-
pears to confine its attack to trees of from 5 to 10 years old, boring galleries
in the smaller branches immediately beneath the bark.
The pest is more or less successfully dealt with by leaving cut branches in
the forest after the spring cutting, and, following the dejjosition of tlie eggs
thereon by the beetles, collecting and burning the branches.
The yellow-headed coffee borer (Dirphya [Nitocris] princeps), C. C.
GowDEY (Bui. Ent. Research, Jf (1914), No. 4, pp. 279-281, fig. i).— This beetle
is a source of injury to coffee in the Chagwe District, Uganda, having first
come to attention in 1910, when some of the estates, especially the older ones,
suffered serious damage. The trees attacked by this pest, if allowed to remain
untreated (by the injection of a few drops of carbon bisulphid or carbon
tetrachlordid into the tunnels or the borer) are either killed outright or broken
off by the wind.
Notes on the life histoiy of Cyrtotrachelus longipes, D. O. Witt (Indian
Forester, 39 (1913), No. 6, pp. 265-212, pi. i).— This paper reports biological
studies of (7. longipes, based upon observations of its attack of bamboo
(Dendrocalamns strictus). Life history studies based upon observations of
its attack on Melocanna bamhusoidcs have previously been reported by
Stebbing.«
On the biology of Phytonom.us miurinus and its parasites, N. A. Grossheim
(Reprint from Ent. TiHstmk [Kiev], 2 (1913), No. 1. pp. 21, figs. 15; abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), -Ser. A, No. 2, pp. 108-110).— This is a report of
investigations conducted in the government of Kuban in response to a request
from this Department for information on the parasites of the alfalfa weevil.
Parasites of all stages of the weevil were discovered. The larva of an un-
determined pteromalid feeds externally upon the eggs, the percentage of in-
festation being 13.33. Canidiella curculionis, an external parasite, attacks the
larva; of the host in the later stages, the parasitism reaching 3.16 per cent.
The larvae of P. murinus are also infested by two chalcidids, Tetrastichus sp.,
which is a primary internal parasite, and Dibrachoides (Pteromalus) dynaster,
an external parasite, the percentage of parasitism by these two species being
low. The pupae of P. murinus were parasitized externally by Eulophus sp., and
internally by Pimpla maoulator, the latter being the most important enemy
and attacking 25 per cent of the pupae.
During the year the natural enemies destroyed 71 per cent of the weevils.
Consumption of a hive of bees during the year, R. Hommell (Vie Agr. et
Rurale, 2 (1913), No. 22, pp. 653-655, figs. 2; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 (1913), No. 8, pp. 1266, 1267).— It is
stated that " the daily consumption of a bee varies from 0.003 to 0.12 gm. ac-
« Departmental Notes on Insects that Affect Forestry, II (Calcutta. 1903, pp. 193-197).
62 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
cording to tlie conditions of life, with a fairly general mean of 0.03 gm. The
total food consumed by a worker larva in its feeding period is 0.4 gm. ; the
daily consumption of a drone is 0.04 to 0.05 gm."
It is estimated that the total annual consumption of a hive of bees is 480
lbs., of which maintenance of the bees requires 400 lbs., feeding of brood 70 lbs.,
and wax production 10 lbs.
Report on a collection of Hymenoptera made in Guam, Marianne Islands,
D. T. FuLLAWAY (Proc. Hawaii. Ent. 8oc., 2 (1913), No. 5, pp. 282-290).— Im
this paper, which is based upon a collection of insects made by the author
during the course of an official trip to the island of Guam in 1911, 53 species
are listed and 11 are described as new to science. These include several
species of some economic importance, namely, Scleroderma duarteanum, reared
from a colopterous larva in cacao; Allotropa thompsoni, reared from a mealy
bug (Pseudococcus sp.) on Ahrus ahrus; and Cirrospiloideus guamensis, reared
from lepidoterous miners in Terminalia catappa and Heritieria littoralis.
A list by W. M. Wheeler of the Formicidse collected has previously been noted
(E. S. R., 27, p. 264).
A note on two species of bassid Ichneumonidse parasitic on a species of
Eyrphid larva, A. E. Cameron {Entomologist, Ji6 (1913), No. 599, pp. 130, 131). —
During the course of investigations at the University of Manchester the author
found that pupae of Platycfieirus albimanus were parasitized by the two ichneu-
monids Hom,ocidus dimddiatus and H. tarsatorius. This syrphid is said to prey
upon PtcrocaUis tilia\ an aphid infesting lime trees (Tilia grandiflora) .
On some new and other species of Hymenoptera in the collections of the
zoological branch of the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, P. Cameron
{Indian Forest Rec., 4 (1913), No. 2, pp. III-\-S3). — The first part of this paper
(pp. 1-20) deals with the parasitic Hymenoptera reared at Dehra Dun from the
lac (Tachardia) and sal insects. Several of the genera and species which are
here de.scribed and enumerated appear to be of economic importance.
The second part (pp. 21-33) on some new and other species of nonparasitic
Hymenoptera includes a description of a new species of sawfly (Lophyrus in-
dicus ) .
Oophthora semblidis (Pentarthron carpocapsae), description, biology, and
utilization of it in the struggle with Carpocapsa pomonella, A. F. Radetzky
(Turkest. Ent. Stan^t'a, 1913, pp. 28, pi. 1; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent.. 1 {1913),
Ser. A, No. 11, pp. 431, 432). — This chalcidid egg parasite is said to be the most
important enemy of the codling moth in many districts of Russia.
The eradication of mosquitoes by the cultivation of bats, C. A. R. Camp-
bell (A&s. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^ Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Dis-
eases, 4 {1913), No. 8, pp. 1175-1181, pis. 2).— The author points out that
mosquitoes may form as high as 90 per cent of the food of bats. A wooden
tower or " hygiostatic guano-producing bat roost,'* which he has devised for the
colonization and protection of bats and erected near a large body of standing
water located 10 miles south of the city of San Antonio, Tex., is described and
illustrated, and the results obtained with it during the years 1911 and 1912 are
reported.
" The commercial feature in the propagation of bats will insure its adoption,
the hygienic benefits that follow will protect the community in which they are
erected, especially the poorer classes who know nothing of the dangers of the
mosquitoes or the use of screens, and amongst whom we find the most sickness.
When we propagate this most useful creature, he not only destroys the disease-
producing mosquito that serves it as food, but it actually converts that most
malevolent of insects into a high grade fertilizer."
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 63
House flies and disease, E. H. Ross {Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts. 62 {lOJJt). No.
3200, pp. 388-397).— A popular discussion.
Fruit flies and other insects attacking cultivated and wild fruits in New
South Wales, W. B. Gurney (Dept. Ayr. N. S. Wales Fanners' Bui. 55 (1912),
pp. 31, fi(/s. Jfl). — Most of the data here presented have been previously noted
from auolhor source (E. S. II., 27, p. 54).
A dipterous parasite of Glossina morsitans, E. E. Austen (Bui. Ent. Re-
search, 5 (1914), No. 1, pp. 91-93, fig. i).— A bombyliid of the subfamily
Exoprosopiuai, reared from a pupa of G. morsitans collected in northern Rho-
desia and here described as Villa lloydi n. sp., is said to be the first dipteran to
be recorded as parasitic on any tsetse fly.
[The rearing of pomace flies on sterile media], A. Delcoubt and E.
GuYifiNOT (IV. Conf. Internat. Gen^tique Paris, Compt. Rend, ct Raps., 1911,
pp. 478-Jf87). — The authors have succeeded in rearing five generations of Dro-
sophila ampelophila and one of D. confusa in absolutely sterile conditions and
here describe the means by which this was successfully accomplished.
Oil sprays. — Five years' successful use, P. R. Jones (Better Fruit, 8 (191'4),
No. 7, pp. 33-38). — The author gives a general r6sum6 of the different types of
oil and oil preparations that have been used in the past throughout the United
States, with special I'eference to the Pacific coast, with data on the types of oil
used and the ones that should be used, manner of making emulsions and mis-
cible oils, the insects against which they should be used, safety to the tree from
these preparations, and the cost of the treatment.
FOODS— HUMAN NTJTRITION.
Clams, oysters, scallops (Maine Sia. Off. Insp. 55 (1913), pp. H9-15Q). — The
handling and marketing of shellfish are discussed on the basis of experimental
studies, with special reference to the state pure food law.
Fresh clams opened in the laboratory " gave in dry matter from the drained
meat 24.9 per cent of total dry solids." The sample analyzed from a lot of clams
which had been soaked gave 15.9 per cent total dry matter, a difference of 9
per cent.
"Dealers and shippers of clams in this State are practically unanimous in
the thought that opened clams will not keep longer than 24 hours in their own
liquor." The almost imiversal practice to open the clams as promptly as possible
after digging and throw the clam liquids away and then wash the clams in
fresh water renders dealers liable to prosecution, provided there is evidence
that the clams have been soaked or adulterated in any way.
With a view to testing the effects of different methods of handling, clams
were examined which were opened raw and which were opened after dipping
in hot sea water and after dipping in hot fresh water. " The highest per-
centages of dry solids in the clams were obtained from those that were opened
raw. In general the dry solids of clams were slightly lower in hot salt water
than when opened raw, and considerably lower when dipped in hot fresh water
than in the case of either of the others. The Keag River clams which were
opened in hot salt water carried 20.7 per cent of dry solids of clams. When
allowed to soak overnight in salt water the solids fell in the clams to 15.3
per cent."
To comply with the Maine food standards, " opened clams must be sold
drained and without any surplus liquid. . . . They may be rinsed in water but
must not remain in water more than 1 minute. When it is desired to heat clams
before they are opened they may be immersed in hot water not more than 2
minutes. They may then be immediately put into cold water for not more than 2
64 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
minutes. The clams then should be opened, drained and handled exactly the
same as raw opened clams. Natural clam liquid or juice may be sold as such
but can not be mixed with opened clams and the mixture sold as clams. The
solids and liquids of clams are quite constant. By laboratory methods it is
readily ascertained whether the above conditions have been complied with."
The results of the examination of a number of samples of clams are reported.
Data are also given regarding the examination of a number of samples of
oysters and of scallops. It is pointed out that the situation as regards oysters
"has steadily and markedly improved during the past five years," with refer-
ence to the proportion of total solids and total dry matter present.
" Scallops as sold in the market consist of the large muscle that holds the
two shells together. The remainder of the scallop is thrown away as unfit
for food. There are two species of scallop, the giant scallop which is the one
that is fished in Maine waters, and the ordinary scallop of more southern
waters. . . .
" The scallops grow in deep water and are obtained by dredging. The Maine
fishing grounds extend from Penobscot Bay east. As a rule the fishermen open
and ' cut ' their scallops the night of the day of fishing. As soon as the scallops
are ' cut ' the edible portion or muscle is put in a tub with salt water. They
are usually delivered to the shippers in this condition."
The method of handling and marketing scallops is described. After weighing,
dealers usually wash them with fresh water, drain them, keep them in sea
water overnight (1 gal. to a 10-gal. bucket of scallops), then wash them again
in fresh water, drain them, and after draining ship them in bags placed in tubs
containing chopped ice. The shippers claim that the scallops are covered with
a slime and that it is necessary to wash them thoroughly in fresh water or else
the scallops will not keep. They also claim that this method of shipping is
better than shipping in vessels surrounded by ice. The results obtained in the
examination of scallops make it probable that " Maine scallops treated as out-
lined above would cany not less than 20 per cent dry matter in the scallops,
with an average higher than that figure."
The food value of fish after cold storage {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62
(1914), No. 3, pp. 208, 209).— A digest of data in which it is pointed out that
although the possibilities of preserving fresh fish by the freezing process are
excellent, such processes " do not give a clean bill of health to animal tissues
removed from cold storage and exposed until sold or even kept iced in a common
refrigerator. Neither can spoiled food be adequately preserved by any method.
It is unfortunate that the efficiency of useful processes is sometimes impugned
by unjustifiable api^lications of it. This has been true of cold storage."
Studies on the ripening and decomposition of meat, D. Ottolenghi (Ztschr.
Vntersuck. Nahr. u. Genitssmtl., 26 {1913), No. 12, pp. 728-758. figs. S).— On the
basis of physico-chemical and bacteriological studies of the changes which take
place in meat during ripening and the early stages of decomposition, the author
proposes a method for judging the relative freshness of meat. He regards the
method as simple, rapid, and adequate for the purpose, providing the results of
bacteriological studies are also taken into account.
The slaughtering and meat packing industry {TMrteenth Census U. S.,
10 {1913), pp. 331-353, figs. 2). — According to the classification adopted for
presenting the statistics of the Census for 1909, the slaughtering and meat pack-
ing industry includes wholesale slaughtering and meat packing establishments,
public abattoirs, and establishments making a specialty of manufacturing sau-
sage, but does not include the retail butcher business. The report distinguishes
three classes of establishments: (1) Those whose chief products are cured and
POODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 65
packed meats; (2) those whose chief products are fresh meats; and (3) those
whose chief product is sausage.
Of the 1,641 establishments canvassed, 40 per cent were engaged primarily in
slaughtering and meat packing; "these establishments employed 90.7 per cent
of the total number of wage-earners and contributed products to the value of
$1,204,248,578, or 87.9 per cent of the total for the industry as a whole.
Although establishments engaged chiefly in slaughtering formed approximately
1/3 (34.4 per cent) of the total number, they employed only 7.2 per cent of the
total number of wage-earners, and the value of their products represented but
]1 per cent of the total for the entire industry. The 420 establishments engaged
chiefly in the manufacture of sausage reported 2.1 per cent of the wage-earners
and contributed 1.1 per cent of the total value of products. In the case of estab-
lishments engaged primarily in meat packing, the cost of materials equaled 88
per cent of the value of products; in the case of those engaged primarily in
slaughtering, 87.4 per cent ; and of those making sausage, 75.8 per cent."
Eggs from the standpoint of nutrition, Delate (Bui. Soc. Chim. Belg., 27
{1918), No. 12, pp. SIO, 311). — In connection with this discussion of the
nutritive value of eggs, statistics regarding egg production, particularly in
Belgium, are given.
A study of flours and meals of different sorts, E. Gury (Mitt. Lehensm.
llntersuch. u. Ilyg., Schweiz. GsmlJmimt., Jf {1913), No. 3, pp. 112-121, fig. 1).—
Determinations of water, water absorbing power, protein, gluten, cellulose, and
gliadin were made with ground wheat, rice, beans, potatoes, and other materials.
The results obtained are reported, but the article as a whole is chiefly concerned
with a comparison of methods.
Flour-mill and gristmill industry {Thirteenth Census U. 8., 10 {1913),
pp. 403-Jf26, figs. 2). — Of the 23,652 mills canvassed for this report, which
covers the year 1909, moi'e than half were custom mills, but of the total value
of the products ($938,699,958). only $55,115,553, or 5.9 per cent, was contributed
by this class. " More than three-fourths of the merchant mills were engaged
chiefly in the manufacture of wheat flour and other products intended for
human consumption, and the value of the products of these mills was $832,-
790,364, or 88.7 per cent of the total for all mills combined.
" For both custom and merchant mills the value of products includes the esti-
mated value of the flour and other products obtained from grain ground on a
custom basis, and, similarly, the figures for cost of materials include the esti-
mated cost of such grain. ... " The flour-mill and gristmill industry is one
in which the cost of materials constitutes a very large proportion of the total
value of products, the process of manufacture itself being relatively simple and
inexpensive. The total cost of the materials used by all mills in 1909 was
$813,891,347, which was equal to about seven-eighth (86.7 per cent) of the total
value of products, while the value added by manufacture (that is, the value of
products less the cost of materials) was only $124,808,611."
Digestion experiments on men with cotton-seed meal, J. B. Rather {Texas
8ta. Bui. 163 {1913), pp. 26).— In continuation of earlier work (B. S. R., 23,
p. 566), using men as subjects, the author studied the digestibility of cotton-
seed meal in comparison with meat and canned chicken loaf, these foods being
used as a part of a simple mixed diet. The cotton-seed meal (or flour) was
made into bread with corn meal, in the proportion of 1 : 2 in the flrst case and
of about 1 : 4 in the second case. The urine was analyzed as well as the food
and feces.
According to the author's summary, "7 digestion experiments were made
with men ; 3 being with cotton-seed meal, 2 with cotton-seed flour, and 2 with
meat.
66 EXtEEiMENT STATION RECORD.
" The digestibility of the protein of cotton-seed meal averaged 77.6 per cent
and that of cotton-seed meal-flour 78.4 per cent. ... It is eight-tenths as
digestible as that of meat and nine-tenths as digestible as that of cereals, and
equally as digestible as that of peas and beans.
" The digestibility of the fat of cotton-seed meal and flour appears to be very
high. The fats are probably digested about 95 per cent and the carbohydrates
about 68 per cent. The fat of meat was digested 99 per cent. . . .
" Cotton-seed food products made from 1 part cotton-seed meal and 4 parts
wheat flour contain from one-third to less than one-half more digestible protein
than eggs. The digestible fat and carbohydrates of cotton-seed meal, calculated
as fat, are nearly equal in amount to that of beef flank, and more than equal to
that of beef loin and mutton leg."
A number of recipes are given for making cotton-seed meal food products.
In the author's opinion, these foods are as palatable as similar ones made from
corn meal or wheat flour.
" In preparing cotton-seed cakes or bread, use 1 part cotton-seed meal or
flour to 4 parts corn meal or wheat flour, and use the same recipes commonly
used for wheat and corn bread and cakes. . . .
" One part of fresh, sweet meal, sifted free from hulls and lint should be
used mixed with at least 4 parts of corn meal or wheat flour. Diluted in this
way, few people will be able to eat more than 2 oz. of cotton-seed meal daily.
Cotton-seed meal should not be eaten in addition to meat, unless it is known
that too little meat is being eaten."
In a preface to the bulletin, G. S. Fraps summarizes similar data regarding
the general question of the use of cotton-seed meal as food for man.
Rice cleaning and polishing (Thirteenth Census U. S., 10 (1913), pp. 451-
Ji59). — Of the 71 establishments included in making the report for 1909, 41
were engaged exclusively in merchant milling, 8 exclusively in custom milling,
and 22 in both merchant and custom milling, but largely merchant milling. In
1904 there were 12 mills engaged exclusively in merchant milling, 31 exclu-
sively in custom milling, and 31 in both merchant and custom milling, the
larger part of the operations of mills of the last class being custom milling.
A total of 1,777 persons were engaged in the 71 establishments included. Of
these, 1,239 were wage-earners. " The value of products was $22,371,457, but the
value added by manufacture was only $2,870,377."
In a comparison of the present with earlier statistics, it is pointed out that
" rice has been cultivated in the United States for more than 200 years, and
prior to the Civil War had reached considerable proportions. The largest
gain, however, has occurred during the last decade, during which period the
production quadrupled."
With the exception of Oregon and Washington, where only foreign-grown
rice was treated, the rice cleaning and polishing industry in the United States
was confined in 1909 to six Southern States (Arkansas, Louisiana, South Caro-
lina, Texas, Georgia, and North Carolina). The establishments there treated
domestic rice exclusively. Louisiana reported 56 per cent of the total value
of products, and Texas 36.4 per cent.
The soy bean and its use for food and condimental purposes, C. Grimme
(Eonscrv. Ztg., 15 (1914), A'o.s. 1, pp. 1-3; 2, pp. 10, 11). — Data are presented
regarding the manufacture, characteristics, composition, and uses of soy bean
milk, soy bean cheese (curd), soy bean bread, soy sauce, and other products.
Servian plum butter (Konserv. Ztg., 15 (1914), No. 2, pp. 11, 12). — A sum-
mary of studies by W. Brunetti on the composition and characteristics of a
large number of samples.
FOODS — HUMAN" NUTRITION. 67
Canning and preserving {Thirteenth Census U. 8., 10 (1913), pp. 319-401,
fig. 1). — Statistics are presented for the year 1909 in comparison with other
years for the canning and preserving industry as a whole. Four classes of es-
tablishments are talien into account, namely: (1) Those whose chief products
are canned and preserved fruits and vegetables, including dried and packed
fruits put up by the packing house; (2) those whose chief products are canned
and cured fish, including pickled, smoked, and dried fish; (3) those whose chief
products are canned oysters and clams; and (4) those whose chief products are
pickles, preserves, jellies, sauces, etc.
In 1909 the industry as a whole gave employment on the average to 71,972 per-
sons, of whom 59,968 were wage-earners, and paid out $26,945,466 in salaries
and wages.
" In the canning and preserving industry the cost of materials constitutes
a large proportion of the total value of products, the processes of manufacture
being relatively simple and inexpensive. The combined cost of the materials
used by all four branches of the industry in 1909 was $101,823,059, which is
equal to 64.8 per cent of the total value of products ($157,101,201). . . ,
" In the case of establishments engaged primarily in canning fruits and veg-
etables the cost of materials represented 68.4 per cent of the value of products;
in the case of those handling fish principally, 62.4 per cent; of those chiefly
canning oysters and clams, 55.8 per cent ; and of those making chiefly pickles,
preserves, and sauces, 58.4 per cent. It should be noted that the cost of cans
and other containers is an important factor in the cost of materials."
Tin poisoning from canned asparagus, A. Fbiedmann (Ztschr. Uyg. u.
Infektionskrank., 75 (1913), No. 1, pp. 55-61). — Experimental data led the
author to conclude that canned asparagus may be the cause of tin poisoning.
Carbonated and other beverages (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 56 (1914), PP- 12). —
Data are given regarding the character of malt extract and beerlike beverages
containing a low percentage of alcohol and also regarding the examination of a
number of bottling establishments.
Laws, rules, and regulations pertaining to [foods, drugs, etc.] (In Nehr.
Food, Drug, Dairy and Oil Com. Laics, Lvncoln, 1913, pp. 77). — The text of the
laws pertaining to foods, drugs, paints and oils, cold storage, petroleum prod-
ucts, weights and measures, commission merchants, and other related subjects
is included.
Report upon an act relative to the cold storage of certain food products
(Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 44 (1912), pp. 453-462). — Data are given regard-
ing the licensed cold-storage or refrigerating warehouses and cold-storage rooms
in the State. Rules and regulations governing the business of cold storage,
made under the provisions of the state law, are given in full.
Results of analyses of food samples (Mo. Bid. Ind. Bd. Health, 16 (1913),
No. 11, p. 277). — According to the data summarized, out of a total of 1,257
samples of miscellaneous foodstuffs examined during the year ended September
30. 1913, 31.9 per cent were adulterated.
Food and drug inspection (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 44 (1912), pp. 381-
891). — Out of a total of 7,617 samples examined, 1,780 did not conform to the
provisions of the state law.
Report of the analyst, H. C. Lythgoe (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 44
(1912), pp. 393-452, figs. 3). — Details are given of the year's work in the
examination of foods and drugs. See above.
[Examination of food materials], H. E. Wiedemann et al. (Bui. Food and
Drug Dept. Missouri [1913], pp. 46). — Data are given regarding a large number
of samples.
68 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Of 370 samples of food materials, soft drinks, and miscellaneous materials
examined, 147 were not passed. Reports of inspection work and of the legal
department of the pure food and drug work are included.
Drugs (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 48 (WIS), pp. 21-28).— Data are given regard-
ing the inspection of drug stores and the examination of a number of drugs.
Protection of food offered for sale (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 49 (1913), pp.
29-36). — Questions which have to do with the contamination and protection of
food are discussed, with special reference to the provisions of the Maine state
law.
[The possibility of conveying typhoid fever by clothing, contaminated
food, and soiled fingers], S. L. Cummins (Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 20
(1913), No. 6, pp. 635-665, fig. 1). — In an article on the causation and preven-
tion of enteric fever in military service, with special reference to the impor-
tance of typhoid carriers, experimental data are reported which demonstrate
the possibility of conveying this disease by means of the clothing and the soile'l
fingers of typhoid carriers, as well as the results of experiments which have
to do with the possibility of the survival of the living Bacillus typhosus in
foods and of the infection of foods by typhoid carriers.
" It is obvious that the contamination of food before cooking will usually
be rendered harmless when the temperature of the food is raised. Contamina-
tion after cooking will be very dangerous even if the food is consumed immedi-
ately after the contamination takes place. The fingers of a typhoid carrier may
be the vehicles of millions of germs. A single drop of urine . . . may contain
anything from 1,000,000 to 300,000,000 typhoid bacilli, and these will multiply
in soup at the temperature of serving. Again, soup contaminated, allowed to
cool, and ' warmed up ' again to a temperature just pleasant for drinking, may
be very dangerous, especially if the soup has been covered to keep out dust in
the interim."
Fecal contamination of roller towels (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 44
(1912), pp. 549-552). — The experimental data reported showed that a consider-
able portion of public roller towels became thus contaminated. The possibility
of spreading typhoid infection by such means is pointed out. Such work has a
direct bearing on the possibility of conveying disease by means of contaminated
food.
The grocer's encyclopedia, compiled by A. Ward (ISIeio York, 1911, pp. 748,
l)ls. 80, figs. 373). — This volume, designed especially for grocers and general
storekeepers, gives data regarding foods and their origin and care in the home
and market, and other general infoi'mation. The material is arranged alpha-
betically and the text is supplemented by numerous illustrations.
Yearly and monthly prices of the most important foodstuffs and other
household materials in 155 districts in Prussia in the year 1911 (Prciiss.
matis.. No. 232 (1911), pp. Xni+196).—A large amount of statistical data is
presented. The introduction is contributed by F. Kiihnert.
Dining at the Alexandra Trust (Epicure, 21 (1914), ^o. 242, p. 28). — In an
article by P. Gibbs from the Daily Chronicle, London, some information is
given regarding the sale of wholesome and nutritious, yet inexpensive, meals
at this hotel designed for working people.
Portable rations, G. Fahey (Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 21 (1913), No. 1,
pp. 87-89). — Suggestions are made regarding the make-up of a portable ration
for army use which would supply the food necessary for a number of days.
[Menu making and the nutritive value of meals], Emma S. Jacobs (Jour.
Home Econ., 6 (1914), ^^o. 1, pp. 15-20, 57-62). — The author discusses ways in
which the results of studies of housekeeping problems may be made of practi-
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 69
cal use to the housekeeper in arrauging a diet which is in reasonable accord
with dietary standards, due regard being paid to cost and to character of
materials.
Feeding experiments with isolated food substances, T. B. Osbokne, L. B.
Mendel, and Edna L. Febby {Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 156, pt. 2 {1911),
pp. 111+55-138, pis. 2, figs. 108). — Continuing work previously noted (E. S. R.,
25, p. 864), the authors report investigations of the nutrition factors which
influence growth. In the experimental data cited laboratory animals (rats)
were used.
Especial attention is paid to such problems as the suspension of growth on a
maintenance diet, the effect of stunting on the growth impulse, the effect of
partial starvation on body weight and on the nervous system, a comparison of
milk and mixed diet, and a study of isolated proteins and " protein-free " milk.
Conclusions from the authors' discussion of the results presented and their
bearings follow :
"A comparison of the two groups of proteins — those adequate and those
inadequate for growth purposes — at once reveals the fact that the latter cate-
gory comprises proteins (gliadin, hordein, zein) commonly spoken of as chemi-
cally ' incomplete.' They lack one or more of the amino acid complexes which
are obtainable from the so-called * complete ' proteins. >Cone of them furnish
glycocoll or lysin, and zein in addition is devoid of tryptophane. By feeding
relatively small quantities of proteins like casein with gliadin growth begins
at once. Here we can determine the minimum of suitable protein to satisfy
this growth requirement. . . . The addition of amino acids to ' complete,'
as it were, the inadequate proteins can now be studied amid controllable
factors; the biological role of hydrolyzed proteins and the significance of com-
plete hydrolysis or digestion in nutrition can be examined anew.
"The experiences which have demonstrated the striking differences in value
of the individual proteins and the small proportion of casein which suflices to
induce growth instead of standstill . . . emphasize the importance of the
purity of the protein fed. . . .
" The animals must here have synthesized their phosphorous compounds
from inorganic phosphorus. Whether milk production and other functions call-
ing for such synthetic reactions will continue adequately is open to investi-
gation. It is also noteworthy that all of our animals grow on a dietary that
is purin-free, or essentially so. Here the question of purin sybthesis suggests
itself. It is apparent, e. g., in the case of gliadin, that the grown as well as
uugrown rats may be maintained for long periods on single proteins.
" With such an ideal nonprotein dietary component at hand amino acid sub-
stitutions can be attempted in the adult as well as in the growing animal. The
protein minimum (or minima) is also open to accurate investigation. With a
method of feeding devised which will permit a differentiation between growth
and maintenance, which furnishes an energy-yielding protein-free component
that is appropriate, and leaves the protein as the sole variable in the dietary,
we believe that further contributions can be made to the problems of nutrition."
Influencing the bone growth by food poor in phosphorus, G. Schmobl
{Arch. Expt. Path. it. Phannahol., 13 {1913), No. 4, pp. 313-3Jt6, fig. 1; ahs. in
Chem. Zentbl., 1913, II, No. 21, pp. 1813, 1814).— In experiments with labora-
tory animals (dogs) it was found that food poor in phosphorus resulted in a
diminished production of bone substance.
Experiments bearing on the functions of the liver in the metabolism of
fats, I, H. S. Rapee {Jour. Biol. Chem., 14 {1913), No. 2, pp. 117-134).— In this,
the first of his studies of the digestion and absorption of fat, the author reports
70 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
experiments on the hepatic functions in fat metabolism, using laboratory ani-
mals as subjects.
According to the author's summary, " coconut oil administered to cats or dogs
by the mouth can be detected in the liver in 5 or 6 hours. The amount present
after times varying from 5 to 12 hours does not exceed 6 per cent of that
absorbed."
When a solution of coconut oil soaps containing glycerin and bile salts was
lun into the small intestine, and vphen a very fine emulsion of coconut oil was
given intravenously, much larger percentages, respectively, of the absorbed
fatty acid and of the oil were found in the liver.
" It is probable that the greater retention of the oil by the liver when it is
administered in the form of soap or a fine emulsion is partly due to the anes-
thetic and partly to the rapidity of administration.
" When coconut oil is being absorbed, the fat in the chyle contains fatty acids
with an average higher molecular weight than those in the oil administered.
It is probable, therefore, that tlie lower fatty acids in the oil are partly absorbed
as sodium salts.
" The volatile acids obtained from the liver in the above sets of experiments
absorbed more iodin than the volatile acids from normal livers. The increase
was not great but it probably indicates that saturated fatty acids containing
10, 12, or 14 carbon atoms may become unsaturated in the liver."
On tke reinspiration of expired air, T. R. Crowdeb (Arch. Int. Med., 12
{1913), No. 4, pp. 420-^50; ahs. in Zentbl. Biochetn. u. Biophys., 16 (1913), No.
i-2, p. 48). — According to the author's conclusion, with complete body rest,
from 1 to 2 per cent of the expired air is again inspired.
A study of the hygienic condition of the air in textile mills with reference
to the influence of artificial humidification, H. W. Clark and S. DeM. Gage
(Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., U U912), pp. 655-692).— Methods for examining
air are described and the effect of humidifying air discussed on the basis of the
experimental data recorded.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Genetics, H. E. Walter (New York, 1913, pp. Xir+272, pi. 1, figs. 11).—
Chajiters are included in this book on the carriers of the heritage, variation,
mutation, the inheritance of acquired characters, the pure line, segregation
and dominance, reversion to old types and the making of new ones, blending
inheritance, the determination of sex, the application to man, and human
conservation. . A bibliography of 26 references is appended.
The present state of the question of inbreeding in Germany, H. Kraemer
{Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bill. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913),
No. 8, pp. 1150-1157). — It is stated that "in Germany in all the important
Ijranches of stock breeding the question of inbreeding is being most actively
studied. Instead of entertaining opinions, views, and prejudices, the tendency
is to form a solid foundation of facts. These efforts have a far-reaching im-
portance and in all cases when the herd books have allowed it they have
obtained valuable results. It has been found everywhere that really important
breeding animals always belong to families in which tlie excellence of their
blood is especially due to a few preeminent ancestors, and when this is recog-
nized the real value of inbreeding and of lines of blood is put in its true
light. ... On the whole the present tendency is toward emphasizing selection,
a more rigorous picking out of favorable hereditary variations."
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 71
Kespiration and assimilation in ruminants, X. Zuntz, R. von dee Heide,
Klein, et al. (Landiv. Vers. Stat., 119-80 {1913), jrp. 781-SU, fig. 1). — This out-
lines methods for the study of the respiration and assimilation processes in the
ruminant, giving a description of the respiration apparatus used.
Importance of calcium and phosphoric acid in the animal organism. — II,
Value of the principal phosphorus compounds to the ruminant, G. Fingek-
LiNG (Landiv. Vers. Stat., 79-SO (1913), irp. S47--S70).— Results of experiments
in the feeding of casein, phytin, lecithin, nuclein, sodium nucleinate, and di-
sodium phosphate in rations to goats indicated that a comparatively large per-
centage of the P2O5 in these phosphorus-containing materials was retained by
the animal body.
Calculation of market value of feeding stuffs, T. Pfeiffer (Landiv. Vers.
Stat., 79-80 (1913), pp. 279-321) .—Basing his calculations on the manurial
value of the nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid contained in feeding stuffs,
the digestible protein, end Kellner's starch values, the author estimates the
actual value of various feeding stuffs as determined by local prices.
Method of estimating the market value of feeding stuffs on tlie Kellne-
basis, H. Neubauer (Landw. Vers. Stat., 79-80 (1913), pp. 465-490, fig. 1). —
Taking the local prices for a number of feeding stuffs, the author calculates the
fictual market value per kilogram of starch and of digestible protein. A gradu-
ated scale is then proposed for estimating the value of feeds, based on fluctuat-
ing market prices.
Composition and digestibility of the chloroform extract of hays and
fodders, G. S. Fraps and J. B. Rather (Texas Sta. Bid. 162 (1913), pp. 5-20).—
These studies have been previously reported from another source (E. S. R., 28,
p. 69), and continue earlier work (E. S. R., 28, p. 108). The composition and
average digestibility of the constituents of chloroform extract of the following
hays and fodders are given : Alfalfa hay, Bermuda hay, buffalo grass hay, bur
clover, corn shucks, Guam grass, Johnson grass, Johnson grass hay, Kafir corn
fodder, millet, oat hay. Para grass hay, peanut hay, rice straw (Japan), rice
straw (Honduras), sorghum hay, and vetch hay. -
Preliminary investigation into the variation in the physical composition
of wheat milling offals, H. T. Cranfield (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 102-110). — With a view to obtaining a definite classification of wheat
milling offals, a study was made of the appearance, physical composition, siev-
ing, apparent density, proportion of flour, and purity of a large number of
samples ranging in grade from fine middlings to coarse bran.
The samples were graded into 10 classes by their appearance. The percentage
of moisture varied in different samples, ranging from 16.21 to 11.37, but is not
regarded as a factor to be considered in this classification. The germ content
of the offals was small ?nd was also of little importance. The husk and flour
constituents were found to be the most important items in solving the problems
of grading. The separation of the flour from the husk by sieving was found to
be impracticable.
The following method was evolved for determining the densities of husk and
flour, and gave figures showing quite a large variation between the finest and
coarsest offals: "About 20 gm. of the offal was dried in a steam oven at 100° C.
for 5 hours (this was found to be ample time for completely drying the sub-
stance). After cooling in a desiccator 15 gm. was quickly weighed out and
transferred to a 100 cc. graduated cylinder, the cylinder being gently tapped
while the offal was sifted in. The cylinder was then jolted on a wooden slab
luitil the contents had leached approximately a constant volume. Finally a
100-gm. lead weight (made to fit the cylinder exactly, and having a stout rubber
48450°— No. 1—14 6
72
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
washer glued to the bottom) was gently lowered on to the surface of the offal
in the cylinder, and the tapping continued until the volume was constant. The
whole test occupied not more than 4 minutes."
With normal samples the method gave results agreeing fairly well with the
classification according to appearance. It is assumed that the apparent density
figure varies directly as the percentages of flour and husk and the fineness of
these two fractions. The proportion of flour in the sample was determined by
estimating the percentage of starch in the substance and multiplying this by a
factor. The washings from a sample of the offal were centrifuged, the deposit
of starch washed with alcohol, dried, and weighed, and the percentage of crude
starch calculated. Fine offals contained protein matter ranging from 2.3 to 3.8
per cent, and coarse offals approximately 13.5 per cent. The crude starch per-
centage ranged from approximately 45 in the first group to 15 per cent in the
tenth group.
A purity test showed the principal impurities to be weed seeds and oat husk.
It is believed that these and other impurities should be excluded from commer-
cial products so far as possible. It is recommended that a series of determina-
tions, consisting of percentage of moisture, apparent density, percentage of
starch, and purity be agreed upon ; that a series of grades of offals be arranged
with stated limits for percentage of starch and apparent density; that limits
be set for all offals as regards percentage of moisture and purity; that local
names be dropped as far as possible and such names as " fourths," " thirds,"
" seconds," " bran," and " broad bran " be utilized for the standard grades ; and
that millers be asked to cooperate in some definite scheme for bringing all wheat
offals within the range of a system of standardization such as suggested here.
The making and feeding of silage, T. E. Woodwabd et ai-. ( JJ. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 578 (1914), pp- 24, figs. 6). — This is a revision of and supersedes
Farmers' Bulletin 556 (E. S. R., 29, p. 869).
Silos and ensilage, W. R. Dodson and C. H. Staples {Louisiaiva, Stas. Bui.
IJfS (191.'i), pp. 20, figs. 15). — This bulletin contains general information on silo
construction, silage crops, and rations containing silage.
Composition and value of grapevines as feed material, M. Kling (Landtc.
Vers. Stat., 79-80 {1913), pp. 737-77i).— In this article numerous experiments
are cited showing the value of grapevines as feed material for milch cattle and
sheep.
The average composition of various portions of the vine is reported as
follows :
Composition of grapevines.
Portion of vine.
Water.
Protein.
Fat.
Nitrogen-
free
extract.
Fiber.
Ash.
Entire vine
Per cent
72.59
71.43
73.06
Per cent.
3.85
1.33
4.86
Per cent.
0.90
.25
1.16
Per cent.
15.06
16.60
14.47
Per cent.
5.52
9.04
4.08
Per cent.
2.08
Wood, material
1.35
Foliage
2.37
The digestibility of the foliage was found to be protein 59 per cent, fat 79,
nitrogen-free extract 65, fiber 38 ; and for the woody material, 15, 88, 42, and 19
per cent, respectively. The ash of the foliage was found to contain phosphoric
acid 11.66 per cent, calcium 32.04, and potassium 18.61; the woody material,
31.99, 19.77, and 34.04 per cent, respectively; and the entire vine, 11.56, 29.91
and 21,45 per cent, respectively.
A bibliography of 27 references is appended.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 73
Commercial feeding stuffs, R. E. Stallings (Bui. Ga. Dept. Agr., No. 60
(litis), pp. 119, fig. 1). — This reports analyses of the following feeding stuffs:
Molasses feed, meat scrap, alfalfa uieal. dried-beet pulp, rice bran, rice polish,
tankage, crushed oats, proprietary mixed feeds, poultry and stock feeds, cotton-
seed meal, wheat shorts, wheat bran, wheat middlings, ship stuff, white shorts,
corn meal, com bran, hominy meal, and cracked corn.
The text of the law regulating the sale of feeding stuffs is included, together
with rules and regulations relating to the law, standards of purity of grain as
adopted by the commissioner of agriculture and state chemist, grades for com-
mercial corn, definitions of feeds, etc.
Feeding stuff inspection {Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 50 (1913), pp. 37-76).—
Analyses are reported of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed meal, gluten
meal, linseed meal, distillers' grains, red dog flour, wheat middlings, bran,
hominy feed, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
The chief requirements of the Maine feeding stuffs law are enumerated.
Tlie analysis and registration of commercial feedstuffs, L. A. Fitz (Kansas
Sta. Bui. 195 (1913), pp. 493-520) .—This bulletin gives a list of firms register-
ing feeds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, with guaranties, a table giv-
ing average analyses of mill products for the previous year, a discussion of
the state feeding stuffs law, and other data.
Feeding stuffs, A. P. Sandles (Off. Rpt. Sec. Ohio Bd. Agr. on Feed Stuffs,
1912, pp. 128). — ^This reports analyses of the following feeding stuffs: Germ oil
meal, malt sprouts, cotton-seed meal, alfalfa meal, meat meal, hominy feed,
dried distillers' grains, tankage, molasses feeds, gluten feed, gluten meal, rice
meal, bran, chop, dried beet pulp, linseed meal, screenings, beef scrap, barley
sprouts, proprietary mixed feeds, etc. There are included definitions of the
various feeding stuffs, articles on screenings and their use, cotton-seed meal,
cereal milling offals, tankage, and other subjects relating to the feeding of ani-
mals. There is also given an index to manufacturers and dealers in feeding
stuffs, and the text of the Ohio feed stuffs law.
Live stock of the United States (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 575 (1914),
pp. 1-29, 34-39). — "The estimates for January 1, 1914, indicate that there are
20,962,000 horses and 4,449,000 mules in the United States, an average annual
increase of about 1.4 per cent over the number shown by the Census of 1910.
It is estimated that the average farm price of horses has increased from $108.03
in the census year to $109.32 in January, 1914, and in the case of mules from
$120.20 to $123.85 in the same period. On this basis the total farm value of
horses is $2,291,638,000 and of mules $551,017,000, . . . an increase of $194,082,000
over the census year and represents an annual increase of wealth from these
sources of $48,520,000.
" The estimates indicate a slight increase in the number of milch cows since
the census year, equivalent to an increase of about 0.5 per cent, the estimated
number now being 20,737,000. On the other hand, the average farm price of
milch cows has increased from $35.29 in the census year to $53.94 in January,
1914, or an increase of 50.7 per cent. On this basis the farm value of milch
cows now in the United States is estimated at $1,118,487,000 as compared with
their estimated value in the census year of $727,802,000 . . .
" With regard to meat animals, that is, ' other cattle,' sheep, and swine, the
estimates indicate a steady and fairly uniform decrease in the number of cattle
and sheep, a slight increase in the nmuber of swine, and a considerable increase
in the average farm price of cattle and swine since the census year of 1910. In
the case of cattle the number has decreased from 41,178.000 in the census year
to 35,855,000 in January, 1914 ... In the case of sheep the number is esti-
mated to have decreased from 52,448,000 in the census year to 49,719,000
74 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
... In tlie case of swine, the Bureau of the Census reported 58,186,000 on
April 15, 1910 ; on January 1, 1914, it is estimated that there were 58,933,000 in
the United States . . .
"As compared with the census year 1910 it is estimated that the farm price
of cattle other than milch cows has increased from $19.07 to $31.13, or 63.2 per
cent . . . The price of sheep has decreased from an estimated average farm
value of $4.12 in 1910 to $4.04 in 1914 ; swine increased from $9.17 to $10.40 per
head in the same period, or 13.4 per cent.
" The estimated total number of these 3 classes of meat animals on January
1, 1914, is 144.507,000 as compared with 1-51,812,000 in the census year of 1910,
or a decrease of 7,305,000 animals ; but because of the higher prices the present
farm value of these animals is estimated at $1,930,087,000 as compared with
$1,534,600,000 in the census year, or an increase in valuation of $395,487,000."
Relatively to the population, which has increased from 91,972,000 to 98,646,000,
there is an accumulated shortage in the past 4 years of 3.5 per cent in the num-
ber of horses and 9.8 per cent in number of mules, 4.4 in milch cows, 19.2 in
other cattle, 11.6 in sheep, and 5.2 per cent in swine. The contributing causes to
the shortage in number of animals and the geographic redistribution of all
classes of farm animals are discussed.
The per capita consumption of meat was 213.4 lbs. in 1900, 198.4 lbs. in 1909,
160.3 lbs. for 1914 ; and the total consumption was 16,220,000,000 lbs. in 1900,
17,966,000,000 lbs. in 1909, and as roughly estimated 15,810,000,000 lbs. of meat
in 1914. The total production of meat was 18,653,000,000 lbs. in 1900,
19,229,000,000 lbs. in 1909, and the estimate for 1914 is 16,675,000,000 lbs. Ex-
ports of meat decreased from 1900 to the fiscal year 1913 by 64.5 per cent. The
total number of cattle, including a few introduced for breeding purposes, im-
ported in 1912 was 318,372, in 1913, 421,649, and in the first 5 months of 1914,
404,313, almost entirely from Mexico and Canada. The imported sheep of 1912
number 23,588, for 1913, 15,428, and for the first 5 months of 1914, 75,620,
mostly from Canada. During the first 6 months of the fiscal year 1914, the im-
ports of beef and veal had a total of 33,645,364 lbs., of mutton and lamb
439,065 lbs., of pork 286,871 lbs., and of bacon and hams 116,130 lbs. Previous
imports have been very small. The principal countries contributing to the total
imported meat and meat products were in order of magnitude of contribution
Argentina, Canada, and Australia.
A comparative table of old and new tarift rates on meat animals and the
principal meat and meat animal products is given.
Live stock report, Chicago, 1913 (Union Stock Yard and Transit Co. Chi-
cago, Ann. Live Stock Rpt., 48 {1913), pp. 56). — This report gives the receipts
and shipments of live stock at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, for 1913,
together with a summary of receipts, shipments, and valuation of all live
stock during the past 48 years, the range in prices during the year for cattle,
horses, sheep, and hogs, and an account of the grand champion steers and car-
loads of fat cattle shown at the International Stock Show during the past 13
years.
Beef production in the South, W. F. Waed and D. T. Gray ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 580 {1914), pp. 20, figs. 9).— Popular instructions are given on
handling and feeding beef cattle, the best breeds for the South, and the best
pasture plants. Numerous cattle-feeding experiments, previously reported from
other sources, are cited.
Experiments on the moorland pastures, B. Tacke {Landw. Jahrl)., 44 {1913),
A'o. 1-2, pp. 193-261, figs. 4). — This article reports results of extended experi-
ments covering a period of 7 years with steers and oxen pastured on drained
ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 75
and limed moorland meadows. The average daily gains ranged between 1.93
and 2.47 kg. ]ier lieetnro (1.7 to 2.2 Ih.^. i)or acre).
Utilization of skim, milk as feed for calves. — Summary of experiments
carried out on 60 calves, A. Pikocchi {Ann. 1st. Agr. [Milan], 11 (1912-13),
pp. 9-19, figs. 3; Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant
Diseases, 4 {1913), No. 8, pp. 1157-1164, pi. 1, fig. 1).—As the result of feeding
trials with 60 calves it is concluded that skim milk mixed with oleomargarine
and starch treated with diastasolin (a saccharifying substance extracted from
malt) or with levulin ( a distillery product having the power of transforming
starch into dextrin) may be advantageously employed as feed for calves
destined for the butcher.
The jerked beef industry in Argentina, J. E. Richelet {Bol. Min. Agr.
[Buenos Aires], IJj. {1912), No. 9, pp. 986-1029; abs. iti Internat. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, -J {1913), No. i, pp. 643-645). —
It is stated that in 1911 12,975 tons of jerked or salted meat were exportetl from
Argentina. While the industry has been injured by the rise of the cold
stored meat trade it is thought that there is yet a considerable field for it,
especially in Brazil, where a large portion of the beef consumed consists of the
jerked product. The method of preparing jerked beef consists in passing the
flesh from the quarters, neck,, and ribs through one or more vats of brine. It
is then stacked with salt in heaps about 10 ft. high. The stacks are undone
every day, the meat is hung in the sun for 7 or 8 hours, and the stacks are re-
made in reverse order. The process lasts from 12 days to a month according
to the weather.
Primitive breeds of sheep and their crosses {Pastoral Rev., 24 {1914), No. 1,
pp. 49, 50, figs. 3). — An account of the crossing of black ewes of Welsh origin,
Exmoor-bred Cheviots, and Scotch black-faced ewes with a ram from the island
of Soay. It is the purpose of these experiments to furnish information on
the problems of the inheritance of color and born reversion, and on the influence
of environment on the wool, constitution, and fertility of sheep generally. Illus-
trations are given' of a Manx ram, a representative of a breed that exists in
small numbers in the Isle of Man and described as the smallest of breeds ; of
the Hebridean sheep, originally introduced from Norway; and the Piebald
sheep, a breed which has been lost in antiquity.
Breeds of sheep for the farm, F. R. Makshaix {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 576 {1914), pp. 16, figs. 10). — This discusses the breed characteristics and
utility value of the various breeds of middle-wooled and long-wooled sheep.
Mutton, T. G. Pateeson {Univ. Minn., Dept. Agr. Ext. Bui. 45, pp. 16, figs.
27). — This is a popular bulletin treating of the dressing and preparation of
mutton for market and table purposes.
The Angora goat, L. L. Heller (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'" Bill. 573 {1914),
pp. 16, figs. 6). — ^This treats of the advantages, origin, distribution, breed char-
acteristics, utility value, feed, care, and management of Angora goats, and the
value and use of mohair. A score card for Angora goats is included.
The utilization of skim milk and potatoes by feeding to pigs, Hansen
{Mitt. Ver. Deut. Schweineziichter, 20 {1913), No. 13, pp. 264-268; abs. in
Internat. Inst. Agr. [Ro^ne], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913),
No. 8, pp. 1264, 1265). — German pig-feeding methods are discussed, in which
10-week-old pigs are given a feed composed of barley, meat, and fish meal, equal
parts. At the age of from 20 to 24 weeks they reach a weight of 237 to 242
lbs., having made a daily gain of about 1.32 lbs. The feeding of skim milk
and potatoes to hogs is shown to be a profitable method for pork production.
Advertising stallions and jacks under the Indiana stallion enrollment
law, D. O. Thompson {Indiana Sta. Circ. 43 {1914), PP- 8).— This circular
76 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
explaius the provisions as to advertising stallions and jacks under the Indiana
stallion enrollment law.
Diversified poultry farming, A. L. Clark {New Jersey Stas. Circ. 32, pp.
3-16). — This circular discusses the production of winter eggs, broilers, roasting
chickens, capons, day-old chicks, eggs for hatching, fall pullets, and breeding
stock, including methods of management.
A new method for the industrial preservation of eggs, M. de Keghel (Rev.
Chim. Indus.. 24 (1913), No. 277, pp. 12-18; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913), No. 4, p. 618). — A coating
material for the preservation of eggs is compounded according to the following
formula : Peanut oil 14 gm., palm oil 20, coconut oil 16, prepared lard 47, sper-
maceti 2, trioxymethylene 1, and powdered thymol 0.05 gm. Before the eggs
are coated they should be sterilized with a 0.2 per cent solution of fluorid of
silver.
It is stated that eggs preserved in this way had the same appearance and
taste after IS months as fresh eggs. The cost price of the coating material is
estimated at 6d. (12 cts.) per 100 eggs, and the total preserving cost at Is. 8d.
per 100 eggs.
Importation of eggs from China, J. E. Olmstead {Cong. Rec., 51 {1914),
No. 49, p. 3538). — It is stated that there have recently arrived in the markets of
the coast cities large shipments of eggs imported from China. These eggs are
being sold a few cents under the price of American eggs and are used largely
by restaurants and bakeries. It is claimed that such importations may work
hardship on the American producer, and that the Chinese eggs are produced
under conditions that render them unfit for human consumption.
Pigeon raising, Ai-ice Macleod {New York, 1913, pp. 113, figs. 2). — This
treats of the feed, care, and management of pigeons for commercial purposes.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Making the dairy pay, N. F. Hull {Neiv York, Chicago, and, Springfield,
Mass., 1913, pp. 84, pis. 15, figs. 30). — A popular treatise on dairy management.
Conformation of cows and milk yield, J. Reimers {Abs. in Mitt. Dent.
Lajidto. Oescll., 28 {1913), No. 17, pp. 255-257; Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londan], 20
(1914), ^0. 10, pp. 906, 907). — In a study made of 300 Friesian cattle from 2i to
3 years old to determine the relation between conformation and milk yield, it
was found that " the milk yield increases slightly with increasing length of
body until the latter reaches a certain point, after which there appears to be
a slight decrease in the yield. Abnormal length of body apparently has the
effect of lowering the milk secretion. The milk yield increases with increasing
height of crupper, but the increase can by no means be called regular, and a
strong connection between the two factors could not be established. Animals
with small or with very deep breasts appear to give a smaller yield than ani-
mals which are normal in this respect, but the difference was too slight to
make the deduction of practical value.
" There is no regular relationship between milk yield and length of hind
quarters, or width between haunches, or breadth of pelvis. Animals with nor-
mal breadth of pelvis give more milk than those with larger or small breadth
of pelvis, but the difference is not important." No relation could be found be-
tween the shape of hind quarters and milk yield. The best milkers had the
worst thigh, although there was no regular connection between this and yield.
See also a previous note (B. S. R., 27, p. 675).
Report of the Dickinson County Cow-Testing Association, O. E. Reed
{Kansas 8ta. Circ. 35 {1914), pp. 8, figs. 3). — ^This circular reports the results
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 77
from the first year of a cow-testing association including 134 cows, with an
aA'erage production of 6,019 lbs. milk and 246 lbs. milk fat, at a net profit of
$54.89. Great variations were found in the various animals. The general
advantages of cow-testing associations are discussed.
Dairy feeding and the home mixing of feeds, A. S. Cook (New Jersey Stas.
Circ. 7 (rev.), pp. 1^). — This circular explains the principles involved in the
balancing of feed rations for dairy cows and illustrates the use of these prin-
ciples in compounding rations and grain mixtures. A number of desirable
grain mixtures that may be fed with the different roughages are suggested.
[Feeding experiments] (Min. Agr. et Trav. Puh. [Belgium^, Off. Rural Raps,
et Communs., No. 2 {1912), pp. 160). — This reports numerous private feeding
experiments with dairy cattle conducted on farms throughout France and
Belgium.
Comparison of alfalfa hay and alfalfa silage as a feed for dairy cows,
G. H. True et al. (Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1913, p. 39). — In a preliminary trial with
4 dairy cows, 2 fed on alfalfa hay and a grain ration, and 2 on alfalfa silage
and a grain ration, it became evident that alfalfa silage alone could not be used
as the only roughage, and a portion of the silage was replaced by hay. It was
noticed in this connection that while alfalfa silage and alfalfa hay caused
constipation, the silage alone resulted in the opposite effect. It is believed
from the results obtained from this preliminary experiment that alfalfa silage
has no beneficial effect on milk production.
Prickly pear cactus as a feed for dairy cows ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Press Notice,
1914, January 1/f, pp. 2). — In experiments conducted by this Department at
Brownsville, Tex., in feeding prickly pear cactus to dairy cows, this feed was
found to be veiy palatable and when judiciously fed was in no way detrimental
to the cow or her product. From 60 to 100 lbs. of the pear per cow per day
appeared to be a satisfactory amount. Larger quantities caused a laxative
condition. The pear was found to be low in protein and high in mineral
matter, with from 87 to 93 per cent of water.
Compared with other roughages the pear was found to have a relative value
for production of milk fat wherein 1 lb. of sorghum hay, sorghum silage,
or cotton-seed hulls is equal to 10.1, 3.3, and 8.8 lbs., respectively, of pear. The
feeding of pear apparently decreased the total amount of milk fat and the per-
centage of solids-not-fat, but increased the total yield of milk. The pear
produced a higher colored butter than did the dry feed, but the flavor of the
milk was not impaired in any way. Cows fed pear appeared to be more
sensitive to cold weather than when fed dry feed. Pear-fed cows required
but little drinking water. Both spiny and spineless varieties were fed in these
trials, but no difference could be detected in chemical composition or feeding
values for milk production.
Effect of concentrated feeds on butter (Mark Lane Express, 111 (1914),
No. 4300, p. 295). — The results of general experience on the effect of concen-
trated feeds on butter are summarized, particularly crushed barley and barley
meals, malt sprouts and brewers' grains, crushed oats, wheat bran, crushed rye
and rye offals, crushed maize and maize offals, ci-ushed buckwheat and buck-
wheat offals, peas and beans, vetches, cotton-seed meal and cake, peanut cake,
coconut cake, linseed cake, palm-nut cake and meal, rape-seed oil residues,
sesame cake, sunflower cake, meat meal, fish meal, and fresh and dried
sugar-beet slices.
Weight of butter (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 51 (1913), pp. 77-93).— Continuing
previous work as to short weight butter (E. S. R., 28, p. 879), it is shown that,
while there is still much short weight, on the whole an improvement is noted
78 EXPERIMENT STATIOlSr RECORD.
in tine dairy situation. Recommendations to manufacturer, jobber, retailer, and
consumer relative to ascertaining the correct weiylit of butter are given.
A comparison of the microscopical method and the plate method of count-
ing- bacteria in milk, J. D. Brew (New York State Sta. Bui. 373 (lOlJf), pp.
3S, pis. 2, figs. 2). — This bulletin gives the results of comparative studies be-
tween the direct microscopic method and the plate method of counting bacteria
as applied to market milk. The milk from 37 dairy farms was examined,
although the conclusions were based largely on the results obtained from
4 of these in which cases more extensive and detailed examinations were made.
" The microscopical method used in this work consisted in measuring out
0.01 cc. of milk taken directly from a well-shaken sample by means of a
specially graduated and accurately calibrated pipette. The drop of milk was
deposited on a clean glass slide and spread over an area of 1 sq. cm. with a
stiff, straight needle. Duplicate smears of each sample were made on the
same slide. The milk was then dried by gentle heat which was obtained by
means of a level wooden surface over a steam radiator. Care was exercised
not to allow the smears to become too hot as this made them check and thereby
made satisfactory staining impossible. As soon as dry, the slides were placed
for a short time in a Coplin staining jar containing xylol to remove the fat.
They were then taken out and the surplus xylol about the edges of the slide
wiped off with filter paper. The smears were dried and then fixed to the slide
by means of a 95 per cent solution of alcohol. Immediately thereafter they
were stained from 2 to 3 minutes in Loeffler's methylene blue, after which they
were decolorized to a light blue in a 95 per cent solution of alcohol. The
counting was done under a 1.9 mm. oil-immersion lens."
The results of these studies indicate that there is a well-defined relationship
existing between the direct microscopic count and the plate count. This is
more apparent in long series of examinations than in short series which renders
it impossible in individual samples to establish a definite ratio 'whereby the
results obtained by the one method can be interpreted on the basis of the other
method. " The relative differences between the two counts are greater where
the bacteria are few in number. In samples of milk showing plate counts of
less than 10,000 per cubic centimeter, the coimt by the microscope shows ap-
proximately 44 times as many individual bacteria, or 17 times as many when
the clumps and isolated bacteria are counted as units, individual bacteria in
the clumps not being counted. In those samples which give a plate count of
about 1,000,000 per cubic centimeter, the count made with the microscope
shows approximately 5 times as many individual bacteria ; or when the isolated
bacteria and clumps of bacteria are counted as units the number of these units
is slightly less than the number of colonies given by the plate method.
It is concluded that the bacterial count obtained in milk by the direct micro-
scopic method is equally as good if not a better criterion of its bacterial con-
tent than the count obtained by the plate method, and has these decided prac-
tical advantages : " The number of bacteria can be shown in a given sample of
milk within a very few minutes. The apparatus required is less expensive
than that required for the plate method and the examinations necessary for
commercial grading can be made by men who are not trained bacteriologists.
The morphology of the bacteria present may be determined as well as the ap-
proximate number present. The microscope frequently shows many bacteria
present in samples of milk while agar plate counts from the same samples
are low."
It is hoped that this method can be made of practical use to the milk dealer,
butter maker, and cheese maker as a means of grading milk according to its
VETERINAKY MEDICINE. 79
bacterial condition. It is recognized, however, that tlie adoption of this method
would involve a readjustment of present bacteriological standards and for this
reason it is not recommended that such changes in standards be made until
more comprehensive data have been secured. The practical application of the
microscopical method in the examination of dried milk smears has not yet
been fully determined, and there are also questions as to how rapidly dead
bacteria undergo dissolution in milk and whether they can be distinguished
from living ones by means of stains or other technique which must be answered
before the technique can be used in a practical way for the examination of
pasteurized milk or for milks where many bacteria have died from one cause or
another.
Pure milk production and the abortion bacillus, E. C. Scheoeder (Amer.
Vet, Rev., 44 (1914), No. 4, PP- 467-4'i/5). — In this paper the author points out
the prevalence of the abortion bacillus in the milk of dairy herds and the
menace to public health of such contaminated milk. It is concluded that it is
imperatively necessary to resort to heat as a simple and inexpensive expedient
to make all milk safe before it is fed as food.
Fruity or sweet flavor in Cheddar cheese, S. F. Edwabds (Centbl. Bakt.
[etc.], 2. AM., 39 (1913), No. 18-19, pp. 449-455, pis. 3).— This reports a study
made of the fruity or sweet flavors which have been found to develop in
Cheddar cheese. - .. ;
Twelve varieties of flavors were determined and their cause ascribed to
various toruhe. Studies made of these torulje under various conditions tend to
show that the off-flavor develops early and does not pass off as the cheese gets
older ; that the torulte die out eventually, although some were alive at the
end of a year; and that the thermal death point of all 12 varieties studied lies
between 65 and 70° C. with an exposure of 10 minutes.
Although the chemistry of the flavor production has not been worked upon,
it is thought that the flavor is due to the formation of esters during the process
of fermentation.
[Dairy laws] (Boston, 1912, pp. 53). — This is a manual of the dairy laws of
Massachusetts relating to dairy products afld their imitations, with a digest of
Supreme Court decisions thereon.
Cost of milk inspection (Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 2 (1913), No. 4, P-
32). — Replies from 184 cities in answer to inquiries sent out by the U. S.
Department of Agriculture are summarized, and indicated that 22 cities were
not spending any money for milk inspection and only 43 spent 5 cts. or more per
capita. The average of all cities reporting milk inspection spent 4.4 cts. per
capita.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Report of the veterinary director general and live stock commissioner
for the year ending March 31, 1912, J. G. Rutherford (Rpt. Vet. Dir. Gen.
and Live Stock Comr. Canada, 1912, pp. 480, pis. 29). — Among the more impor-
tant papers presented in the appendixes, which take up the greater part of this
report, are the report of the pathologist (pp. 71-91) by C. H. Higgins, which
includes papers on Tuberculosis in Poultry and Blackhead in Turkeys; report
of the first assistant pathologist (pp. 92-99) by S. Hadwen which includes
papers on The Life History of Ixodes angustus, previously noted (E. S. R., 30,
p. 60), Notes on Ticks, and a List of Ticks Captured; report of the second
assistant pathologist (pp. 100-102) by E. A. Watson, which deals largely with
dourine; Special Report on Hog Cholera (pp. 103-105) by A. E. Moore; The
Control and Eradication of Glanders (pp. 115-122) by C. D. McGilvray; the
text of the animal contagious diseases act and the regulations made thereunder
80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
relating to quarantine and the control of disease (pp. 149-158) ; quarantine
regulations (pp. 159-183) ; an address on Bovine Tuberculosis (pp. 335-337) by
J. G. Rutherford; Further Report on the Dourine of Western Canada, part I
(pp. 465-472) by E. A. Watson; and a paper on Trypanosomes Found in
Canadian Mammals (pp. 473-476) by E. A. Watson and S. Hadwen, previously
noted from another source (E. S. R., 27, p. 81).
The determination of the minimal lethal dose of various toxic substances
and its relationship to the body weight in warm-blooded animals, together
with considerations bearing on the dosage of drugs, G. Dbeyee and E. W. A.
Walker {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Set: B, 87 {19U), No. B 595, pp. 319-330).—
" In warm-blooded animals of the same species but of different weights dosage
must be calculated in relation to the body surface. This result agrees with the
conclusion already reached by Moore [E. S. R., 21, p. 581] though on different
grounds. This statement is to be explained on the ground that the concentra-
tion in the plasma of any given substance administered is dependent on the
volume of the circulating blood, which is itself proportional to the body sur-
face in any given species of animal. It follows that in the accurate measure-
ment and standardization of toxic substances and antitoxins it will now be
possible to make use of animals of different weights within a given species
instead of using only animals of an arbitrarily selected weight, as has hitherto
been necessary. Results in dosage calculated from one species of animal can
not directly be applied to another species merely by taking surface into due con-
sideration, since tolerance and intolerance are specific characters which are
shown to be in many cases independent of the size of the species concerned."
A bibliography of 25 references is appended.
A note on nitrous oxid as an anesthetic in animal experimentation, D. H.
DoLLEY {Jour. Expt. Med., 19 (WU), No. 4, pp. 312-315, fig. 1).—" Nitrous oxid,
administered by means of the Gatch apparatus, as a preliminary anesthetic to
ether has been found to be superior for the dog in rapidity of action, in promo-
tion of ease of handling, and in absence of disorder ; the anesthesia may be
maintained solely by nitrous oxid in combination with oxygen ; it is economical ;
and its use is instructive to students from closer imitation of current surgical
methods."
Poisoning by castor seeds (Ricinus), G. D. Lander (Vet. Rec, 26 {1914),
No. ISJfl, pp. 614-618) .—Attention is called to the fact that in spite of the well-
known dangerous character of the castor oil seed {Ricinus communis) it is not
uncommonly encountered in horse mixtures and in cakes.
Critical and experimental data in regard to the formation of leukins, R.
Schneider {Arch. Hyg., 15 {1912), No. 4-5, pp. 161-188; abs. in Ztschr.
Immunitutsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 5 {1912), No. 9, p. i57).— This is a dis-
cussion of the work of Pettersson and his coworkers. The endolysins obtained
by Pettersson are considered secretory products which correspond to the leukins,
and the results obtained by Pettersson do not discredit those reported by the
author because other technique was used.
Digesting leucocytes in a 5 per cent serum-sodium chlorid (0.85 per cent
NaCl solution) at body temperature is deemed the best method for obtaining
bactericidal substances from the guinea pig. Serum is added for the purpose of
stimulating the leucocytes to yield the bactericidal substances. The bacteri-
cidal substances can only be obtained from dead leucocytes when the cell struc-
ture has been thoroughly disintegrated.
Bacteria, M. Schottelius, trans, by H. Geoghegan {London, 1912, 2. ed.,
pp. xn+324, pis. 10, figs. 33). — This small book contains chapters as follows:
Position of bacteria in the scheme of nature and in regard to other forms of
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 81
life; bacteriological research metliods; disease and the means of combating
infections diseases; immunity and protective inoculation; infectious diseases;
and protozoa as pathogenic organisms. The subjects are discussed chiefly
from the human medical standpoint.
The present status of our knowledge of the pathogenic role of helminths,
B. Galli-Valeeio (Centbl. Balct. [etc.], 1. Alt., Ref., 61 U9U), No. 4, pp. 97-
115). — ^A review with references to the literature on the subject.
The sporotrichoses, De Beurmann and Gougerot {Les Sporotrichoses. Paris,
1912, pp. 852, pis. 8, figs. 181).— The first part of the work (pp. 41-192) consists
of a comparatve study of the siwrotrichoses and the Snorotrichum pathogens,
their botanical classification, etc. The second part (pp. 195-809) relates to the
sporotrichosis of de Beurmann, its frequency and geographical distribution, the
etiology and pathogeny of sporotrichoses, clinical forms, a study of the localiza-
tions of sporotrichosis, polymorphism and multiplicity of forms, evolution,
diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, pathological anatomy, experimental sporotri-
choses, spontaneous sporotrichoses of animals, etc. A bibliography of 24 pages
is appended.
Argas and spirochetes, E. Marchoux and L. Couvy (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 27
{1913), No. S, pp. 620-6.'i3). — This second part of the paper previously noted
(E, S. R., 29, p. 563) deals with the virus in the tick.
Concerning the fi^lterability of Spirochaeta duttoni, J. L. Todd and S. B.
WoLBACH (Jour. Med Research, 30 (1914), No. 1, pp. 27-36). — " S. duttoni in an
infective form can be forced through a Berkefeld filter by pressures of over 50
lbs. to the square inch. S. duttoni can not be filtered through a Berkefeld filter
in an infective form by atmospheric pressure."
The cultivation of a free living filterable spirochete (Spirocheeta elusa;
new species). — A preliminary report, S. B. Wolbach and C. A. L. Bingee
(Jour. Med. Research, 30 (1914), No. 1, pp. 9-22, pis. 3). — This relates to studies
of a spirochete developed from the filtrate of pond water to which the name
S. elusa is given.
" The chief importance to be attached to the cultivation of the spirochete here
reported lies in its morphological similarities to the pathogenic spirochetes and
in its filterability. The ease with which it is cultivated offers opportunities
for the determination of the nature of the coiled and sporelike forms and the
granules. The fact that this spirochete forms definite colonies on solid media,
similar in appearance to the colonies formed by bacteria, will undoubtedly be
taken as evidence for the close relationship between spirochetes and bacteria.
" The filterability of this spirochete, together with positive filtration experi-
ments recorded for relapsing fever spirochetes by Novy and Breinl, and by Todd
[see above], indicate that by this method a means may be found for separating
spirochetes from bacteria which should open the way to the systematic study
of free living spirochetes and those saprophytic in man and animals."
The distribution and morphology of Spirochaeta duttoni and S. kochi in
experimentally infected ticks (Ornithodorus moubata), S. B. Wolbach (Jour.
Med. Research, 30 (1914), No. 1, pp. 37-48, pis. 3).—" The modified Giemsa stain
employed is a reliable method of demonstrating spirochetes in the tissues of
ticks. The two strains of spirochetes studied, S. duttoni and S. kochi, migrate
through all the organs and tissues of the ticks. Multiplication of spirochetes
does not take place in epithelial cells of the tick, but does occur in tissues of
the connective tissue group. The minute granules and comma bodies found in
epithelial cells, and probably those in other tissues, are not stages in the de-
velopment of spirochetes. Large granules, coiled and encysted forms derived
from spirochetes, occur in various connective tissue structures, and may pos-
82 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
sibly represent resting or multiplication stages. By virtue of the power to
invade tissues, tlio spirochetes studied may Ije transmitted in any secretory or
excretory product of infected ticks."
Multiplication in Triatoma infestans of the mal de caderas trypanosome,
A. Neiva (Abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 12 {19U), No. 1, p. 46').— The author
records the occurrence of mal de caderas in the States of Bahia, Bernambuco,
Piauhy, and Goyaz. Tabanids of the genus Chrysops are thought by the author
to be largely concerned in the transmission of Trypanosoma equinum in central
Brazil. The feces of the reduviid T. infestans have been found to be infective.
A note on the pathogenicity of Trypanosoma lewisi, W. H. Brown (Jour.
Expt. Med., 10 (1914), No. 4, pp. 4O6-4IO).—" Some strains of T. lewisi may at
times produce rapidly fatal infections in a large percentage of the rats in-
fected. In such strains of T. lewisi, a sufficient degree of pathogenicity may
persist to warrant the designation of these strains as pathogenic. The patho-
genicity of a given strain of T. lewisi is not constant, but is subject to marked
and even sudden variations."
Anthrax vaccination in Japan, N. Nitta {Bui. Inst. Infect. Diseases Anim.,
Japan, No. 1 (1913), pp. 49). — Anthrax is widespread in Japan and occurs each
year in various parts of the country, including Korea. According to the
official statistics that have been collected during 25 years (1887-1911), about
12,259 cases have occurred. In many other instances the presence of the dis-
ease has not been reported.
In the tests some of the vaccines were made by the Pasteur method, and an
anthrax spore vaccine according to the method of Chienkowsky, Lange, and
Deutsch. The spore vaccine remained active from 2 to 4 years. Preliminary
experiments were made with rabbits, pigs, sheep, calves, and horses.
The practical results obtained with Deutsch's spore vaccine prepared by the
author and also with Sobernheim's serum-simultaneous method are reported.
In 1905, 144 animals, i. e., 139 bovines and 5 horses, were vaccinated with
Deutsch's vaccine; only 1 horse was lost. In 1908, 27,310 bovines and 3,8SG
horses received spore vaccine, and only 1 horse died from spontaneous
anthrax. Of the bovines 96.69 per cent showed no systemic reaction or only
a local reaction; 3.20 per cent, a local reaction with a rise in temperature;
and 0.01 per cent only a rise in temperature. Observations on the remaining
11 animals could not be taken. Of the horses 98.74 per cent showed either no
reaction or only a local reaction; 1.21 per cent, a rise in temperature and a
local reaction ; in 0.05 per cent the reaction was not determined.
Anthrax serum was found to have both protective and curative powers for
both man and animal. The protective powers, however, last only a few weeks,
and in order to increase the efficiency of the serum a dose of vaccine should
follow its administration.
The number of animals vaccinated in 1904 according to the serum-simul-
taneous method of Sobernheim was 3,615, consisting of 2,350 bovines and 1,265
horses. Of the bovines 94.3 per cent gave no general or only a local reaction ;
2.98 per cent gave a local reaction and a rise in temperature; 2.68 per cent,
a rise in temperature only ; and with one animal no observation could be taken.
Of the horses 99.05 per cent gave no reaction or only a local one ; 0.79, a local
reaction and a rise in temperature; and 0.16 per cent, only a rise in tem-
perature.
The animals vaccinated since 1909 consisted of 347 goats and 209 hogs. No
losses resulted from the vaccinations but one goat died of spontaneous anthrax.
Of 77 animals treated with serum alone, 57, or 74 per cent, survived.
Ascoli's method is considered the best for the valuation of anthrax sera.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83
The diagnosis of glanders, J. R. Mohleb and A. Eichhobn (Amer. Yet. Rev.,
44 U014), No. 4, PP- 4-^7-447, figs. 2). — This work emphasizes the value of the
luallein eye test as a first-hand means of the veterinarian for diagnosing glan-
ders in horses. The test is deemed simple, practical, and comparatively ac-
curate. The complement fixation test, when used in conjunction with the agglu-
tination test, is regarded as the best laboratory method today, especially since
the conglutination test (E. S. R., 28, p. 478) and the precipitation test have
been found to be unreliable.
The laboratory methods are deemed a valuable means for substantiating the
findings obtained by the practicing veterinarian with the ophthalmic test,
especially where a certain amount of doubt exists. " The Bureau of Animal
Industry, in consideration of the favorable results obtained from this test, has
decided to recognize the [eye test] for interstate shipments of equines, . . .
Horses offered for shipment to Canada must continue to be tested by the sub-
cutaneous method, as the ophthalmic test has not yet been officially recognized
by the Canadian authorities. ... It has been employed by inspectors of the
Bureau of Animal Industry in their field work, and reports are accessible re-
garding its action for diagnostic purposes on more than 8,000 cases. The results
from all sources were uniformly satisfactory."
One of the most essential featui-es for the success of the test is to employ a
mallein of the proper concentration. The presence of 0.5 per cent of carbolic
acid in the concentrated mallein as a preservative does not interfere with the
test. The crude mallein is preferred to the dried mallein.
The method of making the test and the precautions to be taken are described
in detail. In the appendix the results obtained with the test in Austria are
discussed.
Immunization tests with glanders vaccine, J. R. Mohleb and A. Eichhobn
{U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 10 (1914), pp. 13).— "The results obtained by these
investigations appear to be sufficient to demonstrate the unsatisfactory results
of this method of immunization. Of the 13 immunized animals, 9 contracted
the disease from natural exposure, which is a large proportion when it is con-
sidered that all animals were aged and kept most of the time during the ex-
posure out of doors. Of the 4 remaining immunized horses, 1 died of impaction
after the second vaccination, while the other 3 animals were killed ... in
order to ascertain by post-mortem examination the possibility of glanders exist-
ing in these animals which had given positive serum reaction, but which had
returned to normal."
The occurrence of tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood, A. Rothackek
and Charon (CcntM. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 69 (1913), No. 7, pp. 478-496).—
The results of the test show that the StJiubli-Schnitter method gives micro-
scopical preparations which contain acid-fast bacilli other than tubercle bacilli.
Many artifacts are also produced which are often mistaken for the tubercle
bacillus. According to this, the only criterion for judging the presence of
tubercle bacilli is the animal test.
Of the 46 specimens of blood examined, taken during all stages of the disease,
only one, a case of miliary tuberculosis, gave a positive animal test. On the
other hand, 12 cases showed with the Ziehl-Neelson method acid-fast bacilli
which gave suspicions of being of tuberculous origin. The amount of these
organisms was always in proportion to the gravity of the disease.
A bibliography comprising 68 titles is appended.
Tubercle bacilli in the blood, Jane L. Berry (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 14
(1914), No. 1, pp. 162-175). — "Notwithstanding the large number of investi-
gators who have made a study of the presence of tubercle bacilli in the cir-
culating blood, it is nevertheless a fact that the most striking point about the
84 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
results so far obtained is tlie total lack of agreement between the reports of
the different workers." "As a preliminary to this work, examinations of blood
taken from normal animals and human beings were made. In this way speci- .
mens from 13 horses, 9 goats, and 3 laboratory workers were examined with
negative findings in all cases."
In the main experiments blood was obtained from patients (human beings)
giving a history of tubercle bacilli in the sputum. The Kinyoun ligroin method
was used for the determination of the tubercle bacilli. " In all, blood speci-
mens were taken from 50 tuberculous patients, 2 specimens obtained from 1
individual, 1 month apart, making a total of 51 specimens examined. Of these,
13 were from patients in the second stage, and 38 from patients in the third
stage of the disease, 4 of the latter being bed patients. Six patients have since
died, the first 3 at intervals of from 17 days to 1 month, the last 3 in from 1
month to 5 weeks after the taking of the blood specimens."
Careful search was made for tubercle bacilli but in all cases the results
were absolutely negative and no acid-fast organisms of any kind were found
in the smears. A few rods were occasionally seen but never any which showed
acid-fast staining properties. " Owing to the invariably negative microscopic
results, no animals were inoculated, as it had been thought best to wait for
some positive indications from the microscopic work before beginning animal
tests."
A review of the literature is embodied in the article
The elimination of tubercle bacilli in the feces of tuberculous bovines, C.
TiTZE, H. Thiekingek, and E. Jahn (Arl). K. Gsndhtsamt., 45 (1913), No. 1,
pp. 1-34). — Following a review of the literature on this subject, especially of
the work reported by Schroeder and Cotton (E. S. R., 19, p. 181), the insuffi-
ciency of information relative to how often the feces of bovines, showing no
signs of clinical tuberculosis but giving a tuberculin reaction, eliminate tubercle
bacilli is emphasized.
In the experiments reported by the authors it was necessary to use the anti-
formin method because the feces were found to contain other micro-organisms
which often caused the untimely death of a number of guinea pigs. Some
of these were Gram-positive and resembled the micro-organisms producing
braxy in sheep ; others were Gram-negative, among which were some identified
as belonging to the coll group, staphylococci, and streptococci. The strength
of the antiformin used was a 15 per cent solution, with an exposure of from
2 to 4 hours. The exposure of tubercle bacilli to antiformin for 36 hours did
not affect the virulence nor the acid fastness of these organisms.
The feces from 96 bovines were tested for the presence of tubercle bacilli,
and the results show that under certain conditions tubercle bacilli may be
eliminated with the feces of tubercular animals having open pulmonary tuber-
culosis. This is probably due to these animals swallowing some of the sputum
and passing the bacilli per rectum. In animals giving only a tuberculin re-
action and showing no clinical evidence of tuberculosis, tubercle bacilli were
never found in the feces, therefore the conclusions of Schroeder and Cotton
and of the British commission (E. S. R., 21, p. 481) could not be confirmed.
Pigs are deemed more easily Infected by the droppings of tubercular bovines
than bovines themselves.
The detailed protocols of all the experiments are given in the article.
Protecting influence of protein diet against tuberculosis, O. Hornemann
and E. Thomas (Dciit. Me<l. ^Vchmchl•., 39 (U113). Xo. .',8, pp. 234-5, 2346; ahs.
in Jour. A met: Med. Assoc, 62 U9H), No. 2, p. i6.9).— Young pigs fed syste-
matically with casein were much more resistant toward the disease conveyed by
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 85
inoculation witli tubercle bacilli than other pigs of the same litter fed with car-
bohydrates and fat.
Experiments regarding the vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis by
the intravenous injection of tubercle bacilli of the human and avian types,
J. M'Fadyean, a. L. Sheatheb, J. T. Edwabds, and F. C. Minett (Jour.
Compar. Path, and Ther., 26 {1913), A'o. 4, pp. 327-390, figs. 5).— The chief
purpose of the experiments was to test the efficiency of intravenous injections
of the avian type of tubercle bacilli in immunizing cattle against bovine tubercle
bacilli. For comparison, some animals were vaccinated with tubercle bacilli
of the human type. The conclusions drawn from the work are as follows :
"By the intravenous inoculation of avian tubercle bacilli it is possible to
confer on healthy calves a markedly increased power of resistance to infection
with bacilli of the bovine type. Such a method of vaccinating young cattle
against tuberculosis involves little or no risk to the animals. When the vac-
cination of young cattle against tuberculosis is considered advisable, avian
bacilli should be preferred to human, in order to avoid the danger of infecting
human beings with bacilli persisting in the bodies of the vaccinated animals and
passed out with their milk.
Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis, Descazeaux (Bui. Soc. Cent. M6d. V^t.,
91 (191.',),No.J,, pp. 103-106).— In the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, these diseases
constitute a veritable plague for imported cattle, the mortality from the two
diseases at times being as high as from 80 to 95 per cent. Piroplasmosis is
caused entirely by Piroplasina bigeminum and anaplasmosis by Anaplasma
margitialc and A. centrale, both of the latter causing forms which are nearly
always fatal. Piroplasmosis is widespread throughout the State, while ana-
plasmosis exists only in certain limited regions. The information at hand
shows that anaplasmo.sis has been introduced into the State of Sao Paulo with
imported animals. Immunity measures are discussed.
The etiology, pathology, and therapeutics of bovine piroplasmosis in the
State of Sao Paulo, J. Descazeaux (Bui. Soc. Cent. MM. V^t., 90 (1913), No.
22, pp. 392-410, figs. 4)- — It is stated that trypanblue when injected subcuta-
neously always has a curative effect in artificial cases of piroplasmosis but that
in cases naturally contracted it is not always efficacious. The autoagglutination
of erythrocytes always precedes the appearance of piroplasms in the blood.
The gravity of the affection is not dependent upon the number of piropalsms but
upon their virulence.
Report on the use of salvarsan in septic pneumonia of bovines, Steinhausz
(Abs. in Rev. Gen. M6d. V6t., 22 (1913), No. 263, pp. 617, 6i8).— During the
course of an epidemic of septic pneumonia in valuable animals the author ad-
ministered salvarsan. From 0.5 to 0.9 grains were used without danger on calves
under 3 weeks of age. It is said to have given excellent results and to merit
recommendation.
Verminous bronchitis in bovines, G. Mousstr (Rec. Med. V^t., 90 (1913),
No. 21, pp. 677-S84). — This disease, due to Strongylus micrurus, is said to have
caused an enormous loss of cattle in the valleys of the Seine and Loire, France.
Studies of the development of Hypoderma bovis and means for its de-
struction, A. Lucet (Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 138 (1914), No. 11, pp.
812-814). — A report of studies of the ox warble, which is a source of great
loss to agriculturists in France.
Progress and results of cattle tick eradication ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim.
Indus., Progress and Results of Cattle-Tick Eradication, 1914, PP- i2).— This
summai-y of the results obtained in the eradication of Margornpus annulatus
is based upon about 1,000 replies to a questionnaire carried on among stockmen
86 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
aud farmers in eleven States in the territory bordering on the quarantine
line, being on a larger scale than that previously reported (E. S. R., 27, p. 184)1
The parasitic diseases of sheep in the Province of Algiers {Rev. ScL
[Paris], 52 (1914), I, No. 6, pp. 119, 180). — A discussion of the various ascarids,
flukes, tapeworms, and strongjies affecting sheep in Algeria.
Contribution to the study of necrobacillosis: A specific epizootic form of
necrobacillosis in the goat, G. E. Pesadoki {Clin. Vet. iMUan], Rass. Pol.
Sanit. e Ig., 36 {1913), No. 18, pp. 816-819; abs. in Vet. Rec, 26 {1914), No.
1339, p. 574)- — This article relates to a contagious affection of the claws of
goats which appeared in Calabrian districts at the beginning of the winter of
1912-13, some 10,000 animals being affected in the course of 2 months. Sheep
and cattle kept under the same conditions as the goats and constantly exposed
to the infection remained free from the disease. The necrosis bacillus, which
gains entry into the organism through lesions in the horn and in the cleft of
the claws, is thought to have been the cause.
Hog cholera, R. A. Ceaig and R. A. Whiting {Indiana Sta. Bui. 173 {1914),
pp. 44i-4'i^4, fiffs. 18). — A general account of hog cholera with hygienic pre-
ventive measures and treatment, including the preparation and administration
of antihog cholera serum. The text of the state law relative to swine diseases
is appended.
Combating hog cholera by vaccination, Pfeiler {Mitt. Ver. Deut. Schweine-
siicliter, 18 {1911), No. 7, pp. 103-110). — In this lecture it is pointed out that the
disease caused by the filterable virus is more serious than the one produced
by the Bacillus suipestifer voldagsen. It probably is a different disease and
Dammann (E. S. R., 24, p. 390) according to the author, has satisfied himself
to this effect.
The various facts surrounding the A-accination of hogs with antihog cholera
serum and the cause of the disease are discussed with much detail and in a
popular manner.
[Hog cholera], Uhlenhuth {Mitt. Ver. Deut. ScJiweineziichter, 18 {1911),
No. 7, pp. 110-113). — While corrosive sublimate and carbolic acid do not kill
hog cholera virus in a comparatively short time, a 6 per cent cresol soap solu-
tion, or a 1 : 6 or 1 : 20 per cent calcium hypochlorite solution will destroy it
within 1 hour. The virus is very resistant to cold but drying at a temperature
of 78° C. will destroy it. Heating for one-half hour at 58° does not render it
avirulent. When inclosed in fermenting manure the virus dies.
Hogs which have recovered from an attack of the disease but which are
otherwise in an unsatisfactory condition are often found to be virus carriers.
The urine of young pigs is especially dangerous and is often the chief cause of
the spread of the disease. The secretion from the eyes and nose is very
dangerous, for this may be inhaled or may come in contact with the mucous
membrane of healthy animals, thus causing the disease.
The material with reference to the Bacillus suipestifer, which is considered
a secondary invader, has been adequately noted from other sources (E. S. R.,
20, p. 1082; 25, p. 589). See also other notes (E. S. R., 26, p. 785).
Investigating the infectious diseases of the hog, Pfeiler (Mitt. Ver. Deut.
Bchwcineziicliter, 10 {1912), No. 7, pp. 138-145). — This discusses the possibility
of using chemotherapeutic agents, especially in the chronic form of hog cholera.
AVhile the filterable virus as a cause of hog cholera is not doubted, many cases
of what seem to be hog cholera do not show the presence of a filterable virus.
These cases often have present the Bacillus suipestifer and closely related
organisms.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 87
Much can be said with reference to the need of accurate diagnosis of hoi?
cholera because there are often cases in which it is difficult to decide whether
it is hog cholera or swine plague.
The above is discussed by Wassernianu, Hiiudel. ;ind I^hmann.
The relation of shoat typhoid to virus hog- cholera, W. Pfeiler and K.
Standfuss (Ztsclir. Infektionskrank. n. Hyg. Haustiere, IJf {1913), No. 7, pp.
Jf09-421). — Uhlenhuth and his school hold that the Bacillus xoldagscn is simply
a secondary invader and only a variety of the B. suipestifer (Salmon and
Smith). Shoat typhoid and hog cholera are diseases caused by entirely dif-
ferent factors. Shoat typhoid is of greater significance than is usually sup-
posed. The disease is present in numerous instances in many places in Ger-
many and other portions of the European Continent.
In some previous tests (E. S. R., 28, p. 183) it was shown that shoats immu-
nized passively against hog cholera and uuimmunized shoals became infected
with shoat typhoid when fed with the B. voldagsen. As passive immunity lasts
only a relatively short time, the authors in the present investigation thought
it best first to immunize passively and then to infect the animals with virus
in order to produce an active immunity toward hog cholera. Accordingly four
pigs about 8 weeks old, having weights up to 25 kg., received a primary injec-
tion of 10 cc. of serum and 2 cc. of vaccine I ((Jans), and 14 days later au
injection of 3 cc. of vaccine II. Whether hogs can be immunized actively
against hog cholera by this method is to be discussed in another r>aper. How-
ever, three of the pigs did not take the disease, although two received one-
eighth of a loopful of the culture of the B. voldngsen and the remainder were
kept in the same corral with infected animals; one of the latter gi-oup died
after 6 weeks and came to autopsy. The results seemed to indicate that pigs
'tumunized against hog cholera are immune to pig typhoid.
On this account the experiments were repeated with eight pigs, four being
immunized against hog cholera and the remainder kept as controls. All of
the animals were exposed to the natural source of infection. One of the
four unimmunized animals died within 12 days from unknown causes, no
changes being noted in the organs.- iUiother did not become sick but was used
later for some other tests and eventually died of hog cholera. No changes
characteristic of hog typhoid were present, but from its organs the B. voldagscn
was obtained. The remaining two animals of the group remained sound. Of the
pigs immunized passively-actively against hog cholera three became sick with
I'ig typhoid. One died of typhoid, another was slaughtered, a third was
backward in growth, and died 4 months later as the result of virus infection
but with lesions characteristic of pig typhoid. The fourth was also stunted in
growth and was probably affected with typhoid.
The above tests, according to the authors, emphasize the fact that shoat
typhoid can occur without a previous primary infection with hog-cholera virus
and that it is due to an independent pathogenic organism. This disease muse
be considered an entity different from hog cholera.
Forage poisoning or equine encephalomyelitis, A. T. Kinslet (Proc. Anier.
Yet. 2Ied. As.^oc, 50 {1913), pp. JflS-4S8, pis. 2). — ^A general discussion of the
subject with references to the literature.
The etiology of equine influenza, L. Panisset {Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., 22
(1913), No. 263, pp. 606-612). — A review of recent literature on the subject.
The treatment of equine pneumonia with iodocol, E. Houdemek {Rev. Gen.
Med. V6t., 22 {1913), No. 257-258, pp. 217-221, figs. 4; abs. in Ann. MM. Vet.,
C.2 {1913), No. 12, pp. 689, 690).— It is stated that the daily injection of 5 cc.
vt iodocol for 6 days results in rapid improvement, the temperature ordinarily
dropping after the second injection. The iodocol appears to have special elec-
48456°— No. 1—14 7
88 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
tive action on the lungs and a remarkable action on the fever. It is said to be a
sterile isotonic solution of free and pure iodin in the colloidal state, which may
be purchased in ampoules of 1, 2, 5, or 10 cc. The injections may be made
hypodermically, intramuscularly, or intravenously, the last-named method being
])referable.
Poultry diseases and their treatment, B. F. Kaupp {Chicago, 1914, PP- 185,
figs. 56). — This is intended to fill a demand for a book on poultry diseases for
veterinary and poultry husbandry students and for veterinary practitioners. The
chapter headings are as follows: Anatomy, sanitation, external parasites, in-
ternol parasites, diseases of the digestive tract, diseases of the blood, constitu-
tional diseases, diseases of tlie liver, diseases of the ovary and oviduct, tumors,
diseases of the respiratory passages, disease of the legs and feet, diseases of the
brain, bacteria of the intestinal tract of chickens, the egg, isolation of non-
hiyers, malformations and fractures, wounds, and anesthesia.
Investigations of the filterable virus of avian diphtheria and contagious
epithelioma of birds, S. von Ratz {Monatsh. Prakt. Tierheilk., 25 {1913), No.
1-2, pp. 41-46). — -The introduction of the virus from diphtheritic pseudomem-
branes of the throat into the scarified skin produced pathological changes
characteristic of epithelioma and, inversely, the introduction of particles of
epitheiiomatous tumors into the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx produced
diphtheritic lesions. In later experiments here reported, in which filtrates of
emulsified substances from a Nordtmeyer-Berkefeld filter were used, similar
lesults were obtained.
The author concludes that these affections of fowls are only two forms of a
disease of which the causative agent is a filterable virus.
RTTRAL ENGINEERING.
Report of proceedings of the seventh annual convention of the Western
Canada Irrigation Association {Rpt. Proc. Ann. Conv. West. Canada I nig.
ASSOC., 7 {1913), pp. 204, pis. 3, figs. 32). — Some of the special articles in this
report are as follows: The Work of the International Irrigation Congress, by
A. Hooker ; Irrigation Practice in Utah, by R. H. Lyman ; Iri'igation Practice in
Oregon, by J. H. Lewis; The Irrigation Farmer, by W. Huckvale; Colonization
and the Irrigator, by J. T. Hiukle; Irrigation and Immigration, by J. S. Dennis;
Conservation and Irrigation, by J. White; Government Education Along Irriga-
tion Lines, by W. J. Elliott ; Forestry and Irrigation, by R. H. Campbell ; Irriga-
tion and Land Settlement in Australia, by J. W. A. Kelly ; and Live Stock and
Irrigation, by H. C. McMullen.
Preliminary report on ground water for irrigation in the vicinity of
"Wichita, Kansas, O. E. Meinzer {U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper
345-A {1914), pp. 9). — This paper, the first of an annual volume to be entitled
Contributions to the Hydrology of the United States, gives an outline of the
geology of the Wichita region with especial reference to its water resources.
Types of wells and well casing methods are briefly discussed, and a table of
partial analyses of the ground waters in the vicinity of Wichita is given which
shows " that although the ground waters are generally somewhat hard and
otherwise mineralized they differ widely in the quantities of mineral matter
that they contain. ... A large proportion of the samples analyzed represent
waters that are satisfactory for irrigation use, but a few of the most highly
mineralized samples approach the danger line, especially in their content of
common salt. However, with the relatively humid conditions that prevail in
this region and the consequent dilution and leaching that will result from the
rain water, injury from the salt in even the more highly mineralized waters
RURAL ENGIXEERING. 89
need not be feared except where the soil is clayey or already impregnated with
alkali."
As regards (he adequacy in quantity for irrigation of the water supplies " the
danger of exhausting the supply is believed to be so remote that it need not
prevent anyone from making developments that will otherwise be profitable."
The items to be included in estimating the annual cost of irrigation are
enumerated and it is thought " that with good management, both in regard
to pumping and in regjird to agricultural or horticultural practice, irrigation
can be made profitable for raising vegetables and certain fruits and probably
also alfalfa and some other field crops. . . . [However] because of the lack
of quantitative knowledge as to the increase in crop values that will in the
long run result from irrigation, this movement should be prosecuted with con-
servatism and developments should be made only after deliberate cousiderti-
tion of all the factors involved."
A bibliogi'aphy is appended.
The diversion of irrigating water from Arizona streams, A. L. Harris
{Pr<jc. Amcr. Soc Civ. Engin., JfO (WJJf), No. 1, pp. 39-5S, figs. 5).— This paper
deals w'ith the principal features in the author's experience in the design of
diversion works for both government and private irrigation projects in Arizona.
The chief points discussed are the design of diverting dams and gates.
Hydraulic power in the Alps region, R. de la Brosse et al. {Min. Agr.
[Fr<i)ice], Serv. Grandcs Forces llydraul. Region Alpes, Result. Etudes et Trav.
// (i.9/0), pp. 556, pis. 6, figs. 14; Sups. I, pis. S; II, pis. 33; 5 (1911), pp. 530,
pi. 1, figs. 4; Sup., pis. 8; 6 {1911), pp. 49J,, pi. 1, figs. U,, Sup., pis. ////).— This
report deals with the hydraulic resources of the Alr)S for both power and irri-
g:ition, and contains a large amount of hydraulic and hydrographic data.
Comparative studies of problems of agricultural hydraulics in Java,
British India, and Indo China, A. 2sormand[n (Bui. Econ. Indochine, n. ser.,
16 (1918), No. 104, PP- 784-810). — This is a comparative study of economic
problems, more particularly of the irrigation and drainage of lands in Java,
British India, and Indo China, taking up particularly the nece.ssity of irrigation,
finished and projected work, duty of water, irrigation by pumping, general irri-
gation investigations, and the several phases of drainage. It is concluded that
the works of agricultural hydraulics projected in Indo China will probably be
neither excessive in cost nor a source of direct benefit, and that the benefit
derived will in no way compare with the benefits derived from similar works
executed in British India.
Drainage and irrigation. — Management of irrigation systems, R. S.
Stockton (Engin. and Contract:. 41 (1914), No. .'/, pp. 141-150, figs. 11). — This
article expresses opinions and ideas " resulting from some years of observation
and experience in connection with the construction, operation, and mainte-
nance of irrigation systems with especial reference to the viewiwiut of the
management."
The selection and cost of a sm.all pum.ping plant, B. A. Etcheverry (Cali-
fornia Sta. Circ. Ill (1914), PP- 30, figs. 8). — This bulletin contains in addition
to matter previously noted from other sources ( E. S. R., 28, pp. S3, 484 ; 30, p.
485), brief discussions of types of pumping machinery, including the air-lift
pump and hydraulic ram. A bibliography of related works is appended.
The discharge capacity of semicircular steel flumes, E. A. Moritz (Engin.
News, 11 (1914), No. 4^ PP- 192-195, fig. 1). — The author computes mathemati-
cally the discharge capacity of semicircular steel flumes, and gives tables of the
discharges and corresponding velocities for standard sizes calculated by the
Kutter formula for values of n of 0.012 and 0.01-5, which he states correspond
to the smoothest and roughest flumes, respectively. The tables are based on a
90 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
freeboard of 1 in. for each foot iu diameter. By a mathematical analysis he
shows that " any semicircular flume will carry 36 per cent more when running
full than when running with a freeboard of 1 in. per foot of diameter."
Examples are given to illustrate the use and flexibility of the tables.
Corrugated iron construction on the Sacramento Valley irrigation project,
E. C. Mills {Enyin. News, 11 U91-'i), No. 4, pp- 11^-116. fiys. 4).— This article
describes the water-distribution structui-es on this project, which for perma-
nent construction consist only of conei"ete and corrugated iron or a combination
of the two. The features especially emphasized are corrugated pipe headgate
construction, corrugated pipe delivery boxes, lateral road crossings, inverted
siphons for natural drainage, road drainage structures, and sheet-iron flumes.
A study of economic conduit location, C E. Hickok (Proc. Amcr. Soc. Civ.
Engin., 39 (1913), No. 19, pp. 218.5-2190, figs. 2; Engin. and Contract., 41 {19W,
No. 2, pp. 80, 81, fig. 1; Engin. Rcc, 69 (1914), No. 3, pp. 83, 84, figs. 2).— This
article includes a diagram which gives the equivalent lengths from an economic
standpoint of various types of conduits and a discussion of its application in
the economic location of conduits.
A treatise on roads and pavements, I. O. Baker (New York and London,
1913, 2. ed., enl., pp. 698, figs. 171). — The object of this book is to give a discus-
sion from the point of view of the engineer of the pi'inciples involved in the
construction of country roads and city pavements. It is attempted to show
that the science of road making and maintenance is based upon well established
elementary principles, and that the art depends upon correct reasoning from
the principles rather than in attempting to follow rules or methods of con-
struction. " In some cases practical experience has not yet determined the
best method of procedure, and in these cases the conflicting views with th<e
reasons for each are fully stated."
Considerable space is given to the economics and location of country roads
and to the construction and maintenance of earth roads. The topics discussed
are road economics, road location, earth roads, gravel roads, broken-stone roads,
miscellaneous roads, equestrian roads and horse-race tracks, pavement eco-
nomics, street design, street drainage, curbs and gutters, pavement foimdations,
asphalt pavements, brick pavements, cobblestone pavement, stone-block pave-
ment, wood-block pavements, comparison of pavements, sidewalks, bicycle paths
and race tracks, and automobile roads and concrete pavements.
A glossary of road terms, H. P. Boulnois (Sut^eyor, .^^ (1913), Nos. 1136,
pp. 621-626; 1137, pp. 663-667; 1138, pp. 700, 701; 1139, pp. 728-730) .—This is
a compilation of terms which are used in connection with English road con-
struction.
The principles of the application of power to road transport, H. E. Wim-
PEBLS (London, 1913, pp. XV-^ISO, pis. 5, figs. 20). — This work deals with the
Itrinciples of the application of power to road transportation.
A general survey of the subject, taking up the use of steam, internal combus-
tion, and electrical power for transportation, and discussing necessary power
per ton mile and resistance to motion relative to loads, speeds, wheel diameters,
tires, etc., is followed by a discussion of power, speed and resistance measure-
ment, road tests, and power loss in engine friction and in transmission. Types of
steam and internal combustion engines and vehicles on which they are used
are described, and the relationship of engine dimensions and gear ratios to
v/ork and the proper design of vehicles are discussed iu some detail.
Experimental road construction in Scotland, J. W. Smith and D. Ron.\ld
(Surveyor, 45 (1914), No. 1147, pp. 44-49, figs. 4).— A draft of specifications and
conditions for this work is given.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 91
Test of a 40-ft. reinforced concrete highway bridge, D. A. Abrams (Amer.
Soc. Testing Materials Proc, 13 {1913), p/;. SS4-,92;2, pgs. 2^).— A 3^ years' test
of 11 40-ft. reinforced concrete through-girder highway bridge with an 18-ft.
roadway, in which tlio bridge sustained unusual and excessive loading, is re-
ported in detail.
Some properties of building materials, B. F. E. Keeling {Cairo 8ci. Jour..
7 {1013), No. SO, pp. 97-103, fig. 1). — In this article the results of exiierinients
on the physical properties of sand-lime bricks and of walls made with them, and
also on some other properties of buildings, are reported.
Results obtained with the autoclave tests for cement, II. J. Force {Amer.
fioc. Testing Materials Proc., 13 {1913), pp. 7.'fO-79G, figs. S).— This paper gives
the results of comparative tests of various brands of cement, some of which
tailed to pass and others of which pa.ssed the autoclave test previously noted
(,E. S. R., 2S, p. 290).
On the ground that the grinding of the raw material and the proper burning
jilays a most important part in the quality of Portland cement, the author be-
lieves " that the failure of cement to pass the autoclave test is due very largely
to the coarser granules which do not become hydratetl when the cement is set
up, and that the failure of these granules to become fully hydrated is due to
tlieir chemical comi)osition, that is, the granules are composed largely of dical-
cium silicate with a smaller proportion of tricalcium silicate. Granules of this
composition fail to hydrate properly in the period of 24 hours, and consequently
when brought in contact with heat and pressure, together with moisture, slaking
of the dicalcium silicate is quickly brought about, with the result that a large
percentage of expansion occurs together with a proportionate decrease in tensile
strength. On the other hand, if the proportion of tricalcium silicate is largely
in excess of the dicalcium silicate, then we may expect a more stable product
and one which will show considerably less expansion under the autoclave test
and which should remain constant in volume in after years."
Tests of natural concrete aggregates, .11. S. Greenman {Cement Era, 11
{1913), No. 8, pp. 41, 42; Amer.. Soc. Testing Materials Proc., 13 {1913), pp.
H28-833). — Results of tests are reported which indicate that both the laboratory
tests and carefully made field tests and inspections of aggregate present ways
and means of indicating what the natural aggregate, either fine or coarse, will
actually do in the concrete in place.
Fine particles [in cement] estimated by rate of hydration, 11. S. Space-
man {Cement Era, 11 {1913), No. 7, pp. 83, 85; Amer. Soc. Testing Materials
Proc., 13 {1913), pp. 714-719). — Tests of a normal cement pas.sing the standard
specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials showed a definite
relation existing between fineness of grinding on one hand and rate and extent
of hydration on the other.
Apparatus for determining consistency [of cement paste], C. M. Chapman
{Concrete-Cement Age, 3 {1913), No. 1, pp. 8, 9, figs. 3; Amer. Soc. Testing Ma-
terials Proc, 13 {1913), pp. 1045-1052, figs. 3).— A method for determining the
consistency of neat cement paste consists in depositing the mortar or concrete
in a form of suitable size and shape on a glass or metal surface, then removing
the form and noting the settling either with or without the assistance of a jar
or shock of the unsupported mass. A low form of large area is used for soft
wet mixtures, and smaller, taller forms for drier mixtures.
The limits beyond which the method is useless lie between that consistencj^
which is fluid enough to flow freely, and that wiiich is too stiff to alter its
form under the influence of a comparatively light .shock.
Thermal activities of Portland cement during the period of setting, L. N.
Deals. Jr. (Amer. Soe. Testing Materials Proc., 13 {1913), pp. 720-739, figs. 9).—
92 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
The peculiarities of curves obtaiued by platting calories of beat evolved by
cement during tbe period of setting against the time of setting " seemed to in-
dicate that the time of set and tensile strength are due to the colloidal nature of
cement. This is seemingly supported by references to the well known charac-
teristics of colloids."
Solubility of cement tile, W. II. Day (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and
Expt: Farm, 38 {1912), pp. JfS-Jfo). — Tests of the solubility of cement tile led to
the conclusion that in ordinary soil water there is no danger of dissolving and
crumbling in good cement tile which are not weaker in mixture than 1 : 4, are
thoroughly mixed, are of wet mixture firmly packed, are dried slowly during
initial set and kept wet for a week, and then well seasoned.
Gas engines and producers, L. S. Makks and S. S. Wyeb ( Chicago, 1913, pp.
tS] -1-62+5, pis. 3, figs. 36). — This is a treatise on the modern development of
the internal-combustion motor, and of efficient methods of fuel economy and
power production. The work " is designed to present theoretical and practical
information in such form as to appeal both to the engineer and to the untrained
person who is merely interested in the subject."
The subject matter under the division of gas and oil engines is as follows :
The external-combustion motor, the internal-combustion motor, the modern gas
engine, thermodynamics of the Otto cycle, ignition, governing, starting, water
jackets, the explosive mixture, the exhaust, modification of the Otto cycle,
gas-engine fuels, large gas engines, liquid fuels, and kerosene and crude-oil
engines. Under the division of gas producers are the topics of ga.seous fuels,
history and manufacture of producer gas, gasification losses, rules, representa-
tive types, gas cleaning, uses of producer gas, producer-gas power plants, and
gas poisoning.
A new kerosene carbureter, G. M. Holley (Gas Engine, 16 {191.'f), No. 1, pp.
32-34, figs- 3). — A carbureter is described and diagrammatically illustrated
which is so arranged that in starting the engine the mixture consists of both
gasoline and kerosene. The gasoline supply is constant and the kerosene
supply can be slowly increased, until the engine is heated and running smoothly
on a high koresene mixture, at which point the gasoline may be cut off. This
device is said to accomplish prompt and smokeless starting.
A unique kerosene carbureter, J. A. LrcAS (Power. 39 (1914), A'o. 1, pp. 14,
15, fig. 1). — This article describes and illustrates a kerosene carbureter, so de-
signed that the kerosene mixture when A-ery rich is partially ignited and thereby
heated before entering the combustion chamber. From the heating chamber the
mixture passes to the mixing chamber, where it is properly proportioned, and
then into the combustion chamber. This device is said to allow a motor to
start when cold, on kerosene, " apparently as easily as on gasoline," and also
to prevent excessive carbonization.
Specifi-cations for motor power spraying machines (Fruit-Groioer and
Farmer, 25 (1914), No. 2, pp. IS, 19). — Specifications for motor spraying ma-
chines of several different makes are given m a table.
How to harvest ice rapidly, H. B. Wood (Sci. Amer. 8up., 77 (1914), No.
1984, pp. 18, 19). — The author calls attention to the prime importance of speed
in the harvestmg of ice and describes methods of saving time and preventing
delays.
Destroying stumps with acids, H. C. Coggins (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 24
(1913), No. 11, pp. 967, 968). — ^Tests with sulphuric and nitric acids in varying
proportions for stump destroying proved unsatisfactory with both dry and
green stumps. It is concluded that sound stumps can not be destroyed with
either sulphuric or nitric acid, or both. The method is also wasteful of time
and the handling of acids dangerous.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
93
Poultry house construction, A. K. Lke {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 574
(1914), pp. 20, figs. 13). — This points out and explains the essential principles
of poultry house construction, contains pictures of houses and fixtures which
have given satisfaction in various sections of the country, accompanied by
plans, specificatious, and bills of material, and gives hints on construction.
A practical farm ice storage house, M. Cooper {Ohio Farmer, 1.33 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 1, 2, figs. 4). — This article describes the location, design, and con-
struction of a practical farm ice house.
House heating fuel tests, W. H. Meekeb and II. W. Wagner (lotca Engin.
Expt. Sta. Bui. 33 (1913), pp. So, figs. 16). — Tests of coals and cokes commonly
used in Iowa for house heating, to determine the fuel cost for developing a defi-
nite amount of available heat and the attention required and inconvenience
experience(.l in keeping up lieat with different fuels, are reported with test data,
tables, diagrams, etc.
The following table is a summary of the average heating costs for the different
classes of fuels tried :
Siunnwry of i-raporatire costs with various fuels.
Class of fuel.
No. of
tests.
Average
cost per
1,000 lbs.
, ecjuivulent
evaporative
(212° F.).
Season cost
for 8-rooni
house.
Iowa soft coals.. .
lllinoij soft coals.
Other soft coals..
Cokes
Anthracite
Iowa peat
Average.
$3.86
4.70
6.87
8.50
9.50
4.50
CctUs.
37.4
40.6
47.1
52.3
61.8
144.1
5.90
45.6
S64. 70
70. 10
81.40
90.50
106.90
249.00
78.80
Rural hygiene, I. W. Brewer (Philadelphia and Lotidon. 1913, pp^ 2SS, pis.
13, figs. £»).— This is the second edition of this work (E. S. R., 23, p. 191).
EURAL ECONOMICS.
The new agrarianism, C. W. Dahlingkr (Xcic York and London, 1913, pp.
V-j-249). — The author traces the evolution of industry in the L'nited States, ex-
plains the fundamental causes of complaints against corporate wealth, describes
the condition of agricultui-e in Ireland, England, Germany, and Denmark, and
concludes that the principal factor in promoting agricultural progress is educa-
tion and satisfactory financial support.
Slav farmers on the " abandoned farm " area of Connecticut, A. E. Cance
(Surrey, 27 (1911), No. 1, pp. 951-956, figs. 6). — The author describes the settle-
ment of Slavic and Jewish immigrants on the Connecticut highlands, and con-
cludes that their general lack of success is due to the exhausted condition of the
soil, exorbitant prices puid for the land, isolated location, and the out-of-date
system of agriculture.
What farmers use (MinneapoUs, Minn., 1913, pp. 303, figs. 12). — This book
contains data showing the number of farms in Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Wis-
consin reporting the use of the various kinds of food, agricultural implements,
seed, and live stock.
Information concerning agriculture in Argentina, A. Hermes and H. Holt-
MEiEB (Ber. Laruho. Rcichsamte Innern, No. 29 (1913), pp. VII I +311, pis. 6^,
94 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
fiffs. J). — ^This volume contains a detailed description of the geology, soiJ, mois-
ture, and climatic conditions, peoples and colonization, systems of cultivation,
live stock, agricultural organizations and their improvement, and trade in ani-
mal ijroduce, in Argentina, and details concerning a number of typical agricul-
tural establishments. Statistical data, illustrations, and diagrams supplement
the text.
An agricultural faggot, B.. H. Rew (Wcstmimtcr, 1913, pp. XII-\-lS7).—
This is a collection of papers on the following subjects relating to English
agriculture: Farming in olden times, agriculture under free trade, English
markets and fairs, the migration of agricultural laborers, the middleman in
agriculture, combination among farmers, cooperation for the sale of farm pro-
duce, the nation's food supply, selling stock by live vreight, and British and
French agriculture.
The determination of the fertilizer requirements of soils, M. Hoffmann
{Arb. Dent. Lrnidw. Gesell., No. 251 {1913), pp. 182, pi. 1, figs. 5).— This report
summarizes the results of experiments with fertilizers on the Calvorde estate
from 1809 to 1912 and on a number of other estates from 1907 to 1912. The
results are discussed especially from the economic standpoint.
Investigation of the management, organization, and profitableness of a
large farm, in the black earth region of Volhynia, J. Klein {Mitt. Landw.
Inst. Breslau, 7 {1914), Xo. 1, pp. J[9-200, figs. 11). — The author discusses the
following factors that enter into the management of a farm in the black earth
region of llussia : The soil, climate, influence of climate upon yields, proportion
of land under different types of cultivation, monthly distribution, kinds, and
management of labor, capital invested in land, buildings, animals, and fertil-
izers, and cost and revenue from various farm crops. Most of the records
shown cover a period of more than 15 years.
The agricultural law; its improvement and enforcement, C. J. Hudson
{N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bill. 47 {1913), pp. 1217-1224, pl- J).— The author states that
the i)urpose of the laws applying to agriculture in New York is to provide means
for making the farms more productive, to search out by rigid inspection diseases
of plant and animal life and. to prescribe and apply the remedy, to stay the
ravages of insect pests, and to perform those numerous things whidh the
farmer, either singly or collectively, is unable to i^erform for himself. He sug-
gests some improvements that might be made in the laws already existing, and
discusses what the rigid enforcement of those already on the statute book would
mean.
Can European cooperative credit methods be applied to American farm-
ing? E. W. Kemmerer (-Y. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. //7 {1913), pp. 1291-1300, pl. 1).-—
The author gives as the reasons for the lack of development of short-term agri-
cultural credit in the United States the system of extensive cultivation, the
unsettled character of a considerable part of our agricultural population, the
heterogeneous character of many rural communities, and the isolation of our
farmers. He concludes that conditions are becoming more favorable for the
adopting of this type of credit, but that the initiative in the establishment of
rural credit banks should be taken by the farmers themselves and that only a
reasonable amount of government supervision seems desirable.
Agricultural accident insurance in Belgium, M. E. Vliecergh {Intcvnat.
Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Econ. and Soc. Intel., 5 {1914), ^'o. 2, pp. 37-49).—
According to the law passed in December, 1903, the farmer became liable for
accidents to his laborers similarly to other classes of employers. In applying
the law it became evident that the farmer himself or members of his family-
needed compensation for accidents as well as his laborers, so there was or-
RURAL ECONOMICS. 95
gauized a mutual insurance society to meet this demand. The author explains
the working of these associations, the results obtained, and the changes that are
doomed necessary to establish the system ou a more equitable basis.
The cooperative insurance of live stock in England and Wales, J. WrLSOX
{Jour. Roy. Htatis. ii(jc., 77 (li)14), No. 2, pp. 1^5-158). — The author, in investi-
gating live stock insurance, found that there were in 1911 832 unregistered pig
clubs composed of 30,520 members and insuring 53,981 pigs, and in 1912 31
registered pig insurance societies with 1,401 members and 3,066 pigs. From a
study of these organizations he concludes that the average death rate was less
than 5 per cent and would require an average net income from insurance
contributions of less than 2s. per pig per annum.
The experience of 86 cow insurance societies, consisting of 3,579 members and
insuring 9,974 cows and calves, showed au average death rate of 2} per cent
and au average loss of less than 5s. per cow per annum.
To guaranty success he advises that the societies maintain a substantial re-
serve and, if possible, reinsure in some large insurance organization.
The agricultural outlook, C. M. Daugiiicrty, F. Andbevvs, W. J. T. Duvel,
and G. K. Holmes (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 581 (191.'t), pp. 50).— The
world's acreage and production of com, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, and flax are
shown by statistical tables for 1911-1913 inclusive, and for every country for
which data are available. Accompanying each table is a general discussion of
the data shown and the purpose to which the different products are put in the
various countries. The imports of corn from Argentina and oats from Canada
are thoroughly analyzed.
It is also pointed out that within the last few months the imports of chilled
and frozen beef from Argentina have amounted to 9,000,000 lbs. monthly, but
this amount adds only a little over 1 per cent to the national supply of the
United States. Since a great deal of this meat is imported by Chicago packing
house companies having slaughterhouses in Argentina it can not be assumed
that they are using Argentina beef to beat down the prices of Chicago beef.
The number of cattle in Argentina during the last 5 years has remained about
the same. That country can not increase its beef supply permanently until the
slaughter actually lessens sufficiently to give its herds opportunity and time to
increase.
The efforts of the various European countries to supplement the American
cotton crop resulted in the production of slightly over 100,000 bales in 1912.
There are many counties in Texas and other States that each produce fi-om J
to i of this amount.
Following these discussions is a paper setting forth the crop reporting system
and the sources of crop information in foreign countries.
[Stocks of potatoes on hand, January 1, 1914, and "world's wheat crop
and crop values for 1913], G. K. Holmes {U. S. Depti Agr., Fanners' Bui. 575
{1914), pp. 29-33, 40-43). — The estimated proportion of potatoes remaining in
growers' hands was larger on January 1, 1914, than has been the case in the four
years past, and the proportion in dealers' hands smaller than for any year of
the last four, except on January 1, 1912.
For the first time on record the world's wheat crop is estimated as over
4,000.000,000 bu.
The value of certain enumerated crops is shown for 1909-1913. These crops
comprised 79.4 per cent of the value of all crops taken in the census and in-
creased from $4,357,595,000 in 1909 to $4,905,881,000 in 1913, Statistical tables
are given showing by States the value of crops enumerated, rank of each State,
and their relative increase or decrease; stocks of potatoes in growers' and in
96 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
dealers' hands on January 1, 1914 ; and the price per bushel on December 1 and
March 1. The area and production of wheat for 1911-1913 are shown for all
countries for which data are available.
[Agricultural statistics of the British Empire and foreign countries], R.
H. Rew (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Agr. Statis., 47 {1912), No. 5, pp.
369-515). — This report contains data showing the area under crops and amounts
produced for 1910, 1911, and 1912, the number of live stock for the latest year
available with comparative data for earlier years, and prices of agricultural
produce for a series of years. The countries included consist of the United
Kingdom, the principal British colonies, and practically all the foreign countries
that have data regarding crops and live stock.
Return of prices of crops, live stock, and other Irish agricultural prod-
ucts, T. Butler {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Statis. 1912, pp. 81,
flg^ X), — This annual statement contains prices of the principal farm crops, live
stock, beef, mutton, pork, butter, eggs, and wool. The weekly prices are shown
for 1912 and the annual prices for 1893-1912. Diagrams are appended showing
fluctuations in the more important items.
Agricultural statistics of Saxony, Wubzbxjbgee (Statis. Jahrb. Konigr. Sach-
sen, III {1913), pp. 112-126, 161-110). — This is the annual statement showing
areas devoted to the principal field crops, the total yield and yield per hectare,
the uses of cultivated land, the total number of live stock aud the number
slaughtered, and the price? of the principal agricultural products.
The commerce of France with Russia {Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Parish,
12 {1913), Nos. 7, pp. 841-862; 9, pp. 1095-1110; 10, pp. 1215-1227; 11, pp.
1344-1358). — In these articles is outlined the trade of France with Russia in
the principal agricultural products, live animals, and animal products by show-
ing for 1911 the total amount exported and the destination. The text is sup-
plemented with statistical tables showing for practically all the items men-
tioned details for 1911, and for the more important items details for earlier
years.
AGmCTTLTURAL EDTJCATION".
Organization of agricultural education and extension, A. F. Woods {Coop.
Manager and Farmer, 3 {1914). No. 6, pp. 53-56). — The author reviews present
facilities for agricultural education in this country and calls attention briefly
to some of the dangers threatening educational work. In summarizing he says
" we are entering a new economic stage of development in which waste must
give way to conservation, ignorance to knowledge, rule of thumb to scientific
method, selfishness to cooperation in its best sense of division of labor."
Agricultural education in secondary schools, A. W. Nolan {School News
and Pract. Ed., 26 {1913), No. 11, pp. 4^4-486).— K plan is given for the orgiini-
zation of country life clubs, subordinated to the Collegiate Country Life Club
of America (E. S. R., 29, p. 199), for the development of the industrial, com-
mercial, and social side of farming and to be carried out as a part of secondary
agricultural courses.
The high school agriculture clubs, P. I. Dougherty {Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr.,
1 {1914), No. 6, pp. 8-11). — Twenty high school clubs of agriculture have been
organized in California by the students of the college of agriculture for the
purpose of improving social and economic conditions in the country. A copy of
the constitution adopted is given, together with an outline for a potato grow-
ing contest for club members only and reference to work done by these clubs.
Club work in Ohio, K S. IviNS {Rural EducMor, 3 {1914), No. 3, pp. 57, 49). —
An account is given of the cause of the rapid development, organization, and
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 97
value of club work in Ohio wliicli now includes activities in corn and wheat
growing, domestic science, and potato, apple, tobacco, vegetable, back yard gar-
den, melon, and better lawn contests.
Industrial education in Oregon, Alice L. Webb {Rural Educator, 3 {191^),
No. 3, pp. JfJf, JfO). — This is an account of industrial education in the public
schools of Oregon, in which 2 field men gave their entire time to visiting the
schools of every county, thus giving instruction to 41,105 children on the
preparation of exhibits for school and state fairs. Three faculty members
of the college of agriculture reached 7,035 additional children. The college dis-
tributed 4 extension bulletins to aid in this work and also offered lectures and
demonstrations on different phases of agriculture and home economics in 21
high schools on 25 different occasions. Last year 88 children's fairs were held
throughout the State with a total prize list of ."?20,0(K) and 75.000 exhibitors.
The recent legislature appropriated .$(5,0(Ki for this field work.
Mutual forest societies of elementary school children, G. Adam (Vie Agr.
et Ruralc, 3 {li)lJf), No. 11, pp. 2t>3-285, figs. 3). — The author describes the ob-
jects, work, and results of mutual forest societies of elementary school children
in the Department of the Vosges, France. The aim is to give children practical
and theoretical instruction in silviculture and grafting, to teach them to love
the trees and respect birds' nests, to know the beneficial and injurious insects
of the forests, etc. The movement was begun 10 years ago and in 1012-13 there
were 39 societies with 1,052 members. The number of societies has subsequently
increased to 40.
Will school-gardening survive? H. M. Benedict (Nature-Study Rev., 9
(1913), No. 8, pp. 251-262). — In this discussion the author maintains that the
success of the garden depends on the ensurance of the crop, and that, therefore,
*' three fundamental necessities must be met by a successful system for the
development of the home garden movement in cities, viz, obtaining garden
experts; bringing these experts into contact with the children in their homes;
welding them into a i>ermauent coherent effective organization for the continu-
ous increase of home gardens, a definite factor added to the life of the city for
the years to come." Such a system has been originated in Cincinnati \>here
both communitj'- and home gardens are being developed with much the larger
emphasis upon the home garden. This system which is described is essen-
tially a cooperative arrangement between the department of botany of the
University of Cincinnati and the public school authorities, the latter paying
additional salary to those teachers desiring to become oflicial garden inspectors
after school hours and during the summer, while the university offers special
garden courses to train such teachers for their work.
Credit for home work in agriculture (Rural Educator, 3 (1914), No. 3, p.
41).—=-A list of projects that may be performed at home by rural school pupils
in Sauk County, Wisconsin, is given, together with rating awarded when satis-
factorily completed.
Developing home economics work in Missouri, B^vb Bell (Missouri Bd. Agr.
Mo. Bui., 11 (1913), No. 11, pp. 23. figs. 5). — This bulletin discusses home eco-
nomics with a view to awakening interest, and sets forth a more definite plan
(if work which is to be conducted under the auspices of the state board of agri-
culture. A copy of a circular, prei>ared in part by the author, is included for
a boys* and girls' corn and home economics contest, containing score cjirds for
the different classes of work as well as other data.
Agricultural home economics instruction in foreign countries, P. SchijMD-
LEK (Ami. Sci. Agron., 4. scr., 2 (1913), II, No. 6, pp. 727-742) .—The author dis-
98 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
cusses the economic, practical, and moral role of the agricultural home eco-
nomics school and calls atention to three principal types of agricultural home
economics instruction, viz, the analytical course or school in individual sub-
jects, such as cooking, sev^ing, etc.. instruction preparing for the home, and
professional instruction as found in the national systems of education of Eng-
land, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, and Hungary, which are de-
scribed.
Woman's place in agriculture {3. Cong. Intemat. Cercles Fennidres Ocmd.
1913, Compt. Rend., pp. [133]). — This is a report of the proceedings of the
Third International Congress of Farm Women's Clubs held at Ghent June
12 to 15. 1913.
The professional place of the farm, woman (3. Cong. Intemat. Cercles
Fermi^res Gand, 1913, Raps. Sect. 2, pp. [112]). — This section's report consists
of discussions on farm women's work in dniryiug, poultry raising, kitchen
gardening, keeping accounts, and flower and shrubbery ornamentation.
Associations of farm women {3. Cong. Intemat. Cercles Ferniidres Gand.,
1913, Raps. Sect. 1, pp. [183]). — This report contains accounts of the organiza-
tion, work, and results of farm women's associations in Belgium, Poland,
Ireland, the United States. France. Province of Hainaut (Belgium), Kizkim-
felegyhaza (Hungary), and the Province of Ontario, Canada, also some ideas
relative to rural desertion, some social laws interesting to agriculture, the
itinerant home economics course, and the report of the Women's Agricultural
and Horticultural International Union.
The farm woman, the mother of the family, and the housekeeper {3.
Cong. Intemat. Cercles Fermi^rcs Gand., 1913, Rap^ Sect. 3, pp. [195]). — The
papers presented relate to the farm woman's role in home education, child
hygiene, clothing, villnge esthetics, furnishing and decollating the home, food
of the lower class, utilization and conservation of vegetables and fruits, look-
ing after tlie professional education of children and keeping them on the farm,
and organizing rural recreation.
Eai-niers' clubs, their organization and work (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 15
{191Jf), pp. 11). — Informntion is given on how to start a farmers' club, where to
obtain material for discussion, and the importance of organization, followed
by a topical and seasonal arrangement of subjects, with references.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Beport of Nevada Station, 1913 (Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 61). —
This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 191B, a report of the director, departmental reports, the experi-
mental work of which is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue,
and a list of available publications.
Thirty-second Annual Beport of Ohio Station, 1913 (Ohio Stn. Bui. 263
(1913), pp. X.T.Y. fig. 1). — This contains the organization list, a report of the
board of control, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913,
and a report of the director summarizing the work and publications of the
station during the year.
Press Bulletins (Ohio Sta. Bui. 263 (1913), pp. 543-546) .—Reprints of press
bulletins on the following subjects: Grasshoppers; the county experiment
farm — how it will be managed and what it is expected to accomplish; seed
treatment to prevent oat smut ; and warbles or bots in cattle.
NOTES.
Arizona University. — An agricultural extension service has been establishetl
with S. F. Morse, who has been acting professor of agriculture and agricul-
turist during the past year, as superintendent. It is planned to carry on this
work largely through traveling field agents and lecturers. Some special lines
to be developed are the collection of data as to the business side of Arizona
farming, demonstrations, personal advice, the formation of local and state
organizations of farmers, and the maintenance at headquarters of an exchange
bureau or clearing house of agricultural information, especially as regards
sources of live stock, seeds and other farm products, farm help, etc.
California University and Station. — At the recent commencement, the degree
of LL. I), was conferred upon Dr. E. W. Hilgard, from 1874 to 190G professor
of agriculture and dean of the College of Agriculture. E. H. Hagemann,
instructor in dairying and assistant in dairy industries, has resigned.
Iowa College. — At the recent commencement, the degree of D. Sc. was con-
ferred upon Hon. James Wilson, ex-Secretary of Agriculture. The graduating
class in agriculture numboreil 114, of whom it is stated about four-fifths are
I)lanning to take up farming innnediately.
A mock auction sale of college live stock was recently held, about 500 stu-
dents participating. The students had charge of the assembly and advertising
of the stock and prizes were awarded for the best work in exhibiting, bidding,
etc. The mock auction aroused great interest and it is announced that it will
be made an annual event.
A. E. Potts, assistant in cheese making in Cornell University, has been
appointed instructor in dairying.
Maryland College. — The dedication of Calvert Hall, the new dormitory, took
place May 30, the principal address being given by Hon. W. P. Borland of Mis-
souri. The day was observed as Farmers' Day, opportunity being afforded for
an inspection of the lines of work at the college and station, including dem-
onstrations of hog cholera serum and the summer meeting of the State Horti-
cultural Society.
The college has arranged to inaugurate a department for the training of
teachers in agricultural and vocational subjects for the rural schools. A
4-year course of regular college grade will be offered, and a summer school for
rural teachers including instruction in agriculture, home economics, and the
sciences generally was held during July. It is expected to organize a model
high school in connection with the department in which will be incorporated
the work now assigned to the preparatory and subfreshman classes. It will
also be used for practice teaching.
Michigan College. — An important decision by the State Supreme Court was
announced May 20, declaring unconstitutional the recent appropriation act in
which the legislature had included a provision that "no part of this or any
other appropriation shall be available in case a sum in excess of $3.5,000 from
any or all sources shall be expended in any one fiscal year for the maintenance
99
100 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of the mechanical and engineering department." This provision was held uncon-
stitutional on the ground that the state constitution " has given to the relator
the general supervision of the college and the direction and control of all
agricultural college funds. So long as the relator employs them for the pur-
poses intended by the grant, it is beyond the povs^er of the legislature to control
the relator's use of the funds received from the Federal Government and long
ago appropriated to the agricultural college. Undoubtedly the grant of funds
was to the State and the disposition of them wholly within the ix)wer of the
State, acting through its legislature, in accordance with the conditions of
the trust imposed. ... I am called upon to neither affirm nor deny the propo-
sition that the legislature may now appropriate the federal fund, in whole or
in part, to some other in.stitution, withdrawing it, or some of it, from the agri-
cultural college, so long as it keeps faith with the Congress. The legislatui-e
has not withdrawn it from the college nor appropriated it, or any part of it,
to another institution. It remains an agricultural college fund, within the
meaning of the constitution, devoted, under the supervision and direction of
the relator, to the college and to the purixtses expressed in the grant, in state
legislation, and, finally, in the constitution of the State. It is required to be
annually applied to the specific objects of the original gift, grant or appropria-
tion. Necessarily, it must be so applied, under existing conditions, by the
constitutional supervisors of the fund, and of the college, and not by the
legislature. It follows that the legislature exceeded its powers in attempting
to deprive the relator of its constitutional control of agricultural college funds
derived from the Federal Government."
The effect of this decision is to restrict the appropriations for the current
year to the same basis as for the previous appropriation act, thus making a re-
duction in the college tax levy from % tuill to ^ mill, and considerably handi-
capping development for the present.
Nebraska University and Station. — Dr. R. A. Emerson has resigned as pro-
fessor of horticulture and horticulturist, beginning September 1, to accept a
position as professor and head of the department of plant breeding in Cornell
University.
Nevada "University. — President J. E. Stubbs died very suddenly May 7. Dr.
Stubbs was born in Ashland, Ohio, March 39, 1850, and educated in the Ohio
Wesleyan University, Drew Theological Seminary, and the University of Berlin.
He had been successively superintendent of schools in Ashland, president of
Baldwin University at Berea, Ohio, and since 1S94 president of the university,
and until 1912 director of the station. During this long period of development
he had contributed greatly to the upbuilding of the institution. He was also a
well-known figure in the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations, serving as its president in 1899-1900, and on various
committees.
Rhode Island Station. — L. P. Howard, a 1914 graduate of the Massachusetts
College, has been appointed assistant in chemistry and has entered upon his
duties.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OP THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PEOCUBED FBOU
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WASHINGTON, D. C.
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AND Index, $1
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Pii., D.. Assi.^ttant Director.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMP:NTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotefhny — I^. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
MeteoroloRv. Soils, and FertilizersjJJ'- ^f ,?^^^-
(R. \V. Trullinger.
AgriciiUural Botany. Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathologyjjy JJ' ^l^^^' ^'^" ^'
T.-"!^!.! ri„^^, JJ- I- SCHULTE.
Lield Crops ((,_^j^,^.^^^^pj^ D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Olasson.
Foods and Human Nutrition Ig ^- Langwortiiv, Ph. I)., I). Sc.
IH. L. Lang.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — II. Wkbstkr.
Economic Zook^gy and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M.
Veterinary Medicine l}^'-^V Hookkk.
I L. W. I' E rzEK.
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. LIMK
Rural Economics — E. Mkrritt. i^EW '
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes— M. D. Moore. 30TA^
. UAKi.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXI, NO. 2.
Editorial notes: Page.
Formation of the American Association of Agricultural College Editors . . . 101
Recent work in agricultural science 107
Notes 197
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
AGRICITLTURAL CHEMIST.RY — AGROTECHNY.
Flavor of Roquefort cheese, Currie 107
Influence of preliminary heating upon peptic and tryptic proteolysis, Bizano. 107
The kinetics of invertase action, Michaehs and Menten 108
The localization of betain in plants, Stanfek 108
The chemistry and physiology of the leaves of the betel vine, Mann et al 108
Chemical stuaics on the lime-sulphur-lead arsenate spray mixture, Ruth 108
The titrimetric determination of ammonia, Winkler 108
Method for determination of ammoniacal nitrogen with formaldehyde, Gaillot. 109
A rapid method for determining formaldehyde, Gaillot 109
Comparison of methods for dissolved oxygen, Sale and Skinner 109
New precipitants for copper, Kober 109
Determination of sulphur in certain culture media, Redfield and Huckle 109
Comparative methods for determining sulphur in peptone, Redfield and Huckle. 109
The determination of sulphiu- and chlorin in the rice plant, Thompson 110
The determination of humus in heavy clay soils. Beam 110
Influence of ammonium carbonate on humus, Maclntire and Hardy Ill
Estimation of the lime requirement of soils, Bizzell and Lyon 112
Estimation of citric acid-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, Neubauer 112
The loss in lecithin phosphoric acid, Cohn 112
Recommendations for revision of the section on honey and honey surrogates. . . 112
z
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Contribution to our knowledge of foreign honeys, Fiehe and Stegmiiller 113
Detecting adulteration of cider vinegar with distilled vinegar, Crawford 113
Detection of alkaloids in beverages, Bodnar 114
Tests of tannin substances in Malabar tea, Bosscha and Maurenbrecher 114
Proposals for the section on wine _. ._ 114
Recommendations for the re\ision of the section on spiritous liquors 114
Proposals for the section on milk products of the Swiss food book 114
Nephelometric determination of casein, globuUn, and albumin in milk, Kober. 114
A new rapid method for the estimation of casein in milk, Walker 114
The analysis of unsweetened evaporated milk, Utt 115
Laboratory and field assay of arsenical dipping fluids, Chapin 115
Deternunation and detection of methyl alcohol, von Fellenberg 115
Research studies on the curing of leaf tobacco. Garner, Bacon, and Foubert... 115
The experimental error in sampUng sugar cane. Leather 117
The clarification of Louisiana cane juices, Cross 117
METEOROLOGY — WATER.
Meteorological observations, Stevens 117
Siu^ace water supply of the Missouri River Basin, 1911, Lamb et al 117
Surface water supply of the Colorado River Basin, 1911, FoUansbee et al 118
Surface water of South Atlantic coast and GuH Basins, Hall and Pierce 118
SOILS — FERTILIZERS .
Treatise on soils for farmers and foresters, Mitscherlich 118
Moor cultivation in Austria, Bersch 118
The fertility map of the Delta, KeeUng 119
Soils, Vipond 119
Laterite, its consideration in the light of colloid chemistry, Luz 119
The determination of the absorptive power of the soil, Oryng 119
Influence of irrigation and crop production on nitrification, McBeth and Smith. 119
Formation and decomposition of humus. Lohnis and Green 120
Effect of copper, zinc, iron, and lead salts on soils, Lipman and Burgess 120
The decomposition of siUcates by soil bacteria and yeasts, II, BassaUk 121
Nitrogen assimilation in the presence of nitrates, Pnngsheim 121
, Composition of cells of Azotohacter chroococcum, Omeliansky and Sieber 121
The behavior of soils steriUzed by heat, Vogel 121
Bacteriological studies of field soils. — III, Effect of barnyard manures. Brown. . 121
Farm manures, Brown 122
Green manuring and soil fertility, Brown 122
[Cave deposits, manures, limes, and limestones], Vipond 122
Report of the superintendent of the guano islands, Zeederberg 122
Peat, Da^is 122
Results of drilling manm-es in Hungary, Kerpely 123
Experimental results by the experiment station of Stockholm, Soderbaum. . . . 123
Do fertihzer salts have an influence in forming soil crusts? Hessler 123
Experiments on availabiUty of nitrogenous fertilizers, Lipman, Blair, et al 124
Phosphatic fertiUzers, Gregoke 125
Action of ammonium citrate on calcium phosphates, Warynski and Langel. . . 125
Superphosphate vinasse, a new fertihzer, Stoltzenberg 125
Potash salts: Summary for 1912, Phalen 125
Lime, Stone 125
Gypsum, Stone ' 125
Agricultmal value of carbonate of lime for causticizing plant, Hendrick 125
Liming Iowa soils, Brown 125
The action of sulphur on the bacterial activities of the soil, Vogel 125
So-called catalytic action of manganese and boron on the sugar beet, Pellet 126
The fertihzer inspection for 1913, Curry, Smith, et al 126
Analyses and valuations of fertiUzers and ground bone, Cathcart et al 126
Fertihzer registrations, Cathcart i 126
[Fertihzer inspection in North Carolina, 1912 to 1913], Kilgore et al 126
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Agricultural bacteriology, Hutchinson 126
On the fungi of the soil, II, Dale 127
CONTENTS. ni
Page.
Bactena and soil fertility, Brown 127
The niycorrhlzas of forest trees, McDoufirall 127
The relation of living chlorophyll to light, Iwanowski 128
Investigations on the pigments in chromoleucites, Lubimenko 128
The role of vellow pigment in chloroplasta, Iwanowski 128
Studies on tlie chemical process of anthocyanin pigment formation, Combes. . . 128
Some conditions of formation and decomposition of starch, Lundegardh 128
Physiology of latex in some rubber plants, Tobler 128
Microchemical recognition and distribution of aluminum in plants, Kratzmann. 129
Some effects of colloidal metals on Spirogyra, Hoyt 129
Influence of radio-activity on plants, Malpeaux 129
Penetrative power of violet and ultraviolet rays in leaves, Dangeard 129
Axial abscission as the result of traumatic stimuli, Gortner and Harris 129
The survival of plant tissues after freezing, Russell 130
The frost problem up to date, Frazer 130
Can selection improve the quality of a pure strain of plants? Hagedoorn 130
Coloration of the seed coat of cowpeas, Mann 130
On the appearance of sterile ' ' dwarfs " in Hiimulus lupulus, Salmon 130
FIELD CROPS.
A table for estimating statistical constants. Pearl and Miner 130
Note on the accuracy of bushel-weight determinations, Barber 131
Influence of shape and size of plats in tests of varieties of grain, Barber 131
Deep plowing and subsoiling, Wright 131
The improvement of plants, Blaringhem 131
The breeding of forage grasses, Lang 131
The history of the cultivated cereals, I, Schulz 131
Culture of legumes with special reference to nitrogen a.ssimilation, Heinzc 131
The inoculation of legumes, Bro\vn 131
Influence of soil volume and available plant food on cereals, Burmester 132
Leguminous crops in North CaroUna, Parker 132
Soine examples of the potash requirements of legumes, Clausen 132
Plants for the desert, Semler 132
Desert plants of Mexico, Ochoterena 132
Field experiments. Woods 132
Report of the agricultural experimental station in St. Croix, 1912 133
Field experiments and demonstrations 133
[Field crop experiments], Smith 133
Alfalfa seed production ; pollination studies. Piper et al 133
Barley culture in Wisconsin, Moore and Stone " 134
Cactus opuntia as a forage crop for arid regions 134
Chilian clover, Hadfield 134
Studies in variation of red clover, Pammel and Clark 134
PolUnation of clover, Pammel and King 134
Inheritance of recurring somatic variation in maize, Emerson 135
Maize variety trial, 1912, McMillan 135
Cotton experiments, 1913, Ricks, Ferris, Ames, and Walker 136
Recent trials with cotton in Grenada, Auchinleck 136
Cotton production in the German colonies, Supf 136
Cultivation of kapok to replace that of caoutchouc, Cantzler 136
Germination of oats, Brioux 136
Effect of certain artificial manures on the bushel weight of oats 136
The potato question, Planchon 137
Potato-sprapng experiments at Rush in 1913, Stewart 137
Thoroughness pays in potato spraying. Hall 137
Prickly pear as a forage plant, Martinez 137
The classification of rice in the Central Pro^'inc€s, Graham 137
Experiments with sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda on rye, Wehnert. . . 137
Silver beet: Its use as a forage crop, Macpherson 137
Possible economies in sugar production, Dodson 137
Sweet potatoes, Mooring 138
Tobacco breeding, Lang 138
Variation in tobacco, Hayes 138
Changes produced by selection in experiments with tobacco. East and Hayes. . 138
Field experiments with wheat, 1912, Chapman et al 139
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Seed tests made at the station during 1913, Munu 139
Purity of farm seeds in 1913, Hall 139
Results of seed tests for 1913, Taylor and App 139
Report of seed tests for 1913, Burgess 139
Better seed, Harris 139
Homemade seed-corn testers, Hughes 139
Unlawful Iowa weeds and their extermination, Pammel and King 139
HORTICULTURE.
Commercial gardening, edited by Weathers 140
Effect of an increased carbonjc acid in the air on green plants, Fischer 140
Experiments with udo, the new Japanese vegetable, Fairchild 140
An apple chimera. Castle 140
Pollination in orchards. — II, The flowering of pears, Chittenden 140
The effect of fertilizers in a cultivated orchard, Gourley 141
Spraying for orchard and vineyard in South Carolina, Conradi and Barre 141
Analyses for poison of apples sprayed with lead arsenate in midsummer, Woods . . 141
Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides, Cathcart et al 142
Making a garden of small fruits, Rockwell 142
Currants and gooseberries, Palmer 142
Propagation of the seedless breadfruit. Wester 142
Cacao culture in Samoa, Demandt 142
New researches into some statistics of Coffea, Van der Wolk 142
Fruits of a date palm in the Tertiary deposits of eastern Texas, Berry 142
The present state of olive growing in Italy, Bracci 142
Chestnut breeding experience. Van Fleet 142
California gardens, Murmann 143
Garden flowers as they grow, Essenhigh-Corke and Thomas 143
The rose book, Thomas et al 143
FORESTRY.
Silvicultm-e, Jacquot 143
Forest protection, von Fiirst 143
Forest trees, shrubs, and bushes, Gatin 143
Contribution to the knowledge of the oil palm (Elseis guineensis) , Beccari 143
Rubber, its sources, cultivation, and preparation. Brown 143
Rubber culture.— I, Jlevea brasiliensis, Zaepernick 144
Suitability of long-leaf pine for paper pulp, Surface and Cooper 144
Uses for chestnut timber killed by the bark disease, Nellis 144
Rocky Mountain mine timbers, Betts 144
Tests of wooden barrels, Newlin 144
DISEASES OF PL.VNTS.
Organization in various countries for the protection of plants, Saulnier 145
Problems and progress in plant pathology, Jones 145
Agi'icultural bacteriology, special inquiries, Hutchinson 145
Notes on some rusts in India, Butler 145
The ascosporic condition of the genus Aschersonia, Thaxter 145
Plasmodiophoracese and their relation to Mycetozoa and Chytrideae, Schwartz. . 145
North American Uredinese, Holway 145
Some observations on a peculiar soil disease, Collinge 146
Injury by smelter smoke in southeastern Tennessee, Hedgcock 146
A study in cereal rusts, physiological races, Stakman 146
[Grain diseases] 147
[The stem rot of cereals], Mangin 147
Experiments on control of loose smut of barley and wheat, Schander 147
Bad germination of wheat seed 148
Causes of soil sickness in wheat lands, etc., BoUey 148
Danger in threshing machines 148
Finger-and-toe disease of crucifers, Berthault 148
Finger-and-toe, Fron 148
Finger-and-toe of crucifers. Gay 148
Finger-and-toe of crucifers and a disease of carrots, Passy 149
Finger-and-toe disease in Brussels sprouts 149
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Control of black canker of potato, Spieckermann 149
Phlooin necrosis as cause or symptom of leaf roll, Schander and Tiesenhausen . . 149
Wart disease of potatoes 149
Powdery scab {Spongospora subterranea) of potatoes, Melhus 149
The potato quarantine and the American potato industry, Orton 149
The black rust of Deli tobacco. Honing 149
The effect of dust from cement mills on the setting of fruit, Anderson 150
Fruit culture in Normandy, Porter 150
A rust new on apples, pears, and other pome fruits, O'Gara 150
Experiments with apple leaf spot fungi, Roberts , 151
Spraying experiments and apple diseases in 1913, Morse 151
Observations on the anatomy and other features of the black knot, Stewart 151
Court-nou6, Barry 151
The downy mildew of the grape, H(Sron 151
Comparative tests of fungicides for control of downy mildew, Mahoux 152
Notes on diseases of citraceous plants, Jarvis 152
Some notes on the scab of grapefruit, Fawcett 152
[A fungus disease of coffee] 152
Orobanche cumana on sunflower, Mal'tsev 153
Californian thistle rust, Cockayne 153
The symptoms of chestnut tree blight and the blight fungus, Ileald 153
Longevity of pycnospOres of blight fungus in soil, Heald and Gardner 153
Pine rust and its transmission, Ilaack 153
An unusual case of electrical injury to street trees, Cromie 153
Notes on preparation of insecticides and fungicides, Vermorel and Dantony. . . 153
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Comparative physiology of invertebrates, Jordan 154
The common mole of the eastern United States, Scheffer 154
Work of California gray squirrel on conifer seed in southern Sierras, Berry 154
Squirrels and sugar pine reproduction. Jotter 154
[Habits of pheasauts], Field, Graham, and Adams 154
The nutrition and habits of the angleworm in relation to agriculture, Keup 154
Helminthological investigations, Gravier 154
Economic zoology 155
The life story of insects, Caipenter 155
Report of the entomologist of Arizona for 1913 155
Forty -fourth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1913 155
Tuberculosis in insects, Metalnikoff 155
Insect damage to Russian crops 155
The fight against Lachnus persicse, termites, and ants by carbolineum, Smirnov. . 155
Tables for the identification of insect enemies of spruce and fir, Koch 155
The insects attacking cork stoppers, Feytaud 155
The Hevea termite of Java, Dammerman 156
The cranberry toad bug, Sirrine and Fulton 156
The biology of the bedbug. — III, Habits of the adult, Girault 156
The chinch bug in Ontario, Hudson 156
Burn the bugs 156
Currant and gooseberry aphids in Maine, Patch 157
Suppression of the cottony cushion scale in Louisiana, Tucker 157
Coccidae of Japan, V, Kuwana 157
Euxoa segctum and how to combat it, Sopotzko 157
On the appearance in Bessarabia of Clysia ambiguella, Vitkovskj'- 157
Appearance of Phlyctsenodes sticticalis and Cassida nebulosa, Vassilliev 157
Tortrix forskaleana, Tragardh 157
On German gall flies and galls, Riibsaamen 157
On a method of fighting Psila rosse, Vassiliev 158
Controlling flies, Conradi et al 158
Corn-leaf blotch miner, Phillips 158
A new species of grass grub. — A serious pest of forest trees, Cockayne 159
The life history and bionomics of Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Scheidter 159
On the biology of Tropinota turanica, Troitzky 159
On an egg-eatmg parasite of Rhynchites auratus, Troitzky 159
Contributions to the British Braconidse. — I, Meteoridse, Lyle 159
Life histories of Indian insects. — IV, Hymenoptera, Dutt 159
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Spider enemies of bees, Levanrlovsky 159
Bryobia prxtiosa, Tragardh 159
Transmission of Trypanosovia cruzi by Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Neiva 159
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Fricks 160
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Changes in composition of nitrogenous constituents of meat extracts, Wright 160
The chenical composition of meat extract, Wright 161
The food value of skim milk and the nutritive value of condensed skim milk. 161
Eggs considered from the point of view of food value, Delaye 161
Lard, McGill :••.-•-.- : ■ -. 161
Vegetable foods; their distinctive characteristics and classification, Rusby . . . . 161
The digestion of vegetable foods, Gies 161
Gastric digestion of the proteins of bread and raw meat in man, Zunz and Cerf . 161
Composition of corn-meal products and digestibility of protein, Rammstedt 161
Influence of artificial drying on quality of grains for bread making, Neumann. . 162
Effects of nitrogen peroxid on the constituents of flour, Moore and Wilson. . . . 162
The chemical composition of paddy mill products, Warth and Darabsett 163
On the powdered sugar of commerce, Bailey and Jackson. . . •. 164
The chemistry of a cup of coffee 164
Composition of essence of coffee — presence of pyridin, Bertrand and Weisweiller . 165
Commodities and provisions 165
Municipal laboratory of chemistry 166
Construction of public slaughterhouses and markets, Schwarz and Heiss 166
The school lunch system [in the Philippines] 166
The ship's commissary officer. Dyer 166
The work involved in the combustion processes of the body, Hober 166
Protozoan protoplasm in fatigue. Underbill and Woodruff 167
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Live stock on farms and elsewhere 167
Live stock products and domestic animals sold or slaughtered on farms 167
Feeding corn silage to farm animals, Pew, Eward, and Kildee 168
[Analyses of feeding stuffs] 168
[Animal husbandry], Haecker 168
The brains of the domestic animals, Kraemer 168
The importance of measurements in the improvement of the breeds, Voitellier. 168
The red cattle of Flanders, Raquet 169
[Cattle of northern Spain], Codina 169
Winter steer feeding, 1912-13, Skinner and King 169
Raising and fattening beef calves in Alabama, Gray and Ward 169
Pig feeding, Grace 169
A rotation of grazing crops for hogs 169
Management and breeding of horses, Hai-per 169
Whole world buying our fast horses 169
The Welsh pony, Dargan 170
Poitou mule breeding 170
Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl, VI, Curtis 170
The bacteriology of the hen's egg, Rettger 171
Carbon dioxid in incubation, Lamson, jr. , and Edmond 172
Natural and artificial incubation of hens' eggs, Lamon 173
Electro-cardiogram for embryo chicks, Wertheim-Salomonson 173
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
Dairying, Sheldon 173
Dairying in Nova Scotia 173
[Dairy husbandry] 173
[Dairy husbandry], Haecker - 173
Manuring of grass land for milk and meat, Davis 173
Feeding of cattle on phosphatic piistm-e, Seltensperger 174
Dairy herd records for fourteen years, Frandsen and Haecker 174
A new Holstein record 174
Nourishment of young animals with self and foreign milk, Schrape 174
CONTENTS. Vn
Page.
The etiology of epidemic septic sore throat 174
Provision of the agricultural law relating to dairy products, 1913 175
Sanitary inspection of market milk, Gooren 175
Isoelectric point of man, cow, goat, dog, and guinea pig milk casein, Ylppo.. 175
Electric sterilization of milk 175
Ozonization of milk, Wiener 175
Free and volatile fatty acids of fresh butter fat, Bubt and Weise 175
The variability of Bacillus bulgaricus, Christeller 175
The keeping quality of sweet cream butter 175
Preservation of butter by sodium bicarbonate and sodium nitrate, Bordas 176
Nut butter 176
The ripening of mold cheeses and the ferments involved therein, Maze 176
Oleomargarin, Van Voornveld 176
Bibliography of references on milk and milk products during 1912, Huyge 176
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Report of the veterinary director general for 1913, Torrance 176
Report of the territorial veterinarian, 1911-12, Norgaard and Case 177
Annual report of the chief veterinary oflicer for 1912, Stockman 177
Report of Bengal Veterinary College and Department, Raymond and Smith. . . 177
Report on civil veterinary department, Burma, for 1913, Evans 177
Veterinary diseases, Balfour, Archibald, et al 177
Bacteriology, microbiology, and serum therapy, Besson, translated by Hutctens. 177
A compend of pai-asitology, Brumpt 177
Investigations of scabies and scab mites, Fiebiger 177
Chemotherapy, Ehrlich 177
The relation of the leucocytic bacteriolysin to body fluids^ Man waring 178
Toxic action and disinfecting agents, Klihl 178
Technical errors in protective vaccination, Laufer 178
Synthetic antigens for meiostagmin reaction used for malignant growths, Izar. . 178
An improvement in the meiostagmin reaction, Kohler and Luger 178
Autoserotherapy in pleuritis, Haan 179
A dry placenta powder and its use in Abderhalden's method. King 179
The biological diagnosis of pregnancy, Engelhorn 179
The serum diagnosis of pregnancy, Judd 179
The serodiagnosis of pregnancy, Jaworski and Szymanowski 179
Diagnosis of pregnancy with optical method and dialysis, Freund and Brahm. 179
Experiences with the Abderhaklen pregnancy reaction, Schlimpert and Hendry . 180
Abderhalden's reaction with placenta and serum, Schlimpert and Issel 180
Serology of eclampsia, Stange 180
Abderhalden's dialysis method, Falk 180
Valuation of precipitating anthrax serum, Rickmann and Joseph 181
Symptomatic anthrax, Wulff 181
Blackleg and diseases resembling symptomatic anthrax, Wulff 181
Diagnosis of blackleg by examining the bile. III, Wulff 181
The precipitation diagnosis in tuberculosis, Morelli 181
The intradermal reaction in bovines, Dalkiewicz 181
Is tuberculin nontoxic for the healthy organism? Geibel 182
The relation of bovine tuberculosis to human tuberculosis, MoUers 182
Tuberculosis of food animals and its relation to the public health, Jowett 182
Tuberculosis of the tonsils in a heifer, Chausse '. . . 182
Tuberculous orchitis in a horse, Darmagnac 182
Concerning the pure cultivation of Bang's bacillus, AscoU 182
Addresses to the general assembly on tick eradication 182
Onchocerca gibsoni in Australian cattle, Gibuth and Sweet 182
Anthrax in hogs and the Ascoli anthrax precipitation reaction, Seibold 182
Thermoprecipitation for detecting hog erysipelas. Gauss 183
Spread of hog epizootics through vaccinating against erysipelas, Jakob et al 183
Testing the vaccinating substances against swine plague, Diierkop 183
Mammary botryomycosis in the mare, Plotner 184
Vaccinating against the pectoral form of equine influenza (Brustseuche), Konew. 184
Protective and curative vaccination for pectoral equine influenza, Bromberger . . 184
Nematodes parasitic in domestic fowls, Henry and Sizov 184
Pai'asitism in relation to birds, Jones 184
VIII CONTENTS.
RURAL ENQINEEBING.
Page.
[Agricultural engineering] 185
Rural engineering 185
Water conservation and irrigation 185
The wet lands of southern Louisiana and their drainage, Okey 185
Better roads, Tannatt 185
Forest road construction, Stoetzer 185
The cause and the prevention of cracking in concrete roads, Spackman 185
Approximate stresses produced by a concentrated load, Pearl 186
Strength of large pipes, Cooper and Weinmann 186
Reinforced concrete construction, IIool 186
[Farm power and machinery] 186
Farm motors. Potter 186
The adaptation of kerosene to gasoline engines, Richter and Pierce 187
The use of internal combustion motors in Danish agriculture, Feilberg 187
The science of laying out and the art of plowing with power 187
Recent tests of mechanical cultivation in France, Coupan 187
Motor cultivation by tractors or rotating cultivators, De Meyenburg 188
Basis for the testing of mechanical cultivating implements, Giordano 188
Motor-drawn and motor-operated grain binders, Ringelmann 188
Experiments with an electrically driven threshing machine, Coupan 188
Operating characteristics of centrifugal pumps, Morrison, jr 188
The cost of pasteurizing milk and cream, Bowen 188
Electric stimulation of plant growth, Peaslee 189
The dissolving of zinc from pipes by water supplies, Lehmann 189
The hot-water supply plant for private houses, GuUino 189
Elements of heating, Irwin 189
Some suggested designs for sewage-treatment plants, Ilansen 190
A combination cesspool and septic tank, Duling 190
A new suggested method of water testing for plumbing fixtures, Shade 190
Plumbing practice, as seen by the inspector 190
RURAL ECONOMICS.
The agricultural outlook 190
Agricultural production in West Virginia, Johnson 190
Some indications of the economic and agricultural progress of Argentina 191
Agricultural statistics of British India] 191
Land tenure, agriculture, and live stock in New Zealand], Eraser 191
International statistics of agriculture] 191
\s scarcity to be preferred to plenty? Johnson 191
History and description of a farm in the valley of the Unstrut, Schone 191
The division of capital in agric-ulture as between landlord and tenant, Paget.. 192
Landed proprietors and agriculture in Norway 192
Farm credit conditions in a cotton State, Haney 192
Helping the farmer to keep his farm, Breitung 192
Rep( )rt of New York delegates on the American Commission, Allen and Mitchell. 192
Instruction in marketing 192
Tlie story of the C. W. S., Redfern 193
Organization and present status of the Prussian Chamber of Agriculture, Oberg. 193
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Rural life and education, Cubberley 193
Educational resources of village and rural communities, iiart 193
[Instruction in agriculture and domestic science], Harris 193
The agricultural instruction act 194
[Progress in agricuUural education in Canada in 1913] 194
Agricultural organization in Belgium 194
Nature study and the teaching of elementary agriculture, Comstock 194
Some students' work 194
Tlie present status of nature study in the elementary schools, Patterson 194
The school gardens of Saginaw, I'assolt 195
Sliouhl school gardens survive? Cromwell 195
Supervising a community garden in summer, Waters 195
The lay of tlic land, Needham 195
Farmers' iiisl,itut(; and extension work in the Thiited States in 191:5, Hamilton. . 195
CONTENTS. IX
MISCELLANEOUS.
Page.
Annual Reports of the Department of A.urriculture, 1013 195
Twentieth Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1912 195
Twenty-first Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1913 195
Report of the director, 1913, Lipman 196
Finances, meteorology, index 196
Relation of the station to the colles^e and to extension, Doten 196
[Annual Report of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1913], Russell 196
Organization of experimental work in agriculture in German colonies, Busso. . 196
Laws relating to work of department of agriculture of Washington 196
New Jersey handbook of agriculture, compiled by Clark 196
The farmers' ready reference book 196
fcicientific writings by the late William McMurtrie, compiled by McMurtrie 196
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Connecticut Storrs Station : Page.
Bui. 75, Nov., 1913 171
Bui. 76, Mar., 1914 172
Indiana Station:
Bui. 167 (popular ed.), Oct.,
1913 169
Iowa Station:
Circ. 1, Mar., 1912 139
Circ. 2, 2ed., Apr., 1913 125
Circ. 5, Dec, 1912 139
Circ. 6, Jan., 1913 168
Circ. 7, Apr., 1913 127
Circ. 8, Apr., 1913 131
Circ. 9, Apr., 1913 122
Circ. 10, Apr. , 1913 122
Louisiana Stations:
Bui. 144, Apr., 1914 117
Bui. 145, Apr., 1914 157
Maine Station:
Bui. 222, Dec, 1913 117, 196
Bui. 223, Jan., 1914 151
Bui. 224, Feb., 1914 132, 141
Bui. 225, Feb., 1914 157
Bui. 226, Mar., 1914 130, 131
Minnesota Station:
Bui. 138, Feb., 1914 146
Twentieth An. Rpt. 1912 195
Twenty-first An. Rpt. 1913. . . . 168,
173, 195
Mississippi Station:
Bui. 164, Feb., 1914 136
Nebraska Station:
Bui. 139, Apr. 6, 1914 174
Research Bui. 4, Feb. 1, 1914. 135
New Hampshire Station:
Bui. 166, Sept., 1913 139
Bui. 167, Dec, 1913 126
Bui. 168, Jan., 1914 141
New Jersey Stations:
Bui. 260, June 29, 1913 124
Bui. 261, Dec. 6, 1913 126
Bui. 262, Dec. 22, 1913 142
Bui. 263, Dec. 31, 1913 196
Bui. 264, Jan. 14, 1914 126
New York Stale Station:
Bui. 377, Mar., 1914 156
Bui. 378, Mar., 1914 139
Bui. 379, Mar., 1914 137
North Dakota Station:
Bui. 107, Dec, 1913 148
Oklahoma Station :
Circ. 24, Dec, 1913.... 156
Circ. 25, Jan., 1914 138
Circ. 26, Jan., 1914 131
South Carolina Station:
Circ 23, Dec, 1913 158
Circ. 24, Jan., 1914 182
Circ. 25, Feb., 1914 141
Tennessee Station:
Bui. 103, Jan., 1914 Ill
X
Stations in the United Slates — Contd.
Utah Station: Page.
Che 16, Mar., 1914 139
West Virginia Station :
Bui. 144, Mar., 1914 190
Wisconsin Station:
Bui. 212 (rev. ed.), Mar., 1914. 134
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
An. Rpts. 1913 195
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 2, No. 1,
Apr. ,1914 107, 130, 150, 153, 158
Bui. 71, The Wet Lands of South-
ern Louisiana and Their Drain-
age, C. W. Okey 185
Bui. 72, Suitabilitv of Longleaf
Pine for Paper Pulp, H. E. Sur-
face and R. E. Cooper 144
Bui. 73, Raising and Fattening
Beef Calves in Alabama, D. T.
Gray and W. F. Ward 167
Bui. 75, Alfalfa Seed Production;
Pollination Studies, C. V. Piper
et al 133
Bui. 76, Laboratory and Field As-
say of Arsenical Dipping Fluids,
R. M. Chapin 115
Bui. 77, Rocky Mountain Mine
Timbers, N. de W. Betts 144
Bui. 79, Research Studies on the
Curing of Leaf Tobacco, W. W.
Garner, C. W. Bacon, and C. L.
Foubert 115
Bui. 81, The Potato Quarantine
and the American Potato Indus-
try, W. A. Orton 149
Bui. 82, Powdery Scab (Spongo-
spora subterranea) of Potatoes,
I. E. Melhus 149
Bui. 83, Farmers' Institute and
Agiicultural Extension Work in
the United States in 1913, J.
Hamilton 195
Bui. 84, Experiments With Udo,
theNew Japanese Vegetable, D.
Fairchild 140
Bui. 85, The Cost of Pasteurizing
Milk and Cream, J. T. Bowen. ... 188
Bui. 86, Tests of Wooden Barrels,
J. A. Newlin 144
Farmers' Bui. 582, Uses for Chest-
nut Timber Killed by the Bark
Disease, J. C. Nellis 144
Farmers' Bui. 583, The Common
Mole of the Eastern United
States, T. H. Scheffor 154
Farmers' Bui. 584, The Agricul-
tural Outlook 190
Farmers' Bui. 585, Natural and
Artificial Incubation of Hens'
Eggs, H. M. Lamon 173
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXI. August, 1914. No. 2.
The place of the publication in the activities of the agricultural
colleges and experiment stations is increasing in importance and
prominence year by year. It is an expression of the broadening
field of publicity work at these institutions, and likewise of the
growth of their reading constituencies. It is a recognition of the
fact that the colleges and stations are working for all the people,
and not merely for the few who come in direct contact with them.
Very naturally this development has led to greater attention to
the making of these publications, in order that they may effectively
carry the message, and to systematic provision for this service.
What was at one time an incidental feature has become a prominent
and important one, and this has developed a special class of workers.
It is at once a division of labor and an interesting recognition of the
need for the handling of publications by experts with training and
insight such as to make them capable of this special form of work.
So recently as 1911 at only three experiment stations — Iowa, New
York State, and Wisconsin — had officers designated as editors been
appointed, and one of these was also serving as librarian. By July,
1913, however, the number had so increased that a meeting of the
agricultural editors and publicity men of the mid-western colleges
was held at the University of Illinois, and this gathering developed
a belief in the desirability of an organization of national scope. As
a result of this, a conference was held at the Kentucky Experiment
Station June 25 and 26, 1914, which brought together representa-
tives of thirteen States, as well as this Department, and found insti-
tutions in numerous other States eligible for membership. An inter-
esting program, dealing with various phases of the details of bulletin
editing and distribution, as well as of agricultural college and experi-
ment station publicity work, was presented as discussed in detail on
page 199 of this issue, and a formal organization was effected, to
be Imown as the American Association of Agricultural College
Editors, with provision for committee activities and annual meet-
ings. Much interest and enthusiasm were displayed by those in
attendance, and it seems probable that the next meeting, which is
101
102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
expected to convene at the University of Wisconsin in June, 1915,
will find the new association established on a permanent basis.
The mere addition of another to the steadily lengthening list of
associations, societies, and similar groups of workers in the various
fields of agriculture is nowadays much too common to excite more
than momentary general interest, and perhaps a doubt as to whether
the process of organization is not being carried close to the limits
of expediency. Such a query is particularly likely to suggest itself
in the case of a body of workers some of whose duties are of a semi-
administrative and delegated nature, and many of whose problems
are in the first instance the problems of administrative officers, and
as such have received through existing organizations considerable
attention from time to time.
The desirability of an additional association was therefore a mat-
ter which early received the attention of the Lexington conference,
and the decision that the step was warranted was reached after its
consideration from several points of view. Thus, it was felt that
while the formulating of general policies pertaining to publications
was unquestionably a problem for administrative heads, there still
remained many details as to the ways and means of working out
these policies, in which the exchange of ideas and the combined
judgment of those directly in charge could be of much usefulness.
For instance, one of the papers on the program was a discussion of
the processes used in l)ulletin illustration. This is a topic obviously
of too specialized a nature to justify its inclusion in the congested
program of such organizations as the Association of American Agri-
cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations or the Society for the
Promotion of Agricultural Science, although it is a subject con-
cerning which much less is understood by many of those immediately
concerned than its importance warrants.
In the case of topics of more general interest it was thought that
joint programs might occasionally be arranged with other organiza-
tions. As a means to this end the new association included among
its standing committees one on cooperation with other agencies.
Such a committee would be available to participate, if desired, in
functions similar to those contemplated by a committee appointed
by the Agricultural Libraries Section of the American liibrary Asso-
ciation at its last meeting, which is to submit suggestions relative to
the improvement of station publications from the bibliographical
standpoint to the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations. It is quite evident that from a joint con-
sideration of such a topic from the administrative, editorial, and
bibliographical points of view, most helpful suggestions could be
expected.
EDITOBIAL. 103
The maintenance of an organization of agricultural college editors,
and this term it should be stated was so defined as to include those
engaged in similar Avork in the experiment stations and this Depart-
ment, should also be of value in establishing ideals and standards
in this comparatively new occupation. The special recjuirements
which have led individual institutions to j)rovide for an editorial
corps have been quite varied, and in consequence prominence has
sometimes been given to duties somewhat analogous to those of a
press agent, in others approximating those of a proofreader or print-
ing clerk, and in others embracing work of a grade demanding not
only technical knowledge and editorial ability but a substantial
scientific education.
It is quite probable, and perhaps not wholly undesirable, that this
diversity will continue for a considerable period. The work un-
doubtedly represents different grades of requirement, but it affords
opportunity for the exercise of a high grade of technical and scien-
tific understanding. Indeed, some of the difficulties encountered
have been due to a lack of this, which has prevented the develop-
ment of sympathetic, cooperative relations between the author or
scientific worker and the editor. Such relations are much to be de-
sired, and are worthy of attention to bring about mutual understand-
ing. Experience has shown the difficulty of attracting to such edi-
torial service men whose equipment and training have qualified them
to make it a life work. This is partly due to an underrating of the
status of such men and a failure to make the positions sufficiently
attractive. Men will have to be developed who combine taste for
such work with the necessary knowledge, and we shall have such men
in greater abundance when high standards tend to elevate their posi-
tions and give them due recognition. An association devoted to the
interests of the otherwise isolated individuals in this field will not
only serve to call attention to this growing branch of activity, but
also give standing and recognition to it. Likewise, if these agricul-
tural editors through their conferences and their concerted influence
bring about a higher standard of excellence in the publications they
will not only dignify their own work but that of the class of publica-
tions they represent.
The fundamental object of the new association should be the im-
provement of the publications of the institutions represented. In the
words of Dr. Kastle, of the Kentucky Experiment Station, in an ad-
dress of welcome to the delegates, it should be the mission " more
than anything else to give some tone and dignity and solid and en-
during worth to all of our communications." This of course, as
already suggested, is a problem which will demand the best thought
of the director, the investigator, the extension worker, and the libra-
104 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
rian, as well as the editor, but in many of its details it constitutes the
latter 's special problem and one still far from solution.
Great improvement, to be sure, has already been effected over the
earlier days. In attractiveness of appearance and attention to me-
chanical details the change is both notable and commendable, and
there has also been great gain in the direction of adapting the publi-
cations more closely to the needs of those whom they are intended to
reach. The average station bulletin now has a popular summary or
it may be a popular edition, and the publications of most institutions
are classified according to their technical or popular character. The
old charge of " shooting over the farmer's head " is much less justi-
fied than ever before, and in fact the danger in some cases is that of
underestimating the farmer's real stature and understanding.
One result of the earnest desire upon all sides to make the publica-
tions genuinely useful has been not only to popularize the style of
the regular station bulletin, but also to multiply widely the channels
of communication, especially by means of the extension service. A
vast increase has thus been seen in the number of circulars of informa-
tion, leaflets, etc. The agricultural press has been utilized as never
before, and within recent j^ears the newspapers, both those circulating
in country districts and those for city readers, have been furnished
in increasing abundance with press bulletins, notices, and in many
States with plate matter itself, dealing with farm life in nearly
every phase.
Much of this effort has been very useful, particularly in bringing
before the public in an intimate way the work of the colleges and
stations at a time when their purposes and value were too little under-
stood and appreciated. Ten years ago these institutions as a class
needed legitimate advertising, and there is still every reason why they
should keep in close touch with their constituents. There are, how-
ever, tendencies in some of the modern methods of disseminating in-
formation, broadcast as it were, which may well be looked upon with
some apprehension. Our publication work has often been too much
of the " touch and go " character, with no " follow up." New ideas
have to be pressed home persistently, and should not be left to
propagate themselves.
On the other hand, it was ably pointed out by Dr. Kastle that " as
agricultural institutions we are literally deluging the world in
printer's ink, and in the matter of our publications there is a vast
amount of unnecessary duplication of work and frequently an un-
necessary exploitation of the individual rather than the cause."
Hence this activity calls for intelligent control and direction; and
unless it is in the hands of men of good judgment and the proper
point of view siiccessful control is very difficult. Some of these ten-
dencies of course, as Dr. Kastle explained, are by no means confined
EDITORIAL. 105
to workers in agricultural science, yet it is most desirable that the
present general good will toward agriculture should be retained, and
it is well to reflect upon the possibility of a reaction in case public
sentiment should for any reason ever become surfeited.
The fact is that the whole subject of extension publications is com-
paratively new. It seems probable that we are still in a transition
stage, with much yet to be learned as to the best forms and methods
in this sort of instruction. Just at present, therefore, an interchange
of views and experiences, such as constituted a prominent portion of
the Lexington program, would seem to be a most useful preliminary
in the sifting of the wheat from the chaff.
One of the most important considerations, although not always
appreciated in the preparation even of station bulletins and similar
publications, is their permanent value as works of reference. Seldom
can information by the printed page be so timed as to reach the
farmer precisely when desired, but this is less essential if the infor-
mation is in such form as will lead him to preserve it for the day
of need. He should therefore be encouraged to build up his own
library, and an important step in this direction is sending him pub-
lications which it is worth his while to preserve. Such publications,
even when of an extension nature, will be readily differentiated from
much of the material prepared for newspapers and magazines and
intended chiefly to arouse interest or stimulate further incjuiry, as
their primary purpose will be not to entertain but to inform. A
spectacular method of presentation will thus be of much less im-
portance than substantial subject matter, plainly stated and so ar-
ranged as to be found readily by a busy man when desired.
It is well to make even this class of publications attractive, but
better than a multitude of illustrations or the embellishments of the
most approved newspaper or magazine style may be the use of a
durable grade of paper or the supplying of an adequate index or
table of contents. The abolition of unnumbered publications — the
bane of everj^ librarian, professional or otherwise — and the reduc-
tion of publications to as few series as possible will also favor the
preservation of this material. These benefits, moreover, will not be
confined to individual farmers, but will also be most helpful to
libraries, schools, etc. Of late a great demand for agricultural infor-
mation is being made on public libraries in both country and city
as a result of the prevailing interest of all classes of people in rural
life; but too often the libraries are so handicapped by the appar-
ently limited regard of the authors for bibliographical consider-
ations as to make them hesitate to undertake the complicated task
of obtaining order from the chaotic mass which is descending upon
them.
106 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
If the conception of the college or station publication as a con-
tribution to a permanent record could become more general, the
volume of such literature might be appreciably reduced but the
standards of quality would be speedily elevated. The scientist
would be less likely to publish prematurely and more likely to look
upon the publication as the culminating stage of his research. Like-
wise, the editor, the director, and the librarian, as well as the general
public, would see in the material not only its immediate news value
but its larger significance to the future as well as to the present as a
work of reference.
No one will question the chance for improvement in our publica-
tion work or the desirability of having it receive thoughtful atten-
tion and suggestion from men whose work tends to make them
experts. The American Association of Agricultural College Editors,
consisting of those primarily engaged in the preparation of these
publications, would seem to possess a special opportunity for service
along such lines, particularly if it can secure the cooperation of
other organizations. Its formation at this time may, therefore, be
regarded as of considerable importance, and its efforts to accomplish
the purposes for which it has been established will be awaited with
much interest and expectancy.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Flavor of Roquefort cheese, J. N. Curuie (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re-
search, 2 {191 Jf), No. 1, pp. 1-14)- — The purpose of this investigation was to
identify and explain the occurrence of any substances which are responsible
for the peculiar peppery or hot taste present in well-ripened Roquefort cheese.
The neutral flavor solution of Suzuki et al. (E. S. R., 24, p. 382) from 750 gm.
of Roquefort cheese showed a total amount of acidity in ester combination
corresponding to 0.44 decinormal cc. The proportional numbers obtained by
the Duclaux distillation approximated the constants for acetic acid. The odor
of Roquefort cheese suggests that part of its flavor may be due to the presence
of ethyl acetate, but the quantity present makes it doubtful whether it would,
materially affect the test. It was noted that the amount of volatile Insoluble
fatty acids of milk fat increased with the ripening of the cheese, and these
when found floating on the surface of the distillate had a peppery taste.
From five fractious, the barium salts of caproic, caprylic, capric, butyric, and
acetic acids were obtained. The chief constituent of the insoluble acids was
capric acid. The quantitative estimations made it evident that a small amount
of formic acid is present also. The peppery taste of Roquefort cheese is
ascribed to the presence of caproic, caprylic, and capric acids and their easily
hydrolyzable salts which originate from a hydrolysis of the fat of milk. Evi-
dently in the normal ripening of Roquefort cheese very few of the acids
originate from the putrefaction of proteins. The small quantity of acetic and
formic acids present can result from a fermentation of carbohydrates in the
early stages of ripening or they may be the products of a partial oxidation of
higher acids or glycerol by mold.
Studies are also reported on the action of PeniciUiiim roqueforti on butter
fat. Czapek's solution, in which cane sugar was replaced by 3 gm. of fresh,
filtered milk fat, was employed as the nutrient medium. The results when
compared with the controls showed a hydrolysis of about two-thirds of the
fat. When the mold was grown on fresh curd " the fat showed decided decom-
position, but there was only a meager accumulation of soluble and volatile
acids. A culture at the age of 45 days contained only 0.75 decinormal cc. of
soluble acids in 500 cc. of distillate. A culture similarly grown but in the
presence of Bacillus lactis acidi contained only 0.8 decinormal cc. of soluble
acids in a like volume of distillate. The acid number of the fat in both cul-
tures showed that more than one-half of it had been, hydrolyzed. . .. . The
enzymotic studies show that P. roqueforti is well supplied with an enzym
capable of hydrolyzing both simple esters and triglycerids."
A bibliography of literature cited is appended;
On the influence of preliminary heating upon peptic and tryptic prote-
olysis, A. H. BizARRO (Jour. PhysioL, 46 (WIS), No. 3, pp. 267-284. figs. 6).—
" Sorensen's formaldehyde method was applied to the study of the influence of
50128'— No. 2—14 2 107
108 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
lieating upon the peptic and tryptic digestion in vitro of white of egg, gelatin,
fibrin, beef, and casein. The number of cubic centimeters of sodium hydrate
required to neutralize the digestion mixture increases clearly after the thir-
teenth day of peptic digestion of ovalbumin and gelatin ; also in the eighth day
of beef; and after the second day digestion of casein and fibrin.
" The above results, as could be foreseen, gave no clear conclusions about the
digestive activity of pepsin, but they decisively bear out the view of the slow
liberation of amino-acids groupings by this enzym. Preliminary heating of egg
white at 120 to 140° C. makes trypsin proteolysis more active. Preliminary,
heating increases the tryptic digestion of fibrin, casein, and beef, and decreases
that of gelatin. The amino-acids groupings in tryptic solutions increase after
15 hours' digestion."
The kinetics of invertase action, L. Michaels and Miss M. L. Menten
{Bvochem. Ztschr., Jf9 (1913), No. 5, pp. 333-369, figs. i9).— Saccharose appar-
ently combines with invertase to form a compound with a dissociation constant
of 0.0167. The combination is labile according to the equation 1 molecule sac-
charose-invertase compound — >1 molecule fi'uctose+1 molecule glucose+1 mole-
cule invertase. Invertase also has an affiinity for fructose, glucose, the higher
alcohols (mannit, glycerol), and other carbohydrates, but not for lactose. The
affinity, however, is smaller than for saccharose and the compound is not labile.
The concentration of all the compounds can be calculated from the law of
mass action, and fairly accurate dissociation constants can therefore be easily
supplied for each. The most exact dissociation constant is for the saccharose-
invertase compound. As the decomposition of the saccharose-invertase com-
pound must be a monomolecular reaction, the rate of decomposition of the
saccharose is proportional to the concentration of the saccharose-invertase
compound.
The localization of betain in plants, V. Stanek (Ztschr. Zuckerindus.
Bohmen, 37 (1913), No. 8, pp. 385-390; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 65,
Repert., p. 296). — The data show that betain Is very unevenly distributed in
plants, but is chiefly present in young leaves and shoots which are still green.
Probably this substance plays a part in the nitrogen economy of the plant.
Seeds do not contain betain as a reserve material.
Studies in the chemistry and physiology of the leaves of the betel vine
(Piper betle), and of the commercial bleaching of betel-vine leaves, H. H.
Mann, D. L. Sahasrabuddhe, and V. G. Patwardhan (Mem. Dept. Agr. India,
Chem. Set'., 3 (1913), No. 2, pp. 17-63). — An investigation of certain aspects of
the chemistry and physiology of this plant, which is reported under the follow-
ing heads: "(1) The occurrence of nitrates in betel-vine leaves and plants, and
their relationship to the growth of their vine; (2) the sugars, starch, tannin,
essential oil, and other normal constituents of the betel vine and their relation-
ship to the growth of the vine; (3) the commercial bleaching of the betel-vine
leaf, and the chemical changes by which it is accompanied."
Chemical studies on the lime-sulphur-lead arsenate spray mixture, W. E.
Ruth (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 5 (1913), No. 10, pp. 847-850). — Pre-
viously noted from another source (E. S. R, 29, p. 802).
The titrimetric determination of ammonia, L. W. Winkler (ZUchr. Angew.
Chem., 26 (1913), No. 31, AufsatztcU, pp. 231, 232; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913),
No. 65, Repert., p. 293). — Instead of either hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid
solutions, boric acid (3 gm. of crystallized boric acid in 100 cc. of water) in
excess can he employed to collect the ammonia on distillation. As boric acid
reacts neutrally towai'd Congo red and methyl orange, the excess of boric acid
present can be titrated with standard hydrochloric acid solution.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 109
A rapid method for the determination of ammoniacal nitrogen with
formaldehyde, Gaillot (Ann. Chim. Analyt., IS (1913), No. 1, pp. 15-11). —
For sulphate of ammonia the procedure is as follows:
Five gm. of the ammonium salt under examination is dissolvetl in water and
then made up to a bulk of 100 cc. ; 20 cc. of the filtered solution, to which a few
drops of formaldehyde has been added, is neutralized with potassium hydroxid
as ammonium sulphate is always a little acid; about 5 cc. of neutral 40 per
cent formaldehyde solution is added, the acid liberated titrated with normal
potassium hydroxid, and the number of cubic centimeters of alkali used multi-
plied by 1,500. The resulting figure shows the amount of ammoniacal nitrogen
in 100 gm. of sulphate of ammonia. The free ammonia in such substances is
determined by direct titration and can be found in the sjime solution.
For simplifying the calculations the author proposes employing a solution
of potassium hydroxid of which each cubic centimeter corresponds to 0.035 gm.
of sulphuric acid. Each cubic centimeter of the potas.sium hydroxid solution
made in this manner will correspond to 0.01 gm. of ammoniacal nitrogen.
The method gives the same figures which are yielded by the classical method
for determining nuunoniacal nitrogen.
A rapid method for determining formaldehyde, Gaillot {Ann. Chim.
Analyt., 18 {1013), No. 1, pp. 17, 18).— The principle of this method is the same
as that underlying the method described above, namely, if ammonia in com-
bination with an acid is brought into contact with formaldehyde, an insoluble
compound, hexamethylene tetramin, is formed (6H.COH4-4NH3=(CH2)flN4-f
6H2O). and the acid radical of the ammonium salt is liberated. This acid can
be titrated with an alkali, using phenolphthalein as the indicator, and referred
to the factor for calculating formaldehyde.
Comparison of methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen, J. W.
Sale and W. W. Skinner (Abs. in Science, n. scr., 38 {1!)13), No. US'), p. 716). —
This is a comparative study of the Winkler and modified Levy methods with
the gasometric method for oxygen. With pure and moderately diluted saline
waters the Winkler method gave accurate results, and the Levy method results
which were low. " The Winkler method also gives closely agreeing results in
duplicate and triplicate determinations on such waters, for the most part
within 0.02 cc. oxygen per liter. Only that modification of the Levy method in
which sodium carbonate is used to precipitate the iron salts was compared."
New precipitants for copper, P. A. Kobeb {Abs. in Science, n. sen, 38 {1913),
No. 985, p. 712). — "Two new precipitants for copper are proposed which form
very insoluble compounds of copper (less than 0.6 part in 1,000,000 remains
unprecipitated). These are amino acids, phenylglycin and normal amino
caproic acid, which may be useful in estimating Fehling's and other solutions
for unreduced copper and in removing copper quantitatively from substances
which interfere with its iodometric titration."
The determination of sulphur in certain culture media, H. W. Redfield and
C. HucEXE {Abs. in Science, n. scr., 38 {1913), No. 985, pp. 715, 716).— A study
was made of the amount of total sulphur broken down in simple peptone media
by the so-called " putrefactive bacteria," " of the forms of sulphur most readily
used by them, and of the forms in which the sulphur exists after the action of
the bacteria, whether as fixed sulphur or as loo.sely bound sulphur, or as easily
oxidized sulphur, or as a volatile sulphur compound such as hydrogen sulphid,
when culture fiasks of different size and shape were used and when air or car-
bon dioxid was passed over the cultures."
A comparative study of methods for determining sulphur in peptone,
H. W. Redfield and C. Huckle {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 38 {1913), No. 985,
110 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
p. 715). — The best results were obtained with the Liebig-Koch method for
peptoue. For the determination of the easily oxidizable part of the sulphur,
digestion with a saturated solution of chlorate of potash in nitric acid proved
the most valuable.
The determination of sulphur and chlorin in the rice plant, Alice R.
Thompson (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 35 i,191S), No. 10, pp. 1628-1634) .—Pre-
viously noted from another source (E. S. R., 29, p. 231).
The determination of humus in heavy clay soils, W. Beam {Cairo Sci.
Jour., 7 {1913), No. 85, pp. 219-224). — In continuation of work previously re-
ported (E. S. R., 28, p. 19), certain soils were encountered which were difficult
to treat even by the method of washing with carbon dioxid. In looking for the
cause of this, it was found that the acid employed for the extraction of the
magnesium and calcium had a marked effect upon the rapidity of the subse-
quent filtration when the washing was done by water or carbonated water.
With an increase in the strength of the acid, ithe difficulties in washing in-
creased. " The use on the other hand of a weaker acid than that of 1 per cent,
commonly employed, results in a marked advantage in this respect ; but it was
not found practicable, as a rule, to carry the dilution below 0.5 per cent . . .
since the extraction of the calcium and magnesium may be incomplete, the
proportion of humus found being, in such cases, below the truth. A still
further improvement was effected by substituting for the solution of carbonic
acid a very dilute solution of hydrochloric acid — about 0.02 per cent." The
use of such dilute hydrochloric acid for the washing makes the method
applicable to all classes of soils with ease and certainty.
Working with soils from the Nile no marked differences were noted in the'
results when ammonia up to a strength of 16 per cent was used (E. S. R.,
24, p. 9), providing the soils were in a properly flocculated condition. When
this is not the case, a stronger ammonia may lead to higher results; the
proper humus figures can only be obtained after repeated extraction with
ammonia. The author prefers 4 per cent ammonia. Although the filtrate ob-
tained is quite clear in the method recommended by the author, it is deemed
advisable to add 0.5 gm. of ammonium carbonate as suggested by Rather
(E. S. R., 25, p. 614) to each 100 cc. of the ammoniacal solution. If ammo-
nium carbonate is employed in too large amounts, the figures will be far
below the truth. " It is interesting to note that if in the modified official
method the washing out of the acid is effected by the use of 0.02 per cent
hydrochloric acid, practically the whole of the chlorid in the ammoniacal
extract is carried down with the clay when the solution is treated with ammo-
nium carbonate."
The humus in the soils of the Sudan can be very accurately estimated by the
colorimetric method. " In the case of soils of approximately the same com-
position as regards proportion of clay and humus the latter may be deter-
mined by direct boiling with 0.5 per cent sodium carbonate solution, preferably
after previous boiling with distilled water in order to disintegrate the soil.
Five gm. of the latter is treated with 400 cc. of distilled water in an enameled
iron vessel and boiled for five minutes; 20 cc. of a hot solution containing 2.5
gm. of sodium carbonate is then added and the boiling continued for exactly
one minute. The liquid is cooled as rapidly as possible, made up to 500 cc,
and allowed to stand over night in a covered beaker. If not perfectly clear
the supernatant liquid is filtered through an asbestos filter. A small Buchner
funnel is suitable. The comparison is made with a similar soil of known humus
content treated in the same way.
"The most accurate results are obtained by treating the soil with acid, as
in the gravimetric determination, followed by extraction with ammonia. The
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. HI
removal of the excess of hydrochloric acid is of course not necessary. Using
this method the comparison may be made between soils of greatly varying
composition both as regards clay and humus."
The influence of ammonium carbonate upon the determination of humus. —
A rapid and eflB.cient filtration procedure, W. II. MacIntire and J. I. Hardy
(Tennessee Sta. Bid. 103 (1914), pp. 47-76, figs. 2).— In this work the authors
have modified the Rather method (E. S. R., 25, p. 614) by reducing the am-
monium carbonate required to 1 gm. and filtering the entire mixture imme-
diately after adding the carbonate and after the 36-hour period in which the
soil was in contact with ammonia. The Buchuer funnel and suction were
used in the operation. By the use of this apparatus, etc., the time of filtration
of the humus extract is shortened. While the introduction of the ammonium
carbonate accelerates filtration, extra care must bo exercised to shake the
mixture gently after the addition of the carbonate, otherwise filtration is
retarded.
As a filtering medium the soil itself is preferred. Although sand when
added to the soil at the time of filtration increases the speed of filtration, the
results obtained with it are not uniform. The modification recommended
reduces the amount of ash obtained. The results obtained with the modifica-
tion are more ;u accord with those yielded by the Smith and Mooers-Hamptou
methods than by the Rather method. No sediments were found in the humus
solution after standing for six months. If the soil is allowed to stand in
contact with the ammoniacal solution containing carbonate a change in the
humus content of the solution takes place.
" Because of the two distinctlj- opposite influences of ammonium carbonate,
and occlusion effected, the period of contact of soil with carbonate is an
important factor, and in the modification is reduced to the minimum. The
decrease in humus resulting from the addition of carbonate can not be attrib-
uted to lessening of alkalinity. There is no chemical precipitation from the
humus solution effected by the addition of ammonium carbonate. There is no
fixation of carbonate, chemical or mechanical, in the solution free from contact
with the soil. The physical effects (occlusion) of 25-gm. charges of normal
carbonate and acid carbonate of ammonia and mixtures of the two salts are
greater than their solvent action in both water and ammonia solutions, the
reverse being the case with the smaller treatments. Twelve-hour contact with
4 per cent ammonia converted all acid carbonate in the three amounts used to
normal carbonate, but 2-hour contact does not convert all of the bicarbonate
in 2^- and 25-gm. charges of the salt.
" Pure clay may be easily filtered immediately by the modified proced-
ure. . . .
"A solution of the black meadow soil was not freed from excess of iron by
the later modification suggested by Rather. Ammonium sulphid removed both
iron and organic matter from ammonia solution. Carbon bisulphid eliminated
iron without any apparent effect on the organic matter of the ammonia solu-
tion. In such unusual cases where the ash is shown to be due to Fe2(OH)6 in-
stead of to clay the application of a correction of 33 per cent is sug-
gested. . . .
" Repeated digestions and filtrations by the 1-gm. modification uix)n the same
soils have given solutions practically identical in analysis. It is emphasized
that the original official method directs the use of 4 per cent NHs instead of
4 per cent NH4OH, as is erroneously given in Bulletin 107 (rev.) of the
Bureau of Chemistry."
112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
Estimation of the lime requireraent of soils, J. A. Bizzell and T. L. Lyon
(Jour, r.idus. and E}vgin. Chem., 5 (1913), No. 12, pp. 1011, 1012; ahs. in
Science, n. ser., 38 (1913), No. 983, p. 640).— This is a modification of the
Albert method (E. S. R., 23, p. 11), as follows:
" Place 25 gm. of the air-dried soil in a Jena Kjeldahl flask. Cover with 50 cc.
boiled distilled water and add 50 cc. tenth-normal barium hydroxid solution.
Digest in a briskly boiling water bath for one hour with occasional shaking.
Eemove from the water bath, add 150 cc. distilled water and 5 gm. solid am-
monium chlorid. Connect the flask with a nitrogen distillation apparatus and
distill. Collect the distillate (150 cc.) in tenth-normal acid and titrate, using
methyl orange as indicator. The strength of the barium hydroxid is determined
by titrating directly 50 cc. of the solution, using methyl orange as indicator.
The difference between the two titrations, therefore, represents the amount of
barium hydroxid absorbed by the soil. A correction is made for the slight de-
composition of ammonium chlorid when heated with soil."
The estimation of citric acid-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag'
powders according to the citrate and Lorenz methods, H. Neubaler {Landw.
Vers. Stat., 82 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 465-415).— The results obtained with the
Lorenz method were found to agree with the true phosphoric acid content
I)resent in the fertilizer. It was furthermore noted that the presence of citric
acid had no effect upon the results obtained by the Lorenz method.
The results given by the citrate method were always high even though the
specifications proposed by Popp (E. S. R., 29, p. 410) were closely followed.
The chief reason for the high results is said to be the precipitation of several
milligrams of calcium oxid as tricalcium phosphate. As weighable amounts of
phosphoric acid do not remain in the filtrate, due to the incomplete precipitation
of this acid, compensation for the calcium weighed as phosphoric acid is not
possible. The error is deemed greater in Thomas slag powder than that foimd
in the estimation of the water-soluble phosphoric acid in superphosphates, inas-
much as slag powder contains much more calcium.
The loss in lecithin phosphoric acid, R. Cohn (Chem. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 57,
pp. 581-583). — Lecithin is usually not entirely extracted by ether, consequently
certain investigators, notably among them Hoppe-Seyler, recommend the use of
alcohol in the method for the purpose of breaking up the lecithin protein com-
plexes. According to theorj' adsorption of the lecithin by the coagulated pro-
teins would not take place, but, on the other hand, such goods as egg yolk, baked
goods containing eggs, lecithin preparations, etc., show a loss of their lecithin
content extractable by ether as time goes on. If only cleavage took place, the
amount of lecithin extractable by ether should be higher.
In order to determine whether this loss is really due to adsorption, fresh egg
yolks were treated with dilute copper sulphate solution and 0.71 per cent (90
per cent) of the total lecithin was extracted by ether. Without the use of cop-
per sulphate only 0.45 per cent of lecithin was obtained. Adsorption was found
to take place when lecithin was added to white of egg, but when treated with
alcohol and ether almost all of the entire amount added was recovered. Heat-
ing 20 hours at 100° C. was found to bring about a retrogression not only of
the ether-soluble lecithin but also of the total lecithin phosphoric acid. The
difficulty of extracting the total sulphuric acid in vulcanized rubber is stated
as an analogous case. The author believes that the diminution of ether-soluble
phosphoric acid can be explained by the adsorption theory.
Becommendations for the revision of the section on honey and honey
surrogates (Mitt. Lebemm. Untersuch. u. Hyg., Schweiz. Osndhtsmnt., 4 (1913),
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. US
No. 2, pp. 67-76). — This deals with the methods for ripe, unripe, artificial, and
suKJii" honey.
Contribution to our knowledge of foreign honeys, J. Fiehe and P. Steg-
MULLER (Arb. K. Gsndhtmmt., U {1913), No. 1, pp. 78-149).— This work is
prefaced by abstracts of reports of consuls in regard, to the sale of honey in
Austria-Hungary, Russia, Spain, Portugal, Greece, the United States, Mexico,
Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Jamaica, and Australia. Cuba, the United
States, Mexico, and Chile supply the greatest amount of honey to Germany.
The purpose of the investigation was to compare the variations which occur
among the various constituents of foreign honeys with German honeys. The
number of honeys examined was 112, and the tests made were organoleptic, as
well as chemical and physical. All of the methods are described in detail and
some are criticized.
The moisture determinations of 111 samples of foreign honeys with few
exceptions compared well with the German product, varying between 14.94 and
24.28 per cent, with an average of 18.3 per cent. The Invert sugar content
varied between 61.96 and 78.84 per cent, with an average of 73.48 per cent.
The honeys, with 3 exceptions, gave a levorotation. The saccharose content
fluctuated between 0.12 and 15.4 per cent, with an average of 2.42 per
cent. In 4 cases it exceeded 10 per cent, and these, according to the figures
prescribed, were considered immature honeys. The sugar-free dry substance
(all nonsugars inclusive of dextrin), for which the German standard is
1.5 per cent, varied between 1.75 and 13.42 per cent, with an average
of 5.84 per cent. The acidity, expressed as formic acid, varied between 0.027
and 0.204 per cent, the requirement being 0.2 per cent. The protein precipita-
tion, obtained by Lund's method, varied, between 0.37 and 4.35 cc, with an
average of 1.13 cc, although according to Lund this should be between 0.6 and
2.7 cc, with an average of 1.1 cc Ley's reaction for detecting the presence of
artificial invert sugar gave faulty results in 18 out of 88 cases, while Fiehe's
method gave good results. The ash content varied between 0.027 and 0.673 per
cent, with an average of 0.15 per cent. The highest ash content was noted with
coniferous honeys, and the lowest with rosemary and thyme honeys. The
standards call for from 0.18 to 0.8 per cent. Phosphates (determined after
ashing) were present to the extent of from 0.0075 to 0.0932 per cent (calcu-
lated as P2O6), with an average of 0.0198 per cent. Calculated to 100 parts of
ash the figures varied between 5.7 and 35.5 per cent.
Alkalinity of the ash, when titrated against azolitmin paper, was lower than
when methyl orange is used as the indicator. This criterion is deemed valu-
able, since many sugars used for adulterating honey give a very low alkalinity
figure.
Proposed method for detecting adulteration of cider vinegar with dis-
tilled vinegar, S. L. Crawford {Jour. Indus, and Engln. Cliem., 5 {1913), No.
10, pp. 845-847). — The principle of the method rests on the fact that cider
vinegar contains an appreciable amount of a volatile substance which reduces
Fehling's solution. Distilled vinegar, when diluted to 4 per cent acid, contains
only traces of this substance.
" The proposed method is to take 50 cc. of sample, dilute to 250 cc, and distill
over 200 cc. into a 250 cc. flask. Neutralize and make up to the mark. Take
50 cc. of this distillate and determine sugars by the method given in Bureau of
Chemistry Bulletin 107. The result is given as Invert sugar according to Mun-
son and Walker's tables."
Analyses of authentic distilled and cider vinegars are included.
114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Detection of alkaloids in beverages, J. Bodnar {Kis^rlet. Kozlem., 16 (191S),
No. 5, pp. 683-693). — The Dragendorf method for the detection of alkaloids, as
given in Konig's treatise (E. S. R., 15, p. 991), is criticized.
Tests in regard to the tannin substances in Malabar tea and the use of
tannin in the preparation of tea, K. A. R. Bosscha and A. D. Maurenbrecher
(Dept. Landb., Nijv. ei% Handel [Dutch East Indies'^, Meded. Proefstat. Thee,
No. 24 (,1913), pp. 9-17). — This deals with the tannin substances present in
Malabar green tea leaves and with the effect which the addition of extraneous
tannin before rolling has upon the ultimate quality of the tea.
The tannin substances were obtained in a pure state and tested with various
reagents. From the mother liquor obtained after removing the lead acetate
precipitate of tannin a substance was extracted which resembled gallic acid.
The specific rotation of the tannin was not of the same magnitude as noted by
Nanninga (E. S. R., 13, p. 823).
The tea, after being treated with tannin, rolled, and fermented, was sub-
mitted to a tea expert for judgment as to quality. The results varied con-
siderably, and as the price of tannin is high its use in the preparation of tea
is discouraged.
Proposals for the section on wine (Mitt. Leiensm. Untersuch. u. Hyg.,
Bchiveiz. Osndhtsamt., 4 {1913), No. 2, pp. 77-87). — The definitions for various
kinds of wines and the methods for their analysis are considered.
Recommendations for the revision of the section on spiritous liquors
(Mitt. Lehcnsm. Untersuch. u. Hyg., Schiveiz. Gsndhtsamt., 4 (1913), No. 2,
pp. 88-111). — In this, recommendations are included for definitions and methods
for judging distilled liquors.
Proposals for the section on milk products, exclusive of butter, of the
Swiss food book {Mitt. Lehensm. Untersuch. n. Hyg., Schweiz. Osndhtsamt.,
4 {1913), No. 2, pp. 49-66). — These are the recommendations for the revision of
the chapters relating to these products, including data as to cream, skim milk,
buttermilk, whey, cow's milk, kefir, yoghourt and similar products, sweetened
and unsweetened condensed milk, cheese, and infant foods. The methods and
the standards are dealt with.
Nephelometric determination of proteins; casein, globulin, and albumin
in milk, P. A. Koeer {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 35 {1913), No. 10, pp. 1585-1593,
figs. 3). — In this paper an accurate description and illustration of the nephel-
ometer devised by the author is given. In addition some results of tests with
the method and milks from different sources are presented which show close
agreement with the figures obtained by the official method. The time for deter-
mining casein and the albumin-globulin fraction is reduced to 30 minutes.
The precipitants tried were acetic acid, half and entirely saturated mag-
nesium sulphate and ammonium sulphate solutions, and a 3 per cent solution
of sulphosalicylic acid. The most suitable precipitants are those which precipi-
tate quantitatively and which do not agglutinate appreciably in less than 10 to
20 minutes. The method favored consists of precipitating the total proteins
with sulphosalicylic acid solutions and determining the nephelometric index.
Casein is determined by difference ; it is first removed by the official method
and the nephelometric index of the filtrate is noted. The fat is removed with
ether and the membranes of the fat globules are dissolved with sodium
hydroxid.
A new rapid method for the estimation of casein in milk, W. O. Walker
{Ann. Rpts. Dairymcn''s Assocs. Ontario, 1912, pp. 36-38). — Briefly the method
consists of estimating with ninth-normal potassium hydroxid the acids lib-
erated from casein through the agency of formaldehyde.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 115
For conducting the test 16.3 cc. of the milk is placed in a beaker with
1 cc. of 1 : 500 phenolphthaleiu and the acidity is neutralized with standard
alkali, cai-e being taken that the color is brought to a good deep pink. Two
cc. of neutral formaldehyde solution, 40 per cent, is then added and the mix-
ture titrated with standard alkali solution until the pink coloration reap-
pears. The number of cubic centimeters of alkali used represents the per-
centage of casein in the milk.
The time required for the test is about 2 minutes. The test is recommended
as a basis for paying for milk in cheese factories.
The analysis of unsweetened evaporated milk, C. A. A. Utt {Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 5 (1913), No. 2, pp. 168, 169). — The sample is mixed and if
fat is seen on the surface, it is necessary to warm it after adding a little
sodium hydroxid. For the estimation of the fat, weigh 4.5 gm. of the milk
into a 10 per cent Babcock bottle with from 6 to 8 cc. of sulphuric acid
(specific gravity 1.8) ; shake until a chocolate brown color is obtained, and
place for from 15 to 20 minutes in boiling water. After cooling add hot
dilute sulphuric acid 1 : 1 until the bottle is two-thirds full, and centrifuge
for 5 minutes. " Fill to the neck w'ith hot, half-strength sulphuric acid and
whirl 3 minutes. Add hot water to bring the fat column into the neck of the
bottle and whirl 2 minutes. Read at 120 to 125° F. from the bottom of the
column to the extreme top of the meniscus. The reading multiplied by 4 gives
the percentage of fat."
Laboratory and field assay of arsenical dipping fluids, R. M. Chapin
([/. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 76 (1914), pp. 11, fig. i).— There are various factors
which tend to render arsenical dipping fluids of uncertain composition. Chiefly
amongst these are the use of low grade chemicals in their preparation, evapo-
ration, or leakage from the bath, oxidation of arsenious oxid to arsenic acid,
especially through the agency of micro-organisms, and the converse phenomenon
of reduction to arsenate. There is therefore needed an analytical control of
the dipping solutions, and laboratory tests are described for actual arsenious
oxid and total arsenic, which can be executed by persons who have but a
limited training in chemistry. In addition a portable testing outfit is described
which has been devised for bureau inspectors in the field and with which it is
possible, without any chemical knowledge whatever, to determine, at the side
of the vat and in a few minutes, the strength of the arsenical solution prepared
according to the standard formula. The apparatus required is illustrated and
the criterions for judging the results obtained by the methods are stated.
Determination and detection of methyl alcohol, T. von Fellenberg {Mitt.
Lehensm. Untersuch. u. Hyg., Schweiz. Gsndhtsamt., 4 {1913), No. 3, pp. 122-
146, figs. 2). — This deals with a quantitative physical method for determining
methyl alcohol, which in principle is similar to that used by Rose in determining
higher alcohols. It is shown that if a solution containing a definite percentage
of alcohol is shaken with ether, the point at which the ether-water, etc., solution
separates differs with the kind of alcohol present. With methyl alcohol the
water-alcohol layer becomes greater while with ethyl alcohol it becomes less.
For the method a special form of apparatus has been devised. Its use for
detecting methyl alcohol in brandies is shown, and the work includes a method
for concentrating solutions containing methyl alcohol, which is done by salting
out the ethyl alcohol and higher alcohols with potassium hydroxid. This allows
the detection of 1 : 100,000 parts of methyl alcohol by the Deniges method.
Methyl alcohol is also shown to be a product resulting from the fermentation
of fruit residues.
Besearch studies on the curing of leaf tobacco, W. W. Gabner, C. W.
Bacon, and C. L. Foubeet {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 79 {19U), pp. 40).— This is a
IIG EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
study of the chemical and physiological changes which occur in tobacco during
the process of drying the ripe leaf is a specially constructed barn and under
such conditions as will develop the desired properties or qualities. Very little
attention has been paid to this phase of tobacco curing and most of the inves-
tigations deal with fermentation or after-fermentation or to certain special
phases of the subject.
Curing is considered essentially a vital jirocess, and this seems to be proved
by the fact that killing the protoplasm at very low or high temperatures or
with poisons, such as chloroform, prevents normal curing. Imperfect curing
can not, therefore, be fully corrected by subsequent fermentation.
The results of experiments covering several years show the loss in weight
of dry matter in air curing when the leaf is primed (leaves picked from the
stalk as they mature or " ripen " and arranged on strings or sticks suitable
for hanging in the curing shed) or cured on the stalks, and were confined to
the cigar-wrapper leaf section of Connecticut. The types of tobacco included
in the experiments were Havana Seed, Halladay, and a so-called John Williams
broadleaf. It was found that " the average loss in weight of dry matter in
curing the picked leaves is 12 to 15 per cent, while in curing the leaves on the
stalk the loss in di\v weight is approximately twice as great. In other words,
a cigar-wrapper leaf picked from the stalk will weigh after curing approxi-
mately 14 to 18 per cent more than would the same leaf when cured on the
stalk. In the curing of the export and manufacturing types and of cigar-filler
types, which are harvested in a riper or more mature condition, the loss in
weight of dry matter is greater than in the case of cigar-wrapper leaf, fre-
quently amounting to 35 to 40 per cent, even when the leaves are picked from
the stalk in harvesting."
In a 4-year experiment the content of pure ash of cured leaves was higher
than the uncured leaves and in proportion to the loss in dry weight. While the
green leaves contained considerable and variable amounts of starch, the cured
leaves were practically free, as shown by the iodin test. The cigar-wrapper
leaf types contain less starch at the time of harvesting than other commercial
types of leaf, because they are at a less mature stage when harvested and are
produced under conditions less favorable to the accumulation of starch during
the ripening period. " One of the most marked physiological differences between
the green and cured leaves is the content of protein insoluble in dilute acid.
In all cases the protein content of the cured leaves is much less than that of
the uncured leaves. The content of nitric acid in the green and in the cured leaves
is about the same. The green leaves at most contain only traces of ammonia,
while the cured leaves contain considerable quantities. The cured leaves con-
tain relatively much larger quantities of amid and amido compounds than the
green leaves. The relative content of total nitrogen is somewhat less in the
green than in the cured leaves."
The changes produced in the leaf harvested on the stalk were the same as in
the leaf harvested by priming. In a 3-year experiment the composition of cigar-
wrapper leaf cured on the stalk and the uncured leaf were compared. "As in
the primed leaves, the ash content of the whole leaf is higher in the cured than
in the uncured leaves. The cured leaves are again practically free from starch
and reducing sugars, except where the curing was incomplete. The difference
as regards protein is similar to those noted in the cured and uncured leaves
in the preceding expei'iments. The differences with reference to amid and
amido compounds are somewhat variable, but it is evident that the cured leaf
does not contain appreciably larger quantities of these constituents, relatively,
than the green leaf, and the same is true as to ammonia. It is clear that the
cured leaves contain considerably less total nitrogen than the green leaves."
METEOROLOGY WATER. 117
The changes taking place in the leaf top in air curing consist of an entire
loss in starch and reducing sugars, a decrease of pentosans and malic acid, and
an increase in citric acid, while the cellulose content remains unchanged.
" There is a large decrease in protein, in some cases amounting to 60 per cent
of the total, and a considerable decrease in nicotin and total nitrogen. Appre-
ciable quantities of ammonia are formed in the process. In the curing of
picked leaves the chemical changes appear to be due almost wholly to re.spix'a-
tion, while in curing the leaves on the stalk the phenomenon of translocation
from the leaf into the stalk plays an important role. This translocation,
which constitutes the essential physiological difference in the two methods of
curing involves the transfer into the stalk of the amid and amido compounds
derived from the protein, ammonia, and a portion of the mineral constituents,
nitrate, and, doubtless, a portion of the carbohydi'ates. The picked leaves after
curing contain, therefore, much larger quantities of amid and amido com-
pounds, and ammonia, and somewhat larger quantities of mineral matter and
nitrate than the leaves cured on the stalk.
"The physiological processes characteristic of tobacco curing indicate the
presence of diastatie, proteolytic, and deamidizing enzyms, and probably also of
oxidases. The process of starvation to which the leaves are subjected leads to
an increased secretion of diastase during the progress of the curing. Tempera-
ture has a very marked effect on the rate of curing. The rate of curing in-
creases very rapidly with rise in temperature up to the killing point of the
protoplasm (about 130° F.). The moderate use of artificial heat in air curing
does not materially affect the final result in curing so far as measured by the
ordinary methods of chemical analysis, provided other conditions remain favor-
able in both cases. Thorough wilting in the initial stages of the curing pro-
moter the progress of the process, provided the further drying of the leaf is not
allowed to proceed too rapidly."
The experimental error in sampling sugar cane, J. W. Leather (Mem.
Dcpt. Ayr. India, Chcm. So:, 3 (1913), No. 4, pp. 107-133, fig. i).— The results
tabulated are those obtained in the experimental grounds at Pusa and a sugar
factory at Parsa, India.
The clarification of Louisiana cane juices, W. E. Cross (Louisiana Stas.
Bui. 144 (1914), PP- 39). — The studies recorded in this bulletin deal with the
sulphitation and the carbonation processes for the clarification of cane and beet
juices. They were carried on in the laboratory and sugarhouse of the Sugar
Experiment Station, and preliminary reports on certain parts of the work have
already appeared in the scientific literature. A chapter on treating sirup is
also included.
METEOKOLOGY— WATER.
Meteorological observations, J. S. Stevens (Maine Sta. Bui. 222 (1913), pp.
319, 320). — Observations at Orouo. Me., on temperature, precipitation, cloudi-
ness, and wind during 1913 are compared with the means of similar observa-
tions for 45 years. The mean temperature for 1913 was 45.45° F., the mean for
45 years 42.57° ; the precipitation for 1913 was 44 in., for 45 years 43.33 in. ;
the snowfall for 1913 was 34.3 in., for 45 years 90.4 in. ; the number of days on
which there was a precipitation of 0.01 in. or more was 112, the number of clear
days 126, and the number of cloudy days 140 ; and the total movement of wind
in miles, 52,484.
Surface water supply of the Missouri River Basin, 1911, W. A. Lamb,
W. B. Freeman, and R. Richards (U. 8. Geo!. Survey, Water-Supplij Paper
306 (,1914), PP' ^'^4' P^s. 4). — This paper presents results of measurements of
118 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED.
flow made on the Missouri River proper and tributary basins during 1911.
Tables are included giving gage heights and daily and monthly discharges at
each station. Information is also given regarding the legal aspects of the ap-
propriation of water, particularly for irrigation purposes.
Surface water supply of the Colorado River Basin, 1911, R. Follansbei:.
W. B. Freeman, and G. C. Baldwin (Z7. 8. Oeol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper
309 (1914), PP- 266, pis. 4). — This paper presents results of measurements of
flow made on Green River and the main Colorado River and tributary basins.
Tables are included giving gage heights and daily and monthly discharges at
each station. A report is also given of the flood of October, 1911, in the
region of the San Juan, San Miguel, and La Plata Mountains, which resulted in
severe agricultural losses.
Surface water supply of the South. Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of
Mexico Basins, 1912, W. E. Hall and C. H. Pieece (Z7. S. Geol. Survey, Water-
Supply Paper 322 {1914), PP- 98, pis. 4). — This paper reports the results of
measurements of flow made during 1912 in the James, Roanoke, Yadkin, Savan-
nah, Sautee, and Altamaha River Basins on the South Atlantic coast, and in
the Apalachicola, Choctawhatchee, Escambia, Mobile, and Pearl River Basins
of the east coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Tables are also included giving gage
heights and daily and monthly discharges at each station.
SOILS— FERTinZERS.
Treatise on soils for farmers and foresters, E. A. Mitscheelich {Boden-
kundc fur Land- viid Forsticirte. Berlin, 1913, 2 rev. ed., pp. XI-\-317, figs.
35). — In this complete revision of his previous work (E. S. R., 17, p. 838), the
Huthor incorporates the more important results of progress in soil investigation
during the past seven years. In recognition of the pronounced tendency during
this period to develop physiological soil study in place of geological and physical
soil investigations, the author treats the subject largely from the former view-
point and emphasizes only those chemical and physical properties of soil
which condition plant growth.
Various conceptions of the law of minimum figure prominently in the treat-
ment of the subject. Liebig's law of minimum is used qualitatively, but in
view of the importance of a quantitative plant-physiological study of soils
which is especially emphasized, the work is based chiefly on the author's
quantitative conception of the law of minimum which is explained in its vari-
ous applications to soil study.
The work is divided into two parts, the first treating the theoretical side of
the subject in which soil energy, in the form of heat, and soil water are con-
sidered as the physical factors of plant growth, and the different plant foods
as chemical factors. It is attempted to determine definitely on what specific
properties of the soil these factors depend and, as far as possible, the par-
ticular influence which each factor exerts on plant growth.
The second part summarizes the practical application of the physical and
chemical factors and conditions dealt with in the first part, in the cultivation,
improvement, and judging of soils, and in measures used by pi'actical farmers
:ind foresters in their work. For convenience in this respect, soils are divided
into three types among which there is considered to be a distinct transition,
namely, light soils of which dry sandy and damp moor soils are subdivisions,
medium soils, and heavy soils, i)articnlarly tenacious clays.
Mathematical tables and formulas useful in the study of soils, are appended.
Moor cultivation in Austria, W. Bersch (Internat. Inst. Ayr. [Rome], Mo.
Bui. Ayr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 (1913), No. 11, pp. 1672-1677).— The
SOILS PEETILIZERS. 119
proper measures in the cultivation of these moors are pointed out briefly as
potash and phosphoric acid fertilization, applied in the spring, liming, fall
plowing, sufficient but not excessive tile drainage, and green manuring.
The fertility map of the Delta, B. F. E. Keeling {Cairo Sci. Jour., 8 (1914),
No. 88, pp. 1-3). — A brief description is given of the survey of the Delta of the
Nile, with reference to the agricultural value of the lands, which is now in
progress. The lands are being classified as good, medium, bad, uncultivated,
and under reclamation. The agricultural value of the lands is determined to a
large extent by the amount of alkali they contain.
Soils, H. J. ViPOND (Union So. Africa Dcpt. Agr. Rept. 1912-13, pp. 297-
304)- — The results of chemical analyses of a number of samples of soils from
different parts of South Africa are similar to those previously noted (E. S. R.,
29, p. 514), the average percentage of nitrogen being fair, and of lime and
available phosphoric acid very low, and the only noteworthy difference being
an increase in total and available potash.
Analyses of ten samples of alkaline soils showed the presence of considerable
amounts of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, and a smaller amount of sodium
chlorid.
Laterite, its consideration in the light of colloid chemistry, A. Ltjz (Kol-
loid Ztschr., 14, {1914), No. 2, pp. 81-90). — The author briefly reviews a number
of opinions regarding the origin, formation, and composition of laterite, show-
ing the variation and development in these views during the past century. The
more recent general opinion is that laterite is a product of advanced weathering
of materials containing crystalline aluminum silicates which, in the process of
laterization, have l)een ti'ansformed by degrees into complexes containing, first,
colloidal aluminum silicates and colloidal iron hydroxid ; second, colloidal
aluminum hydroxid, colloidal silica, and colloidal iron hydroxid; and, third,
crystalline aluminum hydroxid, colloidal silica, and crystalline limonite.
Critical remarks on the determination of the adsorptive power of the soil,
T. Oryng (Kolloid Ztschr., 14 {1914), No. 2, pp. 105-108).— In connection with
other criticisms of views regarding colloid chemistry the author points out the
narrow limits within which the colorimetric method is of value for determining
the adsorptive surfaces and power of soils.
The influence of irrigation and crop production on soil nitrification, I. G.
McBeth and N. R. Smith {Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 40 {1914), No. 1-8,
pp. 24-51, figs. 6). — This is an account of investigations, carried on in coopera-
tion between the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department and the Utah
Experiment Station, which were made with soils of the irrigated experiment
farm of the station. The results are summarized as follows :
" The application of irrigation water reduced the nitrifying power of the
soils as determined by laboratory methods.
" The plats continuously cropped to alfalfa, potatoes, oats, and corn all
showed a higher nitrifying power than the corresponding fallow plats. The
stimulating effect of crop production on the nitrifying power of the soils was
most marked in the alfalfa land.
" The nitrifying power of the soils was very weak below the second-foot zone,
and almost no increase in nitrates was secured below the fifth-foot zone.
About 90 per cent of the nitrate formed in the first 5 ft. was produced in the
upper 18 in. The application of irrigation water did not change the relative
nitrifying power of the different foot sections.
" The moisture content of the nonirrigated plats during the summer months
fell far below the quantity required for active nitrification. No increase in
nitric nitrogen took place when the soil samjjles contained as little as 5 per
cent of moisture.
120 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
" The addition of a quantity of nitrogen as ammonium sulpliate greater tlian
170 parts per million to each 100 gm. of soil sample showed an inhibiting
action on the nitrifying organisms."
The formation and decomposition of humus as well as its action on
nitrogen assimilation, F. Lohnis and PI. H. Green {Centbl. Bald, [etc.], 2.
AM., 40 (1914), No. 1-8, pp. 52-60; ads. in Chem. ZentU., 191},, I, No. 12, pp.
1212, 1213). — Experiments are reported in which stable manure, green manure,
straw, peat, and sugar were mixed with sand in the proportion of 1 : 10 and
allowed to undergo humification for 4i months both with and without access
of air.
The process was most rapid with stable manure, somewhat slower with green
manure, and slowest with straw. The sugar yielded almost no humus and the
peat underwent a slight oxidation. Partial aeration was most favorable to
humification. With full aeration a considerable part of the nitrogen of stable
manure and green manure was nitrified. At the same time, in the case of
green manure there was a large loss of free ammonia.
Substances obtained from the humified materials by treatment with soda
solution and hydrochloric acid were mixed with soil and allowed to undergo
nitrification for five weeks. In this way characteristic differences were ob-
served. The largest amount of nitrate was obtained from the green manure
humus, but practically identical results were obtained with humus derived
from stable manure subjected to aeration. On the other hand, humus derived
from stable manure without aeration yielded much less nitrate. The nitrogen
compounds of peat humus were nitrified to a very slight extent. The straw
humus interfered with the nitrification process in the same manner as unde-
composed straw.
The fixation of nitrogen by Azotobacter in mannite solution was appreciably
promoted by the addition of small amounts of humus (0.2 per cent). The stable
manure humus was especially favorable to such fixation. The other forms of
humus gave very nearly the same results, not only among themselves but as
compared with soil extract rich in iron. The favorable effect on nitrogen fixa-
tion appeared to be due more to an improvement of the nutrient medium in
chemical properties than to increased adsorption of oxygen and nitrogen. In
the latter direction the experiments showed no pronounced differences.
The effect of copper, zinc, iron, and lead salts on ammonification and
nitrifi-cation in soils, C. B. Lipman and P. S. Bukgess {Univ. Cal. Pubs., Agr.
8ci., 1 (1914), No. 6, pp. 127-139). — Experiments carried out by the direct soil
culture method, described in a previous article (E. S. R., 26, p. 322), led to
the conclusion that " copper, zinc, iron, and lead exercise toxic effects on the
ammonifying flora of a sandy soil from southern California in all concentra-
tions, ranging from 50 to 2,500 parts per million of their sulphates ; such toxicity
is relatively small, however, and is more marked at concentrations below 0.1
per cent than above it, in most cases; the metals named exercise no stimulating
effect on the ammonifying flora at any concentration. Copper, zinc, iron, and
lead exercise marked stimulating effects on the nitrifying flora of the same
soil and frequently more than double the normal nitrate yield ; the same metals
may in very small concentrations exercise toxic effects on the nitrifying flora
or no effect at all, but they are markedly stimulating at much higher concen-
trations; with the one exception of lead sulphate, the metals named showed
very marked stimulation for nitrification even at 0.15 per cent, the highest con-
centration employed ... A brief discussion is given of possible causes for the
effects of the metallic salts under consideration on the soil flora."
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 121
The decomposition of silicates by soil bacteria and yeasts, II, K. Bassalik
(ZtscJir. Gdnmg.sphysiol., 3 (1913), No. 1, pp. 15-Jf2; abs. in Centbl Bald, [efc],
2. AM., 40 (1914), No. 9-10, pp. 193, i94).— Orthoclase, microcliue, oligoclase,
labradorile, noplielin, lencite, potash mica, magnesia mica, olivine, aiigite, horn-
blend, tourmaline, and apatite were subjected in fine powdered condition to the
action of Bacillus extorquens, a crude culture of nitrite bacteria, a crude culture
of butyric-acid bacteria {Clostridium pastcurianum), and beer yeast.
The solvent action of B. extorquens was greatest In the case of nephelin, mag-
nesia mica, and augite, of which from 4 to 6 per cent was dissolved while only
about 2 per cent was dissolved in the case of the other minerals. The butyric-acid
liacteria gave like results, except that they showed a special capacity for decom-
posing aitatite. B. extorquens produced in from 100 to 200 days carbon dioxid
equivalent to from three-fourths to four-fifths of the total weight of the mineral.
The beer yeast produced about twice as much carbon dioxid as B. extorquens,
but its solvent action was relatively small. On the other hand the nitrite
bacteria, although producing a relatively small amount of acid, showed a com-
paratively high solvent power.
The results indicate that in the solution of phosphorite the organic acids are
of special importance.
A list of roferencos to literature of the subject is given.
Nitrogen assimilation in the presence of nitrates, II. Pringsheim (Centbl.
Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., JfO (1914), No. 1-8, pp. 2i-23).— Experiments are reported
which showed that with a sufficient supply of energy-producing materials nitro-
gen was fixed by Clostridium americanum in the presence of nitrates, although
to a less extent. Nitrogen fixation was increased by the presence of Pcmcillium
glaucum in the colostrum culture.
The chemical composition of the cells of Azotobacter chroococcum, W. Ij.
Omemanskv and X. O. 8ikber (Hoppc-Seyler's Ztsehr. I'lnjsiol. Clicm., 88
(1913), No. 6, pp. 445-459; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (1914), ^^o.
616, I, p. 235). — The characteristic dark brown growth of this organism ob-
tained in agar cultures containing the usual mineral salts with 2 per cent
dextrin after about six days' incubation at 30° C. was dried rapidly at 30° C.
and analyzed. The material was found to contain 6.63 per cent of water, 4.16
per cent of ash, and 12.92 per cent of protein.
The nature of the nitrogen-free substance was not determined, but it appeared
to belong to the polysaceharids. Among the products of hydrolysis, lysin was
found in larger proportion than arginin, with only minute traces of histidin.
The behavior of soils sterilized by heat, Vogel (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt.,
40 (1914), No. 11-13, pp. 280-284).— Sodium nitrate in a sterile 5 per cent solu-
tion remained inichanged when added to nnsterilized soils and to soils sterilized
for 30 minutes at two atmospheres in the autoclave but was rapidly reduced
to nitrite in the sterilized soils when they were inoculated with cultures of
denitrifying organisms. Steaming of soils at 100° C. for different periods did
not prevent subsequent nitrate reduction. It is concluded that simple steaming
of soils effects incomplete sterilization and that nitrate reduction following sup-
posed sterilization is due to certain denitrifying organisms which survive the
steaming and become active, rather than to chemical agencies.
Bacteriolog-ical studies of field soils. — III, The effects of barnyard manure,
P. E. Brown (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 39 (1913), No. 20-22, pp. 523-5^2).—
The author briefly reviews investigations by others, and in continuation of
previous experiments (E. S. R., 28, p. 120) reports studies of the efi'ect of treat-
ment with barnyard maniu-e on the bacterial activities in loam soil under field
conditions, and also on the relation between bacterial activities and actual crop
yields. The soil was treated with 8, 12, 16, and 20 tons of manure per acre.
122 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.
Applications of manure up to 16 tons per acre increased the number of organ-
isms in, and also tbe ammonifying and nitrifying powers of the soil. The greatest
increases occurred between the untreated soil and that receiving 8 tons per acre,
and between the latter and that to which 12 tons per acre were applied. " In
most cases only a very slight increase occurred in the soil on which 16 tons
were used over that where 12 tons were added. Twenty tons of manure per
acre caused a depression in numbers of bacteria, in ammonifying power, and in
nitrifying power, . . . the results being lower than those secured when 12
tons per acre were added." There was a close relationship between the ammo-
nifying power of the soils and the number of organisms present.
Albumin agar permitted of the development of larger numbers of soil organ-
isms, and also a greater differentiation between the soils of the various plats,
than the modified synthetic agar. " The casein fresh soil method of testing the
ammonifying power of the soil was the simplest, permitted of the greatest dif-
ferentiation between different soils, and in general was the most satisfactory.
The ammonium sulphate fresh soil method for testing the nitrifying power of
the soil showed the greatest differences between the various soils and is recom-
mended as the more rational method.
" The nitrifying power and the ammonifying power of the soil . . . proceeded
in the same direction.
"Applications of manure up to 16 tons per acre increased the yield of corn
from the i)lats in this series, the greatest increases occurring between the
[untreated] plat and that receiving 8 tons per acre, and between the latter
and the plat to which 12 tons per acre were added. A very slight further
increase occurred when 16 tons per acre were applied. Twenty tons of manure
per acre depressed the crop yield below that obtained when 12 tons per acre
were added.
" The results of the bacteriological tests and the crop yields coincided almost
exactly, [indicating] . . . that there is a close relationship between bacterial
activities and the fertility or crop-producing power of soils. The depression in
crop yields and bncterial activities caused by 20 tons of manure per acre can
not be attributed to denitrilication, as tests by the Giltay solution method and
the soil method give no evidence of losses of nitrogen. The depression must
therefore be due to physiological or other causes."
Farm manures, P. Et Brown (loica Sta. Circ. 9 (1913), pp. 3-16, figs. 2).—
This is a popular presentation of the character, value, and importance and
methods of using manure of farm animals.
Green manuring' and soil fertility, P. E. Brown (Iowo Sta. Circ. 10 (1913),
pp. 3-15. flfjs. 6). — The value and importance of green manuring, especially for
Iowa soils, are popularly presented.
[Cave deposits, manures, limes, and limestones], H. J. Vipond (Union So.
Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1912-13, pp. 304, 305). — ^Analyses of these materials for
fertilizing constituents are reported.
Report of the superintendent of the guano islands, W. R. Zeederberg
(Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1912-13, pp. 351-355). — The guano islands,
lying mainly along the west and southwest coasts of South Africa, yielded
during 1912 6,372J tons of guano having the following average composition:
Niti-ogen 11.51 per cent, potash 2.20. phosphoric acid soluble in water 3.04,
phosphoric acid soluble in citrate solution 9.25, total phosphoric acid 9.62, and
lime 9.G6 per cent. The supply was much less than the demand for home
consumption.
Peat, C. A. Davis (U. S. Oeol. Survey, Mineral Resources of the United
States, 1912, pt. 2, pp. 497-501). — This article deals briefly with the production
SOILS— FERTILIZERS. 123
and consumption of peat in the United States and the preparation and use of
peat fuel in Europe.
It is stated that the output of peat fuel in the United States in 1912 was
1,300 tons. The production for use as fertilizer was 41,080 tons. Approxi-
mately 3,000 tons was used for mixing with prepared stock foods, and 2,000
tons for the production of paper stock. The total production for all purposes
was 47,380 tons. The imports, mainly peat stable litter from Holland, amounted
to 9,058 tons.
Besults of drilling- manures in Hungary, C. Kerpely {Internat. Inst. Agr.
[Rome'], Mo. Bui. A\r;r. Intel, and Plant Diseases, // {1913), No. 11, pp. 1696-
1103). — The results of experiments on farms in different parts of Hungary in
comparing the effect of drilling and broadcasting superphosphate and other fer<
tilizing materials on winter wheat and rye, spring barley, oats, wheat, and
sugar beets are summarized in this article.
It was found, as a rule, that drilling was more effective than broadcasting
in Increasing the yield and was more economical of fertilizer. No injurious
effect on germination was observed even when quantities as large as 232 lbs.
per acre of superphosphate were drilled in with the seed in both wet and dry
seasons, although the superiority of drilling was more pronounced in the dry
season. The yield of both straw and grain and the quality of the grain was
improved by drilling.
The beneficial effect of drilling was especially marked in the case of sugar
beets. In cases in which sugar beets did not respond at all to broadcast ferti-
lizing a small quantity of the fertilizers drilled with the seed was very
effective. With this crop sodium nitrate and potash salts were used in addi-
tion to supei-phosphate. An injurious effect of the nitrate was observed only
when it was used in amounts exceeding 93 lbs. per acre. Moderate applica-
tions of potash salts applied in the drill had no injurious effect on germina-
tion and were more effective than broadcast applications. Drill applications
did not decrease the sugar content of the beets, but on the contrary in some
cases increased it.
It is stated that the results were so convincing that it is probable that the
system of fertilizing in the drill will be generally adopted in agricultural prac-
tice in Hungary.
Experimental results obtained of recent years by the section of agricul-
tural chemistry of the Central Agricultural Experiment Station of Stock-
holm, H. G. SoDERBAUM (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bill. Agr. Intel, and
Plant Diseases, 4 {1913), No. 11, pp. 1677-1681) .—A brief review is given of
experiments with nitrogenous, phosphatic, and miscellaneous fertilizing mate-
rials which have been noted from time to time in the Record.
Do fertilizer salts have an influence in forming soil crusts? H. Hessleb
{Besteht ein Einfluss der Diingesalze auf die Verkrustimgf Diss. Univ.
Gissen, 1912, pp. .)/)• — ^The coherence was determined of cylinders of soil of
different chemical and physical properties which had been mixed with solu-
tions of varying strengths of sodium nitrate, salt, kainit, 40 per cent potash
salt, and sylviu, as well as with ix>tash and soda solution and tap and dis-
tilled water, and then dried at 70° C.
As a rule the salts tested increased the coherence of the soil, the most active
in this respect being salt, followed in descending order by sodium nitrate,
sylvin, kainit, and potash. The effect of the salts varied widely with the char-
acter of the soil, being especially dependent upon the size of the soil particles
and the proportion of colloid substances present.
50128°— No. 2—14 3
124 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Field experiments on the availability of nitrogenous fertilizers, J. G.
LiPMAN, A. W. Blair, et al. {'New Jersey Stas. Bui. 260 {1913), pp. 3-33, pis.
5). — Supplementing cylinder experiments previously reported upon (E. S. R., 28,
p. 725), an attempt was made " to show the relative availability of nitrogeneous
fertilizer materials, and the influence of lime on the availability of soil organic
matter, by means of field experiments conducted on 1/20-acre plats, with a
rotation of corn, oats, wheat, and grass."
The experiments here reported were made on a fairly heavy loam soil and
covered one 5-year rotation (1909-1913). The nitrogeneous fertilizers used
(equivalent to 16 lbs. of sodium nitrate per plat) included sodium nitrate, cal-
cium nitrate, calcium cyanamid, ammonium sulphate, dried blood, tankage, and
dried fish besides horse and cow manure and leguminous and nonleguminous
green manures, with a basal fertilizer of acid phosphate and potassium chlorid.
One series of plats received 1 ton per acre of ground limestone at the beginning
of the rotation; the other was unlimed.
Analyses of the soil at the beginning and end of the rotation " indicate that
the plats have lost in total nitrogen, even those which have each year received
heavy applications of manure and commercial nitrogeneous fertilizers. The
limed plats have lost nitrogen to a greater extent than the unlimed plats. . . .
All plats are now distinctly acid, requiring from 1,000 to 2,200 lbs of lime (CaO)
per 2,000,000 lbs. of soil to correct the acidity. The present lime requirement
of the plats which were limed in the beginning is, on an average, about 700 lbs.
per acre less than that of the unlimed plats."
Volunteer clover was more abundant and richer in nitrogen on the limed
plats, as was the yield of dry matter and the percentage of nitrogen recovered,
in nearly all cases in the first crop after liming but not thereafter.
" The percentage of nitrogen in the dry matter was generally highest on those
plats that received the heaviest application of nitrogen, as, for example, those
that received both manure and nitrate of soda. The average percentage of
nitrogen in the dry matter was practically the same on the limed and unlimed
plats.
" The average percentage of nitrogen recovered for the first crop was more
than twice as high on the limed as on the unlimed plats. For the succeeding
crops the average recovery did not differ much on the two sections. The highest
average recovery for the five years, unlimed, was 49.99 per cent, with ammonium
sulphate, and the next highest, 43.98 per cent, with nitrate of soda. The highest
average recovery for the limed plats was 55.76 per cent, with calcium nitrate,
and the next highest, 47.93 per cent, with ammonium sulphate.
"The average recoveries with the nitrates, ammonium sulphate, and calcium
cyanamid were distinctly higher than with an equivalent amount of nitrogen
in the form of dried blood, fish, and tankage.
"Although the largest yields of dry matter were obtained from plats receiving
manure and manure with nitrate of soda, the recoveries from these plats were
lower than the recoveries from plats that received dried blood, fish, and con-
centrated tankage. They are likewise lower than the recoveries from plats that
received their nitrogen in the form of green alfalfa. The plats receiving green
alfalfa and nitrate of soda have given higher yields of dry matter and higher
recoveries of nitrogen than plats receiving blood, fish, and tankage."
In general " results point to a higher availability, and a higher percentage
recovery, for nitrogen in the form of calcium and sodium nitrate, ammonium
sulphate, and calcium cyanamid than for nitrogen in the form of dried blood,
fish, and concentrated tankage."
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 125
Phosphatic fertilizers, A. Gr^goire (Rev. Econ. Intemat., 11 {1914), I, No. 2,
pp. S59-316). — The history and present status of the use of phosphatic ferti-
lizers are briefly reviewed.
Action of ammonium citrate on mono, di, and tricalcium phosphates, T.
Warynski and J. Langel {Ann. Chim. Analyt., 19 {1914), So. 1, pp. 1-6; ahs.
in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 {1914), No. 3, p. 153).— It was found that all
throe phosphates are soluble to an appreciable extent in ammonium citrate solu-
tion, and so can not be accurately separated by the use of this solvent. Solu-
tion was found to be complete in about an hour. The greatest differences in
solubility of the phosphates were observed when extraction was made in the
cold and the citrate solution was saturated.
Superphosphate vinasse, a new fertilizer, PI. Stoltzenberg {Chem. Ztg., 38
{1914), No. 8, pp. 81, 82; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 {1914), No. 3, p.
153; Chem. Zentbl., 1914, I, No. 12, p. 1213). — Vinasse is considered a valuable
fertilizer on account of its high nitrogen and potash content, but it was found
that the residue from the evaporation of beet pulp is too hygroscopic on account
of the presence of bases, such as betain, for use as a solid manure. When
2.5 parts of the pulp was used with 3 parts of the superphosphate a friable
mass was obtained which could be kept for months without change. This mate-
rial contained 2.25 per cent of nitrogen, G.33 of potash, 11.53 of citrate-solubh;
phosphoric acid, and 8.4S per cent of water-solui)le phosphoric acid. One-half
of the material was soluble in water and 30 per cent of it consisted of unaltered
organic matter.
Potash salts: Summary for 1912, W. C. Phalen {U. S. Geol. Survey,
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1912, pt. 2, pp. 877-908). — ^A brief
account is given of progress in investigations during 1912 by the U. S. Geological
Survey and the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture with
regard to the discovery of new sources of potash in the United States.
A bibliography of recent papers on the subject is appended.
Lime, R. W. Stone {U. S. Geol. Surrei/, Mineral Resources of the United
States, 1912, pt. 2, pp. 651-668). — Statistics of production and consumption of
lime and data regarding the occurrence of limestone in the United States are
summarized in this article. The total production in 1912 was 3,529,462 tons, an
increase of 13G,547 tons over that produced in 1911. There was a marked decline
in price of lime and a decrease in the number of producers during the year.
A bibliography of recent papers on the subject is appended.
Gypsum, E. W. Stone {U. S. Geol. Survcij, Mineral Resources of the United
States, 1912, pt. 2, pp. 637-649). — Statistics of production and consumption in
the United States and other countries are summarized. The total production
in the United States in 1912 was 2,500,757 tons, an increase of 176,787 tons over
the amount mined in 1911. Of this 53,065 tons was sold for use as land plaster.
A bibliography of recent papers on the subject is appended.
The composition and agricultural value of carbonate of lime from caus-
ticizing plant, J. Hendrick {Jour. Soe. Chem. Indus., 33 {1914), No. 3, pp.
122-126). — This is a full account of analyses and field experiments which have
already been noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 127).
Liming Iowa soils, P. E. Brown {Iowa Sta. Ctrc. 2, 2. ed. {1913), pp. 3-S,
pi. 1). — This is a popular discussion of the subject.
The action of sulphur on the bacterial activities of the soil, J. Vogel
{Centbl. Bakt. letc.^, 2. AM., 40 {1914), No. 1-8, pp. 60-83; aU. in Chem.
Zentbl., 1914, I, No. 12, p. 1212). — Experiments are reported which indicate
quite positively a decided effect of sulphur in promoting various bacterial
activities in the soil, such as ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation.
126 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The so-called " catalytic action " of manganese and boron compounds on
the cultivation of the sugar beet, H. Pellet (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et
Distill., 31 {1913), No. 6, pp. 419-424; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 (1914),
No. 3, p. 153; Chem. ZentU., 1914, I, ^o. 8, p. 807; Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 11,
Report., p. ^7). — ^Experiments at the Rovigo Experiment Station in Italy are
referred to as showing that manganese and boi'on compounds, both singly and
in combination with aluminum compounds, had no effect on the growth or
yield of the sugar beet or on the purity of its juice. The reliability of results
of other experiments indicating favorable effects from the use of these com-
pounds is questioned.
The fertilizer inspection for 1913, B. E. Cueby, T. O. Smith, et al. {New
Hampshire Sta. Bui. 167 {1913), pp. 11). — Analyses of 187 samples of fertilizers
sold in the State during the year are reported.
Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers and ground bone, C. S.
Cathcart et al. (New Jersey 8tas. Bui. 261 {1913), pp. 3-64).— This bulletin
completes the report of inspection of fertilizers in New Jersey during 1913,
giving analyses and valuations of fertilizers in addition to those reported in
Bulletin 259 (E. S. R., 30, p. 327) and discussing the results of the inspection
as a whole.
During the year 122 manufacturers and jobbers registered 2,078 brands of ferti-
lizers for sale in the State, 1,617 being mixed goods and 461 fertilizer materials.
Of the samples collected 944 were analyzed. Of the 623 brands of mixed ferti-
lizers examined 457 were found to be as guaranteed. Considering the shipments
of fertilizers as a whole, the full amount of plant food guarantied was delivered,
but a study of the individual analyses shows that this average was due to a
balancing of excesses and deficiencies.
The average composition, valuation, and selling price of the fertilizers ex-
amined during the year were as follows: Total nitrogen, 2.63 per cent; total
phosphoric acid, 9.28; available phosphoric acid, 7.74; insoluble phosphoric
acid, 1.54 ; potash, 7.13 ; station's valuation, $23.22 ; and selling price, $29.37.
According to the certified statements which the law requires manufacturers
to make on April 1 and November 1 of each year, the amount of fertilizers
sold in the State during 1913 was 156,661 tons, valued at about $4,500,000.
Fertilizer registrations, C. S. Cathcart {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 264 {1914),
pp. 3-45). — This is a list, accompanied by guarantied minimum analyses, of
mixed fertilizers and fertilizing materials which are to be offered for sale in
New Jersey during the year ending October 31, 1914.
[Fertilizer inspection in North Carolina 1912 to 1913], B. W. Kilgoee
et al. {N. C. Dept. Agr. Bui., 34 {1913), No. 10, pp. i9S).— Analyses and valua-
tions of samples of fertilizers (and cotton-seed meal) collected during the fall
of 1912 and the spring of 1913 are reported. A list of brands registered, with
their guarantied analyses, is also given. It is stated that the fertilizers and
meals were found to be generally what was claimed for them.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Agricultural bacteriology, C. M. Hutchinson {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Sci. Advice
India, 1911-12, pp. 128-131). — A report is made on the work of the bacterio-
logical section, in which the author states that the method of determining the
bacteriological activity of the soil by plate counts has been abandoned in
favor of methods depending upon the measurement of the physiological activity
of the soil organisms.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 127
As a result of Lis studies it has been ascertained that the rate of formation
of carbon dioxid in the soil is directly proportional to the biological activity
of that soil.- It is also learned that temperature plays an important part in
deciding whether ammonification will proceed at such a rate as to allow con-
current nitrification. Some experiments were conducted which demonstrated
that where intense bacterial action is taking place in soil any nitrates present
may be reduced without the occurrence of anaerobic conditions, and it is
probable that the nitrate is utilized as a source of nitrogen by bacteria. In
another series of experiments it was determined that in puddled soil the
anaerobic conditions prevailing prevented the formation of nitrate, confirming
the conclusions of others that the rice plant obtains its nitrogen in the form
of ammonia and that the use of nitrate of soda as a rice fertilizer results in
a loss of nitrogen through denitriflcation.
Some brief notes are givcni on a bacterial disease of tobacco due to Bacillus
solanaceanim, and a bacterial disease of wheat which was found to be
attacked by a bacillus closely resembling Pscudomonas hyacinthi.
On the fungi of the soil, II, Elizabeth Dale (Ann. Mycol., 12 (1914), ^^o. 1,
pp. 83-62, pis. 5). — In continuance of previous work (E. S. R., 28, p. 524), the
author reports her studies on the fungus flora of three other samples of soil,
namely, chalk, uncultivated mountain peat, and black earth of reclaimed fen-
land. These gave respectively 29. 20, and 18 species, representing respectively
16, 13, and 13 genera, a few species and several genera being found in two or
more of the soils examined. None is known to be new.
Bacteria and soil fertility, P. E. Brown (loica Sfrr. Cirr. 7 (19J3). pp. 16,
figs. 9). — This is a popular discussion of bacteria, and some of their functions
in soils are described.
The mycorrhizas of forest trees, AY. B. ISIcDottgall (Amcr. Jour. Bot., 1
(1914), ^^0. 2, pp. 51-74, P^■'^'■ 4, fl'J- D- — This is a detailed account of a previous?
paper (E. S. R.. 30, p. 132).
In the present report the author describes six forms of ectotrophic mycor-
rhizas and adds four species to hie known list of fungi which form ectotrophic
mycorrliiza.s. These are Russula sp., Boletus scaher fuscus, Cortinarius sp.,
and Scleroderma vulgare. It is said that at least four and probably more spe-
cies of mushrooms may form mycorrhizas on the same tree.
Infection for the formation of ectotrophic mycorrhizas is .said to take place
by a fungus penetrating the outer portion of the epidermal wall of the root and
then branching and spreading in all dii'ections. As soon as a complete mantle
of mycelium is formed over the root, any further length of growth is inhibited.
On this account the root is stimulated to form bi'anches which in turn are soon
infected. The fruiting bodies of an ectotrophic fungus are usually produced
soon after the mycorrhlza is formed. Both ectotrophic and endotrophic mycor-
rhizas are normally annual. They are formed during the summer, reach their
fullest development late in the autumn, persist throughout the winter, and die
in the spring.
The roots of maple are infecteii through root hairs in the production of endo-
trophic mycorrhizas. The mycorrhizas of maples are said to be sometimes in
symbiotic association and at other times the fungus can only be considered as
an internal parasite of the roots. The ectotrophic mycorrhizas, on the other
hand, are not in any sense symbiotic associations, but are considered as para-
sites on the roots of the trees.
The relation of living chlorophyll to light, D. Iwanowski {Ber. Deut. Bot.
Oesell, 31 (1914), ^o. 10, pp. 600-612, fig. J ) .—Detailing studies carried out
by himself with foliage differing as to thickness, as to area Cas related to vol-
128 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD.
ume), and as to coloration in exposure to light, the author concludes that the
surprising stability of living chlorophyll is comprehensible only on the hypothe-
sis of a colloidal condition of that pigment.
Investigations on the pigments in ch.romoleucites, V. Lubimenko {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'i, 158 (1914), No. 7, pp. 510-^13).— After calling atten-
tion to the change in chlorophyll in the pericarp of fruits, etc., which results
in the accumulation of yellow and red pigments in the chloroleucites, the author
gives an account of investigations as to the nature of the pigments which thus
replace chlorophyll. Oxygen is found necessary for the formation of these pig-
ments and while it is thought that there are probably a considerable number
of pigments which replace chlorophyll, they are all connected with lycopiu and
rhodoxauthiu, which are isomeric with carotin and xanthophyll.
The role of yellow pigment in chloroplasts, D. Iwanowski (Ber. Deut. Bot.
GeseU., 31 {IdlJf), No. 10, pp. 6i.3-^i7).— Discussing the decomposing effects of
light on chlorophyll in solution, the author states that an increase in the pro-
pox-tiou of yellow pigment in alcoholic solutions is accompanied by an augmenta-
tion of stability in the chlorophyll content. From this he infers a protective
influence of the yellow pigment on the chlorophyll.
Studies on the chemical process of anthocyanin pigment formation, R.
Combes (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 31 {1914), No. 10, pp. 570-578).— The author,
continuing to report on recent studies (E. S. R., 31, p. 35), summarizes sub.stan-
tially as follows :
In certain cells of Ampclopsis liederacea greon growing cells showed a yellow-
ish brown substance very closely related to the anthocyanin pigment of red
leaves of the same plant and apparently transformable into that pigment by
reduction, a change which normally occurs on the checking of leaf gi'owth in
autumn.
The experimental production of anthocyanin outside the leaf may, it is
claimed, be regarded as an accomplished fact, and leaf reddening may now be
considered as a process not of oxidation, but of reduction. The author expects
to piesent in a later communication some new evidence in this connection and a
new theory of leaf coloration based upon results of recent studies.
Some conditions of formation and decomposition of starch, H. Lunde-
(iARDH {.lahrh. Wiss. Bot. [Piingsheim], 53 (191J,), No. 3, pp. 421-463).— The
author gives somewhat detailed results of studies made on transformation re-
lations observable under various conditions in seeds or shoots of plants repre-
senting a number of divergent groups, stating in conclusion that while few
entirely new facts have been brought out. it is safe to conclude that the simple
transformations starch <ri sugar and starch <=^oil can not be completely ex-
plained by the ordinary conception of reversibility.
Physiology of latex in some rubber plants, F. Tobler {Ber. Deut. Bot.
GcseU., 31 {1914), ^'o. 10, pp. 617-620).— A study of Mascarenhasia elastica
showed that the sap from tapped trees was richer in caoutchouc in damp
weathei*, in leaves exposed to light, in young leaves, and in plants having in-
sufficient nitrogenous materials in their food supply. Sprouts arising at points
of ijijury to the trunk developed a greater degree of milkine.'^s in the sap than
did the main stem.
In case of Manihot glaziovli a definite cycle of change in composition of the
sap exuded after tapping was noted. The caoutchouc content of growing parts
increased to a maximum near the point of most active growth. Partial gird-
ling was followed by thickening of sap in neighboring vessels in association
with an increase of bacteria therein.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 129
All plants having milky latex except M. clastica were shown to be subject to
attack by snails, this result tending to invalidate the claim that the presence
of milky sap or caoutchouc in the leaves is protective against these animals.
The microchem^ical recognition and the distribution of aluminum in.
plants, E. Kratzmann (Sitzher. K. Akad. Wiss. [Vienna], Math. Naturiv. Kl.,
122 (1913), II, No. 2, pp. 311-236, figs. 6; abs. in Rev. Set. [Paris], 52 (1914),
I, No. 12, pp. 369, 310). — The author has made a study of the occurrence of
aluminum in plant tissues by microchemical methods based upon the formation
of the double sulphate of caesium and aluminum. He examined several hundred
plants representing many families and found that aluminum is present quite
extensively in the plant kingdom, certain species being extremely rich in that
substance. There did not appear to be any connection between the aluminum
content of the plant and the botanical relationship of the species, for notable
variations wei'e noticed in diffei'ent specimens of the same genus and species.
In certain cryptogams aluminum was found concentrated in the foliar lobes
carrying the spore bearing organs, and the content in flowers was foimd in
some instances greater than that in other parts of the plant.
Some effects of colloidal metals on Spirogyra, W. D. Hoyt (Bot. Gaz., 51
(1914), No. 3, pp. 193-212, figs. 4).— From the author's account of studies as
detailed, it may be stated that colloidal silver, though injurious to Spirogyra
when used alone even in weak concentrations, was rendered less so by addition
of colloidal platinum, animal charcoal, or inorganic salts. Colloidal gold with
sodium hydrate was only slightly injurious. Colloidal platinum, almost harm-
less itself, partially corrected the toxicity of tap water, distilled water, and
solutions of potassium chlorid, magnesium sulphate, and colloidal silver. Toxic
solutions of sodium hydrate were rendered less so by colloidal gold, platinum,
and silver, but not by gold chlorid.
Filaments of Spirogyra, originally from the "same culture but grown for a
time in different media, exhibited different reactions in the solutions of colloidal
gold and sodium hydrate as well as in the other toxic solutions employed.
A bibliography is appended.
Influence of radio-activity on. plants, L. Malpeaux (Yie Agr. et Rurale, S
(1914), ^^0. 11, pp. 289-293, figs. 3).— A report is given of the effect of a
fertilizer material that is claimed to have radio-active properties on the growth
of rye grass, oats, turnips, sugar beets, fodder beets, and potatoes, comparisons
being made with the same plants grown with and without complete fertilizers.
The plants subjected to the radio-active substance appeared to be stimulated to
some extent and were darker green in color, but the yields were but little if
any greater than where a complete fertilizer was used. In case of the root
crops, there was apparently some increase in the sugar content, which it was
thought could be attributed to the radio-active substance.
Penetrative power of violet and ultraviolet rays in regard to leaves, P. A.
Dangeard (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 (1914), No. 5, pp. 369, 370).—
Reporting a study on the penetrability of foliage of several species of plants,
the author shows that the various species can be arranged in classes differing
in this respect, some being much more readily penetrable by the shorter wave
lengths than is glass of corresponding thickness. It is thought that the facts
observed may furnish a new point of departure for a study of the nature and
cause of differences occurring in leaves.
Axial abscission in Impatiens sultani as the result of traumatic stimuli,
R. A. GORTNER and J. A. Harris (Amer. Jour. Bat., 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 48-50). —
The authors describe an abscission in I. sultani as the result of injury due to
greenhouse pests, the removal from a shaded room and transplanting out of
ISO EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
doors, cutting across the stems iu the iuteruodes, etc. lu rearlj' every iustance
the stem was cut off at the next or some lower node by the formation of an
absciss-layer.
The survival of plant tissues after freezing, W. Russell (Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. IParis], 158 (1914), No. 7, pp. 50S-510).—ln a study of the effect of
freezing on a number of plants, the author found that while after thawing the
plants might show a wilted condition the ultimate death of the plant might
be delaj-ed for several days and even weeks. He claims that where thickened
secondary tissues were present among thin-walled parenchyma cells the former
were very slow iu showing the effect of freezing. He concludes that the death
of a plant from freezing is rarely immediate, but that it is delayed in propor-
tion to the uninjured elements, the destruction proceeding with more or less
rapidity from cell to cell.
The frost problem up to date, C. Frazer (Country Gent., 79 (1914), No. 8,
pp. 360, 392, fig. 1). — This is a brief statement of two recent theories of frost
injury to fruit, and of selected results of experiments and observations sup-
porting the conclusion that both the duration of the frozen state and the rate
of defrosting are important in determining the effect of cold on the fruit. It
is held that even if orchard heating has been delayed until after a freezing
temperature has been reached, there may be time to save the fruit. Tabular
results of studies on resistance of various fruits at different stages are quoted.
Can selection improve the quality of a pure strain of plants? C. and. A.
Hagedoorn {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 20 (1914), No. 10, pp. 857-860, pi. 1).—
As bearing upon the common belief that unselected seed automatically deteri-
orates, the author cites the results of selective breeding of wheat carried on
by L. de Vilmorin and descendants since about 1850, showing reproductions of
photographs of a dozen specimen ears of the present generation side by side
with those of the original parents. The long-continued selection has produced
no apparent change, thus supporting experimentally the statement that in a
strain once pure of a self-fertilized plant, no amount of selection can produce
amelioration or deterioration, as is possible with habitually cross-fertilized
plants.
Coloration of the seed coat of cowpeas, A. Mann ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Research, 2 (1914), No. 1, pp. 33-56, pi. 1, figs. 2).— This is a detailed
account of an investigation previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 632), in which a
study was made of the seed coats of various cultivated cowpeas to determine
whether the diversity in the color scheme and kinds of jiigments in the seeds
have a direct bearing on the problem of heredity.
On the appearance of sterile " dwarfs " in Humulus lupulus, E. S. Salmon
(Jour. Genetics, 3 (1914), A^o. 3, pp. 195-200, i)ls. 2).— The author reports the
occuri'ence, in a large number of crosses made between similar varieties of hops
and various individual male hops, of certain individuals which are character-
ized by their total or almost total inability to climb and their complete sterility,
no flowers being produced.
FIELD CROPS.
A table for estimating the probable significance of statistical constants,
R. Pearl and J. R. Miner (Maine Sta. Bui. 226 (1914), pp. S.5-SS).— This paper
discusses the significance usually put upon the probable error in any given
case by biometric workers and points to errors in such considerations. A
table is presented, designed to be useful to statistical workers, which sets
forth, for a series of ratios between a statistical deviation and the " pi'obable
error " of the error distribution, first, the probability that a deviation as great
FIELD CROPS. 131
as or greater tliau the given one will occur and, second, the odds against the
occurrence of such deviations.
Note on th.e accuracy of bushel weight determinations, C. W. Baebeb
(Maine Sta. Bui. 226 (lOlJf), pp. 69-75, figs. 2). — After testing the accuracy of
different methods of filling the bucket of the ordinary grain tester the author
gives data to show that with oats the one wherein the grain was poured into
the bucket and settled by shaking five times gave more accurate results than
filling by dipping and with and without settling. It is noted that " this
method, in comparison with that involving no settling of the grain, lowers the
standard deviation 38.5 per cent and the coefficient of variation 44.9 per cent."
It was found that the standard grain tester gave results of a high degree of
accuracy.
Note on the influence of shape and size of plats in tests of varieties of
grain, C. W. Barber (Maine Sta. Bui. 226 (VMJt), pp. 76-84).— In this paper the
author discusses the significance of lieavy and light seeding, of the length of
the periphery of different sized and shajied plats, of the relation of an area 6 in.
wide within the border of a plat to the total area of the plat, and of the rela-
tion of marginal drill length to total drill lengh in different shaped plats in
the calculations of comparative yiekls in variety tests.
Data and computations are presented in support of the conclusions that " of
rectangular plats of a unit area a square has the shortest periphery and
accordingly presents the smallest nunil)er of plants along the borders. There-
fore a square plat is a more accurate basis for the determination of the value
of varieties than anj' other rectangular shaped plat of equal area. It is clear
that in a long narrow plat more plants will be subjected to the conditions
afforded by the pathways than in a square of the same area. Also, in small
plats proportionately more plants will stand along the border than in large
plats."
Deep plowing and sub^iling, A. II. Wright {Oklahoma Sta. Circ. 26 (1914),
pp. 8). — This circular reports results in subsoil plowing for 10 years with corn,
cotton, and oats on a medium, upland soil, described as physically a silt loam.
It is concluded that subsoiling was not advisable as a farm practice, as neither
soil moisture nor crop yield were increased thereby.
The improvement of plants, L. Blaringhem (Le Perfectionnement des
Plantes. Paris, 1913, pp. XII-\-13-192, figs. 30).— This work contains 7 chapters,
discussing plant collections and botanical gardens, polymorphism of cultivated
plants, pure lines and pedigrees, crossing of species, crossing of varieties, hybrid
mutations and selection, with a bibliography on each topic.
The breeding of forage grasses, H. Lang {Jahresber. Vcr. Angew. Bot., 10
(1912), pp. 1-11, figs. 2). — This article reviews recent work in the breeding of
grasses, describes modern methods, and gives plans for breeding plats.
The history of the cultivated cereals, I, A. Schtilz {Die GescMchte der
kultivierten Getreide, I. Halle, 1913, pp. 134). — This book gives the histories of
wheat, rye, barley, and oats as derived from the most authoritative literature
on the subject. Bibliographies are found at the end of each chapter.
Some further observations on the culture of legumes with special refer-
ence to nitrogen assimilation, B. Heinze (Jahresher. Ver. Angew. Bot., 10
(1912), pp. 75-Jfi4).— Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 20, p. 740; 24, p. 430),
the author reviews certain literature on this subject and discusses some
phases of inoculation with pure cultures and with soil in different soil types
with lupines and serradella, and in rotation with other legumes.
The inoculation of legumes, P. E. Brown (Iowa Sta. Circ. 8 (1913), pp. S-I4,
figs. 5). — This circular describes the soil transfer and pure culture methods of
inoculation,s and discusses their efficiency in field practice.
132 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Influence of soil volume and available plant food on the ratio between
root development and yield of cereals, H. Burmester {Jour. Landw., 61
(1913), No. 2, pp. 135-152). — The results of 2 years' experiments with wheat,
rye, oats, and barley grown in pots of different sizes showed that the soil vol-
ume at the disposal of the plants had very little influence either on the abso-
lute weight of the roots or upon the ratio between the root and the above-
ground part in mature plants.
It was found by reducing the amount of available plant food in the pots that
the growth of the above-ground part was curtailed much more severely than
was the root system, thus producing a narrower ratio between the parts than
when an optimum amount of food was available. It is noted, therefore, that
on poor grades of soil the above-ground part does not develop in proportion to
the richness of the soil, for the root development robs it in direct ratio to the
poverty of the soil.
Leguminous crops in North Carolina, T. B. Parker {Btcl. N. C. Dept. Agr.,
34 (1913), No. 7, pp. 5.'f, figs. 36). — This bulletin gives notes on the soil treat-
ment for legumes and methods of cultivation of red, mammoth, crimson, biu",
sweet, and Lespedeza clovers, alfalfa, vetches, cowpeas, soy beans, and velvet
beans.
Some examples of the potash requirements of legumes, Clauscn (Illus.
Landw. Ztg., 33 (1913), No. 100, pp. 910, 911, figs. .4).— Results of several ex-
periments are given in which small yields were obtained with limited or no
applications of potash in the presence of otherwise complete fertilizers. "With
deficient applications of certain fertilizers, the yields of red clover were as
follows: With complete fertilizer 3.S30 kg. per hectare (about 3,419 lbs. per
acre) of dried bay, without nitrogen 3,970, without phosphoric acid 3,017, without
potash 2,3(50, and unfertilized 1.397 kg.
Plants for the desert, H. Semler (BoJ. Min. Agr., Indus, c Com. [Brazil],
2 (1913), No. ^, pp. 71-96). — This article includes notes on about 30 kinds of
cultivated plants found in arid and semiarid districts, with a list of seedsmen
in several countries that handle such plants and their seeds or cuttings.
Desert plants of Mexico, I. Ochoterena (Mem. if Rev. Soc. Cient. "AntOnio
Alzate," 33 (1913), No. IS, pp. 93-113, pis. i5).— This article discusses the
composition, structure, and classification of the agaves and yuccas found in
Durango.
Field experiments, C. D. Woods (Maine Sta. Bui. 224 (1914), PP- 25-46). —
The results of 3 years' experiments at Highmoor farm indicated that little
was gained by the addition of Thomas slag as a top dressing for grass lands
other than maintaining the fertility of the soil.
In regard to methods of planting potatoes it is noted that " in the 3 years'
exiJeriments comparing the usual method practiced in Aroostook County with
deeper planted seed and a lower, broader ridge than is commonly used there
showed that so far as yield was concerned there is nothing to choose in that
locality between the two methods. The deep planted and medium planted gave
practically the same yields at Highmoor farm with the advantage (though
within experimental error) in favor of the medium planted. The medium
planted and medium ridge gave considerably better yields at Highmoor farm
than the shallow planted and high ridge. The medium ridge is cultivated as
cheaply as the shallow ridge and is harvested nearly as easily. The deep
planted are cultivated at less cost than either of the two other methods but
are far more difficult to harvest. The results indicate that for Aroostook
County the shallow planted high ridge is well suited to the climatic conditions.
And they also clearly indicate that for the lower counties in the State with
FIELD CROPS. 133
their lesser rainfall during the growing season the medium planted with the
broad low ridge cultivation is preferably to either of the others."
From some results of soy-bean experiments the author concludes that " soy
beans can be grown in parts of Maine where corn thrives. Where early coru
matures, the early white soy bean will usually mature. Where Sanford corn
ears, the early medium soy bean will form pods. . . .
" It is doubtful if it would be profitable to grow soy beans for seed in Maine.
The varieties that will ripen seed in this climate make small vine growth.
The crop is best adapted for feeding green or for silage. ... A yield of 8
tons of green crop is an average in average seasons on average soil."
Directions are given for the use of iron sulphate as a spray to destroy wild
mustard and related plants in fields of sown cereals. Further. " the experi-
ence indicates that witli a field of potatoes badly infested with mustard spray-
ing with sulphate of iron solution may be resorted to with a reasonable ex-
pectation that the yield of tubers will not be diminished. At present such a
treatment can only be recommended as a rather extreme measure."
Beport of the work done by the agricultural experimental station in St.
Croix during' the year [ended June 30, 1912] {Rpt. Agr. Expt. Sta. St. Croix,
1911-12, pp. 61, pis. 8, figs. 10). — This is a report of progress on the work of
this station which was recently established. Results of variety tests with sugar
cane, cotton, maize, and sorghum, and soil analyses are reported, with meteoro-
logical observations.
Field experiments and demonstrations (North of Scot. Col. Agr. Leaflets,
1912, pp. VI +166, figs. 2). — This gives results of variety and manurial tests
with cereals, turnips, carrots, sugar beets, mangels, potatoes, alfalfa, grass, and
weeds during 1912 in 10 county districts of Scotland.
[Field crop experiments], F. Smith {Ann. Rpt. Chinsurah Agr. Sta. [Itidia],
1912, pp. Jf-lO). — This reports manurial and variety tests with rice, hemp, soy
beans, sugar cane, flax, wheat, mustard, lentils, etc.
Alfalfa seed production; pollination studies, C. V. Pipee, M. W. Ev.\ns, R.
McKee, aud W. J. Morse ( f. N. Dcpi. Agr. Bui. 15 (1914), pp. 32, fig. J).—
Earlier investigations along this line are reviewed. The structure of the
alfalfa flower is described and the relation of tripping to the development of
the seed.
The results of these studies of pollination of alfalfa flowers brought out the
follow'ing conclusions: "Alfalfa flowers remain fully susceptible to pollination
from the time of opening until the petals wither. Pollination is ordinarily
effected when the elastic stamiueal column has become ' tripped.' No evidence
was found to favor Burkill's theory that tripping effects the rupture of the
stigmatic cells and that this is an important factor in fertilization. Flowers
tripped in various ways to prevent any stimulation or rupturing of the stigma
by contact set pods equally as well as those tripped naturally.
" Flowers tripped artificially, and therefore self -pollinated, set pods freely.
In one series of experiments on 77 plants at 7 different places, 9,074 flowers set
2,784 pods when artificially tripped (a percentage of 30.68), while 8,9.39 flowers
on the same j)Iants exposed to natural conditions set 1,499 pods (16.76 per cent).
The pods from artificially tripped flowers contained an average of 1.72 seeds
each, while those from naturally tripped flowers averaged 2.22 seeds each.
" Pollination from a different flower on the same plant is no more effective
than self-pollination, but pollen from another plant increases both the propor-
tion of pods set and the number of seeds per pod. It makes but little differ-
ence whether the pollen parent be the same or a different variety. . . .
" There is a wide range of variability in alfalfa plants as regards the readi-
ness with which the flowers become tripped, either automatically or by the
134 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
aid of external objects, aud also iu their ability to set fruit wlieu tripped. The
number of pods set is uot proportional to the number of flowers, as a smaller
proportion of pods is produced on many-flowered racemes than on few-flowered
racemes.
"Automatic tripping takes place most frequently in hot sunshine. Humidity is
doubtless also a factor. Automatic tripping can readily be observed by focusing
a burning glass on open flowers or by simply bringing shaded flowers into the
sunshine on a hot day.
" Insects are the natural agents of cross-pollination in alfalfa, but even
where they are scarce, good crops of seed may be produced. Bumblebees and
leaf-cutting bees (Megachile) are the most efficient insects to trip alfalfa
flowers. Honeybees secure much honey from alfalfa flowers, but trip only a
very small percentage of the blossoms. Night-flying insects are of negligible
value. Butterflies have never been observed to trip a flower during the course
of these studies. Rain or wind causes but few alfalfa flowers to become
tripped.
"Automatic tripping with consequent self-pollination probably results in the
setting of as many pods as does tripping by insect visitors, at least in the West.
This conclusion is also in accord with the observation that excellent seed crops
are produced in sections where bumblebees and other insects capable of tripping
alfalfa flowers are decidedly scarce."
Barley culture in Wisconsin, R. A. Mooee and A. L. Stone {Wisconsin Sta.
Bui. 212 (1914), rev. ed., pp. 20, figs. 9).— This revision (E. S. R., 25, p. 531)
contains additional data, together with a score card and directions for scoring
barley.
The average yield of pedigree barley for 6 years as produced by members of
the Wisconsin Experiment Association is given as 34 bu. per acre as against
29.3 bu. with other varieties. Pedigree barley at the station yielded an average
of 44.8 bu. per acre for the 5 years, 1908-1912, while common barley grown by
Wisconsin farmers averaged for the siime period 27.7 bu.
Cactus opuntia as a forag-e crop for arid reg'ions (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, c
Com. [Brazil], 2 (1913), No. 4, pp. 141-150).— This gives notes on the cultiva-
tion and uses of this crop.
Chilian clover, J. W. Hadfield (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 24 (1913), No. 10,
pp. 857-859, pi. 1, figs. 3). — This notes the trial of Chilian clover, TrifoUum
pratense pereime, which thrived at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College,
whereas all the other varieties of clover practically failed.
Studies in variation of red clover, Edna C. Pammel and Clarissa Clabk
(Proc. lotca Acad. Sci., 18 (1911), pp. 41-53, pis. //).— This paper presents data
obtained in a study of variation in the number of flowers in heads, variation
in length of flowers (stamen tubes), and size of pollen grains for ftrst, second,
and third crops grown on black loam, black loam underlaid with gravel, and
alluvial soils.
It is noted that " the second crop clover has more flowers in the head than
the first crop clover, and that black loam underlaid with gravel is the best
soil for the production of red clover." The range extended from 53 to 142
flowers per head, with a mean of 90.44. The length was found to vary from
O.G to 1 cm. The width of pollen grains \av\:, from 20 to 40 ft, and the length
from 28 to 08 fi.
Pollination of clover, L. H. Pammel and Chablotte M. King (Proc. Iowa
Acad. Sci., 18 (1911), pp. 85-45, figs. 3).— This paper describes the structure of
the flower of red clover and data upon the visit of insects to flowers as ob-
served for various periods on different areas. In 814 seconds 381 visits were
recorded^ That clover is not self-fertilized was indicated iu the thrashing of
FIELD CEOPS. 135
over 600 heads that had been covered and in which no seeds were found. It
is noted that the second crop exceeded the first in the number of seeds per
head.
The inheritance of recurring somatic variation in variegated ears of maize,
It. A. Emerson {Nchniska ^tu. Research Bui. .'/ {1914), PP- 5-35, ftys. 3; Amcr.
Nat., 48 {1914), No. 566, pp. 81-115, figs. 3).— In studying the inheritance of
variegation in a variety of maize, linown as " calico " corn, the author has
reached the following conclusions :
" A somatic variation in maize is shown to be inherited in simple Mendelian
fashion. The variation has to do with the development of a dark red pigment
(or in one stocli a brown pigment) in the pericarp of the grains, often asso-
ciated with the development of an apparently similar pigment in the cob and
husks.
" Plants in which this pigment has a variegated pattern may show any amount
of red pericarp, including wholly self-red ears, large or small patches of self-
rod gi'ains, scattered self-red grains, grains with a simple stripe of red covering
from perhaps nine-tenths to one-tenth of the surface, grains with several promi-
nent stripes and those with a single minute streak, ears with most of the grains
prominently striped and ears that are noncolored except for a single partly col-
ored grahi, and probably also plants with wholly self-red and others with
wholly colorless ears.
" It is shown that the amount of pigment developed in the pericarp of varie-
gated seeds bears a definite relation to the development of color in the progeny
of such seeds. This relation is not such that seeds showing say nine-tenths,
one-half, or one-tenth red will produce or even tend to produce plants whose
ears as a whole or whose individual grains are, respectively, nine-tenths, one-
half, or one-tenth red. Experimental results indicate rather that the more color
in the pericarp of the seeds planted the more likely are they to produce plants
witli wholly self-red ears, and correspondingly, the less likely to yield plants
with variegated ears.
" Self-red ears thus produced are shown to behave in inheritance just as If
they were hybrids between self-red and variegated races or between self-red
and non-red races, the behavior in any given case depending upon whether the
parent variegated ears were homozygous or heterozygous for variegated peri-
carp and whether they were self-pollinated or crossed with white.
" It is suggested that these results may be interpreted by the assumption
that a genetic factor for variegation, V, is changed to a self-color factor, 8, in
a somatic cell. All pericarp cells directly descended from this modified cell
will, it is assumed, develoj) color, and of the gametes arising from such modi-
fied cells one-half will carry the 8 factor and one-half the V factor if only one
of the two V factors of the somatic cells is changed, or all such gametes will
carry 8 if both V factors are changed. The V factor is thought of as a sort of
temporary, recessive inhibitor that sooner or later permanently loses its
power to inhibit color development, becoming thereby an 8 factor. Or it may
be that the dominant factor, 8, is temporarily inactive, but sooner or later
becomes permanently active. Again, the 8 factor may repeatedly arise de novo.
The cause of any such change in factors is beyond intelligent discussion at
present.
" The results of Correns with Mirabilis and of de Vries with Antirrhinum
are shown to be subject to the same analysis as that used to interpret the
results secured with maize."
Maize variety trial, 1912, J. G. McMillan {Ayr. Gu.:'. .Y. iSf. Wales, 24
(1913), No. 12, pp. 1061, 1062).— In a test of 12 varieties of maize from the
United States the yields ranged from 30.75 to 58.64 bu. per acre.
136 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Cotton experiments, 1913, R. J. Ricks, E. B. Ferris, C. T. Ames, and G. B.
Walker (Mississippi Sta. Bui. 164 (19W, PP- 3-21).— In this bulletin are found
tables giving temperature and rainfall data for 1913, the results of fertilizer
tests and planting distance experiments at tbe central station, variety and
fertilizer tests at the McNeill and Holly Springs substations, and variety tests
at the Delta substation.
It is noted that no profitable results have been secured at the central station
from the use of potash, which has for the most part been applied in the form
of kainit, other than on soils where cotton rusts badly. During 1913 there was
rust in practically all of the experimental plats excepts those to which had
been applied barnyard manure and kainit. The increased yields from the
use of nitrogenous and phosphatic materials have also been small. However,
the reverse of this is true on the brown loam and piney woods soils of the
State, since these fertilizers give profitable returns when used there. In all
of the plats where acid phosphate was used it has been noted that the cotton
opened up much earlier in the fall.
The results at the Holly Springs substation showed that "the use of both
nitrogen and phosphorus, either alone or in combination, has given very satis-
factory results. Phosphorus hastens maturity, and valley land that is slow
in maturing a crop can be very greatly benefited by its use. The use of potash,
either alone or in combination with other elements, appears to be unnecessary
in these soils.
" On thin uplands, the use of an equal mixture of acid phosphate and cotton-
seed meal, at the rate of 200 to 800 lbs. per acre, gives very satisfactory
results, and has done so for the past 8 years. Two hundred lbs. of this mixture
has increased the yield of seed cotton in many instances over 500 lbs. per year.
On the more fertile soils the quantity of phosphorus may be increased to
advantage. After leguminous crops, acid phosphate alone, 200 to 300 lbs. per
acre, can be used to profit.
"Where leguminous crops are to be grown (no legume will make satisfactory
growth on the thin uplands of this section without the use of about 2 tons
of crushed or ground limestone per acre), the use of 800 to 400 lbs. of rock
floats under the legume will give good results. Where the rock floats is mixed
with manure, or with compost, the phosphorus is made available for plant use."
Recent trials with cotton in Grenada, G. Atjchinleck ( West Indian Bui., IS
{1913), No. Jf, pp. 35S-366).—A. brief note is given on some cultural trials and
on a bacterial disease that results fatally to cotton.
Cotton production in the German colonies, K. Supf {TerJtandl. Baumivollbau
Kom., Eolon. Wii-fschaft. Kom., No. 1 {1913), pp. 3-32, pis. 5).— This discusses
the possibility of growing cotton in German East Africa and notes an attempt
by the natives to cultivate it.
Cultivation of kapok to replace that of caoutchouc, O. Cantzler ( Verhandl.
BaummoUhau Kom., Kolnn. Wirtschaft. Kom., No. 1 {1913), pp. 52-68).— This
article discusses the possibilities of kapok as a crop in the German Colonies to
take the place of caoutchouc, the price of which is reported to be continually
decreasing.
Germination of oats, C. Brioux (Vie A(jr. ct Rurale, 2 {1913), No. 47, pp.
531-533). — This discusses the results of experiments on the germinative ability
of oat seeds when aerated and when partially dried.
Effect of certain artificial manures on the bushel weight of oats {Dcpt.
Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 13 (1913), No. J,, pp. 705-707).— The results
give averages of experiments conducted at several centers in Ireland, presented
in tabular form, with the following conclusions :
FIELD CEOPS. 137
In no instance wns the difference between tlie biistiel weights of tlie grain
from any two of the plats very great. In all three series of experiments grain
of the highest bushel weight, 37f lbs., was obtained from the plats fertilized
with 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia, 3 cwt. superphosphate, and 3 cwt. kaiuit per
acre. There was very little difference between the bushel weights of the samples
of grain from the plats manured with complete mixtures containing varying
quantities of superphosphate and kainit. The poorest quality grain was ob-
tained from the unmanured plats and that dressed with sulphate of ammonia
alone. Of the four nitrogenous manures nitrate of soda has produced the
lightest grain each season. The results from calcium cynanamid and nitrate
of lime wei'e identical.
The potato question, L. Planchon (Bui. Sci. Pharmacol., 20 (1913), No. 12,
pp. 728-737). — In this paper the author reviews the most important literature
on the history, species, and the theory of mutation in Solatium tuberosum, 8.
maglia, and S. cotnmersonii.
Potato spraying experiments at Rush in 1913, F. C. Stewart {New York
State Sta. Bui. 379 (1914), pp. S-9).— During the summer of 1913 an extensive
series of potato-spraying experiments was conducted in the vicinity of Rush,
N. Y. In each of 66 fields a portion of one row (one-fiftieth acre) was very
thoroughly sprayed by hand every two weeks. At digging time the yield of this
row was compared with that of an adjacent row which had not received the
special spraying. In 47 of the fields no spraying was done by the owner, while
in the other 19 fields more or less of such spraying was done.
" In the 47 unsprayed fields the spraying done by the station increased the
average yield by 17.76 bu. per acre, or 16.4 per cent; and in the 19 sprayed
fields, by 1.5.04 bu. per acre, or 11.2 per cent. It is believed that the increase
obtained was due to the partial control of tipburn which was quite plentiful in
some fields, the better control of Colorado potato beetles (not well controlled
by the owner in a few cases), and stimulation of the plants. Late blight was
entirely absent and early blight and flea beetles scarce. Probably the gain
from spraying would have been considerably larger had not the plants been
killed prematurely by an early frost."
Thoroughness pays in potato spraying, F. H. Hall (New York State Sta.
Bui. 379, popular ed. (1914), PP- 3, //). — A popular edition of the above.
Prickly pear as a forage plant, J. E. Martinez (Bol. Dir. Gen. Agr. [Mex-
ico], Rev. Agr., 2 (1912), No. 10, pp. 90S-5i2).— Notes are given on the culture
of this plant as a forage crop in the State of Oaxaca.
Preliminary note on the classification of rice in the Central Provinces,
R. J. D. Graham (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 6 (1913), No. 7, pp. 209-
229, pis. 5). — This includes a description of methods of cultivation employed in
the Central Provinces, as well as preliminary notes on two schemes of classi-
fication of rices based on the agricultural and grain characteristics.
Comparative fertilizer experiments with sulphate of ammonia and nitrate
of soda on winter rye in 1912, Wehnert (Landw. Wchnhl. Schles. Hoist.,
64 (1914), No. 2, pp. 26-30). — With applications of sulphate of ammonia and
nitrate of soda to furnish equal amounts of nitrogen, rye yielded at the rate of
461 kg. per hectare with the latter and 633 kg. Vv^ith the former as the increase
over no application of nitrogenous fertilizers and the average of results at
10 centers.
Silver beet: Its use as a forage crop, A. Macpherson (Neiv Zeal. Dept. Agr.,
Indus., and Com. Bui. 36, n. scr. (1913), pp. 12, figs. 6). — A note on its cultiva-
tion and management as a forage crop of much promise.
Possible economies in sugar production, W. R. Dodson (La. Planter, 52
(1914), No. 2, pp. 25-27). — This paper, read before the Louisiana Sugar
138 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Planters' Association at its January, 1914, meeting, discusses tlie unfavorable
conditions confronting the sugar planters.
As remedies that will aid the planters to continue to produce sugar at a
profit are discussed the following: Increasing tonnage may lessen the cost of
production, and this may be secured by enriching the soil and improving the
stand and the methods of tillage. As methods of enriching the soil are sug-
gested the use of crop rotation with legumes, and the plowing under and making
silage of the tops. It is noted that over a million tons of cane tops are burned
annually in Louisiana.
The production of cattle, hogs, dairy products, truck crops, fruits, grain, and
forage crops is discussed as diversifications that may gradually take the
place of cane growing to some extent with profit, especially on the small farms.
Sweet potatoes, D. C. Mooring {OldaJioma Sfa. Circ. 25 (IDl/f), pp. 12, figs.
3). — This circular gives directions for the production of sweet potatoes, cover-
ing the subjects of soil, soil preparation, propagation, pulling "slips," setting
plants, cultivation, harvesting, and storing, with a description of 10 varieties
of sweet potatoes, and directions for the construction of a wooden sweet potato
house.
Tobacco breeding, H. Lang [J-ahres'ber. Ver. Angeiv. Bot., 10 (1912), pp.
18-30, fig. 1). — Ttis article reviews recent work in tobacco breeding, describes
modern methods used in producing commercial tobacco and tobacco seed, and
gives a plan for breeding plats.
Variation in tobacco, H. K. Hayes {Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), A^o. 1, pp. 40-
46, figs. 5). — From experiments conducted at New Haven and Bloomfield, Conn.,
and Forest Hills, Mass., with a Cuban variety of tobacco the author concludes
that " environment is of great importance in any system of tobacco breeding,
and quantitative characters and especially quality of cured leaf are in a large
measure dependent on this feature. Change of environment, however, does not
cause a breaking up of type, and whatever variations occur due to environment
appear alike in all plants of a particular type. •
" Heredity is the second important factor, and poor types will give unfavorable
results even under the best environmental conditions. Any system of tobacco
breeding must take both heredity and environment into account. The only
known means of producing variability as a source of new types is by crossing.
The number of new forms which will appear due to a particular cross will de-
pend on the number of germinal characters by which the parent plants differ."
A g'enetic analysis of the changes produced by selection in experiments
with tobacco, E. M. East and H. K. Hayes (Atner. Nat., 48 (1914), ^o. 565,
pp. 5-48, figs. 9). — This paper records data collected to throw light on the
theory that continued selection of the extreme values of certain quantitative
characters in successive self-fertilized generations of a number of strains pro-
duces no changes in the mean values of the characters.
From observations of the behavior of the character complex number of
leaves of numerous families of hybrid tobacco carried to F?. the authors
believe they have demonstrated by even these few data that either plant
or animal populations can reach such a state of constancy by inbreeding
that no profitable results can afterwards be obtained by the practical breeder,
and that a homozygous condition does occur in a definite proiwrtion of F2 off-
spring and can be propagated commercially at once if a sufficient number of
families are grown to be relatively certain of including the desired combination.
" As to the problem of theoretical importance, the question of the true con-
stancy of homozygotes generation after generation, we believe it to be fair to
conclude that a state so constant is reached that even for the theoretical
purposes of experimental genetics it may be assumed as actually constant.
FIELD CROPS. 139
Further experiment aud larger numbers may show that selection can always
cause a shift in the mean, but will necessarily be a shift so slight that it can
be detected only by a long continued experiment and enormous numbers."
It is noted that "mutations may occur. We have shown the origin of one
family by a very wide mutation. In this particular case it was not difficult to
show that a constitutional change toolc place in a single germ cell of the
mother plant."
Field experiments with wheat, 1912, H. K. Chapman, R. W. McDiarmid,
J. W. Shaw, H. Bartlett, and H. J. Kelly {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 2Jf (1913),
No. 12, pp. 1039-1050) . — This paper reports work in progress on the compara-
tive value of bone dust, superphosphate, rock phosphate, bone charcoal, and
Thomas phosphate as wheat fertilizers at the Cowra, Wagga, Bathurst, Glen
Innes, and Nyngan experimental farms.
Seed tests made at the station during 1913, M. T. Munn {'New York State
Sta. Bui. 378 {191J,), pp. 113-131).— Thxa bulletin describes the methods em-
ployed in making a purity test by " count," and states that " during the year
292 official samples of seed were drawn from dealers' stocks by authorized rep-
resentatives of the commissioner of agriculture. Analyses of these samples
showed 17.5 per cent to be violations of the seed law, i. e., they contained in
excess of 3 per cent by count of foul or foreign seed and were not so labeled.
Lawn grass and grass seed mixtures were the most frequent violations, with
alsike clover, red clover, and redtop grass, respectively, coming next in
order. . . ,
" From correspondents, 975 seed samples were received during the year, and
a practical report covering the quality, noxious weed-seed content, adulterants,
and general appearance of each sample was given. These voluntary examina-
tions reveoled apparently the same seed-trade conditions as did the seed exami-
nations of the previous year."
Purity of farm seeds in 1913, F. H, Hall ^Neio York State Sta. Bui. 378,
popular ed. (1914), PP- 2-.J). — A popular edition of the above.
Results of seed tests for 1913, F. W. TzVylor and F. App {ISleic Hampshire
Sta. Bui. 166 {1913), pp. iS).— This bulletin gives tabulated results of testing
107 samples of seeds from December 1, 1912, to September 1, 1913, the text of
the seed law of New Hampshire, and suggestions regarding sampling and the
handling of samples.
Report of seed tests for 1913, J. L. Burgess {Bui. N. C. Dcpt. A'gr., 3J^
{1913), No. 9, pp. 48, figs. 2).— This bulletin gives the results of testing 732
samples of seeds, lists the weed seeds that commonly occur in certain commer-
cial seeds, aud notes the effective working of the North Carolina seed law.
Better seed, F. S. Harris {Vt^Jli Sta. Circ. 16 {1914), PP- 47-52).— The need
of seed improvement is pointed out, and some directions are given for growing
and storing better seeds on the farm.
Homemade seed corn testers, H. D. Hughes (Iowa Sta. Circ. 1 (1912), pp.
4, figs. 2). — This gives directions for making and using the sawdust box tester
and the rag doll tester.
Unlawful Iowa weeds and their extermination, L. H. Pammel and Char-
lotte M. King {Iowa Sta. Circ. 5 (1912), pp. 3-18, figs. 15). — This circular
gives part of the text of the Iowa weed law, including penalties, and describes
and gives methods of eradication of quack grass, Canada thistle, cocklebur,
mustard, milkweed, dock, buckhorn or rib grass, wild parsnip, horse nettle,
morning-glory, Indian mallow or butter print, burdock, wild timothy or drop-
seed grass, squirrel tail or wild barley, foxtail, shoofly, chicory, dodder, and
wild carrot.
50128°— No. 2—14 4
140 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
HORTICULTURE.
Commercial gardening, edited by J. Weathers (London, 1913, vols. 1, pp,
XII-\-239, pis. 17, figs. 119; 2, pp. XIl+235, pis. 16, figs. 138; 3, pp. XII+2JfO,
j)ls. 16, figs. 90; Jf, pp. Xn+2U, pis. 17, figs. 121t).—X practical and scientific
treatise for market gardeners; fruit, flower, and vegetable growers; nursery-
men; etc., prepared by many practical specialists and dealing primarily with
conditions in Great Britain.
In volume 1 consideration is given to the general aspects of commercial gar-
dening; the science of plant growing; methods of propagation; the science of
the soil ; manures and manuring ; insect pests ; garden friends ; fungus diseases ;
fungicides and insecticides; glasshouse building; and heating apparatus.
Volume 2 contains horticultural descriptions and cultural details with reference
to hardy and half hardy herbaceous plants, bulbs, and flowers ; stove and green-
house plants and flowers; and ferns. Volume 3 discusses commercial fruit
growing in general; fruit growing in Worcestershire, Scotland, and Ireland;
diseases of fruit caused by fungi, etc.; and grading and packing fruit. Con-
sideration is then given to the various pip fruits, stone fruits, small fruits, figs,
grapes, nuts, and melons with reference to varieties, culture, and care. The
concluding sections of this volume discuss garden surveying, leveling, and men-
tsuration ; and market garden accounts. Volume 4 deals with trees, shrubs, and
woody climbers; conifers and taxads; vegetable growing for market; sweet
herbs and small salads ; and French gardening or intensive cultivation.
The effect of an increased amount of carbonic acid in the air on green
plants, IL FiscHEE (J-ahresber. Ver. Angeic. Bot., 11 (1913), No. 1, pp. 1-8). —
This paper summarizes the author's investigations, previously noted (E. S. R.,
28, p. 837).
Experiments with udo, the new Japanese vegetable, D. Faiechild (U. 8.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 8^ (1914), PP- ^•5. figs- 12). — The author here reports experi-
ments conducted since 1906 with udo (Aralia cordata), a Japanese vegetable
valued for its blanched shoots. Information is given relative to methods of
cultivation, preparing, and cooking. Other phases discussed include early ex-
periments with udo, relatives, varieties, climatic requirements, and diseases
of udo.
Udo is said to be adapted to New England, the Atlantic States as far south
as the Carolinas, the rainy region of Puget Sound, and the trucking sections
of California about Sacramento. Although the plant has not thus far assumed
commercial importance it is believed that it is now sufficiently well-known to
test out its economic value, as compared with such plants as celery, asparagus,
and eggplant.
An apple chimera, W. E. Castle (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 5, pp. 200-
202, figs. 3). — The author here illustrates and describes an apple in which
Golden Russet and Boston Stripe are combined in the same fruit. In the speci-
mens here illustrated the stem end of the fruit is Golden Russet and the calyx
end is Boston Stripe, although it is stated that the reverse of this sometimes
occurs. The parent stock of the tree was Boston Stripe on which Golden Russet
was grafted. The trees producing these apples bear only a few fruits of this
composition. The rest of the crop belongs entirely to one or the other of the
two varieties concerned.
Pollination in orchards.— II, The flowering of pears, F. J. Chittenden
(Jour. Roy. Hort. Soo. [London'\, 39 (1913), No. 2, pp. 366-372).— In continua-
tion of a previous study relative to the blooming time of apples (E. S. R., 26,
p. 440), data are here given showing the varieties of pears growing in the
HORTICULTURE. 141
Wisley Gardens, arranged iu order according to the average date of flowering
for the period 1908 to 1913.
Tlie author concludes that there is a general regularity in the order of the
flowering of pears as with apples. Although deviations from this order may
occur each season they are not sufBciently marked to destroy the value of the
list as a guide to varieties that should be planted near one another in order to
facilitate pollination.
The effects of fertilizers in a cultivated orchard, J. H. Goueley (Neio
Hampshire Sta. Bui. 168 (1914), pp. 3-31, figs. 15).— In this bulletin the author
reviews the more important investigations dealing with the fertilization of
apple orchards and gives the results of various culture and fertilizer treat-
ments on a bearing Baldwin apple orchard for a 5-year period. The orchard
in question was about 26 years old when the experiment started and had pre-
viously been gi'owing in sod and yielding unsatisfactory crops. The hay crop
was removed annually. The orchard was divided into some 12 plats, which in-
cluded the sod-mulch treatment, cultivation the odd year followed by a cover
crop and seeded the even year, cultivation the even year followed by a cover
crop and seeded the odd year, clean cultivation throughout the season, and
cultivation and cover crop with complete fertilizers and with fertilizers con-
taining excesses of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium. A portion of the
fertilizer plats was also limed. The factors considered in this experiment are
yield, growth, and size of fruit.
The results secured for the 5-year period show all methods of treatment to be
superior to growing trees in sod. The plat which has been cultivated annually
every two weeks until September 1 without using a cover crop has given bet-
ter yield and growth than cultivation every other year with a cover crop in the
alternate year. A good system of culture such as cultivating the orchard
every two weeks until midsummer then seeding down with crimson clover, has
given practically as good results in yield of fruit and growth of tree as that
obtained by the addition of a complete fertilizer or one in which either phos-
phoric acid, potash, or nitrogen are used in excess in the complete fertilizer.
Thus far no cash return has been secured for the fertilizer that has been used
in the orchard. Size of fruit has been increased by the use of fertilizers, espe-
cially those high in nitrogen and potash, and reports for the year 1913 show that
the area and weight of the leaves were increased by the use of fertilizers.
Lime had no appreciable effect on any of the factors considered. Color of
fruit has not been increased by any combination of fertilizers employed.
Spraying program for orchard and vineyard i!i South Carolina, A. F.
CoNBADi and H. W. Baere (South Carolina Sta. Circ. 25 (WlJf), pp. 8). — This
circular contains concise directions for the summer spraying of orchard fruits
and grapes, including instructions for preparing spray mixtures.
Analyses for poison of apples sprayed with aresenate of lead in mid-
summer, C. D. Woods (Maine Sta. Bui. 224 UOlJf), pp. 46-48). — In connection
with some spraying experiments for the control of brown-tail moths in the or-
chard at Highmoor farm the trees were sprayed with arsenate of lead the first
week iu August. Analyses were made of the apples at the harvest time to
determine whether appreciable quantities of arsenic could be found in the
fruit.
The results of the spraying and the analyses indicated that midsummer spray-
ing with lead arsenate is an effective way of combating the brown-tail moth, and
that the amount of arsenic or of lead that will remain at harvest upon the
apples sprayed in midsummer with arsenate of lead is so slight as to have no
practical bearing.
142 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD.
Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides, C. S. Cathcart,
11. L. Willis, and W. H. Pearson {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 262 {1913), pp. 3-
ii).— This bulletin contains analyses of some 50 samples of various materials
examined by the station in 1913. They include products sold as Paris green,
lead arsenate, Bordeaux and lead arsenate mixtures, Bordeaux mixtures, zinc
arsenite, Electro Bordo Pulp, lime-sulphur solutions, and atomic sulphur.
Making a garden of small fruits, F. F. Rockwell {New York, 1914, pp. 56,
pis. 8). — ^A small practical treatise for the amateur gardener.
Currants and gooseberries, E. F. Palmer {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 222
{WlJf), pp. 36, figs. 22). — This bulletin discusses the extent and importance of
the currant and gooseberry industries of Ontario and describes the most ap-
proved methods of culture for the home garden and commercial plantation.
Propagation of the seedless breadfruit, P. J. Wester {Philippine Agr. Rev.
[English Ed.], 7 {1914), No. 3, pp. 97-99, pi. 1, fig. 1).—A method of propa-
gating the seedless breadfruit by root cuttings is here described. This method,
which consists of propagating the cuttings in a bed of sand or sandy loam, has
yielded over 75 per cent of healthy plants.
Cacao culture in Samoa, E. Demandt {Tropenpflanzer, Beihefte, 15 {1914),
No. 2-3, pp. IX-\-135-307, figs. 54). — A practical treatise on the establishment,
care, and management of cacao plantations in Samoa, including information rela-
tive to insect pests and diseases of cacao, working plans, and cost and yield data.
New researches into some statistics of Coffea, P. C. van der Wolk {Ztschr.
Incliiktive Aistam. u. Vcrerhungslelirc, 11 {1914), ^'o. 4- PP- 355-359, fig. 1). —
A further report on the author's biometric study of fluctuating variability in
leaf length and internodal length in coffee plnnts (E. S. R., 30, p. 534).
Fruits of a date palm in the tertiary deposits of eastern Texas, E. W.
Berry {Amer. Jour. Sci., 4. ser., 37 {1914), No. 221, i)p. 403-406, figs. 2).— This
comprises a note on the recent discovery of the fossil fruits of a species of date
palm in the tertiary deposits of eastern Texas.
The present state of olive growing in Italy, F. Bracci {Intemat. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Aiffr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 (1913), No. 10, pp. 1496-
1502). — A brief survey of the olive industry in Italy, including statistics of
production and notes of various conditions which have tended to decrease the
production during the past 30 years.
Chestnut breeding experience, W. Van Fleet {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 19-25, figs. 9). — This comprises a popular account of the author's
work in breeding chestnuts during the past 20 years. The native species were
used to a considerable extent in the earlier work, but these were later aban-
doned owing to the advent of the chestnut bark disease in 1907. Selection work
was then continued with self- and chance-pollinated individuals of the chinqua-
pin and certain Asiatic types.
Of the hybrids which have been secured, trees having Castanea americana in
any combination have nearly all disappeared. The crosses of Asiatic and
native chestnuts showed a greater blight resistance than crosses of European
and native nuts. The chinquapin-European hybrids are readily affected by
blight but have great recuperative powers, bearing nuts the second year on
suckers springing from the bases of diseased stems. Chinquapin-native crosses
are very susceptible as a rule and do not recover readily. The wild chinquapin
itself appears measurably resistant. The Asiatic chestnuts and the chinquapin-
Asiatic hybrids are plainly highly resistant. Few have shown any appearance
of infection and when noticeable the injury is quite local in character. Second
generation seedlings of chinquapin-c»'c«ota crosses show no disease at all
though always exposed to infection.
Some of the more promising chinquapin hybrids are illustrated and described.
FORESTRY. 143
California gardens, E. O. Murmann (Los Angeles, Cal.. 19 V/, pp. J 16, figs.
153). — This work contains some fifty plans for gardens, incUiding all the dif-
ferent types which are popular in this country and abroad. Although de-
signed primarily for California bungalows they are adaptable to any type of*
house and for various climates with the substitution of suitable plants.
Garden flowers as they grow, H. Esseniiigii-Corke and H. H. Thomas
{London, New York, Toronto, and Melbourne. 1913, pp. 197, pis. 20). — A popular
work containing photographs in color of a number of our more important
garden flowers, including descriptive notes dealing with their horticultural
characteristics, special requirements, and desirability for planting.
The rose book, H. H. Thomas et al. (Jjondvn, New York, Toronto, and. Mel-
bdiirne, 1914, pp. XI-}-2S3, pis. 12, figs. 9). — This work is offered as a complete
guide for amateur rose growers. The subject matter is discussed under the
following general headings : Roses to begin with, roses to proceed with, some
very practical matters, rose growing under glass, round tlie year in the rose
garden, and lists of varieties for various pui'poses.
FORESTRY.
Silviculture, A. Jacquot (SylvieuUure. Paris and Xaneij, 1913, pp. XIV+
243, figs. 8). — A practical manual on silviculture, prepared with special refer-
ence to conditions in France. It is intended as a guide to estate owners, man-
agers of fore>^t d<Mnains, reforester.s, and students.
Forest protection, H. von FIjrst (Die Lehre vom Waldschutz. Berlin, 1912,
7. rev. ed., pp. YIFl+190, pis. 5). — A revised eilition of Kauschinger's Lehre
vom Waldschutz, the first edition of which appeared in 1846. Forest protec-
tion is here considered imder three general headings — ^protection of the forest
against inorganic nature, protection against organic nature, and protection
against depredations by man.
Forest trees, shrubs, and bushes, C. L. Gatin (Les Arhrcs, Arbustes, et
Arbrissraiix Forest iers. Paris, 1913, pp. TjX+116, pis. 102. figs. 32). — This is
the first volume of n practical encyeloiiedia for naturalists in preparation by
various authors.
Descriptions with illustrations in color are given of about 100 species of the
more common forest trees, shrubs, and bushes of Europe. In addition to the
botanical characteristics of the species, infoi'mation is given relative to their
distribution with special reference to France, special characteristics, require-
ments, economic importance, diseases, and insect pests, the birds which nest in
them. etc.
Contribution to the knowledge of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), O.
Beccari (Agr. Colon. [Italyl, 8 (1914), Xos. 1, pp. 5-37, pis. 4; 2, pp. 108-118,
pis. 8; 3, pp. 201-212, pis. 3; 4, pp. 255-270, pis. 2, fig. i).— This comprises a
study of the oil palm varieties of tropical Africa. Introductory considerations
deal with the habitat, geographical distribution, economic importance, agricul-
tural requirements, extraction of oil, and reproductive characteristics of the oil
palm.
Rubber, its sources, cultivation, and preparation, H. Brown (London, 1914,
pp. XIII-\-245, pis. 12, figs. 4)- — This work is offered as an account of the pres-
ent position of rubber production with special reference to West Africa. Con-
sideration is given to the characteristics and natural distributon of the rubber
tree, plantation practices, and the more technical questions connected with the
tapping, collection, and preparation of rubber.
144 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Rubber culture.— I, Hevea brasiliensis, H. Zaepernick (KautschuJcJculturen.
Berlin, 191/f, vol. 1, pp. XV ^118, figs. 34).— This is the first of a series of works
dealing with rubber culture, and treats of the plantation culture and exploita-
tion of Hevea brasiliensis in various tropical countries. In addition to cultural
practice information is given relative to ta'pping operations, methods of coagu-
lating rubber, and estimates on the cost of producing plantation rubber.
Suitability of longleaf pine for paper pulp, H. E. Surface and R. E.
Cooper (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 72 {1914), pp. 26).— This bulletin reports a series
of tests conducted at the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis. In
order to determine the suitability of southern pines for paper pulps, to ascertain
the efCects of varying cooking conditions in the sulphate process of pulp making,
and to compare the sulphate process with the soda process.
Piesults thus far secured show conclusively that longleaf pine is well adapted
for the manufacture of natural-color kraft pulps and papers, and that the sul-
phate process of pulp making apphed to this wood affords products of better
quality and of higher yields than the soda process. Kraft papers can be made
from longleaf pine that are equal or superior in quality to the imported and
domestic kraft papers now on the market. The high gravity of the wood and
the resultant high yield of pulp per cord give longleaf pine an advantage pos-
sessed by few, if any other, commercially important woods suited for pulp
making.
Uses for chestnut timber killed by the bark disease, J. C. Nellis {U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 582 {1914), pp. 24, figs. 8).— This bulletin contains
information of value to wood-lot owners relative to the utilization of chestnut
timber that has been killed by the bark disease. Preliminary strength tests con-
ducted by the Forest Service upon chestnut killed by the bark disease indicate
that sound wood from dead trees is fully as strong as wood from healthy trees,
providing that the trees have not been injured by insects, decay, or checking.
Checking starts in small trees in the second year, and in all trees is rapid from
the fifth year on. In order that the timber may be placed on the market before
it begins to deteriorate it is advised that diseased chestnut be cut during the
first winter after infection.
Bocky Mountain mine timbers, N. de W. Betts (Z7. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 77
{1914), pp. ii4, figs. 7). — Bending and crushing tests of a number of kinds of
timber used in Colorado for mine beams, props, and caps are reported in tabular
form and discussed. Data are also presented as to the consumption and pro-
duction of mine timbers in Colorado, including production by species, the cost
for different sizes, and the life of mine timbers. The methods used in the
tests, together with data on individual crushing and bending tests are appended.
The tests included green, air-dried, and fire-killed timber. They indicated
that air-dried mine props and caps are much superior to green ones as to
strength at the elastic limit, strength at maximum load, and stiffness. With the
exception of Douglas fir there seems to be as much variation in the strength of
one species procured in different places as among the dift'erent species them-
selves. This is attributed to defects which are usually found in material u.sed
for caps and props. The unit strength and stiffness of 16 ft. round beams de-
creased with an increase in diameter. Beams cut from timber standing dead
for about 30 years showed a strength intermediate between green and air-dried
material cut from live timber. The tests indicated that timber cut from dead
trees can be graded as to decay and defects on the same basis as other material.
Tests of wooden barrels, J. A. Newlin {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 86 {1914),
pp. 12, pis. 6). — The author here reports tests of barrels made from quarter-
sawed white oak which were conducted in cooperation with the Bureau for
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 145
the Safe Transportation of Dangerous Explosives in order to obtain data upon
wliicli specifications and claanges in tbe design of wooden barrels used in the
transportation of dangerous liquids might be based.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The organization in various countries of the service for the protection
of plants, J. jNI. Saulnieb {Lc Scrviee de Protection dcs Plautcs lUnis les
Divers Pays. Rome: Internat. Inst. Agr., IDIJ,, 2. eiL, pv. XIII+305, jjI. 1, fig.
1). — This monograph gives the organization of different countries relating to
the study of fungus and insect parasites of plants, rules for inspection, etc.,
follovi^ing the general plan previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 445).
In addition to the countries reported in the previous edition, there are in-
cluded in the present monograph Argentina. Austria, Hungary, Brazil, Costa
Kica, EgjT)t, United States, Algeria, New Zealand, Union of South Africa,
Greece, Guatemala, Japan, Norway, and Servia.
Problems and progress in plant pathology, L. R. Jones (Amer. Jour. Bot.,
1 {1914), No. 3, pp. 97-111). — This is an address delivered by the author as the
retiring president of the Botanical Society of America, read at the Atlanta
meeting December 31, 1913, in which a review is given of recent progress in the
investigation of plant diseases, particular attention being paid to Ajnerican
investigations. Some of the problems of disease control are pointed out.
Agricultural bacteriology, special inquiries, C. M. Hutchinson (Ann. Rpt.
Bd. Set. Advice India, 1012-13, pp. 126-128). — Notes are given on the rice dis-
ease due to nematodes, a brief account of which has been noted by Butler
(E. S. R., 30, p. 49), an indigo disease which is apparently of bacterial origin,
and a potato rot. From rotting tubers two bacteria were found invariably
present and the rotting of the tubers took place in the presence of these bac-
teria wherever the dry tubers had suffered mechanical injury, or where un-
injured tubers were kept in a moist condition for a few hours.
Notes on some rusts in India, E. J. Butler (Ann. MycoL, 12 {191^), No. 1,
pp. 76-S2, figs. .}). — Descriptions are given of leaf rusts named as follows:
Kuehneola fici on Fieus glomerata, Coleosporiuni oldenlandiw on Oklenlandia
aspera, and Puccinia kiihnii on Saecharum spontaneum.
The ascosporic condition of the genus Aschersonia, R. Thaxteb (Bot. Gas.,
57 {WW, No. 4, pp. 308-313, fig. i).— The author has made a study of some of
the species of entomogenous fungi in Trinidad and describes the ascosporic stage
of A. turbinata.
The Plasmodiophoracese and their relationship to the Mycetozoa and the
Chytrideae, E. J. Schwartz (Ann. Bot. [London], 28 (IDL'i), No. 110, pp. 227-
240, pi. 1). — As a result of a cytological and life history study of the species of
PlasmodiophoraceiE, the author agrees with Maire and Tison (B. S. R., 21, p.
423; 25, p. 43) that the Plasmodiophorace?e should form a separate order inter-
mediate between the Sporozoaires and Myxomycetes. He also describes three
jjew species of Ligniera as follows: L. heUidis on roots of Bellis perennis, L.
menthw on Mentha puJegium, and L. alismatis on Alisma plantago. All the
species of this genus are said to be root parasites and infection takes place
near the root tips. They are said not to cause hypertrophy in the host plants
and on this account are somewhat difficult of recognition.
A bibliography is appended.
North American TJredineae, E. W. D. Holway {Minneapolis, Minn., 1913,
vol. 1, pt. Jf, pp. 81-95, pis. 8). — The author describes the species of Puccinia
occurring on the Araliacece, Umbelliferse, and Cornaceae of North America.
146 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Some observations on a peculiar soil disease, W. E. Collinge {Jour. Bd.
Agr. [London], 20 U914), Ko. 10, pp. 875-879 ) .—The author reports experi-
ments in treating plats that had shown abnormal conditions and lowered
returns during some yenrs of cultivation in wheat, oats, rye, mangolds, and
potatoes. Unslaked lime. 12 to 15 cwt. per acre, showed little or no improve-
ment, but with sulphur at from 4 to 6 cwt. per acre there were produced normal
or improved crops. The use of 8 cwt. killed many of the plants. Untreated
plats showed steady deterioration from year to year.
The author thinks this disease may be due to bacteria which interfere with
the nutrition of the plant ; but he refers, in this connection, to the contributions
of Russell and Hutchison, dealing with the alleged influence of protozoa in the
soil (E. S. R., 22, p. 121; 24, p. 621).
Injury by smelter smoke in southeastern Tennessee, G. G. Hedgcock {Jour.
Wash. Acad. ScL, // {1914), No. 4, pp. 70, 71). — The author states that the
injury to vegetation in this region still extends in the same genei-al direction
from the sources of injurious gases as reported by Haywood (E. S. R., 19, p.
222; 23, p. 430), the slightly lower degree of injury corresponding to the ob-
served greater extension in area. Prevailing winds are important or decisive
factors as to distance and direction. The injury is most severe with conifers
and in upland regions. Garden beans, which are especially susceptible, afford
a delicate index as to the direction and distance of extension. The injury,
which is attributed mainly to sulphur dioxid, shows characteristic features and
the various trees affected show resistance thereto in a definite order, which is
set forth.
A study in cereal rusts, physiological races, E. C. Stakman {Minnesota
8ta. Bui. 138 {1914), pp. 56, j^ls. 9). — The author presents the results of an
investigation undertaken with the object of determining the possibility of devel-
oping and breaking down physiological races of rusts as well as obtaining infor-
mation concerning some of the factors influencing varying resistance in immune
or semi-immune varieties of wheat.
Inoculation experiments were carried on with Puccinia graminis hordei, P.
graminis avence, P. graminis secalis, and P. graminis tritici obtained from their
respective hosts in the fields at the station and cultivated through at least a
dozen successive transfer generations. In nearly all of the experiments with
biologic forms the rust had been confined to its own host for at least 20 genera-
tions. Spores of the rusts were placed on leaves of various varieties of wheat,
barley, oats, rye, eiukorn, and emmer, after which the conditions were made as
favorable as possible for the development of the fungus, either by producing a
high moisture condition or the use of anesthetics, excessive fertilization, leaf
injury, etc.
It was found that direct tranfsfers of P. graminis may be made from oats to
wheat and rye. The rusts from oats and barley used in the experiments could
be readily transferred to rye. The use of anesthetics had some effect in render-
ing an immune plant slightly more susceptible to rust, while leaf injury appar-
ently had no effect. High fertilization, by increasing the virulence of the attack
on semi-immune forms, is thought to have some influence in breaking down
biologic forms. The author found that there was apparently a physiological
and probably a slight morphological change in the rust fungus when grown
continuously on a semi-immune host, the change manifesting itself, however,
very gradually as an adaptation to the new host. It is believed that biologic
forms of cereal rusts, at least P. graminis tritioi, do not lose their specialization
tendencies when grown on barberry. The degree of incompatibility of host and
parasite was found to vary greatly. In semicompatible forms comparatively
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 147
large leaF areas are sometimes killed, iiKlic.itiug a killing of host cells by the
fungus and a consequent death of the mycelium itself. In this respect they
resemble very closely some of the rust resistant forms of wheat, and this is
thought to throw light on the question of the nature of resistance to P. graminis.
In the second part of the bulletin the author discusses rust resistant varieties
of wheat.
It was found that in maliing inoculations in tlie greenhouse on wheats resis-
tant to P. (jraminis tniki, only two. Khai)li, an Indian eramer, and Kubanka
2094, possessed a very marked degree of real resistance, although a number of
other forms were fairly resistant in the field. It was observed that the more
resistant a form proved, the more pronounced was the tendency of the rust to
kill small areas of the leaf. The length of incubation period was found to be
correlated to some extent with the degree of immunity, those forms being most
nearlj^ immune having the longest incubation i)eriod. Infection secured on par-
tially i-esistant varieties as a result of inoculations with aecidiospores and pri-
mary uredospores proved only slightly more virulent than did that secured by
means of inoculation with long-time uredospores.
Experiments with drought-resistant durum wheats grown in a very dry soil
and with Minnesota No. 163 in wot soil indicated that normal conditions for the
host plant are probably the most favorable ones for rust development. The
presence or absence of excessive amounts of fertilizer elements was not found
to directly affect immunity or susceptibility of wheats. The addition of copper
sulphate, copper cai-bonate, and iron suliJhate to nutrient media in which plants
were grown did not markedly diminish the amount of rust when they were used
in such concentration as to permit the normal development of the host plants.
A comparison of the sequence of infection in susceptible and immune forms
showed that the fungus gained entrance into the host plant in the same manner
in both cases, growing readily in the tissues of the susceptible variety, while it
does not thrive in the immune forms. The reason for this is believed to be a
physiological incompatibility.
A bibliography is appended.
[Grain diseases] (Edinb. and Eat^t of Scot. Col. Agr. Rpt. 30 {WIS), pp.
15-19). — Barley leaf stripe (Hchninthosporiiim gramineum and H. teres) is
said to cause injury only where it is excessively abundant. Early sowing
favored attack, whereas late planting hindered it. The removal and destruc-
tion of plants attacked by leaf stripe has proved a good method of eradicating
the disease. Formalin and copper sulphate treatment of seeds greatly re-
duced leaf stripe.
[The stem rot of cereals], L. Mangin {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 27 (1914),
Xo. S, pp. 236-239). — The author recognizes two forms of stem diseases of
cereals, one due to Leptosiih?eria and Ophiobolus, and the other to Fiisarium
spp., among the best known being F. nival e. All the species of the fungi
attack cereals near the ground, causing a weakening of the stems and often
resulting in very considerable losses.
Experiments on control of loose smut of barley, and wheat, R. Schandeb
(Mitt. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Landiv. Bromhcrg, 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 132-139,
pi. 1). — Regarding the plan and principle of control of loose smut as determined
by previous investigations (E. S. R., 28, p. 646), the author gives attention to
the possibility of simplifying the process, and of reducing injury caused to
germination and yield by such treatment.
The work and results are exhibited in tabular form, permitting the inference
that the second treatment employing hot water (52 or 53° C.) can not well be
dispensed with or shortened from 10 to 5 minutes. Other features are dis-
cussed and the work is to be continued.
148 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Bad germination of wheat seed {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 20 (1914), No. 10,
pp. 894-896, pi. 1). — This is a report, with discussion, of tlie findings in case of
wheat submitted for investigation at Kew.
Germination tests gave a percentage of 81, which was increased to 93 by
slightly cutting the seeds. This result suggested, and examination demon-
strated, the presence of disease. This was ascribed to the fungus Clados-
porium graminum, which blackened the chafC and shriveled the embroys of
the seeds attacked. It is stated that the mycelium dormant in the seeds
becomes active under the conditions favorable to germination. In bad cases
every portion of the ear is attached. It is often present in the hairs on the
chaff and in the bristle-like hairs forming the beard, apparently dissolving the
cell wall to some extent, as the threads exceed the original cavities in size.
In addition to the persistent mycelium, numerous microsclerotia are formed
which act as resting spores, germinating in spring, producing very minute
secondary conidia which infect the living plant, and rapidly spreading the
disease.
Causes of soil sickness in wheat lands, etc., H. L. Bolley (North Dakota
Sta. Bui. 107 {1913), pp. 96, figs. ^5).— This is a detailed account of the author's
investigations, which have led to his theory that diminished yields of wheat
in the Northwest ai"e due to fungus attack and not to soil depletion (E. S. R.,
25. p. 650). Various phases of the investigations have been previously noted
(E. S. R., 28, p. 442; 29, pp. 515, 516). A number of species of Helminthos-
porium, Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Alternaria, Cephalothecium, and Macro-
sporium are found associated with wheat sick soils either singly or in various
combinations. These fungi have also been found infesting seed, thus providing
for the spread of disease to new areas.
The author considers a lack of rotation responsible, in part at least, for the
presence of the fungi in the soil, and for controlling the troubles due to soil
or seed infestation he recommends the avoidance of mixed varieties of cereals,
l)lanting of pure varieties of seed, selection of well cured, plump, heavy seeds,
disinfection of seed, and rotation of crops.
Danger in threshing machines {Country Gent., 79 {1914), No. 6, p. 250). —
Attention has been called by H. T. Giissow to the losses due to dissemination of
smut diseases by public service threshing machines. A method of disinfecting the
machines with formalin is described, which is claimed to be simple, effective,
comparatively inexpensive, and capable of application with little loss of time
while traveling from farm to farm.
Finger-and-toe disease of crucifers, P. Berthault {Jour, A^r. Prat., n.
ser., 26 {1913), No. 48, pp. 692-694, fiffs. 2).— A distinction is drawn between the
forms of injury inflicted upon crucifers by Plasmodiophora brassicce and that
due apparently to certain gall producing insects.
ringer-and-toe, G. Fron {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 26 {1913), No. 49, pp. 730,
731). — Referring to the article above noted, the author reports that soil on
which cruciferous crops had been severely injured in spots by Plasmodiophora
trassicce during the previous year showed serious shortage on the same areas
when planted in carrots, though no organism was found in the plants affected.
ringer-and-toe of crucifers, A. Gay {Jour, Agr. Prat., n. ser., 26 {1913),
No. 52, pp. 816, 817). — The author reports that an examination following the
above suggestion by Fron showed that in case of carrots following crucifers
nearly every case of poor success of the former crop occurred on spots where
the latter crop had previously been affected with Plasmodiophora hrassicce.
The question is i-aised whether the presence of certain insects might not prove
to be significant in this connection.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 149
Finger-and-toe of crucifers and a disease of carrots, P. Passy {Jour. Agr.
Prat., n. ser., 21 (1914), No. 3, pp. 87, 88).— Referring to the reports above
noted, the author cites a case of spinach decreasing in returns since 1911.
Plasniodiophora brassicce had not been known in these plats pi-eviously, and no
injury to the roots was apparent. The loss is considered due to some cause not
yet determined.
Finger-and-toe disease in Brussels sprouts (Worcester Co. Expt. Gard.,
Droitwich, Ann. Rpt. 1012; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 20 {1914), No. 11,
p. 1010). — Land that finger-and-toe disease had I'endered useless for growing
Brussels sprouts before 1903 was subjected for five years to tre.Mtment with gas
lime, quicklime dug in, or quicklime left on the surface. In 1911 plats receiv-
ing the last two treatments yielded 97.82 per cent of clean rooted plants.
Apterite and vaporite were tried in place of the gas lime, but without results.
A further trial showed that a surface dressing of quicklime gave better results
than one of iron sulphate.
Control of black canker of potato, Spieckermann {Illus. Landw. Ztg., 34
{1914), Nos. 2, pp. 7-9, figs. 3; 3, p. 16, fig. 1). — In experiments with fungicides
against Chrysophlyctis endohiotica the best results are claimed from sulphur
in soil applications. There was no seriously injurious effect on the growth of
the plant.
Phloem necrosis as cause or symptom of leaf roll, R. Schandee and M.
TiESENHAUSEN {Mitt. Kahcr WUhcJms Inst. Lcmdw. Bromherg, 6 {1914), No. .'?,
pp. 115-124, figs. 4)- — Referring to views expressed by Quanjer (E. S. R., 29, p.
347), the authors state that their recent investigations, here discussed, only in
part confirm the conclusions of that author. They do not regard phloem
necrosis as the cause of leaf roll of potato, but as a secondary phenomenon
probably due to some functional disturbance not yet fully understood.
Wart disease of potatoes {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 55 {1914), No. 14I6, pp. 106,
107). — The text is given of the order of the British Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries known as the wart disease of potatoes (infected areas) order of 1914.
It relates to i>rotection against potato canker, due to Sijnchytriuni endobiotir
cum, giving definitions, regulations, penalties, etc., with a list of resistant
varieties recommended for planting on premises already infected with the
disease.
Powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea) of potatoes, I. E. Melhus ( U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 82 {1914), PP- 16, pis. 3). — This is a description of the powdery
scab of potatoes, which is well known in Europe, particularly in the British
Isles, and which has lately been found present in parts of the LTnited States
(E. S. R., 29, pp. 448, 550). A bibliography is appended.
The potato quarantine and the American potato industry, W. A. Orton
(17. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 81 {1914), PP- 20, fig. i).— After describing a number of
the more destructive diseases of the potato the author gives the text of orders
relating to the regulation of the importation of potatoes and the potato quar-
antine order. By the latter order the stoppage of potato importations from
Canada and all countries of Europe for an indefinite period has been brought
about largely on account of the occurrence of the powdery scab {Spongospora
subterranea). Under certain regulations potatoes will be allowed to enter this
country from nonquarantined countries when properly inspected and certified
to by officials in the country of origin.
A discussion is given of the potato crop of the United States and of the de-
sirability for utilization of surplus potatoes.
The black rust of Deli tobacco, J. A. Honing {Bui. Deli Proefstat. Medan,
No. 1 {1914), pp. 16, pis. 2). — This disease, which is called by planters black
150 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
rust to distinguish it from another rust that is said to b9 of nonparasitic
nature, is characterized by the occurrence of spots on the leaves, surrounded by
a darli green border, indicating the extension of the diseased tissue. Usually
the disease appears only in tobacco fields at higher elevations, although in wet
seasons it occurs also on the lower estates. The cause of the disease is said to
be Bacterium pseiulozoogloece n. sp. A technical description of the bacterium is
given and its cultural relations are described. The bacterium is said to be not
strictly parasitic, but becomes so under special conditions, among which humid-
ity is the most important.
A brief bibliography is appended.
The effect of dust from cement m^ills on the setting of fruit, P. J. Anderson
{Plant World, 11 (1914), A'o- 3, pp. 57-68). — This is an account of investigations
carried on by the author, a preliminary note of which has appeared elsewhere
(E. S. R., 27, p. 152).
Summarizing the results of the investigations, the author states that dust
from cement kiln stacks containing a large amount of alkaline, soluble calcium
salts was found to settle on vegetation within a radius of 2 miles from the
mills. When the dust falls on fruit blossoms some of it goes into solution in
the stigmatic secretions and pollen falling on the stigma will not germinate and
the flowers are not fertilized. Artificial tests show that pollen will not germi-
nate in even very weak solutions of the dust. When blossoms of apple and
other fruits were dusted as fast as they opened, only a very small proportion
.set fruit.
Fruit culture in Normandy, J. Porter (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 20 {1914),
No. 10, pp. 860-865, figs. 2). — Along with other information the author notes
that black scab, the chief fungus pest of pears at the present time, may be pre-
vented by frequent spraying with soda Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture during
the year. In winter, however, he finds it cheaper and apparently as effective to
use a 7 per cent solution of iron suli)hate in place of the soda Bordeaux.
A rust new on apples, pears, and other pome fruits, P. J. O'Gara (Science,
n. ser., 39 {1914), No. 1008, pp. 620, 621).— A description is given of a rust
due to yEcidiHin hlasdaleawum, the telial stage of which is said to be Gymnos-
porangimn hlasdaleanum, parasitic on the incense cedar of the Pacific coast.
The disease was first noticed in 1908 and has since been under observation. It
is said to occur rather sparingly on apples, but attacks certain varieties of
pears very seriously. The rust is not roestelia-like, as in the case of the com-
mon apple rust. Its host plants, so far as known, include apple, crab apple,
various pears, mountain ash, quince, serviceberry, and thorn apple.
Experiments with apple leaf spot fung'i, J. W. Roberts {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 1, pp. 57-66, pi. 1).—A study was made of
certain leaf spot fungi to determine whether they were capable of enlarging
spots already formed.
In these experiments inoculations were made both in the greenhouse and
orchard on unsterilized leaves, by spraying spores on leaves which contained
dead spots made by touching them with the heated end of a steel rod. It was
found that under certain conditions Altcrnaria mall was able to enlarge the
dead spots on the apple leaves, from which it is concluded that this species is
a rather strong facultative parasite. Goniothirrium pirinitm was found to pos-
sess but little power of enlarging dead areas and, according to the author, may
therefore be classified as a saprophyte or at least as a weak facultative parasite.
Coryneum foliicolum, Phyllosticta Umitata, Monot-luactia malt, and Phomopsis mali
are, so far as the apple leaf is concerned, believed" to be purely saprophytic,
A technical description of A. mali n. sp. is given.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 151
Spraying experiments and apple diseases in 1913, W. J. Morsk (Maine Sta.
Bill. 223 (1914), pp. 2Jf, pis. ^).— This bulletin constitutes a fourth report of
a series on orchard spraying experiments (E. S. R., 29, p. 145) and gives the
results of the experiments and observations of 1913.
Plats of apple trees were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, various treatments
of lime-sulphur solution, soluble sulphur, atomic sulphur, arsenate of lead, and
arsenite of zinc used In connection with the lime-sulphur solution. The effect
of the different fungicides on the foliage and fruit was carefully noted, and the
results obtained stippleuient those previously given for 1912.
In 1913 the efficiency of the first spray application was not as marked as in
1912. It was suggested in the previous account that a dilution of lime sulphur
20 per cent stronger than the standard could be used on Ben Davis trees with
little danger of injury and greater efficiency, and the results in 1913 confirmed
the conclusion based on the previous year's work. The use of Bordeaux mixture
resulted in a smaller percentage of scabby apples, but a larger proportion of
those which were russeted. The use of lime sulphur gave a very efficient con-
trol of scab and the fruit was less injured than where Bordeaux mixture was
employed. Soluble sulphur used at the rate of 2 lbs. to 50 gal. of water pro-
duced severe leaf injury, although it appeared to be fairly efficient so far as the
control of apple scab was concerned. The use of atomic sulphur was followed
by satisfactory results, no spray injury being observed, but the author does not
consider its recommendation warranted without further test.
A description is given of the use of arsenate of lead as a fungicide, and where
2 lbs. of dry arsenate of lead was used in 50 gal. of water the control of the
scab was better than on the other trees except those sprayed with Bordeaux
mixture and the stronger lime-sulphur solution. This would indicate a strong
fungicidal action for arsenate of lead, and it is thought probable that efficient
scab control with a minimum of fruit russeting might be obtained by its use,
supplemented by Bordeaux mixture or a strong lime-sulphur solution used as
a dormant spray.
An account is given of investigations on the source of spring infection by
apple scab, previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 542).
Notes are also given on the observance of Nectria ditissima in Maine.
Some observations on the anatomy and other features of the black knot,
A. Stewart {Amcr. Jour. Bot.. 1 (IBUf), No. 3, pp. 112-126, pis. 2).— This is a
more detailed account of work reported previously (E. S. R., 30, p. 150).
Court-noue, S. Barry (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 (1914), A"o. 5,
pp. 146, 147). — The author, giving briefly his experience in grape culture, cover-
ing some 50 years, states that while some vines under his care have been some-
what subject to court-noue for many years without very serious damage, others,
including some vines of later planting, have suffered severely. A portion of
the latter are now being given a trial with the coal tar treatment.
The downy mildew of the grape, G. H^ron (Jour. Agr. Prat. Vit. et Econ.
Rurale Midi France, 109 (1913), No. 5, pp. 192-204). — ^An account is given of
the author's experiments for the control of the downy mildew by the use of
Burgundy mixture.
On the basis of the results which he secured, he recommends the use of a
freshly prepared mixture containing 2 per cent copper sulphate, or in very
humid years a 3 per cent mixture. For successful control frequent applications
of the fungicide shoulci be made at the beginning of the appearance of the dis-
ease, and it is stated that the different sprayings may be profitably alternated
with treatments with copper acetate or a simple solution of copper sulphate.
152 EXPEEIMENT STATIOISr EECOKD.
For proper spraying the fungicide should be applied under sufficient pressure
to thoroughly vaporize the solution. In order better to cover the grapes, the
removal of some of the leaves on the vine is recommended.
Comparative tests of difEerent fungicides for the control of the downy
mildew of grapes, J. Mahoux (Rev. Yit., 41 (1914), No. lOJfO, pp. 91-94).— The
author reports upon the comparative value of a dozen fungicides for the con-
trol of the downy mildew of grapes, comparisons being made with ordinary
Burgundy mixture.
The season of 1913 is said to have been a very favorable one for the de-
velopment of the fungus. The best results were obtained with Burgundy
mixture, to which were added casein, saponin, and gelatin to increase the
spreading power of the mixture, copper acetate solution, and an iron-copper
sulphate solution. Ordinary Burgundy mixture gave nearly as good results,
but the others tested were not favorable in their action, especially if used in
more dilute strengths than advocated by their manufacturers. When sprayed
upon the upper side of the foliage, as is most commonly done, none of the
mixtures showed any superiority over ordinary Burgundy mixture if the amount
of copper in them was less than that in the Burgundy mixture. Where the
more adhesive fungicides are used, the author recommends that they should
be applied from below and in such quantities as are necessary to cover the
leaves and grapes. He claims there is no economy in attempting to lower the
cost by reducing the amount of fungicide used in seasons that are favorable for
the growth of the fungus.
Notes on diseases of citraceous plants, E. Jarvis (Queensland Agr. Jour.,
n. scr., 1 (1914), A'o. 4, pp. 268-271). — As the result of recent investigations the
author has found a number of diseases of citrus trees, and he describes a collar
rot due to Fusarium limonis, a root rot caused by Arniillaria sp., and a gumming
disease, the cause of which is not definitely stated. In connection with these
disease preventive measures are suggested for their control.
Some notes on the scab of grapefruit, G. L. Fawcett (Porto Rico Prog.,
6 (1914), No. 22, pp. 6, 7). — A brief description is given of the scab of grape-
fruit. This the author says may be controlled by sprayiug with Bordeaux
mixture, but as the use of the fungicide would tend to destroy beneficial fungi
which hold in check scale insects, it is not thought advisable to spray except as
a last resort, in which case an insecticide should follow the use of a fungicide.
Control measures involve the removal of any growth that is infected, and he
states that fungi occurring on cover crops, such as pigeon peas and the sword
bean, will produce scabs resembling the true citrus scab. As yet no definite
connection between these diseases has been determined.
The author states that his attention has recently been called to the claims
that DipJodia natalensis causes considerable decay on fruit shipped from Porto
Rico, but that he has been unable to discover it in typically affected specimens.
The fruits were, however, infected with the well-known withertip fungus (Col-
Jetotrichum gloeosporioides ) .
[A fungus disease of coffee] (Planters' Chron., 9 (1914), No. 3, pp. 32, 33).—
An injurious disease of coffee trees is described as noted in the Province of
Coorg, British India. It is said to occur in patches on the collar of the trees
with little or no tendency to spread, but all the trees affected are usually killed,
as are young healthy trees planted in their places, the fungus remaining active
in the soil. It is thought the organism may be Irpex flavm. Remedial meas-
ures recommended include burning all affected wood, heavy liming of the soil,
use of Bordeaux mixture painted on the stems, and the free admission of light
and air to the affected parts.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 153
Orobanche cumana on sunflower, A. Mal'tsev (Trudy Biltro Prikl. Bot.
(Bui. Angcw. Bot.), 6 (1913), No. 2, pp. 111-120).— The author reports the
parasitism of tbe above species of Orobanche on the sunflower (Helianthus
annuus). The spread of the parasite is said to be restricted somewhat by
Phytomyza orohanchia.
California thistle rust, A. H. Cockayne (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 8 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 50-53, fig. 1). — A description is given of Puccinia suaveolens, which is
said to have become established m New Zealand where it is restricted to the
California or Canada thistle (Cnicus arvensis) and the cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus). The fnngus is thought to be probably of some value in combating the
thistle, but success in its spread will depend upon the ability to obtain artificial
infections, and for this purpose studies are needed to determine the proper stage
in the growth of the plant. The author believes that the best time for success-
ful inoculation would be while the growth of healthy plants is quite young.
The symptoms of chestnut tree blight and a brief description of the blight
fungus, F. D. Heald (Penn. Chestnut Tree Blight Com. Bui. 5 (1913), pp. 15,
pis. 16). — The author has given a description of the chestnut blight, the fungus
causing it, symptoms of the disease, effects, methods of spread, etc.
Longevity of pycnospores of the chestnut blight fungus in soil, F. D.
Heald and M. W. Gardner (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 67-75; al)s. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 51, 52). — A report
is given of investigations made to determine the power of resistance of the
pycnospores of the chestnut blight fungus to desiccation in the soil under field
conditions during the intervals between rains and during a prolonged period of
drying in the laboratory.
In the field test samples of soils taken from bases of diseased trees after a
rain and after 13 days' drying gave from 84.000 to 2,412,000 viable spores per
gram of soil. When dried in the laboratory there was a gradual decrease in
the viable spores, the longevity limit varying from 54 to 119 days.
Pine rust and its transmission, Haack (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdio., 46 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 3-46, pis. 2, fig. 1). — This is an account of studies continued from
1906 to 1913 at Eberswalde on questions connected with Peridermium pint.
This disease is said to appear most commonly in young foliage-bearing
branches, each center being due apparently to a separate infection. The fungus
is said to proceed directly from pine to pine by means of recidiospores, requiring
no intermediate host and infection occurring mostly between May 15 and July 1.
Injuries to the young vegetation are thought to aid greatly the attack. Some
trees appeared to be especially susceptible, some to be nearly immune to the
fungus. Shoots may live some time after being seriously attacked.
Thoroughgoing removal of affected parts in case of young trees and cutting
out badly diseased older trees are insisted upon as means of greatly minimizing
the damage, which otherwise is considerable.
An unusual case of electrical injury to street trees, G. A. Cromie (ScJ.
Amer. Sup., 77 (1914), No. 1985, pp. 36, 37, figs. 5).— Several examples are dis-
cussed of injury to trees by electrical currents, especially in one case following a
change of the negative or return current to the overhead wire. Insulation
decreased the injury done. Chemical analysis showed traces of copper and
zinc in sections of wood taken some distance from the point of contact with the
wire containing both these metals, which was always found to be partly eaten
away at that point.
Notes on the preparation of insecticides and fungicides, V. Vermorel and
E. Dantony (Notes sur les Preparations Insecticides, Fongicides et BouilUes
Mouillantes. ilontpellicr and Villefranche [1914], pp. 58). — In this publication
154 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED.
a resume is given of investigations carried on at tlie viticultural station at
Yillefranclie during tlie past tliree years on insecticides, fungicides, adtiesives,
etc. Most of tlie articles referred to have been noted previously.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Comparative physiology of invertebrates, H. Jordan {Vergleichende Phy-
siologie Wirhelloser Tiere. Jena, 1913, vol. 1-, pp. XXII+738, figs. 277; rev. in
Science, n. ser., 38 {1913), No. 971, pp. 197-199) .—This first volume deals with
nutrition.
The common mole of the eastern United States, T. H. Scheffer (U. S.
Dept. Agr.. Farmers' Bid. 583 (1914), PP- 10. figs. .)). — This is a popular account
of the common mole, its habits, nature of its injury, control measures, etc. A
report of the author's studies of the common mole has been noted (E. S. R., 23,
p. 752).
This mole (Scalopus aquaticiis) is found almost everywhere south of the New
England States, New York, Michigan, and central Wisconsin, except in the
mountain regions. In the latter districts and in the greater part of Pennsyl-
vania, New York, and New England the common mole is replaced by the star-'
nosed mole (Condiylura cristata) and Brewer's mole (Parascalops breiceri).
Work of California gray squirrel on conifer seed in the southern Sierras,
S. Berry (Proc. 8oc. Amer. Foresters, 9 (1914), ^o. 1, pp. 95-97).— The Cali-
fornia gray squirrel {Sciitrns griseus) is said to be very numerous throughout
the yellow and sugar pine regions of the southern Sierras during the summer
months, and apparently devotes a large portion of its time to cutting pine cones.
During the summer of 1010 it was observed in the act of cutting sugar pine
cones over widely distributed areas within the Sierra and Sequoia National
Forests during the first days of June. The squirrels are continuously at work
destroying seed for a period of 3 months prior to September 1, and any seed
dropped or scattered during this period is yet immature and will not germinate.
Thus it appears that in the destruction of so large an amount of seed the Cali-
fornia gray squirrel is not only a serious menace to reproduction and hinders
the forestation of idle land, but its work caiises the reproduction to consist
mostly of the less valuable species, due to the fact that the seed of sugar pine
and yellow pine is the most frequently eaten, while seed of inferior species like
fir and cedar is not touched when the others can be found. It is, therefore,
thought desirable that the present game laws be so amended as to remove the
protection from the California gray squirrel, at least in counties where there is
coniferous timber.
Squirrels and sugar pine reproduction, E. V. Jotter (Proc. 8oc. Amer.
Foresters, 9 (19U), No. 1, pp. 98-101).— This paper relates to the destruction
of sugar pine seed by squirrels, as noted above.
[Habits of pheasants], G. W. Field, G. H. Graham, and W. C. Adams (Mass.
House Representatives Doc. 2049 (1914), pp. 14; abs. in Ank, 31 (1914), No. 2,
pp. 271. 272). — This special report of the Massachusetts Board of Commissioners
on Fisheries and Game relative to the habits of pheasants includes a summary
of the history of introduced pheasants within the State, value, methods adopted
in rearing, etc.
The nutrition and habits of the angleworm in its relation to agriculture,
E. Keup (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell, 28 (1913), Nos. 39, pp. 538-542; 40, pp.
552-555; 41, pp. 466-570).— A report of studies.
Helminthological investigations, C. Gravier (Rev. G4n. Set., 25 (1914), No.
4. pp. 149-160). — This is a review of studies of plathelminths, nematodes,
Acanthocephala, etc., published during the j^ears 1900-1911, inclusive.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 155
Economic zoology (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Set. Advice India, 1911-12, pp. 160-171). —
The first part of this paper by H. Maxwell-Lefroy deals with agricultural ento-
mology ; the second part by A. D. Imms with forest entomology.
The life story of insects, G. H. Carpenter (Cambridge, England, and Neto
York, 1913, pp. 134, P'- i, fiff^- ^3). — This is a popular account.
Report of the entomologist of the Arizona Commission of Agriculture
and Horticulture for the year ending June 30, 1913 (Ari;:. Com. Agr. and
Hort. Ann. Rpt., 5 (1913), pp. 11-^8, pis. 3, figs. 11).— The first part of this
report (pp. 11-32), by A. W. Morrill and O. C. Bartlett, relates to the inspection
of plant, fruit, and seed importations; the second part (pp. 33-48), by A. W.
Morrill, consists of notes on the important insects of the year.
Forty-fourth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1913
(Ann. Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ontario, Jf4 (1913), pp. 131, figs. 58). — ^Among the more
important papers here presented are Insects of the Season in Ontario, by L.
Caesar (pp. 49-53) ; The Immature Stages of the Tenthredinoidea, by A. D.
MacGillivray (pp. 54-75) ; Adaptation in the Gall Midges, by E. P. Felt (pp.
76-82) ; Chrysomelians of Ontario, by F. J. A. Morris (pp. 83-94) ; and Insect
Galls, by A. Cosens (pp. 97-104).
Tuberculosis in insects, S. Metalnikoff (Conipt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris},
76 (191Jf), No. 2, pp. 95, 96; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. B, No. 3,
pp. 53, 5-^).— In earlier papers (E. S. R., 20, p. 186; 26, p. 250) the author has
shown that the tubercle bacillus when injected into the larva of the bee moth
(GaUeria mellonclla) is quickly destroyed and the larva not affected. Further
experiments have shown that this destruction of the bacillus is due probably to
a lipolytic ferment in the body of the larva.
Experiments have also been carried on with other insects, particularly with
cateiToillars of Achrwa griseUa, which also feed upon the wax in beehives.
Bacilli of the human type when injected in large numbers were all destroyed
within a few hours. Tests of other types showed that the bovine type is
quickly destroyed but the fish type cause the infection and death of the
larvae at ordinary room temperature. When the temperature was raised to 35°
C. the injected fish bacilli were destroyed.
Insect damage to Russian crops (Izv. Glav. Uprav. Zemleusgrois. i Zeml.
[St. Petersb.}, No. 30 (1913); abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 11,
pp. 458, 4o9). — The insects mentioned as the source of injury include the Hes-
sian fly, the wheat chafer (Anisoplia austriaca), the larvae of Phlyctwnodes
sticticaUs which damages the seeds of vetches, maize, beets, etc., aphids, thrips,
wireworms, and cutworms.
The fi.ght against Lachnus persicae, termites, and ants by means of car-
bolineum, D. Smirnov (Turkest. Selsk. Khoz [Tashkend], No. 8 (1918), pp.
783-786; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 2, pp. 73, 7^).— The
author reports excellent results from the use of carbolineum in combating
plant lice (L. persicw), termites (Eodotermes turkestanicus), and ants (Cam-
ponotus maculatus turkestanicus) , the carbolineum acting as a repellent.
Tables for the identification of insect enemies of spruce and fir, R. Koch
(Tabellen zur Bestimmung schddlicher Insekten an Fichte und Tanne nach den
Frassbeschddigungen. Berlin, 1910, pp. VIII +112, figs. 150). — These tables are
based upon the feeding habits of the insects.
The insects attacking cork stoppers, J. Feytaud (Rev. Vit., 40 (1913), Nos.
1039, pp. 565-568, pi. 1, figs. 2; IO4O, pp. 598-603, figs. 4; 1045, PP- 738-740).— A
summarized account of the more important enemies of cork stoppers, which
represent the Coleoptera, Isoptera, and Lepidoptera and means for their con>
trol. The tineids are said to be the most important pests.
50128°— No. 2—14 5
156 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
The Hevea termite of Java, K. W. Dammerman (Dept. Landl., Nijv. en
Handel [Dutch East Indiesi, Meded. Afdeel. Plant enziekt en. No. 3 {1913), pp. 12,
pis. 2, figs. 2).— This paper includes an account of the occurrence, injury, life
history, and methods of combating Coptotermes gestroi, together with a list of
its host plants.
The cranberry toad-bug, F. A. Sirrine and B. B. Fulton CVeit? York State
Sta. Bui. 377 (1914), pp. 91-112, j^ls. 8, figs. 4).— The cranberry toad-bug, a
fulgorid {PhyUosccUs atri), is reported to have caused a peculiar dying of the
new growth of cranberry vines on Long Island prior to and during 1911 and
1912. It does not appear to be widely disseminated, and many bogs are prac-
tically free from it; but on two Long Island bogs, one at Riverhead and one
at Calverton, the crop of fruit had been greatly reduced, the loss varying
from one-half to three-fourths of a normal crop during the past three years.
"Wherever the insects feed on the new growth both new shoots and fruit are
killed outright; while if they happen to feed only on the old wood the berries
on all branches beyond the feeding point are shriveled and dwarfed.
A brief discussion of the synonomy of the species is followed by a technical
description of the life stages, notes on its life history and habits, effect of its
feeding on vine and fruit, enemies, and experiments with methods of control.
It is stated that the cranberry appears to be the only host plant of this insect.
" There is but one brood of the insects during the year. The egg is elongate-
oval in shape, with a short stalk at one end. The egg-laying period extends
from September 1 to the middle of October. The female runs over the ground,
dragging the egg by the stalked end, so that its viscid surface becomes cov-
ered with sand and dirt before it is dropped. Hatching begins on June 25 to
30 of the following summer, and a few may not hatch until early in August.
Nymphs usually group together to feed, and may live a long time on the same
branch if not disturbed. The insect has five nymphal instars. The first adults
appear about the first of August, the males maturing first.
" The nymphs secrete a white, cottony substance which adheres to the branch,
and this, with the excrement and molted skins, is more easily detected than the
insect. The first symptom of injury is the closing in toward the branch of
the leaves on the new growth.
"Tests were made of two methods of control, fiooding and spraying. Of
these, the former is recommended where it is possible, and should be practiced
between August 1 and 15. All weeds on and near the bog should be cut. A
cloudy period should be selected, and a good wind favors efficient control.
Bugs on the surface of the water should be sjjrayed with kerosene. All grass,
weeds, and drift on the shore should be burned with a burning torch-spray.
" Spraying is the only possible remedy on ' dry bogs.' When the vines con-
tain much old wood they should be mowed at the usual season for cutting
and, between August 1 and 15, sprayed with soap solution. 1 lb. to 7 gal., mak-
ing two applications, using 200 gal. per acre."
Preliminary studies on the biology of the bedbug (Cimex lectularius). —
III, Facts obtained concerning the habits of the adult, A. A. Girault {Jour.
Econ. Biol., 9 (1914), No. 1, pp. 25-45). — This third part of the paper previously
noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 654) deals with biological observations of the adult.
The chinch bug in Ontario, H. F. Hudson {Canada Expt. Farms Ent. Circ.
S {1914), PP- 13, figs. 3). — ^A general account of this pest, a serious outbreak of
which occurred in Ontario in 1911.
Bum the bugs {Oklahoma Sta. Circ. 24 {1913), p. 1, fig. 1). — This circular
first presents the governor's proclamation designating December 18, 1913, as a
day to be observed in destroying all hiding places in which chinch bugs had
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 157
sought winter quarters. This is followed by suggestive rules prepared by the
entomologist, C. E. Sanborn, relative to burning hibernating places.
Currant and gooseberry aphids in Maine, Edith M. Patch {Maine Sta. BuL
225 (1914), pp. 49-68, pis. 4, figs. 11). — Eight species of plant lice which have
been found feeding upon currants and gooseberries in Maine are here described,
three, namely. Aphis varians, A. sanborni, and Myzus dispar, being new to
science. It is stated that none of the eight appears to pass the whole of its
life cycle on currants or gooseberries.
Part 4 of a food plant catalogue of the Aphidie of the world (E. S. R., 30,
p. 8r>4) is appended (pp. Gl-GS).
Suppression of the cottony cushion scale in Louisiana, E. S. Tucker
(Louisiana St^s. Bui. 145 (1914), pp. 2-8, figs. 3). — The cottony cushion scale
(Icerya piirchasi) was first observed in Louisiana in October, 1912, on a row
of small orange trees adjacent to a nursery near New Orleans. The trees
were destroyed and the pest was thought to have been eradicated but in June
of the following year it was found in groves of orange, mandarin, and tan-
gerine trees on three private estates of about 5 acres in extent. Spraying
tests were made with different sprays and sprayers but insiiections made in
each case about two weeks after application showed a few scales to have
escaped. Thus it was necessary to cut and burn all trees and other infested
vegetation. It is thought that kerosene emulsion to which potassium cyanid has
been added at the rate of 1 oz. to each gallon of the stock emulsion may eradi-
cate the scale if applied in the early stages of infestation. A brief description
is given of the pest, its food plants, natural enemies, etc. There is said to be
no authentic record of the occurrence of this pest in Louisiana prior to 1912.
Coccidae of Japan, V, S. I. Ivuwana (Jour. Bnt. and ZooL, 6 (1914), No. 1,
pp. 1-11, figs. 39). — This fifth part (E. S. R., 23, p. 54) presents descriptions
of 8 species of Coccidte new to science.
Euxoa segetum and how to combat it, A. Sopotzko (Chto Takoc Osimyi
Cherv i Kak s Xim BoroVsia. Moscoic: Ent. Sta. Zemstvo Govt. Tula, 191S, pp.
11, pi. 1, figs. 2; abs. in Rev. Appl. Bnt., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 11, pp. 462, 463).—
This is a popular description of E. segetum, which is said to have destroyed
270,000 acres of crops in the Government of Tula, Moscow, in 1909, with an
equal damage in some neighboring governments. Accounts of its life history,
diseases, parasites, and methods of combating it are included.
On the appearance in Bessarabia of Clysia ambiguella, N. Vitkovsky
(Reprint from Viestnik VinodCel., No 7 (1913), pp. 3; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent.,
1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 11, p. 461). — This enemy of the vine is said to occur in
great numbers in Bessarabia, Crimea, Caucasus, and the Government of Astra-
khan.
The appearance of Phlyctaenodes sticticalis in increasing numbers, and
also of the larvae of Cassida nebulosa, E. M. Vassilliev (Trudy Opytn. Ent.
StantsU Vseross. Obshch. Sakh. Zavod. [Kief], 1912, pp. 31-45, figs. 5; abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 2, p. 63).— This presents biologic and
economic data.
Tortrix forskaleana, I. Tragardh (Meddel. Centrulanst. Forsoksv. Jord-
bruksomrddet. No. 15 (1914), PP- 20, figs. 17). — ^An account of the life history of
this tortricid enemy of the maple based upon studies made in the vicinity of
Stockholm.
On German gall flies and galls, E. H. RUbsaamen (Ztschr. Wiss. Insekten-
bioL, 6 (1910), Nos. 4, pp. 125-133; 6-7, pp. 199-204; 8-9, pp. 283-289; 10, pp.
336-342; 12, pp. 415-425; 7 (1911), Nos. 1, pp. 13-16; 2, pp. 51-56; 3, pp. 82-85;
4, pp. 120-125; 5-6, pp. 168-172; 9, pp. 278-282; 11, pp. 350-353; 12, pp. 390-394;
15S EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
S {1912), Nos. 2, pp. 48-51; 3, pp. 97-102; 5, pp. 167-162; 6-7, pp. 214-218;
8-9, pp. 284-289'; 11, pp. 354-S57 ; 12, pp. 376-379, figs. 73).— This account
includes descriptions of many new genera and species of Itonididse (Ceci-
domyiidse).
On a method of fighting Psila rosae, E. M. Vassiliev {Reprint from Sadovod
i Ogorodnik [Kief], 1913, pp. 6; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 {1913), Ser. A, No. 11,
p. 463).— This circular relates to the carrot fly which occurs in the neighborhood
of St. Petersburg and Moscow, and in the Government of Moghilef and Poland.
Controlling flies, A. F. Conradi et al. {South Carolina 8ta. Circ. 23 {1913),
pp. 14, figs. 6). — This general account, with control measures for the house and
stable fly, includes a report of work carried on with traps and sprays during
the season of 1913. Laboratory tests in spraying manure shoved that 98 per
cent of the maggots were killed in 24 hours with a solution of arsenite of soda
4 lbs., molasses 2 qt., and water 50 gal.
Corn-leaf blotch miner, W. J. Phillips {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re-
search, 2 {1914), No. 1, pp. 15-31, pis. 5, figs. 6).— While the corn-leaf blotch
miner {Agromyza parvicornis) up to the present time has not proved to be a
serious pest, mainly because of the large number of parasites that attack it,
it is pointed out that considerable injury may be done in their partial absence.
In young corn plants and in the small grasses and grains the larvse work from
the tip of the leaf toward the base, devouring all of the tissue between the
upper and lower epidermis. In small plants the larvae work the entire width
of the leaf, leaving only the epidermis of the upper and lower surfaces. Soon
after the work is done the leaves have a colorless appearance and in a few
days they turn brown and curl up. One larva is said to be sufiicient to de-
stroy a young corn leaf although as many as four have been found in a single
leaf in the field and as many as eight or ten in a leaf in the rearing cages.
When the plants become older and tougher the miners do not devour al4 the
tissue between the two leaf surfaces, thus the greatest injury is wrought when
the plants are young. If very abundant, however, the larvse could cause serious
injury to corn in advanced stages of growth.
The species seems to show a preference for corn, next to which it prefers the
broad hairy-leaved varieties of millet. Occasionally it is found in crab-grass
{Panicum sanguinale), and breeds readily in barnyard grass {Echinochloa
crus-galli). This leaf-miner has quite a wide range of distribution, having
been found as far north as Wisconsin, as far east as Washington, D. C, and
New England, as far south as Alabama and Florida, and as far west as Salt
Lake City, Utah, as well as in Texas, and probably occurs throughout the United
States wherever corn is grown.
The author presents a technical description of the sereral stages of this
insect and a somewhat detailed report of its life history and natural enemies.
The incubation period of the egg may be as short as 80 hours in the latter part
of July. In midsummer the larvse have been found to obtain full growth in 4
days while the pupal stage may be as short as 14 days. From 30 to 60 eggs
have been observed to be deposited. Observations show that there are 4 com-
l)lete generations and a part of a fifth. la the latitude of La Fayette, Ind.,
at least, it passes the winter in the puparium onlj'. Brief notes are also given
on its life history In Florida based on observations by G. G. Ainslie.
The author reports that there are 18 species of hymenopterous parasites
which attack A. pan^icornis, 3 being braconids and 15 chalcidolds. Of these
parasites Derostenus diastatae is by far the most abundant and probably the
most important. DiawUnus loehsteri and D. begini have also been reared quite
plentifully and are probably next in importance. Notes are presented on the
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 159
18 parasites, the life history of none of wliich has been worked out completely.
It is stated that on no occasion have remedial measures been required.
A bibliograi)hy of 12 titles is appended.
A new species of grass grub. — A serious pest of seedling forest trees,
A, H. Cockayne {Jour. Aor. IXcw Zeal.], 6 {1913), No. 3, pp. 295-298, fig. 1).—
A new scaraba;id pest, a description of which under the name Odontiia punc-
licoUis by Broun is appended, is siiid to be the source of considerable loss in
the seedling beds at the state forest nurseries at AVhakarewarewa through the
destruction of the roots of the young trees by the larvie.
The life history and bionomics of Cryptorbynchus lapatbi, F. Scheidteb
{Natnrw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landio., 11 {1913), No. 5-6, pp. 279-300, figs. 6).— A
report of the biological studies of the poplar and willow borer.
On the biology of Tropinota turanica, X. N. Troitzki' (Reprint from Jour.
Agr. Turkest. [Tashkerid], No. 6 {1913), pp. 18, figs. 2; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent.,
1 {1913), Ser. A, No. 11, pp. Jf37, 438). — This cetouiid beetle is a prominent and
regular pest of orchards in Tashkend, injuring the blossoms of apricots, cher-
ries, thorns, apples, pears, strawberries, etc. It attacks only the unfertilized
blossoms, eating away the ovaries, pistils, and stamens, but doing no great
damage to the petals. The injury is done only by the perfect insect, the eggs
being laid in the fields, where the larvse feed on roots of various plants.
On an egg-eating parasite of Rhynchites auratus, N. N. Troitzky {Reprint
from Jour. Agr. Turkcst. [Tdshkcnd], No. 5 {1913); ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent.,
1 {1913), Ser. A, No. 11, pp. Jt36, Jf37).—A chalcidid, apparently belonging to the
genus Oophthora, is said to have parasitized 88 per cent of the eggs of this
weevil in Tashkend in 1912.
Contributions to our knowledge of the British Braconidae. — I, Mete-
oridse, G. T. Lyle {Entomologist, 1ft {1914), Nos. 610, pp. 73-77, pi. 1; 611, pp.
119-125). — The author states that he knows of no instance of a meteorid
hibernating in the perfect state. With several species the winter is passed
within the body of the host, either as an ovum or young larva, and with a few
others as a larva within the cocoon.
Life histories of Indian insects. — IV, Hymenoptera, G. R. Dutt {Mem.
Dept. Agr. India, Ent. Ser.. 4 (1912), No. 4, PP- 1S3-267, pis. 4, figs. 22).— This
part (E. S. R., 26, p. 654) deals with the life histories of various species of
Hymenoptera, including species of the families Mutillidse, Thynnidae, Scoliidse,
PompilidiB, Sphegidae, Eumenidse, Apidae, and Formicidse.
Spider enemies of bees, R. J. Levandovsky {Russ. Pchelovod. Listok [Mos-
cow], 1913, Nov., pp. 378-387; aU. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 2,
pp. 64, 65). — A report of personal observations with a list of the spiders
implicated.
Bryobia praetiosa, I. Tragardh {Meddel. Centralanst. Forsoksv. Jordhruk-
somrddet, No. 17 {1914), PP- 24, figs. 7). — A review of the literature leads the
author to conclude that the different species described under the names of
prcEtiosa, speciosa, nobilis, gloriosa, riMs, and pratensis must be referred to
praetiosa K., being mere variations and different instars of that species. This
pest is said to be found all over Europe, southward as far as Egypt, northward
to the arctic regions, and in the United States.
Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by Rhipicephalus sanguineus, A.
Neiva {Abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 12 {1914), No. 1, pp. 45, 46).— Five male ticks
{R. sanguineus), detached after death from a dog that had been inoculated
with T. cruzi and was also infected with Piroplasma vitali, were placed upon a
healthy dog and 19 days later the latter dog was found to be infected with
2'. cruzi.
160 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Bocky Mountain spotted fever, L. D. Fricks {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. 8.],
29 {191Jf), No. 17, pp. 1008-1020}.— This progress report, dealing with investi-
gations made during 1912 by the late T. B. McClintic, relates to infective ticks
in nature, the discovery of immune ground squirrels (Citellus columbianus),
susceptibility and inununity experiments with woodchucks {Mannota flavi-
venter), etc.
The experiments seem to indicate that a tick attaching itself to a woodchuck
at any time within a period of 11 days after its inoculation would become in-
fected. In a series of experiments with rock squirrels {Callospermophilus
lateralis cinera.^cenfi) , which had been injected with spotted fever virus, foiu-
transmitted the infection to guinea pigs through the injection of 0.75 cc. of
heart blood on the fifth day.
It is stated that there is no evidence to support the belief that the mountain
goat can acquire or transmit Eocky Mountain spotted fever infection.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
On certain changes in the composition of the nitrogenous constituents of
njeat extracts, A. M. Wright {Trans. New Zeal. Inst., 43 {1910), pp. 7, 8). —
Analyses are reported of extract liquor before concentration, of extract pre-
pared in an open pan, and of extract prepared in a partial vacuum, and the
differences in the chemical composition between the resulting product and the
original substance discussed.
In the case of the extract made by the vacuum method, " the proportion of
the organic matter decreases, while the miuei-al salts increase; othei'wise the
composition of the vacuum-evaporated extract is very nearly that of the origi-
nal liquor calculated to a 20 per cent moisture content, the acidity, insoluble
and coagulable proteids, proteoses, and total meat bases being present in about
the same amounts in each case. In the original liquor there were no peptone-
like bodies, whereas in the vacuum-concentrated extract there were found 0.31
per cent of these substances.
" The extract concentrated in the open pan is very different in composition
from either the original liquor or the vacuum extract: The proportion of the
organic matter has decreased, and the mineral salts inci-eased considerably;
the total nitrogen remains about the same, but the forms in which the nitrogen
is present have undergone considemble change; about three-fifths of the in-
soluble and coagulable proteids have been rendered soluble and converted to
other nitrogenous substances ; there is a decrease in the amounts of proteoses
and meat bases; while against these decreases there is found 8.69 per cent of
peptone-like bodies which are absent in the original liquor, and present in the
vacuum extract to only 0.31 per cent. The acidity has increased by over 3 per
cent.
" The peptone-like bodies and polypeptids are bitter in taste, and it is found
that extracts containing relatively large amounts of these bodies have a de-
cidedly bitter taste. . . .
"As but very small amounts of peptone-like bodies are present in vacuum-
concentrated extract, and but little change in the composition of nitrogenous
bodies is found, it is probable that the prolonged action of heat on the nitroge-
nous material in the presence of the normal flesh acids and salts, the amount
of which increases as the evaporation proceeds, is the cause of the marked
change in composition found in the open pan concentrated extract. The so-
called ' burned ' flavor sometimes found in meat extracts is doubtless due to
the same cause, for in vacuum-concentrated extract no such undesirable flavor
is noted."
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 161
The chemical composition of meat extract, A. M. Wright (Trans. New
Zeal. Inst., 43 (1910), pp. 1-6). — Analytical data are reported of meat extract,
including mineral matter as well as other constituents, and a yeast extract, and
the results discussed. The meat extract, the author points out, has little food
value, but he rej?ards it as "most valuable as a dietary adjunct."
The food value of skim m^ilk and the nutritive value of condensed skim
milk (Riv. Set. LaU^, 3 (1913), No. 5, pp. 71-78).— The relative cost and
nutritive value of skim milk and a number of other common food materials are
compared. A comparison is also given of the nutritive ratios of several brands
of condensed skim and whole milks.
Eggs considered from the point of view of food value, Tj. Delate (liul.
Boc. Salubrite, Prov. Licgc, 16 (1913), pp. 67-8.',; Bui. Hoc. Chim. Bclg., 27
(1913), Nos. 8-9, p. 236; 12, pp. 310, 311).— The nutritive value of eggs is dis-
cussed and statistics regarding egg production, particularly in Belgium, are
given.
Lard, A. McGill (Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 272 (1913), pp. 21). —
Out of 182 samples pui'chased in Canada, 169 were found to be genuine. Eight
of the remainder were adulterated and three contained an excess of water.
The adulteration in all cases consisted of added foreign fat of vegetable origin.
Vegetable foods; their distinctive characteristics and classification, H. H.
RusBY (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Card., 15 (1914), ^0. 169, pp. 1-5). — A summary of a
lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden calling attention, among
other things, to the similar nutritive value of foods derived from the same
general botanical family. The author outlines briefly a system of calculating
the nutritive value of rations, employing a method which involves the expres-
sion of tha nutritive value of foods by their equivalents in carbohydrates, but
does not take into account the twofold function of nitrogenous foods.
The digestion of vegetable foods, W. J. Gies (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 15
(1914), No. 169. pp. 5-9). — In this abstract of a lecture delivered at the New
York Botanical Garden the author summarizes in schematic form data regard-
ing digestibility.
Gastric digestion of the proteins of bread and raw meat in man, E. Ztjnz
and M. Cerf (Biii. Acad. Roy. Med. Belg., 4. ser., 27 (1913), No. 6, pp. 552-
581). — The problem was studied with normal men and women, with subjects
with cancer of the stomach, and with laboratory animals (dogs and a cat).
Horseflesh was used in the exj^eriments with man and beef or horseflesh in the
tests with laboratory animals. In the tests with man the stomach contents
were removed and examined an hour after the ingestion of raw meat, raw
meat and bread 3 : 1, and raw meat and bread 1 : 1. Data are given regarding
the kind and proportion of the different proteids found in the stomach contents
in each test.
The authors conclude that in normal individuals about 60 per cent of the pro-
tein was unchanged (i. e., was still coagulable). Of the remainder, or incoagu-
lable portion, acid albumins made up from 7 to 14 per cent ; proteoses, from 60
to 65 per cent ; and peptones and polypeptids, a little over 25 per cent. Judging
by the results obtained, gastric digestion does not proceed so far in normal man
as in the dog.
The chemical composition of a number of corn-meal products and the
digestibility of the nitrogenous material by pepsin and hydrochloric acid,
in comparison with the digestibility of protein substances in certain other
cereals and legumes, O. Rammstedt (Arch. Hijg., 81 (1913), No. 6, pp. 286-
306). — Proximate analyses are reported as well as more detailed analyses of
the protein, carbohydrate, and phosphorus content of different samples and also
the results of artificial digestion experiments. A fetiture of this work was the
162 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,
comparison of corn, wheat, and rye products cooked in water and in milk with
similar products uncooked, with reference to the digestibility of protein sub-
stances and with respect to changes in the total sugar and other water-soluble
material.
According to the author's summary, corn-meal products as compared with
other vegetable foodstuffs are relatively rich in protein, fat, and carbohydrates,
and in respect to the jdigestibility of their constitutents are directly comparable
with other cereals and with legumes. The corn products are cheai>er than simi-
lar products from wheat and rye. Furthermore, a very great variety of
palatable dishes can be prepared from corn meal in relatively simple ways
without waste. As is the case with other foods, the protein is rendered some-
what less soluble by cooking. On the other hand, the carbohydrates are natu-
rally rendered more soluble. The latter is more conspicuously the case with the
carbohydrates of wheat and rye than with the carbohydrates of corn jiroducts.
However, one can obtain as good results with corn meal by longer cooking, and
in the end the foods made from corn are equally palatable and are cheaper than
those made from wheat and rye.
The influence of artificial drying on the quality of grains for bread
making, II, M. P. Neumann (Ztschr. Gesain. Getreidew., 5 {1913), No. 12, pp.
329-341, figs. 3). — In continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p.
257), the author reports the results of investigations on the artificial drying of
wheat with reference to bread making quality. The conclusions drawn were
in effect as follows :
Natural drying, such as results when the grain is cut in the "yellow ripe"
stage can be replaced within limits by drying with artiiicial heat. When arti-
ficial drying is resorted to, the temperature of the grain should not exceed 45° C
When the harvest is normal, artificial drying has no practical importance
but is to be recommended if the weather conditions at the time of cutting and
harvesting the grain are unfavorable for complete ripening. Additional experi-
ments are needed to determine whether or not higher temperatures can be used
in the case of the drier grains without lowering bread-making quality. Ex-
perience already gained indicates that this is not the case. The experiments
clearly show that the method of harvesting, and especially the way the wheat
dries out in the field, has a decided influence on baking quality and its com-
mercial value.
The effects of nitrogen peroxid on the constituents of flour in relation to
the commercial practice of bleaching flour with that reagent, B. Moore and
J. T. Wilson {Jour. Hyij. [Cambridge], 13 (191J,). No. 4. /)/), //38-^ 66). —Ex-
tended investigations led the authors to the following conclusions :
" Bleached flour is not known to be bleached by the great majority of those
who consume it.
" There does exist a demand for whiteness in flour, and previously to the
advent of bleaching this was based on a real difference between white superfine
flour and the cheaper yellower flour called ' household ' or ' bakers' ' flour.
The difference consists in this, that the superfine contains the ripest and best
part of the flour or ' cream of the wheat,' while the lower grade consists of less
ripe or less developed endosperm and is richer in oil which contains the coloring
matter carrotene, and so is yellow in color. Bleaching by decolorizing the
carrotene removes a criterion of quality between the two grades of flour and
allows the cheaper quality to be admixed with the dearer, and the whole to be
sold as first quality.
"That this admixture is made possible is shown in two ways: First, the
sellers of the bleaching apparatus advertise in milling journals that the
process enables the miller to increase his ' divide,' and secondly, there are
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. 163
minute microscopic particles of offal in the products of the lower machines
which are not bleached or altered in the process, and which serve the micros-
copist as a guide to how the flour has been blended. Examination of com-
mercial flours shows clearly that a large number of high-priced flours are such
mixtures and could not be sold as such unless previously bleached.
" Bleaching confers no advantage in nutritive properties or flavor upon the
flour, and the large sum spent upon bleaching flour is really a national waste.
" Bleaching flour with considerable amounts of nitrogen peroxid alters both
fats and proteins by nitrating them. Although the changes at the level of
commercial bleaching are small, there is no knowledge as to how the small
jimounts of organic nitro-bodies formed may affect the human body in prolonged
use for years, and as there is no counterbalancing advantage, and an addition
also to the price obtained by simulating a superior article, it is suggested
either that bleaching should be prohibited, or regulated and notified clearly by
label to the purchaser.
" Bleaching by nitrogen peroxid is not a more rapid achievement of a slowly
occurring natural process, but is essentially distinct. For while natural whiten-
ing in pure air consists in an oxidation of the colorhig matter, bleaching con-
sists in the formation of additional compounds between nitrogen peroxid and
the coloring matter."
The chemical composition of paddy mill products, F. J. Warth and D. B.
Daeabsett (Dcpt. Agr. Burma Bui. 10 {1913), pp. 11). — Rice milling is de-
scribed and analytical data including mineral constituents reported of the dif-
ferent milling products and by-products. Some data are also reported regard-
ing pounding rice by hand as compared with commercial milling. The hand
process, the authors point out, is clearly wasteful, since none of the hand-
milled, broken rice is used for cooking but for cattle food. The marked pref-
erence of the natives for the polished rice is commented on.
According to the authors, " the two foods polished rice and wheat flour may
be considered equally good when they form part of a mixed diet in which the
extra proteid required is supplied from some other source. Where, however,
rice forms the complete diet the nutritive ratio (proteid to carbohydrates) is
very low and a small increase in proteids would considerably alter it. It is
just possible, therefore, that a part of the ill effects of a diet of polished rice
may be due to the very low proteid content.
" For the rice miller, however, the phosphorus content has become a much
more urgent problem since it has been shown that an inadequate supply of this
element is a predisposing cause of beri-beri. ... It is important to notice that
wheat flour is, if anything, poorer in phosphoric acid than our best polished
Rangoon rice. However, wheat flour consumers invariably live on a mixed
diet, whilst some rice eaters do not. This explains why no complaint has been
raised against the low phosphoric acid content of wheat flour."
Discussing the matter from the Burmese native standpoint, the authors state
that "the more perfect the polish the better does the rice cook, and therefore the
preference for highly polished rice is not merely due to its clean white appear-
ance but to the good cooking quality indicated by its appearance.
" It is doubtful whether we have as much reason for preferring white bread
as the rice eater has for preferring well polished rice. The question of cooking
quality in relation to extent of polishing is one that deserves some study by the
millers. It may just be possible to produce a good cooking rice without polish-
ing quite as much as is the custom. . . .
"A chemical test bearing on the question of cooking quality may be men-
tioned here. By means of dilute alkali rice grains can be disintegrated and
164 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
eventually gelatinized, but this action does not take place at all until the outer
layers of the grain have been removed."
On the powdered sugar of commerce, E. H. S. Bailey and H. L. Jackson
(Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 26 (1912), pp. 21, 28).— The authors point out that
although there are about 30 different grades of sugar on the market, only a
jsmall number are ordinarily handled in retail trade.
Over 20 samples of " the finest grade of powdered sugar, namely, the
XXXX," were examined with reference to adulteration. Of the 20 samples
analyzed, 5 contained starch, the maximum quantity being 4 per cent. In one
sample, in which the label stated that 2 per cent of starch was present, none
was found. " It is not uncommon, however, to find that the label does not
truthfully describe the contents of the package. There was no indication of
the presence of other sub.stances than pure cane sugar in the samples examined."
The authors' commentary on the use of starch follows : "As one requirement
for powdered sugar is that it should be fine and free from lumps, some of the
manufacturers have been putting a little starch into the sugar during the proc-
ess of grinding. This can hardly be called adulteration, however, as it is not
put In with the object of cheapening the product, but to improve Its quality for
a particular purpose. Starch is, furthermore, a food product, although less ex-
pensive than sugar. A mineral substance, if added to the sugar, would be
considered an adulteration, as mineral substances ai"e especiajly forbidden for
use in sugar or confectionery."
With reference to the cost of some grades, it is pointed out that " those sugars
upon which most work has been done in the process of manufacturing sell for
a higher price, but the cost to the consumer of such grades as cube sugar and
powdered sugar is entirely out of proportion to the increased cost of manu-
facture. In fact, these grades are to be classed as luxuries, or foods to be pur-
chased only if the consumer has sufficient income so that he can afford to buy
them."
The chemistry of a cup of coffee {Lancet [London'^, 1913, II, No. 22, pp.
1563-1565). — In this paper data are given regarding caffein in tea and coffee,
the chemical composition of hot and cold coffee infusions, and some of the
factors affecting the quality of coffee, together with a discussion of Its food
value.
Tea contains from 3 to 4 per cent of caffein and coffee seldom more than 1
per cent, but infusions of tea and coffee as commonly prepared contain practi-
cally equal amounts of caffein in equal volumes of liquid, since a much smaller
quantity of tea is used. Since cold water extracts all the caffein in coffee
and only a little of that in tea, it appears that the caffein in coffee has dif-
ferent chemical associates from the caffein in tea. According to the authors,
" the caffein in tea is for the most part combined with tannin in the form of
caffein tannate, which is not very soluble in cold water, but is easily soluble
in hot water. . . . Subsequent experiments showed that the caffein in coffee
is combined with a peculiar acid allied possiblj^ to tannic acid, but exhibiting
different properties from the tannin present in tea."
Frorff the fact that the caffein tannate of tea is precipitated by weak acids,
and therefore probably precipitated by the gastric juice, it is assumed that the
caffein is not absorbed until it reaches the alkaline alimentary tract. The
caffein of coffee, however, is soluble in both alkaline and acid fluids, and is
therefore probably absorbed in the stomach.
If this is true, coffee, and its physiological action is for the most part due to
caffein, should act more promptly than tea as a stimulant and restorative.
This is borne out by the fact that coffee is generally regarded as a more power-
ful restorative than tea.
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 165
Studies of the chemical composition of hot and cold Avater infusions of sev-
eral types of coffee revealed the fact that cold water extracted from coffee the
same weij^ht of materials as boiling water, but the cold water Infusion is some-
what less palatable than the latter. There was little chemical difference be-
tween them, and the physiological effect of the cold water extract of coffee was
presumably the same as a hot water infusion, except for esthetic considerations.
According to the report, " it is probable that cold water fails to extract certain
oily bodies or fats which contribute attractive taste and aroma. The total
extract is frequently higher in cold than in hot water. . . . Cold water ex-
tracts from tea only IT.-'j per cent of its total caffein, while from coffee it ex-
tracts the whole. Similarly, cold water extracts from tea 13 per cent of its
total tannin, while coffee under the same treatment yields practically the whole
of its caffetannic acid."
An infusion of unroasted coffee has a disagreeable taste, the roasting process
being necessary to render the coffee palatable. The chemistry of roasting con-
sists largely of a caramelization process, with the formation of certain oils and
aromatic principles. Little caffein is lost in the process, but the amount of
caffetannic acid is diminished considerably, a greater reduction taking place in
the preparation of the "high roasted" coffee than in the "pale roasted"
coffee.
In this investigation no relation could be traced between the esthetic quality
of coffee and the chemical composition of the infusions. No important differ-
ence in the amount of caffein was found between the common and the finest
varieties. The flavor, body, and aroma of the coffee are probably due to small
amounts of oil bases or aromatic principles which are formed during the roast-
ing process. The esthetic quality of coffee depends in a great degree upon the
care spent in the roasting process. Pyridiu was also found, but not in suffi-
cient quantities to estimate.
From these observations, the following conclusion as to the food value of
coffee is drawn : " The infusion of coffee presents practically very little mate-
rial that Is of direct nourishing value, but by diminishing nervous fatigue, by
virtue chiefly of the caffein present, it may increase muscular power. It is
not itself a builder of tissue. The use of coffee after dinner, it is of interest to
note, is justified in a large number of cases by the fact of its stimulating effect
upon the vital centers, and it is said to serve to some extent as an antidote to
alcohol. It is commonly claimed to remove drowsiness; as a matter of fact, in
many subjects it produces drowsiness, but this is usually followed quickly by
marked wakefulness. The practice of drinking coft'ee after a meal for the sake
of the stimulus which is experienced has much to be said in its favor dieteti-
cally. There is no reason for supposing that coffee possesses any value as a
food."
On the compcteition of the essence of coffee — the presence of pyridin, G.
Bertrand and G. W. Weisweiller {Bui. Sci. Pharmacol., 20 {1913), No. 12, pp.
705-707). — In several samples of freshly roasted and ground coffee amounts of
pyridin were found, varying from 200 to 400 mg. per kilogram. Experiments
were carried out which would indicate that the aroma of coffee is due to
pyridin. Methods of analysis are described, and the suggestion is advanced
by the authors that pyridin may possibly play an appreciable role in the physio-
logical effect of coffee infusion.
Commodities and provisions {Ann. Statis. Paris, 32 {1911), pp. 242-S06). — •
Statistics are given regarding the meat trade, dairy products, eggs, grains, and
other food supplies entering into commerce.
166 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Municipal laboratory of chemiBtry (Ann. Statis. Paris, 32 (1911), p. 307).—
According to the summary presented, 27,282 analyses were made during the
year 1911, the bulk of them of food products and beverages.
Construction, equipment, and operation of public slaughterhouses and
markets, O. Schwakz and H. A. Heiss (Bait Einrichtung nnd Betrieb offen-
Uchcr Schlacht- und Viehhofe. Berlin, 1912, k- ed., enZ., pp. XVI+1065, figs.
499). — This exhaustive work is designed as a handbook for slaughterhouse
officials, slaughterhouse veterinarians, and sanitary and other inspectors.
The school lunch system [in the Philippines] (Ann. Rpt. Bur. Health P. I.,
iJf (1912-13), pp. 21-24). — An account is presented of the school lunch system
which has been established in Manila schools and which forms a part of the
school work in domestic science.
Menus are given as well as information regarding the prices at which the
different foods are sold and some general data regarding the expenses of
maintaining the project, which is designed simplj' to be self-supporting. The
school lunch project was started in order that wholesome foods might be pro-
vided at modei'ate cost in place of those the children were accustomed to buy
outside of school.
" To one who has worked any time in the city schools there is no doubt as to
the utility and benefit of the lunch system. For many of the pupils it is the only
breakfast that they get, while generally it is also the most wholesome meal of
the day. A. medical inspector who was formerly detailed in the city schools
stated that a medical examination of the pupils made about a year after the
lunch system was established showed an improvement of 90 per cent in their
health."
The ship's commissary officer, G. P. Dyer (Annapolis: U. S. Naval Inst.,
1913, pp. 66, figs. 7). — This publication deals with the general subject of food
purchase, preparation, and service on vessels of the U. S. Navy.
As the author ix»ints out, " a ship's efficiency is largely dependent on content-
ment, and contentment, in turn, on the fare. Variety of fare [is] more a
function of contentment than quantity. Given contentment, economy in food
cost is an object."
Food service, it is pointed out, involves cleanliness, " mainly a question of
equipment." and celerity, "mainly a question of mess men." The equipment
is fully described and the routine of food service.
The galley, its personnel, and equipment are discussed, as are also bill-of-fare
making, galley cooking and service, and the ship's bake shop and butcher
shop.
In an appendix are given specimen bills of fare with quantities (800 men for
1 week) and costs for vessels at sea, in port, in summer, and in winter.
Directions are given for preparing some of the foods enumerated. A partial
list is also given of the dishes which can be served in a general mess based on
experience on two ships during five years' cruising, and examples are quoted
of lyiJical bake shop and galley orders with outlines of the day's routine. Some
of the data are of general interest, as the sort of yeast suitable for the Tropics.
The work involved in the combustion processes of the body: The physiol-
og'y of muscular work, R. Hobeb (Ztsehr. Elektrochem., 19 (1913), No. 19, pp.
738-746; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1913, II, No. 21, p. 1814).— This paper, delivered
at the meeting of the Bunsen Society of Applied Physical Chemistry, Breslau,
August, 1913, is a summary of the advance made in the knowledge of the
chemodynamics of muscle from the time of Fick to the present.
According to the author, a muscle is to be regarded as a chemodynamical
and not a thermodynamical machine, since it has so high an effectiveness that
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 167
one would have to take into accouut extremely high temperatures if a thermo-
dynamical explanation were offered.
The chief work reaction which causes contraction depends upon the formation
of lactic acid. As yet the origin of the lactic acid is not known. Probably it
does not come directly from glycogen or from dexti'ose. When muscle is stim-
ulated and fatigued, the lactic acid disappears, oxygen being taken up and
carbon dioxid given off, not, however, by means of simple combustion but
through the regeneration of the lactic-acid-yielding substances coupled with an
oxidative process. Muscular contraction is apparently brought about by a
swelling which is itself brought about by the presence of the acid. The laws
of the increased volume phenomena are the same as those for the dilution of
concentrated solutions. In this case, as in the case of the muscle, practically
all the energy changes can be noted as work.
A discussion follows the paper.
Protozoan protoplasm, as an indicator of pathological changes. — III, In
fatigue, F. P. Underbill and L. L. Woodrvff (Jour. Biol. Chem., 11 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 9-12). — From the experimental data which they report, the authors
believe that " it is justifiable to conclude that the character of the chemical
changes occurring in fatigued muscle must differ only slightly from the normal."
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Live stock on farms and elsewhere (Thirteenth Census U. 8., 5 {1910), pp.
327-472, pis. 7, figs. 10). — The total value of all live stock on farms in the
United States on April 15. 1910, was $4,925,174,000. Of this total, domestic
animals represented 9G.6 per cent and poultry most of the remainder.
During the decade 1900-1910 the value of live stock on farms increased 60.1
per cent. The increase was shared by every geographic division. The largest
absolute increases were in the West North Central and the East North Central
divisions, though with respect to percentages of increase the Pacific division
ranked highest, closely followed by the South Atlantic division. The highest
percentage of increase was in the West. The North reported in 1910 a little
over three-fifths of the total value of all live stock on farms in the United
States, the South somewhat over one-fourth, and the West about one-eighth.
The average value of live stock per farm for the United States as a whole was
$774 in 1910, for the North $1,029. for the South $428, and for the West $1,673.
In value of domestic animals Iowa outranked all other States in 1910, fol-
lowed in order by Texas, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska, each report-
ing over $200,000,000. In value of poultry Iowa also ranked first, followed by
Missouri and Illinois, each with over $10,000,000.
Data are given in detail for cattle, horses, mules, swine, sheep and goats,
poultry, and bees on farms, and of domestic animals not on farms.
Live stock products and domestic animals sold or slaughtered on farms
(Thirteenth Census U. 8., 5 (1910), pp. 473-529, figs. 3). — There were on April
15, 1910, 598,047 farms, or 9.4 per cent of all farms in the United States, with
sheep of shearing age, the number of such sheep being 39,644,000.
The value of the wool clipped was $45,670,000 in 1899 and $65,472,000 in 1909.
The average value per fleece increased from $1.04 to $1.55, and the average value
per pound from 17 to 23 cts. Of the three principal wool-producing divisions,
the East, North Central, and Pacific each reported a smaller proportion of the
total wool clip in 1909 than in 1899, and the Mountain division a larger pro-
portion. The most important State in the production of wool was Wyoming,
with Montana, New Mexico, Ohio, California, Idaho, Oregon, and Texas rank-
ing in order named.
168 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED.
The average weiglit of fleece increased from 6.3 lbs. in 1899 to 6.8 lbs. in 1909.
The highest average weight was in the Mountain division, 7.3 lbs. per fleece.
The total reported production of mohair in 1909 was 1.683.000 fleeces and
the value $902,000. A decrease in the average value of mohair per pound is
noted.
The total production of eggs in 1909 was estimated at 1,591,311,000 doz., an
apparent increase of 23 per cent over that of 1899. The value of eggs is given
as $300,689,000, or an increase of 112.6 per cent over 1899. The average value
of eggs per dozen as reported by the farmers increased from 11.1 cts. in 1899
to 19.3 cts. in 1909. The number of fowls reported as sold in 1909 was 153,-
600,000. or about one-third of the number raised. In 1909, 28 per cent of the
total number of eggs produced and 25.4 per cent of the total number of fowls
raised were accredited to the West North Central division, and 24.7 and 21
per cent to the East North Central. The average value of all fowls raised in
1909 ranged from 66.1 cts. each in the New England division to 29.9 cts. in the
West South Central division, while the value of those sold ranged from 70.9
to 34.5 cts.
Feeding corn silage to farm animals, W. H. Pew, J. M. Evvard. and H. H.
KiLDEE (loica Sta. Circ. 6 {1913), pp. 6). — In this circular general instructions
are given for the feeding of corn silage to the breeding herd of beef cattle,
fattening lambs, yearling sheep, horses, hogs, fattening cattle, wintering ewes
and lambs, and to dairy cnttle.
[Analyses of feeding stufEs] {Off. Bui. Ohio A,gr. Com., 4 {1913), No. 3, pp.
56-58, 80-97). — Analyses are reported of cotton-seed meal, malt sprouts, linseed
cake, blood meal, meat scraps, tankage, dried beet pulp, molasses feed, distillers'
grains, middlings, oat hulls, gluten feed, bran, hominy feed, alfalfa meal, germ
oil meal, and various mixetl and proprietary feeds.
[Animal husbandry], T. L. Haecker {Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 25-30,
fig, 2), — Four or 5 dry-brood sows representing the principal breeds were placed
on each of 0 different lots of forage crops, stocking each pasture to its ca-
pacity, but not overstocking. Under these conditions it was estimated that a
5-acre plat of rape would have a net value of $70.85, of oats, peas, and rape
$.58.75, of oats $9.49, of corn $20.60, and of sorghum $4.20. The first two lots
were the only two in which any individual sows gained consistently during the
experiment. Young sows showed more gains and less losses in weight than
old sows. No breed showed superiority over other breeds in making gains on
pasture. The sows that had been on grain without pasture proved as good
breeders as those on pasture without grain for the same period.
Data secured on the composition of the body of a steer at all stages of growth
indicate that there is a rapid increase in protein in the early stages of life,
which is followed by a marked slowing up when the animal reaches a weight
of about 800 lbs. This is just opposite to the results secured for fat, in which
the increase is slow during the early stages, but shows rapid gain from about
the 600-lb. stage. It was found that disturbances ordinarily not thought of as
important cause a decrease in the rate of gain and in some cases an actual loss
of weight.
The brains of the domestic animals, H. Keaemeb (Mitt. Dent. Landw.
Gesell., 29 (1914), No. 4> PP- 55-58). — Data are given on the brain capacity and
weight of brains of various breeds of horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, and
dogs, and the relative weight of brain to body weight is compared for the
various animals.
The importance of measurements in .the improvement of the breeds, C.
VoiTELLiEK (Ann. 8ci. Agron., 4. ser., 3 {1914), ^0. 1, pp. 1-13). — This reports
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 169
body measurements taken of prize cattle of various ages. The measurements
included are height at the withers, back, sacrum, and chest; size of the chest,
quarters, and trochanter ; length of the pelvis and trunk ; and perimeter of the
chest and anterior cannon.
From this, the relation of selection and improvement of cattle to their body
measurements is clearly shown and it is suggested that a systematic method of
measurement be adopted which shall furnish a basis for selection and im-
provement.
The red cattle of Flanders, H. Raquet {Ann. Gcmbloux, 2Jf (1914), No. 2,
pp. 81-102, pin. 9). — This is an account of the origin, development, distribution,
body characteristics, and utility value of this breed of cattle.
[Cattle of northern Spain], J. R. Codina (Rev. Hig. y Sanidad. Vet. [Spain],
3 {1911,), No. 10-11, pp. 627-723, figs. 31).— A description and account of the
breeds of cattle in the north of Spain.
Winter steer feeding, 1912-13, J. H. Skinner and F. G. King {Indiana Sta.
Bui. 167, popular cd. {1913), pp. 2-15). — A popular edition of the bulletin pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 7G7).
Baising and fattening beef calves in Alabama, D. T. Gray and W. F.
Ward {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr. Bid. 73 {1911,). pp. 11, pi. 1). — Continuing cooperative
work with the Ahibama Station (E. S. R., 25, p. 72) a test was made with a
herd of 80 cows, mostly grade Aberdeen-Angus, and headed by two Aberdeen-
Angus bulls. From this herd 64 calves were raised during the year 1911. The
calves were born during the spring months and ran with their mothers on
pasture until late fall, when they were weaned and 49 prepared for the fatten-
ing period, which began January 17, 1912, and continued until April 1, 1912.
The remaining 15 calves were retained for breeding purposes.
At 91 months of age the average weight of the calves was 400 lbs. ; the cost
of raising each calf $14.36 or $3.12 per hundredweight. After 2* months fat-
tening they weighed 560 lbs., making an average daily gain of 1.37 lbs. per head.
E;u-h calf during the fattening period ate daily 4.4 lbs. of cotton-seed meal,
23.9 lbs. corn silnge, and 2.76 lbs. broom-sedge hay. The cost yter pound of gain
was 7.31 cts., the cost per hundredweight to raise and fatten $3.61. The profit
on the entire herd, crediting the calves retained for breeding purposes at $15
each, was $436.19, or an average of $6.81 for each calf.
Pig feeding, F. C. Grace {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 {191!,), No. 1, pp.
1,1,-50). — Results of pig feeding experiments conducted at the Warrnambool
Agricultural High School Farm are reported. Pollard and skim milk with a
little bran was found to be the most economical ration under Australian condi-
tions for pigs of all ages. Rape pasture reduced the cost of production.
A rotation of grazing crops for hogs {Prog. Farmer, 29 {191 J,), No. 9, p.
286). — There is outlined a combination of crops for the cotton belt which will
furnish practically 12 months' grazing for hogs. Crops included are alfalfa,
Melilotus, red clover, crimson clover, bur clover, cowpeas, soy beans, velvet
beans, Spanish peanuts, Lespedeza, vetch, oats, wheat, barley, rye> chufas,
sweet potatoes, and rape.
Management and breeding of horses, M. W. Harper {Neic York and London,
1913, pp. XIX-{-466, figs. 187). — After discussing the judging, anatomy, and
history of the horse, the author of this book treats of the various breeds of
roadsters, saddle, and draft horses, ponies, the ass, and the mule. Methods of
feed, care, and management are treated, together with chapters on horse train-
ing, harnessing, ailments, and stallion laws and regulations.
Whole world buying our fast horses {Amer. Horse Breeder, 32 {1914), No. 7.
p. 97). — It is stated that it is only in the last 25 years that the foreign demand
170 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
for American trotting stallions, mares, and colts has assumed important propor-
tions, and that the beginning of the present movement can be traced to the
winning of the European championship by the American-bred mare Bosque
Bonita at Vienna, in 1890. Since 1894, 63 stallions, together with 51 mares in
the select 2.10 list, have gone abroad and most of them are now in the stud in
Europe.
Austria has taken more of our 2.10 trotters than any other country, but the
Russians have paid the highest prices and have acquired some of the greatest
trotters ever foaled. It is thought that exports to Austia-Hungary number
upward of 1,000 head. Italy has bought several prominent American stallions
and mares. Germany is at present taking many high class trotters. France,
Holland, Denmark, and other countries are occasional buyers of American
breeding and racing stock. Australia and New Zealand are furnishing an ex-
tensive market at the present time.
The Welsh pony, Olive T. Dargan {Boston, 1913, pp. XIII +52, pis. 24).—
This book furnishes an account of the origin, development, and qualities of the
Welsh pony.
Poitou mule breeding (Live Stock Jour. [London], 19 (.1914), A^o. 2077, p.
SI). — This is an account of mule breeding operati^s at Poitou, France. The
mares used are of northern origin, powerfully built, and heavy animals, with a
height at the withers of from 15i to 16^ hands, the head long and thin, the lips
overhanging, the ears pointed and long, the neck and chest flat, the legs power-
ful, coarse and very hairy, and the color of the coat various. The best mares
are mostly found in the moor districts of La Vendee and of the Department of
Deux Sevres, and are the result of improved breeding methods and the intro-
duction of outside stock since 1800.
The jacks used have powerful heads, long and large ears, small eyes, and
deeply built bodies, with round cruppers and coarse legs with small hoofs. A
dark color is preferred; light coats and black muzzles are avoided. It is
thought that jacks with long and curly hair produce better fleshing offspring
than others. The breeding of jacks or "baudets " is limited exclusively to pri-
vate studs in the district of Melle, in Poitou.
It is stated that the mule of Poitou is especially suited for heavy work. Its
neck is broad and muscular, its back is straight, the chest broad and deep, the
loins broad, the croup round, the legs very powerful with broad joints and small
cylindrical hoofs. It stands from 14i to 15i hands high. Its hair is short,
rough, and generally dark colored.
Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — VI,
Double- and triple-yolked eggs, Maynie R. Curtis (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lab.
Woods Hole, 26 (1914), ^'O. 2, pp. 55-83, figs. 4).— Observations made on the
frequency of the occurrence of double- and triple-yolked eggs, the relation of
their production to the age of the bird, and the nature of the processes involved
in their formation, are summarized as follows:
" During the last six years more than 3,000 different domestic fowls, which
have been kept at least one year at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station,
have laid but three triple-yolked eggs. Each of these eggs was laid by a different
individual and in each case the triple-yolked egg was one of the first eggs pro-
duced by a young pullet.
" Young pullets also show a decided tendency to produce double-yolked eggs
when they first begin to lay. About 20 per cent of the pullets which lay before
they Nare seven months old lay among their first eggs one or more with two
yolks. Nearly SO per cent of the individuals of the flock never lay a double-
yolked egg. Mature birds also sometimes produce double-yolked eggs; but
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 171
most such birds have also produced one or more when they were young pullets.
There has been no bird in the experiment station flock with which the laying
of double-yolked eggs was ' habitual ' although there are some which have
produced several such eggs.
" The production of an egg with two or three yolks represents the extreme
of rapid egg production, other forms of which are found in the production of
two eggs united by a membranous tube; two eggs at the same time; two eggs
at different times on the same day, and a daily egg production where the eggs
are laid earlier on each successive day. The two yolks of a double-yolked
egg may have all the egg envelopes in common, indicating that they have passed
the entire length of the duct together; or each may possess one or more sepa-
rate envelopes. There are also all the possible intermediate forms indicating
that the two yolks in a common shell may unite at any point between the
mouth of the funnel and the isthmus. When two eggs come together after
the first has entirely passed the anterior end of the isthmus the result is the
production of two eggs at the same time.
" Vai'ious disturbances of the processes of egg production may bring two yolks
together in the oviduct. Double-yolked eggs evidently do not always repre-
sent simultaneous ovulations. The assumption is simultaneity or abnormally
close succession of ovulations is necessary to account for the production of a
succession of double-yolked eggs or of a double-yolked egg immediately follow-
ing a long series of normal daily eggs.
" The double-yolked eggs contain more albumin and have a heavier shell than
single-yolked eggs, and in triple-yolked eggs these parts are heavier than in
double-yolked eggs. Yet these parts do not increase in direct proportion to the
Increase in the weight of yolk. That is, the percentage of albumin and shell
is less in double- than in single-yolked eggs and is still smaller in triple-yolked
egg.s. The yolks of the multiple-yolked eggs of mature birds are not con-
sistently smaller than the yolks of the normal eggs produced during the same
period: Multiple-yolked eggs are longer in proportion to their breadth than
the normal eggs of the same individual."
Previous studies have been noted. (E. S. R., 26, p. 670).
The bacteriology of the hen's egg, with special reference to its freedom
from microbic invasion, L. F. Rettger (Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 75 {1913),
pp. 191-213). — Bacteriological tests were made of more than 10,000 eggs of
different ages under various degrees of incubation.
Yolks from fresh eggs showed a positive test for bacteria other than Bac-
terium puUorum of 9.5 per cent. The yolks of artificially incubated eggs showed
2.75 per cent positive test during the first week of incubation, 1.3 per cent the
second, and 3.6 per cent the third week.
The small percentage of positive results for eggs which have been incubated
from 1 to 3 weeks is considered a noteworthy fact. A more exact uicthod was
employed in testing the yolks of fresh eggs and in this case the test was re-
duced to 3.86 per cent. It is believed that even this test is in all probability
considerably above the actual figures, could accidental invasion of bacteria in
the tests be entirely prevented. The tests with eggs incubated 1 and 2 weeks
indicate that fertilized eggs do not become more subject to bacterial invasion
of the yolk than the infertile.
In examinations of the whites of 582 eggs only 1.2 per cent gave positive
bacteriological results, although many of the tests were made during the sum-
mer months. No Bacterium puUorum, the organism of white diarrhea, was
detected in the white, although it was recovered from the yolks. Undoubtedly
there was some contamination in these tests and it is believed to be safe to
50128°— No. 2—14 6
172 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD.
say that the whites of fresh normal eggs are as a rule sterile. Fermentatioi?
tests made of the whites of 105 eggs for B. coli were negative. In noting the
kinds of micro-organisms found in the yolks of fresh and incubated eggs it was
observed that a large percentage in both cases were staphylococci, usually
Staphylococcus alMs or 8. aureus, indicating that there was considerable con-
tamination in the examination. Also the occurrence of a large number of
members of the sub tills group would suggest the same thing.
The author reviews the results obtained by earlier investigators, which are
not in harmony with those obtained in these tests. He suggests that the
methods employed in making previous tests may have been at fault and that
it is " highly improbable that normal fresh eggs contain bacteria and molds in
such large proportions as various investigators have indicated." It is stated
that the developing ova in the ovary of a laying hen are, as a rule, sterile
unless the ovary is infected with the organism of bacillary white diarrhea. In
200 bacteriological examinations the author was unable to detect bacteria,
molds, or other micro-organisms except B. pullorum. It is not thought possible
that the blood is a source of infection, and examinations of the oviducts showed
them as a rule to be sterile except at or near the cloaca. The views of Horo-
witz substantiate those of the author. It is believed that autosterilization of
the oviduct is due to the following: (1) Phagocytosis, (2) mechanical action
of the walls of the oviduct, and (3) bactericidal action of the secretions.
The success in preserving eggs with sodium silicate is cited as an indication
that sound fresh eggs are as a rule sterile. The fact that many market eggs are
decomposed is accounted for by their storage under unfavorable circumstances,
i. e., filthy conditions and warm temperature and the fact that bacteria are given
an opportunity to enter when the gelatinous coating is removed from the eggs
during washing and handling.
Carbon dioxid in incubation, G. H. Lamson, jr. and H. D. Edmond {Con-
nccticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 16 (191^), pp. 219-27S, figs. 13).— The purpose of the
investigation reported in this bulletin, which continues studies previously noted
(E. S. li., 20, p. 472), was to determine the presence of carbon dioxid in natural
incubation and the relative requirements as to ventilation and carbon dioxid
during artificial incubation. A specially constructed incubation apparatus
that would hatch eggs and at the same time allow for an accurate control of
all factors was used. This experimental incubator consisted of four essential
parts, the incubator, humidifier, gas meter, and air pump. Two commercial
incubators were also used to determine the carbon dioxid in these types, and
nests for sitting hens were prepared in such a way as to enable the drawing
of samples of air from under the hen. The work extended over five years,
nearly 10,000 eggs being used.
The results of these studies indicated that the chief source of carbon dioxid
in incubation is the embi-yo, with the egg shell, hen, nest material, and room'
air as minor sources. After the third day the increase of carbon dioxid is
proportionate to the increase in weight of the developing embryo.
The amount of carbon dioxid under sitting hens at the beginning of the
period of incubation is much higher than for the room and increases to 50 or
60 parts in 10.000, while in the commercial incubators tested it increased to from
30 to 50 parts in 10,000. From this it appears that carbon dioxid is not a
limiting factor in commercial incubation. However, ventilation is necessary
in incubation in order to remove a portion of the respired carbon dioxid and
prevent asphyxiation of the embryo. It was found that the normal embryo
is able to withstand a wide variation of carbon dioxid during incubation.
Little effect was noted on the percentage hatch where the carbon dioxid
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 173
occurred in from 30 to 60 parts per 10.000, but as the amount rises above 150
parts tliere is a marl^ed decrease in the number of chiclvens hatched.
It is concluded that in all incubators carbon dioxid will be found, and that
while its presence is not essential to successful incubation its occurrence up to
60 parts in 10,000 is not prejudicial to incubation. Factors influencing the
amount of carbon dioxid in the egg chamber of an incubator are rate of venti-
lation, number of embryos, period of incubation, size of egg chamber, tem-
perature, and carbon dioxid in the air of the incubator room.
Natural and artificial incubation of hens' eggs, 11. M. Lamon ( XJ. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmer.^' Bitl. 585 {ISlIf), pp. J6, figs. 3).— This bulletin gives directions
for the incubation of eggs, both natural and artificial ; describes the several
types of incubators ; and discusses their selection and care.
The problem of moisture and ventilation requirements in incubation is dis-
cussed and the methods of testing eggs described.
Electro-cardiogram for embryo chicks, J. K. A. Wertheim-Salomonson
iPfliigcr's Arch. Physiol., 153 {1913), No. 11-12, pp. 55S-573, figs. 23).— This
article reports observations made of the electro-cardiogram of the embryo chick.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Dairying, J. P. Sheldon (London, New York, Toronto, and Mclhourne, 1912,
pp. Xn-\-Ji65, pis. 33, figs. 21). — A comprehensive book treating of the principal
breeds of dairy cattle and the feeding, care, and management of dairy animals,
and including chapters on soils and climates suitable for dairying, land and its
betterment, manuring and treatment of soils, butter making, cheese making,
and cooperative dairying in England.
Dairying in Nova Scotia (Halifax. N. .<?., 1912, pp. 112, pis. 11, figs. 8). — This
is a reprint of the annual report of the Secretary of Agriculture of Nova Scotia
for 1908, revised to date, and is a compilation of articles on general dairying
topics, with sjiecial reference to Nova Scotian conditions.
[Dairy husbandry] (Rpt. Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, 1913, pp. 5, 7, 30->36).—
This report deals with the production and consumption of dairy products in
New Zealand, the qualit.y and price I'eceived for butter, oleomargarine com-
petition, the cheese industry, and general dairy statistics.
[Dairy husbandry], T. L. Haeckeb (Minnesota Sin. Rpt. 1913, pp. 22-25,
SO). — From feeding trials conducted with dairy cows it appears that 11 lbs. of
mangels or 9 lbs. of ruta-bagas are equivalent to 1 lb. of mixed grain, carrying
about 10 per cent digestible protein with a nutritive ratio of 1:6 or such a
mixture as would result from using equal parts of wheat bran and corn meal.
Studies made of the protein requirements of the animal body and for milk
production have demonstrated the importance of long-time experiments. " The
animal body can stand shortage of protein for several months, and then show
the bad effect only to the trained observer. It was found necessary to continue
the cows on low-protein diet for three years before it was possible to state the
effect with certainty. When the change does come, it comes quickly, and the
results are marked."
Manuring of grass land for milk and meat, B. F. Davis (Field Expts.
Harper-Adams Agr. Col. and Staffordshire, Rpt. 1913, pp. 4-7, fig. l).—ln 1911,
three plats of 3i acres each were drained and treated with ground limestone
at the rate of 15 cwt. per acre. Manures were applied as follows: Plat 1,
superphosphate 2i cwt. per acre; plat 2, superphosphate 2* cwt. and sulphate
of potash i cwt. per acre ; and plat 3, no manure. During 1912 and 1913 the
manurings were repeated.
X74 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Three lots of 2 cows each, equal in milk yield, period of lactation, etc.. were
maintained for 20 weeks on the respective plats and data kept on their produc-
tion. Yearlings were added as the plats needed heavier pasturing and removed
during light pasture. Data were collected on increase in weights, etc.
The total milk production for the two years' trials was for plat 1, 1,510 gal.,
plat 2, 1,489 gal., and plat 3, 1,168 gal. The total value of products, including
milk and grazing, was £43 ]3s. Id., f43 14s., and £31 16s. lid. for the resi^ective
plats, while the net value per acre after deducting the cost of manures for plats
1 and 2 was £11 13s. lOd., £11 2s. 9d., and £9 Is. 9d., respectively.
reeding of cattle on phosphatic pasture, C. Seltenspergee (Vic Agr. ct
Rurale, 2 (1913), No. 48, pp. 569, 510; ahs. in Indus. Lait. [P-aris], 39 {191^),
No. 5, p. 91). — The author records his observations in the feeding of cattle on
phosphate-fertilized pastures. He concludes that such fertilizing favors the
growth of the legumes and other flora rich in phosphorus content, that the
phosphorus is more easily assimilated by the animal body in this form than
when fed as bone meal and mineral phosphates, and that in turn the phosphorus
content of the milk products is correspondingly increased.
Dairy herd records for fourteen years, J. H. Frandsen and A. L. Haecker
(Nebraska Sta. Bui. 139 (1914), pp. 3-30). — In summarizing the herd records
for the past 14 years at the Nebraska Station it is shown that the average
production per cow was 7,020.8 lbs. milk and 341.71 lbs. of butter, which yield is
nearly three times the amount produced by the average dairy cow of the State,
and indicates the great Increase that may be attained by proper breeding and
feeding. The rations were made of Nebraska-grown crops and feeds, and the
I)rincipal roughage was corn silage and alfalfa hay. The herd from a financial
standpoint yielded a handsome profit during all the years of the test.
In studying the individual records it is noted that a large flow of milk is
generally accompanied with a low milk fat test, while a small flow has a high
milk fat test.
A new Holstein record (Kimiairs Dairy Farmer, 12 (1914), ^o. 6, p. 163,
figs. 2). — ^An account of a Holstein cow which at 3^ years produced 30.1 lbs.
butter from 588.6 lbs. milk in 7 days; 123.88 lbs. butter from 2,522.2 lbs. milk
in 30 days; at 4i years 32.72 lbs. butter from 613.3 lbs. milk in 7 days; 135.31
lbs. butter from 2.632 lbs. milk in 30 days; at 5* years 35.43 lbs. butter from
750 lbs. milk in 7 days; and 144.64 lbs. butter from 3,090.06 lbs. milk in 30 days.
It is stated that while these figures have not been officially authorized they
are essentially correct.
Nourishment of young animals with self and foreign milk, W. Schrape
{Expe7-'hnentcUe Beitrdge zur Erndhrung iicnscher Sduglingc mit arteigener
und artfremder Mileh. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Leipsic, 1912, pp. 82). — In trials with
lambs, young rabbits, and guinea pigs it was found that the value of the
mother's milk is greater than of foreign milk, that mother's milk in the raw
state is as healthful as the cooked, and that in the feeding of foreign milk to
young animals it is advisable to heat the milk.
There are aiipended 87 references to works on milk feeding and milk hygiene.
The etiology of epidemic septic sore throat (Jour. Anier. Med. Assoe., 62
(1914), No. 11, p. 853). — Evidence is presented to show that "the cause of the
infection in septic sore throat is the streptococcus which is discharged from
the inflamed udder of the dairy cow into the milk, through which it is trans-
ferred to the throats of milk consumers." Animals suffering from garget are
thought to be a frequent source of infection in man. It is pointed out, however,
" tha.t in addition to the jirimary infection of milk, pathogenic organisms may
be accidentally introduced into it through its being handled by persons suffer-
ing from streptococcic infection."
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 175
Provision of the agricultural law relating to dairy products, 1913 {X. Y.
Dept. Agr. Circ. 88 (1913), pp. 1888-1914).— This circular is a reprint of the
laws relating to dairy products for the State of New York as revised to 1913.
Sanitary inspection of market milk, G. L. J. Gooren (Hygiemschc Unter-
suchungen dcr Handclsmilch. Innug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1912, pp. 22). — The
author comments on the use of the freezini? point of milli for detectiug adultera-
tion. It was found that the freezing point is not higher than —0.54° C in
normal whole milli and remains fairly constant. The thinning of milk lowers
the freezing point, although the influence of thinning is not altogether regular.
Homogenizing and sterilizing lowers the freezing point as does also a lower
temperature, such as in pasteurizing. Hence the value of this method of detect-
ing adulteration is uncertain.
The isoelectric point of man, cow, goat, dog, and guinea pig milk casein,
A. Ylppo (Ztschr. Kindcrheilk., Orig., 8 (1913), Xo. 3, pp. 22/f-234.; abs. in
Zentbl. Phym,}., 21 {1913), No. 22, p. 1202).— The isoelectric point of various
kinds of milli is given.
Electric sterilization of milk {Set. Amer., 110 {191^), No. 8, p. 155). — It is
stated that a process has been developed at the University of Liverpool for the
elt^ctric sterilization of milk, consisting in a brief exposure to a high-tension
electric current. The exact details of the method have not been made public.
No difference in taste, aroma, or nutritive qualities could be detected between
treated and untreated samples. Acidity did not increase; there was no coagula-
tion; the heating was trifling; and all the pathogenic bacteria were killed.
Ozonization of milk, E. Wiener (Abs. in Cream, and Milk Plant Mo.-, 2
(191-i), No. 7, p. 18). — This is a brief comment and description of a process for
ozonizing milk which is claimed to be superior to pasteurization. The milk is
atomized so fine as to constitute practically a vapor, and the ozone is pro-
duced by a high-tension electric current. After treatment the milk is collected
in a vessel constructed for that purpose and compressed air is forced through,
removing such small quantities of ozone as may remain after the treatment-
It is said that the bacteria are destroyed without affecting the organic mattei
of the milk.
On the free fatty acids and the volatile fatty acids of fresh butter fat,
A. BuBE and H. Weise {Molk. Ztg. IHildesheim], 28 (1914), No. 16, pp. 291,
292). — In a study made of the acidity of fresh butter fat it was found that the
degree of acidity ranged between 0.6 and 1.4, expressed as tenth-normal alkali ;
that the lowest occurred in the month of October, the average and highest in
May and April, respectively. There was no direct relation between the acidity
of fresh butter fat and the content of water-soluble and water-insoluble volatile
fatty acids. Butter samples of 2 and of 5 per cent salt content showed no va-
riation in acidity over unsalted butter.
The Polenske number of fresh butter fat ranged between 1.12 and 3.1, the
highest being in November and December, when the high water-insoluble vola-
tile fatty acid content at this time is accounted for by the heavy feeding of
beets. The Reichert-Meissl number also was highest during these two months.
The variability of Bacillus bulgaricus, E. CHRisxiaxER (Ztschr. Hyg. u.
Infektionskrank., 77 (1914), ^o. 1, pp. 45-48). — In studies made of B. bulgaricus
it was found that this bacillus propagates rapidly after 24 hours in ordinary
agar medium, but does not grow in milk agar. It grows practically as well on a
sugar medium as upon bouillon. In milk it grows very poorly and remains in
Gram-positive form. Coagulation of milk had no influence. Growth on agar
caused it to lose its Gram-positive character.
The keeping quality of sweet cream butter (Cream, and Milk Plant Mo.,
2 (1914), No. 1, p. ^i).— Tests made by the Dairy Division of this Department
176 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
of sweet cream butter held iu storage for a period ranging from 7 to 9 months
are reported. The butter was made as prescribed by the Department from
May 1 to August 20, from pasteurized cream containing not more than 0.234
per cent of acid for butter scoring 95 points, and had a water content of 13
per cent or less and a salt content between 2i and 3i per cent. The butter was
packed in hermetically sealed tins and stored. at a temperature of zero or
below. • ' .
For the 219 samples examined the average loss of points on scoring was
approximately 2.5. The results show that for storage purposes butter made
In this way has exceptionally good keeping qualities.
Preservation of butter by means of sodium bicarbonate and sodium nitrate,
F. BoRDAS {Ann. Falsif., 7 {191Jf), No. 63, pp. 45-49; al)S. in Jonr. 8oc. Chem.
Indus., 33 (1914), No. 4, p. 214). — " The results of an investigation, in which
quantities of 100 gm. of butter were mixed with 0.857 gm. of sodium bicar-
bonate or with this quantity of bicarbonate and 0.143 gm. of sodium nitrate,
and then kept for 14 days, showed that, although the alkali prevented the
acidity of the butter from increasing, it modified the color and taste. The
addition of the sodium nitrate was without effect." .
Nut butter {New Zeal. Dairynwn, 18 {1914), No. 5, p.. 24). — Attention is
directed to the increased consumption of nut butter. At first coconut oil only
was used in its manufacture, but now other substances, such as peanut oil and
palm-kernel oil are employed. It is stated that nearly 50,000 tons are pro-
duced in England each year and that the consumption overtakes the supply.'
The ripening of mold cheeses and the ferments involved therein, P. Maz^
{Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 21 {1914), No. 2, pp. 44-41)- — A description is given
of the ripening process of such cheeses as Camembert, Brie, and Coulommier,
together with notes on the different groups of organisms involved in the pro-
duction of desirable flavors. The necessity of controlling the ripening process
and especially of eliminating undesirable organisms is emphasized. "
Oleomargarine, H. van Voornveld {Die Margarine. Trier, Germany, pp. 131,
pis. 2, figs. 33). — ^A complete treatise on the manufacture of oleomargarine, but-
ter, and cheese.
Bibliography of references on milk and milk products received during
1912, C. Htjyge {Ann. Sta. Agron. Etat GemUoux, 2 {1913), pp. 253-352).—
The 757 references in this bibliography are classified under the following head-
ings: (1) Milk: Production, city supply; hygiene; abnormal milk; diseases of
the udder; infiuence of feeding on the milk and its products; milk of man,
sheep, and goats, milk products and substitutes, chemistry of milk ; adulterants
and preservatives; bacteriology; and ferments. (2) Butter and cheese: Pro-
duction; chemistry and bacteriology. (3) Milk trade and statistics.
There are included indexes to authors and to publications.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Report of the veterinary director general for the year ending March 31,
1913, F. Torrance {Rpt. Vet. Dir. Gen. Canada, 1913, pp. 110, pis. 4). — Follow-
ing the main part of this report (pp. 3-29), which consists of a general account
of the work of the year, 13 appendixes are presented among the more im-
portant of which are the report of the pathologist (pp. 67-73), by C. H.
Higgins; report of the pathologist in charge of the veterinary research labora-
tory at Agassiz, British Columbia, including protocols on the work with hema-
turia; Notes on the Life History of Dermaeentor venustu-s, and a note on the
Ornithodoros megnini collected on jack rabbits at Lethbridge. Alberta (pp.
74-80) , by S. Hadwen ; report of the pathologist in charge of the veterinary
VETEBINARY MEDICINE. 177
research laboratory at Lethbrldge, Alberta, including an account of laboratory
work and field investigations in connection with outbreaks of dourine and
preliminary studies and experiments with swamp fever (pp. 81-87), by E. A.
Watson; Special Report on Contagious Abortion (pp. 88-92), by F. Torrance;
and The Serum Reactions and Serum Diagnosis of Dourine (pp. 102-108), by
E. A. Watson.
Report of the territorial veterinarian for the biennial period Jan. 1, 1911,
to Dec. 31, 1912, V. A. Norgaard and L. N. Case {[Bien.] Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr.
and Forestry Hawaii, 1911-12, pp. 160-220, pis. 8).— This report deals with the
occurrence of diseases of live stock, tuberculin testing in dairy herds in the city
and county of Honolulu, the intradermal tuberculin test, glanders in the Terri-
tory, the intradermal mallein test, a peculiar disease among sheep on the
island of Lanai, etc.
Annual report by the chief veterinary officer for the year 1912, S. Stock-
man {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Ann. Ri)t. Chief Vet. Off., 1912, pp.
41). — This report first discusses in detail the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth A\a-
ease which occurred in 1912 (pp. 3-36), then, briefly, the occurrence of hog
cholera, glanders, and anthrax.
Annual report of the Beng'al Veterinary College and of the Civil Veteri-
nary Department, Bengal, for the year 1911-12, F. Raymond and A. Smith
{Ann. Rpt. Bengal Vet. Col. and Civ. Vet. Dept., 1911-12, pp. 5-\-7+VTII+2+
3). — The first section includes reports on the epizootic diseases department in
Calcutta and its vicinity and of the Raymond Research Laboratory. The sec-
ond section deals with veterinary instruction, the occurrence and treatment of
diseases, breeding operations, etc.
Annual report on the civil veterinary department, Burma, for the year
ended March 31, 1913, G. H. Evans (Ann. Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept. Burma, 1913,
pp. 3-\-lS, pi. 1). — This, the usual annual, report deals with veterinary instruc-
tion, occurrence and treatment of animal diseases, breeding operations, etc.
Veterinary diseases, A. Balfour, R. G. Archibald, et al. {Rpt. Wellcome
Research Labs. Gordon Mem. Col. Khartoum, 4 {1911), Sup., pp. 395-404).—
This is a review of progress in work with diseases of animals, including rinder-
pest, horse sickness, bovine pleuro-pneumonia, etc.
Practical bacteriology, microbiology, and serum therapy, A. Besson, trans.
by H. J. HUTCHENS {London, Xew York, and Bombay, 1913, pp. XXX-{-892,
figs. ^i6). — A translation and adaptation from the fifth French edition of the
work, the second edition of which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 13, p.
889).
A compend of parasitology, E. Brumpt {Pr6cis dc Parasitologic. Paris, 1913,
2. ed., pp. XXVIII-\-1011, pis. 4, figs. 698). — This is a revised and enlarged edi-
tion of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 470).
Investigations of scabies and scab mites, particularly scabies of the
chamois, J. Fiebiger {Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 14 {1913),
A'o. 6, pp. 341-365, figs. 8). — This paper includes a discussion of the pathology
and pathological histology of the disease; location of the mites; other forms of
scabies, including that of the capybara {Hydrochcerus capybara), rabbit, and
fowl ; transmission experiments ; and biological studies.
The author finds that the goat can be artificially infected with the chamois
mite, a variety of Sarcoptes scabei, and that it may be spontaneously trans-
mitted to other goats. Thus it appears that a natural transmission of scabies
from chamois to goats is likewise possible. A spontaneous transmission of
this mite to sheep does not appear to take place.
Chemotherapy, P. Ehrlich {Nature [London], 91 {1913), No. 2285, pp. 620-
626). — An address delivered before the Seventeenth International Congress ot
178 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
Medicine at London on August 8, 1913, wliich deals especially with the work
of the author and others engaged in the same line of research.
The relation of the leucocytic bacteriolysin to body fluids, W. H. Man-
WABiNG {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 38 {1913), No. 978, p. ^55).— It is pointed out
that a substance can be extracted from the leucocytes of the horse which,
when dissolved in distilled water, is strongly bactericidal. When dissolved
in physiological salt solution it also possesses considerable bactericidal power,
but when mixed with sera, cerebro-spinal fluid, products of tissue, or leucocyte
autolysis, it is without bactericidal power.
It is stated that the antibactericidal action of body fluids and tissue products
depends upon three factors: "(1) The antibactericidal power of the colloids they
contain, (2) the antibactericidal power of their neutral salts and other neutral
diffusible components, and (3) the antibactericidal power of their diffusible
alkalis. Diffusible acids are apparently without antibactericidal effect. An
extract from horse leucocytes can have little or no antiseptic action when in-
jected into body cavities and tissue spaces."
Toxic action and disinfecting agents, H. KtJHL (Chem. Ztg., 37 {1913), No.
12, pp. 113-115). — This is a discussion of the methods used at the present time
for determining the toxicity of certain disinfecting agents against bacteria and
other micro-organisms. It is pointed out that in certain concentrations disin-
fectants act as stimulators of growth.
Technical errors in protective vaccination, S. Laufeb {Allatofvosi Lapok,
3G {1913), No. 12, pp. 139-143; ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913),
No. 36, p. 6^5). — This is a criticism of some of the preparatory and vaccination
methods utilized at the present time for immunizing animals.
Synthetic antigens for the meiostagmin reaction when used for malignant
growths, G. IzAR (Wiener KWi. Wchnschr., 25 {1912), No. 33, pp. 12^7, 1248;
abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Ref., 56 {1913), No. 17, pp. 520, 521).— On
successively precipitating pancreas antigens in a methyl alcoholic solution with
acetone, ethyl alcohol, ether, benzol, and petroleum-ether, the preparation ob-
tained was found not to be any more stable than the original crude methyl
alcohol extract. The crude extract is insoluble in acetone and the purified
product is soluble.
The following antigens, prepared with myristic acid according to E. Fischer's
method, were found utilizable in the test : Witte peptone, albumose from Witte
peptone, albumose from trypsin digestion and also from pepsin digestion of
calf's pancreas, edestin, casein, elastin, and kyrin. Instead of myristic acid,
oleic and palmitic acids obtained from the fats of the pancreas, from human
sarcomas, carcinoma, and from cacao butter can be employed. Which of these
compounds is preferable from the standpoint of stability and the number of
positive results obtained, the author was unable to say.
Complement fixation obtained with the purified antigen and with all the com-
binations mentioned above was as marked with inactivated normal serum as
with the sera obtained from subjects affected \^ith tumors. By bringing
together blood serum with some of the synthetic antigens hemolytic substances
were produced in large amounts. The tumor sera furnished the greatest
amount of these substances.
An improvement in the meiostagmin reaction, R. Kohler and A. Lugeb
{Wiener Klin. Wchnschr., 25 {1912), No. 29, pp. 1114, 1115; abs. in Centbl.
Bakt. [etc.l, 1. Abt., Ref., 56 {1913), No. 3, pp. 77, 7S).— The principal purpose
of this work was to find a method for preparing more stable extracts of the
organs used in the test. Tests with aqueous and alcoholic solutions of lecithin
and cholesterol yielded unsatisfactory results, while an extract prepared from
lecithin in a finely divided state from various sources and obtained by extracting
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 179
the preparation for 24 hours with acetoue at a temperature of 50° C. and then
filtering the extract through paper gave good results. The extract obtained
was diluted with water, and the technique followed was that described by
Ascoli.
The results of some tests with the sera of normal subjects and subjects
affected with tumors and other diseases are given.
Auto serotherapy in pleuritis, P. Haan (Rev. Gen. MM. Vet., 21 (1913), No.
251, pp. G21-625; ahs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 35, p.
628). — Although the application of the autoserotherapeutic method for sero-
fibrinous pleuritis is not new, it seems to be very little used by the practicing
veterinarian. In addition to the classical methods which use caffein, digitalis,
and other diuretics, and vesicants, the author used autoserotherapy directly
after the fluid was drawn from the thoracic cavity as suggested by Teppay (E. S.
R.. 2G, p. 6S4). The day following the administration of the thoracic fluid,
improvement usually set in, which manifested itself by a restoration of the
appetite.
A considerable amount of fluid must be withdrawn from the thoracic cavity
because 40 cc. must be injected in the subcutaneous tissues of the same animal.
The dose may be repeated if a reaccumulation of the fluid in the cavity takes
place. If the method is used early, almost two-thirds of the horses affected may
be saved.
A dry placenta powder and its use in Abderhalden's dialysis method for
cLiag'nosing pregnancy, V. L. King {MUnchcn. Med. Wehnschr., 60 (1913), No.
22, pp. 1198; ahs. in Berlin. Klin. Wchmchr., 50 (1913), No. 26, p. 1227).— A
preparation designed for use in the dialysis method (E. S. R., 28, p. 777) instead
of the wet placenta protein.
The biolog'ical diag'nosis of pregnancy, E. Engelhoen (MUnchen. Med.
Wchnschr., 60 (1913), No. 11, pp. 587, 588; abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr.,
29 (1913), No. 26, p. 4^2). — The dialysis method was studied with human sera.
The conclusion drawn is that a reaction does not warrant the diagnosis that the
subject is pregnant.
The serum diagnosis of pregnancy, C. C. W. Judd (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc,
60 (1913), ^0. 25, pp. 1947, 19.^8). — A very general description of the test pre-
viously discussed (E. S. R.. 27, p. 577), with a statement in regard to the
satisfactory results obtained by its use.
The serodiagnosis of pregnancy, K. Jawoeski and Z. Szymanowski ( Wiener
Klin. Wchnschr.. 26 (1913), No. 23, pp. 922-924; abs. in Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr.,
50 (1913), No. 26, p. 1227).— The Abderhalden method, when conducted strictly
in accordance with the rules set down by the originator, gave satisfactory re-
sults in every instance. It was positive in the early days of pregnancy and it
was still present 14 days after parturition. In extra-uterine pregnancy the
reaction was positive when the ectodermal plates were still in contact with the
reproductive system. In hyperemesis or eclampsia (women) the reaction was
generally very faint. Sera from subjects suffering with carcinoma did not
cleave placenta protein.
The diagnosis of pregnancy with, the optical method and the dialysis
procedure, R. Freund and C. Brahm (Miinchen. Med. Wch^ischr., 60 (1913),
No. 13, pp. 685-690) .—This is a study of the value of both the optical and the
dialysis method. In all there were 135 cases examined, and 6 of these were
eclampsia cases and examined twice. The optical method was tried 134 times
and the dialysis method 99 times. The subjects were normal pregnancies, extra-
uterine pregnancies, adnex tumors, and other nongravid cases.
The clinical findings were parallel with the optical method in 97 out of 134
cases (72.4 per cent), and with the dialysis method in 66 out of 99 cases (66.7
180 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
per cent). The reason that varient results were obtained with the optical
method lies principally in the inability of the sera to produce a uniform cleav-
age of the peptone at different times, since some protective ferments will cleave
ft certain kind of peptone while others will attack this peptone only slightly.
In the dialysis method, dialysis thimbles were used. The method was controlled
by the optical procedure 92 times and conducted 7 times alone. Agreement was
noted in 61 cases, 43 positive and 18 negative, showing that the results from 31
cases did not harmonize. A very high cleavage power was noted with the sera
of eclamptic patients.
Experiences with the Abderhalden pregnancy reaction (dialysis procedure
and ninhydrin reaction), H. Schlimpert and J. Hendey {Mmwhen. Med.
Wclmschr., 60 (1913), No. 13, pp. 681-685; abs. in Chem. Abs., 7 {1913), No. 13,
p. 2242). — The findings of Abderhalden were verified in 79 cases, of which 40
were absolute cases of pregnancy. In all cases of pregnancy the reaction was
positive and the rest of the sera gave negative reactions.
"A total of 316 cases were examined but not with satisfactory results until all
the important points in the technique had been worked out. Especially sig-
raficant was the fact that placenta not blood-free gave inaccurate results. For
washing the placenta tissue sodium chlorid below 0.5 per cent proved unde-
sirable ; above this concentration to 0.9 per cent the blood was readily removed
and clear white placenta tissue was obtained. The procedure finally adopted
was to wash out the placenta tissue with 0.9 per cent sodium chlorid until
colorless, then wash 10 minutes in running tap water to remove the sodium
chlorid, and proceed further as directed by Abderhalden. Other less important
details of the technique are discussed."
Abderhalden's reaction with placenta and serum, H. Schlimpert and E.
IssEL {Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 60 (1913), No. 32, pp. 1758-1760; abs. in
Berlin. Tierarztl. Wclmschr., 29 (1913), No. 37, p. 665).— The tests were con-
ducted with the object of determining whether animals during the period of
pregnancy developed certain ferments and to elicit to what extent the ferments
are specie specific. It was considered of great importance in the investigations
to separate sharply the fetal and maternal parts of the placenta in order to get
a substrat which was subject to better control. From theoretical considera-
tions it was also deduced that a migration of chorion villi in the blood stream
of the mother is without reasonable foundation. For the tests sheep and horse
placentas were used.
Ferments were noted in the blood stream which were not only specific for
homologous placenta protein but also for the heterologous protein, e. g., the
strongest serum was from man and its action was stronger for horse protein
than for human placenta protein. Sheep serum also acted more strongly on
horse protein than on sheep placenta protein. The fetal as well as the maternal
parts of the placenta were cleaved.
Serology of eclampsia, B. Stance (Zenthl. Gyndkol., 37 {1913), No. 9, pp.
298-300; ahs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 60 {1913), No. U, p. iii7).— Abder-
halden's reaction for pregnancy was found especially intense with an eclamptic
placenta obtained from a woman. The changes in the blood in eclampsia are
similar to those of a normal pregnancy.
Abderhalden's dialysis method, a means of determining whether or not
a cow is in a new period of lactation, H. Falk {Berlin. TierdrzU. Wchnschr.,
29 {1913), No. 8, pp. 129-132) .—ThQ author gives his experience with the
Abderhalden dialysis method (E. S. R., 28, p. 777), which was previously pro-
posed for diagnosing pregnancy. It was found that the blood contained pro-
teolytic enzyms 21 days after calving, and in some cases on the twenty-third
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 181
day. Apparently positive reactions were obtained some days later than the
twenty-third.
The method is considered essentially a laboratory method, and can not be
used by the average veterinarian unless he has good laboratory facilities.
Some tests made by E. Abderhalden arc also included in the data.
Valuation of precipitating anthrax serum, W. Rickmann and K. Joseph
(Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 33, pp. 591-593).— It is shown
that a standard antigen made from diseased organs is not necessary for the
valuation of precipitating anthrax serum. For this purpose the authors pro-
pose the use of bacterial extracts in which a determination is made of the
total solids or dry substance. The total solids were found to be an index as
to the amount of i)rocipitating substances present.
Symptomatic anthrax and diseases resembling' it. — I, (a) Sy-mptomatic
anthrax, F. Wulff (Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 20 {1912), Nos. 40, pp. 609-
014; 41, PP- 625-629). — It is shown that blackleg occurs with and without
pathologic changes in the muscle tissue. A suspicion of blackleg may be
awakened if the cadaver emits the characteristic rancid or rancid acid odor,
or by the presence of a spleenic tumor, liver spots, pleuritis, and serofibrinous
pericarditis. A microscopic examination of the original material hardly ever
presents anything which is characteristic, and consequently a test of this kind
is of no practical value for diagnostic purposes. A diagnosis is only certain
with the cadaver when the pathologic process is more or less extensive in
nature and the changes are not related in any way to some disease of the
productive system.
Blackleg may be suspected (a) if small, apparently unimportant, blackish
red, dry or wet patches of diseased muscle are present, (b) by external hem-
orrhagic infiltration of the muscle, or (c) by the same findings in the organs.
Blackleg and diseases resembling symptomatic anthrax. — II, (b) Diseases
resembling symptomatic anthrax, F. Wulff (Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 20
{1912), No. 45. pp. 689-693). — A discussion of the author's findings with cases
which, in many respects, resembled blackleg. In some instances bacteria were
isolated which at first sight appeared to be the typical Bacillus anthracis
symptomatici; consequently the process of diagnosing cases of symptomatic
anthrax must be carefully conducted, and such aids as serum tests and animal
experiments must be utilized.
Diagnosis of blackleg by examining the bile, III, F. Wulff (Detit.
Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 20 {1912), No. 46, pp. 705-709; ahs. in Centhl. Bakt.
[etc.], 1. AM., Rcf., 56 {1913), No. 12, p. 367).— Out of 30 cases, undoubtedly
symptomatic anthrax, the causative organism was noted 18 times in the bile,
and in the remaining subjects the edema bacillus was observed. By injecting
the muscle tissue from these 30 animals into guinea pigs, the typical symptoms
of blackleg were produced in every case, consequently at the present state of
our knowledge the bile is of no absolute value for diagnosing the presence of
this disease.
Additional data in regard to the precipitation diagnosis in tuberculosis,
F. MoRELLi {Ann. 1st. Maragliano, 6 {1912), No. 4, pp. 290-297; ahs. in Ztschr.
Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 6 {1913), No. 15, pp. 1107, 1108).— As a
continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 28, p. 377) the results of examining
46 sera by the precipitation method are reported. It is believed that the
method is a satisfactory one for diagnosing tuberculosis.
The intradermal reaction in bovines, M. Dalkiewicz {Przegl. Weterynarski,
27 {1912), Nos. 5, pp. 195-199; 6, pp. 228-237; abs. in Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u.
Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 6 {1913), No. 15, p. 1063). — The reaction is deemed a good
one, especially as a repetition will always give the same result.
182 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED.
Is tuberculin nontoxic for the healthy organism? P. Geieel {Ztschr. Hyg. u.
Infektionskrank., 73 {1912), No. 1, pp. 13-30; abs. in CentM. Bakt. [etc.], 1.
AM., Ref., 56 {1913), No. 7, pp. 212, 213).— The author states that the qnestion
as to the therapeutic value of tuberculin for human medicine and its value as
a diagnostic agent in veterinary medicine has been decided in favor of tubercu-
lin. On the other haad, very little is known about the toxic effect of tuberculin ^
upon the healthy organism and very divergent views have been presented in'
this direction.
The author studied this probleni with some, tables placed at his disposal by
Landmann, He believes that Koch's tuberculin can not be used for determining
the effect of this product on the organism, since it contains in large amounts
substances which are nonspecific such as glycerol and beef extract. With
Landmann's tuberculin, however, the interfering factors are not present, and as
a result of work with it he concludes that tuberculin to some extent affects the
healthy organism. No grounds exist for believing that the toxin of the tubercle
bacillus possesses only a relative toxicity.
The relation of bovine tuberculosis to human tuberculosis, B. Mollers
(Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierlteilk., 39 {1913), No. 4-5, pp. 465-472) .—The author
recognizes three types of tubercle bacilli, namely, human, bovine, and avian. He
believes that all measures for preventing this disease must be directed against
both the human and bovine sources of the malady. The most probable source
of infection in man is from man.
Tuberculosis of food animals and its relation to the public health, W.
JowETT {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 5 {1913), Nos. 1, pp. 89-99; 2, pp. 205-
214). — A discussion of the causes of the disease, symptoms, udder tuberculosis,
the post-mortem ai)pearances in tuberculosis, the tuberculin test and its limita-
tions, the methods of controlling tuberculosis, sanitation, relation of animal
tuberculosis to public health, sterilized and pasteurized milk, tuberculosis from
the standpoint of meat inspection, and tuberculosis of swine.
Tuberculosis of the tonsils in a heifer, P. Chauss^; {Bui. Soc. Cent. MM.
V^t., 90 {1913), No. 16, pp. 313-316).— A. description of a case of primary tuber-
culosis in the tonsils of a cow.
Tuberculous orchitis in a horse, C. Darmagnac (Bui. Soc. Cent. M6d. Y^t.,
90 {1913), No. 16, pp. 316-318). — A description of a case in an S-year-old stallion.
After ablation of the testicles the animal, so far as could be noted by clinical
signs, returned to its normal condition.
Concerning the pure cultivation of Bang's bacillus, A. Ascoli {Ztschr. Hyg.
u. Infektionskrank., 75 {1913), No. 1, pp. 172-184, fig. i).— This relates to the
biology of Bacillus ahortus.
Addresses to the general assembly on tick eradication {South Carolina Sta.
Circ. 24 {1914), pp. 35). — This circular presents addresses delivered by E. M.
Nighbert, A. F. Lever, W. M. Riggs, and B. H, Rawl, respectively, before the
general assembly of South Carolina on January 20, 1914, urging the advisability
of an appropriation to be used in ridding the State of the Texas fever tick.
Onchocerca gibsoni: The cause of worm nodules in Australian cattle, J. A.
GiLRUTH and Georgina Sweet {Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 13 {1911), pp.
316-345, pis. 17). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 26, p. 183).
See also another note (E. S. R., 28, p. 680).
Anthrax in hogs, with a contribution to the Ascoli anthrax precipitation
reaction, E. Seibold {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 23 {1913), No. 7, pp. 150-
153). — A description of the findings with the spleen, appendix, kidney, and
bladder of a pig which died presumably of acute hog cholera, although some of
the pathologic lesions pointed to the presence of hog erysipelas. The animal
was fed on beet tops and leaves.
-VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183
In the small nodules present in the spleen anthrax bacilli were detected, and
the findhi^s were verified by plating and animal tests. Precipitation tests
were then made with the regular extract prepared according to the Ascoli
procedure and with a chloroform sodium chlorid extract. The precipitating
sera used were those of Ascoli, and Schiitz and Pfeiler. With extracts made
with the pulp of the spleen no reaction was obtained, but with those made
from the nodules present in tlie spleen, a positive reaction resulted.
Investig'ations in regard to thermoprecipitation for detecting hog erysipe-
las, K. Gauss {Untcrsuchungen ubcr die Thermo prdzipitat ion zum Nachweis
ties Schweinrotlaufs. Inaug. Diss., TicrdrzU. Hochsch. Stuttgart, 1912; ahs. in
Ccntpl. Bakt. [etc.}, 1. AM., Ref., 56 (1913), No. 22, p. 679).— The precipitation
method is deemed satisfactory for detecting erysipelas in hogs. The specific re-
action occurs instantaneously, or at least in from 2 to 3 minutes, when extracts
of the kidney or heart are used. It takes a somewhat longer time with ex-
tracts of the spleen, liver, muscle, skin, and lung. The method of preparing
these extracts has very little effect upon the reaction nor does it make very
much difference whether fresh or putrefied material is used. When the speci-
mens, organs, etc., have been conserved in alcohol or formaldehyde, the re-
action is not affected, but glycerol affects the I'eaction somewhat, and a solution
of Septoform or corrosive sublimate can not be used for preserving the diseased
organs. Drying and heating the material to 130° C. have no efi^ect upon the
reaction.
In conducting the test it is always necessary to have a fresh antiserimi.
Have reliable observations been made in regard to the spread of hog
epizootics througli protectively vaccinating against erysipelas? Jakob et al.
{Abs. in Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 36, p. 653).— liog cholera
occurred from 10 to 12 days after vaccinating against erysipelas in 3 estab-
lishments where 'the animals were treated by the same veterinarians. In the
first establishment, which contained 22 hogs, 20 were vaccinated end the other
2 were segregated but not vaccinated. All of the vaccinated animals died 10
days following the vaccination. On necropsy it was found that some of the
hogs were affected with a septic form of plague, i. e., hog cholera, and the others
with acute swine plague; and in another group chronic hog cholera was noted.
The two segregated animals not vaccinated were then slaughtered and found
to be affected with chronic hog cholera.
In the second establishment, containing 30 hogs, the animals also died from
10 to 12 days after vaccination. Here also the diseases mentioned above were
noted on necropsy. The hogs of the third establishment behaved in a similar
manner.
The above cases were treated with Gans's serum and cultures for vaccina-
tion purposes. Other experiences of the same kind are also reported by Ziegart,
Fritsch, Kussman, and Ott.
Testing the vaccinating substances against swine plague, and some inves-
tigations with bacteria killed by heat. F. DtJERKOP (Priifung dcr Impfstoffe
gegen Schiveineseuche nehst Vntersuchungen ilber die Immunisierung mit
thermisch abgetotetcn Bakterien. Inaug. Diss., Tierdrztl. Hochsch. Hannover,
1912; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 86, pp. 6U, 645).—
The vaccinating substances examined included (1) sera, (2) bacterial extracts,
and (3) vaccines or curative lymphs. Among the sera the polyvalent variety
seemed to give the best results. Klett and Braun's sera was especially satis-
factory. The bacterial extracts (Gans, Schreiber, Rheinisch Serum Company.
Piorkowski, Suptol-Burow, and Kraft's vaccine), while prepared by different
methods and various strains of organisms, have some characteristics in common.
184 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOBD.
The author prefers bacteria killed by heat to bacterial extracts, as the former
yield a more active and lasting immunity.
Vaccines (Hochst's vaccine, Gans and Schreiber extracts, and porcin), are
suspensions of swine plague bacteria. In all probability these organisms are
killed according to Wright's directions for preparing vaccines by heating them
to about 60° C. With some of the lymphs, however, the bacteria, in addi-
tion to being treated in this manner, are disintegrated by special methods, while
others have an addition of swine plague serum, which is added for the purpose
of aiding in the solution of the organism after injection into the animal and
for the purpose of preventing a negative phase. The Euman lymph also has
an addition of swine plague bacilli.
Mammary botryomycosis in the mare, W. Plotner (Monatsh. Prakt. Tier-
heilk., 23 {1912), No. 6-7, pp. 279-804, pi. 1, figs. 2; abs. in Vet. Rec, 26 {1914),
No. 1338, p. 559). — "Early extirpation of the mammary gland is the best treat-
ment for botryomycosis of the udder. lodids are not advisable as agents for
curative treatment, as the tumor, which is fibrous and not well supplied with
blood vessels, is but little influenced by their internal administration. lodid
of potassium, however, may be used in small and recent bbtryomycotic tumors,
and is also serviceable before and after the operation of extirpating the mam-
mary gland. Before the operation it disperses the phlegmonous swelling sur-
rounding the botryomycotic tumor, and thus facilitates surgical interference.
Afterwards it encourages the absorption of postoperative edemas and swellings."
A bibliography of 42 titles is appended.
In regard to protectively vaccinating against the pectoral form of equine
influenza (Brustseuche), D. Konew {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1918),
No. 33, pp. 589-591). — In order to determine the immunizing properties of blood
containing the specific micro-organism isolated by the author, tests were made
with 80 sound horses present in a stable in which there were horses affected
with equine influenza. The injection was given subcutaneously in the side of
the neck in amounts ranging from 1 to 2 cc, the dose given being gauged accord-
ing to the size and age of the animals. Following the injection the animals
were not worked for 3 days and only one-third of the time for the next 4 days.
None of the horses vaccinated became sick. On the other hand, the disease
occurred continually in other horses which were apparently sound at the time
the group was vaccinated.
Following the above experiments vaccinations were made in the field and in
regions where outbreaks occurred, and to date about 667 animals have been
successfully treated.
About protective and curative vaccination for the pectoral form of equine
influenza, Brombergee {Be7-Un. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 33, p.
591). — A description of cases of the disease treated with Pfeiler's vaccine and
serum, serum alone, or with Bengen's Ozonal. The results obtained were
satisfactory.
Nematodes of the genus Acuaria Brems. (Dispharagus Duj.) parasitic in
domestic fowls, A. Henry and P. Sizov {Arch. Vet. Nauk [St. Petersb.], 43
{1913), No. 7, pp. 609-637, pis. 9; abs. in Rev. Gen. MM. V6l., 23 {1914), No. 270,
pp. 303-306).— A report of systematic and biological studies." A bibliography of
58 titles is appended.
Parasitism in relation to birds, H. V. Jones {Zoologist, 4- ser., 18 {1914),
No. 206, pp. 41-53, pi. 1). — This paper deals chiefly with the Cestoda, Acantho-
cephala, and Nematoda found in the alimentary canal of some of the common
birds. A table is given which shows the month, locality, food of bird, and posi-
tion of the parasite when found. A list is also given of 24 species of birds ex-
RUBAL ENGINEERING. 185
amiued, showing the average number of ectoparasites and endoparasites per
individual.
Thirty-two per cent of the birds were found to be infested by cestodee and 25
per cent by nematodes.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
[Agricultural eng'ineering] {Agr. Student, 20 (191^), Ko. 5, pp. 345, 346, 350-
352, 355-365, figs. 6). — Special articles on agricultural engineering are included
as follows : Agricultural Engineering as a Profession, by J. B. Davidson (pp.
345, 346) ; Fresh Water Systems, by S. E. Brown (pp. 350-352) ; Farm Imple-
ments, by W. E. Taylor (pp. 355-358) ; The Place of Agricultural Engineering
in the Agricultural College Curriculum, by P. S. Rose (pp. 358, 359) ; Farm
Lighting Plans, by J. P. Stout (pp. 300-362) ; and The Harvester Expert— His
Training and Work, by C. O. Reed (pp. 363-365).
Bural engineering {X. Cong. Intcrnat. Agr. Gand, 1913, Compt. Rend., pp.
261-291). — This section reports the rural engineering proceedings at this con-
gress (E. S. R., 29, p. 101).
Water conservation and irrigation {Off. Yeurhook Aust., 6 {1901-1912), pp.
569-583, fig. 1). — Statistical data are given regarding water supply works,
including the development of artesian supplies, and irrigation systems of
Australia.
The wet lands of southern Louisiana and their drainage, C. W. Okey ( U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 11 (1914), pp. 82, pis. 4, figs, ii^).— This bulletin, intended for
land owners, engineers, and others interested in drainage by pumping, espe-
cially in the wet prairies along the Gulf coast, includes all the salient features
of the information so far published on this subject (E. S. R., 24, p. 287), and
gives also the results of later investigations.
A description of general conditions in the Gulf coast section of Louisiana is
followed by a statement and brief consideration of some of the larger drainage
problems encountered, and emphasizing the need of more complete cooperation
between various interested parties in the studj' and solution of such problems.
The results of detailed examinations of a number of drainage districts re-
claimed or in process of reclamation are reported with a summai-y of such
results. The bulletin closes with a consideration of the problems involved in
land drainage by means of pumps in Louisiana, which is a continuation of
work previously reported (E. S. R., 26, p. 589).
Better roads, E. T. Tannatt (Mont. Farmers' Bui. 2, pp. 29, pis. 3, fig. 1). —
This is a popular discussion of the general factors entering into and affecting
the good roads problem in ^Montana.
Forest road construction, H. Stoetzee (Waldwegehunkunde. Frankfort on
the Main, 1913, 5. ed., pp. 251, pis. 3, figs. 112). — This is a reference book for
engineers in charge of tke design, location, construction, and maintenance of
forest roads. The three main divisions are (1) the lecation and design of for-
est roads; (2) construction, maintenance, and cost; and (3) forest railroads and
cable roads.
The cause and the prevention of cracking in concrete roads, H. S. Spack-
MAN (Coitcrete-Ccment Age. 3 (1913), Xo. 6, pp. 261-263, figs. 3).— The author
gives curves of test data showing the extent to which the drainage of water
from the concrete may cause shrinkage within the first few hours after being
placed. He concludes from his own and other tests " that the change in volume
due to climatic influences after the concrete Mas hardened is not sufficient in
itself to cause the cracking noted in concrete roads," and that " the concrete
slab is not a continuous structure, but consists of a number of pieces of various
186 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
sizes in close contact, but witliout bond, the cohesion between the several pieces
having been broken by microscopical hair-cracks, formed by shrinkage. . . .
These natural lines of cleavage form lines of weakness, along which the con-
crete is easily fractured by external force, which ordinarily would not cause
sufficient stress to overcome the cohesion of a solid concrete slab."
Approximate stresses produced by a concentrated load on a continuous
slab supported on earth or other yielding foundation, J. W. Pearl (Engin.
and Contract., J,l (IDUf), Ko. 6, pp. 186-188, figs. 3).— The author derives for-
mulas with diagrams to determine the stress produced by a concentrated load
on concrete pavement slabs supported on earth or other yielding foundation.
He discusses the formulas and illustrates their application to pavements and to
flat concrete slabs on columns.
Strength of large pipes, D. R. Cooper and E. R. Weinmann (Engin. Rec,
C!i (WlJf), No. 5, pp. 133-137, figs. 16). — This is a mathematical discussion of
stresses in circular conduits, with or without internal pressure, and with various
widths of support at bottom.
Reinforced concrete construction, G. A. Hool CSew York and London, 1912,
vol. 1, pp. X+25Jf, figs. 88; 1913, vol. 2, pp. 659).— The first volume of this work
deals with the fundamental principles of reinforced concrete design and includes
numerous tables and diagrams to facilitate the calculation and designs of re-
inforced concrete structures. The work "presupposes a knowledge of the ele-
ments of structures." The chapters included are as follows : Concrete ; steel ;
concrete and steel in combination; rectangular beams; slabs, cross-beams, and
girders; columns; slab, beam, and column tables; slab, beam, and column dia-
grams ; and bending and direct stress.
Volume 2 covers in some detail the subjects of retaining walls and buildings.
The first part is subdivided into chapters on theory of stability, design, and con-
struction of retaining walls. The second part deals with buildings, the first sec-
tion including chapters on floors, types of reinforcement, roofs, columns,
foundations, walls and partitions, stairs, contraction and expansion, shear and
moment considerations in continuous beams, eccentric load consideration in col-
umns, and wind stresses. The second section contains chapters on materials,'
forms, bending and placing of reinforcement, proportioning, mixing, and placing
of concrete, finishing concrete surfaces, and waterproofing of concrete. The
third section covers estimating unit costs, estimating quantities, and an example
of an estimate for a concrete building.
[Farm power and machinery] (Prairie Farmer, 86 (1914), No. 3, pp. 12S,
figs. 8). — Special articles on farm power are included as follows: Tractor v.
Horse as a Source of Farm Power, by H. J. Sconce (pp. 81, 82) ; Shall I Buy a
Farm Tractor? by I. W. Dickerson (p. 82) ; [The AVork of the Gas Engine], by
F. M. White (pp. 83, 95) ; Points on the Purchase and Care of Farm Machinery,
by C. O. Reed (pp. 83, 84, 96) ; The Windmill as a Source of Power on the
Farm, by E. A. White (pp. 85, 96, 97) ; [Household Power Conveniences], by
L. W. Chase (pp. 87, 105, 106) ; and [Farm Machinery Review for 1914], by
F. M. White (pp. 85-87, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 111, 119).
Farm motors, A. A. Potter (New York and London, 1913, pp. IX+261, figs.
278). — This book is intended to include the fundamental principles governing
the construction, working, and management of motors which are suitable for
farm use, including steam engines, gas, and oil engines, traction engines, auto-
mobiles, water motors, windmills, and electric motors. The method followed
in each chapter is to give (1) the fundamental principles underlying the par-
ticular motor, (2) the principal parts of the motor, (3) the auxiliary parts,
(4) the uses to which the particular type of motor is adapted, and (5) the
selection, erection, and management of the different machines. Practical
RURAL ENGINEERING. 187
information is given regarding steam, gas, and electricity, and some space is
devoted to the more refined methods used in engineering practice for improv-
ing the economy of various motors. It is the opinion of the author that a
knowledge of the best engineering practice is not only of considerable educa-
tional value but will lead to the more perfect manipulation of the simple farm
motors.
" While this book was prepared primarily as a text-book for students in agri-
cultural engineering, the subject matter is so presented that it will be of equal
value to farmers and to operators of various kinds of engines and motors."
The adaptation of kerosene to g'asoline engines, G. A. Richtee and B. L.
Pierce (Sci. Amer. Sup., 77 (.19U), Xo. WS/f, pp. 22, 23, figs. 5).— The experi-
menters confined themselves to the utilization of kerosene with special ref-
erence to water injection methods. A single cylinder 4-cycle engine rated at
5i horsepower at GoO revolutions per minute was used. The method of water
injection consisted of a jacketed intake pipe terminating below in a T connec-
tion, which was fitted with elbows. A carbureter was fitted into each of the
two elbows, with the idea of injecting both the kerosene and the water by means
of respective vaporizers.
Kerosene when used alone caused excessive cylinder carbonization, but the
injection of water with the kerosene cooled the cylinder walls, removed carbon
and tended to prevent its deposit to an objectionable degree, and reduced the
violence of the explosions. The injection of water also appreciably increased
the thermal efficiency, the maximum efficiency being observed when the ratio
of water to kerosene was 22:100 by weight. Absolute control of this ratio
was not necessary as this maximum efficiency remained practically constant for
several points to either side. Cylinder carbonization was decreased 82 per
cent by injecting water with kero-sene, and an oxidizing solution of ammonium
nitrate increased this value to 88 per cent, but its use was not warranted.
Spark plugs with long points were more satisfactory than those with short
points when kerosene was used.
The water jacketed intake heated to a temperature of 60° C. is considered
sufficient to give satisfactory carburetion with kerosene. " TTie field ad-
vantageously affected in efficiency by water injection is limited from one-third
to full load for the engine in question."
The use of internal-combustion motors in Danish agriculture, C. L. Feil-
BERG (X. Cong. Intemat. Agr. Gand. 1913, Sect. 4, Question 1, pp. 8). — ^A review
of statistical data indicates steady progress in the use of internal-combustion
power in Danish agriculture. The 2-cycle crude oil motors of domestic manu-
facture are said to be preferred. Private electrical systems are usually in-
stalled on the larger estates using crude oil motors for power. On medium
sized estates portable and stationary internal-combustion motors are more used,
with various methods of mechanical transmission of power. The smaller agri-
culturists rarely use internal-combustion motors but often belong to electrical
associations and use small portable electric motors.
The science of laying out and the art of plowing with power (Peoria, III.,
1913, pp. 8, figs. 7). — This work is diagrammatically illustrated.
Recent tests of mechanical cultivation in France, G. Coupan (X. Cong.
Intemat. Agr. Gand. 1913, Sect. 4, Question 1, pp. 13). — A discussion and com-
parison of the more recent mechanical cultivation experiments in France, in
which the conclusion is drawn that the different tests have not given suffi-
ciently concordant results regarding the direct purpose of the tractor. This is
attributed to the extreme difficulty of eliminating all the causes of error. For
50128°— No. 2—14 7
188 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD.
this reason it is tliought that all such tests should be conducted before thp
judges only and that the general public should be excluded.
Motor cultivation by tractors or rotating- cultivators, K. de Meyenbukg
iX. Cong. Inteniat. Agr. Gand, 1913, Sect. 4, Question 1, pp. 10). — This is a
comparative discussion of tractor-drawn plows and motor scarifiers or rotating
cultivators in which the author favors the latter type.
Basis for the testing of mechanical cultivating' implements, P. Gioedako
(X. Cong. Internat. Agr. Gand. 1913, Sect. 4, Question 1, pp. 9, pis. 2, figs. 5). —
In the testing of soil cultivating machinery the importance of first determining
the tenacity or cohesive properties of a soil and the frictional resistance of the
soil particles to a metal wedge is pointed out, and a device for determining these
physical characteristics of the soil is described.
Motor-drawn and motor-operated grain binders, M. Ringelmann (Jour..
Agr. Prat., n. ser., 78 {19 Ui), No. 2, pp. 5-'t-57, figs. 3). — The author reviews the
results of dynamometer tests of grain binders and shows by curves of data the
tractive power required for drawing the binder and for operating the mecha-
nism. He concludes that the average binder in average wheat or oats with a
1.5 meter sickle and a speed of about 1.2 meters per second will require a
4-horsepower motor for operating the mechanism alone, and a 14 to 15-horsepower
motor for both locomotion and operating the mechanism, due allowance being
made for possible grades and obstructions.
Experiments with, an electrically-driven thrashing machine, G. Coxjpan
(Z. Cong. Internat. Agr. Gand. 1913, Sect. 4, Question 1, pp. 14-I6). — These
experiments show that the hulling, cleaning, etc., of grain require only a small
part of the total power utilized by the thrasher, the greater portion being con-
sumed by the friction of the mechanism.
Operating characteristics of centrifugal pumps, A. B. SIorbison. je. (Power,
39 (1914), No. 5, pp. 166-168, figs. 2). — Centrifugal pumps are discussed from
the standpoint of operation, taking up particularly the effect of speed and head
on the capacity, and the influence of throttling v. some form of speed control
on the efficiency.
The author is of the opinion that wherever feasible some form of speed con-
tBol should be used. " It is almost impossible to determine accurately before-
hand the head against which the pump will work, and with a fixed speed any
change in piping or operating conditions may make a great difference in the
amount discharged and in the power required." Curves and data are included.
The cost of pasteurizing milk and cream, J. T. Bowen (V. 8. Dept. Agr.
Bui. 85 (1914), pp. 12, fig. 1). — This bulletin deals with the cost of pasteuriza-
tion by the " holder " and " flash " processes from an engineering point of view,
and contains information for proprietors of creameries and milk plants and for
designers and manufacturers, of pasteurizing apparatus. Tests are reported
on the milk pasteurizing equipment of five city milk plants and on the cream
pasteurizing equipment of four creameries, the latter covering both the flash
and holder processes.
In the milk pasteurization test, live steam was used taken direct from the
boiler, but reduced in pressure to from 3 to 5 lbs. while the cream pasteuriza-
tion was accomplished by using (1) live steam direct from the boiler, (2)
exhaust steam from the engine or from steam-driven pumps, and (3) hot water
heated by the exhaust steam from the steam-driven auxiliaries.
Data of the tests relative to heating, cooling, heat balance, temperature bal-
ance, and costs are given in tabular form. The average cost of pasteurizing
1 gal. of milk was found to be 0.313 cts., and the average cost of pasteurizing
1 gal, of cream, 0.634 cts.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 189
The conclusions drawn from tlie test are as folJows: The flash process of
pasteurization requires approximately 17 per cent more heat than the holder
process and there is a correspondingly wider range through which the milk or
cream must be cooled. The proper design and arrangement of the heater, re-
generator, cooler, piping, and refrigerating apparatus have much to do with the
etliiient operation of the plant. With poorly arranged apparatus and leaky
piping the loss in heat may reach approximately 30 per cent of that required to
pasteurize, which it is practicable to reduce to a negligible amount. It is prac-
ticable to use exhaust steam from the engine and steam-driven auxiliaries, or
water heated by exhaust steam, to furnish heat with which to pasteurize both
milk and cream. Usually there is sufficient heat in the exhaust steam which
is allowed to waste in milk plants and creameries to do the pasteurizing. For
every 400 lbs. of milk pasteurized per hour with exhaust steam, approximately
(■ne horsepower is taken oft the boiler plant.
Electric stimulation of plant growth, W. D. Peaslee {Jour. Electricity, 32
(1914), ^0. 4, pp. 69-72, figs. S).— Studies of stimulation of plant growth by
electrical methods are reported.
A direct current passing through the soil containing the seeds or roots of plants
caused a gain in root structure, and the electrified plants after transplanting
wei-e more hardy and grew faster than the nonelectrified. Similar tests with
alternating currents gave positive results only at very low power values.
The application of a voltage stress to the atmosphere around plants caused
good results only when the stress was api)lied on cloudy days and at night. Two
important points brought out are (1) that no difference in stimulative effect was
found when using the ground as positive or negative, and (2) that there is some
tendency to show for all plants a curve approximating a straight line within
certain limits, the slope of this curve being different for each plant. Practi-
cally the same results were secured when using a Tesla coil as when using a
Wimshurst machine.
It is concluded in general that indirect stimulation of the root or plant in-
creases the functional activity of the organs if they are far enough from the
point of application of the stimulus to avoid the effect of direct stimulation.
Though the immediate effect of direct stimulation is to retard growth, it in-
creases the internal energy of the plant and the after effect is to increase the
growth rate. Plants are very sensitive to fatigue and the stimulation must be
of such degree and duration that fatigue is avoided if the net result of the
treatment is to be beneficial.
The dissolving of zinc from pure zinc and galvanized iron pipes by water
supplies, Ki. B. Lehmann {Jotir. Gasbeleucht., 56 {1913), pp. 111-122; abs. in-
Wasser u. AMoasser, 7 {1914), No. 10, pp. 423, 4'^4)- — Investigations by the
author and. others on the action of both hard and soft water on galvanized and
pure zinc water pipes show that under the best conditions the zinc content of the
water was always moderate, and greater amounts were obtained from the gal-
vanized than from the pure zinc pipes as long as zinc remained on the galva-
nized pipe. It is concluded that the use of pure zinc water pipe is hygienic
and unobjectionable.
The hot water supply plant for private houses, C. A. Gullino {Gsndhts.
Ingen., 31 {1914), No. 2, pp. 24-28, figs. 6). — The author discusses in detail the
design of private hot water supply plants for both city and farm houses, econ-
omy and efficiency being the chief considerations.
Elements of heating, B. N. Irwin {Power, 39 {1914), No. 3, pp. 89-92).—
This article gives practical information regarding air, steam, and water as
media for the distribution of heat, including tables of data for computing
the heat losses from a building and the radiating surface required.
190 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Some suggested designs for sewage treatment plants for residences and
small institutions, P. Hansen {Abs. in Engin. and Contract., 4I {I'JUf), No.
5, pp. 169-112, figs. 5).— This article gives data on the cost of installing a
plumbing system, the design and operation of simple septic tanks, a modified
Imhoff tanii adapted to the use of a household of 10 persons, a subsoil irrigation
system, an intermittent sand filtration plant to handle the sewage from 25 per-
sons, and a double contact filtration plant.
A combination cesspool and septic tank, J. F. Duling {Erugin. News, 11
(1914), No. 6, p. 305, fig. 1). — ^A combination cesspool and septic tank, which is
recommended for use in porous sandy soils underlaid by gravel in localities
where the domestic water supplies are taken from shallow wells, is illustrated
and described.
A new suggested method of water testing for plumbing fixtures, H. F.
Shade (Dam. Engin., 66 {lOU), No. 7, pp. 200, 201, figs. 2).— A new method of
water testing of plumbing fixtures to take the place of the usual air or water
tests is described and its application illustrated.
Plumbing practice as seen by the inspector {Dom. Engin., 66 (1914), No. 7,
pp. 198-200, figs. 9). — This report illustrates and describes recent developments
in plumbing fixtures and in arrangements of plumbing, including faucets, con-
nection of vent lines, traps with concealed partitions, and grounding of electric
fixtures in bathrooms.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
The agricultural outlook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 584 (1014), PP-
22). — This bulletin contains statistical data showing by States the estimated
stocks on farms and in interior mills and elevators, price per bu.shel March 1,
and percentage of crop which moves out of the county where grown for wheat,
corn, oats, and barley ; wages of male farm labor per month with and without
board, and at harvest season and at other times per day with and without
board; percentages of increase in wages from 1S9.3. 1S99, and 1909 to 1913;
the average length of time per day required of hired labor; prices of agricul-
tural products March 1, 1913. and 1914 for rye, buckwheat, potatoes, hay, flax,
cotton, butter, eggs, and chickens; aud the aggregate value per acre of the 12
leading crops.
Accompanying these tables are a short discussion and two articles, one on pre-
paring seed corn for planting, by C. P. Hartley, and the other on the prepara-
tion of seed grain for spring planting, by M. A. Carleton.
It is reported that the money wages of farm labor increased about 2.5 per
cent during the past year and about 11 per cent during the past 4 years. The
average length of time required per day of hired labor on farms is reported by
correspondents at 9 hours 48 minutes.
The value per acre of crop production in 1913 is estimated at approximately
$16.31, the highest average thus far recorded.
Agricultural production in "West Virginia, O. ]M. Johnson (West Virginia
Sta. Bui. 144 (1914), pp. 37-68, figs. 33).— The author, by means of county out-
line maps, shows graphically the localization of farm crops and animals, the
average yields, the number of mature horses per farm, the total value of all
farm property, the percentage of tenants on farms, and the percentage of farms
with mortgages. By the use of census and other data he has estimated, by
counties, the income and expenses per farm in order to obtain the labor income
per farm family, and estimates the average labor income per farm family for
the State as a whole as $181. The highest for a single county was $402. On
this basis, there were two counties which even failed to produce enough to pay
RURAL ECONOMICS. 191
5 per cent interest on the investment. He found those counties more pros-
perous which hiive a large investment in live stock.
One-half of the rural section of the State shows a decrease in population.
The farms are somewhat smaller than 10 years ago and most of the staple
crops are decreasing in their total acreage and production. The planting of
young orchards is increasing rapidly.
Some indications of the economic and agricultural progress of Argentina
(Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Econ. and Soc. Intel, 4 (1913), No. 10,
pp. 104-132). — After describing the natural and agricultural resources of the
country it is shown that the total cultivated area increased from 5SO.00S hec-
tares (1,432,620 acres) in 1872 to 2,459,120 hectares in 1886, and to 21,838,689.
hectares in 1911. The production of wheat increased from 1,263,000 tons in
1895-90 to 5.400,000 tons in 1912-13, flax from 232,000 tons to 1,130,000 tons,
and corn from 2,240,000 tons to 5.000.S00 tons. During practically the same
period the number of plows imported increased from 10.060 to 83,483, reapers
from 2,723 to 11,534, seeders from 719 to 21,962, and threshers from 299 to 1,127.
It is also shown that there has been a marked increase in the number of live
stock, the number of native bred live stock decreasing and the number of half-
bred and thoroughbred increasing. Between 1896 and 1912 the value of the ex-
ports of agricultural produce and live stock increased from 113,666,625 pesos
($109,688,293) to 466,402.528 pesos.
Attention is called to the fact that, although there are many holdings of ex-
tremely large sizes, the number of small holdings is increasing rapidly.
[Agricultural statistics of British India] {Agr. Statis. India, 28 (1901-
1912), I, pp. 111+420). — This is the annual statistical statement showing the
areas devoted to different agricultural purposes, irrigated, in fallow, and in
specified crops; the number of live stock, plows, and carts; and the number of
transfers of land and areas transferred.
[Land tenure and settlement; agriculture and live stock in New Zealand],
M. Fraser {New Zeal. Off. Yearbook 1913, pp. 481-587, pis. 2, fig. i).— This
annual report contains information concerning the distribution of crown and
native lands, land transfer and deeds registration, occupation and ownership of
land, area and yields of farm crops, and number of live stock.
[International statistics of agriculture] {Statis. AarboJc Konger. Norge, SS
{1913), pp. 249-252). — This statement contains data showing for a large
number of countries and for the latest year available the area and production
of wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, rice, potatoes, and sugar beets, and the num-
ber of horses, mules, asses, cattle, sheep, goats, and swine.
Is scarcity to be preferred to plenty? L. R. Johnson {Breeder^s Gaz., 65
{1914), ^0. 9, pp. 461, 462, figs. 3). — The author concludes that large crops mean
prosperity to the many and small ones prosperity to the few, and that even
though the farmer may get less for the large crop its influence reaches into all
the channels of business and produces in the aggregate greater national
prosperity.
History and description of a farm in the valley of the ITnstrut, M.
ScHONE {Landw. Jahrb., 45 {1913), No. 4, pp. 597-608) .—This article describes
the changes that have taken place since 1863 in a farm belonging to the same
family. After noting the climate and topography of the region the author
shows, for 5-year periods beginning with 1872-1876, the area devoted to the dif-
ferent crops, yield and value per morgen, fertilizers used, number of work ani-
mals and other kinds of live stock, price per pound and quantity of milk used
in making butter, agricultural machinery used, and number of laborers and
their wages.
192 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
The division of capital in agriculture as between landlord and tenant,
R. Paget {four. Farmers' Cluh [London], 1914, J^a/".. pp- 23-30). — Accordiug to
the present system of leasing fann land it is the produce of the farm and not
the profit that is divided between landlord and tenant. The author outlines a
system which "is based on the assumption that in the average case it would be
fair that the farmer should have as much of the profits in respect of his skill
and management (apart from any capital he may invest) as the landlord gets
in respect of the use of his land and buildings, and that whoever puts in the
capital should get a further share of profits in respect of this investment."
Landed proprietors and ag'riculture in Norway (Statis. Aarbok Konger.
Norge, 33 (1913), pp. 39-^5). — Statistical data are given showing for 1907 the
total number of landed proprietors and their distribution by areas cultivated.
Data are also presented for 1907 showing the area devoted to the principal agri-
cultural purposes and for 1912 the area and production of the principal farm
crops. For the latter item comparative data are given for earlier years.
Farm credit conditions in a cotton State, L. H. Haney (Anier. Econ. Rev.,
4 (1914), No. 1, pp. ^7-67). — The author describes the farm credit situation in
Texas as determined by a special investigation. He shows the type of credit
furnished to the farm owners by the banks and to the tenants by the storekeeper
and landlords and indicates the inability of the present system to supply ade-
quate credit at reasonable rates. lie advocates that a cooperative organization
be formed which should seek to become an effective credit middleman between
the present latent and ill-used bases of credit among farmers and the funds
held in commercial banks.
Helping' the farmer to keep his fann, E. X. Breituno {Business America,
15 {1914), No. 8, pp. 210-212).— According to the author, one of the worst
features of the present system of mortgaging farms is that if the farmer is
unable to meet the payments, because of some disaster unforeseen, he may
lose his farm at once. To prevent this he would have the farmer under such
conditions contract to keep his property up to a certain standard and would
form a- company with a large credit capital to work the farm in order to pay
off its indebtedness and meet the obligations out of the company's surplus. If
the farmer is competent he could remain on the land, and as soon as the farm
is out of debt it will come back to him.
Special report of New York State delegates on the American Commission
for the study of agricultural cooperation in Europe, compiled by F. H. Allen
and C. C. Mitchell (N. Y. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 56 {1914), PP- 141-1048, pis. 32).—
This report notes tbe most striking facts observed in European agriculture and
contrasts them with conditions in New York, describes the business organiza-
tion and agricultural conditions in Europe and points out that the raising and
transportation of products constitutes the farmer's part in feeding the nation
while marketing and agencies of delivery come within the sphere of the con-
sumer.
Among the greatest needs of the State of New York are considered a readjust-
ment of the existing methods of distrbuting farm crops, cooperation among the
consumers in purchasing, the commercializing of agricultural business, simpler
and cheaper means of borrowing money, better roads in the country and par-
ticularly the side roads, and practical demonstration on the farm of what it is
possible to do under average conditions in farming for profit.
Instruction in marketing {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 17 (1913),
No. 60, pp. 961-970). — This report consists of a general description of the various
methods employed to give instruction in cooperation and marketing in Germany,
Netherlands, Denmark, France, and England.
AGRICULTUKAL EDUCATION. 193
The story of the C. W. S., P. Redfebn (Manchester: Coop. Wholesale Soc.
Ltd. [1013], pp. Vlll+.'tSU, pis. S3, figs. 9).— This book contains a vei-y com-
plete description and history of the Cooperative Wholesale Society Limited be-
ginning with 1S63.
The organization and present status of the Prussian Chamber of Agri-
culture, A. Oberg (Uber die Organisation und Zust<indigkcit der Preussischen
Lnudirirtschnftslcammcni. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Greifswald, 1913, pp. 116). — The
author discusses the history, establishment, organization, and efficiency of the
Prussian Chamber of Agriculture.
AGEICULTTJRAL EDUCATION.
Rural life and education, E. P. Cubberley (Boston, New York, Chieago,
[191^], pp. X/F+367 pis. 22, figs. 8i).— The first part of this book sets forth
the rural life problem in its historical development and shows the origin and
present status of the rural school problem. The second part sets forth more
specifically the present rural school problem and points out the fundamental
remedies which must be applied for its solution.
Among the legitimate functions prescribed for the redirected school are the
conservation of soil fertility, the improvement of farm methods, the dissemina-
tion of agricultural and general knowledge, the improvement of home life, etc.
There should be added to the course of study of every rural school, in place of
much that has been and often still is taught, instruction in nature study, SK^hool
gardening, agriculture, manual training, domestic science, music, and play.
The v.^ork in agriculture, home economics, and manual training should be ex-
tended and carried on in the high school and rural teachers should be trained
in agriculture. Appended to each chapter is a list of questions for discussion,
and to the end of the book a bibliography of SO titles of recent literature bear-
ing on the rural problem.
Educational resources of village and rural communities, J. K. Hart (tJevi
Yorlc, 1913, pp. J+277'). — This book discusses the great main lines of com-
munity interest, activity, and resource and their part in the education of the
child and the community. Two chapters are devoted to the sort of school that
is needed to meet the changed needs of our times.
" Since agriculture is our chief primary industry, the redirected education for
the open country must be agricultural in its nature . . . must aim to make
better farmers and better helpmeets for these farmers, must make the occupa-
tion more remunerative, and the whole life more satisfactory and free from
city domination."
" Nature study should form the background for the greater part of the rural
school curriculum." It is suggested that nature study in the first 5 years be
followed in the last 3 years with nature study and agriculture. " The entire 8
years' course may be considered as an accumulative growth unmarked by any
break to shov/ where nature study ends and agriculture begins."
Each sub.iect is followed by questions directing students to specific phases of
the subject which should be looked for and thoroughly studied in each local
community, and by a brief bibliography.
Rules and regulations [governing the instruction in agriculture and
domestic science], T. H. Harhis (Baton Rouge, La.: State Sitpt. Pub. Ed., 1913,
pp. 11). — This pamphlet contains the rules and regulations adopted by the
state board of education to govern departments of agriculture and domestic
science, and suggestive lists of implements, equipment, etc., to be used in such
departments.
194 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED.
The agricultural instruction act (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 [1914), No. 1, pp. 31-
38).— The text of the act. approved June 6, 1913, appropriating $1,000,000 for
the advancement of agricultural instruction In the provinces of Canada (E. S.
It., 29, p. 198) is given, together with the form of agreement of provincial gov-
ernments under the act, and an itemized statement of federal appropriations
to provinces in 1913-14.
[Progress in agricultural education in Canada in 1913] (Agr. Gaz. Canada,
1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 69-139, figs. 18). — This number is devoted largely to progress
in agricultural education in Canada, including the following articles: The
Ontario new field husbandry building, work of the department of agriculture
in Prince Edward Island, progress of agricultural education in Nova Scotia,
figricultural education in New Brunswick, agriculture in the Province of
Quebec, acre profit competition in Ontario, agricultural instruction in Mani-
toba, agricultural extension work in Alberta, boys' potato growing contests in
CarletoD and Russell Counties in 1913, and the rural school problem and its
relation to agricultural teaching.
Agricultural organization in Belgium (Notice siir VEconomie Rnralc ei
rOrganisation Administrative de VAgriculture. Brussels: Min. Agr., 191S,
pp. 86, pis. 9). — This publication, prepared for the 1913 exposition at Ghent,
gives brief accounts of the organization of the ministry of agriculture, veteri-
nary instruction, and affairs, official and private agricultural associations,
agricultural and horticultural eduction and research institutions, agricultni'al
courses in nonagricultural institutions, agricultural home economics schools,
elementary and popular agricultural instruction, the service of state " agra-
nomes " and horticultural advisers, agricultural statistics, special phytopath-
ological service, etc.
Nature-study and the teaching of elementary agriculture, Anna B. Com-
RTOCK (Nature-Study Rev., 10 {191.'i), No. 1, pp. 1-6). — In the author's opinion,
the only way to malie the teaching of elementary agriculture " of permanent
value is to ground it in nature study, because in nature study the child finds
the answer to the why of agriculture and the following up of this why broadens
out in so many directions that there is no chance of tlie agricultural processes
becoming an old story." She considers how and why nature lessons on the soil,
seed testing, form, growth, and function of roots, leaves, and flowering plants,
fertilization of flowers, weeds, insect pests, birds, and live stock add permanency
of value and interest to elementary agriculture.
Some students' work (Nature-Study Rev., 10 (1914), No. 1, pp. 24-29).—
These observations by normal school students consist of field work in the
identification and study of the general habits of a number of birds, and a nature
calendar of birds, flowers, trees, shrubs, insects, farm activities, and other
observations.
Thfa present status of nature-study in the elementary schools, Alice J.
Patterson (Nature-Study Rev., 9 (1913), No. 8, pp. 239-244). — In an investi-
gation of nature-study methods in the schools of this country, based on a
study of the state courses of 20 States and those of 30 large cities and repre-
senting the 4 geographical regions of the country, the author finds that (1)
nature study is recognized as a school subject in both state and city courses in
all parts of the country; (2) there is considerable luiity of purpose in the
courses offered, namely, to bring children into intelligent and sympathetic
touch with daily life and to train them in a scientific attitude of mind; and (3)
the material suggested is that found in the envii'onment of the schools. The
biological phase receives greatest emphasis. State courses give a decided agri-
cultm-al trend to the woi"k of the grammar grades. Gardening, making collec-
tions, setting up apparatus, and other hand work constitutes a fair proportion
MISCELLANEOUS. 195
of the courses, and definite correlation with other school subjects is suggested
In the majority of the outlines.
The school gardens of Saginaw, Kate M. Passolt {Nature-Study Rev., 10
(1914), No. 2, pp. 53-56). — The development of school gardens in Saginaw,
Mich., which were commenced in 1903, and the course in gardening are outlined.
Should school gardens survive? A. D. Cbomwkll {Nature-Study Rev., 10
{191 Jf), No. 1, pp. S0-S2). — The author discusses the kinds of school gardens
which should and should not survive, and in view of the greater popularity of
the city over the country school garden suggests how plant breeding can be
made a very promising field for the latter.
Supervising a community garden in summer, Elizabeth M. Waters
{Nature-Study Rev., 10 {191Jf), No. 2, pp. 65-€8). — The author gives an account
of her experience in supervising a community garden in Chicago in the summer.
In conclusion she suggests that this kind of work be put on an industrial basis,
that the gardening be done so well and so systematically that it shall yield a
profit, that it is wiser that the children should not have all the profit but
learn to share the profits, and that getting some pin money in this way lessens
the temptation to steal, while estimating the commission gives real practice in
percentage.
The lay of the land, J. G. Needham {Nature-Study Rev., 10 {1914), No. 1,
pp. l.'f-18). — A discussion of the natural lay of the land is followed by a lesson
of the natural fields of the farm, taken from the author's field course on the
natural history of the farm now l)eing given to freshmen in Cornell University.
Farmers' institute and agricultural extension work in the United States
in 1913, J. Hamilton (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. S3 {1014), pp. 4I).— This is the
annual report of the Farmers' Institute Specialist of this Olfice for 1913 concern-
ing the work of the Office in promoting farmers' institutes and the development
of the farmers' institute movement in the different States and Territories. It in-
cludes also, among other things, an account of the growth of the institutes dur-
ing the last decade, administrative methods in use, extension work by the agri-
cultural colleges, the annual meeting of the American Association of Farmers'
Institute Workers, a meeting of the section on extension work of the Associa-
tion of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, correspondence
schools, aid to agriculture by transportation companies, and agricultural exten-
sion work in foreign countries; a list of the state officials in charge of farmers'
institutes; and the usual statistical tables covering various lines of institute
effort.
MISCELLAireOUS.
Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, 1913 {U. S. Dept. Agr.
Rpts. 1913, pp. 370). — This contains the reports of the Secretary and heads of
bureaus and other administrative officers. The various reports are also issued
as separates.
Twentieth. Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1912 {Minnesota Sta.
Rpt. 1912, pp. XLVI-}-lS6+V, pis. 5, figs. S5).— This contains the organization
list, a list of the publications of the year, a financial statement for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1912, a report of the director summarizing the work of the
station and its substations, and reprints of Bulletins 125-128, p.reviously noted.
Twenty-first Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1913 {Mmnesota Sta.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 92, figs. 3). — This contains the organization list, a financial
staten\ent for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1913, and a report of the director
summarizing the work of the station and its substations. Ptjrtions of the
report relating to dairy and animal husbandry have been abstracted elsewhere
in this issue.
196 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
Report of the director, 1913, J. G. Lipman {Neiv Jersey 8tas. Bui. 26S
(1913), pp. 57). — This contains tbe organization list, a report on the woric and
problems of the station during the year ended October 31, 1913, and a discus-
sion of its opportunities and needs.
Finances, meteorolog-y, index (Maine Sta. Bui. 222 (1913), pp. 319-^25+XX,
pis. 2, figs. 3).— This contains the organization list of the station; meteorologi-
cal observations noted on page 117 of this issue ; a financial statement for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1913-; an index to Bulletins 209-222, which col-
lectively constitute the twenty -ninth annual report of the station; a list of the
publications issued during the year ; and announcements and notes on the work, '
personnel, and equipment of the station, including a descrii^tion of the station
building.
The relation of the experiment station to the agricultural college and to
university extension, S. B. Doten (Better Farming [Univ. Nev.}, 1 (1913), No.
7, pp. 1-8). — A discussion designed to give "a clear idea of the differences
between the experiment station work and the work of the agricultural college
and work in extension."
[Annual Report of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1913], E. J.
Russell (Rothamsted Expt. Sta., Harpenden, Ann. Rpt. 1913, pp. 32). — ^A
progress report for the year.
The organization of experimental work in agriculture in the German
colonies, W. Busse (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 11 (1913), No. 3, pp.
Jf62-478). — An account of the experimental work undertaken in the German
colonies in Africa and Samoa with a discussion of its opportunities and needs.
Laws and regulations relating to the work of the department of agricul-
ture of the State of Washington (Olympia, Wash., 1913, pp. 121). — A compila-
tian of the statutes governing the work of the Washington State Department
of Agriculture and the rules and regulations promulgated for their enforce-
ment.
New Jersey handbook of agriculture, compiled by A. L. Clark ( N. J. Iland-
hoolc Agr., 1912, pp. JfS, pis. 20). — Part 1 of this handbook discusses the agri-
cultural resources of New Jersey ; part 2, its agricultural industries ; and part
3, agricultural education. Much of the material was prepared by members of
the staff of the New Jersey College and Stations.
The farmers' ready reference book (St. Joseph, Mo. [1913], pp. 186, figs.
S6). — A collection of articles on various farm topics, based largely upon the
publications of this Departmeht, the state experiment stations, and the experi-
ence of individual farmers.
Bibliography of scientifi^c writings by the late William McMurtrie, E. M.,
Ph. D. — Agricultural chemistry, textile fibers, industrial chemistry, tech-
nical education, and sanitation, compiled by D. C. McMurtrie (New York,
1913, pp. 6).
NOTES
Arkansas Univei-sity and Station. — J. S. Knox, who received the M. S. degree
from the University of Idaho at its recent commencement, has been appointed
instructor in horticulture in the college and assistant horticulturist in the
station.
Illinois University. — The tru.stees have included in the annual budget an item
of .$.'574.(KiO for the purchase of agricultural land and building sites for the
college of agriculture.
Purdue TJniversity. — Clayton R. George has been appointed assistant in dairy-
ing in the extension department.
Kansas College and Station. — A corps of extension workers has been holding
meetings and demonstrations on typical farms of Bourbon and Cowley coun-
ties. Four meetings were held daily and a total of about I.HOO farmers was
in attendance. It is planned to conduct similar field campaigns in at least 12
counties next year.
W. L. Blizzard, assistant animal husbandman, resigned July 15 to accept a
position with a Kansas syndicate of farm i)ublications.
Massachusetts College. — The construction of the new agricultural building for
which the legislature granted $210,000- is under way. The plans call for a
modern fireproof structure of brick :ind concrete with IGG feet frontage and 156
feet in depth, making the structure the largest on the campus. It will contain
lecture rooms, offices, a library, two large laboratories, and an .'luditorium seat-
ing nearly 1.000 people.
Mississippi Station. — J. K. Morrison has resigned as iioultryman and has been
succeeded by E. P. Clayton, superintendent of education for Lee County since
190S.
Missouri University. — The university celebrated on June 3 the seventy-fifth
anniversary of its founding. Secretary of Agriculture D. F. Houston was
among those delivering addresses and subsequently received the degree of LL. D.
New Mexico College and Station. — H. S. Hammond, professor of biology and
botany, resigned July 1.
Cornell University. — The new forestry building was opened May 15 in con-
nection with the meeting of the Society of American Foresters. It is a four-
story brick structure, 142 by 54 feet, costing $120,000 and constituting the first
of the proposed plant industry group. The ground floor contains wood tech-
nological and tiDiber testing laboratories, and those above laboratories, class-
rooms, etc., for mensuration, utilization, silviculture, and dendrological work.
For the present it will also house the department of plant breeding.
Ralph S. Hosmer, superintendent of forestry in the Territory of Hawaii since
1903. has been appointed head of the department of forestry vice Walter Mul-
ford, who has accepted a similar position at the irniversity of California. G. W.
Peck, instructor in pomology, has resigned to become manager of a large orchard
in Ohio. David Lumsden, instructor in floriculture and landscape gardening-
and sui>erintendent of greenhouses and grounds at the New Hampshire College,,
197
198 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
and assistant in floriculture iu tlie station, has been appointed assistant pro-
fessor of floriculture, beginning June 1, Miss Clarli L. Thayer has been ap-
pointed assistant in investigation.
Ohio State University. — Walter C. O'Kane, entomologist of the New Hamp-
shire College and Station, has been appointed professor of applied entomology,
beginning September 1.
Oregon College and Station. — Director Cordley is spending much of the sum-
mer in a study of the various substations with a view to securing closer co-
ordination of the various lines of college and station work and their closer
relationship with several new phases of agricultural development. Claude I.
Lewis, for the past 8 years head of the department of horticulture, has been
appointed vice director of the station. Carl N. Kennedy, instructor of animal
husbandry at the Texas College, has been appointed professor of animal hus-
bandry, his duties including the work with horses and the secretaryship of the
State Stallion Registration Board. Ralph Reynolds has been appointed ex-
tension professor of animal husbandry to have charge of the extension work
with all classes of live stock except dairy cattle.
Pennsylvania College and Station. — The new horticultural building was dedi-
cated June 10, Prof. F. A. Waugh of the Massachusetts College delivering the
principal address on The Arts of Peace. The Students' Horticultural Associa-
tion presented to the college at that time a portrait of the late Gabriel Hiester,
president of the State Horticultui-al Association and a most active member of
the board of trustees.
J. D. Harlan, assistant in experimental agi'onomy, resigned May 1 to become
agronomist with a chemical manufacturing firm of Pittsburgh, which is oper-
ating a test farm of 130 acres near Cleveland, Ohio. It is announced that
special attention is being given to work on the effect of radium on the growth
of crops under field conditions.
R. S. Maddox, instructor iu forestry, has been appointed state forester of
Tennessee beginning September 1. Walter B. Nissley, insti'uctor in horticulture,
has been appointed head of the department of vegetable gai'dening at the New
York State School of Agriculture recently opened on Long Island.
Clemson Coljege and Station. — S. W. Evans has been appointed secretary and
treasurer of th^ college and treasurer of the station, vice Dr. P. H. E. Sloan
resigned.
Texas College. — Short courses of from three to six days duration are to be
offered in 18 towns representing 17 counties of the State. Members of the
faculty are to be in charge of the various schools, in close cooj^eration with
the county and district agents of the farmers' cooperative and. demonstration
Avork of this Department.
Vermont University and Station. — G. S. Fassett, for nearly 25 years connected
with the governing board of the university and station, has resigned to take
effect July 1. Z. M. Mansur, also a trustee, died in April. Warren R. Austin
of St. Albans and Guy W. Bailey of Essex Junction, both alumni of the uni-
versity, have been appointed to fill the vacancies.
Washington College and Station. — The station is establishing an arboretum
in which it is proposed to grow a group of each of the important timber trees
of the Temperate Zone. W. D. Hislop, assistant professor of animal husbandry
at the Ohio State University, has been appointed professor of animiil husbandry
and animal husbandman.
West Virginia University and Station. — E. W. Sheets of the extension division
has been appointed professor of animal husbandry and animal husbandman.
D. C. Neal and Oliver Smith, assistants in plant pathology and agronomy, re-
spectively, are no longer connected with the institution.
NOTES. 199
Wyoming Station. — A. D. Faville, animal husbandman, and Frank E. Hepner,
research chemist, have been granted leave of absence beginning September 1
and October 1, respectively, for a year's further study. Their work will be car-
ied on by J. E. McWilliams, assistant in wool, and E. N. Roberts, recently ap-
pointed assistant chemist.
American Association of Agricultural College Editors. — This association was
formally organized at a conference held at the Kentucky Experiment Station,
June 25 and 20. Delegates were in attendance from the colleges and stations
of 13 States, as well as this Department, as follows : Georgia, Illinois, Iowa,
Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, South Caro-
lina, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
The conference was called to order by the executive secretary. Dr. B. E.
Powell of the University of Illinois. An address of welcome was given by
Director Kastle of the Kentucky Station, who drew attention to the enormous
increase in publicity agencies within recent years and especially the large
amount of space now being given to agricnlture by the daily press. He cited
some of the difficulties to be avoided in publicity work, and suggested ways in
which an association could be effective in bringing about an improvement in
conditions.
Data derived from a questionnaire as to The Relations of the Editor and the
Bulletin Author and Their Respective Rights were presented by J. O. Rankin of
Minnesota. Great diversity of practice was reported from the various States,
but there seemed to be a general agreement that while the substantial integrity
of the author's contribution must be preserved considerable discretion in han-
dling the material should be vested in the editor, either directly or through the
director or a connnittee on publications.
In a discussion of Editorial Standards for Agricultural Bulletins, F. W.
Beckman of Iowa made a plea for simplicity in these publications and for
making them as widely useful as possible. In the subsequent discussion, the
potential permanent value of many publications was also brought out, as well
as the need of giving attention to bibliographical considerations.
W. H. Beal of this Office presented a summary of data showing Results of
the United States Department of Agriculture's Survey of Bulletin Reading.
This survey indicated that the bulletins were being quite generally read and
utilized, either by the farmer directly or ultimately through the use of the
material by the agricultural press and the various extension agencies.
An illustrated talk on Bulletin Illustration in Black and White and in Color
was presented by A. G. Eldredge, photographer of the University of Illinois.
The history of illustrative work was briefly reviewed and some of the more
recent processes described in considerable detail.
Much interest was manifested by those in attendance in the various forms
of publicity work being conducted. C. A. Whittle, of Georgia, described the
system followed in that State, which he estimated to be reaching several hun-
dred thousand readers a week through plate matter furnished the press. The
methods in vogue in several other States were more briefly outlined by those
in charge. O. M. Kile, of West Virginia, proposed a plan for cooperation in
the preparation and use of plate matter and similar material by groups of
States.
A tentative draft of a constitution was prepared under which annual meet-
ings are provided and membership is open to those doing editorial work in the
agricultural colleges and experiment stations or this Department. Officers
were selected as follows: President, C. A. Whittle of Georgia; vice president,
O. M. Kile of West Virginia ; secretary-treasurer, B. E. Powell of Illinois ; and
200 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
as additional members of tlie execntire committee, E. H. Forbush of Massachu-
setts and Reuben Brigham of Marj-land. Committees were also provided on
cooperation witlx otlier organizations and on standards and exhibits. The
executive committee is to serve as the program committee and to investigate
the feasibility of publishing the proceedings. The next meeting is to be held
at the University of Wisconsin in June, 1915.
Fifth International Congress on Rice Culture. — This congress met at Valencia,
Spain, May 16 to 24, under the patronage of the King of Spain. The work was
divided into eight sections dealing with such topics as rice varieties and their
improvement, manures for rice, cultural operations and machinery, I'ice diseases,
the rice trade, cooperation as applied to rice, and the relations of rice growing
and malaria.
Fifth International Congress of Genetics. — It is announced that this congress
will be held in Berlin in 1916, beginning with the first week in September.
The subcommittee in charge of the preliminary arrangements consists of
Professors von Rilmker and Baur, their addresses being the Royal Agricultural
High School, 4 Invalidenstrasse, Berlin.
Necrology. — Felix Wahnsehaffe, an eminent authority on soils, died at Berlin,
Germany, January 20, 1914, in the sixty-third year of his age. His life and
services, especially to agriculture, deserve more than passing notice. .
In his thirty-nine years' connection with the Royal Prussian Geological Land
OfHce he made notable and valuable contributions to the knowledge of soils,
the more important and permanent results of which are embodied in his An-
leitung zur Wissenschaftlichen Bodenuntersuchung published first in 1887 and
revised in 1903 and 1914 (in collaboration with F. Schucht).
Wahnschaffe identified himself especially with investigations in glacial ge-
ology, the study of soils on a broad geological basis, the application of improved
methods in the mechanical and chemical analysis of soils, and the agronomic
and geological mapping of soils. He specialized particularly in the study of
the geology and agricultural value of the flat lands of north Germany. In
this, as in most of his work, he had in mind not only the elucidation of the
scientific problems involved but also the utilization of the lands for agricultural
purposes and especially for home building. He was influential in the founding
of the Internationnlen Mitteilungen fiir Bodenkunde, and was active in the
work of the International Agrogeelogical Congress.
New Journals. — Revista del Ministerio de Indnstrias is being issued monthly
in Uruguay. The initial number contains an account of the Institute of
Agronomy and Model Farm, an article on Impotence and Sterility in Domestic
Animals, statistical and other data regarding various agricultural industries,
brief popular articles, etc.
Die Natuncissenschaften is a weekly devoted to the natural sciences, medi-
cine, and technology. Tlie initial number contains, among others, nn article by
Dr. N. Zuntz on The Significance of the Micro-organisms in Digestion, and one
by Dr. Rudolf Ditmar on The Way to Artificial Rubber.
Boletin de la Sociedad Forestal Argentina, is being published trimonthly by
the Forestry Society of Ai'gentina and consists largely of short popular articles
of interest to foresters and horticulturists.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY DE PROCURED KROll
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PF.INTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PEE COPY
Subscription Price, per Volume
OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, $1
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor : E. W. ALLEX, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITOEIAL DEPABTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {J; «. ^^^^^^^^^
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology l^' ^- ^l^^^' ^^' ^'
l.^^r.^A r>,.^^c /J' I- SCHULTE.
Field Crops |^ ^^ tucker. Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson,
Foods and Human Nutrition {£• l. L^Nor''^"''' ^^" ^" ^" ^'"
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomologj' — W. A. Hooker. D. V. M. LlBl^AR^
Veterinary Medicine {^•^' ^t™" '^^^ VOR
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. *OTan/Ca
Rural Economics — E. Mebritt. ClAt^
Agricultural Education— C. H. Lane. ^^KUbm.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXI. NO. 3.
Page.
Recent work in agricultural science 201
Notes 300
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.
Biochemistry, Alsberg 201
Chemistry of fats, lipoids, and waxy substances, Glikin 201
Distribution of alkaloids in the belladonna plant, Sievers 201
The leaf oil of Douglas fir, Schorger 201
Aroma of hops: The volatile oil with relation to geographical soirrces, Rabak. . 201
The occmTence of adenin and asparaginic acid in mulberry leaves, Mimurotc. 203
The occurrence of histidin betain in Boletus edulis, Winterstein and Renter. . 203
Conditions affecting acti\ity and stability of ferments, Long and Johnson 203
Inhibition of enzym action by lime-softened waters, Bergeim and Hawk 204
The occurrence of maltase in cereals, Wierzchowski 204
The enzyms of the tobacco plant, Oosthuizen and Shedd 204
Micro-organisms in commercial lime-sulphur, Peters and Brooks 205
Kjeldahl-Gunning- Arnold v. Kjeldahl and Gunning methods, Trescot 205
Almninum reduction method as applied to nitrates in ''alkali" soils, Burgess. . 206
Mineralogical soil analysis, McCaughey 206
Determination of man^nese in the soil, Stritar 206
Potash in mixed fertilizers, Keitt 207
I
II CONTENTS.
Page.
The detection of organic poisons (toxins and the like) in food, Barger 207
The quantitative estimation of gliadin in flour and gluten, Olson 208
Detection of chicory in decoctions of chicory and coffee, LaWall and Formaii . . 208
The detection of cane sugar in honey, LaWall 208
Estimation of fat of milk with trichlorethylene, Ross van Lennep and Ruys. . 209
The properties of watered milk. Long and May 209
Examination of the sediment obtained in the leucocyte test, Brudny 209
Is the reductase test valuable for controlling the milk supply? Hoyberg 209
The fluidity of butter fat and its substitutes, White and Twining '. 209
The detection of gelatin in sour cream, Seidenberg 210
Sampling ice cream, Halverson 210
The modified Babcock for fat in ice cream, Halverson 210
A rapid method for the determination of fat in ice cream, Lichtenberg 211
A micro-chemical method for amino acids and derivatives, Kober and Sugiura. . 211
METEOROLOGY — WATER.
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1913 212
Monthly Weather Review 212
Monthly Weather Review 213
Clima tological data for the United States by sections 213
Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Dexter. . . 213
Peculiarities of the California climate, McEwen 2l3
The floods of 1913 in the Ohio and lower Mississippi valleys, Henry 214
The weather of the past agricultural year, Brodie 214
The effect of climate and weather on the soil, Russell 214
Water conservation. McCuUoh 214
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
The natm'al scientific basis for agricultural technique, Feige 215
Testing soils in the laboratory and field, Stevenson and Brown 215
Composition and agricultural value of the arable lands in Argentina, Lavenir. . 215
Alkali lands, Sharp 215
[Nitrogen supply of the Indian soil], Hutchinson 215
The lateral percolation of contamination in soil, Bail and Breinl 216
The effect of hydroxyl ions on clay and clay soils in marling, Maschhaupt 216
Studies of plant growth in heated soil, Wilson 216
Determination of fertiUzer needs of soils by chemical analysis, Lemmermann. . 217
Determination of fertilizer needs of soils by chemical analysis, Mitscherlich . . 217
Estimating the fertilizer need of soil, Mitscherlich 217
Behavior of common and improved plants toward fertilization. Mass 217
Maintenance of soil fertility: Plans and summary tables 217
Soil fertility, Roberts 217
Pot culture experiments, 1913, Voelcker 218
Manurial experiments 218
The mixing of fertilizers, Diem 218
Topographic features of the desert basins with reference to potash, Free 218
Presumed luxury consumption of potassium and phosphoric acid, Lende-Njaa. 219
The phosphate rock deposits of south-central Tennessee, Hook and Brown 220
Influence of lime on the physical properties of soil, Engels 220
Injurious effect of lime on upland moor soils, Densch and Arnd 220
The action of sulphur on plant production, Pfeiffer and Blanck 220
Manganese in the living organism and its agricultural appUcations, Lepercq.. . 220
Unexhausted manurial values of feedstuffs and fertilizers, Voelcker and Hall.. 221
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Studies in plant physiology, Maze 221
Notes on depression of freezing point of vegetable saps, Gortner and Harris 221
UtiUzation of solar energy' by green plants. Putter 221
The influence of humidity and dryness on anatomical structure, Choux 221
Respii-ation in tropical plants and coloration of organs, Tobler 222
A method of studying transpiration, Darwin 222
The effect of light on the transpiration of leaves, Dai'win 222
Influence of light and temperature on germination of Chloris dliata, Gassner. . 222
The action of light on chlorophyll, Wager 222
CONTENTS. HI
Page.
Formaldehyde as an oxidation product of chlorophyll extracts, Warner 222
The direct assimilation of free nitrogen by plants, Mameli and Pollacci 223
Influence of organic substances on nitrification and denilrification, Barthcl 225
Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen compounds by plants, Baudisch 223
Assimilation of nitrites by mold fungi, II, Kossowicz 223
Protein transformation in yeast, I, Zaleski and Schataloff 223
Protein formation. — I, In bulbs of Alliuin cepa, Zaleski and Shatkin 224
Relation of some Saccharomycctes to inulin, Grafe and Vouk 224
Investigations on substitution of zinc by other chemical elements, Javilher. . . 224
Loss or injury of leaves as related to head and grain formation, Schlumberger 224
Inter])retation of Mendelian factors for flower color, Wheldale and Bassett 224
Inherit ance of xenia in beans, Daniel 224
Mutation in reniciUium glancum and Aspergillus nigir, Waterman 225
A possible mutant which prevents seed formation, Blakeslee and Schulze 225
A study of semisterility, BelUng 225
Partial barrenness in Liibeck currants, Zacharias 225
Notes on the life history of Ribes pallidum, Himmelbaur 225
FIELD CROPS.
Farm crop surveys, Montgomery 225
New work on methods for variety tests, Lehn 226
The Hamilton County Experiment Farm. — Report for 1913 226
[Report of J the professor of field husbandry, Zavitz 226
[Field crop experiments] 226
Further experiences with the use of so-called stimulants, Stutzer 226
Kainit and forty per cent potash salt as a top-dressing for cereals, Stutzer 226
Straw as a fertilizer under various conditions, Bischoff 226
On the details of development of cereals, Schmidt 227
The normally formed cereal stalk and its significance, Plahn-Appiani 227
The influence of age and Ught on the germination of grass seeds, IteiUng : 227
Some practical hints in breeding grasses, Raum 227
Alfalfa and sweet clover, Roberts, Kinney, and Ilendrick 227
Some characteristics of barley kernels as variety constants, Opitz 228
Spineless cactus unsuited to Arizona, Thornber 228
A new forage plant, Misson _. 228
Application of vegetative propagation in breeding forage plants, Vasters 228
Hard seed coats and fractured seed coats in germination of clover, StegUch. . . . 228
The effect of weather upon the yield of corn. Smith 229
Low temperatures in the Sudan and effect on the cotton crop. Hurst 229
The effect of water on the cultivation of cotton, Ferrar and Hurst 229
The effect of water on the cultivation of cotton. Hurst and Hughes 230
Some defects in Crotalaria seeds used in Deli, Honing 230
Green manuring with sanai in Bihar, Howard 230
FertiUzer experiment with flax, \\'indirsch 230
Eight-year variety tests of horse beans, Ziffer 230
New researches with oats, Denaiffe and Sirodot 230
Origin of cultivated oats, Trabut 230
Influence of nitrates on the germinative period of oats, Plate 231
Experiments with peanuts, Tonnelier 231
Potato culture 231
Potatoes, Greene and Maney 232
Report on the progress and recent work in sugar-beet culture, Hoffmann 232
Culture and selection of the sugar beet and sugar-beet seed 232
On the physiology of beet seeds, Plahn-Appiani 232
Influence of stimulants on the development of sugar beets, Munerati et al 233
Excessive foliage in sugar beets, Vivien 233
Dry matter content of stock beets, Neubauer and Hillkowitz 233
Dorsi ventral structure of the cane stem, Bremekamp 233
Buying cane by test; some suggestions, Bourbakis 233
Green manures for tobacco, Vigiani 233
A new method with the tobacco crop, Roman 233
The progressive development of the wheat kernel, Thatcher 234
Influence of external conditions on heredity, Fruwirth 234
Comparison of spikes in a mutation variety of wheat, Passerini 234
Production of new varieties [of wheat] by crossing, Passerini 234
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Some new or little-known oil seeds and oils 234
On the variations in weight of stored seeds, Morettini 235
Oxalis on tea estates 235
A cover crop as a factor in restricting certain weed seeds, Zade 235
HORTICULTURE
Colonial plants, Jumelle 235
Names of the crops and trees of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 235
The value of carbon dioxid in organic fertilizers, Reinau and Klein 235
The home vegetable garden, Kruhm 236
A radish-cabbage hybrid, Gravatt 236
Strain tests of tomatoes, Myers 236
Garden notes on new trees and shrubs, Bean 236
The improvement of tree fruits, Babcock 236
Apple growing in Delaware 236
Origin of the banana, Popenoe 237
Bacterial transformations of soil nitrogen for citrus, Kellerman and Wright 237
Eremocitrus, a new genus of citrus fruits from AustraUa, Swingle 237
Babylonian dates for California, Popenoe 238
Statistics on the production of grapes and oUves in 1913 238
Influence of various grape stocks on the harvest, Faes and Porchet 238
The direct bearers, Verge 238
Forcing strawbenies with ether and with warm water, Bultel. . ._ 238
Some of the more important varieties of almonds grown at Andria, VivarelU. . . 238
All about coconuts, Belfort and Hoyer 239
Native and exotic plants of Dade County, Florida, Simpson 239
History of gardening, Gothein 239
The horticultural record, Cory 239
International Congress of Horticulture at Ghent 239
FORESTRY.
The Bradley bibliography.— IV, Forestry, Rehder 239
Report of the forest branch for 1913, MacMillau 239
Report of forest administration in United Provinces, 1912-13, Billson et al 240
Report of forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara, 1911-12, Hukam Chand 240
Report on forest administration in Assam, 1912-13, Williaroson and Perree 240
Progress report of forest administration in Coorg for 1912-13, Tiremau 240
Conservation of the forest 240
Afforestation and planting fruit trees in the dry lands of Chile, Izquierdo 240
Forest fires, Howard 240
Some Irish larch plantations, Waddingham 240
Increase in latex from Manihot glaziovii as a result of peeling, Zimmermann . . . 241
The rubber industry in Ceylon, the Straits Settlements, and Deli, Arens 241
Creosoted piling in Galveston Bay bridge, Ridgway 241
A fence post test progress report, Krauss 241
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The diseases of tropical plants, Cook 241
Controlling insects and fungi injurious to agricultural plants in Japan 241
Report of the mycological section. Van Hall 242
The ^enus Atichia, Cotton 242
Studies on Nectriaceee, I, Weese _. 242
Remarks concerning Weese 's studies on Nectriacese. Osterwalder 242
A reply to Osterwalder 's remarks concerning studies on Nectriaceae, Weese. . . 242
A review of the genus Ph}i:ophthora, Wilson ._ 242
Corrosive sublimate and sublimoform for rust and Fusarium on grains 242
Causes of mycelium formation in Ustilago jensenii, Hils 242
" Grey leaf " or " dry leaf ' ' on oats 243
Leaf cut, or tomosis, a disorder of cotton seedlings 243
Tikka disease and the introduction of exotic groundnuts in Bombay, Butler. . 243
Potato scab and potato canker, KQck 243
Powdery scab of potatoes, Morse 243
[Orders regarding plant diseases] 243
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Yellowing of sugar beets, Malaquin and Moiti^. 243
The past history and present position of the bitter pit question, McAlpine. . . 244
The diseases of the banana, Van der Laat 244
Report on some of the diseases of citrus fruits, Ross 244
Significance of endocellular fibers in tissues of grapevines, Petri 245
Reply to L. Petri regarding endocellular fibers and roncet, MameU. . .-. 245
More on the pathological significance of the endocellular fibers, Petri 245
Diseases affecting pecan trees. Miller 245
Immunization of hollyhock against rust, Ericksson and Hammarlund 245
Observations on the life history of Ustilago vaillantii, Massee 246
Phytopathological notes from North American forests, von Tubeui 246
The morphology and life history of the chestnut blight fungus. Audersctn 246
The death of chestnuts and oaks due to Armillaria vicllea. Long 246
A preliminary contribution on the receptivity of oak for Oidium, Rivera 246
The yellow spot disease of cork oak, Maige 247
An enemy of the western red cedar, Murrill 247
Cone bearing and caulifiory in witches' broom, Jaccard 247
A preliminary note on a new bark disease of the white pine, Graves 247
White pine blister, O'Kane 247
Fairy rings, Miinch 247
Two new wood-destroying fungi, Weir 247
Studies in dry rot, IH, IV, Wehmer 248
Soil disinfection vdXh. carbon bisulphid, Rolet 248
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOI.OOY.
A history of British mammals, Barrett-Hamilton 248
Use and value of wild birds to Texas farmers, Attwater 248
(irowth and organization of applied entomology in tlie United States, Parrott . 248
A simple and economical method of filing ent()mologifalcorrespondence,Xewell 248
Report of the state entomologist and ])laut pathologist for 1913, Bentley 248
Report of the state entomologist and plant pathologist of Virginia, Sfhoojif. . 248
List of insect pests of cultivated plants in southern India, Fletcher 249
The enemies of chicory (Cichorium), Noel 249
Tobacco insects in Hawaii, Fullaway 249
( Jrasshopper control work in western Kansas, Dean 249
Thrips injury to tobacco, Jensen 249
A little-known lantern fly injuring corn {PeregrimLS maidis), Thomas 249
The rose aphis, Russell 250
The cotton root louse (Aphis maidi radicis), Thomas 250
Oa the biology of aphidid pests of tree and bush fruits, Dobrovliansky 250
Plant louse notes from Oalif ornia, Davidson 250
The life history of the sugar beet root louse {Pemphigus bet^'), Parker 250
The San Jose scale in Nova Scotia, Matheson 251
A new cotton scale from Panama, Cockerell 251
Work on gipsy and brown-tail moths by U. S. Department, Burgess 251
What Massachusetts has accomplished against gipsy and brown-tail moths. Rane . 251
The parasitism and reproduction of Empusa elegans n. sp., Majmone 251
Infection experiments with eggs of the nun moth, Meves 251
The Sporotrichum fungus and Arclia caja caterpillars. Pastre 251
Chemical composition of silkworm at different stages of metamorphosis, Inouye. 251
The maize pyralid {Pyrausta mibilalis), Vuillet 252
Control of the codling moth in the Pecos Valley in New Mexico, Quaintance. . . 252
Lesser bud moth, Scott and Paine 252
The so-called tobacco wireworm in \'irginia. Runner 253
A new fruit boring caterpillar of bananas (Heteromicta latro), Jarvis 253
Disease-bearing mosquitoes of America and the PliiUppine Islands, Ludlow. . . 254
American black flies or buffalo gnats, Malloch 254
Reproductive organs and larva of warble fly. Carpenter and Hewitt 254
Mahogany borers of the Gold Coast, Chipp 254
The Colorado potato beetle migrating to the Pacific coast, Chittenden 254
The biology of Rhynchytus auratus, Troitzky 254
The biology of Bnichus chinensis, Schander and Boss 254
Apiary inspection 254
The temperature of the honeybee cluster in winter, Phillips and Demuth 254
Destruction of germs of infectious bee diseases by heating, WTiite 255
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Dipterous enemies of the Melipona bees, Ramirez 255
Occurrence of the Argentine ant in Texas, Newell 256
A natural enemy of the Argentine ant, Newell 256
Calliephialtes in California, Smith and Vosler _ 256
The parasites of the eggs of Eurygaster integriceps, Dobrovolski 256
The Tentlu-edinoidea of Argentina, Jorgensen 256
Ammonia gas as a fumigant, Fink 256
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
The milling and baking qualities of Victorian wheat, Richardson et al 256
"Wlieat and flour, Harcourt 258
Rice polishings or tiqui-tiqui (darac) 258
Analyses of two samples of chick peas {Cicer arietmnm), Passerini 258
A study of the ripening and putrefaction of meat. Ottolenghi 258
Twenty-sixth annual review of the frozen meat trade, 1913 258
Medicated milk, Granato 258
Preliminary report tf dairy and food commissioner for 1912. Foust 258
Report of the board of pure food and drug commissioners, 1913 258
Pure food and drugs 259
Food and drugs inspection 259
The dairy and pure food laws of the State of Connecticut 259
Pure food and drug laws of Florida 259
Standards of purity for food products. State of Florida 259
Food and oil laws of Wyoming, with rules, regulations, and standards 259
Unsterilized vessels in restaurants 259
Uneartliing cellar bakeries in the capitals of Europe, Price 259
The American cook book. Hill 259
The oriental cook book, Keoleian 259
Easy meals, Benton 260
A one-portion food table, Rexford 260
Enameled utensils used in the preparation of food, Bordas 260
A study of the diet and metabolism of Eskimos, Krogh 260
Rearing an imperial race: Guildhall School Conference, edited by Hecht 261
Cost of living of laboring classes in industrial countries, von Tyszka 261
(Cooperative buying for] the Home Hospital experiment, Kingsbury 261
Cooperative grocery of the New York Association for the Poor] 262
I'he fundamental basis of nutrition, Lusk 262
The value for man of the different constituents of food, Hirschstein 263
Protein and nutrition, Hindhede 263
Experiments on the effects of a limited diet, VI, Baglioni 264
Utilization of the proteins of cotton seed by man, Rather 264
Influence of water on the digestion of solid substances, Grobbels 264
Influence of some inorganic salts on the lipase of the pancreas, Pekelharing. . . 264
The role of caffein in the effects exercised by coffee, Busqtiet and Tiffeneau. . . 265
Physiological and pathological chymology, London 265
Metabolism and vitality, Nichols 265
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Soiling crops to supplement Iowa pastures, Kildee 265
The worth of cactus for feeding 265
Nitrogen assimilation in feeding sodium nitrate, Grafe and Wintz 265
Nitrogen retention in the feeding of ammonium salts and urea, Grafe 265
Live stock and dairy produce 266
[Austrian live stock statistics] 266
Heredity of unpigmented hair and hide peculiarities, Walther 266
Heredity of color in cattle, Richardsen 266
Estimating the age of calves, Schwarz 266
Feeding of calves on skim milk and cassava porridge, Gouin and Andouard . . . 266
Beef production. Bayard 266
The cattalo. — Crossing of American bison with domestic cattle 266
Sex determination in sheep, compiled by Popenoe 267
Annual report, 1912: Sheep division, Michaelian 268
Wool carding and combing, Barker and Priestley 268
A chemical study of the nutrition of swine, Forbes et al 268
CONTENTS. VII
Page.
Pork that is made at home, Trowbridge 269
Productive horse husbandry, Gay 269
Weights and measurements of horses, Wynn 269
Origin of Argentina wild horses, Matthew 269
The great producing brood-mare families, McOoy 269
[International review of Percherons] 270
Farm poultry, Watson 270
Productive poultry husbandry, Lewis 270
New breeds of poultry 270
Factors affecting weight, composition, and hatchability of hen eggs, Atwood 270
Rearing chicks successfully, Sherwood 271
[Turkeys], Mahaney 271
Unilateral development of secondary male characters in a pheasant, 15ond 271
Studies of inheritance and evolution in Orthoptera, 1 , Nabours 272
Peat-moss litter; its uses, manufacture, and future on this continent, Todd — 272
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
Care, feed, and management of the dairy herd, Kildee 272
The effect of pituitary extract on the secretion of milk, Hammond 272
Carotin, the principal natural yellow pigment of milk fat, Palmer and Eckles. . . 273
Improvement of the milk supply 275
Pasteurization in bottles and the process of bottling, Ayers and Johnson, jr 275
The Lobect^ biorisator, Nevermann 270
Johnson's standardizing computer, Johnson 276
VETEKINAKY MEDICINE.
Pathology and anatomy of man and animals, edited by Lubarsch and Ostertag . 276
Studies from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research 277
The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine 277
Blood sugar. Bang 277
Anaphylaxis, Richet, trans, by Bligh 277
Studies on the properties of normal sheep serum. Surface and Routt 277
Defensive ferments of the animal organism, Abderhalden 278
Protective (defensive) ferments and the serodiagnosis of pregnancy, Fetzer 278
A complement deviation reaction exhibited in pregnancy, Clowes et al 278
On the antitrj-ptic reaction exhibited in pregnancy, Clowes and Gold.sborough . . 278
Abderhalden 's biological test of pregnancy, Williams and Pearce 279
Diagnosis of pregnancy according to Ixosentlial, Scholz 279
Bactericidal action and chemical constitution, Browning and Gilmour 279
The volatile nature of the toxic constituent of poison ivy, Bessey 280
Some observations on the pollen of poison sumac, Warren 280
The cause of fagopyrism and notes on coloring matters in buckwheat, Fessler .... 280
The pathology of growth: Tumors, White 280
Biological detection of parasites, Barit 281
The growth of filarial embryos in vitro, Johns and Querens 281
Investigations on precipitating anthrax serum, Pfeiler and Drescher 281
Viability of the anthrax bacterium, Harkins 281
Diagnosis of anthrax, Beattie and Phadke 282
The curability of dourine, Monod 282
Experiments with cytoryctes cocci and bacteria, Wehrle and Zwick 282
Experiments with Tryj^osafrol in foot-and-mouth disease. Seller 282
Notes on complement fixation in glanders, Frothingham and O 'Toole 282
Further experiments on the biology of Johne's bacillus, Twort and Ingi-am 283
A case of Johne's disease successfully treated, M'Fadyean 283
Serodiagnosis of rabies, Zell _. 283
Rinderpest: Investigations on economical proauction of antiserum. Holmes — 283
Antimony for spirochete and trypanosome diseases, XJlilenhuth and Hiigel. . . .. 284
Trombidiase of man and domestic animals and a new trombidiasis, Galli-Valerio . 284
The formation of protein and mucin by tubercle bacilli, Weleminsky 284
The pathology of tuberculosis infection, Calmette and Guerin 284
[Tuberculosis in man and bovine], Wawrinsky 285
[Tuberculosis in man and bovine], Bentzen 285
Tuberculin, Ruppel 285
VIII CONTENTS.
Page.
Information on " huaicii, ' ' Acosta 285
I Infectious vaginal catarrh and contagious abortion of cattle] 285
'olyarthritis in sheep caused by tlie swine erysipelas bacillus, Poels 286
Pleuro-pneumonia of goats in the Kangra District, Punjab, India, Walker 286
Some common internal parasites (worms) of hogs and their treatment, Stange. . . 286
Blood investigations in diseases of nervous s>'stem of the horse, Schropfer 286
Contagious pneumonia of horses and the salvarsan treatment, Schwartzkopf 287
Streptococcic infections of the deep air passages of the horse, Eggink 287
A malignant catarrhal fever of horses and mules, Graham 287
Occurrence and clinical importance of sarcoma in domestic fowls, Eisner 287
Nematodes of the pharynx and esophagus of the cliicken, Ciurea 287
RURAL ENGINEERING.
The mechanical engineer's reference book, Suplee 287
List of references to publications relating to irrigation, Gifford 287
The question of agricultural hydraulics in Tunis 287
Report of public works of Dutch India 288
Cup current meters under conditions not covered by standard ratings, Scobey . . 288
Cost and methods of clearing land in the Lake States, Thompson and Strait 288
A manual of the law of roads and highways in the State of Kansas, Arthur. . . . 289
History of road legislation in Iowa, Brind.ley 289
Bibliography of road-making and roads in the United Kingdom, Ballen 289
An investigation of sand-clay mixtures for road surfacing, Koch 289
Standards of concrete road construction '. 289
The contraction and expansion of concrete roads, Wig et al 290
Design of reinforced concrete, Aubry 290
Concrete destruction by ground water containing sulphates, Seheelhaase 290
How to calculate the losses in gas engines, Muench 290
Notes on power variation with atmospheric changes, Chase 290
Power losses due to tardy ignition, Trautschold 290
Elementary machine design, Marshall 290
Methods for calculating the accomplishment of the motor plow, Kasdorf 291
Sawing ice by electricity 291
Farm structures, Ekblaw 291
Modern farm buildings, Hopkins 291
Farm buildings, WhiUas 291
The fool-proof poultry house, Quisenberry and Searle 291
Separation of horses in the stable, Ringelmaun 291
Farm conveniences. Day 291
Estimating the cost of modern improvements 291
Water supply for farm or cottage 292
Rural water supply, Ocock 292
Disposal of sewage from isolated country houses and institutions, Stainthorpe. . 292
Prevention of malaria, von Ezdorf 292
Modern practice iu heating and ventilation, XIII, King 292
Planning lighting installations, Jackson 293
Housing and town planning, edited by Aronovici 293
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Farmers' law, Koos 293
Handbook of agricultural laws, compiled by Luther 293
The problem of double entry farm bookkeeping, Lamberger 293
Agricultural credit. — Personal or short-term credit 293
Agricultural credit in the French colonies, Gamard and Tardy 293
The cooperative movement. Keen 294
Manual on cooperation 294
" Grand View, a rural experiment in medical cooperation. Brown 294
A social survey for rural communities. Wells 294
Our recent immigrants as farmers, Steiner 294
The German-American farmer, Och 294
The question of agricultural population. Weeks 294
The rural population. Chambers 295
The rural problem, Harben 295
Development of agriculture in United States and influence on prices, Augstin. 295
CONTENTS. IX
Page.
Crop yields and prices, and our future food supply, Warren 295
The mstory of the grain trade in France, 1400-1710, Usher 295
The condition of a»-ricultural production in Aigentiua, Pfannenschmidt 296
Production in the French colonies in 1911-12, Baillaud 296
[Agriculture in Victoria], Laughton 296
Prices and wages in India 296
AQRICXnvTURAL EDUCATION.
Report on agricultural education, Coleman 296
Annual report of the director of education [of the Philippines] 296
The tropical agricultural college, Buker 297
Twentieth annual re]>ort of the inspector of state high schools of Minnesota. . . 297
Correspondence courses, Sellers 297
Report of the bureau of children's school farms for 1912 297
The school as a social center, Edwards, jr 297
How can girls' industrial clubs be made part of rural school work? Powell. . . 297
Boys' agricultural clubs, Kendrick 297
[Instructions for boys' and girls' clubs,] Hogenson 298
Collegiate Country Life Club of America 298
Country life club, Nolan 298
Agriculture [in Utah high schools] 298
Elementary agriculture 298
Teaching agriculture in rural and graded schools, Bishop et al 298
Agriculture [in rural and graded schools] 298
Corn Day annual for the schools of Illinois, 1913 298
Foods and household management, Kinne and Cooley 298
The house and the art of living in it, Carey 299
Principles of bread making, CaMn 299
Principles of cake and jelly making, I\iilam 299
Care of fond in the home, Beach 299
Syllabus of lecture on the homemade tireless cooker, Davis and Wood 299
The cow, Abbey 299
Mann's agricultural bookkeeping instructor, Mann 299
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Hawaii Station:
Bui. 34, May 25, 1914
Idaho Station:
Bui. 79, Apr., 1914
Iowa Station:
Circ.l2, Apr., 1913
Circ. 13, Apr., 1913
Circ. 14, June, 1913
Circ. 15, Dec, 1913
Circ. 16, Mar., 1914
Circ. 17, Apr., 1914
Kentucky Station:
Bui. 178, Mar., 1914
Maine Station:
Bui. 227, Mar., 1914
Massachusetts Station:
Met. Buls. 303-304, Alar .-Apr.,
1914
New York Cornell Station:
Bui. 341, Feb., 1914
Ohio Station:
Bui. 271, Feb., 1914
Bui. 272, May, 1914
Circ. 144, Apr. 1, 1914
Pennsylvania Station:
Bui. 129, Mar., 1914
South Carolina Station:
Bui. 173, Sept., 1913
Bui. 174, Dec, 1913
Bui. 175, Mar., 1914
"West Virginia Station:
Bui. 145, May, 1914
249
231
265
232
286
215
272
271
227
243
213
295
268
226
217
236
207
249
250
270
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 2, No. 2,
May, 1914 201, 237, 247, 252, 288
Bui. 54, The Topographic Features
of the Desert Basins of the United
States with Reference to the Pos-
sible Occurrence of Potash, E. E.
Free 218
U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.
Bui. 78, The So-called Tobacco Page.
Wireworm in Virginia, G. A.
Runner 253
Bui. 88, The Control of the CodHng
Moth in the Pecos Valley in New
Mexico, A. L. Quaintance 252
Bui. 89, The Death of Chestnuts
and Oaks Due to Armillaria mel-
Zea, W. H. Long 246
Bui. 90, The Rose Aphis, H. M.
Russell 250
Bui. 91, Cost and Methods of Clear-
ing Land in the Lake States, H.
Thompson and E. D. Strait 288
Bui. 92, Destruction of Germs of
Infectious Bee Diseases by Heat-
ing, G. F. White 255
Bui. 93, The Temperature of the
Honeybee Cluster in Winter,
E . F . "Phillips and G . S . Demuth . 254
Bureau of Entomology:
Bui. 26, tech. ser., American
Black Flies or Buffalo Gnats,
J. R. Malloch 254
Weather Bureau:
Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 42,
Nos. 1-2, Jan.-Feb., 1914. . . 212.
213, 229
Climat. Data, vol. 1, Nos. 1-2,
Jan.-Feb., 1914 213
Bui. Z, The Floods of 1913 in
the Rivers of the Ohio and
Lower Mississippi Valleys,
A.J.Henry 214
Rpt. 1913 212
Office of Experiment Stations:
Syllabus 15, Illustrated Lec-
ture on the Homemade Fire-
■ less Cooker, Mrs. K. C. Davis
and Angeline Wood 299
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXX T. ^Vbstract Numbj^i. No. 3.
RECENT AVORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIl'NCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Biochemistry, V. I.. Alsbkrc; (Jour. Influx, and Kunjin. Vhvui., ,7 {1913), A^o.
J2, pp. 1019, 1020). — The .-uldress of the chMiriiiiin of the section on biological
olieniistry of the American Chemical Society, as given at the Rochester meeting,
Sept. 8-12, 1913. The progress of the science and some of its opportunities are
briefly reviewed.
Chemistry of fats, lipoids, and waxy substances, AV. (Jlikin (Chcmie der
Fettr, lApoUlc. und Waclixurten. Jjcipm-, vols. /. 1912. pp. A'r/+78.0. fig.<i. 91;
2, 1913, pp. Xr+78S. figx. /O).— The first vohinie of this worlc deals with the
general, physical, physiological, and analytical chemistry of fats; the second
with the descrii)tion. preiiaration. and examination of natural fats, oils, waxy
substances, and chemical-technical fat products.
Distribution of alkaloids in the belladonna plant, A. F. Sievers (.4-»»er.
Jour. Vhnrm., S6 {191.',), ao. 3, pp. 91-112, fig. i).— The investigations reported
have been i)reviously note<l from another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 44).
The leaf oil of Doug-las fir, A. W. ScHomiKB (Jour. Am^r. Chcm. l^oc, 35
{1913), No. 12, pp. 1S95-1 897). —''The constituents of the leaf oil of Douglas
fir with their approximate iiercontages are as follows: 1-a-pinene, 2r»; l-j3-i)inene,
48; i or Z-limouene, C; furfural; ester as bornyl acetate, 6.1; free alcohol as
borneol, 6.5 ; ' green oil,' 3 ; and losses by polymerization, 5 per cent."
Aroma of hops: A study of the volatile oil with relation to the geographi-
cal sources of the hops, F. Rabak (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Apr. lieRcnrch, 2
{191Jf), Xo. 2, pp. 115-1~)9. figs, l^)- — A systematic comparison of the physical
and chemical properties of oils distilled from hops obtained from California,
Oregon, Washington, and New York was made with those from imported hops
from Saaz, Bohemia.
The average yield of oil from the California hops during 1907, 1908, and
1909 was 0.32 per cent, while during the four years 1900-1909 the Oregon hops
showed an average oil content of 0.29, the New York hops 0.192 per cent, the
Washington hops, distilled only during 1909 and 1910, 0.37 per cent, and the
imported' hops distilled from the crops of 1906, 1907, 1908, and 1909, 0.31 per
cent. When distilled for a i3eriod of more than two seasons, all the hops showed
considerable fluctuation in the yield of oil.
The color of the various oils ranged from a golden yellow to a dark brown,
but the first runnings of all the distillates were nearly colorless. The pre-
dominant color seemed to be red or brow^n. A golden yellow oil was obtained
only when the hops were distilled on a small laboratory scale.
201
202 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.
The oils from the American hops were all strongly aromatic, and in most
cases agreeable. " The oils from the foreign hops seemed to be distinctly dif-
ferent from the American oils, possessing a A-ery pronounced flowery odor,
combined with a fatty odor, the effect being most agreeable," All of the oils
had a decidedly aromatic taste, and in some bitterness, fattiness, and acidity
were pronounced. All of the California oils were characterized by bitterness
and pungency with slight fattiness, while the oils from the imported hops were
fatty and only slightly pungent and bitter.
The oils having the highest specific gravities were from New York State hops
and averaged 0.S554 at 24° C. " The refractive property of the Oregon, New
York, and Washington oils, as compared with the California oils, was not
greatly different. However, the oils from the imported hops showed a higher
refractive index than any of the other oils." The oils most soluble in alcohol
come from the Oregon hops, one volume of the oil dissolving completely in three
volumes of 94 per cent alcohol. The solubility varied with the seasons.
In the chemical examination the following average constants were determined :
Acid number (for California hop oil 1,45, Oregon hop oil 2.7, New York 3.25, Wash-
ington 1.25, and Saaz 2.02), ester number (California hop oil 45.56, Oregon
58.8, New York 50.9, Washington 52.8, and Saaz 2.3.5), and saponification num-
ber (California hop oil 47, Oregon G1.5, New York .54.2. Washington 54. and
Saaz 21), "The high and low acid numbers were significant of nothing im-
portant as far as the aroma was concerned, as the free acidity did not percepti-
bly affect the odor of the oil. The ester numbers revealed most striking simi-
larities and dissimilarities, not only during one season but for several succes-
sive seasons. The oils from the imported hoi)s were conspicuous because of the
fact that the data for the sevei'al seasons showed the ester content to be only
about one-half as great as the ester content of the oils from the California,
Oregon, Washington, and New York hops." That the low ester content is re-
sponsible for the generally acknowledged superior aroma of imported hops could
not be positively stated, but it is thought probable since other oils, like lav-
ender and peppermint, are more, fragrant than oils with a high ester content.
In the fractionation of the various oils, the data show that as a general thing,
the oils from the California, Oregon, and Washington hops during the several
seasons had a high content of low-boiling constituents, while the oils from
the imported hops were invariably poorer in the low-boiling constituents. On
the other hand, the oils from the imported hops seemed, generally speaking,
to contain much higher percentages of the high-boiling compounds. The oil
of the 1908 crop, however, was unique in that it appeared to be similar to the
other oils during that particular season. The curves of the imported oils fol-
lowed those of the New York oils the most closely, the general direction being
similar. The California oils also followed very similar directions, as did the
Oregon and Washington oils.
The fractions having the lowest specific gravities in all cases were those
boiling below 185° C. This portion of the oil is usually supposed to contain
most of the terpene constituents. The optical rotation of the various fractions
of hop oil was very low. " The most noticeable feature was the tendency of the
New York oil to follow the same course as the imported oil during each sea-
son. The curves of rotation, as well as the curves of fractionation, show some
differences in the various oils, though ijerhaps in a lesser degree," The acid,
ester, and saponification numbers of the fractions during each year were very
variable.
From the results it is obvious that the oils which, in their original condi-
tions, posse.ss free acids (as indicated by the high acid numbers) show much
more decomposition of ester with the liberation of free acids than do the oila
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 203
with less acidity or with none. With the acid values tlie ester numbers wore
very regular from 3' ear to year.
The approximate composition of hop oil is considered to be as follows: " Free
acids. — Chietly valerianic, with traces of formic, butyric, and heptoic acids:
combined acids (in form of esters), chiefly heptoic (oenanthylic) and nonoic
(pelargonic) and somewhat smaller quantities of octoic (caprylic). some decylic
(caprinic) and undecylic acids, with traces of formic and acetic acids; alde-
hydes, formaldeliyde in the lowest boiling fi'action: hydrocarbons, myrceue
(olefinic terpene). 30 to r»o jjer cent, humulene (sesquiterpene), 15 to 25 per
cent ; esters, chiefly heptoic, octoic, and nonoic acid esters of the alcolutl
myrcenol, to the extent of 20 to 40 per cent (from the ester number (44) of the
oil in question the amount of esters calculated as the heptoic-acid ester of
myrcenol was found to be 21 per cent) ; . . . alcohols, probably myrcenol and a
small proportion of sesquiterpene alcohols."
" From the data presented it is clearly evident that tbe geographical sourr-e
of hops has a pronounced effect upon the volatile oil and hence also upon the
odor of the hops." The ester content Is thought to be the most influential factor
in modifying the odor of the oils and consequently that of the hops.
A review of previous chemical investigations is followed by a bibliograiihy of
cited literature.
About the occurrence of adenin and asparaginic acid in mulberry leaves,
Z. MiMUROTO (Jour. Vol. Afrr. Imp. Vniv. Tokyo, 5 (1912), No. 1, pp. 63-65).—
Adenin and asparaginic acid were obtained from young air-dried mulberry
leaves. In all probability the asparaginic acid is present as asparagin, a.s
ammonia was evolved during the working up of the free ester. A peptone-lilte
substance was obtained from the phosphotungstic acid precipitate.
About the occurrence of histidin betain in Boletus edulis, E. Winterstein
and C. Reuter (Iloppe-Hcylct'.s Ztschr. Physiol. Chew., 86 {1918), Xo. 3, pp.
234-237). — In work previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 501), a base having the
formula CsHisXiOj and found in the arginin fraction of B. edulis was discussed.
The dipicrate of the histidin betain was conipared with another dipicrate ob-
tained by Barger and Ewins from ergothionin, and a study was also made of
the monopicrate and gold salts of this compound. The two compounds are
identical and represent histidin betain.
On some conditions affecting the activity and stability of certain fer-
ments, J. H. Long and W. A. Johnson (Jour. Amer. Chem. 80c., 35 (1913), No.
7, pp. 895-913). — It is suggested in this paper that starch paste for diastatic
comparisons should be made fi'om laboratorj'-prepared potato starch, sound and
fully ripe potatoes being employed. Long washing and boiling of commercial
starch will not always be sufficient to secure a suitable product. The amylo-
lytic activity of pancreas preparations is best exhibited in a mixture con-
taining about 25 mg. of sodium bicarbonate to 100 cc. of paste and ferment
solution. Larger amounts of bicarbonate retard the reaction somewhat but
do not appear to destroy the ferment, since the full I'apidity of conversion may
be recovered by the partial neutralization of the soda by weak hydrochloric
acid. The addition of enough acid to convert all the soda to salt at once de-
stroys the ferment, however.
" Glycerol extracts of the pancreas retain their amylolytic power through
many months, but by dilution with water this activity is speedily lost. The
loss of digesting power is very marked after a short incubui.i'^n of the diluted
extract at 40°, but if salt is present the destructive effect of incubation is
much diminished. The effect of incubation of commercial preparations is much
the same as with the glycerol extracts, and the presence of salt lessens the dis-
turbing action of alkalis here, also,
204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.
" The pancreatic diastase is extremely sensitive to the action of traces of
strong acids, which was shown by experiments with glycerol extracts and
hydrochloric acid. Salt is a protection here, as before. The action of the acid
is mnch more marked than is that of weak alkali, and neutralization with soda
does not bring about recovery. Destruction of the enzym probably follows the
contact with acid. The weak inorganic and organic salts present in all pan-
creas preparations are important factors in modifying the action of added
acids, and doubtless, also, of added alkali. The behavior of phosphates may
be of the first importance in this i-egard, especially in the commercial pancrea-
tins. which are largely pancreas powders. Without the presence of these salts
the addition of the slightest trace of acid would be doubtless much more
marked and possibly destructive."
Inhibition of enzym action by lime-softened waters, O. Bergeim and P. B.
Hawk {Jour. Autcr. Chein. Soc, 35 (1913), No. S, pp. 1049-1056).— '' V^'ater
softened by the use of lime was found to exert a pronounced inhibitory in-
fluence on the action of salivary and pancreatic amylases. This was due largely
to the adsorption of the enzyms by colloidal magnesium hydroxid present in
these softened waters.
" That the two enzyms used in these tests, sjilivary and pancreatic amylases,
are not identical is indicated by differences shown in their response to the action
of various ingredients contained in hard and softened waters."
The occurrence of maltase in cereals, Z. Wierzchowski {Bioehem. Ztschr.,
51 (1913), Xo. 1-2, PI). 125-131). — In some previous work it was shown that
com contains most of its maltase in an insoluble form. The investigation has
now been extended to wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, and buckwheat, corn
being used for a comparison. AU of the cereals were extracted with water until
freed from diastase.
As regards the maltase content, the cereals can be conveniently divided into
two groups. The first contains only small amounts of maltase and consists of
rye, barley, wheat, and oats; the second group contains the cereals which have
a large quantity of maltase and is made up of millet, corn, and buckwheat.
Buckwheat and millet yield only small amounts of maltase when extracted
with water.
The enzyms of the tobacco plant, J. DU P. Oosthuizen and O. M. Shedd
(Jour. Aiiier. Chew. Soc, 35 (1913), No. 9, pp. 1289-1309) .—X study is reported
from the Kentucky Experiment Station as to the occurrence of enzyms in
the Burley tobacco, from the Burley region, and the dark types grown in western
Kentucky.
" It appears that invertase, diastase, emulsin, and reductases are present in
appreciable amounts in the tobacco seed and in the leaf in all stages of its
growth and after curing. Lipase, inulase. and a pi'oteolytic enzym also seem to
be present in small amounts, although in some cases the results are doubtful.
The tests for enzyms in the soil were negative with one or two exceptions.
Oxidases were found in the green leaf in all stages of its growth, gradually
decreasing in amount from the topping stage to maturity, but no definite tests
were obtained for this enzym in the cured leaf. A fairly good test, however,
was obtained with guaiacum in the leaf cured with a green color, but here, as
well as in the other cured samples, no tests were obtained with phthalin.
This may be due either to the fact that the enzym has been used up in the
cured leaf for oxidation purposes or that some interfering color prevented a
positive test from being obtained.
" The fact that the quantitative tests for the amount of oxidase reaction
show the smallest amount in the leaf at about the matured stage, taken in
connection with the fact that the active extracts of the cured leaf which gave
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 205
no oxidase test with phthalin developed a deep red color on the addition of a
drop of phenolphthalein, lends to the conclusion that the enzym has been used
up in the curing process and is practic;illy absent in the cured siimple. The
above is in harmonj- with Loew's work [E. S. R., 11. p. 727; 12. p. 545], since
in several samples he obtained no test and in others only a slight test for
oxidase in the different varieties of cured tobacco which he used in his work."
During the fermentation process losses occur which often amount to 15 per
cent, and about one-fourth of this is considered dry matter. Among the gases
forme<l during the fermentation period ammonia is easily detected in the
fermentation room. During the fermentation process practically all the starch
is hydrolyzed by diastase and the re.sulting sugar is changed into other sub-
.stances by oxidation. The fact that good invertase reactions were noted led
the authors to believe that possibly sucrose may be present and that this may
be stored in the root and afterward translocated to the leaf and other parts of
the plant during photosynthesis and growth. The protein content of the
leaf decreases during the maturation period and this is due to proteolytic
enzyms. Amino compounds are formed and the nitrate and nicotin contents
of the leaf are decreased. A decrease in nitrates is brought about by the
reductases which are present.
" Some enzyms perhaps have a role in the decrease of the resin and gums in
fermentation. If this is true, such enzyms are very necessary, for it is believed
that the aroma of a tobacco is partly due to the products formed from the
gums and resins after these are broken down. The aroma may partly be due to
the breaking up of the glucosids in the tobacco by the glucosid ferment forming
an aromatic substance. It is of interest to note, in this connection, that some
experiments have been made in this work using emulsin to prove the presence
of a glucosid in the green and cured leaf . . . The results proved that there was
a small amount of glucosid present. Furthermore, there is no doubt but that
positive tests were obtained for a glucosid-splitting ferment.
" If there is a large amount of fat or protein present in the leaf these will
create products during combustion which will injure the flavor and aroma of
the tobacco. It is due to lipase and the pi-oteolytic enzyms that these ob-
jectionable compounds are largely done away with, provided, however, that they
have favorable conditions under which to accomplish their work.
" During the process of smoking an ethereal oil is formed from certain
products of the sweat and from this may be due a portion of the flavor. Citric,
malic, and oxalic acids are present in the cured leaf, although in smaller
quantities than in the green leaf. Part of the citric and malic acids are per-
haps transformed in the fermentation to acetic and butyric acids. Thus we see
that there are many highly complex chemical changes taking place in the
plant during its growth and these continue in the curing and fermentation
periods. That the enzyms play a very important part in these changes can not
be denied."
Micro-org'anisms in commercial lim.e-sulphur, C. A. Peters and A. W.
Bbooks {Jour. Indus, and/ Engin. Chem., 5 (1913), No>. 12, pp. 1013, 1014). —
Manufacturers of commercial lime-sulphur wash have been troubled for some
time by the occasional thickening of their product. The consistency of the
spoiled product resembled thin catsup and the precipitate consisted almost en-
tirely of sulphur. When examined under the microscope, the mixture showed
long threads which were identified as vegetable parasites closely allied to the
group Beggiatoa. The use of secondhand wooden barrels is supposed to be the
source of the contamination.
Comparison of the Kjeldahl-Gunning-Arnold method with the ofl[icial
Kjeldahl and official Gunning methods of determining nitrogen, T. C
206 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
Tbescot {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 5 {1913), No. 11, pp. 914, 915). — This
is a comparative study of the Gimning-Kjeldahl and Kjeldahl-Gunning-Arnold
methods for nitrogen. The materials studied were hair waste, dried blood, bone
meal, leather, leather waste, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gelatin, cyanamid,
beef extract, desiccated meat, flour, bread, gluten bread, macaroni, ground rye
hay, shorts, bran, molasses feed, milk, condensed and evaporated milk, and
cheese.
The conclusion reached from the results is " that the Kjeldahl-Gunning-
Arnold method with 1* hours' oxidation, except in the case of cyanamid, which
requires 2i hours, gives more concordant and reliable estimation of nitrogen
than do the official Gunning or official Kjeldahl methods, both of which re-
quire from 3 to 4 hours for oxidation, depending upon the matei'ial."
The aluminum reduction method as applied to the determination of ni-
trates in "alkali" soils, P. S. BrROESs (TJniv. Cal. Pubs. Agr. Sci., 1 {1913),
No. Jf, pp. 51-62, fig. 1). — In this paper the following points are emphasized:
" The aluminum reduction method <^ for the determination of nitrates in soils
yields the most accurate results of all methods now commonly in vogue. Alkali
salts do not in any way interfere with the successful operation of the method.
The presence of extraordinarily large amounts of soluble organic materials (sol-
uble humus and dextrose) have little effect on the method,
"A temperature of 20° C. for from 11 to 15 hours has been fouud the optimum
for the reduction of large quantities of nitrates. The proper amount of NaOH
to be employed in the reduction was found to be 2 cc. of a 50 per cent solution,
with an aluminum strip weighing approximately 1 gm."
Mineralogical soil analysis, W. J. McCaughey {Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 5 {1913), No. 7, pp. 562-564)- — IQ this paper it is pointed out that the
mineralogical analyses of soils are not usually made from the standpoint of
the soil investigator. The value of such analyses is shown by numerous
examples.
Determination of manganese in the soil, M. J. Steitak {Ztschr. Analyt.
Chem., 52 {1913), No. 6, pp. 337-345). — For soils containing a medium amount
of calcium, the following method is proposed :
An extract is first made by treating 100 gm. of the soil with 25 per cent hydro-
chloric acid for 2 hours at 100° C. and then making up to 500 cc. Fifty cc.
of this extract, is placed in a 200 cc. Kjeldahl flask with 25 cc. of concentrated
nitric acid (preferably fuming). This is concentrated as far as possible by
slow boiling, transferred to a porcelain dish, and evaporated to sirupy con-
sistency on a sand or water bath. From 10 to 20 cc. of concentrated nitric
acid is added to the residue and evaporated, this operation being repeated 3
successive times. The residue is then transferred with dilute nitric acid and
water to a 100 cc. flask, cooled, and 1 to 2 drops of a sulphocyanid solution
added (and when necessary 2 cc. of iron-alum solution) until a definite red
coloration is present. The color is discharged with tenth-normal silver nitrate
solution and restoi'ed with sulphocyanid solution. The solution is heated
slightly, cooled, filled to the 100 cc. mark, and filtered.
Next, 25 cc. of the filtrate (free of chlorin and silver ions) is mixed with
17 cc. of nitric acid, cooled to 17 to 1S°. shaken for 15 minutes with from 1 to
1.2 gm. of bismuth peroxid. cooled for from 2 to 3 minutes with cold water,
filtered through an asbestos filter tube containing a porcelain filter disk into
a 250 cc. flask, and the residue washed on the filter with cold water. The
colored solution is then rapidly oxidized with about tenth-normal hydrogen
peroxid solution and brought to a pink tint by the addition of tenth-normal
potassium permanganate solution.
'Amcr. Jour. Pub. Hyg., 19 (1909), No. 3, pp. 536-544.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 207
Where n equals the titer of the hydrogen peroxid solution, t the amount of
potassium permanganate in 1 liter, h the number of cubic centimeters of hydro-
gen peroxid usetl, and p the number of cubic centimeters of tenth-normal
potassium permanganate used, the percentage of manganese in the soil is as
follows :
When the manganese content of the soil is very low, or when very great
accuracy is necessary, from 50 to 75 cc. of the filtrate can be concentrated to
30 cc, and after adding 20 cc. of concentrated nitric acid oxidation can be
accomplished with bismuth peroxid. The above concentrations must be changed
accordingly.
Further investigations with reference to the extraction process (the effect of
cold, warmth, the use of hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, etc.) and the use
of the method for soils rich in lime and for plant ashes are to be made.
Potash in mixed fertilizers, T. E. Keitt {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 17S
(1913), pp. 3-16).— Some of this material has been noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 508).
The rendering insoluble of the potash when muriate of potash or kainit is
mixe<l with shig is due to the formation of a compound which is almost entirely
soluble in hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.115. Some of the potash, as well as
silica, ammonia-precipitable substances, and lime was dissolved by citric acid
and ammonium citrate solution, sp. gr. 1.09. Potash was most soluble in the
ammonium citrate solution, and the remaining substances were most soluble in
the citric acid solution. Probably there is a substitution of the ammonia radical
for potassium in the compound. There was no definite relation between any
one of the other elements and the pota.sh dissolved by the same solvent. The
operation of separating the potash soluble in hydrochloric acid from other sub-
stances dissolved by the same solvent and precipitable by ammonia was found
to be very tedious. The separation, however, may be accomplished by using
large dilutions and making many precipitations.
" Basing our work on the difficulty of separating the potash present from
the ' ammonia precipitate,' a study was made of the influence of the large
' ammonia precipitate ' always present in the determination of potash in
mixed fertilizers by our Official Method for solution.
" The results of this investigation show that there are two partially com-
pensating sources of error in our Official Method of solution :
"(a) The volume is decreased by the bulk of the precipitate in the flask,
which would tend to increase the percentage of potash present.
"(b) The potash is decreased by occlusion of potash by the heavy precipi-
tate formed on addition of ammonia and ammonium oxalate. These two sources
of error tend to balance to some extent.
" It is impossible to wash out the potash occluded within the precipitate with
hot water.
" The occluded potash can be separated to a certain extent by repeatedly dis-
solving the precipitate in hydrochloric acid, diluting to a volume of about 400
cc, precipitating with ammonia and ammonium oxalate, and filtering to deter-
mine potash in the filtrates.
"The use of pure salts in making the solutions shows that both iron and
calcium phosphate, when precipitated with ammonia, occlude potash, and that a
combination of the two is even more effective to produce occlusion."
The detection of org'anic poisons (toxins and the like) in food, G. Babgeb
(Pharm. Jour. [London], .',. ser., 37 {1913), No. 2609, p. 572).— A paper read at
the International Congress of Pharmacy at The Hague, 1913.
55733°— No. 3—14 2
208 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
According to a summary, the author concludes '• that the available chemical
methods are of little value for this purpose. The isolation of putrefaction
bases may be attempted, but it is very difficult. The ordinary methods for
vegetable alkaloids are useless, as putrefaction bases are almost always in-
soluble in ether or chloroform. Special methods, such as precipitation with
silico-tungstic acid, may be adopted, but the physiological action is the best
test."
The quantitative estimation of gUadin in flour and gluten, G. A. Olson
(Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 5 {1913), No. 11, pp. 9 17-922). ^After review-
ing the literature on this topic the author states that the methods which are
used for the estimation of proteins in wheat flour are far from satisfactory.
The strength of alcohol most suitable for the extraction of gliadin has never
been determined.
"The gliadin nitrogen obtained by the indirect method is much lower than
that obtained by the direct method, but agrees remarkably closely with the
results obtained for nitrogen in the coagulum in the alcohol-soluble. Of the two
methods for the estimation of gliadin, the coagulation method is the shorter
and is more sutiable to use for this reason than the indirect method. Alcohols
ranging between 50 to 65 per cent, inclusive, by volume extract equivalent
amounts of coagulum nitrogen. Above 65 per cent alcohol by volume there is
a rapid falling ofE in the amount of coagulum nitrogen obtainable. Alcohol
of 50 per cent by volume has been adopted by the writer for the determination
of gliadin nitrogen. About 68 per cent of the total alcohol-soluble nitrogen is
coagulable.
"Alcohol-soluble, incoagulable nitrogen is precipitated by phosphotungstic
acid. This, together with the coagulable nitrogen, equals the total alcohol-
soluble nitrogen. In the same flours as much coagulable nitrogen is obtained
in specially prepared gluten as in case of the flour. The easiest and shortest
method for the estimation of the gliadin in flour is to estimate the nitrogen in
the uncoagulable portion of the alcohol-soluble and deduct this result from the
total alcohol-soluble nitrogen."
The detection of chicory in decoctions of chicoi-y and coffee, C. H. LaWall
and L. Fobman (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 85 (1913), Xo. 12, pp. 535-558).— While
at present there is no satisfactory specific test for detecting the presence of
chicory in roasted coffee, it is possible by inferential tests to note this substance
when present.
"A number of samples of roasted coffee of authentic origin were obtained
covering all of the important commercial varieties. In these samples were
determined, (1) the amount of extractive, and (2) the percentage of reducing
sugars calculated in the extractive previously determined. The amount of ex-
tractive matter alone is inconclusive, of course, as no knowledge is usually
obtainable concerning the ratio of ground coffee in the decoction." When,
however, the ratio of the extractive substances to the reducing sugars present
in the decoction is considered, a sharp line of demarcation exists by which it
is possible to prove conclusively the presence of 5 per cent of chicory in ground
coffee.
A coffee containing more than 3 per cent of reducing sugars in its ex-
tractive matter is looked upon as adulterated with chicory or with a similar
product high in reducing sugars.
The detection of cane sugar in honey, C. H. LaWall (Amer. Jour. Pharm.,
85 (1913), 2Vo. 8, pp. 376-378). — "It is not possible to detect cane sugar In
honey in the sense of a qualitative test. As cane sugar is normally present
in small amounts, its quantitative determination, preferably by means of the
polariscope, becomes necessary. The form in which sugar is added usually is
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 209
that of invert sugar which can be readilj- detected iu honey which has never
been subjected to heat."
Browne's test (E. S. R., 19, p. 1058) may serve as an aid but is not con-
sidered infallible.
Estimation of the fat content of milk with the aid of trichlorethylene,
D. P. Koss VAN Lennep and J. D. Ruys {Chem. ^Vcekh^., 0 (1912), No. 32, pp.
654-607; uhs. in Chem. Zentbh, 1912, II, No. 11, p. 962).— The method is as
follows: Boil 10 gm., or 9.7 cc, of milk for 2 minutes with 10 cc. of hydro-
chloric acid (specific gravity 1.19) ; cool, add 50 cc. of trichlorethylene, shake,
allow the curd to settle, and draw off the supernatant trichlorethylene layer;
and filter through a dry filter. Twenty-five cc. of the filtrate is evaporated
in a tare<l beaker, and the residue dried for 45 minutes at 100° C. and weighed.
The properties of watered milk, E, W. Tx)ng and C. E. May (Jour. Indus,
and Etij/in. Chem., 5 (1913), No. 7, pp. 573-575).— The results indicate that the
Zeiss inunersion refractometer method for examining milk serum is very prac-
tical for the detection of added water, but that when used alone it is not infalli-
ble. For every 10 per cent of water added to milk, the serum when prepared
by the acetic acid metho<l gives a refractometer reading about 2.9" lower than
the uuwatered milk, but the addition of 1 gm. of granulated sugar to 100 cc. of
milk, watered or unwatered, will raise the refractometer reading of the serum
about 4°. The adulteration of milk by watering and sugaring can therefore be
carried on by adjusting the amounts of the adulterants and adding them to
milk that is well above the standard in solids and fat. It therefore seems that
" m examining commercial samples of milk it is well worth the chemist's
trouble to look out for tlie presenr(> of this form of adulteration."
The examination of the sediment obtained in the leucocyte test, with a
description of a new leucocyte tube, V. Bkudny (Osterr. Molk. Ztg., 21 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 1-3, fig. 1; ahs. in Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 2 (191 4), No. 6, pp.
25, 26). — Milk samples which yield more than 0.1 per cent of sediment should
be titrated for acidity, because it often happens that samples of this kind
contain precipitated casein. The alizarol test of Morres is best for this pur-
pose. It is also well to consider the presence of tubercle bacilli in the sediment
and to make an animal test for the purpose of differentiating between non-
pathogenic and pathogenic acid-fast bacteria. The presence of streptococci
should also be considered, but it is often difllcult to differentiate the pathogenic
from the nonpathogenic forms.
The leucocyte test is considered the only simple method which we have for
detecting mastitis in cows, but when noting the leucocytes the epithelial cells
must not be counted as leucocytes.
A description and illustration are given of a special form of sedimentation
tube, provided with a clamp which holds a removable cover at each end of the
tube. This allows for the proper cleaning of the tube, especially at its capillary
end.
Is the reductase test a valuable method for controlling the milk supply?
H. M. HoYBERG (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 2k (1913), No. 5, pp. 107-112).—
The test is not considered one with which the bacterial content of a milk can
be determined with any degree of accuracy. The reduction of the dyes may be
due to the formation, by abnormal or pathologic cellular metabolism, of certain
substances which are secreted with the milk.
The fluidity of butter fat and its substitutes, G. F. White and R. H.
Twining (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 5 (1913), No. 7, pp. 568-573, figs. 4). —
In this article are presented the results of a series of viscosity measurements
of various butter and oleomargarine samples and of mixtures of known com-
position. In addition to this the iodiu number, saponification number, and
210 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
volatile acids were determined. Tlie viscosimeter devised by one of the authors
and Bingham, with some modifications, was used in the investigation.
" Oleomargarine fats are always more viscous than butter fats except, of
course, where the viscosity of the former is greatly lowered by the introduction
of large amounts of liquid fats as indicated by a chemical analysis. On stand-
ing, the viscosity of butter probably increases to a maximum due to a loss of
volatile acids, and then becomes less viscous as putrefaction sets in.
"Although the viscosities for both fats vary somewhat in products from
different soui'ces, the fluctuation is always about a mean value which might be
assumed without great error as a standard. The viscosities of the mixtures
are not strictly additive. The fluidities are practically linear functions of the
temperature. The fluidities of the mixtures are additive, so that these, and
not viscosities, should be the basis for any comparison.
"Assuming that the fluidity of butter does not vary more than 5 per cent in
value, an adulteration of 10 per cent oleomargarine can be detected with as-
surance."
The detection of gelatin in sour cream, A. Seidenbeeg {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 5 (.1913), No. 11, pp. 927, 928).— The usual method for detecting
gelatin in milk and cream consists in removing the proteins with acid mercuric
nitrate and the precipitation of the gelatin in the filtrate with picric acid. It
often occurs, however, that with a sweet cream no precipitate is noted. " It
has been frequently noticed that a sweet cream which gave no precipitate with
picric acid would, after souring, show quite a perceptible tui'bidity on its addi-
tion, often heavy enough to lead to the assumption that gelatin was present.
It seems most probable that this is due to protein decomposition products not
precipitated by the acid mercuric nitrate."
The picric acid precipitate from sour cream is flocculent and settles quite
rapidly, while that due to gelatin is small and granular and on shaking in the
tube will coalesce in large lumps and leave the solution almost clear. A marked
difference was found between the precipitates as regards solubility in hot,
neutral water ; only the gelatin picrate is soluble in hot water.
A modiflcatiou of the Official Method based on these findings is presented.
Sampling" ice cream, J. O. Halverson {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 5
{1913), No. 5, pp. 409, JflO). — It is shown that ice cream, as a rule, is not uni-
form in composition throughout the can, although this may not be noticeable
except on the paddles of the freezer.
" In taking charges from preserved ice cream samples which have stood in a
cooler so that the cream rises, perfectly uniform charges can not be obtained.
This, it appears, causes a slightly greater variation in the fat reading with a
tendency to run somewhat lower. The mixing of ice cream samples should be
carefully performed, especially when they have stood so that the cream has
risen to the top."
The modified Babcock for fat in sweetened dairy products — ice cream, J. O.
Halverson {Jour. Indm. and Engin. Chem., 5 {1913), No. 5, pp. 403-^09, figs.
2). — It is stated that the Babcock and the Adams-Soxhlet methods can not be
used for determining fat in ice cream. The same is true of the modifications
of the Babcock test, e. g. that of Leach and Farrington, used for sweetened
condensed milk. Various volumetric and gravimetric methods (Rose-Gottlieb
and Paul's gravimetric methods and Holm's and Howard's volumetric methods)
suggested for this purpose are also deemed unsatisfactory, and the following
modification of the Babcock method is proposed :
"To an 18 gni. charge add the usual sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.82 to
1.83) in small portions of 3 cc. at a time, shaking after each addition with a
slight pause. Continue adding acid in portions until a light amber brown color
AGBICULTUEAL CHEMISTEY — -AGROTECHNY. 211
or the color of coffee with cream in it, is obtained. Stand a few moments;
then check the action of acid with 5 cc. of cold water with shaking. (This
should be done before the solution becomes a deep dark brown or blackish
color, which shows charring action on the sugar, which precipitate, if formed,
is difficult to dissolve.)
" The solution having the color of coffee with ci-eam in it, centrifuge 5
minutes; then add 5 cc. of boiling water, whirl one-half minute longer. Drain
off the acid through the glass stopcock carefully by tilting the bottle (ap-
proximately 5 cc. of solution will be left). Dilute with cold water up to 10 cc.
and shake; add acid in small portions as above, with shaking (approximately
8 to 10 cc.) until the remaining curd is dissolved or an almost coffee-black
color, as in testing milk, is obtained. Add 3 cc. excess of acid and shake.
Whirl 4 minutes; dilute to the neck with an acid solution, 3 parts of the sulphuric
acid to 5 of water, at a temperature of about GO to 70° C. Whirl 1 minute;
theu add boiling water up to zero or above and again whirl 1 minute more.
Read the percentage of fat."
The results obtained were on the average O.G per cent low. •" The percentage
of residual fat in the drained portion averages the same as that lost in
cream testing. The maximum variation in fat readings is not great considering
that the variation is somewhat greater on samples which have stood some time
and hence are not perfectly uniform. The variation with the modified Babcock
compares favorably with the Rose-Gottlieb method. This method can be used
in international centrifuges in food control laboratories if preferred, by using
a separatory funnel with a graduated cream tube at the top. This method
is also applicable to ice cream plants using the oi'dinary commercial sulphuric
acid on hand. Likewise, a similarly modified 10 per cent milk test bottle can be
used for determining fat in sweetened condensed milk."
A rapid method for the determination of fat in ice cream, H. F. Lichten-
BERG (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 5 (1913), No. 9, p. 786). — The method is
as follows :
" Weigh into a 10 per cent Babcock milk bottle 9 gm. of melted sample. Add
20 cc. of glacial acetic acid (specific gravity 1.049). Mix well and add 10 cc.
of sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.83). Mix again and proceed as in the
regular Babcock test. With the aid of a pair of dividers read the fat column
(from one extreme to the other; in other words, read the highest part of the
meniscus which appears as a straight line when the bottle is held on the level
of the eye and away from the source of light) at a temperature of 130° F.
The result times 2 equals the percentage of fat."
A micro-chemical method for the determination of a- and /3-amino acids
and certain derivatives in proteolysis, bloods, and urine, P. A. Kober and K.
SuGiuRA {Jour. Amer. Chein. Soc, 35 (1913), No. 10, pp. 1546-1584) .—'' The
method (E. S. R., 26, p. 107) of forming copper complexes of amino acids,
peptids, and peptones in neutral or slightly alkaline solution (Ch = 10"^-°'^ to
10"*-^) has been improved so that quantitative results can be obtained in very
dilute solution (1 part in 500,000). The ' precipitability ' of the copper in the
complexes of 19 amino acids, 27 dipeptids, 18 tripeptids, and 4 tetrapeptids is
given, when in equilibrium with 0.06 normal Ba(0H)2, and it is shown that
the amount of copper dissolved by the free amino acid, as well as the amount
dissolved by the peptids and peptones, can be separately determined, thus
estimating these substances in micro-chemical mixtures.
" Experiments are given to show that under the conditions of this method
\ery few other substances react with the reagent, and that these can easily be
removed without interfering with the estimation of amino acids and their
liomologues. The method is applied to proteolysis, blood, and urine, and it is
212 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
shown that amino acids, peptids, and peptones can be estimated accurately and
quickly in small amounts of material. It may, therefore, be called a ' clinical '
method.
" Two Aery insoluble copper complexes, T;-amino caproic acid and phenyl
glycin copper, are found which may be useful in analytical work with copper.
Ammoniacal lead acetate (5 cc. strong ammonia, specific graA-ity 90, to 25 cc.
10 per cent lead acetate) is shown to precipitate sugars, dicarboxylic acids, such
as oxalic, citric, tartaric, and in moderate dilutions (1 part to 5,000) the amino
acids, histidin, tyrosin, and tryptophan. Under the same conditions none of
the other amino acids and [some] of the peptids are precipitated. In very
dilute solution (1 to 25,000) this reagent does not seem to precipitate any
amino acids.
" By means of the amino acids, ij-amino caproic acid and phenyl glycin, the
copper of all the other complexes, including those of the amino acids and all
the polypeptids thus far studied with the exception of histidin, can be thrown
down quantitatively. Therefore, by means of these reagents, we can determine
histidin in very small quantities accurately and quickly.'"
METEOROLOGY— WATER.
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1913 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather
Bur. Rpt. 1913, pp. 252, pis. 4). — This contains an administrative report on
work during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, and includes also tables giving
a general summary of the weather conditions in the United States by months
during the year 1912, annual summary of climatological data at the Canadian
stations for 1912, list of observing stations and changes therein during 1912,
sunshine in 1912, details of excessive precipitation in 1912. monthly and annual
meteorological summaries for 1912, monthly and annual amounts of precipita-
tion in 1912, and monthly and seasonal snowfall in 1912-13.
Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 42 {1911}), No. 1, pp. 1-74,
pis. 8, figs. 22). — This is the first number of the Review under the reorganized
plan of issuing this publication.
In accordance with this plan this number contains material classified as fol-
lows: (1) Aerology — data and discussions relative to the free atmosphere;
(2) general meteorology — special contributions by any competent student bear-
ing on any branch of meteorology and climatology, theoretical or otherwise;
(3) forecasts and general conditions of the atmosphere; (4) rivers and floods;
(5) bibliography — recent additions to the Weather Bureau library, and recent
papers bearing on meteorology; and (6) weather of the month — summary of
local weather conditions, climatological data from regular Weather Bureau
stations, tables of accumulated and excessive precipitation, data furnished by
the Canadian Meteorological Service, and monthly charts ... as hitherto.
Such papers as have heretofore been iDublished in the Bulletin of the Mount
Weather Observatory will be incorporated in the Review, but " the voluminous
tables of data and text relative to local climatological conditions that have
during recent years been prepared by the twelve resi>ective 'district editors'
will be omitted."
This number contains articles on Atmospheric Transparency for Radiation,
by F. E. Fowle ; Pressure in Absolute Units, by W. N. Shaw ; The Winds in the
Free Air (illus.), by C. J. P. Cave; Meteox'ology as an Exact Science, by V.
Bjerknes; Peculiarities of the California Climate (illus.), by G. F. McEwen
(see p. 213) ; Lorin Blodget's Climatology of the United States, an Apprecia-
tion, by R. DeC. Ward; Is There an Auroral Sound? by J. Oxaal ; The Mete-
METEOROLOGY — WATER. 213
orologlcal Aspect of the Smoke Problem, by H. H. Kimball ; New Daily Weather
Map; The Weather Map on the Polar Projection; Winslow Upton, 1853-1914;
The Drift of a Train of a Bright Meteor (illus.) ; Ajinual Meeting Koyal Mete-
orological Society; Evolution of the Meterological Kite; Results of the Koch
Expedition Across Greenland, 1912-13; and Freshets in the Savannah River and
the Forecasting of High Water at Augusta, Ga. (illus.), by E. D. Emigh.
Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 42 (1914), No. 2, pp. 15-136,
pis. 8, flffs. 3'i). — In addition to notes on weather forecasts for February, 1914,
river and flood observations, lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library
and of recent papers on meteorology*, notes from the Weather Bureau library,
the weather of the month, a condensed climatological summary, and cliraa-
tological tables and charts, this number contains the following articles:
Italian Twilights of 1913, by I. Galli ; Twilight Colors at Mount Weather,
Va., in 1913, by H. H. Kimball; Recent Balloon Experiments, by C. G. Abbott;
The Effect of Weather upon the Yield of Corn (illus.), by J. W. Smith (see
p. 229) ; Unpublished Contributions to the International Meteorological Congress
Held at Chicago, August. 1S93 ; On the Theoretical and Practical Importance of
a Series of Daily Weather Charts of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres,
by H. Wild; A Classification of the Methods of Transition from Rain to Blue
Sky (illus.), by W. I. Milham ; Squalls and the Prediction of Tornadoes (illus.),
by E. Durand-Greville ; Evaporation from Snow and Errors of Rain Gage when
used to Catch Snowfall (illus.), by R. E. Horton ; Daily Synoptic Charts of the
Northern Hemisphere and Absolute Units, by W. N. Shaw ; The Japan Current
and the Climate of California, by W. G. Reed ; [Artificial Snowfall in a Train
Shed] ; [Mild Winter of 1913-14 in England] ; On the Amount of Evaporation,
by Y. Horiguti; Prevention of Fog; Do Clouds Yield Snow Easier than Rain?
by D. F. Manning; and The Value of Weather Forecasts in the Problem of
Protecting Forests from Fire (illus.), by E. A. Beals.
Climatological data for the United States by sections {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 1 {191.',), -Yos. 1, pp. 238, pl.t. 2, fig.s. -J; 2, pp. 248,
pis. 2, figs. 7). — In accordance with the new plan of publication of meteorological
and climatological data noted above these volumes contain brief summaries and
detailed tabular statements of climatological data for each State for January
and February, 1914.
Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and E. K. Dexter {Massachusetts Sta. Met.
Buls. 303, 304 {1914), PP- 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst,
Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudi-
ness, and casual phenomena during March and April, 1914, are presented. The
data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month.
Peculiarities of the California climate, G. F. McEwen {Mo. Weather Rev.,
42 {1914), ^0. 1, pp. 14-23, figs. IS). — The peculiarities of the California climate
are discussed on the basis of general principles of atmospheric and oceanic
circulation. It is stated that " the climate of that part of California lying
between the coast and the mountains is largely controlled by the surface tem-
perature of the adjacent ocean, and consequently agrees at any place with the
normal marine climate of that latitude in winter. But in summer, when the
upwelling is so pronounced as to reduce the surface temperature of the inshore
water much below the normal, a coast climate, peculiar in many respects, is
produced, the remarkably low summer temperature being the most striking
peculiarity."
A bibliography of references to literature relating to the subject is given.
214 . EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
The floods of 1913 in the rivers of the Ohio and lower Mississippi valleys,
A. J. Heney (U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bwr. Bui. Z {1913), pp. 117, pis. 22,
figs. S). — This bulletin reports on the floods of March and April, 1913, in the
States of Ohio and Indiana and on the resulting floods in the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi rivers, comparesi these with floods of previous years, and gives a number
of tables, diagrams, and illustrations.
The March, 1913, flood is attributed to the existing meteorological conditions
previously reported (E. S. R., 29, p. 510) which show that in the space of 72
hours 7.5 in. of rain fell. Conclusions as to flood frequency in the Ohio River
are that it " is primarily due to the distribution of precipitation as regards
both time and space, and that there is urgent need of accurate measurements
both of precipitation and stream flow for the next 50 years or longer before con-
clusions the one way or the other may be reached."
, Detailed reports on the 1913 floods by districts are as follows : Precipitation
and Floods in Ohio, March, 1913, by J. W. Smith ; The Flood at Dayton, Ohio,
by H. C. Alps ; The Flood at McConnellsville, Ohio, by C. H. Morris ; Flood in
the White River of Indiana, March, 1913, by C. E. Norquest; Flood in the
Wabash River of Indiana, March, 1913, by W. R. Cade; Flood in the Illinois
River, by M. W. Hayes ; The Flood in the Ohio River in the Louisville District,
by F. J. Walz; The Flood in the Ohio River in the Evausville District, by
A. Brand; The Flood in the Mississippi River in the Memphis District, S. C.
Emery; The Floods in the Mississippi River in the Vicksburg District, W. E.
Barron; Floods in the Arkansas and White Rivers of Arkansas, by H. F.
Alciatore; Floods in the Mississippi River below Vicksburg, and in the
Atchafalaya River in the Spring of 1913, by I. M. Cline; The Flood in the
Hudson River, March, 1913, by G. T. Todd ; Floods in New York State, by R. E.
Horton; Supplemental Note on Frequency of Recurrence of Hudson River
Floods, by R. E. Horton ; and Floods in the Connecticut Valley and in Vermont,
March, 1913, by W. W. Neifert.
The weather of the past agricultural year, F. J. Bkodie (Jour. Roy. Agr.
Soc. England, 74 (1913), pp. ^30-439).— The character of the season is described
and meteorological data relating to rainfall, temperature, and sunshine for dif-
ferent parts of the British Isles are reported.
The effect of climate and weather on the soil, E. J. Russell (Jour. Roy.
Agr. Soc. England, 74 (1913), pp. 1-21, pis. 3, fig. i).— This article discusses the
effect of climate on the formation of the mineral framework of the soil and on
the organic matter of the soil; soil losses; the correlation of soil belts and
climatic zones; the effect of weather (seasonal variations) on the soil and
the crop ; and the means of overcoming the effetcs of a bad season.
It is shown that climate plays a great part in determining the general char-
acter of the soil as regards both its mineral framework and its organic con-
stituents, but that the general character may be modifled considerably from
year to year by variations of season or weather. The ways in which this is
done are considered in some detail. The three groups of injurious effects of a
bad season considered are (1) injury to the texture of the soil, (2) interfer-
ence with the preparation of available plant food, and (3) loss of nitrate.
Systematic catch cropping or green manuring is suggested as a hopeful method
of overcoming these difficulties.
Water conservation, W. McCulloh (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1913,
pp. X+99, pis. 22, figs. IS). — This consists of a set of lectures on water storage
conservation, discussing (1) basic data essential to a comprehensive study of
water storage, (2) water power, (3) water storage for water supplies, sani-
tation, and irrigation, and (4) the water resources of New York State.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 215
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
The natural scientific basis for agricultural technique, E. Feige {Xaturims-
aenschaften, 1 (1913), Xo. 52, pp. 1305-1307; abs. in Chem. Zentbl, 1914, I, No.
H, p. 806). — This is a brief discussion of factors in soil cultivation, physical
properties of soil, importance of huinus and of fertilizers, and the food re-
quirements of crops, which points to the importance of a thorough knowledge of
natural occurrences in connection with cultural measures for improving growth
conditions.
Testing soils in the laboratory and field, W. H. Stevenson and P. E. Brown
(lawa 8ta. Circ. 15 {1913), pp. 2-16, fig. i).— This circular gives a list of ques-
tions for the farmer to answer regarding the lay of his laud, the crops grown,
fertilizers added, etc., to enable the station to advise him as to the proper
treatment of the soil; describes the litmus paper test for soil acidity and the
hydrochloric acid test for carbonates; presents the details of field tests to
determine the fertilizer requirements of soil for both live stock and grain
farming; aud gives miscellaneous information regarding commercial fertilizers.
Composition and agricultural value of the arable lands in Argentina, P.
Lavenib (Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], AIo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases,
5 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. 9-18; 2, pp. 145-154). — The physiography and representa-
tive soil types of the agricultural area of Argentina are described, physical
and chemical analyses of soils reported, and the soils discussed as regards
fertility and crops.
This area is an immense plain, a large part of which is arid. The soils are
deep, rather fine alluvial beds with a variable clay content and range in
texture from heavy to very light. They are usually well supplied with fer-
tility constituents except lime. In one or two localities, however, the soils
are high in lime and low in organic matter and nitrogen, and in some cases
phosphoric acid. The subsoils are more or less impervious except where the
soils are very light and contain much lime. The soils of many of the more
arid localities contain injurious amounts of alkali, and irrigation is a quite
frequent and necessary practice.
Alkali lands, L. T. Shaep (Better Farming [Univ. Nev.], 1 (1913), No. 4,
pp. 4-8). — This is a brief discussion of the subject containing analyses showing
fertilizing constituents and alkali salts in 50 samples of Nevada soils.
[Nitrogen supply of the Indian soil], C. M. Hutchinson (Ann. Rpt, Bd.
Sci. Advice India, 1912-13, pp. 123-126) .—Azotohacter was found in all Indian
soils examined. Pure cultures of A. chroococcum from soils of widely different
character " exhibited nitrogen fixing power very similar to that recorded from
European strains, its physiological activity depending upon appropriate supplies
of water, air, lime, and especially of carbohydrate food."
In experiments with green manures it was found that the successful use of
such manures depended almost entirely upon the moisture conditions follow-
ing the turning under of the crops. "Laboratory experiments showed that
the nitrate formed from the buried plant tissues increased in amount up to
the end of eight weeks from the time of turning into the soil, provided the water
supply was kept up to at least 16 per cent of the soil weight, but after this period
a steady diminution took place, so that after twelve weeks a smaller quantity of
nitrate than that present at the end of the eighth week was invariably found."
To avoid the loss due to insufficient moisture in the soil and to hasten the
initial stage of decomposition the crops were cut, steeped in water, and allowed
to ferment in heaps, the fermented material being used in the same way as
barnyard manure. " The advantages of this method, m addition to the principal
216 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
one of eliminating the uncertainty of tlie rainfall as a factor in decomposing
the buried green material, include the possibility of applying the fermented
manure at the best rate per acre and at the best time for producing its optimum
manurial effect ; at the same time it is not necessary to grow the green manure
crop on the land which is to carry the . . . crop intended to benefit by its
manurial effect."
Brief reference is made to a modified method of biological analysis of soil in
which the biological activities are studied with large samples (400 to 1,200 gm.)
of soils instead of with 1 gm. samples as is the method commonly employed.
Experiments on the lateral percolation of contamination in soil, O. Bail
and P. Breinl (Arch. Hw-, 82 (1914), No. 1, pp. 33-56, figs. 7).— Experiments
on the lateral percolation of contaminated liquids in soils of different mechanical
and physical structures are reported.
Percolation was more or less influenced by the soil structure as regards size
.,of soil grain, pore space, permeability, nature of stratification, and moisture
content. In tests of both short and long duration, using small and large ap-
paratus and correspondingly large and small soil samples, the soil section being
dampened assumed the shape of a more or less iri'egular triangle, whose base
was the wall at the entrance of the liquid to the soil, and whose apex was the
most distant point of lateral percolation. Where downward infiltration was
unhindered the lateral percolation attributed to the pressure head was small,
but when constantly hindered by an impervious layer a horizontal sheet of
contaminated liquid was formed. With increasing depth of downward infiltra-
tion, due to gravity, the lateral spread of the contaminated surface due to
capillarity was very marked. Contaminated liquids were purified to a limited
degree through filtration and absorption by soils.
It is concluded that if downward infiltration is unhindered the danger of
pollution of the ground water lies in the resulting lateral spread of the con-
taminated surface due to capillarity.
The effect of hydroxyl ions on clay and clay soils in marling, J. G. Masch-
HAUPT {Landw. Vers. Stat., 83 {1914), No. 5-6, pp. 467-470, pi. i).— The author
maintains that the flocculating effect of calcium hydroxid on clay suspensions
is due principally to the calcium ion rather than to the hydroxyl ion. He
found that both sodium hydroxid and sodium carbonate solutions had a floc-
culating effect on clay suspensions only in strong concentrations and when very
dilute had a stabilizing effect, while calcium hydroxid had a flocculating effect
when both dilute and concentrated. He concludes, therefore, that the flocculat-
ing effect of calcium hydroxid and sodium hydroxid can not be attributed
entirely to the same causes.
Studies of plant growth in heated soil, G. W. Wilson (Biochem. Bui., 3
(1914), No. 10, pp. 202-209, pis. 3). — Pot experiments with buckwheat, wheat,
rye, and barley, using a very poor loam soil which had previously been heated
to 95, 135, and 175° C, are reported.
The growth and vigor of all the crops, particularly the buckwheat, were accel-
erated on soil which had been heated to 95°, but were retarded on soils heated
to 135 or 175°, especially the latter. Plants grown on heated soil were more
susceptible to attack by parasitic fungi than those grown on uuheated soil, and
soil fungi grew more abundantly on soils which had been subjected to high
temperatures.
It is concluded that " the effect of heating soils upon the crop grown varies
with the temperature to which the soil is subjected, the kind of soil used, and
the nature of the crop grown upon it."
See also a previous note by Bouyoucos (E. S. R., 29, p. 618).
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 217
The determination of the fertilizer needs of soils by the aid of chemical
soil analysis, O. Lemmeemann (Landw. Vers. Stat., 83 (1914), A'o. 5-6, pp.
.345-358; abs. in- Zlschr. Angew. Chem., 27 {1914), No. 31, Referatenteil, p.
298). — The author is of the opinion that the available plant food in soils, and
consequently their fertilizer needs, ic not exactly indicated by the amount of
plant food soluble in water saturated with carbon dioxid according to the
Mitscherlich method of chemical soil analysis. He maintains that this is influ-
enced bj^ other factors such as organic acids, soil bacteria, climate, etc.
The determination of the fertilizer needs of soils by the aid of chemical
soil analysis, E. A. Mitscherlich (Landw. Vers. Stat., 83 (1914), No. 5-6, pp.
401-408). — The author defends his views regarding the value of chemical analy-
sis of soils in determining the fertilizer needs of soils, but emphasizes the im-
portance of a plant physiological basis for all such analyses.
Estimating- the fertilizer need of soil, E. A. Mitscherlich {FuhUng's
Landw. Ztg., 63 (1914), No. 3, pp. 75-78). — The author points out the inaccuracy
of Liebig's law of minimum as applied to the results of fertilizer experiments,
in that the increase in crops due to fertilizing is not an exact indication of the
fertilizer need of soils owing to the fact that all other environmental factors
exert an influence on the increase in crop and must be kept constant in order
to determine the effect of varying amounts of a particular element. To obtain
constant factors of environment in pot experiments the different soils were
kept at their full water capacity during the entire vegetation period. Of 8
samples of each kind of soil, 4 were treated with a 1 to 2 per cent nutritive
solution without phosphoric acid, and 4 with a 1 to 2 per cent nutritive so-
lution containing phosphoric acid. The success was very limited, owing to the
tenacity of the soils, but where successful the phosphoric acid deficiency was
indicated by the reddening of the oats plants, it being greater the deeper the
color.
The behavior of common and improved varieties of plants toward artificial
fertilization, F. Mass (Kali, 7 (1913), p. 611; ahs. in Chem. Abs., 8 (1914),
No. 7, p. 1322). — "The experiments were carried out on stony ground which
was fertilized as follows : 0, 3, G, and S kg. superphosphate; 0. 1, *, 3, and 4 kg.
potassium salts ; 1, 0, 2, and 3 kg. Chile saltpeter per 100 square meters. Four
varieties of barley, 3 of oats, and 2 of summer rye were used in the experiments.
The results show that on land that is wanting In plant food the common vari-
eties yield better crops, while with fertilized land the improved varieties are
more productive."
Maintenance of soil fertility: Plans and summary tables (Ohio Sta. Circ.
144 (19^4)' PP- 63-97, fig. 1). — This is one of the annual statements on the sub-
ject (E. S. R., 29, p. 213), bringing the data for the experiments at Wooster
and Strongsville up to the end of 1913 and summarizing the results for 20
years (1894-1913) at Wooster and 19 years (1895-1913) at Strongsville.
Soil fertility, G. Roberts (Kentucky St<i. Ext. Circ. 11, pp. i6).— This is a
popular discussion of the fertilizer requirements of crops and soils and of the
best methods of using fertilizers. Reference is made to an experiment which
indicated " that in beginning the restoration of a badly worn soil deficient in
phosphorus, it is best to use an application of acid phosphate in growing a
cowpea crop to be turned under with a liberal application of raw ground phos-
phate rock, to be followed with clover as soon as possible. Clover seems es-
pecially able to utilize the rock phosphate. The clover turned under, pastured,
or fed, and the manure returned, furnishes available phosphorus, as well as
nitrogen, for succeeding crops. On soils fairly well supplied with organic
matter, rock phosphate may be used to begin with."
218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Pot culture experiments, 1913, J. A. Voelcker {Jour. Roy. Agi: Sac. Eng-
land, 74 (1913), pp. 41I-422, pis. 0). — These included experiments in continua-
tion of tliose of previous years (E. S. R, 29, p. 520) on tlie influence of various
metallic salts (zinc, copper, manganese, and cerium) on wheat and on the
relation of lime to magnesia in soils, as well as experiments with sulphur as a
fertilizer and on the effect on tomatoes of adding lithium phosphate and mag-
nesia to natural and heated soils.
From the results of the pot experiments to test the influence of zinc salts
it was concluded " that the addition of zinc up to 0.01 per cent will have, on the
whole, a stimulating result and produce better tillering, but that above this
amount the influence will be one of a toxic nature. In the form of nitrate the
metal will be more active than in that of carbonate or of phosphate."
In studying the influence of copper salts on wheat it was foiuid in pot experi-
ments that " when sulphate of copper was used 0.1 per cent of the metal was
absolutely destructive of the plant and 0.05 per cent nearly so; 0.02 and 0.01
per cent, however, showed stimulating action, more corn and more straw being
alike produced. In smaller amounts copper appeared to have no action. With
the carbonate the results were much the same, though not quite so strongly
marked. . . . With the heavy dressing of copper, as sulphate, the roots went
down only li in. into the soil. With 0.05 per cent they were but little better,
but with 0.02 per cent there was a great change visible, and an extensive and
very flbrous root growth was produced. With 0.01 and lower quantities the root
was much like that of the untreated plants. Carbonate of copper gave similar
results, though not so marked."
Manganese and cerium salts are reported to have shown no indication of
stimulation or of toxic effect with wheat plants.
Experiments upon the relation of lime and magnesia in soils showed an in-
jurious effect when magnesia predominated, but when lime was in excess no
such effect was produced.
No influence could be detected with mustard, rape, and clover by the applica-
tion of flowers of sulphur at the rates of 3, 6, and 12 cwt. per acre as a fertilizer.
The results of the experiments with tomatoes indicated that lithium phos-
phate in amounts of from 0.0025 to 0.005 per cent and magnesia in amounts of
from 0.792 to 1.584 per cent were toxic to the plants, the toxic effect being
much more decided with tomatoes than with wheat. It was not clear from the
results whether the effect of these substances was due to their action upon the
bacterial nature of the soil.
Manurial experiments (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Misc. Pub. 17
{1914), pp. 22). — In this publication directions, originally drawn up in 1903 by
the Agricultural Education Association of England, for making simple fertilizer
experiments are given.
The plans include experiments to show the manurial necessities of the soil
as well as the fertilizer requirements of meadow land, permanent pasture, rye
grass and clover hay, ruta-bagas, mangolds or cabbages, potatoes, wheat, oats,
and barley. Directions are also given for the use of lime in the prevention
of finger-and-toe disease, and a method of reporting results is outlined. Dupli-
cate plats are arranged for each treatment, these duplicates being as widely
separate in the plan of experiment as possible.
The mixing of fertilizers, K. Diem {Meded. Deli-Proefstat. Medan, 8 {1914),
No. 4, pp. 112-117, pi. 1). — This article discusses the mixing of fertilizers and
shows how to prepare mixtures of a given composition, explaining also what
substances may and what should not be combined in a fertilizer mixture.
The topographic features of the desert basins of the United States with
reference to the possible occurrence of potash, E. E. Feee {U. 8. Dept. Agr.
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 219
Bui. 54 (1914), pp. 65, pis. 6). — The location, topography, and extent of the mi-
drained basins of the United States are discussed with reference to conditions
indicating the possible occurrence of worljable deposits of potash in accord-
ance with the "desert basin" or "dry lalie" potash theory which is based
upon three simple propositions, viz: "(1) Rocks and soils give up various salts,
including those of potassium, to drainage waters which flow over them. (2)
In areas of inclosed drainage these salts, still including those of potassium, are
concentrated wherever the waters evaporate. (3) In this concentration the
salts of potassium may have been sufliciently segregated from other salts to
form a workable deposit."
The bulletin deals in general with the Great Basin and its development,
and discusses in detail the following groups of undrained basins: The Lahontan
liasin and its tributaries, the Bonneville Basin and its tributaries, the basins
of the Lava Plateau, the trough valleys of Nevada: and the basins of the
Transition Zone, the trough valleys of California and the Mojave Desert, the
Salton Basin, the basins of the New Jlexico-Texas trough, the trough valleys
of Arizona andSonora, the Lordsburgh-Membres region (New Mexico) and the
rhihuahua bolsons. the Kocky Mountain basins, the Great Valley of California,
the filled lakes of the California ranges, the basins and ponds of the Colorado
Plateau, the ponds and coulees of eastern Washington, the ponds of the Great
Plains, and local basins of unusual origin.
Nearly 200 basins are referred to but in only the following are all the known
conditions favorable to the accumulation of potash deposits: Lahontan, 45,730
square miles; Death Valley, 23,560; Railroad Valley, 6,340; Searles, 4,850;
Alvord, 3,200; Diamond, 2,800; Surprise, 2,350; Dixie, 2,290; Warner, 2,000;
Panamint, 1,950; Hualpai, 1,450; Columbus, 1,350; Gabbs, 1,280; Edwards
Creek, 990; Kane, 900; Ivanpah, 900; Saline, 845; Eureka, 775; Mono, 770;
Frenchman Flat, 740; Gold Flat, 640: Opal ^lountaiu, 580; and Clayton, 550.
In the following some of the known conditions are unfavorable to the accumu-
lation of potash but they can not be definitely rejected : Salt Basin, 8,600 square
miles; Owens, 2.825; Estancia, 2,100; Spring Valley, 1,550; and Chewaucan
(Albert Lake), 1,500. The following are classified as doubtful: Salton, 8,000
square miles; Danby Lake, 4.150; Red Desert, 3,600; Christmas Lake, 2,750;
Bristol Lake, 2,520; Catlow. 2,000; Penoj-er, 1,000; Guano Lake, 1,000; Emigrant
(Timpahute), 1,000; Madeline, 900; and Rhodes, 670.
Presumed luxury consumption of potassium and phosphoric acid, J.
Lende-Njaa (Separate from- Meddel. Norske Myrselskap, 1912, No. 5, pp. 65;
abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 42 {1913), Ko. 12, pp. 816-824; Chem. Abs., 8 {1914),
No. 7, p. 1322). — "In general the percentage of a constituent in plants is in-
creased if the plants are fertilized with the particular fertilizer. For every
soil and every plant there is a limit of fertilizing beyond which there is luxury
of consumption. The limit generally agrees with the limit for the profitable
employment of the fertilizer.
" The danger of luxury consumption is greatest in case of one-sided ferti-
lizing. It may occur for potassium and phosphoric acid in complete fertiliz-
ing but only when the quantities are used in much greater amounts than
in one-sided fertilizing. The amounts of valuable plant food which the ordinary
culture plants take from the soil in luxury consumption are considerably
greater in case of potassium than for phosphoric acid. A moderate amount of
potassium nitrate used in addition to dipotassium phosphate lessens the per-
centage composition of potassium and phosphoric acid in the harvest and also
the danger of luxury consumption. If potassium nitrate is increased until
the plant tends to lodge there occurs a luxury consumption of potassium and
phosphoric acid."
220 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
The brown and blue phosphate rock deposits of south-central Tennessee,
J. S. Hook and L. P. Brown {Resources Tenn., Jf {IBl.'i), No. 2, pp. 51-86, pi. 1,
figs. 12). — This paper discusses " tlie extent of indiA'idual fields, the methods of
mining, and the preparation of the phosphate for marl^et, its uses, etc. . . .
There are three distinct varieties of phosphate rocli in Tennessee, linown com-
mercially as: (a) The 'brown' roclc; (b) the 'blue' rock; and (c) the 'white'
rock. Of these, only the first two are being exploited at the present time,
and are here given attention."
The total production in 1912 was 423,331 long tons. The phosphate is sold
under guaranty of from 70 to SO per cent of tricalcium phosphate with not more
than from 4 to 6* per cent of combined iron and alumina.
The influence of lime in the form of caustic lime and carbonate on the
physical properties of different kinds of soil, O. Engels (Landw. Vers. Stat.,
83 {191 Jf), No. 5-6, pp. 409-466, fig. 1; abs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 {1914),
No. 37, Referatenteil, p. 298). — From the investigations reported the author con-
cludes that on the addition of lime to the soil the colloids are precipitated and
a crumbly structure is produced. The water capacity and the permeability
of the soil for water is at the same time increased, and to a greater extent in
heavy soils than in light.
The capillary rise of water in the soil as well as the hygroscopicity were
decreased by liming, the reduction in the latter case being greater the larger the
proportion of clay and fine particles.
The ease of cultivation was decidedly increased by liming, the effect in this
respect increasing with the compactness of the soil and the amount of clay and
fine particles present. The shrinkage of the soil was very decidedly reduced by
liming, particularly in the case of soil containing a large amount of clay and
fine particles.
Injurious effect of heavy applications of lime on upland moor soils,
Densch and Arnd {CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 40 {1914), No. 1-8, pp. 83-87).—
Investigations in continuation of those already noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 832) gave
results confirming the authors' previous conclusions, and further emphasized
the fact that the formation of nitrite when heavy applications of lime are made
on moor soils is due to biological rather than chemical action since only traces
of nitrite w^ere found when the soil and the lime were carefully sterilized.
The action of sulphur on plant production, as well as the agreement of the
results of field experiments with Gauss's law of probability, T. Pfeiffer and
E. Blanck {iMmhv. Vers. Stat., 83 {1914), No. 5-6, pp. 359-383, fig. 1; abs. in
Ztschr. Angeio. Chem., 27 {1914), No. 37, Rcfei-atenteil, p. 298).— Investigations
by others on the fertilizing effect of sulphur are reviewed and field experiments
in which sulphur was applied at the rate of from 267 to 524 lbs. per acre to oats
on a heavy loam soil are reported.
The results indicated that the applications of suli^hur increased neither the
plant growth nor the utilization of the soil nitrogen ; in fact, in many cases
the opposite result was obtained in both respects. In the author's opinion the
very favorable results following fertilizing with sulphur reported by other in-
vestigators are to be accepted with caution in view of the faulty methods of
experimenting used.
The applicability of Gauss's law of probability to the results of field experi-
ments is discussed and in the authors' opinion confirmed.
Manganese in the living organism and its agricultural applications,
Lepercq {M^m. Acad. Sci. Lyon, 3. ser., 13 {1913), pp. 177-192) .—This article
discusses the diffusion of manganese in plants and animals, the relation of
manganese to enzyms, and manganese fertilizers, incidentally referring to some
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 221
of the more recent theories of soil fertility and especially to the possible beue-
ficial effect of manganese salts in aiding the functioning of the oxidases.
Compensation for the unexhausted manurial values of feeding stuffs and
fertilizers, J. A. Voelcker and A. D. Hall (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 74
(1913), pp. 104-119; abs. in Mark Lane Express, 111 {1914), No. 4306, p. 539).~
A revision of tables, last published in 1902 (E. S. R., 14, p. 1057), is reported
and discussed. The revision was rendered necessary by the recent rise in
prices of fertilizing materials, more particularly of those furnishing nitrogen,
and by the growing conviction that the spreading of compensation over a period
of four years is alilje inconvenient and not borne out by recent investigations
nor in actual agricultural practice. In the revision, therefore, the unit value
of nitrogen is taken as 15 s. ($3.65) instead of 12 s. ($2.92) as formerly, and
the compensation extends only to one crop after the fertilizing material is
applied. The prices for potash and phosphoric acid as used in the computation
of the table remain unchanged.
AGRICULTTJRAL BOTANY.
Studies in plant physiolog'y, P. Maze (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 25 (1911), No. 10,
pp. 705-738, pi. 1, figs. 12; 27 (1913), Nos. 8, pp. 651-681, pi. 1; 12, pp. 109S-
1143, pis. 2, figs. 6; 28 (1914), No. 1, pp. 21-68, pis. 4, figs. 8).— This is a series
of memoirs in which the author attempts to establish the normal behavior of
the roots of the higher plants and the mineral nutrition of plants in relation to
a rational system for the use of fertilizers. IMost of his experiments were car-
ried on with maize, but various phases of the study were extended to other
plants to confirm the results obtained. Among the various topics discussed are
absorption and excretion of mineral substances by the roots and leaves of
plants, excretion of organic materials, relation of the constitution of nutrient
solutions to the mineral content of maize, storing mineral substances in different
parts of the plant, effect of incomplete solutions on the ash of maize, absorption
of organic matter and its use by the plant, the law of minimum in its physio-
logical relations, the role of water in plants, the mechanism of absorption, the
function of root secretions, conditions for fruiting of maize grown in aseptic
solutions, influence of various compounds on the development of maize, chlorosis
in maize, etc. Some of these topics have already been reported upon (E. S. R.,
25. p. 224; 27, p. 721; 29. p. 82G).
Notes on the technique of the determination of the depression of the
freezing point of vegetable saps, R. A. Goktnee and J. A. Harris (Plant
World, 17 (1914), No. 2, pp. 49-53). — A description is given of a method devised
by the authors for the rapid study of the depression of the freezing point of
vegetable saps. This method was successfully used in determining specific
gravity, total solids, freezing point depression, and electrical conductance of
more than SOO samples in about 2 months' time.
Utilization of solar energy by green plants, A. PtJTTER (Natwrwissenschaf-
ten, 2 (1914), No. 8, pp. 169-175). — Results are given of experiments in which
the utilization rate of solar energy by various plants is said to have ranged
from 0.27 to 5.24 per cent of that incident on the green leaves employed.
The influence of humidity and dryness on the anatomical structure of two
tropical plants, P. Choux (Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 (1913), No. 292, pp. 153-172,
figs. 16). — Giving results of a study regarding the external appearance, internal
structure, etc., as related to seasonal humidity in case of Ipomcea reptans and
Neptunia prostrata, the author states that the difllereuces are marked as regards
dimensions, color, and resistance. It is noted that in dry seasons the vascular
222 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
and fibrous systems are little developed, and tlie medullary lacunae are smaller
and thicker walled than in wet seasons.
Recent studies on respiration in tropical plants and on coloration of
organs, F. Tobleb {Natmnvlssenschaftcn, 2 {1914), No. 9, p. 215). — Noting re-
cent results of investigations as reported by Kuyper, Plester, and Hill, jr.
(E. S. R., 26, p. 822; 28, p. 728; 29, p. 538), the author holds that while a direct
parallel between respiration rate and chlorophyll content has not been estab-
lished, a relation doubtless exists between respiration and assimilation.
A method of studying transpiration, F. Daewin {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London],
Ser. B, 81 (1914), No. B 595, pp. 269-280, figs. 9).— The author describes and
gives an account of experiments on transpiration, the investigation being
conducted with leaves of the cherry laurel, the stomata of which had been
blocked by a coating of cacao butter or vaseline and communication with the
intercellular spaces of the leaves taking place through incisions made in the
leaves. The rate of transpiration was estimated by a potometer.
The relation between transpiration and humidity in a number of experiments
is shown by curves which indicate that transpiration for different degrees of
relative humidity is roughly in a straight line. From this it is inferred that
a definite relation exists between transpiration and relative humidity. Another
characteristic brought out by the curves is the fact that transpiration in satu-
rated air is not zero.
The effect of light on the transpiration of leaves, F. Daewin (Proc. Roy.
Soc. [London], Ser. B, 87 (1914), No. B 595, pp. 2Si-299). -^Employing tlie
method described above, the author has studied transpiration in leaves and
shoots of cherry laurel and ivy. The results of the studies are tabulated.
It appears that a remarkable degree of variability was observed between
transpiration in light and darkness. On certain dates there was no difference,
while at other times the transpiration in light was double that taking place
in darkness. The average rate of transpiration in light and darkness in the
ivy was 136 to 100 and in the laurel 132 to 100. Discussing the reason for
increased transpiration in light, the author says it may be due either to the
fact that the chloroplasts are warmed by the absorption of radiant energy, or
that light produces an increased permeability of the plasmic membrane to
water.
The influence of light and temperature changes on the germination of
Chloris ciliata, G. Gassner (Jahrh. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst., 29 (1911), Beiheft
S, pp. 1-121, figs. 3). — This article gives in greater detail substantially the same
statement of results as does a contribution already noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 219).
The action of light on chlorophyll, H. Wager (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London],
Ser. B, 81 (1914), No. B 596, pp. 386-401) .—An account is given in this paper
of some of the effects produced by light on chlorophyll.
When chlorophyll is exposed to light at least two substances are formed, one
of which is an aldehyde and the other an active chemical agent capable of
liberating iodin from potassium iodid. The author claims that, so far as ex-
periments on dead chlorophyll extracts can be taken as an indication, the alde-
hyde produced is a product of the photodecomposition or photo-oxidation of
chlorophyll, and is not a result of the direct photosynthesis of carbon dioxid
and water, as claimed by Usher and Priestley (E. S. R., 25, p. 634).
Formaldehyde as an oxidation product of chlorophyll extracts, C. H.
Warner (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 81 (1914), No. B 596, pp. 318-385).—
A study was made of chlorophyll obtained from grass by extraction with
alcohol, the extract being exposed to electric light and sunlight in glass jars.
Where the film of chlorophyll was in contact with air containing carbon
dioxid and water vapor, the development of formaldehyde is said to be due to
AGPRICULTURAL BOTANY. 223
(he decomposition of the films under the action of the oxygen of the air. For-
maldehyde was not produced when the films were illuminated in a moist at-
mosphere of nitrogen or of carbon dioxid. The author claims there is no evi-
dence of the photosynthesis of the aldehyde from carbon dioxid by chlorophyll
outside of the plant. An extract of carotin was also investigated and the
bleaching of the films of carotin extract was found to be associated with the
formation of formaldehyde.
Th.e direct assimilation of free atmospheric nitrogen by plants, E. Mameli
and G. Pollacci (Ann. 8ci. Agron., 4. set:, 3 (1914), No. 3, pp. 123-142).— The
various theories regarding the assimilation of free atmospheric nitrogen are
reviewed, particular attention being paid to that of Jamieson regarding ab-
sorption through special trichomes (E. S. R., 19, p. 127). The authors criticise
the methods by which Jamieson conducted his experiments and find nothing to
substantiate his claim.
In the second part of the paper accounts are given of experiments with a
large number of plants, ranging from fungi to phanerogams, grown under con-
trolled conditions in the absence of combined nitrogen. As a result of their
investigations the authors conclude that the capacity to absorb free atmos-
pheric nitrogen is one possessed by many or all plants, although some, through
their long dependence on combined nitrogen, may have lost this power. They
are unable to say definitely in what manner or by what special organs the
nitrogen is absorbed, but are disposed to think that it is a physiological func-
tion of plants that may be in some way connected with the chemical reactions
taking place within the cell.
The influence of organic substances on nitrification and denitrification in
cultivated soils, C. Barthel (Ztschr. Gdrunffs-ph]/siol., 4 {1914), -Vo. 1, pp.
11-48, fig. 1). — Referring to the claim of Winogradski and Omelianski (E. S. R.,
11, p. 424) that the presence of small proportions of organic substances checked
the activity of nitrifying bacteria, and of others said to have obtained results
with soils opposed to those given by solutions, the author holds, as the result
of his own studies, that the influence of organic substances upon nitrification,
if not present in too large proportions, is usually rather favorable than other-
wise, because of their ready solubility.
Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen compounds by plants, O. Baudisch
{Naturioissenschaften, 2 (1914), Nos. 9, pp. 199-204; 10, pp. 229-232).— This Is
mainly a synthesis and discussion of results presented by several investigators
uamed, as bearing upon the influence of different wave lengths in nutritive
processes in plants. The waves of high frequency are thought to be peculiarly
influential as chemical factors in high regions, where the thin dry air allows
them freer passage and access to plant foliage.
Assimilation of nitrates by mold fungi, II, A. Kossowicz (Ztschr. Gdrungs-
physiol., 3 (1913), No. 4, PP- 321-326). — Reporting further investigations on the
fungi formerly studied (E. S. R., 29, p. 29), the author states that all nine
species were able to attain fair development when limited to nitrates as a
nitrogen source in the medium, some however requiring considerably more time
than others. These mold fungi appear to utilize directly the nitrous ion without
the formation of ammonia, the presence of the latter, when noted in the medium,
being attributed to the activity of the older fungi acting upon nitrogenous
organic compounds.
Protein transformations in yeast. — I, Influence of fermentation on protein
formation, W. Zaleski and W. Schataloff [BiocJiem. Ztschr., 55 (1913). No.
1-2, pp. 63-71). — ^Among the conclusions reached as the result of these experi-
ments the authors state that acetic aldehyde does not greatly influence proteo-
55733°— No. 3—14 3
224 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
lysis in yeast, also that the conditions attending constructive processes therein
exert considerable influence on the later proteolytic changes.
Protein formation in plants. — I, In bulbs of Allium cepa, W. Zaleski and
W. Shatkin (Biochem. Ztschr., 55 (1913), No. 1-2, pp. 72-78).— As part of a
more general study on the mechanism of protein formation in different portions
of higher plants, the authors report on experiments with sprouting or injured
bulbs of A. cepa. It is stated that protein formation during sprouting, as also
after wounding. Ls dependent upon a supply of monamiuo acids.
Relation of some Saccharomycetes to inulin, V. Grafe and V. Vouk (Ztschr.
GdnmgspJiysioL. 3 (IMS), No. 4, pp. 327-333) .—Discussing detailed results of
further studies on inulin metabolism (K S. R., 30. p. 432), the authors state
that as noted in yeasts utilization of inulin appears to be a complicated process,
depending not upon the presence of inulin alone but also upon that of certain
other components of the nutritive medium, more pai'ticularly that of certain
hydrolyzed products.
Investig'ations on the substitution of zinc by other chemical elements, M.
Javillier (Ann. Imt. Pasteur, 27 (WIS), No. 12, pp. 1021-1038).— The author
has investigated the possibility of substituting cadmium and glucinium for zinc
in culture solutions for the growth of Aspergillus nigcr, and has come to the
conclusion that such substitution can not take place. The action of zinc culture
solutions for the growth of molds is said to be that of an active catalyzer.
Loss or injury of leaves as related to head and grain formation in rye, O.
ScHLUMBERGER (Ard. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstiv., 8 (1913), No. 5, pp. 515-
551, figs, li; abs. in Deuf. Landw. Presse, 40 (1-913), No. 64, pp. 770, 771).—
This work was carried out with summer rye, various forms and degrees of
injury to the leaves being employed.
It was found that injury inflicted at the inception of flowering affects the
formation of both head and grain in degrees corresponding somewhat to its
severity. The abnormality produced, which is usually less marked about the
central portion in case of the head, is both qualitative and quantitative, the
latter modification being the greater. This work is regarded as preliminary.
The chemical interpretation of some Mendelian factors for flower color,
Muriel Wheldale and H. L. Bassett (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 87
(1911,), No. B 595, pp. 300-311).— Accorain^ to the authors flower color in
Antirrhinnm majus is due to the presence of at least six factors. In the pres-
ent paper four of these are considered, particular attention being paid to the
yellow pigment. As a result of their studies they conclude that the yellow pig-
ment in Antirrhinum is luteolin.
A discussion is also given of the red and magenta anthocyanin obtained from
this flower, and the authors, from their experimental investigation, claim that
the reduction and oxidation hypothesis (E. S. R.. 30, p. 129) is opposed to the
experimental facts. It is believed that the original production of anthocyanins
in the plant is either partly or wholly due to the action of an oxidase on a
chromogen, most likely a flavone or xanthone.
Inheritance of xenia in beans, J. Daniel (Gompt. Rend. Aoad. Set. [Parisl,
158 (1914), No. 6, pp. 418-420). — In continuation of a study of xenia in beans,
the occurrence of which was previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 431), the sec-
ond and third generations of the hybrids have been grown.
It was found that xenia in these plants varied considerably, the influence of
the staminate parent on the color ranging from total to almost nothing. The
hybrids between Pkaseolus multiflorus and the black Belgian bean did not
conform to any interpretation of the Mendelian law regarding heredity. The
increase from seed that were thought to be identical gave very diverse descend-
ants in different instances and in different years.
FIELD CROPS, 225
Mutation in Penicillium glaucum and Aspergillus niger, H. J. Waterman
{Ztschr. Gdrungsphysiol., 3 (1913), No. 1, pp. I-I4, fig. 1). — Coucludiug a dis-
cussion of the causes of mutation and the metabolism of these mutants, the
author states that mutation is related in both cases to the same factors limiting
development, these including poisons, narcotics, etc., as listed.
A possible mutant in the bellwort (Oakesia sessilifolia) which, prevents
seed formation, A. F. Blakeslee and A. F. Schulze {Science, n. ser., 39 (1914),
No. lOOS, pp. 621, 622, fi,gs. 2). — The authors describe a form of the sessile-
leaved bellwort iu which the pistil is shorter and thicker than in normal
flowers and the three stigmas are transformetl into functional stamens, each with
a pair of pollen sacs. The stigmatic anthers are said to be well formed and
filled with perfect pollen, and on account of the transformation it seems that
the possibility of fertilization is completely prevented.
A study of semisterility, J. Belling (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), ^0. 2, pp.
65-73, figs. 7). — The results of a study of hybrids of several species of Stizolo-
l>ium are given, from which the author concludes that accui-ate knowledge of
the degree of sterility of .some hybrid plants may be obtained by microscopic
examination of the pollen of healthy flowers and sections of the ovules. The
explanation of the random abortion of half the pollen grains and half the
embryo sacs is apparently due to the segregation of Mendelian factors and not
to the action of these factors on the zygotes. Semisterility resulting from
crossing is apparently one of the simplest cases of sterility, and a knowledge
of its inheritance, it is believed, will help iu the investigation of more com-
plicated problems of sterility found in many first-generation hybrids.
Partial barrenness in Liibeck currants, E. Zacharias (Jahrb. Hamburg.
Wiss. Amt., 29 (1911), Bciheft 3, pp. 129-11,9). — This work was carried forward,
after the author's death in 1911, by W. Himmelbaur, testing the capability, as
regards pollination, of several varieties of Rihes pallidum. Detailed results are
given. It is stated that good results were obtained as regards fertility of the
resulting forms by crossing Liibeck with Afsmiter. The normally low fertility
of the latter is ascribed to faulty pollen.
Notes on the life history of Ribes pallidum, W. Himmelbaue (Jahrb. Ham-
burg. Wiss. Anst.. 29 (1911), Beiheft 3, pp. 151-245, figs. 6.9).— Reporting fur-
ther studies with R. palHdum, carried out iu considerable cytological detail at
different stages in its early life history in relation to the fertility of this form
(considered to be a hybrid of R. petrwum and R. rubrum). which while only 20
to 40 per cent is still higher than that of either parent, the author states that
R. pallidum is probably identical with Liibeck currant. Individuals of the latter
variety are said to show sudden sterility associated with other alterations of
habit which are mentioned.
This work concludes with a bibliography.
FIELD CROPS.
Farm crop surveys, E. G. Montgomeey (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 5 (WIS),
No. 4, pp. 232, 233). — This paper relates to methods and gives some results of a
potato survey in which about 700 records were taken in a county in New York.
It is noted that " certain problems came to be outstanding as the inquiry pro-
gressed. It now appears that if experimental work has been undertaken pre-
vious to the survey we should not have hit on the principal problems in all
cases. Also some grower, somewhere, has worked out in practice an answer
to many problems, making investigation unnecessary. I am convinced that it
would be very profitable, before an extensive line of investigation is undertaken
with a crop, to first make a survey of this crop."
226 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
New work on. methods for variety tests, D. Lehn {Bl. Zuckerrilhenbau, 20
(1913), Nos. 3, pp. 33-39; 4, pp. 52-55).— This is a discussion of the application
-vs
of the formula v — ± -^j- — r- (E. S. R.. 30, p. 33). and other formulas in cal-
culating the probable experimental error in variety tests, and similar experi-
ments.
The Hamilton County Experiment Farm. — Second annual report, for the
year 1913 {Ohio Sta. Bui. 272 (19U), pp. 263-276, flg. i).— In this bulletin is
described the plan of management of this county experiment farm, and some
results are given of tests to determine the present state of soil fertility. This
involves a rotation of corn, soy beans, wheat, and clover with fertilizer appli-
cations that included chemical fertilizers, yard manures, and shed manures.
It is noted that " at the computed prices the cost of treatment has in most cases
iteen greater than the vahie of the increase. This, however, has not been an
unexpected outcome, as the first application of fertilizers or manure is largely
absorbed by the soil, and it is not until the treatment is repeated that its full
effect is manifest."
Results of variety tests with corn, oats, and soy beans as grain crops, and
of silage corn are given, and comparisons made with results in other counties
of the State. Yields of soy beans, cowpeas, rape, and millet as forage crops are
given for Hamilton County.
[Report of] the professor of field husbandry and director of field experi-
ments, C. A. Zavitz {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 88 {1912),
pp. 112-170). — In addition to notes on the soil and climatic conditions, the
author gives general results of continuous gi'owth for from 18 to 24 years of
each of 34 varieties of farm crops that include cereals, root crops, and legumes.
It is noted that the influence of seed selection has been shown in the increased
yields by the use of large, plump seed. Especially was this marked in the case
of oats.
[Field crop experiments] {Rpt. Agr. Dept. St. Vincent, 1912-13, pp. 5-10). —
Results of seed selection, hybridization, and cultural experiments with cotton,
and cultural experiments with arrowroot, cassava, and sugar cane are given.
Further experiences with the use of so-called stimulants, A. Sttjtzeb
{Deut. Landiv. Presse. 41 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1, 2, figs. 2). — After discussing simi-
lar woi-k by English and German investigators the author gives rtsults of his
own with sugar beets, previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 529). In water cultures
with maize 0.5 gm. of lead nitrate per liter of nutrient solution seemed to be
the optimum amount to stimulate growth, although 1, 2. and 0.25 gm. per liter
were tried.
Effect of kainit and forty per cent potash salt as a top-dressing for fall
and spring' cereals, A. Stutzer (ZtscJir. Landw. Kanimer Schlssien, 18 {1914),
No. 7, pp. 278-280). — The results of seven experiments are here given in which
the 40 per cent potash salt seemed to be the more efficient.
Straw as a fertilizer under various conditions, A. Bischoff {Jour. Landw.,
62 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-95, pis. 5). — In pot experiments conducted at Gottingen
chopped straw was turned under shallow and deep at 10 weeks, 4 weeks, and
immediately before planting in both sand and clay soils. Mustard and buck-
wheat were gro^Ti.
From his observations the author concludes that on sandy soil the use of
straw practically always was followed by a smaller yield of dry matter and of
nitrogen, and that the injurious effect of the straw was less in the presence of
sodium nitrate. When deeply covered it seemed to have an injurious effect on
the yield of nitrogen. The shallow straw application just before seeding was
always more injurious than the others, while the deep straw application was
FIELD CROPS. 227
always most injurious when made 10 weeks before planting. With au increased
yield of dry matter there was usually a decrease in nitrogen yield.
On clay soils the application of straw did not uniformly decrease the yields.
In the presence of alkaline fertilizers and nitrate of soda the straw showed a
greater injury to dry matter and nitrogen yields than in the presence of acid
fertilizer and nitrate of soda. In the presence of alkaline fertilizers without
nitrate of soda the injury was less than with the nitrate, while in the presence
of acid fertilizers without nitrate of soda the effect of the straw was similar to
that in the presence of alkaline fertilizers with the nitrate. Where there
was injury with the deep application of straw it was always greater than
with the shallow application. In the presence of nitrate of soda the early
(10 weeks) application of straw seemed to produce greater injury to the
crops than the late application, while in the absence of nitrate of soda the
late application of straw apparently caused the greater injury. With an
increase in yield of dry matter, the nitrogen yield decreased.
The data are given in tabular form.
On the details of development of cereals, O. Schmidt (Land'W. Jahrh., ^5
{1913), No. 2, pp. 261-32Jt, pi. i).— This reports results of experiments to dis-
cover characteristics tliat may be used to determine different varieties.
It is noted that with the exercise of great care varietal differences in the
root systems or in the leaf and si)ike arrangements may be detected, especially
in the seedling cereal. Great differences were observed in the length of the
vegetative period and the lateness or earliness of the shooting of the spike, but
these differences could not serve as variety characteristics as they were so
much influenced by climate, and in the young plant by size, specific weight of
the seed, and morphological characters. From the results of the investigation,
therefore, the author concludes that the observed characteristics of any variety
iiiay vary.
The normally formed cereal stalk and its significance, H. Plahn-Appiani
(Ztschr. Pflanzenzuclit., 2 {19U), No. 1, pp. 27-^7, figs. ^).— This article dis-
cusses the relations of length, thickness, and weight of internodes.
It is pointed out that these relations are not influenced to any considerable
extent by heredity, and should not be considered a factor in selection breed-
ing, since they were more influenced by environmental factors such as stand,
weather, and mechanical injury, as by insects, animals, or wind. The correla-
tions of these structure factors of the internodes seemed to have no bearing
on the yield.
Experiment to determine the influence of age and light on the germination
of grass seeds, H. Reiling (Keimversuche mit G-mseni zur Ermittlung des
Einflusscs, den Alter und Licht auf den Keimprozess ausiiben. Inaug. Diss.,
Univ. Jena, 1912, pp. 87). — Experiments are reported with Holcus lanatus, Poa
pratensis, Alopecurus pratensis, and Festuca pratensis.
It is noted that the smaller seeds of these species are not at an optimum con-
dition for germination immediately after harvest, but approach that condition
in about 6 mouths. Light is a favorable factor to germination, but with in-
creased age of the seeds seems to be less important. Good ventilation and dry-
ness of the seeds during storage favored the germination process. The data
are given in tabular form.
Some practical hints in breeding grasses, Raum (Ztschr. Pflanzenziicht., 2-
{1914), No. 1, pp. 39-50). — This article discusses methods of stock and seed
propagation, transplanting seedlings, prevention of cross fertilization, and
harvesting the mature plants.
Alfalfa and sweet clover, G. Roberts, E. J. Kinney, and H. B. Hendrick
{Kentucky /Sto. Bui. 178 (1914), pp. 3-34, fiffs. iO).— This bulletin contains in-
228 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
structions for the iiroduction of alfalfa and sweet clover and gives results of
the application of lime to alfalfa. " From these yields it appears that an
application of 4 tons of limestone per acre gives larger yields than 2 tons per
acre, but that increasing the application to 6 tons per acre does not give a
further increase. . . . Sulphate of potash, used with 2 tons of limestone, gave
an increase for the first cutting, as compared with the yield of the corre-
s^ponding plats on which 2 tons of limestone were used without sulphate of
potash, but for the second cutting the reverse was true, with the exception of
two of the plats. ...
"Another fact to be noted is that the difference between limed and unlimed
plats is not so great for the second as for the first cutting, the unlimed plats
all showing an increase for the second cutting, while the limed plats all show
a decrease. . . . The unlimed alfalfa contained only 2.06 per cent of nitrogen,
whereas the average for the limed alfalfa was 2.6 per cent. . . . The analyses
were made on the first cutting, and are calculated on the basis of 12 per cent
moisture content in the hay. As the best limed plats yielded 4 times as much
Lay as the unlimed plats it will be seen that the limed soil produced 5 times
as much protein as the unlimed soil."
Some characteristics of barley kernels as variety constants, Opitz (Fiih-
ling's Landw. Ztg., 62 {1913), No. 24, pp. 866-875). — Conclusions are based upon
data collected on several varieties that were grown at numerous centers during
the period 1908-1912. It is noted that absolute weight was found to be a type
character, that protein content did not seem to be a type character, and that
percentage of glume was a type character of 2-row barley.
Spineless cactus unsuited to Arizona, J. J. Thornber {Cal. Cult., 1^2 (1914),
No. 4, p. 104). — Notes are given showing the nonhardiness of the spineless cactus
under the temperature and moisture conditions of Arizona, and mention is
made of a Mexican variety that is much hardier than the Burbank varieties.
A new forage plant, L. Misson {Criador Paulista, 8 (1913), No. 78, pp. 1694-
1700, figs. 8). — Descriptive and cultural notes are given for Chloris virgata,
and its value as a forage plant is discussed.
On the application of veg'etative propagation in the breeding- of forage
plants, J. Vasters (Fiih ling's Landw. Ztg.. 62 {1913), No. 23, pp. 809-821, fig.
1). — ^After discussing the different methods of vegetative propagations, the
author gives results of experiments in the propagation of red clover by root,
stalk, and tip cuttings from which 26 per cent sent out rootlets. The root cut-
tings were the most propitious.
On hard seed coats and fractured seed coats in the germination of clover
seeds, B. Steglich {Landw. Yers. Sta., 79-80 {1913), pp. 611-622).— Results are
given of a sudy of hard-coated red clover .seeds germinating under various
conditions, and of the effect on the seedling during germination in seeds that
fracture the seed coats during the germinating process.
It is noted that germination in general took place in the field more slowly
and less energetically than in an artificial seed bed. The data show that up
to the fourteenth month after planting in the field 51 per cent of the hard-
coated seeds of a normal sample germinated, and that germination took place
more readily in clay and humus soils than in sand soils. When the hard-coated
seeds were separated and planted by themselves germination followed to only
30 per cent, due. it is maintained, to the lack of shading that was furnished in
the former case by the plants from the normally coated, early germinating seeds.
Filter paper kept saturated at 40, 60, and 80 per cent proved a satisfactory
medium for the germination of hard-coated clover seeds for the purpose of
observing the fracture of the seed coat caused by much moisture. This, it is
claimed, produces an uneven turgidity resulting in a fracture which often
FIELD CROPS. 229
leads to an injury or a complete breaking off of either the cotyledons or radicle.
Brick dust, which allowed for too rapid evaporation, was not suitable for this
work.
The number of seeds whose seed coat became thus fractured within 10 days
ranged from 7 to 9.75 per cent. With an extension of the period of germination
the percentage of fractured seeds became less.
It is noted further that seeds taken from the filter paper just as the germ
pricked the seed coat and placed in garden soil in pots showed a very much
lower percentage of fractured seed coats and consequently fewer crippled
plants.
The author notes that herein lie variations and discrepancies in reports of
germination tests in general, inasmuch as the seed is left to lie undisturbed in
nn unfavorable moisture condition. In sowing the seeds in soil it was found
that the optimum conditions for germination as found in the artificial seed tests
did not exist and that seeds with fractured seed coats or otherwise weakened
germs could scarcely survive.
The effect of weather upon the yield of com. J. W. Smith (Mo. Weather
Rev., 42 (WlJf), No. 2, pp. 78-87, figs. //).— On the basis of the assumption that
there is a critical period in the gi-owth of every crop during which the weather
conditions exert a determining influence upon the yield, the author conducted
a series of studies, the results of which in regard to the corn crop are here
given as follows :
" The controlling weather factor in the great corn-growing districts of the
T^'nited States is rainfall. The critical period of growth of com during which
favorable weather will cause a large crop and vnifavorable weather a short crop
is comparatively brief. If the rainfall for calendar months he considered, that
for July has a far greater elTect uijou the corn yield than rainfall for any
other month. The rainfall from about the niiddle of July to the middle of
August has a far greater effect upon the corn yield than that for any other
period of similar length. The rainfall for the 10 days following the date of
blossoming has an almost dominating effect upon the yield of corn, the larger
the rainfall the larger the yield.
'* If the rainfall is small during the 10 days after blossoming a high temper-
ature has a very unfavorable effect upon the yield. Rainfalls of one-half inch
or more have a greater eft'ect upon the development of corn than falls of less
amount. It seems possible to give a close estimate of the probable yield of
corn by August 10, by careful study of the weather conditions that have pre-
vailed up to that time.
" The importance of shallow cultivation after each rainfall in July and after
August 1 for the purpose of forming a dust mulch and thus preventing the loss
of water bj' evaporation can not be overestimated. The science of agricultural
meteorology can be advanced, and the results of these investigations be made
of more practical value to the farmer, by a detailed study of the critical periods
of growth and the weather factors most affecting the yield of other field and
garden crops."
The frequency of low temperatures in the Sudan and its effect on the cot-
ton crop, H. E. Hurst (Cairo Sci. Jour., 7 (1913), No. 87, pp. 265-268, pi. 1).—
This article gives tabulated data and discusses the frequency of low temper-
ature in certain districts as a preliminary to research work on the effect on the
cotton crop.
The effect of water on the cultivation of cotton, H. T. Ferrab and H. E.
Hurst (Survey Dept. Egypt Paper 24 (1912), pp. VIII+53, pis. i).— In study-
ing by means of bore holes the relation between the height of the water table
or level of the subsoil water and the yield of cotton, it was found that there
230 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
was a steady increase in yield as tlie tliickness of tlie layer of soil above the
water table increased and that the rise of the water table at the end of the
summer caused a diminution of the crop. It is noted that " from the close
connection between the yield of cotton and the height of the water table found
in these cases, it seems probable that the latter is one of the most important
of the causes which determine the magnitude of the cotton crop." In irrigation
experiments " the rise of water in bore holes situated in the experimental plat
was usually about seven times the thickness of the layer applied to the land."
The effect of water on the cultivation of cotton, H. E. Hurst and Hughes
(Survey Dept. Egypt Paper 31 {1913), pp. 23, pis. 3, figs. 2). — In a further
.study on the effect of water on cotton In Egypt (see above), experiments in
irrigation showed that "on land where the level of the subsoil water was low
the yield of cotton increased as the amount of water applied to the land in-
creased, though there were signs of a maximum yield having been reached.
On the other hand, the maturing of the cotton was delayed by increase of the
water applied."
Some defects in Crotalaria seeds used in Deli, J. A. Honing (Meded. Deli-
Proefstat. Medan, 1 {1912), No. 9, pp. 395-418, figs. 2).— The tests indicated
that Crotalaria seeds seldom germinate more than 50 per cent; that mold
readily attacks the seed in germination; that hard-coated seeds reach to 43
per cent or even to 70 per cent if the seeds are dried ; that there is a correla-
tion between color and hardness of seed coat, light colored seeds being harder
than dark colored ones ; and that C. striata seed consists of a mixture of seeds
of varying colors and degrees of hardness.
Green manuring with sanai in Bihai% A. and G. L. C. Howaed (In The Im-
pavement of Indigo in Bihar. Calcutta, 1914, pp. 26-28, pi. 1). — Experiments
with sanai {Crotalaria juncea) as a green manure for tobacco in the botanical
area at Pusa have shown that drainage is essential to success on the highlands.
To get the maximum benefit it is noted that the interval between the plowing
in of the sanai and the transplanting of the tobacco should be 8 weeks. A
longer or shorter time would lead to loss.
Fertilizer experiment with flax, F. Windiesch {Dent. Landw. Presse, 41
{1914), No. 10, p. 116, fig. 1). — In these tests a complete fertilizer (500 kg.
Thomas slag. 500 kg. kainit, and 100 kg. ammonium sulphate per hectare) gave
greater yields than any two forms only, and also gave the greatest length of stem,
105 em., in comparison with 70, 80, and 90 cm. by the use of a one-sided fer-
tilizer.
Eight-year variety tests of horse beans, A. Ziffer {Arb. Deut. Landw.
Oesell., No. 249 {1913), pp. 153). — Results of variety tests conducted in various
centers in Germany from 1905-1912 are reported.
New researches with oats, Denaiffe and Sirodot {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser.,
21 {1914), No. 4, pp. 111-114, figs. 5). — Historical and descriptive sketches are
given of several varieties of oats classed under side oats and hull-less oats or
" naked oats."
Origin of cultivated oats, L. Trabut {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), No. 2, pp.
74-85, figs. 10). — A study is reported of the following points: Whether a differ-
ence in ancestry has a vital bearing on the adaptability of varieties, forms
derived from Avena sterilis best suited to southern countries, possibilities of
hybridization, indications that environment is a factor in causing variation,
and the influence of culture and the results of mutations which include A.
sterilis segetalis, A. sterilis maxima, A. sterilis calvescens, A. sterilis pseudo-
vilis, A. sterilis hyzantina, A. sterilis parallela, A. sterilis algeriensis, A. sterilis
culta, A. sterilis ludotnciana, A. sativa, A. fatua, A. hyhrida, A. stiHgosa, A.
barbata, A. brevis, and A. abyssinica.
FIELD CROPS.
231
" At least three wild species of Avena under the influence of culture may ac-
quire characters fitting them for cultivation. These three species preserve the
ancestral characters by which they are adapted to different climates. A. fatua
gives rise to oats adapted to temperate and mountainous regions; A. sterilis, to
oats adapted to the southern countries, and to saline soils; A. harbata to races
adapted to dry countries."
Influence of nitrates on the germinative period of oats, F. Plate (Atti. R.
Acoad. Lincei, Rend. CI. 8ci. Fis., Mut. e Nat., 5. ser., 22 {1913), II, Nos. 11, pp.
598-601 ; 12, pp. 728-7^3).— This reports the use of neutral electrolytes in sev-
eral series of experiments to determine their influence on oat seedlings.
In the first series, nitrates of ciesium, rubidium, potassium, sodium, lithium, and
ammonium were used, made up into solutions of varying concentrations as follows :
N/50, N/100, N/200, N/400, N/800, N/1,600, and N/3,200. The plants grown in
the culture solutions were compared by weight with plants grown on moistened
filter with no other nourishment than that furnished by the seed. The oats were
taken at a certain stage of development, usually attained at the age of 15 days.
Except in the case of rubidium the two highest concentrations of all the
cations produced a growth below the normal, and as a rule the development of
the plant increased as the strength of the nutrient solution decreased. Other
results are expressed as follows: As to weight of entire plant Rb>K>Na>Li>
Cs; in root growth Na>K>Rb>Li>Cs; in shoot growth Li>Na>K>Rb>Cs;
and in correlation in development Rb>K>Na>L>Cs.
In the second sei-ies the nitrates of barium, calcium, strontium, magnesium,
zinc, cadmium, and mercury were used in water solutions. The general action
of this group upon the development of the oat seedling is expressed as follows :
As to weight of entire plant Ca>Sr>Zn>Ba>Mg, Cd, Hg; in root growth
Sr>Ca>Zn>Ba>Mg, Cd, Hg; in shoot growth Ca>Ba>Zn>Sr>Mg, Cd, Hg;
and in correlative growth Sr>Ca>Zn>Ba>Mg, Cd. Hg.
Experiments with peanuts, A. C. Tonnelieb (Bol. Min. Agr. [Bu€)ws Aires],
15 {19 IS) No. 5, pp. 58G-589). — The results of seed selections at C6rdoba are
shown in the following table :
Percentage of different sized pods from selected seed.
Number of kernels per pod in seed.
Kernels per pod in the harvest.
4 kernels.
3 kernels.
2kemels.
1 kernel.
4 large, shelled before planting.
4 small, shelled before planting
3 large, shelled before planting.
1 large, shelled before planting.
1 small, shelled before planting
3 whole pods planted
Per cent.
6.20
6.60
7.12
11.20
10.40
7.00
Per cent.
49.70
45.35
47.40
48.20
48.60
47.60
Per cent.
37.20
41.05
38.12
33.40
33.97
38.10
Per cent.
6.90
7.00
7.36
7.20
7.03
7.30
Potato culture {Idaho Sta. Bui. 19 {19U), pp. 61, figs, i^).— This bulletin
consists of four papers, and an introduction by W. L. Carlyle.
Potato culture for northern Idaho, F. L. Kennard (pp. 5-16).— This paper
gives notes of culture, varieties, and marlieting and results of seed selections.
Selections from high-yielding hills gave better yields than those from low-
yielding hUls or from bulk selections, although the seed tubers used were of the
same weight and cut to the same size in each case.
Potato culture under irrigation, J. S. Welch (pp. 17-27). — This paper gives
general directions for potato culture under irrigation under the soil and climatic
232
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
conditions found at Gooding, variety tests, and some results of experiments on
time to irrigate. Better success was obtained by commencing the irrigation
about the time the tubers began to form, malving about four irrigations and
applying about IJ cu. ft. per acre in deep furrows, than in commencing when
the plants are 4 or 5 in. high or when the tubers are the size of an egg.
Ury land potato culture for southern Idaho, L. C. Aicher (pp. 28-39). — This
article surveys the dry land potato industry in southern Idaho and gives notes
on cultivation and harvest methods.
Diseases and insect pests of the potato, C. E. Temple (pp. 40-67). — ^This paper
describes the fungus and physiological diseases and insect pests of the potato
and offers suggestions for treatment for such as may occur in Idaho.
Potatoes, L. Greene and T. J. Maney {loica 8ta. Circ. 13 {1913), pp. 2). —
This circular describes 5 early and 6 late varieties of potatoes that have been
found to compare favorably with Early Ohio and Rural New Yorker in Iowa.
Planting, seed treatment, and spraying directions are given.
Beport on the progress and recent work in sugar beet culttire, M. Hoff-
mann (Bl. Zuckcrriibenhau, 20 (WIS), No. 1, pp. 1-7). — This article reviews
and summarizes the results of recent work of investigators on nitrogen content
of sugar beets, cultural methods, excrescent growths, weight and sugar content
of roots, influence of water, quality and quantity of yield, composition of large
beets, defoliation, nematodes, influence of light on the seed production, changes
of the beet during storage, germination of dried seed.s. and Mendelian studies.
Progress and developments in the culture and selection of the sugar beet
and sugar-beet seed {Sucr. Indig. et Colon., 82 (1913), Nos. 23 pp. 534-539;
2J,, pp. 561-564; 25, pp. 580-584; 26, pp. 605-607; 83 (19'14), Nos. 1, pp. 7-11;
2, pp. 32-36; 3, pp. 58-61). — This reviews and summarizes the recent literature
relating to the cultivation, anatomy, physiology, composition, fertilization, seed
selection, by-products, tools and machines, uses of sugar, by-products as feed,
insect enemies, and diseases of sugar beets.
On the physiology of beet seeds, H. Plahn-Appiani {Bl. Zuckerriibenbau,
21 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-5). — This article reports an experiment to te.st the value
of the size factor in beet seeds and in beet seed balls. The following table
shows the results obtained from a single plant, both with seed balls allowed
to mature naturally and those in which one-half of the plant had been pruned
back to allow the seed balls on that side to grow to a larger size.
Germination of beet seeds of different sizes and from different sized seed balls.
Seed balls maturing
naturally
Seed balls from pruned
portion.
Weight
of 100
balls.
Number
of seeds
ger-
minated.
Number
of balls
ger-
minating
seeds.
Weight
of 100
balls.
Number
of seeds
ger-
minated.
Number
of balls
ger-
minating
seeds.
Grams.
1.685
1.700
192
192
90
90
Grams.
3.874
3.043
4.854
5.170
2.910
2.982
1.475
1.385
0.580
0.553
255
220
298
310
231
248
156
145
52
59
198
197
MOO
2 100
3 98
3 100
<93
<88
M5
^54
2.385
2.330
1.253
1.270
0.573
0.510
254
250
167
161
53
54
96
96
89
86
40
34
1 Unsifted.
» 5.5-mm. sieve.
» 4-mm. sieve.
* 3-mm. sieve.
' 2-mm. sieve.
FIELD CROPS. 233
Influence of certain stimulants on the development of sugar beets, O.
MtTNERATi, U. Mezzadroli, and T. V. Zapparoli {I'^tns. Sper. Agr. Itah, JfG
{1913), No. 7-^, pp. /,8G-Ji'JS; aba. in Surr. Indiy. ct Colon., 83 (1914), Nos. 10,
pp. 231-234; 13, pp. 305-309; U, pp. 323-321).— The sulphate, chlorid. dloxid,
.•md carbonate of niaugauese, sulphate and nitrate of aluminum, sulphate of
niajnieslum, boric acid, borate of soda, and sulphate of uranium were used in
various quantities and combinations in growing sugar beets on over 100 small
plats.
The data show that the largest yield, at the rate of 611.2 kg. of sugar per
hectare (544 lbs. per acre), was obtained on a control iilat witbout any of the
above-mentioned chemicals; the lowest yield. 343 kg. per hectare, was obtained
from the plat receiving 100 kg. of nitrate of aluminum per hectare. The highest
percentage of sugar. 15 per cent, was obtained from the plat receiving 50 kg.
of carbonate of manganese per hectare, on which the yield was at the rate of
374 kg. per hectare with a purity coefficient of 83.73 per cent. The lowest
percaiitage of sugar, 12.63 per cent, was from the control plat from wbich the
yield was 611.2 kg. and the purity coefficient 83.16 per cent. The highest
purity figure was S5.6 from the sulphate of magnesia plat where the yield was
4T)^ kg. per hectare and the percentage of sugar 14.51, and the lowest purity
coefficient was 70.62 i)er cent from the manganese dioxid plat where the yield
was 53.3 kg. per hectare and the percentage of sugar 12.99.
Excessive foliage in sugar beets, M. A. Vivien {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Suer. et
Dutill., 31 {1914), No. 7, pp. 501-505). — Analyses of juice from beets that de-
veloped leaves and crowns in different degrees showed that those beets with
a larger i)roportion of foliage yielded le.ss sugar than those with a low per-
centage of foliage, 11.5 against 12.75 per cent in one series, and 12.2 against
14.65 per cent in another series.
Analyses of toiw and of trimmed beets are given in tabular form.
Dry matter content of stock beets, H. Neubaueb and G. Hillkowitz {Landic.
Ztschr. Rheinprifvinz, 13 {1912), No. 1, pp. 32-34; U {1913), No. 2, pp. 20, 21;
15 {1914), ^0. 7, pp. 117, 118). — Data are given showing percentage of dry
matter in numerous varieties of stock beets grown at several centers, In 1911-
1913, as related to the weights of individual beets. In 1911 the weight decreased
from 2.19 kg. for beets with less than 9 per cent of dry matter to 0.66 kg. for
those with over 13 per cent. In 1912 and 1913 the weights were highest, 2.12
and 1.96 kg., respectively, for beets with from 10 to 11 per cent of dry matter,
and showed other irregularities.
Dorsiventral structure of the cane stem, C. E. B. Bremekamp {Meded.
Proefstat. Java-Suikcrindus., 4 {1914), No. 18, pp. 309-313, fig. 1; Arch. Suiker-
indus. Nederland, Indie, 22^ {1914), No. 2, pp. 41-4^, fig- !)• — Notes regarding
the maimer in which the leaves overlap are given.
Buying cane by test; some suggestions, C. J. Bouebakis {La. Planter, 52
{1914), No. 4, P- 57). — ^This article offers suggestions on the advantages of buy-
ing sugar cane at the mill on valuation shown by tests of juice. It is pointed
out that the advantages to the producer would be a stimulus to improve the
sugar content of the cane by fertilization and cultivation rather than merely
the weight of foliage.
Green manures for tobacco, D. Vigiani {Coltivatore, 59 {1913), No. 34, PP-
502-504). — Results of green manuring for tobacco in the Arezzo Province. Italy,
show the weight of 1.000 cured plants following beans to have been 138.88 kg.,
following mustard 94.44, following lupines 100, following turnips 98.23, follow-
ing goat's rue 70.57, and following manure 90.9 kg.
A new method with the tobacco crop, A. Roman {Bol. Oflc. Sec. Agr. Cuba,
16 {1914), ^^0. 1, pp. 1-4, fig. 1). — Successful attempts at planting tobacco seed
directly In the field to avoid transplanting are noted.
234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The progressive development of the wheat kernel, R. W. Thatcher {Jour.
Amer. Soc. Agron., 5 (1913), No. 4, pp. 203-213, figs. 2). — ^A report of progress,
mostly dealing with methods.
The results, presented in tables, show a fairly regular decrease of mineral
matter, ether extract, and fiber as the Ijernels develop. The percentage of pro-
tein decreased during the earlier periods of growth and later increased again.
From actual weights in milligrams of material per kernel of Turkey and Blue
Stem wheats at successive stages of development it is showTi that regardless of
variations in the percentage produced by variations in the relative rate of gains
of the several constituents, there is a steady gain in the actual amount of each
of those materials in the kernel throughout the period of kernel formation. The
relative increase was greatest in the quantity of carbohydrate materials.
" It became a matter of interest, then, to determine whether the statement by
Brenchley and Hall that the plant ' continually moves into the grain uniform
material . . . possessing always the same ratio of nitrogenous to nonnitroge-
nous materials and ash ' is substantiated by our results. We, therefore,^ calcu-
lated the amount of actual gain In material of the average kernel per day.
These data are surprising. On this account, we prefer to regard them as a
progress report, subject to later confirmation or modification of the conclusions
to be di-awn fi-om them. It appears to be quite clear that the composition of
the kernel when it is first formed, called by Brenchley and Hall the ' mould,' is
more highly nitrogenous than the material which is moved into it, at least
during the earlier stages of the filtering-in of the endosperm. But the ratio
of carbohydrates to protein in the material gained by the kernels in the later
periods of endosperm-filling seems to be lower than at earlier periods, just the
reverse of our former ideas based upon general conceptions of plant physio-
logical processes and the quantitative work of Deherain and Dupont. . . .
" It appears from the progress of our work thus far. that the real facts with
reference to the conflicting opinions mentioned above are probably as follows :
Pericarp material, which in the first stages of development constitutes a com-
paratively large proportion of the kernel, is probably relatively richer in protein
than is endosperm material. Hence, any condition which results in increased
proportion of endosperm in the kernel is likely to produce low-protein grain."
Influence of external conditions on heredity, C. Fruwirth {Ztschr. Pflan-
senzucht., 2 (1914) > No. 1, pp. 51-63). — As a result of 3-year trials with winter
and spring varieties of wheat, no direct influence due to planting the varieties
out of their respective seasons could be detected as inherited. A slight modifica-
tion in flavor and ripening time was observed, due, the author believes, to an
indirect influence of resulting variations in nourishment.
Comparison of spikes in a mutation variety of wheat, N. Passekini (Bol.
1st. Agr. Scandicci, 2, ser., 7 (1913), No. 4, pp. 303-305, fig. i).— Two forms of
spikes are notetl and described, one bearded and the other smooth.
Production of new varieties [of wheat] by crossing, N. Passerini (Bol.
1st. Agr. Scandicci, 2. ser., 7 (1913), No. 4, pp. 330-348, pis. 4).— This article
gives methods employed and some results in wheat breeding at Scandicci
since 1888.
Some new or little-known oil seeds and oils (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensing-
ton'], 11 (1913), No. 4, pp. 559-574)- — The following are some seeds mentioned
as coming from the British tropical dependencies and being exploited for their
oil content : Carthamus tinctorius, which yielded 29.6 per cent of oil ; Amoora
rohituka, 43.5; Eruca sativa, 30.8; Calophyllum inophyllum, 71.4; Mesua ferrea,
49; Telfairia pedata, 62.9; Bassia latifoUa, from 45 to 55 per cent; and Aero-
oomia selerocarpa (grugru nuts and kernels) from Grenada 56.2 and from
Trinidad 57 per cent of oil. Other seedf* mentioned as containing oU of com-
HORTICULTUEE. 235
mercial value are Bas.rla longifolia, B. butyracea, B. mottleyana, and I'enta-
desma butyracea.
On the variations in weight of stored seeds, A. Mobettini (Staz. Sper. Agr.
Ital, 46 (1913), No. 7-8, pp. 499-524, pis. 2).— The author reports the results
of studies on the weight of grain as affected by insects, rats, birds, respiration,
oxidation, and hygroscopic moisture.
It Is noted that the weight of wheat with less than 10 per cent of moisture
at the time it is placed in storage may oscillate from 18 to 25 per cent during
the autumn and spring, but that if it contains from 11 to 12.5 per cent of
moisture there will be little variation and if it contains over 12.5 per cent of
moisture it will decrease in weight toward spring. With beans it is noted
that the increase in weight varied as much as 35 per cent. Lupines showed
some increase in hygroscopic power, while corn on the ear varied about 10
per cent. The variations, it is observed, fluctuated according to climate and
time of storage, but these results applied in the district of Umbria.
OxaUs on tea estates (Planters' Chron., 9 (1914), ^^o. 1, p. 4)- — This notes
the appearance of Oxalis violacca as a troublesome weed in some parts of
Nilgiri Hills, British India.
A cover crop as a factor in restricting- certain weed seeds, Zade (Fit filing's
Landic. Ztg., 62 (1913), No. 22, pp. 777-785).— This is a discussion of the in-
fluence of shading and crowding by oats, barley, wheat, peas, vetch, turnips,
and mustard on the germination and growth of weeds, and gives results of
experiments in which small plats of rye and wheat were seeded with 500
seeds each of wild mustard and wild oats.
Results in the spring showeii that in a thick stand of rye 0.8 per cent of
wild oats had germinated, but no mustard. In a thin stand of rye the corre-
sponding percentages were 15 and 17.9, in a thick stand of wheat 6.6 and 10,
in a thin stand of wheat 39.8 and 40.6, and on fallow land 48 and 42.8 per cent.
HORTICULTTJUE.
Colonial plants, H. Jumelle (Les Cultures Coloniales. Paris, 2. rev. ed.:
Plantes a F^cule et C^>^ales, vol. 1, 1912, pp. 108, figs. 35; Legumes et Fruits,
vol. 2, 1913, pp. 122, figs. 33; Plantes d Sucre, Caf4, Cacao, TM, Mat6, vol. 3,
191S, pp. 127, figs. 42; Plantes a Condiments et Plantes MMicinales, vol. 4*
1914, pp. 120, figs. 30). — The earlier two-volume edition of this work (E. S. R.,
13, p. 1043), which deals with the culture, preparation, and utilization of
tropical and subtropical plants, has been revised and redivided into 8 parts.
Of those here noted, part 1 deals with starch plants and cereals, 2 with
vegetables and fruits, 3 with sugar plants, coffee, cacao, tea, and mat6, and
4 with condimental and medicinal plants.
Najnes of the field and market garden crops and of the principal fruit
and timber trees of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (Dept. Lo/nd
Rec. and Agr. United Prov. Agra and Oudh, Agr. Scr., Bui. 30 (1913), pp. 95). —
This comprises a list of synonyms of the field and market garden crops and
of the principal fruit and timber trees of the United Provinces of Agra and
Oudh. The vernacular names have been classified under six different divi-
sions, with regard to the different dialects prevalent in them.
Recent observations on the value of carbon dioxid in organic fertilizers,
E. Reinau and R. Klein (Gartenwelt, 18 (1914), No. 16, pp. 214-218) .—The
authors review the literature dealing with the assimilation of carbonic acid
from organic manures and from the air and present data secured in some
tests conducted in a commercial sized greenhouse.
The following plants were grown in two compartments, containing 40 cubic
meters of space (1,412.6 cu. ft.) each: Aspidistra, philodendron, nephrolepis,
236 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
pteris, and begonia. One compartment was treated with 150 liters (39.6 gals.)
of pure carbon dioxid twice a day at 7 a. m. and at 12 m. The other com-
partment was used as a check. Observations taken at the end of a 4- and a
7-week period showed an increased growth from carbon dioxid assimilation
ranging from 24 to 152 per cent. The leaves were a much fresher green and the
colorings of the begonia leaves were more intense. From a commercial stand-
point the increased production from two kinds of plants paid for the cost of the
carbon dioxid.
A test was made relative to the rapidity of assimilation. The amount of
carbon dioxid in the greenhouse was re<luced from 5.2 per cent to about 2 per cent
in 30 minutes time, and to about 0.26 per cent in SO minutes. The plants were
removed from the house and the test repeated, but in this case the carbon dioxid
content was reduced only from 2.33 to 1.43 per cent in 55 minutes. Shading the
greenhouse appears to have no material effect on the rapidity of assimilation.
The authors are of the opinion that these experiments indicate that the carbon
dioxid content of organic manures is of considerable imix)rtance as a fertilizer
ingredient.
The home vegetable garden, A. Kruhm (New York and London, 1914, PP-
I]'-{-105, /}/•<. 23). — In part 1 of this popular treatise the author discusses the
general jirinciples of gardening. In part two specific directions are given for
growing various vegetables, together with suggestions relative to improved
varieties.
A radish-cabbage hybrid, F. Gravatt (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 6, pp.
269-272, figs. 2). — The author here describes a cross between two genera which
shows extraordinary vigor but absolute sterility.
Strain tests of tomatoes, C E. Myers {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 129 (1914),
pp. 139-150). — In the present bulletin the author gives a brief summary of a
test of a large number of strains of six varieties of tomatoes, conducted from
1908-1911 inclusive. Data secured for the various strains are reported in tab-
ular form and discussed.
The principal fact brought out by these tests is that variations in yield
of more than 13 tons per acre of marketable fruit occurred between different
strains of the same variety. In some cases considerable variations in earliness
of the strains were also observed. The author concludes that these variations
may be attributed to hereditary rather than environmental conditions. It is
suggested that, whenever practicable, seed should be given a preliminary cul-
tural test a year in advance of the time when it will be needed for general
planting.
Garden notes on new trees and shrubs, W. J. Bean (Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew,
Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 2 (1914), PP- 49-54, pls. 3). — A descriptive account is
given of a number of new trees and shrubs that have been under observation in
the Kew Gardens. Among these plants are a gooseberry-black currant hybrid,
two horse chestnuts, a Japanese cherry, and several Chinese shrubs.
The improvement of tree fruits, E. B. Babcock (Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 1
(1913), No. 5, pp. 11-14; 1 (1914), ^os. 6, pp. 14-19, figs. 2; 7, pp. 17-24, figs.
5 ; 9, pp. 3-8, figs. 2). — The author discusses the various applications of selection
in plant production and reviews recent investigations in the improvement of
different tree fruits by selection and breeding. Special attention is given to the
question of improvement through bud selection.
Apple growing in Delaware (Bui. Bd. Agr. Del, 3 (1913), No. 2, pp. 15).—
A popular bulletin containing the 1910 census statistics of apple production for
the United States, information relative to varieties adapted for Delaware, and
brief cultural directions.
HORTICULTURE. 237
Origin of the banana, P. B. Popenoe (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 6, pp.
273-280, figs. 2). — A jwpiilar review of the literature of the subject, including
reference to vagaries of pollination and irregularities in the behavior of the
banana under cultivation.
Relation of bacterial transformations of soil nitrogen to nutrition of
citrus plants, K. F. Ivellerman and R. C. Wbigut ( XJ. S. Dept. A)gr., Jour. Agr.
Research. 2 (1914), No. 2, pp. 101-113, figs. 7). — The present paper comprises a
contribution to the knowledge of decadence in citrus trees, with special refer-
ence to citrus malnutrition, chlorosis, or mottle leaf.
An examination of the soluble-salt content of soil samples taken throughout
southern California confirmed the results of other investigators in showing a
wide variation in the percentage of carbonates, chlorids, nitrates, and sul-
phates. Diagrams are given showing the relative nitrogen-fixing power, nitrify-
ing power, and salt content of soil samples taken from good and poor areas in
a productive orange grove and in unproductive and chlorotic orange groves.
These data indicate that when adjacent areas are compared the soils from the
vicinity of deteriorating trees are richer in nitrate nitrogen. The quantities
of other salts show no constant relationship to good or poor areas. The nitrate
content of poor areas was not excessive except during irrigation, at which
time the shallow lateral roots are exjiosed to a solution which is temporarily
stronger than during the intermediate periods. Extensive greenhouse experi-
ments with grapefruit and sour-orange seedlings growing in greenhouse soil
and in California soil at Washington, I). C, here described, indicate that
nitrate nitrogen in excess produces the typical symptoms of malnutrition.
These results ar£ corroborated by reports that in some cases applications of
fertilizers high in nitrogen to orange groves showing symptoms of malnutri-
tion have accelerated instead of retarded the deterioration.
The experiments indicate that nitrates are more toxic than chlorids, that
nitrates and chlorids together intensify the symptoms of injury, and that
moderate quantities of lime — less than 10 per cent of calcium carbonate — exert
a more or less pronounced protective action. The range of toxic limits for
nitrates in the pot experiments is given as between 0.05 and O.Ol per cent as
compared with 0.005 to 0.015 per cent in the field, exclusive of crusts.
Although records are available which show at least temporary benefit from
the application of nitrate fertilizers to chlorotic orange groves, it would appear
that this benefit may be due to the previously excessive depletion of nitrate
nitrogen through the denitrifying action of substances such as mature straw
turned under to maintain the humus. The authors' greenhouse experiments
show that seedling citrus plants were actually forced by the addition of cellu-
lose and of straw into an apparently typical state of malnutrition through
nitrogen starvation caused by the unbalancing of the soil flora and the utiliza-
tion of all of the nitrate by the organisms which decompose straw and cellulose.
Green manures, on the other hand, while causing some actual loss of total
nitrogen do not materially disturb the ratios of the nitrogenous compounds.
The evidence tends to show that the total nitrogen content of the soil is
of less importance than the control of the rate of nitrification. In pot experi-
ments a normal rate of nitrification .was secured with a green crop turned
under, hence this practice is recommended for maintaining the humus supply
of the soil. The experiments indicate that the extensive use of mature straw
is to be avoided, though light applications of straw to fields too high in nitrate,
probably also with the liberal use of ground limestone, might be advantageous.
A bibliography of cited literature is appended.
Eremocitrus, a new genus of hardy, drought-resistant citrus fruits from
Australia, W. T. Swingle (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 (1914),
238 EXPEEIMENT STATIOK EECOED.
No. 2, pp. 85-100, pi. 1, figs. 7). — An examination of the material of tlie Austra-
lian desert kumquat preserved in the herbaria of Eurox)e and America and a
study of living plants novs^ growing in the greenhouses of this Department lead
the author to conclude that this plant is out of place in the genus Atalantia,
being much more closely related to Citrus. The author here proposes the name
Eremocitrus for this genus, which, as far as known, includes only one species,
E. glauca.
This species is described with reference to its distribution, hardiness, drought
lesistance, uses, and value for breeding purposes. Attention is also called to the
general need for taxonomic study of the wild relatives of cultivated plants. A
review of the literature cited is given.
The Australian desert kumquat can be readily grafted or budded on all of the
commonly cultivated species of Citrus and the various species of Citrus graft
easily on this plant. It is also believed that the desert kumquat will hybridize
with different species of Citrus. Hence its value for breeding new types of
hardy citrus fruits is suggested.
Babylonian dates for California, P. B. Popenoe {Pomona Col. Jour. Econ.
Bot., 3 (WIS), No. 2, pp. 459-477) .—This comprises a descriptive list of the
varieties of dates grown in Babylonia. The list is prepared both with reference
to the utilization of these varieties in California and also as a guide to future
visitors to Babylonia. The author considers this region as the most promising
from which to draw a large supply of high-grade offshoots for the United States.
Statistics on the production, of grapes and olives in 1913 (Estadistica de
las Prodncciones Viticola y OUvarera en el Ano 1913. Madrid: Oovt., 1914,
pp. 8). — This is the usual statistical review relative to the production of grapes,
wine, olives, and olive oil in the various regions and Provinces of Spain (E. S.
R.. 29. p. 439).
Study of the influence of various grape stocks on the quality and quantity
of the harvest, H. Faes and F. Porchet {Etude de Vlnfluence de Divers Porte-
Greffes sur la Quality et Quantity de R6colte. Lausanne, 1914, PP- 4^, figs.
29). — An account of this work has been noted from another source (E. S. R.,
30, p. 43).
The direct bearers, G. Verge (Prog. Agr. et Vit., {Ed. VEst-Centre) , 84 (1918).
No. 50, pp. 757-759; 35 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. 15-27, figs. 2; 2, pp. 48-53; 3, pp.
84-89; 5, pp. 153-156; 6, pp. 175-180. fig. 1; 7, pp. 215-218, fig. 1; 8, pp. 247-251;
9, pp. 268-275. figs. 2; 10, pp. 307-^09; 11, pp. 840-347, figs. 2; 12, pp. 859-365,
fig. 1; 13, pp. 408-412, fig. 1; /.}, pp. 440-443; 15, pp. 4S8-474; fig. 1; 17, pp. 520-
527, figs. 2; 18, pp. 563-567). — The author here summarizes observations made
during the past 15 years on direct-producing hybrid grapes growing in the
Montpellier experimental vineyard.
Summing up his observations as a whole, the author concludes that there is a
considerable choice of direct-bearing hybrid grapes to meet for the most part
conditions of climate, production, etc., but in order to secure longevity all of
these hybrids should be grafted.
Forcing strawberries with, ether and with warm water, G. Bultel (Jardin,
28 (1914), No. 652. pp. 120, 121, fig. 1). — In continuation of previous investiga-
tions (E. S. R., 27, p. 145) the author made in 1912 a comparative test of
ether vapor and the warm water bath (E. S. R., 23, p. 40) for forcing straw-
berries. Both processes were satisfactory In producing early fruit. The test
was repeated in 1913 with similar results; hence both processes are recom-
mended for the production of early strawberries.
Some of the more important varieties of almonds grown at Andria, L.
Vivabelli {Coltivatore, 60 (1914), No. 14, PP- 431-4S4^ figs. 3).— A brief descrip-
FORESTRY. 239
tive account of a number of varieties of almonds grown in the vicinity of
Andria, Italy.
All about coconuts, R. Belfort and A. J. Hoyer (London, 1914, PP- XII-\-201,
pis. 26). — A treatise on coconut culture in which consideration is given to the
selection of a plantation site, nursery and plantation practices, the control of
coconut diseases and pests, the coir fibre industry, the preparation of copra,
the coconut oil, desiccated coconut, and nut butter industries, marketing
coconuts and copra, the cost of a coconut estate, the activities of various
countries in relation to the coconut industry, and coconuts as an investment.
Native and exotic plants of Dade County, Florida, C. T. Simpson (Wash-
ington, D. C. [1913}, pp. 46, figs. 12; Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc, 25 (1912),
pp. 166-207). — In this paper the author gives a descriptive account of the more
prominent ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants, both native and exotic, that
seem to be especially adapted to the soil and conditions of Dade County,
Florida.
History of gardening, Marie L. Gothein (Geschichte der Gartenlcunst. Jena,
1914, vols. 1, pp. yiI+446, pis. 2, figs. 309; 2, pp. 506, pi. 1, figs. 525).— This
two-volume work comprises a history of gardening and garden design.
In volume 1 consideration is given to the gardens of Egypt, western Asia,
Greece, the Roman Plmpire, Byzantium, and Mohammedan countries, and of
the middle-age Occident, Italy, Spain, and Portugal during the Renaissance.
Volume 2 deals with the gardens of France, England, Germany, and Holland
during the Renaissance, gardens during the reign of Louis XIV, the spreading
of French gardens in Europe, the gardens of China and Japan, the English
landscape garden, and the trend of garden design in the nineteenth century
up to the present time. The text is fully illustrated and bibliographies of
cited literature are appended.
The horticultural record, R. Coey (London, 1914, PP- XV+500, pis. 164). —
This volume consists of colored and half-tone reproductions of the most inter-
esting and valuable flowers, plants, shrubs, groups, and rock gardens exhibited
at the Royal International Horticultural Exhibition in 1912, accompanied by
contributions on the progress of horticulture since the first great International
Horticultural Exhibition of 1S66. These contributions deal with rock gardens
and garden design, the rose, trees and shrubs, sweet peas, tropical garden
plants, orchids, greenhouse plants, carnations and pinks, British and foreign
ferns, fruit, and vegetables.
Information is also given relative to the arrangements, rules and regulations,
awards, etc., for the 1912 exhibition, together with reports on horticultural
education and legislation in connection with plant diseases.
International Congress of Horticulture at Ghent (Cong. Inicrnat. Hort.
Gand, Raps. Prelim., 1 (1913), pp. 15-{-273, figs. 2). — This comprises abstracts
and papers by various reporters dealing with different phases of the following
subjects : Floriculture, market gardening, horticultural investigations and
education, commerce, transportation, tariffs, and landscape gardening.
FORESTRY.
The Bradley bibliography. — IV, Forestry, A. Rehdeb (Cambridge, Mass.,
1914, vol. 4, pp. XIII-i-589). — The present volume of the Bradley Bibliography
(E. S. R., 27, p. 846) aims to contain the titles of all publications relating to
forestry and silviculture, including' the more important articles published la
periodicals and other serials. Volume 3 of this work has not thus far appeared.
Report of the forest branch of the Department of Lands for the year
ending December 31, 1913, H. R. MacMellan (Brit. Columhia Rpt. Forest
55733°— No. 3—14 4
240 EXPERIMENT STATIOISr EECOED.
Branch Dept. Lamds, 1913, pp. 61, pis. 17, figs. 4). — This comprises the report of
the chief forester of the Department of Lands of British Columbia for the year
ended December 31, 19f3. The report deals with the organization of the forest
service, forest revenues, importance of the lumber industry, logging inspection,
scaling, timber sales, railway permits, products, forest insect damage, exports,
land examination, forest reconnaissance, forest reserves, grazing, forest protec-
tion, and improvements.
A preliminary forest map of British Columbia is given.
Annual progress report of forest administration in th.e Western, Eastern,
and Kumaun Circles of the United Provinces for the forest year 1912—13,
H. B. BiLLSON, P. H. Clutteebuck, and F. F. R. Channer {Ann. Rpt. Forest
Admin. West., East., and Kumaun Circles [India], 1912-13, pp. 21+19-\-13-{-
LX-\-5). — This is the customary review relative to the administration and
management of the state forests in the Western, Eastern, and Kumaun Circles
of the United Provinces, including financial statements for the forest year
1912-13. All the important data relative to alterations in forest areas, surveys,
working plans, forest protection, silvicultural operations, revenues, expenditures,
etc., are appended in tabular form.
Annual progress report of the forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara
for the year 1911—12, Hukam Chand (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. Ajmer-
Menvara, 1911-12, pp. 3+26). — ^A report similar to the above relative to the
administration and management of the state forests of Ajmer-Merwara for
1911-12.
Progress report on forest administration in the Province of Assam for
the year 1912—13, R. M. Williamson and W. F. Perbee {Rpt. Forest Admin.
Assam, 1912-13, pp. 2+34-\-53-\-3, pi. 1). — A report similar to the above relative
to the administration and management of the state forests in the Eastern and
Western Circles of Assam for the year 1912-13.
Progress report of forest administration in Coorg for 1912—13, H. Tireman
(Rpt. Forest Admin. Coorg, 1912-13, pp. 3+11+13). — A report similar to the
above relative to the administration of the state forests in Coorg for the year
1912-13.
Conservation of the forest (Rpt. Conserv. Com. La., Sept., 1912-Apr., 1914,
pp. 33-45, figs. 3). — A brief summary of forest conditions in Louisiana, includ-
ing recommendations for their conservation, based upon a survey made by the
Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (E. S. R., 28, p. 146).
The text is also given of a timber conservation contract entered into between
a large lumber company and the Conservation Commission of Louisiana.
On afforestation and the planting of fruit trees in the dry lands of Chile,
S. IzQUiERDo (Jour. Roy. Hort. Sac. [London], 39 {1914), No. 3, pp. 581-589,
pis. 4). — A brief account of methods of planting forest and frait trees in the
dry lands of Chile.
Torest fires, W. G. Howard {N. Y. Conserv. Com.. Bui. 10 {1914), pp. 52,
pis. 8, figs. 2). — In this bulletin the author reviews the most serious forest
fires in the past ; discusses the nature and causes of forest fires, protective and
preventive measures, fire fighting, and progress in legislation ; and describes
the present fire protective system maintained by the state cpnservation depart-
ment, Including cooperative assistance under the Weeks law (E. S. R., 24,
p. 498).
Some Irish, larch, plantations, ,7. H. WaddIngham {Jour. Bd. Agr. [Lo7idon],
21 {1914), No. 2, pp. 116-123, pis. 2).— The statistics here presented were col-
lected with the object of determining the volume of timber produced by larch
at different ages and the effect of density on the volume. Sample plats of
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 241
woods of different ages and density were carefully laid out and accurately
measured.
Increase in the flow of latex from Manihot glaziovii as a result of peeling
off and scraping the outer layers of the bark, A. Zimmebmann (Pflanzer,
10 (JDJJ/), No. Jf, pp. 180-188). — Data are given on tapping experiments con-
ducted by Fickenedy at the Kamerun experiment station and by the author
and Lomniel at the Amani station in German East Africa.
The results of these experiments led to the conclusion that the flow of latex
can be increased by either peeling or scraping the outer bark. Scraping the
bark gives a much greater yield than that secured by peeling the bark off
entirely. It Is also less costly in practice and is less apt to injure the trees.
The employment of this method, especially on old and much tapped trees,
appears to be advisable.
Report on an inspection tour of the rubber industry in Ceylon, the Straits
Settlements, and Deli, P. Arens {Medcd. Procfstat. Malancj, No. 8 (1914),
pp. 83, j)ls. 7). — This embraces the results of a survey of the rubber industry
in Ceylon, the Straits Settlements, and Deli, which was conducted with the
view of securing information of value for the development of the industry in
Java. The information secured deals with various planting operations, cul-
tural practices, tapping operations, preparation, grading, and packing of crude
rubber, etc.
Creosoted piling in Galveston Bay bridge, F. B. Ridgway {Engin. Notes, 71
{191J,), No. 22, pp. 1176-1182, figs. i2).— Data secured from an examination of
bridge i)iling, the first lot of which was set in 1875 and removed in 1913, are
here reported.
The results of the examination of these piles show that the 3S-year-old piles
which received a very light treatment of creosote are mostly destroyed. Over
00 i)er cent of about 3,000 IS-year-old piles which were given a heavy treat-
ment of creosote are still in good condition.
A fence post test progress report, F. G. Krauss ( Hawaii. Forester and Agr.,
11 U91.'i), No. Jf, pp. 87, SS).— The results for the third season's test of euca-
lyptus fence posts (E. S. R., 20, p. 443) show the creosoted posts to be in the
best state of preservation, the tarred posts being the second best preserved.
The posts set in concrete are showing rapid disintegration.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The diseases of tropical plants, M. T. Cook {London, 1913, pp. XI-\-317,
pi. 1, figs. ,85). — This book, by the plant pathologist of the New Jersey College
Station, is primarily intended for the planter, but it will doubtless prove of
service to the student of tropical economic botany as well, as the author has
brought together a large amount of data scattered through many publications.
After introductory chapters on the nature and symptoms of plant diseases,
the classification of fungi, and a description of other causes of plant diseases,
the diseases of many of the tropical economic plants are described at con-
siderable length, the arrangem.ent being according to the host plants. The sub-
jects of prevention and control and fungicides and spraying apparatus are
treated in separate chapters, although under many of the descriptions of dis-
eases specific recommendations are given for combating them.
The author recognizes the limitations under which this work was prepared,
and he invites correspoodence and sugges'tions from plant pathologists of the
tropical world.
Outline of administration in controlling insects and fungi injurious to
agricultural plants in Japan {Tokyo: Bur. Agr., Dept. Agr. and Com., 1913„
242 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
pp. S2, fig. 1). — This pamphlet deals with methods of administration in con-
trolling diseases and insect pests of agricultural plants, entomological and
pathological arrangements at agricultural experiment stations, measures for
controlling diseases and insect pests of agricultural plants adopted by public
communities, and education and practice upon insect pests and plant diseases.
Report of the mycological section, C. J. J. van Hall (Jaarb. Dept. Landl).,
Vijv. en Handel Nederland. Indie, 1911, pp. 37-39). — The author briefly reports
on some of the investigations in progress in the mycological laboratory, the
principal studies being on the canker of cacao, downy mildew of maize, root rot
of Hevea (probably due to Fomes semitostus), and the rot of cacao caused by
Phytophthora faberi.
From diseased cacao trees three forms of Fusarium have been isolated, and
studies are reported in progress with these organisms to determine their rela-
tions with the canli;er disease. The Peronospora disease of maize is said to be
due to P. maydis.
The g-enus Atichia, A. D. Cotton {Roy. Bot. Oard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform.,
No. 2 il91Jt). pp. 54-63, fig. 1). — The author describes A. dominicana n. sp., an
aberrant species of Ascomycetes found on lime leaves in the West Indies. The
genus to which this fungus belongs was formerly grouped with the Collemaceae,
but it is now placed in the family Atichiacese. A conspectus of the eight known
species of the family is given.
Studies on Nectriacese, I, J. Weese (Ztschr. Gariingsphysiol., 1 {1912), No. 2,
pp. 126-155, figs. 4). — ^Claiming that the fungus described as Nectria ruM n. sp.,
by Osterwalder (E. S. R., 26, p. 450), is not a new species, but a variety of
N. mammoidea, and discussing further N. galligena on fruit and other trees
(E. S. R., 26, p. 448), the author describes as new species several fungi which
are named, respectively, N. pseudograminicola (on leaves of Calamagrostis
arundinacea) , N. flammeola (on Populus canadensis), N. incrustans (on Betula
and Altius), also as new varieties N. inundata minor and N. cinnabarina veneta.
The systematic position of N. platyspora is also critically discussed.
Remarks concerning "Weese's studies on Nectriaceae, A. Osterwaldeb
(Ztschr. Gdrungsphysiol., 3 {1913), No. 2, pp. 212, 213). — A brief discussion is
given of the article noted above.
A reply to Osterwalder's remarks concerning studies on Nectriaceae,
J. Weese {Ztschr. Gdrungsphysiol., 3 {1913), No. 2, pp. 214-223). — This is a
further discussion of the author's previous publication (see above).
A review of the genus Phytophthora, G. W. Wilson {Mycologia, 6 {1914),
No. 2, pp. 54-S3, pi. 1). — This is mainly a historical review, with bibliography,
of work recently published on the genus Phytophthora, containing descriptions
and discussion of 13 species as established and of 3 considered as yet of doubt-
ful classification.
Corrosive sublimate and sublimoform for rust and Pusarium on grains
{Prakt. Bl. PflanzenMw u. Schutz, n. ser., 12 {1914), No. 2, pp. 16-19). — Results
of treating seed grain with sublimoform or with corrosive sublimate were not
quite uniform with those of the previous year. The use of these two fungicides
jointly is suggested.
Causes of mycelium formation in TJstilago jensenii, E. Hils ( Ursachen der
MycelUldung bei Ustilago jensenii. Diss., TiiUngcn, 1912, pp. 42, figs. 10; rev.
in Mycol. CentU., 3 {1914), ^o. 7, pp. 338, S3P).— Summarizing conclusions
drawn from this study, the jiuthor claims it to be highly probable that the for-
mation of mycelium in barley by U. jensenii is favored by an excess of oxygen
in the interior of the host plant as well as by the presence of alkaline products
of metabolic changes in the fungus itself.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 243
" Grey leaf " or " dry leaf " on oats (Edinb. and East of Scot. Col. Agr. Rpt.
SO {1013), pp. 22, 2S; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'\, 20 {191 Jt), No. 11, p.
1010). — This disease, noted recently as attacking certain varieties of oats
named, is said to cause early decoloration, without yellowing, however, of the
leaves along the margins and near the bases, these effects spreading upward
with the growth of the plant. The upper leaves may show a healthy color or
else red stripes. Heads are absent, or late and small, grains being few or
poorly developed. Some varieties, as Polish White, show only slight attack.
While the disease is regarded as due to some condition not yet fully understood,
it is thought to be favored by fertilizers which produce an alkaline soil, as
sodium nitrate and basic slag, and to be lessened by such fertilizers as ammo-
nium sulphate and superphosphate. Manganese sulphate is also credited with a
beneficial influence.
Leaf cut, or tomosis, a disorder of cotton seedlings {Agr. News [Barbados},
13 {1914), No. 312, pp. 126, 127). — ^The occurrence in St. Croix is reported of
a serious infection of cotton closely resembling that which has been previously
described by Cook as occurring in the United States (E, S. R., 29, p. 47).
Tikka disease and the introduction of exotic groundnuts in the Bombay
Presidency, E. J. Butler {Agr. Jour. India, 9 {191^), No. 1, pp. 59-70, figs. 4)- —
Reviewing briefly circumstances connected with the decline in yield of the
peanut ascribed to Septogloeum arachidis in the period from 1895 to 1902
in parts of India and the progress toward recovery since 1903, the author dis-
cusses the apparent influence of the introduction of foreign and the possible
development of resistant native varieties, suggesting, however, that probably
not all the factors involved have as yet received full recognition.
Potato scab and potato canker, G. Kock {Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr.,
16 {1913), No. 10, pp. 1005-1008, figs. 2).— Noting from specimens sent to the
station as supposed cases of potato canker, the existence of an apparent con-
fusion of this disease due to Chrysnphlyctis cndobiotica with scab ascribed to
Oospora scabies, Spongospora solani, etc., the author gives illustrated descrip-
tions of each disease in typical form.
Powdery scab of potatoes, W. J. Mokse {Maine Sta. Bui. 227 {1914), PP- 89-
104, pl^i. 4). — An account is given of the history and distribution of the powdery
scab of potatoes due to Spongospora subtcrrunea, the ocurrence of which in
the United States has been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 448). While the
fungus has not been present in this country long enough to secure exact data
regarding its behavior, the author describes its principal characteristics, and
some diseases for which it may be mistaken, discusses its economic importance,
and gives suggestions relative to means to be employed for the prevention of
its spread, the information being largely drawn from the work of Pethybridge
(E. S. R., 29, pp. 44S, 549) and Giissow (E. S. R., 29, p. 448).
[Orders regarding plant diseases] {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 20 {1914),
No. 11, pp. 1020-1024). — This article covers substantially the same ground as
that previously noted on wart disease of potatoes (E. S. R., 31, p. 149).
Yellowing of sugar beets, A. Malaqxjin and A. MoiTifi {Engrais, 29 {1914),
No. 9, pp. 24I-243). — Giving a brief discussion of the history, characters, and
effects of beet yellowing, the authors state that the disease may be spread by
the mother beets, by seed, and by debris left in the soil. To recommendations
as given by Delacroix (E. S. R., 16, p. 479) in connection with his description
of the alleged cause. Bacillus tabificans, are added their own suggestions,
namely, drying the seed at from 40 to 55° C. to a water content of from 5 to 7
per cent, also rigorous selection of roots '■o be used for production of seed.
244 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The past history and present position of the bitter pit question, D.
McAlpine (Prog. Rpt. Bitter Pit Invest. [Australia}, 1 {1911-12), pp. 197,
pis. 34; at)S. in Bot. Centhl., 122 (1913), No. 18, p. //Si).— This is the full report
(E. S. R., 29. p. 246) of these investigations to date.
It is stated that the delicate skeleton of vessels which remains, preserving
a model of the fruit after the softening and removal of the flesh, normally-
functions in the distribution and regulation of the food supply to the periphery
of the fruit, vphere the most rapid grovpth takes place. Bitter pit is said to be
an internal disease found in association with discoloration of the vascular
bundles and probably not due to an organism. The brown spots are generally-
first found in the subcutaneous zone occupied by the vascular network. Bitter
pit may be noted when the fruit is about the size of a walnut, but most gen-
erally after it is half grown, and it most commonly occurs in the upper half,
Where the openings in the skin are more numerous and water is less abundant
owing to evaporation.
This injury appears to stand in relation with intermittent weather condi-
tions at a critical period of growth; the amount and rapidity of transpiration
and sudden checking thereof at night while the roots are still active owing
to heat in the soil ; a failure of supplies at the periphery- of the fruit, followed
by spasmodic and irregular recovery; an inequality of growth resulting in
irregular formation of the vascular network controlling the distribution of
nutritive material ; fluctuations of temperature in stored fruit ; and the specific
nature of the variety in question. The relation of each of these factors to
the development of bitter pit is under investigation.
It is stated that pitting may be noted in case of fruit on young, rapidly growing
trees, as also in the case of light crops with abnormally large fruit. The quince is
less liable to pitting than is either the apple or pei'.r. In stored fruit the safest
temperature is that at which respiration is practically suspended, that is, 30
to 32° F. The delicate structure of the apple and its supply of vessels show the
necessity of careful handling and skilled packing for transportation.
An extensive bibliography is appended.
The diseases of the banana, J. E. van deb Laat (Las Enfermedades del
Banano. San Jose, Costa Rica: Dept. Agr., 1914, pp. 19, figs. 3). — Some diseases
of bananas in Costa Rica are described, particular attention being given to that
known as the Panama disease.
Two species of Fusarium are said to attack bananas, one of which is the
cause of the so-called Panama disease. The difi:erence in susceptibility of
■varieties of bananas to this disease is pointed out and the author suggests more
rational methods of cultivation as factors in its control. The disease is said
to be favored by an unbalanced condition of the nitrogen in the soil, a lack of
soluble potash, and the accumulation of excretions from the banana plant.
Report on some of the diseases of citrus fruits, O. Ross (Queensland Agr.
Jour., n. ser., 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 48-54; noted in No. 2, p. 107). — Reporting on
a tour of investigation on diseases and pests affecting citrus fruits, the author
states that collar rot (Fusarium Umonis), was found in two places. The com-
mon rough lemon, now abundant in a wild state and practically immune to
this disease, is recommended for use as a stock. In addition to thorough cul-
tivation, judicious manuring, good drainage, and close planting as preventive
measures, cutting and burning affected parts, aseptic treatment, etc., are
insisted upon.
Root rot (Phoma omnivora) is reported at one locality and is distinguished
from somewhat similar fungi. Lemon bark blotch (Ascochyta corticola) was
observed in one instance. Scabbing of fruit and leaves was abundant and
highly injurious in some places named. Anthracnose (P. citricarpa) was
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 245
not very prevalent and was not here associated with melanose, which was
elsewhere noted in one instance. The latter disease was sometimes associated
with Maori on fruit, weak lime-sulphur wash being recommended in such
cases. Some other troubles of fungus or insect origin are discussed, and
numerous fungicidal formulas or other treatments are given.
The pathological significajice of the endocellular fibers in the tissues of
grapevines, L. Petri (Atti R. Aoad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat.,
5. ser., 22 {1913), II, No. 4, pp. 174-179, fig. i).— Referring to the contribution
of Mamell (E. S. R., 29, p. 551), the author states that the formation of
endocellular fibers always precedes by one or more years the external mani-
festations characteristic of roncet, but that their presence is not always fol-
lowed by the appearance of this deformation in chronic form. It is considered
inadmissible to conclude without ade^iuate experimentation that vines showing
these endocellular fibers are really free from incipient roncet.
Reply to L. Petri regarding endocellular fibers and roncet of grapevines,
Eva I*Iameli (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser.,
22 {1913), II, No. 11, pp. 604-607). — Discussing the above article, the author
states that she has found the endocellular fibers in question in perfectly sound
Individuals representing numerous species of dicotyledons, including normal
grapevines under very diverse conditions of cultivation and climate.
More on the pathological significance of the endocellular fibers in tissues
of grapevines, L. Petri (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat.,
5. ser., 23 {1914), I, No. 3, pp. 154-161, fig. i).— This is an argumentative review
of the articles above noted and of other contributions cited.
Diseases affecting pecan trees, H. K. Millee {Amer. Fruit and Nut Jour,,
7 {1913), No. 99, pp. 12-14, fios- 2). — The author, giving the results of experi-
ence with pecan diseases in Florida, states that the blight causing leaf fall of
young seedlings can be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture every
10 or 15 days during foliation. Pecan scab {Fusicladiiim cffusum), attack-
ing nuts, leaves, and twigs, is said to be worse on pecan stock from Texas, and
in wet than in dry seasons, also probably on trees weakened by cutting for
grafts and bud wood. The application of lime sulphur to dormant trees and
of Bordeaux mixture to trees in foliage is recommended, and sanitary cultiva-
tion is insisted upon.
Rosette is considered as due to malnutrition, perhaps in most cases caused
by soil acidity or the character of the fertilizer employed. The use of ground
limestone or Thomas slag has corrected the conditions and given good results
in cases mentioned. Other factors and other remedies are suggested.
Winterkilling is considered as caused by sudden cold in autumn or spring,
by cutting away too severely in taking bud wood, or by defoliation in early fall
in case of attack by webworms. Orchard practice tending to induce early
dormancy in autumn or late foliation in spring is recommended.
Immunization of hollyhock against rust, J. Eriksson and C. Hammab-
LUND {Compt. Rend. Aead. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 6, pp. 420-423) .—Results
of previous work by Eriksson on hollyhock rust {Puccinia malvacearum) (E. S.
R., 25, p. 850) having raised the question as to the possibility of weakening
more or less the internal mycelium by the use of fungicidal solutions in water-
ing the plants, tests were carried out with copper sulphate of from 1 to 10 per
cent strength in 1912 and 1 to 5 per cent in 1913.
From the tabulated results it appears that a strength of even from 1 to 3
per cent is sufficient to limit greatly the development of the fungus, all of the
new leaves in many cases proving to be free from rust. It is therefore claimed
that this parasite may be greatly checked or controlled by the application of a
fungicide through the roots.
246 EXPEKIMENT STATION BECOED.
Observations on the life history of Ustilago vaillantii, Ivy Massee {Jour.
Econ. Biol, 9 {1911}), No. 1, pp. 9-U, pi. i).— The author states that U. vail-
lantii, found only on Liliacese, permanently infests its host in the seedling stage.
The fungus grows up from the bulb each year with the stem and produces in
the anthers and ovary spores which, after being dried, retain vitality for at
least three months.
Phytopatholog'ical notes from North American forests, C. voN Tubeuf
{Natuno. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 12 (1914), ^o. 2, pp. 89-91, fig. i).— Report-
ing briefly a study of two species of Uredinese noted on a recent American tour,
the author names these Cceoma psettdotsugce douglam and JJredo chamwcyparidis
nutkwnsis, respectively.
The morphology and life history of the chestnut blight fungus, P. J.
Andeeson {Penn. Chestnut Tree Blight Com. Bui. 7 (1913), pp. 44, Pls. 17). —
The results are given of a study on the morphology and life history of the
chestnut-blight fungus (Endothia parasitica) .
Among the observations reported it is stated that the ascospores germinate
readily in water, while the pycnospores require a nutrient medium. The pycno-
spores germinate on the twigs of a large number of forest trees and also in
humus about the base of the trees. At summer temperatures the pycnospores
germinate in from 12 to 36 hours, while the ascospores germinate in from 2 to
12 houra Lower temperatures retard germination. The ascospores in the peri-
thecia and the pycnospores in the " horns " are said to retain their germiuative
power for at least a year. The longevity of the spores is diminished when they
are separated from each other or exposed to the air. Winter weather condi-
tions were found not to aflfect the vitality of either kind of spores or of the
mycelium. The author states that the mycelium does not invade the living
tissues as individual hyphse, but in flat fan-shaped mats. It continues to grow
in the bark even during the winter months, but with much more rapidity in
the summer season. The fungus, it is said, may be carried over in the bark
for a year or more by the mycelium even when the bark is kept quite dry.
A bibliography is given.
The death of chestnuts and oaks due to Armillaria mellea, W. H. Long
(U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 89 (1914), PP- 9, pis. 2).— The results are given of a
study of chestnut and oak trees in New York and in North Carolina, from
which the author claims that chestnut timber in these two regions is deteriorat-
ing, as shown by the small annual increment during recent years, by the thin
sapwood, by the large percentage of diseased and stag-headed tops, as well as
by the number of dead and dying trees. The decline is considered probably due
to several factors, one of which is the root I'otting fungus A. mellea. This
fungus, it is claimed, can become an active parasite under favorable conditions,
especially on oaks and chestnuts, killing not only suppressed trees in the forest,
but those growing under more favorable conditions. The prevalence and ap-
parent destructiveness of this fungus seem to point to it as a very important
factor in the gradual recession of the chestnut timber in North Carolina.
The chestnut bark fungus (Endothia parasitica) was not found present in
either of these localities.
A preliminary contribution on the receptivity of oak for Oiidium, V.
EiVERA (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. 8ci. Fis., Mat. c Nat., 5. ser., 22 (1913),
II, No. 4, pp. 168-173). — Reporting a study of Oklium on Quercus robur in
relation to attack from Oidium as affected by temperature, age, turgidity, and
functional activity of the leaAes, and rapidity of root absorption, the author
concludes that while mature leaves are resistant to this disease, rapidity of
growth favors attack. Young leaves kept in a very humid atmosphere in a con-
stant state of high turgidity are not very susceptible to attack. High temper-
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 247
ature appears to influence susceptibility of leaves to attack through its efl'ect
on turgidity. Both pure water and very concentrated nutritive media are un-
favorable to attack on the leaves, as also is complete etiolation thereof, partial
etiolation showing diverse results in this respect. Mineral nutritive materials
do not appear to influence attack directly.
The yellow spot disease of cork oak, A Maige {Bui. Sta. Forest. Nord
Afrique, 1 {1912), No. 1, pp. 10-27). — ^A description is given of a disease of the
cork oak which is characterized by the occurrence of yellow spots on the bark.
The trouble seems to be due to the presence of micro-organisms, which are un-
able to attack the sound bark but develop following the presence of other
fungi, particularly some of the molds such as Aspergillus.
Various methods are suggested for the control of this trouble, which is said
to be rather serious in some portions of nothern Africa.
An enemy of the western red cedar, W. A. Mubbill {Mycologia, 6 {1914),
No. 2, pp. 93, 94, fig. 1). — Giving a description of a fungus recently noted,
claimed to be new and named Fonvitiporia weirii, the author states that the
species is abundant throughout northern Idaho and Washington, being the prin-
cipal fungus found in connection with decay of red cedar. It is said to continue
its destructive ravages in the heartwood and sapwood after the tree has fallen,
and it may even attack the bark. Separation of the annual layers in initial
stages is followed by a characteristic and easily recognizable brown friable rot.
Special investigation of this disease is contemplated for the field season of 1914.
Cone bearing and cauliflory in witches' broom, P. Jaccabd ( Naturw. Ztschr.
For St u. Landw., 12 {1914), No. 3, pp. 122-128, fig. i).— The author describes a
very large witches' broom on a larch tree showiug male flowers on the stems,
and numerous cones, apparently normal, along with other peculiarities of an
anatomical or chemical nature. The witches' broom noted showed a healthy
green, contrasting strongly witli surrounding foliage which was discolored, fol-
lowing a general attack by Tortrix {Steganoptycha) pinicolana.
A preliminary note on a new bark disease of the white pine, A. H. Graves
{Mycologia, 6 {1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 84-87, pi. 1). — Attention is called to a disease
spreading in circular areas in white pine groves in several localities in New
England.
The bark shows a degree of contraction at or near the surface of the
ground, or in bad cases a girdling due to death of the bark. Of several
organisms isolated from the diseased areas since the discovery of the trouble
in 1911, a very common one, believed to be a Fusarium, is thought to be an im-
portant factor. Up to this time inoculations have apparently been unsuccessful,
but investigations are in progress and further results are to be published. Pend-
ing further study, the removal and destruction of all affected trees or parts
are insisted upon.
White pine blister, W. C. O'Kane {Country Gent., 79 {1914), No. 6, p. 251,
figs. 3). — This is a popular account of this disease as far as known in the
United States.
Fairy rings, E. Munch {Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landic, 12 {1914), No. 3,
pp. 133-137, figs. 2). — The author discusses a fairy ring fungus, supposed to be
Agaricus maximus, and kept under observation for three years, stating that
attempts to extend the organism by transferring sward containing the mycelium
have not succeeded in spreading it beyond the original limits of the portions of
turf that were transferred.
Two new wood-destroying fungi, J. R. Weie {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Ayr.
Research, 2 {1914), No. 2, pp. 163-167, pis. 2).— Technical descriptions and
economic notes are given on two new species of wood-destroying fungi, Fomes
putearius and Trametes setosus, both of which are found on dead coniferous
248 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
wood throughout the white pine timber belt of the northwestern United States
and adjacent regions.
Studies in dry rot.— Ill, IV, C. Wehmer (Mycol. Centbl, 2 (1913), No. 7,
pp. 831-340, figs. 3; 3 {1914), No. 7, pp. 321-332, fig. i).— Continuing this series
(E. S. R., 27, p. 654), the author reports infection tests with MeruUns lacry-
mans under varied conditions on a number of woods more or less commonly
used in buildings, furniture, packing cases, etc., giving details as to behavior
of each under various conditions of temperature, moisture, etc., continued for
several months.
It appears, from the results detailed, that the woods entirely unchanged by
the fungus were those of Tectona grandis, Swietenia mahagoni, Robinia pscud-
acacia, Juglans nigra, and Cedrela odorata; slightly attacked, Qiiercus pedun-
culata; severely attacked, Uhnus campestric, J. rcgia, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia
parvifolia, Betula alba, and Picea vulgans.
Numerous laboratory infection studies with pure cultures indicated that
Merulius apparently does not seriously attack mature fir wood under conditions
employed, even when other organisms are present. Studies carried out in the
moist atmosphere of a cellar gave almost the same negative I'esult. Further
reports are promised.
Soil disinfection with carbon bisulphid, A. Rolet (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser.,
27 {1914), No. 3, pp. 89-91). — This article discusses briefly the manner and
amount of dosage with bisulphid of carbon as used for the purpose of con-
trolling various subterranean insect and cryptogamic enemies of cultivated
plants.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
A history of British mammals, G. E. H. Babrett-Hamilton {London, [vol.
21, 1912, pts. 11, pp. 217-264, P?-?- 4> figs. 5; 12, pp. 265-312, pis. S; 1913. pts. 13,
pp. 313-360, pis. 2, figs. 4; 14, pp. 3+361-408, pis. 5, figs, ii).— This continuation
of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 51) deals with the Leporidre, or
hares and rabbits; the Muscardinidsp, or dormice; and the Muridjp, or mice and
rats, of the Rodentia.
Use and value of wild birds to Texas farmers and stockmen and fruit and
truck growers, H. P. Attwateb (Texas Dept. Agr. Bui. 37 (1914), pp. 61, figs.
17). — A compilation from various sources.
The growth and organization of applied entomology in the United States,
P. J. Pareott (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 1, pp. 50-64). — This, the address
of the president of the American Association of Economic Entomologists,
deals with the utilitarian development of entomology, history of state aid in
applied entomology, the prominence of entomology in federal aid to agriculture,
extension of scope of applied entomology, promise in new broad projects, etc.
A simple and economical method of filing' entomological correspondence,
W. Newell (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 1, pp. 87-91, pi. 1). — A description
of the author's method.
Ninth annual report of the state entomologist and plant pathologist for
1913, G. M. Bentley {Ann. Rpt. State Ent. and Plant Path. Term., 9 (1913),
pp. 120, figs. 32). — In addition to the details relating to nursery inspection
work, etc., brief accounts are given of the insects doing the most damage in
1913, poultry pests and how to control them, destructive melon, cucumber, and
cantaloup insects, insecticides, etc.
Ninth report of the state entomologist and plant pathologist of Virginia,
W. J. ScHOENE (Rpt. Stale Ent. and Plant Path. Va., 9 (1912-13). pp. 66, figs.
2S). — The first part of this report, relating to details of inspection work, etc..
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 249
is followed by accounts of the round-headed apple tree borer (pp. 28-40). the
fruit tree bark beetle (pp. 41-48), and plant lice (pp. 49-06) by E. A. Back.
List of insect pests of cultivated plants in southern India, T. B. Fletcher
(Dept. Agr. Madras Note No. 1 {1913), pp. 15). — This paper lists 275 insect
enemies of crops in southern India.
The enemies of chicory (Cichorium), P. Noel {Bui. Lab. Regional Ent. Agr.
[Rouen], No. 3 (1913), pp. 5, 6; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 {1913), Ser. A, No. 7,
p. 256). — A list is given of the insect pests of varieties of this plant.
Tobacco insects in Hawaii, D. T. Fullaway {Hawaii Sta. BuL 34 {1914),
pp. 20, figs. 9). — This paper supplements the information contained in the
bulletin on tobacco insects by Van Dine, previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 785).
It deals with the distribution, life history, habits, means of control, and natural
enemies of the more important tobacco pests. The principal insects dealt
with are cutworms, splitworms, pod borer, hornworm, flea beetle, and cigarette
beetle.
The larviB of 8 of 35 species of Noctuidse known to occur on the island are
said to be commonly found in cultivated fields, Caradrin<i reclusa being the
species most commonly found in the tobacco fields in Hawaii, The parasites
of cutworms are said to be fairly efficient. The injury caused by the splitworm
in the field is said to be slight on well-conducted plantations, only the two
or three lower leaves being injured. It is. however, a source of injury in the
seed bed. The braconid Chclonus blackburni and the ophionid Limnerium
blackbumi are important parasitic enemies.
The cotton bolhvorm {Helioihis obsoleta), known in Hawaii as the tobacco
pod borer, does not attack corn or cotton on the island, and is not generally
considered a serious pest of tobacco. The tobacco hornworm is extremely
uncommon and has never been observed by the author on tobacco. The tobacco
flea beetle does not seem to be much of a pest on the commercial plantations,
except late in the growing season, but in neglected tobacco it becomes very
numerous.
The minor pests briefly mentioned Include Plusia chalcites, Amorbia emi-
gratella, Pseudococcits citri, P. virgatus, Siphanta acuta, Pulvinaria psidii,
Elimcca appendiculata, Xiphidium varipenne, Nysius delectus, and Xyleborus sp.
The bulletin concludes with a brief account of the cigarette beetle.
Grasshopper control work in western Kansas, G. A. Dean {Jour. Eoon.
Ent., 7 {1914), No. 1, pp. 67-73, pis. 2). — In describing the work as carried on
in western Kansas the author estimates that the farmers fed almost a thousand
tons of poisoned bran mash to grasshoppers in 1913. A close examination of
the grasshopper situation made at the close of the season convinced the ento-
mologists and farm demonstration agents that there were fewer grasshoppers
in western Kansas than for many years. It is stated that from 60 to SO per
cent of the grasshoppers were killed by the poison bran mash and the re-
mainder were so left to the mercy of the parasitic and predaceous enemies that
only a few escaped.
Thrips injury to tobacco, H. Jensen {Jaarb. Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel
Nederland, Indie, 1911, p. 248, pi. 1). — This article relates to a leaf injury of
the tobacco plant in Java by Thrips sp.
A little-known lantern fly injuring corn (Peregrinus maidis), W. A.
Thomas {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 174 {1913), pp. 7, figs. 3).— During the
course of investigations of the cotton root louse, conducted in cooperation with
the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, for the past 3 years, observa-
tions have been made of P. maidis, which is becoming recognized as a serious
pest of late corn in the Pee Dee section of South Carolina.
250 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.
The injury occasioned by tlie insect is caused tlirough puncturing and suck-
ing tlie juices from the leaves and tender stalks. The first appearance of the
injuiy is usually noticed on the upper surface of the midribs, near their junc-
tion with the stalks, the punctures in these tissues appearing as small whitish
spots. Within a few days after the attack the leaves on these stalks become
parched and dry and the entire stalk has the appearance of having been killed
by a heavy frost. In cases where the infestation is lighter only the buds and
upper portion of the stalks are killed, leaving some of the lower leaves still
green, and where it is very light the foliage turns yellow.
At Marion eggs deposited September 5 hatched 9 days later, and the nymphs,
after molting 5 times, became mature on September 30, thus completing the life
cycle from egg to maturity in 25 days.
A 10 per cent kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb. of
soap to 5 gal. of water is recommended as a control measure.
Since it is a habit of this insect to pass the fall and early winter under
shucks on Uie old cornstalks remaining in the fields and gardens, cutting .nnd
plowing under all the stalks immediately after the corn has been harvested is
found to be an important control measure.
The rose aphis, H. M. Russell {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 90 (1914), pp. 15, pis. S,
figs. 4). — This bulletin reports the results of studies that were commenced in
Los Angeles in 1910 and later carried on to some extent at Washington, D. C.
The rose aphis is said to be distributed over the entire United States and also
occurs in Europe, from which country it was first described. Observations of
its life history, both at Log Angeles and in a greenhouse at Washington, D. C,
are reported. It is estimated that in greenhouses there are from 25 to 30
generations annually and in the open 12 or more.
Under natural control mention is made of rains, heat, birds, and parasitic
and predaceous insects. A braconid (Ephedrus incompletus) was reared from
the aphis at Washington, D. C, in 1912. During the year 1910 five different species
of Syrphidiie were reared from the larvae feeding on this aphid, namely, Syrphus
ribesii, S. opinator, AUograpta frocta, Eupeodes volucris, and Lasiophthiciis
pyrasti.
In the experiments reported nicotin sulphate at a dilution as high as 1 : 1400
was much more effective against the rose aphis when used in combination with
whale-oil or other soap, since the spreading action thus induced is much more
favorable. It was found that in the greenhouse lower strengths of nicotin sul-
phate can be used, and that 1 part to 2,000 of water will not injure the rose
plant if applied on a dark day or late in the afternoon so that the plants will
not be exposed to reflected sunlight through the glass.
The cotton root louse (Aphis maidi radicis), W. A. Thomas (South Carolina
Sta. Bui. 115 (1914), PP- 3). — A brief popular account of this cotton pest.
On the biology of aphidid pests of tree and bush fruits, V. V. Dobrov-
LiANSKY (K Biologii Tlcl Plodovykh Dercv'ev i lagodnykh Kustov. Kief: Kiev
Etit. Stantsiia lazh. Russ. Obshch. Pooshch. Zeml. i Selslc. Promysh., 1913,
pp. JfS; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 2, pp. 19-82). — A report of
studies made in the vicinity of Kief in 1914, particularly of Aphis pomi.
Plant louse notes from California, W. M. Davidson (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7
(1914), No. 1, pp. 121-136, figs. 8). — Descriptive notes on a number of species,
including several new to science.
The life history of the sugar beet root louse (Pemphigus betae), J. R.
Parker (Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 136-141). — "Wingless viviparous
females are found in the ground the year around upon the roots of beets,
weeds, and grasses. In the fall winged individuals are produced which fly to
Cottonwood trees and deposit the true sexes. The sexes mate and the female
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 251
deposits a single winter egg in the crevices of cottonwood barli. The follow-
ing spring the young louse hatching from the egg ascends the trees, forms a
gall, in which a single generation of lice is produced, all of which are winged
and become the sunimei migrants. The summer migrants fly to beets, weeds,
and grasses and upon the leaves of such plants give birth to young which
descend to the roots and start new colonies of winged viviparous females."
The San Jose scale in Nova Scotia, R. Matheson {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914),
No. 1, pp. Ufl-Ufl, fig. 1). — A discussion of the present status of this pest in
Nova Scotia where it was first discovered in the spring of 1911 on nursery
stock planted the precetling year, thus proving that it can survive the winter
there.
A new cotton scale from Panama, T. D. A. Cockeeell {Jour. Econ. Ent.,
7 (1914), No. 1, p. 148). — A new species from cotton is described as Icerya
zetelci.
Outline of the work on the g'ipsy moth, and brown-tail moth, conducted by
the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, A. F. Burgess
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 1, pp. 83-87). — A brief summary of the work
now under waj'.
What Massachusetts has accomplished for science in her fight against the
gipsy and brown-tall moths, F. W. Rane (Proc. 8oc. Provi. Agr. Sci., 34
(1913), pp. 59-63). — A paper presented before the annual meeting of the
Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, held at Washington, D. C,
November 11, 1013.
The parasitism and reproduction of Empusa elegans n. sp., B. Majmone
(Centbl. Bald, [ctc.^, 2. AM., 40 (1914), No. 1-8, pp. 98-109, pis. 5).— This is
a report of studies of a new s-pecios of Empusa, found to attack and cause the
death of caterpillars and pupte of the brown-tail moth in the Province of
Campobasso, Italy, which is described as E. elegans. This fungus is said to
have been so abundant in the fall of 1909 that it caused the brown-tail moth
to disappear largely from the Province the following spring.
A bibliography of 35 titles is appended.
Infection experiments with eggs of the nun moth, J. Meves (Centhl.
Gesam. Forstiv., 39 (1913), No. 1, pp. 18-25). — The author finds that nun moth
caterpillars which emerge from eggs, the shells of which have been infected
by caterpillars which died the previous year from wilt disease, consume the
infection with the shell and die within a period of 11 days after emergence.
The infection can be transmitted by these caterpillars during their lifetime to
other caterpillars with which they come in contact. The virus can also be
transmitted from those which died the same or the previous year to healthy
caterpillars occurring in the vicinity without direct contact. Individual cater-
pillars may be immune to the disease.
The Sporotrichum fungus and Arctia caja caterpillars, J. Pastre (Bill. Agr.
Alg^rie et Tunisie, 19 (1913), No. 13, pp. 283, 284; «&«• in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1
(1913), Ser. A, No. 11, p. 419). — It is reported that in the vineyards of Herault
the young larvae of this lepidopteran are often found dead or in a swollen
and flabby condition as a result of the attack of Sporotrichum globuliferum,
which supplements the work of the insect parasites, Apanteles caja, Degeeria
funebris, and Erynnia vibrissata. Artificial propagation experiments have
given poor results, the fungus apparently affecting only the first generation of
the larvae.
A contribution to the study of the chemical composition of the silkworm
at different stages of its metamorphosis, R. Inoute (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp.
Univ. Tokyo, 5 (1912),^ No. 1, pp. 67-79). — "The chemical composition of the
silkworm is greatly changed in producing the cocoon, while the difference be-
252 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECOED.
tween the pupa and moth is not so vStriking. The silkworm never loses its
nitrogen in gaseous form while metamorphosing. Fat is accumulated when
the silkworm pupates, but during the pupal and moth stage the greater part of
it is consumed."
The amount of nitrogen in the phosphotungstic acid precipitate is much
smaller in every stage of the metamorphosis than the nitrogen in the filtrate
therefrom. In the cocoon the amount of nitrogen precipitable by phospho-
tungstic acid is very small. "In the pupal and moth stage the waste of body
protein is repaired with amino acids, and a part of the latter is further trans-
formed into ammonia. Splitting of the protein in the silkworm is caused by
the action of some proteolytic enzym."
The maize pyralid (Pyrausta nubilalis), A. Vuillet {Rev. Phytopath. Appl.,
1 (1913), No. 8, pp. 105-107, fig. 1; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 {1913), Ser. A,
No. 11, pp. 409, 4i0). — The caterpillars of Chloridea obsoleta, Laphygma exigua,
and others, particularly P. vnMIalis, are said to be the chief enemies of corn
plants in southwestern France. It appears that P. nuhilalis has but few or
no parasitic enemies.
Biological and economic notes are presented.
The control of the codling^ moth in the Pecos Valley in New Mexico,
A. L. QuAiNTANCE {U. 8. Dept. Ag<r. Bui. 88 {1914), PP- 8, figs. 4).— This
bulletin reports the results of experiments with control measures carried on
during 1912 and 1913 by the late A. G. Hammar and his assistants under
the direction of the author. The results of work carried on in an orchard at
Rosvi'ell, N. Mex,, are presented in detail.
The plat which received a total of 3 applications of an arsenate of lead
spray gave 95.13 per cent sound fruit. The plat with 4 applications yielded
98.72 per cent of sound fruit, and that which received 5 spray applications, 99.39
per cent. The unsprayed plat showed only 40.77 per cent of the fruit free from
codling moth injury. It has been found that in New Mexico the calyx lobes of
the small fruit may remain open in suitable condition for calyx spraying for
a period of from 2 to 3 weeks, thus differing somewhat from the East where
a i>eriod of only about 10 days follows the dropping of the apple blossoms
before the calyx lobes close.
The results have led the author to recommend that the first application,
consisting of 6 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 200 gal. of water, be made as soon as
the petals have fallen; the second application, consisting of 8 lbs. of arsenate
of lead to 200 gal. of water, about 2 weeks after the falling of the petals ; and
the third application at the same strength 8 or 9 weeks after the falling of the
petals.
Lesser bud moth, E. W. Scott and J. H. Paine {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 2 {1914), No. 2, pp. 161, 162). — The occurrence of the lesser bud moUi
{Recurraria manella) was noted during the spring of 1912 while the authors
were engaged in apple spraying experiments at Benton Harbor, Mich. The
injury caused is said to have been severe in a neglected orchard at that place,
this insect being the most Important factor in the destruction of the entire
Crop of fruit. The character of the injury, the attack on the swelling buds,
find the tying together of the growing leaves led the authors to attribute the
damage to the eye-spotted bud moth, but studies the following year led to the
identification of the pest and the discovery of an insect the economic im-
portance of which had not previouslj* been recorded in the United States.
The authors' observations of the life history of this pest are said to corre-
spond in detail with those of Houghton dn England in 1903 (E. S. R., 15, p.
787). A brief review of the literature consisting of 6 titles follows.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 253
The so-called tobacco -wireworm in Virginia, G. A. Runnee ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 78 {1914), pp. 30, pis. 2, figs. 5).— This is a report of studies of the
tobacco Crambus (Crambus caliginoscllus) conducted during the last 4 years
largely at a field station at Appomattox, Va.
This pest occurs throughout the eastern United States from Canada south
to the Gulf Coast States, and in most, if not all, of the tobacco-growing districts
of the Eastern States, but appears to be most destructive in certain sections
of Maryland and Virginia, and especially in the famous " dark tobacco district "
of the Piedmont section of middle Virginia. In Virginia the damage to the
tobacco crop alone by the insect is estimated to average at least $800,000 annu-
ally, and it is also the source of considerable injury to the corn plant.
Tobacco is attacked soon after planting, and feeding by the larv.ne continues
until the first or second week in July. As feeding continues the larvae, which
commence operations just below the surface of the ground, frequently enter the
Btalk and tunnel upward, the burrows often extending to the base of the first
leaves. Although the plants often partially recover they do not attain full
growth. In their attack upon corn the larvne commence near the surface of the
ground and burrow into the base of the stalks, the outer portion of the stalk
being frequently girdled. Injury to corn has been noted in many localities
whore little tobacco is grown and its damage to this crop probably amounts to
more than that to tobacco.
Technical descriptions are given of the several stages of this species and a
detailed report of life history studies.
At Appomattox the moths which emerge during the summer appear in great-
est numbers during the first and second weeks in August. There appears to be
but a single generation a year.
The eggs, which are deposited in weedy fields during July and August, hatch
in a few days. The larvfe remain in the soil over winter and complete their
growth during June and July of the following year, feeding most actively at
the time the tobacco or corn is planted. The injury to these crops occurs when
they are planted on land which was weedy during the previous season, crops
planted on land.. which has been under clean cultivation being immune. Buck-
horn plantain, oxeye daisy, stickweed, and whitetop are the weeds which have
been found to be the most common natural feod plants of the worms.
Several carabid beetles are mentioned as natural enemies. The subter-
ranean habits and the protection afforded by the loose web in which the worms
usually lie when not feeding appear to protect them largely from parasites.
The investigations show that the worms when once established in land where
their natural food plants are abundant are dilficult to control". Various in-
secticides and repellents have been tested but without satisfactory results.
Fall or winter plowing has been found to reduce the injury but is only partially
effective, as most of the weeds remain alive and furnish food for the larvae
until the tobacco or corn is planted. " Damage is best prevented by crop rota-
tions, or by cultural methods that prevent growth of the weeds which are food
plants of the worms, thus making conditions unfavorable for egg deposition by
the moths the summer before tobacco or com is planted. Summer plowing,
thorough preparation of weedy land, and the growing of crops of cowpeas or
crimson clover, preferably cowpeas, the year before crops subject to injury are
planted, have been found to be most satisfactory and practical means of control."
A bibliography of 19 titles is appended.
A new frtiit boring caterpillar of bananas occurring at Tweed Heads
(Heteromicta latro), E. Jabvis (Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 1 (1914), No. 4,
pp. 280-284, fig. 1). — This lepidopterau, hitherto unrecorded as of economic
254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
importance, is said to have caused damage to green Cavendish bananas in the
locality of Tweed Heads.
Disease-bearing mosquitoes of North, and Central America, the West
Indies, and the Philippine Islands, C. S. Ludlow {War Dept. [U. 8.], Off.
Surg. Gen. Bui. 4 {19U), pp. 97, pis. 30, figs. 50).— Following a brief introduc-
tion descriptions are given of 11 species of Anopheles, 7 of Myzomyia, 3 of
Pyretophorus, 4 of Myzorhynchus, 3 of Nyssorhynchus, 4 of Cellia, and 1 each
of Cycloleppteron and Stethomyia, of the Anophelinae; and of 4 species of
Culicinse. This is followed by a brief account of breeding places, life history,
collecting and collections, and a discussion of dissecting and staining.
American black flies or buffalo gnats, J. R. Malloch {V. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Ent. Bui. 26 (1914), tech. ser., pp. 71, lils. 6). — This is a synopsis of the
Simulidae, a group of flies of considerable economic importance as direct enemies
of man and domestic animals and, indirectly, through the role that they may play
in the transmission of disease.
Five species of Prosimulium, 1 of Parasimulium n. g., and 31 of Simulium
are recognized as occurring in North America and Central America, of which 14
species are characterized for the first time.
A list of the principal papers dealing with the life histories of Aauerican
Simulidse is appended.
The reproductive organs and the newly hatched larva of the warble fly
(Hypoderma), G. H. Cabpenter and T. R. Hewitt {8ci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc,
n. ser., 14 (1914), ^o. 19, pp. 268-289, pis. 6, fig. i).— This is an anatomical
study of the genitalia and larva of Hypoderma. A bibliography of 21 titles is
included.
Mahogany borers of the Gold Coast, T. F. Chipp (Roy. Bot. Gard. Keto,
Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 2 {1913), pp. 72-75, figs. 6). — A brief account of injury
by a borer belonging to the genus Xylotrya.
The Colorado potato beetle migrating to the Pacific coast, F. H. Chittenden
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 1, p. 152). — The author reports the receipt of
specimens of Leptinotarsa deccmlineata. from Colton, Wash.
The biology of Rhynchytus auratus, N. N. Troitzky {Materialy po Biologii
Vishnevago Slonika. Tashkend: Turkest. Ent. Stantsiia, 1913, pp. 49, pls. 2;
ais. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 {1913), Ser. A, No. 11, pp. 438-4-^1).— A detailed
description is given of this weevil, which occurs in the southern and south-
eastern parts of European Russia, in the Crimea and the Caucasus, and in the
territories of Middle Asia.
The pest appears in orchards at Tashkend at the beginning of April after
having hibernated in the adult stage. The weevils stay on the lower parts of
stems of cherry trees, from whence they gradually spread over the crown of the
tree, feeding on the blossoms and buds and later on the fruit. In the govern-
ments on the Volga they feed on plums, apricots, apples, pears, prunes, thorns,
and even gooseberries. Various methods of control are suggested.
The biology of Bruchus chinensis, R. Schandee and K. Boss (Mitt, Kaiser
Wilhelms Inst. Landw. Bromberg, 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 125-132, pi. i).— Studies
of the cowpea weevil are reported.
Apiary inspection (Sess. Laws Colo., 1913, pp. 24-27). — The text of an act
establishing a division of apiary inspection and investigation under the state
entomologist is presented. Its duties will include the protection of bees from
contagious diseases, the prevention and spread of bee diseases, the employment
of county apicultural inspectors, the transfer of bees from box hives, the pre-
vention of the poisoning of bees by fruit tree sprays, etc.
The temperature of the honeybee cluster in winter, E. F. Phillips and
G. S. Dkmuth (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 93 (191.',), pp. 16, figs. 2).— This pre-
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 255
liminarj' report presents the results of the first season's work on the behavior
of bees during the winter. The authors have eliminated a source of error,
through the use of electrical thermometers in place of mercury thermometers,
thus being enabled to take the readings of the temperature of various parts of
the hive without opening the hive, or going near to disturb the bees. In all
161,617 temperature readings were made during the winter of 1912-13.
The authors find that " when the temperature of a colony of undisturbed
broodless bees is above 57° F. and below about 69° the bees are quiet and their
temperature drifts with the outer temperature ; at lower temperatures they
form a compact cluster, and the temperature within it is raised by. heat gener-
ated by the bees." While the lower critical point, 57°, appears rather well
established, it is stated that the observations up to the present do not justify
too definite a statement as to the upper limit of quiescence. These conditions do
not apply when the colony has brood, since the rearing of brood in winter causes
a marked increase in heat production and constitutes a condition which may
become one of the most disastrous that can befall a confined colony.
The studies indicate that dextrin can not be digested by bees. Thus honey-
dew honey causes a rapid accumulation of feces which usually results in the
condition known as dysentery, in bad cases of which the feces are voided in the
hive. " The accumulation of feces acts as an irritant, causing the bees to be-
come more active and consequently to maintain a higher temperature. We are
therefore justified in believing that the cause of poor wintering on honeydew
honey is due to excessive activity, resulting in the bees wearing themselves out
and ultimately in the death of the colony. . . . The accumulation of feces due
to confinement causes increased activity and this in turn is the cause of ex-
cessive heat production, resulting in a reduction in the vitality of the bees. . . .
While the activity of the cluster is greater at some times than at others, there
are not, as has been held, regular intervals of activity at which the colony
rouses itself to take food. At no time is a colony kept at a room temperature
of 45° or less in a condition which can be characterized as inactive. . . . Poor
food is evidently a more serious handicap than low temperature."
The authors state that it is clear that the heat for the warming of the
cluster is produced by muscular activity. " It is at least evident from the rec-
ords obtained in this work that colonies of bees in winter, either in cellars or
out of doors, should be disturbed as little as possible. This appears to apply
especially to cold weather out of doors or in the cellar, especially after the
colony has been confined for some time."
Destruction of germs of infectious bee diseases by heating, G. F. White
(U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 92 {1914), PP- 8). — In this bulletin the author summarizes
the results of 55 heating experiments carried on during the last two years.
When maintained for 10 minutes the minimum temperatui-es that can be used
for destroying the germs of the four bee diseases now known to be infectious
apparently are approximately 63° C. (145.4° F.) for European foul brood,
98° for American foul brood, 58° for sacbrood. and 57° for Nosema disease.
" It is probable that future experiments may cause slight changes to be made
In these conclusions. Nothing more than a comparatively slight variation is to
be expected, however. In practice the beekeeper, in destroying these germs by
heating, will naturally use a quantity of heat somewhat in excess of the
minimum amount that is absolutely necessary."
Dipterous enemies of the Melipona bees, R. Ramirez (Bol. Dir. Gen. Agr.
[Mexico], Rev. Agr., 2 {1912), No. 6, pp. 533-535, pis. 2). — Phora incrassata and
P. aterrima are mentioned as enemies of the immature stages of Melipona bees.
55733°— No. 3—14 5
256 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECOBD.
Occurrence of the Argentine ant in Texas, W. Newell {Jour. Econ. Ent.,
7 {1914), No. 1, p. 153). — irkJomyrmex humiUs was found throughout a con-
isiderable portion of the business and residential sections of Beaumont, Tex., on
January 5, 1914.
A natural enemy of the Argentine ant, W. Newell {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7
{1014), No. 1, p. 147). — Ec-iton {Acamatus) schmitti has been found to be very
active in raiding colonies of Iridoinyrnicx humility, destroying the adults and
carrying off the larvte and pupie in the Louisiana citrus growing section.
Calliephialtes in California, H. S. Smith and E. J. Vosler {Mo. Bui. Com.
Hort. Cal, 3 {1914), No. 5, pp. 195-211, figs. i5).— This is a report of studies of
this codling moth j)arasite in California which were commenced in the spring
of 1913. The information presented is supplementary to that by Cushman in an
article previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 360).
'• On account of the wide differences in handling the apple crop in CaUfornia
and that of the native habitat, the physical limitations of the parasite, the
fact that the birds destroy a large percentage of the codling moth larvaj, and
the habits of the codling moth larvae seeking hibernating quarters, we believe
that Calliephialtes sp. will be of no practical value in controlling the host."
Some information on the parasites of the eggs of Eurygaster integriceps,
X. A. DoBRovoLSKi {Ent. Vtestnik [Kief], 1 {1913), No. 2, pp. 229-236; abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 {1913), Ser. A, No. 11, pp. 450, 451).— The proportion of eggs
j)arasitized in the Government of Kharkof was found to vary from 88 to 9t5 per
cent, from 37..5 to OS i)er cent being parasitized by Telenomus scmistriatus, 2G.7
to .50 j)er cent by T. Hokolori, and 1.3 to S.S per cent by a new species.
The Tenthredinoidea of Argentina, P. Jorgensen {An. Miis. Nac. Hist. Nat.
Buenos Aires, 24 {1913), pp. 247-288, pis. S, fig. i).— This paper includes de-
scriptions of 3 genera and 13 species new to science.
Ammonia gas as a fumigant, D. E. Fink {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 1,
pp. 149, 150). — Three oz. of concentrated ammonia, placed in a fumigation box
of 8s cu. ft. capacity with 6 qt. bags of cowpeas containing living weevils, re-
sulted in 100 per cent mortality. The same amount placed in the same box
with a 50-lb. bag of cowpeas and an exposure of IS hours gave from 75 to 85
per cent mortality.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
The milling and baking qualities of Victorian wheat, A. E. V. Richardson,
P. R. Scott, and F. H. Winslow {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 11 {1913), Nos. 9,
pp. 521-533, figs. 6; 10, pp. 625-639, figs. 6; 12, pp. 755-765, figs. 2).— In the first
of these papers the small milling plant and electric baking oven and the
laboratory equipment installed in the Victoria Department of Agriculture, for
use in milling and baking tests with A'ictorian wheats and flours, are de-
scribed, the structure of wheat discussed, and some analytical data reported.
A representative composite sample of Victorian wheat (1911-12) of "fair
average quality" had, according to the authors, the following percentage com-
position: Water, 10.43; protein, 11.26; crude fiber, 2.32; nitrogen-free extract,
71.97; ether extract, 2.79; and ash, 1.23. As shown by the average of 10
typical Victorian wheats, the total ash was made up as follows: Ferric oxid,
0.5 ; alumina, 0.58 ; brown oxid of manganese. 1.62 ; lime. 3.72 ; magnesia, 14.61 ;
potash. 29.93 ; soda, 3.24 : chlorin. 0.9 ; sulphuric auhydrid, 3.02 ; phosphoric
anhydrid, 40.87; and silica, 1.51 per cent; a total of 100.5 per cent, or 100 per
cent when 0.5 per cent oxygen (=chlorin) is deducted. The chemical testing
of flour is described in detail.
In the second paper the methods followed in milling wheat and testing flour
are des.-'ribed at length, tbe descriptions being elucidated by data comparing
Victorian with New South Wales and South Australian wheats.
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 257
"The Now South Walos sample was intermediate in bushel weight, gave
slightly less flour thau either of the other wheats, but the quality of the flour
was superior to either Victorian or South Australian. The protein content
of both wheat and flour were comparatively high, the gluten content and water
absorption higher than either of the other samples. The flour on baking gave
an excellent loaf of good texture and color, and the volume and pile were very
good.
" The Victorian sample gave the highest bushel weight, and yielded the
greatest quantity of flour, but the flour contained slightly more moisture than
the other samples. It had the lowest protein and gluten content and the lowest
ratio of soluble nitrogen to total nitrogen. On the other hand, the yield of
bread was good, and the volume and texture excellent.
" The South Autralian sample was lowest in bushel weight, intermediate in
yield of flour, moisture, protein, and gluten content. The dough did not rise to
the same extent as either Victorian or New South Wales, and the volume and
pile of the loaf were slightly poorer than either of the other flours.*'
In the third paper milling and baking tests made with 32 samples of typical
Australian varieties of wheat grown at two experiment stations during the
season 1912-1.3 are discussed.
According to the authors' summary, " the percentage of straight grade flour
produced from the sjimples, and this in a large measure determines the value
of the grain, varied from 08.7 per cent in the case of King Early to 73.5 iier
cent with Yandilla King. The break flour varied from 1.4 per cent with
Huguenot to over 12 per cent with White Tuscan and Dart Imperial. Break
flour, as a rule, has a determining effect in the color of the flour, the more
break flour the poorer the color.
" Similar variations were noted with respect to the amount of water re-
quired to bring the grain into condition for milling. The maximum, 9 per cent,
was required for the flinty durum varieties — Kubanka and Huguenot — while
the minimum, 3 per cent, was required by soft varieties like Dart Imperial
and Yandilla King."
Considerable differences were noted with respect to the volume of the loaf,
and the authors consider it questionable whether the best results are obtained
from high strength flours by baking them under the same conditions as low
strength flours, which formed the bulk of the types tested. " The yield of
bread varied from 461 to 480 gm. per standard loaf, and the volume from 1,310
cc. to 1,710 cc. What is more important still, the texture and quality of the
loaves varied very considerably in the different varieties."
As pointed out, the moisture absorbed in the process of conditioning is ulti-
mately retained in the milling products, and so the amount absorbed by different
varieties is of some importance to the miller. The nioi.stTire content of
Australian wheats is low, and a considerable amount is absorbed in storage in
a grain shed or during transportation to Europe. The amount so gained is of
direct value to the wheat exporter.
" The amount gained during storage or transportation to England largely
depends, of course, on the locality in which the wheat is grown. From evidence
submitted to the South Australian Royal Commission on the marketing of
wheat, it would appear that the increase of weight accruing from storage for a
period of 6 months amounted to from 0.7.5 to 3.5 per cent of the total weight of
wheat."
In addition to the milling and baking tests, a special study was made of the
protein and gluten content of the wheats under consideration. The protein
varied from 10.31 per cent with Marshall No. 3 to 14.68 per cent with Thew,
and a similar range was noted in the case of the protein content of the flour,
258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the extremes being 9.43 per cent with Kubanka and 13.31 per cent with Tbew.
" The figures for dry gluten range from 7.79 per cent to 10.44 per cent. The
gluten content of the standard sample was 7.81 per cent. The variations in
strength or water absorption capacity of the flour range from 42 in the case of
King Early to 57.2 per cent in the case of Cedar."
The effects of climatic conditions, soil, and variety are discussed with refer-
ence to the wheats under consideration.
Wheat and flour, R. Harcoubt (Arm. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm,
38 {1912), pp. 48-50). — A brief account is given of the year's work in wheat and
flour, together with the numerical data of baking tests of spring wheats growf«
on the college experimental plats in 1911, in comparison with earlier work.
Rice polishings or tiqui-tiqui (darac) (Ann. Rpt. Bur. Health P. I., 1^
(1912-13), pp. 20, 21). — A brief summary is given of a study of the possible
use of rice polishings as porridge.
As obtained from the mill the sample contained grit, insects, and other for-
eign substances, of which the coarser portions could be removed by sifting.
" In this condition the product could no doubt be eaten without actual damage,
though the possible presence of insect remains is revolting. If clean, tiqui-tiqui
could doubtless be prepared in the same manner as com meal and other non-
glutinous farinaceous products."
The study was undertaken because of the importance of rice polishings in
combating beri-beri. The conclusion reached was that " in view of the difficul-
ties that would be encountered in making tiqui-tiqui a palatable food, it is . . .
better to make a trial of yeast, which recent laboratory work seems to show
possesses the same properties as tiqui-tiqui as a cure or preventive for beri-beri,
and as yeast could be more easily administered, trials with the latter are soon
to be made."
Analyses of two samples of chick peas (Cicer arietinum), N. Passerini
(Bol. 1st. Agr. Scandicci, 2. ser., 7 (1913), No. 4, PP- 311-314).— Proximate and
ash analyses ai'e reported.
A study of the ripening and putrefaction of meat, D. Ottolenghi (Arch.
Farmacol. 8per. e Set. Aff.. 16 (1913), ^'os. 9, pp. 403-482, figs. 3; 10, pp. 4S3-
451, figs. 3). — Full analytical data are presented and the results given of a
chemical and bacteriological study of the changes which meat undergoes during
the process of ripening and during incipient putrefaction. Methods of chemical
analysis are described which, together with bacteriological examination, serve,
in the opinion of the author, as a practical means of judging the state of
preservation of the meat.
Twenty-sixth annual review of the frozen meat trade, 1913 (Ann. Rev.
Frozen Meat Trade, 26 (1913), pp. 22, pi. i).— Statistical and other data are
summarized.
Medicated milk, L. Geanato (Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 14. ser., No. 6 (1913),
pp. 345-362). — Various medicated milks are described together with their
methods of preparation, use. and physiological importance. Tables are given
showing the analysis of human milk as compared with that of various animals.
Preliminary report of the dairy and food commissioner for the year 1912,
J. FousT (Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 240 (1913), pp. 56).— An account is given of
the judicial construction of the Pennsylvania state pure food laws, together
with a summary regarding a number of foods examined and information regard-
ing the legal work carried on.
Fourth annual report of the board of pure food and drug commissioners,
presented to the general assembly at its January session, 1913 (Ann. Rpt.
Bd. Pure Food and Drug Comrs. [R. /.] // (1913), pp. 9).— A brief account of
the work carried on during the year.
FOODS HUMAN NUTKITION. 259
Pure food and drugs (Ann Rpt. Comr. A\gr., Com. and Indus., S. C, 10 {1913),
pp. 195-210). — A brief account is given of the year's activities in this line of
work, together with the report of A. C. Summers, which shows the extent of the
analytical work carried on under the state pure food and drug law.
Food and drugs inspection {Ann. Rpt. Bur. Health P. I., llf {1912-13), pp.
16-20). — Out of a total of 369 samples of imported food products and beverages
collected at the customhouse, 32 were declared adulterated or misbranded and
80 were rejected. In addition, many examinations were made of food and drugs
obtained in the local market.
"An investigation of the coffee sold In the Philippine Islands resulted in
establishing the fact that some of the articles sold as coffee contained adulter-
ants such as chicory, cereals, beans, peanuts, etc. Some of these products would
have the word ' imitation ' printed on the English label, but nothing to indicate
the fact in the Spanish or other label. To correct this a circular was issued."
Other work of the board is briefly referred to.
The dairy and pure food laws of the State of Connecticut ( [Hartford.
1913], pp. 56). — A full text of the laws, corrected to the close of the legislative
session of 1913.
Pure food and drug laws of Florida {Tallahassee, Fla., 1913, pp. 42). — A
full text of the amended laws of Florida as ajjproved June 13, 1913.
Standards of purity for food products, department of agriculture, State of
Florida {TaUalmssee, Fla., 1913, pp. 35). — The standards as approved June 13,
1913, are included.
Food and oil laws of the State of Wyoming, with the rules, regulations,
and standards of purity for food products {Cheyenne, Wyo., 1913, pp. 7//). —
The full text is given.
Unsterilized vessels in restaurants {Brit. Food Jour., 16 {191Jf), No. 181,
pp. 3, 4). — In a discussion of data collected by the London Times the dangers
which may attend the use of washed but unsterilized silver and table utensils
in restaurants is insisted upon and the installation of sterilizers recommended.
Unearthing cellar bakeries in the capitals of Europe, G. M. Price (Survey,
31 (1914), No. 20, p. 615). — According to the author's investigations, unclean
cellar bakeries were common in Paris, but this was not the case in London or
some other European cities, so far as his observations went.
The American cook book, Janet McK. Hill (Boston, 1914, PP- 8-\-255, pis.
16). — A large number of recipes are brought together for preparing meat, fish,
fruits, vegetables, and other foods for the table. The author points out that
in the case of recipes " it is well to note the essentials and the nonessentials
that make up its content. Nonessentials are usually added for variety in flavor
or appearance, and if not agreeable may be eliminated without detriment to the
dish; at the same time let no one forget that flavor in food is a prime requisite
and it must be brought out or retained in the viand as the case may demand."
The oriental cook book, A. H. Keoleian {New York, 1913, pp. 349, pi. 1).^—
The author states that he has collected at first-hand the recipes from which
were selected those presented in this book, which cover the preparation of meats
and fish, vegetables, eggs, salads, pickles, pastry, and so on. The oriental
order of service is described, some menus are suggested, and a special list of
the ingredients for oriental dishes is given.
In this introduction the author points out that there is little regular litera-
ture of oriental cookery, which means that the very numerous recipes and culi-
nary procedures have not been standardized. He believes that oriental cookery
is valuable not only because it is economical in its methods and use of ma-
terials but also because of its nutritious qualities, " and although it is solid
and substantial it is often dainty as well." Its good qualities are claimed not to
260 EXPEEIMENIi STATION RECORD.
be dependent upon the extravagant use of numerous and expensive materials,
wliicti increase tlie cost, but upon ttie use of economical materials with great
attention paid to seasoning and flavoring and to careful methods of cookery.
Easy meals, Caroline F. Benton {Boston, 1913, pp. VII+325, pis. 8).— The
author makes a plea for simple dishes and for their combination into simple
meals. Recipes are given and menus illustrating her point of view, Including
menus for 7 weeks for the different seasons of the year. Among the subjects
considered are school luncheons, invalid meals, and catering from a country
market.
A one-portion food table, F. A. Rexford {[Brooklyn, N. Y.], 1913, 2. ed., pp.
29, pi. 1). — The table, which is preceded by some general discussion of diet and
dietetics, gives the weight and the protein, fat, and carbohydrate content in
ounces and the energy content in calories of individual portions of a large
number of animal and vegetable food materials. Charts are also included de-
signed to show the relative economy of different food materials as sources of
protein and of energy.
Enameled utensils used in the preparation of food, F. Bordas {Ann. Falsif.,
7 {1914), No. 63, pp. 49, 50). — This article calls attention to the possible danger
in the use of enameled ware in which meat is chopped, in that small particles
of the enamel may become detached and thus find their way with the food into
the digestive tract, causing damage to its walls.
A study of the diet and metabolism of Eskimos undertaken in 1908 on
an expedition to Greenland, A. and Marie Keogh {Meddel. Gronland, 51 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 52, figs. 13; rev. in Zentbl. Biochcm, u. Biophys., 16 {1914), No. 3-4, pp.
97, 98; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 {1914), No. 615, I, p. 106).— The results
are reported of an investigation carried on at the Danish Arctic Station for
Biological Research in West Greenland. A native man and woman were the
subjects, and a respiration chamber of the Jacquet type was used. Among
the conclusions reached were the following :
The normal diet of the Eskimos contains extremely large quantities of animal
protein (280 gm.) and much fat (135 gm.), with very small quantities of car-
bohydrates (54 gm.), more than half being obtained in the form of glycogen in
the flesh eaten. The Eskimos greatly resemble carnivorous animals in that
their meals are few and irregular and when food is eaten it is taken to their
fullest capacity. Nevertheless, the diet exercises no bad effect, except occa-
sionally skin eruptions and often nosebleed after food has been taken in large
quantities. The physical sti-ength of these Eskimos and their resistance to
the unfavorable climatic conditions are very great. It is especially to be noted
that uric acid diseases are of extremely rare occurrence.
In the metabolism experiments (which were controlled by respiration ex-
periments), the maximum daily food taken was 1.S04 gm. of boiled seal meat
(supplying 85 gm. nitrogen and 218 gm. fat), a quantity which is said to be
much less than the usual amount of meat taken by Eskimos in the open. This
quantity of meat was well assimilated, the loss of nitrogen in the feces being
at most 3 to 5 gm. per day. The largest amount of nitrogen excreted in the
urine in a day was 53 gm. When under experimental conditions an abundant
meat diet was taken after a diet lacking nitrogen or a low-nitrogen diet, only
about 60 per cent of the nitrogen was excreted in 24 hours, while the remain-
ing 40 per cent was retained.
Long-continued metabolism experiments were not carried out, but the au-
thors believe that the protein which the retained nitrogen represents Is held
in the body and later used with little loss as a source of energy. These conclu-
sions are rendered the more probable by the fact that the .'specific dynnniic
effect of the protein was low. as shown by the respiration exiieriments.
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 261
The relation of the renal excretion of nitrogen to water secretion is very
noticeable when such lartje quantities of protein are taken.
The respiratory metabolism was always hij^her in the afternoon than in the
forenoon. During the night it was practically constant and in general unin-
fluenced by the food taken.
Rearing an imperial race: Report of the Second Guildhall School Confer-
ence on Diet, Cookery, and Hygiene, e<lited by C. E. Hecht (London, WIS,
pp. XLVIII-\-50S, pis. 12, fig. 1). — A full report is given of this conference,
which had to do with diet, cookery, hygiene, dietai'ies, children's food require-
ments, clothing, and similar topics. Especial attention is paid to the teaching
of home econouiics topics, to malnutrition, to school lunchetms, and to similar
subjects, particularly with reference to Great Britain, while one section i.«<
devoted to a summary of data regarding work along such lines in other
countries.
Among the papers presented may be mentioned Food Values, Catering, and
Cookery — An Account of the Teaching of These in Connection with the Other
Domestic Subjects in Primary Schools under the London County Council, by
Catherine R. Gordon ; Diet, Cookery, and Hygiene in Philanthropic Residential
Institutions for Children and Adolescents, by I-xlith Butler; How the Family
of the Agricultural Laborer Lives, by R. T. Herdman; The Diet of Country
School Children, by E. B. Smith ; Remarks on tlie Food Requirements of
Children, by C. Watson; The Bradford Feeding Experiment — Report on a
Course of Meals Given to Necessitous Children from April to July, lt)07, by
R. H. Crowley and Marian E. Cuff; and How Edinburgh Feeds and Clothes
Her School Children, by J. W. Peck.
An exhibit of material bearing upon the subjects under consideration was
also arranged. The volume as a whole contains a large amount of data with
respect to the general question of work in home economics in England.
For the previous conference, see an earlier note ( E. S. R., 2fi, p. 363).
The cost of living of the laboring classes in the important industrial
countries: England, Germany, France, Belgium, and the United States,
C. VON Tyszka {Die Lebenshaltung der arheitenden Klassen in den bedeuten-
deren Industriestaaten: England, Deutschland, Frankreich, Belgien und Vereln-
igte Staaten von Amerika. Jena, 1912. pp. 69). — A comparison is made of the
wages paid in a number of the principal cities of each country in the building,
metal working, shipbuilding, and printing trades, and in the mining, textile, and
wood working industries. The prices of rents and food materials are compared
together with the budgets of the families of working ])eople in the various
countries.
[Cooperative buying for] the Home Hospital experiment, J. A. Kingsbuey
(Survey, 31 (191^), No. Hi, pp. 583-588, figs. 8). — A cooperative store is main-
tained as a part of the home for families made dependent by tuberculosis,
which was established by the New York Association for Improving the Con-
dition of the Poor, as a 3-year demonstration experiment for the combined
treatment of this disease and poverty. The institution is a combination of
home and hospital. The well members of the families work and the sick are
given treatment.
The average cost of food under the plan of cooperative buying has been re-
duced during the first year of operation from $1.30 to 93 cts. per day. The
administration and supervision charges amount to 20 cts. per person per day
for all members, both sick and well. Details are given of the other expendi-
tures.
The budget of the Home Hospital "furnishes a fair basis for computing
the cost of maintaining a decent home and providing a comfortable living
262 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
for an average family of 5 persons, father, mother, and 3 children under 14
years of age, in New York City at the present time." It indicates that such a
family can live under ordinary conditions fairly comfortably in New York on
from $1,050 to $1,150 per year, and " that an income of between $1,100 and
$1,200 is probably necessary for an average family to maintain unaided a
normal standard of living , . . — that is to say, for a family to live in such a
way as to preserve health, mind, character, self-respect, and proper condi-
tions of family life."
Advantage is taken of the diet kitchen of the hospital to give instruction
to the women in the preparation of food, and instruction has also been given
in personal and home hygiene and in the care of children.
The summary gives details of the success of the project as a sociological
experiment and information of interest in connection with the general subject
of institution management.
[Cooperative grocery of the New York Association for Improving the
Condition of the Poor] (Survey, SI (WU), No. 21, pp. 636, 637}.— A brief
description is given of the project recently instituted by this society for the
purchase and distribution of the groceries required for its relief work.
" The new method is simply that of buying wholesale, and of running a store
of the association's own, where the visitor orders her food instead of getting
it at the corner grocery." In the first 10 weeks a net saving of 22.8 per cent
was effected, the total expenditure being $6,860.22. Each association visitor
makes out her food orders daily, using the association dietitian's guides, which
indicate the supplies needed in a unit of time for families of different sizes
and circumstances. Orders are filled and delivery made on the following day.
Emergency demands are still met by purchase in the ordinary way, cases re-
quiring haste being under 10 per cent of the total. " The store is serving also
as a laboratory in experimenting with problems relating to the purchase and
distribution of food."
It is stated that this enterprise grew out of the success of the association's
cooperative project described above.
The fundamental basis of nutrition, G. Lusk (New Haven, Conn., and
London, 191 'i. pp. 6 +()2).— Following a historical introduction, the author dis-
cusses the body's constant need for fuel and protein ; habits of diet ; and beri-
beri, which is classed as a nutritional disease due to a deficiency in the diet of
a substance or substances for which the name " vitamin " has been proposed.
In the final chapter, on the monetary value of foods, data collected by F. C.
Gephart regarding the cost and nutritive value of the portions of various foods
sold from the counter of a well-known chain system of restaurants in New York
and other cities are included which serve to emphasize the extreme variability
of the purchasing power of money when expended for food. In general, the
author proposes that foods should be sold on the basis of their energy value and
of the proportion of the total energy contributed by proteins. "The proteins of
the foodstuff's could be labeled A, B, and C according to their physiological
value, and to group D might belong gelatin and some other proteins which can
not replace the body protein that is continually wearing away." The relative
value of different proteins, as determined by the products which they yield on
hydrolysis, as well .'is other recent work on the nature and functions of protein,
are discussed.
As the author points out, " since the efliciency of labor depends upon its
energy and constant repair, it is certainly of no small moment that the citizen
should know how best to maintain the machine at a maximum of efllciency.
Not only that, but in times of trouble he should know where to turn to find
nourishment in the form which is best and cheapest. ... If. through the
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 263
medium of the schools and the press, everyone knew that a man of sedentary
occupation required 2,500 calories and a laboring man 3,000 calories and more,
no one suffering from want would spend his money for a can of tomatoes which
is little else than flavored water.
" It has been estimated that a family of 5, including the father, a clerk, the
mother who does the housework, and 3 children, 9 and 6 years and 1 month old,
respectively, requires 7,750 calories per day." Data are presented showing the
cost of a diet sufficient to supply this energy, 5 per cent of Ihe total coming from
animal proteins of grade A and 10 per cent from vegetable proteins of grade C
(bread). The necessary protein to supplement the bread would be supplied
by J lb. salt codfish, g lb. smoked ham, § lb. cheese, 2i lbs. milk, li lbs. loin
pork, li lbs. of mutton, li lbs. cod steak (fresh), li lbs. sirloin beef, or IJ
lbs. turkey. According to the prices of foods in the New York markets Janu-
ary 2S, 1913, the cost of the ration would vary from 47 cts. with bread and
salt codfish to 78 cts. with bread and turkey.
" If corn meal, oatmeal, dried beans or rice had been used instead of bread,
these prices would have been lower, whereas potatoes would have slightly in-
creased them.
" These figures are for the great staples of diet. ... It is obvious that
•vhen more than an average of 8 cts. is expended for 1,000 calories of nutri-
ment, the diet must include luxuries."
The author estimates that three servants will doul)le and six servants treble
the food bill given above. " Whatever is spent above these amounts is paid for
waste or for nonessentials in the form of flavors of high price. High cost may
also be due to carnivorous indulgence approximating that of the Eskimo. . . .
It is not probable that the food values actually consumed are very different in
the various well nourished families. Only the cost can vary enormously."
The value for man of the different constituents of food, L. Hikschstein
(Ztschr. Phys. u. Didtct. Ther., 11 {1913), No. 8, pp. 453-471; abs. in ZentbJ.
rhpsiol, 21 (1913), No. 19, p. 1036).— The elementary components of the dier
have different value, the author points out. For instance, in the case of common
salt, more sodium than chlorin is retained, and in the case of protein, more
sulphur than nitrogen.
In almost every case, there is a tendency to excrete phosphorus. Indeed,
chlorin, phosphorus, and nitrogen are the food constituents which the body
easily gives up as soon as the intake is sufficiently lowered. On the other hand,
if the supply is lowered, sodium and sulphur are generally held on to and are
excreted in diminished quantity.
The author states that general observations on different persons were sup-
plemented by extended experiments, which led to the conclusion that losses of
chlorin, phosphorus, and nitrogen have been observed to continue under cer-
tain conditions for mouths and years and that they are associated with the
occurrence of nervous and other diseases. This leads to the conclusion that
the daily diet does not meet man's ideal requirements when it is too poor in
sulphur and alkalis or too rich in chlorin, phosphorus, and nitrogen.
Protein and nutrition, M. Hindhede (London, 1913, pp. X-{-201, pis. 8). — In
this book the author summarizes the results of his own experiments with a low
protein diet and also discusses the experiments carried out by other investiga-
tors regarding the protein requirement in nutrition. From the fact that the
subjects of his experiments were able to maintain a good physical condition
upon a low protein diet, the author believes that many of the common ills can
be avoided and much better physical condition secured by a reduction of pro-
tein, and especially of meat, in the diet.
S64 EXPERIMENT STATlOiN RECORD.
Experiments on the eSectsof a limited diet. — VI, The nutritive value of
zein, gliadin, and egg- albumin in experiments with white rats, S. Baglioni
{Atti R. Accad. Lined, Rend. VI. 8ci. Fis., Mat., e Nat., 5. ser., 22 (1913),
II, No. 12, pp. 721-728, fig. 1). — From these experiments, carried on with labora-
tory animals, the author concludes that zein, gliadin, and egg albumin are not
only capable of maintainmg the nitrogen balance in the case of both adult and
growing animals, but if given in sufficient quantity will allow a storing up of
nitrogen in the body.
Animals maintained on a diet in which egg albumin was the sole source of
protein showed a gain in weigbt. In the majority of cases those maintained on
diets in which zein and gliadin were the sole sources of protein showed a loss of
weight, both in the case of adult and growing animals. In the latter case the
increase of weight could be restored by the addition of egg albumin or meat
and bread to the diet.
Utilization of the proteins of cotton seed by man, J. B. Ratiikr {Jour.
Amer. Chem. Soc, 36 {19 W, No. 3, pp. 584-586).— An abstract of Bulletin 163
of the Texas Station, previously noted (E. S. R., 31. p. 65).
Influence of water on the digestion of solid substances, F. Geobbels
{Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 89 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 1-21, figs. 3).—
The experiments reported were made with laboratory animals (dogs).
According to the author, of the materials experimented with, water left the
stomach soonest. Bread with water taken 5 minutes after required twice as
long a time as water alone. However, the material remained in the stomach
a shorter time than was the case with bread alone. The longest time was re-
quired for bread and water mixed. With water, the largest amount of liquid
had left the stomach at the end of an hour, and with bread, the lowest amount,
and the amount was greater when bread and water were taken in succession
than when they were taken mixed.
The minimum amount of gastric secretion was noted with water and was only
slightly lower for bread alone than in the other cases. When the dogs were
made to thirst, an increase in the total amount of liquid which left the stomach
in an hour was noted in oue test without any special diminution of the gas-
tric secretion or the length of the period of gastric digestion. In two other
series both of these factors were diminished. Coffee, on the other hand, in-
creased the period of gastric digestion without changing the percentage values.
The author, in discussing his experiments, notes that his work has a bear-
ing upon the length of time that food remains in the stomach, but not upon
the amount of work required of the secretory glands in digestion. He believes
that his results support the common theory that dry food leaves the stomach
less quickly than moist food, and that with respect to the time that food
remains in the stomach, the best results are obtained when water or similar
liquids are taken after food rather than when they are mixed with it, and that
mixing solid or liquid foods is not desirable from a physiological standpoint.
In the case of taking bread or cake at the same time as coffee, he is of the
opinion that the increase in the time the food is retained in the stomach is an
advantage, since it prolongs the feeling of satiety and delays diuresis.
Influence of some inorganic sajts on the action of the lipase of the
pancreas, C. A. Pekelharing {K. Akad. Wetenseh. Amsterdam, Proe. Seet. Sei.,
15 {1912), pt. 1, pp. 336-347). — From his experiments the author concludes that
calcium, barium, magnesium, and sodium salts play a part with regard to the
activity of lipase totally different from that of the bile acids. In bis opinion
one may conclude that these salts "separate fatty acid from the .-solution as
.soaj), and for that reason increase the fat-splitting power of the enzym."
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 265
The role of caffein in the effects exercised by coffee on the heart, kidneys,
and nervous system, H. Busquet and Tiffeneau (BuL Soc. Set. Hyg. Aliment.,
3 (1913), No. 6, pp. 577-5S7, figs. 4)- — The results are reported of experiments
cari'ied out to determine the r61e of caffein in the cardiac, renal, and nei^'ous
effects of coffee.
These experiments and those carried out by other investigators show, in the
opinion of the autliors, that it is the caffein in the coffee which is responsible
for the pharmaoo-dyuamic effects of coffee infusion. It is deduced from these
conclusions that coffee which is sufficiently deprived of caffein may be con-
sidered as an almost negative substance. Caft'ein-free coffee may be substituted
for ordinary coffee or not, according to whether one wishes to avoid or obtain
the effects of caffein.
Physiological and pathological chjrmology, together with some experi-
ments on chymotherapy, E. S. London (Physiologische und pathologifichG
Chymologic. Xebst ciiiigen Vcrsuchen iibcr Chymotherapic. Lcipsic, 1913, pp.
X+28Jf; rev. in Zenthl. Biochem. u. Biophys., IG (191^), No. 5-6, p. 180).— Thin
volume is not a systematic exposition of the phenomena of the stomach and
digestive tract, but rather a useful summary of the investigations of the author
and his pupils which have been published in recent years. Such a summary is
convenient for those interested in the subject of digestion, not only because it
brings material together but also because tlie reports contain the full data of
the author's experimental methods. In his discussion of the results of the
investigations the author presents simple, mathematical generalizations with
respect to the jxiwer of secretion and digestion.
Metabolism and vitality, J. B. Nichols (Mc<I. lice. [N. Y.], 85 {191J^),
No. 7, pp. 289-291). — A digest of data regarding ventilation, humidity of the
air, and similar topics, chiefly with reference to disease.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Soiling crops to supplement Iowa pastures, H. H. Kildee {Iowa Sta. Circ.
12 {1913), pp. Jf). — This circular discusses the advantages of pi*oviding soiling
crops for dairy cattle and gives instructions for the growing of soiling crops,
such as oats and Canada field peas, fodder cane, cowpeas, millet, alfalfa, soy
beans, etc.. suitable to Iowa conditions.
It is stated that at the station an increased production from decreased acreage
has been the result secured from this system of soiling crops. In 1911, 37 cows
were kept on 19A acres of pasture and the soiling crops frbm 8 acres. In 1912,
45 cows were kept on a 19i-acre pasture and 6 acres soiling crop, at a cost for
each cow of $6.62.
The worth of cactus for feeding {Cal. Cult., 42 {1914), No. 8, pp. 227, 242).—
This article is a compilation of reports of investigations and the opinions of
various authorities oa the feeding value of cactus and pie melons. Analyses
show cactus to be of low feeding value, but as an appetizer fed with dry feeds
it may prove of worth. The analyses indicate that spineless and splney varieties
contain about the same amount of nutriment.
Nitrogen assimilation in the feeding of sodium nitrate, E. Gbafe and H.
WiNTz {Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 86 {1913), No. 4, pp. 283-314). —
Experiments in the feeding of approximately 1 gm. per day of sodium nitrate
to dogs and pigs indicate that there is a nitrogen retention in the body of
from 30 to 15 per cent. Larger amounts had a toxic effect.
Nitrogen retention in the feeding of ammonium salts and urea, E. Grafi:
{Hoppe-Hcyler'H ZAsclir. Physiul. Chem., 88 {WIS). No 6. pp. 389-424) .—Tha
266 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
results of trials with swine fed ammouium salts and urea indicate that there
is an increased nitrogen retention with these substances.
It is concluded that the form in which the nitrogen is retained must be as
protein or protein-like substances.
Live stock and dairy produce {Ann. Reg. Agr. Expts. [London], 1913,
pp. 88-98). — This is a resume of British feeding experiments conducted during
1911-12 and previously reported from other sources.
[Austrian live stock statistics] (Ostcrr. Statis., n. sen, 5 (1910), No. 1,
pp. 20+190. pis. 4)- — This is a compilation of statistics relating to cattle and
live stock production in Austria for the decade 1901-1910, as prepared by the
Royal Statistical Commission.
Heredity of unpig'mented hair and of hide peculiarities in cattle and
horses, A. R. Walther {Ztschr. Induktive Abstam. u. Vererbungslehre, 10
{1913), No. 1-2, pp. 1-48, pi. 1, figs-. 2).— This reports studies made of the
inheritance of color markings of Shorthorn cattle and of horses in the
Trakehnen stud.
A bibliography of American and foreign worlis is appended.
Heredity of color in cattle, Richabdsen {Dcut. Landio. Tierzucht, 18 {1914),
i\o. 6, pp. 61-65. figs. 10). — A number of breeding trials indicated that the
single coloring (reddish brown) of the Netherland breed of cattle dominates
over the double coloring of the black and white sires. However, this dominance
was incomplete as the white color markings were in evidence. The degree of
coloring in the first cross was intermediate between the two parents. The color
markings in year-old animals were less distinct than in the calves.
Estimating the age of calves, J. Schwabz {BeitrUge zur Altersbestimmung
dcs Kalbcs. Inuug. Diss., Univ. Lcipsic, 1912, pp. 144^ pl-^- 6). — Observations
were made on the growth of the eyeteeth, the retraction of the gums, the drying
of the navel cord, and the occurrence of hoof rings to determine the age of
calves.
Feeding of calves on skim milk and cassava porridge, A. GouiN and P.
Andouard {Bui. 8oc. Nat. Agr. France, 14 {1914), Nok 1, pp. 40-42). — Successful
trials are reported in feeding skim milk and cassava flour as a substi-
tute for whole milk. Whole milk is fed the first week and the skim milk and
cassava porridge thereafter.
Beef production, E. S. Bayard {Pcnn. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 235, pp. 250, pis. 33). —
A somewhat complete popular treatise on the general phases of the feed, care,
and management of beef cattle, embodying many feeding experiments previ-
ously reported from other sources, and including chapters on summer feeding,
silage for fattening cattle, show steers, cattle farms, computing i-ations. cattle
crops, slaughtering cattle on the farm, marketing cattle, and diseases of cattle.
The cattalo. — Crossing of American bison with domestic cattle {Mark Lane
Express, 111 {1914), No. 4301, p. 339). — An account of Canadian trials in cross-
ing the American bison with domestic cattle. The term cattalo is used to desig-
nate the mixed blood in all proportions including the hybrids. By using do-
mestic bulls it was possible to get away from all resemblance to the buffalo,
and vice versa by using the pure buffalo bull an animal was soon graded up
indistinguishable from the pure buffalo.
The best results were obtained from a Hereford bull and a buffalo cow.
^■arious other breeds, such as Angus, West Highland, Sussex, and Devon were
tried, the object being to learn which sort would yield the choicest pelt, but
no marked difference could be distinguished in the length and quality of hair
on the hybrids. Where the Hereford was used, the white face characteristic
dominated, but otherwise the whole color of the buffalo dominated.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 267
It is stated that " experience seems to warrant the expectation that in later
generations, after there has been time for selection, there may be seen on
caltaloes having say 10 per cent or less of bison blood, as good fur as is now
seen on the half and three-quarter buffaloes." There is also some prospect of im-
proving the beef carcass by this hybridizing, for the bison carries an exceedingly
high percentage of beef on the back, and the inheritance of this quality may be
encouraged by selection. While there was some irregularity in the fertility of
the hybrids it is believed that both males and females will be fairly fertile, and
that complete fertility if not found at once will doubtless come through selec-
tion, as will early maturity.
Sex determination in sheep, compiled by P. B. Popenoe (Jour. Heredity, 5
(1914), yo. 2, pp. JfG-o7. flrjs. Jf). — Observations were made by A. G. Bell on his
flock on Cape Breton Island during 1899-1001 on the effect of nourishment of
the mother on the sex of offspring and on the production of twins. Earlier
observations had led to the conclusion that " three conditions favorable to the
production of twins revealed themselves: (1) Maturity in the ewes (ewes
4. 5, and 6 years old yielding a larger percentage of twins than younger or
older ewes). (2) mating in October (with consequent lambing in March),
and (3) a rapid increase of weight at the time of mating with subsequent loss
of weight."
The results obtained in 1899 were inconclusive as to whether the extra feed-
ing given the ewes in the fall had caused them to produce a larger percentage
of twins than ordinary. However, it is noted that " no less than 72 per cent
of the March-born lambs were females — a circumstance quite unprecedented
jji the history of the flock."
Believing that possibly climatic conditions were involved, an inquiry was
made as to the flocks on the whole island of Cape Breton, the result of which
showed that there had been a majority of males. The female percentage was
therefore a local matter. Data were then collected as to the treatment during
the preceding year of one flock which had produced 88.5 per cent males.
Mating occurred at a time when the ewes were beginning to lose weight, after
which they remained in reduced condition until their lambs were born. These
results were in contrast to those obtained with, the experimental flock and seemed
to indicate that si)ecial feeding in the fall may have been responsible for the
large proportion of females born in 1900. A study of the weight of the ewes
shows that " at the beginning of October, before mating had been accomplished,
the average weights of the two classes of ewes (male-bearing and female-
bearing) were the same. The average male-bearing ewe increased in weight
up to the end of October, after which there was a decline ; the average female-
bearing ewe, on the other hand, continued to gain in weight all through Novem-
ber so that by the end of that month the average female-bearing ewe outweighed
the male-bearing — a superiority retained during the subsequent decline."
Similar observations had been noted in earlier trials, 1890-1899.
It was further observed that the mothers of twins were above the average of
the flock in weight and the mothers of single lambs were below the average.
"Among the twin-bearing ewes there were none who had male lambs exclu-
sively. Those which had male as well as female lambs were losing in weight
at the time of mating and immediately after; whereas those which had female
lambs alone were increasing in weight at the time of mating, and, though the
weight dropped afterwards, did not continue to drop but remained substantially
on a level for several weeks." It was found that the mothers of males were
losing in weight at the time of mating, whereas the mothers of females retained
their weight. From these observations it is concluded that " variations of
weight occurring at or about the time of mating may have great significance.
268 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
They reflect changes in the coiulition of nutrition of the mother, at a critical
period in the formation of the unborn young, and suggest the possibility of
affecting the fertility of sheep and controlling the sex of their offspring by
suitable feeding for a short period of time before and after the time of mating."
Feeling that the absolute number of ewes involved was too small to give
certainty to the averages, further observations were made and a table pre-
pared combining all the records. The weight of over 100 mothers of male
lambs, taken in the autumn preceding birth of lambs was for September 30,
90.3 lbs. ; October 31, 96.2 ; November 30, 95.6 ; and December 31, 94 lbs. ; and
for mothers of female lambs 91.2, 96.4, 95.2, and 94 lbs., respectively. Here it
Is shown that the average weights were practically the same and would evi-
dently discountenance former conclusions. It is thought that this inconsis-
tency may be accounted for by the fact that the male-bearing ewes increased
in weight at n gi'eater rate than the female-bearing ewes during the month of
October. They started lower and reached the same point by the end of the
month. A marked difference was found to exist between the weight curves
for the two clas.ses of ewes, twin-bearing and single-bearing. However, the
author hesitates to draw a conclusion from these observations.
Annual report, 1912: Sheep division, A. G. Michaelian (Union So. Africa
Dept. Affi: Rpt. r.)12-13, pp. 71-135). — A statistical report of the sheep and goat
industry in the Union of South Africa.
Wool carding- and combing, A. F. Barker and E. Priestley {New York,
London, Toronto, and Melbourne, 1912, pp. XII+264, pis. 45. figs. 34).— The
chapters included in this book are on wool and hair-producing animals; sheep
breeding and Mendel ism ; wools, hair, and the manufactured materials; com-
merce in wools and hairs ; wool classing and sorting ; the physical and chemical
properties of wools, hairs, etc.; wool steeping, scouring, and drying; types of
yarns generally considered; the preparation of long wools (English, cross-bred
wools, and Merino wool for combing) ; and combing, recombing. and finishing.
A chemical study of the nutrition of swine, E. B. Forbes, F. M. Beegle,
C. M. Fritz, and J. E. Mensching (Ohio Sta. Bui. 271 (1914), PP- 225-261, figs.
3). — Five pigs from the same litter were used in a metabolism experiment
involving eight 10-day periods, separated by 7-day intervals. The feeds used were
corn alone in two periods; com supplemented by soy beans, linseed-oil meal,
wheat middlings, meat meal, and skim milk; and a ration of rice polish and
wheat bran.
It was demonstrated that as sources of calcium for growing swine, corn,
wheat middlings, linseed-oil meal, soy beans, wheat bran, and rice polish are
imsatisfactory and will not maintain normal growth of bone. From 9 to 10
times as much calcium was retained fx'om rations containing milk and meat
■meal as from the best one of the grain rations, which emphasizes the need of
supplying those feeds rich in calcium, such as pasture and forage crops, espe-
cially the leguminous plants.
Corn was deficient in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Phosphorus was
stored on all the rations but was insufScient for maximum growth in the ration
of corn alone. In the ration of rice polish and wheat bi'an. which contained
12 times as much magnesium as calcium, the excess of magnesium appeared
to cause a loss of calcium from the animal. Although the remaining rations
contained an excess of acid over basic mineral elements, it did not affect cal-
cium retention.
The ammonia of the urine was found to increase with the excess mineral
acidity and the total pi-otein of the ration.
One part of sodium chlorid to 256 parts of other feeds seemed to be more
than sufficient for growing swine. It was found that the balances of sodium
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 269
isud chlorin were largely controlletl by the amount of water drunk. There wi.s
;in extensive metabolism of sodium apart from chlorln. The feces may contain
an abundance of sodium but are nearly free from chlorin.
Magnesium tends to deflect the phosphorus excrption from urine to feces,
and excessive phosphorus content of the ration limits the absorption of mag-
lu'sium. With an intake of 2.17 gm. of magnesium and .".4 gm. of phosphorus
there was a storage of magnesium, but with an intake of 9.28 gm. magnesium
and 20.17 gm. phosiihorus there was a loss of magnesium, combined with phos-
phorus, through the feces.
The potassium of these rations was more than sulUcieut in all cases. With
the maximum intake, however, on the ration of wheat bran and rice polish,
there was a loss of potassium, apparently through an excretion of previously
stored excess. The urinary i)otassium varied inversely as the retention.
Nitrogen and sulphur balances were all positive. Sodium. ]K>tassium, sul-
1-hur. and chlorin were excreted in larger proportion in the urine than in the
feces, while calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus left the bodj' more largely in
the feces.
The digestibility of the starch of corn was increased by the feeding with it
of soy beans, tankage, and milk. Tankage and milk also increased the digesti-
bility of the fat, and decreasetl the digestibility of the crude fiber of corn. Crea-
tinin excretion in the urine was shown to l)e entirely independent of the feed,
and to vary among the several individuals in the same order as live weight and
weight dressed carcass, flesh, bone, and blood.
The metabolism crates used iu the experiments are briefly described.
Pork that is made at home, P. F. Tbowbriuck {('ouutry Gent., 79 (1914),
No. 7, pp. 298, 299. figs. 14)- — An account of the slaughtering, cutting up, and
curing of j)ork for homo jiurposes.
Productive horse husbandry, C. W. (Jay {Philadelphia and London, 191.'f.
pp. .\V-{-S31, pi. 1, figs. nS). — This book is a comitrehensive treatise on th;>
structure and function of the horse, the types and breeds of horses, the prin-
ciples of horse breeding, the feed, care, and management of the liorse, stables,
equitation, and markets and shows.
Weights and measurements of horses, H. W. Wynn (Live Stock Jour.
[London], 79 (1914), No. 2082, p. 199). — There are given the average weights
and measurements of 370 horses, representing the cavah-y, mounted infantry,
artillery, bus, li^ht vanner, and hunter classes.
Origin of Argentina wild horses, W. D. Matthew (Nature [London], 92
[1914), No. 2311, p. 661). — The author presents evidence to show that the theory
that the existing wild horses of South America are descended either wholly or
partly from any surviving native stock is erroneous. He points out that the
infertility of crosses between zebras or asses and domestic horses is based upon
a separation dating back at least to the late Pliocene age, and since the species
native to Argentina, if they continued to exist down to modern times, would
have evolved in complete isolation from any northern species since the early
Pleistocene, they should be equally infertile when crossed with the domestic
stock. However, this is not the case. Assuming that the native horses may
have survived in Argentina until the time of the Spanish settlement, the stock
would not be able to interbreed with domestic stock and would remain separate
and unmixed until exterminated.
The great producing brood-mare families, J. C. McCoy (Am£r. Horse
Breeder, 32 (1914), No. 9, p. 129, figs. 3).— After commenting on the ancestry
and attributes of several of our principal brood-mare families the author points
out that to-day " our best results are coming from blending several crosses of
the top of the Hambletonian family with several crosses of the great brood-
270 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
mare families. Tlie more top crosses we get from botli sides, ttie more certain
it seems to be that tlie produce will be of liigh standard."
[International review of Percherons] {Fercheron Soc. Amer. Intcrnat. Rev.,
1 (1914), pp. 50, figs. 38). — ^A review of the Percheron showing at the Inter-
national Live Stock Show, 1913, together with photographic illustrations of the
first and second prize winners in each class, and other data.
Farm poultry, G. C. Watson {New York and London, 1913, 11. ed., pp. Z+
369, figs. 104). — This book, which is one of the Rural Science Series, is a com-
plete treatise on breeds of poultry and the breeding, feed, care and management
of poultry, ducks, geese, and turkeys.
Productive poulti-y husbandry, H. R. Lewis (Philadelphia and London,
1913, pp. XIX-\-o36, pi. 1. figs. 217). — ^A complete and practical treatise on the
Itreeding, feed, care, and management of poultry, together with chapters on
fattening, killing, and preparing for market.
New breeds of poultry (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 6 (1913), No. 5, pp.
826-828, figs. 3).— An account of the Bustin Black Pretors breed of poultry
which originated in an attempt to outbreed " liver disease " which is so preva-
lent among poultry in South America. There are two varieties, the single and
the rose-combed. The former is a large bird, greenish black in appearance,
with dark feet, black eyes, white ear lobes, red comb, upright carriage, and
broad chested. From 178 to 200 eggs are laid per hen in 12 months, the eggs
being large, round, and brown or tinted. The rose-comb variety was produced
as the result of a freak, the outcome of a cross from the single-comb variety.
Both breeds are said to be free from disease of a tubercular nature.
Some factors affecting the weight, composition, and hatchability of hen
eggs, H. Atwood (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 145 (1914), PP- 73-i 02). —Earlier
experiments (E. S. R., 23, p. 76) are cited showing that there is a relation
between size of eggs and weight and thrift of chicks hatched from them, and
that as previously shown (E. S. R., 13, p. 276) there appears to be a seasonal
variation in the weight of eggs, the weight being greater from November to
April and lightest from May to October.
During the season 1911-12, three lots of fowls were fed liberally and three
lots scantily. While the former showed a fairly uniform increase in weight,
the latter showed little, if any, increase. The lots fed liberally produced
during the year 8,062 eggs while the scantily fed lots produced 5,144 eggs.
The pullets of the liberally fed lots averaged 38.7 eggs each while the cor-
responding yearling hens produced an average of 125.6 eggs each. The
heaviest eggs were laid during February, March, and April. During March the
eggs of the liberally-fed lots averaged 60.3 gm. in weight while the scantily fed
averaged 57.6 gm., indicating that quantity of feed slightly affects the size of eggs.
The results of five hatches indicated that in general eggs from liberally-fed hens
;;re more fertile than those from scantily-fed hens, but that the percentage
hatch is practically the same among those eggs that are fertile. There ap-
peared to be no great difference in the vigor of the chicks from the two lots
of fowls.
Duplicate experiments conducted during 1912-13 gave results similar to those of
1011-12. It w;is noted that the average weight of eggs from the fowls of the first
year of test was 57.5 gm. and of the second year 58.92 gm. or 1.4 gm. increase,
apparently due to increased age of the fowls. Likewise eggs from yearling
hens showed greater weight than those from pullets. Further hatching tests
showed practically no difference in the average fertility or hatchability of the
eggs from the fowls fed heavily or scantily. There was considerable variation,
however, in the results from the different pens, due, probably in large measure,
to variations in the vigor of the males. Mortality tests were inconclusive.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 271
Analyses made to determine the seasonal variation in the composition of eggs
showed that the average percentage of the total egg that is dry yoUc was 13.85
in October and 15.56 iu April; that the phosphoric acid in the diy yolk was
2.607 In October and 2.653 per cent in April; and that the percentage of dry
white in the total egg was 8.395 in October and 7.39 in April. However, it is
believed that the analyses were too few to justify definite conclusions. The
Indications are that during tlie spring when hens are laying well and when the
eggs are heavier than at any other time of the year the dry matrer of the yolk
constitutes a greater percentage of the total weight of the egg than in the fall
when the fowls are laying less liberally. This fact presumably accounts for
the larger and more perfectly nourished chicks in the spring than in the fall.
In comparing two lots of pullets, one fed on granulated bone in addition to
the regular grain mixture, and the other oyster shell, it was found that the
former lot laid practically twice as many eggs. The yolks of lot 1 constituted
a larger proportion of the total egg substance than did those of lot 2, indicat-
ing that a lack of sufTicient phosphorus in the ration results in diminished size
of yolk. There was also slightly more phosijhorus in the dry matter itself
when the fowls received abundant phosphorus supply in the ration. The whites
of the eggs of lot 2 constituted a greater percentage of the total weight of the
egg than did those of lot 1, but the percentage of phosphorus in the whites
was identical in both cases. The shells of the eggs laid by fowls fed granu-
lated bone were somewhat heavier in proportion to the total weight of the eggs
than the shells of eggs from oyster shell-fed fowls, and contained 6.G6 per cent
more phosphoric acid, indicating that some of the tricalcium phosphate of the
granulated bone was used for shell material. It is not known whether this
phosphorus can be assimilated by the developing embryo as is done in the case
of calcium carbonate. It was found that the ordinary grain ration fed to laying
hens contains several times as much phosphorus as is found in the eggs pro-
duced.
Rearing chicks successfully, R. M. Sherwood (Iowa Sta. Cite. 11 (1914),
pp. 5-15, figs. 6). — In this circular general instructions are given for the rearing
of chicks, including natural and artificial brooding, feeds and methods of feed-
ing, and sanitary precautions.
[Turkeys], Margaret Mahaney {Boston, 1913, pp. XI II +132, pis. 12).— A
genei'al treatise on the breeding, care, feeding, management, and diseases of
turkeys.
On a case of unilateral development of secondary male characters in a
pheasant, with remarks on the influence of hormones in the production of
secondary sex characters, C. J. Bond (Jour. Genetics, S (1914), No. 3, pp. 204-
216, t^ls. 5). — In the case under observation, on careful dissection no trace of a
sex gland could be found on the right side. The sex gland on the other side is
described as an ovotestis, which probably functioned originally as a female
gland. The ovarian portion subsequently atrophied while the tubular gland or
male portion became functionally active. Male secondary characters developed
on one side of the body only and the hormonic explanation is given as a partial
although not a complete solution of the problem.
It is shown that the " presence of male sex gland elements is necessary for
the development of secondary male characteristics in every individual whether
the female sex gland be present or not, [and that] the essential point is the
presence of a stimulating factor rather than the absence of an inhibiting fac-
tor." In this particular case "not only are the somatic characters different
on the two sides but the sex gland is also a dual gland composed of male and
female elements. The bird is in fact a true genetic as well as a somatic
hermaphrodite."
55733°— No. 3—14 6
272 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
In accounting for this abnormal case it is assumed tli;:t '• the fertilized egg
from which this zygote developed was a female egg, i. e., heterozygous in
respect of sex, [and that] at the stage of blastomeric segmentation at which
the division of the body into two halves was laid down, the sex factor (instead
of passing in equal portions to each half of the germ) divided unevenly, the
factor for maleness pa.ssing into the left half and the factor for feuialeness into
the right half of the body."'
Studies of inheritance and evolution in Ortlioptera, I, I{. K,. Naboues
{Jour. Gcnctks, 3 {101-i), Xo. 3, pp. Utl-llO. pi. 1. figs. .3).— After a study of
more than 5,000 recorded individuals resulting from the crossing of species, the
inbreeding and crossing of hybrids, and the crossing of hybrids with species,
it is concluded that " the inheritance behavior of the color patterns in these
orthopterous insects shows clearly the Mendelian type of inheritance, and the
essential result of these experiments has been the extension of this principle to
a considerable number of types of a phylogenetically low group of ametabolous
insects."'
Peat-moss litter ; some of its uses ; its manufacture and its future on this
continent, W. F. Todd [Jour. Amcr. Peat Soc. 6 (19.^3), ^^o. 4, pp. 161-lGG).—
This article treats of the advantages accruing from the use of peat moss as a
litter.
It is stated that the moss must be in a finely iiowdered state to give the best
results. Among the advantages claimed for the moss are its disinfecting and
deodorizing properties, and its absorbing powers for all liquids and gases. It
is also claimed that it keeps away flies, is dustless, free from danger of fire, is
from 2 to 3° warmer in winter than straw bedding, is conducive to a healthy
growth of the hoof, and adds to the value of the manure. It is claimed that
1 ton of good peat moss will last as long as 2* tons of straw and that in a
box stall one bedding properly handled can be made to last three months.
Although but S.OOO tons of peat moss is used annually in this country, Great
Britain uses 180.000 tons.
DAIRY PARMING— DAIRYING.
Care, feed, and management of the dairy herd, II. H. Kildee (Iowa Sto.
Circ. 16 {lOl-ff), pp. 3-39, pi. 1. figs. 9).— The subjects discussed in this circular
are the general advantages of dairy farming, the selection of cows and bulls,
feeding stufl's, and soiling crops, preparing the cow for her year's work, en-
couraging persistency of large milk flow, influencing butter-fat production,
rearing the calves, feed and care required by dairy heifer.s, feed and care of
the dairy bull, herd records, essentials in dairy buildings, and diseases common
in the dairy herd.
The effect of pituitary extract on the secretion of milk, J. Hammond
{Quart. Jour. Expt. PlivsioL, 6 {1913), No. 1, pp. 311-33S, figs. 2).— From the
results of these studies it is concluded that the "injection of pituitary extract
has an immediate action on milk secretion, but the effect soon passes off. Dur-
ing the period after injection there is a rather rapid decrease in the milk flow,
but this decrease is gradual and there is no sudden drop followed by increas-
ing secretion to normal. This indicates that the effect of the extract is not
muscular. The daily yield is only slightly increased as a result of injection.
This shows that the extract acts rather by setting free than by causing the
formation of the milk constituents.
"From the composition of the milk obtained as a result of injection, to-
gether with other facts, it is concluded that the action of the pituitary extract
is not effected through rise of blood pressure. The amount of milk secreted as
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 273
.'1 result of in.j<'cti<in dept'iids on tin' pi'viod of liu-taliou and also on tlic state of
nutrition, 'j'liis together with other cousideratious supports the view that it is
not variations in the conditions of the pituitary gland which give rise to tlio
cycle of changes which occur in the mammary gland. Histological evidence
points to a dli-ect action of the extract on tlie glandular epithelium. The tiat-
teued appearance of the cells of the full alveolus is caused by the expansion
which they have to undergo when the lumen becomes filled with milk.
" The milk obtained as a result of injection is normal in composition except
for a higher percentage of fat; in the following milklngs. however, there is a
drop in the percentage of fat although that of the other constituents remains
normal. While the solids-not-fat (proteins, lactose, and ash) are secreted in
close connection with the water of the milk, the amount of fat secreted is in no
wise connected with the amount of water. The ratio 'nitrogen to lactose' is
relatively constant throughout. These facts suggest the theory that the
pituitary extract causes the combination of the precursor of milk protein and
lactose (possibly a glycoprotein) with water and salts of the blood, and so by
a purely secretory action produces this i)art of the milk. The suddenly altered
tensions so set up in the eiiithelial cells cause the fat globules which have
accumulated at the ends of the cells to be discharged and to produce milk which
is rich in fat. It is because of the relatively large amount of the pituitary ex-
tract injected and because of the suddenness of the change that the fat per-
centage goes up. The act of milking, which also causes rapidly altered ten-
sions, has the same effect.
"Although there is considerable variation, yot the average results on varying
the dose of ])ituitary extract injected show that the smaller doses give less
milk with a lower percentage of fat. When the doses are relatively large it
does not matter how much is injected, for only a certain amount of milk can
be obtained. There is some indication that a goat in the early stages of lacta-
tion is more sensitive to small doses than one in a later stage. Experiments
with fractional milkings show that while the percentage of fat rises from
start to finish in normal milk, yet in milk obtained as a result of injection the
percentage remains constant throughout."
Carotin, the principal natural yellow pigment of milk fat: Its relations
to plant carotin and the carotin of the body fat, corpus luteum, and blood
serum, L. S. Palmer and C. H. Eckles (Jour. Biol. Chem., 17 (191//), No. 2,
pp. 191-249, fig. 1). — This work comprises 5 papers.
I. The chemical and physiological relation of the pigments of milk fat to the
carotin and xanthophylls of green planta (pp. 191-210). — The object of the in-
■\estigation here reported was to classify the milk-fat pigment, not only as a
true lii)ochroioe, but also with respect to its rekuion to the cai'otin and xantho-
phylls of green plants, and to determine the relative influence of certain fac-
tors, such as character of ration and breed of cow, upon the color of the butter.
It was observed that " the fat of cow's milk owes its natural yellow color to
the pigments carotin and xanthophylls, principally carotin, the well-known,
widespread, yellow vegetable pigments found accompanying chlorophyll in all
green plants. The carotin and xanthophylls of milk fat are not synthesized in
the cow's body, but are merely taken up from the feed and subsequently .secreted
in the milk fat.
" When feed practically free fron. carotin and xanthophylls, such as the cow
usually receives during the winter months, is given to a milk-giving cow, the
immediate supply of these pigments in the organism is greatly depleted and may
be entirely used up, on account of the constant drain upon the supply by the
milk glands. The butter fat accordingly approaches a colorless condition in pro-
portion to the supply of carotin and xanthophylls in the system, the length of
274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
time these pigments are liept out of the feed, and also very probably in pro-
portion to the amount of milk fat being produced.
" If feed rich in carotin and xanthophylls is given to a milk-giving co\v whose
milk fat has become practically colorless by reason of the above conditions, the
organism will at once recover its lost pigments and the milk fat will increase
in color in proportion to the amount of carotin and xanthophylls, especially
carotin, in the feed. Fresh green grass probably being the richest in carotin of
all natural dairy cattle feeds, accordingly produces the highest colored butter.
" There is some difference among the different breeds of dairy cows in respect
to the maximum color of the milk fat under equally favorable conditions for
the production of a high color. Each breed of cows, however, will undergo the
same variation in color of the milk fat which follows a withdrawal or addition
of carotin and xanthophylls, especially carotin, to the feed. Under some con-
ditions, also, the apparent breed characteristic largely disappears. The popular
opinion in regard to the breed characteristic has been overemphasized, and
statements in regard to it should in the future be qualified with a statement of
the conditions of the feed, etc. Under normal conditions cows of all breeds pro-
duce very high colored jnilk fat for a short time after parturition. The pig-
ments of the fat at this time are identical with the normal pigments of the
fat. Their increase at this time is probably due to the physiological conditions
Burrounding the secretion of the milk of the freshening animal."
IT. The pigments of the body fat, corpus luteum, and skin secretions of the
coto (pp. 211-221). — In these studies it was found that "the yellow lipochrome
of the body fat, corpus luteum, and skin secretions of the cow, like the lipo-
chrome of butter fat, is composed principally of carotin, which sometimes has
associated with it one or more minor xanthophyll constituents. The carotin and
xanthophyll pigments of the body fat are derived from the feed of the cow.
The body fat of Jersey cows formed on a ration deficient in carotin and xantho-
l-hylls is devoid of color.
" The body fat of Jersey and Guernsey cows is usually characterized by a
liigher yellow color than the body fat of other breeds. This is of great im-
port;ince in explaining why Jersey and Guernsey cows sometimes show a much
slower elimination of pigment from the milk fat on a nonpigmented ration, as
during the winter months. In these cases the body fat furnishes a supple-
mentary source of carotin and xanthophylls for the milk fat. The yellow body
fat of the Jersey and Guernsey cows should not be a point against the use of
these animals for beef. The pigments here are the same as those for which the
consumer will pay a higher price when present in butter.
" The bree<lers of Jersey and Guernsey cattle are no doubt correct in their
belief that the yellow skin and skin secretions of these animals are character-
istic of these breeds. It is not correct, however, that this characteristic is
indicative of the ability of the breeds to secrete yellow milk fat under all
conditions. The only indication of this is whether the feed contains an abun-
dance of carotin and xanthophylls. The blood serum of the new-born Jersey
calf is free from carotin and xanthophylls. The small amount of fat on the
body is tinted faintly with these pigments."
III. The yellow lipochrome of blood serum (pp. 223-236). — "The well-known
lipochrome of the blood serum of the cow is, like the lipochrome of the milk
fat, body fat, etc., of the same animal, composed principally of carotin, the
widespread hydrocarbon pigment of plants. Associated in small quantity with
the carotin of tlie serum, probably dissolved in the fat of the blood, are one or
more xanthophyll pigments which are always found in more or less variable
quantity associated with the carotin of plants. The carotin and xanthophylls
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 275
of the blood serum are derived from the feed and furnisli the normal source
for these pigments in the milk fat and body fat, etc. A variation in the
quantity of these pigments in the feed results in a corresponding variation in
the amount found in the blood serum and milk fat. Body fat formed during
this time will also be affected.
" The carotin is carried by the blood serum in combination with an albumin.
The combination is a very firm one. Lecithin and cholesterol are probably a
part of the combination. We propose the name caroto-albumin for the new
chromo-protein of the blood. The caroto-albumin of the blood serum of the
cow is probably of importance in the formation of milk fat, body fat, and the
corpus luteum of the cow. It is doubtful if this new pigmented protein is of
importance in the oxygen respiration of the body. The lactalbumin of cow's
milk may, among other factors, be related to the color of the milk fat. There
appears to be a special relation here in connection with the high color and
high albumin content of colostrum milk."
lY. The fate of carotin and xanthophylls during digestion (pp. 237-243). —
" Carotin is assimilated from the feed of the cow in preference to xantho-
phylls partly because of its greater stability toward the juices of the digestive
tract. Xanthophylls are much more soluble in bile than carotin, which prob-
ably accounts for their appearance in the fat of the blood.
" It is probable that carotin forms by far the greater part of the lipochromes
of the cow's body chiefly on account of its ability to form ii compound with one
of the proteins of the blood. The xanthophylls. being of a different composition,
probably are not capable of forming such a compound."
V. The pigments of human milk fat (pp. 245-249). — " The fat of human milk
may be tinted by carotin and xanthophylls, the pigments which characterize
the fat of cow's milk. The relative proportions of carotin to xanthophyll in
human milk fat is much more nearly equal than in the fat of cow's milk. The
colostrum fat of human milk is characterized by a very high color, as is the case
with the fat of the colostrum milk of cows. The pigment of human body fat
is no doubt identical with the pigment of human milk fat."
Improvement of the milk supply (Ann. Rpt. X. Y. ililk Com., 7 {1913), pp.
7-34, pis. 8). — Part 1 of this report relates to the character and scope of the
work of improving the city milk supply ; the standards prescribed by the com-
mission and indorsed by the milk dealers; bacterial standards; the resolu-
tions as adopted by the conference of the delegates appointed by the governors
of the Eastern and Middle States, called by the New York Milk Committee,
to consider the Improvement of state laws for the control of milk industry
and for the suppression of bovine tuberculosis; investigations conducted on
the icing of milk in transit; short-measure milk bottles; transfer of milk on
street ; milk served at school lunches ; hospital milk supply ; typhoid and septic
sore throat epidemics ; and the findings of the conference to consider the fixing
of the market price of milk.
Pasteurization in bottles and the process of bottling hot pasteurized milk,
g. H. Ayers and W. T. Johxson, jr. {Jour. Infect. Diseases, U {1914), ^^o. 2,
pp. 217-241, figs. 6).— The general object of this investigation was to compare
on a laboratory scale pasteurization In bottles with the process of bottling hot
pasteurized milk.
It was found that pasteurization in the bottle at a temperature of 145° F. for
30 minutes causes satisfactory bacterial reductions, but that bottles should be
steamed for at least 2 minutes before being filled with milk. When milk at an
initial temperature of 50° is heated in bottles without agitation in water at
r.bout 146°, the temperature of the milk in the top of the bottle will reach 140°
276 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
in about 9 minutes before that iu the bottom. Bottles with chipped or other-
wise imperfect tops should not be used, since the seal caps may allow leaks dur-
ing the process of pasteurizing.
The advantages claimed for pasteurizing in bottles are that the danger of re-
contamination is lessened and there is a saving in milk losses due to handling
and evaijoration over coolers. However, greater expense is incurred through the
necessity of water-tight caps. The process of bottling pasteurized milk while
hot into hot steamed bottles causes equally good bacterial reductions as does
pasteurization in bottles and eliminates bottle infection. It was demonstrated
that milk may be pasteurized, bottled hot, capped with ordinary cardboard caps,
find cooled by a blast of cold nir.
It is thought that " if milk is cooled from 145 to 50° within 5 hours no more
bacterial iucrea.se will take place during the slow cooling than would take place
if the milk were cooled immediately to 50°. Whether or not this will be true
under commercial conditions can be determined only by future experiments.
As far as laboratory experiments indicate, when milk is heated to 145° for 30
minutes, bottling hot pasteurized milk followed by slow gradual cooling has no
more appreciable effect on the cream line or flavor of milk than does the ordi-
nary process of pasteurization. This is true for cooling periods of less than 5
hours' dur;ition.
" Since milk coutract.s on cooling, a quart bottle filled with milk at 145° does
not hold a full quart when the milk is cooled to 50°. It is about 0.62 of an
ounce short. Therefore slightly oversized bottles should be used.
"The advantages of the process are: (1) That bottle infection can be elimi-
nated, (2) that milk losses are saved, owing to evaporation over the cooler, and
(3) that ordinary cardboard caps can be used. The principal disadvantage is
that the air-cooling process requires several hours. This, however, would be a
disadvantage only in the few plants where milk is delievei'ed directly after pas-
teurization."
It is concluded from these investigations that the process of bottling hot pas-
teurized milk followed by air-blast cooling is an entirely feasible modificaton
of the "holder" system of pasteurization. It is proposed to conduct further
experiments to test the efliciency of this method on a commercial scale.
The Lobeck biorisator, Nevermann (Berlin. TieriirzU. Wchnschr., 29 {191S).
Xo. /jS. pp. 862-864)- — -^ description of a recently invented apparatus for heating
milk for which is claimed the quality of killing all micro-organisms, including
intestinal catarrh of children, cholera, typhus, and tubei'cle bacilli without de-
stroying the flavor or nutritive value of the product.
The milk is subjected to pressure in a chamber, from whence it is conveyed
to a large cylindrical vessel, which it enters in the form of a fine spray and is
at the same time subjected to a temperature of 1G7° F. From the cylinder it
passes through a cooler where its temperature is rapidly lowered to at least 50°.
The milk is therefore suljjected for only a short time to the sterilizing tempera-
ture and while in the form of a spray. An advantage of this method is that no
milk is lost by evaporation.
Johnson's standardizing' computer. C. A. Johnson {Nonvap, ilirh., 1913,
pp. [Jf4])- — A book of i)ract!c;il standardizing tables for creameries, ice cream
factories, diarynien, city milk supply concerns, etc.
VETEEINARY MEDICINE.
Results of research in the general pathology and pathologic anatomy of
man and animals, edited I)y (). Luisarsch and U. \on OvStfrtag (En/cb. Allg.
ruth. Miii.sili. u. Tirrc. 16 (J9t2). pi. 2, pp. \ II +845). —The first part of this
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 27Y
aunual has been previously uoted (E. S. R., 28. p. 178). The contents of the
present volume are as follow^s : Pathology of Cancer, by G. Herxheimer and F.
Reiiike (pp. 1-343) ; Itegeneration, Transplantation, and I'arabiosis. by M.
(ioldzieher and E. Makai ipp. 344-759) ; and the Histological Detection and
Biochemical Siguilicance of Oxidizing and Reducing Substances Within the Cell,
by W. Loele (pp. 7(;0-80G).
A large bibliography accompanies each topic.
Studies fronx the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (Studies
Rockefeller lufit. Med. Research, 18 (J914), pp. ¥11+596, pis. 77, figs. 22).— This
is a collection in one volume of the studies which have appeared from time to
time in the literature from the departments of pathology and bacteriology,
physiology and jiharmacology, chemistry, experimental surgei'y, experimental
biology, and the hospital of the Rockefeller Institute.
The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine (Lister Inst. Prer. Med., Col-
lected Papers, No. 9, pt. 2 (1912-13), pp. [TZ+.-J-^O], ph. 20, figs. .1'/).— This is
a collection of reprints of articles on physiology, zoology, and biochemistry pub-
lished in various scientific journals.
Blood sugar, I. Bang (Der Blutzucker. Wiesbaden, 1913, pp. VIII -{-162, figs.
13). — This exceptional volume deals with the physiological sugar content of the
blood of man, bovine, horse, sheep, goat, pig, rabbit, cat, and other animals, the
reducing substances in blood and their distribution, physiological variation of
the sugar content of the blood, experimental hyperglyconna and hypoglycemia,
the origin of sugar in the blood, and historical facts relating thereto.
Anaphylaxis, C Richet, trans, by J. M. Bligh (Liverpool and London, 191S,
pp. XII+2G6). — An English translation of this work. Among the topics dis-
cussed are the history of anaphylactic phenomena, duration and symptoms of
jinaphylaxis, anaphylactizing substances, passive anai)hylaxis. anaphylaxis in
vitro, the relation of anaphylaxis to the precipitin and the complement devia-
tion reactions, antinnaiihylaxis. anaphylaxis in medicine, and local, chronic,
alimentary, and general anaphj'laxis.
Studies on the complementary and antihemolytic properties of normal
sheep serum, F. M. Surface and G. C. Routt (Jour. Med. Research, 2S (1913).
No. 3, pp. Jtkl-463). — '' Fresh normal sheep serum contains a complement capable
of dissolving sensitized sheep corpuscles. Sheep serum is relatively poor in
hemolytic complement. It rapidly loses its complement ability upon standing.
Fresh normal sheep serum is able to prevent the action of guinea pig complo-
ment. In the fresh serum this inhibiting property is partially masked by the
native complement in the sheep serum. If the sheep serum is heated just suffi-
ciently to destroy its complement the inhibiting property remains and can be
clearly demonstrated.
" Heating the sheep serum to temperatures below 52° C. increases its inhibit-
ing properties. Heating at temperatures higher than this tends to destroy this
property. If the serum is heated to 60° or beyond, both its complement and its
antihemolytic property are destroyed. There is an apparent auxilytic action
of the guinea pig complement upon the comr>lement of the sheep serum. This
inhibiting property of sheep serum is not due to complement fixation by anti-
bodies in the hemolytic rabbit serum. It is probably not due to any precipitate
which may be formed by the mixture of guinea pig and sheep serum.
" The evidence indicates that there is a true anticomplement (against guinea
pig complement) in fresh normal sheep serum. This is present in relatively
small amounts, and most of its action is masked by the sheep complement.
If the complement is removed from the sheej) serum the anticomplement be-
comes manifest. The anticomplement is destroyed by heating at 60° and higher.
278 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Defensive ferments of the animal organism, E. Abdeehalden (Abivehrfer-
mente des tierischen Organismus. Berlin, 1913, 3. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XV-{-
229, pi. 1, figs. 11). — This is the third revised and amplified edition of this work
(E. S. R., 30, p. 77) in regard to the ferments which appear in the body and
blood plasma as the result of injecting substances foreign to the organism.
The diagnostic significance of these factors is discussed in minute detail and
the practical application of these principles for the serodiagnosis of pregnancy
iind infectious diseases is described. The apparatus used for these purposes is
pictured.
Protective (defensive) ferments and the serodiagnosis of pregnancy,
L. W. Fetzer {Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1914), Nos. 2, pp. 79, 80, 96, 122; 3,
pp. U9, 150, 203, 204, fig. 1; 4, pp. 248-250).— This gives an account of the
1-rinciples underlying the elaboration of the protective ferments In the body
(see above), with a detailed description of the technique necessary for con-
ducting the Abderhalden test for diagnosing pregnancy in man and animals.
The apparatus necessary is illustrated and criterions for judging the results of
the reaction are included.
Preliminary communication on a complement deviation reaction exhibited
in pregnancy, G. H. S. Clowes, F. C. Goldsborough, and F. West (Ahs. in
Proc. Soc. Erpt. Biol, and Med., 10 (1913), Xo. 3, pp. 107, i08).— Both heated
and unheated sera of 25 normal pregnant women in which lues could be ex-
cluded were examined, also the blood of the infants taken from the umbilical
cord at the time of birth.
The unheated sera invariably contained antibodies capable of causing a well-
marked deviation of complement when used in conjunction with an antigen
obtained by extracting human blood clots with alcohol. The unheated in-
fants' sera tested under the same conditions gave negative results. Other
tissues (antigens) gave a less marked reaction with the unheated mothers' sera
and no reaction with the infants' sera.
" The deviation body concerned in this reaction is destroyed by heating for
one-half hour at 58° C. The mothers' sera tested after heating were negative
to the antigens enumerated above, and those of the infants either negative or
very slightly positive, but exhibiting on the whole a somewhat greater capacity
to deviate than that possessed by the heated mothers' sera. The deviating ca-
pacity of unheated mothers' sera varies greatly, certain cases exhibiting a
complete deviation only when employed in concentrations as high as 0.05 to
0.075 cc. of serum, others giving a complete deviation when amounts as smaU
as 0.001 cc. of serum were employed. . . .
" Similar nonspecific immune bodies destroyed by heating at 58° have been
observed in cancer and other pathological conditions, and to a cei'tain extent in
supposedly normal individuals. The entire absence of these bodies in the blood
of newborn infants and their invariable occurrence in the blood of pregnant
v7omen at term indicates that in this case at least they probably bear some
relation to the reaction of the body against detached fetal cells or proteid or
enzymatic bodies of fetal origin. The occurrence of this reaction to a marked
extent in cancer, particularly in those cases in which tumors are absorbing
under treatment, lends further support to this point of view."
On the antitryptic reaction exhibited in pregnancy, G. H. A. Clowes and
F. C. Goldsborough (Abs. in Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 10 (1913), No. S,
p. 109). — The antitryptic index was determined in the sera of 25 pregnant
women and their infants. " The antitryptic index of the mother's serum was
found to range from 1.5 to 2.5, averaging about 2, while that of the infants
was found to range from 0.9 to 1.2, averaging slightly over 1. The antitryptic
index of a series of cancer cases previously reported shows a range of varia-
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 279
tion from 1.2 to 3.5 and gives an average over 2. It will thus be seen that the
blood of this series of 25 infants appears to be practically normal. On the
other hand, the blood of the mothers contains an extremely high percentage of
antibodies to trypsin, averaging over twice the normal, a characteristic also
exhibited by cancer blood."
The antitryptic reaction is destroyed by heating the serum for one-half hour
at 60° C. and in this respect it resembles the complement fixation as noted in
the abstract above. These two reactions may have a common origin.
Abderhalden's biological test of pregnancy, P. F. Wiixiams and R. M.
Pearce (Ahs. in Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 10 (WIS), No. 3, p. 73).— "The
use of Abderhalden's test for pregnancy [E. S. R., 28. p. 777], employing the
dialysis method and the ninhydrin color reaction, has given positive results
with each of 28 sera from pregnant women and with S from women in the post
partum period, including one abortion. The test has never been negative in
a known pregnancy. On the other hand, the serum of pregnancy reacts with
tissues (kidney, heart, uterus) other than placenta. Also sera of two cases of
nephritis, one of tabes and one of infection (carbuncle), and occasionally of
some individuals in apparent perfect health, have given the reaction with
I)lacenta and other tissues."
The ninhydrin reaction was superior to the biuret test and the small dialysis
thimbles (S. & S.) are preferred to the tish-skin membranes originally recom-
mended. Results as satisfactory as those obtained by dialysis are obtained by
mixing tissues and serum in tubes, incubating for 24 hours, and testing the
filtrate obtained after treatment by heat and acetic acid with ninhydrin.
"As the result of the studies [the authors] feel that this test can not be
accepted as an accurate clinical method until it has been more thoroughly in-
vestigated and the possible sources of error corrected. This conclusion, how-
ever, applies only to Abderhalden's dialysis method and not to his optical
method, with which [the authors] have had no experience."
Diagnosis of pregnancy according to Rosenthal, H. Scholz {Berlin.
Tieriirzil. Wclmsehr., 29 (1913), No. ^8, pp. 858, 859).— A description of a method
which determines the antitryptic index of the serum of the patient with a solu-
tion of trypsin and casein. The principle upon which the method is based is
Fuld's.
Bactericidal action and chemical constitution with special reference to
basic benzol derivatives, C. H. Browning and W. Gilmotjr (Ahs. in Jour.
Path, and Bact., 18 (1913), No. 1, pp. lJf4-146). — In this investigation certaia
general principles were established, namely "(1) Staphylococcus aureus and
Bacillus anthracis are more susceptible to the action of basic benzol derivatives
than are organisms of the coli-typhoid group. This result has been obtained
with triphenylmethan derivatives (triamido-triphenylmethan compounds — para-
fuchsin, fuchsin, hexamethyl and hexaethyl violet, methyl green ; diamido-
triphenylmethan compounds — Dobner's violet, malachite green, brilliant green,
glacier blue, setoglaucin, setosyanin ; naphthalin compounds — victoria blue, new
victoria blue, night blue), acridin compounds (3.6 diaminoacridin, acridin yel-
low, and other diaminoacridin derivatives containing CHs groups substituted
either in the benzol rings or in the amino groups), indamins (Bindschedler's
green), azin dyes (toluylene red, safranin), the thinazin group (methylene blue,
new methylene blue), thiopyronin; also with tetrachlor-ortho-biphenol, tetra-
brom-a-kresol. (2) It Is not possible to differentiate generally the Gram-posi-
tive organisms as susceptible to hexamethyl violet and the Gram-negative group
as insusceptible ; thus Vibrio cholercB, B. cholerce gallinarum, B. B. foecalis alcali-
genes were found to be all comparatively nonresistant to this dye. (3) Salts
280 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,
of tlie heavy metals do not act less powerfully ou tlie coli-typhoid group than
on S. aureus and B. antliracis, e. g., mercury perchlorid, silver nitrate, gold
chlorid."
Elirlich and Becbho'.d have previously pointed out that the action of i»awerful
antiseptics such as mercuric chlorid and tetrachlor-ortho-biphenol was greatly
diminished by the presence of serum. In these tests it is shown that sheep's
serum heated at 57° C. and unheated serum diminished the antiseptic action
for the (S. aureus only slightly in the case of hexa methyl violet and to a
greater degree with brilliant green, while the depression was very marked with
ietr.'iehlor-ortho-biphenol. The antiseptic action of diaminoacridin increased
for the 8. aureus, B. anthracis, B. coli, and B. typhosus when serum was
present.
The volatile nature of the toxic constituent of poison ivy, C. E. Bessey
(Amer. Jour. Pharm., 86 (1914), ^o. S, pp. 112-llJf). — An account of the per-
sonal experiences of the author, who became poisoned by simply looking at the
flowers and foliage of poison Ivy contained in a box some distance away.
While the author does not deny PfafE's statement that ivy contains a flxed
poison, he emphasizes the fact that a volatile poison mu.st be pi'esent also.
Some observations on the pollen of poison sumac, L. E. Warren (Amer.
Jour. Pharm., 85 (1913), No. 12, pp. 545-549). — The alcoholic extract made from
from the pollen of sumac (Riuis remix) when tested physiologically upon 4
human subjects according to Tschirch and Stevens's method showed no toxic
properties. " The evidence that Rhus poisoning may be wind-borne is mate-
rially weakened by the results, and the theory that poisoning can take place
only by contact with the plant receives additional support."
The cause of fag-opyrism and some notes on the fluorescent coloring mat-
ters in the hulls of buckwheat seeds, K. Fessler (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr.
Physiol. Chem., 85 {1913), Ko. 1-2. pp. 148-155; Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr..
29 {1913), No. 28, pp. 497-499).— Buckwheat, when fed to animals, especially
those with unpigmented skins, is often toxic when the animals are exposed to
sunlight. Researches by Fischer and others led to the detection of a fluorescent
substance which was noted to a large extent in the hulls of buckwheat.
In this investigation the solvents used were alcohol (95 per cent), acetone,
ether, chloroform, benzin, and carbon disulphid. The color of the solution
obtained varied from a light to a dark green and from a brown red to a red
fluorescence. Benzin was colored only slightly and the color of the carbon
disulphid solution was olive to light brown and showed no fluorescence. Ou
long standing the color of the solution was changed and the fluorescence lost.
Alcoholic solutions became brownish gi'een and ethereal solutions yellow green.
Drying .also destroys the fluorescence. The green coloring matter was identified
;is crude chlorophyll ; the yellow coloring matter was considered a xanthophyll.
The crude chlorophyll extract contained a brown coloring matter to which
the seeds owe their yellow color and which probably belongs to the i)hloba-
phenes of the pyrocatecliin group. It is without pathological significance.
Other substances noted were pentoses, mucin, and pliytosterol.
As the green coloring matter is strongly photodynamic and as Hausmann has
ascribed to it toxic properties, it might be of interest to study the pharma-
cological action of the various components of the crude chlorophyll extract.
The pathology of growth: Tumors, C. P. White {London, 1913, pp. XI I -{-235,
figs. 89). — This book deals with the subject under the following headings:
Variations in development, growth, and functional activity ; regeneration,
transplantation, etc.; tumors— introduction ; organomata ; histioniata ; cyto-
mata ; the general morphology and relationships of tumors: the origin of
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 281
tumors; the prowtli and lifo history of tiiiiiors; the physiological aspects of
tumor growth: tlio biological aspects of tumor formation; ami the causation of
tumors.
Biological detection of parasites, I. IJakit ( Uher den bioIogi.<<clicn NachiveU
von Paraftiten. Inuuy. Diss., Univ. Konig.sberg, 1912, pp. 31; ahs. in Zcntbl.
Biochem. u. Biophps., l.'f {1912), No. 3-4, p. 150). — No specific complement fixa-
tion reaction could be obtained with tapeworm extracts. This is contrary to
the findings of Meyer (E. S. R., 28, p. 880).
Further note on the growth of filarial embryos in vitro, F. M. Johns and
r. I,. QrKRENS (Aiurr. Jour. Trop. Disrnsrs nm] Prev. Med.. 1 {1914), No. 9, pp.
620-624, pi. 1). — In (lextro.se detibrinated blood from the dog, preiiared and
inoculated at a temjjerature of 37° C, the embryos of VHaria imniiti.'i exhibit
growth and motility for a period of about 15 days, when the media and
organisms begin to disintegrate.
Investigations on precipitating anthrax serum, W. Pfeiler and I>. Dreschkk
{Mitt. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Lnndw. Bromberg, 5 {1913), No. 4, pp. 281-305;
ahs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wehnsehr., 30 {1914). No. 2, pp. 31, 32).— In the prep-
aration of highly potent precipitating anthrax sera it is necessary to use a
strain of bacteria which will become encapsulated when grown on agar medium
and the proper kind of animal. No discharge of anthrax bacilli with the feces of
the serum animal took place. It was found advisable to draw the blood from the
animal 12 days post-injection. Rapidly and highly immunized animals were
foimd to lose in titer after a short time, but the sera from animals immunized
slowly but intensely retrogress only slowly.
The precipitating sera do not lose their activity when held at a temperature
of 37 to 45° C. for several days, but when temperatures of 5G to 00° are em-
ployed they lose their precipitating powers. In other words, the precipitins are
converted into i)rocii)itoids.
The addition of comi)lement will not reactivate the sera. Freezing once does
not affect the precipitation; centrifuging at 13,800 revolutions has likewise no
effect. Repeated freezing and thawing, however, affects the precipitating pow-
ers of the upper strata of the sera held in tubes, but there is no noticeable in-
crease in precipitins in the lower layers. Concentration of the volume in a
desiccator does not increase the activity of the sera nor does slight dilution
affect the titer.
Drying the sera and then mixing them with water results in a cloudy solu-
tion which can not be used for tests. Drying on filter paiier renders the pre-
cipitins insoluble, and only a very weak reaction results with the fluid obtained
by dissolving the serum solids on the paper. Precipitins, when dried, will stand
a greater degree of heat than when in the liquid state and they are not de-
stroyed by alcohol, ether, and chloroform.
The precipitins of anthrax sera belong to the globulins and in most cases
they are distributed in this gi'oup among the eu- and pseudoglobulins. Accord-
ing to Ascoli the antigen substances of anthrax bacilli give a biruet reaction
but none of the other protein reactions. These authors doubt if the biuret test
is satisfactory for determining whether bacillary extracts contain proteins.
Viability of the anthrax bacterium, M. J. Harkins {Anier. Vet. Rev., 45
{1914), ^0- ly PP- 76-78). — Experiments made with pieces of suture silk which
had been immersed in a liquid culture or suspension of anthrax bacteria and
then dried and placed in a glass test tube, sealed with a cotton plug and tight
fitting rubber stopper, show that anthrax spores are able to propagate for at
least 13 years and 11 months, and that the spores under these conditions retain
some virulence, if not all, lor the same length of time.
282 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Bacteriological diagnosis of anthrax by dried swabs from the blood, and
by examination of the skin, J. M. Beattie and U. R. Phadke (Afts. in Jour.
Path, and Bad., 18 (1913), No. 1, pp. 115, 116). — "An examination of the skin
of infected animals is too uncertain to be of any vahie as a means of diagnosis.
Spores are not formed in dried swabs or in dried skin, and therefore heating
the swab or tlie skin to 70° C. renders a diagnosis still more uncertain; in our
experiments it destroyed all chance of a diagnosis. Small quantities of dried,
infected blood may give a negative result on examination, and therefore in the
examination of hides considerable areas and those taken from different parts of
the body should be examined."
The curability of dourine, Monod {Rev. Y4t. Milit., 1912, Dec; ais. in Rev.
Yd. [Toulouse], 39 (1914), No. 3, pp. 164, 165).— The author finds the form of
dourine that occurs in North Africa to be curable through the administration
of atoxyl and of orpiment (arsenic trisulphid), on alternate days, until five
doses have been given. A 10 per cent solution of atoxyl is administered subcuta-
neously, the dose varying from 4 to 5 gm. The orpiment is administered in
boluses of 30 gm. ; three cases of poisoning, two ending fatally, have been ob-
served to follow. After an interval of 10 days the treatment is repeated.
Progress and results in transmission experiments by the Imperial Health
Department with cytoryctes cocci recorded by Siegel as the cause of foot-
and-mouth disease, and with the bacteria said by von Niessen to be the
cause of this disease, Wehrle and Zwick (Arh. K. Osndhtsamt., 45 (1913),
No. 4, pp. 522-583, figs. 29; abs. in Rec. MM. V^t., 91 (1914), No. 3, pp. 102-
104). — The commission composed of a number of veterinarians appointed to
investigate the subject find that the cytoryctes cocci of Siegel (E. S. R., 28, p.
376) while pathogenic are not of etiologic importance in foot-and-mouth disease,
and that the microbe of von Niessen does not represent the infective agent, nor
is it of etiologic importance, in this disease.
Experiments with Tryposafrol in foot-and mouth disease, Seiler (Berlin.
Tierdrzil. Wchmchr., 30 (1914), No. 13, pp. 219-224).— The author's work indi-
cates that Tryposafrol has no protective or curative value in foot-and-mouth
disease.
Notes on complement fixation in glanders, L. Fbothingham and S. O'Toole
(Jour. Med. Research, 28 (1913), No. 2, pp. 333-344).— The results show that
complement may be obtained directly from the heart of a guinea pig without
injury to the animal. This allows a series of high titer guinea pigs to be kept
for this purpose only, and these can be bled in rotation. The complement may
be kept in an ordinary ice box for 3 days with but little deviation of titer in
either direction.
" Hemolytic amboceptor kept in a dark room averaging 45 to 50° F. for more
than 6 months still holds it original titer. Rabbits may be immunized by the
intraperitoneal injection of washed undiluted sheep corpuscles. The immunized
rabbit may be bled from the heart without injury and be kept for the future
l)roduction of amboceptor. Antigen must be titrated against a known positive
glanders serum, and again titrated (as a control) without positive serum. Uni-
valent and polyvalent glanders antigens have been kept in a dark room at 45
to 50° for more than 15 months without loss of titer. They have also been kept
in an ordinary ice chest for 4 months, and probably can be kept longer under
these conditions without deterioration. Titration and the test proper may be
much hastened by placing the tubes in a water bath at 37 to 40° C.
" Clear horse serum, rarely needing centrifugalizing, may be obtained by
allowing the blood to clot in an inverted test tube against a cork stopper; the
clot adheres to the cork and is removed with it. Positive and negative (glan-
ders) horse sera, inactivated, have been kept in a dark room at 45 to 50° F.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 283
for more than a year without deteriorating, and are still occasionally used as
controls in the test. Uninactivated positive and negative sera have been kept
in an ordinary Ice chest for 4 weeks, and undoubtedly can be kept longer under
these conditions without deterioration. Xaturally occurring hemolytics in a
berum may be detected in a test by running a hemolytic control."
Further experiments on the biology of Johne's bacillus, F. W. Twort and
G. I.. Y. Ingram {Centhl. Bald, [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 73 (lOlJ,), No. If-5, pp.
277-2S3). — The results obtained indicate that the animal's food may be the
source of the essential substance for the bacillus rather than any substance
metabolized by the animal itself, but there is no definite proof that this is so.
A case of Johne's disease successfully treated, J. M'Fadyean (Jour. Compar.
Path, and Thcr., 27 (1D14), No. 1, pp. 76-78, figs. 2).— A Devon cow about 7
years old suffering from Johne's disease, which came under observation on
August 8, is reported to have recovered from the disease. The treatment con-
sisted in the daily administration from August 12 to September 30 of an ounce
of a preparation consisting of ferrous sulphate 5 oz., dilute sulphuric acid 5 oz.,
and water 1 pint, in a pint of water.
Serodiagnosis of rabies, C. A. Zell (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 8 (1913), No. 12,
pp. 6S7-6-'fO, figs. 2). — In the experiments animals were infected with street
virus and the serum obtained from these animals was tested according to Was-
sermann's technique (complement fixation reaction), using an antigen made
Irom the submaxillary glands. In all of the animals in which a positive reac-
tion was obtained, i. e., those which came to autopsy, Negri bodies were detected
in the brain.
The experiments were conducted with dogs, rabbits, goats, and cats. " Nega-
tive reactions were obtained In the folowing controls: Normal rabbits, dog, cat,
dog with distemper, man." " By means of this reaction a diagnosis can be
made immediately, without destroying the animal, and further, a test after the
completion of the Pasteur treatment will determine whether or not Immune
bodies are present in the patient's serum whereby a greater degree of assurance
(an be given the patient."
Rinderpest: Further investigations on questions connected with the eco-
nomical production of antiserum, J. D. E. Holmes {Mem. Dept. Agr. India,
Vet. Ser., 2 (1913), No. 2, pp. 33-80). — The results of some experiments obtained
in the laboratory of the Agiicultural Research Institute at Pusa, India, made it
imperative that the methods in use for immunization should be abandoned. The
newer methods, which have been employed during the past 2 years, have given
good results.
The first experiments reported in this work dealt with the value of serum
prepared from bulls hyperimmunized by injections of blood from hill bulls
during the progress of a modified attack of rinderpest produced by simultauoous
injections of serum and virus. The data show that it is possible to modify the
attack of rinderpest in these animals by an injection of serum without destroy-
ing the value of their blood as an antigen and without sacrificing the animals.
In studying the value of the serum obtained after a natural recovery or after
an immunizing reaction only, it is pointed out that the serum is little inferior
in potency to that taken after the process of hyperimmunization. Successive
bleeding of plains bulls, hill bulls, and buffaloes brought out the fact that the
potency of the serum decreases more rapidly in the plains bulls than in the
other animals mentioned. The first and second bleeding of all three kinds of
i)ulls yielded a sufl^ciently potent serum to maintain the standard protective
dose. " The third bleeding of hill bulls and buffaloes is about the standard dose
and that of plains cattle is below the required potency."
284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
"As a result of the expei'iments the vohiuio of virns used for iujectious ui
the process of hyperimmunization has beeu further reduced to 2.5 cc. per pound
body weight in the case of plains cattle. For hill bulls and buffaloes a volume
at the rate of 3 cc. per pound body weight is now used. Further, it has been
found imnecessary to increase the volume of virus in each successive injection,
as was generally practiced. Animals reinjected several times with the same
volimie continue to produce a serum of value equal to that obtained after the
first injection."
Some further contributions in reg'ard to the chemotherapeutic action of
antimony preparations for spirochete and trypanosome diseases, P. Uhlen-
HUTH and G. Hugel (Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 39 (1913), No. 50, pp. 2455-2457).—
Among a number of organic antimony preparations the following were found to
be active against spirillosis in fowls: The sodium salts of acetyl-p-aninophenyl-
antimonic acid, benzolsulphon-p-aminophenylantimonic acid, p-urethanophenyl-
antimonic acid, m-amino-p-urethanophenylantimonic acid, mi m^iamino-p-
o^y-Pl-chlorarsenostibiobenzoldihyd^ochlorid, and nii m^-diamino-p-oxyarsenosti-
biobenzol. The first three named substances also gave good I'esults in curative
tests for rabbit syphilis, and the first two and last two, as well as p-anisylanti-
monic acid, in experimental dourine in mice. Acetyl-p-aminopheuylantimonic
acid was also effective in mouse nagana.
In addition to these metallo-organic compounds experimental tests were made
with stibium arsenicosum, a colloid preparation with antimony hydroxid.
Sb(0H)3.
The inorganic ])reparntions were of no value in fowl spirillosis.
The present status of our knowledge of the trombidiases of man and
domestic animals and a new trombidiasis of the goat, B. Galli-Valerio
(Centbl. Bald, [cic], 1. Abt., Rcf., 56 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 129-145. figs. 4).—
The author states that he has been unable to find any report of the occurrence
of this disease in the goat prior to his study of a very grave affection among
goats in the Valtelline region, which is here reported upon. The parasite con-
cerned was Microtromhidmm pusillum, a species which the author had pre-
viously found in the same region on the dog.
About the formation of protein and mucin by tubercle bacilli. F. Welemin-
SKY (Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., /,.9 (1912). No. 28, pp. 1320-1322; abs. in Chem.
ZentU., 1912, II. No. 16, p. 1386). — In cultures of the tubercle bacillus, mucin
was repeatedly detected; coagulable albumin was also noted. The mucin does
not seem to originate from the dead tubercle bacilli and must consequently be
a product of metabolism. The methods used which predispose to mucin forma-
tion diminish the virulence of the organism.
A new contribution to the pathology of tuberculosis infection, A. Cal-
METTE and C. GuliRiN (Compt. Rend. Acnd. Sci. [Parl^], 156 (1913). No. 1, pp.
34-37; abs. in Rev. G^n. MM. V^t., 21 (1913), No. 246, pp. 323-325) .—Some
authors believe that tuberculosis in cattle, especially the isulmonary form, is
due to the ingestion of tubercle bacilli, and others think it caused by the inhala-
tion of tuberculous particles. In order to determine which of the above theo-
ries is correct, some experimental tests with cows were conducted. Five adult
cows affected with pulmonary tuberculosis were placed in a barn and faced
toward the wall. The excrement of all of these animals was infectious for
rabbits.
About 3 meters behind these animals ten 10-months-old heifers were quar-
tered but separated from the other animals by a wooden barrier. The barn
was so arranged that the urine flowing from the tuberculous cattle would run
into the pens of the healthy animals and cnnseqneiilly soil their litter. The
cattle were left together in this building for 11 months and then tested with
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 285
(uheivuliii. Five, or one-half of the lieallliy aiiiiuiils, reacted (o Inbercnliu after
this time, 4 sbowiiii,' infiK-tiou of the lullK^' and none of the lung cases being free
from tuberculosis of other areas. One of tlie animals showed an infection of all
the lymphatic glands; another was infected in the mesenteric, mediastinal, and
retropharyngeal glands; another in the bronchial and retropharyngeal glands
nnd lungs; the fourth in the mediastinal glands and the lungs; and the fifth
had all glands except the retropharyngeal affected.
The authors are inclined to believe that tuberculosis, like glaudei-s, emanates
from the ingestion of the pathologic material.
[Tuberculosis in man and bovine], Wawrinsky (Off. Intcrnnt. llyy. I'uh.
{ParM, Bui. Mcn.'i., 5 U91.3), Xo. 8, pp. 1348-1351).— Thin reviews the findings
(if the Swiss commission for the investigation of tuberculosis.
[Tuberculosis in man and bovine], Bentzen (Off- Jntcrnat. Hyg. Pith.
[Paris], Bill. Mens., .5 (1913), No. 8, pp. 1343-13^8) .—This discusses the possi-
bility of infecting man from bovine sources, and the Norwegian literature per-
taining to this topic is briefly referred to.
The statistics which are given seem to show that the number of cases of the
disease in man are the highest in those regions where the greatest number of
cases in bovines exist as detected by the tuberculin test. In Norway the use of
the tuberculin test is not obligatory, and in localities where the jiopulation is
less than 4.000. the meat inspection service is not rigid. The author maintains
that in order to prevent the disease in man it is necessary to control both the
human and the bovine sources of the disease.
Tuberculin, W. G. Ruppel (Dent. Med. Wchmchr., 39 {1913), No. 50, pp.
2462-240(i). — A discussion in regard to the various tuberculin jireparations and
the chemical conii)osilion of tuberculin.
Information on " huaicu," J. S. Acosta (Bol. Min. Affr. [Buenoa AircK], 16
{1913), No. 5-6, pp. 6.'i9-659). — This iiaper relates to a disease of domesticated
llerbivora, known as " huecu " or " huaicti." which occurs in certain regions
of Patagonia. It is caused by the ingestion of a gi'ass that the natives know
by the name " coiron bianco." The disease is said to be similar to the tem-
bladera of Rivas and Zanolli (E. S. K., 23, p. 288), and to the pataleta of
Quevedo (E. S. R., 30, p. 783).
[Infectious vag-inal catarrh and contagious abortion of cattle] {Arch.
Wiss. u. Prukt. TUrlicilk., .',0 (19U), No. 3, pp. 193-2U; «^«- in Cornell Vet.,
h {1914), No. 1, pp. .'/.5, 46). — Two articles are here presented, the first (pp. 193-
211) by P. Schumann on Clinical Investigations of Infectious Vaginal Catarrh
and Sterility of Cattle; the second (pp. 212-244) by E. Hieronymi on Bac-
teriological Investigations of Infectious Abortion of Cattle.
The investigation by Schumann included the examination and study of
2,715 animals in 43 herds. "The determination of the presence or absence of
infectious vaginal catarrh in a herd can not be done, as many believe, through
the examination of the vagina of a few animals but only through a careful study
of the whole herd and the sexual life of each animal. The presence of an acute
case alone determines a diagnosis. The mere presence of yellowish-red nodules
in the vaginal mucosa should only be considered with the greatest caution as
a diagnostic sign. Infectious vaginal catarrh should be considered as ex-
isting in a herd if a large number of the animals are affected with nympho-
mania, without extensive alteration being present in the internal generative
organs of these animals.
" Infectious vaginal catarrh should be regarded as healed if the nodules
become pale or disappear and the number of nonpregnant animals not due to
organic derangement has become small. It should be kept in mind that the
nodules do not always completely disappear but may persist for a long time
286 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and as such are harmless. The number of animals which become sterile after
affection with infectious vaginal catarrh is relatively large. Sterility, however,
does not bear a direct relationship to the number of nodules present in the
mucous membrane of the vagina of these cases. Most of the sterile cases have
well marked changes in the ovaries, uterus, or cervix.
" Infectious vaginal disease is often combined with infectious abortion.
Abortions, however, are not to be attributed to the vaginal disease but are
due to the presence of the Bang abortion bacillus. Abortion is often followed
by transitory sterility due to retained placenta. On the other hand, the number
of cases becoming peruiauently sterile following abortion is relatively small."
In the bacteriological investigations the author made use of 8 aborted fetuses.
In investigations of methods of diagnosing the infection 259 tests were made.
"The cause of infectious abortion in cattle is the abortion bacillus of Bang.
The abortion organism can be recovered from aborted fetuses. Aborted fetuses
show pathological changes which are characteristic of infectious abortion. The
agglutination and complement fixation tests are of great help in the diagnosis
of this disease. The precipitation test is not i-eliable for the diagnosis of con-
tagious abortion. Abortion, likewise, is not a reliable agent in the diagnosis of
this infection. In the serum of aborted fetuses agglutinins, precipitins, and
bacteriolytic amboceptors of the abortion bacilli are not present. The results
of the complement fixation or the agglutination test can not be considered as
reliable data upon which to base a prognosis. These tests simply indicate
whether the animal has been infected with the Bang organism. An infection
may not be followed by an abortion. Immime bodies may simply be formed in
the body of the infected animal. These antibodies can be found in the blood
in undiminished quantities, 2 years and 10 months after abortion. Infectious
vaginal disease has no casual relation to infectious abortion."
A bibliography accompanies each account.
Polyarthritis in sheep caused by the swine erysipelas bacillus (Bacillus
rhusiopathiae suis), J. Poels {Folia Microhiol. [Delft's, 2 (WIS), No. 1, pp. 1-9,
pi. 1). — In the course of his investigations the author found nine sheei) which
were suffering fi'om polyarthritis caused by B. rhusiopathice siiis, and thinks
that this organism is frequently the cause of the disease.
Pleuro-pneumonia of goats in the Kangra District, Punjab. India, G. K.
Walker (Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 21 {IDlJf), No. 1, pp. 68-71).— "The
pleuro-pneumonia of goats met with in Kangra appears to be identical with the
enzootic pleuro-pneumonia of goats described by Nocard and Leclainche as
occurring in Algeria, the Pyrenees, and the Thuringian mountains. The symp-
toms and lesions are similar, and the failure to transmit the disease from animal
to animal is coincident.
" The value of the above experiments is depreciated, no doubt, from the fact
that plains animals had to be used. If possible further investigations with
hill goats will be made with the object of proving the possibility of transmission
by means of intrapulmonary inoculation."
Some common internal parasites (worms) of hogs and their treatment,
C. H. Stance (Iowa Sta. OUv. U {1913), pp. 4, figs. 4).— A brief popular
account.
The present status of the hematology of domestic animals, with a report
of blood investigations in diseases of the nervous system of the horse,
P. ScHROPFEB (Der jetzige Stand dcr Haematologie der Haustiere sowie cinige
Blunt untersucJiungcn hci nervosen Erkranknngen des Pferdes. Inaug. Diss.,
Urm\ Leipsic, 1912, pp. 60). — The first part of this paper (pp. 7-28), consisting
of a review of the subject, is followed by a report of personal investigations,
including methods, and studies of nine cases of contagious cerebro-spinal menin-
RURAL ENGINEERING. 287
gitis (Borna disease), and of cases of congestion of the brain, subacute lepto-
meningitis, subacute encephalitis, purulent meningomyelitis, subdural abscess,
and chronic hydrocephalus.
The investigations led to the conclusion that there is no regularity in the
blood findings in these cases. A bibliography of 37 titles is appended.
Recent investigations of contagious pneumonia of horses and the sal-
varsan treatment of this disease, O. Schwartzkopf {A)iicr. Yet. Rev., 44
ilDlJf), No. 5, pp. 63.;-64i).— This Is a review of the subject.
Streptococcic infections of the deep air passages of the horse, J. Eggink
(StreptokoJckauInfclctionen der tiefen Luftwege helm Pferde. Inaug. Diss.,
Unw. Bern, 1912, pp. 33). — It is very certain that in inflammation of the deep
air passages of the horse the streptococci play an important etiological role.'
These streptococci possess a strong hemolytic action. In most cases they
possess the power to encapsulate on weak coagulated horse serum.
A malignant catarrhal fever of horses and mules, R. Graham (Kentucky
Sta. Ext. Circ. 12 (1913), pp. 16, pJs. 8).— This circular relates to an acute,
febrile, contagious disease of solipeds that made its appearance in a rather
virulent form in several counties of Kentucky. The paper deals with the
history, cause, symptoms, complications, methods of combating the spread of
the disease, treatmont. etc.
Investigations of the occurrence and clinical importance of sarcoma in
domestic fowls, K. Elsner (Untersuchungen ilber das Vorkommen und die
kUnische Bedeutimg der Sarkome beim Hausgefliigel. Inaug. Disis., Univ.
Leipsic, 1912, pp. Jfl, pis. 2). — This paper includes reports of 18 cases personally
observed.
Nematodes of the pharynx and esophagus of the chicken, J. Ciubea
(Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Ilijg. JIanstiere, 15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 49-60, pis. 2,
figs. 3). — This paper deals with TrichosmiM strumosum and Oongylonema
ingluvicola.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
The mechanical engineer's reference book, H. H. Suplee (Philadelphia,
1913, pp. 964; '■(^•- in Engin. Rcc, 69 (1914), No. 7, pp. 202, 203).— This book
gives in condensed form much of the data required in mechanical engineering.
List of references to publications relating to irrigation in the public
library of New South Wales, G. H. Giffohd (Sydney, N. 8. Wales: Public
Library, 1913, pp. 32). — This list includes not only references to irrigation in
Australia but to such works in all countries where irrigation is practicable.
The question of agricultural hydraulics in Tunis (Bui. Dir. G6n. Agr. Com.
et Colon. Tunis, 17 (1913), No. 70, pp. 225-380, pis. 13, figs. 2.^).— This publica-
tion takes up in some detail the question of the conservation and utilization
of the hydraulic resources of Tunis, particularly for irrigation. Reports and
studies relative to projected work of this nature, which include rainfall, run-
off, and geological data and maps and charts, are as follows: Archaelogy and
Hydraulics in Tunis, by D. L. Carton (pp. 227-248) ; The Dam and Reservoir
of Hammam-Zriba near Zaghouan, by J. Coignet (pp. 249-265) ; The Legal
Management of Water in Tunis, by G. Barrion (pp. 267-275) ; How to Improve
the Management of Water, by L. Delaporte (pp. 277-283) ; Method Permitting
the More Abundant Use of Wells and Water Sources, by M. Malcor (pp. 285-
302) ; Rainfall of Tunis and Agricultural Hydraulics, by G. Ginestous (pp.
303-345) ; Agi-icultural Hydraulics in Tunis, by R. Gagey (pp. 347-355) ; Pros-
perity of Irrigated Crops in Algeria, by R. Mares (357-369) ; and Particular
Features of Oasis Irrigation, by P. Penet (pp. 371-380).
55733°— No. 3—14 7
288 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
Report of public works of Dutch India {Verdag Burgerl. Openh. Werken
Nederland. Indie, 1910, pt. 4, pp. 269, pis. 31). — This report deals with irriga-
tion and with the conveyance, diversion, and storage of water supplies includ-
ing both projected and finished works. Detailed plans, maps, charts, and
hydraulic and other data accompany the report.
Behavior of cup current meters under conditions not covered by standard
ratings, F. C. Scobey (U. S. Dept. A<gr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), ^o. 2,
pp. 77-83, pis. 2, figs. 2). — Tests made to determine the applicability of standard
ratings when the meter is held near the water surface, near the sides or bottom
of the channel, or out of horizontal, and to determine the effect of the move-
ment of the meter in the water when the " integration " method is used, and
of dulling the pivot bearing of the meter, are reported and discussed, the results
obtained being compared with those of a standard rating
The main point brought out is that the cup current meter should be actually
rated at the surface and bottom of the channel if it is to be operated at these
points. The importance of keeping the meter horizontal is also clearly indi-
cated. The added friction due to dulling the pivot bearing had more influence
at low velocities, and for velocities greater than 1 ft. per second the sharpness
of the pivot was immaterial. When held close against the vertical concrete
wall of the channel so that the open and closed sides of the turbine were
brought next to the wall alternately, the meter ran true to the standard curve
but disregarded the cycloidal motion of the water.
All vertical movement of the meter when the vertical integration method
was used tended to turn the wheel in the same direction as did the flowing
water. For slower movements of the meter this tendency was insuflicient
to overcome the internal friction in the meter, but when it was operated in
running water the water overcame the internal friction and the force due to
the vertical movement of the water was still available to turn the wheel and
cause it to overregister. " It appears that a cup meter underregisters at all
points nearer the surface than about 0.3 ft., and also while very near the
bottom. Therefore, in a process of vertical integration with a cup meter there
is a tendency to overreglstration at all times due to the vertical motion, and
a tendency to underregistration while the meter is passing from 0.3 ft. below
the surface up to the surface and back to that point and while near the bottom."
Cost and methods of clearing land in the Lake States, H. Thompson and
E. D. Strait (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bill. 91 (1914), PP- 25, figs. 10).— This bulletin
gives detailed cost data and discusses laud clearing in Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota by explosives alone, by explosives used in connection with
stump pullers or block and tackle, by stump pullers alone, and by power ma-
chinery. In addition data of the work of clearing 20 different tracts are
presented.
There are said to be approximately 11,954,628 acres of logged-off land in
Michigan, 10,792.100 acres in Wisconsin, and 11,768.000 acres in Minnesota,
a large part of which will make good agricultural land if cleared and properly
managed.
"Cutting and burning the second growth, pasturing for several years, and
keeping down all sprout growth is the most economical method of handling all
logged-off lands before stumping them. Explosives play an important part in
clearing land. On the heavier soils dynamite, with 20 to 30 per cent of nitro-
glycerin or its equivalent, is to be preferred. Cooperative buying in large
quantities is recommended. Stump pullers reduce the cost of stumping on
lighter soils. On the heavier soils the difference between the cost of clearing
by explosives and by the use of stump pullers is very slight.
RUEAL ENGINEEEING. 289
" The cost of clearing the better grade of wliite-pine logged-off land will
average $10 per acre for disposing of the brush and $25 to $30 per acre for
dlsix)sing of the stumps. Some green hardwood lands and unburned swamp
lands will cost as much as $100 per acre. Some of the poorer jack-pine lands
can be cleared for $5 per acre or less. The cost of disposing of the stumps
after pulling practically equals the cost of pulling. A tripod or a boom piler
is recommended to facilitate piling and burning."
It is concluded that the settler with little capital and no exi>erience will
meet with serious difficulties in attempting to make a farm out of a tract of
logged-off land, and it is recommended that " in all localities where land com-
panies are selling lands to settlers, no tract of land be sold unless it contains
at least 10 acres of laud cleared ready for the plow."
A manual of the law of roads and highways in the State of Kansas, W. R.
Arthur (Topcka, Kans., J913, J3. cd., pp. 126). — Thi.s handbook includes the
laws relating to roads and highways passed by the legislature of the State up
to and including the session of 1913, and is intended as a text-book and com-
pilation of the duties and powers of highway officials.
HistoiT of road legislation in Iowa, J. E. Bbindley (Iowa City, Iowa, 1912,
pp. XIII-\-^22). — This volume deals with road legislation in Iowa from the
year 1838.
Bibliography of road-making and roads in the United Kingdom, Dorothy
Ballen {London, 1914, pp. XVIII-\-281). — The contents of this bibliography are
classified under the general headings of (1) history and description, (2) ad-
ministration, (3) engineering, and (4) traffic.
An investigation of sand-clay mixtures for road surfacing, J. C. Koch
(Proc. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin., J,0 {191.',), Xo. 2, pp. 269-296, figs. 9; ais. in
Engin. and Contract., 41 (1914), No. 11, pp. 321-324, fig. i).— The author pre-
sents the results of two years' studies in both field and laboratory of sand-clay
mixtures for road surfaces and describes an approximate field method for the
examination of sand-clay mixtures and methods of construction with natural
and artificial mixtures.
The conclusions from the laboratory tests are as follows :
" The content of sand smaller than No. GO is of little value in the mixture,
that smaller than Xo. 100, except in very small quantities, is detrimental. The
greater the proportion of coarse to fine sand the harder and more durable will
the road surface be. For the best possible results with sand-clay mixtures,
the sand smaller than No. 10 and larger than No. 60 should not be less than 45
I)er cent nor more than 60 per cent, by dry weight, of the entire sample. In
addition, the sand smaller than No. 10 and larger than No. 60 should be com-
]iosed of about equal parts of Nos. 20, 40, and 60. The total sand content should
in no case exceed 70 per cent by weight of the total sample.
" Test cylinders of the sand-clay mixture, 1 in. in diameter and 3 in. long,
should, when thoroughly dried in air bath at 100° C. take at least 2 minutes,
when immersed in water at 21°, to crumble down to the natural slope of the
material, and preferably should take 6 minutes. If the cylinder fails in this
test, it should be regarded with suspicion. If the sand analysis is poor and the
cylinder test is also poor, the material is not worth using."
Similarly, test cylinders made from the clay removed from the sample
should take at least 2 minutes to crumble. If the material fails in this test but
passes that of the preceding paragraph it may be used, but indicates a poor
quality of binder.
Standards of concrete road construction (Engin. Rec, 69 (1914), No. 8,
pp. 214-216). — A r^sumg of committee reports at the National Conference on
290 EXPERIMENT STATION- RECORD.
Concrete Road Building bearing on standard practices in concrete road con-
struction includes recommendations as to specifications, construction, mainte-
nance, and cost.
The contraction and expansion of concrete roads, R. J. Wig, N. H. Tunni-
CLiFF, and W. A. McIntyre {Abs. in Engin. and Contract., 4I {1914), ^0. 8,
pp. 257-262, figs. 4; Engin. News, 11 (1914), ^o. 9, pp. 446-449, fig. J).— Ex-
perimental data are reported relating to the effect on expansion and contrac-
tion of concrete in concrete roads of changes in the temperature and variations
in the moisture content of the concrete, variation in the condition and character
of the sub-base, and excessive loading by traffic. These data " indicate that the
effect of moisture content is very much greater than the effect of temperature
change, and may be sufficient to cause a stress in the concrete opposite to that
which would be caused by a normal temperature change. A variation in the
quality of the concrete will cause a variation in the tendency to expand and
contract with change in moisture content."
It is concluded that a proper combination of change in temperature, change in
moisture content, and friction have made possible the construction of long slabs
which have remained free from cracks. " With a proper understanding of the
physical phenomena . . . and a proper application of engineering principles it
is believed . . . that all expansion and contraction of concrete in roads can be
so controlled as permanently to avoid craclving."
Desig'n of reinforced concrete, C. Aubrt (Calcnl du Beton Arme. Paris,
1913; rev. in Sci. Amer., 110 (1914), No. 8, p. i68).— This is a compilation of
formulas, tables, and diagrams in compact form for use in designing and esti-
mating reinforced concrete.
Concrete destruction by ground water containing sulphates (moor water),
ScHEELHAASE (A&s. in Wttsser u. Abwasser, 7 (1914), ^P. 11, p. 4^4)- — Investi-
gations on the effect of moor water on concrete led to the conclusion that water
containing gypsum, such as moor water, is able to destroy concrete, this de-
struction being produced by increase in volume. The effect on concretes made
from different makes of cement was entirely different and the age of the con-
crete had little Influence on the processes of destruction. Concrete made with
certain cements was not destroyed.
How to calculate the losses in gas engines, G. W. Muench (Power, 39
(1914), ^^0. 7, pp. 248, 249). — Simple calculations are given showing how to
figure the heat balance of a gas engine with a degree of accuracy which is con-
sidered close enough for ordinary purposes.
Notes on power variation with atmospheric changes, H. Chase (Oas
Engine, 15 (1913), No. 11, pp. 627, 628).— Tests of an internal-combustion
motor showed appreciable power variations with marked changes in barometric
pressure.
Power losses due to tardy ignition, R. Trautschold (Oas Engine, 15 (1913),
No. 11, pp. 604-607, fig. 1). — The author points out by data, curves, and dis-
cussion that tardy ignition in an internal combustion engine decreases the power
output by reducing the mean effective pressure and by causing inefficient expan-
sion of the products of combustion In the engine cylinder.
Elementary machine design, W. C. Marshall (New York and London, 1912,
pp. VIII+320, pla. 3, figs. 193; rev. in Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), No. 999, p.
288). — This is a book of information and instruction on machine details, and
is intended for students who have not studied mechanics and mechanism,
although considered to be of service to draftsmen who are already familiar
with the principles and methods of machine design. It contains chapters on
machine drawing, rivets and riveted joints, piping, screws and bolts, shafting
BURAL ENGINEERING. 291
and shaft couplings, stuffing boxes, bearings, journals, bangers, pistons and pis-
ton rods, connecting rods, pulleys, belting, gearing, and valves.
Methods for calculating the accomplishment of the motor plow, O. Kas-
uoRF (Rev. Min. Indus. Uruguay, 1 (lOlS), No. 6, pp. 105-111). — The author
describes and illustrates the use of formulas for calculating the accomplishment
of traction plows per unit of time. Tables of test data show the relation be-
tween the draw bar pull and the weight of the tractor and the relation between
the effective motor horsepower and effective draw bar horsepower. The author
considers the resistance of the soils per unit area to be of prime importance in
bis computations.
Sawing ice by electricity (Elect. World, 63 (1914), No. 8, p. 427, figs. 2).—
The use of electrically driven ice saws is briefly described and illustrated.
The plant consists of two sets of 36-in. saws installed in an artificial chan-
nel 20 ft. wide, each set being belt-driven by an induction motor. The ice is
floated in 12 by 18 ft. cakes to the artificial channel where it is cut into 20 by
28 in. blocks. This method Is claimed to effect a great saving in time and labor.
Farm structures, K. J. T. Ekblaw (New York, 1914, pp. VIII+S4T, figs.
159). — This book, written for both the teacher and the progressive farmer, is
intended to impart a working knowledge of the construction of practical and
economical farm structures. A description of building materials is followed by
a discussion of farm building location and the basic methods employed in simple
building construction, including designing and estimating. The application of
the methods is illustrated by typical plans of various farm buildings and struc-
tures. Descriptions of the more essential requirements in the way of equip-
ment and farm life conveniences, including heating, lighting, and ventilation of
buildings, and water supply, plumbing, and sewage disposal are appended.
Modern farm buildings, A. Hopkins {New York, 1913, pp. 206, pis. 4T, figs.
77). — This work suggests approved designs for the cow barn, dairy, horse
barn, hay barn, sheepcote, piggery, manure pit, chicken house, root cellar, ice
bouse, and other buildings of the farm group, based on practical, sanitary, ar-
tistic, and financial considerations.
Farm buildings, C. J. Whillas {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 11 (1914), No. 6,
pp. 654-659, figs. 6). — Plans are given of farm buildings, including the stable,
barn, and machine shed, with a discussion.
The fool-proof poultry house, T. E. Quisenbebey and li. Seable {Missouri
Poultry Sta. Bui. 4 {1914), pp. 61, figs. 44).— This bulletin illustrates and
describes a number of poultry houses which " are the result of several years of
very careful testing and experimenting with practically all of the styles of
poultry houses found In the country to-day." The types dealt with are recom-
mended to farmers and the poultry raisers of Missouri as being peculiarly
adapted to the conditions of that State.
Separation of horses in the stable, M. Ringelmann {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser.,
26 {1913), No. 35, pp. 213. 214, figs. 2).— This article describes and illustrates
devices for easily and safely separating horses in stalls.
Farm conveniences, W. H. Day {Ann. RiA. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union,
34 {1912), pp. 81S9). — Farm water systems, farm sewage disposal, farm power,
and the theory of the hydraulic ram are briefly discussed.
Estimating the cost of modern improvements {Bom. Engvn., 66 {1914),
No. 9, p. 268). — A table of approximate figures is given showing the cost of
water supply, plumbing, sewage disposal, hot air or hot water heating, gas and
electric lighting, laundry and dairy equipment, gasoline storage, vacuum, cleaner,
and refrigerating plant for country houses in proportion to the cost of the
house. The houses used range from a 5-room cottage costing $2,000 to a
292 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD.
15-room country residence costing $15,000. " Generally, as tbe basic cost of the
house is greater, the percentage that expresses the cost of equipment for same
becomes less."
Water supply for farm or cottage (Jour. Soc. Agr. Suisse Romande, 55
(1914), No. 2, pp. 29-34, flffs. 3). — An automatic water elevator for use in
obtaining rural and residential water supplies is described and illustrated which
is claimed to be more efficient and convenient than the hydraulic ram. This
machine consists essentially of an impulse cylinder below and a compression cyl-
inder above. Besides the impulse cylinder is placed a governor which regulates
the entrance and escape of the impulse water. The piston of the compression
cylinder is directly connected to that of the impulse cylinder by an iron bar.
The disadvantages of this system are said to be its higher cost and the necessity
of special construction for each installation.
Bural water supply, C. A. Ocock (Country Gent., 79 {1914), No. 8, pp. 376-
378, figs. 3). — The author briefly describes the gravity, compression, and pneu-
matic systems for supplying running water to farm homes and gives hints as to
Installation, operation, and cost.
Disposal of sewage from isolated country houses, mansions, and public
institutions, T. W. Stainthorpe (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 7 {1914), No. 1.
pp. 60-62). — In a discussion of sanitary conditions in rural South Africa, the
author gives a brief description of a small " bacterial " installation for a coun-
try house, mansion, or institution with an average population of 15 or 20.
Prevention of malaria, R. H. von Ezdorf {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29
{1914), No. 9, pp. 503-508, ;;Zs. 2). — Suggestions on how to screen the home to
keep out effectively the malarial mosquito are given, these dealing principally
with material, screening of doors, windows, and other openings where mosqui-
toes enter, care and repair of screens, and the economic value of screening.
The best size of mesh for all pui-poses is said to be the 18 mesh, that is,
18 strands of wire to the linear inch in either direction. A 16 mesh is said to
be quite eflacient and if carefully painted will practically be equal to an 18
mesh. " Even copper or bronze wire should be treated with some varnish or
paint, as it is likely to oxidize and corrode when exposed to a damp climate,
particularly near the seashore. . . .
To be of proper construction, a doorframe should be made of cypress or other
seasoned wood 1 to li in. thick, well braced and painted. The wire should
be of 16 or 18 mesh. The lower panel should be covered on the inner side with
a one-fourth inch mesh wire guard to protect the screening. ... An easy
fitting door, fully one-fourth inch clear all around the edge is best, and to make
it mosquito proof it will be necessary only to tack a strip of light canvas 1 in.
wide around the top and one side of thexiloor facing on the outer side. . . .
" The most efliicient method of screening a window is to screen the entire
opening. A well-fitting screen frame which is screwed into place so that it can
be removed at the end of the season is probably the best. . . .
'• Other places to be absolutely screened are the fireplaces, openings into
chimneys for stove pipes, drain holes, ice-box drips through floors, and the
like. ... If the porches are screened, the holes at the bottom for draining off
water should also be screened. . . .
" In repairing torn wire screening, a small piece of wire netting cut to size
should be placed over the torn opening and fixed into place by sewing or lacing
with a strand of the wire."
The economic value of screeiiing is illustrated by a typical example and
numerous cost data are given.
Modern practice in heating and ventilation. — XIII. Various devices for
forcing circulation in domestic hot water heating plants, A. G. King {Dam.
RURAL ECONOMICS. 293
Engin., 66 (1914), No. 8, pp. 231-2S4, figs. 8).— This article describes aud
illustrates devices including generators, accelerators, lieat retainers and intensi-
Iiers, etc., " all of which are designed to allow an increase in the temperature
of the water in a hot water heating system by sealing it to the atmosphere and
by the maintenance of a small pressure within the apparatus quicken or ac-
celerate the circulation."
Planning' lighting installations, J. B. Jackson (Jour. Electricity, 32 (1914),
Nos. 8, pp. 164, i^^> 9, pp. 184, 185, fig. 1). — The author presents by means of
tables of data, diagrams, and discussions, a simple method of calculating illu-
mination for residences which though approximate is considered applicable to
the majority of lighting installations.
Housing and town planning-, edited by C. Aeonovici {Philadelphia, 1914, PP-
VI-\-270). — This collection includes papers dealing with the new and old house
and with town planning. Topics of rural interest are Housing and the Housing
Problem, by C. Aronovici ; The Workingman's Home and Its Architectural
Problems, by F. A. Bourne; The Old House as a Social Problem, by Mildred
Chadsey; Fire Wa.ste, by P. Evans; and Rural Housing, by E. S. Forbes.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Farmers' law, L. V. Koos (St. I'aul, Minn., 1913, pp. 156, figs. 18). — The
author has attempted to prepare a concise manual of such common and statute
laws as bear most closely upon the farmer in his everyday affairs. Thj^ edition
applies primarily to conditions in Minnesota.
Handbook of agricultural laws, compiled by E. O. Luther (Nashville,
Tenn.: Dept. Agr. 1912, pp. 89). — There are given in this handbook the laws
relating to the bureau of agriculture, fei'tilizers, agricultural seeds, food control,
state board of entomologj', apiaries, department of immigration, state fairs,
live stock control, and legal weights and measures.
The problem of double entry farm bookkeeping, B. Lambergeb (Beitrdge
zu den Prohlcincn dcr DoppeJtcn LandicirtscaftUrhen BiKlifiihrung. Diss.
Univ. Giessen, 1913, pp. 106). — The principal part of the author's discussion is
devoted to the various methods that may be used to determine the value of the
crops which are produced and consumed on the farm and to determine their
profitableness or unprofitableness.
Agricultural credit. — Personal or short-term credit (U. 8. Senate, 63. Cong.
2. Sess., Doc. 380, pt. 3 (1914), PP- 32). — This report contains an analysis of the
findings of the United States Commission (E. S. R., 28, p. 301) in regard to
the uses of personal or short-term credit as found in European countries. The
Commission believes that although it is within the power of Congress to pass
laws providing for credit unions or cooperative credit as.sociations and make
them fiscal agents of the National Government yet the conditions of agriculture
differ so widely, the needs of the farmers vary so greatly, and the status of the
different classes of people in rural communities are so unlike that laws relat-
ing to short-term credit can best be enacted by the various state legislatures.
See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 792).
Agricultural credit in the French colonies, L. Gamard and L. Taedy (Ann.
Sci. Agron., 4- ser., 3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 57-83). — The author outlines the organi-
zation of agricultural credit in France and the principal French colonies, and
concludes that the only system which can be a success is a mutual credit organi-
zation from underneath, that is to say it must be based on local institutions
where the members know each other and can observe what is being done with
the loans.
294 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The cooperative movemeut, G. Keen (Amer. Coop. Jour., 9 (1914), No. 5,
pp. 358-362). — The author points out that the weakness of the cooperative plan
as advocated by Robert Owen was the absence of democratic control and the
sense of individual responsibility by the members themselves in the initiation
and management of the societies, but that cooperative societies formed upon the
IJlan of the Rochdale system or the Cooperative Wholesale Society of England
have been very successful and have also helped to solve the problem of the
trusts. He believes that there is no force strong enough to destroy or even to
injure seriously the property, power, or influence of a body of intelligent people
who organize their own demand for the necessaries of life and proceed to satisfy
it by production under their own control. To be successful, however, a coopera-
tive movement must have an educational department to propagate knowledge
concerning itself.
Manual on cooperation (N. Y. Dept. Agr. Circ. 94 (1914), PP- S3). — Included
in this circular are the following articles: A Primer of Cooperation, by M. W.
Cole ; The Citizens' Cooperative Supply Company, Schenectady, by J. C. Belling-
ham ; One Cooperative Success, by L. C. Tuckerman ; The Extent to which
Cooperation in Europe is Adaptable to American Conditions, by F. H. Allen
and C. C. Mitchell; and Coopei*ative Buying by Consumers, by E. P. Harris.
In addition there is a model form of by-laws for cooperative societies.
" Grand View," a rural experiment in medical cooperation, W. H. Brown
{Survey, 31 (1914), No. 26, pp. 797, 798, fig. J).— The author describes the
methods used to establish a hospital in the rural districts of Bucks County,
Pennsylvania. This hospital is so organized that any reputable physician can
take his patient to it and give him treatment. The nurses are recruited from
the rural districts, and after a year's experience in the hospital are sent out
to nurse cases under the supervision of the hospital. By means of this scheme
it is hoped that the whole countryside will be given the benefit of the best in
medical science.
A social survey for rural communities, G. F. Wells {New York, 1911,
pp. 23). — The author outlines a scheme for making a social survey and gives a
list of 225 items to be included in the que.stionnaire.
Our recent immigrants as farmers, L. Steinee {Amer. Rev. of Reviews, 49
{1914), No. 3, pp. 342-345). — The author shows that most of the immigrants
coming to the United States come with the expectation to save enough money
from their earnings to return to their native country to buy land. He advo-
cates that an organization be formed to encourage, assist, and direct qualified
immigrants to purchase and cultivate farms in the United States instead of
migrating to foreign countries to engage in agriculture.
The German-American farmer, J. OcH {Der Deutschamerikanische Farmer,
Columbus, Ohio, 1913, pp. XIX-\-248, pi. 1). — The author discusses the migration
of Germans to the United States, the coincidence of the spread of grain pro-
duction to the North Central States with the coming of the Germans, the
relation of the first and second generation of Germans to agriculture, and the
influence of the Germans upon our social and economic institutions. The book
also contains a bibliography and a considerable number of statistical tables.
The question of agricultural population, A. D. Weeks {Pop. Sci. Mo., 84
{1914), No. 3, pp. 251-256). — ^Among the conclusions reached by the author is
that the number of persons engaged in an occupation bears a very close rela-
tion to the economic attractions offered. The steady and rapid drift of the
agricultural population to the cities implies the economic dominance of the
occupations of the city. W^ith an increase of purchasing power the prosperous
coiisumer wants but little if any more of the direct farm products while his
desire for other values increases. It is deemed unreasonable to urge a larger
RURAL ECONOMICS. 295
relative agricultural population witliout simultaneously urging organization
among farmers to regulate farm products and to hold prices to a level which
would enable them to approximate the standard of living characteristic of
cities unless cheap farmers are desired as well as cheap food.
The rural population, T. G. Chambeks {Jour. Farmers' Clvb [London], 1914,
Apr,, pp. Jf5-55}. — Among the general conclusions reached by the author from
his study of the changes in the rural population of England and Wales be-
tween 1901 and 1911 are that each rural district must be considered by itself,
so that it is impossible to generalize for the country as a whole. Some of
the causes influencing the rural population are improved traction, better means
of communication, intrusion of mining and manufacturing into the rural dis-
tricts, and increase of residential population. He believes that as a whole the
rural population of England and Wales will continue to increase.
The rural problem, H. D. Habben {Lmdon, 1913, pp. VI II +169). —The
author discusses the decline in the rural population of England and Wales and
its relation to the problem of wages and the housing of farm laborers. He
also calls attention to the problems of small holdings, tenancy and ownership,
agricultural education, and organizations, and submits a number of recom-
mendations for improving the condition of the farm laborer.
Development of agriculture in the United States and its lnfl.uence on
prices of agricultural products, M. Augstin {Schr. Ver. Sozialpolit., 141
(1914), pt. 2, pp. 149, pi. 1). — The author discusses the relative variations in
the increases in population, land in farms, improved land, rural population,
values of farm property, farms by sizes, and farm mortgages; agricultural
associations; transportation facilities; the farm labor question; the use of
machinery, manure, and irrigation ; the extensive character of American agri-
culture and importance of the single crop system; and relative changes in the
number of live stock and their geographic distribution. He concludes that the
agricultural development of the United States has reached a climax and that
never again will its exports become sufficiently important to cause a depression
in the prices of cattle or grain on the world's market.
Crop yields and prices, and our future food supply, G. F. Wabeen (A'&m?
York Cornell Sta. Bill. 341 {1914), PP- 185-211, figs. S).— Statistical data are
summarized from publications of the U. S. Census and the Department of
Agriculture, and discussed.
Some of the conclusions reached by the author are that prices that the
farmer now receives for animal products are higher than the average for the
past 73 years, but that prices received for crops are generally as low or lower.
Crop yields east of the Mississippi River have been rapidly increasing in the
last 10 to 15 years. It is believed that farmers raise larger crops when they
are convinced it will pay. More land also will be brought into use when the
prices of farm products will guarantee a profit on the extra expense of clear-
ing, draining, irrigating, etc. There is a tendency for the people in the United
States to use more plant foods and less animal foods. To reduce the size of
farms and to import cheap labor to help farm is deemed likely to result
eventually in more expensive rather than cheaper food. The machinery of
distribution after products leave the farm is considered unnecessarily ex-
pensive.
An investigation of the phosphorus supply in this country, with a view to
restriction of exports, is advocated.
The history of the grain trade in France, 1400-1710, A. P. Usher {Har-
vard [Univ.], Econ. Studies 9 {1913), pp. XV+405, pis. 3).— The author out-
lines with considerable detail the changes that took place in the systems of
marketing grain in the different parts of France during this period. Among
296 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
the features discussed are tlie history of the Parisian markets, the Chambre
d'Abondance at Lyon and the wholesale merchants, Lyonese merchants and
dearth in the producing regions, royal and local regulation of the grain trade
1500-1660, Colbert's place in the history of the grain trade, and regulation of
the domestic grain trade, 1683-1709.
The condition of agricultural production in Argentina, E. A. J. Pfannen-
scHMiDT (Schr. Ver. gozialpoUt., 141 {1913), pt. 1, pp. 7+89).— The author
discusses the physical characteristics, immigration, system of land ownership,
areas and distribution of the principal crops, cost of producing crops, trade in
agricultural products, number of live stock and changes iii proportion ©f those
native bred, and the trade in meat products.
Production in the French, colonies in 1911—12, E. Baillaud {Inst. Colon.
Marseille Notice 10 {1913), pp. VIII +85). — This report shows by statistical
tables the quantity and value of agricultural products imported and exported
for practically all the French colonies, as well as the number of live stock in
several of the colonies.
[Agriculture in Victoria], A. M. Laughton {Victorian Yearbook, 33 {1912-
13), pp. 619-733, pi. 1). — Included in this annual statement is a discussion of
the following subjects relating to agriculture: Land settlement, irrigation,
rainfall, number of holdings by sizes, land occupied and cultivated, number of
live stock, number of persons engaged in agricultural pursuits, area and pro-
duction of farm crops, fertilizers used, machinery and implements on farms,
number of dairy cows, butter and cheese made, number of cream separators
in use, number of live stock slaughtered, and wool production. In most in-
stances the subjects are accompanied by statistical tables.
Prices and wages in India {Prices and Wages India, 30 {1913), pp. VI-\-
218). — Contained in this report are statistical tables showing for 1873 and from
1888 to 1912 the average annual retail prices of the prinicipal farm crops at
certain selected districts and stations, wholesale prices of staple articles of
Import and export at Calcutta and Bombay, and average monthly wages of
skilled and unskilled laborers for certain selected districts and stations.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Report on agricultural education, L. C. Coleman {Dept. Agr. Mysore, Oen.
Ser. Bui. 3 {1913), pp. 72). — ^The author gives an account of the systems and
methods of secondary, elementary, and popular instruction in agriculture in
Germany, Switzerland, England, Canada, the United States, Japan, and the
Philippines, the information having been gained by personal visits supplemented
by the perusal of literature on this subject. He also discusses the adaptation
of some of these agencies and methods of agricultural instruction to conditions
in Mysore. Outlines of the courses of study of the Dunn County School of
Agriculture, IMenomonie, Wis., the La Crosse County School of Agriculture,
Onalaska, Wis., and the University of Minnesota School of Agriculture; con-
clusions of the committee of the National Coimcil of Education on industrial
education in schools for rural communities; and the syllabus of the elementary
course in agriculture of the committee on instruction in agriculture of the
Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations are
appended.
Annual report of the director of education [of the Philippines] {Ann.
Rpt. Dir. Ed. P. I., 1913, pp. 149, pis. ^2).— This report shows that in 1912-13
there were 5 agricultural schools (grades 1 to 7, inclusive) with a total enroll-
ment of 287 pupils. All of these schools, except the Central Luzon Agricultural
School at Munoz, Nueva Eclja, which is much more advanced and better
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 297
equipped, enroll non-Christian pupils nu]y. These schools are boarding schools
where pupils are maintained by the government. They had a total area of 984
hectares (2.430 acres) of which 131 hectares were under cultivation. There were
also 6 farm schools of intermediate grade (grades 5 to 7, inclusive) with a total
enrollment of 633 pupils. Schools of this type must have at least 10 hectares
of laud and the maintenance of pupils is not provided for. Statistics are also
given of the animals and value of products at these schools, as well as of the
number of pupils in farming, housekeeping and household arts, settlement farm
schools, school and home gardens, school nurseries, and corn contests in the
various elementary and intermediate grades of the Philippine schools.
The tropical agricultural college, C. F. Baker {Philippine Agr. and For-
ester, 2 {1912), No. Jf-6, pp. 9S-103). — The author discusses the development of
tropical agriculture and the organization and mission of the agricultural college
in this direction.
Twentieth annual report of the inspector of state high schools of Minne-
sota {Ann. Rpt. Insp. State High Schools Minn., 20 {1913), pp. 67, figs. 3).—
This reiwrt for the year ending July 31, 1913, shows that there were 94 state
high schools which received a total state aid of $133,640 for instruction in agri-
culture. Agriculture was taught in 123 high schools to 3,631 students, cooking
in 130 high schools to 4,795 students, sewing in 154 high schools to 5,637
students. The total expenditure for agricultural equipment was $37,016 and
for cooking and sewing equipment $45,020. An outline is given of the home
economics instruction, as well as notes on agricultural instruction and statisti-
cal tables of enrollment in agriculture and home economics in regular and short
courses, expenditures for salaries, real estate, agriculture, home economics, etc.,
for the high schools receiving state aid for agriculture.
The usual course in agriculture consists of general agriculture taught from
an elementary text-book once a week in the seventh and eighth grades, a fresh-
man class in farm crops, and a sophomore class in live stock. A few of the
stronger schools have a third and fourth year's work in soils and farm manage-
ment.
Con*espondence courses, O. H. Sellers {Tex. Agr. and Mech. Col. Ext. Bnl.
9 {1913), pp. 15). — This is an announcement of general information concerning
correspondence courses in agriculture offered by the Texas College.
Report of the bureau of children's school farms for 1912 {Rpt. Bui. Chil-
dren's School Farms [X. Y. City]. 1912. pp. 20, pis. i2).— This is a report of the
work and influence of the Thomas Jefferson and DeWitt Clinton Park children's
school farms in New York City for 1912.
The school as a social center, G. H. Edwards, jr. {Bui. Univ. S. C, No. 35,
pt. 2 {1913), pp. 73). — This is a dissertation on what this movement is, its rela-
tion to other social movements, its value and extent in South Carolina, and
what should be done in the State. A bibliography is api>ended.
How can the girls' industrial club work be made a part of the rural
school work? Susie V. Powell {Proc. Conf. Ed. South, 16 {1913), pp. 78-81).—
The following methods are suggested : Examination questions for teacherji
based on club activities, instruction at normal colleges and summer normals
and institutes, demonstration and club meetings at the school, as well as in
the homes, cooperation of the county superintendent and his teachers, correla-
tion of the common school studies with club activities as centers of interest, and
careful choice of a county supervisor who can procure the cooperation of the
rural school teachers.
Boys' agricultural clubs, W. H. Kendrick {W. Va. Univ. Agr. Ext. Dept.
Clrc. S {1914), PP- H' fiffS- 4)- — The purpose and present status of agricultural
298 EXPERIMENT STATION RBCOBD.
clubs in West Virginia are outlined and directions given for organizing and
conducting club work.
[Instructions for boys' and girls' clubs,] J. C. Hogenson {Agr. Col. Utah
Ext. Div., 1914, Circs. 16, pp. 4; 17, pp. 8, figs. 1; 18, pp. 7; 19, pp. S).— Instruc-
tions are given for growing sugar beets and tomatoes, raising poultry, bread
making, and flower gardening.
Collegiate Country Life Club of America (Urbana, III., 1913, pp. 12).— The
constitution and by-laws of this organization (E. S. R., 29, p. 199) is given.
Country Hfe club, A. W. Nolan {Agr. Col. Ext. Univ. III. [Circ], 1913, pp.
15.) — Outlines are given of the activities of organization of a country life club as
a local ctiapter to the Collegiate Country Life Club of America (see above) and
of the constitution and by-laws of boys' and girls' country life clubs.
Agriculture [in Utah high, schools] (In Circular of Information and State
High School Course of Study. Salt Lake City, Utah: State Bd. Ed., 1913, pp.
43-52). — ^An outline is given of agricultural work for Utah high schools, defi-
nitely correlated with the agricultural activities of the neighborhood, and the
arrangement and length of courses related to the needs of the community. All
high schools outside of cities of the first and second clsss and mining districts
are required to offer one-half unit of elementary agriculture in the first year.
Elementary agriculture (In Course of Study for the Rural Schools of
Kansas. Topeka, Kans.: State Bd. Ed., 1913, pp. 86-97). — ^This is an outline in
elementary agriculture by months for the eighth grade for the use of Kansas
teachers.
Teaching agriculture in rural and graded schools, E. C. Bishop, R. K.
Farrab, and M. H. Hoffman {Iowa State Col. Bui., 12 {1913), No. 8, pp. 164,
figs. 27). — This bulletin consists of three parts, viz. (1) the cori*elation scheme
and 1-year course of study in agriculture outlined by weeks and months with
the topics and subtopics arranged in seasonal and sequential order, and with
corn forming the principal topic; (2) development of the topic corn through
42 classroom and field lessons, and (3) supplementary work arranged by months
in the study of corn from the standpoint of its final preparation and value as
a human food, together with correlation work in agriculture and home eco-
nomics as related to home and school interests.
Agriculture [in rural land graded schools] (In State Course of Study for
the Rural and Ch-aded Schools in the State of Missouri. Jefferson City, Mo.:
State Supt. Pub. Schools, 1913, pp. 101-119, fig. 1). — Notes and suggestions are
given on school garden aims and work, as well as an outline for the study of
seeds and corn, corn judging, soils and soil experiments, animal husbandry,
seed testing, pruning, chickens, and fruits for the seventh grade, to alternate
with the work in farm managament, physiology, and road building outlined for
the eighth grade. A list of references is appended.
Corn Day annual for the schools of Illinois, 1913 {III. Dept. Pub. Instr.
Circ. 73 {1913), pp. 52, figs. 21). — This circular outlines lessons on corn, follow-
ing the sequence of the season from planting to harvest. Each lesson consists
of a simple discussion of the subject matter followed by review questions and
problems, practical exercises being grouped at the end of the circular.
Foods and household management, Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley
{New York, 1914, PP- XV-\-401, pi. 1, figs. 80). — ^This volume is intended for use
in household arts courses in high and normal schools, as well as in the home.
It treats specifically of foods, their production, sanitation, cost, nutritive value,
prepai'ation, and serving, these subjects being closely interwoven with the
practical aspects of household management, and they are followed by a study
of the household budget and accounts, methods of buying, housewifery, and
laundering. It includes about 160 carefully selected and tested recipes, together
AGRICULTURAL EDtTCATION. 299
with a large number of cooking exercises of a more experimental nature
designed to develop Initiative and resourcefulness.
The house and the art of living in it, Jessie Caret (Contemporary Rev.,
104 (1913), Sept., pp. 395-403; reprinted in LittelVs Living Age, 7. ser., 62
(1914), No. 3627, pp. 109-116).— Methods of housekeeping, household con-
veniences, and similar topics are discussed, in part on the basis of personal
experience.
Principles of bread making, Henrietta W. Calvin (Oreg. Affr. Col. Bui. 83
(1913), pp. 8). — This bulletin discusses the qualities and ingredients of good
bread, and gives recipes for making bread, rolls, buns, and zwieback.
Principles of cake and jelly making, Ava B. Milam (Oreg. Agr. Col. Bids.
84 (1913), pp. 7 ; 85 (1913), pp. 7). — The author discusses the various principles
involved in the preparation of cake and jelly.
Care of food in the home, Dorothea Beach (Timely Helps for Farmers [Col.
Agr. Univ. Maine], 7 (1914), A'O. 5, pp. 25-32). — The author discusses bacteri-
ology, yeasts and molds, and methods of preserving food.
Syllabus of illustrated lecture on the homemade fireless cooker, Mrs. K. C.
Davis and Angeline Wood (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Syllabus 15
(1914), PP- 15)- — This syllabus, which was prepared for farmers' institute and
other extension lecturers, describes a homemade cooking box and discusses its
special uses and advantages, the temperature inside the box, cooking different
kinds of food in it, devices for keeping liquids hot or cold, and the cooking box
as a refrigerator, and gives directions for a demonstration with a box. A list
of 36 lantern slides and a list of references to literature on the subject are
appended.
The cow, M. J. Abbey (W. Va. School Agr., 4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 16, figs. 5;
Sup. Chart, figs. 4)- — This article gives directions for using the supplementary
unmounted paper schoolroom charts enumerating different breeds of cattle and
characteristics of dairy and beef cows, with suggestions on the care and feeding
of a dairy cow and on rearing the young calf.
Mann's agricultural bookkeeping instructor, J. D. Mann (Galena, Ohio,
1914, PP- 55). — This book is designed for self-instruction and schoolroom use.
The transactions employed will be familiar to the ordinary farmer conducting
a general or specialized farm or engaged in business such as selling fences,
fertilizer, farm implements, etc., and at the same time illustrate the funda-
mental principles of bookkeeping.
NOTES
Arizona University and Station. — Dr. R. H. William.s, formerly of the Minne-
sota University and Station, has been appointed professor of animal husbandry
in the university and animal husbandman in the station.
Connecticut Storrs Station. — Leslie E. Card has been appointed assistant in
poultry husbandry.
Illinois University and Station. — Louis D. Hall, assistant professor of animal
husbandry in the university and assistant chief in animal husbandry in the
station, has been appointed specialist in live stock and meats in the Office of
Markets of this Department, and has entered uiwn his duties.
Kansas Station.— Albert G. Hogan, Ph. D. (Yale, 1914), formerly professor of
agriculture and chemistry at the Marysville (Missouri) State Normal School,
has been appointed assistant in animal nutrition and has entered upon his
duties.
Maryland College and Station. — Science notes that the extension and demon-
stration service has been formally organized, with T. B. Symons as director,
Nickolas Schmitz as agronomist. W. T. L. Taliaferro in charge of farm surveys
and management, G. E. Walcott in charge of dairy extension work, C. L. Opper-
nian poultryman, and Reuben Brigham in connection with publications. The
college has been reorganized into the following divisions : Agronomy and animal
husbandry, W. T. L. Taliaferro acting dean ; applied science, H. B. McDonnell
dean ; horticulture, T. B. Symons dean ; and engineering T. H. Taliaferro dean.
Recent promotions include E. N, Cory to be professor of zoology, L. B. Brough-
ton professor of analytical chemistry, and Grover Kinzy associate professor of
jigronomy and farm machinery.
Michigan College and Station. — Pi-ess reports announce the resignation of
President J. L. Snyder to take effect June 1, 1915. J. H. Torrence has resigned
to engage in commercial work and has been succeeded by O. F. Jensen, a recent
graduate of the college.
New York State Station. — Everett P. Reed, a recent graduate of the Ohio
State University, has been appointed assistant agronomist.
Oregon Station. — Dr. H. E. Ewing and V. I. Safro have resigned as research
assistants in entomology, the latter to accept a commercial position in Louis-
ville, Ky. G. F. Mozette. a 1914 graduate of the college, has been appointed
assistant in entomology.
Oklahoma College and Station. — Morrill Hall, the substantial agricultural and
administration building erected in 1906 at a cost with equipment of about
$75,000, was burned during the night of August 6. A portion of the college
records were rescued but practically the entire station property was destroyed,
including the stock of bulletins, library, mailing lists, etc. It is understood
that the building carried insurance of about $50,000.
Port Rico Federal Station. — Jose O. Carrero has been appointed assistant
chemist beginning July 1.
South Dakota College.— Dr. E. C. Perisho, professor of geology and dean of
the college of arts and sciences at the University of South Dakota since 1903
and state geologist, has been appointed president.
Utah Station.— Recent appointments include Ray Smith as superintendent of
the substation farm at St. George, and W. E. G0odsi)eed as assistant horticul-
turist, succeeding respectively A. B. Ballantyne and H. B. Sweitzer.
300
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V
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural (Jhemiatry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzek, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {W- ^f" |^^,",,^.«^«
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology/^- ^- gj^®' ^^- ^•
T?;«1J n ^ /J- I- SCHULTE.
^^^'^^™PnG. M.Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
Foods and Human Nutrition jg- ^[- ^an'T''''™''' ^^' ^" ^' ^''' Ugp
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Fanning — H. Webster. 'VPW
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. M. V. - '^^.' 4
yeterinaryMedidoe[W-J;|oOKB«. . ^^JMvc^^
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. ^*'4ja(.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXI, NO. 4.
Editorial notes : Page.
Sixth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture 301
Recent work in agricultural science 309
Notes 397
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.
Organic chemistry, Haskins 309
Theories of solutions, Arrhenius 309
Some further contributions to simple plant bases. Trier .309
About betonicin and turicin, Kixng and Trier 309
Synthesis of betonicin and turicin, Kung 310
Gentiobiose, Zemplen 310
Enzyms in the leaves of Salix mprea, Bolin 310
The partial hydrolysis of cellulose, Zemplen 310
The fermentation of cellulose by thermophilic bacteria, Pringsheim 310
Constituents of apples, Thomae 310
The study of the ripening of fruit, Contino 311
The constituents of hops, Power, Tutin, and Rogerson 311
Formation of fat in oleaginous fruits. — IV, In Phillyrea media, Scurti 312
Formation of fat in cork. — V, Cork from the elder {Sambucus nigra), Scurti- . . 312
Formation of fat in cork. — VI, On leaves of elder, Scurti and Tommasi 312
Formation of fat in cork. — VII, Fellonic acid of Kiigler, Scurti, and Tommasi. . 312
The chemical composition of cork substance, Zemplen 31 2
Methods for the biochemical examination of soils, Stoklasa 312
Estimation of total carbon in soils, Pozzi-Escot 313
Estimation of carbon and carbon dioxid, Gr6goire et al 313
Application of Folin's method for ammonia to fertilizers, Folin and Bosworth. . 313
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Water-soluble phosphoric acid in ammonium superphosphates, Buttner 314
The determination of phosphoric acid in Thomas slag powder, Popp 314
Estimation of magnesia in limestone, Hildebrand and Harned 314
The hydrolysis oflevulosans and its application, Vilmorin and Levallois 314
The anatomical structure of some foreign pod fruits, Kondo 314
The quantitative precipitin reaction in honey examinations, Thoni 314
In regard to foreign honeys, Lendrich and Nottbohm 315
About Fiehe's reaction, Gerum ._ 315
About free and fixed lactic acid in grape and fruit wines, Roettgen 315
Sugar analysis, Wiechmann 315
Examination of sugar-beet chips for the addition of molasses, Woy 315
Colorimetric determination of injurious nitrogen in sugar beet, Friedl 315
Bottling and preserving of fruit, Redington 315
The unfermentable sugar (pentose) and furfurol fermentation in wines, Haid. . 316
METEOROLOGY — WATER.
Report of the meteorological station at Berkeley, Cal., 1913, Reed 316
Meteorological observations at Berkeley from 1887 to 1912, Leuschner 316
Meteorological summaries for the year 1911 316
The climate of British Columbia, Reed et al 316
The weather of Scotland in 1913, Watt 316
Temperature, precipitation, and water-table fluctuations in Europe, Wall^n. . 316
Analyses of mineral and potable waters, Peter, Averitt, and Shedd 316
The fertilizing value of sewage and sewage sludge, Clark 316
SOILS — PERJILIZERS.
Economic w'aste from soil erosion, Davis 316
Soil erosion and its remedy by terracing and tree planting. Smith 317
The influence of winds in "the formation of agricultm-al soils, Bencke 317
The environment of soil organisms, Van Suchtelen 317
Antagonism between salts as affecting soil bacteria, Lipman 317
Studies on ammonification in soils by pure cultures, Lipman and Burgess 317
Nitrogen accumulation in continuous rye culture, Ehrenberg 318
Nitrogen and organic matter in dry-farm soils, Stewart and Hirst 318
Sulfofication in soils. Brown and Kellogg 318
The awakening of the soil, Muntz and Gaudechon 318
The fertility of the soil, Smoot 318
The duration of the action of manures. Hall 319
Interpreting fertilizer tests, Thorne 319
Further notes on interpreting fertilizer tests, Warren 320
Fertilizing the rotation, Buckman 320
Stimulants of plant growth 320
Fertilizing value of the above-ground parts of plants, Mikulowski-Pomorski . . 320
Changes of stable manure during storage and its action in soil, Lohnis and Smith . 320
The utilization of peat in Italy, Rossi 321
The manufacture of nitrates by direct electrolysis of peat, Dary 321
The present state of the cyanamid industry, Pranke 321
The production of phosphates, Maizieres 321
Action of guano components on carbonates in phosphoriferous rock, Elschner 321
Potash salts: Summary for 1913, Phalen 321
The production of feldspar in 1913, Katz 32 !
Alunite, a newly discovered deposit near Maiysvale, Utah, Butler and Gale 322
Ground limestone for southern soils, Hopkins 322
Soil acidity and liming 322
Removal of lime from soil by acid fiu-nace fumes and effect on plants, Wieler 322
Useful minerals of the United States, Sanford and Stone 322
The American fertilizer handbook, 1914 323
Commercial fertilizers, Jones, jr . , et al 323
Analyses of fertilizers, fall season , 1913, Kilgore et al 323
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
I^ectures in plant physiology, Jost 323
Catalytic effects of light in germinating seeds, Lehmaun 323
Self-warming by plants in Dewar flasks, Molisch 323
CONTENTS. Ill
Page.
Trauspiration by Vwcum album in comparison with other plants, Kamerling 324
Transpiration experiments with tropical Loranthacese, Kamerling 324
Nitrogen transformations in some Actinomycetes, II, Miinter 324
Reduction of nitrates to nitrites and ammonia by bacteria, Klaeser 324
Studies on anthocyanin.^I, Color in the cornflower, Willstatter and Everest 324
Localization of potash compounds in the sugar beet and their relation, MatouSek. 325
Influence of alkalies and alkaline earths on I.wpinM5a/6t<s, Porodko 325
Action of compounds of zinc, arsenic, and boron on plants, Brenchley 325
Diffusion and localization of ions in plant tissues, Acqua 325
Experimental production of hyperj)la,sia in plants, Petri? 326
Effect of external stimuli on the sporidia of Puccinia malvacearum, Robinson 326
Morphological instability, especially in Pinus radiata, Lloyd 326
Effect of climatic conditions on rate of growth of date palms, Vinson 326
Effect of shading on transpiration and assimilation of tobacco, Hasselbriug 326
Monograph of Penicillium, with special reference to Norway, I , Sopp 327
On the lower fungi. — V, Anisomyxa plantaginvs n. g. and sp., N^mec 327
Studies on heads of wheat and spelt as a contribution to classification, Kt)ndo. . . 327
Inventory of seeds and plants imported from July 1 to September 30, 1912 327
FIELD CROPS.
Agricultural researches and the interpretation of their results, Gr^oire 327
Field experiments and the interpretations of their results, Gr^oire 327
Some factors which influence the water requirements of plants, Khankhoje 327
Irrigated field crops in western Nebraska, Kn^rr 328
Potash fertilizer experiments, Heine and Lindenberg 328
Row fertilizing experiments, Ahr 328
Study of relation between space and plant growth, Gnindmann 328
Transmissible variations of chlorophyll characteristics, Nilsson-Ehle 329
The effect of previous vegetation — cabbage after sesame, Skinner 329
Basing alfalfa yields on green weights, Farrell 329
Studies on the anatomy of alfalfa, Wilson 330
Growing alfalfa in Iowa, Hughes 330
Influence of potash and phosphoric acid on brew barley, Schiil 330
Investigations on spacing for oreeding plants of brew barley, Claus 330
Observations on Beta maritima from 1910-1912, Munerati et al 330
On breeding and inheritance questions in red clover, Holdefleiss 330
Maize, its history, cultivation, handling, and uses, Burtt-Davy 331
The corn plant and seed selection, Hayes 331
Good seea corn for 1913, Hughes 331
Fertilizer experiment with maize 331
Moisture in maize, Blackshaw 331
An interesting new member of the Gramineae from Tonkin, Crevost and Lemari^ 332
Industrial fiber plants of the Philippines, Muller 332
Nutrient requirements of flax and the influence on its fiber, Csokas 332
Hemp, Dewey 332
On the appearance of sterile "dwarfs" in Huviulus lupulus, Salmon 332
The Ruakura oat, McConnell 332
An inhibiting factor in &\vn development in oats, Nilsson-Ehle 332
On the continuous violet colored seed of Pi^um arvense, Kajanus 333
Influence of potash on potatoes, von Eckenbrecher and Hoffman 333
The selection and treatment of potato seed, Ramsay 333
Report of the German Potato Culture Station in 1913, von Eckenbrecher 333
Notes on the culture of sisal in English and German East Africa, Janssens 333
The grain sorghums: Immigrant crops that have made good. Ball 333
Soy beans. — An important Wisconsin crop, Moore and Delwiche 333
Cultural experiments with sugar beets, Demolon 333
Spacing experiment in sugar-beet cultivation in Hungary, 1912, von Jancso 334
Catalogue of German library of L. S. Ware on the sugar industry 334
Catalogue of the works on sugar and the sugar industry 334
The "Stewart Cuban " variety of tobacco, Hayes 334
Nitrogen content of the wheat kernel from trans- Volga districts, Tulaikov 334
Yams (Dioscorea), De Noter 334
HORTICtTLTURE.
[Report of the] department of horticulture, Howard and \\l;itten 334
Report of the TaUparamba Agricultural Station for 1912-13, Sampson 335
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
The manuring of market garden crops, Dyer and Shrivell 336
The partial sterilization of soils for glasshouse work, Russell 336
Vegetable gardens on irrigated farms in western Nebraska, Knorr 336
[Culinary peas and miscellaneous vegetables at Wisley, 1913] 336
Chicory '( Cichorium intybus), Lapiccirella 336
Jack bean (Canavalia etisiformis), Booth 336
The fruits of Ontario 336
A selected list of hardy fruits, Wilks and Bunyard 337
Promising new fruits, Taylor and Gould 337
New or noteworthy fruits, II, Hedrick 337
Self-fruitfulness and self-sterility in apples, Chittenden- 337
A comparison of tillage and sod mulch in an apple orchard, Hedrick 338
Winter spraying with solutions of nitratei of soda, Ballard and Volck 338
( 'itrus fruit handling and storage, McKay 338
Olive culture in Tunis. Guillochon et al 339
A test of commercial fertilizers for grapes, Hedrick and Gladwin 339
Bibliotheca vinarifi , Simon 339
The history and development of the strawberry, Bunyard 339
Classification of the genus Annona, with descriptions of species, Safford 339
Mango crops, and some factors influencing them, Hartless 339
Control of imported tea seed, Bernard and Deuss. 339
Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides 340
Practical tree surgery, Collins 340
Plants, etc., certified by the [Royal Horticultural] Society, 1859 to 1910 340
[Antin-hinums and miscellaneous flowering plants at Wisley, 1913] 340
Decorative garden dahlias at Duffryn, near Cardiff 340
Garden design, ^\^lite 340
The commuter's garden, edited by Hay ward 340
Identifying plants without a key, Hamblin 340
FORESTRY.
Repoit of the forestry committee of the Fifth National Conservation Congress. . 340
Seventh report of the State forester of Connecticut, Filley 341
Forest statistics at the beginning of the nineteenth century, De Coincy 341
The administration of a forest experiment station, Pearson ._ 341
A proposed method of preparing working plans for national forests, Kircher. . . 341
Reforesting cut-over chestnut lands, Richards 341
A mechanical tree planter, McLean 341
Design of a range finder, Crowell 341
A new measuring instrument, Siggins 341
Errors in estimating timber, Margolin 341
Stem analyses, Bentley, jr 341
The scope of dendrology in forest botany, De Forest 342
The silvical and economic geographic importance of the valonia oaks, Burk . . . 342
Tapping experiments with Funtumia elastim at Musa and Kutu, Gisseleire 342
Hevea in Cochin China, Girard ; 342
Exploitation of cross-ties in northern New Mexico, Korstian 342
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The biological basis of international phytopathology, Orton 342
Report of the botany department, Reed 342
Report of the central station for plant protection, 1912, Zimmermann 343
Heat killing and stem constrictions of plants, von Tubeuf 343
The fungus genus Verticillium in its relation to plant diseases, Orton 343
Studies on Nectriacese, II, Weese -. - • - 343
Snow mold and other aspects of attack by Fusarium nivale on cereals Schaffnit . . 343
Smut in small grains, Hughes and Taff 344
Investigations of timothy rust in North Dakota during 1913, Mercer 344
Heart rot of beets, KiippeU and Morgenthaler 344
Celery disease ^44
Cotton anthracnose, Fulton, Winston, and Cromwell 344
Fruit rots of eggplant, Wolf 344
1m golden seal resistant to the root knot nematode? McChntock 345
IN'port of 1913 infection studies with Fusarium on potato, Himmelbaur 345
CONTENTS. > V
Page.
A Phoma rot of Irish potatoes, Melhus 345
Inspection and certification of potato seed stock, Orton 345
Relation of the mosaic of the pepper, tomato, and tobacco, Schwarze 345
A new rust of economic importance occurring on pomaceous hosts, Jackson . . . 345
An unusual outbreak of apple blossom blight. Reed 345
Collar blight of apple trees in Pennsylvania, Orton and Adams 346
The use of sulphur-lime wash as a remedy for apple scab, Beattie. 346
Control of Cronartium rust on currents, Ewert 346
Practical formulas for the treatment of gi-ape anthracnose, Degrully 346
Peronospora disease of grape\-ineB and its control, Miiller 346
Studies with Plasmopara xiticola on grapcA-ines, von Istvanfii and Pdlink^s . . . 346
Identity of the American and French mulberry blight, Smith 347
Diseases and pests of cultivated plants in Samoa, Gehrmann 347
Cladosporium diseases of Ampelopsis tricuspidatuvi, Cook and ^^'ilson 347
Stem rot and leaf spot of Clematis, Glover 347
Latent phases of disease following infection of Euphorbia cyparissias, Tischlor. . 347
Heat injuries to forest plants, Miinch 348
Injury from air exclusion and overheating, von Tubeuf 348
More on heat injuries to forest plants, Miinch 348
Notes on diseases of trees in the southern Appalachians, II, Graves 348
Notes on Peridermium from Pennsylvania, Orton and Adams 348
Notes on the white pine blister rust, Spaulding 348
A preliminary note on the cause of " pecky " cypress, Long 349
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
The American thrushes valuable bird neighbors 349
The food of Rana pipiens, Drake 349
The dictionary of entomology, Jardine 349
The writings of Philip Reese Uhler 349
Bringing applied entomology to the farmer, Webster 349
Notes on entomological inspection in the District of Columbia, Sasscer 349
[Report of the entomological department], Haseman 349
The relation of tempertaure to insect development, Peairs 349
Importance of the measure of evaporation in studies of insects. Shelf ord 350
Use of atmometers to measure evaporation in tlio study of insects, Shelford 350
Can insects become resistant to sprays? Melander 350
Insecticides, Sayre 350
Some properties of various forms of arsenate of lead. Dew 350
Notes on the entomology of the Arizona wild cotton. Pierce and Morrill 350
Notes on the onion thrips and onion maggot, Fernald and Bourne 350
Two new insect pests oi currants and gooseberries, Cooley 351
Destruction of mosquitoes, fleas, fhes, and other carriers of disease, Purdy 351
Grasshopper control in the southern division of Kansas, Hunter and Claassen. . 351
The proper generic names for certain Thysanoptera, Hood 351
Sterility in oats caused by thrips, Hewitt 351
The periodical cicada in 1914, Marlatt 351
Some Pemphiginse attacking species of Populus in Colorado, Gillette 351
Natural control of Tozoptera graminum in Africa and United States, Moore . . 352
A lycenid caterpillar reared in Acacia galls by ants, Le Cerf 352
The oviposition of two apple pests, Herrick 352
Observations of the bee moth. Paddock 352
A new destructive cutworm occurring in western Canada, Gibson 352
Two Microlepidoptera on Thurberia thespesioides, Busck 352
Feeding habits of Phlebotomus vexator, Shannon 352
Notes on a wood-boring syrphid, Barber 352
-""rsal of Mvsca domestica, Zetek 352
A n^ . -"hinid parasite of Diabrotica vittata, Walton 352
The cabu... maggot in relation to the growing of early cabbage, Schoene 352
A study of tne ijio: omics of the common rat fleas and other species, Bacot 353
Survival of bacteria in alimentary canal of fleas during metamorphosis, Bacot. . 353
Effect of the vapors of various insecticides upon fleas and the bedbug, Bacot. . 353
A coleopterous (clerid) larva predaceous on codling-moth larvae, Merrill. 353
Studies of the Arizona Thurberia weevil on cotton in Texas, Coad and Pierce. . 353
Reducing insect injury to stored corn, Hinds 353
Information relative to bee keeping, Sanborn 354
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Porto Riean bee keeping, Phillips 354
A Btudy of Dryophanta erinacei and its gall, Triggerson 354
A parasite of the chinch-bug egg, McCoUoch and Yuasa 354
Hymenoptera of South America, Brethes 355
Report on parasites, Howard 355
Epimeds wiltii and its host, Shannon 355
Biological notes on a few rare or little-known parasitic Hymenoptera, Cushman. 355
Notes on the life history of Rhopalosoma poeyi, Hood 355
New Hymenoptera from North America, Gahan 355
The parasites of the San Jos^ scale in New York, Hodgkiss and Parrott 355
Ticks: Diseases which they transmit and their destruction, Van Saceghem 356
An endoparaaltic mite in the lung of Macacus rhesus, Landois and Hoepke 356
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Supplementing our meat supply with fish, Pennington 356
Whitefish of Masurian Lakes of east Prussia, Gabriel and Limprich 356
Points which aid in determining whether flatfish have died in the water, Jugeat. 356
Sea mussels — what they are and how to cook them 356
The effect of cold upon the larvae of Trichinella spiralis, Ransom 356
Examination of sausage from St. Petersburg, von Karaf?a-Korbutt 357
Note on judging the quality of lard, Alpers 357
Osmotic phenomena of yolk of egg, Osborne and Kincaid 357
SuperAdsion and marketing of eggs, Behre and Frerichs 357
Emmerich and Loew calcium bread and reasons for it, Loew 357
Migration of constituents of maize into water and aqueous solutions, Poppe 357
Foods from the grain sorghums — Feterita products, Francis 357
Meal used for crumbing foods, Dinslage 358
Preserved tomatoes. Carles 358
Grape juice as a nutritive and remedial agent, Bender 358
Investigation of tea, Besson 358
Caffein and the other alkaloids found in tea, Hope 358
Food and drug section, Rose and Henr}' 358
Foods and drugs 358
Enforcement of the food and drugs act for 1910 and 1911, Allen 358
[Report of work under the Kentucky Food and Drugs Act], Allen 359
Thirteenth report of food and drug commissioner of South Dakota, Frary 359
List of the analyses of samples of butter and other food products 359
An attempt to standardize oven temperatures for cookery. Van Arsdale 359
What the Department of Agriculture is doing for the housekeeper, Langworthy. 359
Financing the wage-earner's family, Nearing 360
How to live on 2d. a day. Cross 360
How to Uve on 3d. or 4d.. a day. Cross 360
Dietetics in Italian tenements, Gibbs 360
Domestic science. — [School lunch work in Gary, Ind.], Krentel 360
Sanitary conditions m Alaska. — Food poisoning], Krulish 360
The care of the baby 360
My dietary, Sherman 360
Health through diet, Haig 361
Textbook on physiological chemistry. — I. The organic nutrients Abderhalden. 361
Observations on the processes of resorption in the cellular organism, Rubner. .. 361
Concerning resorption phenomena in the intestine, Dobrowolekaja 361
The role of the spleen in digestion, Rusca 361
The effect of a one-sided diet, Kleinert 361
Effect of long-continued excessive diet of carbohydrate without protein, Grafe. 361
Absorption and fate of tin in the body, Salant, Rieger, and Treuthardt 362
Do foods contain important unknown substances? Abderhalden and Lamp6. . 362
Influence of atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity, Thomson 362
The influence of moisture in the air on metabolism in the body, Thomson 363
Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to ventilation, Weisman 363
Metabolism during mental work, Becker and Olsen 363
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Factors affecting the handling of wheaten hay, Perkins et al 364
Apples for live stock, Truelle 365
Acorns and beechnuts as feeding stuffs, Engels 365
CONTENTS. VII
Page.
Fish meal as a feeding stuff, Morgan 366
[New feeding stuffs], Mann 366
[Feeding stuffs], Rose and Greene 366
The feeding stuffs inspection for 1911, 1912, Bachelder 366
Commercial feeds, edited by Piokel 366
Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, compiled by Sample and Harrison. . . 366
Stock-watering places on western gi-azing lands, Barnes 366
Animal husbandry department, Mumford 366
The South American meat industry, Melvin 367
The production of beef in the South, Ward 367
The Bazadais cattle, Lafforgue 367
The Garonnais breed of cattle, Herbet 367
The distribution of wild sheep, Kowarzik 367
Breeding caracul sheep, Young 367
Alaska's reindeer industry, Chubbuck 368
The preservation of the Arab horse, Edwards 368
A study of sex-linked inheritance in poultry '. 368
Studies on the feather formation of domestic fowl, Andreas 369
Early development of scale and feather, Schleidt 369
Effect of Roiitgen rays on organs of chicken, Unzeitig 369
Artificial insemination in birds, Ivanov 370
Shipjiing eggs by parcel post, Flohr 370
Eggs fiom China, Anderson, Mansfield, Wilder, and Neville 370
Table rabbit production, Wilson 370
Economic value of North American skunks, Lantz 370
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
Department of dairy husbandry, Eckles 370
New method for determining the production value of feeding stuffs, Hansson . . 371
The protein mininumi and the market value of feeding stuffs, Hoffmann 371
Breeds of cattle of Switzerland, Gertsch 371
The age for breeding dairy heifers, Siha 371
World's record for a dairy cow broken 372
Hereditary transmission of fat percentage, Dunne 372
Cells in milk dtrived fiom the udder, Breed 372
Bacterial and enzymic changes in milk and cream at 0° C, Pennington et al. . 373
[Dairy laws], comi)iled by Smith and Duvall 373
Is a uniform fat standard for whole milk practical? Mezger 373
Principal types of micro-organisms in Baltimore milk, Shippen 373
Blue milk, Wolff 374
The composition of carabao's milk, Dovey 374
Composition of goat's milk, Storch 374
Composition of ewe's milk butter, Martin 375
Researches during the last few years at the Dairy Institute at Alnai-p, Rosengren. 375
Cheshire cheese, Davies 375
Condensed milk and milk powder, Hunziker 375
Organisms in condensed milk 375
Aluminum milk cans, W^inkler 375
International Federation of Dairying 376
VETERINATtY MEDICINE.
Manual of the practice of veterinary medicine, Courtenay, re^•ised by Hobday . . 376
Veterinary State board q^uestions and answers, Kimball 376
Ophthalmology for veterinarians, Sharp 376
Exercises in bacteriology and diagnosis, Moore and Fitch 376
Apparent inconsistencies of biologic diagnostics, Archibald 376
Menziesia, a new stock poisoning plant of the Northwestern States, Marsh 376
Mold fungi in oil cake, Schneider ^ 377
Biological reactions of the vegetable proteins, IV, Lake, Osborne, and Wells. . 377
Biological reactions of the vegetable proteins, V, Wells and Osborne. 377
About the specificity and other properties of the ectopro teases, Fermi 377
The value of leucocytic extract from a therapeutic standpoint, Archibald 377
Autogenous vaccine, Lang 378
Experiences with the Abderhalden dialysis method, I, Deutsch 378
VIII CONTENTS,
Page.
Observations on the protective enzyms of the body (Abderhalden), Grey 378
Diagnosis of malignant new formations and pregnancy, Von Gambaroff 378
The diagnosis of pregnancy by Abderhalden's dialysis method, Naumann 378
The need for a means of physical diagnosis of abortion, Williams et al 379
A study of the metabiotic action of the ultraviolet rays, Henri 379
The efficacy of antitetanic serum, Rogers 379
Diagnosis of tuberculosis with Von Pirquet's reaction, Conradi 379
Value of the optical and the dialysis procedure, Abderhalden and Andryewsky . . 379
Some remarks about Carl Spengler's fragment sputa, MafR 38(»
Production of artificial immunity against tuberculosis, Gilliland and Marshall . . 380
Control of tuberculosis in Minnesota pure-bred herds, Ward 380
Some aspects of the tuberculosis problem, Ravenel 380
Some common ailments of the horse and cow, Lueder 380
" Abortin " as a diagnostic agent in cattle, Meyer and Hardenbergh 380
Bush-sickness — Exj^erimental and demonstration work, Reakes and Aston 38 1
Investigations of coital exanthema of cattle, Zwick and Gminder 381
Atoxyl in the treatment of malignant catarrhal fever of cattle, Wyssmann 381
Pasteurellosis in the reindeer, Magnusson 381
Sanitary police measures and hog cholera, Kinsley 381
Abortion in mares caused by Bacillus paratyphosus, Van Heelsbergen 381
Colics and their treatment, edited by Campbell 382
The diagnosis of dourine by complement fixation, Mohler, Eichhorn, and Buck . 382
Equine piroplasmosis : Types of parasites, Carjiano 382
Ciilture of equine pii-oplasms and views of the nature of anaplasms, Carpano . . . 382
Contagious pleuropneumonia of the horse, Gaffky and Luhrs 382
Splrochatosis of fowls, Kiessig 383
The staining of microfilarias, Fiilleborn 383
The disinfective action of Cresepton, Wolff- Eisner 383
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Twelfth annual report of the Reclamation Service, 1913 383
Report of ii'rigation and reclamation works department 383
Irrigation studies, Miintz and Laine 383
Quantity of water consumed in the cultivation of sugar cane, Guardiola 383
Control of water as applied to irrigation, power, and town water supply, Parker . . 383
The area of waterways. Vicars 384
Loss of head due to bends in water pipes. Fuller 384
Drainage ditch and levee tables for level section, Blaine 384
Drainage and irrigation : Linings for small storage reservoii'S, Sessions 384
Machine for testing drain tile, Abrams 384
Street pavements and paving materials, Tillson 385
American Good Roads Congiess and convention of Builders' Association 385
Road laws of the State of Washington 385
Piactical handbook of gas, oil, and steam engines, Rathbun. 385
The construction and design of internal combustion motors, Giildner 385
A f uel-sa\dng device for oil engines, Adlington 385
Fuel consumption and utilization of energy in small power motors, Charbonnier . 385
The possibilities of mixed fuels 386
Fuel-briquetting investigations, July, 1904, to July, 1912, Wright 386
Mechanics for builders, I, Bates and Charles 386
The testing of sand for use in concrete, I and II, Chapman 386
Some tests on strength of overwet concrete 387
Use of hydra ted lime in concrete pavements, Edwards 387
Exterior plastering specifications 387
Modem practice in heating and ventilation, XIV, King 387
Handbook on sanitation, Price 387
The new public health, Hill 387
Hygiene of rural, suburban, and summer homes 387
Determining the probability of decomposition in a sewage effluent, Stokes. . . . 387
Lighting of towns and rural communities, Strache and Eisler 387
General discussion on conveniences in the home and on the farm, Monteith 388
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Factors of efficiency in farming, Spillman 388
Reorganizing the farm, Johnson 388
CONTENTS. IX
Page.
The organizatiou of rural interests, C"ar\er 388
■An experiment in marketin.i? under territorial auspices, Wilcox and Longley. . 388
The fanners' cooperati\ e exchange, Canoe 389
Monographs on agricultural cooperation in various countries 389
Agricultural cooperation and rural credit in Europe. — Bibliography 389
How to use farm credit, Car\er 389
The rural credit situation of the United States, Macjjherson 389
The problem of agricultural credit in Canada, Mitchell 390
Loans granted on grain and establishment of grain elevators in Russia 390
[Distribution of produce between landlord and tenant], Jenny 390
Agricultural di.stribution of land in different countries 390
Farm lands in N ew Jersey, Dye et al 390
Uses of land in Denmark, July 15, 1912 390
Agriculture in Argentina, Van den Bosch 390
[Agriculture in Guiana], edited by Leechman 391
Rural development in Burma, Clayton 391
Contry life conference addresses 391
Solving the country church problem, Bricker et al 391
The agricultural outlook 391
Acreage and livestock returns of England and Wales, Rew 391
Agricultural statistics of Netherlands 391
World production of cereals in 1913 392
Statistics of consumption of cotton, Schmidt 392
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Uniformity in methods of instruction in the lower agiicultural schools, Arthold . 392
[Reports of German horticultural institutions for 1912] 392
The rural agricultural and housekeeping school at Mahrisch-Schonberg, Kolb . . 392
[Agricultural and forestry instruction in Austria and other countries] 392
Some agricultural education institutions in Hungary and Balkan States, Merkos . 392
Reforms in agricultural education in the Kingdom of Servia 393
The Woodlawn school garden, Joyce 393
Lebanon County boys' agricultural and girls' domestic science clubs, Snoke 393
Industrial clubs and contests for Oregon boys and giile 393
The country home 393
The Second International Congress of Home Training at Ghent, Schuppli 393
Lesson exercises, Stebbing 394
Field trips in elementary agiiculture 394
Collection and preservation of plant material, Derr and Lane 394
Outline of work in agiiculture, domestic science, and manual training 394
[Reading courses in agriculture and home economics] 394
Seasonable suggestions, Minear 394
Testing seed corn, Smith 394
Testing seed corn in rural schools, Evans 394
Modem fiuit growing, Wilden 394
A field lesson on the fuel woods of the farm, Needham 394
Instruction in fire extinguishing in the lower agiicultural schools 394
Expedients in giving instruction in plant protection, Kock 395
High school entomology 395
Exercises in farm daii-ying, Larsen 395
Educational school gardening and handwork. Brewer 395
Suggestions for teaching nature study. Abbey 395
Nature study in secondary schools, Drieberg 395
Arbor and Bird Day manual for use in West Virginia public schools 395
Planning and adorning the farmstead and school grounds 396
Back to the farm, Shumway 396
MISCELLANEOUS.
Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1913 396
Thirty-seventh Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1913 396
Twenty -sixth Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1913 396
Twentv-fourth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1911 396
Biennial Report of the Director of the Kentucky Station, 1911-1913, Kastle. . 396
Report of the director for the year ending June 30, 1913, Mumford 396
Health laws, Caffey 396
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Connecticut State Station: Page-
An. Rpt. 1913, pt. 6. 331, 334, 341, 396
Hawaii Station:
Press Bui. 45, May 11, 1914. . . 388
Illinois Station:
Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. , 1913 . . 396
Indiana Station:
Bui. 174, Apr., 1914 323
Iowa Station:
Circ.3, July, 1912 330
Circ. 4, Sept., 1912 331
Circ. 11, Mar., 1913 344
Kentucky Station:
Twenty-fourth An. Rpt.. 1911 . 316,
396
Bien. Rpt. Dir., 1911-1913.. . . 396
Food and Drugs Rpt., 1910-11. 358
Seventh Bien. Rpt. Food and
Drug Work, 1911-1913.... 359
Missouri Station:
Bui. 117 (An. Rpt., 1913),
Feb., 1914 334,
342, 349, 366, 368, 370. 396
Nebraska Station:
Bui. 141, May 1, 1914 328
Bui. 142, Apr. 27, 1914 336
New York State Station:
Bui. 380, Mar., 1914 372
Bui. 381, Mar., 1914 339
Bui. 382, Apr., 1914 352
Bui. 383, Apr., 1914 337
Bui. 384, Apr., 1914 340
Bui. 385, Apr., 1914 337
Oklahoma Station:
Circ. 27, Mar., 1914 357
Circ. 28, Mar., 1914 354
Circ. 29, Apr., 1914 356
X
Stations in the United States — Oontd.
Porto Rico Station: Page,
Bui. 15, May 29, 1914 354
Wisconsin Station:
Bui. 236, Apr.. 1914 333
U. S. Department of Agriculture .
Farmers' Bui. 586, Collection and
Preservation of Plant Material
for Use in the Study of Agricul-
ture, H. B. Derr and' C. H. Lane. 394
Farmers' Bui. 587, Economic
Value of North American
Skunks, D. E. Lantz 370
Farmers' Bui. 590, The Agricul-
tural Outlook .391
Farmers' Bui. 592, Stock-Watering
Places on Western Grazing
Lands, W. C. Barnes 366
Farmers' Bui. 593, How to Use
Farm Credit, T.N.Carver 389
Farmers' Bui. 594, Shipping Eggs
by Parcel Post, L. B. Flohr 370
Farmers' Bui. 598, The Agricul-
tural Outlook 391
Yearbook. 1913 316, 332,
333, 337, 340, 349, 356, 359, 367, 388, 396
Bureau of Entomology:
The Periodical Cicada in 1914,
C. L. Marlatt 351
Biu-eau of Plant Industry:
Inventory of Seeds and Plants
Imported, July 1 to Sept. 30,
1912 -.--•:■• 327
Menziesia, A New Stock-Poisoning
Plant of The Northwestern
States, C. D. Marsh 376
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXI. September, 1914. No. 4.
The sixth session of the Graduate School of Agi'iculture was held
June 29 to July 24 at the College of Agriculture of the University of
Missouri. As heretofore, the School was conducted under the auspices
of the Association of American Agi-icultural Colleges and Experiment
Stations, through its standing committee on graduate study. Since
its purpose is not only to give advanced instruction in agricultural
science but to acquaint investigators with the latest methods em-
ployed and results obtained in special research by their fellows in
particular fields, the attendance is by no means confined to begin-
ners in agricultural research. Each session finds an increasing
number of seasoned scientific workers enrolled for the sake of its
associations and its broadening influence as well as for the practical
and special benefit to be derived therefrom. The more advanced
phases of the work are being more and more accentuated in the suc-
cessive sessions, and a considerable portion of the information now
being oifered in the school is not generally accessible elsewhere for
some time, if obtainable at all in so effective a form.
The instruction in the Graduate School for this year was conducted
along six main lines, each running through the four weeks' session, as
experience has demonstrated the advantage of concentrating attention
on a limited number of subjects for the entire period. Those in-
cluded for this session were genetics, agronom}', horticulture, ani-
mal husbandry, immunity and disease resistance, and rural economics
and sociology, including farm management.
The number of instructors was twenty-nine, with a considerable
number of other speakers at the various conferences and other
gatherings. Ten of these were members of the faculty of the Uni-
versity of Missouri, and the remainder were specialists from ' the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, various agricultural colleges and
experiment stations, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the
University of Edinburgh, and the Imperial Biological Institute
at Dahlem, Berlin. Dr. A. C. True of this Office again acted as dean,
with !Mr. Arthur J. Meyer of the University of Missouri as registrar.
The enrollment of students reached one hundred and fifty, repre-
senting about thirty States and Territories, besides the District of
Columbia, Porto Rico, Canada, and Scotland.
301
302 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
At its public opening exercises, the School was welcomed to the
University of Missouri b}^ Dean Walter Williams of the School of
Journalism, as the representative of President Hill who was in
Europe, and by Dean Mumford of the College of Agriculture. Dean
True of the Graduate School briefly outlined its history and pointed
out some of the reasons for its continuance. In this connection he
directed attention to the fact that " the desirability and importance
of such an agency as the Graduate School of Agi-iculture, which
aims to influence the whole movement relating to agricultural edu-
cation and research by giving it certain impulses from the top, can
not be determined by the number of persons who come directly under
its influence. They are rather largely to be found in the character
and extent of the movement and the tendencies which are develop-
ing in it."
Dean True also briefly summarized some of the important develop-
ments of American agi'iculture and agricultural education and re-
search during the twelve years since the establishment of the Gradu-
ate School. Census comparisons of conditions in 1900 and 1910 were
quoted, showing an increase in the proportion of improved lands
from 49.4 to 54.4 per cent, an increase of land values of 118 per cent,
and an increase in the proportion of the total farm investment repre-
sented by land from G3.9 to 69.5 per cent. Under these conditions
"the farmers, with land much higher in price, are loudly calling for
increased knowledge of ways to use their land more economically and
with greater returns. But this knowledge can only be obtained by
more highly trained men, for the remaining agricultural problems
are complex and difficult to solve."
Meanwhile boys from both country and city have been going to
agricultural colleges in much larger numbers. During the past de-
cade the number of students taking the full four-year course in agri-
culture has increased from approximately 2,500 to 12,500, or an in-
crease of 500 per cent. The nmnber of white students registered in
short and special courses has doubled, now aggregating about 11,000.
Since 1910, the annual number of graduates in agriculture has in-
creased from 708 to 1,384, and the number receiving advanced de-
grees from 74 to 164. The total revenues of the land-grant colleges
have practically tripled and those of the experiment stations have
more than tripled, the increase being esj^eciall}^ notable from sources
other than federal funds. Similarlj^ the number of men on the staffs
of the experiment stations has increased from about 750 to approxi-
mately 1,600, and the number of these doing no teaching from 375
to 925.
Along with the increase in the activities of the experiment sta-
tions and the number of students taking the college courses in agri-
culture, the number of secondary schools in Avhich airricidture is
EDITORIAL. 303
taught has vastly increased. In 1903, very few secondary schools
were giving instruction in agriculture. At present there are over
2,000.
Ten years ago there was scarcely any agricultural extension work
performed outside of the work carried on by the fanners' institutes.
To-day there are 1.300 men employed as state, district, and county
agents, and as boys' and girls' club workers. The money appro-
priated under the Smith-Lever Act alone will call for at least '2,o00
men for extension work in the next ten j'ears. Even if this number
is employed in addition to those already in the field, to reach all the
farm operators each extension worker will have to come in contact
with at least 2,000 farm operators a year, or over 4,000 farm or agri-
cultural workers.
There are also over seven hundred positions in the U. 8. Depart-
ment of Agricultui-e for which graduation at an agricultural college
is a prerequisite, and doubtless there are many other positions in
which the Department would use graduates of agricultural colleges
if these colleges Avere giving more highly specialized and advanced
courses of instruction in agricultural lines. As it is, the Depart-
ment is now often compelled to take men who are well trained in
chemistry or biology and give them the special training along agri-
cultural lines required Ijy the work in which they are engaged.
'• How different, then, is the condition of these colleges from what
it was even twelve years ago ! Then they were just beginning to feel
the impulse of a more prosperous agriculture and the turn of the
tide of popular sentiment in favor of agricultural education. Xow
they are at a flood tide of popular favor, which is even so strong as
to threaten to sweep them from safe moorings. The demand for
trained men on the farms and in commercial pursuits allied to agri-
culture is more than keeping pace with the increase of students and
graduates, and is even depleting the faculties of the agricultural
colleges. To this must now be added the very large demand for
agricultural graduates in extension work. . . .
'' Is it any wonder that the friends of higher education and re-
search in agriculture are perplexed and troubled? How shall we
meet the incessant demand for agricultural graduates in practical
life and in extension work and at the same time strengthen and
increase the facilities of our agricultural colleges and the staffs of our
experiment stations and great Department of Agriculture? To have
well-trained men on our farms and to carry practical information to
the multitudes of our farmers is tremendously important. But
where are we to get in sufficient numbers the highly trained and effi-
cient college professors who are to teach the thousands of students
in our colleges and whence are to come the elaborately equipped men
of sufficient originality to conduct thorough and successful researches
304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
in agriculture in order that we may have an adequate fund of knowl-
edge for the use of the college teachers, extension workers, and
farmers ?
" Evidently the compensations of the trained farmers and extension
men in the way of incomes and popular favor are going to be rela-
tively large. Will these occupations, therefore, take our brightest
and most capable students and leave the professorships and research
positions to be filled by second-rate men? This will depend very
largely on the spirit of the men best qualified to be professors and in-
A^estigators and on the attitude of the universities, colleges, stations,
and Department of Agriculture toward such men. . . .
" If we are to have great scholars in agriculture, as we have had
them in philosophy or astronomy, we must have men who, having
weighed carefully the advantages of commercial success and popular
favor, nevertheless decide that they can find their greatest satisfac-
tion only in the attainment of the most profound scholarship through
study and research in agricultural lines. Thus they will be unmoved
by jflattering offers to go out into the broad world of affairs and
steadily pursue the scholar's business in laboratory, library, and class-
room whatever happens outside the college campus.
"And we must have college boards and presidents and deans who
will have a great appreciation of the value of the great scholar in
agriculture and will show this in a substantial way by creating for
him a sympathetic environment, and favorable conditions for his
work. Even his salary should show some indication of appreciation
of his merit. There should be financial rewards for great scholars in
the universities and colleges, as well as for able administrators.
Above all the atmosphere of the agricultural college should be favor-
able to learning and research. ... It should be broadly sympathetic
with the men and women on the farms and their immediate prob-
lems, but it should also be highly stimulative and encouraging to
the scholar who desires to get beneath the surface of things, to know
and discover causes that he may be the better able to remedy ills, or
devise improvements in practice.
"To encourage high standards and attainments in agricultural
scholarship is the main purpose of this Graduate School of Agricul-
ture. It does not attempt to take the place of regular graduate
courses in agriculture, which happily are now being maintained at
a number of our strongest agricultural colleges. Its aim is rather to
promote the wider establishment and greater efficiency of such
courses.
" By bringing graduate students together from different points of
the United States and some foreign countries and giving them per-
sonal contact for a month with eminent experts in agi'icultural and
related sciences, this School hopes to awaken in many of its students
EDITORIAL. 305
a desire for advanced study which will not be satisfied except b\
realization. By personal touch with students and experts from
widely different regions it is hoped that each student will get a
broader and clearer vision of the possibilities in agricultural study
and research. Returning to the institutions from which they come
it is expected that the}' will exert a broader influence in raising the
standards and expectations of agricultural education and research
throughout the Ignited States."
The central feature of the 1914 session was a course in genetics,
comprising fort}' lectures and twelve seminars, which was planned
to give a systematic presentation of the present status and outlook
of this subject, with special reference to its agricultural relations.
This was in response to a somewhat general demand that more com-
prehensive instruction in at least one subject should be given at the
Graduate School. For this purpose the number of lecturers was
kept doAvn to four and there was a definite prearrangement regarding
the field each lecturer was to cover. The subject chosen was pre-
sumably interesting to all students of agi-icultural science and there-
fore the hours were so arranged that all members of the School could
attend. The course proved very successful and will encourage the
development of more definite instruction at future sessions.
This course was opened by Dr. J. A. Harris of the Station for Ex-
perimental Evolution of the Carnegie Institution of Washington,
who presented the statistical groundwork for research work, includ-
ing methods of calculation and illustrations of the practical appli-
cations of statistical formulas in genetic studies. Prof. M. F. Guyer,
of the University of AVisconsin, discussed the physical basis of he-
redity, including the development of the ])ody and the germ plasm;
the chromosomes as related to heredity in the light of Mendelism;
sex in relation to heredity : and the ultimate nature of the germ plasm.
An account of some pedigree culture investigations and their results
as bearing upon heredity and development in plants and as related
to Mendel's law was presented by Prof. E. M. East, of Harvard
University. Blending inheritance and its interpretation was dis-
cussed, as was also the possible application of the present knowledge
of heredity to breeding problems and practice. In conclusion. Prof.
A. D. Darbishire, of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, pre-
sented results of an attempt to estimate the value of the Mendelian
method as an instrument for the improvement of the animals and
plants which are serviceable to mankind, discussing the method as
applied to practical breeding, and giving illustrations of its applica-
tion to the improvement of wool and milk. He also developed the
philosophical relations of the Mendelian theory in its broader aspects
as affecting our conceptions of hereditj* and of life in general. This
was done in a very original and interesting way and drew the atten-
306 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tion of the university community at Columbia, as well as of the
members of the Graduate School.
The course in agronomy dealt with special problems in the breed-
ing and nutrition of field crops, with reference to conditions in both
humid and arid regions. Dr. H. L. Shantz, of the Bureau of Plant
Industry, considered the relation of moisture supply to plant devel-
opment, and Director C. E. Thorne, of the Ohio Experiment Station,
some of the practical aspects of soil fertility investigations. Other
factors in crop production were treated b}^ Prof. C. V. Piper, of the
Bureau of Plant Industry, and Dr. L. H. Smith, of the University
of Illinois, the former dealing especially with the climatic, soil, and
biological adaptations of forage i^lants and the origin of crop varie-
ties, and the latter discussing crop improvement through selection in
corn and other cereals.
The work in animal husbandry was largely a presentation of
important methods and results connected with the investigations
Avhich have been in progress for a number of years at the Missouri
Experiment Station. Prof. C. H. Eckles gave the results of studies
with dairy cattle, including factors influencing growth, milk secre-
tion, and the composition of milk and milk fat, and the development
and composition of the fetus. Dean Mumford discussed age as a
factor in animal breeding and the growth curves of animals on dif-
ferent planes of nutrition. H. O. Allison reported on cattle feeding
experiments, including nutrition studies on beef-breeding cows. Dr.
P. F. Trowbridge discussed the composition of beef animals, changes
during growth, fattening and starvation, variations in adipose tis-
sue, and the digestion factors. The account of the Missouri work
was appropriately supplemented by discussions based especially on
the extensive investigations in animal chemistry conducted by Dr.
H. S. Grindley at the Illinois Station. He pointed out the relation
of his work and that of other investigators to special problems in
animal nutrition such as the specific effects of feeds or rations, par-
ticularly protein, upon the nutrition of animals, changes in tlie ani-
mal bodj^ during growth, feeding experiments, and the digestibilitj"
of feeds and rations.
In the course in horticulture. Prof. J. C. Whitten, of the Uni-
versity of Missouri, reported upon the influence of high-producing
and low-producing parent fruit trees upon progeny propagated by
bud selection, the influence of the season of transplanting upon the
development of fruit trees, and an investigation of factors affecting
hardiness. Prof. W. L. Howard, of the same institution, considered
the rest period as related to hardiness and some physiological changes
accompanying the breaking of the rest period. Prof. H. J. Eustace,
of the Michigan Agricultural College, discussed horticultural crop
regioii- of the United States, the holding, moving, and storing of
EDITORIAL. 307
horticultural products, and fruit selling. E. J. Kraus, of the Oregon
Station, reported on the horticultural organization in the Pacific
Coast Xorthwest, orchard economics, the relation of soil moisture to
fruit production, and pollination in pomaceous and drupaceous
fruits. U. P. Hedrick, of the New York State Station, took for his
subjects fertilizers for fruits, the soil treatment of orchards, stocks
for fruit trees, orchard ecology, and fruit breeding from the horticul-
turist's standpoint.
In the course in inniuinity and disease resistance, an attempt was
made to bring the students of plant and animal diseases together
to consider some of the general principles underlying this subject
and to compare the relative advances made on its plant and animal
sides. V. A. Moore, director of the New York State Veterinary
College, of Cornell University, reported upon the phenomena of
infection and variations in the manifestation of specific diseases,
immunity and vaccination, and vaccine therapy. Prof. J. W. Con-
naway. of tlie University of ^lissouri. gave five lectures on immunity
and disease resistance in animals. Prof. G. M. Reed, also of Missouri,
discussed the influence of external factors on immunity and sus-
ceptibility, biologic forms in powdery mildews and rusts, and bridg-
ing sjjecies. Prof. L. K. Jones, of the University of Wisconsin, dis-
cussed problems of immunity and morphological characters of the
hosts, theories of immunit}', and their possible application, and W.
A. Orton, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the evolution of disease
resistance and practical results obtained from a study of the disease
resistance factor in general plant breeding.
Taking advantage of the presence in this country of Geheimrat
Eegierungsrat Dr. Otto Appel of the Imperial Biological Institute
at Dahlem, Berlin. Germany, the School was favored with two lec-
tures by him, presenting results of the latest investigations on dis-
eases of potatoes and cereals, and discussing the control of disease
through seed certification. Director Moore also, by special request,
gave a lecture on bovine tuberculosis, its nature, symptoms, and
relation to man.
As at previous sessions, there was general interest in the course
on rural economics. Prof, T. X. Carver, of Harvard University and
the Eural Organization Service of this Department, under the gen-
eral head of Organization of Rural Interests discussed marketing
and purchasing, rural finance and accounting, communication, educa-
tion, sanitation, recreation, and beautification. President K. L. But-
terfield, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, took up rural
institutions and the community idea and plan, community relation-
ships, and rural leadership, and Prof. S. D. Gromer, of the University
of Missouri, the problem of rural tenancy. Along the lines of farm
management, E. H. Thompson, of the Bureau of Plant Industry,
57707°— No. 4—14 2
308 EXPEKIMENT STATIOX RECORD.
gave some results of farm enterprise and management surveys and
cost accounting investigations, discussing problems peculiar to cer-
tain sections and some profitable types of farming, and O. R. John-
son, of the University of Missouri, discussed the use of the farm
diary, giving results of some studies of farm records and surveys.
Some special problems of rural communities in different parts of
the country and the relations of the Department of Agi'iculture
to the State agricultural colleges and local organizations in the de-
velopment of extension work were discussed at evening and Satur-
day conferences. Methods of instruction relating to soils and crops,
the vexed question of requirements in farm practice in college courses
in agriculture, the work of traveling professors in Europe, and the
i-elative conditions of agricultural research in Europe and the United
States were also considered at these conferences.
Taken as a whole the work of this session of the Graduate School
was more generally of a kind and grade appropriate to such a school
and the students were more generally such as could appreciate and
profit bj^ graduate instruction than ever before. The interest and
attendance were maintained to an unusual extent until the close of
the session.
The problem of securing a larger representation of States and in-
stitutions at this School is evidently not solved. The great increase
of summer work in the agTicultural colleges and experiment stations
is keeping man}- away. The fact that in many cases attendance at
the Graduate School would practically cut off the annual vacation,
so much needed by busy workers in these institutions, deters others
from coming. It is thei'efore necessary still to urge that the man-
agers of the institutions from which most of the students at the
Graduate School must be drawn would do well to consider more
seriously the advisability of more definite and liberal encouragement
of attendance on the part of their faculties. An arrangement by
which at least three or four men from each college would be enabled
to attend each session would gi'eatly enhance the benefits which the
agricultural colleges throughout the country might derive from this
School.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICl LTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Organic chemistry, H. I). TIaskins {yew York and Ijmdun, 1913, 2. viL, pp.
XIIl-\-4S0, fiys. 2.')). — The swoiul wlition of this work, which is inteiKlod for
medicjil, i»h;irni:iceutical, and biolofjical students, contains practical exercises
and some i»ortions of physical chemistry in addition to the organic chemistry.
It is the belief of the author that an orjianic chemistry text-book desiynetl for
the use of medical students should consider all tlie orjianic compounds of im-
I)ortance that enter into the study of pliysiology, biochemistry, and pharma-
cology.
Theories of sohitions, 8. Arbhenius {yeio Haven, Conn., and London, 1912,
pp. A V +,?.}?'. fiijH. (>\. — These are lectures on theories of solutions delivered at
Yale University during the s])ring of 1011 inider the Mrs. II. E. Sillinian founda-
tion, as follows: Short history of the the<)ry uf solutions: the modern molecular
theory; .susj tensions; the phenomena of adsorption: the analogy between the
gaseous and the dissolved state of matter: development of the theory of elec-
trolytic dissociation; velocity of reactions; conductivity of solutions of strong
electrolytes; equilibriums in solutions; the abnormality of strong electrolytes;
and the doctrine of energj' in regard to solutions.
Some further contributions to simple plant bases. G. Trike (Hoppe-Sei/Ier's
Ztschi: Phii.fiol. Clum.. 85 (191.U. Xo. ,7. pp. 37.2— 391).— The l>etains are regarded
as the simplest alkaloids formed from amino acids by exhaustive methylation.
In this work glycin (glycocoll). betain. and cholin were isolated from an
alcoholic extract of oat farina. In the phosphatids from oats amino-ethyl
alcohol (colamin) was noted but no betain. The amino alcohol was found to
react quantitatively with nitrous acid and can be determined in this way.
Colamin was precipitated by phosphotungstic acid.
In areca nuts secondary bases were studied, and after the removal of the
arecolin the bases were freed from cholin.
The following formulas, which differ from those suggested by Jahns, are
proposed :
E^
CHj H
C— COOH
HjC C— COOH
CHs
HjC C— C=0
H:C GH
"V/
Guvacin
HjC CH
k
Isoguvacin
aHoNO,.
HsC CH
CHi
Arecain
About betonicin and turicin, A. KtJNG and G. Tbieb {Hoppe-Seylefa Ztschr.
Physiol. Chem-., 85 (1913), No. 3, pp. 209-216) .—The betain mixture obtained
from Betonica officinalis was resolved into two isomeric bases, one levorotatory
309
310 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
and tlie other dextrorotatory. The name botonicin (E. ,S. R., 28, p. 312) is
retained for the former and turiein is the suggested designation for the latter.
Both must be regarded as betains of natural oxyprolins.
Exhaustion methylation of oxyprolin ( [a]D= — 81.04*') yielded the same right
and left rotatory betains as occur in B. officinalis. According to the method
of isolation, sometimes one and sometimes the other isomer has been isolated,
but in reality, according to the authors, both of these betains are present in
the plant.
A description of the proi)erties of betonicin and turiein follows.
Synthesis of betonicin and turiein, A. KtJNG (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol.
Chem., 85 {1913), Ko. 3, pp. 217-224). — The gamma-hydroxyprolin from gelatin,
prepared by Fischer's method, when methylated with potassium hydroxid in
methyl alcohol and methyl iodid yields hydroxyprolin betain. This is a mixture
of equal quantities of betonicin and turiein.
Gentiobiose, G. Zempl^n {Hoppe-^cyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 85 (1913).
No. 5, pp. 399-407). — Octacetylgentiobiose, which has a high melting point, is
not rapidly soluble but crystallizes with ease in a pure state.
These experiments show that acetylization may be conveniently employed
to obtain gentiol>iose from plant products, especially gentian root. Octo-
cetylgentiobiose, isolated from purified preparations, consisted of almost color-
less, silk-like, slender needles and these sintered at 186° C. and melted at 193°.
The optical rotation in chloroform at 20° was —5.3.
Octacetylgentiobiose, prepared from .strongly contaminated materials (gen-
tian extract or aqueous alcoholic extract of gentian, sintered at 192° and
melted at 195°. It was easily soluble in chloroform, acetone, hot benzol, hot
acetone, and hot alcohol, slightly soluble in cold alcohol and ether, and almost
insoluble in petroleum ether and in hot water. It was more soluble in dilute
than in absolute alcohol. Its rotation at 20° was — 5.6.
Free gentiobiose retluces 130 cc. of Fehling's solution per gram while maltose
I'equires 128.5 cc. and cellobiose 153 cc. The phenylosazone was in the shape
of lemon-yellow stellate needles and when obtained from hot water they were
short-pointed prisms. The melting point was between 160 and 170°.
Enzyms in the leaves of Salix. caprea, I. Bolin (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr.
Physiol. Chem., 87 (1913), No. 3, pp. 182-187).— The possibility exists that the
leaves of Salix caprea contain at least three glucosid splitting enzyms, a sali-
case, an amygdalase, and a j3-glucosid-splittiug enzym. Salicase is considered
specific for salicin and is not active toward ^-methyl glucosid. The enzym which
acts upon |3-methyl glucosid was noted in the leaves in 1911 but not in those
from the same tree in 1912.
The partial hydrolysis of cellulose, G. Zempl6x (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr.
Physiol. Chem., 85 (1913), No. 3, pp. 180-191).— By treating cellulose with
concentrated sulphuric acid, products were formed which did not contain cello-
biose complexes. Even when this treatment was prolonged, cellobiose acetate
was produced on acetolysis and not dextrose pentacetate. Xylan preparations
from locust wood, maiman from the seeds of Phytelephas macrocarpa, and
chitin when partl.v hydrolyzed gave unsatisfactory amorphous products.
The fermentation of cellulose by thermophilic bacteria, H. Pringsheim
(Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 38 (1913), No. 21-25, pp. 513-516, fig. i).— The
bacteria were obtained either from soil or manure. From 3 gm. of cellulose
0.2125 gm. of formic acid, 1.15 gm. of acetic acid, and a very small amount of
lactic acid were produced. The remainder of the material was converted into
hydrogen and carbon dioxld.
Constituents of apples. C. Thomae (Jour. Prakt. Chem.. ii. sen, 87 (1913).
No. 3, pp. 142-144; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 104 (1913), No. 605, I,
AGBICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGKOTECHNY. 311
pp. 327, 328).— The compound previously noted (E. S. R.. 26, p. 208), which
melts at over 200" C, can be separated by treatment of the apple skins with
ether into an insoluble substance " of high melting point, and a waxy substance
crystallizing in needles, melting point GS.5°. On distillation under diminished
pressure, the oil obtained by extracting the skins with'ether yields a crystalline
substance of low melting point having an odor of apples and a yellow oil which
readily solidifies. The behavior of the skins on distillation is also described."
The study of the ripening of fruit, A. Contino (Staz. Sper. Agr. Hal., Jf5
(1912), No. 5-6, pp. 460-472; abs. in Chem. Ahs., 7 {1913), No. 19, p. 3373).—
" Kaki plums wore u.sed. One sample was analyzed immediately; the second
sample was kept in air 1 month; the third sample was preserved in paraffin.
Results showed that the second sample had lost in weight through respiration.
The constituents, however, remained the same as in the sample preserved with
paraffin, except in the case of pectins, of which the third sample contained three
times as much as the second sample. The formation of pectins, therefore, has
nothing to do with the atmosi)heric oxygen but is brought about by the intemial
decomposition of the tannin. The fruit contained no sucrose."
The constituents of hops, F. B. Power. F. Ttjtin, and H. Rogerson (Jour.
Chem. Soc. [London], 103 (1913), No. 609, pp. 1267-1292).— The material used
in this investigation consisted of good Kentish hops, harvested in 1011. The
air-dried hops contained 30.48 per cent of moisture. 2.4 per cent of tannin, and
7.919 per cent of ash.
The work emphasizes the fact that the bitterness of hops is not due to a
single substance but to a number of products, some of these soluble in alcohol
and others soluble in water. One of these, which was a well-definetl. crystal-
line, bitter substance, termed humulol. CnHisOi, was isolated from the resin.
It is phenolic in character, melts at V.)0° C.. is fawn-colored, and on hydrolysis
with potassium hydroxid yields among other products an acid. CisHi.Or.. melting
point 210°. and p-hydroxybeuz:ildeIiyde. Another crystalline compound, desig-
nated as xanthohumol, CisIIhOj (melting point 172°), which is tasteless and
possesses an orange-yellow color, was also isolate<l.
That hops contain a yellow coloring matter resembling quercitrin and myri-
cylpalmitate could not be confirmed. It is shown that the alcoholic extract,
which consisted of a dark green, oily resin (equivalent to 34.1 per cent of the
weight of the hops), contained " ceryl alcohol, CirHsr.O. hentriacontane, CsiHm;
a phytosterol. C27H46O; a phytosterolin (phytosterol glucosid), CasHsoOa; a mix-
ture of volatile fatty acids, consisting of formic, acetic, butyric, and valeric
acids, together with a hexenoic acid, CeHioO- (boiling ix)int 204 to 208°),
which was identified as B-isopropylacrylic acid, and apparently a little nonoic
acid, C»HisOj, was also present; saturated and unsaturated nonvolatile acids,
comprising palmitic, stearic, and cerotic acids, and an acid, C20H40O2 (melting
point 62.5 to 63°), which is apparently an isomerid of arachidic acid; further-
more, cluytinic acid, CnH^Oj (melting point 69°), the methyl ester of which
melts at 47°, and linolic acid."
*' From the portion of the extract which was soluble in water there were iso-
lated small amounts of cholin. C5H15O1.N, and 1-asparagin, C4HSO3N2. both of
which had pi'eviously been observed to be present, although no evidence of the
identity of the last-mentioned substance api^ears to haVe hitherto been recorded.
The aqueous liquid also contained, besides tannin, a quantity of potassium
nitrate and a sugar which yielded d-phenylglucosazone (melting point 208°),
together with dark-colored, amorphous material which possessed an intensely
bitter taste. A volatile base, having a conin-like odor, was also obtained, but
the amount was so extremely small that it could not be further characterized."
312 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Formation of fat in oleaginous fruits. — IV. Formation of fat in Phillyrea
media, F. Scueti {Awn. R. Staz. CJiim. Agr. Spcr. Roma, 2. ser., 6 (1913),
No. 1, pp. 29-Sl; abs. in Jour. Sog. Chem. Indus., 32 {1913), No. 10, p. 5^2).—
The results obtained were analogous to those previously noted (E. S. R., 29,
p. 201).
In the Phillyrea the fatty acids present are oleic, palmitic, and stearic,
and the waxy alcohol from which they originate is fillirol. The latter melts at
290-295° C. and has the same composition (CsiHcoOs) as oleanol and ligustrol.
The fatty substances extracted by petroleum ether from the fruits had an acid
number of 25.6 and saponification number of 172.2. The amount of peti'oleum
extract present was 11.93 per cent when calculated on a dry basis.
Formation of fat in cork. — V, Cork from the elder (Sambucus nigra),
F. ScuRTi {Ann. R. Stas. Chim. Agr. Sper. Roma, 2. ser., 6 {1913), No. 1, pp.
39-52; ahs. in Jour. 8ot: iliem. Indus., 32 {1913), No. 10, p. o//^).— The methods
used for this work were similar to those employed in previous investigations.
In the cork a waxy alcohol melting at 278-280° C. and of the same composition
(CsiHmOs) as those noted in the olive, Japanese privet, etc., was present. The
substance has been described as cerin by other investigators.
Formation of fat in cork. — VI, Researches on the leaves of elder (Sam-
bucus nigra), F. Scurti and G. Tommasi (Ann. R. Stas. Chim. Agr. Sper. Roma,
2. .srr.. 6 {1913), No. 1, pp. 53-.59 ; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 32 {1913).
No. 10. p. ,542). — "The portion of the ether extract soluble in petroleum spirit
contains stearic acid and other fatty acids which have not been identified. In
plants (olive, Japanese privet) of the order Oleacese the waxy alcohol is formed
in the leaves of the plant, but its transformation into fatty acids takes place
almost entirely in the fruit. In the elder, on the other hand, which belongs
to the order Caprifoliacea>, the formation of the waxy alcohol anil its trans-
formation (to a considerable extent) into fatty acids both take place in the
leaves."'
Formation of fat in cork. — VII, Fellonic acid of Kiigler, F. Scurti and G.
Tommasi (Ann. R. 8taz. Chim. Agr. 8per. Ronm, 2. ser., 6 {1913), No. 1, pp.
67-75). — The constituent of cork designated as fellonic acid by Kflgler was
isolated and identified as a-hydroxybehenic acid (C22H44O3).
The chemical composition of cork substance, G. Zempl^n {Uoppe-Seyler's
Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 85 {1913), No. 3, pp. 173-179).— Cork substance, isolated
by the methods employetl for isolating cellulose, when judged by its appearance
and solubility is very similar to cellulose but when acetylized does not yield
cellobiose acetate.
Cork flour contains in 100 gm., water 6.21, ash 4.12, alcoholic extract obtained
after 2 hours 10.5, fatty acids obtained from the alcoholic extract by saponifi-
cation with alcoholic potassium hydroxid 19. an extract (nonreducing) ob-
tained by a second extraction of the cork residue with alcohol for 3 hours 13.5,
a watery extract obtained by extraction for 1 hour on the water bath 14 (the
watery solution, when hydrolyzed with normal surphuric acid yielding 1.24
gm. of a substance calculated as d-glucose), and a 1.5 per cent sulphuric acid
extract which showed 1.5 gm. of sugars calculated as d-glucose. The amount
of residue remaining after extraction was 24.5 gm. and from this 4.17 gm. of
a cellulose-like but not identical product was obtained by hydrolyzation with
the Bevan and Cross chlorin method.
The cork used in the experiments was of good quality, and was obtained from
Portugal.
Methods for the biochemical examination of soils, J. Stoklasa {X. Cong,
fntenuit. Agr. (land, 1913. Hcct. 2. Question 3, pp. l^)- — The biological phe-
nomena in the s<^)il are dei)endent ui)on climatic factors, the physical and
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AOBOTECHNY. 313
chemical inake-ui) of the soil, the composition of the soil air. the temperature,
the time of ye;ir, and the animal and vegetable life contaiu«Hl therein. Methods
are briefly discussed under the headings of hygroscopically and mechanically
absorbed water in soil; water capacity; water vapor and oxygen in the soil
air; air capacity of the soil; whether the organic substance of the soil will
serve as a good source of carbon for heterotrophs ; the respiratory intensity
of soil bacteria, and the cleavage of organic substances in the soil; anaerobic
and aerobic respiration of bacteria iu the soil; nitrogen requirements of soil
micro-organisms; oxidation processes of nitrogenous substances in the soil;
putrefaction of nitrogenous organic substances by anaerobic organisms; ii
biochemical method for determining available phosphoric anhydrid and potassium
oxi<I in tlie soil; bacteriological soil examinaton; cellulose-destroyng power of
the soil ; detection of bacteria which decompose carbohydrates in the soil ; soil
catalase; and biological absorption of the soil. In some cases the interpreta-
tion of the results obtained on the basis of the above methods is described.
A full account of the methods mentioned has been previously presented by
Abderhalden (K. S. 11., 27, p. 107).
Estimation of total carbon in soils, M. E. Pozzi-Escot (Bui. Assoc. Chini.
Hucr. ct Distill., SO {lUIS), No. 10, pp. 618-621; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc.
[London], 104 (1913), No. 609, II, p. 622).— In this method a quantity of soil
containing not more than 0.3 gm. of organic matter is mixed in a nickel boat
with 0.1 gm. of fused potassium bichromate and 1 gm. of lead chromate, and
the combuston conducted in the usual manner.
It is necessary to employ a large excess of oxygen, but the rate at which this
gas is passed through the combustion tube must be slow. It is advisable to
pack the tube with copper oxid in the form of threads for a length of at least
350 mm. and the copper foil usually employed may be rei)laced by silvered
pumice. The carbon dioxid formed is absorbed in a suitable apparatus and
weighed.
The author criticizes the method described recently by Gr§goire (E. S. R.,
28, p. 708).
Estimation of carbon and carbon dioxid. A. (Jr^goire, J. Hendkick. E.
Caupiaux, and E. Germain (Ann. Chini. Analijt., 18 (1913), No. 1, pp. 1-8, fig. 1;
obs!. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London]. lOJf (1913). No. 605. II, p. 2//.?).— The
method proposed has been previously described (E. S. R., 28, p. 708).
The application of Folin's method for the determination of ammonia to
fertilizers, O. Foun and A. W. Bosworth (Jour. Indus, and Eufiin. Chem.,
5 (1913), No. 6, p. 485).— This method (E. S. R., 24, p. 703) is now recommended
for determining ammonia in fertilizers in lieu of the magnesium oxid method,
as follows :
" Two gm. of fertilizer is placed in a 100 cc. graduated flask, about 50 cc. of
water added, and then 25 cc. of approximately normal hydrochloric acid. The
volume is now made up to 100 cc. with water, the contents of the flask are
shaken, and after standing a few minutes are shaken a second time. The flask
is now allowed to stand until the heaviest of the undissolved particles have
settled. Five cc. of the supernatant liquid is withdrawn by means of a pipette
(filtering is not necessary) and transferred to the tube of the Folin apparatus.
Two cc. of a saturated solution of potassium oxalate, a few drops of kerosene,
and finally 2 cc. of a saturated solution of potassium carbonate are added.
The apparatus is immediately closed and air passed through for 10 to 20
minutes. The ammonia is collected in a flask or test tube which contains 20
cc. of seventieth-normal hydrochloric acid. If the air current is produced by
a blast the anunonia is collected in a flask and 25 cc. of water is added to
314 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the 20 CC. of acid in order to increase tlie volume and thus prevent the loss of
ammonia.
"After the distillation, the contents of the flask, or test tube, are titrated
back with seventieth-normal sodium hydroxid, using alizarin red as indicator.
The percentage of nitrogen as ammonia is found by subtracting the number of
cubic centimeters of alkali used from the number of cubic centimeters of
standard acid used, and dividing the difference by 5."
The method as given has been tried on 22 samples of fertilizers.
Estimation of water-soluble phosphoric acid in ammonium superphos-
phates, E. BiJTTNEE (Cheiii. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 66, p. 662; obs. in Jour. Chem.
Soc. [London], 104 (1913), No. 609, II, p. 621).— About 0.5 per cent more water-
soluble phosphoric acid may be obtained when ammonium superphosphate is
.shaken for 30 minutes with water at a temperature of 18 to 20° C. than when
the temperature is allowed to fall to 16° during the shaking process. The
solubility also increases with the fineness of the superphosphate.
The determination of phosphoric acid in Thomas slag powder, M. Popp
(Ztschr. Aiiffeir. VJirm., 26 {1913), So. 71, Aufsatsteil, p. 4S0). — The results
obtained with the Loreuz method agreed with those given by the magnesium
precipitation method only when the solution contained large amounts of cal-
cium. Evidently a compensation occurs between the calcium and phosphoric
acid. If twice the amount of citrate solution is used, low results are found.
Magnesium is also easily precipitated and consequently no uniform ammonium
magnesium phosphate is obtained. Satisfactory results are obtained only when
the phosphoric acid is precipitated under identical conditions.
The work emphasizes the fact that the citrate magnesium phosphate method
is a compensation method. When the results agree with those found by the
Lorenz method it is an indication that the latter is yielding low results.
The rapid estimation of mag'nesia in limestone by means of the hydrogen
electrode, J. H. IIildebrand and H. S. Harned (Orig. Coinmun. 8. Intenuit.
Cong. Appl. Chem. [Washlngtmi and New York], 1 (1912), Sect. I, pp. 217-225,
figs. S; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 104 (1913), No. 610, II, p. 727).— The
method is based on the fact that if normal alkali is added to a solution con-
sisting of calcium and magnesium chlorids, the magnesium is pi'ecipitated first
and the end point is observed by a further rise in potential.
The apparatus required is shown in the original.
The hydrolysis of levulosans and its application to plant analysis, P. L. de
ViLMORiN and F. Levallois {BuI. Soc. Chiiii. France, 4. xcr.. 13 (1913), No. 13,
pp. 684-691; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 104 (1913), No. 610, II, p. 736).—
This is a study of the behavior of inulin toward hydrolyzing agents.
The use of sulphosalicylic acid (0.72 to 4.3 gm. per liter) at a temperature of
80 to 100° C. is recommended. The acid has no effect on the subsequent esti-
mation of the reducing sugars by Fehling's solution. Sulphuric and oxalic
acids are said to give figures which are too variable. Acetic acid in concentra-
tions of from 3 to 10 per cent and hydrolyzing at 80° gives fairly concordant
results, but the acid and its salts interfere with the subsequent determination
of the sugars.
The anatomical structure of some foreign pod fruits, M. Kondo (Ztschr.
Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 25 (1913), No. 1, pp. 1-56, figs. .^0).— This is a
description of the gross and minute anatomy of Glycine soja, DoHchos mela-
nophthalmus, Vigna sinensis, D. laWah, Canavalia ensiformis, Lathyrus sati-
rus, and Ciccr arictinvm. An analytical key is included.
About the nature and significance of the quantitative precipitin reaction
in honey examinations, .1. Thoni (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. v. Genussmtl.,
25 (1913). No. 8, pp. 490-493).— The preciidtin reaction (E. S. R., 28, p. 22) was
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 315
found to differentiate real from spurious houey and further to determine the
extent to which a honey has been adulterated. The author, however, does not
wish to imply that all other methods suggested for honey examination should
be eliminated.
The method has not generally been employed in food-control work except at
the Swiss food-control stations, but this is probably due to the difficulty ex-
perienced in obtaining the antiserum and normal rabbit serum. For the pur-
pose strong antisera are necessary.
The method of conducting the test is described in detail.
In regard to foreign honeys, K. Lendrich and F. E. Nottbohm {Ztsehr.
Untersitch. Xahr. u. (icnussmtL, 26 (1913). No. 1, pp. 1-11). — Analyses are given
of honeys gathered in France, Italy, Hawaii, the United States, Mexico,
Jamaica, Guatemala, Cuba, Haiti, Santo Domingo, Peru. Chile, and Australia.
The results are compared with German honeys.
About Fiehe's reaction, J. Gerum (Ztsehr. Untersuck. Nalir. «. Gemisamtl.,
26 (191.i), No. 2, pp. 102-10.'f). — Some samples of German honey give an orange
or reddish yellow coloration with Fiehe's test. This is not due to the presence
of invert sugar but rather to the presence of waxy substances in the honey.
If such a reaction is obtained, it is advisable to extract a large quantity of
honey with ether and then evaporate the extract and examine for the presence
of beeswax.
About free and fixed lactic acid in grape and fruit wines, T. Roettgen
(Ztsehr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GcnussmtL, 26 (1913), No. 11, pp. 6^8-650) .—An
attempt to simplify existing methods, especially Kunz's, for determining lactic
acid in wine and also to note whether the lactic acid extractable by ether
represents the free acid present.
The results show that the free lactic acid can be easily extracted by the
method prescribed. Grape wine contains only free lactic acid, while apple,
pear, and other fruit wines contain both fixetl and free lactic acid. Although
fruit wines yield only a part of their free acid to ether, the possibility still
exists for using a pr(x;edure of this liind for determining the addition of fruit
wine to grape wine.
Sugar analysis, F. G. Wiechmann (New York and London, 1914, 3- c<J; PP-
XIII-\-301, figs. 7). — This is the third edition of this work and has been
entirely rewritten.
Examination of sugar-beet chips for the addition of molasses, R. Woy
(Ztsehr. Offentl Chem., 19 (1913), No. 9, pp. 168, 169; abs. in Ztsehr. Angevj.
Chem., 26 (1913), No. 92, ReferatenteU, p. 699).— The addition of molasses to
beet chips can be easily recognized by the odor of the feed. If the chips, after
maceration with water, are acidified with phosphoric acid and then heated, a
disagreeable odor is evolved which can be noted even when quantities of
molasses as low as 2 per cent are present.
About the colorimetric determination of injurious nitrogen in the sugar
beet, G. Friedl (Osterr. Ungar. Ztsehr. Ziiekerindus. v. Landw., 40 (1911).
No. 1, pp. 274-284, figs. 5). — A continuation of the work previously noted
(E. S. R., 23, p. 514). The colorimetric method is described in which the
Stammer colorimeter is used and the color of filtrate obtained in the copper
hydroxid precipitation is compared with standard colored glasses. The term
" injurious nitrogen " is discussed with regard to whether ammoniacal and
amid nitrogen should be included in the term.
Bottling and preserving of fruit, T. Redington (Agr. Jour. Brit. East
Africa, 4 (1912), No. 4, pp. 289-295). — Directions are given for the home
canning of fruits, together with recipes for preparation of " fruit-cheese,"
Jellies, jams, and fruit juices.
316 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The unfermentable sugar (pentose) and furfurol formation in wines,
R. Haid (Ztschr. Garungsi)hysiol., 2 {1912), No. 2, pp. 107-109) .—The furfurol
in wines originates from a pentose wliich is not an arabinose. Tiie formation
of tliis aldehyde is gradual and its production increases with the concentration
of the wine.
METEOROLOGY— WATER.
Report of the meteorolog'ical station at Berkeley, California, for the year
ending' June 30, 1913, W. G. Rked {Univ. C<il. Pubs. Geogr., 1 {IDUi). A'o. 6,
pp. 247-SO6, pis. 3, figs. 8). — Observations on pressure, temperature, precipita-
tion, cloudiness, and wind at Berkeley during the year ended .June 30, 1913,
are summarized and discussed in this paper. The mean temperature for the
year was 57° F. ; the precipitation was 15.63 in., or 10.54 in. less than the
average. September and November had more than the average rainfall, but all
the other months had less.
Meteorological observations made at Berkeley from July 1, 1887, to June
30, 1912, A. O. ivELScnNKR {Univ. Cal. Pith^. <}fiogr., 1 {1914), No. 5, pp. 241-
246). — Observations on temperature, pressure, rainfall, humidity, and cloudiness
at Berkeley from July 1, 1887, to June 30, 1912, are summarized in this report.
The mean pressure, calculated from these observations, is 30.019, the 25-year
range 1.633; the mean temperature 54° F. ; maximum temperature, June 6,
1903, 101.1° ; minimum temperature, January 14, 1888, 24.9° ; the mean rainfall,
26.62 in.; mean relative humidity. 85.5 per cent; minimum humidity, October
28, 1890, 2 p. m.. 27.3 per cent; and average number of clear days 156, fair days
88, foggy days 56, and days on which rain fell 71.
Meteorological summaries for the year 1911 {Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1911, pp.
347-350). — Observations at the State University at Lexington on temperature,
pressure, precipitation, cloudiness, wind, and miscellaneous phenomena are
reported in tables.
The climate of British Columbia, B. B. Reio) et al. {Bur. Prov. Inform.
[Brit. Columbia] Bui. 27, 2. ed. {1914), pp. 12, pi. i).— Data, mainly on tempera-
ture and precipitation, at different places in British Columbia during 1911 to
1913 are compiled and briefly discussed, the characteristic features of the
climate of the Province being indicated.
The weather of Scotland in 1913, A. Watt {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc.
Scotland, .'>. scr., 26 {1914), PP- 288-300). — " This report consists of (1) a general
description of the weather over the Scottish area from month to month; (2) a
selection of rainfall returns, in which each county in Scotland is represented
by one or more stations. . . . The outstanding feature of the year was per-
haps the long -continued spell of dry weather in summer."
Temperature, precipitation, and water-table fluctuations in northern
Europe, A. Wall^n {Met. Ztschr., 31 {1914), No. 5, pp. 209-220, figs. S).— These
fluctuations are shown diagrammatically and briefly explained.
Analyses of mineral and potable waters, A. M. Peter. S. D. Avekitt, and
O. M. Shedd {Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1911, pp. S29-^//6).— Analyses (mostly partial)
of miscellaneous samples are reix)rted.
The fertilizing value of sewage and sewage sludge, H. W. Ck.ARK ( Surveyor,
45 {1914), No. 1162, pp. 687, 688). — ^A summary of an article previously noted
(E. S. R., 30. p. 621).
SOILS— FERTinZERS.
Economic waste from soil erosion, R. O. E. Davis ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook
1913, pp. 207-220, pis. 6). — The author in a general survey of the economic
aspects of soil erosion points out that the fertility of the fields in many hilly
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 317
sectious is being reduced by the bodily reiuuvai of tlxe soil material. He particu-
larly draws atteutiou to the relative erosion of forested and cleared lands, and
to the relation of erosion to lumbering, mining, power development, navigation,
and agriculture. It is pointed out that the main factor in the better utilization
of rainfall, the reclamation of eroded soils, and the prevention of si'il erosion,
is the retention of water where it falls by means of ditferent soil treatments,
including terracing, deep plowing, foresting, increasing the humus supply, etc.,
thus either increasing the porosity of the soil and its absorptive capacity for
rain water, or decreasing the velocity of the surface run-off and keeping it
within safe limits.
Soil erosion and its remedy by terracing and tree planting, J. R. Smith
(Science, n. ser., 39 {1914), No. 1015, pp. 858-862). — The author in discussing
erosion of sloping soils, and factors aggravating or retarding thii>, draws atten-
tion to the possibilities offered by the so-called plowless utilization of land, not
only for checking erosion, but also for increasing the crop area. This plan
includes as main factors (1) forestry by means of crop trees to control erosion
and provide forage and food, and (2) moisture and fertility control by means
of careful terracing.
The influence of winds in the formation of agricultural soils, A. Bencke
(Natuncissenchaften, 2 (191Ji), No. 16, pp. 396-398). — The author discusses
briefly wind erosion, transportation, and dei>osition of soil-forming materials,
relative to the formation and fertility of different types of agricultural soils.
The environment of soil organisms, F. H. H. van Suchtelkn {Science,
n. ser., 39 (1914), No. 1012, p. 763). — In a study of soil as a culture medium a
method was devised for obtaining the soil solution based on its displacement by
inactive substances (paraffiu oil, vaseline, etc.). The concentration of the soil
solution thus obtained was similar to that of the very first portion of drainage
water obtained by careful percolation through a large quantity of soil. Physico-
chemical and chemical examinations of the liquid obtained by the displacement
process showed that different soils, soils closely adjacent, and soils of the dif-
ferent layers, contained soil solutions of different compositions.
Antagonism between salts as affecting soil bacteria, C. B. Lipman {Science,
n. ser., 39 {1914), No. 1012, p. 764). — Experiments dealing with the antagonism
between anions of the alkali salts — sodium chlorid, sodium carbonate, and
sodium sulphate — showed that both as regards ammoniflcation and nitrification
it was possible to improve the soil as a medium after it had been made toxic
for the bacteria in question by means of any one of these salts, through the
addition of any other of the three. " Thus briefly, it was possible at times to
triple and quadruple the total salt content of the soil and still make it a better
medium for ammoniflcation and nitriflcation than it was with one-third or one-
fourth of the total salt content consisting, however, of but one salt." The
author indicates the great significance of this in regard to the management and
control of alkali land.
Studies on ammoniflcation in soils by pure cultures, C. B. Lipman and P. S.
BUEGESS {Univ. Cal. Puhs. Agr. Sci., 1 {1914), No. 7, pp. 141-172). — Comparative
tests of the power of pure cultures of Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus,
Pseudomonas putida, B. vulgatns, B. megatherium, B. mycoides, B. suitilis, B.
tumescens, Sarcina lutea, B. proteus vulgaris, B. icteroides, B. ramosus, Strep-
tothrix sp., P. fluorescens, P. vulgaris (Novy strain), and Micrococcus tetragenus
to produce ammonia from dried blood, tankage, cotton-seed meal, sheep and
goat manure, peptone, fish guano, and bnt guano in sandy soil, clay loam, and
black clay adobe soil are reported and discussed and the results compared with
those obtained by other investigators.
318 EXPERIMENT STATIOK RECORD.
It was found that the nature of the soil, as well as the nature of the nitrog-
enous matter, marlvedly modified the ammonifying powers of an organism, there
being no regularity or certainty in these variations; but every organism did
best with a definite combination of soil and organic matter. B. tumescens ap-
peared on the whole to be the most efficient organism tested.
In sandy soil as a medium B. culgaris was the most efficient ammonifier
with dried blood; B. mesenteric us with tankage; B. tumescens with cotton-
seed meal; B. vuhjaris with fish guano; B. mijcoidcs with bat guano; B. mega-
therium with sheep and goat manure; and 8. Intea with peptone. Using the
clay loam soil as a medium B. proteus vulgaris was the most efficient with
dried blood; B. tumescens -with tankage; Streptothrix aix with cotton-seed meal ;
and B. megatherium with fish guano. Using the clay adobe soil as a medium
B. tumescens was the most efficient with dried blood; 8. lutca with tankage;
B. tumescens with cotton-seed meal ; and B. vulgaris with fish guano.
The highest efficiency in a single culture with a fertilizer was show'n by
B. mycoides in bat guano and in a single culture with ijeptone by S. lutea.
A comparison of availability of nitrogenous fertilizers with ammonifiability as
a criterion showed tankage, fish guano, and cotton-seed meal to be superior in
most or in many cases to dried blood. Some of the organisms tested, particu-
larly B. icteroides and P. fluoresvcns, were consistently weak ammonifiers.
Nitrogen accumulation in continuous rye culture, P. Ehkenberg (Fiihling's
Landu: Ztg., 63 (iW^), No. 5, pp. 178, 179).— The author defends his views as
set forth in a previous article (E. S. R., 30, p. 424).
Nitrogen and organic matter in dry-farm soils, R. Stew'art and C. T.
HiEST {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 6 (191Ji), No. 2, pp. 4^-56). — Studies of the
nitrogen and humus content of virgin soils, and soils which have been dry-
farmed (by continuous cropping or summer fallowing) for different lengths
of time, in the Bear River, Salt Lake, and Juab valleys of Utah, yielded results
and conclusions similar to those obtained in previous work in the Cache Valley
(E. S. R., 24, p. 422). That no marked decrease was shown in the nitrogen
and humus supply of the surface-cultivated, dry-farm soils " is probably due
to the deep-rooted character of the wheat plant when grown under dry-farm
conditions and to the fact that very little erosion takes place by wind or
water."
Sulfofication in soils, P. E. RitowN and E. H. Kellogg (Science, n. ser., 39
(1914), No. 1012, pp. 764, 765). — In this article it is maintained that soils have a
definite " sulfofying power " (power of producing sulphates from other sulphur
compounds) which may be determined in the laboratory as follows:
Add 0.1 gm. of a sulphid, or of sulphur, to 100 gm. of fresh, uncontamiuated
soil, and bring the moisture conditions to the optimum by additions of sterile
water. Incubate the soils for from 4 to 5 days at room temperature, after
which leach out the sulphates by shaking for 6 hours with water. The sum of
the sulphate content of the soil itself and the purely chemical oxidation of the-
sulphid occurring upon shaking, subtracted from the total sulphate content of
the soil after incubation, gives the sulfofying power of the soil, or the physio-
logical efficiency of the sulphur oxidizing bacteria in the soil.
The awakening" of the soil, A. Muntz and H. Gauuechon (Ann. Set. Agron.,
4. ser., 2 (1913), II, No. 1, pp. 1-15, fig. 1). — This is a full account of investiga-
tions briefly noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 20, p. 722).
The fertility of the soil, B, P. Smoot (Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui. 12 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 31). — It is the pui-pose of this bulletin to present in popular form the
scientific facts underlying the principles of soil fertility and soil management.
The benefits of deep plowing and of maintaining the humus supply in soils
are particularly emphasized and the keeping of live stock is discussed In its
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 319
relation to niaintiiining the soil fertility. Ceueral information is given regard-
ing commercial fertilizers, soil correctives and stimulants, and their use.
The duration of the action of manures, A. D. Ham. (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc.
Englund, 7.', (1913), pp. 1 J 0-1 26). —Thlfi article is based upon results of experi-
ments begun at Kothamsted in 1004 with an alternating rotation of wheat and
root crops on " eight sets of five [ilats; five for nitrogenous manures — dung made
from roots and hay only, cuke-fed dung, shoddy (wool waste). Peruvian guano,
rap(? dust, and three for i)hosphatic manures — bone meal, superphosphate, and
basic slag. Once during each rotation a dressing of superphosphate and sul-
phate of potash was applied equally to all the nitrogen plats; similarly for the
corn [grain] crops a dressing of sulphate of ammonia was given alike to all the
phosphatic plats. For each manurial .series there was one check plat un-
manured."
Of the manured plats "one received the manure in 1004, but remained un-
manured in 100.5, lOOC. and 1007; a second plat was manured in 1006, but not in
1!K)7 ; the third in 1007. Thus in 1007, by which year the experiment was in full
swing, there was a plat that had been manured in that year, another that had
been manured in the previous year ; a third two years previously ; and a fourth
three years previously. In 1008 it was considered that the manure applied in
1004 to the first plat had been exhausted by the four crops grown with it, and
the manuring was renewed on that i)lat ; on the second plat it was renewed in
1000. and so on ; the result being that in any year after 1007 there was a crop
grown on some plat with the manure; on a second plat with the residue of the
manure after one crop had been taken; on a third with the residue after two
crops; and on a fourth with the residue after three crops; while there was a
further check plat that had never received the manure."
The conclusions reached are summarized as follows: "As regards farmyai'd
manure we can distinguish between the nitrogenous compounds introduced by the
consumption of cakes and other concentrated feeding stuff and the compounds de-
rived from the straw and the undigested residues of such coarse foods as hay.
The former will have an immediate effect on the first crop, and to a much smaller
extent on the second crop, after which they disappear: the latter compounds
act slowly, do not waste, and have a measurable value for many years, though
for practical purposes we may neglect their action after the fourth year.
"Among nitrogenous fertilizers ammonium compounds and nitrate of soda
have no perceptible action after the first year; Peruvian guano, rape cake, and
similar fertilizers containing proteins leave very little residue after the first
year, and none after the second. On the other hand, nitrogenous fertilizers of
the wool, hair, bone class are slowly acting and nonwasting; their effect may
be expected to persist for at least four years.
" Phosphatic fertilizers, even when soluble like superphosphate, do not waste
in the soil, and their residues continue to be effective until they have been
exhausted by the crops.
" To one other point attention may be called, though it does not arise strictly
out of these experiments. It is seen that the residues of active nitrogenous
fertilizers are wasted; this wastage takes place in the winter, for soils in the
autumn after the crop has been removed become very rich in nitrates, which
usually disappear before the spring. Hence, especially in rich soils, there will
be a great economy if before the winter the land can be occupied by a rapidly
growing catch crop which will convert these fugitive nitrates, etc., into insol-
uble plant material, afterwards plowed in to become available for another
crop."
Intei-preting fertilizer tests, C. E. Thokne (Jour. Amer. 8oc. Agron., 5
(1913), No. S, pp. 129-137). — ^A reply to criticisms of the plan of fertilizer
320 . EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
experimeuts at the Ohio Station contained in an article by Warren, previously-
noted (E. S. R.. 29, p. 213).
Further notes on interpreting fertilizer tests, G. F". Waeben {Jour. Amer.
fioc. Agron., 5 (1913), No. 3, pp. 137-140). — A reply to the article noted above
reiterating certain points emphasized in the previous articles, viz, that in fer-
tilizer experiments "(1) more attention should be given to the place in the
rotation at which fertilizers are applied. (2) The difference between the cost
of a fertilizer and the value of the increased crop is not all profit. The extra
cost of harvesting, storing, and marketing increased crops must also be con-
sidered, particularly in cases where a very expensive treatment gives only
slightly greater returns above fertilizer cost than is given by a cheaixjr treat-
ment. (3) Too little attention is given to the inceased value of the land
because of the residual effect of fertilizer.s."
Fertilizing the rotation, H. O. Buckman (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 5 (1913),
No. 3, pp. 157-164)- — Conclusions regarding the time and manner of fertilizing
a rotation are drawn from data derived from various sources.
Stimulants of plant growth (Rev. 8ci. [Pari,<<], 52 (1914), I, No. 21, p. 663).—
This is a brief note referring to the use by Payen in 1S37 of the term " stimu-
lant " as applied to certain kinds of fertilizing materials now frequently referred
to as catalytic.
The fertilizing value of the above-ground paiiis of cereals and leguminous
plants, J. MiKULOwsKi-PoMOKSKi (Kofimos [Lemherg], .38 (1913), pp. 929-
951). — From the large amount of data bearing upon this subject which are
reporte<l the conclusion is drawn that the greater value of leguminous plants
for green manuring as comparefl with cereals is due not only to the ability of
the former to utilize the free nitrogen of the air but also to the fact that the
nitrogen which leguminous plants contain is qualitatively of greater fertilizing
value than that of cereals. This is true not only of the stems and leaves but
also of the seed.
The nitrogen of Graminei^ in the earlier stages of growth is of greater fer-
tilizing value than that of the maturer plants. The fertilizing value decreases
as the plants approach maturity. Thoroughly ripe straw may even be in-
jurious. Such marked changes were not observed in the leguminous plants as
they matured. The nitrogen of the seed of legtiminous plants was of greater
fertilizing value than that of the stems and leaves.
The changes of stable manure during storage and its action in soil, F.
LoHNis and J. II. Smith (FilliUng's Landw. Ztg., 63 (1914), ^o. 5, pp. 153-
167). — Experiments with fresh stable manure and manure in different stages
of decay to determine (1) the numbers and kinds of organisms present. (2)
the qualitative and quantitative changes undergone by the solid and liquid
constituents when separated and combined, particularly as regards the nitrogen
content, and (3) the extent of the activity in soil of the nitrogen content are
reported.
The residts indicate the importance of preventing the great losses of nitrogen
in manure during storage and in distribution and of better utilizing the
plant food content. The following conclusions are drawn : Urine may be mixed
with peat dust and used in that form, thus decreasing the loss of nitrogen
through ammonia evaporation. Excrement and straw mixture and urine when
use<l separately have a better effect and suffer less loss in value. The chief
value of excrement and straw mixtvu-e lies in its high bacterial content and Its
richness in humus-forming organic matter. Its fertilizing value is always small
and in the most favorable cases the nitrogen action can increase only about 20
per cent in the first year. About one-half of the excrement nitrogen is present
in the form of living and dead microbes, the other part being derived from the
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 321
indigestible parts of the animal food. A rapid mineralization is in both cases
prevented. Lilvewise the plant food in the straw is only very gradually broken
down and made available. In direct contrast to these urlue is relatively poor
in bacteria and humns-formiug matter but rich in active plant food. A mixture
of solid and liquid manure often has a better fertilizing effect the first year
than the mixture without urine, but the second j-ear shows great losses due to
storage of the manure in the soil and imperfect utilization of the plant food
<()ntent of the urine. Urine used in separate form gives as good results as
ammonium suli)hato or sodium nitrate. The nitrogen losses from manure during
storage are due in part to volatilization of ammonia and in part to the setting
free of elementary nitrogen. The losses duo to deuitrification are unimitortaut,
as the deticiency in nitrates usually make denitrification either impossible or
very limited. A determination of the carbon content in manure is of special
importance since the quantity and kind of carbon combinations largely deter-
mine the extent of the activity of the plant food added in manure. Nitrate-
forming l)iictoria can be fmnid in every manure, but not in noteworthy numbers.
The utilization of peat in Italy. V. Rossi {Bol. Quind. .S'oe. Agr. Jtal., 19
(liH-i), No. 10, pp. 356-361). — This article discusses particularly the preparation
of ammonium sulphate from peat.
The manufacture of nitrates by direct electrolysis of peat, G. Daby (Elect.
Rev., 13 (11113). Xo. 1S82. pp. 1020, 1021, figs. 2; Jour. Amcr. Peat Soc.. 7 (IDlJf),
No. 1, pp. 20-26. figs. 2; Engrais, 29 (1914), No. 12, pp. 329-333).— A process of
electrolytically extracting nitric acid frnni nitrifying jioat is described.
The present state of the cyanamid industry, K. J. Pbankk (Jour. /«(/«,<?. and
Engin. Cheni.. 6 (191^), No. 5, pp. Jfl5-419). — It is estimatcnl that the world's
production of calcium cyanamid will reach 275.000 tons in 1U14. The works at
Niagara Falls, Canada, are being increasetl to a capacity of 04.000 tons. Recent
improvements in the manufacture of the product are described and its use as a
fertilizer is discussed.
The production of phosphates, Maizi£:res (Engrais. 28 (1913), Nos. .'f6, pp.
1274-1276; 47, pp. 1302-1304; 48, pp. 1330, 1331; 50, pp. 1386-1388, fig. 1; 52,
pp. 1443, 1443)- — This article deals particularly with the production of phos-
phates in Algeria and Tunis.
The action of guano components on carbonates in phosphoriferous rock on
Nauru Island, C. Elschner (Amer. Pert.. 40 (1914), No. 10, pp. 25-27, fig. 1). —
The probable formation of these phosphate deposits by the infiltration of the
dolomitic reefs with solutions of guano deposits is discussed and analyses of the
phosjihates are given.
Potash salts : Summary for 1913, W. C. Phalen ( U. S. GeoL Survey,
Mineral Resources of the United Statea, 1913, pt. 2, pp. 85-107). — ^^V brief
account is given of progress in investigations by the Geological Survey and the
Bureau of Soils with reference to possible commercial sources of potash in the
United States.
It is stated that the activities of the Survey in this direction were more
restricted in 1913 than in previous years. Field drilling was carried on to a
limited extent and in only two areas, the Columbus Marsh and Black Rock
Desert, Nevada. The report deals with the development of saline potash
deposits in California (Searles Lake). Oklahoma, and Texas; alunite and kelp
as sources of iwtash salts and as fertilizers; the preparation of potash salts
from silicate rocks; and statistics of imports and consumption of potash salts
and other fertilizing materials in the United States.
A bibliography of recent papers on the subject is given.
The production of feldspar in 1913, F. J. Katz (U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral
Resources of the United States, 1913, pt. 2, pp. 145-151). — ^This bulletin dis-
322 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
cusses the composition, occurrence, and uses of feldspar and gives statistics of
productinon in the United States and other countries.
" The marketed production of feldspar in the United States in 1913 was
320,955 short tons, valued at $776,551. Both in quantity and in value this was
the largest recorded annual production. Each important producing State —
California, Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, New York. North Carolina, and Penn-
sylvania— showed an increase in both quantity and value. During the year
about 50 quarries marketed feldspar. Ten of them were new producers. Not-
withstanding the increase in quantity and the production from new sources
the average price per ton of the total production was higher than in any other
year."
Alunite, a newly discovered deposit near Marysvale, Utah, B. S. Butler
and H. S. Gale (U. S. Geol. Suncij- Bui. 511 {1912), pp. 6-',, pJs. 3).— This de-
posit is described and its significance as a source of potash is discussed. Other
known occurrences of alunite in the United States, as well as in foreign
countries, are also referred to.
" The Marysvale deposit, so far as now known, is not of such magnitude as
to afford a source of all the potash salts now consumed in the United States,
but it may prove to be an important factor in providing an American supply
that will perhaps be especially available to local and western markets, par-
ticularly in meeting the demand for higher-grade salts. Possibly also the
greatest importance of the commercial development of this deposit will be in
the added stimulus it may afford to exploration for other similar deposits of
this mineral, especially in this general region, and it is on the discovery of
such other deposits that the provision of a home supply from this source must
depend."
It is estimated that the Marysvale deposit would yield 30.000 tons of potash
for each hundred feet in deptli or from one-sixth to one-seventh of the total
annual consumption of the United States.
Ground limestone for southern soils, C. G. Hopkins {South. Settlement and
Develop. Organ., Farm Truth 1 {1914), pp. 38). — The need and value of liming
(use of ground limestone) for southern soils is fully set forth largely on the
basis of experiment station work, and practical directions for liming are given.
Soil acidity and liming {Missouri Bel. Agr. Mo. Bui., 12 {1914), No. 2. pp. 27,
figs. 11). — This bulletin is a partial reprint, with an introductory chapter by
M. F. Miller, of those parts of Wisconsin Station Bulletin 230 (E. S. R.. 29, p.
G23), which are considered applicable to Missouri conditions.
It is stated that the soils in Missouri which are the most strikingly in need
of lime are the more level portions of the prairies of northeast and southwest
Missouri which are inclined to be wet. Other areas needing it are some of the
old farmed lands and high ridge tops of the Ozark border and Ozark region
proper. The poorer timber lands of northeast Missouri along the streams in
the central and eastern parts of the State are in general more or less in need
of lime.
The removal of lime from soil by acid furnace fumes and its effect on
plants, A. WiELER {Jahrcsber. Ver. Angor. Bot., 10 {1912), pp. 58-7^. figs. 6). —
From his experiments with trees and field crops on limed and unlimed soils in
the vicinity of smelters the author arrived at practically the siime conclusions
as in previous work (E. S. R., 28. p. 623).
Useful minerals of the United States, S. Sanford and R. W. Stone {U. 8.
Geol. Survei/ Bui. 585 {1914), pp. 250).— This is a list showing the composition,
character, and location of deposits of the principal useful minerals in each
State.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 323
The American fertilizer handbook, 1914 (Philadelphia, 1914, PP- 456, figs.
50). — This handbook contains as usual directories of fertilizer manufacturers
and allied fertilizer trades, cotton-seed oil mills, and packers and renderers,
as well as special articles, statistics, and miscellaneous information relating to
the fertilizer industry. Among the more important articles included are The
Sulphuric Acid Industry, by A. M. Fairlie; Tables for Making Fertilizer
Formulae, by W. D. Rhea; Digest of State Fertilizer Laws; Available Phos-
phates by Furnace Treatment, by J. H. Payne; Available Nitrogen in Com-
pounds, by E. P. Verner; Present State of the Cyanamid Industry, by E. J.
Pranke; The World-Wide Search for Potash, by H. Wilson; Phosphate Rock
Production in 1912, 191.3, by W. C. Phalen ; Florida Phosphate Rock, 1913, by
E. II. Sellards; Mining of Florida Pebble Phosphate Rock, by T. M. Peters;
The Western Phosphate Deposits, by M. S. Duffield ; The Products of Cotton
See<l, by T. C. Law; The I'se of Packing House By-Products, by J. B. Sardy ;
Tankage and Dried Blood, by J. W. Turrentine; and The Western Animal
Ammoniate Market, by J. B. Sardy.
Commercial fertilizers, W. J. Jones, jr., et al. {Indiana Sta. Bui. 174 {1914),
pp. 477-504, fig. 1). — This is a detailed report of inspection of fertilizers in
Indiana during 1913 including analyses of 1,204 samples.
The results show that the amount of fertilizers sold was greater and the
quality better in 1913 than in any previous year. It is estimated that the
consumption of fertilizers in the State in that year was 193,899 tons, valued at
$4,516,404.
Analyses of fertilizers, fall season, 1913, B. W. Kilgobe et al. {Bui. N. C
Dcpt. Agr., 35 {1914), ^o. 3, pp. 93). — This bulletin contains analyses and valu-
ations of fertilizers collected by the fertilizer inspectors of the state depart-
ment of agriculture during the fall of 1913. as well as a list of brands of fer-
tilizers registered for sale during the fall season.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Lectures in plant physiology, L. Josx {Vorlcsungcn iiber Pflanzcnphysiologie.
Jena, 1913, 3. ed., pp. XVI-\-760, pis. 2, figs. i95).— This is a third edition of the
author's lectures on plant physiology (E. S. R., 19, p. 529) in which the subject
matter is brought up to date and the references to literature given to January,
1913, with occasional later citations.
The general plan of the work is not changed except in the matter of citing
literature. By means of a system of abbreviations and placing the citations at
the bottom of the page, considerable space has been gained.
Catalytic effects of light in germinating seeds, E. Lehmann (Biochem.
Ztschr., 50 {1913), No. 5-6, pp. 388-392). — It is stated that the germination of
seeds of Epilobium Mrsutum, moistened with distilled water and kept in dark-
ness at from 22 to 24° C, was in each case increased or hastened by the addi-
tion of papayotin, trypsin, or muriatic acid in a way analogous to the influence
of light, which is held to act catalytically upon albumen in the seeds.
Self- warming by plants in Dewar flasks, H. iloLiscH {Ztschr. Bot., 6
{1914), No. 4, pp. 305-335, figs. 3). — Tests made by the employment of Dewar
flasks on the development of heat by flowers, leaves, or fruits of several dicoty-
ledonous plants, also with mosses, lichens, fungi, and algae, are given in tabular
detail.
Most leaves and flowers develop considerable heat, some however much less.
Mosses, algae, and a number of common fruits develop little heat as a rule.
Lichens show considerable differences in this respect, as do some fungi.
57707°— No. 4—14 3
324 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD.
Transpiration by Viscum album in comparison with that by other plants,
deciduous or evergreen, Z. Kameeling {Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 {191If),
No. 1, pp. 10-16, figs. 2). — Separated shoots of mistletoe, apple, poplar, conifers,
etc., exposed to evaporation showed some striking differences in water loss per
unit area of foliage during the early stages of experiment. The relatively
larger transpiring surface soon led to wilting and death of the deciduous shoots
employed, while the evergreen, presumably through better stomatal control,
resisted desiccation for a longer time. The desiccation curves of V. album lay
between those of the two classes above mentioned, though showing some ir-
regularities which are ascribed to a possible antagonism between the guard
and neighboring cells of the stomatal apparatus.
Transpiration experiments with tropical Loranthaceae, Z. Kamerling (Ber.
Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 (1914), ^^o- i^ PP- I'^-^h fiff- l)-—lt appears from experi-
ments with Loranthus pentandrus on Mangifera indica in Java that the daily
loss per unit area of leaf surface of the parasite was about 50 per cent greater
than that of the host, this difference beiug accentuated during the hotter part of
the day, owing, presumably, to the observed better control of the stomata by the
host. The same general relation was apparent in case of L. dichrous and its
host Psidium guajava. This high evaporation rate is considered as significant
in connection with the injury to the host plant noted in case of these growths,
sometimes resulting in desiccation and death of the part beyond the location
of the semiparasite.
Nitrogen transformations in some Actinomycetes, II, F. Mijnter (Centbl.
Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 39 (1914), No. 23-25, pp. 561-583, figs. 3).— Reporting the
completion of work previously given in part (E. S. R., 29, p. 222), the author
states that in the present series of studies employing the same organisms as
formerly (Actinomyces odorifer, A. chromogenes, A. albus, and three species
of Actinomyces from German East Africa), it was found that all these are
capable of separating ammonia from organic sources. No formation of am-
monia compounds from nitrates was noted. The nitrogen which disappeared
from nitrates in solution was almost wholly recovered from the organisms.
Alkaline media developed a slender mycelium, neutral media a heavier, ranker
tissue, and those of acid reaction gave mycelium of a peculiar swollen appear-
ance. These organisms, grown in solutions with Azotobacter, checked the activ-
ity of the latter and this was true of them in higher degree in connection with
other fungi, yeasts, and Actinomycetes tested.
Reduction of nitrates to nitrites and ammonia by bacteria, M. Klaeser
(Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 (1914), No. 1, pp. 58-6i).— Reporting on studies
employing 28 species of bacteria in nutritive solutions of varying composition,
the author holds that nitrates and nitrites are probably not formed by these
bacteria from ammonia or from peptone, but that a number of them do form
ammonia from peptone.
Studies on anthocyanin. — I, Color in the cornflower, R. Willstatteb and
A. E. Everest (Liebigs Ann. Chem., 401 (1913), No. 2, pp. 189-232, figs. 4; abs.
in Gard. Chran., 3. ser., 55 (1914), No. 1419, p. 168). — To a brief discussion of
previous work by others on flower coloration, the authors add the results to
date of their own experimental studies on problems related to the chemical
composition and history of anthocyanin pigments in plants, in particular Cen-
taurea cyanus.
It is claimed that the successful isolation and study of anthocyanin shows
a close and definite relation between the blue, the violet, and the red pigment,
all these representing the anthocyanin glucosid, but depending respectively upon
whether this assumes the form of a free acid, such an acid combined with
potassium, or occurs in connection with a plant acid. Since each of these forms
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 325
may, by isomerism, become colorless, it is suggested that such a change may be
instrumental in producing the white flowers, but this has not yet been estab-
lished.
The localization of potash compounds in the sugar beet and their physio-
logical relation, A. MatouSek {Ztschr. Zuckerindus. BiJhmcn, 88 (1914), No. 5,
pp. 235-251, figs. 6). — ^The author reports that potash salts are to be found in
the embryo of the sugar beet seed. In the plant potash is widely distributed,
being most abundant in the leaf blade, less so in the petiole, and least in the
roots. In the blade of the leaf potash is more abundant in the portions beneath
the upper epidermis. The xylem part of the fibrovascular bundles in leaves,
roots, etc., has a higher content of potash than the phloem. In the root the
potash content is highest in the upper part, particularly in the corky portions,
and tends to increase in the vicinity of any wounds. In water cultures, in the
absence of potash in the nutrient medium, potash is found in the blade of the
leaf, the roots containing practically none. Etiolated leaves have a very low
content of potash, and the general distribution of potassium compounds in
etiolated plants, as well as those grown with a limited amount of potash, is
similar to that in normal plants.
Comparative studies on tropisms. — VI, Influence of alkalies and alkaline
earths on Lupinus albus, T. M. Porodko (Bcr. Deut. Bot. Gescll., 32 U914),
No. 1, pp. 25-35, fig. i).— Previous worli, mainly qualitative (E. S. R., 25, p. 632)
regarding the effects of solutions on tropisms, has been followed by studies on
the responses, quantitatively considered, of white lupine seedlings tested with
solutions of alkalies and alkaline earths in different strengths. The results are
given in tabular detail.
The action of certain compounds of zinc, arsenic, and boron on the growth
of plants, WiNiFEED E. Brenchley {Ann. Bot. [London'\, 28 {1914), No. 110,
pp. 283-301, figs. 17). — Results are given of water culture experiments of peas
and barley in which the action of zinc sulphate, arsenic compounds, and boric
acid was tested.
Zinc sulphate in high concentrations was found very toxic to barley and
peas and no evidence of stimulation was obtained even when as great a dilu-
tion as 1 to 200,000,000 parts was used. Arsenious acid was found more toxic
in its action on i>eas and barley than arsenic acid. This distinction also held
good for sodium arsenite and sodium arsenate. No stimulation was observed
even with the smallest quantities tested. Boric acid was found less poisonous
than zinc sulphate or arsenic compounds, especially with peas. Barley showed
some evidence of stimulation with the weaker strengths of boric acid, but this
was not borne out by an examination of the dry weights. Peas, on the other
hand, were definitely stimulated with relatively high concentrations of boric
acid. Where the higher strengths of this poison were used the action was
quite evident, the leaves tending to become brown and to die in a character-
istic manner.
Recent studies on diffusion and localization of ions in plant tissues, C.
ACQTJA {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 22 {1913),
II, No. 11, pp. 594-598). — In extension of work previously noted (E. S. R., 30,
p. 31), the author tested the effects upon development of seedlings exerted by
cerium.
It was found that development, especially of the root system, of Triticum
sativum is quickly checked by cerium chlorid in very dilute solution, no sec-
ondary roots being formed in the cases observed. Microscopic examination
showed a yellow deposit Jn the cortical cylinder of the roots, which increased
and finally occupied in part the intercellular spaces. These results, agreeing
with those pre\iously noted when employing manganese, uranium, and lead,
326 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED.
were also confirmed in essential details in further experiments with Zea mays
and Phaseolus vulgaris.
Experimental production of hyperplasia in plants, L. Petri (Atti R. Accad.
Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e 2^'at., 5. ser., 22 {1913), II, No. 10, pp. 509-516,
figs. 3). — A preliminary report is made showing some results obtained by in-
jecting solutions of peptone, urea, etc., of not over 1 per cent strength into
growing cortical tissue of stems and roots.
Comparison of microphotographic views shows that the thickening of the
tissue is due mainly to a great enlargement of the cells individually. The
cell walls remain thin and tender. These indications of arrested development
are compared with effects observed to follow exposure to cold or puncture by
insects.
Some experiments on the effect of external stimuli on the sporidia of
Puccinia malvacearum, W. Robinson {Ann. Bot. [London], 2S (1914), No. 110,
pp. 331-3JfO, figs. 7). — Cultures were made of spores of P. malvacearum in hang-
ing drop cells, in which the effect of various stimuli were tested.
The sporidia were found, to be negatively heliotropic. Moisture and contact
were also found to affect the germ tubes. In the normal host plant a slender
growth from the swollen end of the germ tube penetrated the cuticle and outer
wall of the epidermis, bringing about a true infection, but this was not seen
to occur in other plants than the normal hosts. In the case of certain leaves,
as Pelargonium, Eucalyptus, and Primula, with glandular secretions, a definite
toxic effect was exerted on the sporidia and germ tubes in the immediate
neighborhood of the fragment of the leaf. The investigations did not disclose
why the normal hosts should be infected while other plants were not. They
did show, however, that the germ tube is irritable to light, to moisture to a
certain degree, and to contact.
Morphological instability, especially in Pinus radiata, F. E. Lloyd '{Bat.
Oaz., 51 (1914), ^0. 4, pp. 314-319, pi. 1, figs. 2).— A description is given of a
proliferation of spur shoots occurring in the Monterey pine, which has also been
seen in other species of Coniferae. The tree described was growing near a cess-
pool and it is believed that the water relation of the plant was responsible for
the proliferation. A somewhat similar occurrence is reix)rted as having been
observed in P. to'da after injury.
The effect of climatic conditions on the rate of growth of date palms, A.
E. Vinson {Bot. Oaz., 51 {1914), No. 4, pp. 324-327, pi. i).— The results are
given of observations of the effect of climate on the rate of growth of date
palms made at the cooperative date orchard, Tempe, Ariz.
In these studies comparisons were made between the rate of growth and the
temperature. From the platted curves the rate of growth was found to be most
active, not at the period of highest maximum, but rather at the highest mini-
mum temperatures, which were warm nights in July, August, and sometimes in
September. By far the greater part of the total yearly growth was found to
occur in the last half of the year.
The rate of maturing fruit was also investigated. It is thought to be prob-
ably influenced by the same factors as the rate of growth of foliage.
The effect of shading on the transpiration and assimilation of the tobacco
plant in Cuba, H. Hasselbking {Bot. Gaz., 57 {1914), A'o. 4, pp. 257-286, fig.
i). — A report is given of experiments conducted in western Cuba to determine
the effect on transpiration and assimilation in the tobacco plant of the cheese-
cloth shade, which is frequently used in that region for shading tobacco.
It was found under the climatic conditions of the region that the transpira-
tion of the tobacco plants grown in the open was nearly 30 per cent greater
than that of plants grown under cheese-cloth shade. The transpiration per
FIELD CROPS. 327
unit of leaf surface was nearly twice as great in the sun plants as in the shade
plants. Shading of tobacco plants by this coarse grade of cheese cloth did not
seem to result in a diminished production of total plant substance as compared
with other plants not shaded. As the leaves of the shade-grown plants had a
much greater total area than those of plants grown in the open, it was evir
dent that the quantity of plant material elaborated per unit of leaf area was
greater in the plants grown in the open. Although the cheese-cloth shade was
found not to influence in any marked degree the total production of dry matter
in the plants, the distribution of this substjince was so affected that in the
shade-grown plants relatively less material was deposited in the leaves and
more in the stems than in the corresponding organs of the plants grown in full
light. No evidence was secured to Indicate that shade influenced the deposition
of material in the roots.
A monograph of the fungus group Penicillium, with special reference to
the species occurring in Norway, I, O. J. O. Sori' (^'i(lc)lf<l:. Selsk. Skr. [Chris-
tiania]. Math. Natwv. KL, No. 11 {1912), pp. VI-\-208, pis. 23, fig. i).— The
author gives an account of the morphology and physiology of the various species
of Penicillium and related genera known to occur in Norway, discussing their
systematic relationships, after which he describes in detail the species of
Penicillium, Dactylomyces, Acaulium, Stysanus, Gliocladium, CoroUium n. g.,
and Aspergillopsis.
On the lower fungi. — V, Anisomyxa plantiginis n. g. and sp., B. NfiMEC
(Bui. Inteniat. Acad. Sci. Francois Joseph I, 1913, pp. 15, pis. 2, figs. 5; abs.
in Riv. Fatal. Veg., 6 {1913), No. 7, p. 218). — A study is reported of an organ-
ism found on roots of Plantago lanceolata. It is thought to be new and is
named A. plantaginis.
Studies on heads of wheat and spelt as a contribution to exact classifica-
tion, M. KoNDO {Landw. Jahrb., 1,5 {1913), No. 5, pp. 713-817, figs. 5).— This is
a detailed account of studies on G2 varieties of winter and 20 of summer wheat,
also 16 of spelt, in regard to characters available for use in exact classification
of cultivated grains. Some correlations appearing therefrom are also noted.
Inventory of seeds and plants imported by the OflBce of Foreign Seed and
Plant Introduction during the period from July 1 to September 30, 1912
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Inventory No. 32 {191/,), pp. U, pis. 5).—
This inventory gives notes on the seeds and plants introduced during the period
indicated, about 250 numbers being included. These represent collections se-
cured through collaborators, diplomatic and consular officials, or interested
amateurs who have forwarded from different parts of the world plants that
they thought might prove valuable in this country. Botanical notes and pub-
lication of new names are given of a number of species.
FIELD CROPS.
Agricultural researches and the interpretation of their results, A. Ge:^-
GOiRE {Ann. Gemblou.r, 22 {1912), Nos. 2. pp. 58-173; 3. pp. 130-164; Jf. pp.
181-208; Ann. Sta. Agron. Etat GemUoux, 2 {1913), pp. 1-86, figs. 12).— This
discusses field methods and the interpretation of results by the application of
mathematical laws bearing upon probable, systematic, and experimental errors,
statistical methods, and the law of minimum.
Field experiments and the interpretations of their results, A. Gr^goibe
(X. Cong. Internat. Agr. Gand, 1913, Raps., Sect. 2, Question 1, pp. i3).— Essen-
tially the same as the article noted above.
Some factors which influence the water requirements of plants, P, Khan-
KHOJE {Jour. Amer. 8oc. Agron., 6 {1914), ^o. 1, pp. 1-23, fig. l).—ln this
328 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
article the author describes methods employed by him that involve water and
sand cultures in which the pots were sealed with paraffin.
It was observed that the kind of crop, the strength of the soil solution, the age
of the plant, and the amount of moisture in the soil were factors influencing
the water requirements of crops. In wheat plants grown in nutrient solutions
ranging from 0.01 to 0.33 per cent in strength from 621 to 210 gm., respectively,
of water was required for each gram of dry matter produced.
In regard to methods, basing the results upon dry matter of stalks only or
upon that of stalks and roots together, it is noted that in all cases where only
stalks have been used the water requirements have been greater and that dif-
ferences between the two methods diminished as the strength of the solution in-
creased. With a 0.01 per cent solution 1,018 gm. of water were required to pro-
duce 1 gm. of dry matter of stalks alone, and 621 gm. to produce 1 gm. of dry
matter of plant, including roots, while with 0.33 per cent solution the amounts
were 246 and 210 gm.. respectively. This and other data from the experiment
show that there was less growth of the roots in proportion to the growth of the
stalk in the stronger solutions. "The percentages of ash in the plants grown
in the different strengths of solution do not agree with each other, nor do they
vary in any regular manner."
In pure quartz sand cultures 422, 362, and 261 gm. of water were used
to produce 1 gm. of dry matter in wheat plants 50, 90, and 137 days of age,
respectively, in solutions of uniform strength.
The water requirements of a crop were shown to increase with the increase
of the soil moisture. Data " show that when there is more moisture in the soil
there is a larger growth of the plant. But the growth of the plants does not
give an idea of the percentage of diy matter."
Irrigated field crops in western Nebraska, F. Knorr (Nebraska Sta. Bui.
llfl (191If), pp. 5-32, figs. 5). — This bulletin contains suggestions based on work
at the Scottsbluff Substation and designed to be of value to the farmers of west-
ern Nebraska in the production of irrigated field corps. These suggestions touch
upon the general practice of irrigation ; the construction and use of farm irriga-
tion systems ; the handling of virgin soils ; possible rotations ; and methods em-
ployed with alfalfa, sugar beets, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and corn.
Potash fertilizer experiments, F. Heine and K. Lindenberg (Illus. Lanckc.
Ztg., SJf (1914), JVo. 12, pp. 110, iii).— Applications of potash to both heavy
loam and clay soils in the vicinity of Halberstadt and Magdeburg in connec-
tion with the production of wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, rye, and peas, gave
unprofitable yields, indicating an abundant supply of potash already in these
soils.
Row fertilizing- experiments, Ahr (Mitt. Detit. Landw. GeseU., 29 (1914),
Nos. 7, pp. 94-98; 8, pp. 123-125). — From 2 years of experimental work the
author concludes that for a heavy clay soil row fertilization with cereals gave
no beneficial results over the ordinary method of broadcasting, but that with
stock beets, and probably for all crops planted in wide-distance rows, row
fertilization was much superior to other methods. If, however, it implies the
use of new, costly, and complicated machinery the row method is not recom-
mended for practice.
Study of relation between space and plant growth, K. Grundmann (Kiihn
Arch., 3 (1913), pt. 1, pp. 199-242, fig. 1). — These experiments were conducted
with several varieties of sirring wheat, spring barley, and oats, so spaced as to
allow 36, 45, 54. 60, 75. 90, 100, and 200 sq. cm. of surface per plant for the
several tests. From the resulting data the author made the following con-
clusions :
FIELD CROPS. 329
Within areas of from 36 (about 5.5 sq. in.) to 100 sq. cm. per plant, the yield
of grain per surface unit is the same when soil, fertilizer, cultivation, and
climatic conditions remain the same. The development of individual charac-
ters is favored by the wide spacing over the narrow, and the number of well-
developed elites increases as the size of area per plant increases; a large area
per plant insures against lodging and against such other growth suppression
as would interfere with experimental results. For select breeding of elites the
distance 5 by 20 cm. seemed to be especially good, as the largest number of
well-developed plants were secured, a sufficient quantity of kernels was obtained
for increase tests, and this distance between plants facilitates plant selection
at harvest as well as cultivation. For test plats 3 by 20 cm. seemed to be the
best spacing, for with fall-sown lye and wheat it allows for some winterkilling,
with winter and spring barley it prevents an unnatural stooling which would
tend to increase the protein content, with oats it is a safeguard against damage
of frit fly, with all the cereals it allows of cultivation without injury to the
plants, and it approaches field conditions and gives a better basis for calculating
yields.
Some observations on the transmissible variations of chlorophyll char-
acteristics in cereals, H. Nilsson-Ehle {Ztschr. Induktive Abstam. u. Verer-
bungslehre, 9 (1913), No. 4, pp. 2S9-300, pi. i).— It is noted that by selection it
was possible to segregate the white (albino) plants of oats, barley, and rye,
but not those of wheat, and that breeding showed the white characteristic to be
recessive to green.
While the first generation from a single albino plant was all green plants,
pure lines from many white plants showed a certain regularity in the appear-
ance of albino plants, half of which w^ould be heterozygous, one-fourth normal
green, and one- fourth not viable (a characteristic of albinism as noted by the
author). The repeated disappearance of chlorophyll factors is deemed as inex-
plicable as in the case of the author's experiments with the black factor in the
hulls of oats (E. S. R., 29. p. 739).
Illustration of the effect of previous vegetation on a following crop: Cab-
bage after sesame, J. J. Skinner {Plant World, 16 {1013), No. 12, pp. 3J,2-3^6,
fig. 1). — This article gives the results of an investigation of soil from Middle
River, Cal., which show an oily material, apparently left in the soil by the
sesame crop, as the cause of an injurious effect on cabbage plants, but not on
wheat plants grown in solutions containing extracts from the soil under investi-
gation.
Basing alfalfa yields on green weights, F. D. Farrell {Jour. Amer. 8oc.
Agron., 6 {1914), No. 1, pp. 42-45). — This paper presents a plea for basing the
yields of alfalfa on green weights rather than on weights of " cured hay," and
gives data obtained by investigations conducted at Huntley. Mont., and Fallon,
Nev., to determine the constancy of weights of green matter of different crops
to be used as a basis for comparisons.
The results showed that of the " 28 samples taken on 12 different dates at
Huntley the average loss in weight was 76.5 per cent of the green weight. Of
the 30 samples taken on 10 different dates at Fallon, the average loss in weight
was exactly the same as at Huntley. The highest loss was 81.6 per cent at
Fallon and 80.6 i>er cent at Huntley; the lowest at Fallon was 71.7 per cent
and at Huntley 70 per cent ; the extreme range was 10.6 per cent at Huntley and
9.9 per cent at Fallon.
" The results fail to show any consistent significant differences in the loss in
weight of samples cut on different dates or at different stages of growth ; that
is, when the range of variation in samples cut on the same date or at the same
stage of growth is considered it is seen that the variation in samples cut on
330 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
diCferent dates and at different stages of growth is not large enough to be
considered significant."
Studies on the anatomy of alfalfa, O. T. Wilson (Kans. Unw. Sel. Bui.,
7 {WIS), No. 17, pp. 291-299, pis. 5). — Cross sections of roots, stems, and leaves,
and the cellular structure of many parts of the alfalfa plant are described and
illustrated.
Growing alfalfa in Iowa, H. D. Hughes (Iowa 8ta. Oirc. S {1912), pp. 2-11,
figs. 5). — Cultural notes on alfalfa growing for Iowa conditions.
On the influence of potash and phosphoric acid on the quality of brew
barley, L. ScHiJL {Landw. Jahrh., ^5 {1913), No. 5, pp. 641-712). — Results from
field experiments in which potash and phosphoric acid were used singly and
combined with nitrogenous fertilizer showed that potash and nitrogen were
better appropriated by barley in the presence of phosphoric acid. Potash-
phosphatic fertilizers accompanied increased total yields and improved quality.
The use of 40 per cent potash salt and of superphosphate as a top-dressing
worked favorably. The protein content decreased under the influence of potash
find phosphoric acid applications and yield increase. Dry matter increased
with considerable regularity with the application of potash and phosphoric
acid, regardless of the yield. In general an improvement in 1,000-kernel weight,
in size, in percentage of hull, in germination ability, and in germination force
was noted as attributiA'e to potash and phosphoric acid. The potash and phos-
phoric acid-fertilized barley kernels were of a canary yellow.
Investigations on spacing for breeding plants of brew barley, E. Claus
(KiUm Arch., 3 {1913), pt. 1, pp. 169-197, figs. 8).— From data collected in 1911
from several exi^erimeuts the author concludes that spacing is correlated with
stooling, with individual plant weights, and with grain weight per plant. The
optimum distance for brew barley in the climate and soil of Halle Station is 5
by 20 cm. (about 2 by 8 in.). The percentage of grain is independent of dis-
tance. With brew barley diy matter and extract content are in inverse ratio to
distance, while protein content is in direct ratio to distance. In single plants
the protein content increased with the stooling, with weight of head, and with
kernel weight, and declined when the percentage of grain and stand increased.
No correlation between protein content and kernel weight could be detected.
Observations on Beta maritima from 1910—1912, O. Munerati, G. Mezza-
DROLi. and T. V. Zapparoli {Staz. Spcr. Agr. Ital., ^6 {1913), No. 6, pp. 415-445,
figs. 7 ; abs. in Osterr. Vngar. Ztschr. Zuckerindns. u. Landw., >J2 {1913), No. 6,
pp. 1015-1023, figs. 4)- — The authors give results of planting seeds of wild
beets collected on the Adriatic coast and on the banks of the river Po in 1910.
It is concluded that although most of the individuals produce seed the first
year, many do not until the second year, and that these may continue to pro-
duce seed annually up to 6 or 7 years. Whether in a wild state or under culti-
vation they show a great tendency toward wide variations. Some characteris-
tics were rigidly transmitted while others were not. It is noted that the bien-
nial character of some individuals was transmitted regularly 100 per cent, while
others of this character produced only annuals.
The results of 2-year selections from the wild form gave beets that weighed
3 kg. and contained 15 per cent of sugar, with a juice of 81 per cent purity and
little fiber. Five years of cultivation, it is noted, brought the wild toward the
sugar-beet form but not toward the stock-beet form.
On breeding and inheritance questions in red clover, P. Holdefleiss (Kiihn
Arch., 3 {1913), pt. 1, pp. 81-115, figs. 5).— From a 2-year study of color char-
acteristics in red clover the author concluded that in general there was a cor-
relation between yellow seeds and light colored or white flowers, the pure-bred
white flowering plants always bearing yellow seeds. Dark red flower color and
FIELD CROPS. 331
violet seed color are correlated with large wide leaves, and yellow seed
color and light flower color with long narrow leaves. Foreign pollinizatiou
occurs but not to the extent of overthrowing inheritance in pure lines. Fer-
tilization by bumble bees could be detected abundantly among flowers of the
sJime plant and between flowers in the same plat, but seldom between flowers
of different plats. A retarded development occurretl in plants that were white
flowered, in some cases as much as four w-eeks later than the red flowered plants.
The violet colored seeds averaged heavier than the yellow.
Maize, its history, cultivation, handling, and uses, J. Bubtt-davy {London,
New York, Bombay, and Calcutta, lOlIf, pp. XL-\-831, pi. 1, figs. 2//5).— A very
complete treatise with special reference to corn production in South Africa,
and including chapters on importance and history, climatic requirements, geo-
graphical distribution, botanical characters, inheritance of characters and im-
provement by breeding, judging and selection for exhibition, varieties and
breeds, soils and manures, tillage, planting, and cultivation, diseases and pests,
harvesting and storage, commerce, milling, mill products, chemical composition,
the maize grain as food, the preservation and use of maize stover, hay, and
silage for stock feed, construction of modern silos, and uses of maize products
in the arts and manufactures. A bibliography of 430 titles is attached.
The corn plant and seed selection, II. K. Hayes {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt.
1913, pt. 6, pp. 353-384, P^«- 4)-— In this paper the author gives the results of a
series of tests during 1912 and 1913 of the commercial value of first generation
crosses and a comparison of yields of shelled corn of several of the more impor-
tant Connecticut varieties when grown in the same season under uniform
conditions.
Twenty-two varieties of yellow and white dent and yellow and white flint
that were used in the tests are described. Ear-to-row tests were made. Char-
acters which showed dominance are noted as red cob over white cob color,
colored pericarp over colorless pericarii, straight rows over irregular rows,
light tillering over hea^'y tillering, and low protein content over high protein.
As a variable character endosperm color is mentioned, and as intermediate char-
acters the number of rows, shelling yield, date of maturity, and height of plant.
Eight crosses are noted as being advantageous crosses, producing yields rang-
ing from 9.2 per cent to 17 per cent higher than the better parent. Griswold
Early Dent X Brewer Flint gave the greatest increase, while the cross between
Hall Tyler Dent and Brewer Flint produced the highest absolute yield of 73 bu.
of crib-dried shelled corn. Tables give the yield of crib-cured corn, comparative
yields of first generation hybrids and their parents, tests of sweet-corn varieties
and crosses, inheritance of protein, inheritance of row number, percentage of
shrinkage, and shelling capacity.
Good seed corn for 1913, H. D. Hughes {loica Sta. Circ. 4 {1912), pp. 3-11,
figs. 7). — This gives directions for selecting, gathering, and storing seed corn,
Avith special reference to Iowa conditions.
Fertilizer experiment with maize {Bol. Soo. Agr. Mexicana, 38 {191Jf), No.
14, pp. 263-265). — The data show an increased yield over the check plat of 1,794
kg. of grain per hectare (1,596 lbs. per acre) by the use of 50 kg. of superphos-
phate, 150 kg. of potassium sulphate, and 200 kg. of ammonium sulphate.
Moisture in maize, G. N. Blackshaw {Rhodesia Affr. Jour., 11 {1914), No.
S, pp. 396-398). — ^The moisture content is given of 12 samples (sacks) of corn
in storage, together with the atmospheric moisture, as determined in 13 periods
from October, 1912, to July, 1913.
Tabulated results showed " the maximum variation in moisture recorded
during the period of the investigation (mean of 12 samples) was 3.72 per cent,
the lowest average being shown in the month of October, 1912, and the highest
332 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
in April, 1913. In single bags, the maximum variation in moisture for the
same period was 4.6 per cent, and the minimum 3.3 per cent."
An interesting new member of the Gramineae from Tonkin, Crevost and C.
LEMAEifi {Bui. Econ. IndocJmw, n. ser., 16 (1913), No. 105, pp. 1099, 1100).—
This notes the spontaneous appearance of and describes Erianthus cay-cong (An-
dropogonte). Its use in Tonkin seems to be in the manufacture of blinds and
screens.
Industrial fiber plants of the Philippines, T. Muixee ([Philippine'] Bur.
Ed. Bui. 49 (1913), pp. 157, pis. 43)- — This bulletin contains a description of
the chief industrial fiber plants of the Philippines, and their distribution, method
of preparation, and uses, considering ferns, pandans, grasses, bamboos, sedges
and similar plants, palms, rattans, vines, plants with leaf or petiole fiber of
commercial value, miscellaneous industrial fibers, and Philippine bast fibers,
including about 100 specimens.
Nutrient requirements of flax and the influence on the quantity and qual-
ity of its fiber, C. Cs6kas (Kis4rlet. Kozlem., 17 (1914), No. 1, pp. 64-120,
pis. 8). — The results of these experiments are noted as showing that flax re-
quires especially large quantities of potash and nitrogen during the early stages
of growth. Quick-working nitrogen fertilizers during the entire growth period
showed good results. Phosphatic fertilizers were especially useful in seed
production rather than in fiber production. Nitrogen and phosphorus collected
chiefly in the leaves, while the potash was found more abundant in the stems,
in which part of the plant it played a prominent part in the formation of car-
bohydrates. The percentage of fiber in the stems was less on those plats when
potash was lacking ; but the fertilizer had no influence upon the strength of the
fiber produced.
Hemp, L. H. Dewey (U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1913, pp. 283-346, pis. 7,
figs. 5). — This article gives the history, names, botanical description, relation-
ship, geographical distribution, and introduction into the United States,
varieties, methods of improvement by seed selection, and notes on the cultiva-
tion of hemp, including climate, soil, rotation of crops, fertilizers, diseases,
insect i^sts, weeds, harvesting, seed production, and methods of retting and
marketing the fiber, with some commercial asi>ects.
On the appearance of sterile " dwarfs " in Humulus lupulus, E. S. Salmon
(Jour. Genetics, 3 (1914), No. 3, pp. 195-200, pis. 3).— Seedling hop plants
(derived from crossing), the distinguishing features of which are noted
as total or almost total inability to climb and complete sterility, are described.
The Buakura oat, P. McConnell (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 6 (1913), No. 2,
pp. 133-136, figs. 3). — This article describes a rust-resistant variety of oats
derived from a selected spike of .Ai-gentina oats in 1908. " It has never been
claimed that the new oat is absolutely rust-proof. What can be claimed is that
it is the most resistant to disease of all the varieties tested at Ruakura."
A noticeable color factor as an inhibiting factor in awn development in
oats, H. Nilsson-Ehle (Ztschr. Induktive Abstam. u. Vererbungslehre, 12
(1914), No. 1, pp. 36-55). — In breeding oats the author found that yellow color
accompanied awnlessness and that white or black colors and awns were cor-
related.
By the use of charts the segregation of the color factors in hybrids to Fa
has been graphically shown, together with their relations to the awn factors.
The individual plants having the homozygous yellow factor showed a strong
suppression in awn development. The yellow color factor not only developed
the yellow color, but at the same time had an inhibiting influence on awn
development. In the individuals heterozygous for yellow color the inhibiting
influence on the awn developments is not so pronounced but still perceptible.
FIELD CROPS. 333
even though the yellow color may be obscured by black, and in such cases it is
noted the yellow factor becomes an awn factor.
As an alternative explanation of "the apiiearance of yellow color and awn-
lessness in oats the author suggests the possible presence of two distinct but
accompanying factors.
On the continuous violet colored seed of Pisum arvense, B. Kajanus
(FuJilitvfs Landw. Ztg., 62 (1913), Nos. 5, pp. 153-160; 2.'t, pp. 8.'/9-953 ) .—Ex-
periments in crossing field peas having more or less of a violet color in the seeds
or pods did not result in any regular increase in the amount of colored surface
or in establishing any uniformity in this color factor.
Report on the influence of different quantities of potash fertilizer on the
yield and starch and protein content of potatoes, C. von Eckenbrecheb and
F. F. IIoii'MAN (Ztschr. Spirit usindu)^., I'JlJf, Eiglinzungsh., pp. 60-4i6). — Areas
were fertilized with single (300 kg. per hectare or 2G7 lbs. per acre) and double
(600 kg.) applications of potash salt. Results with several varieties at 7 cen-
ters showed both plus and minus yields over untreated areas, but a general
average increase with the use of potash. There was a decrease in starch con-
tent that was greater with the larger applications, while the protein content
increased in some varieties and decreased in others.
The selection and treatment of potato seed, J. T. Ramsay (Jour. Dcpt. Agr.
Victoria, 12 (1914), A'o. 2, pp. 73-75, fig. 1). — A method of selection which se-
cures the use of immature tubers for seed tubers is described. The results of
this system are noted as showing an increase of from 30 cwt. to 5 tons of tubers
per acre. Sprouting the tubers before planting gave increased yields and other
advantages, including the opportunity to reject weaklings.
Report of the German Potato Culture Station in 1913, C. vox Ecken-
BUECiiER {Ztschr. HiiirituKindii!^.. 191^, Ergdnzuiigsh., pp. 3-59). — Results are
reported of testing 21 varieties of potatoes in 32 different fields. Starch con-
tents ranged from 16 to 19.S per cent, yield i>er hectare from 17,940 to 34,510
kg., and yield of starch from 3,270 to G.5~)0 kg. per hectare.
Notes on the culture of sisal in English and German East Africa, P.
JANSSENS (Bui. Agr. Congo Beige, 4 (1913), No. 4, pp. 905-918, figs. i2).— This
describes cultural and manufacturing methods. The weights of 100 leaves in
tho various Provinces of English East Africa are noted to be from 82 to 127 kg.
(ISO to 279 lbs.), and the weights of fiber per 100 leaves from 2.3 to 3.6 kg.
The grain sorghums: Immigrant crops that have made good, C. R. Ball
(U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1913, pp. 221-238, pis. 7, figs. S).— In this article
the author describes the introduction of grain sorghums into the United States,
their usefulness as drought resisters, brings out their economic and commercial
values for the arid and semiarid sections of the country, which include statis-
tics on value and acreage, and gives characteristics of the durras, Kafir corn,
and milo maize.
Soy beans. — An important "Wisconsin crop, R. A. Mooee and E. J. Del-
wiCHE (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 236 (1914), pp. 3-20, figs. 6).— This bulletin con-
tains cultural notes on the soy bean crop as grown in Wisconsin and dis-
cusses uses to which the crop may be put.
Data show yields of several varieties covering a period from 1902-1913,
inclusive. Pedigreed Early Black soy beans gave an average yield for the 3
years, 1911-1913, ranging from 11 to 18.2 bu. per acre.
Cultural experiments with sugar beets, A. Demolon (Bui. Assoc. Chim.
8ucr. et Distill., 31 (1914), ^o. 8, pp. 576-582) .—Part of this paper is devoted
to the discussion of the use of large or small areas as experimental plats.
In giving results of experiments to study the formation of sugar in beets it
is noted that the individual root weight and actual sugar content continued to
334 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
increase throughout November and December, even though the lower leaves
for a distance at 5 or 6 cm. (about 2 in.) on the stem had been removed, but
that the average weight of the roots was less in cases when the leaves had been
removed. The author concludes, therefore, that the sugar formation takes
place regardless of the presence or absence of the leaves, and that this action
must take place within the root.
Spacing experiment in sugar-beet cultivation in Hungary, 1912, B. von
Jancs6 {Osterr. JJngar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u. Landw., 43 {1914), No. 1, pp.
7-16). — In row spacing varying from 14 to IS in. and plant spacing varying
from 8 to 10 in. the yield results from 19 fields showed a spacing of 10 by 14
in. to be most satisfactory.
Catalogue of the German division of the library of L. S. Ware on the
sugar industry {Katalog der Deutschen Abteilung einer Special-Bibliothck des
Hcrrn L. S. Ware ilher die Zuclcerindustrie. Courhevoie, France, [W-f], pp.
S3).— A bibliography of nearly 550 volumes, comprising the works on the sugar
industry in the German language found in the private library of the late L. S.
Ware (E. S. R., 29, p. 719).
Cataloguei of the works on sugar and the sugar industry (Katalog der
Werke iiher Zuckcr und Zuckerindustrie. Locarno, Switzerland, 1914, PP-
10). — This is an appendix of the above and includes over 400 volumes on sugar
and the sugar industry in German. 11 in Danish, 50 in Spanish, 315 in Dutch, 13
in Hungarian, 58 in Italian, 9 in Bohemian, 6 in Latin, 11 in Polish, and 1 each
in Roumanian, Russian, and Swedish, found in the library of the late L. S. Ware.
The " Stewart Cuban " variety of tobacco, II. K. Hayes ( Connecticut State
Sta. Rpt. 1913, pt. 6, pp. 385-890, pis. 2).— This article describes a new type
of Cuban tobacco (E. S. R., 31, p. 43) which differed from the normal Cuban
in having leaves of a somewhat lighter green shade and in being nearly free
from basal suckers, the range of leaf counts being from 62 to 80. " This
type bred true in 1913, and when compared with the normal Hazlewood Cuban
gave an increase in packed yield of about 90 per cent. The quality of the cured
leaves was also very satisfactory."
On the nitrogen content of the wheat kernel from trans-Volga districts,
N. TuLAiKOV {Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 {1914), No.
1, pp. 1-11; Bczcnclmk. Selsk. Khoz. Opytn. Stantsiia, No. 48 {1914), PP- H)- —
Results of analyses show that there was little change in the nitrogen content
of wheat varieties at the Bezenchuk station during 4 years of investigations.
Difference in the nitrogen content of the wheat kernel is ascribed to the com-
position and osmotic pressure of the soil solutions under given climatic con-
ditions, botanical variations in varieties playing no part.
Yams (Dioscorea), R. de Noteb {Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 13 {1913), Nos.118,
pp. 1-18, figs. 9; 119, pp. 146-I6O, figs. 6; 120, pp. 215-236, figs. 2).— This article
gives data on the origin, history, principal species, 23 cultivated varieties,
and methods of cultivation of yams in Asia, Oceanica, North and South America,
Africa, and Europe, with analyses and culinary preparations.
HORTICULTURE.
[Report of the] department of horticulture, W. L. Howard and J. C. Whit-
ten {Missouri Sta. Bui. 117 {1914), PP- 4^7-430). — A progress report on horti-
cultural investigations for the year ended June 30, 1913.
Three crops of apples have thus far been harvested from trees part of which
were grown from scions selected from high-producing parents and part from
trees of low-producing parents. There was practically as much variation in
yield, size, and color of fruit between trees from the same parent as there was
HORTICULTURE. 335
between trees of different parentage. Bud selection from high-producing and
from low-producing strawberries carried on through 12 previous years showed
absolutely no gain in productiveness by selecting runners from high-producing
parents.
Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulphur were found to be about equally effective
against the ordinary diseases of the apple which occur in spring and summer,
although the Bordeaux caused considerable damage from burning the fruit.
Where lime-sulphur was substituted for Bordeaux as the calj'x spray the injury
was comparatively small. Arsenate of lead paste proved to be superior to
arsenite of zinc in controlling the curculio and codling moth. The arsenite
of zinc used in the quantities recommended by the manufacturers not only
failed to control the insect but russetted the fruit and also scalded the leaves to
a considerable extent. A demonstration spraying experiment conducted in a
commercial orchard near Columbia resulted in a return, less cost of spraying,
of $G6.S0 per acre for the si^rayed fruit as compared with $5.50 per acre for
the unsprayed fruit.
A study was made of fruit bud development as influenced by various treat-
ments. Apple trees girdled in early June set a higher percentage of fruit buds
than untreated trees of the same varieties without essentially injuring the
growth of the trees. Other things being equal the tendency is for a heavy
crop of apples to be followed by a light crop and for a light crop to be followed
by a heavy crop. It has been shown that by proper cutting back water sprouts
in both pears and apples can in one season be induced to produce both fruit
spurs and fruit. In a comparison between fall versus spring planting of
trees the increased growth through fall planting has decreased from about 100
per cent in the first season to 50 per cent in the second season and 33 per
cent in the third season.
Observations relative to the self-fertility and self-sterility of peaches during
the year have shown that all the leading commercial varieties grown on the
station grounds are self-fertile. Since these results coincide with those previ-
ously secured it is concluded that the grower may safely plant even a single
variety like the Elberta and expect the trees to set fruit. The self-fertile trees
set as much fruit and the fruit develops as well as where varieties are cross-
fertilized.
Durmg the summer and fall of 1912 almost 200 species of seeds, representing
51 genera, were planted to determine whether seeds in general are capable of
germinating immediately after ripening if placed under favorable conditions.
The seeds of the grass, lily, pink, mallow, legume, and composite families seemed
to have no rest period while the sedge, rose, cashew, and vine families have a
pronounced rest period. In general seeds of woody plants have a more pro-
nounced rest period and are more difficult to force into growth than seeds of
veritable and other herbaceous plants. Variation in the length and intensity
of the rest period is greater between species than within a species. Etheriza-
tion tended to stimulate seeds into an early growth and to increase the per-
centage of total germination. Soaked or stratified seeds are more strongly
affected by ether than dry seeds. A 12-hour exposure to ether was the most
favorable dosage for forcing seeds into germination.
In the orchard nutrition exi:»eriments none of the apple orchards responded
to fertilizers applied during the past year. Peaches showed a notable response
to an application of nitrogen, whether in the form of dried blood or nitrate of
soda. Phosphorus and potash showed no appreciable influence upon the yield
of fruit.
Report of the experimental work of the Taliparamba Agricultural Station
for 1912-13, H. C. Sampson (Dcpt. Agr. Madras, Rpt. Taliparam'ba Agr. Sta.,
336 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
1912-13, pp. 12). — This report deals principally with the results of fertilizer
and cultural experiments with peppers. Some data are also given on a variety
test of sugar cane. An account of the locality and agriculture of the neighbor-
hood of the Taliparamba Agricultural Station together with meteorological data
and chemical analyses of sugar cane varieties are appended.
The manuring of m.arket garden crops, B. Dyee and F. "W. E. Shbivell
(London, 1913, rev. ed., pp. 1^9, figs. 22). — The present edition of this work
(E. S. E., 24, p. 640) has been revised and brought up to date.
Third report on the partial sterilization of soils for glasshouse work, E. J.
Russell (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 21 (1914), No. 2, pp. 97-116, pis. 2). — In
continuation of previous studies (E. S. R., 26. p. 815; 28, p. 538) experiments
were conducted to determine the value of partial sterilization of soil in forcing
houses. The crops worked with were tomatoes, cucumbers, and chrysanthe-
mums. The results of preliminary outdoor experiments with wheat, barley,
oats, and Swedish turnips are also reported.
The results as here presented indicate that partial sterilization of soil will
give increased crops under the practical conditions of commercial forcfug
houses. The three heating methods trietl out — high-pressure steam, low-pressure
steam, and baking — all proved workable in practice and each has its advantages.
Low-pressure steam was found to be the sim^ilest method of heating soils in situ.
Partial sterilization effectually stamps out most of the diseases arising from
the soil including club root. The supply of plant food is increased by partial
sterilization, consequently less nitrogenous manure need be supplied to the
plants in the early stages of their growth. Owing to the vigorous growth of
tomato plants due to partial sterilization some difBculty was experienced with
the setting of the fruit. It appears, however, that this can be avoided by adopt-
ing precautions as to varieties selected, size of plant at the time of setting out.
withholding water and manure, and keeping on the heat.
It was found that old cucumber soil after being partially sterilized may be
used again in making up borders. Since this soil has lost much of its fiber,
howevei', it should be mixed with some new compost. In a similar manner old
chrysanthemum compost may be used again after partial sterilization, pro-
vided a certain amount of new fibrous material is added.
Vegetable gardens on irrigated farms in western Nebraska, F. Knobe
(Nebraska Sta. Bui. 1J,2 (1914), pp. 2//, figs. ^).— This bulletin discusses the
general requirements for successful gardens under irrigated conditions and
gives suggestions relative to Oie specific culture of different garden crops. The
suggestions ai'e based primarily on the results secured in the garden at the
Scottsbluff Substation on the North Platte Irrigation Project.
[Culinary peas and miscellaneous vegetables at Wisley, 1913] (Jour. Roy.
Hort. Soc. [London], 39 (1914), No. 3, pp. 614-101, 113, 7i^).— Data are given
on a variety test of 217 stocks of garden peas, together with data on a niunber
of miscellaneous vegetables tested at Wisley in 1913.
Chicory (Cichorium intybus), L. Lapicctbella (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 46
(1913), No. 11-12, pp. 675-723). — A monograph on chicory with reference to its
history, cultivation, uses, and botany. A bibliography of consulted literature
is appended.
Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), N. O. Booth (Oklahoma Sta. Circ. 29
(1914), PP- 2, fig. 1). — ^A descriptive account of this bean with special reference
to its adaptation to Oklahoma conditions.
The fruits of Ontario (Toronto: Ontario Dept. Agr., 1914, pp. 320, figs.
3S0). — In the present edition of this work (E. S. R., 19, p. 842) a number of
new varieties and new photographs have been included, and the descriptions of
varieties and cultural directions have been brought up to date.
HORTICULTURE. 337
A selected list of hardy fruits, W. Wilks and G. Bunyard (London: Roy.
Hort. Sac, 191^, pp. 20). — This comprises a selected list of orchard and small
fruits for various sections of Great Britain, together with notes on cultivation
and planting.
Promising- new fruits, W. A. Taylor and H. P. Gould {U. S. Dcpt. Agr.
Yearbook 1913, pp. 109-12J^. pis. 8). — In continuation of similar articles (E. S.
R., 29, p. 436) historical notes with descriptions and color plates are given
of the following new or little-known fruits which are believed to possess valu-
able characteristics which render them worthy of the attention of gruit grow-
ers: Banana, McCroskey, and Opalescent apples ; Lizzie peach; Flowers and
James grapes ; Triumph persimmon ; and Lue orange. The Boone chestnut is
also described.
New or noteworthy fruits, II, U. P. Hedrick (New York State Sta. Bui.
385 (191-'f}, pp. 303-313, pis. 4). — lu continuation of a previous bulletin (E. S.
R., 29, p. 838) the author describes some of the best recent fruit introductions
as tested on the station grounds. These include King David apple, Edgemont
peach, Abbesse d'Oignies cherry, French plum, Hicks grape, Chautauqua goose-
berry, Chautauqua currant, and Indiana and Barrymore strawberries. Each
variety is considered with reference to its historj'. important characteristics,
and economic value.
Pollination in orchards. — III, Self-fruitfulness and self -sterility in apples,
F. J. CiiiTTENDKN (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 39 (1914), ^o. 3, pp. 615-
628). — In continuation of a previous investigation (E. S. R., 31, p. 140), the
author here presents the results of some experiments conducted at Wisley dur-
ing the past few years.
About 5.000 clusters of flowers were bagged during the 3-year period 1911-
1913. Data are given for each variety showing for the different seasons the
relative amount of bloom and fruitfulness of the tree, number of fruits set in
bags, and number of fruits harvested.
The results as a whole indicate that some varieties can form fruit without
the aid of foreign pollen, whereas most of them appear to be sterile with their
own pollen. Attention is called to the fact that there are many other causes
of unfruitfulness in addition to lack of eflicient iX)llination. Further ex-
periments are to be conducted in an orchard house with the object of eliminating
some of these disturbing factors. For cases in which apples are formed with-
out the development of the seed, the author proposes the name " self-fruitful,"
restricting the term " self-fertile " to those cases where seed is produced.
A comparison of tillag-e and sod mulch in an apple orchard, U. P. Hedrick
(New York State Sta. Bui. 383 (1914), pp. 2.^9-281, pTs. 6, fig. i).— This is the
second and final report on one of the station's 10-year tillage and sod mulch
experiments, the results for the first '5 seasons having been previously noted
(E. S. R.. 21. p. 238).
During the first 5-year period of the experiment here described the orchard,
comprising 239 trees, of which 118 were in sod and 121 under tillage, was
divided into halves by a north and south line and during the last 5-year period
by an east and west line. Hence one-quarter of the orchard has been tilled
10 years; another has been tilled 5 years and then left in sod 5 years; the third
quarter has been in sod 10 years; and the fourth quarter in sod 5 years and
then tilled 5 years.
The experiment is described in detail. The results as here summarized show
an average yield on the plat left in sod for 10 years of 69.16 bbls. per acre
as compared with 116.8 bbls. per acre on the plat tilled 10 years. The aver-
age cost per acre of growing and harvesting apples in sod was $51.73 as com-
pared with $83.48 under tillage. After subtracting these figures from the
338 EXPEEIMEISTT STATION EECOED.
gross returns in each case, however, a balance of $140.67 per acre remains
for the tilled plats as compared with $74.31 for the sodded plats. The fruit
from the sod mulch plats was more highly colored and matured from one to
three weeks earlier than the tilled fruit. The tilled fruit was found to keep
from two to four weeks longer than tlie sodded fruit and was also better in
quality, being crisper, juicier, and of better flavor.
The average annual gain in trunk diameter for the sod-grown trees was
2.39 in. as compared with 3.9 in. for the tilled trees. The tilled trees were
uniform in growth whereas the sod-grown trees were lacking in uniformity.
There were many more dead branches on the sodded trees and the new wood
was not as plump or as bright in color. The leaves of the tilled trees came out
3 or 4 days earlier, they were larger, more numerous, a darker, richer green,
and remained on the trees several days longer than those on the sodded trees.
In the quarter of the orchard grown in sod for 5 years and then converted
to tillage the beneficial effects to tree and foliage were almost instantaneous.
The yield likewise improved after the first year. A change for the worse was
almost immediately observed in the quarter of the orchard which had been
tilled for 5 years and was then grown in sod. The use of nitrate of soda in the
sod plats greatly increased the vigor of the trees and was a paying icivest-
ment, although for the 5-year period they bore but a trifle more than half as
much as the tilled trees. A marked beneficial influence was observed in the
case of sodded trees growing adjacent to ground under tillage.
Contrary to the results secured in the 10-year exiieriment in the Hitchings
orchard (E. S. R., 31, p. 45), the quantities of humus and nitrogen in the
plat tilled for 10 years were materially increased.
The author enumerates and discusses the following reasons why grass mili-
tates against successful apple growing: Lowering the water supply, decreasing
some elements in the food supply, reducing the amount of humus, lowering the
temperature of the soil, diminishing the supply of air, affecting deleteriously the
beneficial microflora, and forming a toxic compound that affects the trees. The
general conclusion is reached that grass is the chief cause of unprofitable
orchards in New York.
Winter spraying with solutions of nitrate of soda, W. S. Ballard and W.
H. VoLCK {Prog. Agr. et. Tit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 (19U), Nos. 20, pp. 630-
632; 21, pp. 648-653). — ^A French translation of the authors' investigations
which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 640).
Citrus fruit handling and storage, A. W. McKay (Proc. Fla. State Hort.
Soc, 26 {1913), pp. 30-Jf5). — In this paper the author discusses the prevalence
of blue mold decay in Florida citrus fruit during the 1912-13 season and con-
cludes, in the light of experimental work conducted by the Bureau of Plant
Industry for several years (E. S. R., 30, p. 841), that the decay was due to the
unusually large crop with a consequent relaxing from careful methods of
handling, combined with temperature and humidity conditions favorable for
the development of the fungus in injured fruit.
In the discussion following O. W. Sadler presents some evidence to show that
carefully dried fruit will tend to resist blue mold decay, even though injured.
During the season of 1912-13 the Bureau of Plant Industry commenced a
cooperative investigation of the factors relating to grapefruit storage. The
results for the first season, as here summarized, indicate that grapefruit may
be held for 4 months in common storage with over 96 per cent of it in good
commercial condition. Grapefruit stored, wrapped, and not washed has kept
in the best condition in all the experiments. The quality of grapefruit is im-
proved by storage, the chief attraction of stored fruit being a peculiar mellow-
ness of flavor. Some evidence was obtained which indicated that there is also
HORTICULTURE. 339
an increase in the sugar content of stored fruit. The experiment has not been
continued long enough to warrant any definite conclusions relative to a fea-
sible and practical means of holding grapefruit.
Olive culture in Tunis, Guillochon et al. (Bui. Dir. G&n. Agr., Com. ct
Colon. Tunis, 18 (1911,), No. 77, pp. 268-296).— A cultural and statistical account
of olive and olive oil production in Tunis.
A test of conamercial fertilizers for grapes, U. P. Hedrick and F. E. Glad-
win (Neiv York State Sta. Bui. 381 (191J,), pp. 201-230, pi. i).— This bulletin
reports a number of experiments which were conductotl on a leased vineyard
near Fredonia, N. Y., and also cooperatively in 6 vineyards in various parts
of Chautauqua County in order to determine the value of commercial fertilizers
in increasing or restoring former yields of grapes in the Chautauqua grape belt.
The vineyards were selected to obtain fair averages of soils and of health and
vigor of the grape plantations of this region. The experiments were conducted
for a 5-year period, commencing in 1909.
The I'esults of the experiment in the Fredonia vineyard have shown in brief
that nitrogenous fertilizers had a marked beneficial effect upon the yield and
quality of fruit, as well as upon leaf and wood growth. Lime had no appre-
ciable effect in this vineyard and phosphorus and potassium had so small a
beneficial effect that their use was not profitable. Hence it is concluded that
nitrogen is the limiting factor.
The cooperative experiments were less conclusive. Commercial fertilizers,
stable manure, and green manure crops were all used and the results vary
greatly in any one vineyard or in the several vineyards compared with one
another. The data obtained indicate that the fertilization of vineyards is so
involved with other factors that only long-continued work will give reliable
results.
The authors recommend that the following steps be taken in restoring the
failing vineyards: Good drainage, control of insects and fungi, improvement in
tillage and general care, and the application of such fertilizers as may be found
lacking by actual test.
Bibliotheca vinaria, A. L. Simon (London, 1913, pp. VIII-{-3/fO).—A bibli-
ography of books and pamphlets dealing with viticulture, wine making, distilla-
tion, and the management, sale, taxation, use. and abu.se of wines and spirits.
The history and development of the strawberry, E. A. Bunyard (Jour. Roy.
Hort. Soc. [London^, 39 (1914), A'o. 3, pp. 5^1-552, pis. 8).— A review of the
literature of the subject, including a bibliography of the most important works
on the strawberry.
Classification of the genus Annona, with descriptions of new and imper-
fectly known species, W. E. Safford (U. S. Nat. Mus., Contrih. Nat. Her-
barium, 18 (1914), Pt- i, PP- XII +68, pis. 41, figs. 75).— This bulletin embraces
a synoptical view of the genus Annona by natural groups and sections with
descriptions of additional new or inadequately known species. Descriptions are
also given of two closely allied new genera, Fusaea and Geanthemum, together
with critical notes upon Rollinia, Duguetia. and Raimondia.
Mango crops, and some factors influencing them, A. C. Hartless (Agr.
Jour. India, 9 (1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 141-159). — A survey of mango production at the
Government Botanical Gardens, Saharanpur, based upon information found in
old reports for a period of 27 years. From these data the author makes deduc-
tions relative to factors influencing mango crops.
Control of imported tea seed, C. Bernard and J. J. B. Deuss (Indian Tea
Assoc., Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 1 (1914), pp- 1-28. figs. 6). — ^An English
translation of a report previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 742).
57707°— No. 4—14 4
340 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides (New York State
Sta. Bui. 384 {19U), pp. 283-302) .—This comprises data on the guarantied and
found analyses of samples of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides wMch
were collected in different parts of the State.
Practical tree surgery, J. F. Collins {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1913, pp.
163-190, pis. 7). — In this article the author describes the various parts of the
tree and their functions, together with the methods employed in the renovation
of injured and decayed trees. Suggestions are also given relative to precautions
to be taken by tree owners when employing commercial tree surgeons to attend
their trees.
Plants, etc., certificated by the [Royal Horticultural] Society from 1859
to 1910, inclusive (London: Roy. Eort. Soc, 1911, pp. 195). — This comprises
a list of all the fruits, vegetables, decorative plants and flowers, ferns, daffodils,
and tulips to which the Roj-al Horticultural Society of England has granted
certificates from the year 1859 to the end of 1910, with the exception of purely
florists' flowers certificated previous to 1890, many of which have been super-
seded and have become obsolete.
[Antirrhinums and miscellaneous flowering plants at Wisley, 1913]
(Jour. Boy. Hort. Soc. {London'], 39 (1914), No. 3, pp. 635-656, 665-673).— De-
scriptive notes are given on some 207 stocks of antirrhinums and on a large
number of miscellaneous flowering plants tested at the Wisley Gardens in 1913.
Decorative garden dahlies at Duffryn, near Cardiff (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc.
[London], 39 (1914), ^o. 3, pp. 657-664)- — Descriptive notes on a large number
of varieties of dahlias tested on behalf of the Royal Horticultural Society and
the National Dahlia Society of England are given.
Garden design, E. White (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 39 (1914), ^o^ S,
pp. 559-580, pis. 12). — This comprises the substance of two lectures on garden
design, delivered before the Royal Horticultural Society.
The commuter's garden, edited by W. B. Hayward (Ne-w York, 1914, pp.
VII-\-219, pis. 16). — A popular work dealing with vegetable and ornamental
gardening in the suburbs, including suggestions relative to poultry raising, bee
keeping, etc.
Identifying plants without a key, S. F. Hamblin (Boston, 1914, PP- 25,
figs. 50). — In this pamphlet the author calls attention to interesting points in
botanic difference or relation that apply to the twigs, buds, leaves, flowers,
fruit, or specific peculiarities of various trees, shrubs, and herbs, and which
will be of assistance in placing the plants in their proper families.
FORESTRY.
Report of the forestry committee of the Fifth National Conservation
Congress at Washington, D. C, November 18-20, 1913 (Rpt. Forestry Com.
5. Nat. Conserv. Cong., 1913, pp. 397, pi. 1). — This report, which also includes
those of the various subcommittees of the forestry section, deals with the
following subjects: Publicity, forest planting, state forest policy, forest
taxation, forest school education, forest investigations, lumbering, forest utiliza-
tion, forest fires, and federal forest policy. The resolutions on forestry adopted
by the congress are given and the following addresses are also included : Fed-
eral Forestry, by H. S. Graves (pp. 360-365) ; Economic Factors in Private
Forestry Work, by E. A. Sterling (pp. 366-377) ; Public Knowledge of Forest
Economics, by E. T. Allen (pp. 378-384) ; Conservation of Life in the Lumber
Camps, by Mabel T. Boardman (pp. 385-389) ; The Lumberman's Point of
View, by J. E. Rhodes (pp. 390-394) ; Lumbermen and Forestry, by W. Irvine
FORESTRY. 341
(pp. 395, 396) ; and What the Conservation Congress Accomplished, by C. L.
Pack (p. 397).
Seventh report of the state forester of Connecticut, W. O. Filley (Con-
necticut State Sta. Rpt. 1913, pt. 6, pp. 391-^20, pis. 2).— In view of the de-
tailed report on the work of the forestry department which appeared in the
station report for 1912 (E. S. R., 29, p. 546) the report on the work for 1913,
here presented, is confined to a paper on A Preliminary Working Plan for the
I'ortland State Forest, by W. O. Filley and A. E. Moss, and tabular data as to
forest fires in Connecticut during 1913. This forest is described in detail and
discussed with reference to its silvicultural treatment, administration, fire pro-
tection, division of area, and revision of working plan. The compartments and
subcompartnients of the forest are described in detail.
Forest statistics at the beginning of the nineteenth century, H. de Coincy
(Rev. Eaux et Forms, 53 (1914), Nos. 9, pp. 281-288; 10, pp. 313-320).— The
author here presents a statistical account of forest conditions in France during
the early years of the nineteenth century.
The administration of a forest experiment station, G. A. Pearson (Forestry
Quart., 12 (1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 211-222). — A discussion of this subject based on
the author's experience of 5 years as director of the Fort Valley Experiment
Station, and here presented with the view of stimulating discussion from other
experiment stations and the U. S. Forest Service in general.
A proposed method of preparing working plans for National Forests,
J. C. KiRCHEB (Forestry Quart., 12 (1914), lA'o. 2, pp. 145-157).— The author dis-
cusses the main reasons for the failure of past plans of the Forest Service and
describes the proposed plan to be tried out on the National Forests during 1914
before being put into effect.
Reforesting cut-over chestnut lands, E. C. M. Richards (Forestry Quart.,
12 (1914), No. 2, pp. 204-210). — The author here presents the results of a study
of the conditions found on various types of cut-over chestnut lands in northern
New Jersey, and ofi'ers brief suggestions relative to reforesting these lands.
A mechanical tree planter, F. T. McLean (Forestry Quart., 12 (1914), No. 2,
pp. 139, 140, figs. 3). — The author here illustrates and describes a mechanical
tree planter which gives promise of planting forest trees more rapidly and as
well as a man with a mattock can do it. The machine is specially adapted to
plant tap-rooted conifers on rough, brushy lands, and burns.
Design of a range finder, L. Crowell (Forestry Quart., 12 (1914), No. 2, pp.
137, 138, pi. 1). — ^A description and an illustration is given of a range finder
for forest lookout stations which is said to be quite accurate and cheaply and
easily constructed.
A new measuring instrument, H. W. Siggins (Forestry Quart., 12 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 14I-I44, fig. 1). — The instrument illustrated and described consists
of a combination of the Biltmore stick, the Christen hypsometer, and the Doyle
rule in a single stick. Scales are given for constructing the Biltmore stick
and the Christen hypsometer in connection with any log rule which will fulfill
the requirements for a particular section.
Errors in estimating timber, L. Margolin (Forestry Quart., 12 (1914), No.
2, pp. 167-176). — A discussion of the sources of error in timber estimating,
with special reference to errors involved in making an estimate on only a small
part of the area.
Stem analyses, J. Bentley, Jk. (Forestry Quart., 12 (1914), No. 2, pp. 158-
166, fig. 1). — The object of the present discussion is to recommend a more
logical tabulation of the data usually included on a stem analysis blank aa
recorded in this country.
342 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The scope of dendrology in forest botany, H. de Forest (Forestry Quart.,
12 {1914), No. 2, pp. 228-287} .—The author here presents a short critical
analysis of the subject of dendrology.
The silvical and economic geographic importance of the valonia oaks,
K. BUKK {Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., 66 {1913), pp. 1-52, pis. 2). — An account
of the distribution, habitat, exploitation, and economic importance of the
valonia oaks in the Mediterranean region, with a bibliography of cited litera-
1 ture.
Note on tapping experiments with Funtumia elastica, conducted at Musa
and Kutu, Belgian Kongo, A. Gisseleibe (Bui. Agr. Congo Beige, 5 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 95-104, figs. 6). — In the tapping experiments conducted at Musa some
1,69G Funtumia trees, ranging from 7 to 9 years of age and tapped for a period
of about 3 weeks, yielded an average of 105 gm. of fresh rubber per tree, includ-
ing the scrap rubber. In the Kutu tapping experiments some 1,368 trees, rang-
ing in age from 6 to 9 years, yielded about 123 gm. of fresh rubber per tree,
including the scrap.
Hevea in Cochin China, E. Gibard (Bui. Eoon. Indochine, n. ser., 11 (1914),
No. 106, pp. 46-53; Jour. Agr. Trop., 14 (1914), ^^os. 154, PP- 97-100; 155, pp.
129-132). — This comprises a general discussion relative to the adaptability of
Hevea rubber to the soils and climate of Cochin China, cultural operations, and
methods of exploitation.
Exploitation of cross-ties in northern New Mexico, C. F. Korstian (For-
estry Quart., 12 (1914), ^0. 2, pp. 177-192). — Data on the various operations in
the exploitation of cross-ties, based on the methods employed by one company
which had been operating for the past 6 years in northern New Mexico, are
here given and discussed.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The biological basis of international phytopathology, W. A. Orton (Phyto-
pathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 11-19). — An outline is given of what the authoi
considers the fundamental principles upon which successful international action
for the control of plant diseases should be based.
Report of the botany department, G. M. Reed (Missouri Sta. Bui. 117
(1914), pp. 420, 4^1)- — Brief summary reports are given of the investigations
carried on during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913.
The work of the year has conclusively shown that the loose smut of barley
and wheat can be completely controlled by the hot water treatment and that
when once eradicated from fields it will not reappear unless introduced from
the outside. As a result of a manuring experiment about 70 per cent smutted
plants were obtained affected with loose smut of oats.
The results of the investigation on the effect of toxic substances on soil
oi'ganisms are summarized, showing that the detrimental or beneficial effect
of toluol or carbon bisulphid upon nitrate accumulation in soils depends (1)
upon the acting strength of the chemical in question, and (2) upon whether
the soil is exposed for the chemical to evaporate. Toluol in strengths approxi-
mating 0.1 cc. per 100 gm. of soil was found to exert no appreciable effect upon
nitrification. If the strength exceeds this, it may, and usually does, exert a
detrimental or even inhibitory effect upon the process for short periods of
incubation. However, if the periods of incubation are extended the harmful
effect is overcome with strengths up to and including 1 cc. per 100 gm. of soil.
In strengths of less than 1 cc. per 100 gm. of soil carbon bisulphid. even for
short jtoriods of incubation, did not show any appreciable effect uix>n nitrate
accumulation. If the strength of carbon bisulphid exceeded 1 cc. per 100 gm.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 343
a temporary retarding effect was observed, but this was soon overcome even
when tlie treatment was as strong as 5 cc. per 100 gm. of soil. It was found
that samples of soil treated with either chemical in sufficient quantity to
inhibit entirely nitrification for a period of from 4 to 20 weeks may entirely
recover from the effect with reinoculation. So far as the laboratory experi-
ments can be applied to field practice, it is thought that neither toluol nor car-
l)on bisulphid as previously used could materially affect nitrate accumulation,
.since practical applications rarely exceed 0.1 cc. per 100 gm. of soil.
Preliminary to a study of the i)arasitic flora, the local rusts have been studied
and about 400 collections made of TO different species.
In experimental work with the powdery mildew on oats, it was found that
this species will not pass over to wheat, barley, rye, or other grasses tested,
although it does infect the tall wild oats (Avena elatior). In studying the
effect of light, it was found that etiolated plants will not become infected,
even though normal green i>lants of the same varieties are extremely susceptible
to the mildew.
Report of the central station for plant protection in Mecklenburg-
Schwerin and ]VIecklenburg--Strelitz, 1912, II. Zimmeemann {Ber. Uaupt-
sammclstcUe Pflanzensichutz Mccklcnhurg-Schiccrin u. Strelitz, 1912, pp. 121). —
Beginning with an account of the weather during each month of 1912 In con-
nection with crops or other vegetation affected thereby, this report then deals
in considerable detail with disea.ses of various field and forest plants and with
other enemies thereof, giving in some cases comparisons with data obtained in
previous years.
Heat killing and stem constrictions of plants, C. von Tubetjf (Naturw.
Ztschr. Forst u. Landxc, 12 {191.'^), No. J, pp. 19-36, figs. 4). — This is a discus-
sion of notes by the author and others on growth and behavior of woody
plants as influenced by parasitic fungi, compression (from binding), extreme
dryness, heat, etc., including studies in regions subject to extremes on several
continents.
The fungus genus Verticillium in its relation to plant diseases, W. A.
Orton (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914)^ ^o. 1, pp. 40, 4i)- — In a previous
publication (E. S. R., 30, p. G49) the author called attention to a disease of
potatoes caused by V. alboatrum. It is now reported that a similar fungus
occurs on eggplants, causing a serious wilt disease.
Of two wilt diseases of okra, one is said to be due to Fusarium vasinfectum,
the other to V. alboatrum. The Verticillium is in general said to be more
northern in its range than the Fusarium wilt of okra.
Diseases of dahlia in Germany and seedling maples in Schleswig-Holstein
are associated with Verticillium.
Studies on Nectriaceae, II, J. TVeese {Ztschr. Gariingsphysiol., 4 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 90-132, figs. 2).— The report previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 242) is
followed by a critical discussion of Nectna peziza, N. suffulta, N. hwmatites, N.
cucurbitula meizospora, N. pityrodes, N. erinacea, and N. heterosperma. In con-
nection with the treatment thereof notes by numerous other authors are cited.
Snow mold and other aspects of attack by Fusarium nivale on cereals,
E. ScHAFFNiT {Landw. Jahrb., 43 {1913), No. 4, pp. 521-648, pis. 5).— This is a
more detailed account (E. S. R., 29, pp. 244, 445) of studies by the author with
F. nivale, including its relations with the host plant in its three stages (on
leaves of young plants in early spring, on stems before maturity, and on grains
thereafter). Discussion is given also of its cultural and other characters and
behavior in connection with those of other related or other grain infecting
fungi, also of measures for its control. The last mentioned include selection
344 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
of resistant varieties, dipping of seed grain, field treatment by means of fer-
tilizers, etc.
The results are presented in considerable detail, largely in tabular form, and a
critical description of F. nivale is also given.
Smut in small grains, H. D. Hughes and P. C. Taff (Iowa Sta. Circ. 11
(1913), pp. 4)- — A. description is given of smuts of small grains, the authors
stating that in Iowa loose smut of oats is most prevalent, with covered smut
or stinking smut of wheat as second in importance.
For the control of these diseases the authors recommend the formalin treat-
ment for the smut of oats, stinking or covered smut of wheat, and covered smut
of barley, and for treatment of loose smut of wheat and barley a modified hot
water treatment which consists of soaking the seed for 4 or 5 hours in cold
water, after which it is placed in hot water for ]0 to 13 minutes.
Investig'ations of timothy rust in North, Dakota during- 1913, W. H.
Merceb {Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 20-22). — Timothy rust {Puccinia
phleipratensis) is said to have become prevalent and very destructive in vari-
ous parts of North Dakota. Some investigations are reported, in which the
author undertook to determine a possible secidial host and the relation of this
rust to the rusts on various cereals and grasses. Field observations supple-
mented by laboratory and greenhouse work were carried on with a number of
rusts which showed that there is apparently no relation between grain and
timothy rusts and probably none between the rust on the timothy and that on
other grasses studied.
Heart rot of beets, J. Kappeli and O. Moegenthaleb {Landw. Jahrh.
Bchweiz, 21 {1913), No. 8, pp. 432-435, pi. 1, fig. 1).—An account is given of a
case in which it is claimed that dust from passing vehicles, etc., was re-
sponsible for a great local increase of injury to beets affected with heart rot
{Phoma hctw) along a roadside by its effects in clogging the stomata on the
upper leaf surfaces and thereby reducing the vitality of the plants.
The employment of less susceptible varieties, also the protection of the beet
crop by planting other and nonsusceptible crops between the beet plants and
dusty roadside are recommended.
The heart rot is said to be communicated by beets infected in the field to
sound roots in storage.
Celery disease {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 55 {1914), No. 14IS, p. 150). — It is
stated that the celery crop of 1913 under nearly the same conditions as that of
1912, with the exception that artificial watering was necessary, showed late
blight in August. Copper sprays had but little effect except at first. It is
held that manuring had little if any influence on the disease, but that dry
weather and artificial watering probably are more influential in this regard.
Cotton anthracnose, H. R. Fulton, J. R. Winston, and R. O. Cbomwell
{Ats. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 1, p. 4^)- — ^ description Is given of the
cotton anthracnose which is said to be a recent introduction into North Caro-
lina. The topics considered by the authors are the introduction of the fungus,
its local spread, factors influencing seasonal development, susceptibility of
varieties, and the effectiveness of seed selection for the control of the disease.
Fruit rots of eggplant, F. A. Wolf {Ahs. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 1,
p. 38). — The author reports a study of the morphology and cultural characters
of Ascochyta hortorum, which causes a rot of the fruit of eggplant.
In addition there is reported an undescribed fruit rot due to a species of
Rhizoctonia, which cultural studies indicate is identical with Corticium
vagum solani. The fungus is said to excrete an enzym, pectinase, which causes
the dissolution of the middle lamellae and the consequent disintegration of the
tissues.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 345
Is golden seal resistant to the root knot nematode? J. A. McClintock
(Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. 33). — An investigation was made to deter-
mine the accuracy of the popular belief that golden seal is not liable to attack
from root knot nematodes and may, therefore, be grown in infested ginseng
beds.
It was found that golden seal plants from Tennessee and from Michigan
were badly infected with nematodes, indicating that this plant can not be used
to starve out nematodes in infested ginseng beds.
Report of 1913 infection studies with Fusarium on potato, W. Himmel-
BAUE (Osterr. JJngar. Ztschr. Zuclcermdns. u. Landic, JfS (1914), No. J, pp.
2-6).— Reporting detailed results of further studies (E. S. K., 30, p. 539), the
author states that wound infection with Fusarium subulatum, F. ruMginosum,
F. falcatum, and VerticiUium alhoatrum, also with Fusarium taken from sev-
eral designated varieties of potato, produced disease symptoms similar to those
of leaf roll.
A Phoma rot of Irish potatoes, I. E. Melhus (Ahs. in Phytopathology, If
{1914), No. 1, p. 41). — A report is given of a new storage rot observed prevalent
on potatoes grown in Maine. The disease is believed to be due to a species of
Phoma, which causes depressed circular areas from 0.5 to 3 cm. in diameter
and often extend into the center of the tuber. The results so far as reported
indicate that the fungus is a wound parasite most destructive on potatoes in
storage.
Inspection and certification of potato seed stock, W. A. Orton (Abs. in
Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 1, pp. 39, 40)- — The author outlines a plan for
the inspection and certification of potatoes, the certificate to be based on field
inspections supplemented by inspection of tlie tubers prior to shipment. The
presence of powdery scab, wart, nematodes, Fusarium wilt, VerticiUium wilt,
southern brown rot, and leaf roll should disqualify potatoes from certification.
The presence of other diseases should receive special consideration.
Relation of the mosaic of the pepper and the filiform leaf of the tomato
to the mosaic of the tobacco, C. A. Schwarze {Abs. in Phytopathology, 4
{1914), ^0. 1, p. 42)- — The characters of the mosaic disease of the pepper are
said to be practically the same as those shown by similarily affected tobacco.
On the tomato the disease is less well known. Here it takes a form called
filiform leaf, causing the reduction of the size of the leaf and frequently re-
ducing it to nothing but a midrib. The blossoms are also affected, branching
is excessive, and the fruit production is greatly reduced. Small portions of
diseased pepper and tomato leaves inserted into healthy tobacco plants soon
developed the disease. Attention is called to the difference in susceptibility
of varieties to this trouble.
A new rust of economic importance occurring' on pomaceous hosts, H. S.
Jackson {Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 1, p. 4I). — A description is
given of the occurrence of an ^Ecidium on the pear and quince in Oregon,
foliage, fruit, and stems being attacked and frequently causing considerable
distortion. This is believed to be the same rust as that occurring on the apple,
crab apple, etc. The ^cidium agrees on all the hosts with ^. blasdaleanum.
Although cultural proof is lacking, the author believes the .S^cidium is con-
nected with Gymnosporangium blasdaleanum. If this should be true, most of
the plants upon which it has been observed are unrecorded hosts for this species.
An unusual outbreak of apple blossom blight, G. M. Reed {Phytopathology,
4 {1914), No. 1, pp. 21-30). — The author reports an unusual occurrence of
blossom blight on apple trees in Missouri in 1913. An examination was made of
orchards in the vicinity of Columbia, showing that some varieties were entirely
free from the blight while others showed varying degrees of the infection. The
346 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
blossom blight was very common on the pear trees in the same orchard and
twig blight was also conspicuous. An examination of wild crab and haw trees
in the vicinity revealed the presence of a large percentage of blighted flower
clusters. This was particularly true of CniUegus crus-galli.
As an explanation of the unusual outbreak of blossom blight it is suggested
that the absence of severe cold weather may have favored the survival of the
blight bacteria in cankers. The trees did not come into bloom until two weeks
later than usual. At this time insects were much more abundant than usual
and may have served as carriers for the bacteria.
Collar blight of apple trees in Pennsylvania, C. R. Obton and J. F. Adams
(A&s. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. ^3). — Collar blight or collar rot,
as the disease is said to be locally known, was first reported in Pennsylvania
in May, 1907. Since that time it has spread rapidly throughout the State as
well as in neighboring States and is considered one of the most serious apple
diseases with which the orchardist has to contend. The disease appears distinct
from the crown rot in New York, which is due to winter injury. It is considered
definitely established that the trouble is due to Bacillus amylovorus, and the
apple tree borer is considered one of the most active agents in the spread of
the causal organism.
The use of sulphur-lime wash, as a remedy for apple scab, R. K. Beattie
(Ahs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. 42)- — ^^ resume is given of 5 years'
spraying experiments at the Washington Experiment Station, in which an at-
tempt was made to overcome the injury following the use of Bordeaux mixture.
This, it is said, was secured by the use of lime-sulphur. Experiments showed
that if properly applied twice during the season, practically perfect results
were given, as high as 99.17 per cent of the fruit being free from scab, while in
the unsprayed check not more than 6 per cent of the fruit was unaffected.
Attention is called to the necessity for thoroughness in spraying and the value
of spraying under heavy pressure for attaining the best results.
Control of Cronartium rust on currants, R. Ewert {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank.,
23 {1913), No. 8, pp. 463-416, figs. 2).— Experiments in 1912 and 1913 are
described. It is claimed that while the black currant is ordinarily infected
almost exclusively from below, a slight benefit appears to be derived from
spraying the upper leaf surface with Bordeaux mixture of 1 per cent strength.
Control of Cronartium rust on currants, R. Ewert (Jahresber. Ver. Angew.
Bot., 11 {1913), pt. 1, pp. 30, 31). — This gives in condensed form the substance
of the article above noted.
Practical formulas for the treatment of grape anthracnose, L. Dbx5RULLY
{Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 {1914), No. 2, pp. 33-38, fig. l).—lt is
claimed that a spray containing 8 parts of sulphuric acid and from 10 to 15 of
iron sulphate to 100 of water is more adherent and therefore more lasting m its
effects than those of the more common composition.
Peronospora disease of grapevines and its control, K. MtiLLEB {Grossh.
Bad. Landw. Vers. Anst. Augustenl). FlngU. 1 {1913), pp. 12, figs. 5; in Ber.
Grossh. Bad. Landw. Vers. Anst. Augustenb., 1912). — An illustrated description
is given of P. {Plasmopara) viticola in relation to leaves, blooms, and berries
in connection with other grape diseases or influences producing results some-
what resembling those of this parasite. The history of its development is
traced in relation to weather and to effects on the vine stock. Protective meas-
ures are discussed, including control of general culture conditions and sprays
with their effect on the crop and stock.
Studies with. Plasmopara viticola on grapevines, G. von Istvanffi and G.
P^ixiNKls {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 23 {1913), No. 8, pp. 449-463) .—This con-
tribution is in the form of a report on about 70 investigations with discussion
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 347
thereof, relating to the invasion of grape leaves by P. viticola and its develop-
ment therein, and dealing with the incubation period, oil spots, conidiophores,
conidia and swarm spores, infection, stomatal relations, etc.
Identity of the American and French mulberry blight, E. F. Smith
(Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. 34). — As the result of studies of leaves and
stems of mulberry from France and a comparison of the cultural characters of
Bacterium mori, the author was led to the conclusion that the same organism
is responsible for the disease in both America and France.
Diseases and pests of cultivated plants in Samoa, K. Gehrmann (Arb. K.
Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstiv., 9 (1913), No. 1, pp. 1-12, figs. 11). — Discussing in
general the cultural conditions prevalent in Samoa, more particularly as related
to diseases of cacao, the author reviews briefly the historj', modes of attack,
etc., of cacao canker with an account of studies thereon by others.
He concludes from his own investigations that Fusarium samoense n. sp. is
the cause of this disease, a Nectria and a Calonectria being found in connec-
tion apparently as saprophytes. The canker is said to be spread largely bj'
surface drainage of the soil. Admission of air and sunshine and employment of
radical pruning and fungicides are recommended. Some other diseases of cacao
with alleged causal organisms are briefly discussed. Among other injurious
agents noted are sulphurous volcanic gases, lightning, etc.
A bibliogrnphy is appended.
Cladosporium diseases of Ampelopsis tricuspidatum, M. T. Cook and G. W.
Wilson (Ahs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. ^2). — A disease of this ivy
due to C. hcrharium is described. The organism is said to penetrate the stems,
causing a hypertrophy and resulting in the death of the vine. It is said that
the same fungus has been observed on grapes in California and in Europe.
During the past season it was reported common in New Jersey, where it caused
a great deal of injury.
Stem rot and leaf spot of Clematis, W. O. Gloyeb {Ahs. in Phytopathology,
4 (1914), No. 1, p. 39). — ^A description is given of a stem rot and leaf spot of
Clematis due to Ascochyta sp. The fungus is said to live as a saprophyte on
the stem stub of the previous year and to produce numerous pj-cnidia. It works
slowly downward to the new shoots, which become girdled, the portions above
suddenly wilting. The same fungus has been observed causing a leaf spot of
C. paniculata. The disease has been produced artificially by inoculating with
pure cultures of Ascochyta, and by spraying with spores from pure cultures.
Latent phases of disease following infection of Euphorbia cyparissias
with Uromyces, G. Tischlee (Bot. Jahrb. [Engler], 50 (1914), Sup., pp. 95-
110, figs. 7). — Previous work (E. S. R., 26, p. 650) has been followed up by a
further study of E. cyparissias infected with U. pisi.
It is stated that by a treatment preventing the occurrence of the usual winter
resting period of the host it is possible to prevent the development of the fungus
on the young foliage and stems. The disease remains latent in such plants,
ready to break out on reestablishment of the regular resting period, as in the
ordinary life cycle of the host. In the latent condition of this fungus thus in-
duced the mycelium appears unable to make its way between the meristematic
cells of the growing point, although it may be present between the vacuolated
cells into which it sends tyi^ical haustoria. The observed variations in activity
of the parasite, it is thought, may be related to differences in osmotic pressure
in plant and parasite, as noted by MacDougal (E. S. R., 26, p. 433). It is stated
that even when the fungus is apparently absent from growing points of the
leaves of a given shoot, the parasite may appear in the floral organs later de-
veloped, causing a characteristic deformation thereof.
A bibliography is given.
348 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Heat injuries to forest plants, E. Munch (Naturw. ZtscJir. Forst u. Landw.,
11 (1913), No. 12, pp. 557-562, figs. 2). — In a preliminary statement of studies
regardiug the injurious effects of heat on young forest trees, descriptions and
illustrations are given of injuries to young beeches and pines, as noted in the
dry, hot summer of 1911. Fungi found in connection therewith are thought to
have played the part of saprophytes merely. Temperatures of from 50 to 55° C.
(122 to 131° F.) at the surface of sandy soil are said to have been common
during that time. It is thought that such temperatures may prove directly
fatal to young plants independently of their drying influence. Protection
against direct sunshine is said to prevent this sort of injury. Raw humus is
most favorable to heat injury and loose sand almost as much so, the latter
being found in one case to be 16° hotter than compact sand, on account of its
poor conductivity.
Injury from air exclusion and overheating, C. von Tubeuf (Naturw.
Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 12 (1914), Nos. 2, pp. 67-88, figs. 2; 4, pp. 161-169).—
Detailing methods pursued and results obtained in experiments continued for
two years with artificial or solar heat applied to the trunlcs or roots of Fraxintis
excelsior or F. americana, the author states that stems were usually injured or
killed by long exposure to 42° C. (107.6° F.). Exclusion of air by means of
paint, etc., seemed to exert less influence than did high temperature.
More on heat injuries to forest plants, E. MtJNCH (Naturw. Ztschr. Forst
u. Landtc., 12 (1914), No. 4> PP- 169-188). — Following the two contributions
noted above, the author gives a fuller discussion of observations made on heat
transference by absorption, radiation, conduction, and convection in relation
to plants, also of such modifying factors as moisture, nature and state of the
soil, etc. The suggestion is made that in these studies more exact means be
employed to ascei*tain the temperature of the plant itself, as this is always
lower than that of the adjacent soil at the surface under such circumstances.
Notes on diseases of trees in the southern Appalachians, II, A. H. Graves
(Phytopathology, 4 (1914), ^o- -'j PP- 5-10, pi. 1, fig. 1). — In continuation of an
account of diseases in the southern Appalachians (E. S. R., 29, p. 851), the
author gives brief descriptions of the more important fungus diseases observed
on the scrub pine (Pinus virginiana).
The most prevalent diseases are said to be the burl caused by Cronartium
qtiercus, heart rot due to Tramctcs pini, and a leaf cast (GaUoicaya pini). A
second disease of the needles caused by Coleosporium inconspicuum is said to be
rather rare. Among other injuries to the pine trees a description is given of
the damage done by wind, ice, and snow, and unfavorable soil conditions.
Notes on Peridermium from Pennsylvania, C. R. Orton and J. F. Adams
(Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 23-26, pi. 1). — From a recent study of
some Peridermiums occurring on various si>ecies of pine, the authors conclude
that the form associated with Cronartium comptonia; should be called P. coinp-
tonicB n. comb., that C. comandra; is the alternate stage of P. pyriforme, and
that the Coleosporium occurring on Aster and Solidago has for its aecidial stage
P. acicolum. In the course of the investigations P. acicolum was found on
Pinus pungcns in addition to the usual host species.
Notes on the white pine blister nist, P. Spaxilding (Ais. in Phytopathology,
4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 41^ 42). — In continuation of a previous report on this blister
rust (E. S. R., 29, p. 554) the author gives an account of its occurrence on
white pine in New York, near where it was first reported (E. S. R., 18, p. 747),
and also in northern Vermont. In Vermont a large white pine tree fully 75
years old was found badly infected and a number of younger trees were also
diseased. The fungus has been definitely reported in Denmark as occurring
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 349
on Pinus excelsa and during the past year it was found several times on this
same host in this country. The author states that insi)ection records show
that in hut one case have all the diseased white pines been removed upon the
first inspection.
A preliminary note on the cause of "pecky " cypress, W. H. Long (Abs. in
Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. 39). — The author reports the discovery of
the sporophoros of a fungus associated with what is iwpularly known as peclvy
cypress. The fungus is apparently Fomes geotropus, a tropical species closely
related to F. ulnumus. It enters through a wound at the butt of the tree and
produces hollows which may or may not terminate in a pecky condition further
up the tree. The fungus was found directly associated with the diseased con-
dition in five localities in Florida, two in Louisiana, and one in Arkansas. In
addition to occurring on the cypress it was found associated with hollows in
the butts of living trees of tupelo gum, black gum, sweet gum, elm, maple, and
magnolia.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
The American thrushes valuable bird neighbors ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Year-
book 1913, pp. 135-142, pi. 1). — This article, prepared from data furnished by
F. E. L. Beal, calls attention to the economic importance of the robin, bluebird,
and other members of the thrush family.
The food of Bana pipiens, C. J. Drake {Ohio Nat., 14 {1914), No. 5, pp.
257-269). — This report of investigations of the food of the common leopard frog
{R. jnpiens) and its relation to nature in the neighborhood of its habitat is
based upon dissections of 209 specimens collected on the peninsula of Cedar
Point, Ohio. It is stated that the frog's food consists only of living and moving
creatures and that very little vegetable matter was found in its stomach. A
detailed tabulation of the findings, including determinations of many of the
insects, is presented.
The dictionary of entomology, N. K. Jakdine {Ash ford, England, [1913],
pp. IX +259). — The author has compiled and explained technical and special
terms used by writers in entomology from the time of Linne to the present date
and has given their derivations. Some 3,000 scientific terms are thus brought
together.
The writings of Philip Reese TJhler {Proc. Ent. 8oc. Wash., 16 {1914), No. 1,
pp. 4-7). — This is a list arranged chronologically of Dr. Uhler's entomological
contributions, which largely relate to the Hemiptera.
Bringing applied entomology to the farmer, F. M. Webster {U. 8. Dept.
Agr. Yearbook 1913, pp. 75-92, pis. 6, figs. 4)- — This popular article discusses
ancient misconceptions regarding insects, early records of insect depredations in
America, the primitive state of entomology at that time, first efforts for the
protection of plants from insects, beginnings of the application of entomology to
grain growing, the introduction and development of entomological field stations,
and the practical value of the field stations to the farmers.
iKTotes on entomological inspection in the District of Columbia, E. R.
Sasscer {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 2, pp. 240-244). — This is a brief de-
scription of inspection work carried on by the author.
[Report of the entomological department], L. Haseman {Missouri Sta. Bui.
117 {1914), PP- 423-425) .—Brief notes on the work of the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1913, with insect pests in Missouri are presented.
The relation of temperature to insect development, L. M. Peairs {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 2, pp. 174-181, figs. 6).— It is stated that the study
carried on has seemed to prove the following points which are proposed as
tentative laws:
350 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
" The rate or velocity of insect development is affected by temperature, and,
other factors being constant, this rate increases in direct proportion to the in-
crease in temperature within the normal limits of development. The curve ex-
pressing the increase in rate of development is a true hyperbole. The Develop-
mental Zero, or what has been styled the ' critical point,' is at or near the point
where the reciprocal curve for the time factor intersects the temperature axis.
The thermal constant for an insect or any stage of an Insect is the constant for
the developmental curve for such insect or stage. The effective temperature
for conditions of variable temperature, 1. e., the ordinary daily variations, is
higher than the mean for the period. (This point is not supported by any evi-
dence in the present paper, but there is little doubt in the mind of the writer
that it will be found to be correct.)"
The importance of the measure of evaporation in economic studies of
insects, V. E. Shelfoed {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 2, pp. 229-233) .—The
author reports upon a series of experiments conducted.
The use of atmometers to measure evaporation in the study of insects,
V. E. Shelfoed {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), -A^o- 2, p. 2^9). — A brief descriptive
account.
Can insects become resistant to sprays? A. Lr. Melandeb {Jour. Econ. Ent.,
7 {19U), No. 2, pp. 167-173).— The author states that the data at hand do not
permit the determination as to whether resistance and susceptibility are differ-
ences of degree and not of kind, or whether they behave as allelomorphs.
Insecticides, L. E. Saybe {Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 26 {1912), pp. 138-141,
fig. 1). — The author's exi)eriments with cimicifuga, or bugbane, tend to show
that this drug has been greatly overestimated as to its toxic properties toward
insects.
Powdered cimicifuga seems to be devoid of insecticidal properties, crickets
kept in contact with it for hours showing no ill effects. "As a fumigant cimi-
cifuga proved unsatisfactory, acting more as an anesthetic than as an insecti-
cide. One hundred times as much powdered cimicifuga as the amount of
sulphur that proved effective was used, or the fumes from 2 gm. of the drug in
a space of 9,000 cc. The insects were removed after a period of 1 hour, appar-
ently dead, but recovered after an hour or 2 hours' time."
A commercial insecticide having the trade name " Vermingo," said to contain
6i per cent carbolic acid among other ingredients, as a fumigant had one-
fiftieth of the toxic power of sulphur, but by contact in an open jar it killed
almost instantly.
Pyrethrum was tested as a fumigant but proved no superior to cimicifuga.
Some properties of various forms of arsenate of lead, J. A. Dew {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 2, pp. 162-167). — Experiments conducted with the plum
curculio in a peach orchard indicate that the killing power of arsenate of lead
varies directly with the percentage of AS2O5 that it contains.
Notes on the entomology of the Arizona wild cotton, W. D. Pierce and
A. W. MoBRiLL {Proc. Ent. 80c. Wash., 16 {1914), No. 1, pp. 14-23).— The insect
enemies of TJturbcria thcs2yesioi(les observed by the authors include the boll
weevil Anthonomus grandis thurberice, accounts of which have been previously
noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 56) ; cotton leaf worm {Alabama argillacca) ; Thurberia
bollworm ; blister mites ; a leaf gall due to a species of Itonididje ; a mealy bug
{Pseiidococcus sp.) ; etc.
Notes on the onion thrips and onion maggot, H. T. Febnald and A. I.
BouENE {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 2, pp. 196-200).— In the first part of
this paper the authors present a brief account of the life history and habits
of the onion thrips in Massachusetts, investigations of which have extended
over a period of about 5 years.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 351
The insecticides experimented with have not given satisfactory results, but
it has been found that tlie destruction of all refuse after the crop is gathered
and burning over all strips of grass through and around the fields will give
very satisfactory results. Since the adult does not appear to fly far of its own
volition unless carried by strong winds, it seems probable that onion fields can,
at least to a considerable extent, be kept free from the thrips by running fire
over all places near, in which they hibernate.
Most of the data here presented relating to the onion maggot have previously
been noted from another source (E. S, R., 30, p. 160).
Two new insect pests of currants and gooseberries, R. A. Cooley {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 7 (lOlJf), No. 2, pp. 193-195). — A small curculio, Pseudantlwnomus
validus, for which the name currant fruit weevil is proposed, has been found
at the Montana Experiment Station destroying the fruit of the currant in a
manner very similar to that of the currant fruit fly. Liothrips montanus is
said to have caused a peculiar injury to the tender, terminal growth of goose-
berries and red and black currants in Montana for several years past.
The destruction of mosquitoes, fl.eas, flies, pediculi, and other insect car-
riers of disease, J. S. Pukdy (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 13 {1911), pp.
662-673). — The author describes measures, such as drainage, use of petroleum
and disinfectants, fumigation, etc., which he states have been successful in
destroying insect disease caiTiers.
Grasshopper control in the southern division of Kansas, S. J. IIuntek and
P. W. Claassen {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {19W, No. 1, pp. 73-83, pis. 3).— A detailed
report of work carried on in 1913.
On the proper generic names for certain Thysanoptera of economic impor-
tance, J. D. lIooD {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 16 {1914), No. 1, pp. 3^-.^.^ ) .— The
author points out several changes that must be made in the generic names of
Thysanoptera and presents a catalogue of the genera Frankliniella, Physothrips,
Tseniothrips, Odontothrips, and Scirtothrips. It is pointed out that Euthrips
is an absolute synonym of the genus Thrips and therefore can never be used
as a generic name in zoology.
A bibliography of 34 titles is appended.
Sterility in oats caused by thrips, C. G. Hewitt {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914),
No. 2, pp. 211-218, pi. 1, fig. 1). — Anaphothrips striatus, commonly known as the
grass thrips, is a source of considerable injury to oats in Saskatchewan and
British Columbia. The author presents a general review of the literature
relating to thrip injury to cereal crops in connection with his discussion of
the subject.
The periodical cicada in 1914, O. L. Marlatt ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent.,
Periodical Cicada in 1914, pp. 3, figs. 3). — This paper gives information on the
occurrence of Brood V of Tibicen scptcndccim, which occupies in the main a
rather compact territory lying chiefly in Ohio and West Virginia with a few
scattering colonies in Pennsylvania and Virginia. It is stated that some of
the southern West Virginia records are oi^en to doubt, as are also some of the
records in Virginia. It is pointed out that the cicadas may be expected to
emerge from the middle to the end of May and scattering individuals may be
found up to the middle of June.
A request is made that information be furnished to supplement and complete
the knowledge of the distribution of this brood.
Some Pemphiginae attacking species of Populus in Colorado, C. P. Gil-
lette {Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 6 {1913), No. 4, pp. 485-493, pi. 1; 7 {1914), No. 1,
pp. 61-69, pi. 1). — The species discussed in this paper are ThcoaUus populi-
monilis, Cornaphis populi n. g. and n. sp., T. popuHcondupUfoUus, Asvphum
sacculi n. sp., and Mordwilkoja vagabunda.
352 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
A comparison of natural control of Toxoptera graminum in South Africa
and the United States, W. Mooee (Ami. Ent. Soc. Amer., 7 (1914), No. 1, pp.
77-85). — A report of comparative studies.
On a lycenid caterpillar reared in Acacia galls by ants of the genus
Cremastogaster, F. Le Cebf {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 (1914),
No. 16, pp. 1121-1129). — This is a report of observations made in East Africa.
The oviposition of two apple pests, G. W. Hereick {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7
{1914), No. 2, pp. 189-192, figs. 3). — This article relates to the green fruit worm
and the Palmer worm.
Observations of the bee moth, F. B. Paddock {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 183-188). — This paper is based upon studies previously noted (E. S.
R., 29, p. 859).
A new destructive cutworm of the genus Porosagrotis, occurring in
western Canada, A. Gibson {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 2, pp. 201-203). —
A cutworm identified as Porosagrotis delorata, probably synonymous with P.
orthogonia, has been the source of serious loss to grain crops in southern
Alberta since 1911. It is estimated that in the Lethbridge Land District in 1912
33 per cent of the grain sown was destroyed. In inspections of the infested
districts it was found that beween 30,000 and 35,000 acres of grain were
actually being destroyed by cutworms in the southern part of the Province of
Alberta.
It appears to be the habit of this cutworm to travel over the surface of the
soil and when a suitable plant for attack is found to burrow immediately and
feed just below the surface. In experiments with poisoned bran 25 was the
highest percentage killed, the underground feeding habit probably being the
cause of the failure to get better results. It is stated that in large fields of
sugar beets the attack in 1912 was stopped in 24 hours after the bran was
applied.
Two Microlepidoptera on Thurberia thespesioides, A. BuscK {Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash., 16 {1914), ^o. 1, pp. 30, 31).—Dichomeris deflecta, the larva of
which is a leaf folder, and Bucculatrix {IiurhcricUa reared from T. thespesioides,
both from Arizona, are described as new to science.
Feeding habits of Phlebotomus vexator, R. C. Shannon {Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., 15 {1913), No. 4> PP- 165-161). — This hematophagous dipteran has been
found to feed normally upon reptiles rather than upon warm-blooded animals.
Notes on a wood-boring syrphid, H. S. Barber {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 15
{1913), No. 4, PP- 151, 152). — The syrphid Tcmnostoma hom'bylmis has been
found to bore in hickory logs in the early stages of decay.
Dispersal of Musca domestica, J. Zetek {Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 7 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 10-12, figs. 2). — In experiments in the Canal Zone the house fly and
Hermetia illuccns were found to travel 2,500 ft. from a breeding place and
become a menace within 32 hours.
A new tachinid parasite of Diabrotica vittata, W. R. Walton {Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash., 16 {1914), No. 1, pp. 11-14, pl- i)- — A tachinid parasite of the
striped cucumber beetle reared at Hyattsville, Md., is described as Neoccla-
toria ferox n. g. and n. sp.
The cabbage maggot in relation to the growing of early cabbage, W. J.
ScHOENE {New York State Sta. Bui. 382 {1914), PP- 231-241, pis. 6, figs. 5).— A
series of preliminary tests which demonstratetl that carbolic acid emulsion and
tar pads are the most effective of the various protective and remedial measures
commonly recommended for the control of this pest led to the laboratory and
field experiments here reported in detail.
The tests with carbolic acid emulsion at recommended strengths have demon-
strated that it will prevent the hatching of the eggs and is fatal to the younger
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 353
stages of the larvae. It may, however, cause injury to young seedlings and is
not a safe remedy for plants recently set in the field.
" The value of tar pads, or hexagonal tar paper collars, for the purpose of
preventing the adult of the cabbage maggot from placing eggs about the stems
of the plants has been previously demonstrated, but, in spite of its effec-
tiveness, this method of protecting cabbage has not been generally adopted by
truck growers. The tests herein described show that tar pads will protect
early cabbage from the pest at a cost of about $1.40 per thousand plants.
Truck growers who are subject to losses by the cabbage maggot are urged to
test the tar pads experimentally as a basis for more extensive operations against
this pest." " In the employment of tar pads as a means of protecting early
cabbage, truckers should arrange to transplant seedlings of good size with
rather long stems. Disks can not be satisfactorily adjusted about small plants,
for in setting such seedlings it is necessary to place them low in the soil
so that only the leaves protrude."
Descriptions are given of the tar pads and the tool for making them.
A study of the bionomics of the common rat fleas and other species asso-
ciated with human habitations, with special reference to the influence of
temperature and humidity at various periods of the life history of the
insect, A. B.\cot {Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge] Plague Sup. 3 (Wl.'f), pp. U7-654,
pis. 8, figs. 15). — Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Pulcx irritans, Ctenocephalus canis,
Lcptopsylla miiscuJi, and Xenopsylla cheopis were experimented with in the
studies here reported. The author describes the apparatus and methods em-
ployed in making the observations, reports general observations on the bionomics
of fleas, and gives accounts of an experimental study of the influence of external
conditions and the influence of low temperature on the various stages.
On the survival of bacteria in the alimentary canal of fleas during meta-
morphosis from larva to adult, A. W. Bacot (Jour. Jlyg. [Cambridge] Plague
Sup. 3 (1914), pp. 655-664). — The results of the experiments here reported show
(1) that the alimentary canal of the flea larva may become infected with the
following bacteria if mixed with its food, namely, Bacillus pyocyaneus, B. en-
teritidis, Staphylococcus albus, and S. aureus; (2) that an infection of the
larval gut may persist until the resting period of the larva in the cocoon, and
(3) that there is no satisfactory evidence that such infection can survive the
pupal stage. No infection of the larval gut was demonstrated in the experiment
with B. riolaccus.
The effect of the vapors of various insecticides upon fleas (Ceratophyllus
fasciatus and Xenopsylla cheopis) at each stage in their life history and
upon the bedbug (Cimex lectularius) in its larval stage, A. W. Bacot (Jour.
Hyg. [Cambridge], Plague Sup. 3 {19U), pp. 665-681, fig. 1).—The results of
investigations with the vapor of various insecticides are presented in tabular
form.
A coleopterous (clerid) larva predaceous on codling moth larvae, D. E.
Merrill (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), ^'O. 2, pp. 251, 252).— The larva of an
undetermined clerid beetle is quite an important enemy of the codling moth at
Mesilla Park, N. Mex., where the observations were made.
Studies of the Arizona Thurberia weevil on cotton in Texas, B. R. Coad
and W. D. Pierce (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 16 (1914), No. 1, pp. 23-27).— The
experiments here reported demonstrate the ability of the two varieties of the
boll weevil to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The work has also re-
sulted in the determination of the developmental period for certain seasons of
the year.
Reducing insect injury to stored com, W. E. Hinds (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7
(1914), No. 2, pp. 203-211). — This paper deals with some preliminary facts
354 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
on the life history of Calandra oryza, futile remedial practices, and weevil
resistance in com varieties, and presents recommendations for future practice.
A bulletin relating to the subject has previously been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 58).
Information relative to bee keeping, C. E. Sanborn {Oklahoma Sta. Circ.
28 {191Jt), pp. 2-8). — A popular account prepared for use by the bee keeper.
Porto Rican bee keeping, E. F. Phillips (Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 15 (1914),
pp. 24, pis. 2). — This is a report of investigations made during May and June,
1913, of bee keeping in Porto Rico, where the industry has grown in the past 5
years from almost nothing to an export trade of $100,000.
Among the subjects discussed are the present extent of the industry, sources
of honey, equipment and methods of manipulation, difficulties encountered, use
of bees for pollination, diseases of bees, possibilities of wax production, etc.
The author concludes that the future of the bee keeping industry in the
island is full of promise. The problems at hand are (1) the development of
the industry as rapidly as is consistent with the experience of the bee keepers,
and (2) the keeping out of the brood diseases.
A study of Dryophanta erinacei and its gall, C. J. Tbiggerson {Ann. Ent.
8oc. Amer., 7 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-34, P^s. ii).— This is a report of studies of the
cynipid gall maker D. erinacei, including a discussion of its life history, para-
sites, guests, and the cause of gall formation.
A parasite of the chinch bug egg, J. W. McColloch and H. Yuasa {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 219-227) .—This paper deals with the biology of
the parasite previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 854), which has been described
by Gahan in the article noted on page 355 as Eumicrosoma henefica.
In studies of the life history and habits of this parasite in Kansas it was
found that for 81 individuals the average time between the collection of
chinch bug eggs and the emergence of the parasites in May and June was 13.9
days. The average length of the life cycle for the second generation was 14.3
days; for the third generation 11.9 days; and for the fourth generation 9.9
days. From the last of July to the first of September for 249 parasites, reared
from eggs collected in the field, the average time between collection and emer-
gence was 9.8 days. The average length of the life cycle for the sixth genera-
tion was 15.2 days; for the seventh generation 17.6 days; and for the eighth
generation 27.8 days. Thirteen was the largest number of eggs parasitized by
a single female and 29 was the largest and 13 the smallest number of eggs
found in 29 females dissected, with an average of 22.8. On an average from
70 to 75 per cent of the parasites obtained in the laboratory were females.
It is stated that this parasite can breed parthenogenetically but the number
of eggs parasitized per female is usually low and many of the offspring fail
to develop. A number of experiments were conducted in which parasites were
given eggs of false chinch bugs and other hemipterous eggs, but no parasitism
occurred. A hasty survey made in August to determine the distribution in
the State showed the parasite to be present in the 16 counties visited, in fact,
it was found wherever material was collected, which covers practically all of
the chinch bug infested region of the State.
" The average percentage of parasitism over the State of 16 per cent does
not represent the actual number of chinch bug eggs destroyed. The period of
oviposition of the chinch bug covers about 2 months, while the life cycle of
the parasite covers a period of only 2 or 3 weeks. Thus the eggs of a single
female chinch bug are exposed to about 3 broods of parasites, while the eggs
of one brood of chinch bugs are exposed to 4 or 5 broods of parasites. There-
fore, the percentage of parasitism for a brood of chinch bugs is at least 50
per cent. Experiments conducted in the field and in the laboratory show this
to be true."
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 355
Hymenoptera of South America, J. Bb^thes (An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.
Buenos Aires, 24 (1913), pp. 35-165, figs. 18). — Two hundred and seventeen
species of Hymenoptera, largely from Argentina, are dealt with, many of which
are characterized for the first time.
Among the important parasites dealt with are Parepyris sylvanidis n. sp. and
Ccphalonomia mcridionalis n. sp., which attack the grain pest SiJvanus surina-
mensis; Tetrasiichus ceroplastides n. sp., parasitic on Ceroplastes bergii;
riatymesopus eiausquimi n. sp., a parasite of the screw worm; Pteromalus
caridei n. sp., parasitic on Papilio thoas thoantiades ; Signiphora platensis
n. sp. and Paracharitopus lecanii n. sp., parasites of Lecanium sp. ; Allotropa
mcridionalis n. sp., S. argentlna n. sp., Paranusia hifasciata n. sp., and Philo-
ponectroma pectinatum n. sp., parasitic on Dactylopius sp. ; TricJiogrammatoidca
signiphoroides n. sp., parasitic on Diaspis, Aspidiotus, etc. ; Euccrchysius scolytii
n. sp., pai-asitic on Scolytus assimilis; and Brasemopsis halysidotm n. sp., a
parasite of llalisidota tessellaris.
Report on parasites, L. O. Howard (Awn. Ent. Sac. Amer., 7 (1914), No. 1,
pp. S6-8S). — This is a brief report on the status of some of the more important
introduced parasitic enemies of the gipsy and brown-tail moths.
Epimecis wiltii and its host, R. C. Shannon (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 15
(1913), No. 4, p. 162). — The ichneunionid E. wiltii has been found by the
author to be an external parasite of spiders.
Biological notes on a few rare or little-known parasitic Hymenoptera,
R. A. CusHMAN {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 15 (1913), No. 4, pp. 153-161, figs. 2). —
A braconid parasite of lady beetles (Perilitus ainericanus) is reported to have
been very abundant in the region of Vienna, Va., during the fall of 1912, being
invariably so far as observed parasitic on Megilla maculuta. Paniscus geminatus
was found to be an external parasite of an undetermined lepidopterous larva.
Polysphincta tcxana was taken as an external parasite from an adult female
spider (Stcatoda borealis). Sphwropyx bicolor was taken under codling moth
bands on apple and pear trees as a parasite of Apatcla clarescens. This para-
site is said to be gregarious, as many as 30 having been reared from a single
host.
Notes on the life history of Rhopalosoma poeyi, J. D. Hood (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash., 15 (1913), No. 4, pp. 145-148, fig. i).— -The author records R. poeyi
as a parasite of the jumping tree cricket (Orocharis saltator).
New Hymenoptera from North America, A. B. Gahan {Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 46 (1914), pp. 431-443, pi. 1). — The species here described of economic
importance as parasites include Elis atriventris n. sp., reared from Lachnos-
tcrna sp., and Bracon (Tropidobracon) meromyzce n. sp. and Ccelinidca ferru-
ginea n. sp., at Elkpoint, S. Dak., and Euphoriana uniformis n. g. and n. sp., at
Hagerstown, Md., all reared from Meromyza americana; Pteromalus eurymi
n. sp. reared from Eurymus eurytheme, at Tempe, Ariz. ; Dibrachys meteori
n. sp. and Eupehninus meteori n. sp. reared from Meteorus infesting
the fall army worm at Brownsville, Tex. ; Elasmus apanteli n. sp.
reared from Apanteles harnedi at Memphis, Tenn. ; Tetrastichus bruco-
phagi n. sp. reared from Briwhophagus sp., from alfalfa seed at Cor-
coran, Cal ; T. (Tetrastichodes) detrimentosus n. sp. reared from Coecv-
nella sanguinea and Sympiesis agromyzce n. sp. reared from Agromyza parvi-
cornis, at Lakeland, Fla. ; Gonatocerus eximius n. sp. reared from jassid eggs at
Orlando, Fla. ; and Eumicrosoma bcnefica n. g. and n. sp. reared from eggs of
the chinch bug, at Manhattan, Kans.
The parasites of the San Jose scale in New York, H. E. Hodgkiss and
P. J. Parrott (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 2, pp. 227-229).— It is stated that
57707°— No. 4—14 5
356 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
parasites of the San Jose scale were numerous in New York State during 1913.
In order to determine tlie range of the species infested wood was collected from
unsprayed trees in the more important fruit districts of the State, including 20
towns representing 13 counties. From the material 5 species were reared,
namely, Prospaltella pemiciosi, Aphelinus fuscipennis, A. diaspidis, Signiphora
nigrita, and Perissopterus pulchellus, the last two species mentioned being com-
paratively unimportant. Taking the State as a whole breeding records for
September and October, 1913, indicate that Prospaltella pemiciosi was about the
most numerous species during that period, though A. diaspidis was numerically
greater in two counties, and A. fuscipennis ranked first in three counties.
In order to determine the ratio of parasitism numerical counts were made of
scales after the rearings of the parasites were completed, some 20,000 individ-
uals being examined of which about 3,500 contained exit holes of the hymenop-
terans. The percentage of affected scales was variable, and on the average
ranged between 12 and 24 for the whole State. Some attention was also di-
rected to the occurrence of parasites in orchards which had been regularly
sprayed with lime-sulphur solution, it being found that in some instances 12
per cent of the scales were destroyed by the hymenopterans.
Ticks : The diseases which they transmit and means for their destruction,
R. Van Saceghem {Bui. Agr. Congo Beige, 5 {1914), ^o. 1, pp. 73-87).— This is
a summarized account.
An endoparasitic mite in the lung' of Macacus rhesus, F. Landois and
H. HOEPKE {Ccntbl. Bakt. [efc], 1. AM., Orig., 73 {19U), A^o. 6, pp. 384-395,
pi. 1, figs. S). — The name Pneumotuher macaci is given to the mite here dealt
with. A bibliography of 45 titles relating to the subject is appended.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
Supplementing our meat supply with fish, Mary E. Pennington {U. S.
Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1913, pp. 191-206). — The author points out the similarity
of fish to meat in respect to its nutritive value, and summarizes statistical data
regarding the fishery industries in this and other countries. Information is
given regarding the kind and cost of fish in the American market, and brief
statements made as to the preparation of fish for the table.
Concerning whitefish of Masurian Lakes of East Prussia, A. Gabbiel and
R. LiMPKiCH {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 27 {1914), ^o. 1-3, pp.
S4-S8). — Methods of curing European whitefish {Coregonus, sp.) are described
and analyses are reported.
Points which aid in determining whether or not flatfish have died in the
water, Jugeat {Hyg. Viande et Lait, 8 {1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 57-63, figs. 2).— The
data recorded have to do with the detection and marketing of such fish.
Sea mussels — what they are and how to cook them ( U. S. Dept. Com., Bur.
Fisheries Econ. Circ. 12 {1914), pp. 5, fig. i).— Some statements are made regard-
ing the natural supply, flavor, and nutritive value of sea mussels, their cooking
is discussed, and 18 recipes for their use are given.
The effect of cold upon the larvae of Trichinella spiralis, B. H. Ransom
{Science, n. ser., 39 {1914), No. 996, pp. 181-183).— A preliminary report is
made of experiments carried out to determine the effect of cold storage upon
the larva of Trichinella in pork.
It was found that most of the parasites survive when exposed to a tempera-
ture of from 11 to»15° F. for a period as long as 6 days, but when exposed to
a temperature of about 0° they succumb quickly. In view of the difficulty of
detecting these parasites in pork by microscopical examination, the possible
use of refrigeration of ix)rk as a means of preventing trichinosis is suggested.
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 357
Farther experiments along this line are being carried out and it is expected
that additional data will be available soon.
The examination of several kinds of sausage frona Petrograd market,
K. VON Kabaffa-Korbutt (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 27 (1914),
No. 4> PP- 330-333). — Analyses of sausage of different sorts and showing a
considerable range in cost are reported and discussed.
Note on judging the quality of lard, K. Alpebs {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u.
Oenussmtl., 21 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 142-152). — A large number of analyses are
reported and discussed.
Osmotic phenomena of yolk of egg, W. A. Osborne and Hilda E. Kincaid
(Biochem. Jour. 8 {1914), No. 1, pp. 28, 29). — Data are reported regarding the
behavior of unbroken egg yolk floated or immersed in ether, chloroform, carbon
disnlphid. alcohol, olive oil, and other liquids or solutions.
Supervision and marketing of eggs, A. Behee and K. Feeeichs {Ztschr.
Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 27 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 38-59).— The weight and
specific gravity of eggs kept from 43 to 99 days were determined and the
data discussed with reference to defining market quality. Other characteristics
of eggs were also studied.
Emmerich and Loew calcium bread and reasons for it, O. Loew {Ztschr.
Oesam. Oetreidetc, 6 {1914), No. 2, pp. 25-44)- — The author discusses the need
for calcium in the diet, the possible lack of this element, the desirability of
adding calcium if there is a deficiency, and the use in bread making of calcium
chlorid and of a commercial preparation called " calcifarin " made from rye
flour and calcium chlorid, in which, it is stated, the calcium salt is firmly united
to the starch of the grain.
The author considers also the relation of calcium in the diet to arteriosclerosis
and other pathological conditions, and here, as elsewhere, brings together many
references to work and experience of others as well as his own data.
In a summary he states, among other things, that only those adults who use
milk and vegetables in abundance secure a sufliciency of calcium and that those
who eat an abundance of meat and secure their carbohydrates in the form of
bread, potatoes, and beer have a special need for an increased calcium supply.
In a supplementary note the author refers to some matters pertaining to
whole grain bread in comparison with bread made from fine flour. He is of
the opinion that it is more rational to add calcium to fine flour than to attempt
to change public opinion and substitute whole grain bread for it.
Migration of the constituents of maize grains into water and aqueous
solutions, E. Poppe {Bui. Soc. Chim. Belg., 21 {1913), No. 4, pp. 103-109) .—The
results of investigations are reported on the removal of material when Indian
corn is soaked in water or water containing acids, common salt, sugar, etc.
The equilibrium established between the moisture in the grain and the solu-
tions depended solely on the concentration of the latter. When soaked for 48
hours at room temperature (20-33.5° C), it was found that practically no
material had been removed from the grain, owing to the fact that the epider-
mis cells were unbroken and consequently only semipermeable at the tempera-
ture employed. When the corn kernels were boiled in the water, 36.2 per cent
of the nutritive material was removed, weak solutions of chlorids, nitrates,
phosphates, and sulphates having practically the same effect as distilled water.
The data are discussed with reference to the economy of methods employed
by the natives of the Belgian Kongo, in preparing corn for food, it being their
custom to discard the water in which the corn is boiled, which involves a loss
of nutritive material.
Foods from the grain sorghums. — Feterita products, C. K. Francis {Okla-
homa 8ta. Circ. 27 {1914), pp. 8, figs. .^).— This circular reports data regarding
358 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD.
the chemical composition and food value of feterita as compared with corn,
Kafir corn, and wheat. Several recipes for the preparation of foods with
feterita meal are given.
Meal used for crumbing' foods, E. Dinslage (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u.
Oenussmtl, 27 {1914), ^o. 1-3, pp. 173-176). — ^Analyses are reported and dis-
cussed, with reference to quality, of commercial products used for crumbing
foods in cookery.
Preserved tomatoes, P. Carles (Ann. Falsif., 6 {1913), No. 60, pp. 531-
537). — ^A number of different ways for the preservation of tomatoes are de-
scribed, and definitions given of these products including canned tomatoes,
puree of tomato, concentrated tomatoes, and extracted tomatoes, which are
further dehydrated than the concentrated.
Analytical data are given and discussed, together with the more common
methods of adulteration.
Grape juice as a nutritive and remedial agent, G. Bendee {Milnchen. Med.
Wchnschr., 61 {lOlJf), No. 8, pp. 424^ 425). — Pasteurized grape juice and grai)e
juice condensed in partial vacuum and called " grape honey " are discussed and
special grape juice preparations are briefly described. A kilogram of " grape
honey," the author states, contains the nutritive constituents of 6 kg. of grapes.
He states that this condensed grape juice dissolves albumin, casein, and many
other substances and may be used for such purposes in place of alcohol.
Investigation of tea, Besson {Mitt. Lcbensm. Untersuch. u. Hyg., Schweiz.
Osndhtsamt., 4 {1913), No. 4, pp. 213-216). — Data are given regarding the
analysis of 30 samples of tea, part of a collection of 90 samples examined 2
years before.
Caffein and the other alkaloids found in tea, G. D. Hope {Indian Tea
Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 2 {1912), pp. 31-41)- — Data are given
regarding the properties of alkaloids and their presence in various plants,
and also in beverages such as tea, coffee, mate, kola, and cocoa.
In addition to caffein the closely related alkaloids of theobromin, theophyllin,
xanthin, methyl xanthiu, and adenin are found in tea. With the exception of
caffein they exist in such small quantities as to be of little importance.
According to the author, the taste of caffein in tea is masked by that of
tannin so that it is no factor in the judgment of the quality of tea as determined
by tea tasters. In spite of this, however, caffein is undoubedly an important
factor in the quality of tea as a beverage, the best tea containing relatively
high percentages of caffein.
A larger percentage of caffein is found in the young leaves than in the older
ones. As a rule, China and Japan teas contain less caffein than those of Java,
India, and Ceylon. A table is given showing the per capita consumption of
caffein in tea and coffee in the principal countries of the world.
Food and drug section, R. E. Rose and A. M. Henry {Ann. Rpt. State Chem.
Fla., 1913, pp. 93-146). — Results are reported from the examination of a large
number of food and drug products, beverages, water samples, and miscellaneous
products.
Foods and drugs {Bui. Ga. Dept. Agr., No. 61 {1913), pp. 167, pis. 2).— This
publication contains the reiTort of the state chemist and other information re-
garding the state pure food and drugs act and its operation, including data
regarding the examination of miscellaneous foods and beverages, the examina-
tion of milk, and the results of sanitary inspection work.
Enforcement of the food and drugs act for the years 1910 and 1911,
R. M. Allen {Kentucky Sta. Food and Drugs Rpt. 1910-11, pp. 35).— General
statements are made regarding food and drug inspection, which included the ex-
amination of 7,269 samples of food, of which 2,800 were found to be adulterated
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 359
or misbranded. The work done in inspection of bakeries, slaughter-houses,
cold storage plants, grocery stores, etc., is also reported and discussed, with
recommendations.
[Report of work under the Kentucky Food and Drugs Act], R. M. Allen
(Kentucky Sta. Food and Drugs Bien. Rpt., 7 [1011-1913), pp. 65, pis. 18).—
The work done by the department during the fiscal years July 1, 1911, to June
30, 1913, is reviewed. This included the analysis of 10,148 samples, of which
5,269 were found to be adulterated. The results are also given of the work
accomplished in the experimental bakei-y for the instruction of bakers in
improving existing conditions. Inspections were made of dairies, slaughter-
houses, cold storage plants, grocery stores, food factories, bakeries, ice cream
plants, restaurants, hotels, and pop factories.
Thirteenth, annual report of the food and drug commissioner of South
Dakota, G. G. Fkary (Ann. Rpt. Food and Drug Comr. 8. Dale, 13 (1913), pp.
136). — The increased scope of the commission's work is discussed, and the year's
work described, including general inspection work under the pure food and drug
law, the inspection of petroleum products and other work of the department,
coal analysis, and the examination of a large number of samples of miscel-
laneous food products, drug products, and soap.
List of the analyses of samples of butter and other food products (Perm.
Dept. Agr., Mo. Bui. Dairy and Food Div., 11 (1913), No. 9-10, pp. 67-102).—
Data are reported as to the exaniiiuition of butter and other food products.
Some attempts to standardize oven temperatures for cookery processes,
May B. van Arsdale (Teachers Col. [N. Y.] Bui. 8, 5. ser. {1913), pp. 15). — ^The
inaccuracy of the usual household methods for determining oven temperature
is discussed on the basis of a summary of data and attempts to control such
methods by actual test.
The results of a number of experiments are reported on the relation of time
and oven temperature to the cooking of a variety of foods. The observed range
was from about 250 to 550° F. " It therefore follows that while 400° may be
a relatively high temperature it can scarcely be called 'hot' for cooking pur-
poses when so many of the ordinary processes require a much higher temper-
ature."
A number of recipes are given with the temperature and time required for
baking the quantities under consideration. A summary of the experimental
data secured, the author points out, might yield such a classification of oven
temperature as the following: Low temperature (250-350°), custards, merin-
gues; low to moderate, sponge cake, angel food; moderate (350-400°), bread,
gingerbread, plain cake, cookies; hot or "quick" (400-450°), Parker House
rolls ; hot to very hot, baking powder biscuit. Popovers begin at 450°, decrease
to 390°, finish at 350°. Pastry (pies) begins at 500°, finishes at 450°.
The use of a thermometer in cookery by the housewife and in the instruction
of children is discussed, the author's conclusion being that it will yield more
definite and uniformly good results than the usually inaccurate descriptions
which accompany recipes.
What the Department of Agriculture is doing for the housekeeper, C. F.
Langwoethy (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1913, pp. 143-162). — ^An account is
given of the various activities of this Department which provide information
valuable to the housewife, and particularly of the nutrition investigations of
the Office of Experiment Stations. Some of the results of the nutrition investi-
gations of interest to housekeepers are cited, the principal topics discussed
being the results of exiierimental studies and their relation to planning meals,
laboratory work and cooking problems, food and its care in the home, and the
avoidance of waste of materials and time in providing food for the family.
360 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Financing- the wage-earner's family, S. Neabing {New York, 1913, pp. Ill,
figs. 8). — This book is an attempt to bring into comparison available figures
upon the incomes of wage-earners in the United States and reliable estimates of
the cost of maintaining a fair standard of living.
In the matter of the cost of living, the author estimates that between $450
and $650, according to locality, is necessary to maintain a minimum standard
for an average family consisting of father, mother, and 3 children under 14.
This provides only for the barest necessities — food, clothing, and shelter — and
not for school books nor for the expenses attending illness or death.
The cost of a fair standard of living is estimated to be from $700 to $750
for a family of average size in the individual towns of eastern United States,
and $100 more in cities — significant figures from the author's point of view,
since he estimates that three-fourths of the males in the United States are
earning less than that amount.
The author urges that local comparisons between wages and the cost of living
be made, and for those who wish to undertake such studies his book with its
ample bibliographical notes will serve as a guide.
How to live on 2d. a day, F. J. Cross (CasseU's Mag., n. ser., No. 23 {1914),
pp. 223-228, figs. 3). — A brief note, based on the author's experience, on the
possibility of procuring a day's food for 4 cts.
How to live on 3d. or 4d. a day, F. J. Cross {CasseU's Mag., n. ser., No. 22
{191Jf), pp. 161-110, figs. 8). — On the basis of his exi^erimental study of the
question, the author discusses the possibilities of economical living.
Dietetics in Italian tenements, Winifred S. Gibbs {Puh. Health Nurse
Quart., 6 {1914), No. 1, pp. 42-53). — In connection with this article describing
methods followed in teaching Italian housewives how to procure a better diet
under American conditions, information is given regarding the kind of diet
followed before and after instruction.
Domestic science. — [School lunch work in Gary, Indiana], Caxla Krentel
{Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd. Health, 11 {1914), No. 1, p. 7).— A brief account, with menus,
is given of school lunch work designed to be instructive as well as to provide
suitable food. The preparation of the lunches is in the hands of the domestic
science classes.
Sanitary conditions in Alaska. — [Food poisoning], E. Kbulish {Puh.
Health Rpts. [U. S.], 28 {1913), No. 12, pp. 544-^51).— Wsiter supply, garbage
disposal, and other questions are discussed.
The author states that cases of food poisoning are not uncommon among the
natives, especially, it is said, in isolated districts where large quantities of
canned food are consumed. He states that he has treated 7 cases of poisoning
"due to the eating of putrid moose meat." " In some parts of the territory the
natives eat fish heads which have been previously buried in the ground until
they have undergone putrefaction ; this dish they consider quite a delicacy."
The care of the baby {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], Sup. 10 {1914), PP- H,
fig. 1). — ^This paper, prepared by a committee of the American Association for
the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality and presented to the association
at its annual meeting held in Washington, D. C, November, 1913, discusses the
feeding and care of infants. The publication is designed for popular instruction.
My dietary, S. S. Sherman (In My Autobiography Continued from my 95th
to 99th Year of my Age. Chicago, 1913, pp. 11, 12). — The author, in his ninety-
ninth year, describes his dietary. The usual breakfast consists of orange juice,
a wheat cereal, an egg, and a cup of coffee; the midday meal, usually of a
little soup with simple vegetables and a little meat, some simple dessert, and
fruit, with a cup of boiled coffee or weak tea as the usual beverage. A glass of
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 361
ruilk an hour or two before retiring is tbe usual supper, though this is often
omitted.
The principle on which the diet was selected is the use lu moderate quantity
of simple foods, which experience has shown to agree with the user, and of such
a physical character that maceration in the mouth talies the place of mastica-
tion, which, in this particular case, is not possible.
Health through diet, K. G. and A. Haig [London, 1913, pp. X+227+31).—
The author believes the uric-acid-free diet is desirable and makes a plea for it.
Texlbook on physiological chemistry. — I, The organic nutrients and their
behavior in cell metabolism, E. ^Vjjderhaldkn {Leitrbiich dcr PhysioJoglsclicn
C'hcmie. — 1. TeU, Die Organischon Nahrungsstoffe and ihr VcrhaUen iin Zell-
stoffwechsel. Berlin and Vietvna, lOlJf, vol. 1, S. ed., pp. TIII-\-736, figs. 2). —
This volume, which presents the author's course of class-room lectures, has to
do with carbohydrates, fats, protein, nucleo-proteids, and similar topics; the
fate of such substances in the body; and other matters having to do with meta-
bolism. The volume, which has been thoroughly revised, is a valuable contribu-
tion to the literature of physiological chemistry.
Observations on the processes of resorption in the cellular organism, M.
RuBNER {Arch. Anat. u. Physiul., Physiol. Aht., 1913, pp. 240-258; abs. in Chem.
Zentbl., 1913, II, No. 26, p. 2149). — The author's observations were made with
yeast, the experiments having to do with the resorption of protein and sugar.
The resorption phenomena were found to be directly derxjndent upon the vital
properties of living substance. In the case of nitrogen a decided selective func-
tion was noted with reference to nutritive material and resorption phenomena.
In the case of the yeast cell resorption consists of two parts, namely, adsorption
and peneti'ation through the cell wall.
The investigations also report the results of comparative studies regarding
the phenomena of resorption in a single cell organism and in a more complicated
one.
Concerning resorption phenomena in the intestine, N. A. Dobrowolskaja
{Biochem. Ztschr., 56 (1913), No. 4, pp. 267-290; abs. in Chem. Zentbl, 1914, I,
No. 1, pp. 47, 48). — Experiments are reported on the resorption of protein
cleavage products. Contradictory results wore obtained.
Contribution to the experimental study of the role of the spleen in diges-
tion, C. L. RuscA (Gaz. Med. Ital., 63 {1912), Nos. 35, pp. 331-333; 36, pp. 341,
342; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 16 {1914), ^^o. 7-8, pp. 243, 244).—
The experiments, which were made with dogs, did not lead to definite conclu-
sions.
The effect of a one-sided diet upon the composition of the body and upon
the respiratory exchange in a subsequent fasting period, F. Kleinert
(Ztschr. Biol., 61 (1913), No. 8, pp. 342-372, figs. 5).— The experiments, which
were made with dogs, led to the conclusion that the gaseous exchange and the
respiratory quotient in fasting are influenced by the food taken during the pe-
riod preceding the fasting period and by the composition of the body as affected
by the food. In reaching such a conclusion, account must naturally be taken of
other disturbing factors, such as muscular work and the upsetting of the general
condition.
The effect upon the metabolism of man and animals of long- continued
excessive diet of carbohydrate without protein, E. Grafe {Dent. Arch. Klin.
Med. 113 (1913), No. 1-2, pp. 1-91; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 16
(1914), No. 9-10, pp. 307, 308).— In experiments with man (an insane person
and a woman professional faster) and with animals it was found that an exces-
S6^ EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
sive diet of carbohydrates without protein did not lead to a gain in weight but
rather to a loss.
Absorption and fate of tin in the body, W. Salant, J. B. Rieger, and E. L.
P. Treuthardt {Jour. Biol. Chem., 11 (WU), No. 2, pp. 265-273).— Soluble tin
salts subcutaneously injected were found in the contents of the gastro-intestinal
canal and in smaller quantities in the urine in tests with laboratory animals.
The skin contained from 20 to 25 per cent, and the liver on an average about 5
per cent of the total amount injected.
"After feeding soluble salts of tin to rabbits for from 3 to 4 days, and to dogs
for from 2 to 4 weeljs, only traces could be detected in the urine. After feeding
soluble tin salts to rats for 4 months appreciable quantities were found in the
body. Soluble tin salts given intravenously disappeared from the circulation
within 2 to 3 hours.
" The above data justify the conclusions that the gastro-intestinal tract is the
chief organ for the elimination of tin ; that the liidney plays a subordinate
though an important role. Elimination of the metal is very slow ; appreciable
quantities are eliminated during the first and second days.
"Absorption of tin from the gastro-intestinal tract may take place under cer-
tain conditions."
Do foodstuffs contain substances at present unknow^n ■which are impor-
tant for the maintenance of life? E. Abderhalden and A. E. Lampe (Ztschr.
Oesam. Expt. Med., 1 (1913), pp. 296-35J,; abs. in Chem. ZcnthL, 1913, II, No. 6,
pp. 522, 523; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], IO4 {1913), No. 6U, I, p. U09).—A
critical study in which the authors contend that the existence of vitamins and
similar substances has not been definitely established.
On the influence of atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity on
animal metabolism, W. Thomson {Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil.
Soc., 57 (1912-13), pt. 3, No. 13, pp. 8, pis. 2).— From the observation that the
percentages of carbon dioxid in the air exhaled from the lungs of a number
of people were on certain days nearly all low while on other days they were
nearly all relatively high, the author was led to conduct a series of experiments
in which the carbon dioxid in the air exhaled from the lungs was determined
and at the "same time observations made of the barometer, hygrometer, and
thermometer.
It was shown by experiments that the percentage of carbon dioxid in the
exhaled air was greater when the inhaled air had been previously dried with
strong sulphuric acid, from which the author assumed that metabolism would
be greater when breathing dry air than when breathing damp air. It was
observed that the percentage of carbon dioxid in the exhaled air was greater
at high elevations than in valleys and also greater in valleys than in a deep
coal mine, from which the assumption is made that a low barometric pressure
would produce increased metabolism, while high barometric pressure would
result in decreased metabolism.
Greater metabolism, as indicated by production of carbon dioxid, was ob-
served when the body was surrounded by cold air than when it was surrounded
by warm or hot air, but if the body remained in cold air and warm or hot air
was breathed metabolism was greatly increased. It was also noticed that the
breathing of pure dry oxygen produced no greater metabolism than that of
ordinary dry air. It was found that the metabolism was greatly increased
for some time after violent exercise had been taken.
The data of these experiments with human beings and similar ones with
laboratory animals are presented in tabular form, from which it appears " that,
on all occasions where the barometer, hygrometer, or thermometer alters appre-
ciably, there is a corresponding change in the percentage of carbon dioxid in
FOODS — HUMAN NUTEITION. 363
the exhaled air of all, or nearly all, the persons or animals tested." A rise in
the barometer or marked increase in humidity produced a fall in the carbon
dioxid, while a fall in the barometer or decrease in humidity produced a rise
in the carbon dioxid exhaled. " The rise of the temperature of the air produced
a lowering of the carbon dioxid in the exhaled air, and a fall in the temperature
produced a rise.
" The rate of the pulse seems to have no influence on the percentage of carbon
dioxid in the exhaled air. The temiierature (sublingual) of the body appeared
iilso to have little influence on the carbon dioxid in the expired air."
The influence of moisture in the air on metabolism in the body, W. Thom-
son {Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc, 57 (1912-13), pt. 3, No. U,
pp. Jf). — Further experimental data regarding the effect of moisture in the air
are reported by the author in confirmation of the observations of the experi-
ments noted above.
In these experiments, three different persons breathed first damp and then
dry air at about 56° F. and afterwards both damp and dry air at 98°. An
average increase of 4 per cent in the carbon dioxid in the exhaled air was
observed when dry cold air was breathed over that observed when damp cold
air was breathed. When warm di-y air was breathed, an increase of about 7.5
per cent was observed over that noted when damp warm air was breathed.
Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to ventilation, C. Weisman
(Easton, Pa., 1913, pp. 99, fig. 1). — An extended summary of data relating to
the subject is given, and the results are reported of a series of experiments,
from which the following conclusions are drawn:
Subcutaneous injection into guinea pigs of either isotonic condensation liquid
from human breath, in amounts up to 20 cc. followed by intravenous injection
of human blood serum in amounts up to 0.5 cc, or of isotonic condensation liquid
from human breath, followed by intravenous injection of the same kind of
material in amounts up to 3 cc, with a suitable incubation period between both
injections, did not result in anaphylactic shock. Likewise intravenous injec-
tion of this liquid into human beings in amounts up to 8 cc. was not toxic.
There was no evidence to show that the condensation liquid obtained from
males is more toxic than that from females, or that proteins are volatile.
From the fact that the extremely sensitive anaphylactic test failed to show the
presence of any sensitizing material in human breath, it is concluded that this
material is not a factor to which may be attributed the ill effects of poor
ventilation. The results of these experiments are contradictory to those obtained
by Rosenau and Amoss, previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 866).
Metabolism during metal work, F. C. Beckee and O. Olsen (Skand. Arch.
Phi/sioh. 31 (1914), No. 1-3, pp. 81-197, figs. i3).— The results of extended inves-
tigations are reported in which the carbon dioxid excretion was studied in
periods of mental rest and activity, the mental work consisting in committing
to memory meaningless syllables. Quotations from the authors' summary
follow :
" The carbon dioxid percentage of the air expired is approximately con-
stant during rest within each experiment and only the oscillations of the res-
piratory level furnish an approxi-expression for the oscillations in the carbonic
acid eliminated. Moreover on transition to rest the carbon dioxid percentage
of the alveolar air will rise, a fact which must probably be understood as an
expression for an increased accumulation of carbon dioxid in the organism
produced by a less effective ventilation of the lungs.
" In the case of minor muscular work, when the subject takes up the same
position during the entire experiment and works with unhindered respiration,
the value of the increase of metabolism may approximately be expressed by
364 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
the increase of the respiratory voluuie. While the efBciency, regarding the in-
dividually working muscle, reaches its maximum contemporary with the per-
forming maximum work, the efficiency for the ©rganism. as a whole, will reach
its maximum long before the muscle reaching maximum of the output of work.
" Variations in the air pressure will influence the magnitude of the respi-
ratory level so that relative maximum points in the level curve correspond to
relative minimum points in the air pressure curve and vice versa ; thus a rise
or a sinking of the air pressure will involve a sinking or a rise of the respiratory
level respectively.
" The respiration is reflectorily released with such an amount that the
carbonic acid percentage of the alveolar air is kept about constant. Should
any changes occur in the carbonic acid peix-entage of the alveolar air, the
respiration will at once appear with a new value, endeavoring to equalize
the changes. . . .
" When closing the eyes the respiratory level goes down, and a simultaneous
decrease occurs in the carbonic acid eliminated and the oxygen absorbed ; these
changes being partly attributable to a less effective ventilation of the lungs.
The respiration of a subject resting, but awake, has a wavy course, but on
entrance of sleep the respiratory level is lowered, whereupon the respiration
elapses with a constant level value. The cause of the wavy respiration of the
subject, while awake and at rest, must partly be sought in changing states of
consciousness.
"During the getting-by-heart of meaningless syllables, an increase of the
organic elimination- of carbonic acid occurred. This increase which is rela-
tively big at the beginning of the work, is partly attributable to a dilution of
the store of carbonic acid in the organism, but may besides, as a whole, be
understood as an expression for a contemporary increase of the production of
carbonic acid — consequently an increase of metabolism. A fraction of this in-
crease arises from the muscular movements performed during the mental work,
whereas the main part is due to psycho-physiological processes upon which the
association work depends.
" The magnitude of the metabolic increase arising from mental work will
oscillate parallel to the subjectively estimated amount of work performed.
The metabolic increase attached to the performance of certain mental work
will gradually decrease, according as the subject acquires greater practice
in the work in question. Energetically the psychological notion ' concentration
of attention' will furnish an expression for the peculiarity that one may vol-
xmtarily solve the same problem in the same space of time with a various
amount of energy. The check occurring between contemporary energetical
transformation in the brain takes in the main the same course as corresponding
check effects in the case of simple physical motors."
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Further investig'ations into factors affecting the handling of wheaten hay,
including a study of its digestibility, A. J. Perkins, J. H. Phillips, W. J.
Spatford, and N. S. May (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 17 (1914), No. 7, pp. 720-
755, figs. 3). — The results of 2 years' study at the Roseworthy Agricultural
College of the character and digestibility of wheat hay, cut in various stages of
development, indicate that maximum yields will be secured from cuts taken
about 3 weeks after full bloom at a time when the grain is just about to leave
the milky stage and enter upon the dough stage.
It was noted that hay cut after the milky stage tends to become ill-balanced
hay, in which the culms and flag rapidly lose their feeding value, and if the
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 365
hay is not cut at least 2 weeks earlier than the ripening of the grain there
occurs an actual loss of hay. There is a steady decrease in the percentage of
mineral matter and a corresponding increase in that of organic matter with the
ripening of the crop. The percentage of protein shows a rise during the
first 3 weeks and a steady decline thereafter, that of fat remains practically sta-
tionary throughout the whole period, and that of carbohydrates steadily increases
throughout the 6 weeks, with a corresiwnding decrease in the culms and flag,
while that of fiber steadily rises in culms and flag and equally declines in the
ears. A heavy loss of dry matter was noted in the last 2 or 3 weeks of the
development of the wheat crop and it is believed that aside from the loss due
to falling off of flag, the occasional shaking out of grain, and the leaching
action of rain, there is some sort of migration of the mineral matter towards
the root system as maturity advances.
The loss of weight on drying of a wheat crop is represented by approximately
three-fourths of the green weight of the crop in the full-bloom stage, and by
less than one-fourth of the green weight when the grain is ripe. Generally
speaking, early-cut hay retains slightly more moisture than late-cut hay. It Is
believed that aside from the loss of moisture due to evaporation a crop of hay
left to dry in the field undergoes a loss of moisture due to a chemical reaction
set up in the drying cells of the plants, which involves a breaking down and
loss of carbohydrates. This loss is estimated at 3* per cent of the original
green weight.
" Direct digestion experiments show that hay cut at full bloom is more highly
digestible than any hay cut at later periods, and that in general the digestibility
of wheaten hay decreases by regular steps as the period of complete ripeness
is approached. In this connection there is a difference of over 12 per cent
between the digestibility of hay cut at full bloom and that of hay cut a week
before the ripening of the grain. This superior digestibility of wheaten hay
cut at full bloom holds good all along the line, with the exception, perhaps, of
the doubtful case of the mineral matter. The regular decline in the digestibility
of hays cut at later periods is most marked in the case of proteins and fiber.
Carbohydrates are, on the whole, rather erratic in their behavior, and perhaps
on the whole they may be considered more or less stationary in their direct
digestibility.
"The albuminoid ratio is narrower and more favorable in character in the
earlier cut hays than in those in more advanced stages of development. This
arises from the more highly digestible condition of the proteins in the less
mature cuts of hay, and the overwhelming prejxtnderance of carbohydrates in
the later cuts."
Apples for live stock, A. Truelle (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 26 {1913), No. 49,
pp. 727, 728). — Suggestions are given for the utilization of apples as a feed for
live stock. Rations containing apples are formulated for different animals.
Acorns and beechnuts as feeding stuffs, O. Engels (Landiv. Vers. Stat., 82
(1913), No. 1-2, pp. 93-148). — This article summarizes the results of analyses
made by various investigators of acorns and beechnuts and of experiments
conducted in feeding these products to farm animals. It is concluded that
acorns are protein-poor but high in carbohydrate content ; that they are highly
digestible, although where fed in large quantities they hinder digestion and
are constipating; and that small quantities may be successfully fed to sheep
and goats, but are distasteful to dairy cows and horses. The shell comprises
approximately 15 per cent of the entire nut.
Beechnut cake is successfully fed to cattle, sheep, hogs, horses, and poultry.
In large quantities it is said to have a toxic effect. The shell comprises ap-
proximately 34 per cent of the entire nut and contains 2.11 per cent tannic acid.
366 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
The kernel contains a liigli percentage of phosphoric acid, given as 1.25 per
cent.
Fish meal as a feeding stuff, H. H. Morgan (Daihj Cons, and Trade Rpts.
[U. S.], n {1914), No. 76, p. 7). — It is stated that fish guano as a supplementary-
feed for cattle, hogs, and poultry is coming into more general use in Germany.
Fish meal is mixed with hay, chopped straw, turnips, and other fodders. A
fish-meal cake is manufactured from herrings which contains from 12 to 25
per cent of wheat bran or oat hulls and from 75 to 85 per cent of fresh chopped
herrings.
Extensive importations of fish guano were being made to the United States.
[New feeding stuffs], H. H. Mann {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Bombay, 1912-13,
pp. 62, 63). — Analyses are given of the seed of the roselle plant {Hibiscus
sabdariffa) and of the tubers of the Indian plant kudu tondli {Cephalandria
indica), both of which when properly prepared are said to be of value as feed-
ing stuffs. Safflower cake is another feeding stuff said to be very rich In
nitrogen.
[Feeding stuffs], R. E. Rose and E. P. Geeene {Fla. Quart. Bui. Dept. Agr.,
24 {1914), ^0. 1, pp. 66-92). — Analyses are reported of cotton-seed meal,
bran, mowrah meal, corn, molasses feed, wheat middlings, shipstuff, hominy
meal, linseed meal, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
The feeding-stuffs inspection for 1911, 1912, N. J. Bacheldeb {Rpt. Bd.
Agr. [N. H.], 32 {1911-12), pp. 229-267) .—Analyses are reported of cotton-seed
meal, linseed meal, meat scrap, bone meal, cob meal, buckwheat middlings,
dried brewers' grains, malt sprouts, dried beet pulp, gluten feed, hominy feed,
wheat bran, middlings, molasses feed, alfalfa meal, and various mixed and
proprietary feeds. The text of the state feeding-stuffs law is included.
Commercial feeds, edited by J. M. Pickel {Bui. N. (J. Dept. Agr., 34 {1913),
No. 11, pp. 39). — Analyses are given of the following feeding stuffs: Wheat
bran, middlings, shipstuff, corn, coi"n chop, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed feed,
rice meal, rich polish, crushed oats, buckwheat, dried beet pulp, gluten feed,
screenings, molasses feed, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
There is included a summary of the requirements of the state feed law.
Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, compiled by J. W. Sample and
A. L. Harrison {Tcnn. Agr., 3 {1914), No. 3, pp. 101-152, pi. 1, fig. i).— Analyses
are reported of the following feeding stuffs : Bran, shorts, middlings, hominy
feed, molasses feed, cotton-seed meal, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
There is included a digest of the Tennessee feed law, together with feed defini-
tions.
Stock- watering places on western grazing lands, W. C. Barnes {U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 592 {1914), VP- ^> flffs. 3). — This publication gives
suggestions for the development and improvement of stock-watering places.
Items treated are natural watering places, including springs, seeps, and swamps,
and artificial watering places, including reservoirs, wells, and water from
mining tunnels. The types of troughs and their construction are discussed.
Animal husbandry department, F. B. Mumford {Missouri Sta. Bui. 117
{1914), PP- 4I8-42O). — Five lots, each comprising 6 choice 2-year-old steers,
were fed during a 130-day period a ration of alfalfa hay, corn silage, cold
pressed cotton-seed cake, and corn in various forms. Lot 1 received broken
ear com, lot 2 shelled corn, lot 3 crushed corn and cob, lot 4 corn and cob meal,
and lot 5 corn meal. Deducting the value of pork produced it was estimated
that the final cost of grain in producing a pound^ of beef under these conditions
was 7.14, 6.47, 7.31, 8.41, and 7.85 cts., respectively; and the profits realized
were $G.1S, $8.96, $6.21, $4.79, and $6.33, respectively, i>er steer.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 367
In preliminary studies of tlie various planes of nutrition in their influence
upon breeding cattle, it appears that heifers on a high plane of nutrition reach
the breeding period at an earlier age but are more uncertain breeders than
those maintained on a lower plane of nutrition.
In comparing the value of various roughages for breeding ewes it was found
that •' corn stover proved nearly as efficient as timothy hay. The use of silage
instead of stover materially reduced the amount of grain required; silage,
clover hay, and grain proved the most economical ration ; clover hay and grain
was the second in economy. Two lbs. of corn silage appeared to be equiva-
lent to 1 lb. of hay in the ration where it was used. Breeding ewes proved to
be very susceptible to poisoning from old silage."
In the feeding of animals it was found that warm feed and warm water show
no advantage over cold feed and water, which results verify those of earlier
trials. Notes on the improvements through the use of pure-bred, rams have
been reported from another source (E. S. R., 29, p. 870).
In an investigation of age as a factor in animal breeding it has been found
by careful measurements that early pregnancy interferes with the rate of growth
and the ultimate development of the maternal parent.
The South American meat industry, A. D. Mklvin ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Year-
book l'J13, pp. 3^7-^64, pis. 8). — The author reports on his recent tour of
investigation made of the South American meat inspection and meat industry,
especially Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil. Data are presented
showing the recent imports of food ajjimals into the United States from Argen-
tina, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Uruguay, and other countries.
Methods of freezing and salting of beef products in vogue in South America
are discussed. Statistics are given on the supply of cattle and sheep in South
America and a comparison made with other countries. It is believed that
" while statistics show that Argentina is already slaughtering up to the limit
of its present stock of cattle, that country has such great resources for cattle
raising that it is easily possible for the stocli raisers to bring about a large
increase in the meat output if present prices are maintained, which, with
the opening of the United States market, seems very probable."
The production of beef in the South, W. F. Ward {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Year-
book 1913, pp. 259-282, pis. 4)- — In this article the author discusses the possi-
bilities of the South for beef production, the abandonment of the one-crop sys-
tem, the growing of forage crops, grasses, and grains in the South, tick eradica-
tion, and. the most approved methods of cattle production in the South as
determined by experiment station results and reported in various station and
Department publications previously noted.
The Bazadais cattle, G. Lafforgue (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 3 (1914), A"o. 12, pp.
322, 323, fig. 1). — The characteristics of this French breed of cattle are given.
The Garonnais breed of cattle, P. Herbet {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 3 {1914), A"o.
12, pp. 324-330, figs. 6). — This gives a historical sketch, characteristics, and
measurements of this French breed of cattle.
The distribution of wild sheep, R. Kowarzik {Mitt. Justus Perthes' Geogr.
Anst., 60 {1914), ^0. 2, pp. 70-72, pi. 1). — An account of the various breeds and
types of wild sheep and of their geographical distribution.
Breeding caracul sheep, C. C. Young {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), ^o. 4, PP-
170-178, pi. 1, figs. 3). — ^The author reviews the history of importations and the
development of the caracul sheep industry in the United States.
He found a difference to exist in the wooling characteristics of caracul rams
and ewes, some having a coarse long wool, others a long coarse gray wool in
which was hidden a fine lusterless short reddish wool resembling microscopi-
cally that of Merinos. It was found that this fine underwool came into the
368 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
strain through the admixture of some flne-wool-bearing Afghans, and it was
fully determined that the fine wool in most of the sheep was entirely responsible
for their inferior fur-producing qualities. The results of tests in interbreeding
these 2 types indicated that " a very small amount of fine wool can be over-
come, and considerable fine wool in ewes can be neutralized, where the i*am is
entirely free from the short fine underwool. Two crosses suffice to breed it out
entirely."
Where Merinos and Shropshires were crossed with a pure-bred caracul ram
" a very inferior skin was produced in which there was great lack of luster and
a very important curl formation, giving the skin a matty appearance, valueless
from a fur standpoint, but excellent results were obtained when the same ram
was bred to such of our lustrous longwools as Lincolns, and such red Persian
fatrumps as were entirely free from short wool and possessed very coarse
wool." Where a pure-bred caracul ram was " bred to long-wool ewes, free from
fine wool, and the skins of the lambs were obtained the first few days after
birth, they showed tight curls uniform in size and possessing the required
luster. Such half-blood skins were valued ... at from $8 to $12 per skin. In
all cases where the prices ranged from $3 to $4 the skins showed lack of luster
and curl formation, which was easily traced to fine wool, either in the caracul
rams or grade native longwools."
It is stated that in Central Asia there are " 6 classes of caracul sheep, all of
which owe their black pigment tendency to tight curl formation, and luster
to the small black and nearly extinct Dan^dar sheeep. These breeds are known
as (1) Large Arabi or Duzbai, (2) Small Arabi, (3) Intermediate Arabi,
resulting from the crossing of the above-mentioned two classes, (4) Gray Shirad,
(5) Zigais (of these classes there are very few), and (6) caracul Afghans,
which last class unfortunately comprise 90 per cent of all the fur-producing
sheep in Bokhara, and while possessing excellent mutton qualities and wonder-
ful hardiness, like all of the other breeds, can hardly produce profitable fur In
America, where people demand the best quality of the Persian furs."
The author comments on the difficulties of procuring breeding stock from
Bokhara.
Alaska's reindeer industry, L. Chubbuck (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 4,
pp. I49-I54, figs. 3). — The author comments on the Government's importations
of reindeer to Alaska and the opportunities for the extension of the industry.
It is suggested that it might be possible to cross the native caribou and the
domesticated reindeer, thus preserving the size and vigor of the stock.
The preservation of the Arab horse, C. W. Edwards (PJiiUppine A{/r. Rev.
[English Ed.], 7 (1914), Xo. 1, pp. ^7, 48)- — An effort is being made to preserve
the pure-bred Arab horse. There is being formed in Cairo an international
horse society, the object being the starting of a stud book, the arranging for
annual shows and auction sales, and the encouragement of the breeding of
Arabian horses. It is stated that at the present time the pure-bred Arab is
found only among the different Bedouin tribes of the Arabian and Syrian
deserts in Mesopotamia and in the Xedj, in a few private studs in Egypt, and
in a voi-y few of the European and American studs.
A study of sex-linked inheritance in poultry (Missouri Sta. Bui. 117 (1914),
pp. 430, 431). — "In the sprijig of 1913 matings were made as follows: (1)
Barred Plymouth Rock male and Black Minorca female; (2) Barred Plymouth
Pock female and Black Minorca male; (3) White Leghorn male and White-
crested Black Polish female; (4) White Leghorn female and Whitecrested
Black Polish male; (5) Silver Spangled Hamburg male and Brown Leghorn
female; (6) Silver Spangled Hamburg female and Brown Leghorn male;
(7) Seabright Bantam male and Black Bantam female; and (8) Seabrlght
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 369
Bantam female and Black Bantam male. From all of the above matings,
except (7), a large number of birds were obtained in the Fi generation.
"Matings (1) and (2) gave typical sex-linked results: In (1), both the
males and the females are barred, while in (2), the reciprocal cross, only tha
males are barred, the females being entirely black like their father. In mat-
ings (3) and (4), no sex-linked characters have been observed.
" The Fi birds from matings (5) and (6) show a number of points of interest.
The spangled pattern of the Hamburg is evidently sex-linked, but the pattern
is not transmitted for the entire body as a unit. In all of the offspring of both
crosses, the tail is pure black and shows no spangling whatever, but on the rest
of the body the pattern is inherited as a sex-linked character. From mating
(5), both cocks and hens are spangled, while from mating (6), the reciprocal
cross, only the males are spangled, the females being black with some scattered
brown and golden marliings.
" The Bantam matings are of unusual importance by reason of the fact that
the Seabright male lacks the usual secondary sexual feathers of poultry, and
is therefore feathered like the female. The cocks of this breed have no
sickle feathers, and the long hackle and saddle feathers are also absent. The
crosses in question were made in order to determine the mode of inheritance
of this peculiarity. It is known, furthermore, that the Seabright cocks show a
greatly reduced fertility, and it is possible that a correlation exists between this
condition and the absence of secondary sexual characters. From the mating
(7), in which the Seabright cock was used, only 4 birds were obtained, 1 male
and 3 females. The cock has the usual sickle feathers and the hackles and
saddle. But in the mating (8), in which the reciprocal cross was made, all
of the cocks are hen-feathered. A complete analysis of this result will not be
possible until the next generation is obtained."
Studies on the feather formation of dom^estic fowl, K. Andreas (Studien
iihrr die Lockeiv- und Struppbildung heim UausgcftugeL Inaug. Diss., Univ.
Bern, 1913, pp. Jf5, pis. 3). — A study of the feather formation and characteristics
of some unusual types of domestic fowl, and of the effect of domestication and
environment upon these characters.
Early development of scale and feather, J. Schleidt (Arch. Mikros. Anat.,
83 (1913), No. 1-2, I, pp. 118-129, pis. 2; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [Lon-
don'], No. 1 (19-14), P- 53).— The author finds that the scales on the chick's feet
have primordia like those of reptilian scales. They consist of a proliferation
of epidermis and dermis. It is stated that the " foot of the chick and the fore
limb of the blackbird show embryonic down feathers on scales. At a very
early stage the down primordia are seen as special differentiations on the
scale primordia."
It is concluded that there is no homology between scales, embryonic down
feathers, and definitive feathers.
Effect of Rontgen rays on organs of chicken, H. Unzeitig (Arch. Mikros.
Anat., 82 (1913), No. 4, I, PP- 380-407, pi. 1, figs. 2; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros.
Soc. [London], No. 1 (1914), p- 38). — It was found that "chickens can stand
about 2 hours' exposure to a given intensity of Rontgen rays. For a few days
following there is a marked reduction of body weight. Feathers often fall off.
The bursa fabricii becomes smaller and lighter, and in one case almost dis-
appeared. The lymphocytes of the cortical substance are destroyed in large
numbers, the number of follicles is reduced ; after the fifth day or so regenerative
processes often set in. The testes are very susceptible; there is marked loss
of weight and great destruction of sperm cells. The interstitial cells do not
seem to be affected. The spleen loses greatly in weight and there is a marked
reduction of lymphocytes."
370 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
Artificial insemination in birds, E. Ivanov {Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol.
[Paris], 75 {1913), No. 31, pp. 371-374; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London],
No. 1 (1914), p. 34). — The author has effected artificial insemination of hens
and pheasants, and reports that a small percentage of the hens laid fertile
eggs which developed.
Shipping eggs by parcel post, L. B. Flohb ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui.
594 (1914), PP- 20, figs. 6). — In the experiments reported in this study in
cooperation with the Post Office Department approximately 761 doz. eggs were
sent through the mails in 466 shipments of from 1 to 10 doz. each. The total
breakage was 327 eggs, of which 118 were only cracked or slightly broken and
were usable. Of the 209 broken beyond use, 91 were broken because the
parcels containing them were handled contrary to postal rules and regulations.
Subtracting these, the loss was less than 1.3 per cent.
In the shipment of eggs it is advised that only fresh well-preserved eggs and
preferably nonfertile eggs be sent. In trials made of a large number of styles
and makes of containers quite a number proved satisfactory.
Complete details of methods of shipment and a suggested form of agreement
between producer and consumer are given.
Eggs from China, G. E. Anderson, R. E. Mansfield, A. P. Wilder, and E. L.
Neville {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 17 {1914), ^o. 71, pp. 1142-
1145). — Notes on the Chinese exportation of fresh eggs and egg products,
principally egg albumin, to the United States.
Table rabbit production, P. E. Wilson {Newport {Salop), England, pp. 45,
pi. 1, figs. 10). — This booklet treats of the breeding, feed, care, management,
killing, and dressing of rabbits for food production.
Economic value of North American skunks, D. E. Lantz ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 5S7 {1914), PP- 22, figs. 10). — This publication discusses the value
of skunks to agriculture as destroyers of rodents and injurious insects, their
value as fur bearers, and the possibilities of raising them for their fur. Methods
of feed, care, and management for commercial purposes are discussed. It is
suggested that these animals should be protected everywhere by a close season
of at least 9 months, but the right of farmers to destroy predatory skunks
should be reserved.
DAIRY FAEMING— DAIRYING.
Department of dairy husbandry, C. H. Eckles {Missouri Sta. Bui. Ill
{1914), PP- 421-423). — Portions of this report, relating to nutrients required for
milk production and the characteristics of carotin have been reported from
another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 773; 31, p. 273).
Results obtained in experiments made to determine the nutrients required
to develop the fetus " confirm those previously reported that the amount of feed
required to develop the fetus is so small that it cannot be measured by weigh-
ing the animal and taking the weights and analyses of the feed. In other
words the fetus may be developed on a maintenance ration. A cow in produc-
ing about 200 lbs. of milk produces as much dry matter and of much the same
composition, except in regard to the ash, which varies in certain respects, as
would be required to develop the fetus."
In feeding cotton-seed products in combination with other grains results as to
the composition of the milk and butter were obtained identical with those ob-
tained in feeding cotton-seed meal containing equal quantities of' oil. This
indicates that the results from cotton-seed meal feeding are due to the oil
content.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 371
Results of studies made of the factors influencing the development of dairy
heifers indicate that ordinary variations of feed have no measurable effect
upon the development of the dairy functions. The tendency to produce milk is
apparently an inherited characteristic not subject to much, if any, modification
by feeding.
New method for determining the production value of feeding stuffs
in the feeding of dairy cows, N. Hansson (K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl.
och Tidskr., 52 (1913), No. 8, pp. 633-647; Meddel Centralanst. Forsoksv.
Jordbruksonmldet, No. 85 {1913), pp. 17; Fuhling's Landw. Ztg., 63 {1914),
No. 2, pp. 41-53; abs. in Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and
Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 1, pp. 84-87). — In feeding trials with dairy cows
the Kellner starch value did not prove an exact measure of the feeds used for
the production of milk. The difference between this starch value and the
Swedish and Danish food-unit values is ascribed to the fact that Kellner's
figures are the result of fattening exiieriments with steers, while the Swedish
food-unit values are founded on experiments with milch cows; fats, carbon-
hydrates, and crude fiber have the same value in the 2 cases, but protein is
more advantageously used in the in-oduction of the milk proteins than in the
putting on of fat. It was found that by reckoning the digestible protein of fod-
der at 1.43 instead of 0.94 (Kellner's figure) the calculated values corresponded
to those which resulted from the feeding experiments.
A method is proposed for calculating the milk-producing value which differs
from Kellner's method for the calculation of the starch value only as regards
the factor for the reduction of protein. A table is given showing the value of
some of the principal feeding stuffs based upon this method. From this it is
seen that one food-unit is generally equivalent to about 0.75 of the new values.
By means of the new method a valuation may be made for feeding stuffs of
tlie most varied composition provided their content of digestible matter is
known.
The problem of the protein minimum in the dairy ration and of the
market value of feeding stuffs, M. Hoffmann {Mitt. Dent. Landw. Oesell.,
29 {1914), No. 11. pp. 162-165). — Answers received to numerous inquiries made
in the various Provinces of Germany indicated that but 20 per cent of the
dairymen are using the Kellner standard, showing that that standard is not
deemed entirely satisfactory. While the Kellner method is based on the
assumption that 1 kg. of protein is equal to 0.94 kg. starch value, the equiva-
lents in actual use range from i to f and f .
It is suggested that a uniform system of estimating market value of feeds
is necessary.
Breeds of cattle of Switzerland, A. Gebtsch {Rev. Vet. e Zootech., 4 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 21-48, pis. 9). — This is a discussion of the breed characteristics and
milking capacity of the Swiss, Simmental. and Freiberg breeds of cattle of
Switzerland.
The age for breeding dairy heifers, E. Sihn {KimbalVs Dairy Farmer, 12
{1914), No. 8, p. 233). — This article reports the experiences of E. Tesdorpf of
Denmark, covering observations for 10 years, in which 206 heifers calved at
2 years of age and 193 calved at 3 years. The average milk yield in the first
lactation period was for the 2-year-olds 5,355 lbs. and for the 3-year-olds 5,676
lbs. However, in comparing the yields from the fourth to ninth years In
which time the greatest development of the milk-yielding quality takes place,
the 2-year-olds fully measured up to the 3-year-olds, and their vitality was
equally as good if not better. With regard to abortion and failure to get in
calf the 3-year-olds showed no advantage.
57707°— No. 4—14 6
372 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
It is stated that these records are from one of the oldest and best herds of
Red Danish cattle in Denmark, and that this may account in part for the strong
showing of the 2-year-olds.
World's record for a dairy cow broken {Hoard'' s Dairyman, 47 {1914), No.
13, p. 480, fig. 1). — An account of a 7-year-old Guernsey cow, May Rilma, which
has recently completed a 365-day test in which she gave 19,639.5 lbs. milk, con-
taining 1,059.59 lbs. milk fat. This record is said to surpass that of any cow
thus far.
Hereditary transmission of fat percentage, J. J. Dunne {Hoard's Dairyman,
41 {1914), No. 15, p. 553). — Observations made for 12 years on a herd of red
Danish cows tend to support the theory that Mendel's law dominates the
variations of the fat percentages. It is believed that there are only two con-
stant types in the herd, namely the cows with a tendency to give rich milk,
i. e., 4 per cent, and those with a tendency to give poor milk. i. e., 3.3 per cent,
while the animals with an intermediate fat percentage might be described as
the crossbred product of the two foregoing types.
Cells in milk derived from the udder, R. S. Breed {Netc York State Sta.
Bui. 380 {1914), pp. 139-200, figs. 4). — The purpose of this investigation was to
determine the normal number of cells present in milk, to discover the reason
for variation in the cell content of the milk of individual cows, and to study the
influence of the milking machine on the number of cells present in the milk.
The method used in counting the cells was the direct microscopical method in
which, the counting was done under an oil-immersion lens (E. S. R., 26, p. 274),
The method of preparing dried milk smears here used gave excellent results
and is deemed more accurate than where the cells are counted in centrifuge
sediments.
It is pointed out that cells of two entirely different kinds are discharged in
the milk of all cows throughout the entire lactation period. The larger num-
ber of the cells are leucocytes (white blood corpuscles) while a smaller number
are epithelial cells, nuclei, or other fragments of such cells. It was found that
the largest average number of the cells present in milk occur in colostral milk
but equally large numbers are occasionally found in milk drawn at any portion
of the lactation period. High counts are more common during the latter part
of the lactation period than during the height of lactation, although the average
total number of cells discharged per milking is less. There are marked daily
variations in the number of cells discharged which do not show a close correla-
tion with any of the suggested causes for such variations. No constant rela-
tion exists between the number of cells in fore milk and that obtained later,
although there is an increase in the number of cells in the strippings which
may possibly be due to manipulation of the udder or to other factors.
The four quarters of the udder do not act as a unit in the discharge of the
cells but show as wide variations in number and character of the cells dis-
charged as do separate udders.
Of 122 cows whose milk has been examined, 59 gave cell counts under 500,000
per cubic centimeter, 36 gave counts between 500,000 and 1,000,000, and 27 gave
counts over 1,000.000 per cubic centimeter. The average cell count was 868,000
per cubic centimeter. The milk of all these cows was apparently normal. In
an examination of goat's milk the numbers of cells found were uniformly high,
the average count for 11 goats being 7,465,000 per cubic centimeter.
Changes of a considerable amount in the vacuum used to operate milking
machines were found to be entirely without effect on the cell content of the milk.
The station herd which has been accustomed to machine milking showed a
much lower average cell content than the milk of other herds, indicating that
the number of cells present in machine drawn milk is somewhat less than that
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 373
of hand-drawn milk. The results obtained in the course of tbe experiments
do not indicate that high vacuums or changes in vacuum may of themselves
cause the excessive discharge of cells or draw blood from the interior of tlie
udder.
The reasons for the discharge of the two kinds of cellular elements are
different. The epithelial cells are presumably discharged because they are
worn out iu the process of the secretion of the milk. The reason for the pres-
ence of the leucocytes is not so clear. By some investigators it is believed that
they are attracted into the milk by the presence of bacteria in the udder, espe-
cially by the pus-forming streptococci. The investigations here carried out have
not demonstrated what relationship exists, if any does exist, between the num-
ber of cells discharged and specific infections of the udder. Enough data were
secui-ed, however, to make it probable that tbere are other reasons for the dis-
charge of leucocytes in the milk than the presence of bacteria in the udder.
These other reasons undoubtedly have to do with the physiological conditions
surrounding the process of milk secretion.
Bacterial and enzymic changes in milk and cream at 0° C, Maey E.
Pennington, J. S. Hepburn, E. Q. St. John, et ax. {Jour. Biol. Chem., 16
{1913), No. 3, pp. 331-368).— In some previous work (E. S. R., 20, p. 179) it was
demonstrated that raw milk held at or a little below a temperature of 0° C.
undergoes marked proteolysis, which is very noticeable at the end of 2 weeks.
The function of the present research was to determine which part of the proteo-
lysis is due to bacteria and Avhich part is due to the euzyms of milk, and, finally,
what results when both bacteria and enzyms act together.
It is shown that the proteolysis of casein is due primarily to bacterial action,
while that of lactalbumin is due to the enzyms of the milk. Bacterial and milk
enzyms, when active at the same time, cause a greater degree of proteolysis.
In the course of proteolysis the true proteins are broken down to caseoses, pep-
tones, and then to amino acids. The fermentation of lactose is largely, if not
entirely, due to bacterial action.
" The digestion of the protein, the fermentation of the lactose, and the
increase in acidity are progressive changes, and are accompanied by more or
less progressive lowerings of the freezing point of the milk. The depression of
the freezing point of the cream is to be ascribed to chemical changes in its
protein and lactose. ... " During the holding at 0°, the organisms of the raw
untreated and reinfected sterile milk and cream undergo an increase, which is
most striking in the raw untreated milk."
[Dairy laws], compiled by L. J. Smith and F. B. Duvaxl (Sess. Lmcs Colo.,
1913, pp. 231-245). — This is the text of the Colorado laws relating to the
regulation of the production, sale, and shipment of dairy products and oleo-
margarine, the inspection of dairies, creameries, etc., standards for dairy prod-
ucts, rules for sampling, and other related subjects.
Is the establishment of a uniform fat standard for whole milk practical?
O. Mezger (Milchw. ZentU., 42 (1913), Xos. 16, pp. 492-499; 17, pp. 522-528;
18, pp. 545-555; 19, pp. 574-580, figs. 4; 20, pp. 609-616, figs. £).— In commenting
on the impracticability of a uniform fat standard for whole milk the author
cites a number of earlier investigations showing that milk undergoes wide daily
and weekly changes due to feeds, lactation period, and other variable factors.
Principal types of micro-organisms in Baltimore milk, L. P. Shippen
(Bui. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 25 (1914), No. 278, pp. 122-128).— It was found
that the most frequently encountered organism in the milk examined was
BaciUus lacticus, or as the author chooses to term it, Bacterium giintheri. Cer-
tain strains of the bacterium resemble Streptococciis pyogenes, but may be dif-
374 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
ferentiated from it. Pasteurization at from 60 to 70° C. destroys certain strains
of B. giintheri.
B. cerogenes and B. coU were frequently found in the milk examined. Other
types of micro-organisms were found in lesser and inconstant numbers.
A bibliography of 23 references is included.
Blue milk, A. Wolff {Milchw. ZentU., 42 (1913), No. 19, pp. 571-574).— The
occurrence of blue milk is ascribed to Bacteriimi syncyaneum and B. cyaneo-
fluorescens. The former bacterium forms small blue spots on the surface of
milk which rapidly increase in size and may extend downward. It is dependent
upon the presence of the lactic acid bacterium, without which the formation
of pigment can not continue in strongly acid milk. There are also other organ-
isms capable of coloring milk blue. It is thought that though these micro-
organisms of blue milk are easily killed by pasteurization, the ordinars^ tem-
perature of from 68 to 70° C. is too low unless kept up for 30 minutes. Flies
and water are common carriers of these organisms and are the sources of infec-
tion of milk.
The composition of carabao's milk, E. R. Dovey {Philippine Jour. ScL, Sect.
A, 8 (1913), No. 3, pp. 151-157). — The average composition of 19 samples of
carabao's milk is given as follows : Specific gravity at 17.5° C. 1.0364. water
78.46 per cent, total solids 21.55, fat 10.35, solids-not-fat 11.2 ; protein 5.SS, casein
5.35, albumin 0.53. lactose 4.32, and total ash 0.S44 per cent. The fat butyro-
refractometer reading at 25° was 49.7, the si^eciflc gravity of the serum at 20°
1.0345, and the immersion refractometer reading at 20° 45.3.
It was found that whereas in cow's milk the fat is approximately 30 per cent
of the total solids, in the case of carabao's milk it reaches nearly 50 per cent.
The ratio of lactose, protein, and ash in carabao's milk is given as 5 : 7 : 1. The
ratio of casein to albumin in carabao's milk is given as 1 : 10, and for cow's milk
1 : 55. However, the amount present fluctuates considerably. The ratio of min-
eral matter to solids-not-fat is approximately the same in carabao's milk as in
cow's milk but the ratio of phosphoric acid and calcium to ash is greater in the
former than in the latter. It is shown that carabao's milk varies greatly in com-
position, and it is recommended that a minimum of 8.5 per cent of solids-not-fat
and 8 per cent of milk fat be adopted as the standard.
The average composition of cheese made from carabao's milk is given as fol-
lows : Water 52.52 per cent, fat 28.47, protein 15.47, acetic acid 0.071, lactic acid
0.337, insoluble ash 1.63, soluble ash 3.91. and sodium chlorid 0.438 per cent,
with a fat butyro-refractometer reading at 25° of 50.3.
Composition of goat's milk, A. Storch (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 24
(1914), Nos. 12, pp. 269-272; 13, pp. 298-309; ahs.'in Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 24
(1914), No. 14, pp. 159, 160). — On an average goat's milk was found to have a
specific gravity of 1.0291, a fat content of 2.87, and a fat-free dry substance
content of 8.109 per cent. It was found that the fat and fat-free dry sub-
stance in goat's milk varies widely with different individuals. In general goat's
milk is lower in fat content than cow's milk. Age and milk yield, green feed-
ing, and pasturing exert no appreciable influence on the composition of the milk,
but evening milk is richer in fat and fat-free dry substance than morning milk.
No uniform change occurs in the composition with advancing lactations, and
the content of fat-free dry substance remains practically constant to the end
of the lactation period, although during the first 10 days after kidding the
content of fat and fat-free dry substance in the majority of cases increases.
The composition of the milk of the Saane, native, and crossbred goat is sim-
ilar. The colostrum character of goat's milk is lost very soon after kidding,
usually within 12 hours. The end milk is richer than that first drawn.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 375
Composition of ewes" milk butter, M. Martin (Ann. Falsif., 6 (1913), No. 62,
pp. 662, 663; abs. in Intenmt. Inst. Agr. [Rome] Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant
Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 3, pp. 403, 404). — Ewes' milk butter is characterized as
being very wbite, soft, and difficult to work and to dry. It is rarely used on
the table but is found mixed in various proportions with cows' milk butter.
Its chemical composition is said to be veiy nearly that of cows' milk butter, but
the content of insoluble volatile acids and saponification value are much higher.
Summary of the results of researches made during the last few years at
the Dairy Institute at Alnarp (Sweden), L. F. Roskngben (Internal . Inst.
Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 1, pp. 121-
125). — It was demonstrated that if whey is submitted to a violent motion, such
as, for instance, working in a chum for 30 minutes at a temperature of 50° C.
(122° F.), the cream could not afterwards be separated to the same degree as
if it had not been so treated. Whey containing 0.305 per cent of fat was
reduced by separating without previous churning to a fat content of 0.035 per
cent, while when churned before separating it was reduced to only 0.235 per
cent. It was found that the degree to which milk is capable of separation at
the different periods of lactation is variable, being greater in the case of cows
recently fresh than in those drying off.
Brief notes are given on the value of lipening cream at low temperatures,
keeping of lactic ferment, influence of too acid a ferment on the butter, factors
determining the water content of butter, influence of various kinds of concen-
trated feeds on butter, control of iron salts in wash water for butter, use of
cultures of lactic ferments in cheese making, and the coating of cheese with
paraflin.
Cheshire cheese, Miss G. N. Davies (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 7 (1913), No. S,
pp. 287-293). — Directions are given for the making of Cheshire cheese, which
is described as having a texture loose, open, and flaky, strikingly unlike the
Cheddar's smooth solidity.
Condensed milk and milk powder, O. F. Hunziker (Lafayette, Ind., 1914,
pp. V +7-239, figs. 62). — ^This book treats of the various phases of the condensed
and powdered milk industry, including the processes of condensing and desic-
cating milk, skim milk, buttermilk, and whey.
Organisms in condensed milk (-lour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62 (1914), No. 16,
pp. 1257, 1258). — Commenting on the bacteriology of condensed milk, it is shown
that this product, contrary to general opinion, is rarely sterile. However, the
presence of bacteria or of body cells is no greater than in market milk, even
of the certified grade, and in fact, there appears to be a comparative paucity
of cells in the cheap machine-skimmed condensed milks, due to the removal of
debris and dirt through the centrifugal separators. It is stated that condensed
milk may contain the types of bacteria commonly found in fresh milk. Bacillus
coli, streptococci, a few staphylococci, and B. enteritidis sporogenes, together
with ordinary air contaminations, such as B. .mbstilis and B. Mesentericus.
While there is a tendency to depreciate the importance of these bacteria in
condensed milk it is believed that • efficient pasteurization before the con-
densing process would prevent the presence of such organisms in the final
product.
Aluminum milk cans, Winkler (Osterr. Molk Ztg., 21 (1914), No. 3, p. 39,
fig. 1; abs. in Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 2 (1914), No. 8, p. 25). — ^An account
of the use of aluminum milk cans. This metal is not attacked by sour milk
and the cans are not affect by repeated steaming. The cans are made of cor-
rugated sheet iron or steel, covered inside with aluminum bronze and closed
tightly at the junction, and are recommended particularly for certified milk.
They should not be cleaned with soda.
376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
International Federation of Dairying (Bui. FM,. Internat. Lait., No. 7
{1913), pp. 144, pis. S, figs. 5). — This bulletin summarizes the proceedings of the
International Federation of Dairying, held in Brussels in April, 1913, gives
statistics relating to the dairy industry in Hungary, and outlines methods of
cheese control in Holland.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Manual of the practice of veterinary medicine, E. Coubtenay, revised by
F. T. G. Hobday (London, 1913, 3. ed., pp. 450, figs. 77; rev. in Amer. Vet. Rev.,
44 (1914), No. 6, pp. 767, 768).— The third revised edition of this work (E. S. R.,
14, p. 910).
Veterinary state board questions and answers, V. G. Kimball {Philadelphia
and London, 1914, pp. V II +395). — This work, which is intended for the use of
those about to take a state board examination, is arranged under the headings
of the several subjects covered in such examinations, namely, chemistry, anat-
omy, physiology, pathology, theoi-y and practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics,
materia medica and therapeutics, sanitary science — meat and milk hygiene, and
zootechnics. Through the complete index furnished the work also forms a
general reference book on veterinary science.
Ophthalmology for veterinarians, W. N. Sharp (Rev. in Cornell Vet., 4
(1914), ^0. 2, pp. 106, i07).— This is a review by D. H. Udall of the work
previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 377).
Exercises in bacteriology and diagnosis, V. A. Moobe and C. P. Fitch
(Boston, Chicago, and London, 1914, PP- XlX+154, figs. 10). — This small book,
which is intended for Aeterinary students and practitioners, is in its fourth edi-
tion. It is intended to be used as a laboratory guide and also contains a small
appendix dealing with biologic diagnostic methods.
Apparent inconsistencies of biologic diagnostics, R. A. Archibald (Amer.
Vet. Rev., 44 (1913), No. 1, pp. 58-65; Proc. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoa, 50 (1913),
pp. 675-683). — The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that biologic diag-
nostic methods, if properly applied, are absolutely consistent, and that this
depends upon the stage of the disease through which the animal is passing at
the time at which the tests are applied.
Menziesia, a new stock-poisoning plant of the Northwestern States, C. D.
Marsh (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Menziesia, A New Stoclc-Poisonitig
Plant (1914), pp. 3, pis. 2). — ^A rather heavy loss of sheep in the Pend Oreille
National Forest in Idaho was brought to attention in the summer of 1912.
Preliminary feeding exiieriments with Menziesia glabella showed that it is
poisonous to sheep and indicated that the deaths were due to this plant. The
Rocky Mountain species grows on moist northern slopes in open woods and
about the " balds " at altitudes of 3,500 to 6,000 ft. It is a local species,
occurring abundantly in many places, but often many miles may be traveled at
the right altitude without coming upon it.
The symptoms exhibited in cases of poisoning by Menziesia are much like
those seen in poisoning by other plants. Salivation or frothing at the mouth is
noticeable, and this is followed by weakness leading to a staggering gait and
culminating in a more or less complete paralysis. There is generally pro-
nounced nausea and sometimes difficulty in breathing. It is stated that the
plant is not extremely toxic, the experiments showing that a considerable quan-
tity must be eaten before symptoms of intoxication appear. When, however,
sheep eat any great quantity of Menziesia serious losses may occur. It is
deemed important that herders handling sheep in the mountains of Idaho,
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 377
Washingtou, and Oregon become acquainted with tlie plant and take proper
precautions to prevent the sheep from eating any large quantity of it.
Mold fungi in oil cake, E. Schneider (Milchw. Zentbl., 42 (1913), No. 10,
p. 313). — The author finds that draft oxen and young cows which have calved
for the first time are not affected by moldy oil cake.
The immunological relationship of hordein of barley and gliadin of wheat
as shown by the complement fixation, passive anaphylaxis, and precipitin
reactions. — The biological reactions of the vegetable proteins, IV, G. C.
Lake, T. B. Osborne and H. G. Wells {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 14 {1914), No. 2,
pp. 364-316). — Among the principal conclusions drawn from these experiments,
which continue earlier work (E. S. R., 30, p. 778), were the following:
"Carefully purified preparations of vegetable proteins readily produce anti-
sei-a. The antisera obtained in our experiments differed in their range of reac-
t'ou^', some giving only the complement fixation, some the complement fixation
and precipitin tests, while others in addition conferred passive anaphylaxis
to guinea pigs.
"Antisera to the same protein obtained from different individual animals differ
in their reactions, for some unknown cause. ... A specific complement fixation
reaction in high dilution does not necessarily accompany reactions with the
heterologous proteins, nor can such .serum always produce the passive anaphy-
laxis reaction. Both the precipitin and passive anaphylaxis reactions appear
later in immunization than the complement fixation reaction, and seem to be
closely related to each other in delicacy."
The anaphylactogenic activity of some vegetable proteins. — The biological
reactions of the vegetable proteins, V, H. G. Wells and T. B. Osbokne {Jour.
Infect. Diseases, 14 (1914), No. 2, pp. S77-58.4)-— According to the authors'
conclusions the data i)resented supi)ort the assumption " that the severity of
the anaphylaxis reactions produced by intraperitoneal injections of dilute,
alkalin solutions of vegetable proteins is. approximately, in inverse ratio to their
relative precipitability when their solutions are mixed with the peritoneal fluid.
" Proteins like edestin. which are readily precipitated and only slowly redis-
solved under conditions similar to those presumably prevailing in the peritoneum,
rarely produce a fatal intoxication ; whereas those that are less easily precipi-
tated and more readily dissolved give fatal reactions in much smaller doses."
Other conclusions have to do with lethal and minimum intoxicating doses.
About the specificity and other properties of the ectoproteases, C. Febmi
{Centm. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AU., Orig., 6S {1913), No. 5-6, pp. 433-454; 69 (1913),
No. 7, pp. 465-474; Arch. Farmacol. Sper. e Sci. Aft.. 15 {1913'), Nos. 1, pp. 36-
48; 2, pp. 49-65; 3, pp. 131-144; 4, PP- 145-162; 5, pp. 233-240; 6, pp. 241-250).—
This deals with the distribution of proteolytic enzyms in the animal and vege-
table kingdoms. For this purpose organs of animals belonging to the Mammalia,
Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces, Mollusca, Insecta, Arachnida, Myriapoda,
Crustacea, Echinodermata, Vermes, Spongilla, Coelenterata, and Protozoa were
used. The proteolytic enzyms in the plant kingdom were from pathogenic and
nonpathogenic bacteria, molds, and imperfect fungi, and the studies were made
with autolyzed press juices from animal organs.
In this connection, the time at which the proteolytic enzyms selected for dif-
ferent substrata appear during the development of the animal or plant in ques-
tion is considered. In addition the results of experiments made on the activa-
tion of certain proenzyms, exposing the enzyms (vegetable and animal) to light
and heat, filtration through porcelain filters, and dialyzing tests, are recorded.
A preliminary report on the value of leucocytic extract from a therapeutic
standpoint, R. A. Abchibald {Proc. Anicr. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 {1913), pp. 451-
460). — For preparing the leucocytic extract the blood taken from the jugular
378 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
veiu of a horse or other domestic auiiual is drawn into a flask containing a
sufficient quantity of 1 per cent sodium citrate solution to prevent coagulation.
It is then centrifuged, the sodium citrate solution and serum drawn off, and
the corpuscles treated with 0.5 per cent acetic acid solution. It is then cen-
trifuged again and the process repeated several times with acetic acid until
the mass of corpuscles is free from red blood corpuscles.
" The leucocytes are then washed with physiologic salt solution 3 or 4 times
to remove most if not all trace of the acetic acid, after which they are ground
in a mortar with quartz sand. To the washed and ground leucocytes is added
about 5 volumes of sterile distilled water to 1 volume of leucocytes. This mix-
ture is exposed to a temperature of 58° C. for 1 hour, when it is placed in the
incubator for a period of 12 hours, and again exposed to a temperature of 58°
for one hour. This process of exposure to different temperatures is continued
for 2 or 3 days or until autodigestion is complete. It is then centrifuged, the
supernatant fluid decanted, and sufficient tricresol added for preservative pur-
poses." The extract so prepared, when given parenterally, gives rise to a
marked leucocytosis.
" While the total leucocyte counts were intensely interesting, the differential
counts were infinitely more so. The polymorphonuclear neutrophils increased
about 100 per cent, the small mononuclears decreased about 100 per cent, the
large mononuclears decreased about 25 per cent, while the eosinophils in-
creased about 800 per cent. In all our experiments we found that there oc-
curred a marked eosinophilia. In fact, in one rabbit the eosinophils showed
by differential count 44S per cent of the total count."
" The practical therapeutic application of leucocytic extracts has been fol-
lowed out during the past year, not only in our own practice, but also by other
practitioners. Various infections have been treated with, in some types of in-
fections, encouraging results, while in others the beneficial results were not so
marked.
"The diseases to which the treatment has been applied, and which have
given the most gratifying results are such infections as purpura, influenza,
pneumonia, distemper in dogs, etc."
Autogenous vaccines, W. W. Lang {Vet. Rec, 26 {1914), ^'o. 1331, pp. 434,
^35), — In this brief article the author relates his experiences with the use of
autogenous vaccines, especially for cases of strangles and poll evil. Their use
is recommended.
Experiences with the Abderhalden dialysis method. — I, Cleavage of
thymus tissue by a normal serum, Helene Deutsch {Wiener Klin. Wchmchr.,
26 {1913), No. 38, pp. 1492-1494; abs. in ZentU. Expt. Med., 4 {1913), No. 12,
p. 5^0). — Thymus-cleaving ferments were noted in 51 out of 55 sera coming from
healthy humans varying in age from 4 to 70 years.
Observations on the protective enzyms of the body (Abderhalden), E. G.
Grey {Bui. Johns Uopkins Hosp., 25 {1914), No. 278, pp. 117-122).— This reports
the results of a study of the Abderhalden (protective enzym) method, with a
view to ascertaining the relationship of these enzyms to epithelial transplants.
The ferments are considered specific.
Diagnosis of malignant new formations and pregnancy with the Abder-
halden method, G. von Gambaroff {Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 60 {1913), No.
30, p. 1644; a^s. in ZentU. Expt. Med., 5 {1914), No. 1, p. 17).— In only 3 out of
50 cases of tumor were the findings negative. Serum from cases of carcinoma
cleaves carcinomatous tissue but not sarcoma tissue. The inverse holds good
also.
Experimental contribution to the diagnosis of pregnancy by Abder-
halden's dialysis method. Naumann {Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 39 {1913), No. 43,
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 379
pp. 2086-2088; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., SO (WU), No. 2, p. 33).—
With bovines it was possible to note by the Abderhalden procedure whether an
animal was pregnant or not. At least 2 cc. of serum are necessary and the
ninhydrin teat is more satisfactory than the biuret tost.
The need for a means of physical diagnosis of abortion, W. L. Williams,
J. N. Frost, and It. R. Bolton (Proc. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 (1913), pp.
831-842, figs. Jf). — This is the original material with discussions, previously
noted (E. S. R.. 29, p. 500).
A study of the metabiotic action of the ultraviolet rays. — Production of
mutation forms of the anthrax bacillus, Mme. V. Henri {CUmipt. Ronl. Acad.
Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 14, pp. 1032-1035, pi. 1; ahs. in Nature [London],
93 {1914), No. 2321, pp. 193, 194, figs. 3).— Through the exposure of an aqueous
suspension of si)oring anthrax in a quartz tube to ultraviolet radiations for a
period varying from 1 to 40 minutes and afterwards subcultliring, the author
has been able to produce artificial mutations of Bacillus anthracis. The majority
of the organisms were destroyed by this treatment, but a few survived, and
while most of these presented a normal aspect a few showed characters decid-
edly different from the typical anthrax bacillus. The principal of these were
(1) coccoid forms which remained stable during a period of 2 months, and (2)
thin fihimontous forms not taking the Gram stain, not liquefying gelatin or
curdling milk, and producing an affection different from anthrax on inocula-
tion. The second form remained absolutely fixed after daily subcultures for
more than 80 days, but, though stable in vitro, in vivo after passage through an
animal Gram-positive coccoid forms made their appearance, and subsequently,
after subculture in broth, a certain number of bacillary forms approximating to
tyiiical anthrax were obtained.
The efficacy of antitetanic serum, T. B. Rogers {Vet. Rec., 26 {1914), No.
1330, p. 4i9). — The mortality from tetanus is much lower since antitetanic
serum has been introduced into veterinary therapeutics. In the article a com-
parison is made with pre-antitoxin days.
Diagnosis of tuberculosis in test animals with von Pirquet's reaction,
E. CoNRADi {Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 60 {1913), No. 29, pp. 1592-1594; «&«• in
Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 2, pp. 30, 31).— It is stated that the
only certain method of diagnosing tuberculosis is the animal test but this gen-
erally requires about 6 weeks. The author proposes to shorten this period by
testing the guinea pigs with von Pirquet's cutaneous tuberculin test, and in his
experiments, using guinea pigs and rabbits, he has reduced the time to about
10 to 13 days. It is, however, necessary to follow von Pirquet's specifications
closely and to use a diluted, old tuberculin.
The value of the optical method and the dialysis procedure in infectious
diseases. — Investigations about tuberculous bovines, E. Abderhalden and
P. Andryewsky {Uilnchen. Med. Wchnschr., 60 {1913), No. 30, pp. 1641, 1642).—
The most suitable animals in the preliminary experiments were found to be
dogs and rabbits. Guinea pigs which were not infected with tubercle bacilli
cleaved a substrat made of tubercle bacilli. Animals receiving finely suspended
boiled tubercle bacilli into the blood stream showed protein or peptone cleaving
ferments 3 days post injection. The same was noted after injecting tubercle
bacilli peptone or living tubercle bacilli.
In the experiments with cattle which came to slaughter the results were less
favorable, as out of 50 cases of localized tuberculosis only 10 gave positive
reactions. Where cleavage was obtained with the bovine sera it was practically
always with a substrat prepared from the bovine type of bacillus and miliary
tuberculosis was present. When, however, lung tissue containing caseous
areas were boiled out and used as a substrat for the dialysis method or con-
380 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
verted into peptone for the optical metliod, tlie results slinwed positive for the
pulmonary cases and negative for the miliary cases. The reaction in its pres-
ent stage is not entirely reliable, especially as 10 sera out of 50 from normal
animals gave positive tests.
Peptone was also prepared from glanders bacillus and then mixed with the
sera of sound and glandered horses. The optical methods showed cleavage
with the glandered sera.
Some remarks about Carl Spengler's frag'ment sputa, F. Maffi {Centhl.
Bakt. [etc.], 1. Am., Orig., 69 {1913), No. 7, p. 555, pi. i).— This short article is
accompanied by a plate showing microscopical preparations of the so-called frag-
ment (Splitter) sputa organisms which are found in the sputum of tuberculous
subjects. In only one instance were fragmentary, granular, and normal forms
of bacilli noted at the same time. The investigations are to be continued for
the purpose of determining the significance of acid-fast organisms with refer-
ence to ordinary bacilli and Much's forms. ..^
The production of artificial immunity ag'ainst tuberculosiF; in domestic
animals, S. H. Gilliland and C. J. Marshall {Proc. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc,
50 (1913), pp. 719-753). — This is a resume of experiments carried on for several
years by the State Live Stock Sanitai-y Board of Pennsylvania, and deals
especially with the Pearson method of immunizing against tuberculosis. 3^?^
" Intravenous injections of tubercle bacilli from human sources, nonvirulent
for cattle, are capable of conferring an immunity in cattle against tubercu-
losis sufficient to withstand natural infection by association with tubercular
cows. The length of the immunity has not been determined accurately, though
it is believed to diminish gradually after 2^ years. It is necessary that the
{inimals, during the period of vaccination and for at least 8 weeks following
the last vaccination, be kept in a manner that they are in no way exposed to
tubercular infection. .- -..^^v^ ■ ... .]
" The normal resistance of the animal is apparently lowered during the
period of vaccination. The number of vaccinations and the amount of vaccine
iidministered have a direct relation to the degi-ee of immunity conferred. The
interval between vaccinations should be of sufficient length to allow the reaction
following the previous vaccination to subside entirely.
" The results of the experiments lead us to be hoi)eful that the day may come
when animals can be immunized against tuberculosis in common practice.
Until further knowledge is obtained in regard to the destruction or outcome of
the living tubercle bacilli injected in the animal with the vaccine, no practical
method for the immunization of animals under ordinary conditions can be
advocated."
See also other notes (E. S. E., 25, p. 2SS).
Control of tuberculosis in Minnesota pure- bred herds, S. H. W.4.BD (Proc.
Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 (1913), pp. S24-S30). — Previously noted from another
source (E. S. R., 29, p. 500).
Some aspects of the tuberculosis problem, M. P. Ravenel (Proc Amer. Vet.
Med. Assoc, 50 (1913), pp. 88-98). — Previously noted from another source
(E. S. R., 29, p. 499).
Some common ailments of the horse and cow, C. A. Lueder (W. Va. Farm
Bui., 1 (1914), No. 5, pp. 16, figs. 5). — This is a popular account.
On the value of the " abortin " as a diagnostic agent for infectious abor-
tion in cattle, K. F. jMeyer and J. B. Hardenbergh (Jour. Infect. Diseases, IS
(1913), No. 3, pp. 351-374, figs. 5; Proc Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 (1913), pp.
S62-876). — "The serum tests, agglutination and complement fixation, are the
most reliable methods to determine the existence of infectious abortion in a
herd and to detect the bovines which are or have been infected with Bacillus
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 381
abortus. The abortin test iu the form and with the preparation recommended
by the English Commission is unreliable and misleading.
" Encouraging results are obtained with a precipitated purified abortin by
intravenous application. The reaction is not absolutely specific as a high per-
centage of healthy animals react to the injection of abortin products. This
nonspecificity is more frequently observed with an ordinary plain abortin than
with our purified product. By means of the abortin test we can not decide
whether an animal has been recently infected and will abort, or whether it is
recovering from an iuvasiou with B. abortus."
Bush sickness. — Field experimental and demonstration work, C. J. Reakes
and B. C. Aston (Jour. Agr. INeiv Zeal], 8 {1914), No. 2, pp. 160-165, figs. 2).—
The information gained from investigations carried on in continuation of those
previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 83) is summarized as follows:
" The most susceptible class of dairying cattle, namely, first calf heifers, can be
kept healthy and made profitable for dairying purposes for at any rate a consider-
able time when grazed upon paddocks suitably top-dres.sed. . . . Animals
of the same age and class will develop bush sickness in a few mouths when
grazed upon similar land not top-dressed even with plenty of feed, good shelter,
and access to standing bush. Syrup of phosphate of iron in solution is a valu-
able curative agent when given daily over a sufficiently long period. Breeding
ewes grazed upon suitably top-dressed paddocks will remain healthy over a
much longer period than these animals will do when kept upon land not top-
dressed."
Investig'ations of coital exanthema of cattle, Zwick and Gminder (Berlin.
Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 29 (1913), No. 36, pp. 637-640) .—The authors conclude
that the cause of this disease is not a filterable virus. The horse, goat, and
sheep are resistant to the virus.
Atoxyl in the treatment of malignant catarrhal fever of cattle, E. Wyss-
MANN (Schiceiz. Arch. Tierheilk., o5 (1913), No. 7, pp. 361-371; abs. in Vet.
Rec, 26 (1914), No. 1332, p. 450). — The author, who considers the disease to be
a bacterial toxemia, recommends the injection of atoxyl following a copious
bleeding. He reports having obtained very encouraging results from this
treatment.
Pasteurellosis in the reindeer and a contribution to the knowledge of the
biological characteristics of the pasteurella, H. Magnusson (Ztschr. Infec-
tiomkrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 61-92, figs. 6).— This is a
detailed report of studies conducted at the Government Veterinary Bacterio-
logical Laboratory at Stockholm in which the author finds the disease to be
the same as that of deer, known in Germany as " Wildseuche." He finds the
pasteurella organism to be resistant to low temperature and to changing tem-
peratures near the freezing point, and to survive putrefaction for 6 months
without attenuation.
Sanitary police measures and hog cholera, A. T. Kinsley (Amer. Vet. Rev.,
44 (1913), No. 2, pp. 227-231; Proc. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 50 (1913), pp. 684-
703). — A statement iu regard to the prevalence of hog cholera in the United
States at the present time. The total losses in the United States for 1912 ap-
proximated $100,000,000, and those in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri
over $30,000,000. So far as can be determined from available statistics these
relative losses have never been exceeded or equaled, and have occurred regard-
less of the fact that large quantities of antihog cholera serum have been used.
The inadequacy of present legislation and sanitary measures in controlling
the pest is given as one of the causes of the prevalence of hog cholera.
Abortion in mares caused by Bacillus paratyphosus, T. van Heelsbeegen
(Centbl. Balct. [etcl, 1 Abt., Orig., 72 (1913), No. 1-2, pp. 38-70, figs. 2).— A
382 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
detailed report of studies carried on in continuation of those reported by de
Jong, previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 886).
While the portal of entry has not been positively determined, the bacillus is
thought to be ingested by the horse in its feed.
Colics and their treatment, edited by D. M. Campbell (Chicago, 1914, PP-
137). — This is the third volume of the Veterinary Medical Series (E. S. R., 27,
p. 377; 31, p. 88). Its contents Include Differentiation of the Various So-called
Colics, by R. P. Lyman, Stomach Lavage in Acute Indigestion of the Horse,
by D. O. Knisely, Surgical Treatment of Colics in Horses, by L. A. Merillat,
Impaction of the Cecum in the Horse, by A. T. Gilyard, Colics in the Horse,
by D. S. White, and Medicinal Treatment of Colic in the Horse, by E. L.
Quitman.
The diag'nosis of dourine by complement fixation, J. R. Mohler, A. Eich-
HOEN, and J. M. Buck (Proc. Amer. Vet. Med. A.s.soc, 50 {1913), pp. -^67-48^). —
Previously noted from another source (E. S. R.. 30, p. 83).
Equine piroplasmosis : Types of parasites, M. Carpano (Cetithl. Bait, [etc.],
1. AM., Orig., 13 (WU), No. 1, pp. 13-^1, pis. 3, figs. 6).— The author describes
two piroplasms which occur in hor.ses in Italy, one a small variety named
NuttaUia equi by Fraoca, and most frequently encountered; the other a large
variety, first distinguished by Nuttall as bahesia caballi. That the two piro-
plasms are distinct has been shown by inoculation of an animal, which has
recovered from or become immune to one, with the other. The author states
that thei-e are two ticks which infest Italian horses, namely. RMpiceplialu^
bursa and Margaropus {Boophilus) annulatus, that are probably responsible
for the transmission of these piroplasms.
A bibliography is appended.
Culture of equine piroplasms and views of the nature of anaplasms, M.
Carpano {Centhl. Bait, [etc.], I. Aht., Orig., 75 {WW, No. 1, pp. J,2-53, pi.
1). — The author describes the artificial culture of the parasites mentioned in
the article noted above in blood mixed with a solution of sodium chlorid and
sodium citrate. Bahesia caballi remains alive in this medium for many days,
but does not reproduce. XuttaUia equi reproduces, as in the blood, by division
and ultimately leads to the formation of small Anaplasma forms, regarded as
resistant stages.
Further investigations of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of the horse,
Gaffky and LtJiiRS (Ztschr. Vcterinlirk., 25 {1913), No. 1, pp. 1-11, pis. 5; abs.
in Cornell Vet., 4 {1914), No. 1, pp. 49-51). — This is a report of further investi-
gations (E. S. R., 28. p. 482) conducted in the Imperial Institute for Infectious
Diseases.
The authors' conclusions are as follows:
"The local changes in the hmgs begin in the finest branches of the air pas-
sages. In the beginning of the disease thei'e is secretetl a glassy, transparent,
slightly gelatinous, yellowish material. This is surrounded by a thick layer
of cells and a serous infiltration. In the region of the affected bronchi the
alveoli are filled with a fluid rich in cells. In those places where the disease
foci ai'e near the pleura there is an infiltration of the subpleural tissue with
a transparent, yellowish, gelatinous fluid. The interlobular connective tissue
is infiltrated with serum. On the fourth or fifth day. not before, bacteria begin
to colonize in the diseased parts of the luug in the form of cocci arranged in
chains. These cause inflammatory, often hemorrhagic, changes that may lead
to extensive necrosis.
" Transmission from horse to horse is usually direct. The incubation period
is at least 16 days, usually from 20 to 40 days, and over. Injection into suscep-
tible horses of the blood or parts of diseased organs from horses affected with
RURAL ENGINEERING. 383
contagious pleuro-pueumonia does not transmit tlie disease. It may be trans-
mitted, but not always, by placing bronchial secretions on the mucous mem-
branes of the uninjured nasal cavity or mouth. The ciliated epithelial cells in
the bacteria-free secretions of the bronchi show peculiar iuclosures which
seem to be the result of degenerative changes rather than parasites.
"Horses that had been injected with the pulverized parts of diseased lungs,
and which did not thus contract this disease, could not afterwards be infected
by the usual method. Foci of lung tissue rubbed up with glycerin and pre-
served for a long time seem to prevent a later infection when injected into the
lungs or under the skin."
Spirochetosis of fowls, Kiessig (Centbl. Bald, [etc.], 1. AM., Ref., 61 (1914),
Ko. 7. pp. 193-20S). — This review of the literature on the subject includes a
bibliography of 59 titles.
The staining of microfilariae, F. FtJLLEBOEN (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM.,
Orig., 73 (1911,), No. 6. pp. 421-Uh P^-i- 2, figs. 3).— A discussion of the tech-
nique.
The disinfective action of Cresepton in comparison with creolin and
liquor cresoli saponatus, Wolff-Eisner {Deut. Tieidrztl. Wchnschr., 21 {1913),
Ko. U^ PP- 702-704; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 1,
p. 9). — The author having conducted experiments concludes that liquor cresoli
saponatus, creolin, and Cresepton are very similar in their disinfective action,
and that their cost is the first thing to be considered.
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Twelfth annual report of the Reclamation Service, 1913 (Ann. Rpt. Recla-
mation Scf-v. [U. S.], 12 {1913), pp. 382). — This report relates in particular to
work completed and in progress during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913,
with explanatory information regarding previous operations.
Report of irrigation and reclamation works department (Rpt. I trig, and
Reclamation Works Dept. So. Aust. 1913, pp. 27, pis. 7). — ^^This report covers the
period, from August, 1910, to June, 1913.
Irrigation studies, A. MIjntz and E. Lain6 (Vie Agr. et Rurale, 2 (1913),
No. 48, pp. 557-559). — Studies of module, grade, state of vegetation, perme-
ability of the soil, and unit area of the plat to be irrigated, relative to economy
in the use of irrigation water, are briefly noted. It is concluded that a rational
choice and consideration of these factors will in a large measure reduce the use
of irrigation water in excess of that amount actually required by the crop.
Quantity of water consumed in the cultivation of sugar cane, J. Guardiola
{Bol. Dir. Gen. Agr. [Mexico], Rev. Agr., 2 (1912), No. 2, pp. 101-107).—
Methods of computing the amounts of water necessary for the irrigation of
sugar cane are outlined, as governed by local conditions relating to duty of
water, soil, climate, and rainfall.
The control of water as applied to irrigation, power, and town water
supply purposes, P. A. M. Parker (New York, 1913, pp. VII+1055, figs. 273;
rev. in Engin. News, 71 (1914), No. 12, pp. 646, 647). — This is a rather extensive
.contribution to the literature of applied hydraulics containing a large number
of data, formulas, and mathematical demonstrations. The chief topics dis-
cussed are the theory of hydraulics, gaging of streams and rivers, weirs and
weir formulas, orifices, collection of water and flood discharge, dams and reser-
voirs, open channels, filtration and purification of water, municipal water sup-
plies, irrigation, and silting in canals.
rnder gaging of streams and rivers a novel method called chemical gaging is
described. In the remaining chapters of the book are treated such varied
384 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
subjects as movable dams, hydraulic machinery, the hydraulics of contracting
and expanding pipes, valves and valve motions, water-hammer, ejectors,
siphons, the removal of air from siphons, air lifts, air compression, hydraulic
rams, resistance of motion of solid bodies in water, impact of water, turbines,
and centrifugal pumps. The work closes with a brief treatise on concrete,
iron, and other materials used in hydraulic construction.
The area of waterways, J. Vicars (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 13 {1911),
pp. 622-629). — The author endeavors to demonstrate the inadequacy of the
existing formulas for run-off used in determining the area of waterways for
carrying off storm water. In addition he presents his own formula, which he
beUeves embodies the primary essentials governing flood discharge and may be
applied to any locality.
Loss of head due to bends in water pipes, W. E. Fuller (Canad. Engin.,
26 (1914). A'o. 11. pp- -^'/i--J-'/.?, figs. Jf). — In this article the loss of head due to
90° bends is considered as that portion of the total loss in excess of the loss
which would occur in an equal length of straight pipe. Data from various
experiments indicate that the loss is more nearly the same for different sizes
of pipe with bends of the same actual radius in feet than for the bends of
the same radius in terms of pipe diameters.
Average values of the loss of head for different velocities due to bends of
the same radius show that the loss is proportional to tr^-^'\ from which the
formula hb=kv'^-'^^ is deducted in which hb is the loss of head, Z; is a coefficient
varying with the radius of bend, and v equals the velocity.
The computations in which the actual lengths of the tangents to the curve
were assumed as the straight pipe brought out the following points : The excess
loss of head in bends is greater for large pipes than for small ones, and for
large pipes a 6-foot radius bend gives the least resistance unless very long
radii are used. " For small pipes . . . with long radii the loss of head will be
less than it would be in straight pipe of a length equal to the tangents of the
curve." For losses due to 45° bends it is suggested that three-fourths of that
due to 90° bends of the same radius be used ; for 22.5° one-half, and for a Y-
branch three-fourths of that due to a T.
Drainage and irrigation : Drainage ditch and levee tables for level section
with explanation of method* of computation, E. S. Blaine (Engin. and
Contract., Jfl (1914), No. 10, pp. 302-306, fig. 1).—K table is given of volumes of
excavation in cubic yards per 100 linear feet of ditch in level sections, having
side slopes of 1 on 1 and bottom widths of from 4 to 123 ft. The volumes are
calculated to correspond to tenths of feet in depth. The method of computation
was by use of second differences, calculating them by addition within the
limits of the table. A demonstration shows that the second difference not
only remains constant for prisms having the same slope, but also that the second
differences for other slopes are a multiple of this quantity if the slopes are
the same on both sides of the section. If not the same, then it is a multiple
of the average of the two slopes.
Drainage and irrigation : Linings for small storage reservoirs, C. R.
Sessions (Engin. and Contract., 41 (1914), ^^o. 10. pp. 304-306).— The author
discusses clay, plastered cobble, concrete, and asphaltum and oil linings for
small storage reservoirs, but is of the opinion that of these the clay puddle
lining is probably the cheapest and best.
Machine for testing drain tile, D. A. Abeam s (Engin. News, 71 (1914), No.
12, p. 614, fiff- i)- — A tile testing machine which is used in the laboratory of
applied mechanics of the University of Illinois is illustrated and its construction
and operation briefly described.
BUBAL ENGINEEBING. 385
Street pavements and paving materials, G. W. Tillson (New York and
London, 1912, 2. cd., pp. XV 1+651, pi. 1, figs. 97).— This book contains chapters
on the history and development of pavements ; stone ; asphalt ; brick-clays and
the manufacture of paving-brick; cement, cement mortar, and concrete; the
theory of pavements ; cobble and stone-block, asphalt, brick, wood, broken-stone,
and concrete pavements; plans and specifications; the construction of street-car
tracks in paved streets; width of streets and roadways, curbs, sidewalks, etc.;
asphalt plants : and the protection of pavements.
Fourth American Good Roads Congress and tenth annual convention of
the American Road Builders' Association {Good Roads, n. ser., 7 (1914),
Xos. 1, pp. 3-59; 6, pp. 91-126). — The.se proceedings include a number of special
papers which deal with different phases of the design, construction, mainte-
nance, and repair of different types of roads and with road administration.
Road laws of the State of Washington (Olympia, Wash., 1913, pp. 263). —
These laws relate to road construction, financing, and administration.
Practical handbook of gas, oil, and steam engines, J. B. Rathbun ( Chicago.
1913, pp. 370; rev. in ScL Amer., 110 (1914), No. 10, p. 212).— This book deals in
condensed form with the construction, opei'ation, and repair of all kinds of
engines, with the various parts in detail, and with the different kinds of fuel.
The construction and design of internal combustion motors, H. Gl'ldner
(Das Entwerfen und Bcrcchnen der Verirennuitgskraftniaschinen mid Kraftgas-
Anlagen. Berlin, 1914, 3. ed. rev., pp. XX+SOO, figs. 1282; rev. in Engin. News,
71 (1914), No. 12, p. 648). — This book is meant primarily for the designer of
internal combustion engines. It contains many detailed drawings of parts,
assembled drawings of complete machines, and tables of performance, as well
as data on the fundamental theory that is necessary in design.
A fuel-saving device for oil engines, E. R. Adlington (Gas Engine, 16
(1914), No. 2, pp. 84-86, figs. 3). — Tests of a recarbureting device for remixing
and increasing the uniformity of the gasoline and air mixture are reported.
The device consisted of a rapidly revolving fan placed in the intake pipe.
Curves of results obtained with and without the recarbureter showing brake
horsepower platted against pounds of gasoline per brake horsepower hour,
percentage of thermal efiiciency, and revolutions per minute all point more or
less favorably toward the use of the recarbureting device. It is concluded
that the points in favor of such a device are (1) reduction in gasoline con-
sumption, (2) increased engine capacity, (3) higher speed at maximum loads,
and (4) greater thermal efficiency.
Fuel consumption and effective utilization of energy in small power
motors, Chaebonnier (Maschinen Ztg., 12 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. .^-8; 2, pp.
19-22). — The author gives tables of data comparing the fuel consumption,
effective utilization of energy, and cost of operation per effective horsepower
hour for portable saturated and superheated steam engines, gas and crude oil
engines, and electric motors of from 5 to 20 horsepower, operating at \. h, %,
and full load.
The electric motors showed the least increase in fuel consumption per ef-
fective horsepower hour with decrease from full to l load, followed in order by
the superheated and saturated steam engines, and the crude oil and gas en-
gines. The crude oil engines showed the highest effective utilization of heat
units in fuel per effective horsepower hour from full to i load, followed in order
by the gas engines, the electric motors, and the superheated and saturated sjeam
engines.
Using German prices for coal, gasoline, crude oil, and electricity per 10,000
heat units, it is shown that on the basis of the results obtained for fuel con-
sumption and energy utilization the crude oil engine is the most economical
386 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
iu sizes from 5 to 20 lioisepower when operating at i to full rated capacity,
followed in order by the superheated and saturated steam engines, the gas
engines, and the electric motors. It is stated, however, that utilization by the
mechanical means available of the waste heat will place the steam engines
ahead of the crude oil engines as regards economy.
The possibilities of mixed fuels (Gas Engine, 16 (1914), No. 2, pp. 120,
121). — Tests on a 4-cylinder engine of 3.54 by 5.12 in. bore and stroke, using
gasoline, benzol, or mixtures of benzol and methylated spirits 1:1, 1:2, and
1 : 3 showed that on none of the mixtures of methylated spirits and benzol did
the engine run steadily under load unless the temperature of the jacket of the
induction pipe was at least 160° F. The benzol took less air than gasoline, and
the more methylated spirit in the mixtures the smaller was the quantity of air
required.
The engine at 1,000 revolutions per minute gave 1.25 per cent less power and
used 15.5 per cent less benzol ; 1 per cent less power and used 3.7 per cent less
of the 1 : 1 benzol-methylated spirit mixture ; 8 per cent less power and used
S.9 per cent more of the 1 : 2 mixture : and 8.5 per cent less power and used 24.5
per cent more of the 1 : 3 mixture than when running on gasoline. Later experi-
ments using the 1 : 1 mixture in a high speed engine up to 2,000 revolutions per
minute " show that with the slightly increased compression obtained in this
engine, it was possible to get an explosive mixture which would burn rapidly
enough to exert at least as much power as gasoline with a piston speed of about
2.000 feet per minute."
Fuel-briquetting investigations, July, 1904, to July, 1912, C. L. Wbight
(U. 8. Dcpt. Int., Bur. Mines Bui. 58 (1913), pp. lX+275, pis. 21, figs. 3).—
This bulletin reports briquet tests made with a large number of fuels from
different parts of the United States and also laboratory tests of briquet binders.
The advantages of briquetted fuel are noted as more regular, thorough, and
smokeless combustion, better draft, little clinkering, less need of care in firing,
greater evaporative power, better weather resisting qualities, higher rates of
combustion, less breakage during transportation, no spontaneous combustion,
less space required in storage, and higher heating values.
Among a large number of other tests were tests of briquets in a kitchen range
and in a heating grate. The briquets ignited readily, making a hot fire, and
burned freely until consumed. Little shaking or poking of the fire was needed
to obtain maximum efficiency from the fuel, and the loss of unburned fuel
through the grates was not excessive and could be reduced by using step grates
or grates with narrow spaces between the bars. A grate measuring 8 by 24 in.
was big enough for heating a large room with briquets. Under the test condi-
tions little smoke was made.
It is concluded that briquets should prove a satisfactory domestic fuel.
Mechanics for builders, I, E. L. Bates and F. Charles ( New York, 1913, pp.
201; rev. in Sci. Amer., 110 (19U), No. 10, p. 212).— This book is meant for
students of building construction who desire to perfect themselves in the prin-
ciples of form and design. It selects from the larger study such subjects as
bear directly upon building problems and gives a thorough grounding in
strength of materials and theory of structure.
The testing of sand for use in concrete, I, II, C. M. Chapman (Engin.
News, 11 (1914), Nos. 6, pp. 306-310, figs. 7; 11, pp. 554-558, figs. 2).— Part 1
of this article describes methods of sampling and testing sand for use in con-
crete, and part 2 gives methods of reducing to useful form the laboratory and
field data from such testing of samples.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 387
Some tests on strength of overwet concrete {Engin. Neivs, 11 (1914), ^o. 11,
pp. 587, 588, fig. 1). — Data and curves of tests show the effect of variation in
water content in concrete and the deleterious effect of using too much water.
Use of hydrated lime in concrete pavements, R. S. Edwards (West. Engin.,
.', (1014), No. 3, pp. 209-215; Nat. Lime Manfrs. Assoc. Bui. 1 (1914), PP- 12).—
The author points out that small percentages of hydrated lime when added to
concrete mixtures in road work will render the concrete highly plastic and
homogeneous, thus producing density and uniformity in the finished conci'ete,
will keep a certain amount of excess moisture in the concrete while setting,
will render the concrete mass more nearly watertight, thereby preventing
alternate wetting and drying of the finished concrete, and will reduce the
labor of spreading and finishing.
Exterior plastering specifications (Cement and Engin. News, 26 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 10-13, figs. 5). — These specifications include materials, preparation of
mortar, structure, mortar coats, finish, and overcoating.
Modern practice in heating and ventilation, XIV, A. G. King (Dom. Engin.,
66 (1014), No. 11, pp. 228-331, figs. iO).— Special fittings and devices for hot
water circulation in domestic heating are described and suggestions given for
their installation.
Handbook on sanitation, G. M. Peice (New York, 1918, S. ed., reivritten,
pp. 353, figs. 25; rev. in Set. Amer., 110 (1914), No. 10, p. 212). — The first part
of this book covers soil and sites, air, ventilation, heating, water supply, sewage
disposal, and plumbing. The second part is devoted to sanitary practice and
deals with the problems of housing, of trades and occupations, and of disin-
fection. The third part relates to sanitary inspection as a profession and
includes calculations and tables.
The new public health, II. W. Hill (Minneapolis, Minn., 1913, pp. VI +128;
rev. in Engin. Neics, 11 (1014), No. 12, p. 646). — Public health as here con-
sidered relates almost wholly to communicable or infectious diseases. It is the
aim to control these at the source, which is the infected person, by measures
which will prevent infective material from escaping to other people. Among
other topics, the author discusses under the general heading of "community
defense," the public-health engineer, laboratory, and statistician.
Hygiene of rural, suburban, and summer homes (Bd. Health Maine Circ.
100. pp. 44, fiffs. 23). — This paper i)oints out the essentials in the structure,
arrangements, and surrounding of homes to insure their healthfulness, par-
ticularly referring to the requirements of farm and suburban houses and
summer homes in the State of Maine. The discussion includes such topics as
location for the home, relative position of the house and other buildings, rela-
tive arrangement of rooms, warming of houses, food supply, water supply, dis-
posal of wastes, water carriage systems, and the typhoid fly.
A rapid method of determining the probability of decomposition occur-
ring in a sewage effluent, E. S. Stokes (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 13
(1011), pp. 619-688). — The author describes tests, gives data of results, and
concludes " that a very fair idea may be obtained as to the probability of de-
composition occurring in a sewage effluent by calculating the ratio between the
oxygen absorbed and the oxygen in nitrites and nitrates." This ratio he states
can be worked out by the following formula: Decomposition factor=N (as
N:03) X1.71+N (as NsOs) X2.S6^oxygen absorbed in 4 hours. For a satisfac-
tory effluent it is thought that this factor should exceed 0.7.
Lighting of medium sized and small towns and rural communities, H.
Strache and F. Eisler (Bclcuclitnng mittlerer und kleiner Stddte un4 Ort-
schaften. Technische Praxis, Vienna and Leipsic, 1913, pp. 234, fiffs. 23; rev. in
57707°— No. 4—14 7
388 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Gsndhts. Ingen., 37 (1914), No. 7, p. 127).— The authors deal with lighting by
coal, gas, electricity, gasoline, blau gas, water gas, acetylene, petroleum, and
petroleum and alcohol incandescent lamps. The book is written for both the
engineer and layman.
General discussion on conveniences in the home and on the farm, N.
MoNTEiTH {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 34 {1912), pp. 79, 80). —
Some general data are brought together.
EURAL ECONOMICS.
Factors of efficiency in farming, W. J. Spuxman ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook
1913, pp. 93-108). — The author maintains that on farms that combine a large
number of the following factors in production, the profits are greater than on
those which are efficient in only a few : The size of the business, whether meas-
ured by area of laud farmed, amount of working capital employed, or number
of days of productive labor determines the size of the income. The system of
management of the various factors of protluction should be such that there is
no lost motion or useless work. The enterprises conducted should be adaptable
to the local soil and climate, and also to the existing economic conditions.
There must be an adequate income both per acre and per animal or the one may
offset the other.
Data illustrating these yarious factors are presented and discussed.
Eeorg'anizing the farm, J. M. Johnston (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 35 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 61-65). — The author by using census data computes for four counties
the average size and area in crops and unimproved land per farm, as well as
the average acreage croi>ped per work horse, and the number of days of horse
labor per year. By a more extensive use of land already in farms and the
working of the horses a greater number of days, the author estimates that the
farmer's income could be greatly increased with only a small additional
investment.
The organization of rural interests, T. N. Carver {U. S. Dept. Agr. Year-
loolc 1913, pp. 239-258, figs. 8). — The author points out that the improved
means of transportation, mechanical inventions, the passing away of common
local interests, and the public land policy have tended toward a disorganization
of the rural communities. Efforts at reorganization through mutual insurance
companies, cooperative creameries and cheese factories, and cooperative ele-
vators are graphically illustrated. It is maintained that the various scattered
movements should be brought together by a permanent body, such as the Rural
Organization Service. Organization is deemed especially essential in marketing
operations, the development of credit facilities, and the protection of the farm
home against disease. The method of procedure and principles to be observed
are briefly discussed. In cooperative enterprises an accurate system of account
keeping and auditing, and a desire to eliminate waste and inefficiency, must be
maintained. Organization for marketing purposes calls for the improvement
and standardizing of the products and the acquainting the consumer with the
goods by a system of labeling. Some of the disadvantages of unnecessary credit
to the farmer are pointed out, and it is stated that the function of the coopera-
tive credit organization should be to furnish it only where it can be used to
advantage.
An experiment in marketing under territorial auspices, E. V. Wilcox and
A. T. LoNGLEY {Hawaii Sta. Press Bui. 45 {1914), PP- ^).— The territorial
marketing division established under the supervision of the station (E. S. R.,30,
p. 600) is now handling about 150 shipments of farm products per month. It
issues weekly lists of prices and of buyers and sellers of pure-bred stock and of
BURAL ECONOMICS. 389
seeds, and by improving the methods of handling, grading, and pacliing farm
produce has been able not only to increase the profits of farmex*s but to stimu-
late them to greater efforts along the lines of diversified agriculture. The con-
sumer has been benefited by having a more even and better graded supply of
farm produce. The requirements of the division in the future are noted. The
demand, methods of preiiaring for market, and range of prices ai"e given for a
long list of farm produce adapted to Hawaii.
The farmers' cooperative exchange, A. E. Canoe (Mass. Agr. Col., Ext.
Sei'v. [Pub.'], 1914, PP- S4)- — The author outlines the principles that should
serve as a guide to farmers desiring to form cooperative societies for buying
agricultural supplies or collecting, shipping, selling, storing, and manufacturing
farm products. Among the essentials to success pointe^l out are that a given
community should have sufficient material to do a cooperative business, that the
cooperative area should be small, that the members be loyal and have but a
single purpose in cooperating, that a good manager be employed and be given
sufficient money to advertise and to do business on a cash basis, and that
incorporation be on the principle of " one man one vote." He also calls atten-
tion to some of the possible fields of agricultural cooperation in New England
and suggests forms that may be used in establishing cooperative exchanges.
Monographs on agricultural cooperation in various countries (Inst.
Intemat. Agr. (Rome), Serv. lyiat. Econ. ct Sac, 2 (1914), PP- yiI+238). — This
is a continuation of the monographs previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 590),
and contains notes and statistics on the movement of agricultural cooperation
in Argentina, the development and actual conditions of agricultural cooperation
in Austria, agricultural cooperation in Hungary, Croatia and Slavonia, and
Italy, and the organization of agriculture in Switzerland. Accompanying each
section is a series of demographic and economic statistics and a bibliography.
Agricultural cooperation and rural credit in Europe. — Bibliography ( U. S.
Senate, 63. Cong., 1. Sess., Doc. 214, pt. 2 (1913), pp. 79).— This document
contains a complete bibliography of the literature on the agricultural credit
and cooperative systems of European countries collected by the American Com-
mission (E. S. R., 30, p. 492).
How to use farm credit, T. N. Cabvek (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 593
{1914), PP- 14)- — The nature and use of capital are discussed, and it is pointed
out that with the increase in the value of land and the use of machinery has
arisen increased demand for credit or capital. Some of the important rules
mentioned as to the use of credit are to make sure that the purpose for which
the borrowed money is to be used will produce a return greater than needed to
pay the debt, rather than merely pay living expenses, that the length of time
a debt is to run has a close relation to the productive life of the improvement
for which the money is borrowed, and that for long-time loans arrangements
be made for gradual reduction of the principal.
Included in this publication are a series of amortization tables showing the
annual payment necessary to pay off a debt of $1,000 under varying rates of
interest and periods of time.
The rural credit situation of the United States, H. Macpherson (Oreg.
Countryman, 6 (1914), ^o. 7, pp. 371-373). — The author includes among the
essentials necessary to afford the farmer proper credit facilities that the credit
system should aim at service and not at dividends on stocks, and that it should
have local banks with a central bank as a clearing house, a system of repay-
ment on the amortization plan, an effective system of floating the bonds on
farm mortgages, and a simplification of the present land registry system. The
author points out some of the defects in pending legislation.
390 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The problem of agricultural credit in Canada, H. Mitchell {Bui. Depts.
History and Polit. and Ecoti. 8ci., Queeii's Univ. Canada, No. 10 (1914), PP-
24). — The author describes the German Landschaften, the Caisses Populaires
of Quebec, and the state government loans in Australia with a view of deter-
mining their adaptability to conditions in Saskatchewan. He concludes that the
Landschaft, modified to suit local conditions, is the most adaptable of the three
types mentioned.
Loans granted by the state bank on security of grain and the establish-
ment of grain elevators in Bussia (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Mo. Bui.
Econ. and Soc. Intel., 5 (1914), No. 3, pp. 85-94)- — The lack of funds or the
means of obtaining credit formerly made it necessary for the Russian peasant
to sell his grain immediately after harvest. Generally at this period of the
year the condition of the grain market was very unfavorable. In 1885 banks
were authorized to grant loans on grain stored in certain buildings designated
by the bank. In 1894 the law was modified so that the peasant could borrow
on his grain wherever it happened to be located, and whether thrashed or not.
The rate of interest varied from 4^ to G per cent, and the loan was required to
be repaid within 9 months. In 1896 the term of repayment was limited to 6
months and the granting of loans was somewhat restricted. In recent years the
Government has made vigorous efforts to develop the loan business through the
medium of the zemstvos, cooperative credit societies, private credit institutions,
and railways. In 1910 it decided to establish a system of state elevators, and
through those in charge of the elevators the rate of loans, the methods used
in classifying grains, and the standards are established.
[Distribution of produce between landlord and tenant], E. Jenny (Staats
u. So::. Wiss. Forscli., No. Ill (1913), pp. XVII I +346). — The author discusses
systems, history, legal status, elements, and social influence of the distribution
of farm produce between landlord and tenant, and describes in detail the dis-
tribution on a large estate in Russia during the years 1891 to 1910. An ex-
tensive bibliography is included.
Agricultural distribution of land in different countries (Inst. Internal.
Agr. [Romc^, Rith. Bur. 8tatis. G6n., No. 5 [1914), pp. IV+310).— The total
land surface is classified as productive and nonproductive, and the productive
areas are further subdivided into arable land, natural meadows and pasture
land, tree and shrub plantations, woods and forest, and marshes, moors, and un-
cultivated productive lands. For the arable land there are given the areas de-
voted to cereals, to grasses and forage crops, and to other arable land crops and
fallows.
In addition to the summary tables showing data for 36 countries accord-
ing to the classification outlined above, data are given for each country showing
the area devoted to individual crops so far as the information is available.
Farm lands in New Jersey, F. Dye et al. (Trenton, N. J.: State Bd. Agr.,
1913, 2. ed., pp. 53, pis. 12). — This report contains a detailed description by
counties of the natural characteristics and systems of farming and the possible
development of agriculture in this State.
Uses of land in Denmark, July 15, 1912 (Danmarks Stalls. Meddel., 44
(1912), No. 2, pp. 175). — This report contains statistical data showing the areas
devoted to the various kinds of farm crops by minor geographic divisions. For
the larger geographic divisions comparative data are given for 1896 and 1907.
Agriculture in Argentina, I. G. J. van den Bosch (Dept. Landh., Nijv. en
Handel [Netherlands], Verslag. en Meded. Dir. Landh., No. 1 (1914), PP- 140,
pis. 13, fig. 1). — This report contains discussions of the physical features, immi-
gration, live stock, agricultural machinery, crops, dairy and meat industry, and
trade of Argentina.
EURAL ECONOMICS. 391
[Agriculture in Guiana], edited by A. Leechman (In Handbook Brit.
Guiana, 1913, pp. 153-185, pis. 6). — The chapter on agriculture gives a descrip-
tion of the methods used in producing sugar, rice, coconuts, cacao, coffee, rub-
ber, and fruits.
Rural development in Burma, H. Clayton (Rangoan, India, 1911, pp. 11+
IV+llJt). — The author outlines briefly the cooperative methods employed by
fariiiers in Europe for the i)urchase of supplies, sale of farm produce, insurance
of live stock, and securing of credit, and the modifications necessary to meet
rural conditions in Burma.
Country life conference addresses {Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. IS, pp.
94, figs. IJf). — Contained in this report are a series of addresses on the economic
phases of country life, by T. N. Carver; social phases, by C. S. Adams; and
religious phases, by C. S. Adams, W. Hints, and P. A. Johnson.
Solving the country church problem, G. A. Brickeb et al. (Cincinnati and
New York, 1913, pp. 296, ph. 2, figs. 60). — This is a series of articles by 14
authors treating of the various phases of the country church problem.
The agricultural outlook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 590 (1911,), pp. 20,
fig. 1). — It is estimated that during the past year the losses of live stock from
di.sease and exi)osure were 7,C»05,000 hogs valued at $73,000,000, 1,737,000 cattle
valued at $08.(511,000, 2,124,000 sheep valued at $8,581,000, and 523,000 horses
valued at $59,100,000. It is shown that the monthly variation in the number
of sheep and hogs is subject to greater fluctuation than the number of cattle.
Directions are included for the use of anti-hog-cholera serum.
Statistics are given showing for Louisiana the cane production for 1911, 1912,
and 1913, the condition of the principal crops in Florida and California, and
for all the States the condition of winter wheat and rye on April 1, 1913, and
1914, the condition of the various kinds of live stock on the same dates, the
estimated losses for the year ended :\Iarch 31, 1914, and other statistical data
relating to prices of agricultural products.
The agricultural outlook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 598 (1914), PP-
2^).— This number contains estimates of the conditions on May 1, 1914, of
winter wheat, rye, hay, pasture, and honeybees, of the wheat fed to live stock,
of the progress of spring plowing and planting, and of the prices of farm
products. These estimates are shown by States and with comparative data for
earlier years. The production of beet sugar, the sources of sugar supply of the
United States, and the production of sugar in Hawaii are shown for 1913 and
earlier years. A revised estimate of the acreage and yield of cotton for 1913
and data as to condition of crops in California and Florida are included.
Acreage and live stock returns of England and Wales, with summaries
for the United Kingdom, R. PI. Rew (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Agr.
Statis., 48 (1913), No. 1, pp. 119). — This report contains statistics showing the
acreage devoted to the principal crops and the number of live stock by counties
for 1912 and 1913, by minor subdivisions for 1913, and for England and Wales,
Great Britain, and the United Kingdom for 1884 to 1913.
The number of holdings by sizes is given for 1913 by counties and minor
subdivisions. Between 1895 and 1913 the number of holdings in England and
Wales above 1 and not exceeding 5 acres decreased from 97,818 to 92,302 ; those
above 5 and not exceeding 20 acres increased from 126,714 to 122,117; those
above 20 and not exceeding 50 acres from 74,846 to 78,027 ; those above 50 and
not exceeding 100 acres from 56,791 to 59,287 ; those above 100 and not exceed-
ing 200 acres from 68,277 to 09.431 ; while those above 300 acres decreased from
16,021 to 14.513.
Agricultural statistics of Netherlands (Jaarc. Konink, Nederlanden, Rijk
Europe, 1912, pp. 172-183). — Contained in this report are statistical data show-
392 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
ing for 1910 the subdivision of the total land area according to agricultural
uses and number of exploitations by sizes and by types of tenure. The area
and production of the principal farm crops are shown for 1898-1912 and the
number of live stock for 1S91-1910.
World production of cereals in 1913 (Pub. Min. Roy. Hongrois Agr., No. 2
{1914), pp. 318). — This publication gives the area, production, and imports and
exports of cereals for practically all the countries of the world. For many
countries the same information is given for other agricultural products.
Statistics of consumption of cotton, A. Schmidt {Internat. Fed. Master
Cotton Spinners' and Manfrs. Assocs. [Pul).], 1913, pp. 23). — Contained in this
report are statistical data showing the consumption of cotton in all countries
of the world and the stocks on hand August 31, 1903 to 1913. The number of
cotton spinning spindles and the visible supply are also given for 1913.
AGRICTILTUIIAL EDUCATION.
Proposals to bring about a uniformity in th,e methods of instruction in
the lower agricultural schools with special reference to schools for vine
growers, M. Artiiold (Land u. Forstw. Untcrrichts Ztg., 21 {1913), No. 3-4, pp.
1S2-1S9). — The functions of the various categories of agricultural schools for
the training of farmers' sons are discussed. In the author's opinion it would
be more feasible to improve existing schools than to replace them by new
organizations. Their apparent inadequacy in some respects can be traced
largely to the small attendance of many of the schools, which, however, is not
the fault of the school system but due rather to other circumstances such as a
lack of knowledge on the part of the people concerning the functions of the
schools and the value of technical training, unsatisfactory labor relations, etc.
The best remedy suggested for this is an untiring itinerant instruction and an
active contact with the rural population. The author suggests that the utility
of a school does not depend entirely on its organization but also on its manage-
ment, and points out the desirability of the performance of practical work by
students, of examinations to control their progress, and of the supervision of
the instructors by the director or an inspector.
[Reports of German horticultural institutions for 1912] {Landio. Jahrb.,
45 {1913), Ergdnzungsl). 1, pp. 147+235+158, pi. 1, figs. 111).— This number
consists of the annual reports for 1912 of the royal horticultural institutions
at Dahlem, Geisenheim, and Proskau.
The rural agricultural and housekeeping school at Mahrisch-Schonberg,
K. KoLB {Land u. Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg., 27 {1913), No. 3-4, pp. 169-174).—
A description is given of the buildings, equipment, and 1-year course of in-
struction of this school which was opened October 1, 1918, in connection with
the Farm and Flax Preparation School.
[Agricultural and forestry instruction in Austria and other countries]
{Land n. Forstw. Untcrrichts Ztg., 27 {1913), No. 3-4, pp. V+169-30S, figs. 4)-—
This number contains special articles noted elsewhere, an account of the
Second International Congress of Home Training at Ghent (see p. 393), and a
review of agricultural literature and of the activities of agricultural and
forestry e<lucatiou institutions in Austria in 1912-13, as summarized from their
annual reports.
Some agricultural education institutions in Hungary and the Balkan
States, L. Merkos {Land u. Forstxo. Unterrichts Ztg., 27 {1913), No. 3-4, pp.
222-237). — An account is given of the organization, equipment, curriculum, and
work of the following institutions visited by the author: Royal Hungarian
Cellarers' School at Budnfok, near Budapest; Royal Hungarian Ampelograph-
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 393
ical Institute, at Budapest; Horticultural and Vlticultural School, Bukovo,
near Negotiu, Servia ; Horticultural and Vlticultural School at Plevna, Bul-
garia ; Intermediate Agricultural School, Obrassof-Tschifiick, near Eustchuk, Bul-
garia ; Chemical Agricultural Experiment and Seed Control Station, Bucharest,
Roumania ; Agricultural High School, Herastran, near Bucharest; and Farm
Horticultural and AHticultural School, Mediasch, Hungary.
Reforms in agricultural education in the Kingdom of Servia (Land u.
Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg., 27 {1913), No. S-4, pp. 2S8, 239).— This is a summary
of proposed reforms in agricultural education in Servia, including the intro-
duction of agricultural instruction into normal schools, teacher training insti-
tutes, and theological seminaries, to he obligatory in the first-named, the estab-
lishment of 17 lower agricultural schools in place of existing agricultural sta-
tions, the establishment of a higher agricultural school, and the appointment
of 79 itinerant agricultural instructors and 5 agricultural inspectors.
The "Woodlawn school garden, Alice V. Joyce (Nature-SUuly Rev., 10 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 61-65, figs. S). — The garden work of the Woodlawn school is described
by grades. Each teacher is given a section in which each of her pupils has an
individual plat. The last year there were '585 individual plats, those for the
primary grades being 5 by 8 ft. and those for the intermediate and grammar
grades 8 by 10 ft.
Lebanon County boys' agricultural and girls' domestic science clubs, J. W.
Snoke {Lebanon Co. [Pcnn.] Boys' Agr. and Girls' Dom. Sci. Clubs Circ. 2
{1914), PP- 16). — The objects and plans of work of these clubs in corn and
potato growing, fruit canning, bread making, sewing, and vegetable growing
contests and the exhibition of products are outlined.
Industrial clubs and contests for Oregon boys and girls {Oreg. Agr. Col.
Bids., 1914, Nos. 97, pp. 12; 98, pp. 16; 109, pp. 8, figs. IS; 110, pp. 4, figs. 5;
112, pp. 11, figs. 5). — These bulletins describe respectively (1) the organization
of junior club work, by F. L. Griffin, (2) rules governing each of the 10 ap-
proved projects for 1914, by F. L. Griffin, (3) directions for making the Bab-
cock test and keeping the records, by W. A. Barr, (4) a suggested list of tools
and materials for the manual arts contest, by II. C. Brandon, and (5) hotbeds
nnd cold frames for the gardener in the A^egetable gardening contests.
The country home {Proc. Conf. Ed. South, 16 {19 IS), pp. 66, 85-96).—
Problems of the country home were discussed as a part of the 1913 conference
on the education of women in the country. The papers presented included
How to Relieve the Drudgery of Women on the Farm, by J. Cook; Home Eco-
nomics and Help for the Home Maker, by B. R. Andrews; Home Economics, or
Help for the Home Manager — What Domestic Science is Aiming to Accomplish
by Developing Instruction as to Food, Clothing, Shelter, and Home Manage-
ment, by Isabel E. Lord ; The Department of Agriculture and Its Work for the
Home, by C. F. Langworthy; Social Life in the Country for Women, by Mrs.
M. C. Roark ; and The Awakening of Farm Women, by Mrs. W. N. Hutt.
The Second International Congress of Home Training at Ghent, Ida
ScHUPPLi (Land u. Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg., 27 {WIS), No. S-4, pp. 211-221).—
An account is given of the proceedings and resolutions of the sections of the
congress with reference to the following topics: (1) Home economics instruc-
tion in the elementary school or in connection with it in cities, industrial
centers, and rural communities; (2) home economics instruction for adults
or in connection with the intermediate school; (3) the training of teachers of
home economics; and (4) literature, progress made since the Freiburg con-'
gress, and the importance of instruction in home economics in its social rela-
tions.
394 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
Lesson exercises, C. A. Stebbins {Univ. Gal. Syllabus Ser., No. 34 (1012),
pp. 32, figs. 33). — Twenty-one lessons on the soil and its origin, water and soil,
the seed and its needs, propagation of plants, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fer-
tilizers, weeds, insects, birds, plant diseases, and trees, are outlined.
Field trips in elementary agriculture {W. Va. School Agr., Jf (1913), No. 1,
pp. 19, figs. 10). — As a means of securing correlation between the schoolroom
and the community, outlines for four field trips are presented for the purpose
of studying soil formation, forest trees, and insects. Directions for preserving
weed specimens and mounting twigs and insects are included.
Collection and preservation of plant material for use in the study of
agriculture, H. B. Dekb and C. H. Lane {V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 5S6,
pp. 2.'i, figs. 16). — Methods of collecting, preparing, mounting, and preserving
plant specimens of various sorts are suggested for the use of teachers of agri-
culture.
Outline of work in agriculture, domestic science, and manual training
(Cicero, Ind., 1913, pp. 19, figs. 4). — This is an outline of instruction in agri-
culture in the high schools of Jackson township, Hamilton County, Ind., and in
domestic science and art, manual training as related to the farm, and mechani-
cal drawing in grades five to eight, inclusive, and the high schools.
[Reading courses in agriculture and home economics] (Cornell Reading
Courses, 2 (1913), Nos. 39, pp. 153-181,, figs. 16; J,l, pp. 185-196; 43, pp. 197-
208, figs. 6; 45, pp. 209-218; 47, pp. 221-228, figs. 4; 3 (1913), Nos. 49, pp. //7,
figs. 27; 51, pp. 1,9-72. figs. 28; 54, pp. 45-G4, figs. 11; 55, pp. 85-103, figs. 10;
56, pp. 65-95, figs. 15; 58, pp. 97-116, figs. i9).— These numbers treat of the
following subjects: The Farmhouse, by Helen B. Young; Rules for Planning
the Family Dietary, by Flora Ro.se; The Box Luncheon, by Clara W. Browning;
Hints on Choo.sing Textiles, by Bertha E. Titsworth; A Canning Business for
the Farm Home, by Claribel Nye and Bessie Earll Austin; Household Insects
and IMethods of Control, by G. W. Herrick; A Story of Certain Table Furnish-
ings, by Clara W. Browning and Edith J. Munsell ; The Dairy Herd, by H. H.
Wing; Rice and Rice Cookery, by Miriam Birdseye; Practical Horse-Breeding,
by M. W. Harper; and Planting the Home Vegetable Garden, by A. E. Wil-
kinson.
Seasonable suggestions, S. A. Mineab (Rural Educator, 3 (1914), No. 3, pp.
48, 49). — Directions are given for testing seed corn and making a school garden.
Testing seed com, A. L. Smith (loiva Agr., 14 (1914), No. 7, pp. 363, 364,
fig. 1). — Directions are given for three lessons in testing seed corn, viz, making
Hie testing box, filling the box, and reading the test.
Testing seed corn in rural schools, Augusta D. Evans (III. Agr., IS (1914),
No. 6, pp. 343-346, figs. 2). — The author points out the value of seed corn testing
and gives directions for making a germination box, preparing the corn for the
tester, reading and recording the test, and making a record blank for com-
munity testing.
Modern fruit growing, W. Wilden (Neuseitlicher Obstbau, M[Unchen]
(Jladhach, Germany [i9i3], pp. 96, figs. 24). — This is a text and reference book
in modern fruit growing for self-instruction and use in seminaries and agri-
cultural schools.
A field lesson on the fuel woods of the farm, J. G. Needham (Nature-Study
Rev., 9 (1913), No. 9, pp. 282-290, figs. 5). — A consideration of the fuel value of
different kinds of woods is followed by an outline for the study of the fuel
woods of the farm in which fuel stuffs are gathered from the woodlot and
te.sted in fire making.
The question of the introduction of instruction in fire extinguishing in
the lower agricultural schools (Land u. Forstir. Unierrieht.t Ztg.. 27 (1913),
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 395
No. S-4, pp. 206-210). — The author suggests a plan for the introduction of
of instruction in fire extinguishing into the lower agricultural schools of Austria
and outlines a course in this subject.
Expedients in giving instruction in plant protection, G. KocK (Land a.
Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg., 27 (1913), No. 3-^, pp. 175-181, figs. If).— In this dis-
cussion of the use of illustrative material in instruction in modem plant protec-
tion, the author points out the requisites of an efficient wall chart, and describes
and illustrates a phytopathological chart showing the injuries by the grape leaf
roller (Cochylis amhigucUa) and methods of combating it, issued by L. Fulmek.
Attention is called to the importance of the use of the sciopticon and of biologi-
cal exhibits illustrating the progress of diseases or injury and of different
stages of development of the pest. Seventeen cases of such exhibits have been
prepared in recent years by K. Kafka of the Biological Institute of Vienna.
High school entomology (Agr. Student, 20 (1914), No. 7, pp. 529-531, figs.
2). — The author calls attention to the economic importance of insects to the
farmer, gives directions for making collections, and recommends classifying
and studying the insects not according to scientific orders but according to their
characteristics, such as parasitic, predacious, beneficial, injurious, herbivorous,
etc.
Exercises in farm dairying, C. Laesen (New York, [1913], pp. [75], fig. 1). —
This is an elementary loose leaf field and laborotary manual for agricultural
high schools and colleges and a practical guide for fanners and dairymen.
Educational school gardening and handwork, G. W. S. Brewer (Cambridge,
England, 1913, pp. XI +192, figs. 71). — The author considers the aims and ideas
that should underlie school gardening, and outlines a method of teaching the
subject by which the pupil takes up the suggestions of the teacher, but develops
ideas, discovers facts, and forms judgments for himself. The object of the
author seems to be the promotion of character building by training boys in
habits of industry, cooperation, and broad scientific outlook. Directions are
given for making school gardens; correlating the work with drawing, composi-
tion, nature study, cookery, arithmetic, and wood and metal work; keeping
records ; making a school museum ; experimental work in the garden ; beautify-
ing school buildings and grounds; caring for tools; preparing exhibits; and
teaching gardening in evening continuation schools.. Lists of suggestive ques-
tions and helpful books are added.
Suggestions for teaching nature study, M. J. Abbey (W. Ya. School Agr.,
4 (1913), No. 11, pp. 32, figs. 7). — These suggestions are intended, as a guide to
the selection of subject matter and methods of presenting it. Type lessons on
a study of the cow, the weather, preparation of nature for winter, clothing, the
heavens, insects, and fur bearing animals are included.
Nature study in secondary schools, C. Drieberg (Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 42
(1914), No. 1, pp. 79-82). — The author discusses the objects of nature study, the
style of teaching it, the object of the school garden as a field for nature study,
and the range of general knowledge it is best to gain by nature study in associa-
tion with the school garden. He recommends that a syllabus dealing with the
facts and phenomena of common experience, adapted to the seasons and con-
forming to local conditions for a junior as well as a senior course of nature
study, be prepared for the use of teachers, and that pupils complete this course
at about the age of 12 years, go on to a 3-year course of experimental science
proper in chemistry, physics, and biology, and then specialize in any one or
two branches of scieTice according to the future career decided upon.
Arbor and Bird Day manual for use in West Virginia public schools
(W. Ya. School Agr.. 4 (1914). ^o. 3, pp. 58. figs. 28). — Programs, lessons, and
396 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
general suggestions are given for the observation of Arbor and Bird Day on
April 8, 1914, in tlie West Virginia schools.
Planning and adorning the farmstead and school grounds (Columhiis,
Ohio: 8ui)t. Puh. Instr., 1913, pp. 36, figs. 13). — This bulletin, which is intended
for seventh and eighth grade and high school pupils of all village and rural
schools of Ohio and persons interested in farm and school improvements, ofCers
suggestions for planning and adorning school grounds, homes, and farms.
Back to the farm, M. H. Shumway {Bui. Univ. Minn., Gen. Ser., No. 12
(1914), pp. 45, figs. 8). — This play in three acts is intended to illustrate the
value of a collegiate agricultural education to the farmer.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1913 (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Year-
book 1913, pp. 541, pis. 54, figs. 21). — This contains the report of the Secretary
of Agriculture, previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 195) ; 14 special articles ab-
stracted elsewhere in this issue ; and an appendix combining a directory of the
agricultural colleges and experiment stations and the state officials in charge
of agricultural work, and statistics of the principal crops, farm animals and
their products, the federal meat inspection, prices of meat in the United States
and Europe, legal standards for dairy products, agricultural statistics from
the census of 1910, imports and exports of agricultural products, and imports
of pure-bred animals.
Thirty-seventh Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1913 ((7on-
necticut State Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. XVIII). — This contains the organization list,
a report of the board of control, a financial statement for the fiscal year- ended
September 30, 1913, and a list of corrections to the report.
Twenty-sixth, Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1913 (Illinois Sta. Rpt.
1913, pp. 12). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, brief notes as to additional equipment, and
a list of the publications issued during the year.
Twenty-fourth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1911 (Kentucky Sta.
Rpt. 1911, pp. XVIII+355, pis. 2, figs. 4)- — This contains the organization list,
a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, a report of the
director on the work of the station during the year, reprints of Bulletins
153-158, previously noted, and reports of analyses of mineral waters and
meteorological data, abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
Biennial Report of the Director of the Kentucky Station, 1911—1913,
J. H. Kastle (Kentucky Sta., Bien. Rpt. Dir., 1911-1913, pp. 57, pi. 1, figs. 7).—
This contains the organization list, a list of publications, and a review of the
work of the station for the biennium ended June 30, 1913.
Report of the director for the year ending June 30, 1913, F. B, Mumford
(Missouri Sta. Bui. Ill (1914), pp. 401-443).— This contains the organization
list, a report of the director on the work and i)ublications of the Missouri
Station, including reports of heads of departments, the experimental features of
which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913.
Health laws, F. G. Caffey (U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1913, pp. 125-134).—
This article briefly describes the Food and Drugs Act, Meat Inspection Act,
and other health laws administered by the Department, and discusses the need
for the exercise of powers by the States.
NOTES.
Arizona University and Station. — Ground was broken July 31 for the new
agricultural building wlilch is to cost about $165,000. The structure will include
otBce and laboratory room for all departments of the station work, for college class
work in agriculture, and for extension work. By an ingenious utilization of the
patio, or inner court, of the building, audience room is provided for about 1,600
people. It is expected that the building will be completed in July, 1915.
A new farm of 160 acres has been purchased for the station in Salt River
Valley at a cost of $30,000. This farm is expected to afford suitable facilities
for experimental work in this representative irrigated district.
Recent appointments include G. W. Barnes as farm adviser in the extension
service; W. S. Cunningham, assistant in animal husbandry and dairying at the
New Mexico Station, as assistant animal husbandman in the college and sta-
tion ; and Stephen B. Johnson as assistant horticulturist in the college and
station.
California University and Station. — ^A. V. Stubenrauch, in charge of the horti-
cultural and pomological investigations of this Department, has been appointed
head of the new division of pomology.
Connecticut College. — A Country Life Conference was held for 3 weeks be-
ginning July 13. The first week was devoted to rural leadership, with confer-
ences of rural ministers, business men, and others. Subsequently, meetings
were held by the State Forestry Association, Botanical Club, Pomological
Society, Vegetable Growers' Association, Bee Keepers' Association, Farm Man-
agers' and Sheep Breeders' Associations, Dairymen's Association, and Poultry
Association.
Connecticut State Station. — H. F. Huber. a graduate of the New Jersey College,
has been appointed specialist in market gardening.
Georgia Station. — The legislature recently appropriated $2,500 to be used for
buildings and repairs. This action is encouraging as it is the first money ap-
propriated for the station by the State for over 20 years.
Iowa College and Station. — A plant industry building of the same general
type of architecture as the hall of agriculture is under construction. One of
its wings is to be a plant laboratory for work in truck crops, floriculture, land-
scape gardening, and general horticulture. This laboratory is to consist of a
cellar containing a cold-storage room for cut flowers, truck crops, and pomology,
and rooms for the storage of greenhouse supplies, bulbs, roots, etc. ; a basement
with three plant propagation laboratories and a packing and shipping room : a
main floor with offices, a large truck-crop laboratory and smaller recitation
rooms, etc. ; and a first floor with offices for the station staff in truck crops
and pomology, drafting rooms, and a research laboratory. This laboratory
building is expected to be ready for occupancy at the beginning of the second
semester.
397
398 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Immediately adjoining it is being built a range of greenhouses, covering about
one-half acre. Eventually there will be ten of these houses, six being 25 by 75
feet, three 25 by 150 feet, and one 25 by 150 feet with a palm house 50 by 30
feet. Eight of these houses are already nearly completed.
Harlan B. Hunger, assistant in farm cost accounting in the farm manage-
ment investigations of this Department, has been appointed professor of farm
management in the college and chief in farm management in the station.
Kansas College. — Rev. Walter Burr, of Louisville, Kans., has been appointed
director of the rural service department in the extension division beginning
about August 1. Otis Earle Hall, a graduate of Wabash College and for the
past 8 years a county superintendent of schools in Indiana, has been appointed
supervisor of boys' and girls' club work beginning September 1.
Kentucky University. — A demonstration of machinery suitable for preparing
agricultural lime was held during the week of June 22, with addresses on soil
fertility and the use of lime in agriculture.
Massachusetts College. — Prof. George F. Mills has been made dean emeritus
and E. M. Lewis dean of the college. R. J. Watts has been appointed secretary.
Miss Helena T. Goessmann has been appointed instructor in languages and
literature and will offer a course on rural literature which, it is believed, is not
given elsewhere.
Minnesota University and Station. — ^A week's conference of teachers of agi"i-
culture and home economics was held June 20-25, with special instruction by
members of the college faculty during the morning and conferences regarding
work in the high schools in the afternoon. The first Country Life Conference to
be held in the State took place the following week, with special attention to the
problems of rural ministers, social workers, and others interested in rural
social welfare.
W. F. Lusk has been appointed assistant professor of agricultural engineering
beginning August 1, Dr. Howard C. Kernkamp assistant veterinarian in the
station, and Maiy G. Blythe instructor in clothing in the school of agriculture.
Nebraska University and Station. — R. K. Bliss has resigned as professor of
animal husbandry and animal husbandman to become director of the agricul-
tural extension service of the Iowa College.
New Hampshire Station. — J. B. Scherrer has been appointed vegetable
gardener.
New Jersey College and Stations. — The new agricultural building has been
completed. It will house the departments of botany, plant pathology, soil
fertility, extension teaching, horticulture, and seed testing.
The station poultry department has been assigned an area of about 20 acres
of land which will be developed for experimental work in poultry husbandry.
A number of research fellowships have been recently established by indus-
trial concerns, among them the Chilean Nitrate Propaganda, and others are
anticipated. Thomas A. Edison has also provided an industrial fellowship for
the study of ground limestone as a factor in soil improvement. Nicholas Kope-
loff and R. C. Cook have been appointed research fellows under two of these
grants.
Among other recent appointments are the following: Clarence E. Brett as
instructor In poulti-y husbandry ; Frank App, assistant professor of agronomy
and assistant agronomist at the New Hampshire College and Station, as as-
sistant professor of agronomy; and Miss M. Anna Houser and C. M. Arthur
in charge of extension work in home economics and marketing respectively.
Ward C. Pelton, in charge of extension work In market gardening, has resigned
NOTES. 399
to accept a position at the Delaware College and Station. Arthur J. Farley
has been transferred from extension worli to an instrnctorship in horticulture,
Warren W. Oley from research to extension work in the same subject, and
Alexis L. Clark from extension work to become an assistant state leader in
extension work.
Cornell University. — The equipment of the college of agriculture is being
augmented by the addition of new buildings for work in soils and animal hus-
bandry, which are approaching completion. The soils building, for which
$100,000 was available, will house the teaching and investigational activities of
the department of soil technology. The animal husbandry building provides
about 37 rooms for the department of animal husbandry and costs about $91,000.
In connection with this building is a large stock-judging pavilion 160 by 80
feet, accommodating about 500 people.
The summer school of agriculture secured an enrollment of about 360.
Several new courses were offered for the special benefit of those teaching agri-
culture.
The department of home economics is cooperating with various communities
in organizing local canning clubs among farm women. These clubs aim to pro-
mote a knowledge of the possibilities of canning as a profitable addition to
the activities of the farm.
Ohio State University. — The former department of agronomy has been divided
by the establishment of a department of agricultural engineering, with H. O.
Ramsower in charge and F. W. Ives as instructor. A. G. McCall has been
granted a year's leave of absence, during which time George Livingston will be
acting head of the department of agronomy, with instruction work in charge of
Forrest Semple. i\I. F. Abel has been appointed graduate assistant in field
crops.
■ Recent promotions include Dr. J. F. Lyman, D. J. Kays, and Vernon H. Davis
as professors of agricultural chemistry, animal husbandry, and horticulture
respectively. L. M. Montgomery has been made professor of horticulture, and
Miss Minna C. Denton professor of home economics. J. R. Wiley and Gilbert
Gusler of the department of animal husbandry, W. G. Stover of the department
of botany, and R. B. Stoltz and W. L. Clevenger of the dairy department, have
been appointed assistant professors. A professorship of farm management in
the rui'al economics department has been established.
C. S. Wheeler has been appointed in charge of agricultural extension work
in public schools, vice A. B. Graham resigned to become head of the newly
established New York State School of Agriculture on Long Island.
The first Country Life Week was held beginning August 10, with special
attention to the needs of rural ministers.
Oregon College and Station. — Recent important additions have been made to
the dairy and live stock herds with a view to strengthening both the instruc-
tion and experimental work of these departments. It is announced that a pure-
bred herd of the four principal dairy breeds is to be built up as rapidly as
possible.
Extension work in dairying has been separated from that in live stock and
remains under the direct charge of E. B. Fitts. Ralph McBurney, instructor
in chemistry in the Oklahoma Station, has been appointed instructor In bac-
teriology, and Leroy Childs research assistant in entomology.
Pennsylvania College and Station. — H. P. Davis, instructor in dairy husbandry
and assistant experimentalist, has resigned to accept a position with the Dairy
Division of this Department.
400 EXPEKIMENT STATIOIST KECOED.
West Virginia University. — President Thomas E. Hodges resigned August 1 to
become a candidate for Congressman at Large. Dr. Frank B. Trotter, dean of
tlae college of arts, has been appointed acting president.
G. L. Oliver has been appointed extension instructor in dairying in coopera-
tion with the Dairy Division of this Department. C. L. Hartley has been
appointed assistant to the director in agricultural extension.
Agricultural Grants of the General Education Board. — The Journal of Educa-
tion announces that at the spring meeting of the board appropriations aggre-
gating $1,400,000 were allotted. Among the items were $36,500 for the mainte-
nance of rural school supervision in the Southern States, $20,000 for farm
demonstration work in six counties in Maine, $10,000 for similar work in New
Hampshire, and .$50,000 for rural school agents to work in connection with
state departments of education in 15 States.
Spanish Railways and Agriculture. — A Spanish railway in the Province of
Soria, to improve agricultural conditions, has provided its stations with small
agricultural museums supplied with various kinds of useful information, such
as formulas for fertlizers and their use, methods of buying fertilizing material,
addresses of houses selling machinery, seeds, plants, live stock, etc., directions
for organizing agricultural societies, the manner of soliciting appropriations
from the central government, construction of district roads, and details of dif-
ferent industries which might be introduced with success in the province.
Experiment fields showing how to use fertilizers have been established near the
different stations by the Central Experiment Station Service of Madrid, and
lectures given on their proper use. Demonstrations of agricultural machinery
have been made by local agents of manufacturers. As a result Soria has been
making noteworthy progress in agriculture.
Agricultural Education in India. — The American Presbyterian Mission is ac-
quiring 53 acres near Allahnbad to establish a fully equipped agricultural de-
partment for experimental work in connection with the Ewing Christian
College at Allahabad. It will be in charge of Samuel Higginbottom, an Ameri-
can missionary, who has already introduced numerous important improvements
in agricultural methods among native farmers near Allahabad.
Miscellaneous. — Peter Waite, of Adelaide, has given to the University of
Adelaide his house and grounds at Urrbrae, embracing an area of 134 acres,
half of the land to be available for the university for agricultural and kindred
subjects and the balance as a public park under its control. He has also given
to the government of South Australia 114 acres adjoining Urrbrae for the estab-
lishment of an agricultural high school.
Officers in the department of rural and agricultural education of the National
Education Association were chosen at the St. Paul meeting July 4-11 as fol-
lows: President, E. C. Bishop, of the Iowa College; vice president, M. J. Abbey,
of the .West Virginia University; and secretary, F. L. Griffin, of the Oregon
College.
The Italian minister of agriculture has recently authorized the transforma-
tion of the Royal School of Agriculture, at S. Ilario Ligure, into a colonial
agricultural school with a 3-year course for the training of students in prac-
tical farming in the Italian colonies.
Leonard S. Klinck, professor of cereal husbandry at MacDonald College, has
been appointed dean of the College of Agriculture of the British Columbia
University, now in process of establishment.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FEOM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
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AT
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OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, $1
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editox*: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPAKTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {^; «• Beai.^^^^^^_
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology j^' ^- gQ^o ^' ^^ ^
T^. 1 , /-c„„^„ jJ. I- SCHULTE.
Field Crops j^. j^j tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
T7, , 1 TT TVT i •+• , |C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Foods and Human Nutrition tt t lang
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoologj' and Entomology — W. A. Hooker,' D. V. M.
Veterinary Medicine {W-^- HomcER. ^^^^^^^
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. hEW YORK
Rural Economics — E. Merritt. '
Agricultural Education— C. PL Lane. BOTANICAL
Indexes — M. D. jMoore. (jAKOiaW.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXI, NO. 5.
Editorial notes: Page.
The United States and Canadian commissions on vocational training and
some of their conclusions as to agricultural education 401
Recent work in agricultural science 407
Notes 496
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — AGROTECHNY.
A report of chemical investigations on the lime-sulphur spray, Tartar 407
Reaction between sulphur and potassium hydroxid in aqueous solution, Tartar. 409
On the valuation of lime-sulphur as an insecticide, Tartar 409
Soluble arsenic in mixtures of lead arsenate and soap, Tartar and Bundy 409
The present status of the synthesis of plant alkaloids, Bauer 409
Solubility of casein in dilute acids. Van Slyke and Winter 409
A contribution to the history of corn sugar, De Vilmorin and Levallois 409
The chemistry of gums and mucin substances, Schirmer 409
In regard to a uniform nomenclature for ferments, Giaja 409
Existence of three types of proteolytic vegetable ferments in latexes, Gerber. . 409
The lipases of a latex, Gerber 410
The rennet of the latex of Calotropis procera, Gerber and Flourens 410
In regard to the nature of amylases, Kamecki 410
In regard to invertase, I, II, Meisenlieimer, Gambarjan, and Semper 410
The preparation of neutral ammonium citrate solution, Rudnick and Latshaw. . 410
Determination of citric acid-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, Haussding . 410
Winkler's method for oxygen in water; effect of nitrite, Hale and MeUa 411
Estimation of starch and dextrin in sugar products, etc., Auguet 412
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Determination of quercetin in wine, von Fellenberg 412
Estimation of the bromin absorption of wines, von Fellenberg 412
Practicum of milk chemistry, von Sobbe 413
A new method for proteins in milk, De Graaff and Schaap 413
Determining fermenting capacity of feeding stuffs, milk, and galactase, Rosam. 413
The determination of nitrobenzol in peanut oil, Lucas 413
Determination of total formaldehyde, Hinman, jr 414
The thermal figure of oil of turpentine, Grimaldi and Prussia 414
Loganberry by-products, Lewis and Brown 414
METEOROLOGY — WATER.
Agricultural meteorology, Stupart 415
Comparative agricultural and forestry meteorology, Cuif 415
Climatological data for the United States by sections 415
Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander et al 415
Meteorological observations, 1913 416
Temperature records, Thompson 416
American temperatures and European rainfall, Humphreys 416
Chemical composition of rain in the Union of South Africa, Juritz 416
Electrical hail protection, Angot 416
Studies in water supply, Houston 416
The utilization of sewage in agriculture, Grossmann 417
Sewage disposal. Fowler 417
Sewage irrigation and disease organisms, Ciocalteu 417
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
Report of international commission for the examination of soil, Schucht 417
New classification of granulation products in mechanical analysis, Kopecky. . . 418
Vegetation and agricultural soil, De Angelis d'Ossat 418
The radio-actiWty of some type soils of the United States, Moore 418
Olifants River irrigation scheme. — Agricultural survey of the soils, Juritz 418
Pakihi lands: Note on their treatment, Aston 419
The storage and use of soil moisture, Burr 419
Mineral acid soils, Loew 419
Some notes on soil protozoa, Martin and Lewin 420
Ammonification and nitrification in soil and solution, Lohnis and Green 420
Absence of nitrate formation in cultiu-es of Azotobacter, Kellerman, and Smith . 421
Fertilizers in relation to soils and crop production, Harcourt and Gibson 421
Manurial requirements, McConnell 421
Inefficiency of fertilizers in dry farming regions, Couston and Garrigues 421
Fertilizer experiments in the German colonies 421
The plant food content of liquid manure, Liechti and Truninger 421
Escape of ammonia from soil treated with liquid manure, Liechti and Ritter. . 421
Sodium nitrato v. ammonium sulphate, Po^plsil 422
Experiments with sulphate containing sulpnocyanid, Stutzer and Goy 422
Mixing lime nitrogen with Thomas slag and kainit, Gerlach and Tiedemann. . 422
Effects of ensilage on solubility of floats, Forbes and Fritz 422
The production of phosphate rock in 1913, Phalen 422
The fertilizing value of phonolite, Neumami 423
Potash salts and other salines in the Great Basin region. Young *. 423
A plea for the increased use of lime, Hendrick 424
Agricultural lime analyses 424
Sulphur fertilizer for alfalfa, Reimer 424
The world's production and consumption of chemical fertilizers 424
State fertilizer tonnage 424
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Plants and their uses, an introduction to botany, Sargent 425
Some honey plants of Guam, Thompson 425
Some new tuberous species of Solanum, Wittmack 425
A study of the vegetation of the sand hills of Nebraska, Pool 425
Sand plants on lime soils, Biisgen 425
A study of nutrient solutions for plant cultures, Tottingham 425
The functions of nutritive materials in higher plants, Faack 426
CONTENTS. ni
Page.
A review of recent investigations on the mineral nutrition of fungi, Dox 426
The carbon nutrition of plants, Ravin 426
Formation of anthocyanin in flowers of Cobaea scandens, Rose 427
Physico-chemical properties of vegetable saps, II, Harris and Gortner 427
A review of Willstiitter 's researches on chlorophyll, West 427
Study of the constitution of plastids, Buscalioni 427
Reply to Kostytschew's articles on respiration of wheat seedlings, Zaleski 427
The action of anodic and cathodic solutions on germination, Micheels 427
The application of electricity to plant production, Priestley 428
FIELD CROPS.
Irrigation and manuring studies, Harris 428
Minor dry-land crops at the Nephi Experiment Farm, Cardon 429
The Clermont County experiment farm 430
The Miami County experiment farm 430
The Paulding County experiment farm 430
Report on grass-seed mixtures, 1907-1913, Findlay 430
Fodder grasses of Java, III-IX, Backer 431
The chemical composition of South African maize and other cereals, Juritz 431
Suppressing the inflorescence and the sugar content of cane and maize, Decock. 431
Composition of maize at various stages of its growth, Jones, jr., and Huston. . . 431
Corn culture, Kjmbrough 432
Corn growing in Washington, Severance 432
On cotton cultivation, Kimbrough and DeLoach 432
The feeding of cotton, ^\^lite 433
A new system of cotton culture and its application, Cook 433
The classification and grading of cotton, Earle and Dean 433
HeUanthus, Ran 433
A rapidly growing new forage plant, Denaiffe and Colle 434
Oats for New York, Love 434
Some varieties and strains of oats in South Dakota, Hume and Champlin 435
Potato growing in Washington, Morris, Hall, and Yothers 435
Effects of defoliation and application of nitrates on the sugar beet, Headden. . 435
Sweet potatoes: Culture, storing, and studies in fertilizing, Stuckey 436
Tobacco seed beds, Olson 437
Wheat investigation 438
The culture of winter wheat in the E^astern United States, Leigh ty 438
The quality of clover and vetch seed in Maryland markets in 1913, Smith 438
"Weeds, Coo 438
How to rid our farms of weeds, Stone 438
HORTICULTURE.
Vegetable gardening, Stuckey 438
Truck farming, Ness 439
Regional distribution of fruits and factors controlling it, Cunningham 439
South American frtdt production, present and prospective, Wight 439
Orchard management 439
Composition oi lime-sulphur solutions, Whittier and Thompson 439
A new spray rig, Strahan 439
Some investigations in grafting, Booth 440
Characteristics of one hvmdred seedlings of the Northern Spy apple, Macoun. . 440
Effect of pollen on the size and number of seeds. Crow 440
Some peculiarities of native Georgia apples, McHatton 440
Factors which determine color and size of peaches, Blake 440
Effect of pollination on the fruit of Diospyros kaki, Hume 440
Prune growing in southwestern Washington, Morris 441
Orchard notes, Thompson 441
Small fruits for Colorado, Sandsten 441
State bog report, Franklin 441
The "little bogs" at Amherst, Morse 441
Raspberry breeding, Wellington 442
Strawberries under irrigation in south Texas, Binford 442
Sterility in the grape, Dorsey 442
The fertilizing action of sulphur on the vine, Chauzit 442
How sulphur stimulates plant growth, De Castella 443
rV CONTENTS.
Page.
Unusual methods of propagating nut trees, Morris 443
Multiplication of floral parts in the carnation, Connors 443
Individuality in rose plants, Blake 443
Sweet pea studies. — IV. Classification of garden varieties, Beal 443
FORESTRY.
Tree guide, Rogers 444
Yellow pine, North 444
On the conditions for the natural occurrence of sprvice, Miiller 444
Influence of precocity of thinning on the yield of spruce, Mer 444
Can yield of nibber from Hevea trees be increased by fertilizers? De Jong 444
[The rubber industry in Brazil] 444
Note on a latex hydrometer, Eaton 444
[The lumber industry in Wisconsin,] Dopp 444
Manitoba, a forest Province, Campbell 445
Trent watershed survey, Fernow, Howe, and \\Tiite 445
Forest protection in Canada, 1912, Lea\itt 445
Cooperative forest fire protection, Bothwell 445
The care of the woodlot, Morton 445
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The nonvalidity of the genus Lasiodiplodia, Taubenliaus 445
Identity of Pcridermiumfusiforme with P. cerebrum, Hedgcock and Long 445
Biological strains of Sphxropsis malorum. Hesler 445
Life history of Sphxropsis malorum, Shear 446
Grain smuts: Their causes and treatments. Cook 446
Experiments on the control of certain barley diseases, Johnson 446
Observations and experiments on the blackleg disease of cabbage, Henderson. . 446
Progress in developing disease-resistant cabbage, Jones 446
Decay of celery in storage, Pieddick 447
Some points in the life history of Phytopthora on ginseng, Rosenbaum 447
Fusaria of potatoes, Sherbakoff 447
A study of the annual recurrence of Phytophthora infestans, Melhus 447
Some new or little-known diseases of the sweet potato, Taubenhaus 447
Blossom-end rot of tomato, Brooks " 447
Diseases of tobacco, Johnson 448
Disease resistance in tobacco to root rot, Johnson 448
Some diseases of nursery stock, Cook 448
Crown gall and hairy root. Cook 449
Perithecia in cultures of Venturia incqualis, Jones 449
Comparative dusting and spraying experiments, Blodgett 449
Fruit infection of peaches — inoculations with Cladosporiun carpophilum, Keitt. 449
Gum formation in citrus as induced by chemicals, Floyd 449
Fungus gummosis of citrus in California, Fawcett — 449
Citrus root nematode, Cobb - ; 449
Poor nitrifying power of soils a possible cause of die-back in lemons, Lipman. . . 450
Pellicularia Jcoleroga on coffee in Porto Rico, Fawcett 450
A destructive nematode introduced into the United States, Byars 450
Sphseropsis canker of Quercus prinus, Rankin 450
A little-known disease of chestnut and oak trees, Heald . . ._ - 451
Temperature and expulsion of ascospores of Endothia parasitica, Walton 451
Wind dissemination of ascospores of the chestnut blight fungus, Heald et al — 451
Insects as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus, Studhalter 451
Control of the Ribes generation of the white pine blister rust, von Tubeuf 451
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
The common mole. — Runway studies; hours of activity, Scheffer . . 451
Infection of rats vnih Bacterium pseudopestis murium and goiter, Galli- Valeric. . 451
A system of notation applied to entomological accessions, Tucker 452
[Report of the] Second International Congress of Entomology, 1912 452
Sixth amiual report of the state entomologist of Indiana, Baldwin 452
Report of the entomologist's inspection trip to Santo Domingo 452
' ' La Changa, ' ' Scapteriscus didactylus, Crossman 452
Insects of tobacco, Johnson 453
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Insect enemies of fruit trees, Lesne 453
[Work with cranberry insects in 1913], Franklin 453
A monograph of the jumping plant lice or Psyllidse of the New World, Crawford. 453
[Papers on American Hemiptera published by O. M. Renter], Heidemann 454
The scale insects of British Guiana, Bodkin 454
Arsenate of lead in the dark-tobacco district, Morgan and Parman 454
Studies of the nun moth, Wolff 454
The peach twig borer, an important enemy of stone fruits, Yothers 454
Late broods of the codling moth, Pickett 454
Notes on forest Coleophora with descriptions of two new species, Heinrich 454
Antimosquito work in New Jersey, Headlee 454
A remarkable outbreak of Culex pipiens, Britton 455
Diptera. — Family Cecidomyidse, Kieffer 455
The Hessian fly situation in Kansas, Dean and McColloch 455
Ceratopogoninge sucking the blood of caterpillars, Knab 455
The sandfly and pellagra, III, Hunter 455
Experiments with house-fly baits and poisons, Morrill 455
Further observations on breeding habits and control of the house fly, Hewitt. . 455
Report of the natural enemies of fruit flies, Silvestri 455
The development of blow flies, Stroh 456
Four new species of Tachinidae from North America, Walton 456
Description of a new species of Agromyza from Porto Rico, Malloch 456
The apple flea weevil, Glenn 456
The clover leaf wecAdl {Hypera punctata), Parks 457
The boll weevil problem, Moss 457
Feeding habits of the boll weevil on plants other than cotton, Goad 458
The food of ants, Arnold 458
The introduction of parasites of May beetles into Porto Rico, Van Dine 458
Notes on the biology of Viplazon Isetatorius, Kelly 458
Concerning some Aphelininaa, Howard 458
The species of Perilampidse of America north of Mexico, Crawford 459
New parasitic Hymenoptera from British Guiana, Crawford 459
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
The biological significance of the fat content of fish, Polimanti 459
Influence of cold-storage temperatures on fish. Smith 459
Further study of fish subjected to prolonged cold storage, Perlzweig and Gies.. 459
Sterilizing oysters, Beel 460
Fish sausage, Pusch 460
A commercial sausage binder, Peters 460
Relative nutritive value of pasteurized and raw milk. Weld 460
The nutritive value of some proprietary infant foods, TMieeler and Beister 461
Tin poisoning after eating canned asparagus, Friedmann 461
The composition of different grades of commercial pack peas, Diggs 461
[Analysis of citrus fruit juices and of prickly pear products], Vipond 461
Has caffein-free coffee a diuretic effect? Kiikizawa 461
Studies of the temperature of beverages, Friedmann 461
Annual report of the food and drug commissioner of Missouri, 19"13, Fricke. . . . 462
[Food inspection work] 462
Report of Commission on Food and Drugs Standards in Australia, Thompson.. 462
Report of Commission on Standards for Foods and Drugs in Australia, Green. . 462
Physical and chemical tests for the housewife, Vanderbilt 462
Report of the committee on teachers' salaries and cost of living 462
The nutrition of the people, Rubner 462
People and diet — some questions and solutions, Rubner, trans, by Bertarelli. . 463
Viewpoints in the study of growth, Mendel 463
Prenatal care, West 463
Change of diet in certain skin diseases, Gershun 463
Studies of beri-beri, X, XI, Funk 463
Zeism or pellagra? Nightingale 464
Analysis of maize samples in connection with feeding mine natives, Vipond. . 464
An experimental study of the relation of food to infection, I, Thomas 464
An experimental study of the relation of food to infection, II, Hornemann 464
Infection and diet, Thomas 464
Influence of underfeeding and subsequent abundant feeding on dog, Morgulis. . 464
Protein storage in the liver, Tichmeneff 464
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Glycogen content of liver after feeding protein cleavage products, Tschanneu . . 465
The cleavage of fatty acids in the animal body, Koppel 465
The cleavage of fatty acids in the animal body, Hermanns 465
Evidence of fat absorption by mucosa of mammalian stomach, Greene and Skaer. 465
The importance of cholesterol in the organism, IV, Wacker and Hueck 465
The importance of cholesterol in the organism, VI, Picard 465
Muscular work — efficiency of the body as a machine, Benedict and Cathcart. . 465
The temperature of expired air and air in the lungs, Loewy and Gerhartz 466
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Introduction to heredity, Goldschmidt 466
A monograph of albinism in man, Pearson, Nettleship, and Usher 467
Studies of Guam range plants, Thompson 467
Analyses of feeding stuffs, Wessels et al. . ! 467
[Feeding stuffs], Saunders 467
Chemical analyses of licensed feeding stuffs, 1914, Woll and Strowd 467
Commercial feeding stuffs and fertilizers licensed in Wisconsin, 1914, Strowd. . 467
Analyses of feeding stuffs 467
Feeding principles, Voltz 467
Animal production, Hoffmann and von OUech 467
[Animal husbandry] 467
Animal feeding, dairy cattle, milk, butter, beef cattle 468
Studies on the work of protein in the intestinal canal, Kramm 468
Studies on the passage of drinking water through the stomach, Otto 468
[Experiments in animal production] 468
Economical cattle feeding in the com belt. Cotton and Ward 468
Cost of beef production under semi-range conditions, Morton et al 468
Feeding beef cattle, Willson and Robert 469
Com silage and mill products for steers, Wilson 470
Results of pasture fattening, Clausen 470
[Color inheritance in Shorthorns], Wilson 470
How to handle sheep for profit, Kleinheinz 470
Swine, sheep, horses, mules, ponies, asses 470
Pasture and grain crops for hogs in the Pacific Northwest, Hunter 470
Alfalfa pasture for pigs, Foster and Simpson 470
Swine husbandry 471
Second biennial report of the state board of horse commissioners, Carroll 471
British horse breeding. Burrows 471
Experiments with poultry, Sherwood and Buss 472
Poultry-laying competition, 1912-13, at Harper Adams College, Rhodes 472
The real money in eggs, Roberts 473
Cotton-seed meal and beef scrap for chicks, Hartwell and Lichtenthaeler 473
Rich-colored yolks, Opperman 473
Vitality of sperm cells and artificial insemination of the chicken, PajTie 474
Standard-bred poultry 474
Poultry farming 474
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
Dutch methods of breeding dairy stock, Wright 474
Care of the dairy bull, Hill 475
German dairying, Friedel and Keller 475
Report on milk at the milking machine trials, Golding et al 475
Bacteriological and chemical examination of milk supply of Bombay, Joshi. . . 475
Bacteriological standards for milk 475
Studies on homogenized milk. Burr and Weise 475
Experiments in butter-making from whole and mixed milks, Mathews 475
Fat building out of protein in the ripening of cheese, Kondo 475
Bacteria concerned in production of flavor in Cheddar cheese, Evans et al. . . . 476
The action of certain bacteria and the ripening of Cheddar cheese, Hartetal. . 477
Action of Bacillus bulgaricus in suppressing gassy fermentations, Doane 477
The normal bacteria of Swiss cheese, Eldredge and Rogers 478
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Some minute animal parasites in the animal world, Fantham and Porter 478
New remedies: Their composition, action, and use, Bachem. 478
The staining of yeasts by Uram's method, Henrici 478
CONTENTS. VII
Page.
Complement fixation in differentiation of acid-fast bacilli, Harris and Lanford . . . 478
Alterations in complement-containing sera, Criiickshank and Mackie 478
Preparation of nontoxic serum and immune blood preparations 479
The local specific therapy of infections. — I, The biologic basis, Flexner 479
Bacteriology and control of acute infections in laboratory animals, Ferry 479
Antistreptococcus serum, Weaver 479
Report on foot-and-mouth disease in Ireland in the year 1912 480
About a new serodiagnostic method, Pfeiler and Weber 480
Effect of guinin on rabbits inoculated with rabies, Frothinghara and Halliday. . 480
The quinin treatment of rabies, Gumming 480
The duration of passive immunity against tetanus toxin, Ruediger 480
The trombidiasis of goats and its transmission to man, Galli-Valerio 480
Investigations in regard to the tuberculosis problem, Rabinowitsch 481
Virulence of tubercle bacilli in "rayed caseation, " Hafemann and Binder 481
Occurrence of primary pudic and vaginal tuberculosis in the bovine, Meyer. . . 481
The diagnosis of tuberculosis with the anaphylactic test in vitro, Tadini 481
The diagnosis of tuberculosis with the anaphylaxis reaction, Valenti 481
The thermoprecipitation reaction in tuberculosis, Fagiuoli 481
Tuberculous antij^ens and antibodies. — Inhibition, Calmette and Massol 481
The reciprocal affinity of tuberculins, Carapelle 482
Production of passive hypersensitiveness to tuberculin, Austrian and Fried . . 482
Combating mammary gland tuberculosis in bovines in Sweden, Bergman 482
[Periods of high temperature in cattle imported into Guam], Thompson 482
Experimental bovine mastitis of human origin, Davis and Cappes 482
The formation of arsenate in dipping tanks, Lewis 483
The seventh annual report of the state veterinarian of Alabama, 1913, Cary. . . 483
Erysipelas in hogs and its relation to swine plague, Riebe 483
Hog cholera, Hoskins 484
Mode of penetration of Stephanurus dentattis, Bernard and Bauche 484
Fistula of the withers : Autotherapy, Duffin 484
Bacillary white diarrhea of young chicks, Rettger, Kirkpatrick, and Jones 484
Ovarian infection in the domestic fowl and transmission to offspring Rettger. . 484
Studies on fowl cholera. — III, Inheritance in rabbits of immunity, Hadley 485
Occurrence of spirochetosis of fowls in Southern Nigeria, Macfie and Johnston . . 485
On certain spontaneous chicken tumors as manifestations of a single disease. . 485
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Flumes and fluming, Bruce 485
Use of coordinates in surveying and laying out tracts for irrigation, Logan 486
Soil porosity and the distance between drainage channels, Schmeer 486
The road drag and how it is used 486
An outfit for boring taj^rooted stumps for blasting, Thompson 486
Scientific tests of a two-cylinder opposed engine, Heer 487
Use of ball bearings in agricultural machinery, Hermanns 487
Competitive tests of tractors and other apparatus, De Chassart et al 487
Mechanical cultivation with windlasses and cables, Ringlemann 487
Motor cultivation, its practical applications, Ballu 488
On the history of horseshoeing, Horn 488
Test of some joints used in heavy timber framing, Dewell 488
Anchoring houses in overflow districts, Yoimgblood 488
Beef cattle and sheep bams, Curtis 488
The best type of implement shed for Texas farms, Youngblood 489
The Tennessee wooden-hoop silo, Willson 489
Silo facts. Reed 489
The disposal of creamery refuse, Wilson 489
Sewage disposal in the Tropics, Weissenborn 489
Firing house heating boilers for testing, Pierce 489
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Agricultural surveys, Warren 489
Value of records in agriculture, Laplaud 490
Agricultural cooperation, Hibbard 490
A Dutch vegetable market 490
Concerning the servant question 490
The occupying ownership of land, ToUemache 490
VIII CONTENTS.
Page.
Agricultural population, wa»es of laborers, and immigration, Caroncini 490
The colonization of rural Britain, Collings 490
Report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture, Hayward et al 490
The agriculture of the Cotswolds, Anderson 491
Danish agriculture, Schou 491
Agricultux'al conditions in Norway, Frost 491
The general agricultural census of Belgium for 1910 491
[Agricultural element in the population of Austria], Hofmann 491
[Agricultural statistics of the native States of India] 491
[Agriculture in Japan] 491
[Agriculture of Chosen] 491
[Agriculture of Formosa] 491
The native agriculture of Tunis, Decker- David 492
[Economic changes in the Union of South Africa], Smith 492
[Agriculture in the Commonwealth of Australia], Knibbs 492
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Report of committee on courses of dairy instruction, June 29, 1912, Fraser 492
Physiology in the veterinary curriculum, Schaik 492
Nature study in the i^ublic schools. Turner 493
School gardens in America, Kilpatrick 493
The rural high school as a community center, Gage 493
Agricultural instruction 493
[Agriculture and home economics for farm women], De Keranflech-Kemezne . . 493
The Agricultural Institute of the University of Gottingen 493
An agricultural school in Austria 493
Courses of study in agriculture for the high schools of Illinois 493
One thousand questions in California agriculture answered, Wickson 494
[Agricultural instruction for the teachers of Porto Rico] 494
Studies of trees, Levison 494
Apple varieties, Cobb 494
Dairy laboratory manual and notebook, compiled by Anthony 494
Farm management. Boss 494
Syllabus of home economics 495
School gardens: General recommendations and suggestions, Hosking 495
Illinois Arbor and Bird Days, compiled by Swift 495
Arbor and Bird Day manual for West Vii-ginia schools, Abbey 495
Preparation of exhibits for fairs and contests, Thompson 495
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of Guam Station, 1913 495
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1913 495
The county experiment farm; its function, selection, and management, Thorne 495
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Colorado Station: Page.
Bui. 189, June, 1913 468
Bui. 195, May, 1914 441
Connecticut Storrs Station:
Bui. 77, June, 1914 484
Georgia Station:
Bui. 104, Jan., 1914 432
Bui. 105, Jan., 1914 432
Bui. 106, Feb., 1914 438
Bui. 107, Mar., 1914 436
Bui. 108, Apr., 1914 432
Guam Station:
An. Rpt. 1913 416,
425, 441, 467, 482, 495
Illinois Station:
Circ. 171, June, 1914 454
Indiana Station:
Bui. 175, Apr., 1914 431
Kansas Station:
Circ. 36, 1914 495
Circ. 37, May 12, 1914 455
Maryland Station:
Bui. 179, Feb., 1914 438
Massachusetts Station:
Met. Buls. 305-306, May- June,
1914 415
Nebraska Station:
Bui. 140, Mar. 12, 1914 419
Res. Bui. 5, July 1, 1914 419
Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1913. 438,
439, 468, 495
New Jersey Stations:
Circ. 34 449
Circ. 35 448
Circ. 36 446
New Mexico Station:
Bui. 90, May, 1914 470
New York Cornell Station :
Bui. 342, Apr., 1914 443
Bui. 343, Apr., 1914 434
Bui. 344, Apr . , 1914 489
North Carolina Station:
Circ. 1, July, 1913 489
Circ. 2 (rev.), Feb., 1914 488
Ohio Station:
Bui. 262, June, 1913 472
Bui. 273, May, 1914 430
Bui. 274, June, 1914 430, 471
Bui. 275, June, 1914 430
Circ. 145, May 15, 1914 495
a The popular bulletin entitled Sheep for Washington Farmers, issued September 13 1913, and
abstracted (E. S. R., 29, p. 870) as Popular Bulletin 57, is evidently now regarded as PopularBuUetm 58.
Stations in the United States — Contd.
Oklahoma Station: Page.
Circ. 30, Apr., 1914 474
Oregon Station:
Bui. 117, Apr., 1914 414
Res. Bui. 3, Mar., 1914 407
Pennsylvania Station:
Bui. 130, Apr., 1914 437
Rhode Island Station:
Bui. 156, Mar., 1914 473
Bui. 157, Apr., 1914 485
Insp. Bui. , May, 1914 467
South Dakota Station:
Bui. 148, Jan., 1914 470
Bui. 149, Mar., 1914 435
Bui. 150, Apr., 1914 438
Tennessee Station:
Bui. 104, Apr., 1914 469
Bui. 105, Apr., 1914 489
Texas Station:
Circ. 1, n. ser., Dec, 1913. ... 442
Circ. 2, n. ser., Jan., 1914 488
Circ. 3, n. ser., Dec, 1913. ... 439
Circ. 4, n. ser., Feb., 1914. ... 489
Utah Station:
Bui. 132, Mar., 1914 429
Bui. 133, May, 1914 428
Circ. 17, Mar., 1914 471
Washington Station:
Pop. Bui. 57, Feb., a 1914 441
Pop. Bui. 60, Feb. 4 1914. . . 432
Pop. Bui. 61, Feb. 10 1914... 454
Pop. Bui. 62. Feb. 15 1914. . . 435
Wisconsin Station:
Bui. 237, May, 1914 448, 453
Bui. 238, June, 1914 490
Circ. 46, May, 1914 467
Circ. 47, June, 1914 467
438
Circ 48, Jun3, 1914.
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Bui. 61, Potash Salts and Other
Salines in the .Great Basin
Region, G. J. Young 423
Bui. 87, Flum3S and Pluming, E.
S.Bruce 485
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 2, No. 3,
June, 1914 . . 445, 449, 450, 458, 476, 477
X
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
U. S. Department of Agriculture —
Continued.
Page.
Farmers' Bui. 588, Economical
Cattle Feeding in the Corn
Belt, J. S. Cotton and W. F.Ward . 468
Farmers' Bui. 591, The Classifica-
tion and Grading of Cotton, D.
E. Earle and W. S. Dean 433
Farmers' Bui. 595, Arsenate of
Lead as an Ins3cticide Against
the Tobacco Hornworms in the
Dark-tobacco District, A. C.
Morgan and D. C. Parman 454
Farmers' Bui. 596, The Culture of
Winter Wheat in the Eastern
United States, C. E. Leighty.. 438
U. S. Department of Agriculture —
Continued.
Page.
Farmers' Bui. 597, The Road Drag
and How It is Used 486
Farmers' Bui. 599, Pastm-e and
Grain Crops for Hogs in the
Pacific Northwest, B. Hunter... 470
Farmers' Bui. 600, An Outfit for
Boring Taprooted Stumps for
Blasting, H. Thompson 486
Farmers' Bui. 601, A New System
of Cotton Culture and Its Ap-
plication, 0. F. Cook 433
Weather Bureau:
Climat. Data, vol. 1, Nos. 3^,
Mar.-Apr., 1914 415
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXI. October, 1914. Xo. 5.
One of the most striking educational developments of recent years
has been the increasing interest manifested in the subject of voca-
tional training. Less than a decade ago the term itself was unfa-
miliar to the general public. To-day we find the desirability of such
instruction comparativel}^ well recognized, promising beginnings to-
Avard its deA'elopment in some form already under way in every State
of the Union, and an ever deepening realization of its importance to
the nation as a whole. Similar conditions have come about in the Do-
minion of Canada, and in both countries commissions have been ap-
pointed to collect information regarding the status of vocational
training and to present recommendations for its further development
in a comprehensive way. The reports of these commissions have
recently become available and bring together a large amount of useful
data along these lines. In each case due attention has been accorded
to those phases pertaining to training in the trades and industries
and to commercial education, but much prominence has also been
given to the question of education for farm life and homemalring,
and the findings of the commissions regarding this subject are of
much interest.
The Canadian commission, known as the Commission on Indus-
trial Training and Technical Education, was appointed in 1910 by
the Dominion authorities following a memorandum from the Min-
ister of Labor. Its purpose was to inquire into the needs and present
equipment of the Dominion "representing industrial training and
technical education and into the systems and methods of technical
instruction obtaining in other countries." Dr. James W. Robertson,
principal of MacDonald College and well-known for his deep interest
in agricultural education, was made chairman of the commission. A
thorough study of these questions followed, embracing conditions not
only in Canada but also in the United States, Great Britain, Ireland,
Denmark, France, Germany, and Switzerland, and extending over
several j^ears. The report, submitted for publication in 1913, consti-
tutes four volumes of nearly 2,500 pages, one volume containing a
summary of the commission's findings and recommendations, another
401
402 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
quite detailed accounts of the status of vocational education in Can-
ada, and the others similar data pertaining to the remaining countries.
The United States commission was appointed by President "Wilson
in response to a joint resolution of Congress authorizing a com-
mission of nine to consider the subject of national aid for vocational
education. Its personnel consisted of the following : Senators Hoke
Smith, of Georgia, and Carroll S. Page, of Vermont; Representa-
tives D. M. Hughes, of Georgia, and S. D. Fess, of Ohio; John A.
Lapp, director of the Indiana Bureau of Legislative Information
and secretary of the Indiana Commission on Industrial Education
in 1912; Miss Florence M. Marshall, director of the Manhattan
Trade School for Girls of New York City; Miss Agnes Nestor, of
Chicago, president of the International Glove Workers' Union;
Charles A. Prosser, secretary of the National Society for the Pro-
motion of Industrial Education; and Charles H. Winslow, of the
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics and a member of the Massa-
chusetts Commission on Industrial Education, 1906-1909. This com-
mission organized as the Commission on National Aid to Vocational
Education on April 2, 1914, by the election of Senator Smith as
chairman, and Ernest A. Wreidt, director of the Public Education
Association of New York City, was subsequently appointed secretary.
Inasmuch as the law establishing the commission required it to
submit its report not later than June 1, a period of less than two
months was available. This time, however, was utilized as fully as
possible in meetings of the commission and subcommittees, hearings
given to representatives of the Federal Departments and national
organizations interested as well as to individuals, questionnaires sent
out to superintendents of public instruction, national labor organiza-
tions, and others, and the preparation of a bibliography of the sub-
ject. A considerable amount of useful data was thereby accumu-
lated, and the two-volume report covers about 500 pages. Much of
the time and attention of the commission were necessarily devoted
to the specific question of national grants to the States for vocational
education and to the drafting of a bill embodying these recommenda-
tions, but much information is also contained in the report as to the
general subject of secondary agricultural education.
The reports of the two commissions are in most significant agree-
ment as regards the need of developing the vocational aspects of
agricultural education at this time. Thus from the economic side,
the Federal Commission points out that " a virgin fertility of soil
is no longer available for unintelligent exploitation over any consid-
erable area in the United States, and in the future a permanent and
increasingly productive and profitable agriculture can be achieved
throughout the country only by scientific culture. In agriculture,
science has advanced far beyond practice, and it has become essential
EDITORIAL. 403
for the welfare of our increasing population that the farmer be made
an expert." Furthermore, "history records the decline of nations
which have failed to maintain their soil fertility, and history will
certainly repeat itself in the United States unless we, and not pos-
terity, succeed in inaugurating now a system of agricultural train-
ing that is nation wide, which shall achieve a permanent and highly
productive agriculture." Similarly the Canadian commission main-
tains that " it is high time for Canada to recognize the difference
between the primitive conditions of the undeveloped country and the
complexities of advanced rural life in a democratic civilization,"
and that " the conservation of a vigorous, intelligent, and prosperous
population in the country stands out among the foremost duties of
the whole nation. . . , Acceptable instruction, adequate education,
capable leadership, and hearty cooperation are necessar}^ means."
Likewise the tendency to rural depopulation is recognized as a
serious menace in both countries. Statistics are given showing that
in Canada, despite the opening up for settlement of vast areas of
virgin land in the western provinces, the rural population of the
Dominion increased from 1901 to 1911 but twenty per cent, while
the urban population showed a gain of sixty-two per cent. The
commission concludes that " nothing can be done by legislation to
compel people to stay in the country, but much may be done by
education to cause them to prefer to stay there." Moreover,
" whether the movement of population at present flowing from
rural to urban areas goes on or takes an opposite direction, the rural
communities for their own sakes are entitled to and must have edu-
cation suited to the needs of all their members."
One of the questionnaires propounded by the United States commis-
sion and sent out to superintendents of schools in typical rural
counties indicated that the popular belief that boys and girls are
being drawn from the farms to the cities is generally well founded.
Two of the principal explanations advanced were the supposed lack
of profit in farming and the absence of suitable education. Of two
hundred and fifty-three suggestions of means tending to retain the
boys on the farm, eighty-five mentioned the development of demon-
stration work, seventy-eight the improvement and multiplication of
agricultural schools, and thirty-nine the provision of better teachers
of agriculture, while in a similar query as to girls, over one-third ad-
vocated the provision in high or normal schools of agricultural and
home economics instruction. These replies were admittedly few in
number, but they may perhaps be interpreted as none the less typical
of the increasing belief in the need and efficacy of secondary instruc-
tion along these lines.
As would be expected, the details of the plans recommended by the
two commissions for a system of secondary agricultural education
404 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
vary considerably. The Canadian commission, whose scope, it should
be stated, was somewhat wider than that of the United States com-
mission, since it embraced industrial and technical education of the
higher and lower as well as the secondary grades, suggests a compre-
hensive system of agricultural training. This system has as its base,
intermediate rural classes or schools for pupils thirteen years of age
or over. These institutions would oifer two-year courses at the
schools, on the farm, and in the home, and would aim to prepare
pupils for general farming, housekeeping, and life in a rural com-
munity. They would also admit graduates to the rural high schools.
These high schools would present a four-year course, the first two
years of which would be similar to those of the rural intermediate
school, and as a whole would aim to prepare students for rural
occupations and housekeeping as well as for admission to the agri-
cultural colleges. There are also recommended resident or traveling
county instructors in farming and housekeeping, who would eventu-
ally be associated with the rural schools or high schools and in some
cases with a system of demonstration farms. Special types of schools,
such as apprentice schools for the teaching of ordinary farm prac-
tices, short courses to be offered at the demonstration farms, and
resident county agricultural and housekeeping schools for young
people from seventeen years of age upwards are also suggested to
meet certain conditions.
The United States commission recognizes the provisions now be-
ing made under the Smith-Lever Act for the education of the adult
farmer and his wife, but suggests the need of additional provision
for the boys and girls of the rising generation. It believes that
" the most opportune time to train the boy is during his adolescent
period, when he has already gained much knowledge of farm work
and its requirements and is at the age when he is most ambitious,
most alert, and therefore most teachable. The agricultural school
will awaken interest, turn his attention to the large possibilities of a
scientific and businesslike agriculture, and give him an elementary
knowledge of right methods of farming which will start him in his
career as a farmer and prepare him to use with profit the scientific
and practical information which magazines, bulletins, and farm-
extension teaching are bringing to his door."
To this end it advocates a system of schools of subcoUegiate grade
and for pupils over fourteen years of age. The instruction recom-
mended is classified in general as that of all-day schools but with
ample provision for correlating the school work with farm oper-
ations. Much insistence is placed upon directed or supervised farm
practice to be obtained either on the home farm or a farm provided
by the school. As regards details, however, either as to types of
schools or methods of operations, the commission recognizes the great
EDITOKIAL. 405
diversity of conditions prevailing in the various States and deems
the adoption of any arbitrary and inflexible system both impracti-
cable and undesirable.
In no respect are the two commissions more thoroughly in accord
than in their realization of the scarcity of well-trained instructors
and of the fundamental necessity for providing means for their
more adequate preparation. Thus, the United States commission
believes that " the development of vocational education along right
lines both for agriculture and for the trades and industries will
depend largely upon the ability to secure and retain well-trained
teachers." The dearth of such teachers and facilities for training
them was emphasized by most of those testifying at the various
hearings. The commission states that "excellent as has been the
technical preparation which the state colleges of agriculture and
mechanic arts have given to their students, many of them have
not as yet developed departments of education adequate to the task
of training prospective teachers either of agriculture or the mechanic
arts in the administrative and teaching problems of the vocational
school," and it draws attention to the fact that although under the
Nelson amendment over $1,300,000 was provided for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1913, from which an indefinite portion could be
expended for the preparation of teachers, but $34,000 was actually
utilized for this purpose. "We can not rightly undertake a pro-
gram of practical education in this country and carry it through
successfully without teachers properly qualified by training and
experience for their work and with practically no facilities for their
proper training in the future."
So, too, the Canadian commission declares that " at the present
time the supply of competent men obtainable as instructors in agri-
culture is entirely inadequate to meet the demand. It is important
that thoroughly trained men should be available. Men for this
educational work need liberal education and practical experience of
work similar to that of the department which they are to direct.
Their general education should give them a good grounding in
the natural sciences, particularly in their relation to the science and
art of agriculture. They should have a good knowledge of technical
and practical agricultural and farm practice, and have sound ac-
quaintance with the important questions in economics and sociology,
as applicable to rural communities. It is also important that they
should have a good knowledge of the art of teaching and the under-
lying principles of it. It would seem necessary that the district
instructor should be a graduate of an agricultural college or have
the education of a rural high school and be a graduate of the science
department of an arts college. The qualification for a teacher in a
406 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rural high school or a county or district agricultural school should
not be less thorough and wide."
As a means of developing bettei" trained instructors, this commis-
sion recommends increased efforts on the part of the agricultural
colleges in this direction. It maintains that the Canadian agricul-
tural colleges have aimed to educate young men to go back to the
farm, whereas those of Europe definitely profess to train young men
for professional service in connection with agriculture and rural life.
Inasmuch as " the need for capable and thoroughly trained men is
already so great that the present capacity of the agricultural col-
leges would not suffice to meet it for several years to come," it ap-
pears to the commission that " the agricultural colleges maintained
by public funds should devote themselves chiefly to the education
of those who would serve the rural community. Under present con-
ditions it does not seem probable that any large percentage of the
working farmers can be spared from their occupations or can have
opportunity to take a full course at an agricultural college. The
helpfulness of the agricultural college can be carried to every com-
munity through the labors, knowledge, and character of men and
women who are trained at the college for professional service; and
it can best serve the rural population through the education of such
men and women." As a means to that end it recommends the devel-
opment of courses for the preparation of teachers qualified to carry
on the science and practical work in connection with the intermediate
rural school, rural high schools, and county or district agricultural
schools, and of district instructors who in addition to technical and
practical instruction in agricultural work would receive training in
the art of teaching and in the administration of affairs in rural com-
munities.
The foregoing summary necessarily covers only a portion of the
large amount of material embraced in the extended reports of these
commissions, but it is thought that it may none the less prove of
service in directing attention to these interesting documents. Al-
though some of the conclusions of the commissions may seem already
familiar to many educators, and others may be received with some
differences of opinion, the reports as a whole are entitled to serious
consideration, especially as representing the views of official bodies
appointed for the specific purpose of inquiring into this great ques-
tion of the development of vocational training. They are also of
special importance as the practically contemporaneous expressions
of national commissions of two countries with much in common in
their educational problems, and they should, therefore, be of unique
value in aiding in the solution of some of the intricate problems
involved in the development of secondary agricultural education.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
A report of chemical investigations on the lime-sulphur spray, H. V. Tar-
tar {Oregon Sta. Research Bui. 3 (1914), pp. 28). — The first investigation re-
[)ortecI in this bulletin has been noted previously from another source (E. S.
R.. 23, p. 701).
The primary action between sulphur and calcium hydroxid was studied
because the investigations cited in the literature did not include this phase
of the sul)ject and the work in general on this topic was imperfect. In the
literature it is shown that the products resulting from the reaction of sulphur
with the alkali and alkaline earth hydroxids are polysulphids and thiosul-
phates, but in practically all of the investigations air was not excluded from
contact with the products of the reaction. This caused an error due to the
rapid oxidation of the polysulphids. Most of the experiments were also made
with an excess of sulphur and probably witliout considering a possible second-
ary reaction of the sulphur with the pro(^lucts formed by a primary reaction.
Previous "vv'ork was also handicapped by the lack of methods for determining
the amount of the hydroxid of a metal present in solutions also containing
polysulphids and thiosulphates of the same metal.
"The primary reaction between calcium hydroxid and sulphur in heated
aqueous solution tr.kes place as represeiited by the following equation :
3Ca(OH)2+10S=2CaSi+CaS.03+3H.O."
The reaction resembles that occui'ring with potassium hydroxid and sulphur
with the exception that with potassium hydroxid the trisulphid (K^S^) is
formed. "When sulphur is used in excess, a secondary reaction occurs, in
which it combines with the calcium tetrasulphid to form the pentasulphid."
When considering the theoretical basis for the proportion of lime and sulphur
used in the preparation of lime-sulphur solution, it is pointed out that
although some difference still exists in the recommendations made by the
diffei'ent experiment stations, the more recent work shows the proper propor-
tion of lime and sulphur to be approximately 1: 2.
" The compounds formed by the reaction between calcium hydroxid and sul-
phur, under ordinary commercial conditions of manufacture, are calcium tetra-
sulphid, pentasulphid, thiosulphate, and sulphite. All of these comiK)unds are
readily soluble in water with the exception of the sulphite, which is compara-
tively insoluble." The chemical analysis of a lime-sulphur solution, therefore,
will show the amount of lime and sulphur which have reacted to form the same,
with the exception of these substances necessary to form insoluble sulphites.
The equation given above " shows that when calcium hydroxid and sulphur
combine, one-thii"d of the calcium is combined as thiosulphate and two-thirds
as polysulphid. Since there is no decomposition of the polysulphid, the quan-
titative estimation of the calcium combined in this form gives a means for
determining the amount of thiosulphate which has been formed. The difference
60741°— No. 5—14 2 407
408 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
between this total estimated amount of tliiosnlpliate and the amount i '
present in the solution, is the quantity that is decomposed ; and from thesv
the amount of sulphite can be easily calculated.
" The initial ratio of lime to sulphur is also easily determined when one
knows not only the amounts of calcium and sulphur present in a given lime-
sulphur solution, but also the insoluble sulphite produced in the preparation
of the same. . . . The data given show that the proportion of lime (CaO)
to sulphur which reacts in the pi'eparation of the more concentrated commer-
cial lime-sulphur solutions, is but a mere trifle greater than 1:2. . . . More
dilute solutions prepared under commercial conditions [were not examined].
It is evident, however, from the work of Thatcher'' and Van Slyke et al. [E. S. R.,
24, p. 663] that the ratio in this case would be somewhat greater than 1:2;
in some cases it would be perhaps 1 : 2.25.
"The theoretical basis given here will not exactly apply to the preparation
of small amounts of solution, say 150 gal. or less, where the oxidation of the
polysulphids occurs to a considerable extent through contact with the air,"
In general, the insecticidal properties of lime-sulphur are due principally to
its power to take up large amounts of oxygen, the amount of free sulphur
formed in its decomposition, and its ability to soften the newly secreted wax
at the margin of scale insects. The question of the correct valuation resolves
itself into the quantitative measurement of these factors.
The amount of oxygen consumed dei)ends upon the following reactions: (1)
CaS5+30=CaS.O3+3S; (2) CaS4+30=GiS2O3+2S ; (3) CaS203=CaS03+S ;
and (4) CaS03+0=CaS04. Calcium sulphite is formed very slowly on account
of the slow decomposition of the thiosulphate. The oxygen required to produce
sulphate is absoi'bed slowly, and it has been found that the sulphite has practically
no insecticidal value as far as San Jos6 scale is concerned. It may, however,
be important to use as a measure for insecticidal efficiency the oxygen required
to convert the polysulphid, using Harris's method for monosulphid (E. S. R.,
25, p. 414) into thiosulphate. It is suggested that the oxygen-consuming power
be expressed as the oxygen number, this term to mean the number of grams of
oxygen absorbed by 100 gm. of lime-sulphur solution.
Free sulphur is liberated from lime-sulphur according to (1), (2), and (8)
of the foregoing equations.
The reduction of iwlysulphid takes place rapidly and there is a correspond-
ingly rapid deposition of sulphur. The decomposition of thiosulphate is much
less rapid. No good evidence, however, exists which shows that the liberated
sulphur is not of equal insecticidal \-alue, and the total free sulphur which
would be deposited may be expressed as the available sulphur number.
The insecticidal property of softening the so-called wax of scale insects
(E. S. R., 26, p. 753) is not easily estimated and the caustic properties of soluble
calcium polysulphid are not explained on the basis of the calcium hydroxid
present. " Experience in handling the spray simply verifies the correctness of
Shafer's statement that the ' so-called caustic action of the wash on the hands
seems rather due to its strong reducing power (power to absorb oxygen) than to
the alkalinity of the solution.' " It is possible also that the reducing power may
also cause the softening of the so-called wax of the scale insects. If this as-
sumption is found to be true the oxygen number mentioned above would be its
quantitative measure. " The power of the spray to soften the so-called wax is
evidently due to some property of the polysulphids. and in the light of present
knowledge no definite statement can be made regarding its exact nature or its
exact quantitative analytical measurement."
"Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 30 (1908), No. 1, pp. 63-68.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 409
On the reaction between sulphur and potassium hydroxid in aqueous solu-
tion, H. V. Tartar {Jour. Anier. C'hcm. 8oc., 35 {1913), No. 11, pp. 1741-1747). —
This material has been noted in the abstract above.
On the valuation of lime-sulphur as an insecticide, H. V. Tartar {Jour.
Indus, and Emjin. Chcm., 6 {1914), No. 4, pp. 313-315).— This material has been
adequately noted in the abstract above.
Soluble arsenic in mixtures of lead arsenate and soap, H. V. Tartar and
L. A. BuNDY {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 5 {1913), No. 7, pp. 561, 562). —
" These results show that in the mixtures of the soaps with the acid arsenates
large amounts of arsenic are rendered soluble. The results also indicate that
when a neutral (ortho) arsenate of lead is used with soap onlj- a very small
amount of arsenic is made soluble. Evidently, the use of a mixture of soap with
an acid arsenate of lead for spraying purposes would be a dangerous practice,
for the amount of soluble arsenic would be sufhcient to burn badly the foliage
of fruit trees."
The present status of the synthesis of plant alkaloids, II. Bauer {Der
Heutigc Stand der Synthese von Pflanzenalkaloiden. Brunstoick, 1913, pp.
¥111+144)- — This monograph deals with the synthesis of the alkaloids com-
prising the pyridiu, tropin, isoquinolin, and purin groups, the oxyphenylal-
ky lamia bases, and the synthesis of the cleavage products of alkaloids. An
extensive bibliography is distributed throughout the work.
Solubility of casein in dilute acids, L. L. Van Slyke and O. B. Winteb
{Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 38 {1913), No. 983, p. 639).— " Casein, freshly pre-
pared by precipitating skim milk with acetic acid and washing free from acid,
was treated with 100 cc. of different acids of known strength for given periods
of time at definite temperatures and the undissolved residue determined. The
acids used were hydrochloric, sulphuric, lactic, and acetic; strength of solutions,
tenth-normal, 1/100-normul, l/SOO-normal ; time of contact, 1, 5, and 15 minutes;
temperatures, 15°, 25°, and 42°. In general, the amount of dissolved casein
increases with increase of temperature, time of contact, and concentration of
acid. Hydrochloric acid dissolves most, and then come in order, lactic, su'-
phuric, and acetic."
A contribution to the history of corn sugar, P. L. de Vilmorin and F.
Levallois {Rev. Sci. [Paris], 51 {1913), I, No. 13, pp. 396-401) .—A resume of
the literature on the subject with a report of some experiments by the authors
themselves.
Most of Heckel's findings (E. S. R., 29, p. 409) were confirmed. The fact that
the sugar develops and decomposes rapidly in the corn stalk is somewhat of a
handicap, but the indications are that some means may finally be devised
whereby the biological px'ocesses going on in the plant may be controlled.
Contribution to our knowledge of the chemistry of gums and mucin sub-
stances, W. Schirmer {Arch. Pharm., 250 {1912), No. 3, pp. 230-251; aJjs. in
Chem. Zenthl., 1912, II, No. 3, pp. 195, i96).— This reports investigations with
reference to the gums of Anogeissus latifolius and Odina ivodier and the mucin-
like substances of Sassafras variifoMuiu, Althea offlcinalis, and Ulmus fulva.
In regard to a uniform nomenclature for ferments, J. Giaji {Rev. Sci.
[Paris], 51 {1913), I, No. 11, pp. 333-335).— A plea for uniform nomenclature
for ferments and some suggestions in this connection.
The existence of three types of proteolytic vegetable ferments in latexes,
Gerbeb {Gompt. Rend. Acad. Sd. [Paris], 157 {1913), No. 3, pp. 241-243). —
The proteolytic euzyms present in latexes from Ficus carica and Broussonetia
papyrifera are of three kinds, rennet (coagulating), casease (digesting), and
trypsin. The ferment of F. carica will not coagulate nor digest raw milk,
casein, and fibrin in the presence of traces of neutral salts of silver, copper,
410 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
mercury, gold, platinum, etc., and clilorin, bromin, lodln. and hydrogen peroxid.
The enzym from B. papyrifera, on the other hand, will coagulate and digest
raw milk, casein, and fibrin. It will also act in the presence of traces of the
salts of the chemicals mentioned above, even if the doses are comparatively
large.
The lipases of a latex, C. Gerbek (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 74
(1913), No. 12, pp. 718-721).— The saponification of unboiled egg yolk by the
latex of Euphorbia characias was only feeble when massive amounts of latex
were allowed to act upon egg yolk emulsion. The saponification of boiled egg
yolk was much more regular than that of the untreated yolk. This latex was
in small quantities and obeyed the law of proportion. The difference between
the two types of saponification was the same as exists between the two types
of caseation which occur in boiled and unboiled milk.
The rennet of the latex of Calotropis procera, C. Gerber and P. Floubens
(Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 155 (1912), No. 6, pp. 4O8-41O; ahs. in Chem.
Zentbl., 1912, II, No. 17, p. 1469).— The milky juice of this plant contains a
vegetable proteolytic enzym which coagulates boiled milk with greater ease
than raw milk. The enzym is very stabile toward heat. While .small amounts
of metals belonging to the gold group and mercuric chlorid lessen the coagu-
lating iiowcr of the enzym, alkalis .seem to increase its fermenting power.
In reg-ard to the nature of amylases, S. Kamecici (Abs. in Chem. Ztg., 57
(1913), No. //7, Repert., p. 220). — The amylases obtained by fractional precipi-
tation of malt extracts have different properties. The first fraction has the
greatest starch liquefying power, while the saccharifying power is most intense
in the third fraction. In the fourth fraction it is similar to that of the first
fraction. Various enzyms seem to take part in the process.
In regard to invertase, I, II, J. Meisenheimer, S. Gambarjan, and L.
Semper (Riochcm. Ztschr.. 54 (1913), No. 1-2, pp. 108-154).— In the prepara-
tion of invertase by treatment with acids, the material forming the basis of
the tests was Buchner*s yeast press juice. Dilute acids were found to precipi-
tate much of the proteins contained in the juice without destroying the activity
of the invertase. The precipitate obtained with acetone from the juice which
had been previously treated with acid was twice as active as a juice treated
with acetone alone.
An investigation of the enrichment of the invertase content of living yeasts
(pp. 122-154) showed that the invertase content of lager beer yeast can be
increased as much as eight times its original amount by simply propagating
the yeast in a saccharose solution.
On the preparation of neutral ammonium citrate solution, P. Rudnick
and W. L. Latshaw (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 5 (1913), No. 12, p. 998). —
The method recommended by the committee on ammonium citrate solution of
the division of fertilizer chemistry of the American Chemical Society and
the method propose<l by Patten and Marti (E. S. R.. 29. p. 71S) were studied
comparatively. In the first named method, however, the neutrality was deter-
mined by the indicator method of Hand (E. S. R., 23, p. 508).
Two ammonium citrate solutions, one slightly acid and the other alkaline,
were tested against the same acid phosphate preparation. The alkaline solu-
tion, analyzed by the Patten and Marti method, showed a ratio of ammonia
to citric acid of 1 : 3.748, and the acid solution a ratio of 1 : 8.786. " The results
indicate that the variation of these solutions from the ratio given by Patten and
Marti [1 : 3.7651 was not sufficient to affect the results obtained on the sample
of acid i)h()Spliiite in question. Further work on this subject is in progress.''
The determination of citric acid-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag
powder, F Haussuing (Landw. Jahrb., 45 (1913), No. 1, pp. 119-126).— This is
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 411
a study of the Loieiiz method iiiid the Popi) iron citrate method (E. S. R., 29,
p. 410).
The Lorenz metliotl was studied with chemically pure salts of known phos-
phoric acid content and later with additions of calcium and iron salts, and
silicates, and the results obtained corresponded well with the theoretical tigures.
With Thomas slag powders it gave figures which were always lower tlian those
obtained by the Official Method (removal of silica by hydrochloric acid). It
also presents many difliculties in the way of manipulation.
The Popp method was studietl from the standpoint of time requiretl for
precipitation (determination made directly after shaking and after 48 hours),
the time for filtration (directly after stirring and 24 hours later), and the
effect of time of stirring (one-half hour and one-quarter hour). The results
obtained were practically the same in all instances.
In a comparison with the Official Method, the Popp method with 23 samples
of slag powder gave slightly higher results, and in 17 cases somewhat lower
results. On the whole, the figures obtained by the two methods agreed very
well, and in only two cases was there a difference of over 0.2 per cent (0.25 to
0.22 per cent) noted. The Popp method always gave higher results than the
Lorenz method, the average results being 16.201 and 15.00.5 per cent of jihos-
phoric acid, re.s'TJectively.
Winkler's method for the determination of oxygen in water; the effect
of nitrite and its prevention, F. E. Hale and T. W. Melia {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. C'hcm., 5 {1913), No. 12, pp. 976-980). — Considerable criticism has arisen
of late regarding the effect of nitrites ui)on the results obtained by the Winkler
method. The present experiments were undertaken for the purpose of ascer-
taining the extent of error with varying amounts of nitrite and to find, if
possible, a simple method for preventing the error.
The results show that when nitrites are present in quantities below 0.2 part
per million in ordinary tap water, the figures obtained for dissolved oxygen are
fairly accurate. Winkler showed the danger point to be with 0.1 part per
million or over.
" The effect of high nitrite present in any amount ever occurring in water
may be counteracted by the use of potassium acetate solution (or sodium acetate
crystals) to neutralize the hydrochloric acid before exposure to the air. The
procedure then is to add at the bottom of the bottle 2 cc. of manganous sulphate
solution (480 gm. per liter) followed by 2 cc. of potassium hydi'oxid-iodid solu-
tion (360 gm. hj^droxid and 100 gm. iodid per liter). Shake and settle. Add at
the bottom 2 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid and shake until the precipitate
is entirely dissolved. Then add 2 cc. potassium acetate solution (1,000 gm. per
liter) at the bottom and mix. Withdraw by pipette 100 cc. into an Erlenmeyer
flask and titrate with 1/100-normal thiosulphate, adding a little starch solu-
tion at the end. Correction must be made for 6 cc. of water displaced by the
first two solutions and by the acetate solution. The acid needs no coi'rection,
since it displaces only water from which oxygen has been removed.
" Precautions must be taken (1) to exclude contact with air as much as possi-
ble until the solution is ready to titrate, by replacing the stopper as quickly as
possible after each reagent is introduced; (2) to get complete solution of the
precipitate by the hydrochloric acid; (3) to give the thiosulphate a little more
time to react at the endpoint in the acetic acid condition; (4) to use small
amounts of starch solution. For introducing the solutions it is advisable to use
pipettes with two marks, measuring 2 cc. well up on the pipette so as to give
head and not contaminate the upper liquid in the bottle more than necessary
while actually displacing liquid from the bottle in proportion to the amount
introduced.
412 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED.
" Samples for oxygen may be taken and transported elsewhere for titration in
ground glass stoppered bottles with part of the chemicals added, either in alka-
line or acid condition, if kept out of contact with air. The alkaline condition is
preferable."
Estimation of starch and dextrin in sugar products, confectionery, etc.,
A. AiJGUET (Ann. Falsif., 6 (1913), No. 53, pp. IJ/S-l^l; ab.s. in Jour. Chem. Soc.
[London], lOJf (1913), No. 601, II, p. .^.^8).— In the method 0.5 gm. of the sub-
stance under examination is inverted at 70° C. with 1 per cent hydrochloric
acid. Another 0.5 gm. portion is inverted by heating with 2 per cent hydro-
chloric acid for 1 hour at 110°. The I'educing sugars are then estimated with
Fehling's solution in the usual manner. The difference between the two estima-
tions, expressed in terms of invert sugar, is multiplied by 0.9 to give the
quantity of starch or dextrin.
"A preliminary examination of the substance under the microscope, and a test
with iodin solution, will show whether starch or dextrin is present, or which
of these preponderates."
Determination of quercetin in wine, T. vON Fellenberg (Mitt. Lehensm.
Vntersuch. u. Hyg., Schweiz. Gsndhtsamt., 4 (1913), No. 1, pp. 1-14). — lo the
examination of red wine a yellow coloring matter was noted which gave the
reactions applied by Heise to similar substances, i. e., those with lead acetate,
iron acetate, ammonia, and concentrated sulphuric acid.
The coloring matter present in wine was found to be more soluble in water
than that from other sources and did not give a blood red reaction with silver
nitrate. Various wines were then examined for the presence of this substance
and the results obtained were compared with those given by standards of wool
dyed with authentic quercetin. It colored wool, mordanted with clay, yellow,
and wool, mordanted with clay and tin salts, a very pure yellow. When the
tin salt was in preponderance the color was more intense. Unmordanted plant
or animal fibers were not affected by the coloring matter.
The coloring matter which exists only in traces in white wines and in larger
amounts in red and white wines, and red wines made from dregs, is formed
during fermentation, especially from the substances which make up the dregs,
i. e., skins, stems, and seeds; con.sequently the detection of this coloring matter
is a medium whereby one can often determine wine made from dregs. Heating
wine with dilute sulphuric acid was found to increase the coloring matter
content of wine.
For the purpose of determining whether Neubauer's conclusions were coi*-
rect, 1 kg. of grape wine was exti'acted with .3 liters of water in an autoclave
at 130° C. The solution was treated with ether, the ether extract was brought
to dryness, and the crystalline residue extracted with water and recrystallized
from dilute alcohol. In this experiment 0.17 gm. of the coloring matter was
obtained in the form of fine microscopic needles which melted at 250°. The
combustion showed a formula similar to that calculated for quercetin. The
reactions for the substances were also positive. The green plants, or plant
parts green during some stage of their growth, such as .skins and hulls of fruits,
and flowers, yield on heating with dilute sulphuric acid yellow coloring matters
which are considered decomposition products of a substance which accom-
panies chlorophyll. The yellow coloring matter of wine in all probability
consists of quercetin, traces of quercetin, and the decomposition product of an
accompaniment of chlorophyll.
Estimation of the bromin absorption of wines, T. von Fellenberg (Mitt.
Lel)eri8m. Unter.'^uch. u. Hyg.. Schweiz. Gsndhtsamt.. .'t (1913), No. 1, pp. I't-^l,
figs. 5). — The results show the possibilities in this determination for detecting
adulterations in wines. Sugaring and watering can be easily detected.
AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTEY — AGROTECHNY. 413
Practicum of milk chemistry, O. von Soube {MUchchemisches Praktikum.
Lcipsic, 1913, pp. V-\-162). — This book is designed for self-instruction and for
dairy laboratories, in place of the author's previous work called the A B C
des Molkereibeamten (A B C of the Dairy Official). In addition to the usual
nietbods for examining dairy products the chemicr! iiud biologic methods em-
ployed on the Euroi)ean Continent are described with much detnil.
A new method for the determination of the proteins i,i milk, W. C. de
Graaff and Mlle. A. Schaap (Ann. Falsif., G {1913), No. 53, pp. 149-157).—
This is a study and criticism of Steinegger's method.
It was found that with unboiled cow's milk the factor for 1 gm. of protein
obtained by the authors agreed well with the figure found by Steinegger, 2.06
(E. S. R., 17, p. 696), but not with that noted by Richmond, 2.23 (E. S. R., 22,
39). Steinegger's claim that no change of the aldehyde index after heating the
milk to 120° C. takes place could not be borne out because the figures obtained
by these workers were very variable. Ordinary pasteurization or sterilization
evidently produces some changes in the protein substances. Dilution did not
alter the aldehyde index.
Six samples of women's milk were also studied in this regard, and the
aldehyde index for 1 gnj. of woman's milk j)roteiu was found to be 2.26. The
aldehyde index for 1 gm. of the protein of buttermilk was 3.15. The difi'erence
in value between the normal proteins and the proteins of buttermilk is not
believed to be due to the development of lactic acid but probably to cleavage
of protein taking place under the influence of the micro-organisms present.
The addition of lactic acid did not affect the results. See also other notes
(E. S. R.. IS. p. S; 27, p. 209).
A simple method for determining the fermenting capacity of various
feeding stuffs, milk, and the galactase of milk, A. Rosam {Milchiv. Zentbl.,
42 (1913), No. 7, pp. 193-195, flgs. 2).— Infant foods and feeds for animals
often contain micro-organisms which gain entrance to the gastrointestinal
tract where they exert a detrimental effect. For determining the fitness of
such foods, a method is proposed which is said to be a modification of the
author's prior procedure.
The apparatus consists of a tall, tapered, flat-bottomed flask supplied with
a rubber cork through which a glass tube passes. The tube dips into the flask
5 cm. below the cork while the outside portion of the tube is from 30 to 50
cm. above the cork. If a food is to be examined, a definite portion is mixed
with water and the apparatus with its contents is attempered at 35 to 40° C.
The height to which the fermenting mixture rises in the glass tube at the
end of three hours is compared with the standard set down. As a basis for the
test a rise of 30 cm. in three hours is taken. This fermentation is designated
^=10=100 per cent.
If the effect of feces or other contaminating substances upon milk is to be
studied, sterile milk is substituted for the water.
Tests made gave the following figures : Feed beets, 43 to 60 per cent ; fresh
beet chips, 30 to 50; soured beet chips, 10 to 18; dried chips, 25 to 40; green,
dirty cabbage leaves, 40 to 60; bran, 50 to 70; hay, 30 to 45; fresh brewers'
grains, 0.5 to 5; unclean straw, 65; feces, 50 to 70; and milk, 4 to 20 per cent.
As the results obtained with the different materials vary, it is necessary to
set up a standard for each kind of material to be tested. The fermenting
]wwer of feces depends very much upon the kind of feed an animal receives.
The feces of animals affected with dysentery yield high figures.
The apparatus described can also be used for catalase determination.
The determination of nitrobenzol in peanut oil, H. J. Lucas {Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Clicm., 5 {1913), No. 7, pp. 576, 577).— Nitrobenzol is usually added
414 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to peanut oil for the purposes of giving tlie oil a pleasant odor and deceiving
the public into thinking that the product is oil of bitter almonds. A method
for determining its presence is given, and some analyses of mixtures of peanut
oil and nitrobenzol of known strength and also of two mixtures of lard oil
and nitrobenzol are presented.
Determination of total formaldehyde in fumigators and commercial solu-
tions, J. J. HiNMAN, JR. (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cheiii., 5 {1913}, No. 9,
pp. 752-755). — "For an occasional analysis, the methods of Haywood and
Smith and Seyewetz and Gibello seem to be preferable, while in a plant produc-
ing formaldehyde or where a large number of samples are to be analyzed,
Kleber's method w'ould be the most desirable. Legler's method gives too low
results and Blank and Finkenbeiner's gave the highest ones. Haywood and
Smith's method gave slightly lower percentages than Blank and Finkenbeiner's,
closely followed by Kleber's and the remaining methods." A bibliography is
included.
The thermal figure of oil of turpentine, C. Grimaldi and L. Prussia {Chem.
Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 65, p. 657).— If pinene, of which two optically active forms
go chiefly to make up oil of turpentine, is treated with concentrated sulphuric
acid, an active exothermic reaction takes place Avith a simultaneous formation
of oxidation and reduction products.
A method has been worked out whereby it is possible to determine the ther-
mal figures characteristic for turpentine. The test is carried out in Tortelli's
thermoleometer (E. S. R., 22, p. 311) and as a reagent 1 part of sulphuric acid
is dissolved in 7.5 parts by volume of cooled amyl alcohol. The test is con-
ducted as follows : Twenty cc. of the oil of turpentine is allowed to flow drop-
wise into the vacuum chamber and the temperature noted ; then 10 cc. of freshly
prepared reagent is run into the turpentine oil, and the mixture is stirred until
a constant temperature is obtained. The difference between the two tempera-
tures is the heat evolved, or the thermal number of the oil.
French, Portuguese, Spanish, Austi'ian, and Greek oils gave figures varying
from 77 to S5.7. The same oils by distillation with lime gave similar figures.
Fractions boiling at 155 to 156° C, which are comparable to pinene, gave some-
what lower figures. American turpentine oils not prepared in the laboratory
also gave figures corresponding to those stated above. Badly stored oils gave
an Increased thermal figure. The distillation of ozonized oils over sodium gave
the characteristic figures of good oils.
The use of the method for detecting adulterations suggested itself.
Loganberry by-products, C. I. Lewis and F. R. Brown {Oregon Sta. Bui. 117
{1914), pp. 3-32, figs. 9). — This is a preliminary report which deals with the
picking, handling, and utilization of the loganberry for the preparation of
canned fruit, evaporated fruit, fruit juice, and sirup. Plans and descriptions
of systems of evaporation are presented, and practical hints, based on experi-
mental work, are given for the purpose of overcoming many of the causes of
failure which have been heretofore experienced in this comparatively new in-
dustry. The principles involved in evaporating are much the same for both
prunes and loganberries, but climatic conditions are very different during the
two seasons. It will not always follow, therefore, that because an evaporator
works succes.sfully for prunes it will work equally well for loganberries.
Analyses of loganberry juice from berries at various stages of ripeness are pre-
sented. Juice made from very ripe fruit retained a more distinct flavor and had
a higher quality. It is pointed out that the fruit juice may be utilized, not only
for the preparation of vinegar and wine but also in frozen products (ices and
ice creams), gelatin desserts, puddings, and pies, recipes for which are pre-
sented. The commercial aspects are also considered.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 415
METEOROLOGY— WATER.
Agricultural meteorology, 11. F. Sttjpart {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 (1914), A'o-
3, pp. 210, 211). — A brief account is given of the action of tlie General As-
sembly of the Institute of Agriculture at Rome in May. 1913, with reference
to the proposed work of the permanent commission for the study of agricul-
tural meteorology.
The questions which this commission should consider are outlined as follows :
Statistics of losses occasioned by storms in relation to the possible maximum;
importance of daily reports of the weather in order to establish statistics re-
garding favorable conditions; means of disseminating general meteorological
information among agriculturists; the connection existing between the harvest
and the various atmospheric elements; estalilishment of the atmo.'^pheric condi-
tions which lead to the best agricultural results in any year; establishment of
notes or percentages for the good year and for normal years; special study of
the elements of a good year ; study of the various elements which contribute
to a good harvest — (a) weather, (b) sunshine, (c) heat, (d) quantity of rain
required for a good harvest ; and the establishment of a Meteorological Infor-
mation Office for Agriculturists.
In accordance with these sugge.^tions the meteorological service of Canada
has established a new division for the study of the connection between weather
and the growth of crops and has piace<^l the work in charge of R. W. Mills.
Comparative agricultural and forestry meteorology, E. Cuif (Bui. Soc.
Sci. Nancy, S. ser., IJf (1911,), No. 3, pp. 225-307, pis. 3. figs. J,; abs. in Rev. Sci.
[Paris], 52 (1914), II, No. 2, p. 50). — A continuation and summai'y of previous
investigations (E. S. R.. 22, p. 44; 27. p. 816) is given in this ai'ticie. which
deals with (1) influeuce of forest cover on the temperature of the soil at differ-
ent depths, (2) influence of the degree of forestation on the amount of rainfall,
and (3) the influence of leafy and coniferous forest growth on the temperature
and humidity of the air.
The more important conclusions are that forest growth exerts a decided in-
fluence on diurnal variations in temperature of the air, the maximum being
much lower and the minimum much higher than in the air of unforested areas.
The influence on the temperature of the soil, however, is comparatively small
and disappears entirely at a depth of 0.2 meter. Forest growth appears to
have considerable influence on the frequency of rainfall, although little upon
the amount. It appears to Increase the number of rainy days and to reduce
the number of torrential rains. The absolute humidity is higher and the rela-
tive humidity is lower in the forest than in the open country on account of the
lower temperature prevailing in the former. This is true to a greater extent
in coniferous forests than in those of leafy growth and is most pronounced
during the period from April to October.
Climatological data for the United States by sections (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data. 1 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 248, pis. 2, figs. 9; 4, pp. 238,
pis. 2, figs. 8).— These numbers contain respectively brief summaries and de-
tailed tabular statements of climatological data for each State for March
and April, 1914.
Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostrandee, E. K. Dexter, and R. E. McLain (Mas.^achu-
setts Sta. Met. Buls. 305, 306 (1914), pp. 4 eac/;).— Summaries of observations
at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sun-
shine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during May and June, 1914, are pre-
sented. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each
month.
416
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Meteorological observation, 1913 (Agr. Students' Gaz., n. ser., 16 (191-i).
No. 6, pp. 194-199). — This ai'ticle gives siimmnries of observations ou tbe tem-
perature of tlie air and soil, rainfall, and sunshine at the Royal Agricultural
College. Cirencester, and briefly reviews the weather conditions at this place
and of the whole of England.
It is stated that the year was characterized by a wet spring, a dry summer,
which was neither sunny nor warm, and a mild autumn, with no very wide
fluctuations of temperature over the whole country. The rainfall was generally
for the country as a whole slightly below the average. The total rainfall at the
college was 30.52 in., measured on 184 days. The average temperature was
47.6° F. The duration of bright sunshine was everywhere considerably less
than the average.
Temperature records, J. B. Thompson (Guam Sta. Rpt. WIS, pp. 22-24, fiff^-
2). — Records of maximum and minimum temperatures at the Guam Station
throughout the year ended June 30. 1913, are shown in charts.
American temperatures and European rainfall, W. J. Humphreys (Jotir.
Wa.'<h. Acad. Set., 4 {1914), No. 13, pp. 345-347, fig. Jf).— Data are presented to
show that "high annual average temperatures in America must lead to corre-
spondingly heavy precipitation in Europe and, conversely, that persistently low
average American tempei'atures must be accomjianied by more or less corre-
spondingly light European precipitation."
Chemical composition of rain in the Union of South Africa, C. F. Juritz
(So. African Jour. ScL. 10 (1914), ^^o. 7, pp. 170-193. pi. 1; ahs. in Jour. Cliem.
Soc. [London], 106 (1914), No. 621, J, p. 916).— The results of determinations
of nitrogen and chlorin in rain water collected at different places in the Union
of South Africa more or less continuously from September, 1910. to December,
1912. are reported. The results for nitrogen are summarized in tlie following
table :
Nitrogen in rain water of South Africa, in pounds per acre.
Locality and period.
Summer: September to
February.
As am-
monia.
As ni-
trates.
Total.
Winter: March to August.
As am-
monia.
As ni-
trates.
Total.
Grahamstown (Sept., 1911, to Aug., 1912)
Bloemfontein (Sept., 1910, to Aug., 1911).
Bloemfonlein (Sept., 1911, to Aug., 1912).
Durban (Sept., 1911, to Aug., 1912)
Pounds.
0.592
1.425
3.244
2. 739
Pounds.
0.465
.907
1.077
.780
Pounds.
1.057
2. 332
4.321
3.519
Pounds.
0.448
2. 233
1.626
1.796
Pounds.
0.264
.713
.286
.295
Pounds.
0.712
2.946
1.912
2.091
The chlorin content varied with distance from the sea.
Electrical hail protection, A. Angot (Ann. Soc. M6t. France, 62 (1914),
Mar., pp. 82-85). — The efficiency of various electrical devices which have been
proposed for protection against hail is briefly discussed, the general conclusion
being that the results have been unconvincing as to the efficiency of these
devices. The extension of installations for this purpose is discouraged.
Studies in water supply, A. C. Houston (Ahs. in Cliem. News, 109 (1914),
No. 2834, P- 143). — This monograph is practically a summary of papers and
articles published by the author, embodying the results of his personal experi-
ences and giving accounts of his investigations. Tables of results and graph-
ical representations are given relating to bacteriological and chemical tests,
and processes of purification and sterilization are described. The question of
the counection between the purity of water supplies and the prevalence of
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 417
disease is treated and routine methods of bacteriological work are described in
detail. Methods of collecting and labeling samples, registering results, and
decimally diluting samples are first treated, and a chapter is devoted to a
detailed description of the exact method followed in the examination of a
sample of raw river water. Full accounts are included of each day's work, and
the composition of the culture media used for the different tests is also given.
The utilization of sewage in agriculture, J. Grossmann (Rpt. Brit. Axsoc.
Adv. ScL. 1913, pp. 771, 772; ahs. in }fcirk Lane Express, 110 {1913), No. Jf277,
p. 383; Chem. Ztg., 38 {191J,), No. 34, p. 373).— Abstracts are given of a paper
presented at the Birmingham meeting of the British Association, 1913, describ-
ing more particularly the system installed by the author at Oldham for the recov-
ery of grease and the preparation of fertilizer from sewage sludge (E. S. R.,
30, p. 19).
Sewage disposal, G. J. Fowlek {Times [London], 1914, Mar. 11, English
Sup.; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 {1914), No. 7, p. 372).— The extent to
which sewage sludge is used as fertilizer in the British Isle.s is discusse<i.
It is stated that "at Manchester the '.slurry' from the washing of the con-
tact beds is being dried, powdered, and sold to Canada at a price which covers
cost. At Bradford the crude sewage is ' cracked ' with sulphuric acid, the result-
ing sludge hot pressed, the grease recovered and sold nt a profit, and the
residual sludge cake sent to northern France for intensive gardening. At Old-
ham the sludge is distilled and the residue sold. At Dublin the sludge is fer-
mented by yeast, which causes a separation of water; the solid sludge is dried
and the resulting powder sold for 50 shillings a ton. An organism has been
isolated from the water of an old collierj' which has the property of precipitat-
ing iron in presence of organic matter. When this organism was added to an
effluent together with a salt of iron and then air blown in, complete clarifica-
tion was obtained ; the deposit produced had a high nitrogen content."
Sewage irrigation and disease organisms, Ciocalteu {Compt. Rend. Soc.
Biol. [Paris], 7^ {1913), No. 24, pp. 1411-1413).—A study of the question
whether disease organisms applied to the soil in sewage are able to gain entrance
into the interior of plants grown on the soil is reported. The results indicate
that where there is no injury to the underground parts of the plants the germs
do not enter the plant, but that a very slight injury is sufficient to allow the
germs to gain entrance.
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
Report of the meeting of the international commission for the mechanical
and physical examination of soil, F. Schtjcht {Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., 4
{1914), No. 1, pp. 1-31, fig. 1; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 52 {1914), I, No. 14, p.
439). — This commission of fourteen delegates, representing Germany, Sweden,
Brazil, Holland, Hungary, and the United States, discussed methods of me-
chanical and physical analysis of soils and agreed upon the following :
(1) Group soil particles according to Atterberg's classification : Grains greater
in size than 20 mm. — pebbles; those from 20 to 2 mm. — gravel; 2 to 0.2 mm. —
coarse sand ; 0.2 to 0.02 mm. — fine sand ; 0.02 to 0.002 mm. — dust ; and grains
smaller than 0.002 microns — colloidal particles and raw clay.
(2) Subdivision of groups to be left to the judgment of the analyst.
(3) Preparation of samples for mechanical analysis by sifting through a 2
mm. mesh sieve, soil to be still moist. This applies only to soils rich in humus.
(4) For sedimentation use apparatus similar to Atterberg's in which all
particles up to J mm. in size are separated by sifting, and then levigate samples
into a graduated flask.
418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
(5) In samples poor in clay the clay should be weighed directly, hut iu
samples rich iu clay it may be estimated by differences.
(6) The humus content should be computed as one-half of the carbon dioxid
obtained in ordinary organic analysis for carbon determination.
(7) Compare the trituration of the sample with the thumb according to
Atterberg with that by shaking according to Hissinli.
The new classification of the granulation products in mechanical analysis.
J. KoPECKY {Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., 4 (1914), No. 2-3, pp. 199-202) .—The
author criticizes the classification of soil grains noted above, compares it with
the old classification according to Schone, and concludes that the modification
of the washing process and the rinsing apparatus is not necessary or justified.
Vegetation and agricultural soil, G. de Angeles d'Ossat (Atti R. Accad.
Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5 ser., 22 {1913), I, No. 1, pp. 876-878,
fig, J). — The author concludes from his observations of natural soils that the
vegetation best adapted to a soil can not be accurately determined from a
geological map of the soil area, owing to the many physical, mechanical, and
more particularly, chemical changes to which the original rock may be sub-
jected during the transformation into agricultural soil.
The radio-activity of some type soils of the United States, R. B. Moore
(Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 {1914), No. 5, pp. 370-374, fig- i).— The
author reports chemical examinations of samples of several type soils of the
United States to determine their radium and thorium contents.
Of the 7 types examined for radium, the soil of 4 was more active than the
subsoil, while in the other 3 the reverse was true. The average activity of the
soils was 1.97X10'", and of the subsoils 1.52X10"".
" There seems to be a fairly definite relationship between the activity and the
combined amounts of barium and sti*ontium. In the majority of cases the soil
or subsoil which has the highest activity also has the largest amount of barium
plus strontium. . . . The same reaction holds fairly well with the amount of
sulphur present. . . . Since radium has an insoluble sulphate, which precipi-
tates with the sulphates of barium and strontium, the results seem to indicate
that radium in the soil is very largely, if not entirely, in the form of sulphate."
The thorium determinations in five of the types showed small variations and
" seem to indicate that soils contain more thorium than most rocks."
Olifants River irrigation scheme (Van Rhynsdorp division). Flying agri-
cultural survey of the soils of the irrigable area, C. F. Juritz {Union So.
Africa Dept. Agr. Sci. Bui. 5 {1914), pp. 30; Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 7
{1914), ^0. 4, pp. 541-546). — The prevailing soil types of the Van Rhynsdorp
division of the project are described and discussed with reference to mechanical
and physical structure and plant food and alkali content. The prevailing types
are the so-called Karroo soils, consisting of red sands and sandy loams, and
alluvial soils, consisting of drab-colored loams and fine sandy loams. The allu-
vial soils are generally of finer texture than the Karroo soils. " The average
alluvium contains only 31 per cent of material coarser than 1/10 of a milli-
meter, as against 68 per cent contained by the average ' Karroo ' soil. On the
other hand, no less than 54 per cent of the average alluvium is silt and clay
of finer grade than 1/20 of a milimeter, and in the ' Karroo' soils this averages
only 19 per cent."
Of the two Karroo soils the sands are classed as much the poorer chemically
than the finer-grained sandy loams. Except in phosphorus content the Karroo
soils did not appear to differ greatly from the average alluvium in mineral
plant food content. The alluvial soils examined were not invariably rich in
plant food, and the most marked chemical deficiency found in all the soils
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 419
analyzed was in regard to nitrogen. Tlie soils of tlie nortliern part of the area
were found to be fairly well supplied with lime, while many of those of the
southern part were deficient. Comparatively few of the soils examined are
classed as deficient in phosphoric acid or potash.
Out of the 45 soil samples analyzed for alkali only 9 samples, 7 of which were
Karroo soils, contained sodium carbonate, which occurred in very small amounts
and only in the surface soil. Sodium chlorid composed the bulk of the alkali
salts.
Pakihi lands: Note on their treatment, B. C. Aston {Jour. Agr. [yeio
Zcal.l, 7 {19 IS), No. 3, pp. 295-300, figs. .^).— The results of field and pot tests
Indicate that the chief need of these lands, which have been described previ-
ously (E. S. R., 23, p. 621) is for lime and phosphorus, and that they may be
profitably reclaimed where cheap ground limestone or quicklime and phosphate
are available.
The storag'e and use of soil moisture, W. W. Burr {Nebraska 8ta. Research
Bui. 5 {191Jt), pp. 88, figs. 20).— The results of field studies of soil moisture
accumulation and con.servatiou conducted for (5 years on fairly uniform fine
sandy loam soil at the North Platte substation ai"e reported.
Under field conditions the maximum capacity for water of the soil in ques-
tion was found to be from IG to 18 per cent of its dry weight, of which above
7 to 8 per cent is available for plant use. The more important findings are sum-
marized as follows :
Summer tillage is the most effective means of storing water in the soil, the
annual storage by this means varying from 10 to 33 per cent of the seasonal
rainfall, according to the amount and distribution of the rainfall, the effective-
ness of the tillage, and the presence or absence of a growing crop. Plowing
seems better than disking for accumulating water in the soil, although disking
small grain stubble to kill weeds and stir the surface is generally effective.
Artificial mulches of straw or hay are more effective than soil mulches in ab-
sorbing and retaining rain water, and a 3-in. mulch is more effective than a
shallower one. Corn, oats, spring wheat, and barley use water from the first
4 or 5 ft. of soil, winter wheat at a depth of 6 or 7 ft., and alfalfa and grasses
when well established at much greater depths. Under normally favorable con-
ditions growing vegetation is a greater factor than surface evaporation in re-
moving water from soil, and weeds are frequently the most effective agents in
removing available water from soils and in preventing the storage of water
for the use of other plants. Capillary movement is feeble in soils that are dried
to any considerable extent below the saturation point, so that in the main the
plant roots to obtain water extend themselves into the soil where available water
is present rather than depend upon capillarity.
In order to store water in these soils it is necesary that the soil surface
should be in condition to catch rains, and kept loose and rough by cultivation
to reduce evaporation and prevent blowing. Weeds should be suppressed, as
far as possible, before and after seeding. Crops which will withstand con-
siderable drought or escape drought by maturing early should be chosen.
The storage and use of soil moisture, W. W. Burr {Nebraska Sta. Bui. 140
{19H), pp. 20). — A popular edition of the above.
Mineral acid soils, O. Loew {Landw. Jahrb., 46 {JBUi). No. 1, pp. 161-164). —
The author reviews his own and other studies on mineral acid soils of several
tropical countries, particularly Porto Rico (E. S. R.. 29, p. S15), with special
reference to the determination and correction of the acidity and the relation of
acidity to the biological activities of the soil. Such soils are thought to owe
their acidity chiefly to acid clay constituents.
420 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Some notes on soil protozoa, C. H. Martin and K. R. Lewin (Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B, 205 {1914), No. 315, pp. 77-94, pls. 2).— This paper
gives an account of protozoan organisms found in two different kinds of soil by
a special method devised by one of the authors. Three new species are de-
scribed, yahlkantpfia soli, Ammha cucuinis, and A. gobanniensis.
" The main purpose of this introductory paper has not, however, been the
study of these amoebte from a specific point of view, so much as the proof which
we hope to have brought of the existence of a relatively frequent trophic proto-
zoan fauna in certain soils and the rough indication of some possible methods
of dealing with this fauna. How far this fauna under certain conditions exer-
cises a deleterious influence on plant growth is rather a question for the agri-
culturist than the zoologist.
" The startling success in the Lee Valley of the treatment of sicli soils by
partial sterilization, introduced by Russell, would seem to present a very
strong argument in favor of the view that these protozoa do exercise an im-
portant influence on plant growth in these soils. We have, by means of the
method described above, been able to establish the occurrence of a trophic
protozoan fauna in certain field soils that we have examined, and to this ques-
tion we hope to return in a future paper."
A bibliography of 29 references to literature on the subject is given.
Methods in soil bacteriolog'y. — VII, Ammonification and nitrification in
soil and solution, F. Lohnis and H. H. Green {Centhl. Bald. [ctc.'\, 2. AM.,
40 {1914), No. 19-21, pp. 457-479). — A continuation of previous studies of fac-
tors effecting ammonification and nitrification in soil and solution (E. S. R., 30,
p. 218) is reported.
Aeration, the concentration of the material undergoing decomposition, and
more particularly, its distribution in the medium, were found to be important
factors for ammonification. In certain si>ecimens of blood meal there appeared
to be components which very seriously hindered ammonihcation in solution and
in saturated soil, and to a much less extent in well aerated soil or sand media.
In solution or in sand media, higher concentrations of ammonia lowered the
nitrification. The alkaline reaction resulting from the use of basic magnesium
carbonate to cultivate the nitrite organisms hindered or suppressed the effective
conversion of nitrite into nitrate, as did also the adoption of a temperature of
from 30 to 35° C. Neutral chalk gave more satisfactory results than did mag-
nesium carbonate. It is pointed out that by varying the conditions in regard to
depth of layer analytical figures for nitrification in solution tests may be made
to run above, below, or parallel with those of soil tests. " The same solution,
if supplied with both sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, may give rise
to nitrification in shallow layer and denitrification in deep layer; if further
supplied with suitable organic compounds, may lead to nitrate assimilation in
shallow layer."
It is concluded that no necessary fundamental difference exists between bac-
teriological processes in soil and solution media, and that the most important
factors in both are: (1) Nature and quantity of material usetl as substrata;
(2) concentration and distribution of the substrata in the medium; (3) aera-
tion; (4) diffusion, absorption, destruction, or evaporation of metabolic
products; (5) reaction of the medium; (6) temperature; and (7) duration of
the experiment.
" The fact that in soil tests, in consequence of absori)tion, more perfect dis-
tribution of substrata, and superior aeration, the processes in the laboratory may
proceed faster than in solution, does not by any moans .justify the conclusion
that soil tests more closely represent field conditions." Observations conceraiug
the course of decomposition processes in the field are mentioned as indicating
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 421
that suitably arranged solution tests may afford equally, if not more, instruc-
tive information than soil tests. " By suitable addition of glass-wool, sand,
chalk, humus, etc., tests which are primarily 'in solution' may be so arranged
as to separate at least partially the conglomeration of factors involved in soil
tests."
The absence of nitrate formation in cultures of Azotobacter, K. F. Keller-
man and X. R. Smith {Ccnthl. Bakt. ictc.'], 2. Abt., 40 {1914), No. 19-21, pp.
479-482, fig. 1). — Studies of cultures of Azotobacter indicate that while these
strains are capable of fixing appreciable quantities of free nitrogen, they are
apparently unable to produce nitrates.
Fertilizers in relation to soils and crop production, R. Harcourt and A. L.
Gibson {Onlario Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 223 (1914), pp. 30, figs. 2).— This is a popular
discussion explaining the use of manures and fertilizers in the improvement of
soils.
Manurial requirements, Primrose McConnell (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.^, 8
(1914), No. 1, pp. 43-49). — The results of two years' observations on the experi-
mental farm at Kuakura are briefly summarized in this article, the general
conclusions being that the soil of this farm, as in case of New Zealand soils in
general, does not need nitrogen if a iiroper rotation of crops is practiced; that
phosphoric acid, particularly in the form of basic slag and guano, gives uni-
formly good results; that comparatively little result, good or bad, is obtained
from the application of potash except in the case of potatoes and mangels ;
and that liming, particularly on the raw and apparently more sterile parts of
the farm, together with draining, is necessary to bring the soil into a profitable
state of cultivation.
The inefficiency of fertilizers in dry farming regions, F. Couston and B.
Garrigxjes {Rev. Dry-Fanning yard Afric, 1012, Xos. 2, pp. 30-36; 3, pp. 59-62;
1913, No. 6, pp. 168-172). — Experiments on the high plateaus of Algeria, where
the winter is cold, the summer very hot, and the spring and autumn very dry,
and the annual precipitation A-arying from 180 to 500 mm. and averaging
320 mm., showed almost uniformly no benefit from the use of fertilizers. The
failure of the fertilizers to increase the crop yields is attributed to deficiency
of moisture in the soils.
Fertilizer experiments in the German colonies {Diingungsversuche in den
Deutschcn Kolonien. Berlin: Kolonialamt, 1913, No. 3, pp. IlI-\-64, pis. 6, fig.
i).— An account is given of experiments carried out in German East Africa in
1912 and 1913 and of those i)lanned for 1914. The crops experimented with
included cotton, corn, sorghum, rye, wheat, barley, garden beans, mungo beans,
peanuts, potatoes, alfalfa, rubber, coffee, cacao, coconuts, sisal, besides various
forage plants and vegetables. The general conclusion reached is that as a rule
fertilizers produced a profitable increase in yield.
The plant food content of liquid manure, P. Liechti and E. Truningeb
(Landw. Jahrb. Hchweiz, 27 {1913), No. 8, pp. 459-474). — Analyses of a large
number of samples of liquid manure as used by Swiss farmers are reported.
Some of the samples represented liquids obtained without the addition of
water. In other cases a certain amount of water had been added in their prep-
aration. All of the samples contained more or less suspended matter. The
analyses showed wide variations in composition but the average of all analyses
showed 1.7 gm. of total nitrogen, 70 per cent of which was in the form of
ammonia, in 1 liter of liquid ; 4.37 gm. of potash ; and 0.3 gm. of phosphoric
acid.
The escape of ammonia from soil treated with liquid manure, P. Liechti
and E. Ritter {Landw. Jahrb. Schweiz, 27 {1913), No. 8, pp. 436-458). — The
authors report further investigations (E. S. R., 25, p. 22) from which they
422 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
conclude that tlie addition of superphosphate to liquid manure in the quan-
tities generally used in practice has little or no tendency to prevent the nitro-
gen losses due to the evaporation of ammonia from the soil, also that the effect
of the liquid manure on the superphosphate is to render a part of the phos-
phoric acid insoluble. Field experiments on the utilization of the nitrogen
of liquid manure in the production of green forage verified the results of the
prevous experiments referred to above regarding the losses of nitrogen
through evaporation. They further indicate that the neutralization of liquid
manure vi^ith superphosphate is not feasible, but that the practice of making
relatively large applications of liquid manure in the production of green forage
may be follow^ed provided the soil does not become deficient in phosphoric acid.
Sodium nitrate v. ammonium sulphate, K. Pospf§iL (Wiener Lanclw. Ztg.,
64 {1914), No- 18-19, pp. 163, 164). — Comparative tests of sodium nitrate and
ammonium sulphate in field experiments with sugar beets extending over four
years, two of which were dry and two wet, showed that the sulphate gave better
results than the nitrate in the wet seasons, although the nitrate gave better
results in the dry seasons and as an average of the four years.
Pot experiments with ammonium sulphate containing sulphocyanid, A.
Stutzer and S. Gov (Jour. Landw., 62 {1914), No. 2, pp. 149-158; aJ)S. in Jour.
Cheni. /S'ot;. [London], 106 (1914), No. 621, I, p. 916). — Previous investigations
on this subject by others are reviewed and a brief bibliography of the subject is
given. The author made water culture and pot experiments on corn, mustard,
summer rye, oats, wheat, and barley with commercial ammonium sulphate and
mixtures of pure salts containing varying amounts of sulphocyanid.
In the water cultures it was shown that small amounts of sulphocyanid were
stimulating but larger amounts were toxic. In the soil cultures the results
confirm those of Wollny and Bohmer in showing that ammonium sulphate con-
taining as much as 1 per cent of sulphocyanid can be safely used if applied at
ordinary rates.
Mixing lime nitrogen with Thomas slag and kainit, Gerlach and O. Tiede-
MANN (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 34 (1914), No. 28, p. 273). — Experiments with oiled
calcium cyanamid as well as with mixtures of 3 parts of kainit, 2 of Thomas
slag, and 0.5 and 1 of cyanamid are briefly reported.
The oiled cyanamid gave somewhat better results as measured by crop yields
than the untreated. It was found that the mixtures of kainit, slag, and
cyanamid were of good mechanical condition and underwent little chemical
change except a small toss of water-soluble potash in 10 days.
The effects of the ensilage process on the solubility of floats, E. B. Forbes
and C. M. Fritz (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 3, pp. 222, 223).—
Floats was mixed with' corn in the proportion of 1 part of the former to 250
parts of the latter, and the mixture was ensiled in earthen jars for 6 months.
Determinations of the different forms of phosphoric acid in the original
material and in untreated and phosphated silage are reported, and showed that
the water-soluble and citrate-soluble phosphorus in the phosphated silage
was not higher than in the untreated silage. There was, however, a very
considerable increase in inorganic phosphorus soluble in 0.2 per cent hydro-
chloric acid, the phosphated silage containing more than twice as much as the
untreated silage. The authors conclude from these results that "the ensilage
of corn will render soluble in 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid such an amount
of the phosphorus of floats added to corn as to constitute a practical consid-
eration In the feeding of live stock."
The production of phosphate rock in 1913, W. C. Phalkn (U. 8. Oeol. Sur-
vey, Mineral Resources of the Umted States, Calendar Year 1913, pt. 2, pp.
273-289). — Statistics of production in the United States and other countries are
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 423
presented. The plio^hate industry in tlie different States is also briefly dis-
cussed and general information of interest to those engaged in the phosphate
trade is given. The marketed production of phosphate rock in the United
States in 1913 was 3,111,221 long tons valued, at $11,796,231, representing an in-
crease of 5 per cent in output and 1 per cent in value over the corresponding
figures for 1912.
The fertilizing value of phonolite, R. Neumann {Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 63
(1914), No. 8, pp. 218-291, figs. 2).— Field and pot tests are reported of a form
of phonolite consisting mainly of leucite, which, it is claimed, is more effective
as a potash fertilizer than the ordinary forms and promotes nitrogen fixation.
The results failed, to confirm these claims and showed that while the phonolite
had a slight fertilizing value this was in no sense comparable with that of ordi-
nary pota.sh fertilizers.
Potash salts and other salines in the Great Basin region, G. J. Young
(V. 8. Dept. Agr. Bid. 61 (1914), pp. 96, pis. 6, figs. 8).— This is an account of
investigations carried on in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey and
the Mackay School of Mines of the University of Nevada.
The region explored included practically the entire State of Nevada, the
southern part of Oi'egon, the western part of Utah, and certain sections of east-
ern and southeastern California, and comprised, an area of between 208,500 and
210,000 square miles. The report deals fully with the origin, formation, and
character of the saline deposits.
It is pointed out that potash deposits similar to those of Stassfurt, Germany,
can hardly be expected to occur in the Great Basin. The saline deposits of the
Great Basin repi'esent comparatively recent geological activity and are not the
result of extreme desiccation even in the older deposits. The present deposits
are in process of formation. "It may be said that the basin deposits already
discovered represent the initial stages of what in time might result in deposits
rather remotely similar to Stassfurt, but of much less magnitude. . . .
" With the exception of the crusts and efflorescences about hot springs and in
soils, no notably high potassium content has been reported from salines taken
from beds. The potassium content in material of this nature ranges from less
than 1 to 2 per cent. It is not In the salts which have crystallized out, but in
the residual brines or mother liquors that concentration of potassium has taken
place, and it is to these that we must look for potassium salts. As desiccation
appi'oaches completion so will the residual brines increase in proportion of
potassium. A near approach to complete desiccation would give a brine high
in potash. . . .
" Two general types in the desiccation phenomena may be distinguished, the
Searles type, in which a large, deep lake was evaporated, and the comparatively
thick body of saline material, restricted in area and saturated with residual
brine, was formed; and a second type, which is best illustrated by Death Valley,
in which case we have the building up of a mass of muds and silts with inter-
bedded salines, by the repeated formation and desiccation of a shallow lake.
To the latter type belong most of the desert, dry lakes, or playas. The line
between the two types is not a sharp one."
The possibility of deep deposits is considered to be tmeertain though not com-
pletely disproved. In view of this uncertainty deposits such as those occurring
in Searles Lake which have resulted from desiccation of the most recent Quater-
nary lakes seem to be of most significance. Of the various basins examined
" Searles is the only one in which the investigation has shown sufficient concen-
tration of potassium salts in the residual brines to be of probable commercial
importance. . . . The presence of brines of moderate concentration is shown
60741°— No. 5—14 3
424 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
in Death Valley and Silver Peak. It is a matter of some doubt whether these
brines can be worked. The investigation of the Carson Sink, Raili'oad Valley,
and Columbus Marsh is inconclusive."
A plea for the increased use of lime, J. Hendrick (Trans. Highland, and
Agr. 8oc. 8cot., 5. ser., 26 {1914), pp. 218-232). — This article discusses the ex-
tent to which liming is practiced at the present time in Scotland, as compared
with its use in former times. It is shown that there has been a marked decline
in the use of lime, and the reasons why lime should be more freely used are
briefly stated.
It is estimated that the average loss per acre per annum in the drainage
water throughout England and Wales is not less than 500 lbs. of calcium car-
bonate, the loss probably being much higher than this on manured soils. Ref-
erence is made to the fact that large quantities of carbonate of lime of excel-
lent quality for agricultural purposes are annually produced in Scotland as a
TDy-product from the causticizing plant of paper works, as previously noted (E.
S. E., 30, p. 127).
Comparative field tests of this by-product and ordinary lime shells and gas
lime are reported. The results show that the yields of turnips were largely
increased by the use of each form of lime, the waste product being especially
effective in this respect. It also apparently reduced the amount of finger-and-
toe disease.
Agricultural lime analyses (Md. Agr. Col. Quart. No. 64 (1914), PP- 8). —
Chemical analyses of samples of agricultural lime examined from June, 1913,
to May, 1914, inclusive, are reported with brief notes on the use of lime.
Mechanical analyses are also given of ground limestones and ground oyster
shells.
Sulphur fertilizer for alfalfa, F. C. Reimer {Pacific Rural Press, 87 (1914),
No. 26, p. 717). — Experiments in which flowers of sulphur, iron sulphate, super-
phosphate, and ground rock phosphate were applied to alfalfa at the rate of 300
lbs. per acre are reported. Largely increased yields where sulphur and sulphur
compounds wei'e used are reported.
The world's production and consumption of chemical fertilizers (Produc-
tion et Consommation des Engrais Chimiques dans le Monde. Rome: Inst.
Internat. Agr., 1914, 2. ed., pp. XI +162, pis. 2).— The first edition of this report
lias already been noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 223). This edition brings the statistics
^p to the end of 1912.
It is stated that the world's consumption of different classes of fertilizers for
1912 was as follows : Natural phosphates. 6,500,000 metric tons ; superphos-
phates, 11,000,000 ; Thomas slag, 3,500,000 ; Peruvian guano, 83,000 ; potash salts,
■4,520,959 (equivalent to pure potash, 904,000); sodium nitrate, 2,530,645; am-
monium sulphate, 1,200,000, and synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers, 150,000 metric
tons.
State fertilizer tonnage (Amer. Pert., 40 (1914), No. 13, p. 96).— A table is
given which shows the consumption of fertilizers in the United States for the
years 1909-1913, inclusive, " compiled from the most reliable statistics that are
obtainable."
The figures for each State and Territory for 1913 are as follows: Alabama,
474,730 tons; Alaska, 45; Arizona, 600; Arkansas, 52,000; California. 36,000
Colorado, 3,500; Connecticut, 50,000; Delaware, 50,000; Florida, 213,728; Geor
gia, 1,120,693; Hawaii, 67,000; Idaho, 2,000; Illinois 90,000; Indiana, 193,899
Iowa, 3,500; Kansas, 7,380; Kentucky, 75,000; Louisiana 98,778; Maine, 160,000
Maryland, 169,000; Massachusetts, 125,000; Michigan, 57,985; Minnesota, 3,500
Mississippi, 128,050; Missouri, 60,000; Montana, 800; Nebraska, 1,000; Nevada,
800; New Hampshire, 25,000; New Jersey, 156,661; New Mexico, 1,000; New
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 425
York, 460,000; North Carolina, 840,447; North Dakota, 1,000; Ohio, 185,000;
Oklahoma, 18,000; Oregon, 4,500; Pennsylvania, 340,000; Porto Rico, 18,836;
Rhode Island, IS.OOO; South Carolina, 918,336; South Dakota, 700; Tennessee,
84,060; Texas, 75,500; Utah, 1,000; Vermont, 25,000; Virginia, 412,434; Wash-
ington, 1,500; West Virginia, 31,852; Wisconsin, 4,000; Wyoming, 200; total,
6,868,014 tons.
AGRICTJLTURAL BOTANY.
Plants and their uses, an introduction to botany, F. L. Sargent ( 'New York,
1913, pp. X-\-610, figs. SSJf). — This book is somewhat out of the ordinary in its
plan. The author, after an introductory chapter on the study of plants, takes
up and describes many species of common usage, grouping them under the head-
ings of cereals, food plants, flavoring and beverage plants, medicinal and poi-
sonous plants, and industrial plants. Chapters are also given on classification
and descriptions of the general features of many of the more common plant
groups, with discussions on the relations and adaptation of plants, life history,
etc. This method, which the author calls the historical method, is thought
to be adapted to teaching botany, as it not only helps the beginner to learn at
the outset as much about these economic plants as he is ready for, but helps
him to classify them scientifically. He will thus be prepared to appreciate the
wider view of the life of plants which inspires botany today.
Some honey plants of Guam, J. B. Thompson (Gtmm Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 21,
22). — Notes are given on some of the more common honey plants occurring iu
Guam.
Some new tuberous species of Solanum, L. Wittmack (Bot. Jahrb. [Englerl,
50 (1914), Sup., pp. 539-555, figs. 3).— Work previously reported (E. S. R., 22,
p 435) on si)ecies of Solanum has been continued, and the author herein gives a
description with brief discussion of six tuberous forms from Argentina claimed
to be new species and named resix^ctively S. ■neowcbcrbaueri, S. kurtsianum, S.
vemei, 8. velascanum, 8. famatince, and 8. cemulans, the name of Dr. Bitter
being added to that of the author in connection with all but the first named
species.
A study of the vegetation of the sand hills of Nebraska, R. J. Pool (Minn.
Bot. Studies, 4 (1914), Pt- 3, pp. 187-312, pis. 16, figs. i6).— This thesis gives
the results of an ecological study of the sand hill region which occupies a con-
siderable portion of the northwestern part of Nebraska. After discussing the
geological and topographical features of the region and the general plant life
conditions, the author describes at length the different plant formations and
their relations and successions. A bibliography is appended.
Sand plants on lime soils, M. Bxjsgen (Bot. Jahrb. [Engler], 50 (1914), 8up.
pp. 526-538, pis. 2). — In tests with 8arothamnus scoparius and Digitalis pur-
purea on both sandy and limy soil it was found that a good start was made by
both plants, but that on limy soil weakening was early apparent in connection
with chlorosis. Calluna vulgaris showed a decided difference in favor of the
sandy substratum as regards development. Ltcpinus luteus is said to have
shown no preference between sandy and siliceous soils at first, but finally an in-
crease of 50 per cent in weight in favor of sandy soil. 8. scoparius in either
soil showed no particularly high percentage of lime. It is suggested that the
utilization of other elements may have been influenced by the calcium content
in these experiments.
A quantitative chemical and physiological study of nutrient solutions for
plant cultures, W. E. Tottingham (Physiol. Researches, 1 (1914), No. 4, PP'
133-245, figs. 15). — The author reports an investigation made to study the influ-
ence upon the growth of young wheat plants of a wide range of proportions
426 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
of the component salts iu nutrient solutions and the alterations of this influence
produced by different total concentrations.
Preliminary to the investigation a study was made of methods for preparing
Knop's nutrient solution. The wheat seedlings were started in water, after
which they were grown for 24 days in the above solution containing various
concentrations of potassium phosphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium nitrate,
and potassium nitrate. It was found convenient to employ the component salts
of Knop's formula in stock solutions, one part containing only the calcium
nitrate and the other part the remaining three salts. Methods for germinating
seeds and mounting seedlings in culture solutions, which were somewhat differ-
ent from those usually employed, were devised and are described.
The most important factor found to affect the physiological influence of vary-
ing proportions of the four salts in the culture solutions was apparently the
ratio of the magnesium content to that of calcium. The injurious effect of
magnesium and the amount of dry matter produced by the plants were found
to depend upon the complex balance between all the salts in solution. The
effects upon growth of any given set of proportions of nutrient salts in the
medium varied with the total concentration of the medium.
A bibliography is given.
The functions of nutritive materials in higher plants, K. Faack (Mitt.
Landw. Lehrkanz. K. K. Hochsch. Bodenkul. Wien, 1 (1913), No. 4, pp. 4^3-509,
fig. 1). — Results are given in considerable detail of studies carried out with
wheat plantlets as affected by solutions of salts containing nitrogen, carbon,
potassium, iron, phosphorus, and sulphur employed separately, and also as
furnished simultaneously by placing portions of the rootlets of a given plantlet
in different media. It is thought that the nutritive substances necessary to
growth must be first combined in and by the plant body itself after being taken
np separately in the transpiration current, since passage from root to root is
excluded by the arrangement described.
A short bibliography is appended.
A review of recent investigations on the mineral nutrition of fungi, A. W.
Dox (Biochem. Bui., 3 (1914), No. 10, pp. 222-228).— K critical review is given
of recent literature pertinent to the nutrition of fungi, most of the articles
having apiieared within the last two years.
The carbon nutrition of plants, P. Ravin (Ann. 8ci. Nat. Bot., 9. ser., 18
(1913), No. 5-6, pp. 289-451, figs. 24). — ^A study is reported on the carbon nutri-
tion of radishes grown in Knop's solution, to which were added various organic
acids and organic acid and neutral compounds of potassium. The effect of the
different compounds on turgescence, respiration, increase in fresh and dry
weight, and ash content is shown.
In addition to radishes, the study was supplemented with investigations on
the carbon nutrition of some algae and fungi. For the higher plants it was
found that they absorbed and assimilated succinic, malic, citric, tartaric, and
probably oxalic acids. The order in which they are mentioned is iu a decreas-
ing proportion as to their nutritive action or an increasing ratio of toxicity.
If two organic acids, one in a free acid state and the other in the form of a
corresponding salt, are added to solutions, the free acid is found more toxic
and less nutritive than its corresponding salt.
Some physiological differences were noted in the behavior of the various
groups of plants. Phanerogams were found to utilize indiscriminately the free
organic acids and their various potassium compounds. Algae, which are very
susceptible to acids, assimilated only the neutral salts of potassium. The molds
utilized the organic acids, but not all the organic acid salts.
An extensive bibliography is given.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 427
Gaseous exchanges and variation of sugars and glucosids during forma-
tion of anthocyanin in flowers of Cobaea scandens, E. Ros6 (Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 (1914), No. 13, pp. 955-958) .— Reporting a study of this
flower hi its four stages of development, the author states that in the corolla
of flowers kept in darkness the intensity of respiration reaches a maximum in
the bud stage, decreasing progressively thereafter. The ratio of carbon dioxid
given off to oxygen absorbed is nearly constant (lying between 96 and 99 per
cent) during floi'al development, the intensity thereof being less than that of the
reverse exchange in light during nearly the whole of this period, and the
two approximating equilibrium at floral maturity. Considerable oxygen is
taken in at all times by the i)etals in both white and colored flowers. Pig-
ments in colored petals showed a general relation to light intensity analogous
to that noted by Combes (E. S. R., 23, p. 528). In the first three stages (bud-
ding, greening, and reddening) the total amount of sugars increases, decreas-
ing, however, in the fourth (violet) stage, in which glucosids increase. It is
thought that anthocyanin is formed independently of the preexistence of glu-
cosids, but that the total amount of glucosids present in the petals is related
to the presence of anthocyanin therein.
Researches on the physico-chemical properties of vegetable saps, II, J. A.
Harris and R. A. Gortneb {Biochem. Bui., 3 {1914), No. 10, pp. 196-201, pi. 1). —
In continuation of a previous paper (E. S. R., 28. p. 821), the authors give an
account of a study of the physico-chemical constants of the juice of apples
and pears of varying size and fertility. Comparisons are also made with the
fruit of Cercis and Staphylea.
Summarizing their results, the authors state that in all four cases there is
a correlation between the size of the fruit ai-d the number of seeds which it
produces. It is thought probable that the relationship is a direct causal one
and that the size of the fruit is influenced by the number of seeds rather than
conversely. It has been considered that the development of the seed influences
the properties of the sap in the development of the fruit, but the authors were
unable to demonstrate any sensible differences in the osmotic pressure, mean
molecular weight, or electrical conductance of the saps of nearly ripe fruits of
different sizes or producing different numbers of seeds.
A review of Willstatter's researches on chlorophyll, C. J. West (Biochem.
Bui., 3 (1914), No. 10, pp. 229-258) .—This is a review of a recent book entitled
Untersuchungen iiber Chlorophyll, by R. WillstJitter and A. Stoll, together with
numerous articles by Willstatter in other publications.
Study of the constitution of plastids, in particular as regards the presence
of lipoids and the photosynthetic function of the chloroplasts, L. Buscalioni
(Bot. Jahrl). [Engler], 50 {1914), Sup., pp. 657-672).— Plants of about 150 species
representing different families were kept under controlled conditions for one
year and examined at intervals of about one month.
It is stated, among other findings, that lipoids were present almost uni-
versally in the green plastids of the cells in case of the older leaves, much
less frequently in the younger ones.
Reply to Kostytschew's articles on respiration of wheat seedlings, W.
Zaleski {Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 {1914), No. 1, pp. 87-90).— This is a reply
to an article by Kostytschew and Scheloumoff and one by these authors and
Brilliant (E. S. R., 30, p. 522).
The action of anodic and cathodic solutions on germination, H. Micheels
{Acad. Roy. Bclg., Bui. CI. Sci., 1913, No. 9-10, pp. 831-887, flfj. 1; abs. in Jour.
Chem. Soc. [London], 106 {1914), No. 616, I, p. 2.39).— Experiments are reported
on the germination of wheat in the anodic and cathodic compartments of an
electrolytic cell containing from 0.001 to 0.01 molecular concentration of sodium
428 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
or potassium chlorids. The effect of the electrical treatment as shown by the
percentage of germination, length of first leaf, length of roots, and increase In
weight was determined.
The author claims that the effect on germination in a given solution is
approximately proportional to the quantity of electricity which has been passed
through the solution in which the germinating seeds are placed. It is said
that the differences between the cathodic and anodic effects can not be
accounted for on the basis of the alkali and acid which are formed as a result
of secondary decomposition. The feeble development of the roots in the anodic
solution is attributed to the coagulation of the colloidal solution under the in-
fluence of the cations which readily jiass through the membrane of the root
cells.
Some recent experiments in the application of electricity to plant produc-
tion, J. H. Priestley (Garcl. Chron., 3. ser., 55 (1914), Nos. 1424, pp. 245-247,
figs. 3; 1425, p. 271, figs. 3). — Recent experiments carried out with potatoes at
Garforth and at Dumfries are claimed to show (1) that results of work as
heretofore reported by some investigators probably require revision on account
of the recent discovery of the large part played by wind in carrying the charge
to control plats, and (2) that .screens surrounding electrified areas must be
higher, the carrying wires lower, and the plats more completely isolated by
screening and by location with reference to prevailing winds. Results from
experiments under improved conditions in 1913 are thought to have been vitiated
by the extreme di*yuess during much of the growing season, but it is expected
that more accurate and instructive results may be obtained from the work
as planned for the present season.
FIELD CROPS.
Irrig'ation and manuring' studies, F. S. Harris (Utah Sta. But. 133 (1914),
pp. 383-418, figs. 6). — The effect of irrigation on yield of grain and stover was
such that " during 1911 and 1912 the highest yield of grain was obtained with
30 in. of irrigation water, while in 1913, and as an average of the 3 years, 20 in.
gave a higher yield than any other amount of water. In every case the yield
was lower where 40 in. of water were given dui-ing the season than where
less was applied. The stover yield was greatest in 1911 with 40 in. of water,
in 1912 with 30 in., and in 1913 with 20 in." For each inch of irrigation water
the yields of grain for 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 in. were respectively 1.12, 0.46, 0.59,
0.33, and 0.26 bu. per acre. Over four-fifths of the crop was produced by the
natural precipitation.
The effects of manuring at the rates of 5 and 15 tons per acre are noted
as evident in connection with the irrigations, even on rich soil. " During the
first year of the test the yield was raised from 55 to 74 bu. by 15 tons of manure.
By comparing the yields of 1911 with those of 1913 it will be noted that the
manured plats maintained their original yields of grain, while the yields on the
nnmanured plats decreased considerably. . . . During the first year of
manuring there was a greater increase in yield for each ton of manure where
15 tons were added than where 5 tons were added. During the other years,
however, the manure was used more economically with a light than with a
heavy application. The figures show that all the value of the manure is not
used during the first season, but that it has a residual effect. The average of
all treatments show that for each ton of manure applied the yield per acre was
increased by 2.32 bu. of grain and 396 lbs. of stover. The manure would,
therefore, have a money value to the farmer of something like $2 per ton dur-
ing the first year, besides improving the soil for future crops." As a result of
FIELD CROPS. 429
the study of the effect of the mauurial treatments in connection with irriga-
tion on the different parts of the plant, it is noted that " the average result*
for three years show that the relative amount of stover gradually increased witli
the moisture. There was, however, a very slight falling off when 40 in. of
.vater were used."
In regard to the ratio of grain to cob it was found that " the water applied
did not affect the ratio of grain to stover as much as did the manure. On the
average the proportion of grain to cob was increased by manure. An increase
is also noted with the application of more water, but the difference is slight.
The season seems to "be the chief factor affecting the ratio." Data show that
" the irrigation water did not have any consistent effect on the weight of 1,000
kernels from year to year, but manure increased the weight of kernels in every
case. One year's test on the weight of a measured bushel of grain sliowed
it to be heaviest with a medium amount of water. The grain on manured plats
was heavier than on the unmanured, and 5 tons of manure gave slightly
heavier grain than 15 tons. . . .
"As an average of the three years, the greatest yield [of leaves] per plat was
secured when 20 in. of water were applied. In 1912, however, the highest
yield was secured with 30 in. The effect of the manure was more marked on
the yield of loaves than it was on the yield of total stover or of grain. About
twice as many leaves were produced on plats with 15 tons of manure to the acre-
as on the unmanured plats." Data also show the effects of the treatments of
manure and water on yield of stalks, husks, and cobs, which do not seem to be-
very marked, especially in regard to water.
" Large amounts of irrigation water cause the corn to have relatively less
grain, cobs, and leaves, and more husks and stalks. Manure decreased the per-
centage of grain, cobs, and husks in the plant, but increased the percentage of
stalks and leaves. Soil treatments affected the branching of the corn tassels in
the same manner that they affected the production of ears. The time of ma-
turity of corn was delayed by irrigation, but hastened by manure. This is
important, since earliness in maturity of corn is very desirable in Utah. The
germination of corn was most rapid and complete in a soil containing a medium
amount of soil moisture. The number of stomata on a given area of leaf sur-
face was increased by a large amount of soil moisture. This probably causes
wastefulness in transpiration. The proportion of roots to tops was increased
by lowering the soil moisture. When deep rooting is desiretl. overirrigation
should, therefore, be avoided."
Many tabulated data are included.
Minor dry land crops at the Nephi Experiment Farm, P. V. Cardon ( Utah
8ta. Bui. 132 {191 Jf), pp. 349-378, figs. 7).— This bulletin gives results of trials
of crops other than cei*eals.
Both in the production of seed and hay alfalfa planted in hills 18 by 24 in.
apart proved very successful, yielding heavier than several other methods tried.
An alfalfa nursery, consisting of 48 selections, is under observation.
Thus far sweet clover and vetch are noted as being of little value under these
dry land conditions. Agropyron oceidentalis, Bromus inermis, B. vniloides, and
Avena elatior were of little value as forage crops. Work, which is being con-
tinued, with grain sorghum, broom corn, and sugar beets has not yet given
satisfactory results.
Drilling corn in rows 3 ft. apart with an ordinary grain drill proved the-
most profitable method of planting this crop on heavy lands. Several varieties-
of field peas are reported as being satisfactory, yielding from 384 to 737 lbs. of
seed per acre.
430 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Results of variety and cultural tests with potatoes show that " 25 varieties
of potatoes have been tested since 1908 and most of these have given fair
yields during that time. The variety White Peerless has proved most satis-
factory from the standpoint of both yield and keeping qualities. The cultural
tests with potatoes indicate that sets placed about 24 in. apart in rows 3 ft.
apart will give the best results. The depth of planting seems to depend upon
the condition of the soil at planting time." Potato yields ranged from 4 to 138
bu. per acre. The source of seed, whether dry-land or irrigated, seems to
have little effect on the yield. Small seed was better than large seed, and
freshly cut seed slightly better than calloused seed.
The Clermont County experiment farm (Ohio Sta. Bui. 275 {191^), pp.
S09-316). — This report gives an outline of the general plan of management and
results of fertilizer tests in rotations with corn, soy beans, wheat, and clover;
of variety tests with corn and oats in 1913 ; and some results of a 5-year rota-
tion conducted for 20 years at Wooster.
In regard to the fertilizer treatments in a 4-year rotation at Clermont it is
noted " that the treatment has produced an immediate and marked increase in
yield, and that the complete fertilizer, containing nitrogen as well as phosphorus
and potassium, has produced not only the largest total increase but also the
largest net gain, notwithstanding the greatly increased cost of the fertilizer."
The Miami County experiment farm (Ohio Sta. Bid. 274 {19H), pp. 289-
307, figs. 2). — This is a report of progress (E. g. R., 29, p. 31), and gives data
on rotations and fertilizer experiments that include corn, oats, wheat, clover,
soy beans, and tobacco ; variety tests with com, wheat, oats, tobacco, and
soy beans; and feeding trials with pigs (see p. 471).
The data show a much reduced yield the third year on land growing corn
continuously as compared with land cropped in rotation. The fertilizer tests
indicate a need of potash and phosphorus.
The Paulding County experiment farm {Ohio Sta. Bill. 273 (1914), pp. 278-
288, pis. 2). — This is a report of progress (E. S. R., 29, p. 137) and gives data
on fertilizer tests in rotations that include corn, oats, wheat, clover, soy beans,
and sugar beets, and results of variety tests of wheat, corn, oats, and soy
beans for 1913.
Report on grass seed mixtures, 1907—1913, W. M. Findlay (North of Scot.
Col. Agr. Bui. 18, 1914, pp. 75). — From grass seed mixtures sown at many cen-
ters the following conclusions were drawn:
" There was no direct relation between the weight of hay produced and the
quantity of perennial rye grass sown. A small quantity (say 4 bu.) of seed
of perennial rye grass produced nearly as much of this grass in the hay as a
larger quantity (14 bu.). This was due to the greater stocking power and to
the stalks being bigger. When a large quantity of perennial rye grass was
used, the pasture, during the second and third years, was neither abundant
nor prolonged, and pluff grass was encouraged. Neither a small nor a large
quantity of Italian rye grass, as part of a seed mixture, increased the hay
crop. When the conditions suited it, it competed too severely against red
clovers ; when the conditions did not suit it, the quantity in the hay was very
small.
" The quantity of cocksfoot and timothy in both hay and pasture was in-
creased by increasing the seeding (up to a certain point) and by reducing the
quantity of perennial rye grass. Meadow fescue was not able to compete
against rye grass the first year or against cocksfoot and timothy the second
year. Tall oat grass tended to increase the hay crop, but was not a success in
the pasture. Rough-stalked meadow grass had no influence on the hay. Al-
though the plants were small, they helped to fill up spaces in the pasture.
FIELD CROPS. 431
Crested dogtail was present in small quantities in the first and second seasons,
but iuci'eased considerably by the third. Cattle, however, did not relish the
herbage on the plats where it was included. Late-flowering red clover pro-
duced more hay than any other kind, but tended to suppress the grasses. On
land where white clover did not grow naturally wild white clover was much
superior to ordinary white."
Fodder grasses of Java, III-IX, C. A. Backer (Tcysmannia, 24 (1913),
Nos. 5, pp. 314-320, pis. S; 6, pp. 366^77, pis. 2; 7, pp. 423-437, pis. 2; 8-9, pp.
495-511, pis. 5; 10, pp. 633-644, pl- 1; 11-12, pp. 721-729, pis. 2; 25 {1914), No.
2, pp. 81-88, pis. 3). — In these articles, containing previous work (E. S. R., 30,
p. 525), are described Paspalum scrohiciilatum, P. longifoUum, P. conjugatum,
P. platycaulon, P. distichum, P. sanguinale, P. royleamun, P. minutiflorum, P.
brevifolium, EHochloa ramosa, Isachne australis, I. aJbens, I. Icunthiana, I.
pangcrangensis, and I. firmula, and their value as fodder plants for Java are
discussed, including chemical analyses in some cases.
The chemical composition of South African maize and other cereals, C. F.
JuRiTz {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 6 {1913), Nos. 2, pp. 189-197; 3, pp.
495-501, fig. 1; 5, pp. 806-811). — The chemical composition is reported of nu-
merous varieties of oats, wheat, barley, and maize grown in several Provinces
in South Africa, with a special discussion of the content of phosphoric acid.
Influence of suppressing' the inflorescence on the sugar content of cane and
maize, Decock (Bui. Agr. Alg6rie, Tunisic, Maroc, 20 {1914), No. 4i PP- 1^3-
127). — Results are given which show no change or only a slight decrease in
sugar content when maize plants were detasseled, while by heading cane the
sugar content was in some cases increased nearly 3 per cent.
Composition of maize at various stages of its growth, W. J. Jones, jr.,
and H. A. Huston {Indiana Sta. Bui. 175 {1914), pp. 599-630, pl. 1, figs. 12). ~
This bulletin gives results of chemical analj'ses of maize made at seven stages
of growth.
These results showed that " every ingredient continues to increase uniformly
until October 1, and with the exception of potash until October 8. . . . The dry
matter, crude fiber, fat, nitrogen-free extract, and starch in the stalks, blades,
and husks remain practically constant while they increase rapidly in the ear.
The potash increases regularly in the ear, but is depressed in the vegetative
parts from August 28 to September 24. This may be due to washing out of
potash from the leaves, since there were repeated rains during this period, or it
may have been due entirely to transfer to the ear. The potash in the whole
plant continued to increase till October 1. On October 2, 4, and 7 heavy rains
occurred, which probably account for the marked reduction of potash in both
stalks and ears between October 1 and 8.
" The total ash increased regularly in both stalks and ears. After the ear
begins to form the nitrogen decreases quite regularly in the stalk, from 53.5 lbs.
per acre on August 28 to 31.8 lbs. per acre on October 8, although the nitrogen
in the whole plant was rapidly increasing. The amount of amid nitrogen in
the ears is too small to be satisfactorily illustrated by curves. But one of the
most striking facts shown by the analyses is that the nitrogen in the ear, even
in its earliest stages, is practically all in the form of real albuminoids, the
amount of amid nitrogen in the ears never exceeding 1.5 lbs. per acre.
" The amount of amid nitrogen in the vegetative parts of the plants decreased
from 10.7 lbs. per acre on August 28 to 4.5 lbs. on October 8. No starch was
found in the preliminary period, and even at the time when the formation of
the ear began, August 28, there were only 335.3 lbs. of actual starch per
acre. . . .
432 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,
" The sbarp rise in the potash curve dui'ing the period of greatest starch
formation, September 24 to October 1, is highly significant. Undoubtedly many
maize fields fail to give a satisfactory yield of grain because of a lack of avail-
able potash at this period. This lack may be due either to a deficiency of
available potash in the soil or to a lack of moisture to bring it to the plant.
It is therefore advisal>le to provide a reasonable supply of available potash If
we expect a full formation of starch in the maize. Without complete formation
of starch the maize is what is known as ' chaffy.' The same remarks apply
to the desirability of furnishing a suitable amount of available phosphoric acid.
" It is to be noted that in this investigation the maize plant, when supplied
with a proper amount of water at regular intervals by irrigation, took up about
the same amount of phosphoric acid, about 35 per cent more nitrogen, and more
than twice as much potash as the authorities usually state that the crop
contains."
A large colored chart showing the composition of the plant at five stages of
growth is included.
Com culture, J. M. Kimbbough (Georgia Sta. Bid. 104 {1914), PP- 17-30, fig.
1). — The results of variety tests with 19 varieties of corn grown in 1913 show
an average yield of 36.35 bu. of shelled corn per acre as compared with a little
over 15 bu. as a state average in 1912. The best yielder was Weekley Im-
proved, averaging 51.79 bu. per acre.
In a fertilizer test in which the formulas were made to carry equal amounts
of nitrogen, sulphate of ammonia at the rate of 99.4 lbs. per acre apparently
gave better returns than cotton-seed meal, nitrate of soda, or dried blood as
the average of a 4-year test, although nitrate of soda gave slightly the best yield
fof 1913, followed by sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of lime, dried blood, and
cotton-seed meal. In a comparison of cotton-seed meal (285.6 lbs.) and dried
blood (189.6 lbs.) the yields per acre were identical.
Better results are shown to have been obtained by applying a complete ferti-
lizer at the time of the second cultivation of the corn than before planting.
Subsoiling by the use of dynamite was followed by a yield of 30.35 bu. per acre
as compared with 34.3 bu. on soil not dynamited. Applications of complete
fertilizers from 200 to 600 lbs. per acre in 100-lb. degrees gave gradually in-
creased yields of corn, but not suflacient to cover costs when more than 200 lbs.
was applied.
Corn growing in Washington, G. Setverance (Wa.<ihington Sta. Popular Bui.
60 (1914), pp. 14, fig. 1).—A revision of Popular Bulletin 38 (B. S. R., 25,
p. 531).
On cotton cultivation, J. M. Kimbrough and R. J. H. DeLoach (Oeorgia Sta.
Bui. 105 (1914), PP- 33-47, figs. 2).— In a test of 20 varieties it was found that
"the Cleveland Big Boll stands at the head of the list again, with a total yield
of 2,852 lbs. of seed cotton per acre."
In fertilizer tests to study the relative efficiency of nitrogen in cotton-seed
meal, dried blood, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and nitrate of lime in
a 9:3:3 formula for cotton, it was found that "on account of the falling off
in the yield of the sulphate of ammonia plats in 1913 the five years' average was
less with this source of ammonia than with nitrate of soda. The four years pre-
vious to this favored the use of sulphate of ammonia." A comparison between
cotton-seed meal and dried blood resulted slightly in favor of the latter in
yields of 1,754 and 1,852 lbs. seed cotton per acre, respectively. With muriate
of potash a yield of 1,679 lbs. was obtained as compared with 1,429 lbs. with
kainit.
Dynamiting the land to a depth of 2i to 3 ft. apparently produced an increase
in yield of seed cotton over undynamited land of 126 lbs. i)er acre.
FIELD CROPS. 433
Brief directions for farm selection of cotton seed to improve the crop are
given.
The feeding- of cotton, H. C. White (Georgia Sta. Bui. 108 (1914), pp. 129-
144)- — This bulletin gives results of four years' investigation of the composition
of the cotton plant at four stages of development during the seasons of 1910-
1913, inclusive.
Determinations were made of the nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium,
calcium, magnesium, ash, and dry matter content for each period.
" Notvpithstanding the seasonal differences, which were such as usually obtain
in this region, the results for the four successive years exhibit marked agree-
ment. The weight of di*y matter of the plant in different periods varied some-
what from year to year, as did also the yield of crop. But the feeding habit of
the plant for the mineral foods remained approximately uniform. In only one
case is a somewhat wide divergence shown — that of sulphur in 1913. . . .
" Stated roughly, approximately one-third of the total plant food is taken
during the first period of 30 days in the life of the plant, terminating with
the setting of the first form ; a second third is taken during the second period
of 30 days terminating with the formation of the first bloom; by the termin
tion of the third period of 60 days, with the opening of the first boll, 85 to 90
per cent will have been taken, leaving only 10 to 15 per cent to be added during
the ripening and maturing period of 90 to 100 days. Of the total dry matter of
the plant, however, approximately only one-eighth Is produced during the first
period ; another eighth during the second period ; one-fourth during the third
period ; and one-half during the maturing i)eriod.
" It may be stated that examination of plants growTi in the usual manner in
rows 4 ft. apart and plants 12 to 10 in. apart in the row, the cultivation and
fertilization being as above recorded, gave results in general agreement with
those above reported. The main differences were in the amount of dry matter
produced, that is, the weights of the individual plants, which were generally
less for the closely spaced plants than for those more widely apart."
A new system of cotton culture and its application, O. F. Cook ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Fanners' Bui. 601 (1914), PP- 12, figs. 2). — A description of this new
system of cotton culture, which is based upon the principle of controlling the
formation of the branches, has already been noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 832).
Results of additional experiments show an increase in yield due to the new
system of 35 per cent in the first picking and 26 per cent in the second picking.
No adverse effect on the lint was observed.
The classification and grading of cotton, D. E. Eaele and W. S. Dean ( JJ. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 591 (1914), pp. 23, figs. 16).— This describes the
standard grades of cotton established by this Department, with, suggestions as
to cotton handling and grading.
As factors influencing the grade of cotton, leaf, dirt, sand, motes, neps, gin-
cut or stringy fiber, cut seed, and color are discussed. Directions for grading
samples by comparing with official standards are given, likewise a comparison
of American and European standards. Grade characteristics of Gulf, Upland,
and Texas growth, and the relative values of different grades and different
lengths are also discussed.
Helianthus, M. Rati (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 34 (1914), No. 21, pp. 209, 210).—
In giving results of comparative tests the author shows the artichoke to be
superior to the potato as a forage crop, as it requires less labor to plant and
cultivate, yields more heavily in tubers and straw, is of higher food value, and
the tubers have a greater frost resistance.
Grown on adjoining plats and with similar cultural treatment artichokes and
potatoes analyzed as follows: Water 74.48 and 71.52 per cent, fat 0.08 and 0.12,
434 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
protein 1.84 and 2.53, nitrogen-free extract 22.09 and 23.11, crude fiber 0.52
and 1.17, and asli 0.99 and 1.55 per cent, respectively.
A rapidly growing- new forage plant, M. Denaiffe and J. Colle {Jour.
Agr. Prat., n. ser., 21 (1914), No. 10, pp. 300-302, fig. i).— This describes Loliiim
mxiltiflorum and gives results of cultural tests in which this grass yielded 4,880
kg. per hectare (4,343 lbs. per acre) in comparison with 3,200 kg. of Italian rye
grass and 3,200 kg. of English rye grass.
Chemical analysis shows it to contain less cellulose and more ash than the
other two grasses.
Oats for New York, H. H. Love {l^ew York Cornell 8ta. Bui. 343 {1914), PP-
S63-416, figs. 19). — This bulletin reports work in cooperation with the United
States Department of Agriculture with strains of hybrids, selections, and com-
mercial varieties of oats grown at Cornell in 1911-1913. Some methods and
apparatus used in the field and laboratory are described. Tables give yields in
■bushels per acre, together with gain or loss over the check variety, yields of
straw, ratio of straw to grain, weight per bushel, percentage of meat, and
weight per 100 kernels.
In regard to transmission of high yield it is noted " that many of the strains
under test are not constantly high-yielding. There are some strains, however,
which are always among the best in yield."
Some correlations of characters of oats as developed in these tests are noted
as follows: Correlation coeflicients between a yield of straw and yield of grain
for the 3 years, 1911-1913, " are 0.357±0.082, 0.714±.03, and 0.5±0.043, showing
that there is a very good correlation between the two characters in question."
*' When all the varieties that have been grown in 1912 and 1913 are considered,
it is found that weight per bushel is correlated with yield per acre. The co-
efficients for the two years are 0.442±0.05, and 0.533±0.041. . . . The length
of kernel was correlated with weight per bushel for the two years 1912 and 1913,
and the correlation coefficients were found to be — 0.221±0.059 and — 0.5±0.043,
respectively. In other words, as the kernels become longer the weight per
bushel became less. The varieties having a long kernel, in general, have a
smaller weight per bushel than those having a shorter kernel.
" The breadth of kernel was divided by the length in order to find the ratio
between the two characters. The kernels that were broader in comparison
to their length would have a higher ratio. This ratio was then correlated
with weight per bushel for the two years, and the correlation coefficients were
found to be 0.751 ±0.027 and 0.626±0.035, resi>ectively. thus indicating that
those varieties possessing kernels with greater breadth in comparison to their
length gave a higher weight per bushel."
" The highest percentages of meat are obtained from those varieties having a
comparatively small kernel. Of 19 varieties having a percentage of meat of
more than 70, all but 4 have a kernel weight of less than 2.5 gm. per hundred ;
while of the 7 varieties whose percentage of meat is 65 or less. 4 have a kernel
weight of over 3 gm. This indicates that there is no relation between large
kernels and high percentage of meat in the sense that the two are found
together.
"All the varieties studied for 1912 and 1913 were arranged in correlation
tables with respect to the two characters, weight per hundred kernels, and
percentage of meat, and there was found a negative correlation of —0.237
±0.058 and — 0.188±0.055. These coefficients are not large, and when one con-
siders their probable errors they are not conclusive other than for the fact
that they are negative both years. This indicates that if any relation exists
between these characters it is in the direction that large seeds would tend
to have a thick hull and therefore a low percentage of meat. For the condi-
FIELD CROPS. 435
tions under which these oats were grown the small- or medium-seeded strains
are the more desirable.
" These studies indicate, further, that the varieties tending to produce large
quantities of straw give, on the other hand, a large quantity of hull and a
comparatively small quantity of meat. The correlation between pei'centage of
meat and yield of straw for the varieties grown in 1913 gave a correlation co-
efficient of — 0.621±0.035, showing that as the yield of straw increased there
was a decrease in percentage of meat. The correlation between length of
kernel and percentage of meat was also determined, in order to see whether
long kernels gave more meat than short ones. The correlation coefficients were
found to be — 0.10S±0.061 and 0.04±0.057 for the two years, thus showing that
there was no relation between length of seed and amount of meat. Correla-
tion tables were made on the percentage of meat and weight per bushel, but na
correlation was found. . . , The weight per hundred seeds was correlated
with the yield for each of the years 1912 and 1913, and the correlation coeffi-
cients for the two years are 0.347±0.054 and 0.23±0.054. So far as these
coefficients are concerned, while they are not conclusive, there is a tendency for
the large seed to be associated with large yield."
It is noted in conclusion that some of these hybrids and selections, " such as
Silvermine selections 120-9 and 125-20, Welcome selection 123-5, and the Gar-
ton Tartar King X Clydesdale hybrid 27al-31, have proved to be of value for
New York State.
" Place variation tends to operate to such an extent that variety tests should
be continued over several years before definite conclusions may be drawn. The
later oats, such as the Lincoln or the Silvermine type, have given better results
for this locality than have the early oats, such as Sixty Day. The results show
that the yield of straw tends to follow closely the yield of grain, and that varie-
ties producing heavy yields of straw usually produce low quantities of meat-
The ratio of grain to straw seems to be rather constant from year to year.
The weights per bushel for the dififereat years for the same varieties are com-
paratively high or low, as the case may be.
" Weight per bushel depends considerably on the shape of the kernels. A
high weight per bushel does not necessarily mean a high-yielding variety. The
weight per hundred kernels was found to vary greatly for the different varie-
ties. There is a slight tendency for heavy-yielding varieties to have larger seed.
The percentage of meat differed greatly for the different varieties. Certain
varieties give such a low amount of meat that they should not be grown at all
commercially."
Some varieties and strains of oats and their yields per acre in South.
Dakota, A. N. Hume and M. Champlin (South Dakota Sta. Bui. I49 (1914),
pp. 347-372). — Classifications and descriptions are given based upon color, time
of maturity, and shape of panicle. Tables report the yield of several varieties
grown during 190G-1912, inclusive.
Sixty Day, Swedish Select, North Finnish Black, and Red Algerian were
among the best yielders, producing from 23.2 to 43.5 bu. per acre.
Potato growing- in Washington, O. M. Moebis, J. G. Hall, and M. A.
YoTHEBS (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 62 (1914), PP- 37, figs. 18). — Cultural
notes, Including especially methods of treatment for diseases and insect pests.
The effects of defoliation and the application of nitrates on the composi-
tion of the sugar beet, W. P. Headden (Proc. Colo. Sci. 80c. , 10 (1914), PP-
415-429). — This reports a study subordinate to that previously noted (B. S. R.,
28, p. 43).
It is noted that " the defoliation has very radically affected the assimilation
and metabolism of the nitrogen compounds in the beets. This is most marked
436 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
in the case of the nitric nitrogen, the form in which the plant supposedly takes
up its niti'ogen supply. In the case of the variety ER the nitric nitrogen in
the beet on September 1 was 0.01925, in the normally developed beet on Novem-
ber 8, 0.00827, in the defoliated beets on November 8, it was 0.01367. There is
an actual depression in the percentage, but it is not equal to that required to
be proportional to the increase in the weight of the beets ; in other words, there
has been an increase in the amount of nitric nitrogen in these beets instead
of a decrease as there was in the normally developed beets, and as there had
been in those which had received an application of nitrates up to September 28.
The total nitrogen in the beets of the variety ZR harvested November 8 is very
low and the nitric nitrogen very high. In this variety we find the size of the
beets depressed and the percentage of sugar no higher than it was on September
1 immediately prior to defoliation.
" The amount of mineral matter taken up by the crop of defoliated beets is
less than that taken up by the normally developed crop, but the ratio or per-
centage is scarcely disturbed at all. The most striking feature is perhaps the
phosphoric acid, which is the same in the normally developed and the defoli-
ated beets, while it is decidedly depressed in the nitrate beets.
" The complete defoliation of the beets on September 6 caused the production
of smaller roots than were produced in the case of the same varieties with
normal development. The roots were poorer in dry matter and in sugar than
the normally developed beets. These results are in harmony with those pre-
viously observed. The effects upon the nitrogen in the beets was to suppress
the total amount, but it caused an increase in the nitric nitrogen present in the
root while this form was materially reduced (50 per cent) in the normally
developed beet. The proteid nitrogen was also depressed, showing that both
the intake and assimilation of the nitrogen had been involved.
"The effects of defoliation upon the ash constituents was proportional to
the effect upon the size of the roots or crop, and affected the composition of
the ash but slightly, or not at all."
It is noted that the attack of the fungus Cercospora beticola, which often
defoliates beets, produces a similar effect on the resultant crop.
Tabulated data of analyses of various parts of the beet plant are given.
Sweet potatoes: Culture, storing', and studies in fertilizing, H. P. Stuckey
{Georgia Sta. Bui. 107 (1914), pp. 81-112, figs. 24).— In this bulletin cultural
methods are given which include soil preparation, bedding the seed potatoes in
hotbeds and in the open, time and method of setting the plants, methods of
keeping and storing sound potatoes, and directions for the construction of a
storage house.
Tests of planting dates show a period from May 16 to June 11 to be most
favorable for large yields.
Better yields were obtained from pieces of vine about 14 in. long set July 28
in comparison with plants, yields being 36 and 7 lbs., respectively on 1/52 acre
plats. Pruning the vines to about 1 ft. in June reduced the yield nearly one-
half. Home-grown plants yielded considerably better than commercial plants
shipped in from other localities.
Data on the date of digging show that there was a decided financial loss on
the Golden Beauty potato by early digging and a gain on the Enormous. " This
just emphasizes the necessity of knowing the stage of maturity of the potatoes
and the price the market offers for the crop before an early harvest is made."
A test of 17 varieties showed a wide range In yields (126.6 bu. to 474.6 bu. per
acre) based upon varietal characteristics, the heavy yieiders being chiefly of
stock feeding quality.
FIELD CROPS. 437
The use of formaliu and. Bordeaux mixture did not prevent decay of potatoes
in storage.
Yields in fertilizer tests are given for tbe years 1908-1913, inclusive, but in-
dicate that variations due to seasonal conditions are often as great as those
due to fertilizer. " Stable manure alone apparently gave a heavy crop of vines
and a heavy crop of potatoes, while nitrate of soda alone gave a hea\'y crop of
vines, but a light crop of potatoes. The size and length of the vines, the size
and length of the leaf petioles, and the size of the leaves were much greater on
those plats receiving nitrogenous fertilizers."
In a study of the cell structure of the vines from different plats it was found
that " cross sections of those vines grown on plats receiving heavy applications
of nitrogenous fertilizers showed about the same number of cells, but of much
larger size than the vines from plats receiving nonnitrogenous fertilizers. The
vascular ducts in the vines from the plats receiving nitrogenous fertilizers were
also larger than the vascular ducts in the vines from the other plats, but were
surrounded by much thinner layers of bast tissue and showed less resistance to
the edge of the microtome blade." Analyses of the vines seemed to indicate that
their food constituents are only slightly influenced by the kind of fertilizer ap-
plied, while analyses of iwtatoes from the crops of 1909-1913, inclusive, showed
considerable variation, but " not suflicient constancy in this variation to war-
rant any conclusions that the kind of fertilizers used has any marked effect
on the chemical composition of the potato." Tests of both raw and baked
potatoes for quality and texture for the entire six years showed that the plat
fertilized with acid phosphate and the check plat which received no fertilizers
gave potatoes of the best quality.
In regard to skin surface the fertilized plats ranked in smoothness as fol-
lows : No fertilizer, acid phosphate alone, sulphate of potash alone, complete
fertilizer, nitrate of soda alone, and stable manure. In size of tubers the order
from large to small was as follows: Complete fertilizer, sulphate of potash,
acid phosphate, check plat, and nitrate of soda. With stable manure there
were a few extraordinarily large specimens but also a high percentage of very
small potatoes.
Notes on the effect of the fertilizers on the mechanical condition of the soil
point to an improvement in friability except with nitrate of soda, especially
accompanying the application of acid phosphate and barnyard manure. Chemi-
cal analyses of the soil of the plats are given.
It is noted that a study to correlate the bacterial nitrification, the chemical
composition, and the fertilizers applied with yield of potatoes on the different
plats showed little relation. " Plat 1 [barnyard manure] gave a high percent-
age of plant food, phosphorus, nitrogen, and potash, and a correspondingly
high yield of potatoes, but the other plats seem to have no constant variation."
Several hundi-ed measurements of the size of the starch grains showed that they
vary slightly, in no constant way, the variation between counts of the same plat
often being as great as those from different plats."
Analyses of sweet potato vine hny. alfalfa hay, cowpea vine hay, and timothy
hay are reported. The sweet potato vine hay contained 15.5 per cent water, 1.3
nitrogen, 1.7 fat, and 20.8 crude fiber, but it was found impossible to cure and
store the hay under ordLnaiy outdoor conditions.
Tobacco seed beds, O. Olsen {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 130 (1914), PP- 151-166,
figs. 10). — This bulletin gives results with steam sterilized tobacco seed beds
(E. S. R., 24, p. 338; 25, p. 394), the following conclusions being drawn:
" Steam sterilization of seed beds is decidedly beneficial, as it not only
effectually kills all weeds and insects when properly done, but also destroys
438 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
certain detrimental organisms in the soil. Tobacco seeds stiould not be sown
on the beds until at least 24 hours after sterilization. Seed beds should not
be too heavily fertilized, but should be well supplied with nitrogen. . . . The
fertilizers should be applied before sterilizing.
" Tobacco seed should be sown without being previously forced to germinate.
Seeds should not be sown too thickly, for too heavy seeding results in crowded
plants with poor roots. Beds covered with muslin are cheaper and easier to
water than glass-covered beds, though the latter cause faster growth. Beds
should be ventilated occasionally, and kept moist but not too wet. When
weather conditions permit, covers should be removed about a week before
planting time, so as to allow the plants to harden."
In fertilizing, the best results were obtained by using at the rate of 20,000
lbs. barnyai'd manure, 1,600 lbs. cotton-seed meal, 400 lbs. acid phosphate, and
200 lbs. sulphate of potash per acre, and the bed seeded at the rate of 1 oz.
per 900 sq. ft.
Wheat investigation (NebrasJca Sta. Rpt. WIS, pp. IX, X). — This gives
results which show about 4.7 bu. increase in yield by the use of selected strains
of Turkey Red wheat over local seed, obtained by several farmers throughout
/the State in 1911-12.
The culture of winter wheat in the Eastern United States, C. E. Leiohty
(17. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 596 (1914), pp. 12, figs. 2).— This gives cul-
tural and harvesting notes for the production of winter wheat in the Eastern
States.
The quality of clover and vetch seed found in Maryland markets in 1913,
C. P. Smith {Maryland Sta. Bui. 119 (Wl-'f), pp. 59-88).— This bulletin gives
the results of inspection of samples of red, crimson, white, alsike, and sweet
clovers, alfalfa, and hairy vetch found on the market in 1913.
Weeds, H. S. Coe {Soiith Dakota Sta. Bnh 150 (1914), pp. 380-453, figs. 29).—
This bulletin discusses weeds in general, their manner of dissemination, and
the losses they cause, and describes in detail, giving methods of eradication
cf each, about 50 of the more common weeds.
How to rid our farms of weeds, A. L. Stone {Wisconsin Sta. Circ. 48 {1914),
pp. 3-24, figs. 14). — This circular describes quack grass and Canada thistle and
gives means of eradication for large and small areas, besides discussing the
detrimental action of weeds in general.
HORTICULTTJKE.
Vegetable gardening, H. P. Stuckey {Georgia Sta. Bid. 106 {1914), PP-
49-91, figs. 17). — This bulletin contains practical directions for the culture of
various vegetables, the subject matter being largely based on data secured
from cultural experiments conducted by the station during the past five years.
Some brief notes on the results of these experiments are included. The bul-
letin concludes with a paper on combating insect pests and fungus diseases
of garden plants, prepared by B. B. Higgins and H. P. Stuckey.
In 1910 some crosses were made between the cabbage and collard in an effort
to obtain new types of collards for breeding strains superior to the common
collard. The collard was taken as the seed parent. Data are given on the
characteristics of the first and second generation plants. Among these off-
spring were a number which are considered decided improvements over the
ordinary collards. An effort will be made to perpetuate these types.
In a variety test of Irish potatoes it was found on the whole that the early
maturing varieties gave the lightest yield. A test was made of the comparative
effect on the yield of Irish potatoes from turning under a heavy summer cover
HORTICULTURE. 439
{■i-op and froiu cutting the crop and raking it off. Tlie results Indicate that
jtlowing under large quantities of green vegetable matter during the summer
is not deleterious to the potato crop. The yield was slightly higher where
the green crop was turned under.
A test of various early strains of tomatoes indicates that Sparks Earliana
is about the best foundation stock for breeding early varieties.
Truck farming, H. Ness (Texas Sta. Circ. 3, n. ser. (1913), pp. 5-50, pis.
3). — This circular contains practical directions for growing the more important
vegetables with special reference to conditions in Texas. Introductory con-
siderations deal with the improvement and conservation of the soil, together
with the general principles of vegetable growing.
Reg'ional distribution of fruits and factors controlling' it, J. C. Cunning-
ham (Proc. Soc. Hort. ScL, 10 (1913), pp. 160-165).— The author discusses a
number of natural and economic forces which have been influential in the
distribution of fruits in this country. The factors con.sidered include climate,
soil, market, transportation, advertisin.i?;, labor, and fungus and insect pests.
Some observations on South American fruit production, present and
prospective, W. F. Wight (Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 (1913), pp. 122-133) .—In
this paper the author points out some of the more conspicuous features of the
fruit industry in South America.
Orchard management (Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. X, XI). — A brief note
on the relative efficiency of Bordeaux and lime-sulphur for controlling both
apple scab and apple blotch.
Bordeaux was more effective as a fungicide but caused more injury to the
fruit, except in the case of the first spraying, which is given before the blos-
soms open. It is recommended that Bordeaux be used for the first spraying
and lime-sulphur for the three subsequent sprayings, except where the weather
conditions become extremely dry and hot, in which case Bordeaux should
be substituted for the lime-sulphur.
The penetration method of spraying, that is, the application of material in
coarse drops at a very high pressure from a Bordeaux nozzle, proved more
effective as a control of the codling moth than did the mist spraying in so far
as the second or petal-fall spray was concerned. The best results were secured
by using the penetration spray at this time and the mist spray for all later
sprayings.
Composition of lime-sulphur solutions, A. C. Whittier and F. Thompson
(Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 (1913), pp. 11-16). — Analyses of various commer-
cially-boiled and self-boiled lime-sulphur solutions lead the authors to con-
clude that the only appreciable chemical difference between self-boiled and
diluted commercially boiled lime-sulphur is in the amount of free calcium
hydrate, the former containing an amount practically equal to that in a satu-
rated solution of lime water, while that in the diluted commercial product is
nearly negligible.
Commercially boiled lime-sulphur solution diluted with lime water to dif-
ferent strengths was applied to peach trees as a summer spray. None of the
solutions caused injury, although one contained five times as much polysulphid
as did the strongest self-boiled solution analyzed. Although no conclusive
experiments have been thus far conducted, the results of the test indicate that
the injury usually caused by commercial lime-sulphur solutions may be avoided
providing a sufficient amount of free lime is present.
A new spray rig, J. L. Strahan (Cornell Countryman, 11 (1914), No. 9,
p. 312, figs. 3). — The spraying machine here illustrated and described is of the
two-wheeled type, the wheels consisting of sheet-metal cylinders 4J ft. in
60741°— No. 5—14 4
440 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
diameter and 18 in. high. These are hung on and connected with a 5-in. hol-
low, stationary iron axle. Vertical suction pipes descend from the axle in each
wheel. The engine and pump are carried on a platform between the wheels
and connected with the axle. Among the advantages attributed to this ma-
chine are its low center of gravity; wide tires; relative lightness as compared
with machines now in use; power for agitation supplied by the horses, thereby
reducing the necessary engine power; and its short construction, making it easy
to turn in the orchard.
Some investigations in grafting, N. O. Booth {Proc. Soc. Hort. ScL, 10
(1913), pp. lJfJf-H9). — ^A discussion of the various factors which tend to restrict
(he art of grafting.
Characteristics of one hundred seedlings of the Northern Spy apple,
W. T. Macoun {Proc. Soc. Horl. Scl, 10 {1913), pp. 76-85).— Data are given
showing the similarity or dissimilarity as to various characteristics between 100
Northern Spy seedlings and the Northern Spy parent. Briefly summarized. 35
per cent of the seedlings resembled the Northern Spy in general apearance, 12
per cent in form, 39 per cent in flesh, 19 per cent in color, and 35 per cent in
flavor, and 28 per cent showed no marked resemblance. The Northern Spy,
which is late in coming into bearing, has given this characteristic to most of
the seedlings.
The author concludes that the Northern Spy is one of the best pai'ents to
use in crossbreeding, since it has impressed its good characteristics on a large
proportion of its iirogeny, although a self-sterile or partly self-sterile variety.
The effect of pollen of Wagener and Mcintosh on the size of and number
of seeds in Wealthy apples, J. W. Crow {Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 (1913), pp.
153-155). — The author used pollen of the Wagener and of the Mcintosh apples
in fertilizing flowers of the Wealthy apple.
The data secured indicate that Mcintosh pollen is more effective in produc-
ing a set of fruit on Wealthy than is the Wagener pollen. The resulting fruit
is likewise n)ore abundant in proportion to the number of blossoms polleuized,
and the average size of the fruits is larger. On the other hand, the average
number of good seeds per fruit was greater for the Wagener pollen in spite
of the fact that the average number of seeds which had undergone at least
partial development was approximately the same in both cases. It appears
that the Mcintosh pollen may have some effect on fruit setting and the size of
fruit entirely separate and distinct from its effect in bringing about actual
fertilization.
Some peculiarities of native Georgia apples, T. H. McHatton (Proc. Soc.
Hort. Sci., 10 {1913), pp. 67-70). — The author here calls attention to a peculiar
type of basin, calyx, and calyx tube observed in a large number of varieties of
apples grown in the mountains of northern Georgia. The calyx tube is found
to be very broad and deep and somewhat between urn and cone shaped. The
lobes appear to have fallen away, leaving a very broad and open space at
the bottom of the basin. The apples also have a marked oblate shape.
Factors which determine color and size of peaches, M. A. Blake {Proc.
Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 {1913), pp. 83-S8). — A general discussion relative to the
various factors inliueucing color and size of peaches.
Effect of pollination on the fruit of Diospyros kaki, H. H. Hume {Proc.
Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 {1913), pp. 88-93). — The author's observations relative to
the fruiting habits of the Japanese persimmon lead him to conclude that the
fruits of D. kaki of the same variety and on the same tree often vary greatly
in size, shape, color of flesh, quality, taste, and time of ripening. The under-
lying cause of these variations is attributed largely to the pollination factor.
All varieties of Japanese persimmons thus far studied are light-fleshed when
HORTICULTURE. 441
seedless but certain A-arietiot^ show a dark area iu the flesh when seeds are
I>resent. Other varieties are always light-fleshed even when seeds are present.
Both dark and light fleshed varieties may occur on the same tree.
No conclusions have been reached relative to the physiological causes which
underlie the changes in color of the flesh.
Prune growing- in southwestern Washington, O. M. Morris {Washington
Sta. Popular Bui. 5T^ (1914), pp. 13, figs. 4)- — 'J^bis is a preliminary report on
a survey of the soil and orchard conditions in southwestern Washington in
conjunction with a study of the weather records. It discusses the cause of
the frequent failure of the prune crop in certain localities and suggests
certain changes in orchard management for the improvement of these conditions.
Summing up the observations thus far made it api)ears that unfavorable
weather at a critical time during the blossoming or immediately after, together
with a weak condition of the trees, has been the gi'eatest cause of crop failure.
Orchard notes, J. B. Thompson (Guam Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 17-19, pi. 1).— This
comprises brief notes on the behavior of a number of fruits and miscellaneous
plants being tested at the station grounds.
The propagation of the "Saipau" mango (Mangifera odorata) on seedling
stocks of the ordinary Guam mango (J/, indica) has been readily accomplished
by Oliver's system of inarching seedling stocks (E. S. R.. 24. p. 736). In the
work at the station inarched plants have flowered within four months from the
time of inarching. The results indicate a tendency of this variety to early
bearing when inarched.
The jelly plant Abera gardnerii, introduced from Florida in 1911. has been
successfully fruited and seedlings are being grown for distribution. Thus far
the results with citrus trees have been un.satisfactory, due, it is believed, to
unfavorable soil conditions. The trees have been lost largely from a disease,
probably " gum disease," which is prevalent among citrus ti'ees throughout the
island. A further introduction of several varieties Avas made during the year.
Seedlings of the cherimoya {Annona chcrimola) were found to inarch readily
with those of both the bullock's heart {A. reticulata) and the sour-sop (A.
iniiricata). A list is given of a number of new fruit and other economic plants
that were introduced successfully during the year.
Small fruits for Colorado, E. P. Sandsten (Colorado Sta Bui. 195 (1914),
pp. 3-19, figs. 2). — This bulletin contains cultural directions for growing re<l.
purple-cane, and black raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, loganberries, straw-
berries, currants, and gooseberries, including information relative to varieties
adapted to Colorado and insects and plant diseases.
State bog report, H. J. Franklin (Ann. Rpt. Cape Cod Cranberry Growers'
Assoc., 26 (1913), pp. 17-32, 43-47). — A report on cranberry investigations
presented to the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association, August, 1913. The
substance of this report is essentially the same as that noted (E. S. R., 30. p.
142) with the addition of some preliminary observations for the season of 1913.
The " little bogs " at Amherst, T. W. Morse (Ann. Rpt. Cape Cod Cranberry
Growers'' Assoc., 26 (1913), pp. 6-9). — The first season's results from fertilizer
tests on experimental cranberry plats located at Amherst. Mass., are here
reported.
Although no conclusions are thus far drawn relative to a fertilizer for cran-
berries, the heaviest yields of fruit were secured where potash predominated.
Nitrate and acid phosphate fertilizers had a similar effect upon the yield.
Potash gave the least vine growth and nitrate the most. The results as a
" The popular bulletin entitled Sheep for Washington Farms, issued September 1.3, 1913,
•and abstracted (E. S. R., 29, p. 870) as Popular Bulletin 57, is evidently now regarded
as Popular Bulletin 58.
442 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
wlaole show that of 20 plats receiving fertilizers only 3 bore smaller crops than
the average of the 7 unfertilized plats and only one of the unfertilized plats
had more berries than the average yield of the fertilized plats.
Some limited experiments dealing with the use of lime for cranberry bogs
failed to show either an advantageous or a detrimental effect from lime.
Raspberry breeding, R. Wellington (Proc. 8oc. Hort. ScL, 10 (1913), pp.
155-159). — A brief study of the first generation characteristics of a number
of raspberry crosses which were made at the New York Geneva Station.
Strawberries under irrigation in south Texas, E. E. Binfokd {Texas Sta.
Circ. 1, n. ser. (1913), pp. 3-13, figs. 2). — ^A practical treatise on the culture
of strawberries under irrigation, based on data secured by experiments at the
Beeville Substation and also on observations of commercial practices in south
Texas and on the literature of the subject. The phases discussed include soils
and their preparation, transplanting, varieties, sex of plants, spraying, rules
for picking and packing, irrigation, picking season, summer treatment, and
cost of production.
The varieties that have proved most successful in the extreme south are
Saint Louis, Klondike, Lady Thompson, and Buster. Other varieties that have
tested well at the Beeville Substation are Brandywine, Marshall, Ben Davis,
and Michael Early. The cost of production for the first year, based on data
secured from a number of growers by the Office of Farm Management of the
IT. S. Department of Agriculture, approximates $200 per acre.
Sterility in the grape, M. J. Dorsey (Prnc. Soc. Hort. Set, 10 (1913), pp.
149-153). — A brief summary of an investigation to be reported on in full at a
later date.
Attention is called to the necessity of distinguishing between sterility re-
sulting from differences in essential organs and that due to unfavorable weather
conditions occurring at flowering time during many seasons. Sterility is asso-
ciated with both hybridity and diceciousness. The native species of our grapes
are, generally speaking, dioecious, and fertile pollen borne by the pistillate
flower with reflexed stamen is rare. This condition suggests a deep-seated
relation between sterility and functional decline. Taking into consideration the
fact that there are both fertile and sterile hybrids, the author concludes that
the contributory cTiuses of sterility are deep-seated influences operating to pro-
duce declinism or diceciousness. The deep-seated nature of sterility and its
relation with diceciousness indicate that it can not be overcome by cultural
conditions.
A bibliography of consulted literature is given.
The fertilizing action of sulphur on the vine, J. Chatjzit (Rei\ Vit., 41
(1914), No. 1052, pp. 115-119. figs. 2).— The author conducted two distinct
series of experiments on ^-acre plats of grapevines. In the first series it was
sought to determine what effect sulphur produced on soils which had not re-
ceive<l farmyard manure since 2. 3, 4, and 5 years. The second series of
experiments dealt with the action of sulphur mixed with manure or sown broad-
cast and applie<l in various quantities.
From the work as a whole it is concluded that sulphur acts favorably, both
on the growth and yield of the vine. The greater the quantity of organic
matter in the soil and the more recently it has been applied the more pro-
nounced is the action of sulphur. To secure the best results the sulphur should
be thoroughly mixed with the organic matter on which it is to act. As far as
the quantities applied in this test are concerned the yield increased with an
increase in the amount of sulphur. The largest amount applied was 360 lbs.
per acre mixed with manure. The manure used with or without sulphur was
HORTICULTURE. 443
sui)i)lemenled by u dressiiif;; at the rate of 180 lbs. of uiuriate of potash and
360 lbs. of superphosphate per acre.
Brief reference is also made to other investigations with sulphur.
How sulphur stimulates plant growth, F. de Castella (Jour. Dept. Agr.
Victoria, 12 (1014), No. 5, pp. 2S9-291). — ^A review of the above investigation.
Unusual methods of propagating nut trees, R. T. Morris {North. Nut
Growers Assoc. Proc, 4 (1913), pp. 4-3-48, fig. 1). — The author discusses a
number of unusual methods of propagating nut trees.
When grafting the shagbark hickory with scion wood moi'e than one year old,
the author found that if a small side branch from old wood carries a large
terminal bud this bud will start promptly, providing care is taken to remove
vigorous stock sprouts. Scions 4, 5, and even 6 years of age have been used
with success.
An inarch method was recently experimentally employed with success in
grafting hickories. In this method the scion is cut free from the parent plant
and the part below the inai'cli is inserted in a test tube or a small bottle con-
taining water. Whereas the use of chemicals in the water prevented the de-
velopment of unfavorable micro-organisms, they likewise interfered with the
union of stock and scion. It was found tliat the water can be kept in good
condition by inserting specimens of bladderwort (Utricularia). Two specimens
thus grafted in the summer were found to have made a good union in the fall.
The successful development of this method will be of special value in extend-
ing the grafting season.
The author has also met with success in developing plants of the shagbark
hickory, beech, and hazel from adventitious root buds started in sand. With
the beech and hazel the buds started from various sized root segments, but with
the hickory the buds started best upon root segments more than 6 in. in length
and more than i in. in diameter. Hazels may be propagated from cuttings
similar to rose cuttings, but not so readily as with roses.
Attention is also called to the development of seedlings grown from seed
secured from pistillate chinaquapin flowers, which were bagged to prevent
pollination. Subsequent check experiments indicate that the chinquapin will
develop nuts freely without pollen and that the bitteruut hickory, shagbark
hickory, and pignut will develop nuts sparingly without pollen. In advance
of microscopic examination of the ovules, this phenomenon is attributed to
parthenogenesis.
Multiplication of fl.oral parts in the carnation, C. H. Connors (Proc. Soc.
Bort. Sci., 10 (1913), pp. 93-99).— The substance of this paper has been ab-
stracted from another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 644).
Individuality in rose plants, M. A. Blake (Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 (1913),
pp. 133-144). — This comprises a study on the individuality of rose plants based
on data secured in a soil experiment with My Maryland roses, conducted for
a number of years at the New Jersey Stations (B. S. R., 30. p. 344).
Sweet pea studies.— IV, Classification of garden varieties of the sweet
pea, A. C. Real (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 342 (1914), pp. 217-360, pis. 23,
fig. 1). — In continuation of previous reports (E. S. R., 28, p. 641) descriptions
are given of a large ninnber of varieties of sweet peas being tested at the sta-
tion in cooperation with the American Sweet Pea Society. The author briefly
reviews the methods which have been previously employed in the classification
and description of varieties, and outlines the method of classification employed
in the present descriptions.
The results previously noted relative to autumn and spring planting tests
(E. S. R., 25, p. 645) are briefly summarized here. A germination test of old
seed of a great many varieties conducted in 1910 indicated that white-seeded
444 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
varieties lose their vitality in a greater degree than do the blacli-seeded va-
rieties of the same year's crop. Nearly all varieties from the 1904 crop gave
as good results as were obtained in general from the 1909 crop.
FORESTRY.
Tree guide, Julia E. Rogers {Garden City, N. Y., 1914, PP- Till +265, figs.
244). — A popular guide to the trees common to the eastern half of Canada and
the United States. In addition to the native species the most important cul-
tivated species brought from other countries are also described.
Yellow pine, A. T. North (St. Louis, Mo., 1913, 4. ed., pp. 130, figs. 22; rev.
in Engin. News, 11 {1914), No. 12, p. 649, 650).— This handbook contains tables
of the strength of beams, grouping the timbers in terms of their depth ; factors
for converting safe loads to other fiber stresses than that on which the tables
are based ; deflection ; properties of actual size Instead of nominal size timbers ;
maximum bending moment; strength of wooden columns; trussed beams; joists,
trusses, and nailed and spiked joints; and tests of timbers.
On the conditions for the natural occurrence of spruce, P. E. Mijlleb
{Ceutbl. GesaiH. Forstic, 40 {1914), No. 1-2. pp. 11-27). — A review of European
literature dealing with the factors influencing the natural distribution of spruce
trees.
Influence of precocity of thinning on the yield of regular stands of spruce,
E. Mee {Rev. Eaux ct Forets, 53 {1914), Nos. 11, pp. 345-349; 12, pp. 377-386).—
As a result of observations conducted over a period of 30 years and here
reported, the author concludes that early thinning undertaken with a view of
favoring the development of future trees have accelerated the diameter and
volume growth of the trees, and have likewise increased the financial returns.
Can the yield of rubber from Hevea trees be increased by commercial fer-
tilizers? A. W. K. DE Jong {Teysmannia, 25 {1914), A'O. 3, pp. 139-144, pi. 1).—
In the experiments here reix»rted potassium, phosphoric acid, and sulphate of
ammonia were tried, both alone and in combination, as fertilizers for the
Hevea rubber tree. The increased yield of rubber secured by the use of com-
mercial fertilizers, particularly a complete fertilizer, appears to warrant a
further thorough investigation of the subject.
[The rubber industry in Brazil] {Min. Agr. Indus, e Com. [Rio de
Janiero] Monograph, 1913, Nos. 9, pp. 4^+32, pis. 19; 10, pp. 26, pis. 10; 11,
pp. 78, pis. 5; 12, pp. 51; 13, pp. 32, figs. 9; 14, pp. Ill +118+55, pis. 50, figs.
14; 15, pp. 49, pis. 16; 18, pp. 30, pis. 22; 19, pp. 31+22, pis. 20; 20, pp. 22+12,
pis, 4), — This comprises a series of monographs containing descriptive and
statistical accounts of the rubber industry in various regions of Brazil. The
monographs given in order corresponding to the numbers above listed are as
follows: The Rubber Industry in Pernambuco, by N. C. Pereira de Andrade: in
Alagoas, by L. de Moraes; in Sergipe, by A. M. Rabello; in Bahia, by A. Her-
menegildo da Silva ; in Espirito Santo, by A. A. Campos da Cunha ; in Rio de
Janeiro, by A. Pereira da Silva; in Sao Paulo, by G. Catramby; in Januaria,
State of Minas Geraes, by C. Guimaraes junior; in Goyaz, by J. Guedes de
Amorim ; and balata rubber, by G. Barroso.
Note on a latex hydrometer, B. J. Eaton {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 2
{1914), No. 9, pp. 224-226). — The author briefly describes a hydrometer which
has proved satisfactory for tropical use in determining the rubber content of
latex.
[The lumber industry in Wisconsin], Mary Dopp {Bui. Amer. Geogr. Soc,
45 {1913), No. 10. pp. 736-749. figs. 4). — A brief historical and statistical review
of lnn)l)ering and foi-estry in Wisconsin.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 445
Manitoba, a forest Province, R. H. Campbell {Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry
Branch Circ. 7 {1914), PP- 16, figs. 9). — An address on the extent, condition,
and management of the forest resources of Manitoba, delivered before the
Canadian Forestry Association, at Winnipeg, July, 1913.
Trent watershed survey, B. E. Febnow, C. D. Howe, and J. H. White
{Toronto: Com. Conserv. Canada, 1913, pp. VII I +156, pis 19). — This embraces
the results of a reconnaissance of the Trent watershed in Ontario. The subject
matter is discussed under the following general headings : Conditions in the
Trent watershed and recommendations for their improvement, physiograiihic
and forest conditions, and economic and industrial conditions. Information
relative to the lumbering industry in the Trent watershed, physical features and
geology of the area, mineral occurrence.s, and other miscellaneous data are
appended.
Forest protection in Canada, 1912, C. Leavitt {Toronto: Com. Conserv.
Canada, 1913, pp. 174, pls. 23). — This comprises a progress report for the year
1912 relative to methods of forest protection and results secured, together with
considerable information on the subject of forest protection based upon observa-
tions and methods employed in ditfereut sections of the United States.
The subject matter is discussed under the following general headings: Pro-
tection from railway fires, forest fires, and the brush disposal problem, the top-
lopping law in the Adirondacks, the use of oil as a locomotive fuel from a fire-
protective point of view, and forest planting in Canada. The report of the com-
mittee on forests, Conmiission of Conservation, 1912, presented at the annual
meeting at Ottawa, is also included. Statistical infoiiuation dealing with the
Dominion forest reserves area extensions, a memorandum regarding the country
between Sudbuiy and Port Arthur, by J. H. White, and various opinions on
oil fuel are appended.
Cooperative forest fire protection, G. E. Bothwell {Dept. Int. Canada,
Forestry Branch Bui. 42 {1914), pp. 28, pi. 1, figs. 10).— In this bulletin the
author describes the development of cooperative forest-fire protective associa-
tions in America, particular attention being given to the development and work
of the St. Maurice Fire Protective Association in the Province of Quebec.
The care of the woodlot, B. R. Morton {Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch
Circ. 10 {1914), PP- 16, figs. 11). — A popular treatise on woodlot management
in eastern Canada.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The non validity of the genus Lasiodiplodia, J. J. Taubenhaus {Abs. in
Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 1, p. 47)- — The author states that during the
past two years his work with L. tuhericola and L. nigra and upon Diplodia
gossypii and D. natalensis shows that the presence of paraphyses is not of
constant occurrence. Under certain conditions it was found that either fungus
may dispense with paraphyses or produce the same, and in view of these facts
it is believed that the genus Lasiodiplodia should be abolished.
Identity of Peridermium fusiforme witli P. cerebrum, G. G. Hedgcock and
W. H. Long {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 3, pp. 241-250,
pi. 1). — ^As the result of field and cultural studies the authors claim that P.
fusiforme and P. cerebrum are both secial stages of the same fungus, Cronartium
cerebrum n. comb., and that they are not sufficiently differentiated to constitute
separate races. In this connection it is further stated that C. quercus of Europe
is not identical with C. cerebrum of the United States.
Biological strains of Sphaeropsis malorum, L. R. Heslee {Abs. in Phyto-
pathology, 4 {1914), No. 1, p. 4-5).— Studies are reported of Sphaeropsis taken
from 15 different host plants, cross inoculations being made on a large number
446 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
of hosts. Pedigreed cultures of a given strain were found to show as wide
morphological variation as several strains fi-om different hosts. The results
are held to indicate that on several hosts under consideration there is one large
species showing many biological races.
Life history of Sphaeropsis malorum, C. L. Sheae (Abs. in Phytopathology,
Jf (1914), No. 1, pp. 48, 49).— In a previous publication (B. S. R., 23, p. 454) the
author presented evidence from which it was concluded that the perithecial
stage of the apple Sphteropsis is a form of Melanops, which was found on dead
apple branches. Subsequent investigations have confirmed the previous con-
clusion, and by means of cultures from single ascospores of M. quercuum ob-
tained from an old apple tree, .Sf. malorum has been obtained.
Grain smuts: Their causes and treatments, M. T. Cook {ISlew Jersey Stas.
Circ. 36, pp. 4)' — Brief descriptions are given of the loose smut of oats, loose
smut of wheat, stinking smut or bunt of wheat, and smut of corn, with direc-
tions for their control so far as means are known.
Experiments on the control of certain barley diseases, A. G. Johnson (A 6s.
in Phythopnthology, 4 {1914), No. 1, p. .^6). — In connection with investigations
on the Helminthosporium disease of barley, seed was infested with the covered
and loose smuts, as well as by the stripe disease (H. gramineum) . Seed was
treated by the hot water method and also by variations of the formaldehyde
treatment.
The control plats averaged from 8 to 10 per cent of covered and loose smut
and 20 per cent stripe disea.se. Where the seed had received the modified hot
water treatment, that is soaked for five hours in cold water and 15 minutes at
52° C, the two smuts were perfectly controlled and the stripe disease reduced
to less than 1 per cent. Where seed was soaked for two hours in 1 lb. formalin
to 40 gal. water, the covered smut was perfectly conti'olled and loose smut
reduced to a bare trace. This treatment was also highly efficient against the
stripe disease. The formaldehyde gas treatment proved less efficient than the
water solution, and inhibited germination considerably.
Similar tests were conducted with two lots of seed infested resi)ectively
with //. teres and II. sativum, and in both cases the primary infections were
reduced but not entirely eliminated.
Some observations and experiments on the blackleg disease of cabbage,
M. P. Henderson {Ahs. in Phi/toixitliolftgy. 4 {1914), No. 1, pp. 4G, 4'^)- — A report
is given of studies to determine the host range of the fungus on the Cruciferse
and whether it may not be disseminated with the seed of cabbage. Inocula-
tions were made on 7 genera, including 15 species and 4 varieties of Cruciferse,
and infections occurred in all but 2 species. Lepidium virginieum and Capsella
bursa-pastoris. In other series of experiments mother seed plants were inocu-
lated by spraying the plants with a spore suspension, after which they were
covered with a bell-jar. Infections occurred on leaves, flower stalks, and seed
pods. Seeds removed and plated gave pure cultures of the fungus.
The observations and experiments outlined indicate a wide host range for the
blackleg organism, thus insux'ing easy and rapid distribution in the field, and
that infected seed may also serve as a means of dissemination.
Progress in developing disease-resistant cabbage, L. R. Jones {Abs. in
Phytopathology, 4 {1914), ^c. 1, pp. 4^, 4S). — lu continuation of a report pre-
viously given (E. S. R., 29, p. 646). the author gives an account of experiments
in developing cabbage resistant to Fusarium.
Many of the selected strains of .seed tested in 1912 proved equally resistant in
1913, although the weather conditions were considered somewhat more favor-
able for the fungus in the latter year. The resistant varieties secured in 1912
were all of the Danish ball head or winter tyi'es. In 1913 one of the kraut
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 447
types, Volga, proved more highly resistant than the best secured hi 1912. From
the second generation of selected heads sufficient seed was obtained iu 1913 for
a wider qualitative test of resistance on the part of these varieties.
Decay of celery in storage, D. Reddick {Abs. in Phytoimthology, 4 (1914),
No. 1, p. 45). — Some experiments are reported upon to determine the keeping
quality of celery affected by the late blight disease {Septoria petroselina) when
placed under modern .storage conditions. When stored at a temperature of 31°
F. from October 15 to December 23, 1912. there was no appreciable sjjread of
the disease.
The author also reports the deterioration of a carload of celery which wag
stored in November at a temperature of 31 to 32°. A study showed that this
lot was infected with Sclerotinia libertiana, and cultures of the fungus were
obtained which were used for inoculations with positive results.
Some points in the life history of Phytophthora on ginseng, J. Rosenbaum
(Abs. in Phylopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. 44)- — -^ disease of ginseng tops
due to Phytoi)lithora has been previously noted by Hori (E. S. R., 19, p. 752).
Some additional observations are reported and it is said that the disease on the
leaves and stems, as well as a very serious root disease, is caused by the same
organism. The Phytophthora organism may first appear on the tops, work its
way down by way of the stems, and eventually rot the root. Or it may first
appear on the root, and after rotting this, may travel upward into the stem
and appear 'in the tops. The conidia of the fungus may be washed down into
the soil and infect the root, provided the latter is not too deep below the surface.
Fusaria of potatoes, C. D. Sherbakoff (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 43, 44)- — This is the result of a taxonomic study of the species of
fungi of the genus Fusarium as they occur in Solnnum tnberostom.
The author isolated 120 strains which seemed morphologically different, but
when grown on artificial and natural media about 70 of them were found to be
simply morphological variations. Of the remaining 50, many were identified
with the species described by Wollenweber (E. S. R., 29. p. 444).
A study of the annual recurrence of Phytophthora infestans, I. E. Melhus
(Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. 54). — A large number of potato
tubers infected with P. infestans were planted in northern Maine under field
conditions to determine the possibility of infection through the tuber. This
locality is said to be favorable for the annual recurrence of the blight, but the
land used in this experiment had not grown a crop of potatoes for at least five
years.
Some of the diseased tubers produced plants which became infected by the
mycelium in the parent tuber. Above the surface of the soil the fungus pro-
duced spores and infected the foliage and neighboring shoots in the same and
adjoining hills. It 'is considered that this experiment demonstrated that seed
potatoes affected with P. infestans may function in starting an epidemic of
late blight.
Some recent studies on new or little-known diseases of the sweet potato,
J. J. Taubenhaus (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 50, 51). — In
addition to the black rots previously described (E. S. R., 30. p. 150), accounts
are given of stem rot due to Fusarium batatis, ring rot, which recent studies
have shown is a form of soft rot (Rhizopus nigricans) , a white rust caused by
Cystopus ipomoEce pandurance, which is said to be of considerable importance,
and a new leaf spot, which is attributed to a species of Septoria as j'et unde-
scribed.
Blossom-end rot of tomato, C. Bkooks (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914)^
No. 1, p. 49). — The author states that this disease is usually not accompanied
by any organism, although bacteria and fungi are pi*esent in late stages of the
448 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
rot. These organisms, when inoculated into healthy green tomatoes, have
failed to produce tlie disease. The development of the disease is said to be
favored by heavy applications of commercial fertilizers and greatly increased
by the addition of stable manure. It is decreased by the application of sodium
nitrate, and is worse on heavy than on light soil. Its development may be
favored by a lack of water and also by excessive watering, depending upon the
condition of the plants at the time of the change. Lime has been found to be
a partial preventive and it also serves as a remedial agent on plants already
predisposed to the disease.
Diseases of tobacco, J. Johnson (Wisconshi Sta. Bid. 237 (1914), pp. 1-27,
figs. 7). — The author gives descriptions of the more common and injurious dis-
eases affecting tobacco in the seed bed. field, and curing house, and suggests
methods for their control.
The most serious troubles of the seed bed are said to be the bed rot or damp-
ing off and the root rot or black root. The first-named disease is due to
Pythiiim dcbaryanum and Ilhizoctonia. while the second is caused by the fungus
Thiclavia basicola. For the control of the diseases of the seed bed sterilization
of the soil is recommended, and the steam sterilization by the inverted-pan
method is said to be the most efficient and economical of any method tested.
The root rot may also attack tobacco in the field, causing large losses. The
author believes that this disease is. in some cases at least, responsible for the
so-called running out of tobacco soils rather than a depletion of fertility.
Descriptions are given of rusts of the leaves, which are due to a number of
causes, the mosaic disease or calico, shed burn or pole rot, stem rot, wet butts
or fat stem, white vein diseases, black rot occurring in sweating tobacco, etc.
For most of the troubles of the curing house, proper attention to ventilation
and temiierature, it is said, will reduce the loss.
Two new diseases occurring in the field have been observed and studied in a
preliminary way. These have been called black leg or canker and hollow stalk.
The first is characterized by the decay of the stalks at or above the surface of
the ground and seems to be due to the same organisms which cause the damping
off of seedlings in the plant beds. The hollow stalk is said to be a decay of
the pith of the stalk, which sometimes extends out into the midrib and veins
of the leaves, causing them to droop. A bacillus of the soft rot type has been
isolated and the disease produced by inoculating healthy plants, which seems
to indicate that it is of a bacterial nature.
Disease resistance in tobacco to root rot, J. Johnson {Abs. in Phyto-
pathology, 4 {1914) y ^0. 1, p. ^S). — The root rot of tobacco, due to Thielavia
basicola, is said to be becoming of economic importance to tobacco growers. In
1913 the author studied the " Burley sick soils " of Ontario and the "deterior-
ated tobacco soils " of V>'isconsin, upon which root rot was found very preva-
lent. Marked differences in resistance were observed for different varieties,
White Burley being very susceptible to root rot, while the variety I>ittle Dutch
was found to be very resistant. The Connecticut Havana is approximately in-
termediate between the other two varieties in resistance to disease. A large
acreage was examined for resistant plants and a number were found sufiiciently
resistant to warrant bagging and preserving for seed. These are to be tested
for further selection and breeding in 1914.
Some diseases of nursery stock, M. T. Cook {New Jersey Stas. Circ. 35,
pp. 24, figs. 15). — A description is given of some of the more serious diseases
which are likely to be carried by nursery stock, attention being drawn to them
in order that growers and nurserymen may be on their guard concerning their
introduction and dissemination.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 449
Among the diseases described are the crown gall, Are blight, apple scab, black
rot, peach yellows, little peach, peach leaf curl, black knot, chestnut blight, and
anthracnose of berries.
Attention is called to the fact that growers frequently heel in stock that is left
over, and this becomes a source of many serious infections. The author recom-
mends that such stock should be either properly reset or destroyed.
Crown gall and hairy root, M. T. Cook (New Jersey Stas. Circ. 34, pp. H,
figs. 8). — A description is given of cx'own gall and hairy root, most of the
information being drawn from other investigators, but the author adds a num-
ber of his own recent observations concerning these diseases.
The circular concludes with a number of suggestions, the observation of
which would tend to reduce the occurrence of the disease to a minimum.
Perithecia in cultures of Venturia inequalis, F. R. Jones (.l&s. in Phyto-
pathologij, ^ {1914), No. 1, pp. 52, 53). — The author reports observing perithecia
of the apple scab fungus in cultures taken from ascospores in May, 1913, the
perithecia appearing in the latter part of November.
Comparative dusting and spraying experiments, F. M. Blodgett (Ahs. in
PhytoiKitlwlogi), 4 {IDI4), No. 1, p. 44)- — Experiments are reported in which
a mixture of sulphur and arsenate of lead applied as a powder and also in sus-
pension in water as a liquid spray were compared with the regular lime-sulphur
solution for the control of apple scab.
The dustings with sulphur and sulphur in suspension in water were found to
control scab to a large extent, closely approximating that of lime-sulphur solu-
tion. The control of insects was best effected by the use of the dust sprays, and
the apples from this block were considered commercially the best.
A preliminary report on fruit infection of the peach by means of inocula-
tions with Cladosporium carpophilum from peach twigs, G. W. Keitt (Abs.
in Fhytopathologg, 4 {1914), No. 1, pp. 49, 50). — The author describes the
successful infection of peaches with spores from peach twigs, claiming that the
artificial i)roduction of peach scab in this manner has not hitherto been recorded.
Gum formation in citrus as induced by chemicals, B. F. Floyd {Abs. in
Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. 53). — The author tested 28 different organic
and inorganic chemicals to determine their affect on gum formation in citrus
trees, the chemicals being inserted into the trunk of young budded trees. Thir-
teen of the number, including acids, alkalis, and salts of the heavy metals, in-
duced the formation of gum in the living tissue bordering that killed by the
chemical. The most copious production of gum was induced by copper sulphate
and other salts of heavy metals. A microscopic examination showed that the
gum originated in the live unlignified xylem tissue, usually in that adjacent to
the dead tissue. In the case of gum production by the salts of the heavy metals,
gum formation was induced in succulent terminal branches which showed no
tissue killed by the chemicals.
Fungus gummosis of citrus in California, H. S. Fawcett (Abs. in Phyto-
pathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. 54). — The author states that at least four diffier-
ent and distinct gum diseases of citrus trees occur in California— psorosis. mal
di gomma, and two forms of lemon gummosis. The latter twjo have been de-
scribed (E. S. R., 30, p. 51). A number of other fungi, such as Alternaria citri,
Penicillium roseum, Coryneum beycrinckii, and Fiisarium sp., are capable of
inducing gum formation when inserted into cuts. The disease, it is said, may
be controlled by avoiding the conditions favorable for infection, by making
all new plantings with trees budded high on sour stocks, and by trimming out
and painting the trunks with concentrated Bordeaux mixture.
Citrus root nematode, N. A. Cobb (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 217-230, figs. 13). — An account is given of a study of the
450 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED.
life history of the citrus root parasite Tyleuchulus semipenetrans. presiously
described (E. S. R., 30, p. 648.)
This nematode was first noted in California (E. S. R., 28, p. 850). The
author, from material received from many of the citrus-producing countries,
has found that this organism Is widely spread and that it seems to be con-
fined to plants belonging to the citrus family. It is believed that T. semipene-
trans is an injurious parasite that kills the feeding roots of citrus trees, the
extent of the damage varying in different regions and under different condi-
tions. In the progress of the life history studies it was discovered that hot
water was fatal to the nematode and that citrus roots would survive tempera-
tures required to kill it. This fact, it is thought, would indicate that a hot
water treatment may prove more or less efficient in controlling the spread of
the pest.
The poor nitrifying power of soils a possible cause of die-back (exan-
thema) in lemons, C. B. Lipman (Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), No. 1011, pp.
728-730). — A preliminary account is given of observations and experiments
made on several citrus soils, in which were trees affected with die-back.
The author is led to believe from his investigations that a poor nitrifying
power on the part of the soil, with the ammonifying power remaining normal,
may be the cause of the peculiar manifestations which are characteristic of
the disease. Samples of these soils were examined, and in every case found
to have a vei"y slight nitrifying power or none at all. When dried blood or
sulphate of ammonia was added to them there was only a slight increase or
none of nitrates, while the ammoniflcation proceeded very rapidly. The au-
thor believes, and his hypothesis is confirmed by results given by Florida in-
vestigators (E. S. R., 23, p. 447) relative to the increased amount of die-back
where organic manures were used in citrus groves, that not only die-back
is to be accounted for in this way. but that the equally destructive and much
more widely spread di.sease, mottled leaf, is capable of being explained in a
similar manner.
Pellicularia koleroga on coffee in Porto Rico, G. L. Fawcett (U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Affr. Research. 2 {191^), No. 3, pp. 231-233, figs. 3).— As the result
of a study of the leaf blight of coffee in Porto Rico, the author has concluded
that it is due to the fungus P. koleroga. originally described from India, but
which, it has been claimed by mycologists, does not occur in Porto Rico. In
connection with this investigation a study was made of a disease known as
candelillo in Venezuela. This disease has been formerly identified as being
caused by P. koleroga, but the author believes it is not due to that fungus.
A destructive nematode introduced into the United States, L. P. Btabs
(Abs. in Phytopathology. 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 45, 46). — The author reports
observing in hyacinths, in the bulb garden of the I^. S. Department of Agri-
culture at Bellingham. Wash., the nematode TyJenchus dipsaci. This nematode
not only attacks the bulbs but also the aerial portion of its host, abandoning
the leaves toward the end of the season and returning to the bulb. The infec-
tion is said to be readily carried by the bulbs, and on account of the destructive
nature of the parasite it is considered important to eradicate any bulbs that
may be found infected and to make rigid inspection of all imported hyacinth
bulbs.
Spheeropsis canker of Quercus prinus, W. H. Rankin (Ahs. in Phyto-
pathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 44, 45). — This disease of chestnut oaks is said
to have been very prevalent at Yonkers, N. Y., in July, 1912. The foliage was
destroyed, and on the older limbs numerous cankers were found. Isolations
were made of the above fungus, and inoculations produced cankers in 47 days.
The organism agrees morphologically with the description of S. vialorum. and
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 451
it is believed tliat this disease is the same as that described by Miss lugram
(E. S. R.. 27, p. (554).
A little-known disease of chestnut and oak trees, F. D. Heiald {Abs. in
Plnjtopathologu, // {I'JlJt), No. 1, p. 4U). — The author describes a disease of
chestnut and oalc trees due to Strumella coryneoidea.
Two forms of the disease are recognized, first, the canlier type, in which the
progress of the fungus is slow, with a pronouiiced callus formation at the ad-
vancing edge of the lesion ; and second, the diffuse type, in which the fungus
spreads more rapidly, killing the tissues so quickly that callus formation is
impossible. Between these two forms there are said to be intermediate types.
The trouble has been observed in widely separated localities in Pennsylvania
and it is believed to be of general distribution in forests of the State.
The relation of temperature to the expulsion of ascospores of Endothia
parasitica, II. C \Valton {Abs. in PhytitinitluAogy. If (1914), A'o. 1, p. 52). —
Pleld and laboratory tests are reported upon to determine the effect of tempera-
ture on the expulsion of ascospores of the chestnut blight fungus.
From November 26, 1912. to March 20, 1913, with maximum temperatures of
from 35 to 60° F. there was no expulsion of ascospores. In the laboratory, when
tested at temperatures from 30 to 100°, there was no expulsion of spores at the
lowest temperature, but at higher temperatures there was a gradual increase in
the amount until (he optimum was reached, beyond which expulsion gradually
lessened.
Wind dissemination of ascospores of the chestnut blight fungus, F. D.
Heald, M. W. Gardner, and R. A. Studiialter {Abs. in Phytopathology, Jf
(191 Jf), No. 1, p. 51). — In a previous account (E. S. R., 29, p. 753) the results
of ascospore dissemination under artificial conditions were describetl. In the
present paper experiments under natural conditions are reported upon which
indicate that viable spores were caught in agar plates 305 ft. to the leeward of
infected trees. Prolonged exposures were made of sterile water in dishes located
380 ft. from the nearest chestnut tree, and when plated out colonies of the
fungus developed in abundance.
Insects as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus, R. A. Studh alter (Abs.
in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 1, p. 52). — ^An investigation was made of 75
insects as possible carriers of spores of Endothia parasitica. Eight specimens
of Lcptostylus macnlata gave positive results, indicating that this beetle is an
important agent in the dissemination of spores of the blight fungus.
Control of the B-ibes generation of the white pine blister rust, C. von
TuBEUF (Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 12 (1914), No. 3, pp. 137-139). —
Discussing a previous contribution by himself (E. S. R., 31, p. 50), also one by
Ewert (E. S. R., 31, p. 346), the author states that tender shoots of young pines
are infected by sporidia from Cronartium ribicolum originating on Ribes, and
that infection from pine to pine does not occur.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
The common mole. — Runway studies; hours of activity, T. H. Scheffer
(Trans. Kans. Acad. Set., 26 (1912). pp. 160-163, fig. i).— This is supplementary
to the observations previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 752). ^
The infection of rats with Bacterium pseudopestis murium and goiter,
B. Galli-Valerio (Ccntbl. Bait, {ctc.^, 1. Abt., Orig., 10 (1913), No. 5-6, pp.
218-281, figs. 4)- — This second note confirms and completes the preceding one
(E. S. R., 29, p. 58) on the role of this organism in the development of goiter in
rats.
452 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
A system of notation applied to entomological accessions, E. S. Tucker
(Trans. Kans. Acad. 8ci., 26 {1912), pp. 142-145). — "An explanation of the
entire plan for use of sj-mbols may be summarized by steps comiX)sing tbe fol-
lowing course of procedure : All insects contained in an accession are first
sorted into superordinal groups as a basis of classification. Each, group is then
designated by a Roman numeral according to the assignment given. The
second step consists in separating the species in each group and indicating each
species by a capital letter. In the third step the separate or collective stages
of each species are determined, and designated by a small letter, as per assign-
ment. Finally each specimen or pair with respect to one stage, or colony with
respect to collective stages, is numbered in consecutive order as desired for
special designation. Arabic figures are used for numbering."
[Report of the] Second International Congress of Entomology, Oxford,
August, 1912 {2. Intcrnat. Cong. Ent., Oxford, 1<J12, vols. 1 {1914), pp. 183, pis.
3; 2 {1913), pp. 489, pis. 32, figs.. 28). —The first volume of this report, by
K. Jordan, H. Eltringham et al., consists of the proceedings of the congress;
the second volume, edited by K. Jordan and H. Eltringham, of the transactions.
Among the more important papers presented are The Silk of Spiders and Its
Uses, by J. H. Comstoek (pp. 1-10) ; The Founding of Colonies by Queen Ants,
by W. C. Crawley and H. Donisthorpe (pp. 11-77) ; Observations on the Cen-
tral American Acacia Ants, by W. M. Wheeler (pp. 109-139) ; Progress in Our
Knowledge of the Odonata from 1895 to 1912, by P. P. Calvert (pp. 140-157) ;
On the Sense of Vision in Insects, by A. Seitz (pp. 198-204) ; Observations and
Notes on the Geographical Distribution of Some Bloodsucking Insects, by P.
Speiser (pp. 205-207) ; Recent Work In Economic Entomology Carried Out in
Western Australia, by N. J. Moore (pp. 221-226) ; Physiological Investigations
of Insect Pests, by J. Dewitz (pp. 234-244) ; Some Entomological Problems in
the West Indies, by H. A. Ballou (pp. 30G-317) ; On Viviparity in Polyctenidse,
by K. Jordan (pp. 342-350) ; Pellets Ejected by Insect-Eating Birds after a
Meal of Butterflies, by C. F. M. Swynnerton (pp. 3.51-354) ; Notes on the Aphids
of the Cultivated Peas (Pisum sativum and Lathyrus laiifolius) and the Allied
Species of Macrosiphum, by F. V. Theobald (pp. 380-393) ; A Synopsis of the
Thysanopterous Family .li:olothripidfe, by R. S. Bagnall (pp. 394-397) ; The Dif-
ferentiation of Zoogeographical Elements of Continental Regions, by H. J. Kolbe
(pp. 4.33-476) ; and The Simulium-Pellagra Problem in Illinois, U. S. A., by S. A.
Forbes (pp. 477-485).
Sixth annual report of the state entomologist of Indiana, C. H. Baldwin
{Ann. Rpt. State Ent. Ind., 6 {1912-13), pp. 224. figs. i62).— This report con-
sists largely of a popular account of insect pests and means for their control.
It also includes papers on Some Scale Insects not Heretofore Reported from
Indiana, by H. Morrison and H. F. Dietz (pp. 74-78) ; Some of the More
Important Insects Affecting Grains and Grain Products, by H. F. Dietz (pp.
79-105) ; and Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, by H. Mor-
rison (pp. 106-203).
Keport of the entomologist's inspection trip to Santo Domingo (Rpt. Bd.
Comrs. Agr. P. R., 2 {1912-13), pp. 25-28).— This is a report of a trip made
by W. V. Tower during April, 1913, to study insect pests and fungus diseases
of sugar cane in Santo Domingo.
" La Changa ", Scapteriscus didactylus, S. S. Grossman {Rpt. Bd. Comrs.
Agr. P. R., 2 {1912-13), pp. 32-35). — A brief outline is given of proposed work
with (8. didactylus. The flea beetles Epitrix parvula and E. cucumeris are said
to be important enemies of the tobacco i)lant in Porto Rico.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 453
Insects of tobacco, J. Johnson {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 237 (1914), PP- S-34,
figs. JO). — This is a popular account of the insect enemies of tobacco and the
methods of controL
Insect enemies of fruit trees, P. Lesne {Jour. Agi: Prat., n. ser., 26 {1913),
No. 45, pp. 596-600, pi. 1). — This is a brief account of the more important
insect enemies of fruit trees in France.
[Work with cranberry insects in 1913], H. J. Franklin {Ann. Rpt. Cape
Cod Cranberry Growers' Assoc., 26 {1913), pp. 32-42). — The spanworm referred
to in tlie author's last report (E, S. R., 28, p. 854) as the true cranberry span-
worm has been found to differ from that so named by Smith (E. S. R., 15,
p. 381). This new spanworm is said to have caused a great deal of damage
on a bog at Yarmouth. In studies of its life history, 33 moths emerged
between June G and June 15 from 42 pupse collected on August 15, 1012, no
parasites being reared therefrom. Barn swallows and tree swallows are
said to be important enemies of the adult moths. The dissection of moths
has shown at least 295 eggs to be deposited by the most productive and 187
by the least productive.
Tlie experimental work with insects was confined to the flowed bog fire-
worm (blackhead cranberry worm) and to the cranberry fruit worm. Studies
of the fruit worm have shown the braconid Phanerotoma tibialis to outnumber
all of its other parasites. All parasites obtained from the berries collected at
the center of the state bog. all but one of those from the edge of this bog,
and about four-fifths of the parasites from the berries collected from the
dry bog were of this si^ecies. The berries from the dry bog produced nearly
three times as many parasites in proportion to the fruit worm moths which
emerged as did the berries from the flowed bog. " The time of the greatest
emergence of the parasites from the berries from all three locations mentioned
was from June 30 to July 9, inclusive. As slightly more parasites than moths
emerged from the worms of the berries from the dry bog, it seems highly
probable that more than 50 per cent of the fruit worms on that bog last year
were killed by these parasites. This shows something of the importance of
the natural enemies of this insect which we have been in the habit of consider-
ing as being comparativelj' free from parasites."
P. tibialis was found to deposit its eggs in the egg of the fruit worm.
Whether or not the egg of the parasite hatches before that of the fruit worm
has not been determined, but the fruit worm when it emerges from the egg
carries the small parasite with it. The parasite larva becomes full grown
sometime during the winter or spring, and emerging from the fruit worm forms
a white cocoon about itself within the cocoon of the fruit worm.
The second most important parasite reared is a small ichneumon which
lays its egg in the fruit worm after it has hntclied and is working in the berry.
A monograph of the jumping plant lice or Psyllidse of the IJew World,
D. L. Crawford (U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bui. 85 {1914), pp. IX+186, i)ls. 30).— The
study here presented has resulted in a complete rearrangement of the genera
of Psyllidse, a family of considerable economic importance. It is stated that
while only the American genera were treated in this monograph, yet most of
the genera of the world have been considered in connection with the new
system of classification here presented. The American genera have been ar-
ranged in 6 subfamilies, namely, Liviinte. Pauropsylliufe, Carsidarinfe, Ceriacre-
minje, Triozinaj. and Psyllinfe. Eight genera and 62 of the sjiecies recognized
are described as new.
A bibliography of 8 pages is appended.
454 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOKD.
[Papers on American Hemiptera published by O. M. Reuter], O. Heide-
MANN {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., .16 (1914), No. 2, pp. 77, 78).— A bibliography of
32 titles is presented.
The scale insects of British Guiana, G. E. Bodkin {Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit.
Guiana, 7 {191.'f), No. 3, pp. 106-124)- — A preliminary list with an account of
their host plants, natural enemies, and controllinfc agencies.
Arsenate of lead as an insecticide against the tobacco homworms in the
dark-tobacco district, A. C. Mokgan and D. C. Parman {U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 595 {1914), VP- 8, figs. 2). — The subject matter of this publica-
tion, which deals especially with the advantages of the use of arsenate of lead
and gives directions for its use, has been previously noted from another source
(E. S. R., 29, p. 3.5G).
It is stated that durin.i? the first 9 days of its life the tobacco hornworm eats
about 7§ sq. in. of the leaf surface, while during the last 10 to 11 daj's of its
life it eats about 191J sq. in. This emphasizes the importance of applying
ar.senate of lead while the worms are small and easy to kill and before they
have done much damage.
Studies of the nun moth, M. Wolff {Jahresber. Ver. Angew. Bot., 9 {1911),
pp. 58-81; Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdw., 45 {1913), Nos. 7, pp. 405-430, pis. 3; 8,
pp. 503-522, pi. 1; 9, pp. 537-586). — A detailetl report of biological studies con-
ducted by the author.
The peach twig borer, an important enemy of stone fruits, M. A. Yothers
{Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 61 {1914), PP- 4^ Po^- 5). — Anarsia lineatella,
one of the most important enemies of the peach in this country, is said to be a
common pest throughout Washington State wherever peaches are grown.
During some seasons it causes considerable loss to the growers by destroying
the fruit as well as the buds of the trees.
A brief account is given of its life history and of control measures. It is
pointed out that it can be reached by a contact spray while in its cell beneath
the bark, and that it can be killed by a stomiich jioison when it begins feeding
upon the leaf buds in the spring. The author is of the opinion that where
regular spraying with either lime-sulphur or crude oil emulsion for the San
Jose scale is i)racticed each year as late as possible in the spring when the
buds begin to swell the work of this pest will be reduced to a minimum and that
further treatment will usually be unnecessjiry.
Late broods of the codling moth, B. S. Pickett {Illinois Sta. Circ. 171
{1914), PP- 7, figs. 7). — This circular calls attention to the serious loss caused
by late broods of the codling moth in 1913 and the need that strenuous efforts
be made to combat this insect.
The author reconmiends as a supplement to spraying that attempts be made
to trap and destroy the larvae. This may be accomplished by furnishing suit-
able hiding places on the trunk, just above the ground and just below the
main branches, where the larvae will gather in large numbers to make their
transformations and may be easily destroyed. Bands made of thick brown
wrapping paper and of burlap, which are said to be the most readily availal)le
materials, are recommended for use as trap.s.
Notes on some forest Coleophora with descriptions of two new species,
C. Heinricii {Prov. Ent. Soc. Wash., 16 {1914), No. 2, pp. 66-69) .—Coleophora
leucochrysella is reported to have been reared from Castanca doitata at Falls
Church, Va., and Charter Oak, Pa.; C. carpinella n. sp. from Carpi nus and C.
alniella n. sp. from Alnus. both at Hyattsville, Md. ; and C. querciella from
Quercus at Falls Church, Ya.
Antimosquito work in New Jersey, T. J. Headlee {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7
{1914), No. 3. pp. 260-268). — The work in New Jersey, accounts of which hare
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 455
been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 559; 30, p. 361), is here described under
tiie headings of salt marsh and inland or local mosquito work.
A remarkable outbreak of Culex pipiens, W. E. Beitton (Jour. Ecan. Ent.,
7 (1914), A'O. 3, pp. 257-260). — ^This article records the development of the rain
barrel mosquito in edges of a stream at New Haven, and in ponds in the
vicinity of Greenwich from which fish had been driven by mill waste, includ-
ing dyestuffs. etc.
Diptera. — Family Cecidomyidae, J. J. Kieffee (P. Wyts)7ian's Genera
Inscctoruin. Brussels, I'JIS, Xo. 152, pp. 346, pis. 15; rev. in Ent. News, 25
(1914), No. 4, pp. 185-188).— This work lists some 2,500 species and 330 genera
from all parts of the world. The review is by E. P. Felt.
The Hessian fly situation in Kansas, G. A. Dean and J. W. McColloch
{Kansas Sta. Circ. 37 {1914), PP- 4, fids. 3). — A brief popular account based on
studies reported in Bulletin ISS. previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 157).
Ceratopogoninae sucking' the blood of caterpillars, F. Knab (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash., 16 {1914), No. 2, pp. 63-66). — Following a review of the literature
relating to the subject the author pi-e.sents a description of two new species,
namely, Forcipomyia crucicida from Florida and F. crudelis from Mexico.
The sandfly and pellagra, III, S. J. Huntee {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914),
^0. 3, pp. 293, 294). — A brief summary of progress in continuation of the
work previously noted (E. S. R., 29. p. 357).
Experiments with house fly baits and poisons, A. W. Morrill (Jour. Econ.
Ent., 7 {1914), No. 3, pp. 268-274). — Among the more important conclusions
drawn from the exi)eriments conducted are the following :
" Vinegar in itself is an excellent bait for a fly trap, but when used with
sugar or bread its attractiveness to flies is greatly increased. Equal parts of
vinegar, sugar, and water appear to be approximately as attractive as equal parts
of sugar and vinegar. An attractive combination poisonous to flies can be made
with formalin and vinegar, but further tests are necessary to determine the
best proportions. Formalin (40 per cent) diffei's greatly on different days in
its attractiveness to flies. This variation is evidently not due directly to tem-
perature conditions, and it suggests the possibility of the flies themselves dif-
fering from day to daj' in the degree of the sensitiveness of the sensory or-
gans. . . . Beer, milk, and bread, in the order named, are excellent materials
to use with formalin, increasing its attractiveness many times. . . . Commer-
cial alcohol (95 per cent) and water at the rate of 1 : 20 appears from the ex-
periments to be of about equal value with formalin and water mixed at the
rate of 1 : 10. both as to attractive power and killhig effects."
Further observations on the breeding habits and control of the house fly
(Musca domestica), C. G. Hewitt {Jour. Econ. Ent.. 7 {1914), No. 3, pp.
281-293, figs, i?).— This preliminary report of investigations carried on during
the summer of 1913 is presented primarily with a view to drawing the atten-
tion of other workers to the need of experimental work along similar lines.
Report of an expedition to Africa in search of the natural enemies of
fruit flies (Trypaneidae) with descriptions, observations, and biological
notes, F. Silvestri iBd. Coinrs. Agr. and Forestry Haicaii. Div. Ent. Bui. 3
{1914), pp. 176, pis. 25, fig. i).— The first part of this report (pp. 13-40) con-
sists of the itinerary of the journey in which the Canary Islands, Senegal,
French Guinea, Southern Nigeria, Kamerun, Gold Coast, Dahomey, Congo,
Angola, South Africa, Australia, and Honolulu were visited. This is followed
(pp. 41-96) by an account of the fruit flies observed during the expedition in
Africa, which includes 10 species of Ceratitis, namely, Ceratitis eapitata. C. gif-
fardi, C. silrestrii, C. stictiea antistictica, C. punctata, C. anonw, C. colce, C. ruH-
60741°— No. 5—14 5
456 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
vora, C. nigerrima, and C. tritea; and 7 species of Dacus, namely, Dacus olew, D.
armatus, D. hiparUtus, D. lounshuryi, D. vertebratus, D. brevistylus, and D.
longistylus. The liymenopterous parasites and predators of fruit flies next
dealt with (pp. 96-128) include 15 species of Braconidj?, 2 of Proctotrupidse, 6
of Chalcididse, and 3 of Formicidfe, many of which are characterized for the
first time.
The following are a part of the summary and conclusions drawn by the
author : " Various species of Ceratitis and Dacus exist in West Africa ; some
of them, at least in the months in which they were observed, in such reduced
numbers as to make it seem certain that they are effectually controlled by
natural inimical factors. Certain braconid parasites of the genera Opius,
Diachasma, Hedylus, and Biosteres, together with chalcids of the genera
Tetrastichus. Dirhinus, and Spalaugia, and proctotrupids of the genus Galesus
seem to be the inimical factors most active in West Africa against fruit flies.
. . . C. capltata was found in Nigeria and in Dahomey, but it was extremely
rare, at least from November to February. It seems probable that its rarity is
due to the action of the same parasites discovered by me for the other species
of Ceratitis and Dacus, though it is quite possible that other inimical factors
exist. Some sjjecies of hymenopterous parasites attacls several different species
of Ceratitis and of Dacus. Parasites of C. giffardi and C anonce were experi-
mentally bred by me on G. capitiita and develoi^ed to maturity. I^iving adults
of Opius perproximus. Dirhinus giffardi, and Galesus silvestrii from West
Africa, O. humilis and Triclwpna capensis from South Africa, and Diachasma
tryoni from Australia, were brought to Honolulu. T^arge numbers of the fruit
fly parasites, D. giffardi, O. silvestrii, and O. humilis and a few specimens of
D. tryoni were bred at Honolulu and distributed to other islands of the group.
No statements can be made in regard to the results of these introductions until
the pei-manent establishment of the species in question has been proved, but if
Opius, Diachasma. Dirhinus. and Oalesus become acclimatized a notable destruc-
tion of C. cupitata may be hoped for."
Reports of the breeding and distribution of the parasites introduced by the
author for the period from May 16 to September 30, by D. T. Fullaway (pp.
148-153), and that for the period from October 1 to December 31, by J. C.
Bridwell (pp. 154-160), and a summary of the records are appended. A bibli-
ography of 15 pages and a complete subject Index are included.
The development of blow flies, Stroh (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wehnschr., 29
(1913), Xo. .'/2. pp. 7.>.?-7.57). — This article deals with Calliphora vomitoria
and C erythrocephala.
Four new species of Tachinidae from North America, W. R. Walton (Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash., 16 (191.^), No. 2. pp. 90-95. figs. 7 ) .—Polychwtoneura elyii
n. g. and n. sp., reared from the red humped apple caterpillar, at East River,
Conn. ; Dionca timberlakci, species of which genus are said to be parasitic on
beetles of the genus Cassida in Europe, from Cache County, Utah; Linncemyia
fulvicauda, reared from Remigia repanda. at Aibonito and Rio Piedras, P. R. ;
and Compsilura oppugnator, reared from Cirphis latiuscula. at Rio Piedras,
P. R., are described as new to science.
Description of a new species of Agromyza from Porto Rico, J. R. Malloch
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.. 16 (1914), ^o. 2. pp. 89, 90. fig. l).—Agromyza in-
(equalis reared from Vigna repens ( ?) at Rio Piedras. P. R., is described as new.
The apple flea weevil, P. A. Glenn (Trans. III. Hort. Soc, n. scr., 47 (1913),
pp. 66-78). — This report of worli with Orchestes pallicomis, carried on largely
from June 10 to 24. includes experiments with arsenical and contact sprays
and sticky compounds as control measures.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 457
The pest has been observed in Illinois since 1901 (E. S. R., 13, p. 1063),
when it was found injuring apple foliage in various localities in the southern
part of the State. In some localities the weevils have been abundant enough
to be of considerable economic interest, the injury during the past two years
having been quite serious, especially in orchards where the foliage is naturally
scanty. The reduction of the leaf surface as a result of the work of the beetle
has been variously estimated at from 1 to 50 per cent.
The weevil has been found to be single brooded. " It requires something
less than four weeks from the time the egg is laid for the insects to reach ma-
turity. Last year practically all the beetles of the new brood had reached ma-
turity and emerged by June 10. This new brood of beetles is the one that does
the injury. It feeds upon the undersides of the leaves for a month or six
week.s, from about the middle of May to the first week in July, and then de-
scends to the ground and there remains apparently without food for the remain-
der of the season and the following winter, to appear again the following
spring.
" Since the egg is inserted in the tissues of the leaf and the larval and pupal
stages are passed within the leaf where sprays will not reach them, remedial
measures must he directed against the adult. The adults of the old brood are
to be found on the trees after the first of April, the new brood after the middle
of May. If possible, the old brood should be destroyed before April 15 or 20,
in order to prevent the deposition of eggs for the new brood."
Arsenate of lead, arsenite of zinc, and ferrous arsenate were experimented
with, the last two being less effective than arsenate of lead and both burning
the foliage badly. The experiments show " that the beetle is susceptible to
arsenical poisons, though perhaps less so than many other insects; that im-
mediate excellent results followed the spraying with arsenate of lead in one
case in which starch paste was used to secure an even spread of the spray and
special pains wei'e taken to cover thoroughly the undersides of the leaves, but
that the spray thus applied did not seem to be effective after 36 hours had
elapsed in destroying beetles then on the tree ; and that flour paste, soap,
lime-sulphur, and i^erhaps Bordeaux mixture added to the arsenical spray
repel the beetles." On June 10 bands of tanglefoot fly paper, 2 in. in width,
were placed about 2 ft. from the ground around the trunks of six trees. Five
days later 408, 375, 426, 548, 387, and 395 beetles, respectively, were counted.
The most promising experiments were those made with contact sprays.
Blackleaf 40 used at the rate of 0.25 oz. in a gallon of water in which 1 oz. of
soap had been dissolved was found to be about equal in effectiveness to 5 per
cent kerosene emulsion. A 6 per cent kerosene emulsion did not kill the beetles
satisfactorily but an 8 per cent emulsion killed them almost instantly. " The
contact sprays appear to be the most likely to prove effective, though it is very
possible that by beginning early enough and spraying thoroughly enough with
the poisons, satisfactory results may be accomplished. In either case the sticky
bauds will pi'ove useful. If no single method succeeds, there is no doubt that
by the combined use of all the methods suggested serious injury may be
avoided."
The clover leaf weevil (Hypera punctata), T. H. Parks (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
7 (1914), No. 3, p. 297). — This weevil, common in the Eastern States, has
recently become abundant in a section of the Payette Valley in southwestern
Idaho, where during April, 1914, a field of red clover was eaten to the ground
and surrounding alfalfa seriously injured by the larvae.
The boll weevil problem, B. L. Moss {[Birmingham, Ala.], 1914, PP-
VII+95, pis. 5, figs. 9). — A summarized account of the Mexican cotton boll
weevil and its relation to cotton culture, remedial measures, etc.
458 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Feeding- habits of the boll weevil on plants other than cotton, B. R. Coad
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 3, pp. 235-245) .—This
paper, which is based upon studies carried ou at Victoria, Tex., during the
summer of 1913, deals in large part with feeding experiments with Hibiscus
syriacus, but also reports briefly upon feeding experiments with Bphwralcea,
Undheimeri, Callirrhoe involucrata, and C. pedata.
The longevity of the weevils fed on the blooms of H. syriacus was found to
be much greater than that of those fed on either cotton bolls or leaves and
compared well with the longevity on cotton squares. The bloom (stamens and
corolla) appears to be much preferred to all other parts. Hibiscus buds do not
appear to prolong the life of the weevils.
" It is quite evident that it is possible for Anthonomus grandis and A. grandis
thurheriw to breed in the buds of //. syriacus. And not only is this possible,
but all indications point toward the conclusion that this breeding would be no
rarity. . . . These data prove beyond doubt that the boll weevils fed from the
time of emergence only on the buds and bloom of Hibiscus can develop suffi-
ciently sexually to produce a number of normal fertile eggs and to deposit them
normally.
" No boll weevils have been found breeding in plants other than cotton and
Thurberia under field conditions, and only one case of feeding under such con-
ditions has been observed. This was in the case of a single boll weevil found
feeding on H. syriacus at Victoria, Tex., on June 16."
The food of ants, G. Arnold (Proc. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc, 12 {1913), pt. 1,
pp. 11-24)- — The chief sources of ant food are animal food, such as other
insects and the carcasses of dead animals, and occasionally the excreta of other
animals; the sap and sweet liquids of plants derived from the nectaries of
the flowers, from woimds or from fruits, or from the sap in an altered form, as
the honeydew, or from similar excretions of other insects which live on the
juices of plants; the seeds of plants, bulbs, and the tender roots and cotyledons
of seedlings or specialized plant structures, such as Muellerian bodies; and the
hyphfe of fungi.
The introduction of parasites of May beetles into Porto Rico, D. L. Van
Dine {Ept. Bd. Comrs. Agr. P. R., 2 {1912-13), pp. 36-48).— This report relates
to work with parasites of the larvae of May beetles, carried on from January 1,
1912, to January 1, 1913, under the author's direction by C. B. Hood and G. N.
Wolcott, particularly relating to work with species of Tiphia and Elis in
Illinois. A brief statement of the work from January 1 to July 1, 1913, is
appended.
Notes on the biology of Diplazon lastatorius, E. O. G. Kelly {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), ^o. S, pp. 294-297).— The author has found that the
adult female ichneumonid {D. la'tatorius) oviposits in the eggs of the syrphid
Baceha clai^ata, following which the syrphid larva develops to maturity, feed-
ing on Apliis medicogiuis and pupates, from which stage the adult ichneumonids
emerge, having required about 35 dnys for their development.
" Thus there are now four families of Hymenoptera in which certain forms
have this method of parasitism; D. kctatorius representing the Ichneumonidre ;
Polygnotus hiemalis and P. minutus representing the Proctotrypidse ; Chelonus
texanus representing the Braconidse; and Tetrastichus asparagi, Ageniaspis
fuscicollis, and Litomastix {Copidosoma) truncatellus representing the Chal-
cididse."
Concerning some Aphelininse, L. O. Howard {Proc. Ent. 8oc. Wash., 16
{1914), No. 2. pp. 79-S5, fig. 1). — Among the species here described as new are
Mesidia giUcttri. reared from Brachycolus tritici. presumably at Fort Collins,
Colo. ; Paruphelinus toviaspidis n. sp., reared from the eggs of Tomaspis varia
FOODS — HUMAN" NUTRITION. 459
in Trinidad; Physcus fijiensis, reared from an Aspidiotus at Sava, Fiji; P.
gracilis, reared from a Lepidosaplies in West Australia ; P. stanfordi, reared
from Leucaspis kelloggi, at Stanford University; and Azotus chionaspidis, reared
from Chionaspis diffieilis, at Tolcio, Japan.
The species of Perilampidae of America north of Mexico, J. C. Crawfokd
{Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 16 il9U), No. 2, pp. 69-76).— Among the twelve species
here described several are of economic importance, including Perilampus
chrysopce n. sp., reared from cocoons of Chrysopa sp. at Batesburg, S. C. ; and
Chrysolampus lycti n. sp., a parasite of Lyctus striatiis. Tables for the sepa-
ration of the species of the genera Perilampus and Chrysolampus are given.
New parasitic Hymenoptera from British Guiana, J. C. Ceawford {Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash., 16 (1914), No. 2, pp. 85-88).— X large series of (Telcnomus)
Prophanurus min litis sivius is said to have been reared from the eggs of Lyco-
photia infecta. P. alecto reared from the eggs of the sugar cane borer ; P. thais
reared from the eggs of a large pentatomid; Aphanurus bodJcini reared from
tlie eggs of Empicoris variolosns ; Chalcis pandora reared from the larva of a
hesperid ; and Holcencyrtus calypso and Elachertus meridionalis reared from
the larvse of Calpodcs ethlius are described as new to science.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
The biolog'ical significance of the fat content of fish (with special refer-
ence to their habitat), O. Polimanti (Biochcm. Ztschr., 56 (1913), No. 5-6, pp.
439-U5; aJ)S. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London}, 104 (1913), No. 614, I, p. 1409).—
It is pointed out that during the development of fish embryo the ATsible fat in
the body diminishes, and that during this time the habitat gradually changes
from that of an organism living on the surface to one living deeper in the
water. Numerous analyses were made to determine whether or not nectonic
fish, which move rapidly on the surface, usually contain a greater proportion
of fat than benthouic or more slowly moving fish. The fat of the fish studied
varied from 1.115 to 20.447 per cent of the dry matter, the fish living in deep
water haA'ing the larger fat content.
A study of the influence of cold-storage temperatures upon the chemical
composition, and nutritive value of fish, C. S. Smith (Biochem. Bui., 3 (1913),
No. 9. pp. 54-68). — From a chemical study of fresh fish (summer flounders or
fluke and winter flounders), the author concludes that the proportion of water
and ash in the flesh of flounders was not affected, by a nine months' period of
cold storage and that changes in the proportion of soluble, coagulable, and non-
coagulable nitrogenous constituents were negligible, while there was practically
no change in the content of ammonium nitrogen.
During this period there was apparently no increase in the acidity of the
muscle lipins " for fish w-ith a low content of lipins. . . . There was no produc-
tion of reducing substance from any constituent of the flesh during any of
the storage periods. There was no evidence whatever of any depreciation in
the nutritive value, or any change in the sanitary character, of the fish at any
time during nine months of cold storage."
A further study of the chemical com^position and nutritive value of fish
subjected to prolonged periods of cold storage, W. A. Perlzweig and W. J.
GiES (Biochem. Buh, 3 (1913), No. 9, pp. 63-7i).— Continuing the work noted
above, samples of fish stored up to two years were examined.
The gastric and intestinal membranes of the fish were found to be intact.
The abdominal viscera in general were sound and had no odor when handled
other than would be noted with fresh flounders.
460 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
" The constancy in the data for the yield of ammonium nitrogen, for the
reaction of the aqueous extracts, and for acidity of the lipins, shows con-
clusively that there was no appreciable alteration of the flesh of the fish through
bacterial influences. The uniformity in the data for ' soluble ' and for ' non-
coagulable' nitrogen (making due allowance for the gi-adual loss of water
from most of the fish as the storage period lengthened) shows that there were
no appreciable autolytic changes.
" Some of the fish that had been subjected to analysis, including three in
storage for two years, were served with meals in conventional ways to a num-
ber of people, the authors among them. These portions were palatable and
entirely acceptable. The taste was slightly different, perhaps somewhat more
' fishy,' though not unpleasantly so, but otherwise there was nothing to suggest
a lack of freshness. . . .
" We do not suggest that our findings would apply in any degree to fish that
were not strictly fresh and unspoiled before they were put in cold storage.
It is obvious, also, that these results have no bearing on the condition of fish
which have been removed from cold storage and kept a week or more in a
shop, exposed, until sold, to public inspection during market hours, and iced
or kept in a common refrigerator at night. It is equally obvious that these
data have no material bearing on the cold storage of anything except fish.
" The results of our studies convince us that fresh fish, similar In general
character to flounders, may be preserved frozen, by the best cold storage proc-
esses, for at least two years without undergoing any important chemical altera-
tion, and without materially depreciating in nutritive value."
Sterilizing oysters, T. A. Beel {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 2Jf {1913), No. 2,
pp. 31-,1'f). — A summary and discussion of data regarding the relation of
oysters to typhoid fever.
Fish sausage, Pusch {ZUckr. Med. Beamte, 26 (1913), No. 16, pp. 601-611;
al)s. in Hyg. Rundschau, 24 {1914), No. 6, p. 368). — The author believes that
fish sausage is a valuable nutrient and states that, in his opinion, although
micro-organisms may not all be destroyed by cooking for ten minutes any
which remain would be harmless.
A commercial sausage binder, Peters {Zfschr. Untemuch. Nahr. u. Genus-
smtl., 21 {1914), No. 5, p. 397). — A commercial product called " schwarten "
extract (hide extract) was found to contain no animal material but to consist
essentially of agar-agar.
Relative nutritive value of pasteurized and raw milk, I. C. Weld {Cream,
and Milk Plant Mo., 2 {1914), No. 7, pp. 1, 2). — ^A slightly greater rate of gain
was observed in baliies fed on pasteurized milk in comparison with raw milk.
This, according to the author, may perhaps be attributed " to the destruction
of certain possible disturbing elements which, if present in milk not perfectly
pasteurized, may tend to retard digestion or prevent the fullest possible assimi-
lation of the milk.
" The actual difference in rate of increase in weight of the babies would seem
to be convincing evidence that proper pasteurization does not impair the
digestibility of milk or cause any pos.sible injury to the nutritive properties of
milk that can be detected even when used for infant feeding.
" The decidedly greater rate of increase in weight of the 110 babies when fetl
on pasteurized milk over the rate of increase of the same babies when fed
on raw milk would seem to be corroborative and conclusive evidence that no
possible injury to the nutritive projierties of milk actually takes place as a
result of modern sc-ientific pasteurization and that even the best supplies of
raw milk may at times be improved by such a process."
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 461
A study of the nutritive value of some proprietary infant foods, Ruth
Wheeler and Alice Beister (Aincr. Jour. Diseases Children, 7 (1914), ^o. 3,
pp. 169-183, figs. 30). — Laboratory animals (young and adult albino mice)
were used in tins experimental study of four proprietary infant foods. To
adapt tlie material to use by mice each of these infant foods was modified by
the addition of purified casein or of the salts of milk (Osborne and Mendel's
protein-free milk) or of both. The authors' conclusions follow:
" Two of the four foods seemed to be complete foods . . . allowing mainte-
nance of constant body weight, normal reproduction, and growth more rapid
than noi-mai. With [one] a third generation was produced. The other two
foods studied . . . did not prove capable of serving as an exclusive ration. One
modification of [one] food appeared to satisfy the nutritive requirements for
maintenance and for repair in two instances, but not for growth."
Tin poisoning' after eating canned asparagus, A. Friedmann {Ztschr. Hyg.
u. Infectionskranlc, 75 {1913), No. 1, pp. 55-61; ahs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1914, I,
No. 1, pp. 58, 59). — Bacteriological and serological examinations gave negative
results, and the poisoning is explained by the tin content of the canned goods,
one control sample containing 0.00874 gm. tin per box and the other 0.03428 gm.
In the autbor's opinion tbe occasional occurrence of sucb tin ])oisoning is
ascribable to the fact that some persons are especially sensitive to thi.
Analyses showing the composition of the different grades of commercial
pack peas, J. C. Diggs [Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 4, pp.
310-313). — Great variations were noticeable in the composition of a pack of
peas pnt up by a single firm under conditions as uniform as possible in factory
work.
The variation in the proportion of peas to liquor in tbe different grades was
considerable. " Tbe composition of. tbe liquor of tbe canned pea is largely
determined by the blanching and jirocessing. and as the more mature peas
require a longer period, we may expect to find this grade with turbid liquors
of high starch and proteid content. The young, immature dried peas contain
18 per cent more water than the oldest grade. The crude fiber decreases from
10.25 per cent to 7.15 per cent on the drained peas, water-free basis. The per-
centage of sugar seems to decrease with maturity. The reason is not apparent
and should be a field for further study.
" The part played by selective absorption in determining the location of added
constituents is one requiring further study. The change in ash is very slight.
The composition of the ash seems to remain the same throughout the growth
of the pea."
[Analysis of citnis fruit juices and of prickly pear products], H. J.
ViPOND (Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1912-13, pp. 308, 309). — The author
states that determinations were made of the acidity and sugar content of 24
samples of citrus fruits, one sample in each case coming from trees budded on
orange and another on lemon stocks.
The prickly-pear products included feeding stuffs, a so-called fertilizer, and
l»rickly-pear vinegar sirups. " None of these showed much promise of useful-
)iess. The sirups, for instance, were devoid of cane sugar, although one of
them was labeled ' sugar, ready for granulating.' " The sugar actually present
was grape sugar and levulose.
Has caffein-free coffee a diuretic effect, Kakizawa (Arch. Hyg., 81 (1913),
No. 1, pp. 43-4'^)- — From experiments with mice as subjects, the author con-
cludes that caffein-free cofi:'ee does not increase diuresis.
Studies of the temperature of beverages, A. Friedmann (Ztschr. Hyg. u.
Infektionskranlc, 77 (1914), No. 1, pp. 114-124). — The author reviews the
462 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
literature of the temperature at which foods aud beverages are taken iuto the
body aud reports the results of a large number of observations.
He states that, contrary to other observers, he has found that beverages are
taken in restaurants as well as at home at a temperature of from 50 to 60° C.
or higher. Adults, owing to the fact that they are accustomed to taking hot
drinks, note temperature differences less acutely than children. According to
his observation, children will seldom drink anything with a temperature over
50°, excepting in families where the adults use hot drinks. He believes that
neither the climate nor the time of the year Is responsible for any increase in
the temperature at which beverages are taken.
Annual report of the food and drug commissioner to the governor of the
State of Missouri, 1913, F. H. Fricke (Ann. Rfit. Food ami Drug Coinr. Mis-
souri, 1913, pp. 68). — A progress report is given of the examination of milk and
miscellaneous food products, drug products, and other work under the state
pure-food law. Out of a total number of 1,006 samples of food and drugs ex-
amined. 458 did not meet the requirements.
[Food inspection work] (Quart. Rpt. Dairy and Food Comr. Va., 1913,
iicpt.-'Nov., pp. 1-^5, 5^-68). — Data are given regarding the examination of a
large number of samples of miscellaneous foodstuffs and beverages and the
inspection of l);ikeries and other places wliere food is prepared and sold.
Report of the Royal Commission on Uniform Standards for Foods and
Drugs in the States of the Commonwealth of Australia; together with evi-
dence and appendixes, J. A. Thompson (Sydney: Govt., 1913, pp. LXXII-\-
282). — This report brings together in detail the evidence of traders and manu-
facturers affected by the pure-food law, which was taken and collected with a
view to uniform legislation for the purpose of making regulations in the sev-
eral States of the Commonwealth of Australia. In the form of appendixes this
information is classified aud summarized.
Report of the Royal Commission on Uniform Standards for Poods and
Drugs in the States of the Commonwealth of Australia, J. W. Gbeen (Brit.
Food Jour., 15 {1913), No. 178, pp. 182-186).— Au exhaustive digest of the report
noted above.
Physical and chemical tests for the housewife, Sadie B. Vanderbilt ( Teach-
ers Col. [N. Y.], Bui. 16, 4. ser. (1913), pp. 16).— A number of tests are de-
scribed which deal with gas and liquid fuels, water, food materials, food adul-
teration, soap, and soap powders.
Report of the committee on teachers' salaries and cost of living [National
Education Association] (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1913, pp. XX-\-328). — This ex-
tended investigation has to do with the increased cost of living, the economic
and social conditions of teachers in representative cities, and salary schedules,
tenure, and pensions. The following quotation shows the attitude of the com-
mittee toward the general question :
" While the 15 per cent rise of prices between 1896 aud 1903 maye have
seemed of minor importance to the earlier committee of the National Education
Association on salaries, tenure, and pensions, the uibsequent rise has been so
large and rapid that, in the opinion of the present committee, it can not be left
out of sight for an instant in any discussion or settlement of the question of
teachers' salaries."
The nutrition of the people, M. Rubner (Trans. 15. Internat. Cong. Hyg.
and Demogr. Washington, 1 {1913), pp. 385-407) .—This discussion of the food
of the masses is approached, the author states, from a somewhat different
standpoint from that of his earlier treatise on a similar subject (E. S. R., 20,
p. 662). Nutritive requirements, changes in food conditions and in dietary
habits, the merits of different types of diet, relation of food to housing and
FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 463
other couditions, nutrition in childhood, the feeding of necessitous school chil-
dren, and similar questions are considered. Suggestions are made for future
work.
In closing the paper, which was one of the public addresses at the Fifteenth
International Congress on Hygiene and Demography, the author states that
" the nutrition of the great mass of the people is a question of the highest
importance, deserving far more attention than it has hitherto received. All
the great countries ought to have a central authority, a food commission, which
should concern itself exclusively with the far-reaching questions of the well-
being of the people. The material as it lies before us to-day is very incom-
plete, but suffices to indicate the main lines of useful work. The nutrition of
the masses has so far been most studied with regard to political economy and
according to methods and viewpoints which do not always withstand the tests
of the physiology of nutrition. Only by means of the physiology of nutrition
is it possible to carry on exact research.
" The nutrition of the masses is to us a problem which may be approached
and improved from many different sides. It is necessary that not only the
hygienists, in the narrower sense, take up the struggle for betterment, but that
also the great army of men who are truly humanic in their hearts shall take
their places beside us."
People and diet — some questions and solutions, M. Rtjbner, trans, by E.
Bertarelli (Popolo ed Aliment azione — Quesiti e Solusioni. Turin, 1913, pp.
180). — See a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 662), covering much the same
ground.
Viewpoints in the study of growth, L. B. Mendel (Biochem. Bui., 3 (1914),
No. 10, pp. 156-176). — Theories of growth, the possibilities of growth, limita-
tions, and other topics are considered in this digest of data on growth and
growth phenomena.
Prenatal care, Mrs. M. West (U. 8. Dept. Labor, Children's Bur. Pub.. Care
of Children Scr. 1, No. 4 {1913), 3. ed., pp. 41)- — Food and diet are among the
subjects discussed in this summary of data.
Change of diet in certain skin diseases, Y. Gershun {Practiceski Vratch,
12 {1913), No. 21, pp. 314-316; abs. in Chem. Abs., 8 {1914), No. 5, p. 955).—
Infants that are breast fed frequently have skin diseases. This is due to the
presence of certain poisons in the mother's diet. Psoriasis vulgaris and eczema
were often cured by putting the patient on a strictly vegetarian diet.
Studies of beri-beri, X, XI, C. Funk {Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem.,
89 {1914) ^0. 5, pp. 313-380). — Experimental data are reported in refutation of
the theory of the toxic origin of beri-beri.
In experiments with pigeons beri-beri occurred at the same time when like
amounts of either cooked or uncooked polished rice were fed exclusively. The
disease also occurred when a ration of casein, fat, starch, sugar, and salts was
fed. Commercial casein contains a trace of vitamin. When this was destroyed
by cooking or by extraction with alcohol, beri-beri occurred more quickly than
otherwise. An alcoholic extract made from pigeons suffering with beri-beri had
a curative effect in the case of others and did not produce any toxic symptoms.
Pigeons contracted beri-beri without using up entirely their stored vitamin.
See also previous notes (E. S. R., 29, p. 664; 30, p. 865).
Increased amounts of carbohydrates hastened the incidence of beri-beri, as
did also the addition of starch and sugar to a standard diet. This shows that
vitamins play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and that
they have a greater effect in the metabolism of starch than in that of other
food constituents.
464 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Zeism or pellagra? P. A. Nightingale (Brit. Med. Jour., No. 2771 {191If),
pp. 300-302). — The author describes lii detail the pathological conditions noted
with prisoners when Indian corn meal, from which the bulli of the bran had
been removed in grinding, was used as a staple article of diet in place of ground
" rapoko " (African millet) (Eleusina coracana), from which the husk had not
been removed before grinding.
In spite of many symptoms in common, he does not believe that zeism is the
same as pellagra. He states that " sufferers from zeism invariably steadily
improved under rapoko meal, until in periods varying from 3 weeks to 7 months
they showed no further signs or symptoms of it. . . . Relapses were not sea-
sonal, but occurred only in apparently cured cases that returned too soon to
the mealie meal diet. . . . The disease was in no way infectious or contagious."
He states further that the prison cooks " never contracted the disease, and that
any case suffering only mildy recovered rapidly when working in the kitchen,
doubtless on account of the extra titbits that were to be procured there." The
similarity of zeism to scurvy or beri-beri is also noted.
Analysis of maize samples in connection with the feeding of mine natives,
H. J. ViPOND (Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1912-13, pp. 307, 308).— Ash
constituents were determined as well as water and protein in 27 samples of corn.
The results according to the author, " although they do not reveal any new
feature, . . . show what variations may be expected. The figures for protein
are of agricultural interest, as they show the marked superiority of the flint
over the dent varieties. The poverty of maize grain in lime is also very
strikingly shown."
An experimental study of the relation of food to infection, I, E. Thomas
(Bioclicm. ZUchr., 57 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. -}.56-472).— Experiments with labora-
tory animals (pigs) are reported and discussed.
An experimental study of the relation of food to infection, II, O. Horne-
MANN (Biochem. Ztschr., 57 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 473-491). — Experiments are re-
ported in continuation of the work noted above. The general conclusion is
reached that in comparison with cax'bohydrates a diet rich in protein had a
marked effect in lowering tuberculosis infection.
Infection and diet, E. Thomas (Umschau, 18 (1914), A'o. 10, pp. 195. 196).—
A discussion of the experimental data reported in the above papers.
Experiments on the influence of diet on the resistance to disease made with
laboratory animals (pigs) showed that resistance was greatest on a diet con-
taining a relatively large amount of protein. The animals fed the carbohy-
drate diet were badly affected, one of the animals fed a fat diet being a little
and the other decidedly affected, and those fed a mixed diet rather generally
affected. The general conclusion reached is that protein affected resistance
to tuberculosis favorably and carbohydrate unfavorably.
The influence of underfeeding and of subsequent abundant feeding on the
basal metabolism of the dog, S. ]Morgulis (Biochem. Bui., 3 (1914), No. 10,
pp. 264-268). — Under the experimental conditions the carbon dioxid production
and oxygen consumption per hour returned to the normal values, as did the
rate of respiration and pulsation and body temperature. " There had been no
adaptation on the part of the organism to the greater inflow of energy. Its
metabolic activity had been temporarily raised while the exhausted organs and
tissues had been rapidly repaired, but as soon as the storing away of reserves
predominated over the constructive processes, the basal metabolism went back
to its original level, the level which was characteristic for this particular
organism."
Protein storage in the liver, N. Tichmeneff (Biochem. Ztschr., 59 (1914) <
No. 3-4. pp. 326-332). — Whether or not one can conclude that there is a storage
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 465
of protein in the liver, from liis experiments witli lalwratory animals (mice)
and other data the author regards it as certain that the protein content of the
liver is much more dependent upon the amount supplied in the diet than is the
case with other organs. If it should prove that the protein stored in the liver
on a very abundant diet is as quickly used up in subsequent fasting, the stored
material can be regarded as a sort of labile protein. The possibility of its being
regarded as a i-eserve protein is also suggested. Further work is promised.
The glycogen content of the liver after feeding protein and protein cleav-
age products, A. TscHANNEN {Biochem. Ztschr., 59 (1914), ^'O. 3-4, pp. 202-
225). — According to the author, the continued supply of protein cleavage prod-
ucts makes entirely different demands on the liver from feeding with native
proteids or with a mixed diet. The experiments were made with laboratory
animals.
The cleavage of fatty acids in the animal body, M. Koppel ( Uber den Abbau
der Fetfsdnrcn im Tierkorper. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Strasshurfi, 1913; abs. in
Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 16 {1914), No. 11-12, p. 366).— The author has
studied the cleavage of saturated aliphatic acids of the acetic acid sei'ies with
a view to determining the first step in the oxidation of fatty acids.
The cleavage of fatty acids in the animal body, L. Hermanns {Biochem.
Ztschr., 59 {1914), No. 3-4, pp. 333-336) .—This theoretical discussion of fat
cleavage is based upon the author's work and that of others.
Evidence of fat absorption by the mucosa of the mammalian stomach,
C. W. Greene and W. F. Skaer {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 32 {1913), No. 7, pp.
358-368). — A series or experiments was made with laboratory animals (puppies
and kittens), in which the amount of fat in the superficial gastric epithelium
and in the gastric glands at different times was studied with relation to feeding
and fasting. The main conclusion drawn, according to the authors, is that
" there is a definite cycle of variation in quantity of fat in the gastric mucosa
and in the different gastric glands in relation to the time following a meal rich
in fats."
Chemical and morphological investigations on the importance of choles-
terol in the organism. — IV, The cholesterol content of the blood of different
animals and the influence of cholesterol intake, especially with the food, L.
Wacker and W. Hueck {Arch. Expt. Path. u. Pharmakol., 14 {1913), No. 6, pp.
416-441; ahs. in Jour. Ghcm. Soc. [Londo7i'\, 106 {1914), No. 615, I. p. 102).—
The relationship of free to combined cholesterol varies and is affected by
nutrition, muscular work, breathing, and other factors.
By feeding free cholesterol, the amount in the blood serum was increased and
that in the ester form still more increased. The same results were noted when
it was administered subcutaneously. The corpuscles, however, were but little
affected. In growing animals cholesterol accelerates growth, leading especially
to the deposition of fat. Its continued administration leads to disorders of the
alimentary canal and to arterial sclerosis.
The experiments were made with laboratory animals.
Chemical and morphological investigations on the importance of choles-
terol in the organism. — VI, The influence of muscular work on the choles-
terol content of the blood and suprarenal bodies, E. Picard {Arch. Expt.
Path. u. Pharmakol., 14 {1913), No. 6, pp. 450-46O; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc.
[London'[, 106 {1914), No. 615, I, p. 102).— With rapid muscular work the
amount of cholesterol in the cortex was found to increase, while that in the
blood fell slightly.
Muscular work— metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency
of the human body as a machine, F. G. Benedict and E. P. Cathcart (Car-
negie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 187 (1913), pp. VII +176, pi. 1. figs. 10).— The
466 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
investigations reported were carried out witli a special form of respiration
apparatus (E. S. R., 21, p. 665), and witli a bicycle ergometer described in a
previous publication of tlie IT. S. Department of Agriculture (E. S. R., 21, p.
68), and a second instrument vphich was a replica of it. Two essentially funda-
mental questions were considered, namely, the character of the material burned
in the body before, during, and after muscular work, and the relationship be-
tween the amount of productive effective muscular work and the total heat
output.
The subjects of the experiments were all young men in perfect health. Four
of them were accustomed to bicycle riding, while the fifth, with whom most of
the experiments were made, was a well trained professional bicyclist. The ex-
periments were all carried out in the postabsorptive state, that is, at least
twelve hours after the last food had been taken. The investigation as a whole
covered several months and involved several hundred experiments.
The results showed that during severe muscular work there is a distinct
alteration in the character of the materials burned in the body. The evidence
indicated a selective combustion of carbohydrate material, though the experi-
ments do not point to an exclusive combustion of carbohydrate during muscular
work.
The greater part of the experiments was devoted to a study of the relation-
ship between the total heat output and the effective external muscular work,
thereby giving information in regard to the mechanical efficiency of man. The
report also takes into account other important questions relative to the muscular
work of man, such as the effect of muscular work on the pulse rate, the body
temperature, the mechanics of respiration, and the drafts upon the body ma-
terial, the maximum working capacity of man, and particularly the after-effects
of work. A certain amount of evidence was provided by the experiments for a
comparison of results obtained with trained and vmtrained individuals.
Under certain conditions, it is pointed out, particularly when the subject is
riding with a moderately severe load and immediately begins riding with a
very severe load, it is possible to superimpose a load upon the human body so
that 40 per cent of the increment in the total heat output may be in the form of
effective external muscular work transmitted to the machine, such as the bicycle
ergometer. The experiments gave no indication of the possibility of " over-
loading" the human machine so far as mechanical efficiency was concerned.
Obviouslj' the power of human endurance is limited, but an interesting point
brought out is the fact that the professional bicyclist performed all of the ex-
periments without food and that on at least one day he did an amount of work
equal to a " century " run over ordinary roads. This experiment gave the data
for computations with respect to the probable amount of available glycogen in
the human body.
An extensive review of the earlier literature with an analysis of the results
obtainetl by former investigators accompanies the report.
The temperature of expired air and air in the lungs, A. Loewt and H.
Geriiartz {Pfliigcr's Arch. Physiol. , 155 (1913), No. 3-5, pp. 231-2U, figs. 3).—
An extended series of observations is reported and discussed.
ANIMAL PRODTJCTION.
Introduction to heredity, R. B. Goldschmidt {Einfiihrung in die Vererlmngs-
wissoisclntft. Lcipsic and Berlin. 1913, 2. ed. rev. and enl., pp. XII-\-5It6, figs.
189). — This volume treats of the theories of inheritance, variation, mutation,
hybrids, and other related subjects.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 467
A monograph of albinism in man, K. Pearson, E. Nettleship, and C. H.
UsHEE (DraiJcrs' Co. Research Mem., Biometric Scr., 8 (1913), pp. 7/7+265-524,
pis. 33, figs. 3; 9 (.1913), pp. VI+136-{-XXin, pis. 59; rev. in Nature lLo7idon],
92 (1914), No. 2313, pp. 717, 718).— In this review attention is paid to the need
of moi'e clearly classifying the various kinds and degrees of albinism. The
original article " gives a full account of the clinical and microscopic characters
of various liinds of albinism in the voidest sense of the word, both in man and
animals; discusses their occurrence and geographical distribution; and in-
cludes, in part IV, nearly 700 fully described pedigrees, some of them ex-
tending to 100 or more individuals."
Studies of Guam range plants, J. B. Thompson (Onam Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp.
15-17). — Tbis is an account of the principal grasses, sedges, and miscellaneous
plants of Guam that are useful for pasture and feeding purposes.
Analyses of feeding stuffs, P. H. Wessels et al. {Rhode Island Sta. Insp.
Bid., 191 Jf, May, pp. 2-16). — ^Analyses are reported of the following feeding
stuffs: ISIeat and bone scrap, cotton-seed meal and feed, linseed meal, gluten
feed, malt sprouts, brewers' grains, wheat middlings, bran, hominy chop, corn
meal, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
[Feeding stuffs], W. D. Saunders (Quart. Rpt. Dairy and Food Comr. Va.,
1913, Scpt.-Nov., pp. 48-54)- — Analyses are reported of dried beet pulp, rye
middlings, oats, linseed meal, cracked corn, cotton-seed meal, wbeat middlings,
shipstuif, bran, shorts, gluten feed, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
Chemical analyses of licensed feeding stuffs, 1914, F. W. Woll and W. H.
Strowd (Wisconsin Sta. Circ. ^7 (1914), PP- 3-89). — Analyses are reported of
tbe following feeding stuffs : Linseed meal, cotton-seed meal, gluten feed, bominy
feed, distillers' grains, wheat bran, middlings, red dog flour, germ middlings,
rye, barley, and buckwbeat feeds, rice meal, rice bran, dried brewers' grains,
malt sprouts, alfalfa meal, molasses feeds, and various mixed and proprietary
feeds.
There is included the text of tbe Wisconsin feeding stuffs law, definitions, etc.
Commercial feeding stuffs and fertilizers licensed for sale in Wisconsin,
1914, W. H. Strowd (Wisconsin Sta. Circ. 46 (1914), PP- 3-21).— This circular
gives a list of commercial feeding stuffs and fertilizers licensed for sale in
Wisconsin, 1914, together with definitions of the important feeding stuffs and
general instructions to manufacturers and dealers.
Analyses of feeding stuffs (Jahresbcr. Landw. Kammer Stettin, Prov. Pom-
mem, 1912, pp. 37-42). — Analyses are reported of cotton-seed meal, peanut cake,
sesame cake, palm kernel cake, cacao meal, rape-seed meal, linseed meal, sun-
flower-seed cake, soy-bean meal, germ-oil meal, rye bran, wheat bran, barley
bran, oat meal, rice meal, molasses feeds, and fish meal.
Feeding principles, W. A'oltz (Ztschr. Sjriritusindus., 37 (1914), No. 10, pp.
147, 148, 151). — In this article the author describes the methods of steaming
and ensiling potatoes and potato refuse as well as beets, green corn, and lucern.
The composition and digestibility of these materials as determined by several
investigators are given. A method of preserving beet leaves, potatoes, etc., b.v
the use of a lactic acid starter is also described, in which the material is placed
in trenches, inoculated with Bacillus delhrilcki and the trench covered with
boards and soil.
Animal production, M. Hoffmann and von Ollech (Jahresder. Landw., 27
(1912), pp. 272-465). — Recent German publications of investigations on this
subject are classified and reviewed.
[Animal husbandry] (Rpt. Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, 1913, pp. 9, 47-53).—
This embodies statistics on live stock importations to New Zealand and a report
of the sheep and wool industry, including the establishment of stud flocks, the
468 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
breeding work being done with lougwools and Dorset Horns, and crossbreeding
experiments which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 372).
Animal feeding, dairy cattle, milk, butter, beef cattle {Scranton, Pa., pp.
IX+[624]+XI-XXIV, figs. 290).— This volume, which is a part of the Inter-
national Library of Technology, treats of animal feeding, breeding, and man-
agement, and contains chapters on dairy and beef cattle production.
Studies on the work of protein in the intestinal canal, F. A. Kramm
(Stud'ien ilber den Ahbau der Proteine im Dannkanal. Inaug. Diss., Univ.
Leipsic, 1912, pp. H). — The author reviews the work of Abderhalden on the
work of the protein substances and peptones in the intestinal canal and gives
the results of experiments showing the rapid transformation of these substances
up to the amino acid stage.
Studies on the passage of drinking water through the stomach, R. Otto
(Studien ilber den Transport getrunlcenen Wasscrs diirch den Magen. Inaug.
Diss., Vmv. Leipsic, 1912, pp. 59, pis. 6). — This reports extended studies made
of the passage of water through the stomach of the horse and dog.
[Experiments in animal production] (Xebrasha Sta. Rpt., 1913, pp. XI-
XIII). — This is a summarized account of recent experiments in animal pro-
duction.
Six lots of cattle wei-e fed upon corn and the following supplements : Lot 1,
prairie hay and cold pressed cotton-seed cake ; lot 2. corn silage and cotton-seed
cake ; lot 3, corn silage and prairie hay ; lot 4, a heavy ration of corn silage
and alfalfa hay ; lot 5. a light ration of corn silage and alfalfa hay ; and lot 6,
alfalfa hay. The respective daily gains per head were 1.92, 2.01, 1.75, 2.24, 2.04,
and 2.29 lbs., and the costs per pound of gain 9.53. 9.21, 9.08, 7.76, 8.33, and 7.21
cts., respectively. These results do not correspond with those of earlier experi-
ments and it is purposed to duplicate the work before final results are pub-
lished.
Four lots of hogs were fed as follows : Lot 1, soaked whole wheat ; lot 2,
soaked whole wheat and tankage; lot 3, soaked ground wheat; and lot 4, soaked
ground wheat and tankage. Wheat was valued at 75 cts. per bushel and tank-
age at $2.50 per hundredweight. The lots of pigs made a total gain of 705, 825,
1.000. and 1,108 lbs., respectively, costing 8.40, 6.G, 5.84. and 6.06 cts. per pound
of gain. ~
Economical cattle feeding in the corn belt, J. S. Cotton and W. F. Ward
/ (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 588 (1914), pp. 19, figs. 6).— The authors dis-
/ cuss the cost of producing and of feeding cattle, the care of manure and main-
tenance of soil fertility, methods of cattle feeding adapted to high-priced and
moderate-priced laud, use of hogs following cattle, shrinkage, etc.
Cost of beef production under semi-range conditions, G. E. Morton et al.
(Colorado 8ta. Bui. 189 (1913), pp. 3-8).— The object of the experiment here
reported was to secure information concerning the cost of producing fat 2-year-
// old cattle under modified range conditions, the cattle to be run on native grass
/ within fences in summer and to be winter fed.
I / It is estimated that about 20 acres of range is required per head with ordi-
1 ' nary weather conditions. Fifteen head of range-bred 3-year-old cows of Here-
ford and Shorthorn blood were used in the experiment. These calved in May
to July. The 15 calves were brought in on October 20 and winter fed until
I June 3. The average gain in weight per head was 339 lbs., or 1.63 lbs. daily
l\ gain. The amount of feed consumed per head was 2.200 lbs. alfalfa hay and
' 788 lbs. barley, valued at $13.38, and the cost per pound of gain,^^S5_cts. It
is stated that these results encourage the liberal winter feeding of range calves.
The yearlings were sunnner ranged under adverse conditions, and made only
26 lbs. average gain per head. Again they were winter fed, going in September
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 469
18 at 658 lbs. per head and coming out April 6 at 1,031 lbs., or an average daily
gain of 1.78 lbs. at a cost of gain of 6.S.5 cts. per pound. The estimated profit
per head, over cost of feed and shrinlj, for the entire 2 years' feeding was $13.47
per head. These figures do not include the cost of labor in winter feeding.
Owing to the adverse conditions under which the experiment was conducted,
only general conclusions are drawn from these results. The main profit came
in the winter feeding of calves, which bears out the results of earlier worli
(B. S. R., 23, p. 276). Also "the fattening of the steers as yearlings was a
profitable operation, and with reasonable growth on range there is every encour-
agement for the production of beef in valleys of the State where alfalfa and
barley can be grown and there is outside range for the cattle."
A table is included giving information gathered from a selected lot of men
running range cattle in different sections of the State and showing estimates
of the normal cost of i-anging cattle.
Feeding beef cattle, C. A. Willson and S. A. Robert (Tennessee Sta. Bui.
104 {191Jt), pp. 77-107, Jigs. 4). — Three groups of 2-year-old steers, group 1
consisting of 8 lots comprising 82 head ; group 2, 6 lots of 56 head ; and group 3,
5 lots of 45 head were fed during a 90-day period corn silage, cotton-seed hulls,
and cotton-seed meal in various combinations, the cotton-seed meal being fed
in low (3 to 5 lbs.), medium (5 to 7 lbs.), and high (7 to 9 lbs.) daily amounts,
respectively. The average daily gains were 1.52, 1.75, and 1.72 lbs. per head,
respectively; the average cost per pound of gain 8.53. 8.52, and 12.1 cts.
The general results from the work on cotton-seed meal for steer feeding indi-
cate first, that the best and cheapest gains can be made when the amount of
cotton-seed meal fed increases from 5 to 7 lbs. per head throughout the feeding
period; second, that the feeder is not warranted in the use of cotton-seed meal
to the extent of from 7 to 9 lbs. per head per day, except in very short feeding
periods of from 30 to 50 days; and third, that medium meal rations are as
eflicient from the standpoint of gains as high meal rations, increasing from 7
to 9 lbs. and are much more eflicient from the standpoint of economy. In com-
paring corn silage and cotton-seed hulls as roughage it was found that when
small amounts of cotton-seed meal are fed, such as 3, 4, and 5 lbs., silage gives
better results than cotton-seed hulls, but that where large amounts are fed the
cotton-seed hulls give the bettter results.
On another series of tests, 117 steers fed silage and cotton-seed meal made
an average daily gain of 1.72 lbs. per head, 82 on cotton-seed hulls and cotton-
seed meal 1.6 lbs., and 32 on a combination of silage, hulls, and cotton-seed
meal 1.91 lbs. The average cost per pound of gain was 8.20, 11.3, and 7.6 cts., re-
spectively. These results indicate that much better gains may be made through
the use of silage with cotton-seed meal than through the exclusive use of
cotton-seed hulls for the roughage portion of the ration. When silage is fed,
however, greater gains may be made by the addition of a small amount of some
dry feed, such as hulls. The largest and most economical gain was made where
a small amount of hulls was fed in conjunction with the silage. The average
returns per ton of silage fed are estimated to be $7.65, those of cotton-seed hulls
$13.78. From this it is concluded that it requires a much wider margin to feed
steers with hulls than with silage.
A study made of the influence of breed on gains showed a gain of 25.6 lbs. in
favor of the steers with one or more beef -bred crosses. Not only did the better-
bred steers make more gains, but the gains were put on in the more valuable
beef cuts, and thus made the beef-bred steers sell at a wider mai'gin and greater
profits. Steers classed as very good made an average gain for 90 days of 158.8
lbs. ; those classed as good, 143.6 lbs. ; medium, 122 lbs. ; and poor, 124.9 lbs.
470 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
Corn silage and mill products for steers, J. W. Wilson (Sotith Dakota Sta.
Bill. 148 (1914), PP- 332-343, figs. 5). — This bulletin is a continuation of work
previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 872).
Three lots of yearling steers of 4 head each were fed during a 146-day feeding
period, each lot receiving all the silage the steers would eat and 12 lbs. of a
by-product, this being for lot 1 oil meal, lot 2 cotton-seed meal, and lot 3 dried
distillers' grains. The average daily gains per head were 2.45, 1.95, and 2.17
lbs., respectively ; and during the first ninety days 2.69, 2.08, and 2.49 lbs. The
estimated cost per pound of gain was 5.86, 6.'64, and 5.5 cts.
In 2 other lots grain was substituted for one-half by weight of the silage fed
in the former lots, lot 4 receiving oats and lot 5 corn. The former lot made
average daily gains of 2.18 lbs. per head, the latter 2.09, and during the first
90 days 2.3 and 2.01 lbs., respectively, costing 6.88 and 8.22 cts. per pound of
gain. The average amount of feed required to produce a pound of gain for the
146-day feeding period was as follows : Lot 1, 19.7 lbs. of silage and 1.2 lbs. of
oil meal ; lot 2, 21.2 lbs. of silage and 1.5 lbs. of cotton-seed meal ; lot 3, 20.3 lbs.
of silage and 1.3 lbs. of dried distilled grains; lot 4, 10.9 lbs. of silage and 4.7
lbs. of oats ; and lot 5, 11.6 lbs. of silage and 5.9 lbs. of shelled corn.
A chemical analysis, by G. E. Youngberg, of the feeds u.sed is appended.
Besults of pasture fattening, Clausen (Deut. Landn:. Prcsse, 41 {1914), No.
16, pp. 195, 196). — Oxen from 1 to 4 years old were pastured on various types
of pasture. The average daily gains on 100-year-old heavy moorland pasture
without manure were 1.45 kg. per hectare, on an 8-year-old light moorland
pasture fertilized with stable manure and Thomas meal 1.09 kg., and on a 14-
year-old moorland pasture fertilized with offal and Thomas meal, 1.22 kg.
[Color inheritance in Shorthorns], J. Wilson (Live Stock Jour. [London},
79 {191.'f), No. 2085, p. 287). — The author presents evidence to show that whereas
ordinarily when a red Shorthorn and a white breed are crossed there is no
possibility of anything but a roan being produced, there is a class of white
cattle having red or black points which do not breed like ordinary Shorthorn
whites. These are similar to the wild white cattle and are dominant in color
to ordinary cattle, breeding like blacks or reds.
How to handle sheep for profit, F. Kleinheinz ([Chicago], 1913, pp. 25,
figs. 12). — This pamphlet gives practical suggestions for the feeding, care, and
management of sheep. There is included an article on Scotch sheep feeding by
J. Clay.
Swine, sheep, horses, mules, ponies, asses (Scranton, Pa., pp. yi-{-[640'\ +
VII-XVII, pi. 1, figs. 327). — This volume, which is a part of the International
Library of Technology, treats of swine, sheep, horse, pony, ass, and mule breed-
ing and management.
Pasture and grain crops for hogs in the Pacific Northwest, B. Hunteb
{U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 599 {1914), PP- 27, figs. 9).— This is a reprint
of an earlier publication previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 771).
Alfalfa pasture for pigs, L. Foster and H. H. Simpson {New Mexico Sta.
Bui. 90 {1914), pp. 31, figs. 7). — Four lots of 8 pigs each were pastured on
alfalfa during a 65-day feeding period, lots 2, 3, and 4 receiving in addition 1
lb. grain, 2 lbs. grain, and S lbs. skim milk, respectively, per 82 lbs. live weight
The grain consisted principally of wheat. The average daily gain per head
was 0.254, 0.66, 0.73, and 0.6 lb., respectively, and the profits per acre of
pasture $16.48, $22.39, $16.85, and $19.58.
Three lots of 8 or 9 pigs each, of the Tamworth, Duroc, and Yorkshire breeds,
were pastured on alfalfa during a 153-day feeding period and fed supple-
mentary rations as follows: Lot 1, f to 1 lb. corn, lot 2, i to f lb. corn, and lot
AN^IMAL PRODUC;riON. 471
3, 5 to 6 lbs. skim milk per 85 lbs. live weight. The respective average daily
gains per head were 0.49, 0.38. and 0.41 lb. ; the cost per pound of gain 4.75,
4.05, and 3.81 cts. ; and the returns per acre of alfalfa pasture, $17.56, $16.33,
and $18.44. The low i*eturus i)er acre of pasture are attributed to the small
number of pigs kept on the area, which would have carried one-half more pigs.
Tamworth pigs made an average of 75J lbs. gain per head. Durocs 7I9, and
Yorkshires 47. The latter made their best gain on the light grain ration. It
is concluded that the greatest profit can be niade by running pigs on alfalfa
pasture and feeding from ^ to 1 lb. of grain per 100 lbs. live weight per day.
Two lots of pigs, one of 13 Tamworths and the other of 21 Durocs, were pas-
tui'ed on alfalfa during a 126-day period, receiving supplementary feeds of
skim milk, bran, and shorts. The Tamworth pigs gained 7.3 lbs. per head more
than the Durocs and made their gains at a cost of 0.3 ct. less per pound, thus
indicating that they are a little better suited to grazing on alfalfa pasture and
to utilizing a bulky ration.
Three lots of 12 pigs each, comprising Duroc, Tamworths, Duroc-Tamworths,
and Yorkshire-Tamworths were pastured on alfalfa during a 59-day period,
receiving supplementary feeds as follows: Lot 1, 4 to 6 lbs. per head per day of
skim milk ; lot 2, f to 1 lb. per head per day of ground wheat ; and lot 3, 2^ to 3*
lbs. ground wheat and skim milk, about 1 : 6. The average daily gains per head
were 0.43, 0.57, and 0.51 lb., respectively ; the returns per acre of alfalfa,
$14.03. $19.11, and $17.15. The breeds ranked in gains as follows: Duroc-
Tamworth, Tamworth, Duroc. and Yorkshire-Tamworth. Wheat was found to
be a satisfactory and economical supplementary feed for alfalfa pasture, and
skim milk a fair supplement, but not worth over 17 cts. per hundredweight
where the ground wheat is worth $1.32 per hundredweight. It is estimated that
8.15 lbs. skim milk are equivalent to 1 lb. ground wheat for supplementary
alfalfa pasture.
Three lots of 9 pigs each were pastured on alfalfa during a 120-day period, receiv-
ing supplementary feeds as follows : Lot 1, 4 to 6J lbs. per head per day of skim
milk ; lot 2, 2 to 3J lbs. per head per day of skim milk, together with i to f lb.
ground milo maize: and lot 3, 2 to 3J lbs. skim milk and 5 to | lb. shorts per
head per day. The respective average daily gains per head were 0.25, 0.28, and
0.29 lb. ; the cost per pound of gain 4.11, 3.5, and 3.64 cts. ; and the returns per
acre of alfalfa $24.35, $28.82. and $27.88.
The general results indicate that for six months' pasturing, supplemented with
a medium ration of concentrated feed, a gain of 782 lbs. per acre may be
credited to alfalfa pasture.
Swine husbandry (Ohio Sta. Bui. 274 (19U), pp. 306, 307).— Two 3-acre
plats of 45 bu. per acre corn were " hogged down " with sixty 76-lb. pigs, all the
pigs having access to only one plat at a time. In addition to the standing corn,
the pigs received 0.3 lb. of tankage daily per pig and some shelled corn at the
beginning and close of the experiment. The pigs made an average gain of 1.51
lbs. daily per pig during the 42 days required to hog-down the 6 acres, and at
6 cts. per pound live weight showed a return of $34.31 per acre for the standing
corn.
Second biennial report of the state board of horse commissioners, W. E.
Carroll (Utah Sta. Circ. 17 (1914), PP- 59-74).— This circular reports the dis-
tribution of the breeds of licensed stallions and jacks in Utah. The Percheron
breed leads with 31.7 per cent.
British horse breeding, G. T. Burrows (Breeder's Oas., 65 (1914), ^0. 11,
p. 592). — At the annual meeting of the Clydesdale Horse Society of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland it was reported that 837 certificates for
60741'— No. 5—14 6
472 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
export animals had been issued, as follows : Canada, 629 ; United States, 37 ;
South Africa, 51 ; SvA'eden, 15 ; Germany. 1 ; Russia, 55 ; South America, 20 ;
New Zealand, 19; and Australia, 10.
It is stated that a keen demand has existed for weighty young geldings of the
Shire breed. The demand for the Suffolk from America, Canada, South Africa,
and Australasia has been greater than ever. Hackneys have stood still, while
there has been some trade in polo ponies and hunters.
Experiments with poultry, R. M. Sherwood and W. J. Buss {Ohio Sta. Bui.
262 {1913), pp. 515-5^2, figs. 8). — In order to secure data relative to the cost of
egg production and to the variation in rate and economy of production that may
be expected when different lots of fowls are treated alike, four lots of about 50
White Leghorn pullets were fed the same ration for one year and the amount
of feed consumed recorded. The average grain and mash consumed per pullet
ranged between 67.95 and 70.75 lbs. ; the average cost of feed per pullet per year
94.6 and 98.5 cts. ; the average gain in weight per pullet 0.177 and 0.376 lb. ;
the average number of eggs per pullet 117.1 and 125.5 ; and the cost per dozen
of eggs produced 0.17 and 10.09 cts. In another experiment, 5 lots of pullets
ranged in average egg production between 104.8 and 141.6 jier pullet at an
average cost per dozen between 7.62 and 10.77 cts.
Four lots of caponized Barred Plymouth Rocks were fed as follows: Lots 1
and 3 corn, wheat, oats, ground corn, bran, and beef scrap; lots 2 and 4 corn,
ground corn, and beef scrap. There was a wide variation in the amount of feed
consumed and in the gains made, and hence in the cost of feed per pound of
gain, this being respectively 10.95, 9.67, 14.02, and 10.71 cts. The greater cost
of lots 1 and 3 was attributed to the variety of feeds in the rations fed these
lots. The lots which received corn, ground corn, and beef scrap had n- yellower
skin than that of the other lots.
A study of the fertility of eggs of 230 fowls shows that the number of fertile
eggs began to decrease from 8 to 12 days after mating. In exi)eriments in
individual mating the shortest time after mating in which fertile eggs were
produced was about 42 hours. The length of time after mating through which
fertile eggs were produced varied with different individuals from a little less
than a week up to nearly 18 days.
Plans of the poultry buildings at the station are included.
Twelve months' poultry-laying competition, 1912—13, at Harper Adam.s
Agricultural College, Newport, Salop, F. W. Rhodes {Field Expts. Harper
Ailams Agr. Col. und Statfordshire, Rpt. 1913, pp. 49, pis. 2, figs. 6).— One
hundred i>ens of six birds each, comprising seventeen hreetls of poultry, were
represented in this competition, pens of White Wyandottes winning first, third,
fourth, fifth, and sixth iK)sitiou; White Leghoi-ns, seventh, eighth, and ninth;
and Buff PljTuouth Rocks, second. The greatest number of eggs laid by any
pen during the entire year was 1,389. and the greatest number by any one
hen, 275.
The grain feed used consisted of a mixture mnde up of dari, buckwheat,
hemp, millet, ground peas, ground beans, and com meal 5 (b.v measure) :5:1:
1 : 2* : 2J : 5. With this mixture was fed an equal quantity of cracked wheat,
cracked wheat and whole oats. A warm mash consisting of biscuit meal, bran,
fish or meat meal, middlings, and ground oats 6:6:3:3:2, scalded and soaked,
was also fed. Vegetables were given in the form of swedes, carrots, and raw
chopped onions during the winter, and lettuce, alfalfa, and cabbage during the
summer. Green bone, bone meal, and oyster shell were fed as required.
It is estimated that the total weight of eggs laid during the entire year was
9.576 lbs. and the total weight of feed consumeil 51,728 lbs., or approximately
5.4 lbs. of dry feed per pound of eggs.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 473
Of the total number of eggs laid, 91,115, 76.46 per cent graded as large,
weighing over 2 oz., 23.43 per cent as medium, weighing from li to 2 oz., and
0.11 per cent as small, weighing under 1^ oz.
Of the 554 hens examined as to weight it was found that the light and
medium birds proved themselves more pi'olific than the heavier types.
The real money in eggs, H. A. Roberts {Country Gent., 79 (191 Jf), No. 7,
pp. S16. 317). — A flnaiuinl account of a 2.(XM)-hen plant, having a total invest-
ment of $10,000. Pure-bred and high-grade White Leghorns are used. The
average yearly egg production claimed is 144 eggs, the feed cost per hen per
year $1.54. and all other expenses $1.06, making a total of $2.60, or 2I9 cts.
per dozen of eggs. The average net price received was 36 cts. per dozen, thus
making a profit of $L72. The manure was valued at 25 cts. per hen, making
the total yearly iiroflt per hen $1.97.
The availability of the nitrogen of cotton-seed meal and of beef scrap for
chicks, B. L. Hartwei.l and E. A. Lichtenthaeler {Rhode Island Sta. Bui.
156 (19U), pp. 219-282, pis. 2, fig. i).— This bulletin contains the results of eight
experiments which conclude the study previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 676) of
the value of different protein concentrates in the growth of chicks. A com-
I)arison was made of the two protein concentrates, beef scrap and cotton-seed
meal, both being fed on an equal nitrogen basis.
A pepsin-pancreatin extract made from one of the lots of cotton-seed meal
had no harmful effect upon rabbits and hens to which it was fed. The basal
ration in these experiments was so deficient in protein that a considerable
amount of this ingredient could be added in the concentrates without supply-
ing enough for the maximum growth of the chicks. Hence under these condi-
tions the amount of protein was the main factor in growth, and since the non-
protein constituents of the feeds were usually in such liber:il amounts the pro-
tein was probably mainly efficient as a source of nitrogen rather than as a
source of energy.
It was demonstrated that for the growth of young chicks it is more im-
portant within reasonable limits for the amouut of protein to be sufficient than
that it be associated with a definite proportion of carbohydrates and fat, or in
other words that there be a definite nutritive ratio. Analyses of the cooked por-
tions of chicks showed that between the ages of about 4 to 15 weeks the chicks
retained about 18 per cent of the nitrogen consumed during that period in the
medium protein rations, in which case there was no unnecessary waste of
nitrogen. In the majority of cases there was a larger gain in live weight per
gram of nitrogen fed in case of the beef scrap than the cotton-seed meal lots,
but this is not deemed significant under the conditions.
It is concluded that if " the constituents of bone are supplied, there appears
to be no reason why cotton-seed meal n)ay not be used to furnish a considerable
portion of the protein required by chicks, especially if a moderate consump-
tion of food is satisfactory to the feeder. If the most rapid growth is desired,
!"egardless of the amount of feed consumed, beef scrap will be found more
satisfactory since the chicks consumed more of the beef-scrap ration when
allowed to have all they would eat and made a more rapid growth in conse-
quence. When limited to the same amount of nitrogen, however, the gains
were not very different whether cotton-seed meal or beef scrap formed a promi-
nent part of the rations."
Rich-colored yolks, C. L. Opperman {Country Gent., 79 (1914), No. 9, pp.
432, 433, fig. 1). — Three lots of 40 white Leghorn hens each were fed as follows :
Lot 1, yellow corn, bran, gluten meal, beef scrap, 9:6:4:2; lot 2, wheat, bran,
wheat meal, beef scrap, 9:6:4:2; and lot 3. wheat, yellow corn, bran, wheat
meal, gluten meal, beef scrap, 4^ : 4| : 6 : 2 : 2 : 2. In this test all eggs from pen
4Y4 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
1 showed a yolk with a deep yellow color, those from pen 3 had a yolk of good
yellow color, and those from pen 2 were noticeably pale in color of yolk.
In a second test in which white corn was substituted for the yellow in pen 1,
pens 1 and 2 produced eggs with very pale yolks in all cases but one, and pen
3 a good yellow in all cases. The results of this experiment tend to show that
the color of the corn influences the coloring of the yolks and that wheat exerts
no influence.
Vitality and activity of sperm cells and artificial insem^ination of the
chicken, L. F. Payne (Oklahoma Sta. Circ. 30 (1914), pp. 3-8. figs. 2).— The
objects of the work reported in this circular were first to study the vitality of
the sperm cells of fowls under both laboratory and natural conditions, and sec-
ondly to test the possibility of artificial insemination of poultry.
Under artificial conditions the cells did not appear active after 28 hours when
kept at body temperature. Cells kept at 34° F. lived from 2 to 3 times as long
as those at body temperature. The number of cells per cubic millimeter from
five cock birds of approximately the same age ranged between 2,000,000 and
5,000,000.
Virgin pullets were bred and killed at certain periods after breeding and a
microscopic examination for sperm cells made of scrapings from the oviduct.
It was found that sperm cells pass very quickly from the cloaca to the infundi-
bulum or full length of the oviduct. ^Vfter the fourteenth day cells in the ovi-
duct appeared to have greatly degenerated. From the fourteenth to the fifty-
sixth day the movement in cells was the same and had all the appearance of
life, although fertile eggs were not laid more than 16 days after the males were
removed. Hens laying infertile eggs were treated artificially with seminal fluid
with a resulting fair percentage of fertile eggs.
Standard-bred poultry (Seranton, Pa., vols. 1, pp. Yni-{-[38.5]+IX-XXII, pis.
28. figs. 79; 2, pp. VII+[281'i+IX-XVIII, pis. 43, figs. i5).— These two volumes,
which are a part of the International Library of Technology, treat the various
breeds of poultry.
Poultry farming (Scranton, Pa., vols. 1, pp. YIII-{-[6m->rIX-XXXIV, figs.
337; 2, pp. riI+[r)4S]+IX-XXIX, pis. 2, figs. 2^7).— These volumes, which are
a part of the International Library of Technology, treat of the various phases
of poultry breeding and management.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Dutch methods of breeding dairy stock, W. Wright (Jour. Agr. [New
Zeal.'\, 8 (1914), No. 3, pp. 277-293, figs. 8). — The author states that there are
at present three breeds of native cattle to be distinguished in the Netherlands,
the black and white Holland, the red and white Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, and the
black white-head Grouingen breeds. The body characteristics and measure-
ments of the three breeds ai-e described.
While each group comprises various tribes, families, and types, the typical
characteristics of the breeds are constant and permanent. With regard to their
relative aptitudes for the accumulation of flesh these groups rank as 40: 50:
55, respectively; as to milking powers, as 60: 50: 45.
It is stated that the fundamental principle of the reorganized Xetherland herd-
book is the improvement of each of the three native breeds by straight breeding.
Animals which do not possess the coat proclaimed typical of one of these breeds
are excluded from the herdbook. A rigid system of inspection and of registry
is practiced in connection with the herdbook recording. The animals are judged
by a prescribed score card especially adapted to each breed.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 475
Care of the dairy bull, C. L. Hill (Hoard's Dairyma^i, 1ft (1914), No. It, pp.
623, 628, figs. 2). — The author presents evidence tending to show that bulls at
their maturity are better sires than when young. The records of fourteen of
the most successful sires of the Guernsey breed that were kept until mature
are given, showing that in the majority of cases their two highest record
daughters were sired when the bull was from 4 to 10 years of age.
German dairying, K. Friedel and A. Kelleb (Deutsche Milchwirtschaft.
Halle, Germany, 1914, pp. XX+237, pi. 1, figs. 26^).— This book treats of the
production of sanitary millv in Germany. Special attention is given to stable
construction and to dairy and creamery equipment. The book is copiously
illustrated, showing appi'oved modern methods of sanitary milk production and
delivery.
Bacteriological and chemical report vipon the samples of milk obtained at
the milking machine trials, Bishop Auckland, April, 1913, J. Golding, R. S.
Williams, and J. INIackintosh (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 74 (1913), pp.
247-256). — In these trials it was observed that the best machines were those in
whicli the teat cups did not depend solely upon suction for their support, those
in which the tubes leading from the cups to the can were short and in wliich
rubber and joints were avoided, and those in which cleansing was facilitated.
On the whole, the bacteriological content was larger in machine-drawn milk
than in hand drawn.
Observations on the bacteriological and chemical examination of the milk
supply of Bombay, L. L. Joshi (Calcutta, 1913, pp. 20). — This paper, given at
the All-India Sanitary Conference, Lucknow, 1913, discusses the condition of
the milk supply in Bombay and gives suggestions for its improvement. An
interesting observation made is that "'out of 614 samples of milk examined, not
a single sample showed genuine tubercle bacilli, from which it may be concluded
that tuberculosis is rarely, if at all, conveyed by milk in India."
Bacteriological standards for milk (Pulj. Health Rpts. [U. 8.], 29 (1914),
No. 20, pp. 1218-1221). — A list of cities of the United States is given showing
the bacteriological standards adopted by these municipalities.
Studies on homogenized milk, A. Burr and H. Weise (Molk. Ztg. [Hil-
desheim], 28 (1914), Nos. 20, pp. 367, 368; 21, pp. 381, 382).— A difference of
from 0.01 to 10 per cent of the fat was found to exist in milk homogenized by
the Gerber method over that by the Rose-Gottlieb process. From 3.8 to 7.3 per
cent of the total fat content in the milk was retained in raw milk after centrifu-
ging, while from 72.7 to 87.5 per cent was retained in homogenized milk.
Experiments in butter making from whole and mixed milks, E. Mathews
(Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 74 (1913), pp. 276-280). — It was demonstrated
in connection with milk and butter tests at the Bristol Show, 1913. that no ad-
vantage in point of weight of butter is obtained in mixing milks showing a
large percentage of fat with those of poorer quality. However, the butter made
fi'om the mixed milks of different breeds was better both in appearance and in
quality than that made from the unmixed milks of these breeds.
Comparing results obtained in churning from differently treated creams, on
the average the butter yield ranked as follows: (1) Cream ripened with start-
ers, (2) cream ripened naturally, (3) scalded cream, and (4) sweet cream.
In cheese-making experiments with the different breeds of dairy cattle it was
indicated that cheeses made from milks rich in fat are superior in quality.
On the question of the fat building out of protein in the ripening of
cheese, K. Kondo (Biochem. Ztschr., 59 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 113-165, fig. 1).—
A study was made of the diminution of fats in cheese during the ripening
process.
476 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The greatest loss ^Yas found to occur after 10 days' storage and to continue
thereafter. This decrease did not depend so much upon the duration of the
storage i)eriod as upon the physical character of the cheese and the temperature
of the room. After 15 days' storage the fat diminution varied from 1.04 to 5 37
per cent, and after 40 days from 6.2S to 11.76 per cent. The fat loss depended
largely upon the extent of the mold formation, for as this proceeded and covered
the surface the amount of fat removed from the cheese was increased. Mold
foiTuation ordinarily began after 10 days' storage and increased thereafter.
The fat loss was practically as great when the cheese was thinly coated with
pai'atHn as without. However, if the cheeses are dipped repeatedly in the
paraffin bath from the beginning of the experiment the fungus makes very little
growth during the storage and the decrease in fat is much less. The formation
of mold could not be completely restrained by the paraffin method.
The ripening process and the loss of fat were found to be two wholly inde-
pendent processes, for the ripening of cheese was as effective in the absence of
oxygen-containing air as in ordinary air, but in the former no loss of fats
occurred. The characteristic feature of ripening cheese is the cleavage of the
casein into the albumoses and peptones, and finally into the amino acids, such
as leucin, tyrosin. etc. The extent of this cleavage dei)ends upon the quantity
of preciiJitable and unprecijiitable nitrogen present. In the ripening pi'ocess the
presence of the aerobes was found to be indisi)ens;ible, while that of the anae-
robes is yet an unsettled question.
In conclusion, it is stated that in the ripening process of cheese under no
circumstances is there an increase of fats, much less a building up of fats out
of the proteins. The amount of fat is determined b.v the growth of a vegetable
mold on the surface of the cheese during the ripening process, and it remains
wholly unchanged if riiioned in an oxygen-free room.
Bacteria concerned in the production of the characteristic flavor in cheese
of the Cheddar type, Alice C. Evans, E. G. Hastings, and E. B. Hart (U. S.
Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 3, pp. 167-192) .—This work was
in cooperation with the Wisconsin Station. The authors summarize the re-
sults as follows:
" Tlie organisms constantly found in Cheddar cheese in such numbers as to
indicate they must function in the ripening process are included in four groups:
First, the Bactrriinti lactis ncidi; second, the B. r-a.sei ; third, Streptococcus;
fourth. Micrococcus. On the basis of the fermentation powers each of the four
groups may be divid(>d into a number of varieties. The distribution of tlie
varieties of the four groups in Cheddar cheese prepared from raw milk has been
studied, as has also been done with cheese prepared from pasteurized milk.
" The flora of raw-milk cheese is varied and consists of all the varieties into
which the four groups were divided. The flora of pasteurized-milk cheese, with
the exception of tlie B. ca.'^ei group, is dependent upon the flora of the starter.
The B. casei group is apparently responsible for tlie pungent taste that develops
late in tlie ripening period of both raw-milk and pasteurized-milk cheeses. It
is probable that growth of this group continues during the major part of the
ripening period.
" The action of two or more organisms growing together is not the sum of
their individual actions when growing alone. When growing together, they
may attack substances that neither can attack alone, or they may produce a
larger quantity of acid than the sum of the quantities that either can produce
alone. When added to pasteurized milk, the organisms of tlie B. casri group
produce a sour taste in the cheese during the early jiart of the ripening period.
No Cheddar flavor is obtained in pasteurized-milk cheese when the organisms
of the B. Metis aeidi group alone are used as starters. The varieties tliat are
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 477
able to ferment the more complex substances are likely to produce a bitter
taste.
" Starters composed of both B. lactis acidi. b. and Streptococcus, b. when
added to pasteurized milk, improve the quality of the cheese. It does not
seem unreasonable to hope that starters may be obtained that will give the
characteristic Cheddar flavor to the cheese prepared from pasteurized milk."
A biblioj;rai)hy of cited literature is appended.
Relation of the action of certain bacteria to the ripening of cheese of the
Cheddar type, E. B. Hart, E. G. Hastings, E. M. Flint, and Alice C. Evans
(U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {WW, No. 3, pp. 193-216).— This work
was in cooperation with the Wisconsin Station. The authors summarize the
results as follows:
" Rei)resent;itives of the coccus groups of organisms isolated from Cheddar
cheese when grown in milk produced large quantities of the volatile acids,
particularly acetic acid. These acids were produced from citric acid or lactose
or protein, as the medium was practically free from fat. These organisms did
not produce formic acid. As they are present at times in very large numbers
in cheese, they, no doubt, produce much of the volatile fatty acids which arise
during the ripening process. One of the strains of Streptococcus, b, was found
to produce comparatively large quantities of alcohols aud esters — bodies which
contribute in a large degree to the flavor of cheese.
"A dilute solution of acetic acid and alcohol formed esters by mere contact,
without bacterial action. In cheese, however, the dilution is probably too
great for this manner of ester formation. Lactic acid was generally not formed
by the coccus groups. The representatives of the Bacterium casci group ex-
amined gave results different from those obtained from the coccus forms.
They pi'oduced no formic acid, but did form some propionic and much acetic
acid. These organisms produced a large quantity of lactic acid, both active and
racemic, and decomposed the citric acid of the media. Cheese made from
chloroformed fresh milk did not yield any volatile fatty acids, showing that
inherent milk enzyms are not capable of producing these bodies in any appre-
ciable quantity. Representatives of both the coccus and B. cnsei groups were
able to produce ammonia from milk. Whey and fresh curds contained active
lactic acid. Cheese one day old contained a mixture of active and racemic
lactic acids.
" The cause of the disappearance of active lactic acid and the appearance
of racemic acid may be due to enzymic action, combined with the action of those
bacteria which can produce both kinds of acid. Some representatives of the
B. casei group produced levo lactic acid and others dextro lactic acid from
milk. A mixture of these two varieties produced racemic lactic acid. A mix-
ture of B. lactis acidi and a levo-producing member of the B. casei group gave
racemic and active lactic acid. The active acid was probably the result of the
longer continued activity of B. casci. Racemic lactic acid found in curing cheese
may therefore be produced in a small degree by euzym action, but more prob-
ably by the combined action of B. lactis acidi and the organisms of the B. casei
group."
A bibliography of cited literature is appended.
The action of Bacillus bulgaricus in suppressing' gassy fermentations in
cheese making, C. F. Doane (CentU. Balct. [etc.], 2. Aht., 40 {19U), No. 9-10,
p. 163). — " It was found that pure cultures of B. hulgaricus could be used with
perfect results in suppressing the undesirable fermentations, principally gas,
which have worried Swiss cheese makers in the past. There seems to be a
difference in the efficiency of different strains of B. hulgaricus for this purpose
without respect to their activity in forming acid. One per cent of a whey
478 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOBD.
starter made from one culture was sufficient, while it required 3 per cent of
p.nottier. The B. htilgaricus starters could not be seen to have any effect on
the formation of the eyes or interfere with the flavor or texture. It is be-
lieved that the proper use of B. bulgaricus starters will go far toward making
a more uniform cheese during the summer months and will make it possible
to produce good Swiss cheese during the entire year."
The normal bacteria of Swiss cheese, E. E. Eldredge and L. A. Rogers
(Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 40 (19U), No. 9-10, pp. 164, 165).— The authors
made numerous investigations of the bacteria of the cheese of the Emmental
type, and a detailed study of their fermentative abilities. Three morpho-
logical groups were separated, the long rod, the short rod, and the coccus.
It is stated that "at the beginning of the ripening the bacterial flora con-
sisted almost entirely of the short rods. The long rods appeared in the early
stages of the riijening and increased steadily. The short rods decreased and in
each of the three cheeses made up about 50 per cent of the bacteria at 7 or
8 weeks, a period corresponding in a general way with the end of the eye forma-
tion. Glycerin-fermenting cocci appeared in small numbers in each of the
cheeses at an age of 5 or 6 weeks. At the end of 20 weeks the bacterial flora
was composed almost exclusively of the long rods."
It i.s concluded that " the essential bacteria of Emmental cheese are evidently
not ubiquitous."
VETEEINAEY MEDICIITE.
Some minute animal parasites or unseen foes in the animal world, H. B.
Fantham and Annie Porter (London, 1914, pp. XI+S19, pi. 1, figs. 56; rev. in
(Science, n. ser., 40 (1914), ^0. 1020, pp. 105-101). — This is a popular account
of the protozoa responsible for diseases of man and animals. The review is by
ii. N. Calkins.
New remedies: Their composition, action, and use, C. Bachem (Netiere
Arzneimittel Hire Zusammensetzung, Wirkung und Anicendung. Berlin and
Leipsic, 1913, pp. 144)- — This is a compilation of new but chiefly nonofficial
remedies, most of which are prepared on the European Continent.
The staining of yeasts by Gram's method, A. T. Henrici (Jour. Med. Re-
search, 30 (1914), ^^0. 3, pp. 409-415, pi. i).— "It has been shown that yeast
cells retain Gram's stain more firmly than the common Gram-positive bacteria.
It has been further shown that, unlike the bacteria, the cytoplasm of the yeast
cell is not homogeneous with regard to its ability to retain the stain, certain
granules api>earing in the decolorizing cell which hold the dye longer than
others. It is suggested that the ability of these granules to resist decolorization
is in direct proportion to their ability to resist autolysis."
The complement fixation test (Gay's modification of the Besredka method)
in the differentiation of acid-fast bacilli, W. H. Harris and J. A. Lanford
(Jour. Infect. Diseases, 13 (1913). No. 2, pp. 301-308, table J).— It was noted
from this work that rabbits injected with whole bacilli or with extracts of
the acid-fast group produced antisubstances of a high titer. The whole bacilli,
however, produced antibodies of lower potency than those obtained with the
Besredka antigen. The Besredka antigen showed the strongest production of
antibodies when it was intravenously giA'eu at -S-day intervals for four in-
jections. The animals were bled eight days following the last injection.
" Regai'dless of the various methods used to produce these sensibilizators, no
clear-cut specificity for complement fixation has been found for the acid-fast
bacilli made use of in those experiments."
Alterations produced in complement-containing' sera by introduction of
lecithin, J. Cruickshank and T. J. Mackie (Jour. Path, and Bad., 18 (1913).
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 479
No. 1, pp. 99-113; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 61 (1913), No. 13, pp. 1011,,
1075). — Lecithin is deemed capable of rendering active a component or comple-
ment normally present in an inactive or latent state in sera. In the case of
guinea pig serum the property of the complement resembles the ordinary mid-
dle piece, but differs from it in so far that it is not precipitated by carbon
dioxid.
Preparation of nontoxic serum and immune blood preparations {Gernmn
Patent 257,977, April 26, 1911; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 {191.i), No. 41, Repert., p.
188). — In passive immunization the presence of heterologous proteins is detri-
mental to animal life and especially when the injections of sera, etc., are re-
peated. According to this patent specification the toxic action can be elimi-
nated if the immune sera or blood are acidified. It is claimed that by doing
this the hemoglobin of the immune blood is transformed into methemoglobin.
By autoprecipitation at temperatures varying between 70 to 100° C. the toxic
solution can be rendered nontoxic. The autoprecipitation is conducted frac-
tionally, and thereby sera, etc., are submitted at various intervals to certain
temperatures for a specific length of time. The procedure is as follows :
From 0.1 to 0.5 cc. of lactic acid is added to immune blood and heated in the
water bath at 37°, and after a short time the temperature is raised to 40 to
45°. Between the temperatures of 37 and 54° one-half of the immune fluid is
drawn off and the remainder of the blood is heated to 70 to 100°. After it has
been held at this temperature for a quarter of an hour the blood is cooled and
mixed with the blood or serum which has been drawn off at between 87 and 54°.
The local specific therapy of infections. — I, The biologic basis, S. Flexneb
(Jour. Amer. Med. As,soc., 61 (1913), No. 7, pp. 447-452). — ^An account of the
main facts in regard to the biological principles underlying specific therapy
in infectious diseases. It constitutes the first Trimble lecture given before the
Medico-Chirurgical Faculty of Baltimore, and the Harben lecture given before
the Royal Institute of Puldic Health. London.
Bacteriology and control of acute infections in laboratory animals, N. S.
Fekrt (Jour. Path, and Bad., 18 (1914), No. 4, PP- 445-455). — "From the re-
sults of the cultural tests and agglutination experiments as carried out on the
micro-organisms included in this study, it is shown very clearly that the
Bacillus bronchisepticus is a distinct species." The author has encountered
but two organisms which may simulate B. bronchisepticus in its reactions to-
ward litmus milk and potato, namely, B. feecalis alkaligenes and an organism
here described as a bacillus of Group IV.
Antistreptococcus serum, G. H. Weaver (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 61 (1913),
No. 9, pp. 661, 662). — " If active antistreptococcus serum is injected into normal
guinea pigs in quantities of from 2 to 6 cc. and an interval allowed for its
absorption, the blood of the animal comes to contain a considerable amount of
demonstrable streptococco-opsonin. and the animal riu withstand an amount
of highly virulent living streptococci which woulu. promptly kill a control
animal. The immunity thus produced is, then, a passive one, since preformed
antibodies are injected. It is of short duration, lasting about a week. In ani-
mals, antistreptococcus serum has little curative power over an established
infection."
This finding was taken advantage of in treating the disease in man. Fol-
lowing the injection a prompt fall in temperature, an improvement in the
general toxic condition, a reduction in the number of leucocytes, and a rise
in the opsonic index were noted. In this condition there may also be an in-
creased phagocytic activity of the leucocytes.
To secure the best results the serum must be given intravenously, but where
the case is not an urgent one it is given intramuscularly or subcutaneously. It
480 EXPERIMENT STATIOISr RECORD.
was found that the protective value of serum is iu direct proportion to the
amount of opsonin present.
Keport on foot-and-mouth disease in Ireland in the year 1912 (Dept. Agr.
and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Rpt. Foot-and-mouth Disease, 1912, pp. 74, pis. 29;
Vet. Jour., 70 (1914), Nos. 463, pp. 6-23, figs. 6; 464, PP- 57-73, figs. 3).— This is
a detailed report upon the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease iu Ireland in
1912 and measures taken for its eradication, a brief account of which from
another source has been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 677).
About a new serodiagnostic method, W. Pfeileb and G. Webee (Berlin.
Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 29 (1913), No. 25, pp. 449-452).— It has been found that
the conglutination method (E. S. R., 28, p. 478) is on a par with the comple-
ment fixation method for diagnosing glanders. In fact, in some cases of
glandered horses which were not detected by the complement fixation method
the condition was diagnosed by it. It also has the advantage that (1) it is
more easily conducted, as it does not require a specially prepared amboceptor.
(2) guinea pig serum is replaced by horse serum, which is more easily ob-
tainable and must not be standardized, and (3) the test can be conducted
without the use of an incubator. In this work it was found also that neither
the presence of complement nor bovine serum containing conglutinins is neces-
sary for the conglutination test.
Theoretically si)eaking. horse serum contains a substance capable of con-
glutinating glandei's bacilli, and which is consequently similar to Bordet's sub-
stance which he terms " colloide de boeuf." It is believed that many of the
agglutinins which are present under normal conditions are not agglutinins at
all, and, in fact, it seems reasonable to believe that another substance is present
whose function it is to combat infection. It was found to be absent in the sera
of infecte<l animals and its action is especially noted when the sera of normal
animals are heated to 5G° C.
The effect of quinin on rabbits inoculated with rabies, L. Fbothingham
and J. IlALLiDAY (Jour. Med. Research, 30 (1914), ^o. 3, pp. 275-280).— In these
exi>ei-iments neither quinin bisulphate nor quinin and urea hydrochlorid, dis-
solved in w;iter and administered subcutaneously, had any curative effect upon
rabbits which showed symptoms of rabies after intracerebral, subdural, and
intramuscular inoculation with street virus. The injections caused a local re-
action with necrosis and. in the control rabbits, subsequent sloughing.
The quinin treatment of rabies, J. G. Cxtmming (Jour. Infect. Diseases,
15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 205-208). — " Inasmuch as the quinin failed as a preventive
measure against extremely small doses of virus in actual tests, can it not rea-
sonably be assumed that this method of treatment is of no curative value in
cases of hydrojihobia manifesting symptoms In which the amount of virus would
be many tliousand times greater?"
The duration of passive immunity against tetanus toxin, E. H. Ruedigeb
(Philippine Jour. Nc/., ticct. B, 8 (1913), No. 2, pp. 139-142; abs. in Berlin.
Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 29 (1913), No. 39, p. 696). — The subcutaneous injection of
1.500 luiits of (horse) tetanus antitoxin produces a passive immunity in horses
in about 6 to 8 weeks. If normal horse serum is repeatedly injected into guinea
pigs and the injection followed with antitoxin, the immunity produced in these
animals is greater than in animals which have received no horse serum.
New observations upon the trombidiasis of goats and its transmission to
man, B. Galli-Valeeio (Ccntbl. Bald, [cfc], 1. Aht., Orig., 72 (1914), No. 6-7,
pp. 488-490, figs. 2).— In this paper (E. S. R., 31, p. 284) the author reports
that the larvae of Microtrombidium pusillum, which cause the trombidiasis of
goats iu Valtelline, also cause a cutaneous eruption in man which is accom-
panied by violent itching.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 481
Investigations in regard to the tuberculosis problem, Lydia Rabinowitsch
(Deul. Med. Wchnschr., 39 (1913), No. 3, pp. 103-106; nhs. in Ztschr. Flci-sch u.
Milchhyg.. 23 (1913), No. 20, p. ^7^).— On injecting the bile from seventeen
tuberculous subjects into guinea pigs, that of twelve produced tuberculosis in
these animals. With the antiformin and microscopical methods only one case
yielded positive findings, consequently it is concluded that the gall bladder is a
source of elimination for the tubercle bacillus and must be reckoned with when
dealing with preventive measures for this disease. Six strains of organisms
isolate^l were more closely examined, and four belonged to the human and two
to the bovine type. The author considers these results as confirmatory of the
findings of Schroeder and Cotton (E. S. R., 19, p. 181) and Joest and Emshoff
(E. S. R., 20, p. m2).
The virulence of the tubercle bacilli in the so-called " rayed caseation,"
Hafemann and Bindkr (Zt.'ivhr. Flci><ch u. Milchhiig., 2S (1913), No. 23, pp.
529-531). — A continuation of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 882).
The tubercle bacilli obtained from the rayed foci were found Ho be very virulent.
A contribution to the occurrence of primary pudic and vaginal tubercu-
losis in the bovine, W. Meyer (Ztschr. Fleiseh u. Milehhyg., 22 (1912), No. 10,
pp. 303-306, fly. 1; ah.t. in Centbl. Bait, [etc.^, 1. AM., Ref., 56 (1913), No. 7,
p. 201).— \ description of a case, the identity of which was established by vacci-
nating rabbits with some of the tuberculous material. Tbis affection as of man
is rarely observed in animals.
The diagnosis of tuberculosis with the anaphylactic test in vitro, A. Tadini
(Pathologica, Jf (1912), No. 98, pp. 719-721; ahs. in ZUehr. Immunitatsf. u.
E.vpt. Thcr., II, Ref., 6 (1913), No. 15, p. 1112).— By injecting into a rabbit a
mixture from a tuberculous sul)ject consisting of tuberculin and serum which
has been kept in the incubator for two hours, or a control injection of normal
serum and tuberculin, no anaphylactic phenomena were ever noted. Likewise
no effect was produced by injecting normal or tuberculosis serum alone into
rabbits, except in two animals, one of which received tuberculosis serum and
the other a normal serum, and which is explained as due to the toxicity of the
serum. A passive conveyance of anaphylaxis from a tuberculous subject to an
animal is not deemed jiossible.
The diagnosis of tuberculosis with the anaphylaxis reaction, P. Valenti
(Pathologica, 4 (1912), No. 91, pp. Jt88-Jf90 ; ahs. in Ztschr. Immunitatsf. u.
Expt. Thcr., II, Ref., 6 (1913), No. 15, p. 1110).— The results were very satis-
factory when conducted by a procedure different from that of Yamanouchi's.
Further tests should be made with it, however, in order to determine Its value
as a diagnostic agent.
The thermoprecipitation reaction in tuberculosis, A. Fagiuoli (Pathologica,
4 (1912), No. 89, pp. JflO, Jfll; abs. in Ztschr. Immunitatsf. u. Expt. Ther., IT,
Ref., 6 (1913), No. 15, p. 1112). — The sputum was mixed with physiological salt
solution, boiled, and then filtered through asbestos, or the extract was mixed in
the cold with concentrated acetic acid, neutralized, and filtered through a
bisque filter and paper. The specific serum used was Vallee's. The layer test
was characteristic but it was not specific for tuberculous subjects.
A reaction was obtained also with sputum from subjects affected with pneu-
monia and simple bronchitis.
Tuberculous antigens and antibodies. — Inhibition reaction, A. Calmette
and L. Massol (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 75 (1913), No. 28, pp. 160,
161). — By introducing a stream of carbon dioxid into an inhibiting serum
diluted 1 : 10 with distilled water, a precipitate is obtained which shows precipi-
tating and inhibiting properties greater than those of the original serum. On
the other hand the serum, after removal of the precipitate, while robbed of
482 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
most of its inliibiting properties, retains its agglutinins and sensibiiisins. and
these can be more easily detected.
The reciprocal affinity of tuberculins prepared from tubercle bacilli ob-
tained from man, bird, fish, and Rabinowitsch's bacillus, E. Cabapelle
(Biochim, e Terapia Sper., 3 {1912), pp. 351-361 ; abs. in Ztschr. Immunitdtsf.
u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 6 {1912), No. 11, pp. 814, 815).— It was the object of
this work to determine whether the various tuberculins contain the same prin-
ciple, and if so, whether this principle produces the same antibody. After de-
termining the minimal fatal dose of each of the tuberculins for guinea pigs,
animals were immunized with increasing doses. The sera of the animals were
then tested for their content of opsonins, agglutinins, complement fixing sub-
stances, and meiostagmins.
The tuberculin prepared from the acid-fast strain of Rabinowitsch's bacillus
had a different behavior toward the various biological reactions than any of the
other preparations, i. e., Wright's positive and negative phase did not appear.
The human, avian, and fish tuberculins produced amboceptors and agglutinins
in the serum which behaved alike tow;ird the opposite strains, and consequently
it is concluded that all of the organisms produced the same antibody. Evi-
dently a strong affinity exists between the various tuberculins. Meiostagmins
were not noted in the blood of the various guinea pigs.
Guinea pigs infected with the organism of human tubercle bacilli, followed by
treatment with small doses of tuberculin, died 25 days later than the controls.
If tuberculin is given first, the conditions are reversed.
The production of passive hypersensitiveness to tuberculin, C. R. Austrian
and H. Fried {13ul. Johns Hopkins Hasp., 24 {1913), No. 211, pp. 280-282).—
The results confirm the established fact that free seusibilisin can not be demon-
strated in the bloo<l of most individuals affected with pulmonary tuberculosis.
The anaphylactic nature of the tuberculin reaction was shown.
Proposal for an extension of the measures for combating mammary gland
tuberculosis in bovines in Sweden, A. M. Bekgman {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milch-
hyg., 23 {1913), No. 10, pp. 211-219) .—After showing that tuberculosis of the
udder is still on the iucrea.se in Sweden and Denmark, various recommendations
are made with a view of detecting this condition at an early date. It is con-
sidered essential that dairy animals be examined at least four times a year by
competent veterinarians.
[Periods of high temperature in cattle imported into Guam], J. B. Thomp-
son {Uuain 8ta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 9-11, figs. 4}- — 'J^iie author presents temperature
charts which show the periods of high temperature that have occurred in im-
ported cattle. In some instances these fever periods have not been marked by
excessively high temi^erature and have been of comparatively short duration.
On the other hand, cases have been dealt with in which the temperatures have
risen above 107° F.. and the period prolonged for more than a week.
Experimental bovine mastitis produced with hemolytic streptococci of
human origin, D. J. Davis and J. A. Capps {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 135-140). — "Hemolytic streptococci of human origin may cause mas-
titis, lasting for several weeks in cows. This time roughly corresponds to the
duration of milk-borne epidemics. The streptococci may gain entrance through
an abraded or injured surface of the teat. It appears possible, therefore, for
mastitis in cows to be produced by an infection from the milker whose hands
are contaminated perhaps from a sore throat. Mastitis results promptly when
the cocci are injected directly into the udder by means of a catheter. The
niiistitis may exist without physical evidence. A calved bag may not occur,
though pus and streptococci in large numbers are being secreted in the milk.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 483
Stringy, ropy, or gargety milk may or may not occur during tlae course of the
mastitis.
'' In order to detect such infections, it might be necessary to examine milk
from each quarter for bacteria and for pus. This may explain the failure to
detect the source of the streptococci in some of the epidemics of sore throat.
No change was noted in the cultural or pathogenic propei'ties of the streptococci
after growing in the udder of a cow for four weeks. The presence of various
contaminating bacteria tend to inhibit the growth of hemolytic streptococci in
milk."
The formation of arsenate in dipping tanks, J. Lewis (Agr. Jour. Union
So. Africa, 7 (1914), ^'o. 5, pp. 658-664).— In the first part of this paper the
literature relating to the subject is briefly reviewed. In a large number of
analyses made by the author of dips only four contained appreciable quan-
tities of arsenate. The studies lead to the conclusion that in tanks in use
the conflicting activities of the arsenate formers and the arseuite formers
result in the liquid being kept sufficiently constant in composition for all prac-
tical punioses. The author's advice is to continue using a dip unless there is
strong evidence that it has altered in compo.sition.
The seventh annual report of the state veterinarian of Alabama, 1913,
C. A. Gary (Ann. Rpt. State Vet. Ala., 1913, pp. 50). — This reports ujion progress
and results of cattle tick eradication, gives directions for testing di]>s in dipping
vats for active arsenious acid, discusses hog cholera and its prevention, etc.
Erysipelas in hog's and its relation to swine plague, W. Riebe (Der Rotlauf
der Schioeine und seine Wechselheziehungen zur Schweineseuche. Inaug. Diss.,
Univ. Giessen, 1911, pp. 56; abs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 23 {1913), No. 12, pp. 740-
742). — Aggressins may be produced in rabbits infected with agar cultures of
the Bacillus erysipelatis. The swine plague aggressins act aggressively upon
the erysipelas bacteria, and mice vaccinated by the simultaneous method after
receiving swine plague aggressins die from acute erysipelas. Erysipelas exu-
dates act aggressively on swine plague bacteria and a nonlethal erysipelas
infection is made lethal by the administration of artificially prepared swine
plague exudates.
For preparing sterile aggressins the erysipelas bacteria in the exudates are
killed with vapors of formaldehyde. Heating to 44° C. will not suffice for
preparing the aggressin because it requires four days to kill this organism at
this temperature. With formaldehyde it requires only four hours. Artificially
prepared erysipelas aggressins are toxic in large doses; erysipelas exudates
are not. The pericardial fluid of pigeons which have died from erysipelas has
not the aggressive properties.
By exposing erysipelas bacteria, isolated from the spleen and kidneys, on
slides for fourteen days to sunlight the virulence for mice is lost. If kept
from the light, however, and stored in a cool place, the bacteria are still
virulent for mice after four weeks. The right half of the heart is more often
infected than the left. The valvular infections (endocarditis verrucosa) were
in the following order of frequency: (1) Bicuspid, (2) tricuspid. (.3) aortic,
and (4) the pulmonary valves. In the course of the tests a diplococcus causing
endocarditis was noted which was pathogenic for mice. The verrucose material
of the heart valves was usually pathogenic for mice, but viruses often occur
which show a diminished virulence. In thrombosis of the valves avirulent
forms of bacteria of granular consistency were noted in 7 out of 28 cases.
The organs of pigs which died from endocarditis showed virulent bacteria,
and out of 28 cases the bacterium was noted in 14 cases by microscopical
methods and animal inoculation tests. In the remainder the organism could
484 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
not be detected. At times the material obtained from tlie heart valves was
not infectious, while that from the organs was. When the heart valve vegeta-
tions and organs were infectious, they killed pigeons much sooner than mice.
Hog- cholera, H. P. Hoskins (Univ. Minn., Dept. Agr., Ext. Bui. 31 (1913),
pp. 16, figs. 9; A)iier. Vet. Rev., 43 {1913), No. 5, pp. 473-^96, figs. 9).— This is
a popular description of hog cholera, with noteworthy illustrations. It deals
with the distribution of hog cholera in the United States, the symptoms, pa-
thology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the disease, and enumerates and
describes diseases which are often mistaken for hog cholera. The methods uti-
lized for preventing the spread of hog cholera, the serum treatment, the serum-
virus method and its value, and the preparation of serum are all described.
Influence of the mode of penetration, cutaneous or buccal, of Stephanurus
dentatus on the localization of this nematode in the body of swine and on
its development, P. N. Bernard and J. Bauchb (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 28 (1914),
No. 5, pp. 4-^0-469, pf- 1, figs. 2). — A more detailed report of investigations sub-
stantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 29, p. 783).
Fistula of the withers: Autotherapy, W. A. Duffin (Anier. Vet. Rev., 43
{1913), No. 4> P- 406). — A case in a mare treated for fistula of the withers,
which was caused by rubbing of the collar, is described. See also a previous
note by Duncan (E. S. R.. 29, p. 175).
Bacillary white diarrhea of young chicks, L. F. Rettgeb. W. F. Kirk-
PATRiCK, and R. E. Jones (Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 77 (1914), PP- 263-309,
pis. 2, figs. 15). — This fourth repoi't of investigations of bacillary white diarrhea
(E. S. R., 29, p. 288). which deals with the carrier problem, the macroscopic
agglutination test as an important aid in the diagnosis of ovarian infection in
adult fowls, and milk feeding and its influence on growth and mortality, has been
summarized as follows:
" Female chicks which are infected with Bacterium pullorum when small
may develop into permanent bacillus carriers and be a constant source of
danger to young and old stock. This carrier condition may be established in
fully 25 per cent of an infected flock. Thus, the last link in our proposed cycle
of infection has been experimentally proved.
"The macroscopic agglutination test devised by F. S. Jones [E. S. R., 28, p.
887] is an important aid in the recognition of bacillary white diarrhea infec-
tion in laying hens.
" Sour milk feeding has a most beneficial influence on the growth of chicks
and in lessening mortality from all causes. As an important agent in the pre-
vention and suppression of white diarrhea its value is somewhat doubtful, and
further investigation is necessary befoi*e unqualified statements can be made.
Milk which is soured by the hulgaricus bacillus of Metchnikoff possesses no dis-
tinct advantages over naturally soured milk; on the other hand, it has several
disadvantages. Its method of preparation involves considerable time and care,
and it is not relished by chicks to the same extent as naturally soured milk."
An appendix discussing the importance of breeding from sound, uninfected
stock, symptoms and post-moi-tem appearances of the disease, its detection by the
examination of the ovaries, and the importance of bacteriological examinations,
with a description of B. pullorum. is given.
Ovarian infection in the domestic fowl and direct transmission of disease
to the ofEspring, L. F. Rettger (Jour. Expt. Med., 19 (1914), No. 6, pp. 552-
561). — The data here presented are based upon the investigation above noted.
The author summarizes the study as follows:
"Ovarian infection and germinal transmission of disease have been conclu-
sively demonstrated. . . . The disease . . . primarily affects young chicks
BUBAL ENGINEERING. 485
that are but a few weeks old. Chicks which survive frequently become pernia-
rent bacillus carriers, the ovary being the important seat of infection. The
eggs from such carriers often harbor the organism of the disease in the yolk.
Chicks that develop in infected eggs become in turn infecte<l. and have the
disease at the time of hatching. The disease is transmitted to normal chicks
through the infected droppings; thus an epidemic is produced, and the cycle of
infection is completed.
" There is no evidence to indicate that germinal transmission through the
male takes place. In view of the frequent negative results bearing on this
question it seems probable that it does not."
Studies on fowl cholera. — III, The inheritance in rabbits of immunity to
infection with, the bacterium of fowl cholera, P. B. Hadley (Rhode Island
Sta. Bui 157 (WlJf), pp. 285-307).— This continuation of the work previously
noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 583) has been summarized as follows:
" Female rabbits, immunized by inoculation with an avirulent culture of the
fowl cholera bacterium are able to transmit to their offspring a high degree of
resistance to virulent cultures. Some immune mothers are able to produce such
immune offspring for at least more than 2 years and 3 mouths after the date
of their immunization. Immunity is not transmitted by the immune male.
The resistance in the offspring is not permanent, enduring for not more than
40 days. This inherited, passive resistance can be transformed into a durable,
active resistance by inoculating the young animals, sometime within the first
40 days of life, with a virulent culture."
A bibliography of the cited literature is appended.
A note on the occurrence of spirochetosis of fowls in Southern Nigeria,
J. W. S. Macfie and J. E. L. Johnston (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., S (1914),
No. 1, pp. Jfl-^S, pis. 2). — This records the occurrence of this disease in Southern
Nigeria.
On certain spontaneous chicken tumors as manifestations of a single dis-
ease {Jour. Expt. Med., 19 (191^), No. 6, pp. 570-580, pis. 6).— The first paper,
by P. Rous (pp. 570-576), deals with spindle-celled sarcomata rifted with blood
sinuses; and the second paper, by Linda B. Lange (pp. 577-580), with simple
spindle-celled sarcomata.
RURAL ENGnTEERING.
Flumes and llumlng, E. S. Bruce (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bvl. 87 (19W, pp. 36,
pis. 9, figs. 7). — This bulletin discusses the use of flumes in lumbering opera-
tions, and describes the most salient points of their construction.
The author considers the V-shaped type of flume to be the most generally
used and generally satisfactory for the transportation of manufactured lumber
or timber in its different forms. The right angle is said to be the most satis-
factory form of V box construction for all purposes. Many different methods
and styles of construction are used in building V-shaped flumes, the sections
of which vary in length from 6 ft. up to 20 ft. ISIore commonly the lining of
boxes is constructed of two thicknesses of boards with the joints broken by
varying the width of the boards. " For railroad crossties, cants, poles, cord-
wood, etc., the 30-in. flume is usually large enough, wherever there is a sufli-
cient volume of water available to fill the flume two-thirds full, while for the
handling of logs, piling, long timbers, or ' brailed ' sawed lumber it is usually
advisable to have the flume constructed with the sides of the V from 40 to 60
in. in height, according to the volume of water available and the size of the
material to be handled."
486 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lu flume construction it is considered advisable usually to erect a small saw-
mill to saw out the lumber needed for construction. An accurate and careful
survey of the proposed line of flume construction is considered a prime necessity,'
particulai'ly as regards grades and curves. In general, the lowest grade con-
sidered satisfactory for successful operation is about 1 per cent, and the most
satisfactory results are obtained when the grade is from 2 to 10 per cent, with
a maximum of 15 per cent. The degree of curvature should be kept as low as
practicable with a usual maximum of 20°. Where the topographic conditions
in a locality are such that abrupt curves in the flume are absolutely necessary,
it is considered advisable to reduce the length of the boxes, and correspond-
ingly shorten the distance apart of the bents, arms, and braces, and to Increase
or raise the height of the V on the outside of the curve. The most satisfactory
distance between bents is said to vary from 12 to 16 ft., according to the
capacity of the flume and the use to which it is to be put. " Flume construction
should usually be strongly reinforced at those points from which it is con-
templated to do extensive shipping or where such material is to be loaded into
the flume over the side."
Other general information is given regarding feeders for maintaining the
required amount of water, tunneling, small holding reservoirs at different
points of flume, reservoir ponds at the head of flumes, branch flumes, switches,
the use of telephones in flume operation, and cost of construction of flumes.
Tabular data on the weight of water in a 16-ft. section of flume when filled to
various depths, amount of water required to fill flumes, and velocity of water
in flumes when filled to various depths at different grades, and estimates of the
approximate amount of material required, for the construction of typical flumes
are giA^en.
The use of coordinates in surveying and laying out tracts for irrigation,
H. H. Logan {En gin. Ncios, 71 {191Jt), No. llf, pp. 738-740, fig. i).— This method
is described and illustrated.
Soil porosity and the distance between drainage channels, L. Schmeer
(Engin. and Contract., 41 (1914), No. 13, pp. 398, 399, figs. 2).— The author, by
means of formulas and tabulations, deduces values of the transmission con-
stant for soils, noted in previous work (E. S. R., 30, p. 289), as modified by
humus in the top layers of the soil.
The road drag and how it is used (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 597
(1914), Pik- 15, figs. 8). — The purpose of this paper is to describe the best meth-
ods of constructing and using road drags and to supply information concerning
the conditions for which such drags are adapted. The principal points dis-
cussed are summarized as follows:
The road drag is the simplest and least expensive contrivance yet devised for
maintaining roads constructed of earth or earthy material. Its successful oper-
ation depends to a very great extent on the skill and intelligence of the oper-
ator. The time to use the drag is when the material composing the road sur-
face is sufficiently moist to compact readily imder trafiic after it has been
moved by the drag and when it does not contain sufficient moisture for the
traffic following the drag to produce mud. Dragging can not usually be so
arranged as to keep teams employed all the time, making it desirable to have it
done by interested persons who are otherwise employed when not engaged in
dragging.
It is further pointed out that the road drag is essentially a maintenance
implement, that its use in construction is distinctly secondary, and that roads
which are very rocky or very sandy can not be materially improved by its use.
An outfit for boring taprooted stumps for blasting, H. Thompson (U. S.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 600 (1914), pp. 5, figs. .^).— This publication gives
RURAL ENGINEERING. 487
detailed informatlou concerning a power outfit for boring taprooted stumps for
blasting.
To get the best results when blasting such stumps, the charge must be placed
within the taproot. The power outfit consists of one 5-horsepower horizontal
gasoline engine, one 3-kilowatt dynamo, two electric drills using IJ-in. augers
usually 30 in. in length, and the necessary cables for connecting. The engine
and dynamo are mounted upon skids or a wagon and the drills are supplied with
current from the dynamo. The total cost for an electric stump boring outfit
f. o. b. distribution point is given as $460.
In a test of such an outfit the dirt was thrown away from one side of the
stump to a depth of 12 in. and a hole bored into the stump at least 10 in. below
the surface. Of the 100 stumps so blasted 97 were broken off below plow depth
while the roots of the remaining 3 were easily cut out low enough to permit
cultiA'ation. Slightly less powder was used than where the holes were bored at
the surface of the ground and the total average cost for digging, boring, and
blasting was 22 cts. per stump. The cost of clearing land with this outfit and
the use of nitroglycerin powder will range from $5 to $18 per acre provided
the wood from the stumps and roots can be sold for enough to pay for their
disposal.
Scientifi.c tests of a two-cylinder opposed engine, B. Heeb (Gas Engine, 16
{1914), No. 3, pp. 137-141, fiffs. 6). — Tests of a two-cylinder opposed engine rated
at 10 horsepower are reported. In one and two hour tests at full load, the
engine had a mechanical efficiency of 82.67 per cent and a thermal efficiency of
23.76 per cent. The heat losses were in the cooling water 47.6, exhaust 11.4,
and radiation 17.04 per cent. After a steady 130-hour run at full load the
mechanical efficiency was 83.7 per cent and the thermal efficiency 21 per cent.
Use of ball bearings in agricultural machinery, Hermanns (Jahrb. Dent.
Landw. GeselL, 28 (1913), No. 4, pp. 868-891, figs. 26).— The author briefly
reviews the history of the ball bearing as regards its origin, manufacture, and
use in machinery, and points out its advantageous use in a series of more
recent development of agricultural machinery.
Competitive tests of tractors and other apparatus for mechanical culti-
vation, G. D. DE Chassart et al. {Bill Agr. Congo Beige, 4 (.1913), No. 4, PP-
799-867, figs. 39). — Tests of a number of steam and internal combustion tractors,
motor plows, and motor cultivators are described in detail, and the results
reported.
Out of a maximum of 310 points for construction, operation, and tractive
power, the winning steam tractor received a rating of 283 points and out of a
maximum of 305 points the winning internal combustion tractor received a
rating of 266 points, followed closely by a second at 263 points. For construc-
tion and operation, the two leading motor plows were rated at 214 and 212.5
points respectively, and the leading motor cultivator at 193 points out of a maxi-
mum for all three of 245.
Mechanical cultivation with windlasses and cables, M. Ringelmann (Ann.
Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 12 (1913), No. 2, pp. 299-343, figs. 12).— The author
describes the construction and operation of the roundabout system of windlass
and cable plowing, reviews various tests of this system, and reports investiga-
tions on the power losses in windlasses, pulleys, and cables, and methods for com-
puting them. By use of computations and test data based on these methods,
he compares the roundabout system with the windlass and cable systems using
one and two tractors.
The data show that when furnishing a tractive effort of 1,000 kg. the one-
tractor, two-tractor, and roundabout systems, have respective mechanical effl-
60741°— No. 5—14 7
488 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
eiencies of 78, 68.5, and 48.9 per cent, and on the basis tliat tlie motor should
develop the average maximum power necessary multiplied by 1.75 (E. S. R.,
29, p. 185), these systems will require respectively one 30 to 35 horsepower
motor, two 35 to 40 horsepower motors, and one 50 horsepower motor.
Motor cultivation, its practical applications, T. Ballu (La Motoculture, ses
Applications Pratiques. Paris [1913], pp. 290, figs. 19; rev. in Ann. 8ci. Agron.,
4. sen, 3 (1914), No. 2. pp. 110, 111). — The main purpose of this book is to pre-
sent the principles underlying the construction in the more recent developments
in mechanical cultivating machinery. Their cost and economic application are
also treated as prime considerations.
On the history of horseshoeing-, J. Hobn ( TJeher den dltesten Hufschutz des
Pferdes. Inmig. Diss., Univ. Leipsic, 1912, pp. 83). — ^A treatise on the history
and development of the art of horseshoeing since the earliest recorded history.
A list of 84 references is appended.
Test of some joints used in heavy timber framing, H. D. Dewell (Engvn.
News, 71 (1914), Nos. 12, pp. 593-598, figs. 9; 13, pp. 666-669, figs. 5).— Tests
on pin-keyed, lag-screwed, and bolted timber joints and tests of washers are
reported.
White oak, Australian hickory, and gas pipe pins were rejected as unsuitable
material for pin-keyed joints. Extra heavy wrought steel pipe was practically
as efficient as solid metal for pins, but the Hawaiian hard wood Ohia pins gave
a higher resistance than either. In lag-screwed joints it is believed that the
resistance of the screw is appreciably the same whether it bears against or
across the grain of the main timber. " In the case of a metal plate lag-screwed
to timber. . . . the strength would be determined by the strength of the
screw in shear, or the plate in bearing."
Washer tests, by F. L. Bixby, showed the fallacy of using the ordinary
washers with bolts or rods in which considerable tension exists. Other tests
showed a great variation in the strength of different washers of the same size.
The J-in. and |-in. washers were less efficient than those of larger diameter.
For permanent work it is recommended that washers be given an area to
provide bearing across the fibers of Douglas fir at a stress of 285 lbs. per
square inch when the stress in the bolt is 16,000 lbs. per square inch, and that
no thickness of metal be less than one-quarter inch.
Anchoring houses in overflow districts, B. Younublood (Texas Sta. Giro.
2, n. ser. (1914), PP- 8, figs. 2). — Plans, specifications, and bills of material for
two kinds of foundations or piers to be used in anchoring houses in the river
bottoms, prepared by A. INIitchell, are given.
Beef cattle and sheep barns, R. S. Curtis (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 2, rev.,
(1914), pp. 21, figs. 13). — This circular gives several ground plans, accom-
panied by descriptive information, of beef cattle and sheep barns, and is in-
tended to cover the conditions existing on the various farms in the State where
sheep and cattle are maintained.
In planning a cattle or sheep barn it is pointed out that provision should be
made for the probable yearly increase in the number of animals, and that the
barn should be so arranged that an extension may be conveniently made. The
author advocates the construction of a two-story or loft barn as being better
adapted to the needs of the general live-stock farmer. For beef fattening
cattle he advocates the use of a barn large enough to house the cattle com-
fortably, thus saving the manure and avoiding the use of an excessive amount
of bedding. " Each steer should be provided with at least 50 sq. ft. of space in
a closed barn, which with a 10-ft. elevation, allows 500 cu. ft. of air space
per animal. In an open barn this provision is not so important, yet it is
RURAL ECONOMICS. 489
necessary to allow ample space for cattle to lie down and rest. . . . Two linear
feet of trough space should be provided for each average-sized animal."
If more than a carload of cattle are to be fed it is considered advisable to
have the feed passage in the center of the barn, while for carload lots or less,
the feed passage may be placed at one side, and the entire number of cattle
allowed to run together. In the management of breeding cattle the barns may
be made with or without stalls.
The best type of implement shed for Texas farms, B. Youngblood (Texas
Sta. Circ. Jf, n. set: (1914), pp. 8, figs. 3). — This circular, based upon farm ex-
perience and observations on the care or neglect of implements on a great
number of farms in the Southwest, gives plans and bills of material for imple-
ment sheds. " The intention is to embody in these plans some of the best ideas
extant among the farmers of the State with those of a competent architect so
that the sheds will not only prove satisfactoi'y in point of construction, but
will stand as long as the materials of which they are constructed may last."
The special implement shed built to itself appears to be the most desirable type.
The Tennessee wooden-hoop silo, C. A. Willson (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 105
(1914), pp. 109-119, figs. 5). — The planning and construction of the wooden-hoop
silo is Illustrated and described. It is stated that this type of silo may be con-
structed at a cost of from $60 to $100, and will last from 8 to 12 years when
well constructed of good material.
Silo facts, A. J. Reed (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 1 (1913), pp. 8, figs. 6). —
This circular briefly states important facts to be considered in the construction
and filling of silos.
The disposal of creamery refuse, A. P. Wilson (Dept. Agr. and Tech.
Instr. Ireland Jour., 14 (1914), ^o. 2, pp. 241-251). — Disposal of creamery refuse
by irrigation or by septic tank treatment and filtration is di.scussed.
It is concluded that to discharge safely an effluent into a stream, it must
not contain more than 3 parts per 100,000 of suspended matter, and at 65° F.
must not take up more than 2 parts per 100,000 of dissolved oxygen in five days.
" If the dilution, while not falling below 150 volumes, does not exceed 300, the
dissolved oxygen absorption test may be omitted, and the standard for sus-
l>ended solids fixed at 6 parts per 100,000. ... If the dilution, while not falling
below 300 volumes, does not exceed 500, the standard for suspended solids may
be further relaxed to 15 parts per 100,000. . . . With a dilution of over 500
volumes all tests might be dispensed with, and crude sewage discharged."
Sewage disposal in the Tropics, E. Weissenboen (Arch. Schiffs- u. Tropen-
Hyg., n (1913), Beiheft 3, pp. 41, figs. 20).— The author discusses methods of
sanitation, particularly sewage disposal, such as are practiced in some tropical
localities, both municipal and rural, and describes additional sanitary measures
which he considers applicable.
Firing house heating boilers for testing, E. R. Pierce (Dam. Engin., 67
(1914), A^o. 1, pp. 2, 3, figs. 1). — The author discusses the practical benefits of
testing a residential heating system to determine its economic operation, re-
ferring particularly to the proper use of the chimney check.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Agricultural surveys, G. F. Warben (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 344 (1914),
pp. 419-433). — The author maintains that the primary object of agricultural
surveys is to find out all the facts possible by studying actual conditions in
the field. A survey should be limited to one problem only. He discusses the
490 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
use and development of statistical agricultural surveys, their accuracy, and
methods of carrying on the work and of studying the data.
Value of records in agriculture, M. Laplaud (Ann. Set. Agron., 4. set:, S
(1914), No. 4, pp. 111-185). — The author discusses the value of records regard-
ing the production of animals, crops, and labor, and concludes that there is no
other method by which the maximum net results can be obtained.
Agricultural cooperation, B. H. Hibbard [Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 238 (1914),
pp. S-32, fig. 1). — The author explains the purpose of cooperation, and the
condition requisite to its success. The general principle of " one-man-one-vote "
is advocated, also the federation of cooperative societies having similar pur-
poses. The management of the organization should rest with a board of di-
rectors who vshould be authorized to employ a competent and trustworthy
manager.
In Wisconsin the most common type of cooperation is the butter and cheese
factory. The next most important is the farmers' telephone. The text of the
Wisconsin law relating to cooperative associations is given, as well as articles
of incorporation and a model constitution and by-laws for cooperative cheese
producing associations, and a selected list of references on agricultural credit
and cooperation.
A Dutch vegetable market (Co-operation [London], 8 (1914), No. 5, pp.
95-99, figs. 3). — This article contains a detailed description of the methods used
in conducting auctions by the Loosduinen Cooperative Fruit and Vegetable
Auction Market, Limited.
Concerning the servant question (Wiener Landw. Ztg., 64 (1914), No. 11,
pp. 93, 94). — The author discusses the training of girls for house servants and
the relative influence of serving in farm families as against the employment
opened to them in cities in training them for future wives and mothers.
The occupying ownership of land. B. Toi-lemache (London. 1913, pp.
■'XIX+152). — The author believes that occupying ownership is superior to occu-
lt Spying tenancy as a system to be adopted for small holdings. He describes
several instances where large tracts have been subdivided successfully, and
points out some elements that are essential to success in undertakings of this
natui'e.
Statistics of agricultural population, wages of rural laborers, and the
trend of immigration in difEerent countries, A. Caroncini (Etude M^thodo-
logique et Statistique sur les Recensements de la Population Agricole, les
^alaires de la Main- d'ceuvre Rurale, et les Covrants D'6niigration dans les
Differents Etats. Rome: Intemat. Inst. Agr., 1912, pp. X I -\- 150). —This report
notes the publications in which data concerning agricultural population, farm
wages, and immigration may be obtained, and discusses the variation in the
classification and methods of reporting.
The colonization of rural Britain, J. Collings (London, 1914, vols. 1, pp.
XXXII-\-290, pis. 16; 2, pp. 295-607, pi. 1). — The author discusses the various
measures that have been proposed to prevent the rural depopulation of England
and the causes for the present conditions of agriculture and agricultural
laborers, and makes suggestions for their relief.
Report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture, W. H. Haywabd, A. Lucas,
S. Shannon, W. Duncan, J. J. Campbell, and J. Kidston (Victoria, B. C:
Govt., 1914, pt. 1, ^. IX-\-42). — The commission by means of hearings studied
the various conditions affecting the agriculture of British Columbia. The prin-
cipal part of their report describes conditions connected with the distribution
of public lands and with the problems of agricultural labor, credit, and educa-
tion. The report contains numerous recommendations.
RURAL ECONOMICS. 491
The agriculture of the Cotswolds, R. Anderson (Jour. Roy. Agr. 8oc. Eng-
land, 74 {1913), pp. 22-36).— In this article are described the soil, climate,
systems of cropping, methods of handling live stock, and general agricultural
conditions.
Danish agriculture, R. ScHOu (Mo. Bui. South. Com. Cong., 4 (1914), No. 3,
pp. 2-5, figs. 3). — The author calls attention to the fact that the number of cattle
increased from 1,440,000 to 2,218,000 between 1881 and 1909, and the area de-
voted to root crops from 225,000 acres to 716,000 between 1888 and 1912, while
the area devoted to other crops has remained practically the same.
Although cooperative agricultural societies are the means by which uniform-
ity and high standard of quality in agricultural produce have been maintained,
it is due to the close supervision and inspection of the State that they have been
able to prevent fraud by those outside of the societies. The Government has
exclusive control of the right of export.
Agricultural conditions in Norway, J. Frost (Ber. Landw. Reichsamte
Innern, No. 31 (1914), PP- VI +249, pi. 1, figs. 76).— This volume contains a de-
tailed description of the climate, soil, means of communication, and of agricul-
tural conditions as they relate to the people, land tenure, system of farming,
crops, live stock, markets, and agricultural ci'edit. The work contains a num-
ber of statistical tables and illustrations setting forth the facts brought out in
the text.
The general agricultural census of Belgium for 1910 (Statis. Belg. Recense.
O^n., 1910, Partie Doc, vp- 717). — This volume contains data showing by
Provinces, communes, and arrondissements the area devoted to diffei'ent crops,
average yields, total production, and amount of seed used per hectare.
[Agricultural element in the population of Austria], N. Hofmann (Statis.
Monatselir. [Austria], n. ser., 18 (1913), Dec, pp. 9S3-985). — In Austria, al-
though the total number of males dependent upon agriculture increased from
6.440.405 in 1890 and 6.646.199 in 1900 to 6,067.787 in 1910, they form a decreas-
ing percentage of the total population, viz, 55.1, 51.71, 47.51. respectively. The
absolute and relative increase for the 20-year period is even greater among
females, the numbers being 6,910,974, 7,063,005, and 7,168,297 and the percent-
ages 56.62, 53.11, and 49.31, respectively.
[Agricultural statistics of the native States of India] (Agr. Statis. India,
28 (1907-1912), II, pp. 1 1 -\- 1-123). —This annual statement contains statistical
data showing for 1907^8 to 1911-12 the total land area classified according to
agricultural uses, area irrigated, area in principal crops, and number of live
stock for the native States of India, so far as information has been obtained.
[Agriculture in Japan] (Statis. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Com. Japan, 29 [1913],
pp. 1-119). — This annual report contains statistical data showing the number
of households by form of tenure and by area of cultivated land, the area, pro-
duction, and average yields of the principal farm crops, number of fruit trees
and yield, silk production and trade, number of live stock and poultry, number
of animals slaughtered, and number lost by diseases.
[Agriculture of Chosen] (Statis. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Com. Japan, 29 [1913],
pp. 781-783). — This report contains statistical data showing the agricultural
population, the area of paddy fields and upland farms, area devoted to the
principal crops, production of cocoons and raw silk, number of domestic animals
and poultry, and number of animals slaughtered.
[Agriculture of Formosa] (Statis. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Com. Japan, 29
[1913], pp. 786-791). — This annual report contains statistical data showing the
agricultural population and area devoted to the principal food crops, number
492 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of domestic animals, number of animals slaughtered, and the production of
sugar, tea, and indigo.
The native agriculture of Tunis, P. Deckeb-David (U Agriculture Indigene
en Tunisie. Tunis and Audi: Govt., 1912, 2. ed., pp. /X+777, pis. 2, figs. 108).—
This is the general report of the commission for improving the native agricul-
ture appointed May 13, 1911, and contains a detailed description of the soil,
climate, peoples, systems of land proprietorship, irrigation, forestry, breeds
and breeding of live stock, plants cultivated, industrial crops, and agricultural
societies.
[Economic changes in the Union of South. Africa], F. B. Smith (Union So.
Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1912-13, p. 29). — The European population has increased
from 1.11G.806 in 1904 to 1,276,242 in 1911 and the number of European farmer.s
from 77,926 to 97,381. Of the total land area (143,056,120 morgens or 485,050
square miles), 3.282,971 morgens were under cultivation, 892,929 lying fallow.
89,945,238 used for grazing, and 464.102 under irrigation. The number of cattle
has been previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 494).
[Agriculture in the Commonwealth of Australia, 1903—1912], G. H.
Knibbs {Comnumicealth Bur. Census and Statis. Aust. Prod. Bui. 7 (1914), pp-
1-56, 132-149). — This annual .statement contains statistical data showing the
land settlement; number of agricultural holdings, area, production, and value
of agricultural products; imports and exports; and total number of live stock
and number by size of holdings. The data relate principally to the crop year
1912-13, but for many items comparative data are given for a series of years.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Report of committee on courses of dairy instruction, June 29, 1912, W. J.
Eraser (Proc. Off. Dairy Instrs. As.soc, 5-7 (1910-1912), pp. 105-112).— This
report considers the question of raising the present standards of instruction
in dairying.
The committee thinks that " the ideal course should be so arranged ag to
distribute the dairy work throughout the four years and yet hare time so that
a man wishing to specialize in dairy work alone can get it all, or at least the
major part, in one year. At least one-fourth of the students' work in the 4-
year course should be devoted to technical dairying, as this is the least possible
time in which the subject can be properly completed and sufficient training
given."
The dairy work in the regular 4-3'^ear agricultural course should be arranged
primnrily to prepare dairy farmers, creamery operators, and city milk-supply
men for their life work along practical lines. For college or experiment station
work graduate courses should be utilized.
Attention is called to essentials to be considered in outlining the dairy work
and to a number of debatable questions as to time to be devoted to various
subjects. In the opinion of the committee it is best for students not to specialize
too soon. Students insisting upon practical work to bring immediate results
should be " specials," and 4-year men should have a good grounding in the
fundamental sciences in the first two years in college, in connection with a little
of the several different lines of technical agriculture, including dairying. All
agricultural students should be required to study the elementary principles
involved in the production and handling of milk. This should be from a 3 to a
5-hour course.
A di.scussion of the report follows.
Physiology in the veterinary curriculum as a factor toward higher veteri-
nary training and education, A. F. Schalk (Vet. Alumni Quart. [Ohio State
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 493
Uni/v.}, 1 (1914), No. S, pp. 81-85). — Calling attention to the need of establishing
a higher plane of veterinai-y training and education by raising entrance require-
ments, lengthening the course, and strengthening the curriculum, the author
takes up the subject of physiology as it is usually presented in the various
veterinary curricula and attempts to show wherein it is often underestimated,
neglected, or very feebly offered as a major integral in the course.
Nature study in the public schools, T. W. Turner (South. Workman, 42
(1913), No. 9, pp. 497-503). — The author enumerates as the advantages of in-
struction in school gardening and nature study the bringing of the pupil and
his parents into closer understanding, the aiding of the preservation of health,
its considerable economic importance, in that it enables the pupil to aid the
community in increasing its resources and in getting rid of noxious plants and
animals, and its value as ethical training.
School gardens in America, V. E. Kilpatrick (Anier. School Bd. Jour., 48
(1914), No. 5, pp. 12, 13, 79, figs. 7). — The author discusses the history, support,
forms, management, value, and location of some of the best organized school
gardens.
The rural high school as a community center, E. W. Gage (Hoard's Dairy-
man, ^7 (1914), No. 12, pp. 444, 450, figs. 3). — Some of the common forms of
community work in practice in agricultural high schools are enumerated, and
as an illustration of this type of in.struction a description is given of the organ-
ization, equipment, and work of the Agricultural High School of Baltimore
County at Philopolis. Md.
Agricultural instruction (Min. Agr. Argentina, Mem. Cong. Nac., 1912, pp.
29-36). — An account is given of the organization of the practical and special or
technical schools of agriculture and the agricultural extension service in Ar-
gentina, which are under the administration of the ministry of agriculture.
[Progress in instruction in agriculture and home economics for farm,
women in France], Countess de Keeanflech-Kernezne (BuL Sac. Agr. France,
1914, Apr. 1, Sup., pp. 250-268). — In this address at the convention of the
Agricultural Society of France, February 17-21, 1914, the president of the
women's section of the society reports on the progress made in agriculture and
home economics instruction for farm women in France, including a brief review
of the work of the section, an outline of the object and organization of the
farm women's institute (cercle de fermieres) and of the itinerant home eco-
nomics school, and a description of two typical institutes and an itinerant
agricultural home economics school. As a result of 18 months' work. 10
women's sections, 5 itinerant schools, and 25 institutes were established by
private initiative under the impetus of the Agricultural Society of France and
the Central Union.
The Agricultural Institute of the University of Gottingen (Das landwirt-
schaftliche Institut an der Universitdt Gottingen. Neudamm, 1914, pp. [191,
figs. 8). — An account is given of the organization, equipment, and work of the
institute.
An agricultural school in Austria (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londoti], 20 (1914),
No. 10, pp. 898-900). — A description of the curriculum and notes on the organ-
ization and finances of the Francisco Josephinum Agricultural School at Mod-
ling are given.
Courses of study in agriculture for the high schools of Illinois (Agr. Col.
Ext. Univ. III. [Circ.], 1914, Jan., pp. 62). — This circular contains outlines of a
course in agriculture for a well equipped 4-year high school and a 1-year agri-
cultural course, as compiled and recommended by the agricultural section of the
state high school conference. The general outline of the four agricultural units
recommended covers (1) elementary principles of plant life and farm crops,
494 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED.
aud (2) horticulture, one-half unit each In the freshman or sophomore year:
(3) animal husbandly, one-half or a whole unit in the sophomore or junior
year; (4) soils and crop production, one-half unit in the sophomore or junior
year; (5) farm mechanics and (6) farm management, one-half unit each in
the junior or senior year; (7) special farm problems, poultry raising, home
dairying, etc., and (8) plant and animal improvement, one-half unit each in the
senior year. An appendix outlines topics under country life interests to whicli
one-half unit may be devoted in the senior year in connection with civics and
United States history, suggestions for laboratory equipment, lists of good ref-
erence books for secondary agriculture, available Illinois Station bulletins and
circulars and Farmers' Bulletins of this Department for school use.
One thousand questions in California agriculture answered, E. J. Wickson
(San Francisco, 1914, PP- 251). — These questions, which have actually been
asked, and the answers thereto are classified under the subjects of fruit grow-
ing, vegetable growing, grain and forage crops, soils, irrigation, and fertilizers,
live stock and dairying, feeding animals, diseases of animals, poultry keeping,
and pests and diseases of plants.
[Agricultural instruction for the teachers of Porto Rico] {Agr. Col.
Weekly [P. R.], 1 {1913), Nos. 35, pp. 181-184; 36, pp. 185-188; 37, pp. 189-
192; 38, pp. 193-211; 2 {1913), Nos. 47, pp. 245-248; 48, pp. 249-252; 49, pp.
253-256; 50, pp. 251-260; 51, pp. 261-264; 52, pp. 265-268; 53, pp. 269-212,
figs. 3; 54, pp. 213-216; 55, pp. 211-280, fig. 1; 56, pp. 281-288; 51, pp. 289-292;
58, pp. 293-296; 59, pp. 291-300; 60, pp. 301-304; 2 {1914), Nos. 61, pp. 305-308;
62, pp. 309-314, figs. 2; 63, pp. 315-318; 64, PP. 319-322; 65, pp. 323-326; 66,
pp. 321-334; 61, pp. 335-338; 6S, pp. 339-344; 69, pp. 345-348; 10, pp. 349-
352; 11, pp. 353-356). — These articles deal with pineapple culture, irrigation
and drainage, the practice and science of feeding farm animals, the instruc-
tion offered by the College of Agriculture of Porto Rico, home economics,
agricultural instruction in the public schools, Easter week conference for teach-
ers and the scholarship awarded by the agricultural college, physical training,
the vegetable garden, the diet of the school child, the conservation of soil mois-
ture, nitrogen, why trained agriculturists are needed in the Tropics, poultry
growing in the Tror)ics, a thesis on foods, and school gardens.
Studies of trees, J. J. Levison {Loose Leaf Field Manual, Wiley Tech. 8er.,
Exercises T 1-1— T 1-2 {1913), pp. 90, figs. 112). — These exercises consist of
studies of the identification, distribution, soil, location, enemies, planting, com-
mercial values, etc., of various well-known trees, the insects injurious to trees
and how to combat them, advice as to what trees to plant and how, pruning,
tree diseases, tree repair, structure and requirements of trees, forestry, and
care of the woodland.
Apple varieties, M. A. Cobb {Central State Normal School [Mich.], Bui. 19
{1912), No. 4, pp. 12, figs. 8). — This agricultural bulletin for teachers is de-
signed to arouse an interest in apple varieties and to explain how they are
recognized or described. Rules are given for ordering varieties for an orchard.
Dairy laboratory manual and notebook, compiled by E. L. Anthony {Phila-
delphia and London, 1914, pp. 12, figs. 15). — This text-book is designed for use
in general courses in elementary dairying. Instruction is given in the use of the
Babcock tester, lactometer, farm separators, and churns.
Farm manag'ement, A. Boss {Chicago and New York [1914], PP- 231, figs.
12). — " This text has been prepared for use in the secondary agricultural schools
and in high schools giving courses in agriculture. It is intended to follow the
more specialized subjects, such as farm crops, feeding and care of live stock,
soils, and other similar courses. The best results will follow its use in the
MISCELLANEOUS. 495
junior or senior years. Only the large and more general problems in farm
management have been discussed."
It is expected that the text, with the exercises, problems, and references to
literature appended to each chapter, will make a full semester course.
Syllabus of home economics (Baltimore, Md., 1913, rev., pp. 69). — In reprint-
ing this syllabus (E. S. R., 29, p. 496), advantage has been taken of the oppor-
tunity to make a few textual corrections and to revise and amplify the section
on Aims and Results, the concluding subdivision of Household and Institution
Management.
School gardens: General recommendations and suggestions for conduct-
ing school gardens, A. Hosking (West of Scot. Agr. Col. Bid. 61 (1913), pp.
42-79, figs. 11). — This bulletin contains the code of regulations re school gardens
of the Scotch education department, regulations and suggestions proposed by the
governors of the West of Scotland Agricultural College, schemes of work,
pupils' notebooks, suggestions for autumn and winter work, data on the cost
of establishing school gardens, suggested syllabuses of instruction in the ele-
mentary principles of horticulture and in the operations and practice of horti-
culture, a list of common trees and shrubs, and notes on meteorology.
Illinois Arbor and Bird Days, compiled by H. T. Swift ([Dept. Pub. Instr.
[III.] Circ. 77 (1914), PP- 71, figs. 52). — This is a compilation of special articles
including The Illinois Way of Foundation Planting, by W. Miller and F. A.
Aust; What Our Parents Saw on the Prairies; Practical Points About Attract-
ing Birds, by E. H. Forbush ; The Jenny Wren Bungalow, by Rebecca H. Kauff-
man ; economic notes on a number of birds, nature poems, and suggestions for
the observation of Bird Day.
Arbor and Bird Day manual for West Virginia schools, M. J. Abbey (W.
Va. School Agr., 4 (1914), No. 3, pp. 58, figs. 28).— Programs, directions for
studying trees and birds, lessons on trees and birds, and general suggestions are
given for the observation of Arbor and Bird Day.
Preparation of exhibits for fairs and contests, G. E. Thompson (Kansas
Sta. Circ. 36 (1914), PP- 7, figs. 8). — Suggestions are offered for preparing ex-
hibits of grain, corn, sorghums, grasses, and millets for fairs and contests.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of Guam Station, 1913 (Guam Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 24, pis.
4, figs. 6). — This contains a summary of investigations by the special agent in
charge, for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1913 (Nebraska Sta.
Rpt. 1913, pp. XXIV). — This contains the organization list, a review of the
work and publications of the year, and a financial statement as to the federal
funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, and as to the remaining funds for
the fiscal year ended July 31, 1913. The experimental work reported is for the
most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.
The county experiment farm; its function, selection, and management,
C. E. Thorne (Ohio Sta. Circ. 145 (1914), pp. 99-118).— This contains an ac-
count of the work of the station, particularly with reference to its activities
through county agents and county experiment farms, an explanation of the
methods to be followed in securing a county experiment farm, and the text of
the county experiment farm law as amended by the last general assembly.
NOTES
Alabama College. — A recent number of The Educational Exchange announces
that Prof. M. T. FuUan will furnish the county high schools, in which agricul-
ture is a required subject of Instruction, with a detailed course of study in
manual training and farm mechanics in the form of mimeographed sheets pend-
ing its publication in book form. The boys' vocational work will consist of
woodworking, farm mechanics, and mechanical drawing and the girls' work
will include domestic science and ai"t.
Arkansas University and Station. — Dr. R. R. Dinwiddle, pathologist and
bacteriologist, who has been connected with the institution since 18S7, has re-
signed with the intention of retiring from active service. Recent appointments
include C. D. Stubbs, D. V. M., as assistant veterinarian in the manufacture of
hog cholera serum, M. S. Baker, a 1914 graduate of the University, as assistant
agronomist for research in the cotton investigation. Earl Kilpatrick as assist-
ant agronomist. Miss Mary E. Metzger as assistant in home economics, and
Miss Marcella Arthur for extension work in home economics.
Delaware College. — Dr. Samuel Chiles Mitchell, president of the Medical Col-
lege of Virginia since 1913, has been appointed president.
Iowa College. — The registration at the summer school for teachers exceeded
(>00, an increase of over 160 per cent over the previous year. Agriculture and
home economics were very largely selected by the teachers for study.
Maryland College. — A foreclosure sale was held September 22 of the half
interest in 282 acres of the college property held by private stockholders of the
joint stock company formed at the establishment of the college (E. S. R., 25,
p. 403). The only bid was that of the state treasurer, thereby transferring
title completely to the State of Maryland.
The first country life conference for rural ministers was held at the college
in August with an attendance of over 200. It is expected to repeat the confer-
ence in 1915 and to hold a short course in agriculture for country ministers in
connection with it.
Kansas Station. — Albert Hogan, Ph. D. (Yale. 1914) and E. L. Tague have
been appointed assistant chemists. John C. Summers resigned in August as
assistant chemist to accept a position with the Cooperative MiUer.
Massachusetts College. — A department of rural engineering has been estab-
lished with C. I. Gunuess, formerly head of the department of mechanical en-
gineering at the North Dakota College, as associate professor of rural engi-
neering. A. Vincent Osmun has been promoted to the rank of associate pro-
fessor of botany and F. A. McLaughlin to that of instructor. E. K. Eyerly, as-
sociate professor of rural sociology has resigned to become dean of the college of
arts and sciences of the University of South Dakota and head of the department
of economics and sociology.
Mississippi Station. — C. E. Wilson has succeeded R. N. Lobdell as assistant
zoologist and assistant entomologist.
Montana College and Station. — H. E. Murdock of the Irrigation Investigations
of this Office has been appointed in charge of the station work just instituted
in agricultural engineering, beginning September 1. R. F. Miller, assistant in
496
NOTES. 497
animal husbandry iu the station, has resigned to take effect October 1 to accept
a position with the Texas College and has been succeeded by Russell R.
Dodderidge, a graduate of the Kansas College. L. G. Schermerhorn, assistant
professor of horticulture and assistant horticulturist, has resigned to accept a
position with the New Jersey Stations, to take effect November 1.
Nebraska University and Station. — On September 1, Dean Bui-nett was ap-
pointed head of the department of animal husbandry and C. B. Lee and H. J.
Gramlich professors of animal husbandry and associates in the station.
Nevada University and Station. — Archer Wilmot Hendrick, dean of Whitman
College, Washington, has been appointed president. Frederick W. Wilson,
animal husbandman of the Arizona University and Station, has been appointed
in charge of the department of animal husbandry and has entered upon his
duties. Other appointments include Dr. Philip A. Lehenbauer as professor of
botany and horticulture, Jerome B. Frisbie, instructor in farm mechanics at
the Colorado College, as assistant in agronomy, and Miss Norma J. Davis as
state leader in home economics in the division of agricultural extension.
New Mexico College and Station.- — Despite the loss of many Mexican students
and a considerable number of prei)aratory students through the establishment
of additional high schools, tlie total attendance at the college shows a gain of
15 per cent. Three-day extension courses in agriculture have been offered at
many points in southern New Mexico with an aggregate attendance of 1,400.
Among the recent appointments are the following: A. C. Cooley, of Colorado,
as director of extension work and farm management ; J. M. Mann, instructor in
botany at the University of Wyoming, as assistant professor of biology; Miss
Lucy T. Boyd, as instructor in household economics; and Robert Latta and
James R. Meeks, both graduates of Purdue University, as assistants respectively
in dairying and animal husbandry.
Cornell University. — In order to familiarize farmers with the provisions of
a new state law on grading and packing apples, demonstrations have been given
by the college of agriculture in special cars oi^erated in the fruit growing dis-
tricts by the New York Central Lines. This special train is the seventh of tlie
present year.
The department of floriculture has recently received two valuable collections
of orchids from the Philippine Islands, one being presented by H. Boyle and the
other by Dr. A. R. Ward.
North Dakota Station. — W. H. Peters, professor of animal husbandry at the
Manitoba Agricultural College, has accepted a position as animal husbandman.
He has been succeeded in Manitoba by.G. Ward Jones, superintendent of the
college extension work.
Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. — F. C. Dose (Pennsylvania State,
1914) has been appointed assistant in animal nutrition vice D. H. Kauffman,
resigned, and entered upon his duties September 1.
South Carolina Station. — C. A. McLendon, formerly botanist and plant pathol-
ogist of the Georgia Station, has accepted a position as field pathologist, vice
L. O. Watson, who has been placed in charge of the cotton wilt studies of the
Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department.
Texas College. — C. M. Evans has resigned as superintendent of extension work
beginning September 1 to become editor of the Southern Farm mid Dairy Maga-
zine, published at Bryan, Tex. He has been succeeded by Clarence Ousley as
director of the extension service.
Vermont University. — The New England Homestead announces that the trus-
tees have allotted $3,600 per annum to the support of county farm agents be-
ginning July 1. They also have authorized the erection of a stock judging
498 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
pavilion 100 by 120 feet, the provision of space for instruction in farm ma-
chinery, and a revision of the courses of instruction.
Virginia College and Station. — Lyman Carrier, agronomist since 1907, has
accepted a position with the Office of Forage Crop Investigations of this De-
partment, and has been succeeded by T. B. Hutcheson, associate professor in
plant breeding in the University of Minnesota and associate in the station.
W. K. Brainerd, professor of dairying and dairy husbandman, has accepted a
position with the Dairy Division of this Department.
Virginia Truck Station. — The station office building has been doubled in size
and a new building for farm implements and storage and a new insectary have
been erected.
Washington College and Station. — M. A. McCall has been appointed vice
director of the dry-land department vice H. E. Goldsworthy, resigned, and with
headquarters at Lind. T. J. Newbill of Portland, Oreg., has been appointed
state leader of boys' and girls' club work, and R. N. Miller, farm efficiency
agent. In the station A. L. Sherman has been appointed assistant chemist and
F. W. Allen assistant horticulturist vice W. J. Young, resigned.
New York Commission on Bovine Tuberculosis. — A commission to study the
causes of bovine tuberculosis and its economic and health effects on the State
has been authorized by the New York legislature. This commission has been
appointed by Governor Glynn as follows : Dr. Theobald Smith, director of the
division of animal pathology of the Rockefeller Institute; Dr. Hermann M.
Biggs, commissioner of health; Dr. Linsly M. Williams, deputy commissioner
of health ; Dr. Philip Van Ingen of the New York Milk Commission ; Dr. Henry
L. K. Shaw, professor of children's diseases, Albany Medical College; Hon.
Seth Low, of New York City ; and Dean V. A. Moore of the New York State
Veterinary College of Cornell University.
Agriculture at the National Education Association.— The program of the Na-
tional Education Association at St. Paul, Minn., July 4-11, indicates the unusual
recognition given to agricultural education at this meeting.
As in former years, the question of the training of teachers for the rural
schools brought out much discussion. In a paper before the Department of
Rural and Agricultural Etlucation. on The Course in Agriculture for Training
Teachers in Normal Training High Schools, A. Y. Storm maintained that the
rural school is the most important educational factor and the preparation of
the rural school-teacher the most important educational task. Inasmuch as
the normal schools will not be able to supply the demand for rural teachers
for years to come the public high schools must shoulder the burden. A large
majority of rural teachers are women, many of whom are feared in town, so
they must be taught agriculture from the farmers' point of view and must
study rural conditions as well as agincultural text-books. He outlined the
work that ought to be done as including (1) a knowledge of some of the under-
lying principles of education and consequently of teaching. (2) the organization
of agricultural subject-matter to be taught in accordance with these principles,
which includes the amount, selection, sequence, arrangement, and units to fit
the conditions of a rural elementary school, (3) some understanding of the
principles, processes, and practices to be followed in the presentation of this
subject-matter through the classroom, the home project, and the community
work, and (4) actual practice in teaching the subject-matter in this manner.
In another address before the st\me department on The Rural High School,
U. S. Commissioner of Education Claxton emphasized the importance of ascer-
taining the kind of education that the American farmer needs before attempt-
ing to outline a course in agriculture for rural high schools. His address dwelt
mainly with the education and training of the farmer and his wife.
NOTES. 499
The organization of boys' and girls' clubs, as well as adult clubs and similar
forms of rural endeavor, was considered this year for the first time. One
afternoon devoted to this phase included papers on such topics as What Recog-
nition Should Be Given Vacation and Other School Project Work Done by
Pupils, and The Federated Boys' and Girls' Club Work of the United States,
and five-minute reports of state and district club-work leaders on projects con-
ducted, membership, club leaders, method of financing, apparent results, recog-
nition given the work in the schools, and prospective club work.
At a meeting of the state and national club leaders, an address was given by
E. J. Tobin, county superintendent of schools of Cook County, 111., on Club
Work as an Extension Service of the Public Schools. Mr. Tobin regarded club
work, properly conducted, as the best means of tying up the home life of the
pupil with the school, as well as of teaching certain subjects. A necessary
preliminary to the successful organization of club work, however, is the pro-
vision of competent supervisors to follow up the matter during vacation. In
Cook County, five country life leaders, one for 25 or 30 schools, are employed
the entire year to initiate, carry on, and supervise rural community betterment
work. One of their main endeavors is to organize every boy and girl over ten
years of age residing in their division into an agricultural club. During the
winter months they assist the teachers in giving agricultural instruction in
the schools, and during the summer vacation they become itinerant teachers,
corresponding to the " Wanderlehrers " in (Jermany. traveling from one farm
to another to visit, inspect, and advise with the boys and girls.
In addition to an afternoon devoted to a conference on School Gardens in
Cities, papers were read before the School Garden Association of America on
Home Gardens in Indiana, School Gardening on the Prairie, and School Garden-
ing in Los Angeles. Commissioner Claxton also addressed the latter association
on Purposeful Occupations for Boys. He maintained that it is impossible to
really educate any child who early in life does not engage in some purposeful
occupation, that there should be a teacher of gardening in every city school, and
that such work would yield considerable financial returns to families and
improve the physical, intellectual, and moral condition of the children.
Agricultural Progress in Latin America. — The government of Cundinamarca,
Colombia, has contracted with H. Charton, proprietor of vineyards of the
municipality of Tocaima, to establish an agricultural institute on his property.
The school will begin operations with twelve pupils selected from the munici-
pality. Marcel Berthaul of Paris has been appointed professor of agronomy in
the University of Narino. The Colombian Government has also authorized the
employment of four instructors of tropical agriculture and two veterinarians.
The Elidoro Villazon National Agronomic and Veterinary Institute at Cocha-
bamba, Bolivia, is now well equipped with experimental grounds, laboratories,
library, machinery, and apparatus, and furnishes a 4-year course of theoretical
and practical instruction in agronomy and veterinai*y science. The scholastic
year begins in March. A number of scholarships are available to needy stu-
dents. Pedro Charuli is acting director of the school and a number of the pro-
fessors are specialists from abroad.
Dr. Moises S. Bertoni, an experienced agronomist and botanist and director
of the agricultural station at Asuncion, Paraguay, has been appointed chief of
the Bureau of Agriculture of the government of Paraguay. An agricultural
school is being established at Ypacarai, with two instructors who have been
educated abroad in charge of the several courses.
A three-year theoretical and practical course in agriculture is now being
offered in the Peruvian National College of San Luis Gonzaga at lea. A
viticultural experiment station has been in operation in the Moquegua Valley,'
500 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
under the direction of Julio Solano. A new school is also to be established
at Puuo. the Peruvian port on Lalie Titicaca, for native boys from 6 to 14 years
of age. The instruction will be elementary and practical with the aim of
developing mining, agriculture, and other industries in this section.
In Uruguay the Paysandu agronomic station, established nearly two years
ago, is under the direction of Felix Ruppert and includes 1,360 hectares of
land, of which 605 are in flax, wheat, oats, potatoes, and maize. A beginning
has been made in the cultivation of olives, oranges, peaches, apples, and pears,
and a small forest has been started. The station has a dairy and creamery in
operation and is well equipped for raising chickens and other domestic fowls.
It also possesses 170 milch cows and 700 ewes, and the breeding of horses and
sheep is taught. Both theoretical and pi-actical instruction is given.
The Province of Salta in Argentina has given the subtropical agricultural
experiment station at Giiemes in the department of Campo Santo 200 hectares
of land for experimental work in the cultivation of citrus fruits. The growing
of cotton, tobacco, and tropical fruits is being successfully carried on at the
station. The eight practical agricultural schools of Argentina had 239 pupils
in 1912 and 305 in 1913.
Roseworthy Agricultural College, South Australia. — Principal A. J. Perkins
has been appointed to succeed William Lowrie. resigned, as director of agri-
culture in South Australia. He will be chief technical adviser to the minister
of agriculture and will also be responsible for the general experimental work
and management of the government farms throughout the State. W. J. Cole-
batch, superintendent of agriculture in the Southeast and manager of the
Kybybolite Experiment Farm, has been appointed principal of Roseworthy
College. W. J. Spafiford, the lecturer and demonstrator of agriculture and
assistant experimentalist at Roseworthy College, has been appointed to the
new position of superintendent of agricultural and exi>erimental work and will,
under the instructions of the director, supervise the experimental work con-
ducted by the department outside the experiment farms.
Western Australian Farm School. — The Child Emigration Society of England
has established a farm school at Pinjarra as an experiment in child emigration.
There are 33 boys from England, Scotland, and Wales at the farm, from 7 to
12 years of age. Until 14 years of age the boys are subject to the elementary
education of the State, after which they receive two or three years of definite
agricultural instruction before they are given positions with reputable farmers.
Each boy is given a garden plat and is also taught the elements of pruning
fruit trees, packing apples, caring for pigs and poultry, and milking cows. All
are employed in turn in house duties. The quarterly cost of supervision, cloth-
ing, and maintenance of one boy has been $126 a year which it is hoped to
reduce to $97.
Miscellaneous. — Ph. van Tieghem, the well-known French botanist and per-
manent secretary of the Academy of Sciences, Paris, died April 28, 1914, in his
seventy-fifth year.
Dr. Jacob Eriksson has resigned the position of chief of the phytopatho-
logical experiment station at Stockholm, Sweden.
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EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistarit Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers{g;|- ^1^^,,^^,^
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathologyj^^- ^- f^^^^' ^^^ ^-
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
Foods and Human Nutritionjg- F. L..^ngworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — \V. A. Hooker, D. V. M. LIBRARY
Veterinary MecUcinejj;;^; fo^™- ^^^ ^^^
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinoek. BOTANIC A
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. OakO'
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXI, NO. 6.
Recent work in agricultural science 501
Notes 600
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.
Standardization of potassium permanganate by sodium oxalate, McBride 501
Benzoic acid as an acidimetric standard, Morey 501
A new apparatus for quantitative dialysis, Golodetz 501
The use of spectrophotometry in analysis, Fery and Tassilly 502
Estimation of alkalis in rocks, Krishnayya 502
Examination and judgment of water for agricultural and industrial purposes. . 502
Examination and judgment of waste waters 502
The use of potassium palmitate in water analysis, Blacher et al 502
Estimation of total nitrogen, Noyes 502
A new separation of nitrous and nitric acid?, Fischer and Steinbach 503
Controls for the Folin method of estimating creatinin , Thompson 503
The metallic salts, soluble carbonates, and precipitation of protein. Heard 504
Quantitative determination of peptic activity, von Bogddndy 504
A new adulteration of olive oil, Cutolo 505
Determination of total tartaric acid in wine, Malvezin 505
The determination cf alcohol in wine, Tommasi 505
Tables for determining amoxmt of alcohol from specific gravity, I, Tommaai. . . 505
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
The composition of milk and its serum, Bremer et al 505
Influence of boiling on woman's milk, cow's milk, and buttermilk, Grosser. . . 505
The biologic differentiation of milk proteins, Kleinschmidt 506
Biological method for judging the quality of milk, Paraschtschuk 506
Microscopical method for judging the micro-organism content of milk, Rosam. 507
About the detection of boiled and raw milk, Balazs 507
Romer's work on Schardinger's reaction of cow's milk, Rullmann 507
Alteration of milk preserved with potassium bichromate, Hinard 507
Detection of nitrates in milk samples treated with bichromate, Dos Santos 508
The various methods for determining the moisture content of butter fat, Konig. 508
The detection of preservative in fats (butter, margarin, lard), Vollhase 508
Estimation by Hehner and Mitchell's method, Heiduschka and Berger 508
Estimation of solid fatty acids by Hehner and Mitchell's method, Serger 508
Examination of fats, oils, and varnish for technical purposes 509
Bromometric determination of formic acid, Mader 509
Activities of state chemical laboratory at Goteborg, Sweden, in 1912, A16n 509
Cixiing meat on the farm, Gray 509
METEOROLOGY — WATER.
Brief list of meteorological text-books and reference books, Talman 509
The climatic factor as illustrated in arid America, Huntington et al 509
Climatic changes, Huntington 510
Meteorological conditions of an ice sheet and bearing on desiccation, Brooks. . . 510
Recent studies of snow in the United States, Church, jr 510
Effect of snow and ice on the temperature of the air, Johansson 511
The radium emanation in the atmosphere and its variation, Wright and Smith 511
The rainfall of Rhodesia, Goetz 511
Rainfall, reservoirs, and water supply, Binnie 511
Water resources, Sherzer 511
Surface water supply of the North Atlantic coast basins, 1912, Babb et al 511
Surface water supply of the Ohio River basin, 1912, Horton et al 51 1
Surface water of upper Mississippi and Hudson Bay basins, 1912, Horton et al . 512
Surface water supply of Lower Mississippi River basin, Follansbee 512
Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico basins, 1912, Follett et al 512
Clean water and now to get it, Hazen 512
The mechanical filtration of moorland water supplies, Del^pine 512
Sterilization of water by filtration, Charitschkoff 512
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1911, Wliitney et al 512
The white soils of the Bram and Reinhard forests, Vogol von Falckenstein .... 513
The origin of the red soils of diluvial times, Blanck 513
Rutherglen Experiment Farm. — Report, 1913, Richardson 513
Methods for soil investigation, Albert and Bogs 514
The physical properties of soils. Kopeck^ 514
The absorptive power of soils, Rohland 514
Nature of drougnt according to evidence of Odessa field, Rotmistrov 514
Forests and floods, Aitken 515
The chemistry of the soil: The evolution of acid amins, Chardet 515
Effect of soluble humates on nitrogen fixation and plant growth, Bottomley . . 516
Nitrification in pasture soils, Gimingham 516
Investigations on the protozoa of soil, Goodey 516
Improvement of swamp land in Finland by addition of sand, Rindell 516
Greater profits from land, Drysdale 516
New views on fertilization 516
Fertilizers, fimgicides, and insecticides, Pluvinage 517
Chemical fertilizers in the Canary Islands, Brett 517
Identification of commercial fertilizer materials. Fry. 517
Experiments in fertilizing with stable manm-e, von Liebenberg 517
Guano and national agiiculture, De Lavalle y Garcia 517
Peruvian output of guano 517
The seaweed industry of P'rance, Osborne 517
New sources of nitrogen, Gilchrist 517
Synthetic ammonia by the Serjjek method, Herre 518
CONTENTS. in
Page.
Experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers, Haselhoff 518
Comparative results with different phosphatic manures, Gilchrist 518
The fertilizing action of the phosphoric acid of steamed bone meal, Alexander . . 518
The reserve supply of phosphate rock in the United States, Waggaman 518
Composition of the Wittelsheimer potash salts, Kulisch 519
The importance and value of phonolite as a fertilizer, Lemmermann 519
Kelp production in United Kingdom, Griffiths 519
The partial sterilization of soil by caustic Ume, Hutchinson and MacLennan. . 519
Carbonic acid as a fertilizer, Quarrie 519
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Formation of chlorophyll in plants, II, Mont^verde and Lubimenko 519
Formation of chlorophyll in plants, III, Mont^verde and Lubimenko 520
Hydrocyanic acid in the grasses of New South Wales, Petrie 520
Influence of increased carbon dioxid content of air on green plants, Fischer. . . 521
The controlling influence of carbon dioxid on seeds, I, Kidd 521
The gro\vth of potatoes in little humidity and very little light, Hua 521
Decalcification of soils by smoke and effect thereof on plants, Wieler 521
The relative abundance of bacteria in forest soils, Rauber 521
Role of winter temperatures in determining distribution of plants, Shreve 522
The wilting coefBcaent of the soil, Blackman 522
Changes produced in the sap by the heating of branches, Dixon 522
Role of glycerin in causing anomalous structures in Pisum sativum, Laurent. . 522
The spur shoot of the pines, Thomson 522
Relationship between ovules formed and seeds developing in Cercis, Harris. . 523
Reversion in p«'ickly pears, Griffiths 523
The probable origin of (Enothera lamarcMana, De Vries 522
An analytical and phytogeographical study of Leguminosae, Capitaine 523
The seed of the Leguminosse, Capitaine 523
The Leguminosse with particular reference to nitrogen assimilation, Heinze.. 523
FIELD CROPS.
[Field crop experiments] 524
Experiments with calcium cyanamid, Lipschiitz 524
The application of nodule bacteria for legumes, Kock 524
Some minor farm crops. Eyre, Ashby, "Whitmore, and Brandon 524
Seeding grass with or without a nmrse crop, Rindell 524
The influence of water on the yield of meadows and pastures, Luedecke 524
Phosphorus-containing substances in meadow hay, Duserre et al 524
The composition of alfalfa, Ijavenir 524
A many-eared variety of maize obtained by selection in Hungary, Grabner.. 525
Cultural experiment with American and African horse-tooth com, Wacker 525
Acidity as a factor in determining the soundness of corn, Gesley and Baston. . 525
Cotton, Heizmann 525
Experimental work with cotton, Robson 525
Mutation in Egyptian cotton, Kearney 525
The deterioration of Egyptian cotton, Snell 526
Studies in Indian cottons, I, Vegetative characters, Leake and Prasad 526
Fibers from various sources 526
Experiments in Hungary vidth hemp seed from Asia Minor and Italy, Gaszner. . 526
Sexual inequality in hemp, Cook 526
Investigations on hops, Schmidt 526
Fertilizer experiments by the German Hop Culture Association, 1913, Wagner. . 527
Tests of selections from hybrids and commercial oats, Warburton et al 527
Nitrogenous fertilizers with spring oats, Martin 528
Influence of nitrates on the germinative period of oats, Plate 528
Information on peanuts, Tonnelier 538
Varieties of potatoes, Tonnelier 528
Potato growing in New York State 528
Crosses between summer rape and turnip, Baur 528
On the physiology of germination of Oryza sativa, Akemine 529
New varieties of rice from Japan, Poll 529
Rice CTiltivation and milling in Burma, Moorhead 529
Nitrogenous fertilizer for rye, Rygula 529
rV CONTENTS.
Tubers of Solanum commersonii, Wittmack 529
Analyses of soy beans from Tonkin 529
Variability in composition of offspring of a mother beet, Andrlik and Urban. . 529
Work at the experiment stations for the Java sugar industry, 1912, Schuit 530
Experiments in thinning out sugar cane rows, Rosenfeld 530
The shipment of seed cane specimens, Hall, jr 530
A rational system of payment for cane, Camp 530
Tobacco growing in Ireland 530
A Ruakura experiment, McConnell 530
Physiology of germination and internal factors in wheat, Nilsson-Ehle 530
A case of repulsion in wheat, Engledow 531
Studies on the stems of wheat, Blaringhem and ^li^ge 531
On the production of hybrids between wild and cultivated wheats, Blaringhem . 531
Increase of producti\ity of Hungarian wheat by means of selection, Grabner. . 531
Characters of the grain in Hungarian pedigree wheat, Obermayer 531
Seeding wheat in Oklahoma, Wright 532
Results of seed inspection, 1913, Helyar 532
Combating weeds, with special reference to calcium cyanamid and kainit, Opitz . 532
Weeds, Biffen 532
HORTICTJLTURK.
Manual of horticulture, Bassotti 532
Everyman's garden every week, Selden 532
The gardener's pocket manual, Rockwell 532
The carbon nutrition of horticultural plants, Fischer 532
Another hypothesis for Dr. Swingle's experiments with citras, Hagedoom 533
Fertilizer experiments with muskmelons, Lloyd 533
Onion culture on muck lands, Halligan 533
Spray and practice outline for 1914, Eustace and Pettit 533
Relation of ventilation to keeping qualities of fruits and vegetables, Hill, jr. . . 533
Methods of heating commercial greenhouses, Pynaert 533
The status of fruit culture in Tunis and Algeria, Guillochon 533
The blooming time of fruit trees, Camman 533'
The pollination of apples and pears. West 534
Influence of fertilizers on ripening time of pears. Riviere and Bailhache 534
Olive culture in Tunis, Campbell 534
The influence of various grape stocks on the harvest, Faes and Porchet 534
Cultural effects of time of pruning grapes and physiological effects, Yidal 534
Spraying in relation to the flowering season, Lebrun 534
Strawberries, Vercier 534
The conservation of strawberries, Mauro 535
New varieties of roselle, Wester 535
Parthenocarpy and seed formation in bananas, D'Angremond 535
The changes occurring in the ripening coconut, Gonzalez y Sioco 535
The macapuno coconut, Gonzalez y Sioco 536
The sex of date palm seedlings 536
The jaboticaba, Popenoe 536
Cultural directions for the papaya, Wester 536
Cultural experiments with medicinal plants in Korneuburg in 1913, Senet 536
The National Rose Society's official catalouge of roses 536
The practical book of garden architecture, Humphreys 536
Rock gardens, how to make and maintain them, ^leredith 536
Trees for street and yard planting and their care, Scott 536
Hardy shrubs for Kansas, Reinisch 536
FORESTRY.
Connecticut's forest taxation law 537
Report of the forest circles in Bombay Presidency including Sind, 1912-13 537
Report on forest administration in Bihar and Crissa, 1912-13, Carter 537
Report of forest administration in the Punjab for the year 1912-13, Mayes 537
Observations on the edge of the forest in the Kodiak region of Alaska, Griggs. . 537
The conversion of coppice-with-standards into high forest in France, Troup- - - - 537
Natural and artificial regeneration of the forests in north Sweden, \\'ibeck 537
Three thinning areas in the Skagersholm state forest, Schotte — , 537
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Recent ecological investigations, De Forest 537
Determination of site qualities for even-aged stands by a site factor, Hanzlik. . 537
Yield in uneven-aged stands, Moore 538
Determination of stocking in uneven-aged stands, Ashe 538
The measurement of increment on all-aged stands, Chapman 538
The use of yield tables in predicting growth, Carter 538
Experiments on eccentric growth of ash, Somerville and Harper 538
The hardwoods, Neger 538
Accretion in the lower part of the stems of both pine and spruce, Maass 538
The stem height in normal pine stands, Maass 538
On some transverse tests of Australian and foreign timbers, Nangle 538
Fire damage in mature timber, Mitchell 538
Preservative treatment of timber for estate purposes, Annand 538
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Diseases and parasites of the principal cultivated plants, Canevari 539
The diseases and injuries of cultivated plants in 1911 539
[Report on plant protection in Baden, 1912], von Wahl and Miiller 539
Division of plant pathology and mycology, Evans 539
[Reports from Dutch East Indies on plant diseases], Knischewsky 540
Culture experiments with rust fungi, Klebahn 540
Influence of the host on the morphological characters of Puccinia, Long 540
Witches' broom, Lem^e 540
The parasitism of smut fungi, Lang 540
A dangerous genus (Phytophthora), Rutgers 541
Investigations on the control of disease in plants, Biff en 541
The preparation and composition of lime-sulphur sprays, Ramsay 541
The preparation and use of lime-sulphur mixture, Savastano 541
The fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixtiures, Barker and Gimingham 541
Studies of mechanical frost injuries, Sorauer 541
Partial frost injurj'^ of cereals confused with animal injui'ies, Zimmermann 542
Ophiobolus herpotrichus and stem rot of cereals, Voges 542
Two Michigan bean diseases, Muncie 542
A bacterial rot of celery, Wormald 542
A fungus disease of peppers (Capsicum spp.), Bancroft and Hunte 542
Phytophthora erythroseptica and the disease produced in potato, Pethybridge. . . 543
Potato leaf roll, von Beke 543
The potato diseases of Michigan, Coons 543
Diseases of sugar beets, Fallada 543
Identification of species of Fusarium occurring on sweet potato, Wollenweber. 544
A disease resembling gummosis, Honing 544
Cicinnobolus parasitic on apple mildew {O'idium farinosum) , Oberstein 544
Life history and physiology of Cylindrosporium on stone fruits, Higgins 544
Peach yellows investigations. Reed 544
Contributions on the pathology of grape stocks, Bematsky 544
Combating downy mildew of grape in 1913, Sauret 544
A preliminary report on raspberry curl or yellows, Melchers 545
American gooseberry mUdew, Chittenden 545
The perithecial stage of the American gooseberry mildew, Salmon 545
Notes on a new treatment for American gooseberry mildew, Dorogin 546
Diseases of Veronicas, Massee 546
The diseases of nut trees, Waite 546
The present state of the chestnut blight, Collias 546
The chestnut blight in Virginia, Gravatt 546
Warty roots of Gymnodadus canadensis, Sperlich 546
Some observations on plant diseases caused by ]>arasitic fungi, Magnus 546
The fight against dry rot of pine and fir trees, Moller 547
Studies on dry rot attacking wood, Wehmer 547
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
The spread of the chief injurious animals in Russia during 1912, Portchinsky. . 547
The mongoose in Trinidad and methods of destroying it, Urich 547
Birds of town and country, Henshaw 547
The food of birds, Florence 547
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
The dispersal of weed seeds by wild birds, Collinge 547
Insect pests and fungoid diseases [in Barbados, 1912-13], Bovell and Nowell. . 547
Insect pests in British Guiana, Bodkin 547
Injurious insects and diseases of plants in Taurida during 1912, Mokrzecki 548
Injurious insects and diseases of plants in Taurida during 1912, Shtchegolev. . 548
Division of entomology, annual report, 1912-13, Lounsbury 548
Insect enemies of corn, Sherman, jr 548
The insect enemies of cotton in German East Africa, Morstatt 548
The entomology of Helianthus, Cockrell 548
Experiments on fighting the pests of winter rape 548
Insect pests of sugar cane in British Guiana, Moore 548
Insect damage to the cones and seeds of Pacific coast conifers. Miller 548
Spraying apple trees in blossom with tobacco extract, Glazenap 548
The use of lime and sulphur solution on citrus trees, Yothers 549
The use of carbon bisulphid in emulsion at Martinique and Guadeloupe, Bordaz 549
The locust pest, Jones and Mackie 549
Thrips as pollinators of beet flowers, Shaw 549
New genera and species of Thysanoptera, Morgan 549
Attempts to find disease germs in European bedbug ( Cimex lectularius) , Thomson 550
An egg parasite of tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis), Crosby and Leonard. . 550
Homopterous insects of the Delphacidae of North and South America, Crawford 550
Susceptibility and immunity of vines to the attacks of phylloxera, Borner. . . . 550
The fumigation of citrus trees, Gough 550
Sweet potato sphinx, Faure 550
Oak pests. — The carpenter worm (Prionoxystus robinise), Childs 550
Phlyctsenodes sticticalis, its life history and fighting it, Mokrzecki 550
Serious outbreak of Phlyctsenodes sticticalis near Poltava, Kurdjumov ' . 551
The codling moth in Uruguay, Lahille 551
A small manual on malaria. Parrot 551
Mosquitoes and malaria, Faure 551
A synopsis of the described North American species of Tipula, Dietz 551
Heredity of bristles in the common greenbottle fly, Lucilia sericata, Whiting. . 551
The skin maggot of man. Fuller 551
An attempt to transmit poliomyelitis by bite of Lyperosia irritans, Francis 551
Flies in relation to disease. — Nonbloodsucking flies, Graham-Smith 551
A synopsis of the Agromyzidae, with new genera and species, Malloch 552
An account of the bionomics and the structure of the cheese skipper. Mote 552
Biological notes concerning Drosophila ampelophila, Lutz 552
The biology of the common rat flea of Great Britain, Strickland 552
Buprestids collected in the Philippine Islands, Kerremans 553
Notes on Rhabdocnemis obscurus in Australia, Girault 553
The Tenebrionidse of the Philippines, Gebien 553
The cowpea weevil (Pachymerus chinensis) , Krall 553
The temperature of the bee colony. Gates 553
Bee diseases and bee enemies, MacDougall 553
Foul brood, Millen 553
Annual report of the Bee-Keepers' Association of Ontario, 1913 554
Relation of honeybee to other insects in cross pollination of apple, McColloch. 554
A pine pest (Lophyrus pint), Nikolaev 554
Descriptions of new Hymenoptera, VIII, Crawford 554
Descriptions of 23 new genera and 31 new species of ichneumon flies, Viereck. 554
Descriptions of two new genera of parasitic Hymenoptera, Rohwer 554
A new scelionid parasite of locust eggs from Australia, Girault 554
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
The problem of the food supply as to breadstuffs and kindred articles 554
Making, examining, and judging bouillon cubes, Serger 554
Concerning the fat of the European coot (Fulica atra), Blaha 555
Canned salmon — cheaper than meats, and why 555
The effects of corn as a food — utilization of corn protein by man, Baglioni 555
Unpolished rice and the prevention of beri-beri, Eraser and Stanton 555
Toxic brans, Marchadier and Goujon 555
Contribution to the study of baker's yeasts, Kayser 555
Food poisoning due to cream cakes, Chantemesse and Rodriguez 555
Molasses 556
CONTENTS. VII
Page.
Ice cream 556
Alum in foods 556
Is use of artificial sweetening substances sophistication? Dafert 557
The examination of miscellaneous foodstuffs, Heckmann and Kuttenkeuler. . 557
Household tests for detection of adulterations in common foods, Halverson 557
A history of dietetics, Lichtenfelt 557
Diet charts, Taylor 557
Effects of school life on the nutritive processes, health, and blood, Terman 557
Influence of nutrition and education in mental development, Mott 557
School breakfasts 557
Notes on food and diet in Katanga, Poppe 557
Dishes and beverages of the old South, McCulloch-Williams 557
The art of home candy making 558
Electric cooking. Alabaster 558
Retail prices, 1890_to October, 1913, Croxton 558
Further notes on dietetics, Kakowski 558
The vitamins of food 558
Amino acids in nutrition and growth, Osborne, Mendel, et al 558
Influence of cod liver oil and other fats on growth, Osborne, Mendal, et el 560
The cleavage of fatty acids in the animal body, Koppel 561
Influence of phytin on elimination of nitrogen, Venturi and Massella 561
Minimum requirement of alimentary carbohydrates, Laufer. 561
Carbon dioxid excretion with different kinds of work, Becker and Hamiilainen . . 561
Gaseous exchange and surface area at extreme temperatures, Gotsch 562
An increased rectal temperature in childhood, Moro 563
The effects of light upon metabolism, Pinciissohn 563
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Principles of feeding, Kellner 563
The nutritive values of organic and inorganic phosphorus, Forbes 563
Fish meal, Haselhoff 563
[Feeding stuffs] 564
Origin of our important domestic animals, Behm 564
Effects of inbreeding, Kraemer 564
The determination of sex, Wester 564
The problem of the meat supply 564
Australia and New Zealand as sources of meat supply, Pearse 564
The amoimt of bone in animals for the slaughterhouse, Tridon 564
The fat stock and carcasses exhibited at Smithfield Show, Long 564
The cattle industry in Britain, Wallace and Watson 565
The cattle of the valleys of Saint-Girons and Aure, Guy 565
Cattle of Ruanda, Sommerfeld 565
Variations in the tongue color of Jersey cattle, Pearl 565
Calf-rearing experiment, Voelcker 566
The domestic buffalo, Granato 566
Crossing bison and cattle, Boyd 566
My experience with bison hybrids^ Goodnight 567
Domestic breeds of sheep in America, Shaw and Heller 567
Caracul sheep farming, Karpov 567
Heredity studies with swine, Frolich 567
Carcass tests conducted on Lincoln and Mangalicza pigs in Himgary, Wellmann. 567
Pig feeding, Grace 568
Alfalfa and hogs, Norcross 568
A pork production contest, Cooper 568
Pig fattening in Prussia with automatic feeder or common trough, De la Barre. . 568
Our domestic birds, Robinson 568
Poultry management, McClelland 568
The Garonnaise breed of chickens, Girard 568
The ash and protein factor in poultry feeding, Lewis 568
The breeding of egg-laying poultry, Wilson _ 569
Factors influencing size, shape, and physical constitution of the egg, Curtis. . . 569
Factors influencing size, shape, and physical constitution of eggs, Curtis 570
A study of commercial eggs in the Central West, Pennington et al 570
Development of spurs and growth of crest among females of Gallinacese, P^zard . . 572
Studies on inheritance in pigeons. — I, Hereditary relations of colore, Cole 572
VIII CONTENTS.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
Page.
Dairying, Foord et al _. 573
Cassava meal in feeding dairy cattle, Mallevre 573
Cost of milk production. Erf •.-■.-■- ^^^
Relation of conformation and mammary system to milk and fat, Dolcini... 573
The specific heat of milk and milk derivatives, Johnson and Hammer 573
Studies on the ash of colostrum milk, Sato 573
Cow's milk for infants in Saxony, Thomjison ._ 573
Comparison of the plating and microscopic methods, Goodrich 574
A bacteriological index for dirt in milk, Kinyoim 574
Ability of streptococci to survive pasteurization, Ayers and Johnson, jr 574
The application of refrigeration to the handling of milk, Bowen 575
A study of the market butter of Boston, Rosenau et al 575
Butter 576
The factors which control the texture of Cheddar cheese, I, Geake 576
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Animal parasites and their transmission, Neumann and Mayer 576
Vaccination for infectious diseases^ Staley 576
The lecithin content of different tissues, Cruickshank 577
The chemical and biochemical properties of lipoid substances, Wilson 577
An attempt to preserve hemolytic complement in a permanent form. Dean. . . 578
Two important western poisonous plants, Knight 578
Studies in the toxicity of cotton-seed meal, Vv'ithers and Ray 578
A remedy for cotton-seed meal poisoning. Withers 578
Diagnosis of anthrax by Ascoli's and Schiitz-Pfeiler's methods, Fischoeder 578
A diagnosis of anthrax sepsis with the lumbar puncture, Pollak 578
Infectious bulbar paralysis, pseudorabies or Aujeszky's disease, Panisset 579
Cultivation, isolation, and disinfection of the blackleg bacillus, Holzel 579
A contribution to the knowledge of the Bacillus mallei, Carpano 579
Observations on the clinical diagnosis of glanders, Schultz 579
The vitality of the hemorrhagic septicemia organism outside the body, Holmes . . 579
Contribution to the cultivation of the parasite of rabies, Noguchi 579
Study of the filtrate of the rabies \'irus, Neumann and Mironesco 580
The diagnosis of rabies, Koenigsfeld 580
The treatment of tetanus, Schmidt ..■ - 580
Double infection with human and bovine types of Bacillus tuberculosis, Lewis. . 580
Isolation of human and bovine typos from atypical cultures, Lindemann . . 580
Etiology and serodiagnosis of human, bovine, and avian tuberculosis, Roncaglio. 581
The occurrence of avian tuberculosis in man, Lowenstein 581
Studies in avian tuberculosis, Himmelberger 581
Avian tuberculosis. Van Es and Schalk 582
Prophylaxis with attenuated tubercle bacilli, Rabinowitsch _ 583
Use of methylene blue and allied dyes in treatment of tuberculosis, De Witt. . . 583
Acid-fast bacilli in milk, Beattie and Lewis 584
The experimental diagnosis of lung plague of bo\dnes, Poppe 584
Immunization of cattle against East Coast fever, Theiler 585
Immunization of cattle against piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis, Chambers 585
The susceptibility of the pig to blackleg, von_Ri,tz 585
Hog cholera and preventive treatment. Bobbins 585
Roaring in the horse, Vermeulen 585
Parasites and parasitic diseases of the dog and cat, Neumann. 586
Spirochetosis of fowls from Tunis, and Argas persiciis, III, Galli-Valerio 586
The blood of the fowl in experimental spirochetosis, Launoy and Bruhl 586
Investigations in regard to the blood cells of fowls and pigeons, Hedfeld 586
RURAL ENGINEERING.
A treatise on the law of irrigation and water rights, Kinney 586
Elements of western water law, Chandler 587
Water laws of the State of Oregon 587
Hydraulics, Sprague 587
Rural engineering and agricultural hydraulics: [Report of tests], Gagey 587
Report of state engineer, Colorado, 1911-12, Comstock 587
Drainage and irrigation : The duty of water, Schmeer 587
CONTENTS. IX
Page.
Measurement of flowing streams, Lyman 587
An investigation of the use and rating of the current meter, Rumpf 587
Methods of finding center cut for banked irrigation ditches. Snow 588
Centrifugal pumps for irrigation, Braun 588
Irrigation, Coulter and Teele 588
Irrigation pumping in Nevada, Norcross 588
Irrigation, Pead 588
Drainage, Lessmann 589
Moor drainage, von Vegesack 589
Blasting experiments with agricultural dynamite, von Feilitzen 589
Laws of Missouri relating to roads, highways, and bridges, 1913, Roach 590
Design and construction of earth roads in Iowa, Agg 590
Forms for concrete work, Graham 590
Knots, hitches, and splices, Riley 590
Economical selection of belts and pulleys, Schaphorst 590
Standard American automobile and farm engine guide, Stevenson and Brookes. 590
Working up a boiler test, Low 590
A graphic representation of traction efficiency resulting from tests 590
The modern gas retractor; its construction, operation, and repair, Page 590
Plowing by electricity in Italy, Keena 591
Electricity for country houses 591
Report on the probable duration of buildings and other Avorks 591
The dwelling and the dampness of the dwelUng, Steinberger 591
Homemade silos, Rabild, Risser, and Parks 591
Four cheap silos. Bray and Forrester 592
Lightning rods. Day 592
Domestic refrigeration 592
Comparative study of circular and rectangular Imhoff [sewagej tanks, Johnson. . 592
[Telephony in rural districts] " 592
The loose-leaf drafting manual, Howe 592
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Depopulation of rural districts, Laur 592
The progress of the small holdings movement 592
The interest of the individual in the operations of large farms, Schulze 593
Increasing the efficiency of workers, Aerehoe 593
[Condition of country women], Scanni 593
Yearbook of international cooperation, Miiller 593
Proceedings of the third provincial cooperative conference held at Mysore 593
The private control and intervention of the State in cooperation, Michel 593
Report on rural credits and cooperation, Cunningham and Brown 593
[Laws of Indiana relating to rural loan and building and loan associations] 594
Cattle loan banks, Ebersole 594
The cooperative insurance of pigs 594
Cooperation among farmers, especially in marketing, Sanborn 594
Consumer's view of producers' organizations, Smith 594
Theoretic basis of international statistics of agriculture, Ricci 694
Statistical annual for 1914, Osman 595
The growth and distribution of population in Michigan, Freeman 595
Michigan agriculture, its present's tatus and wonderful possibilities, Shaw 595
Report of the Grain Markets Commission of the Province of Saskatchewan. . . . 595
Future of tropical America 595
Agriculture of Argentina, 1912-13, Lahitte 595
The agriculture of Netherlands, 1813-1913 596
Commerce in agricultural products, fruits, vegetables, and flowers, Poher 596
Agricultural statistics of Denmark 596
[The agriculture of the Belgian Congos], Biichel 596
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Report of Royal Commission on Industrial Training and Technical Education. . 596
Vocational education in Indiana 597
Regulations governing vocational agricultural schools in Indiana 597
Agriculture and domestic science in Harlem (111.) Consolidated School, Burns. . 597
The Farragut School, Monahan and Phillips 597
X CONTEKTS.
Page.
School gardens at St. Paul, Minn., Finney 597
The third annual report of the School Garden Association of America 598
The University Home and School League 598
Extension work of the Loiuisana State University, Kidder 598
Boys' and girl's clubs, Hart and Morton 598
The pig clubs of the South, Currie 598
Agricultural education in Latin America, Smith 598
The educational system of rural Denmark, Foght 598
Schools for fruit growing, Harris 599
Nature study, Kandel. . ^^ 599
Continuation courses for colleges, normals, and high schools, Nolan 599
A manual of agricultiue for the eighth grade, Richardson 599
Studies of commercial fertilizers, Davis 599
Weed collections for schools, Pipal 599
List of workers in U. S. Department and agricultural colleges and stations. . 599
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Connecticut State Station: Page.
Spec. Bui. (Forestry Pub. 9),
Sept., 1913 537
Hawaii Station:
Press Bui. 46, June 20, 1914. . 568
Illinois Station:
Bui. 155, Abs., Apr., 1912. . . . 533
Maine Station:
Bui. 228, June, 1914 569
Off. Insp. 57, Feb., 1914 556
Off. Insp. 58, Mar., 1914 576
Off. Insp. 59, Apr., 1914 556
Off. Insp. 60, 1914 564
Michigan Station:
Spec. Bui. 64, Jan., 1914 553
Spec. Bui. 65, Feb., 1914 585
Spec. Bui. 66, Mar., 1914 543
Spec. Bui. 67, Mar., 1914 533
Spec. Bui. 68, Mar., 1914 542
Spec. Bui. 69, Mar., 1914 533
Spec. Bui. 70, Apr., 1914 595
New Jersey Stations:
Bui. 265, Dec. 31, 1913 568
Bui. 266, Mar. 28, 1914 532
North Carolina Station:
Circ.4, Nov., 1913 509
Circ. 5, Oct. 29, 1913 578
North Dakota Station:
Bui. 108, Apr., 1914 582
Oklahoma Station:
Circ. 31, May, 1914 553
Circ.32, June, 1914 532
Circ. 33, June, 1914 592
Rhode Island Station:
Bui. 158, May, 1914 572
U. S. Departvient of Agriculture.
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 2, No. 4,
July, 1914 525, 540, 544, 574
Bui. 51, A Bacteriological and
Chemical Study of Commercial
Eggs in the Producing Districts
of the Central West, Mary E.
Pennington et al 570
U. S. Department of Agriculture —
Continued.
I'age.
Bui. 94, Domestic Breeds of Sheep
in America, E. L. Shaw and L.
L. Heller 567
Bui. 95, Insect Damage to the
Cones and Seeds of Pacific Coast
Conifers, J. M. Miller 548
Bui. 96, The Temperature of the
Bee Colony, B.N. Gates 553
Bui. 97, Identification of Commer-
cial Fertilizer Materials, W. H.
Fry 517
Bui. 98, The Application of Refrig-
eration to the Handling of Milk,
J. T. Bowen 575
Bui. 99, Tests of Selections from
Hybrids and Commercial Varie-
ties of Oats, C. W. Warburton
etal 527
Bui. 102, Acidity as a Factor in
Determining the Degree of
Soundness of Corn, H. J. Besley
and G. H. Baston 525
Bui. 103, Alum in Foods 556
Bui. 104, Thrips as Pollinators of
Beet Flowers, H. B. Shaw 549
Farmers' Bui. 589, Homemade
Silos, H. Rabild, A. K. Risser,
andK.E. Parks 591
List of Workers in Agriculture and
Home Economics in U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture and Ag-
ricultural Colleges and Experi-
ment Stations 599
Bureau of Soils:
Field Operations, 1911 (Thir-
teenth Rpt.) 512
Weather Bui'eau:
List of Meteorological Text-
books and Reference Books,
3. ed., C. F. Talman 509
XI
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
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iND Index, SI
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXI. Abstract Number. No. 6.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICTJLTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Standardization of potassium permanganate solution by sodium oxalate,
R. S. McBride {U. S. Dept. Com. and Labor, Bur. Standards Bid., 8 (WIS),
No. If, pp. 611-642). — In view of the numerous metliods proposed for the
standardization of potassium permanganate solution, the Bureau of Standards
has sought a substance which would furnish reasonably correct results. " It
was desired, if possible, that the standard selected should serve a threefold
purpose, viz, first, as a primary standard of oxidimetry; second, as a working
standard for regular use in [our] own laboratories; and third, as a sub-
stance which could be distributed by the Bureau with a guaranty both as to
its purity and as to its reducing value when used under specified conditions."
Sodium oxalate seemed best to fill the needs, and the results of the investi-
gation showed that the main source of error in the oxidimetric titration is the
loss of oxygen. " For this purpose the following detailed method of operation
is recommended : In a 400 cc. beaker dissolve 0.25 to 0.3 gm. of sodium oxalate
In 200 to 250 cc. of hot water (80 to 90° O.) and add 10 cc. of (1 : 1) sulphuric
acid. Titrate at once with tenth-normal KMn04 solution, stirring the liquid
vigorously and continuously. The permanganate must not be added more
rapidly than 10 to 15 cc. per minute, and the last J to 1 cc. must be added drop-
wise with particular care to allow each drop to be fully decolorized before the
next is introduced. The excess of permanganate used to cause an end-point
color must be estimated by matching the color in another beaker containing
the same bulk of acid and hot water. The solution should not be below 60° by
the time the end point is reached; more rapid cooling may be prevented by
allowing the beaker to stand on a small asbestos-covered hot plate during the
titration. The use of a small thermometer as a stirring rod is most convenient
in these titrations, as the variation of temperature is then easily observed."
Benzoic acid as an acidimetric standard, G. W. Mokey (U. 8. Dept. Com.
and Labor, Bur. Standards Bui., 8 (1913), No. 4, pp. 643-650). — Benzoic acid is
considered a satisfactory reagent for standardizing acidimetric solutions.
See also a previous note by Phelps and Weed (E. S. R., 21, p. 610).
A new apparatus for quantitative dialysis, A. Golodetz (Chem. Ztg., 37
(1913), No. 26, pp. 259, 260, fig. J).— The construction of the apparatus, which
is illustrated, is similar to that of the Soxhlet extractor.
501
502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
The use of spectrophotometry in analysis, C. Fery and E. Tassillt (Ann.
Falsi/., 6 {1913), No. 52, pp. 73-78). — The use of an apparatus combining the
principles of the colorimeter and spectroscope for measuring the amount of
substance yielding a color is recommended in place of the usual colorimeter,
which involves many errors. The estimation of iron in water and copper in
foods is considered in this regard.
Estimation of alkalis in rocks, H. V. Krishnayya (Chem. Neios, 107 (1913),
No. 2779, pp. 100, 101; ahs. in Jour. Chem. 8oc. [London], 104 (1913), No. 606,
II, p. 339). — The method consists in heating a suitable quautity of the powdered
rock in a platinum dish with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids, and after re-
moving the excess of acid, dissolving the residue in boiling dilute hydrochloric
acid. If any material remains, the treatment with sulphuric and hydrofluoric
acids is repeated. The filtrate obtained is made up to a definite volume " and
an aliquot part, representing 1 gm. of the sample, is withdrawn. After evapo-
rating to dryness and igniting the residue, thus rendering the iron and alumina
insoluble, the alkali sulphates are extracted with boiling water, and without
filtering converted into chlorids by adding barium chlorid solution; some
barium hydroxid is also added. After removing the excess of barium with
ammonium carbonate, the alkali chlorids are weighed jointly as usual. The
potassium is then estimated as platinichlorid in the ordinary manner."
Examination and judgment of water for agricultural and industrial
purposes (Ztsclir. Landio. Versuchsw. Osterr., 15 (1912), No. 11, pp. 1221-
1231). — This deals primarily with the criterions for judging water for agricul-
tural puri)oses. i. e.. drinking water for animals, baking, and other domestic
purposes, in the dairy, and for watering plants, but also includes the judgment
of water for starch manufacture, sugar refining, malting, brewing, alcohol and
yeast production, tanning, glue and gelatin manufacture, and silk spinning,
and a short chapter on the chemical and biological analysis of water. The
methods set forth were adopted by the officials of the Association of Austrian
Agricultural Experiment Stations.
Examination and judgment of waste waters (Ztschr. Landw. Versuchstc.
Ostcn:, 15 (1912), No. 11, pp. 1232-1237).— These are the methods adopted by
the Association of Austrian Agricultural Experiment Stations in regard to the
examination of sewage water, especially from the standpoint of stream pollu-
tion, etc.
The use of potassium palmitate in water analysis, C. Blacker, P. Grun-
BERG. and M. Kissa' (Chem. Ztg.. 37 (1913), No. 6, pp. 56-5S).— Potassium
palmitate is preferred to potassium stearate for use in Clark's and similar
methods for determining the hardness of water. The presence of humates
in boiler water does not interfere with the results obtained by the palmitate
method, but when soap is used the results are unreliable. In the analysis of
waters containing humates the indicator methyl orange can not be employed.
When comparing phenol phthalein with anthranilic acidazodimethylanllin it
was found that the neutral points were very near one another, and it is pro-
posed to use the latter comiwund as an indicator in place of methyl orange for
the determination of the temporary hardness which has been termed the
methyl orange alkalinity. It can also be employed in connection with deter-
mining the permanent hardness of water.
Potassium palmitate solution may also be employed for determining the sul-
phates in water. For estimating the magnesium in water a modification of
the Pfeifer method is employed which is described.
Estimation of total nitrogen. E. R. Noyks (U. 8. Naval Med. Bui., 7 (1913),
No. 3, pp. 394, 395).— The method, while primarily intended for the analysis of
urine, i.s considered of value for other purposes. It is carried out as follows:
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 503
"In a test tube (15 by 150 mm.) place 1 cc. of urine and 1 cc. of strong
sulphuric acid and boil until frothing ceases, being careful not to allow any of
the froth to leave the tube. Cool and add 0.5 gm. potassium sulphate and again
boil until solution becomes nearly or quite colorless. Cool and then make
up contents of tube to 5 cc. with water. Again allow to cool and then fill the
small arm of the Hiuds-Doremus ureometer with it, the large arm of the instru-
ment being filled with sodium hypobromite .solution. The usual manipulations
for a urea estimation are now carried out, allowing, however, 2 cc. of the
acid solution to run into the hypobromite. The number of divisions occupied
by the evolved gas is observetl and then multiplied by 0.373, the result being
the number of cubic centimeters of nitrogen. Correct this volume for tempera-
ture and pressure and multiply the result by 0.00125, the final result being
the weight in grams of total nitrogen in 0.4 cc. of urine."
The time required for the operation should not exceed 30 minutes.
A new volumetric estimation of nitrites and separation of nitrous and
nitric acids, \V. M. Fischer and N. Steinbach {Ztsclrr. Anorgan. Chem., 78
(1912), No. 1, pp. l.U-l^Of; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 102 {1912), No.
601, II, pp. 1093, 1094). — "There is no satisfactory method for the estimation
of nitric acid in the presence of nitrous acid. A method is provided by the
rapid esterifieation of nitrous acid in which oxidation to nitric acid does not
take place, as is proved by experiments with pure silver nitrite. The solution
is placed in a 300 cc. flask, 5 cc. of methyl alcohol is added, and a mixture
of tenth-normal hydrochloric acid with a little methyl alcohol is allowed to
flow in. while a current of air is drawn through the liquid. After 20 cc. of
acid have been run in, the stream of air is continued for five minutes, and
the solution is then titrated with sodium hydroxid solution, free from carbo-
nate and phenolphthalein. The reaction is: NaN03+HCl+CH3.0H=NaCl+
CH3.O.NO + H2O.
" In the separation of nitric and nitrous acids, a mixture of sulphuric acid
and methyl alcohol is placed in the flask, and the solution to be tested, mixed
with methyl alcohol, is added drop by drop, air being passed through. The
contents of the flask are then washed into a Jena flask, 2.5 to 3 gni. of
Devarda's alloy ai'e added, together with 20 gm. of potassium hydroxid, and
the ammonia formed is distilled into fourth-normal hydrochloi'ic acid and
titrated."
Controls for the Folin method of estimating creatinin, W. H. Thompson
(Jour. Physiol, 46 (1913), No. 2, pp. I, II). — The control against which the
Folin standard solution, i. e., seminormal potassium bichromate solution, is
usually tested is a solution of creatinin prepared from creatin by boiling with
normal hydrochloric acid for 3 to 4 hours, it being assumed that the trans-
formation is quantitative and completed in this time. The present investiga-
tion tends to disprove that this is the case, as the transformation was found
to be variable.
In seeking other methods for preparing creatinin from creatin, the Folin
autoclave method was tried, but without satisfactory results. A picrate of
creatinin was then prepared by the autoclave method and of this substance
0.0757 gm., which corresponded to 0.025 gm. of creatinin, was dissolved in
water and made up to 50 cc. Ten cc. portions were then taken and each
of them treated with 14 cc. of a 1.2 per cent picric acid solution and 5 cc.
of a 10 per cent sodium hydroxid solution, and after standing for 7 minutes
the contents of each tube was diluted with water to 250 cc. Readings were
then made against an 8 mm. column of a seminormal solution of potassium
bichromate. The readings, which were in the neighborhood of eight, were
very satisfactory and corresponded to the Folin value.
504 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The double picrate of creatinin and potassium was also prepared from urine
in the manner described. The readings obtained with this material were like-
wise satisfactoi-y. Both salts were found to be very sensitive to the amount
of alkali used in the method.
The reaction between metallic salts and the soluble carbonates, and its
bearing upon the precipitation of protein, W. N. Heard (Jour. Physiol., 4S
(1913), No. 2, pp. 104-128, figs. 3). — "Since thorough dialysis removes all
precipitation of emulsoid protein by salts of the heavy metals, except in con-
centrated solutions of the latter, precipitation must be intimately associated
with some removable constituent. The experiment of adding salts to such
dialyzed solutions shows that the production of a body with a very low solu-
bility product is the necessary condition in causing precipitation. The only
salt found in the dialyzate which is capable of producing this result is a bicar-
bonate (except in the case of silver). The reaction of the metals with emulsoid
protein closely follows the reaction of these metals with soluble bicarbonates,
and it is therefore concluded that the process depends upon this reaction.
" If it be considered to be proved that the presence of soluble bicarbonates
is the determining factor in the precipitation of emulsoid protein, it establishes
a probability that the precipitation of suspensoid protein is due to a reaction
between the metals and soluble carbonates. The reaction between the metals
and suspensoid protein follows in degree and also in the shape of the curves
produced, the reaction between these metals and soluble carbonates, the general
increase of precipitability accompanying the suspensoid state coupled with the
partial conversion at any rate of the bicarbonate into carbonate being suggested
as the cause of the difference of behavior of the two kinds of protein with the
salts of the metals. No dialysis can remove all the salts present and it can
easily be shown that a protein solution after suthcieut dialysis to make it non-
precipitable, as above stated, is distinctly alk.-iline to alizarin and when con-
verted into the suspensoid state requires a certain definite quantity of acid to
neutralize it, the amount being about one-quarter of that which would be needed
with it undialyzed.
" Probably the precipitation of bicarbonates and carbonates acts mainly by
the removal of the OH ions freed by the hydrolysis of these salts. But the
results with AgNOa and NaCl suggest that there are other factors."
Quantitative determination of peptic activity, S. von Boguandy (Hoppe-
8ci/lcr''s Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 8Jf (1913), No. 1, pp. 18-28; abs. in Ghent. A&s.,
7 (1913), No. 13, p. 2235). — From the Schiitz (polarization) and Volhard
methods for determining peptic activity a method was evolved which combines
some of the salient features of the two. The casein used in the experiments
contained 7.3 per cent of water, and the dried material 1.08 per cent of ash
and 15.34 per cent of nitrogen.
The solutions required in the test were as follows : A 3.3 per cent solution of
casein is prepared by stirring up 17.5 gm. of casein with 250 to 300 cc. of dis-
tilled water and then adding 27.5 cc. of noi-mal hydrochloric acid solution ; the
solution is then poured into a 500 cc. flask and filled up to the mark with water.
The solution of the casein is accomplished in the water bath at 40° C. and
requires from J to 1 hour. As a precipitating reagent for the casein a solution
composed of 150 gm. of sodium sulphate, 50 gm. of magnesium sulphate. 100 cc.
of alcohol (96 per cent), and water to make 1 liter is employed. If crystals
are deposited in the solution they can easily be dissolved by heating the solu-
tion to a temperature of from 35 to 40".
The actual procedure is as follows: In a 100 cc. graduated flask place CO cc.
of the casein solution and the necessary amount of Griibler's pepsin in 0.2 per
cent hydrochloric acid, and then place the flask in a water bath kept at 40°.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 505
After the lapse of the proper time add 30 cc. of the precipitating reagent and
water to make 100 cc, shake well, and filter through a plated filter. The filtrate
is then polarized in a 200 mm. tube with a Schmidt and Haensch triple field
polariscope.
A new adulteration of olive oil, A. Cutolo {Bol. Soc. Nat. yapoli, 2. ser.,
24 UOIO), pp. 111-120). — Olive oil was adulterated with a mineral oil and
colored with methyl azodimethylauilin.
Determination of total tartaric acid in wine, P. Malvezin {Ann. Chim.
AnaJyt., 18 {WIS), No. 1, pp. 19-21; ahs. in Rev. G6n. Chim., 16 (1913), No. 15,
Rupert., p. 260). — Carefully distill 22 cc. of wine until only 2 cc. are left in the
flask, and after cooling add 1 cc. of a 10 per cent potassium bromid solution
and 40 cc. of an ether-alcohol mixture (equal volumes) ; then refrigerate for
from 15 to 20 minutes and proceed with the precipitate in the usual manner
prescribe<l for the determination of tartaric acid.
The determination of alcohol in wine, G. Tommasi {Ann. R. Staz. Chi)n.
Agr. Sper. Roma, 2. ser., 6 {1913), No. 2, pp. 125-156). — The method used in
Italy and the one employed at the port of New York for determining the
alcohol content of wine (distilling ofit' the alcohol and determining the percent-
age of alcohol in the distillate by estimating its specific gravity with either
a hydrostatic balance or picuometer) lead to the stime results. The differ-
ences usually noted, however, are probably due to the different specific grav-
ity tables from which the percentage of alcohol is read off. In the article a
correction table is given for estimating the alcohol content found by AVindisch's
table and that which would be found if the table in the U. S. Internal Revenue
Gangers' Manual were used.
Tables for determining the amount of alcohol from the specific gravity, I,
G. ToMMAsi {Ann. R. Staz. Chim. Agr. Sper. Roma, 2. ser., 6 {1913), No. 2,
pp. 157-19/f). — A table is given with which it is possible to calculate the alcohol
content of an alcohol-water mixture to percentage by volume or weight at 15°
C. when the temperature at which the specific gravity is taken lies between
10 and 25°.
Contribution to our knowledge of the composition of milk and its serum,
W. Bkemer, W. Greifenhagen, and K. Sauerwein {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u.
Genusumtl., 21^ {1912), No. 8, pp. 507-512; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 14,
Repert., p. 59). — The difference between the highest and lowest amounts of total
solids noted in 16 milk sera was much lower than that in the milk from which
the sera were prepared. Consequently, the serum can be used for determining
the quality of the milk.
The variations in the amount of total ash, calcium, and phosphoric acid in
milk and serum were very irregular. The sera of five sjimples of milk and
the skim milk obtained from the whole milk, however, showed a fairly close
agreement.
The influence of boiling on the physical-chemical behavior of woman's
milk, cow's milk, and buttermilk, P. Grosser {Biochem. Ztschr., ^8 {1913),
No. 6, pp. 427-431). — The question as to whether the constituents of various
milks are alike from a physical-chemical standpoint has been investigated by
Koppe and others, and the conclusion has been drawn that the salts — at least
the salts of calcium — are ionized in human milk, while in cow's milk the ions
are not present in a free state. It has furthermore been shown that the favor-
able action of buttermilk in infant feeding is due to its physical-chemical resem-
blance to human milk.
In this investigation the above problem was studied with Bechhold's ultra-
filtration method whereby one can eliminate many of the errors present in the
62591°— No. 6—14 2
506 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
lesser refined methods wliich have been used in the older investigations. With
the Bechhold method it is not necessary to dilute the milk and consequently any
<?hange in the conditions of dissociation which might occur as a result of adding
water are prevented. It also allows working with compressed nitrogen for the
purpose of preventing decomposition, and, furthermore, a concentrated filtrate
is obtained.
It was found that boiling produces no depression of the freezing point in
either cow's or human milk. The nitrogen and phosphoric acid content were
practically not affected in cow's milk, but in human milk an appreciable reduc-
tion in nitrogen and phosphoric acid was produced. The calcium content in
the ultrafiltrate of both milks is diminished by long boiling, especially in cow's
milk. No changes were noted when buttermilk was boiled.
From the data obtained with unboiled milk it can be seen that in human milk
the amount of noncolloidal rest nitrogen (nitrogen not precipitated by phospho-
tungstic acid) is greater than in cow's milk, and, furthermore, that a larger
percentage of phosphoric acid and calcium is present in the free state in human
milk than in cow's milk. Buttermilk, so far as calcium and phosphoric acid
are concerned, has a greater resemblance to human milk than to cow's milk.
The acid fermentation which has taken place in buttermilk results in a scission
of phosphoric acid from calcium.
The biologic differentiation of railk proteins, H. Kleinschmidt (Monats-
schr. Krnderhcilk., JO {1911), pp. 402-419; ahs. in Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt.
TJier., II, Rcf., 6 (1913), Ko. 15, p. iiOO).— Corresponding to the results obtained
with the complement fixation and precipitation reactions, it was also found
possible to differentiate milk proteins with the anaphylactic test and guinea
pigs; thus serum and milk proteins could be differentiated. The albumin and
globulin of whey seem to be the same substance. Casein is markedly differen-
tiated by the reaction.
Animals sensitized with cows' milk albumin were not affected b.y injections
of casein. By a second injection of the homologous antigen, antianaphylactic
phenomena were observed. Animals sensitized to globulin became sick on
receiving the amount of casein which is lethal to animals sensitized with casein.
Biological method for judging the quality of milk, S. Paraschtschuk
(Milchw. Zenfbl., 42 (1913), Xo. 3, pp. 05-69, figs. S).— In investigations on the
biological properties and peculiarities of various strains of lactic acid bacteria
it was observed that not every strain gave a good coagulum with milk, and that
the souring of milk at times went on very slowly. It often occurred that cul-
tures of equal strength and kind kept under the same conditions would not
coagulate certain kinds of milk at all. It was later found that certain strains
would not develop in poor milk, and consequently the use of lactic acid bacteria
for judging the quality of milk suggested itself.
The milk under examination was poured into a flask and sterilized, and then
inoculated with the appropriate strains (1 to 2 per cent) of lactic acid bacteria
and incubated at 32 to 36°. Good milk after the lapse of from 5 to 6 hours is
coagulated. If the inoculation has been made with a loopful of bacteria, the
time required for coagulation is about 12 hours.
For inoculation five separate strains of bacteria were used, as follows: (1)
A Danish streptococcus previously used for preparing dry lactic acid cultures
and which only grows on fresh milk; (2) a small diplococcus obtained from
Jaroslaw, which gives a marked coagulation and is characterized by the fact
that it remains virulent for eight months, or twice as long as any other culture;
(3) Giinther's lactic acid diplococcus, which yields a pleasant sweetish co-
agulum of not an especially thick consistency (the last two-named strains of
organisms require a milk of good quality for development, although they will
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 507
develop in milk in which the Danish streptococcus will not grow or die) ; (4) a
Russian lactic acid streptococcus which yields a thick, ropy coagulum and will
grow in milk of not especially good quality (the chief microscopical difference
between this organism and the Danish strain is the fact that the former has a
characteristic size and appears in elongated pairs) ; and (5) the Bacillus 6m?-
(jaricus (Metchnikoflf) which is characterized by developing under abnormal
conditions and will grow in milk of poor quality. An addition of a large
amount of bicarbonate of sodium will not hinder the development of this or-
ganism, and it forms a tenacious coagulum.
If the milk under examination is of very good quality it will, after coagula-
tion, show the following microscopic picture : Numerous Danish streptococci
appearing as elongated diplococci and many small lactic acid bacteria (Giiuther
and Jaroslaw diplococci), a few Russian streptococci, and a few B. bulgaricus.
Milk of medium quality requires about two hours longer for coagulation than
milk of good quality, and in curdled milk the Danish streptococci are prac-
tically absent and are displaced by many small cocci, the Russian streptococcus,
and the B. bulgaricus. In the poor milk the small lactic acid bacteria die, the
Russian streptococci develop slowly and die, and only the B. bulgaricus survives.
A fresh milk or a milk which has been cooled down to and stored between 6
to 8° C. after drawing are the only ones which will yield satisfactory results
with the test.
The value of this method for controlling the milk supply, especially milk
which is designed for infant feeding and for butter making is pointed out.
A simple microscopical method for judging the micro-organism content
of milk, A. RosAM { Milch w. ZetitbL. 42 (1913), No. 11, pp. 333, 53//).— The
method consists of spreading a platinum loopful (of a definite size and weight)
of milk (previou.sly heated with an equal volume of methylene blue and a little
pyridin in a metal spoon) on a microscopic slide, covering it with a cover glass,
and counting the number of bacteria per microscopic field. The number of
bacteria are calculated from this finding by means of a formula which is stated.
The method is a rapid one.
About the detection of boiled and raw milk, A. BalAzs (Abs. in Ghent. Ztg.,
37 (1913), No. 54, p. 55^).— The test is as follows:
To 5 cc. of milk add 2 cc. of a copper sulphate solution which contains 69.2G
gm. of copper sulphate per liter, shake, and filter ; then to 5 drops of the clear
and transparent filtrate add Adamkiewicz's reagent (1 part sulphuric acid
and 2 parts of glacial acetic acid). Warm carefully without boiling, shake, and
allow to stand for a while. The serum of boiled milk remains colorless, while
raw milk shows a violet red color. Its greatest intensity occurs within 10 to 15
minutes.
Preliminary report in regard to Romer's work on Schardinger's reaction
of cow's milk, W. Rullmann (Biochem. Ztschr., 48 (1913), No. 1-2, pp. 155,
156). — ^A discussion in regard to Romer's work (E. S. R., 27, p. 810) on the
occurrence of Schardinger's reaction in the initial milk of cows. See also a
l>revious note (E. S. R., 27, p. 13).
Alteration of milk preserved with potassium bichromate, G. Hinard (Ann.
Falsif., 6 (1913), No. 54, pp. 233-231) .—The changes produced in a milk con-
taining 0.098 per cent of potassium bichromate were studied.
In the total solids a loss of 1 gm. per 100 cc. of milk was noted in six months.
The figures for fat or ether extract were very discordant owing to the difficulty
of obtaining a homogenous sample of milk. The loss in fat-free dry substance
was similar to that of the total solids. The lactose figures for the first two
months were very variable and in some cases became higher than at the
outset, but after a lapse of six months the losses were very rapid and amounted
508 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
to 1.4 gru. per 100 cc. Coagulable casein dimiuislied very rapidly and at the end
of about six months it was about 0.61 per cent. The acidity calculated as lactic
acid at the outset was 0.23 per cent and after six mouths it was 0.66 per cent.
The author believes that a study of other antiseptics should be made with a
view of substituting one of them for potassium bichromate.
The detection of nitrates in milk samples which are treated with potas-
sium bichromate, J. dos Santos {Rev. Chim. Piira e Apyl., 8 {1912), pp. 181-
184; cbs. ill Chetii. Ztg., 37 {1912), No. Jf, p. //i).— Barium eWorld is recom-
mended as a reagent for precipitating the chromate ion. The diphenylamin
reaction can then be applied without interference from the chromate.
About the various methods for determining the moisture content of
butter fat, F. Konig (Apoth. Ztg., 28 {1913), No. 7, p. 65).— The methods
studied were (1) Soxhlet's in a Soxhlet drying oven with a current of air;
(2) Soxhlet's in a wine drying oven but without a current of air; (3) the
aluminum dish method; and (4) the indirect method, which utilizes the differ-
ence between the total solids and 100.
The lowest results were obtained by the second and fourth methods, and the
highest with the aluminum dish method. In all probability the high results
Vvith the Soxhlet' method are due to the removal of volatile fatty acids which
may have been present in the butter. While the aluminum dish method is
satisfactory for commercial analyses, it is deemed of no value for more exact
work. The indirect or difference method is the one preferred by the author.
The detection of preservatives in fats (butter, margarin, lard), E. Voll-
HASE {Chnii. Ztij., 31 {1913), No. 31, p. 312).— The author points out that the
Gei-man Imperial Health I>ei>artment (I->. S. It.. 2S, p. 762) and the books on
food analysis prescribe methods which are time consuming and require a large
amount of material. To overcome these difficulties he evolved a method as
follows: Fifty gm. of fat is placed in boiling water containing 1 to 2 drops of
15 per cent sodium hydroxid solution and 10 gm. of solid paraffin and shaken
thoroughly in order to obtain a fairly uniform distribution of the fat. The
mixture is allowed to cool, and if necessary ice used to aid the cooling process.
The fat cake is then punctured, the infranatant alkaline fluid filtered through
paper, and one-third of the filtrate used for formaldehyde and sulphurous acid
tests. The remainder is shaken up with aluminum cream, heated to boiling,
and after cooling filtered. A slightly opalescent fluid is thus obtained which is
tested for the presence of salicylic, boric, and benzoic acids and their salts,
fluorin, and chlorates.
Estimation of solid fatty acids by Hehner and Mitchell's method, A.
Heiduschka and A. Burger {Ztschr. Offeiitl. Chem., 19 {1913), No. 5, pp.
87-89; (lbs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 104 {1913), No. 606, II, p. 351).—
The method, which has been previously noted (E. S. R.. 8. p. 861), gives satis-
factory results for stearic, palmitic, and myristic acids. When the latter two,
however, are to be estimated, they must be dissolved in alcohol to the satura-
tion point. If more than 0.5 gm. of palmitic acid is taken for the estimation,
the results are too high. " While the presence of acids which are readily solu-
ble in alcohol does not interfere with the estimation, it is essential that the
particular acid under examination should not be mixed with other fatty acids
only slightly soluble in alcohol."
About the estimation of solid fatty acids according to Hehner and
Mitchell's method, H. Serger {Ztschr Offentl. Chem., 19 {1913), No. 7, pp.
131, 132, flfj. i).— This is said to be an extension of Heiduschka and Burger's
statements noted in the abstract above, and it also includes a description of a
filtering and cooling apparatus, which is supposed to increase the efficiency of
the method.
METEOROLOGY — WATER. 509
Examination of fats, oils, and varnish for technical purposes (Ztschr.
Landw. Versuchsic. Osterr., 15 {1912}, i\o. 7, i)p. 767-8p, figs. 7)'.— A detailed
des<jrii)tion of the methods adopted by the Association of Austrian Agricultural
Experiment Stations.
Bromometric determination of formic acid, H. Madeb (Apoth. Zty., 27
{1912), No. 76, pp. 77/6, 7^7; abs. in Jour. Sac. CJie^n. Indus., 31 {1912}, No. 20,
p. 1006). — The method depends upon the quantitative oxidation of formic acid
to carbonic acid through the agency of bromin.
Activities of the state chemical laboratoy at Goteborg, Sweden, in 1912,
J. E. Al^n {Arsher. Stadskcrn. Lah. GiJtehorg, 1912, pp. 15). — A description of
the activities of this laboratory, which involved the examination of 7.389 sam-
ples of miscellaneous substances. These included foods, condiments, waters,
chemical and technical products, arsenic, seeds, milk, butter and other fats,
canned goods, etc.
Curing' meat on the farm, D. T. Gray {North Carolina Sta. Circ. 4 {1913),
pp. 10, figs. 7). — This circular gives directions for selecting, killing, scalding,
and dressing hogs on the farm, and the methods for brining, smoking, and
sacking pork.
METEOROLOGY— WATER.
Brief list of meteorological text-books and reference books, C. F. Talman
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Doc. 512 {1913), pp. 22).— This is the third
edition of this list, previously noted (E. S. R.. 22, p. 117). The list is ar-
ranged alphabetically by authors in 17 different classes.
The climatic factor as illustrated in arid America, E. Huntington et al.
{Carnegie Inst. Washington Puh. 192 {WU,}. pp. VI+341, pis. H, figs. 90).—
Evidence regarding the character and sequence of changes in climate during
the last 2.000 or 3,000 years, that is, the period covered by history and man's
later development, in the drier portions of America from Guatemala on the
south to Idaho on the north is assembled and discussed in this monograph. See
also a previous note (E. S. R.. 30, p. 416).
The evidence was derived from studies of the influence of the present cli-
matic conditions upon physiography and upon the habits and distribution of
plants and animals including man, account being also taken of the relation of
the present climatic conditions in the particular region studied to the great
climatic zones of the earth as a whole. In connection with the purely physio-
graphic investigations, a study has been made of traces of ancient human
occupation in the large number of ruins scattered from the shore of the Gulf
of California to the northern limits of New Mexico, as well as in southern
Mexico and Yucatan. Data as to climatic changes derived from measurement
of sequoias by a method devised by A. E. Douglas, of the University of Arizona,
as well as from other tree measurements by the Forest Service of this Depart-
ment, are also presented.
"A large number of phenomena from the diverse fields of geology, archae-
ology, history, and botany seem to agree in indicating that during the past
3,000 years North America has been subject to pronounced climatic pulsations
similar to those which appear to have taken place in Asia and other parts
of the Old World. In the temperate portions of the Eastern Hemisphere the
climate of the past appears on the whole to have been distinctly moister than
that of the* present. The change from the past to the present, however, does
not seem to have been gradual and regular, but pulsatory or cyclic, so that
certain periods have been exceptionally dry, while others have been wet. In
America the same appears to be true."
510 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Climatic changes, E. Huntington {Gcoi/r. Join:, Ji4 {1914), No. 2, pp. 203-
210). — This article deals more pfirticularly with what are known as long-period
climatic pulsations and progressive dessication of the earth. The general con-
clusion is that it is not possible to say whether the earth as a whole is becom-
ing wetter or drier. Apparently there has been no general change of climate
within historic times.
The meteorolog'ical conditions of an ice sheet and their bearing on the
desiccation of the globe, C. E. P. Brooks {Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc.
ILondon], JfO {191^), No. 169, pp. 53-10). — The author cites evidence to show
that " a well-marked cold period in the north has been associated with Increased
rainfall over all the more southerly regions for which information is avail-
able. . . .
" The regions occupied by extensive ice sheets at the present day, viz, Ant-
arctica and Greenland, are the centers of permanent high-pressure areas, with
slight precipitation. We therefore infer that the regions occupied by similar
ice sheets in the glacial period were likewise occupied by permanent anti-
cyclones.
" The maximum extent of glaciation occurred at about the same time in
different regions of the globe, and also coincided with the maximum of the
pluvial iieriod. or period of greater rainfall than the present, in the unglaci-
ated regions. But a general decrease in temperature should lead to a decrease,
not an increase, in the amount of evaporation, and hence of precipitation.
" The explanation of the paradox lies in the different distribution of the pre-
cipitation. Various causes tended to minimize or reverse the effect of the
fall of temperature in decreasing evaporation ; thus, while the total precipita-
tion over the globe may have been somewhat less than now, so little of it fell
over the ice sheets that the remainder, falling upon the unglaciated areas, ren-
dered these considerably moister than now.
" Since the culmination of the ice age desiccation has progressed with the
retreat of the ice. Slight reversals have taken place ; an example is the period,
cold in the north, moist in the south, from the ninth to the thirteenth
centuries."
Recent studies of snow in the United States, J. E. Church, Jr. {Quart.
Jour. Roy. Met. Soc. [London], 40 {191-',), No. 169, pp. 43-52, fig. i).— This is
an account of studies made by the Nevada Experiment Station on Mount Rose
and in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe (E. S. R., 28, j). 514 ; 29, p. 814). It describes
the snow sampler and weigher used and discusses especially data secured on the
relation of mountains and forests to conservation of snow.
It was found that the forested slope of Mount Rose contained " an average
water content one-fifth greater than the unforested but protected slope above
it, nearly twice as much water as the cornice at the apex of the mountain, over
fourteen times the moisture conserved by the wind-swept slope, and more than
twice the average water content of all three are-is combined. . . .
"Area for area on mountains of gentler contour (and such mountains are the
rule rather than the exception) the talus slopes are less efficient than forests
as conservers of snow% ... It is true that some of the snow above timber-line
outlasts the snow in the forest below. This phenomenon is confined, however, to
the deeper cornices of limited area. The use of timber screens instead of a
forest cover evenly distributed would create drifts but little inferior in size and
lasting power to the cornices on the talus slopes. Furthermore, the number
of such drifts can be multiplied by planting trees, while the cornices on the
rocks not only can not be increased in number, but also place too large an area
under contribution if compared with the moisture conserved. Their only virtue
is that the water they do furnish is released late."
METEOROLOGY WATER. 511
Effect of suow and ice on the temperature of the air, O. V. Johansson
(Of vers. Fimka Vetcnsk. Hoc. ForhandL, 55 {1912-13), Afd. A, .A'o. 1, Art. 11,
pp. 64)- — This article discusses in some detail the effect of melting suow and
ice on the diurnal and annual variations in temperature of the air, and it is
shown that there is a marked influence in this respect.
A quantitative determination of the radium emanation in the atmosphere
and its variation with altitude and meteorological conditions, J. R. Wright
and O. F. Smith iPIiiliijplnc Jour. ScL, Sect. A, 9 {19 W, No. 1, pp. 51-77,
fig. 1). — This is a detailed account of investigations which have been noted
from another source (E. S. R., 31. p. 20).
The rainfall of Rhodesia, E. Goetz {Proc. Rhodesia 8ci. Assoc, 8 {1909),
pt. 3, pp. IV-\-129, pi. 1, figs. 32; rev. in Cairo Set. Jour., 8 (1914), No. 90, pp.
72, 73). — This is a more detailed account of investigations which have already
been noted from a briefer paper (E. S. R., 30, p. 211.) The available reliable data
are compiled and discussed with reference to variation and distribution (periodic
and seasonal) and with relation to pressure.
The origin of the rains is also discussed, the conclusion being that "the
Indian Ocean winds are the principal rain-bearing winds." A chapter deals
with the relation of the rains of Rhodesia to those of German Southwest Africa
and Australia and with the Nile floods. The author presents data which he con-
siders indisputable evidence that the rainfall has been less abundant in Rhodesia
during the last 10 or 12 years than prior to that time. He also presents data
to show that abnormal rainfall on one part of the earth's surface is followed
by the same phenomenon somewhere el.se.
It is shown that dry and wot seasons are clearly defined in Rhodesia. The
former extends from May to September, the latter from November to March.
Rainfall, reservoirs, and water supply, A. R. Binnie {New Yoi'k, 1913, pp.
XI+157, pis. 2, figs. 5.'// rev. in Geogr. Jour., 43 {1914), No. 3, pp. 332, 333).—
The earlier chapters of this book deal with such matters as rainfall, drainage
systems, catchment areas, floods, and evaporation, while later chapters take
up more technical subjects such as reservoir and aqueduct construction, and
water storage and supply to houses, in which water is studied in its mechanical
properties. A somewhat elaborate discussion is given on the more practical
aspects of rainfall study such as mean annual fall, fluctuations from year to
year, and the relation of run-off to amount of rain. Other important informa-
tion is given upon the influence of geological factors on springs and rivers
and on the quality of water to be used for economic purposes.
Water resources, W. H. Sherzeb {Mich. Geol. and Biol. Survey PuJ). 12,
Geol. Ser. 9 {1913), pp. 222-264, P's- 4, figs. 4)-— The surface and underground
water supplies of Wayne County, Mich., are discussed with reference to
their occurrence, distribution, and availability for industrial and domestic uses.
Surface water supply of the North Atlantic coast basins, 1912, C. C.
Babb, C. C. Coveet, and J. G. Mathers (17. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply-
Paper 321 {1914), PP- 240, pis. 3). — This report presents results of measure-
ments of flow made on the St. John, St. Croix, Machias, Union, Penobscot,
Kennebec, Androscoggin. Presumpscot, Saco, Merrimac, Blackstone, Connecti-
cut, Housatonic, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Patuxent. Potomac, and
Rappahannock river basins during 1912.
Surface water supply of the Ohio River basin, 1912, A. H. Horton, W. E.
Hall, and H. J. Jackson (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 323 {1914),
pp. 118, pis. 2). — This paper reports results of measurements of flow made on
the Ohio River and its tributaries during 1912. Tables are also included giving
gage heights and daily and monthly discharges at each station.
512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
Surface water supply of upper Mississippi River and Hudson Bay basins,
1912, A. H. HoRTON, W. G. Hoyt, and H. J. Jackson (U. S. Geol. Survey,
Water-Supply Paper 325 {1914), PP- 193, pis. 2). — This report presents the
results of measurements of flow made on the Hudson Bay drainage area in the
United States and the upper Mississippi River drainage basin during 1912.
Daily and monthly discharges at each station are given.
Surface water supply of the United States, 1912. — VII, Lower Mississippi
Biver basin, R. Follansbee (U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 327
(1914), PP- 84, pis. 2). — This paper presents results of measurements of flow
made on the Arkansas River, Yazoo River, and Red River basins and their
tributaries, during 1912. In addition are given daily gage heights at each
station.
Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico basins, 1912, W. W.
FoLLETT, R. Follansbee, and G. A. Gray ([/. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply
Paper 328 {1914), pp. 121, pis. 2). — This paper reports measurements of flow
made on the Rio Grande, Saguache, San Luis, Kerber, Rio Alamosa, Conejos,
Costilla, Rio Colorado, Rio Hondo, Rio Pueblo de Taos, Rio Taos, Rio Lucero,
Rio Fernando, Chama. Brazos, Horn, Rio Yallecitos, Rio Puerco, Bluewater,
San Jose, Pecos, Devils River, Rio Salado, and Rio San Juan basins and several
interior basins of New ^Mexico. Daily and monthly discharges are given for
each station.
Clean water and how to get it, A. Hazen {New York and London, 1914,
2. ed. rev. and enl., pp. XII-\-196, pis. 18; rev. in Engin. Rec, 69 {1914), No. 15,
p. 429). — The second edition of this work (E. S. R., 19, p. 513) contains addi-
tional chapters on the so-called redwater troubles and on water sterilization.
The mechanical filtration of moorland water supplies, and the action of
water on lead, A. S. Del^pine (Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 35 {1914), ^^o. 3, pp.
117-132). — In experiments with unpolluted moorland water supplies having a
marked action on lead the author found that chemical precipitation combined
with mechanical filtration removed all discoloration, reduced more or less the
total number of bacteria, and satisfactorily corrected the action on lead.
Sterilization of water by filtration, K. Charitschkoff {Cliem. Ztg., 38
(1914), No. 20, p. 222; uhs. in Gsndhts. Ingen., 37 {1914), No. 12, p. 218).— The
author found that all porous substances form hydrogen peroxid in the presence
of water. He points out that the sterilizing effect of ultra-violet light on water
depends chiefly on the formation of hydrogen peroxid, and states that the same
result can be obtained by filtering water through pumice stone, asbestos, or
horizontally through a metal brush.
SOILS— FERTILIZEES.
Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1911 (thirteenth report), M.
.Whitney et al. {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils,
1911, pp. 2356, pis. 27, figs. 61, maps. 50). — This report contains a general
review of the field operations of the Bureau of Soils during 1911 by the chief of
the Bureau, together with detailed accounts of the following surveys :
Plymouth County, Mass., by W. E. McLendon and G. B. Jones; Windham
County, Conn., by W. E. McLendon; Jefferson County, N. T., by M. E. Carr
et al. ; Bedford County, Pa., by C. J. Maim and W. E. Gross; Bradford County,
Pa., by P. O. Wood et al. ; a reconnoissance soil survey of northeastern Pennsyl-
vania, by C. F. Shaw et al. ; the Sussex area, N. J., by H. Jennings et al. ; Rich-
mond County, N. C, by R. B. Hardison et al. ; Johnston County, N. C, by W. E.
Hearn and L. L. Briukley ; Fairfield County, S. C, by M. E. Carr et al. ; George-
town County, S. C. by W. E. McLendon et al. ; Chatham County, Ga., by W. J.
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 513
Latimer and F. S. Biicher; Glynn County, Ga., by D. D. Long and J. E. Fer-
guson; Columbia County, Ga, by C. N. Mooney and A. E. Taylor; Chilton
County, Ala., by L. Cantrell and W. E. Wilkinson; Elmore County, Ala., by
E. A. Winston and A. C. McGebee; Jackson and Marshall counties, Ala., by
C. S. Waldrop and N. E. Bell; Madison County. Ala., by K. T. A. Burke and
A. M. O'Neal, jr.; Mobile County, Ala., by G. B. Maynadier et al. ; Randolph
County, Ala., by R. T. A. Burke et al. ; Tuscaloosa County, Ala,, by R. A. Win-
ston et al. ; Forrest County, Miss., by W. E. Thai-p and W. M. Spann ; Wayne
County. Mi.ss., by A. L. Goodman et al. ; Lowndes County. Miss., by IL C. Smith
and A. L. Goodman; Iberia Parish, La., by C. J. Mann and L. A. Kolbe; recon-
noissance soil survey of southwest Texas, by A. E. Kocher et al. ; the Huntington
area, W. Va., by W. J. Latimer; the Morgantown area, W. Va., by C. N. Mooney
and W. J. Latimer; Columbia, Fond du Lac, Juneau, Kewaunee, and La Crosse
counties. Wis., by W. J. Geib et al. ; Franklin County, Mo., by E. S. Yanatta
and H. G. Lewis ; Laclede County, Mo., by D. D. Long et al. ; Macon County,
Mo., by H. Krusekopf and F. S. Buchcr; Platte Countj', Mo., by A. T. Sweet
et al. ; soil reconnoissance of the Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas, by
C. F. ]Marbut ; reconnoissance survey of western Nebraska, by T. D. Rice et al. ;
Reno County. Kans.. by W. T. Carter, jr., et al. ; Shawnee County, Ivans., by
W. C. Byers and R. I. Throckmorton ; reconnoissance survey of southwestern
Washington, by A. W. Mangum et al. ; Quincy area, Wash., by A. W. Mangum
et al. ; and Medford area, Oreg., by A. T. Strahorn et al.
During the calendar year 1911, 34,743 square miles, or 22,235.520 acres, were
surveyed and mapped in detail on a scale of 1 in. to the mile, making the total
area surveyed and mapped up to the end of that year 249,246 square miles, or
159.517,440 acres. There were also conducted reconnoissance surveys covering
an area of 131,900 square miles, or 84.41 G.wn acres.
The white soils of the Bram and Reinhard forests in the colored sand-
stone regions of the upper Weser River, K. Vogbx von Falckenstein
(Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., 4 {19W, No. 2-3, pp. 105-137, figs. 4).— The author
briefly describes the colored sandstones of middle and southern Germany and
discusses the chemical comiwsitions of some of their supposed weathered
products, particularly the white soils, chemical analyses of which he compares
with those of the colored sandstones and bleached and ortstein soils. The white
soils were richer in clay than the sandstone but differed little in regard to the
amounts of other mineral constituents present. In contrast to a typical
bleached and ortstein soil, the alkali and other salts tended in a measure to
concentrate in the upper layer of the white soil, as did also the weathered clay.
It is concluded that the white soils are not related to the bleached and ort-
stein soils, and that regardless of their greater clay content they are weathered
products of the hard colored sandstone. However, the author distinguishes
between real and pseudo-white soils, classing as the former those white soils
consisting of a loose upper layer and a dense substratum which do not differ
widely chemically, and as the latter, soils consisting of a true white soil upper
layer and a clay substratum which differ chemically and are of different origin.
See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 514.)
The origin of the red soils of diluvial times, E. Blanck {Jour. Landw.,
62 (1914), No. 2, pp. 141-147).— A more detailed report on this subject has been
previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 514).
Rutherglen Experiment Farm — Report on permanent experiment field,
season 1913, A. E. Y. Richardson (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 {1914), No. 3,
pp. 142-153, figs. 4).— Chemical analyses of samples of soil from the experi-
mental field in their natural state show the soil to be "deficient in nitrogen,
lime, and potash, and extremely deficient in phosphoric acid," as compared with
514 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
arbitrary standards of fertility of average European soils. Their mechanical
composition also is said to be unfavorable for cultivation.
Methods for soil investigation, R. Albert and O. Bogs (Internat. Mitt.
Bodenk., 4 (1914), No. 2-3, pp. 181-198). — Comparative tests of methods for
determining the humus and water content and specitic weight of soils are re-
ported, the object being to determine the simpler and quicker methods which
are equally satisfactory for soils of different origin and history.
For humus determination the simplified method of elementary analysis by
burning in a stream of oxygen, according to Dennstedt, is concluded to be the
most generally satisfactory. As regards water content it is concluded that with
sandy soils the determination by drying in an air bath at 105 to 106° C. is
sufficiently exact, while for loam, clay, and moor soils Schwalbe's method of
distillation with xylol is preferable. For specific weight determination is
preferred the simplified method of Wrochem, which is based on the principle
that pulverized and absolutely dry substances, such as cement, etc., are easily
freed of their air content by immersion in turpentine.
The physical properties of soils, J. Kopeck y (Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., 4
(1914), No. 2-3, pp. 1.38-180, figs. 4)- — The author discusses the importance in
soil judgment of determining the physical properties of soils, draws attention
to the many inaccuracies in several of the commonly used methods, and de-
scribes methods and apparatus developed by him for determining the water
capacity, apparent and real specific weights, porosity, air capacity, and per-
meability of soils.
It is concluded that the absolute water capacity of a certain type of soil in
nature, excluding all outside influences, may be expressed by the amount
z-etained after 24 hours following saturation, and that the air retained in the
remaining pore space serves to indicate the air capacity. On the basis that per-
meability is that property which permits the soil to retain its absolute capacity
of water and allow all excess to escape by percolation, relative permeability
is expressed as the quantitiy of water in cubic centimeters which will percolate
through a cross section of 100 sq. em. of a soil column 10 cm. high in 24 hours.
The absorptive power of soils, P. Rohland (Biochcm. Ztschr., 63 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 87-92). — The author discusses the properties of soil colloids and
defends the colorimetric method for determining the absorptive power of soils,
particularly kaolin. The absorptive ix)wer of kaolin is said to be a measure of
its other properties, especially its plasticity.
The nature of drought according to the evidence of the Odessa experi-
ment field, V. G. RoTMisTKOV (Sushchnost Zasukhi po Danny m Odesskago
Opytnago Folia. Odessa, Russia, Russian Ed., 1911, pp. 66, figs. 21; English
Ed., 1913, pp. 48, figs. 21). — A continuation of work begun in 1905 is reported
and results of previous investigations are summarized. The method of investi-
gation is described and laws of the circulation of water, the root systems of
plants in relation to the water of the soil, and methods of combating drought
are discussed. The conclusions reached are based upon over 60,000 determina-
tions of water in soils under different conditions of cropping and drought.
The author separates the soil zone in which the roots of plants grow into
three layers, which are, beginning at the surface, (1) the periodically humid
layer variable in depth, (2) the intermediate dry layer extending to a depth of
from 63 to 71 in., and (3) the permanently humid layer below (2). He con-
cludes that water percolating beyond a depth of from 16 to 18 in. does not re-
turn to the surface except by means of the roots of plants, and that all water
not so utilized goes down into the deeper layers of the soil.
Under normal conditions the network of roots is very uniform throughout the
soil layer which they occupy, but in order that this may be true and the
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 515
growth of the plants not interfered with, the soil zone occupied bj- the roots
must be uniformly supplied with n sufficient quantity of available water (as a
rule more than 10 per cent in the clay soil experimented with).
The depth of the moist layer at seedtime in the spring is of vital importance
in relation to subsequent droughts. It was found in the experiments at Odessa,
where the useful rainfall is only about 5.85 in., that every year at the end of
June or at the beginning of July, and with a dry spring season at the end of
May, cereals have consumed all of the reserve water which had accumulated
in the root zone in the preceding autumn, winter, and spring, and that with '
continuous culture of cereals there was a pronounced and complete drying of -.
the soil of the root zone and almost complete cessation therein of formation of
soluble plant food.
An elaborate study of the distribution of roots of different kinds of plants
in the soil (E. 8. R.. 2(ju P- 732) showed wide differences in the depth and
extent to which different plants exhausted the soil moisture. Potato and flax
roots were found to grow to a depth of approximately 2* ft., sunflowers and
beets about 4* ft., and most cereals about 3* ft.
On the basis of his studies of the root systems of plants and their relation jl
to the exhaustion of soil moisture the author recommends very strongly rota- ' I
tions which will alternate short-rooted and dense-rooted crops with those hav- 1 ?
ing longer and more scattering root systems. '
The conditions conducive to drought are summarized in brief as follows:
(1) Uneven distribution of moisture in the soil zone at the time of seeding, (2)
persistent and perennial dryness of the intermediate layer of the soil and a
deficiency of soluble plant food therein as a result of continuous cropping with
the same kind of plants, and (3) great depth of the permanent water table.
Among the measures recommended for lessening or controlling the effects of
drought in addition to the rotation of crops of different rooting habits, already
referred to, are surface tillage and the destruction of weeds, the latter being
considered " the bitterest enemy of . . . field culture and the best friend of
drought."
It is pointed out that A. Shishkin about forty years ago formulated quite
fully the means of combating drought, anticipating much that is now current
practice in dry farming.
Forests and floods, J. Aitken {Nature [London], 93 (1914), No. 2333, p.
506). — Tests with garden soil in pots are reported to show that stirred soil
absorbs and retains much more moisture than compact, undisturbed soil, and
it is maintained that soils under trees are loosened by the constant growth and
expansion of the roots and thus put into condition for absorbing and retaining
more rainfall than bare soils.
The chemistry of the soil: The evolution of acid amins, G. Chardet (Rev.
Gen. Chim., 11 [WW, No. 9, pp. i37-i4^).— This article discusses the theo-
retical and practical value of the determination of acid amins in soils, review-
ing briefly the chemistry of the metabolism of these substances, their evolution,
and their transformation into products which are either toxic or fertilizing to
plants. Attention is also called to the numerous points of similarity between
the nutrition of the plant cell and the animal cell and the relation thereto
of nutritive substances and excretory products.
The application of the Sorensen method for the rapid determination of acid
amins in the study of soils is discussed and examinations of the nitrogenous
compounds of four soils by this means are reported. It was found that the
proportion of nitrogen in the form of acid amins varied from 49 per cent of the
total nitrogen in peat to 52 per cent in swamp soil, 66 per cent in humus garden
soil, and 68 per cent in compost.
516 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Special reference is made to llie work of tlie Bureau of Soils of this Depart-
U'ent on the subject.
The eJRPect of soluble humates on nitrogen fixation and plant growth,
W. B. BoTTOMLEY (.Ri>t. Biit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 777, 77S).— A continu-
ation of previous experiments is reported (E. S. E., 30, p. 323). Data obtained
from pot and field experiments with the so-called " bacterized " peat prepared
by the author's method are presented to show that this material not only pro-
motes nitrogen fixation in the soil but has a direct effect in increasing the
growth of plants, and it is stated that " this is probably due in part to the pres-
ence of ammonium humate, which, in addition to being a direct source of
nitrogen for plants, stimulates their root development in a remarkable manner."
Nitrification in pasture soils, C. T. Gimingham (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci.,
1913, p. 777; abs. in Nature [London], 92 (1914), No. 2305, p. 516).— A study of
nitrification was made in a soil intermediate in character between the true
moor and the true fen soil. This soil contained a large amount (30 to 40 per
cent) of organic matter and only traces of carbonate, but the soil water was
neutral in reaction. The soil was found to be capable of bringing about imme-
diate and rapid nitrification of peptone. Ammonium sulphate was also quickly
nitrified, but the soil in this case became slightly acid in reaction.
A note on the use of nitron in the determination of nitrates in the soil is
appended.
Investigations on the protozoa of soil, T. Goodey (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv.
Sci., 1913, p. 775; obs. in Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 32 {1913), No. 18, p. 919;
Nature [London], 92 {1914), ^o. 2305, p. 516).— A rapid method for obtaining
j)rotozoa from a hay-infusion culture of soil was devised. The organisms first
obtained by this method were ciliated protozoa, chiefly Colpoda. The indica-
tions were that these protozoa were present in soil only .in an encysted con-
dition and, therefore, could not inhibit bacterial activity.
Partial sterilization by means of volatile antiseptics had no effect on the
rate of development of bacteria in a soil which had been kept in bottles since
1846 and contained no protozoa, but a soil kept since 1870 which contained a
few protozoa (amoeba and flagellates) was improved in bacterial activity by
partial sterilization.
Improvement of swamp land in Finland by addition of sand, A. Rindell
{Finska MosskuUurfor. Arsbok, 16 {1912), No. 2, pp. 181-188; abs. in Jour. Soc.
Chem. Indus., 33 (1914), No. 8, p. 432). — "Experiments with oats extending
over two years showed that loam is much superior to sand as an addition to
unmanui'ed marshy land. The addition of sand did not produce any improve-
ment unless more than 400 cubic meters per hectare (about 5,700 cu. ft. per
acre) was added. If the land was otherwise provided with phosphates and
potash, the difference in efi'ect between sand and loam was not appreciable."
Greater profits from land, A. L. Dbysdale (Edinburgh, London, and Lcipsic,
1914, pp. Till +187, pis. 7). — This is primarily a summary of results of agri-
cultural investigations carried on at the Dalmeny Experiment Station in
Scotland during eight years beginning in 1895, with an introductory chapter
discussing some fe:itures of recent progress in agricultural science and tables
showing how the unexhausted value of applications of manure and fertilizers
may be estimated.
New views on fertilization (Mitt. Dent. Landio. Oesell., 29 (1914), Nos. 10,
pp. 145-147; 11, pp. 154-156; 12, pp. 171-173; 13, pp. 181-183; I4, pp. 196, 197;
15, pp. 207, 208; 16, pp. 216-218; 17, pp. 230, 231; 19, pp. 259, 260; 21, pp. 292,
293; 23, p. 337). — This is a symposium on this subject contributed by a number
of the more prominent investigators in the field of soil fertility and fertilization.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 517
Fertilizers, fungicides, and insecticides, C. Pluvinage (Industrie et Com-
merce des Engrais et des Anticryptogamiques et Insecticides. Paris, 1912,
pp. XII-{-543, figs. 269). — This is one of the volumes of the EncyclopMie Agricole
published under the direction of U. Wery. It deals quite fully with the sources,
uuture, production, numufacture, and consumption of the principal fertilizing
materials, namely, sodium and other nitrates, ammonium sulphate, synthetic
nitrogenous compounds, phosphates, and potash salts. It also discusses the
nature and use as fertilizer of garbage, poudrette, oil cakes, dried blood, tank-
age, horn, leather, and wool refuse, guanos, so-called humic fertilizers, and
mixed fertilizers. Under the head of fungicides and insecticides sections are
devoted to copper and iron sulphates, sulphur, carbon disulphid, and sulpho-
cy a nates.
The sections relating to sodium nitrate, auuuouium sulphate, and the phos-
l)hates are especially complete.
A short bibliograi)hy is given but no index, a detailed table of contents taking
the place of the latter.
Chemical fertilizers in the Canary Islands, II. Bbett (Daily Cons, and
Trade Ix'i>-ts\ [U. S.], 17 (19 IJ,), Xo. 96. pp. y/.'/.M-'/5).— Statistics of consumption
of fertilizers in these islands during the years 1930-1912, inclusive, are briefly
summarized.
In 1912 the fertilizer inii)orts amounted to 14.177 metric tons, over one-half
coming from England.
Identification of commercial fertilizer materials, W. II. Fry (U. 8. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 97 (191/f), pp. IS). — The methods and equipment required for the
microscopic identification of the principal fertilizing materials are described
and optical constants for the materials are given. It is stated that the methods
described are those of the simplest and most accessible nature and that with
their aid and a little practice anyone should soon be able to determine many of
the materials ordinarily used in the manufacture of fertilizers.
Experiments in fertilizing with stable manure, A. von Liebenberg (Wiener
Landw. Ztg., 6Jf (19 U), No. 13-14, PP- 120-122) .—The results of a large number
of experiments are summarized in this article, a conclusion of general interest
being that it is profitable in many cases to use comparatively small applications
-of .manure.
Guano and national agriculture, J. A. de Lavalle y Garcia (El Guano y
la AgricuUura Xacional. [Lima, 1913], pp. 111). — This is a series of papers
dealing with the guano deposits of Peru and their relation to the national wel-
fare, including also information regarding the extent, exploitation, and pro-
tection of these deposits.
Peruvian output of guano (Daily Cons, and Trade Bpts. [U. S.], 17 (1914),
No. 175, p. 559). — It is stated that the output of high-grade guano by the com-
pany administering the guano deposits of Peru was 31.486 tons in 1913-14 as
compared with 24,350 tons the previous year. The corresponding outputs of
low-grade guano containing less than 3 per cent nitrogen were 7,301 and 12,242
tons.
The seaweed industry of France, J. B. Osborne (Daily Cons, and Trade
Rpts. [U. S.], 17 (1914), No. 152, pp. 1988-1990) .—The use of seaweed as fer-
tilizer, which is stated to be quite general all along the French coast, is
discussed.
New sources of nitrogen, D. A. Gilchrist (County Northiimb. Ed. Com. Bui.
21 (1914), PP- 89, 90). — Comparative tests of sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate,
calcium cyanamid, and ammonium siUphate at Cockle Park during several years
are reported, but no conclusions are drawn from the data reported except that
/..■
518 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
while calcium cyanamid is a useful nitrogenous fertilizer it should not be
applied as a top-dressing but spread evenly and worked into the surface soil at
least ten days before the crop is sown.
Synthetic ammonia by the Serpek method, Herre {Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914),
Nos. 29, pp. 317, SIS; 31, pp. S^l-SU, flff- i).— The development and Industrial
value of this method is discussed. A short bibliography of the subject is given.
Experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers, E. Haselhoff {Landw. Vers.
Stat., 84 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 1-55). — Five years' field experiments with different
crops and soils were made to determine the relative fertilizing value of lime
nitrogen, nitrogen lime, urea and guanadin and their nitrates, calcium nitrate
with and without free lime, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium ni-
trate, sodium nitrite, ammonium sulphate. Burkheiser salt, and galalith waste
are reported.
The effect of the different fertilizing substances varied with the time and
method of application, the season, and the kind of crop. In general, sodium
nitrate and ammonium sulphate were about equal in effect, better results being
obtained on loam soil than on sand, and from deep and fall applications rather
than from surface and spring applications. Calcium nitrate was equal to and
sometimes superior to sodium nitrate and gave better results on sand than on
loam. Adding salt increased the beneficial effect of the calcium nitrate. Potas-
sium nitrate and ammonium nitrate were as effective as sodium nitrate. So-
dium nitrite was not equal to the nitrate in fertilizing effect, but it was so little
inferior to the latter that it is thought that the small amount of nitrite some-
limes occurring in calcium nitrate is likely to have a negligible effect upon the
fertilizing value of the latter. Lime nitrogen in deep applications in the fall
gave as good results as sodium nitrate, but was much less effective when ap-
plied as a top-dressing in the spring. Urea and guanadin and their nitrates
were inferior to sodium nitrate. Burkheiser salt (containing cyauids in addi-
tion to ammonium sulphate) was inferior in fertilizing effect to ammonium sul-
phate. The waste in the manufacture of articles from galalith (indurated
casein) was decidedly inferior to the nitrate, especially when used in coarse
form on sandy soils.
The utilization of the nitrogen of these different substances by crops is dis-
cussed in detail in the article.
Comparative results with different phosphatic manures, D. A. Gilchrist
{County Northuinb. Ed. Com. Bui. 21 (1914). PP- 35-43). — Summarizing the
results of several years experiments with different crops at the Cockle Park
Experiment Station it is stated that high citric acid solubility in case of phos-
phatic slags is not a sure index of greater fertilizing efliciency. While some-
what contradictory, the results indicate that high lime content in slags is ad-
vantageous and that high iron content is not disadvantageous. Both Tunisian
and Belgian phosphates gave quite satisfactory results, the latter esi^ecially
when it had been calcined. The indications were that the same amount of
phosphate applied as a mixture of basic slag and superphosphate may give bet-
ter results than when all the phosphate is applied as slag.
The fertilizing action of the phosphoric acid of steamed bone meal, T.
Alexander (Momtsh. Landw.. 7 (1914), ^^os. 1-2, pp. 20-24; 3-4, pp. 67-73).—
In experiments on grass lands it was found that the phosphoric acid of steamed
Lone meal was in no case inferior but in a few cases superior to that of Thomas
slag, and this was true even in case of soils well supplied with lime.
The reserve supply of phosphate rock in the United States, W. H. Wagga-
MAN (Jour. Indus, and Engm. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 6, pp. 4^4' 465).— Including
all rock containing from 58 to 78 per cent of '' bone phosphate of lime." it is
estimated that the total reserve supply of phosphate in the United States is
AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 519
equivalent to 10,519,875,000 tons of high-grade roclc. This is stated to be dis-
tributed as follows : Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and JNIontana — high grade
2,500,000,000, high-grade equivalent of all grades, 7,500,000,000 tons; Florida-
high-grade equivalent of all grades, 354,300,000, high-grade equivalent of wash
heaps, 20,000,000 tons ; Tennessee — high-grade equivalent of all grades, 115,075,000
tons; South Carolina — high-grade equivalent of all grades, 10,000,000 tons;
Arkansas — high-grade equivalent of all grades, 20,000,000 tons ; and Kentucky-
high-grade equivalent of all grades, 500,000 tons.
The composition of the Wittelsheimer potash salts and their use in agri-
culture, P. KuLiscH (Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 53, Referatenteil,
p. JflS). — From numerous analyses it is shown that the potash salts of the
Alsatian deposits are mainly a mixture of potassium chlorid, 25 to 30 per
cent, and sodium chlorid, 55 to 65 per cent. Therefore, the salts should not be
used on crops injuriously affected by chlorin. They also contain a considerable
percentage of calcareous clay and are, therefore, not suitable for use in fer-
tilizer mixtures.
The importance and value of phonolite as a fertilizer, O. Lemmermann
{Arh. Landw. Kammer Prov. Brandenburg, No. 35 [191Jf], pp. 39). — Reviewing
the results of experiments with this material, it is concluded that, while
phonolite has a certain value as a potash fertilizer, it does not compare in
cheapness and efficiency with the ordinary potash salts.
Kelp production in "United Kingdom, J. L. Griffiths {DaUij Cons, and
Trade Rpts. [U. «.], 17 (WU), No. 134, pp. U02-1405).— Brief accounts are
given of the collection and use of kelp in various parts of the United Kingdom.
Extensive use is made of kelp as a fertilizer in the island of Jersey, particu-
larly in connection with the potato crop. In the Scilly Islands, on account
of the lightness of the soil, as much as 50 long tons of seaweed are frequently
applied per acre for early potatoes, nearly as much for mangolds and other
root crops, and somewhat less for grain crops. The use of seaweed ash for
the manufacture of iodin has been largely superseded by the preparation of
this substance from Chilean nitrate, although iodin is still manufactured to
some extent from seaweed ash in Scotland. Lately, however, a process for
obtaining the iodin directly from the seaweed by distillation with superheated
steam has been proposed.
Methods of burning seaweed and the species best suited to kelp making are
discussed.
The partial sterilization of the soil by means of caustic lime, H. B.
Hutchinson and K. MacLennan (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 77^,
775). — The investigations of which this is a brief account have been noted from
another source (E. S. R., 29. p. 730).
Carbonic acid as a fertilizer, G. Quarrie {Commercial Fert., 8 {1914), No. 6,
p. 26c). — Garden experiments in which one plat of soil was treated with carbon
dioxid forced into it through underground pipes and another was untreated
with gas but abundantly supplied with stable manure are reported.
The crops grown were potatoes, cabbages, Brussels sprouts, and privet. The
treated plat yielded a little over one-third more potatoes than that which
received only manure, and the potatoes were of better quality. The effect of
the treatment was pronounced in the case of all of the other crops.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Formation of chlorophyll in plants, II, N. MoNT:fivERD6 and W. Lubimenko
(Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk {Bui. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. P^tersb.), 6. ser.. No. 9 {1912),
pp. 609-6S0; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 102 {1912), No. 598, II, pp. 800,
520 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
801). — Previous investigations of tlie authors (E. S. R., 21, p. 726) have shovpn
that formation of chlorophyll in green plants proceeds by definite stages and
that the phenomena are very complicated from a chemical point of view^.
In the present paper they give the results of investigations in the formation
of chlorophyll in green plants. It is stated that this involves two stages.
The first includes the reactions by which the colorless leucophyll is converted
into colored chlorophyllogen without the direct action of light. The second
stage consists of chemi-^al or photochemical transformations by which chloro-
phyllogen is converted into chlorophyll itself. With the conifers and other
plants which become green in the dark the chlorophyllogen is acted on by
unknown chemical reagents, but with most green jilants the energy required
for the transformation of chlorophyllogen into chlorophyll is supplied by light.
The part played by light has been found a complicated one. The maximal
accumulation of chlorophyll corresponds with an optimal light intensity, the
value of which varies with different species of plants. With excessive inten-
sity of light both etiolated and nonetiolated plants were found to turn green
more slowly, and the latter exhibited a kind of adaptation to strong light which
showed itself in accelerated accumulation of chlorophyll during the develop-
ment of the young plants. Chlorophyll accumulated by leaves developed in
daylight was found to possess considerable resistance to strong light. Brief
exposure of etiolated plants to strong sunlight retarded their subsequent green-
ing under the influence of diffused light. A well-deflned relation was found
to exist between chlorophyll and the yellow pigments accompanying it, and in
general the accumulation of each is influenced by the same factors. The pig-
ments are not combined chemically with chlorophyll, so that the destruction
of the latter in autumn leaves does not affect the yellow pigment.
Formation of chlorophyll in plants, III, N. A. Mont£;verd6 and V. N.
LuBiMENKO (Izv. Imp. Akad. Xauk {Bui. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. P^tersh.), 6. ser.,
No. 17 {1913), pp. 1007-1028, fig. 1; ahs. in Jour. Chem. 8oc. [London'], 106
{1914), -ZV'o. 616, I, pp. 2ff0, 24I). — A description is given of an improved appara-
tus for carrying out the spectro-colorimetric estimation of chlorophyll, xantho-
phyll, and carotin as described in a previous publication (E. S. R., 24, p. 718).
By means of the apparatus the amounts of the above pigments were determined
in fresh leaves of a considerable number of plants representing quite a range
of plant families.
The authors also report investigations on the influence of various constitu-
ents of the ash of plants on the extent to which the leaves turn green, this
being measured by the proportion of chlorophyll present. Two series of ex-
periments were made, one with etiolated Luffa seedlings and the other with
etiolated wheat seedlings. With the first all the potassium salts used caused
marked increases in the amount of chlorophyll formed, while magnesium sul-
phate produced a slight increase. Calcium or magnesium nitrate brought about
a considerable decrease in chlorophyll formation, while sodium nitrate gave a
small decrease. The presence of sodium dihydrogen phosphate resulted in a
large increase. In the experiments with wheat seedlings magnesium sulphate,
potassium permanganate, or dihydrogen phosphate had no effect on the amount
of chlorophyll formed, while potassium nitrate had but a slight positive influence.
Hydrocyanic acid in plants. — II, Its occurrence in the grasses of New
South Wales, J. M. Petbie {Proc. Linn. 80c. N. S. Wales, 38 {1913), pt. 4, pp.
624-638) .—In continuation of a previous paper (E. S. R., 28, p. 36) the author
reports on the occurrence of hydrocyanic acid in plants of New South Wales.
The present paper is conflned to a study of grasses. In addition to its occur-
rence in si)ecies that are naturalized or cultivated in New South Wales, the
II
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 521
author adds 17 siiecies which are recorded for the first time as containing a
cyanogenetic glncosid and the correlated enzym. .
The influence of increased carbon dioxid content of the air on green /,
plants, H. FiscHEK (Jahresber. Ver. Angew. Bot., 11 (1913), pt. 1, pp. 1-8). — '''
Studies with plants under glass subjected to an increased density of carbon
dioxid in the surrounding atmosphere are said to have produced, in almost all j
experiments, a notable increase in body growth by the plant; earlier and more *
abundant flowering and fruit in several cultivated species; fruit bearing by
ordinarily sterile hybrids; and greater resistance to parasites.
The controlling influence of carbon dioxid in the maturation, dormancy,
and germination of seeds, I. F. Kidd {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 87
(191',), ^^0. B 597. pp. 408-421, fig. 1; abs. in Ganl. Chron., 3. ser., 56 {1914).
No. 1437, p. 34). — Experiments described are claimed to show that a
high content of carbon dioxid in the atmosphere retards or inhibits ger-
mination of seeds without injury thereto. The seeds may germinate at once
after i-emoval of the carbon dioxid, as in case of beans, cabbage, barley, peas,
and onions, or inhibition may continue indefinitely after removal of the inhibi-
tory carbon dioxid pressures. In some cases described it was terminated only by
complete drying and rewetting, or by removal of the testa. In such cases a
lowering of the permeability of the testa to gases is thought to occur, reducing
the admission of oxygen to the embryo and raising relatively the actual carbon
dioxid pressure in the embryo tissues. The production of carbon dioxid in
nature by decay of vegetable matter may, it is thought, play a part analogous
to that noted in these experiments.
The growth of potatoes in a medium containing but little humidity and
very little light, H. Hua (Bui. 8oc. Bot. France, 60 (1913), No. 7, pp. 621-
623). — A description is given of the growth of three potato tubers left by
accident in a cave during the summer. Long, thin, etiolated shoots appeared
and from near their bases short branches were put out which bore tubers at
their extremities. No roots were observed to be formed, but in the absence of
absorption from the soil and assimilation through aerial organs about 50 tubers
were formed that weighed from 4 to 30 gms. each. The original weight of the
tubers was unknown.
Decalcification of soils by smoke and effect thereof on plants, A. Wieler
{Jahresher. Ver. Angew. Bot., 10 {1912), pp. 58-74, figs. 6).— The effects of
smoke gases on the development of lupine, vetch, pine, oak, and beech are
shown and discussed. It is claimed that acids contained in the fumes may in-
jure forest trees, not alone directly, by their action on the foliage, but in-
directly, by forming soluble compounds with bases in the soil, thus permitting
valuable constituents to be carried away in the drainage. Calcium was found
to be notably deficient in soils examined which were unable to support forest
growth.
The relative abundance of bacteria in forest soils and the influence of
soil characters on their development, A. Rauber (Forstio. CentbL, n. ser.,
86 {1914), No. 4, pp. 195-208).— A study of bacterial flora of different soils at
varying depths in 1913 is said to show that the bacterial content of limy forest
soils in the upper layers is from ten to twenty times as high as in sandy soils,
and varies considerably with the depth. The relative smallness of the number
at or very near the surface is attributed to the development of humus acids
there, as noted by Migula (E. S. R., 29, p. 325). The importance of the influ-
ence of soil bacteria as regards decomposition varies greatly with local and
temporal circumstances.
62591°— No. 6—14—3
522 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
The role of winter temperatures in determining' the distribution of plants,
F. Shreve (Amct: Jour. Bat., 1 (WU), No. 4, pp. 194-202, fig. J).— The author
has carried out some preliminary investigations on the importance of the tem-
])erature phases of the past season in determining the distinct distributional
limits of some subtropical desert plants.
Studies previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 732) with succulent plants native
to various altitudes in southern Arizona, indicate, it is claimed, that within
the limits of the species tested the number of hours that they are exposed to
temperatures below freezing determines their survival or death without regard
to the absolute minimum reached during the freezing period (although minima
below 18° F. were not used). It is stated also that the succulents which have
the lowest vertical limit of distribution are unable to resist freezing for more
than 19 to 22 hours in duration, while species of higher limits are progressively
able to withstand longer periods of freezing, up to about 66 hours, but that
Opimtia missouriensis withstood 375 consecutive hours of freezing at Havre,
I\Iont., in 1910-11. It is suggested that further studies in this direction may
furnish a knowledge of the underlying ciiuses of the phenomena of distribution.
The wilting- coefficient of the soil, V. H. Blackman (Jour. Ecology, 2 (1914),
No. 1, pp. 43-50). — This is mainly a review of some recent contributions dealing
with soil moisture in relation to plant needs as affected by the various factors
involved, in particular an article by Briggs and Shautz (E. S. R., 26. p. 628).
Changes produced in the sap by the heating- of branches, H. H. Dixon
(Sci. Proc. Roy. DuhUn Soc, n. ser., 14 {1914), No. 15, pp. 22.^-228).— Compari-
sons were made of the sup of branches killed by heating with steam in the case
of beech, poplar, and Ilex, and it was found that the steaming brought about a
change in the depression of the freezing point, a decided increase in conductiv-
ity, a marked increase in acidity, a change in color, and the destruction of oxi-
dase. The sap of steamed branches from a number of different species of plants
was centrifugally extracted and tested on the leaves of Elodea canadensis,
comparisons being made with fresh sap. In nearly every instance destructive
changes were brought about in the leaves within two or three days.
The evidence drawn from these experiments indicates that leaves above a
steamed branch perish not because they are cut off from their water supply, but
because profound changes have been produced in the sap, resulting in the pro-
duction of poisonous substances. The drying of the poisoned leaves is believed
to be caused by the partial or complete plugging of the water channels by
colloids exuded from the heated cells or coagulated in the sap.
The role of glycerin in causing anomalous structures in Pisum sativum,
J. Laukent {Bui. Soc. Bot. France, 60 {1913), No. 7, pp. 592-601, pis. 3).— The
author describes certain anomalous structures of peas grown in culture solu-
tions to which glycerin was added. In studying peas grown in such solutions it
is said to be difficult to recognize asparagin, as that substance is transformed
into albuminoid material as rapidly as formed. With plants having a less abun-
dant nitrogen reserve than the Legumiuosse, and grown in cultures containing
glycerin and asparagin or glycerin and peptone, these substances offer material
for the synthesis of albuminoids, and some not only favor growth, but often
jtroduce a multiplication of cells and other unforseen anomalies.
The spur shoot of the pines, R. B. Thomson {Bot. Gaz., 51 {1914), No. 5,
pp. 362-385, pis. 4, figs. 2). — Giving an account of studies by himself as well as
some views held by other authors on the deciduous spur shoot of the genus
Pinus, the author considers the facts as noted on a study of both fossil and
living pines as practically conclusive evidence regarding the specialized char-
acter of this structure. The spur, as it stands to-day, is considered a special-
AGKICULTUEAL BOTANY. 523
ized branch which is of limited growth and bears a limited uumber of
specialized and cyclically arranged leaAes, its progenitor probably having been
an ordinary branch.
A bibliography is appended.
On the relationship between the number of ovules formed and the number
of seeds developing' in Cercis, J. A. Harris (Bui. Torrey Bot. Club. Jfl (1914),
No. 4, pp. 243-256, figs. 3). — Continuing the plan of treatment outlined in a
paper previou.sly noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 829) but employing in the later studies
Cercis canadensis, the author gives the results of studies carried out with
nearly 35,000 pods. The results are indicated in tabular and graphical form.
It is stated that the correlations for number of ovules formed and number
of seeds developed per pod were found to be positive and of a moderate, con-
siderable, or high degree of intensity.
Reversion in prickly pears, D. Griffiths {Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 5,
pp. 222-225, figs. 2). — This is a brief account of a supposedly spineless Opuntia
from the island of Malta, which, since being planted at Chico, Cal.. has
developed spines on a part of the plant, also on plants developed from that
part. This is thought to be possibly a case of reversion showing that the
original ancestor of the Opuntias was spiny.
The probable origin of CEnothera lamarckiana, H. de Vkies {Bot. Gas., 51
{1914), No. 5, pp. 345-361, pis. 3). — Summing up the results of this liistorical
investigation, the author states that CE. lamarckiana, as represented by speci-
mens studied a century or more ago and still preserved, remains entirely
unchanged at the present time, being now a well established component of the
flora of the eastern United States and of England. It is thought that the
strain which is now in cultivation, having been introduced into the trade
about 1850, was probably derived from some wild English stock which may
itself have come from the introduction into Europe of seeds collected by
some botanists of the eai'lier period of study referred to.
An analytical and phytogeographical study of Leguminosas, L. Capitaine
{Etude Analytique ct Phytogeographique du (Iroupe <lcs Legumineuses. Paris,
1912, pp. 500, pis. 24)- — The author presents analytical keys to the tribes and
genera of leguminous plants, after which the geographic distribution of the
species is discussed at length.
The seed of the Leguminosae, L. Capitaine {Les fTraines dcs Legumineuses.
Paris, 1912, pp. XII +455, pis. 26, figs. 692).— The results are given of a study
of the external morphological characters of seeds of a large number of species
of leguminous plants. The author claims that the seeds of leguminous plants
have characteristics by which the species may be generally recognized, and
that numerous characters of convergence indicate adaptations which should be
considered in a study of the seed and of the geographic distribution of the
species producing it.
The culture of Leguminosae with particular reference to nitrogen assimi-
lation, B. Heinze {Jahresber. Ver. Angew. Bot., 10 {1912), pp. 15-114). —
Reporting a continuation of work previou.sly noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 37), the
author shows that serradella on ground previously used for clover showed a
distinct gain in green and in dry weight, also in percentage of nitrogen, after
being inoculated with bacteria from soil in which serradella had been grown.
Both lupines and serradella on land previously used for the latter gave a
greater increase of nitrogen content than did either after potatoes, oats, peas,
or vetches. The effects of several cultures offered on the market are also
discussed.
524 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
FIELD CROPS.
[Field crop experiments] (Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barbados, 1912-13, pp. 2-27). —
This reports and discusses results of manurial and variety tests with sugar
cane and cotton, variety tests with cassava, caladiums, various legumes, and
yams, and cultural trials with sour grass, guinea grass, and Andropogon
annulatus.
The results of 20 years' experimenting with barnyard manure, superphosphate
of lime, sulphate of potash, sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, and dried
blood have shown that the highest yields obtained with sugar cane were when
60 lbs. of nitrogen as dried blood was applied, 15 lbs. in January and 45 lbs.
in June, in addition to other fertilizers. The best monetary results, however,
were obtained when 40 lbs. of nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia was applied, 15
lbs. in January and 25 Ib.s. in June.
The addition of phosphatic manures showed losses. The best results obtained
by the addition of potash were where 80 lbs. as sulphate of potash was applied
In January.
Experiments with calcium cyanamid, H. Lipschijtz (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 34
(1914), No. 25, p. 2Jt7, figs. 6). — This article gives results of experiments in
various localities in which calcium cyanamid, used at rates varying from about
100 to 125 lig. per hectare and applied as a top dressing to oats, potatoes, stock
beets, and cabbage, not only destroyed the wild mustard growing in the crop but
increased the yields materially.
The application of nodule bacteria for legumes, G. Kock ( Monatsh. Landw.,
7 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 24-27, fig. 1).—It is here noted that soil condition is an
important factor for successful inoculation. The results obtained with lupines
and serradella showed the method of inoculation with nodule bacteria to be
entirely satisfactory and productive of results equivalent to those with pure
culture preparations.
Some minor farm crops, J. V. Eyee, A. W. Ashby, G. F. Whitmore, and
A. J. Bbandon (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 74 {1913), pp. 127-172) .—This
article discusses the general cultural and industrial conditions, and gives statis-
tics in regard to flax, hemp, tobacco, teasels, and the production of seed of farm
roots, vegetables, flowers, cereals, and grass.
Seeding grass with or without a nurse crop, A. Rindell (Finska Moor-
Icultur For., 1913, pp. 241-255; ahs. in ZentU. Agr. Chem., 43 {.1914). No. 3, pp.
176-177). — The results here reported of several trials from 1906-1909 show
heavier yields of hay obtained without a nurse crop of oats than with such
a crop.
Investigations on the influence of water on the yield of meadows and
pastures, Lxiedecke {Kulturtechniker, 17 {1914), Nos. 1, pp. 23-37, pi. 1; 2, pp.
101-121, pis. 7). — Some observations on recent investigations relating to the
influence of water upon the development of grass and forage plants are given.
Phosphorus-containing substances in meadow hay, M. C. Dusebre et al.
{Arch. Set. Phys. et Nat. [Geneva'], 36 {1913), No. 12, pp. 578-581; al)s. in
Internat. Inst. Agr. [Romel. Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914),
No. 3, pp. 350, 351).— In this study the quantity of (1) phosphatids. (2) phos-
phates, and (3) nucleo-proteids in various samples of hay is given. The appli-
cation of phosphatic manures seems, from the data given, to have increased the
phosphorus content of the hay, more especially that part present in the form of
phosphates and phytin.
The composition of alfalfa, P. L.wenib (Bol. Min. Agr. [Buenos Aires]. 16
{1913), Nos. 5-6, pp. 581-596). — Results of analyses of several hundretl samples
of alfalfa from numerous localities in Argentina are given and discussed.
FIELD CROPS. 525
A many-eared variety of maize obtained by selection in Hungary, E.
Gbabnee (Gas. Lapok, No. 51 {1913), p. 850; abs. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'[,
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 3, pp. 352-354).— As high
as 12 ears are noted as being secured on a single stalk, but there seemed to be
no regularity in the transmission of this character.
Cultural experiment with American and African horse-tooth corn, Wacker
(FUhling's Landic. Ztg., 63 {1914), A'o- 3. PP- 73-75).— In comparative tests
between Virginia and Natal corn, grown at Hohenheim, Germany, in 1912, the
American corn made the best growth, as has also been noted in results of earlier
tests (E. S. R., 28, p. 534).
Acidity as a factor in determining the degree of soundness of corn, H. J.
Besley and G. H. Baston {TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 102 {1914), pp. 45, pl. 1, figs.
S3).— This bulletin describes the acid test (E. S. R., 24, p. 409) and shows how
it may be used in the commercial grading of corn, and states the following facts
that have been established by the corn acidity investigations :
"All corn, unless in a state of putrefaction, contains acid-reacting substances
which impart to the corn a certain degree of acidity. There is a great variation
in the degree of acidity of corn, ranging from 9 to 10 cc. to over 100 cc. The
degree of acidity can be determined by the acid test to within 0.5 cc. The
source of corn acidity is mostly in the germ. The source of increase in the
degree of acidity is almost entirely in the germ. All corn judged damaged by
the eye is higher in degree of acidity than corn judged sound by the eye. In a
general way the degree of acidity of corn varies inversely with the germinative
power. The degree of acidity of corn increases directly with the percentage of
damaged kernels as determined by mechanical analyses. The degree of acidity
of corn is greatly increased by the action of fermentation and high temperature.
Throughout the year, from harvest to harvest, there is a gradual increase in
the degree of acidity and a corresponding decrease in the percentage of germi-
nation of corn arriving at terminal markets.
" With respect to quality and soundness, the degree of acidity of corn is com-
mensurate with the commercial grading at terminal markets. The degree of
acidity of com is a criterion of soundness and quality. From the standpoint
of commercial grading, corn with a degree of acidity less than 22 cc. is normally
sound and of good commercial quality; corn with a degree of acidity between
22 and 26 cc. is somewhat inferior in quality and soundness, due to deterioration
of the germ; corn with a degree of acidity between 26 and 30 cc. evidences
marked deterioration and is unsound, and corn with a degree of acidity greater
than 30 cc. is badly damaged and should be considered from a commercial stand-
point as sample-grade corn."
A preliminary report of this work has already been noted (E. S. R., 30,
p. 734).
Cotton, H. Heizmann {Die Baumicolle. Zurich and Leipsic, 1913 vol. 1, pp.
YIII+355). — A treatise, of which this volume seems to be the first part, cover-
ing the cultural, ancient and modern history, and industrial aspects of cotton.
Experimental work with cotton, W. Robson {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies,
Rpts. Bot. Sta. Montserrat, 1912-13, pp. 2-7).— This paper reports results of
variety tests and of hybridization. In crossing native Montserrat cotton with
Sea Island varieties a type was obtained that in the F2 generation yielded
lint ranging from 35 to 50 mm. in length.
Mutation in Egyptian cotton, T. H. Kearney {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr.
Research, 2 {1914), No. 4, pp. 287-302, pis. 9).— In this article the author dis-
cusses the origin of the Egyptian varieties, origin of new varieties in Arizona,
mutability of Egyptian cotton, and the theories of mutations of De Vries.
Heribert-Nilsson, and others. The varieties Yuma, Pima, and Gila are
526 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
described, and their origin as mutations from tlie Egyptian variety Mit Afifi
is noted.
riant breeding worli in Arizona, whicli began 12 years ago with importeil
seed of the ^lit Afifi variety, has through " persistent selection of the best
plants caused some improvement in earliness and productiveness and in the
quality of the fiber, but the progress was not very substantial prior to 1908,
in which year two tyi^es very different from the Mit Afifi were recognized and
isolated."
" If the tendency to produce mutants is a result of remote or complex
hybridization, the mutability of Egyptian cotton might be accounted for
upon either of the following grounds: (1) The supposed hybrid origin of the
type as a whole, or (2) later crossing with other types of cotton. Ever since
mutation became recognized as a factor in the breeding of Egyptian cotton the
following methods have been followed in Arizona : (1) Recognition and isolation
of desirable mutants; (2) selection and comparison on the progeny-row basis
of those individuals among their progeny which express most fully the desir-
able characters of the new type; (3) elimination from the seed-increase fields,
preferably before blossoming begins, of the aberrant and otherwise undesirable
individuals."
A bibliograi)hy of 21 titles is appended.
The deterioration of Eg'yptian cotton, K. Snell (Jahresher. Yer. Angew.
Bot., 11 {1913), pt. 1, pp. 9-13). — Methods of cultivation and crossing with the
Hindu cotton are given as causes for the deterioration noted.
Studies in Indian cottons. — I, The vegetative characters, H. M. Leake
and R. Prasad (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 6 {1914), A"o. 4, PP- 115-141,
pis. 22). — This discusses studies on the vegetative characters of Indian cotton,
and includes nionopodial and sympodial types, pollination, color of the corolla,
eye of the petal, red coloring matter in the stip, leaf factor, type of branching,
and length of vegetative period in their relation to field culture and commercial
value of the crop. Many of the data are reported in tabular form.
Fibers from various sources {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 12 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 32-45). — Results of tests are reported of fibers of jute, Malachra
capitata, Urena lobata, Sida, Rama, sisal, aloe, and "Crowa" from India,
Nigeria, Federated Malay States, Bechuanaland, and British Guiana, and of
paper-making material made from the Nipa palm and Scilla rigidifolia from
the Federated Malay States and South Africa.
Experiments in Hungary with, hemp seed from Asia Minor and from
Italy, K. Gaszner (Koztclelc [Budapest], 24 {1914), ^o. 4, p. 84; ahs. in Inter-
nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), ^o.
3, p. 360). — This notes the superiority of Asiatic hemp over Italian in yield
and length in a 3-year test.
Sexual inequality in hemp, O. F. Cook {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), No. 5, pp.
203-206, figs. 2). — This notes the appearance at the Virginia Truck Station
near Norfolk of a great inequality in oil-seed hemp plants. The male plants die
while the females grow vigorously under the same conditions.
"Another peculiarity of the oil-seed hemp is that the lateral fruit-bearing
branches have extremely short internodes. analogous to those of the so-called
cluster varieties of cotton. The shortening of the fruiting branches may also
be connected with the earliness and productiveness of the crop, from which high
yields of seed are obtained."
Investigations on hops, J. Schmidt {Compt. Rend. Lah. Carlsherg, 10 {1913),
Nos. 2, pp. 233-25J, figs. 4; 3, pp. 267-283, pis. 2, figs. 2; abs. in Nature [London],
93 {1914), ^0. 2321, pp. 199, 200).— This paper consists of two parts.
FIELD CROPS. 527
Part 1 gives results of a study, continued during 1911-12, to ascertain " if the
improved sorts of cultivated hops from southern regions have a different rate
of growth in our northern climate from our wild-growing plants, which possibly
are better suited to the climate."
Measurements of the hop stems were also taken at 6-hour i)eriods for several
days, and it was " found that the growth in length of hop stems under natural
conditions has a very distinct diurnal period, the rate of growth being smallest
during the night, greatest during the day. This periodicity is determined by
outer factors, among which the temperature has such a predominant influence
that under natural conditions it determines the rate of growth."
Part 2 gives the results of observations made in 1913 by which it is shown
that " in experiments with vigorous 3-year-old hop plants, which were firmly
rooted in an open glass (cold) house, the stems were found to show during May
and June a rotational movement amounting on an average for 1 to 2 weelis'
observations to about 120° per hour or one-third of the rate of the minute hand
of the clock.
" On closer study the rotational movement proved, like the growth in length,
to have a very distinct daily periodicity, the rate being greatest during the day,
least at night. Further, the experiments showed that this daily periodicity is
determined by external factors, among which the temperature is of such domi-
nating importance that its variation under natural conditions is determinative
for the rate of rotation. A graphic comparison of the fluctuations in the rate
of rotation and degree of humidity shows that there is no connection between
them under the natural conditions prevailing when the observations were car-
ried out.
" From laboratory experiments in June with pot plants, which were placed
alternately in the light and dark, under otherwise uniform external conditions
as far as possible, it appeared that the rotational movement is not different, at
any rate not essentially different, in the dark and in scattered daylight. Ex-
periments carried out in a cellar with constant low temi)erature showed that the
minimum temperature for the rotational movement, just as for the growth in
length, lies in the neighborhood of 4°.
"An endeavor has been made with the minimum temperature as starting
point to obtain an expression of the relative quantities of heat which were of
importance for the rate of rotation under the main experiment. The numbers
obtained, which are called ' active quantities of heat ', show that there is a very
complete agreement between fluctuations in these and in the rate of rotation,
the fluctuations showing a perfect sjmchronization under the conditions observed.
"A comparative experiment with twining bean plants showed that quite a
similar daily periodicity in the growth in length and rate of rotation of the
stem can also be seen in them and is also determined here by the temperature.
It is probable that the growth movements in many plants living under climatic
conditions such as ours, where great temperature fluctuations occur in a diuiiial
period, have a diurnal periodicity which follows that of the temperature."
Fertilizer experiments by the German Hop Culture Association with
phonolite meal and 40 per cent potash salt in 1913, F. Wagnee (Prakt. Bl.
Pflan^enhau u. Schiitz, n. sen, 12 {WU, Nos. 1, pp. 9-12; 2, pp. 22, 3.3).— This
paper reports a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 527),
and gives results that show superiority of the potash salt over phonolite
meal, both by direct application and in its after effect.
Tests of selections from hybrids and commercial varieties of oats, C. W.
Warbukton, L. C. Burnett, and H. H. Love {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 99 {1914),
pp. 25, figs. 6). — Results of comparative yield tests are reported between numer-
528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ous pure-line selections from commercial varieties of oats and hybrids secured
in crossing some of these pure-line selections, under the various climatic and
soil conditions found at McLean, 111., the Iowa, Nev^^ York Cornell, Pennsyl-
vania, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Minnesota experiment
stations, and the Arlington, Va., Experimental Farm.
The system of numbering and methods of testing and of making the selec-
tions are described. From these results it seems that hybrids resulting from
the use of varieties Welcome, Sixty-Day, Probsteier, Burt, Danish Island,
Asia Minor Rustproof, and Silvermine have proved among the most valuable,
but none of the hybrids yielded persistently higher than the pure-line selections
at any location.
It is noted that at Cornell Station, and similarly at other places, " the
variation in results and in the relative yields of the different strains from
year to year has been considerable. This is well shown by the yields of the
best ten hybrids and selections for each year. In certain years the earlier
strains represented by the Burt and Sixty-Day types are the best yielders,
while in other years the later types represented by the Silvermine or Welcome
yield best. This place variation operates to make one-year varietal tests in-
conclusive, [as] imusual conditions affecting the results may arise in any
season."
Nitrogenous fertilizers with spring oats, J. B. Martin (Vie Agr. et Rurale,
3 (1914), ^o. 21, pp. 575-577). — More satisfactory results are reported in several
experiments by the use of 160 kg. nitrate of soda, one-half applied at seeding
time and one-half 15 days later, than with 120 kg. sulphate of ammonia, 60 kg.
sulphate of ammonia and 80 kg. nitrate of soda, or 160 kg. nitrate of soda in
one application.
Influence of nitrates on the germinative period of oats, F. Plate (Atti R.
Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. r Xat., 5. scr., 23 (19U), I, Nos. 3, pp.
161-164; 7, pp. 506-512) .—These articles continue previous work (E. S. R., 31,
p. 231), in which the nitrates of many cations were used, in water solutions of
varying concentrations, to fertilize the germinating seeds. The influence of these
cations is discussed and results given in terms of weight of entire seedlings,
length of radicle, and length of culm.
Aluminum seemed to act favorably on the young plants, tin and lead with
an increase of dilution, while cerium and thorium caused the plants to die.
Chromium and manganese had a similar and depressing effect on the growth.
Nitrate of uranium killed all of the plants. Iron, cobalt, and nickel nitrates
gave negative results. The development correlation of other nitrates is given
as follows: Rb> Sr> K> Ca> Na> Li> Mg> [Mn> Cr] > Zn> Al
Information on peanuts, A. C. Tonnelier (Bol. Min. Agr. [Buenos Aires'\,
16 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 636-641, fig. D- — This paper continues work previously
noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 231), and notes further the advantage of shelling the
peanuts before planting as a means of reducing the cost of seeding without a
proportional reduction in yield. Chemical analyses are included.
Varieties of potatoes, A. C. ToNNELrEB (Variedades de Papas. Buenos Aires:
Min. Agr., 1913, pp. 147, figs. 155). — This article gives cultural notes and meth-
ods used for several hundred varieties of potatoes studied experimentally at
C6rdoba from 1910-1912.
Potato growing in New York State (N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 57 (1914), pp.
1051-1173, figs. 43). — This bulletin consists of 18 papers by different authors,
touching upon the history, cultural methods, breeding methods, diseases and
insect enemies, marketing, and food value of the potato.
Crosses between summer rape and turnip, E. Baub (Jahresber. Vei: Angew.
Bot., 11 (1913), pi. 1, pp. 117, 118).— It is noted that the Fi generation of this
FIELD CROPS, 529
cross was similar and intermediate between the parents, while the F2 genera-
tion was composed of individuals of every degree of characteristics between
the original parents.
On the physiology of germination of Oryza sativa, M. Ak^mine (Fiihling's
Landw. Ztg., 63 (1914), No. S, pp. 78-93). — From the I'esults of experiments con-
ducted at Sapporo, Japan, since 1909, the author announces the following con-
clusions in regard to the germination of rice :
The maximum, optimum, and minimum germinating temperatures are 40°,
30 to 35°, and 10 to 13° C, respectively. Light had no influence, light rays of
different refrangibility having the same value. Rice seed germinated as well
in water as in air, whether hulled or unhulled, or whether or not the water
had the oxygen expelled by boiling. The plumule, radicle, and crown roots
appeared quicker when the seed was germinated in air than when germinated
in water. The elongation of the plumule proceeded more rapidly in water than
in air, while the reverse was true for the radicle and crown roots. Frequently
changing the water and the depth of water over the seeds within the limits
of 3 to 20 cm. had no influence upon hastening the germination of the seeds.
The most favorable degree of moisture for the seed ranged from 60 to 95 per
cent of the water-holding power of the germinating medium. Rice kernels
absorb 25 to 30 per cent of their air-dry weight of water, but may be brought
to germination after they have taken up 25 i>er cent of their air-dry weight.
The loss in weight of the unhulled seed during the swelling period of 20 days,
with the temperature ranging from 10 to 15°, was 1.5 per cent of their weight.
New varieties of rice from Japan, P. Poli (Oior. Risicolt., 4 (1914), Nos. 6,
pp. 82-87, figs. 8; 7, pp. 100-102, figs. 4)- — These articles describe six varieties
of rice imported into Italy in 1913.
Rice cultivation and milling in Burma, M. K. Moorhead (Daily Cons, and
Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 17 {1914), No. 109, pp. 768-774). —Industrial conditions and
methods of cultivation, including implements used and values of rice in several
Provinces of Burma, are described.
Nitrogenous fertilizer for rye, V. Rygula (Ztschr. Landw. Kammrr Schle-
sien, 18 (1914), No. 15, pp. 686-688, figs. 2). — This gives results of experiments
which indicate that rye following oats requires a nitrogenoiis fertilizer, that
part may be applied in the fall in the form of sulphate of ammonia, and that
the spring application may either be nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia.
Tubers of Solanum commersonii, L. Wittmack (Jahresber. Ver. Angew.
Bot., 11 {1918), pt. 1, p. 119). — This notes a tuber about 5 by 6 em. produced on
a plant of 8. commersonii, and also an aerial tuber on the ordinary potato plant.
Analyses of soy beans from Tonkin {Agron. Colon., 1 {1913), No. 9, p. 87). —
Analyses of two new white varieties of soy beans show a range in fat content
from 16.4 to 18.42 per cent and in protein from 38.1 to 42.5 per cent.
Variability in chemical composition of the offspring of a single mother
beet in the first generation, K. Andrlik and J. Urban (Ztschr. Zuckerindus.
Bohmen, 38 (1914), No. 7-8, pp. 339-355, figs. 7).— This reports results of
analyses of about 100 representative individual plants taken from a plat that
had been planted to seeds of a single mother beet in order to determine the
ranges of variability in the composition of individuals of a single generation.
The range of sugar content was from 15 to 18.55 per cent. The ranges of
variability of the different determinations, in terms of the average content, are
given as follows : Of dry matter in the roots 33.4 per cent, dry matter in the
tops 71.9, ash in the roots 64.7, ash in the tops 81.8, nitrogen in the roots 88.2.
nitrogen in the tops 67.1, green weight of the roots 193, green weight of the tops
189 per cent, and sugar content 28.o per cent.
^
530 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Work at the several fields of the experiment stations for the Java sugar
industry, 1912, J. Schuit {Meded. Frocfstat. Java-Suikerindus., 4 (1914), No.
20, pp. 317-412; A7-ch. Snikerindus. Nederland. Indie, 22 {1914), No. 7, pp. 21S-
308). — Results are here given in tabular form and discussed regarding yields
and soil analyses of about 100 experimental fields.
Experiments in thinning out sugar cane rows, A. H. Rosenfeld (Inter-
nat. Sugar Jour., 16 {1914), No. 185, pp. 220, 221).— Data, obtained from thinned
and unthinned plats of sugar cane show that there was nothing gained by
thinning sugar cane, for it is stated that a " considerable amount of cane is
lost, apart altogether from the expenses of the thinning operations themselves.
From the very slight difference in the average weight per stalk in the two lots,
it will be seen that in the first year at least the thinning out has not increased
the size of the stalks left growing. Fifty kg. more cane per row were obtained
from the lot not thinned out; that is, a difference in favor of this lot of more
than 3 tons per hectare. This difference is slight in itself, but it certainly
serves to indicate that it is not advantageous to thin out the rows."
The shipment of seed cane specimens, J. A. Hall, Jr. {La. Planter, 50
{1913), No. 23, p. 366, fig. 1). — This article notes a method of shipping seed
cane in tin cans 18 in. long by 3 in. in diameter, in which the pieces of cane
are packed in loose, damijened charcoal.
A rational system of payment for cane, L. G. Camp {La. Planter, 50 {1913),
No. 23, pp. 363, 364, fid- i)- — This article describes and discusses methods by
which the producer in Cuba and other parts of the West Indies is generally
paid for the sugar value of his cane on the basis of the average selling price
of sugar during the fortnight in which the cane was delivered. In Cuba the
average is about G per cent in sugar on the weight of cane.
Tobacco growing in Ireland {Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 14
{1914), No. 2, pp. 320-337; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1914), No. 1,
p. 58). — Results of experiments embracing 108 acres, by 20 growers, showed the
cost of pipe tobacco to be 10.9d. (22 cts.) per pound and £27 Is. ($131.64) per
acre, and of cigarette tobacco 11.2d per pound and £40 os. 2d. per acre.
A Ruakura experiment, P. McConnbxl {Jour. Agr. [^eio Zeal.], 7 {1913),
No, S, pp. 252-259, figs. 3). — In a fertilizer experiment with Swedish turnips it
is noted that in general phosphatic manures showed better results than any
other fertilizer, but in conjunction with kainit lower yields were obtained
than when superphosphate was used alone. " This may to some extent be ac-
counted for by the fact that when the seeds and manures were sown there was
not sufficient moisture in the soil to dissolve the injurious salts in the kainit,
resulting in an injury to the germination ; and it is a well-known fact that
potassic manures are better applied some time previous to the sowing of the
seed. It will also be noticed that the basic superphosphate and sulphur and the
basic slag and sulphur plats have given a greater yield than the basic slag and
kainit or basic slag and basic superphosphate plats. The addition of sulphur has,
however, considerably increased the cost, and it seems strange that sulphur
should be so dear in a country where it is so plentiful."
On the physiology of germination in connection with internal factors in
wheat, H. Nilsson-Ehle {Ztschr. Pflanzonzucht., 2 {1914), No. 2, pp. 153-187,
pi. 1). — Based upon the assumption that the red and white color factors of the
wheat kernels were coupled with the germinative resistance of new wheat, the
author announces the following conclusions from results of several years of
experimenting:
The ability of a wheat to germinate quickly or slowly after maturity (germi-
nation resistance to weather conditions) was found to be a variety character-
istic, segregating in the customary manner in hybrids. This physiological
FIELD CROPS. 531
character is deternuned by other internal factors which are esseatially inde-
pendent of the physiological characters hardiness and earliness, as shown in
comparisons of different varieties and lines as well as in hybrid segregations.
It is deemed possible to combine to a greater or lesser degree the germination
resistance with hardiness and earliness.
The relative diffex'ences in the germinating conditions of wheat varieties are
qualified by several internal inherited factors. Among these inherited factors
the red factor, which produces the red color of the seed coat, plays a greater
part than the inhibiting factor during the early stage after maturity. The
white varieties, which do not contain the red factor, germinate easiest, the
single red factor variety next, and the many-factored retl variety the slowest.
The specific germinative conditions of different varieties will be only partly
influenced by the red factors, other internal factors also operating. At the same
time the seed maturity and the specific seed maturation period of different
varieties are essentially independent of the red factor and of other internal
factors; the red factors work, however, as the inhibiting factors in the same
direction as does faulty seed maturity.
The determined facts elucidate, from a new viewpoint, the important germi-
native physiological role which the seed coat plays, especially the cork layer in
which the influence of the re<l factors is localized. The white- and single-factor
red variety investigated showed somewhat more rapid absorption of water than
did the multi-factored red variety. The germination inhibiting effect of the
red factors is traceable, in part at least, to the fact that these factors not only
influence the color, but also the structure of the seed coat.
The clairii that the true seed coat of the ripe wheat kernel consists of only
two cell layers, to the inner of which the integument belongs, is held to
be in error. The author states that the seed coat always consists of two
completely free skins, insoluble in concentrated sulphuric acid. Each of
these in the red variety consists of two cell layers, and in the white variety the
inner one in mature kernels is entirely structureless.
A bibliography of 32 titles is attached.
A case of repulsion in wheat, F. L. Englebow (Proc. Camhridge Phil. Soc,
It (1914), No. 5, pp. 433-435). — Results are here given of a cross between
Smooth Black and Rough Chaff wheat. The 213 plants of F2 generation segre-
gated rough black 120. rough white 43. smooth black 47. and smooth white 3,
which corresponded closely with the theoretical expectation of 109.8 : 49.9 :
49.9 : 3.3. The application of methotls of determining the best coupling and
repulsion series for these observations are discussed.
Studies on the stems of wheat, L. Blaringhem and E. Mii;GE (Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 157 {1913), No. 25, pp. 14511-1460) .—This notes some results
in crossing pure lines of Triticum vulgare, T. dicocciim, and T. turgidum
which, the author states, indicate the mosaic in the anatomical characters.
On the production of hybrids between wild and cultivated wheats, Blar-
inghem (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 5, pp. 346-349, fig.
1). — The author notes in the results of this cross the dominance of flinty albu-
min and triangular shape to amylaceous albumin and rounded shape and
wrinkled.
Increase of the productivity of Hungarian wheat by means of selection,
E, Grabner {Koztelek [Budapest], 23 {1913), No. 99, pp. 3331-3333; al)s. in
Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914),
No. 3, p. 352). — This notes the improvement of some Hungarian wheats by
selection to increase the number of kernels per spikelet.
Characters of the grain in varieties of Hungarian pedigree wheat and
their hereditary transmission, E. Obekmayer {Koztelek [Budapest], 23 {1913),
532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
No. 93, pp. 3133, 3134; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel,
and Plant Diseases, 5 (19 W, No. 3, pp. 351, 352).— It is noted that the selected
forms of Hungarian wheat from the same variety differ not only in their
development and in the morphological peculiarities of the plants, but also in
the character of the kernels, and that these characters breed true.
Seeding' wheat in Oklahoma, A. H. Wbight (Oklahoma Sta. Circ. 32 (1914),
pp. 3-8). — Cultural methods are here described for producing wheat under
Oklahoma conditions.
Results of seed inspection, 1913, J. P. Helyab (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 266
(1914), pp. 3-39). — This bulletin gives results of the inspection of seeds for
1913, with comments and some directions for sampling and sending samples of
seeds to be inspected, and gives the text of the New Jersey seed law.
Combating weeds, with special reference to calcium cyanamid and kainit,
Opitz (Ztschr. Landw. Kammer Schlesien, 18 (1914), No. I4, pp. 617-622). —
Results here noted show iron sulphate, sulphuric acid solution, and some
proprietary preparations to have been satisfactory. Those obtained with
calcium cyanamid and kainit, used at the rate of 100 and 600 kg. per hectare,
respectively, were unsatisfactory.
Weeds, R. H. Biffen (Jour. Roy. Agr. 80c. England, 74 (1913), pp. 376-
579). — Notes on and methods of eradication of the following weeds are here
presented: Spcrgula arvcnsis. Polygonum persicaria, Orohanche minor, and
dodder.
HORTICULTURE.
Manual of horticulture, G. Bassotti ( Vademeoum do Horticultor. Sao Paulo,
Brazil, 1913, pp. XII +556, figs. 267).— Fart 1 of this manual deals with the
general principles of horticulture. Part 2 takes up in alphabetical arrange-
ment the botany, culture, and uses of all of the more important vegetables,
pot hei-bs, etc. A similar brief treatment of the pineapple is appended.
Everyman's garden every week, C. A. Selden (New York, 1914, pp- XIV -{-
338). — A popular treatise on kitchen and ornamental gardening. Aside from
the general considerations relative to preparation of the soil, fertilizing, pro-
tection against pests, etc., the chapters of the book are placed in chronological
order with reference to the various garden operations for the year. These
operations are arranged for the most part under the weeks in which they best
may be done.
The gardener's pocket manual, F. F. Rockwell (New York, 1914, PP- 90,
figs. 33). — ^A manual of information and data covering various operations in
connection with the flower garden, the vegetable garden, and the home grounds
in general.
The carbon nutrition of horticultural plants, H. Fischer (Gartenflora,
63 (1914), No. 6, pp. 125-132). — In continuation of previous investigations rela-
tive to the value of carbonic acid gas as a plant nutrient (E. S. R., 28, p. 837),
the author here describes experiments conducted in a greenhouse with various
horticultural plants. Although working conditions were at times unfavorable,
the results as a whole tend to confirm the author's previous conclusion that the
development of both foliage and flowers is stimulated by an excess of cai-bonic
acid in the air. The yield of tomatoes was practically doubled by the car-
bonic acid treatment, and the yield of cucumbers was increased about 12.5
per cent. In the case of treated and untreated cuttings of fuchsia plants,
practically no difference was noted in the time of rooting, but the treated
I)lants came into bloom quicker, and the blooming period was prolonged for
several weeks. A number of other plans gave more or less successful results
when grown with an excess of carbonic acid in the air.
HORTICULTURE. 533
The general conclusiou is reached that the question of carbon nutrition is
of great importance in plant culture and should be widely investigated. From
his investigations as a whole, the author is of the opinion that the increaseil
flower development under carbonic acid treatment is due to a certain excess of
carbohydrates over the soil nutrients. The fact that 0.03 per cent of carbonic
acid has usually been considered as sufficient for plant growth is attributed to
the failure to conduct investigations in the presence of a sufficient amount of
light for the greater utilization of carbonic acid.
Another hypothesis to account for Dr. Swingle's experiments with citrus,
A. C. and A. L. IIagedoorn {Amer. Nat., 48 (1914), No. 511, pp. U6-U8).— The
authors advance the hypothesis that Citrus trifoliata, the lemon, orange, and
other citrus fruits used in Swingle's cross-breeding experiments (E. S. R., 29,
p. 839) are self-sterile and that the seeds, normally produced, are produced
asexually with a resulting trueness to type. Likewise, although the plants
secured from a first cross differ exceedingly among themselves, these new
forms reproduce only their own kind because they normally produce seed
asexually.
The authors have begun an experiment with squashes to find out whether
it is possible that a plant impure for a number of genes produces a variable F2
generation of only completely homozygous plants. Certain hybrid plants in
which the female buds have been carefully sealed have pi'oduced no fruit;
others have produced plenty of empty fruit ; and still others have produced
several fruits full of viable seed. These seeds are to be grown with a view
to studying the F2 generation.
Fertilizer experiments with, muskmelons, J. W. Lloyd {Illinois Sta. Bui.
155, Ahs. (1912), pp. Jf, figs. 2). — A summarized account of experiments previ-
ously noted (E. S. U.. 28. p. 40).
Onion culture on muck lands, C. P. Halligan (Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. 67
(1914), PP- S-18, figs. 12). — A practical treatise on onion culture with special
reference to muck lands. It discusses the drainage and preparation of soils,
various cultural operations, harvesting, storing, and varieties.
Spray and practice outline for 1914, H. J. Eustace and R. H. Pettit
(Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. 69 (1914), pp. 24, figs. 7). — This bulletin contains
general spraying directions for the treatment of orchard and small fruits and of
vegetables.
The relation of ventilation to the keeping qualities of fruits and vege-
tables, G. R. Hill, Jr. (Wash. UniA:. [St. Louis] Studies, 1 (1913), I, No. 1, pp.
46-64). — A report on the author's experimental studies on the respiration of
fruits and growing plant tissues, the substance of which has been largely noted
from another source (E. S. R., 29, p. 538). In addition to the work with fruits,
the present paper contains some additional data on the keeping qualities of
lettuce with good ventilation, and with no ventilation in air, in nitrogen, and
in carbon dioxid.
Methods of heating commercial greenhouses, C. Pynaert (Jour. Soc. Nat.
Hort. France, 4- ser., 15 (1914), May, pp. 336-348, pi. 1). — A descriptive account
of various greenhouse heating systems, including the results obtained the first
winter from a steam plant installed in a greenhouse establishment in Ghent.
The status of fruit culture in Tunis and Algeria, L. Guillochon (Bui. Dir.
G6n. Agr. Com. et Colon. Tunis, 18 (1914), Nos. 14, pp. 87-103; 76, pp. 219-
241)- — This embraces the results of a general survey of the fruit industry in
various parts of Tunis and Algeria.
The blooming time of fruit trees, J. P. M. Cam man (Maandbl. Nederland.
Pomol. Ver., 4 (1914), No. 5, pp. 94-99). — Data for the beginning and end of the
blooming period are given for numerous varieties of apples and pears growing
534 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
in the Zeeland Horticultural Garcleus. Tbe data given cover the period 1905 to
1913, inclusive.
The pollination of apples and pears, G. H. West {Trans. Eans. State Hort.
Soc, 32 (1912-13), pp. 38-50). — This is largely a review of the American litera-
ture on the subject.
The influence of chemical fertilizers on the ripening time of pears, G.
RivifeRE and G. Bailhache (Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 4. ser., 15 (1914),
June, pp. 435-438). — The results of the authors' experiments with pear trees as
determined for the first season indicate that a complete fertilizer may retard
rather than hasten the inpening period of i^ears.
Olive culture in Tunis, C. Campbell (Bui. Dir. Gen. Agr. Com. et Colon.
Tunis, 18 {1914), No. 18, pp. 375-388).— A brief survey of the olive industry in
Tunis with special reference to cultural conditions and types of olives grown
there.
Study of the influence of various grape stocks on the quality and quantity
of the harvest, H. Faes and F. Porchet {Terre Vaud., 6 {1914), Nos. 15, pp.
179-181. fig. 1; 16, pp. 187, 188, fig. 1; 17, pp. 197-199, fig. 1; 23, pp. 255-257,
figs. 4; 24. pp. 265, 266, figs. 2; 25, pp. 275-277, fig. i).— In continuation of the
previous report (E. S. R., 30, p. 43) data are given for 1913 relative to the
adaptability of a number of pure American, American hybrid, and French-
American hybrid grape stocks for the Chasselas grape.
On the cultural effects of the time of pruning grapes and their i*elation
to the physiological effects, J. L. \\D\i. ■ iCompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'],
158 {1914), No. 17, pp. 1192-1194). — Pruning experiments conducted during the
3 years 1911-1013 led the author to conclude, in general, that other conditions
being equal the time of pruning moditios only slightly the number of bunches of
grapes which are borne.
With extreme late pruning the bunches are more vigorous and the i)roportion
of imperfect bunches and aborted flowers is less. The individual berries are
larger, heavier, and more numerous. The growth is more rapid for late pruned
vines and continues for a longer time. The vegetation is at times diminished
and at times increased by spring pruning just as in winter pruning. These
positive or negative variations in vegetation progress or retrogress in more or
less regular order with the progression of the time of pruning. The data here
considered deal with pruning operations conducted at intervals from the first
of January to about the middle of April. With vines pruned after the middle
of February, the later the pruning the greater the retarding effect on bud swell-
ing and the flowering season.
The cultural results here noted are attributed to a disturbance either in one
direction or the other of the stored-up food supply and the recently assimilated
material. This phase of the subject is here briefly discussed.
Spraying in relation to the flowering season, L. Lebrun {Prog. Agr. et Vit.
{Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 {1914), No. 23, pp. 711, 7i2).— Experiments and obsen-a-
tions conducted by the author in 1913 and here briefly noted indicate that
solutions of copper applied for the control of grape mildew during the blooming
period are more or less injurious to the blooms and newly-set fruit and may
result in a short crop. The application of copper salts in dust form during
the flowering period does not appear to cause such serious results.
Strawberries, J. A'ercier {Jour. Soc. Nat. Ilort. France, 4. ser., 15 {1914),
Mag, pp. 349-375, fig. 1). — This comprises the results of an investigation' with
special reference to conditions in France relative to the influence of soil and
fertilizers on the yield, chemical composition, size, and edible qualities of
strawberries.
HORTICULTURE. 535
The general conclusion is reached that although strawberries will grow on
various types of soils they will thrive best on a deep mellow soil, rich in iron
salts. Analyses of the strawberries grown on different soils and treated with
various fertilizers indicate that the fertilizer treatment should vary with the
type of soil in question in order to produce the best fruit. A number of general
fertilizer formulas for different types of soil are suggested.
Application of cold in the agricultural industry. — The conservation of
strawberries, I. Mauro (Agr. Mod. [J/iZon], 19 {1913), No. 23, pp. 210, 271,
figs. 3). — A general discussion of the application of cold storage to the preser-
vation of agricultural products, including some data on cold storage experiments
with strawberries conducted at Breganze in cooperation with A. Cogo. A
bibliography of literature on the conservation of food supplies is included.
New varieties of roselle, P. J. Wester (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.],
7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 266-269, pis. 3). — The author. here describes and names the
following varieties of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) : The Temprano, which origi-
nated at the I.amao Experiment Station ; the Archer, which was introduced
from the British West Indies; and the Altissima, which was introduced from
the Gold Coast. West Africa.
Parthenocarpy and seed formation in bananas, A. d'Angremond (Ber. Deut.
Bat. GeselL, 30 (1912), No. 10, pp. 686-691, pi. 1; Flora, n. sen, 7 (1914), No. 1,
pp. 57-110, pis. 8, figs. H). — In the first part of this paper the author gives
the principal results secured from his observations and pollination experiments
with bananas conducted in Surinam from 1901K1911. The second part of the
paper describes studies of fixed material conducted at the Ziirich Institute for
General Botany iu 1911-1913. The subject matter is discussed under the follow-
ing general headings : Morphological and experimental studies on the fruit
formation in seed-containing and seedless bananas in Surinam ; the historical
and cytological development in seed-forming and seedless bananas from Suri-
nam ; and hypothesis on the origin of edible bananas. The literature dealing
with parthenocarpy in fruits is briefiy reviewed and a bibliography is appended.
The investigation as a whole shows in brief that our common edible bananas
are naturally parthenocarpic. Their own pollen is practically sterile and the
fruit is not improved by cross-pollination. In addition to practically sterile
follen. there is a more or less complete degeneration of the embryo saclis, par-
ticularly in the Jamaica variety commonly shipped to the United States.
The changes occurring in the ripening coconut, B. M. Gonzalez y Sioco
{Philippine Agr. and Forester, 3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 25-31). — This comprises a
Iirelimiuary study of the ripening coconut with reference to the changes in size,
weight, and color of the nut and the chemical changes in the milk and solid
endosperm.
From the data thus far secured the ripening of a coconut is divided into
three periods, during the first of which there is an accumulation of invert sugar
and amino acids in the milk or watery portion ; the meat is still absent, the
shell and husk are soft and watery, and the nut as a whole has its greatest
diameter along the main axis. During the second period water is lost from the
coconut though its total weight continues to increase. Sucrose appears in the
milk and the specific gravity of the latter is high. During this period the nut
begins to acquire its greatest diameter in a direction at right angles to the
main axis. During the third period of ripening there is a sudden rise in the
content of oil in the endosperm and the specific gravity of the milk falls owing
to the transfer of nutrient materials or to respiration. During this period the
shell becomes impervious and the drying out of the husk results in loss in
weight, thus overbalancing the gain in weight due to other changes.
636 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD.
The macapuno coconut, B. M. Gonzalez y Sioco (Philipinne Agr. and For-
ester, 8 (1914), No. 2, pp. 31, 32). — A brief descriptive account is given of the
macapuno, a sport fruit of the coconut which instead of containing water is
nearly or quite full of a viscous, white, translucent jelly whose texture next
to the shell more or less closely approaches the firmness of ordinary coconut
meat. This type of fruit occurs only in small quantities on trees bearing
normal coconuts. Thus far no way is known of distinguishing normal fruit
from macapuno fruit, except by shaking the fruit. It has been observed,
however, that the trees which bear macapuno nuts will continue to do so from
year to year.
The sex of date palm seedling's {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform.,
No. 4 (19H), pp. 159-162). — From the information thus far secured as a result
of an investigation of the reputed ability of Arabs to change the sex of date
palms, it is concluded that there is no authentic record of such changes ever
having been made.
The jaboticaba, W. Popenoe {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), No. 7, pp. 309-326,
figs. 6). — A descriptive account with illustrations is given of the jaboticaba
(llyrciaria spp.), a grapelike tree fruit collected by the author on a recent trip
of agricultural exploration in Brazil.
Cultural directions for the papaya, P. J. Wester {Philippine Agr. Rev.
[English Ed.], 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 251-257, pi. 1, figs. 3).— A brief popular
treatise on the propagation, culture, and care of the papaya, including notes
on the rejuvenation of old plants and seed selection.
Cultural experiments with medicinal plants in Korneuburg in 1913, E.
Senft {Ztschr. Landw. Verstichsw. Osten:, 17 {1914), No. 3-4, pp. 129-182).—
Results of cultural tests of a large number of medicinal plants are reported,
and some general considerations are given relative to the culture of medicinal
plants in Austria.
The National Bose Society's official catalog'ue of roses {Berkhamsted,
England, 1914, pp. 132). — This comprises a descriptive catalogue of roses
compiled under the direction of the National Rose Society of England. In
addition to the general descriptive catalogue, a descriptive list is given of the
newer roses for the period of 1910 to 1913, together with lists of roses arranged
according to the classes to which they belong and selections of roses for various
purposes.
The practical book of garden architecture, Phebe W. Humphreys {Phila-
delphia and London, 1914, pp. XV+330, pis. 83). — ^A practical treatise on garden
architecture, combining several of the author's articles on this subject which
have appeared in different publications with considerable new matter. The
work embodies many suggestions gleaned from an intimate study of beautiful
home surroundings in the form of garden architecture dur'ng extensive travels
in various European countries and throughout the United States. The text
is fully illustrated.
Rock gardens, how to make and maintain them, L. B. Meredith {New
York, 1914, 2. ed., pp. XXII +390, pis. 21, figs. 6).— In the present edition of this
work (E. S. R., 26, p. 139) the list of plants suitable for rock gardening has
been increased by the inclusion of desirable forms which have recently been put
on the market.
Trees for street and yard planting and their care, C. A. Scott {Trans.
Kans. State Hort. Soc., 32 {1912-13), pp. 25-32).— Usts are given of trees for
street and yard planting in different districts of Kansas, together with sugges-
tions dealing with the care of shade trees.
Hardy shrubs for Kansas, E. F. A. Reinisch {Trans. Kans. State Hort.
Soc., 32 {1912-13), pp. 32-85).— ThQ author here presents a list of some 36
FORESTRY. 537
kinds of trees, shrubs, and vines witli ornamental fruit which have proved to
be hardy and otherwise desirable for planting in Kansas.
FORESTRY.
Connecticut's forest taxation law {Connecticut Sta. Spec. Bui. (Forestry
Pub. 9), 1913, pp. 8, fig. 1). — A special bulletin containing the text of a law
providing a new plan of taxation of woodland which was enacted by the Con-
necticut General Assembly of 1913, and a brief discussion of its more important
features.
Administration report of the forest circleB in the Bombay Presidency,
including' Sind, for the year 1912—13 {Admin. Rpt. Forest Circles Bomhay,
1912-13, pp. 166-\-5). — This is the customary report relative to the adminis-
tration of the state forests in the Northern, Central, and Southern Circles of
the Bombay Presidency, and of Sind, including a financial statement for the
year 1912-13. All important data relative to alterations in forest areas, forest
surveys, prepai-ation of working plans, forest protection, silvicultural operations,
exploitation, yields, revenues, etc., are appended in tabular form.
Annual progress report on forest administration in the Province of Bihar
and Orissa for the year 1912—13, H. Carter {Ann. Rpt. Forest Adtnin. Bihar
and Orissa, 1912-13, pp. 6+18-\-XXXVII-\-o). — A report similar to the above
relative to the administration and management of the state forests in the
Province of Bihar and Orissa for the year 1912-13.
Progress report of forest administration in the Punjab for the year
1912-13, W. Mayes {Rpt. Forest Admin. Punjab, 1912-13, pp. 10+20+LI).—
A report similar to the above on the administration and management of the
state forests in Punjab for the year 1912-13.
Observations on the edge of the forest in the Kodiak region of Alaska, R.
F. Geiggs {Bui. Torrey Bot. Club., 4I (1914), No. 7, pp. 381-385, fig. 1).—A
brief study of the natural extension of the forest boimdaries in the Kodiak
region of Alaska.
The conversion of coppice-with-standards into high forest in France,
R. S. Troup {Quart. Jour. Forestry, 8 {WW, No. S, pp. 208-212, pis. 3).— A
brief descriptive account of the systems employed in France in the conversion
of coppice-with-standards into high forests.
On natural and artificial regeneration in the forests of north Sweden, E.
WiBECK {Meddel. Stat. Skogsforsoksanst. {Mitt. Forstl. Vers. Anst. Schwe-
dens). No. 10 {1913), pp. 91-138, XI-XVI, figs. i3).— Results are given of both
natural and artificial regeneration studies with pine and spruce in north
Sweden, including results to date of forest planting work in that region.
Three thinning areas in the Skagersholm state forest, G. Schotte {Meddel.
Stat. Slcogsforsoksatist. {Mitt. Forstl. Vers. Anst. Schwedens), No. 10 {1913),
pp. 181-210, XXIII-XXVII, pis. 2, figs. i3).— Thinning experiments in mixed
coniferous forests conductwi under the direction of the Swedish Forestry
P^xperiment Station are here reported.
Recent ecological investigations, H. de Forest {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters,
9 {1914), No. 2, pp. 161-176). — A brief review of some of the recent develop-
ments in ecological investigations, including a bibliography of cited literature.
The determination of site qualities for even-aged stands by means of a
site factor, E. J. Hanzlik {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 9 {1914), ^0. 2, pp.
229-234)- — -^ comparative analysis of the cubic volume and formula methods
of determining site qualities for even-aged stands, as applied chiefly to Doug-
las fir stands in Washington and Oregon.
62591°— No. 6—14 4
538 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Yield in uneven-aged stands, B. Moore (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 9
(1914), No. 2, pp. 216-228). — In this paper tlie author analyzes the fundamental
difficulties met with in the application of existing methods of determining
yields in uneven-aged stands and offers suggestions relative to new methods
or modifications of already existing methods.
Determination of stocking- in uneven-aged stands, W. W. Ashe {Proc. 8oc.
Amer. Foresters, 9 (1914), No. 2, pp. 204-206, figs. 2).— The author briefly
describes a method of determining the proportion of stocking in uneven-aged
stands. This method, it is believed, is applicable for use in connection with
any species which occasionally forms pure even-aged groups.
The measurement of increment on all-aged stands, H. H. Chapman {Proc.
Soc. Atner. Foresters, 9 {1914), A'o. 2, pp. 189-203, fig. 1). — A similar paper by
the author has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 27, p. 647).
The use of yield tables in predicting growth, E. E. Carter {Proc. Soc.
Amer. Foresters, 9 {1914), No. 2, pp. 1117-188). — A discussion of the nature and
use of yield tables as applied chiefly to pure, unthinned stands of New Eng-
land white pine.
Experiments on eccentric growth of ask, Somerville and A. G. Harper
{Quart. Jour. Forestry, 8 {1914). No. 3, pp. 218-229, pi. i).— The authors here
report data on the eccentric growth of some 5-year-old ashes which were bent
over permanently or intermittently in one or more different directions.
The hardwoods, F. W. Neger {Die Laubholzer. Berlin and Leipsic, 1914,
pp. 160, figs. 74)- — This comprises brief descriptions of the native trees and
shrubs of central Europe, Including the more important cultivated forms.
Accretion in the lower part of the steins of both pine and spruce, A.
Maass {Meddel. Stat. SkogsfiJrsoksanst. {Mitt. Forstl. Vers. Anst. Schwede^is),
No. 10 {1913), pp. 45-58, V. VI, figs. 2). — The author here reports a statistical
study of accretion in the stems of pine and spruce between the base of the tree
and breast high (1.3 meters) from the ground.
In the case of pines there appears to be no definite relation between the
measurement at 1.3 meters and the diameter accretion either above or below
this measurement. In spruce there appears to be no definite relation between
the diameter at breast height and diameters above this measurement, but there
is a relation between breast-high measurements and the lower part of the
trunk.
The stem height in normal pine stands, A. Maass {Meddel. Stat. Skogs-
forsoksanst. {Mitt. Forstl. Vers. Anst. Schicedens), No. 10 {1913), pp. 59-66.
VII, VIII, figs. 5). — With yield data secured from 79 pine stands in difiierent
parts of Sweden as a basis, the author has platted height and diameter curves
for pine trees belonging to different locality classes.
On some transverse tests of Australian and foreign timbers, J. Nangle
(Jour, and Proc. Roij. Soc. N. S. Wales. 47 {1913), pt. 2, pp. 165-173).— A paper
on this subject read before the Royal Society of New South Wales. October 1,
1913, in which are presented tabulated re.sults of tests of a large n..mber of
commercial timbers. The data given .show the breaking load in pounds, modulus
of rupture and of elasticity in pounds per square inch, and rate of load in
pounds per minute.
Fire damage in mature timber, J. A. Mitchell {Proc. Soc. Amer. For-
esters, 9 {1914), No. 2, pp. 239-244). — The author here presents data dealing
with the susceptibility to damage and the power of recovery of various species
as observed on the Klamath and Shasta National Forests during the two years
1910 and 1911.
Preservative treatment of timber for estate purposes, J. F. Annand
{Quart. Jour. Forestry. 8 {1914), No. 3. pp. 169-186).— The results are given
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 539
of experiments with saponified creosote and naphthalin by the open-tank method
of treating timber.
The data given are for Scots pine and. spruce timber, a small quantity of un-
seasoned larch timber having been used for comparison. From the results thus
far secured the following deductions are made :
The addition of 0.25 per cent or less of caustic soda In pure creosote improves
penetration in the case of timbers which take the preservative with difficulty.
Saponification of the creosote makes it possible to dilute the preservative by
the addition of water and thus cheapens the creosoting process. Saponified
diluted creosote may be claimed as a cheap effective substitute for the " Reup-
ing " process of professional creosoters. Average creosote may be diluted to as
much as half its full strength with good results. Naphthalin proved to be an
excellent preservative and discolored the timber less than creosote. Large
quantities of naphthalin are taken up by most timbers, hence its cost as a
preservative is practically the same as creosote. Green timber can be treated
with naphthalin quite as effectively as air-dried timber.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Diseases and parasites of the principal cultivated plants, A. Canevaei
{Malattie e Parassiti delle Principali Piante Coltivate e loro Rimedii. Catania,
Italy, 1913, pp. 374, fiffS. 101). — Descriptions are given of the principal fungus
and insect pests as well as the diseases due to malnutrition and other physio-
logical disturbances, and where known, suggestions are offered for their control.
The diseases and injuries of cultivated plants in 1911 {Ber. Landw.
Reichsamte Innern, Xo. 30 (1914), pp. VIII-{-339, fig. 1). — After reviewing the
weather conditions in Germany in 1911 a description is given of the influence of
diseases and other injuries on the yields of some of the more important crops.
Following this, reviews are given of the literature relating to the more im-
portant injuries to cultivated plants and of recent publications relative to ap-
paratus and materials used in plant protection. The publication concludes with
a review of six years' work, 190(>-1911, on plant protection work undertaken
by the Imperial Biological Institute of Agriculture and Forestry.
[Report on plant protection in Baden, 1912], C. von Wahl and K. MtJLLEE
{Ber. GrossJi.. Bad. Landw. Vers. Anst. Augustenb., 1912, pp. 89, fig. 1). — This
report deals comprehensively with the diseases and insect enemies of gi'aiies,
fruits, berries, grains, tubers, forage plants, vegetables, etc., and the remedies
tried or proposed. The influence of the dry hot summer season of 1911 is also
discussed. Publications issued by the station or other related contributions ap-
pearing in 1912 are listed.
Division of plant pathology and mycology, I. B. P. Evans {Union So.
Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1912-13, pp. 169-183, pis. 19).— After a brief description
of the new laboratory for plant pathology and mycology, the author describes
the most conspicuous diseases observed during 1912-13. Among the fungus dis-
eases of economic importance reported from South Africa for the first time are
apple tree disease {Cytospora leucostoma), apricot and nectarine tree disease
(Calospha'ria princeps), fescue grass ergot {Claviceps purpurea), lemon scab
(Cladosporiiim citri), orange fruit scab {Sporodesmium sp.), onion scab (Ver-
miciilaria circinans and Mystrosporium alliorum), orange leaf blotch (Pleospora
disrupta), peach mold (Fusarivm putaminum), pomegranate rot (Sterigmato-
cystis sp.), potato stalk or sclerotium disease (Sclerotinia .tclerotiornm) , sugar
cane diseases due to a species of Sphferonema and a species of Phoma, and a
bacterial disease of tobacco similar to that known as the Granville tobacco wilt
in the United States,
540 EXPERIMENT STATIOiST RECORD.
[Reports from Dutch East Indies on plant diseases], Knischewsky
(Ztschr. Pflanzenkranlc, 23 {1913), No. 6, pp. 338-345) .—Bviet notes are given
regarding attacks, injuries, and diseases affecting economic plants in the Dutch
East Indies, particularly tobacco, coffee, rubber, and cacao, with citations to
some articles published reporting inA'estigations thereon.
Culture experiments with rust fung'i, H. Klebahn {Ztschr. Pflanzenkranlc.,
24 {19U), No. 1, pp. 1-32, figs. 23).— Reporting work done in 1912 and 1913 in
continuance of that previously noted (E. S. R.. 28, p. 242), the author deals in
considerable detail with the various factors affecting viability and germination
of the teleutospores and the duration of germinability by uredospores, some new
hosts of Cronartimn asclepiadeum and of Coleosporium spp., and some studies on
Puccinia malvaceartim.
Experiments with Puccinia spp. show that repeated soaking with fresh water,
preferably alternating with fairly complete drying out, is a large factor in de-
termining duration of viability in teleutospores. Tbe air content of the water
is perhaps also influential in this regard. Winter cold is thought to be neither
essential nor influential as regards viability of teleutospores. Uredospores ob-
tained early in August and later placed on germinating wheat showed a de-
crease of germinability with age, scarcely any germinating when sown after
being kept dry for 2^ months.
Infl.uence of the host on the morphological characters of Puccinia ellisiana
and P. andropogonis, W. H. Long ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
2 (1914), No. 4, pp. 303-319). — In continuation of a previous note on the possi-
bility of P. ellisiana having its fecial stage on Pentstemon and species of Viola
(E. S. R., 28, p. 551), the author has continued his investigations and presents
the results of cultural data, in which numerous inoculations were made, show-
ing that P. ellisiana has two widely separated fecial hosts, Viola and Pent-
stemon.
The infection of Pentstemon is vigorous and abundant and the characters of
the fungus are completely changed after passing through Pentstemon assuming
in every essential feature those belonging to the Pentstemon rust, P. andro-
pogonis. The characters of the rust obtained by inoculating species of Viola
with P. andropogonis are identical with those of the regular Viola rust. The
transfer of P. ellisiana from Pentstemon back to the Viola is more difficult than
from Viola to Pentstemon. It is believed that P. andropogonis may easily have
originated in nature from P. ellisiana.
Witches' broom, E. Lem£e {Jour. Sac. Nat. Hort. France, 4- ser., 15 {1914),
Apr., pp. 229-246, figs. 15). — The author illustrates and describes the witches'
brooms produced by the various rusts on fir trees and red currants; species of
Exoascus on birch, hornbeam, cherry, pear, apple, plum, and elm; those on a
number of trees caused by various insects; effect of mistletoe on junipers; and
witches' brooms on junipers, spruce, and pin<?, due to causes unknown.
The parasitism of smut fungi, W. Lang {Jahresher. Ver. Angew. Bat., 10
{1912), pp. 172-180). — A brief historical discussion is followed by an accoimt
of the author's study of grain plants affected with smut in regard to the locali-
zation and mode of invasion and the vegetative life of the parasite within the
host. It is stated that while mycelium arising from spores dusted on the
stigma develops abundantly between cells which show lessened turgor, neigh-
boring tissue retaining high turgidity is generally not invaded. Only in very
dry seasons is the mycelium checked in development before leaving the young
seed, where it enters the resting stage. The subsequent development of the
parasite is described.
An extension of the studies is contemplated.
DISEASES or PLANTS. 541
A dangerous genus (Phytophthora), A. A. L. Rutgers {Teysmannia, 24
{1913), No. 10, pp. 626-632). — Discussing briefly the genus Phytophthora, the
author compiles in brief form the dates of discovery of 14 species and one
variety, naming hosts in connection therewith.
Investigations on th,e control of disease in plants, R. H. Biffen {Jour.
Roy. Hort. Sac. [London], 89 (WIS), No. 2, pp. 318^20).— This paper, besides
giving a general discussion of plant diseases and their control, refers more par-
ticularly to the work of Biffen (E. S. R., 28, p. 147), Spinks (E. S. R., 29, p.
844), and Orton (E. S. R., 30, p. 331), dealing with immunity or susceptibility
as related to manuring and to heredity.
The preparation and composition of lime-sulphur sprays, A. A. Ramsay
(Jour. Agr. Sci. [EnglamU, 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 19Jf-201).— The author reports
a chemical study of lime-sulphur sprays in which an attempt was made to
determine the exact composition of the material as well as the most satis-
factory proportions of lime and sulphur.
From his experiments it is claimed that the ratio of lime to sulphur should
be between 1 : 2 and 1 : 1.9, the exact ratio being, probably, 1 : 1.95. The solu-
tion of lime sulphur is said to consist of calcium hydroxyhydrosulphid, cal-
cium thiosulphate, and calcium sulphate, with sulphur held in solution.
The preparation and use of lime-sulpliur mixture, L. Savastano (Prog.
Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 (1914), No. 4, pp. 109-113; R. Staz. Sper.
Agrum. e Frutticol. Acireale, Bol. 2 (1912), pp. 6). — It is claimed that a spray
mixtui'e composed of lime, sulphur, and water in the proportions by weight of
1 : 2 : 10, prepared according to the process here recommended and described
in detail, gives satisfactory results when used as either insecticide or fungi-
cide, being relatively inexpensive in comparison with Bordeaux mixture as
ordinarily employed.
Further observations on the fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixtures,
B. T. P. Barker and C. T. Gimingham (Jour. Agr. 8ci. [England], 6 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 220-232). — In continuation of a previous report on Bordeaux mixture
(E. S. R., 25, p. 458) the authors review their work and reply to criticisms
of Pickering (E. S. R., 26, p. 853). They claim that subsequent investigations
more strongly confirm their previous opinion than before.
From a study of seedlings and foliage in relation to Bordeaux mixture the
authors have come to the conclusion that living cells with readily permeable
walls of the unchanged cellulose type or its equivalent are able to produce
and absorb soluble copper from insoluble compounds, such as the basic sulphates.
The area over which a single cell can exert the solvent action is limited by
the size of the cell or by the quantity of the solvent diffusing from it. Groups
of cells acting together may cause action over a ■Rider area than isolated
cells acting singly. The fate of the organism is held to depend upon the
relation between the amount of soluble copper produced and absorbed and the
rate of growth of the organism. This is held to be a significant point in
connection with practical spraying, since it explains why at times there is
little check to the growth of a parasitic fungus after spraying. Cells with
impermeable walls possess no power of solvent action upon insoluble copper
compounds. It is held that under changed conditions cells with normally im-
permeable walls may become permeable and capable of action upon insoluble
copper compounds. This, it is believed, will explain the difference in behavior
of summer and autumn apple foliage.
Studies of mechanical frost injuries, P. Soeatjee (Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank.,
24 (1914), No. 2, pp. 65-76, pis. 3). — The author reports on further studies
(E. S. R., 30, p. 541) carried out with cereals as affected by cold and parasitic
fungi. Supporting conclusions by Voges (E. S. R., 29, p. 244), he states
542 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tbat natural or artificial cold may produce in winter cereal plants alterations
and discolorations of the membranes and vessels, which may be followed by
parasitic attack in the weakened portions. Anatomical changes are described
and illustrated.
Partial frost injury of winter cereals confused with animal injuries H.
ZiMMERMANN {Ztschv. Pflanzenlcrank., 23 {1913), No. 6, pp. 332-334, pis. 3).—
Frost injury of winter cereals resembling in its last stages that from gnawing
animals is described and illustrated. The resemblance to animal injury is
completed by attacks of semiparasitic fungi, resulting in blunt abscission of
the weakened portions.
Ophiobolus herpotrichus and stem rot of cereals, E. Voges {Ztschr.
Oaningsphysiol., 3 {1913), No. 1, pp. Jf3-83, figs. 5). — This is a more extended
account of studies previously noted ( B. S. R., 28, p. 445. )
It is stated that 0. herpotrichus is not the specific or exclusive cause of
stalk disease or foot rot of cereals (this fungus not being able to attack the
plants under normal conditions), and that the disease may be found as a
secondary phenomenon in association with one or more of several organisms
{Cladosporium herbarum, Mucor racemosm, and, more particularly, Fusarium
rubiginostim) discussed in this connection, being favored also by unseasonable
weather conditions and attacks of nematodes.
Two Michig'an bean diseases, J. H. Muncie {Michigan 8ta. Spec. Bui. 68
{1914), pp. 12, pi. 1, figs. 2). — Popular descriptions are given of the bean
anthracnose due to Glotnerella {Colletotrichum) lindemuthiana and bean
blight caused by Bacterium phaseoli. The characteristics of these diseases are
contrasted, and suggestions are given for their control.
For the anthracnose the selection of seed from pods showing no diseased
.spots is recommended, while for the bean blight disinfection of pods and selec-
tion will partially, though not completely, control the disease. In connection
with these diseases, particularly the blight, the growing of resistant varieties
is recommended.
A bacterial rot of celery, W. Wobmald {Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 {1914),
No. 2, pp. 203-219, pi. 1). — The author states that during the month of Febru-
ary, 1913, an examination was made of celery plants that were thought to be
damaged by the parasitic fungus Septoria petroselini apii. Some of the plants
were found to be in an advanced stage of decay, showing every evidence of a
soft brown rot. An examination of the tissues showed the presence of active
motile bacteria. These were isolated, and inoculation experiments showed that
the organism was capable of producing the disease in question.
A technical description is given of the organism described as Bacillus apio-
vorus n. sp. It is said that little is known concerning the conditions inducing
and favoring the development of the disease or of remedies for its prevention,
but that proper sanitary i)recautions. the destruction of all decayed plants,
and the holding in check of biting insects, slugs, and snails would probably
aid in controlling the disease.
A brief bibliography is appended.
A fungus disease of peppers (Capsicum spp.), C. K. Bancroff and R. L.
HuNTE {Jotir. Bd. Agr. Brit. Guiana, 7 {1914), No. 3, pp. 139, i.^0).— The
authors report considerable injury to peppers grown in experimental tracts at
the botanic gardens during 1913. The pods were affected and in a number of
instances the ci'op was practically worthless. A study of the cause of the
trouble showed that it was due to the fungus CoJlctotriclium mgrum. Some
varieties, such as the Long White and Long Red. appeared very susceptible
to the disease, while others were less subject to attack. Red Chili and Long
Bird were imaffected.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 543
Experiments for the control of the disease indicated that spraying with
Bordeaux mixture would keep it in check.
Further observations on Phytophthora erythroseptica and on the disease
produced by it in the potato plant, G. H. Pethybridge ( Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin
/S'oc, n. sen, U {19U), No. 10, pp. 179-198, pi. 1, figs. 2).— This paper contains
further observations on P. cri/throseptica which has been previously shown to
he the cause of a pink rot of the potato (E. S. R., 29, p. 550).
The author states that the reproductive organs of the fungus have been
found in all of the underground parts of the plant, including in one case a
luber. Plants affected with this fungus exhibit symptoms of disease in their
subaerial organs which are of the wilt type. On account of this character he
suggests that the disease be known as pink i*ot wilt. The disease is considered
contracted from the soil and is of serious consequence only in land which has
been continuously in potatoes for several seasons.
Potato leaf roll, L. von Beke (Jahresber. Ver. Angew. Bot., 10 {1912), pp.
145-155). — In a brief preliminary report of studies on potato leaf roll the
author states that the disorder is thought to be hereditary and infectious.
The trouble does not seem usually to spread from a center. Three different
forms or degrees of development are described. Field experiments continued
for three years in different jiarts of Hungary on infected and uninfected soils
showed the hereditary character of the disorder and the increase of intensity
in case of infected seed tubers when planted on infected soil, plants grown
from healthy seed on noninfected soil showing no trace of the trouble. Differ-
ences in violence of the attack appeared more closely related usually to
weather, soil. etc.. than to variety used, although two varieties used were
severely attacked. The influence of soils, elevation, climate, culture, and I'ota-
tion are briefly discussed.
In laboratory studies mycelium of each of four fungi, Fiisarium solani, F.
discolor, F. gibhosum, and F. subulaUim was used, the infection being accom-
plished by spraying or dipping on April 29. Disease symptoms appeared late
in August and on September 5 only 14 out of 120 plants tested were free from
symptoms resembling those of leaf roll.
Decisive results have not yet been obtained from field tests in which the
plants were sprayed with liquid containing spores, spraying with mycelium
appeai'ing to cause infection more readily.
Microscopic investigation of the tissue failed to show invariable correspond-
ence between the disease and the presence of mycelium. The latter was more
frequently noted in the lower third of the aerial portion and in the roots near
the surface. It was found only once in the vascular bundles of the leaves,
but commonly in the vascular bundles of the tubers near their point of attach-
ment. Young sprouts from diseased tubers showed no mycelium.
The potato diseases of Michig'an, G. H. Coons {Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui.
66 {1914), pp. 31, figs. 13). — Popular descriptions are given of the late blight,
early blight, scab. Rhizoctonia, dry rot. wet rot, deep scab, and Fusarium wilt,
all of which are reported as being present in Michigan, and in addition brief
accounts are given by E. A. Bessey of the wart disease, curly dwarf disease,
leaf roll, blackleg, and powdery scab, none of which have yet been reported
as occurring in that State. In connection with the different diseases control
measures are discussed at length.
Diseases of sugar beets, O. Fallada {Osterr. TJngar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u.
Landw., 43 {1914), No. 1, pp. 23-28, fig. i).— This is part of the 1913 report by
the author on the enemies and diseases of sugar beets, and includes brief gen-
eral notes on root rot, heart and dry rot, and scab, and also on some diseases
affecting the leaves.
544 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Identification of species of Fusarium occurring on the sweet potato,
Ipomoea batatas, H. W. Wollenwebeb (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research,
2 (1914), No. 4, pp. 251-286, pJs. 5).— The author describes 13 species and
\arieties of Fusariuiu found occurring on the sweet potato, only a few of which
are actively parasitic. The species and varieties described are F. radicicola
n. sp., F. incarnatum, F. culmorum, F. caudatum n. sp., F. caudatum volutum
n. var., F. orthoceras, F. orthoceras triseptatum n. var., F. hatatatu n. sp., F.
oxysporum, F. hyperoxysporum n. sp., F. acuminatum, Hypomyces ipomoece, and
Gibberella sauMnetii.
A bibliography of oiled literature is appended.
A disease resembling gummosis, J. A. Honing (Meded. Deli-Proefstat.
Medan, 7 (1913), No. 10, pp. 465-468). — Cases are discussed in which symptoms
(in particular the stripes near the leaf bases) closely conforming to those con-
sidered as characteristic of gummosis in tobacco, due to Bacillus solanacearum,
are claimed to have been associated with an organism differing therefrom in
some important characters. The stripes also are said to show on close inspec-
tion a greater breadtli than those due to the bacteria which cause gummosis.
Cicinnobolus parasitic on apple mildew (Oidium farinosum), O. Obeb-
STEiN (Ztschr. Pfianzcnkrank., 23 {1913), No. 7, pp. 394-396) .—The author,
noting that Cicinnobolus, previously reported by him as parasitic on Sphcerotheca
mors-uvw, has been found on oak mildew (0. quercimim) by Vuillemin (E. S.
R., 24, p. 352), also possibly on other fungi, states that he has recently been
able to confirm De Bary's listing of Cicinnobolus sp. as parasitic on 0. fari-
nosum.
Contribution to the life history and physiology of Cylindrosporium on
stone fruits, B. B. Higgins {Amer. Jour. Bot., 1 {1914), ^o. 4, pp. 145-173,
pis. 4)- — This contribution, which in its present form contains a bibliography,
has already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 750).
Peach yellows investigations, H. S. Reed {Rpt. State Ent. and Plant Path.
Va., 9 {1912-13), p. 20). — A brief account is given of a cooperative experiment
begun between the State Crop Pest Commission and the department of plant
pathology of the Virginia Station for the purpose of making investigations on
the nature and control of peach yellows. In this experiment a number of trees
from the western part of the State, where the disease was very prevalent, have
been planted in the eastern part of the State, where the disease is unknown.
These will be kept under observation and an attempt made to discover the
nature of the trouble.
Contributions on the pathology of grape stocks, J. Bernatsky (Jahresber.
Ver. Angew. Bot., 10 {1912), pp. 31-57). — Discussing disorders of grapevines
and crops as related to climate, maturity and degree of improvement in stocks,
weather and smoke, elevation and slope of land, qualities of soil and fertilizers
used, cryptogamic diseases, etc., the author mentions among injurious para-
sites noted, Botrytis and Dematophora glomerata. The latter fungus thrives
at temperatures above 7° C, inflicting much injury. It is found to be too deep
seated to be controlled by spraying, and to require employment of such physio-
logical factors as protection against strong sunlight, etc.
Control of chlorosis by acidification of soils is said to be ordinarily too expen-
sive to be practical, thus requiring the selection of varieties less sensitive to
lime.
Combating downy mildew of grape in 1913, L. Sauret {Prog. Agr. et Tit.
{Ed. VEst-Centre) , 35 {1914), No. 19, pp. 582-587).— In continuation of previous
work (E. S. R., 29, p. 50) the author gives an account of experiments con-
ducted in Narbonne in 1913 for the control of the downy mildew of grape.
DISEASES OF PLANTS, 545
Different treatments were given vines, and it was found that liquid fungicides
containing 2 l^g. of copper sulphate to 1 of lime or carbonate of soda were suf-
ficient in 1913, as in 1912, to protect completely both the leaves and the grapes.
Powdered fungicides containing copper may be successfully used, but in most
cases it was found advisable to supplement these treatments with liquid appli-
cations. The efficiency of the treatment was greatest the more nearly it was
applied at the time of susceptibility and the nearer to rains accompanied by
conditions for infection. There was found to be little choice in the use of
fungicides whether they were acid or basic, and pronounced basic solutions
gave very efficient results.
In conclusion the author states that if the fungicide is well made, abundantly
applied, and followed by the use of a powder, it is possible to protect vines
against mildew for 15 days after each application.
A preliminary report on raspberry curl or yellows, L. E. Melchers (Ohio
Nat., U (1914), Xo. 6, pp. 281-288, figs. 5).— This disease is said to be one of
the most serious to which the raspberry is subject. It has been attributed to
various causes, but it is considered by the author as identical with that de-
scribed by Detmers (E. S. R., 3, p. 411). where the disease is attributed to
bacteria. The raspberry curl is said to occur mainly on Cuthbert, Marlboro,
Golden Queen, Early King, and Herbert, the varieties being susceptible in the
order named. It generally makes its appearance the second year after planting,
although sometimes not until the third year does it become suflBciently abundant
to attract attention. After it becomes established in a plant it reappears to a
greater or less extent as long as that plant lives. One of thie more striking
symptoms of the disea.se is said to be the stunted appearance of the plant. The
canes are short and bushy, the plants flower prematurely, the leaf blades are
arched upward, and the berries mature from ten days to two weeks earlier than
the normal crop. Where berries are ripened they are small, deformed, lighf
in color, and have a disagreeable flavor.
For the control of this disease the author recommends planting of red rasp-
berries from regions where the raspberry curl is not known to be present and
the growing of varieties which are not known to be especially subject to the
disease. The plants should be set in rather light or medium heavy soil pro-
vided with adequate drainage and well manured in order to produce vigorous
growth. All plants showing the presence of the disease should be removed
and destroyed.
American gooseberry mildew, F. J. Chittenden (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc.
[London], 39 {1913), No. 2, pp. 373-378).— The progress of ^pJicerotheca mors-
uv(c attacking gooseberries at Wisley since 1910 is noted in connection with
measures for its control. Pruning was successful in 1911, but not in 1912.
Spraying with potassium sulphid in 1913 did not check the disease very effec-
tively, but did cause a considerable loss of foliage in some cases. No variety
seemed to escape the disease completely.
Observations on the perithecial stage of the American gooseberry mildew,
E. S. Salmon (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 187-193, figs.
11). — The author has reported some observations on the winter stages of the
gooseberry mildew (Sphcerotheca mors-uvw).
In 1913 the winter stage was found to be developing as early as May 26, and
by June 6 the perithecia were found In abundance. This indicated that the
winter stage may be formed almost at the beginning of an attack, the process
of inoculation, incubation, and development of both summer and winter stages
occupying only 11 days. Specimens of the w'nter stage exposed on the bush
throughout the winter did not in February show any mature asci in the
perithecia.
546 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Investigations are in progx'ess to determine under what conditions, if any.
such perithecia may mature.
Notes on a new treatment for American gooseberry mildew, G. Dorogin
iZtschr. Pflanzenhrank., 23 {1913), No. 6, pp. 33^, 335).— The author reports
some preliminary experiments.
The complete treatment as recommended for American gooseberry mildew
includes the removal and destruction in autumn of all suspected parts of the
plants, followed immediately and again in early spring by spraying plants and
earth with 1 to 3 per cent iron sulphate, and spraying the young foliage every
10 days with 0.5 vev cent soda, 0.25 per cent soda and potash, or 0.25 per cent
potash.
Disease of Veronicas, Ivy Masses (Oard. Chron., 3. ser., 55 (1914), No. 1429,
p. 335, fig. 1). — The author reports that among specimens of diseased plants
sent in for examination, one of T'. hulkeana was found to be attaclied by Perono-
spora grisea, heretofore thought to be restricted to wild species of Veronica.
The young leaves dry and wither, the under surface showing a dingy white
mildew, proving to be the fungus named. Growth in case of attack of
V. JmJkcana is checked by death of the young leaves and shoots, while some
other species of Veronica are little affected by its presence.
The diseases of nut trees, INI. B. Waite {North. Nut Growers Assoc. Proc,
4 {1913), pp. 50-59). — In this paper the author gives a brief account of the
principal diseases of the hickory, pecan, and walnut, calling attention to the
fact that the native parasites attack the introduced species to a very consid-
erable extent, while the attack on the native species is of comparatively little
consequence.
Present state of the chestnut blight, J. F. Collins {North. Nut Growers
Assoc. Proc, 4 {1913), pp. 25-29). — The author has given a popular summary
of the present state of information relating to the chestnut blight in this coun-
ti"y, and called attention to the discovery in China of a disease which is sup-
posed to be identical with the chestnut disease in this country (E. S. R., 29,
p. 753).
The question of resistance of varieties to chestnut blight is discussed at con-
siderable length. In noting its distribution the author states that it is known
to occur in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York east of the Catskills
and as far north as Lake George, and generally as far south as northern Vir-
ginia. One nursery has been reported in North Carolina as infected, and
chestnut ti'ees in British Columbia are also reported as having the disease.
The chestnut blight in Virginia, F. Gravatt {Rpt. State Ent. and Plant
Path. Va., 9 {1912-13), pp. £i-25).— The author states that chestnut blight is
established in 19 counties in northern Virginia and that the chief work carried
on in connection with this disease in Virginia has been the general inspection
of the State and the destruction of trees showing the disease in advance isolated
localities.
Warty roots of Gymnocladus canadensis, A. Sperlich {Ztschr. Pflamen-
krank., 23 {1913), No. 6, pp. 321-331, figs. 7). — Illustrations and descriptions are
given of tumorous swellings on roots of G. canadensis and other abnormalities
noted in connection therewith. It is stated that the abundant deposit of mate-
rial in the tumorous regions interferes with the normal movement of nutritive or
elaborated materials, some of the growths showing internally some characters
of branches.
Some observations on plant diseases caused by parasitic fungi, P. Magnus
{Jahrcsber. Vcr. Angcw. Bot., 11 {1913), pt. 1, pp. 14-18, fig. 1).— Noting the
progress of O'idinm quercinum in northern France, the author states that this
fungus, said to be of American origin and to attack ordinarily the American
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 547
species Quercus rubra and Q. palustris less severelj' than the European species
Q. tozza, Q. pedunculata, and Q. ccrris, has recently shown increased activity on
Q. rubra. It is said also to have been noted recently as attacking Colutea
arborescens in several places.
It is also stated that Dcedalea unicolor, usually mentioned as saprophytic on
live trees, has been noted as parasitic on JEsculiis hippocastanum, Fagus syl-
vatica, Robinia pscudacacia, Betula, Acer rubrum, and A. platanoides.
The fight against dry rot of pine and fir trees, A. Moller (Ztschr, Forst
n. Jagdw., JfG {1914), ^'O. 4, pp. 193-208). — In extension of work previously
reported (E. S. R., 23, p. 653), the author states that results of his recent
studies involving infection of pine and fir with Trametes pini support the claim
of Hartig (E. S. R., 7, p. 512) to the effect that the dry rots of these conifers
are due to the same fungus, T. pini.
Studies on dry rot attacking wood, C. Wehmee (Jahresber. Vcr. Angetc.
Bot., 11 (1913), pt. 1, pp. 106-116, figs. 5).— This article refers to work pre-
viously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 248). MeruHus lacrymans attacked wood only
when the mycelium grew out from an old infection. •
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
A review of the spread of the chief injurious animals in Russia during
1912, I. A. PoRTCHiNSKY {Ezlicg. Dept. Zeml. [Russia], 1912, pp. 351-361,
pis. 3; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 3, pp. 197-199).— A general
discussion of the subject.
The mongoose in Trinidad and methods of destroying it, F. W. Ubich
(Bd. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago Circ. 12 {1914), pp. 16, pis. 2; Bui. Dept. Agr.
Trinidad and Tobago, 13 {1914), ^o. 81, pp. 196-208, pis. 2).— The mongoose
(Flerpestes mungo), which was introduced into Trinidad about 1870 by a sugar
estate in the Naparimas for the purpose of controlling rats which were pests
in that district, has since become a pest of considerable importance.
Birds of town and country, H. W. Henshaw {Nat. Geogr. Mag., 25 {1914),
No. 5, pp. 4->-i-531, figs. 66). — A pictorial description in colors is given of 64 of
the common birds in addition to the 50 considered in the work previously noted
(E. S. R., 28, p. 853).
The food of birds, Laura Florence {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot.,
5. ser., 26 {1914), pp- 1-74)- — This report, in continuation of that previously
noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 550), presents results of examinations of the crop con-
tents of 1,390 birds. The majority of these birds are said to have been shot
while feeding on agricultural land and to have been obtained chiefly in the
northeastern counties of Scotland.
Some further observations on the dispersal of weed seeds by wild birds,
W. E. CoLLiNGE {Jour. Econ. Biol., 9 {1914), No. 2, pp. 69-71).— A brief state-
ment of the work carried on in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R.,
30, p. 248).
Insect pests and fungoid diseases [in Barbados, 1912—13], J. R. Bovell
and W. NowELL {Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barbados, 1912-13, pp. 33-43; abs. in Agr.
News [Barbados], 13 {1914), Nos. 315, pp. 170, 171; 316, p. 186).— A brief
review of the occurrence of the more important insect enemies of the year.
Insect pests in British Guiana, G. E. Bodkin {Rpt. Dept. Sci. and Agr. Brit.
Guiana, 1912-13; abs. in Agr. Neim [Barbados], 13 {1914), No. 318, i)p. 218,
219). — This report deals with the insect pests under the headings of the
principal crops of the colony.
Beport of the chief entomologist to the zemstvo on injurious insects and
diseases of plants in the Government of Taurida during the year 1912,
548 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
S. A. MoKRZECKi (AM. m Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), 8er. A, No. 10, pp. 361-
364). — ^Among the more important insects discussed are tlie pear psylla, the
gipsy moth, Phlycticnodes sticticalis, the codling moth, Itio ampelophaga,
euonymus scale, the pear thrips which was found on pear trees in Alushta, etc.
Report of the assistant entomologist to the zemstvo on injurious insects
and diseases of plants in the Government of Taurida during the year 1912,
I. M. Shtchegolev {Ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 10, pp. 357-
359). — ^A detailed report of the occurrence of the more important insect pests
of the year.
Division of entomology, annual report, 1912—13, C. P. Lounsbuby (Union
So. Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1912-13, pp. 211-296, pis. 5).— This presents details
of the work for the period from January 1, 1912, to March 31, 1913, and reports
on the occurrence of the more important pests, control measures, plant inspec-
tion, etc. A supplementary report of the Cape Province entomologist, C. W.
Mally, is appended.
Insect enemies of corn, F. Shekman, Jb. (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 35 (1914),
1^0. 5, pp. 56, figs. 21). — A popular account of the more important insect
enemies of corn with remedial measures therefor.
The insect enemies of cotton in German East Africa, H. Morstatt (Pflan-
zer, 10 (1914), Beiheft 1, pp. X+49. pis. 3).— This is a brief discussion of the
more important iUvSect enemies of cotton and control measures therefor. A
work on the insect enemies of the cotton plant in the German colonies by Aul-
mann has previously been noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 653).
The entomology of Helianthus, T. D. A. Cockeeell (Entomologist, 4^
(1914), No. 614, PP' 191-196). — A report of observations of the insect fauna of
the sunflower.
Experiments on fighting the pests of winter rape (Prel. Rpt. Bio-Ent.
Sta. Bessarabia, 1913, pp. 5; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 10,
pp. 395, 396). — The cultivation of winter rape is said to have decreased greatly
in Bessarabia, owing chiefly to the damage done to it by insect pests, the most
serious of which are the larvae of the sawfly Athalia spinarum, which feeds
usually on grasses, and Entomoscrlis orToniflis.
Insect pests of sugar cane in British Guiana, H. W. B. Moore (Abs. in Agr.
Neics [Barbados], 13 (1914), No. 319, pp. 234, 235).— A discussion of the more
important enemies of sugar cane.
Insect damage to the cones and seeds of Pacific coast conifers, J. M.
Miller (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 95 (1914), pp. 7, i)ls. 3).— This bulletin gives
information regarding the character and extent of insect damage to the cones
and seed of coniferous forests of the Pacific slope, thus supplementing the
information on the subject, previously noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 175; 18, p. 255;
28, p. 657). It also furnishes preliminary information on the more important
groups of insects causing this damage, and their habits. The names of none
of the insects causing the injury have been mentioned since it is intended that
a special bulletin on the subject will be issued.
Spraying apple trees in blossom with tobacco extract, S. Glazenap (Trudy
Bturo Prild. Bot. (Bui. Angew. Bot.), 6 (1913), No. 4, pp. 243-250; abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 10, pp. 370, 371).— In combating the apple
psyllid the author has met with success in the application while the apples
are in bloom of tobacco extract, prepared by boiling 1 lb. of Nicotiana rustica
for 15 minutes in 3 gal. of water, and then diluting with 6 gal. of water. It
is stated that the spraying, which was done while the trees were in full bloom,
did not affect the bees, and was sufficient to destroy Psylla viali. young cater-
pillars of Cheimatobia brumata, Tortricidse, and similar pests.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 549
The use of lime and sulphur solution on citrus trees, W. W. Yotheks {Fla.
Groiver, 10 (1914), No. 16, pp. 10, 11). — The author presents a brief report of
results obtained from the application of lime-sulphur in the control of mites
on citrus in Florida.
Applications of lime-sulphur for the control of the rust mite on July 18,
when there were many eggs and adults present, indicate that it is unneces-
sary to use dilutions stronger than 1 : 75 since this kills all adults and eggs.
Dilutions of 1 : 75 are said to kill also eggs and adults of both the 6-spotted
mite (Tetranychus scrinncnilatus) and the purple mite (T. mytiJaspidis) .
While lime-sulphur was not so effective as oil sprays in killing the purple
scale, experiments show it to be suitable for this purpose. Fruit sprayed three
times with a dilution of 1 : 25 had only about one-fourth as many scales per
orange as were found on unsprayed fruit. It is stated that the white flies are
not affected by lime-sulphur, in several experiments dilutions of 1 : 9 having
no appreciable effect upon the pupa. The author mentions having observed
that lime-sulphur has some stimulating effect upon the growth of the foliage.
Attention is called to the fact that it should not be used on ripe fruit at
dilutions stronger than 1 : 40 or 1 : 45.
The use of carbon bisulphid in emulsion at Martinique and Guadeloupe,
G. BoRDAz (Abs. in Agr. News [Barbados], 13 (1914), No. 317, pp. 202, 203).—
Applications of carbon bisulphid in kerosene emulsion have been found of
value in destroying white grubs, eelworms, and a root disease, probably a
Rosellinia disease. The most efficacious method in cacao and coffee planta-
tions is to pour the emulsion around the foot of each tree.
The locust pest, C. R. Jones and D. B. Mackie {Philippine Agr. Rev.
[English Ed.], 6 (1913), No. 9, pp. 8, pis. 2; Philippine Bur. Agr. Circ. 23 (1913),
pp. 8, pis. 2). — These data have been substantially noted from another source
(E. S. R.. 28. p. 753).
Thrips as pollinators of beet flowers, H. B. Shaw {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui.
104 {1914), pp. 12, pis. 3, figs. 5). — During the course of studies of the role of
thrips in the pollination of sugar beets several siiecies were collected from
beet flowers at Garland, Utah, including HeUothrips fasciatus, Frankliniella
fusca, and F. tritici. It is stated that Thrips tahaei was the species most
abundant in Ogden, Utah, during the seasons of 1911 and 1912.
The investigations show that thrips are active agents in pollination, being
very numerous among beet flowers and effecting both close pollination and
cross-pollination. After taking into account the various forms of injury which
they cause, however, the author considers it doubtful whether the balance
remains in their favor in regard even to beets. " Under ordinary conditions,
in fields of commercial seed beets, it is believed that on the whole their work
is beneficial ; but should they become excessively numerous, they sustain their
reputation as one of our really destructive pests. To the horticulturist and
plant breeder they are pests of the worst type, necessitating constant watch-
fulness and a refined technique in all pollination work.
" The suggestion is ventured that certain supposed mutations may really
have been the result of unsuspected cross-pollination by means of one or
another species of thrips, whether in cereals supposedly not susceptible to
cross-pollination without the intervention of man or in flowers which were
thought to have been isolated against cross-pollination."
New genera and species of Thysanoptera, with notes on distribution and
food plants, A. C. Morgan {Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas., 46 {1914), PP- 1-55, figs.
79). — Three genera and 19 species are described as new to science, among
which are Euthrips floridensis, taken on Asclepias variegata and in blossoms of
Catalpa catalpa, at Quincy, Fla. ; E. hawaiiensis from cotton at Honolulu ;
550 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
E. gossypii collected from the tips of the leaves of cotton at Yuma, Ariz. ;
Rhipiphorothrips pulchellus u. g. and n. sp., from the banyan tree, Philippine
Islands; Microthrips piercei n. g. and n. sp., collected from cotton and Vernonia
at Dallas, Tex., and from papaw at Clarksville, Tenu. ; Horistothrips australiw
n. g. and n. sp., collected under dead scales of Eriococcus on Eucalyptus at Swan
River, Australia ; etc.
New locality and food plant records for certain Thysanoptera are appended.
Attempts to find disease g'erms in the European bedbug (Cimex lectu-
larius) after feeding- experiments in various diseases, lepi'osy, lymphade-
noma, carcinoma, etc., D. Thomson {Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 8 {1914), ^o.
1, pp. 19-28). — "Four hundred and fifty-five bedbugs were employed in this
research ; of these 184 were used as controls. Insufiicient research has been
carried on with regard to the possibility of the transmission of disease in
temperate climates by bloodsucking insects occurring in these climates. Proto-
zoal parasites do not appear to exist normally in the European bedbug. No
acid-fast bacilli were found in 105 bedbugs fed on lepers, nor in 35 bedbugs
caught on the bed mattresses of leper patients. In the few experiments con-
ducted nothing abnormal was found in bugs fed on cases of lymphadenoma,
chronic lymphatic leukemia, sarcoma, carcinoma, and malaria. Forty bedbugs
fed on a case of spleno-medullary leukemia all developed numerous Charcot-
Leyden crystals in their intestines."
An egg" parasite of the tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis), C. R.
Crosby and,M. D. Leonard {Canad. Ent., 46 {1914), No. 5, pp. 181, 182, figs.
2). — Under the name Anagrus ovijcntatus the authors describe a new parasite
reared from eggs of L. pratensis in October, 1913. at Ithaca, N. Y.
A contribution toward a monograph of the homopterous insects of the
family Delphacidae of North and South America, D. L. Crawford {Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mas., Jf6 {1914), pp. 557-640, plf<. 6).— This is a synopsis of a family
closely related to the Fulgoridfe.
On the susceptibility and immunity of vines to the attacks of phylloxera,
C. BoRNER {Biol. Centbl., 34 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-8; ads. in Rev. Appl. Ent.,
2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 3, pp. 156, 157).— A report is given of experiments carried
on by the author in Villers I'Orme. near Metz, by Brichon in Pagny-sur-Moselle.
and by Autelin in Nancy, on the resistance of different vines to attacks of
phylloxera. The most important result of the experiments is to show that the
effect produced upon vines by the Lorraine phylloxera is quite different from
that produced by the south of France form. The author concludes that there
are two species of phylloxera and designates the Lorraine form as Phylloxera
pcrvastatri.T.
The fumigation of citrus trees, L. Gough {Agr. Jour. Egypt, 4 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 17-29). — This paper gives a brief account of the habits of the
Coccld?e which infest citrus trees in Egypt and means of combating them.
Sweet potato sphinx, J. C. Faure {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 7 {1914),
No. 4, pp. 515-519, fig. 1). — The sweet potato sphinx moth ( ? Herse convolvuU)
is said to cause serious damage to the sweet potato in Natal, reducing the
crop from 25 to 50 per cent, and perhaps more.
Oak pests. — The carpenter worm (Prionoxystus robiniae), L. Childs {Mo.
Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 3 {1914), No. 7, pp. 259-264, figs. 6).— It is stated that
California live oaks, as well as poplars, willows, locusts, and elms, are in many
localities attacked and greatly damaged by this pest through the larva feeding
in the trunks and larger limbs.
Phlyct^nodes sticticalis, its life history and methods of fighting it, S. A.
MoKRZECKi {Abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 {1913), Scr. A. No. 10, pp. 359-361).—
This pyralid moth is said to occur everywhere in European Russia, as well as
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 551
iu Siberia and Russian Turkestan, and to have been imported to the United
States, where it was first found in 18G9 and where it caused considerable dam-
age to the beet crops in 1909 and 1910. A detailed report of its life history
and remedial measures is given.
Serious outbreak of Phlyctaenodes sticticalis near Poltava, N. X. Kuud-
JUMOV {Khutorianin, No. 26 (1913), pp. 697, 698; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1
{1913), 8er. A, Xo. 10, p. 394). — ^ brief discussion of outbreaks of this pest
with recommendations as to remedial treatment. A detailed account of this
Itest is given In the article above.
The codling moth in Uruguay, E. Lahille (Rev. Asoc. Rural Uruguay, 42
(1913), No. 8-9, pp. 645-648; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 3,
p. 162). — The author states that in Uruguay adult codling moths are destroyed
by bonfires lit in the evening around pear and apple trees when in blossom.
A small manual on malaria, L. M. Pabrot (Petit Manuel du Paludisme.
Paris, 1914, PP- 32, figs. 11). — This work, which is intended for the use of
schools in North Africa, gives information on the nature of the malarial para-
site and of the mosquito and its role in the transmission of the parasite and
means of combat.
Mosquitoes and malaria, J. C. Faube (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 7 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 223-242, figs. 13). — This is a general discussion of the subject.
A synopsis of the described North American species of the dipterous
genus Tipula, W. G. Dietz (Ann,. Ent. Sog. Amer., 6 (1913), No. 4, pp. 461-
484)- — The synopsis here presented is in tabular form. A list with habitat and
bibliography of the North American species described since the publication of
Aldrich's Catalogue of North American Diptera is appended.
Heredity of bristles in the common greenbottle fiy, Lucilia sericata. — A
study of factors governing distribution, P. W. Whiting (Amer. Nat., 48
(1914), No. 570, pp. 339-355, fig. 1). — "Taking a general summation of all the
bred material of L. sericata, we find that re<:luction affects the males while
addition affects the females. Of the 5,367 flies bred, 2,708 are males and 2,659
are females, giving practical equality. Reduction in the males is 748.5 bristles,
while in the females it is only 455.5 bristles. As has been noted before, the
degree of reduction in the females is increased by the later generations of
strain 1913-A, by reason of the fact that reduction rarely goes, beyond the loss
of two bristles in a single fly. Thus when most of the flies of a population
become reduced to this extent it is evident that reduction in the males would
be but slightly in advance of that in the females.
" There are 210 bristles added in the males, while there are 343 added in
the females. Thus addition affects the females more than the males. These
figures for bristles added represent number of bristles, and thus no distinction
is made between bristles of large and bristles of small size."
The skin maggot of man, C. Fuller (Agr. .Jour. Union So. Africa, 7 (1914),
No. 6, pp. S66-874. fig- 1)- — This paper relates to Corrli/lohia anthropophaga.
An attempt to transmit poliomyelitis by the bite of Lyperosia irritans,
E. Francis (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-5, figs. 2). — In
several experiments conducted flies (L. irritans) that had sucked the blood of
infected rhesus monkeys twice daily for periods of four and sis days from
the time of their inoculation with poliomyelitis virus to their death and were
allowed to feed on healthy rhesus monkeys twice daily during the same periods
and two or three times daily during i>eriods ranging from six to eight days
following, failed to transmit the disease.
Flies in relation to disease. — Nonbloodsucking flies, G. S. Graham-Smith
(Rev. in Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), No. 1.013, pp. 787-789).— X review by L. O.
Howard of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 552).
552 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A synopsis of the genera of Agromyzidae, with descriptions of new genera
and species, J. R. Malloch {Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 46 {1914), pp. 127-154,
pis. 3). — A synopsis of a dipterous family of considerable economic importance.
An account of the bionomics and the structure of dipterous larvae occur-
ring in human foods with particular reference to those which have been
recorded as accidental parasites of man. — I, The cheese skipper (Piophila
casei), D. C. Mote (Ohio Nat., 14 {1914), No. 7, pp. 309-316, figs. 16).— "The
cheese skipper because of its ravages on cheeses and smolied meats and its
possible relation to myiasis is of considerable economic importance. The fly
deposits its eggs upon bacon, cheeses, smoked ham, slightly putrid beefsteak.
Duration of egg stage, 23 to 54 hours. Larvae feed upon bacon, cheese, ham.
beef, oleomargarine. This insect gets its common name from the peculiar
leaping or skipping habit of the larva. Duration of larval instar, 14 days.
Pupation occurs in drier places than those in which the larvae feed. Duration
of pupal stage, 12 days. The flies in an experiment seemed to prefer beefsteak
with a slightly putrid odor in preference to ham, bacon, or cheese for egg deposi-
tion. The adult flies lived longer, and the larvae fed and matured more readily,
on the beefsteak than on the other substances."
Biological notes concerning Drosophila ampelophila, F. E. Ltjtz {Jour.
N. Y. Ent. Soc, 22 {1914), No. 2, pp. 134-138) .—Da.t-A are presented on the
development of the different stages of the pomace fly. based on observations
of some 400 individuals.
The biology of Ceratophyllus fasciatus, the common rat flea of Great
Britain, C. Strickland {Ann. Rpt. Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.], 42 {1912-13),
8up. Rpt. Med. Off., pp. 401-412; Jour. Hyg. [Camhridge], 14 {1914), No. 2,
pp. 129-142). — The results of life history studies of this flea have been sum-
marized as follows:
" The duration of the various stages is very variable, even under the same
conditions. Temperature and humidity are the two conditions which have most
influence. ... On an average, the egg hatches out in 5 to 14 days, an increase
of humidity having a retarding, and a moderately high temperature a slight
accelerating effect. The larva is soon killed by a high temperature (70° F.)
combined with a low degree of humidity (40 per cent). However, under these
conditions, the larvse will live longer if rubbish is present, for they are then
able to bury themselves in it and thus obtain a certain amount of moisture.
The pupal stage is much prolonged by cold, but this is partly due to the
nonemergence of the imago, even when it is fully formed. The imago, at least
when unfed, dies off much more rapidly in summer than in winter. Eggs
are laid by the imago even at comparatively low temperatures (50°).
" The larvae and imagines like to bury themselves in rubbish, and under
these circumstances their duration of life is much prolonged, even when other
external conditions are somewhat severe. When copulating, the imago fre-
quently lives at least two months, but it will not copulate unless it is fed on
rat's blood. It feeds readily on man and many other animals, but will not
copulate after feeding on these facultative hosts, even though at least one of
them — man — seems to be more attractive to it than its normal host, the rat.
Oviposition invariably takes place within 24 hours of copulation, even when the
insect has only been fed once after being starved for a period of many weeks.
The rat's blood, therefore, probably contains some substance that possesses
a stimulating effect on the flea's sexual organs. When starved, the imago
will live for a very long time — at least 17 months — but only in the presence
of rubbish in which it can bury itself. In the absence of rubbish the flea will
only live for about a month, even under the most favorable conditions of tem-
perature and humidity.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 653
" From the foregoiug observations it is clear that the presence of rubbish
containing organic matter is essential for the development of the flea."
Buprestids collected in the Philippine Islands, C. Kekremans {Philippine
Jour. ScL, Sect. D, 9 (1914), No. 1, pp. 83-90, fig. i).— Twenty-eight species are
here listed, of which 12 are described as new to science.
Notes on Rhabdocnemis obscurus in Australia, A. A. Gieault (Canad. Ent.,
46 {1914), No. 5, pp. i7-^-i79). — The author presents notes on the biology of
this borer, which has been the source of injury to sugar cane in north Queens-
land.
The Tenebrionidae of the Philippines, H. Gebien {Philippine Jour. 8ci.,
Sect. D, 8 {1913), Nos. 5, pp. 373-400; 6, pp. 401-433) .—This paper records 88
forms, of which 4 genera and 41 species are described as new to science.
The cowpea weevil (Pachymerus chinensis), J. A. Krall {Oklahoma Sta.
Circ. 31 {1914), PP- 8). — In an introduction to this circular C. E. Sanborn
summarizes the measures which have been the most satisfactory in controlling
the cowpea weevil, which has caused an almost total destruction in the bin of
seed peas in Oklahoma. Notes on controlling the cowpea weevil follow.
In cold storage experiments cowpeas kept at temperatures as low as from 26
to 31° F. for periods ranging from 58 to 184 days gave a germination of 86 to
95 per cent and varied but little from the checks kept. The observations show
that when any of the stages in the life cycle of this weevil are subjected to a
temperature of 32° or below they will not mature. Notes on hot water, dry
heat, carbon bisulphid, and kerosene treatments follow. The remedies recom-
mended include immersion of the seeds in water at a temperature of 130° for
1 minute and after 2 minutes' interval a submersion for another minute ; heat-
ing of the seed in a steady temperature of 130° for a period of 2 to 4 hours ; use
of 1 lb. of carbon bisulphid to 40 bu. of seed in an air tight bin ; and spraying
peas, thinly and evenly spread on a canvas or floor, with kerosene at the rate of
1 pint to 10 bu. or 600 lbs. of peas. In the kerosene treatment an atomizer,
hand spray pump, or very fine sprinkler should be used, after which the peas
should be shoveled so as to bring the treated and untreated seed together until
all have an equal coating of the kerosene.
The temperature of the bee colony, B. N. Gates ( TJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 96
(1914), PP- 29, figs. 8). — This paper is based upon work conducted during the
period extending from October 22, 1907, to September 26, 1908, during which
time over 2,576 observations and 20,000 separate readings were made. It de-
scribes the apparatus made use of, the arrangement of the thermometers,
methods of observation and recording, the consumption of stores in winter,
general phenomena of the cluster in winter, the temperature below frames in
relation to the outside air, comparisons of temi)eratures of the center of the
cluster and of the outside air, effects of manipulation on the cluster, behavior
of the cluster in winter, temperature accompanying the laying of the first eggs,
transition from winter to summer conditions, general phenomena of the sum-
mer temperature, the effect of " orientation " or " play flights," effects of clus-
ter heat on the temperature below the frames, the effects of storm, and the
effects of transportation on the temperature of the colony.
A paper relating to the subject from the same Bureau has been recently
noted (E. S. R.. 31, p. 254).
Bee diseases and bee enemies, R. S. MacDougall {Trans. Highland and
Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 2S {1914), pp. 150-169, figs. 2).— This general account of
the subject summarizes the main results of recent work.
Foul brood, F. E. Millen {Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. 64 {1914), pp. S).— This
bulletin, which is supplementary to one recently noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 456),
62591°— No. 6—14 5
554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
deals with sacbrood and also gives tlie text of the state law relative to bee
inspection in Michigan.
Annual report of the Bee-Keepers' Association of the Province of Onta-
rio, 1913 (Ann. Rpt. Bee-Keepers' Assoc. Ontario, 1913, pp. 12). — The proceed-
ings of the annual meeting are here presented.
The relation of the honeybee to other insects in cross pollination of the
apple blossom, J. W. McColloch (Trans. Kans. State Hort. Soc., 32 (1912-13),
pp. 85-88, fig. 1). — ^The author presents a chart which shows the number of
different insects that visited apple blossoms at the Kansas Experiment Station,
with the comparative number of honeybees. During the course of observa-
tions made to determine the number of blossoms a honeybee would visit on a
trip, a bee which already carried some pollen on its legs was followed while it
visited 61 blossoms, and was then lost sight of in the top of the tree. Another
was watched while it visited 53 blossoms and several were followed while they
visited from 25 to 40 blossoms.
A pine pest (Lophyrus pini), P. Nikolaev (Khutorianin, No. 25 (1913),
pp. 676, 677; abs. in Rev. Ai)pl. Ent., 1 (1913), 8er. A, No. 10, p. 395).— The
larvae of a sawfly (L. pi7ii) are said to have appeared in southwestern Russia
and to have been the source of great injury to pine forests, especially to young
trees. There are two annual broods, the first ovipositing in May and the
second appearing early in August.
Descriptions of new Hymenoptera, VIII, J. C. Crawford (Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., 46 (1914), PP- 343-352, figs. 8). — Among the species here described that
are of economic importance are THssolcus trinidadensis reared from the eggs of
SphyroGoris ohUquus on cotton, Perilampidea syrphi n. g. and n. sp. from
the larva of a syrphid preying on Dactylopius dtri on cacao, Ooencyrtus
chrysopo! from the eggs of Chrysopa sp., Signiphora giraulti from D. citri, and
Oonatoccru^ anomocerus from the eggs of Horiola arcuata, all in Trinidad;
and Dcrostmiis fiilloicayi reared from Agromyza dimvnuta at Honolulu, Hawaii.
Descriptions of twenty-three new genera and thirty-one new species of
ichneumon flies, H. L. Viereck (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46 (1914), PP- 359-
386). — Mcteorus mamestrce, reared from Mamestra trifolii, at Rocky Ford,
Colo., is among the species here described as new to science.
Descriptions of two new genera of parasitic Hymenoptera, S. A. Rohwer
(Psyche, 21 (1914), ^o. 2, pp. 79-81. figs. 2). — Two parasites, here described as
representing new genera and species, have proved to be of economic importance
in relation to the chestnut, namely. Anomopterus ■fasciipcnnis, a primary para-
site of Ectozdcmia phloeophaga, at Falls Church, Va. ; and Centistidea ectosde-
mi(r, a primary parasite of E. castancw, at Ballston. Va.
A new scelionid parasite of locust eggs from the Northern Territory of
Australia, A. A. Giraxtlt (Entomologist, .^7 (1914), No. 614, p. 197).— The
parasite here described as new* namely, Scelio semisangutneus, was captured
over acridid egg beds on sandy soil, at Port Darwin. Northern Territory.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
The problem of the food supply as to breadstuffs and kindred articles
(Chamber Com. U. 8. A., Gen. Ser., Bid. 84 (1914), PP- 220-223, figs. 2).—
Statistical data are brought together in this article which combats the opinion
that a widespread shortage of food supplies is to be expected in the future.
Making, examining, and judging bouillon cubes, H. Serger (Ztschr.
Offcntl. Chem., 20 (1914), Nos. 5, pp. 81-88; 6, pp. 101-109) .— Analytical and
other data are summarized and discussed.
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 555
Concerning the fat of the European coot (Fulica atra), S. Blaha {Hoppe-
Seyler's Ztschr. Phtjsiol. Cheni., 89 (1914), No. 6, pp. 456-464) .—The European
coot is little used as a game bird owing to the fact that the flesh has a de-
cidedly unpleasant odor and taste. This is not noticeable if the skin is re-
moved before cooking and the bird carefully cooked. The results obtained in a
study of the fat show that the peculiar odor and taste should not be attributed
to it. On the other hand, the author succeeded in isolating from the flesh a base
which possessed all the characteristics of methylamin, and he attributes the
odor and flavor observed to the presence of monomethylamin.
Canned salmon — cheaper than meats, and why (U. S. Dept. Com., Bur.
Fisheries Econ. Circ. 11 {1914), PP- H)- — -^ number of recipes are given for
dishes made with canned salmon, the importance of this foodstuff is pointed
out, and its nulritive value in comparison with other foods is discussed.
Studies of the effects of corn as a food — utilization of corn protein by
man, S. Baglioni {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. 8ci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., S.
set., 22 (1913), II, No. 11, pp. 608-615). — The results are reported of experi-
ments in which the relative food values of corn polenta (mush), a wheat
polenta, and bread and meat were compared.
In the subjects of these experiments during the periods of exclusive vege-
table diet undernutrition was observed with loss of nitrogen and a decrease in
body weight of about 1 kg. A greater quantity of nitrogen was introduced with
the diet of corn polenta, but relatively less was absorbed than in the case of the
wheat polenta.
The conclusion is drawn from these experiments that an exclusive diet of
corn Is inferior to one of wheat and that both are inferior to a mixed diet of
bread and meat.
Unpolished rice and the prevention of beri-beri, H. Fraser and A. T.
Stanton (Laiicet [London], 1914, I, No. 2, pp. 96-98, fig. 1). — The authors
report additional data regarding the use of unpolished rice as a cause of beri-
beri, which apparently indicates that polished rice can be used safely provided
it has a phosphorus content of not less than 0.4 per cent. The belief is ex-
pressed that the use of a polished rice of this standard would tend in a great
measure to prevent the spread of beri-beri. See also earlier work (E. S. R.,
28. p. 16S.)
Toxic brans, Marchadiee and Gottjon (Ann. Falsif., 7 {1914), ^o. 64, pp. 77-
81). — From a digest of the data regarding the toxic effects of bran, the authors
make the following recommendations : Bran showing an acidity less than 0.15
per cent should be regarded as normal ; that having an acidity between 0.15 and
0.3 per cent should be regarded as being in a state of transformation not yet
dangerous but .liable to rapid decomposition: that showing an acidity greater
than 0.3 per cent should be regarded as unfit for food.
Contribution to the study of baker's yeasts, E. Kayser {Ann. Inst. Nat.
Agron., 2. ser., 12 (1913), No. 2, pp. 345-311, figs. i3).— From the experimental
data here reported, the author concludes that baker's yeasts should be studied
with a view to determining the optimum temperature and rate of action, in
order to ascertain which yeast is best suited for a particular use. It is stated
that yeasts contaminated with mycoderma may be used in bread making, but,
although they are more active, they produce a less satisfactory product. Trials
and microscopic examinations of the different yeasts are recommended as giv-
ing the best index of their relative efficiency.
Food poisoning due to cream cakes, Chantemesse and Rodriguez {Bui.
Acad. Med. [Paris], 11 {1914), No. 7, pp. 245-259; rev. in Jour. Amer. Med.
Assoc, 62 {1914), No. 12, pp. 939, 940). — ^An account is given of poisoning due
556 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
to eating cream cakes, aud specifically to the meringue which covered them.
The interior portion of the meringue, it was found, contained a peculiarly toxic
paratyphoid bacillus. It is pointed out that when the surface of the meringue
was browned, the heat did not penetrate the interior and sterilize it, aud that
the egg white furnished a favorable medium for the development of the con-
taminating organism. Similar cases of illness were traced to the same bakery,
and it was discovered that the cook was a paratyphoid carrier.
Molasses (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 59 (IdUf), pp. 3.3-4'9).— The nature of mo-
lasses is discussed. Maine standards and definitions are quoted and data given
regarding the inspection, with analyses of a large number of samples.
Ice cream {Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 51 (WU), PP- 13-20).— Data are given
regarding the examination of a large number of samples of ice cream and deter-
minations reported of the milk fat present in cream used in the manufacture
of ice ci'eam.
Alum in foods (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 103 {WW, pp. 7).— The results of the
experimental studies carried on with healthy young men by U. H. Chittenden,
A. E. Taylor, and J. H. Long, of the Referee Board of Consulting Scientific
Experts, with respect to the use of alum in foods are briefly summarized. The
aluminum was given in various forms and in some cases up to and exceeding
1 gm. per man per day.
The board report as follows :
"Aluminum compounds when used in the form of baking powders in foods
have not been found to affect injuriously the nutritive value of such foods.
"Aluminum compounds when added to foods in the form of baking powders,
in small quantities, have not been found to contribute any poisonous or other
deleterious effect which may render the said food injurious to health. The
same holds true for the amount of aluminum which may be included in the or-
dinary consumption of aluminum baking powders furnishing up to 150 mg.
(2.31 grains) of aluminum daily.
"Aluminum compounds when added to foods in the form of baking powders,
in large quantities, up to 200 mg. or more per day, may provoke mild catharsis.
Very large quantities of aluminum taken with foods in the form of baking
powders usually provoke catharsis. This action of aluminum baking powders
is due to the sodium sulphate which results from the reaction.
" The aluminum itself has not been found to exert any deleterious action
injurious to health, beyond the production of occasional colic when very large
amounts have been ingested.
" When aluminum compounds are mixed or packed with a food, the quality
or strength of said food has not been found to be thereby reduced, lowered, or
injuriously affected."
Briefly stated, the decision reached by the board is that alum baking powders
are no more harmful than any other baking powdei's, but that it is wise to be
moderate in the use of foods that are leavened with baking powder.
In discussing the general question. A. E. Taylor states:
" ' We must not, however, be oblivious to the fact that a saline cathartic
residue results from the reaction of every form of known baking powder now
commonly employed. The use of cream of tartar or tartaric-acid baking powder
leaves in the alimentary tract a residue of tartrates which exhibit the action of
a saline cathartic and of diuresis as well. The so-called phosphate baking pow-
der leaves as a residue of reaction sodium phosphate, again a saline cathartic.
And aluminum baking powder leaves as a residue of reaction sodium sulphate, a
saline cathartic. Apparently therefore, at present at least, the use of baking
powder is associated with the introduction into the alimentary tract of a certain
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 557
amount of saline cathartic, the salt differing with the use of the particular
type of baking i)owder.' "
Is the use of saccharin and other artificial sweetening substances to be
regarded as a sophistication or adulteration of foodstuffs? F. W. Dafert
(Arch. Chem. u. Mikros., 7 (WIS), No. 2, pp. 43-^8). — A summary and discus-
sion of data.
The examination of miscellaneous foodstuffs, J. Heckmann and H. Kut-
TENKEULER (licr. Clicm. Untcrsuch. Amt. Elhcrfeld, 1912; ahs. in Hyg. Rund-
schau, 2Jf (191/f), No. 7, pp. 402, 403). — Data are given regarding the examina-
tion of miscellaneous foods, condiments, and beverages, including among others
choi)i)ed meat and sandwiches.
Household tests for the detection of adulterations in common foods, J. O.
Halverson (1911, pp. 28). — In this pamphlet, issued by the Missouri State
Department of Food and Drug Inspection, a number of simple methods for de-
tecting adulterants are given.
A history of dietetics, Liciitenfelt (Die GescJiichte der Erndhrung.
Berlin, 1913, pp. XVII +365; rev. in Zcntbl. Expt. Med., 5 (19U), No. 4, pp.
157, 158). — As the reviewer points out, this volume contains a large amount of
data regarding diet in prehistoric and in historic times. It also summarizes
much data for and against a high protein diet-
Diet charts, J. C. Taylor (London, 1911, pt. 1, 2 ed., charts 5; 1913, pt. 2,
charts 5). — This collection of diet schedules, designed for i)hysicians' use,
contains detachable charts which present classified lists of different types of
foods. The physician can check those which ho wishes to prescribe. Both sets
of charts have to do particularly with diet in disease. In addition, the first
set contains diet charts for nursing mothers and for infant feeding, and the
second set charts for the feeding of school children.
The effects of school life upon the nutritive processes, health, and the
composition of the blood, L. M. Tebman (Pop. Sci. Mo., 84 (1914), ^O- 3,
pp. 257-264). — ^A summary and digest of data.
The influence of nutrition and the influence of education in mental
development, F. W. Mott (Sci. Prog. 2\centieth Cent., 8 (1914), No. 31, pp.
460-481, pis. 2). — The author discusses infant feeding, stimulus in relation to
development of the brain, and other similar questions.
School breakfasts (Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd. Health, 17 (1914), No. 2, p. 20).— A
brief statement is given regarding the character of breakfasts of 37 pupils in
a public school in Indiana.
Notes on food and diet in Katanga, E. Poppe (Bui. 80c. Chim. Belg., 27
(1913), No. 1, pp. 33-36). — Typical food products are described and data given
regarding the food habits and diet of Belgian Kongo natives.
The usual ration of laborers consists of 1 kg. bolted corn (maize) meal, 1.4
kg. unground corn, 0.14 kg. meat, and 14 gm. salt per day. The ordinary even-
ing meal is composed of meat used for making soup and corn meal cooked in
water. The cooking is very simple. The morning and midday meals consist of
corn boiled or parched.
Analyses are reported of corn meal in common use and of a fermented bev-
erage made from corn. Information is also given regarding food legislation
and the nature and origin of food products imported.
Dishes and beverages of the old South, Martha McCuixoch-Williams
(New York, 1913, pp. 318). — In this discussion of food and its preparation,
directions for preparing many dishes are included, as well as data regard-
ing kitchen equipment, living conditions, available food supply, and similar
topics.
558 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
The art of horae candy making {Canton, Ohio, 1913, 3. rev. ed., pp. 110,
figs. 24)- — Detailed directions are given for making candy at home, in most
cases tlie sorts usually thought of as commercial candies.
Electric cooking', W. H. Alabaster (Elect. Rev., 13 (1913), pp. 451-454; al)S.
in Sci. Ahs., Sect. B— Elect. Engin., 16 (1913), No. 192, p. 590).— The author
discusses and summarizes in tabular form data regarding the amount of energy
required with electrical ovens of different makes to secure a temperature of
400° F. and maintain it for li hours, and regarding the comparative efficiency
of different sorts of hot plates when used to raise the temperature of 3 pints
of water to boiling, as well as the weekly cost of cooking for a family of two
adults and two children when different cooking devices are used.
Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1913, F. C. Croxton (U. S. Dept. Labor,
Bur. Labor Statis. Bui. 138 (1914), pp. 160).— This publication, which is No. 12
of the Retail Prices and Cost of Living Series, and a continuation of earlier
w^ork (E. S. R., 30, p. 364), contains a summary of data regarding the retail
prices of food, coal, and gas, and the scaling weight of bread.
Further notes on dietetics, A. Kakowski (Ther. Monatsh., 27 (1913), No. 4,
pp. 285-297; abs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 24 (1914), ^"o. 4, p. 237). — According to
the author's experiments, eating fungi (Boletus edulis), even wholesome ones,
has a harmful effect in parenchymatous nephritis.
The vitamins of food (Nature [London'i, 93 (1914), No. 2315, pp. 41, 42).—
A summary of data included in a lecture entitled a Grain of Wheat, delivered
by T. Johnson at the National Museum, Dublin, February 24, 1914. Rather
sweeping deductions are drawn from recently published work regarding the
occurence of vitamins in foodstuffs.
Amino acids in nutrition and growth, T. B. Osborne, L. B. Mendel, et al.
(Jour. Biol. Chem., 17 (1914), No. 3, pp. 325-349, figs. 8).— In their introduc-
tion to the report of their experimental work the authors point out the necessity
for adding to and systematizing knowledge regarding the protein "building
stones " formed by the complete hydrolysis of the protein molecule. From theo-
retical considerations and experimental data they discuss the necessity for adding
the lacking "building stones" to a deficient protein, which the body can not
synthesize except from its own tissue.
Distinction is made between maintenance and growth from a theoretical as
well as from an experimental standpoint. The necessitj^ for a certain amount
of maintenance protein to make good wear and tear is discussed and other theo-
retical considerations suggested. The body may maintain itself, as the authors
point out, on a kind of protein on which it can not make growth. Therefore,
growth, which involves the actual formation of protein substance, makes a
different kind of demand from maintenance only. For instance, the authors
have found gliadin sufficient to supply the nitrogenous material required for
maintenance over long periods of growth (E.. S. R., 28, p. 8G4). However,
gliadin would not suffice, as the sole protein, for growth, this and other experi-
ments being facilitated by the addition to the diet of butter fat (E. S. R., 30,
p. 560). In more recent work with laboratory animals (rats) the authors have
succeeded in promoting growth at a normal rate when a maintenance ration
containing gliadin as the sole protein was supplemented with lysin.
The authors believe that their feeding trials, in conjunction with their " demon-
stration of the almost complete cessation of growth on diets containing only
lysin-free proteins, furnish the first and only conclusive demonstration that
lysin is indispensable for the functions of growth. They are supplemented by
further evidence of the same sort in which the necessity for the same amino
acid is brought out in connection with the zein of maize [see below], a protein
likewise devoid of lysin. . . .
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 559
" The facts here established make it clear that, at least iu so far as nutri-
tion in growth is concerned, the normal construction of new tissues is limitetl by
the factor of the supply of lysin. In the light of this, little is gained by em-
phasizing the quantitative asiiects of the protein needs in growth . . . , unless
the qualitatiAe character of the protein available is kept clearly in mind. No
amount of energy or protein, however abundant, has induced growth of our
animals in the absence of lysin. The animal organism apparently can not
sjTithesize lysin, which is evidently not essential for maintenance in the sense
of preservation of body weight, though it is, of course, impossible to say that
when this amino acid is missing all functions are normally carred out. That
the tissues either form a typical protoplasmic product, or none at all, now seems
to be axiomatic in physiology. We may therefore reasonably assume that the
growth of rats on our gliadin+lysin food represents the construction of typical
tissue substance. It is obvious, furthermore, that the possibility of growth
must be limited, among other things, by the amount of lysin available."
The following data are brought together regarding the percentage of lysin
in proteins of different sort.s, both animal and vegetable : Lactalbumin 8.10,
halibut muscle 7.45, ox muscle 7.59. casein (cow's milk) 7.61, vitellin (egg
yolk) 4.81, ciystallized albumin (hen's egg) 3.76, legumin (pea) 4.98, phaseolin
(kidney bean) 4.58, glutelin (maize) 2.93, glutenin (wheat) 1.92, edestin (hemp
seed) 1.65, amandin (almond) 0.72, gliadin (wheat) 0.16, and hordein (barley)
and zein (maize) none.
" It is a teleologically interesting fact brought out by the foregoing figures
that tho.se px'oteins, like casein, lactalbumin, and egg vitellin, which are in
nature concerned with the growth of animals, all show a relatively high content
of lysin."
In further proof of their contention that lysin is indispensable, the authors
cite experiments with zein, which, like gliadin, is devoid of lysin as well as
gylcocoU and tiyptophan. Their experiments have shown that when zein is the
sole protein fed to both adult and growing rats, a decline is always noted.
When a trytophan or a tryptophan-yielding protein is supplied, maintenance
is possible for a long i^eriod.
" The relative efficiency of different proteins in preventing the failure with
zein apparently depends to a dominant degree, in so far as maintenance is con-
cerned, on their comparative jield of tryptophan.
" Where growth is involved in addition to maintenance, the lysin factor as
well as others not yet more accurately ascertained must also be taken into
account. Here, then, is evidence of the relative economy of different proteins
in maintenance, based upon the content of one or more of the amino acids
essential for the proper functioning of the organism (in so-called maintenance)
or for new tissue consti'uction (in growth). Obviously the relative values of
the different jiroteins in nutrition are based upon their content of those special
amino acids which can not be synthesized in the animal body and which are
indispensable for certain distinct, as yet not clearly defined processes, which
we express as maintenance or repair. . . .
" With the indispeusability of tryptophan for maintenance, and of lysin for
growth, thus emphasized, we may expect that the addition of both of these
amino acids to zein food will result in growth. This expectation has been
fulfilled by the experiments planned. . . . The respective parts played by
the two amino acids are here clearly brought out. These are, we believe, the
first successful attempts to grow animals on a diet in which zein forms the
sole protein." When comparison is made with results of the experiments
showing the relative effect of replacing one-fourth of the zein with lactalbumin,
560 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
casein, and edestin, respectively, it will be seen tliat " this small addition of lac-
talbumin lias furnished all the factors required for normal growth. This protein
mixture therefore undoubtedly contains sufficient tryptophan and lysin to
satisfy the normal requirements of the growing animal. Since casein yields
nearly as much lysin as does lactalbumin, we assumed that the failure of an
equal addition of casein was due to a relative deficiency in tryptophan." That
this assumption was true was shown by experimental evidence. " Similarly
we assumed that the failure to grow on the comparable zein+edestin food was
caused by the relatively small amount of lysin yielded by edestin."
Here, too, the experimental evidence showed the correctness of the assumption.
" These experiments are further of chemical interest in indicating, as the result
of this biological test, that edestin is richer in tryptophan than casein — a fact
hitherto unappreciated.
" The growth of rats on a food of zein+ lysin + tryptophan has not always
been as rapid and prolonged as we might expect. We are by no means prepared
to maintain that the final solution of the proportion of amino acids requisite
for the growth of rats has been determined. Newer trials may indicate the
desirability of increasing the proportion of argiuln present in zein foods; and
still other adjustments may be required^ to promote ideal growth in this or
different species. The way to successful investigation has been opened."
The influence of cod liver oil and some other fats on growth, T, B.
Osborne, L. B. Mendel, et al. {Jour. Biol. Chem., 11 (Wl^), No. 3, pp. 401-
408, figs. 4)- — The inability of laboratory animals (young albino rats) to
complete their growth on a diet consisting of isolated proteins, starch, protein-
free milk, and commercial lard, called attention to the need for supplying
some other substances in order that growth might proceed to its normal
limits.
As was pointed out in earlier experiments (E. S. R., 30, p. 560), the lacking
factor was found in the fat component of milk, a conclusion substantiated by
later investigations. A ration consisting of 18 per cent purified protein, 26
per cent starch, 28 per cent protein-free milk, 10 per cent commercial lard,
and 18 per cent butter fat, the authors state, appears to be in every way ade-
quate for the continued nutritive needs of the species experimented with.
Some other fats have been found to behave like butter fat in this respect — for
instance, egg yolk fat (E. S. R., 29, p. 664). The authors state that they have
likewise obtained uniform success when cod liver oil was substituted for a
portion of the lard in the standard diets. On the other hand, it was observed
that almond oil uniformly failed to restore growth when it had ceased on the
usual lard-food mixtures.
" We have already pointed out that it seems improbable that the triglycerids
of the fatty acids ordinarily present in foods are responsible for the favorable
effects noted. If they were, there is no apparent reason why such fats as
commercial lard and almond oil should be ineffective. Experiments as yet
incompleted have made it clear that the growth-promoting substance is not
present in the more solid fractions of butter fat which constitute about one-
half of it and are at least soluble in alcohol at low temperatures.
" It is perhaps more than a mere coincidence that cod liver oil has so long
enjoyed a reputation for nutritive virtues which can scarcely be attributed
to its fat content per se. At one time its therapeutic value was ascribed to
the small proportion of iodin which it is known to contain. This explanation
has, of lale, been replaced by the suggestion that the special potency of cod
liver oil resides in the peculiar fatty acids which it contains. . . .
" Perhaps experiences such as have been reported in this paper will pave
the way for a clearer understanding of Uie i)hysiological potency of natural
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 561
products like butter, egg yolk, and cod liver oil, which have long enjoyed a
popular, yet inexplicable, reputation for unique nutritive potency."
The cleavage of fatty acids in the animal body, M. Koppel ( Uhcr den
Abbau der Fettsdurcn iin 'Tierkorper. Inaiig. Diss., Univ. Strasshurg, 1913, pp.
42; ahs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 16 (1914), ^^o. 11-12, p. 366).— The
author has studied the cleavage of saturated, aliphatic acids of the acetic
acid series with a view to determining the first step in the oxidation of fatty
acids.
Influence of phytin on the elimination of nitrogenous compounds in
normal individuals, F. Ventubi and V. Massklla {Arch. Fannacol. Spcr. e
Sci. Aff., 16 {WIS), No. 3, pp. 97-i/8).— Exiierimeutal data are given which
demonstrate that the ingestion of from 1.5 to 2 gm. of phytin per day results in
a marked decrease in the elimination of urea, creatinin, hippuric acid, and
other unidentified nitrogen compounds in the urine, as well as in a decrease
in the loss of nitrogen in the feces. Little or no effect was observed upon
the elimination of uric acid and ammonia. At the end of the period during
which phytin was ingested a nitrogen balance four or five times greater than
that observed during the preliminary jieriod was noted.
Minimum requirement of alimentary carbohydrates, R. Laufeb {Bui. G6n.
Th&r. MM. et Chirurg., 165 {1913), No. 5, pp. 176-183; Zenthl. Biochem. u.
Biophys., 15 (1913), No. 4-5, p. 149). — The results are reported of experiments
carried out at 16° C. with two subjects who were given a daily carbohydrate
ration of from 290 to 300 gm.
In the opinion of the author, these results show that there is a certain mini-
mum amount of carbohydrate which the body requires. Unless this minimum
amount is supplied the carbohydrate can not be replaced by its equivalent
isothermal value of protein or fat. For example, in the absence of this mini-
mum requirement in the diet 1 gm. of fat would develop only 6.8 calories instead
of 9.1 calories. It is pointed out that in pathological conditions this minimum
requirement of carbohydrate should be supplied in the diet both to prevent a
loss of heat value and to prevent the overworking of the organs.
From a study of the data here given, the author concludes that with a diet
containing not less than 219 gm. of carbohydrate per day the body weight does
not decrease. For a 70 kg. subject at rest the minimum daily requirement
of carbohydrate is probably that which would furnish from 900 to 1,000
calories. [This must, of course, presuppose an adequate supply of nitrogen In
the diet also.]
Experiments on the carbon dioxid excretion with different kinds of
muscular work, G. Becker and J. W. Hamalainen {Skand. Arch. Physiol.,
31 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 198-240, fig. 1).—In these experiments, which were
made with men and women engaged in different kinds of labor, the Tigerstedt
respiration apparatus was used.
The work periods were of two hours' duration, and in every case were com-
pared with similar periods in which the subjects were at rest. The men were
engaged in shoemaking, tailoring, bookbinding, metal working, painting, car-
pentry, stone- masonry, or wood sawing, and the women in hand sewing, machine
sewing, laundering, domestic service (cleaning windows and floors and washing
and polishing dishes, etc.), or bookbinding.
From the excretion of carbon dioxid the respiratory carbon output was cal-
culated and found to vary between 6.68 and 10.12 gm. per hour for the men, and
5.50 and 6.83 gm. for the women in the rest periods, and between 11.23 and
45.5 gm. per hour in the case of the men, and between 7.5 and 25.91 gm. per
hour in the case of the women in the work periods.
562 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
The authors couclnde that work may be called light or moderate when the
respiratory excretion of carbon is not greater than -16 gm. per hour. This
would be the case with the work of tailors, bookbinders, and shoemakers.
When the respiratory carbon excretion is from 16 to 30 gm. per hour the work
is designated as severe. To this group would belong metal workers, painters,
or carpenters. When the respiratory carbon excretion exceeds 30 gm. per
hour the work is called very sevei'e. To this group would belong stone masons
and wood sawyers. In the case of the women sewing either by hand (7.5 to
8 gm. carbon per hour) or by machine (9.35 to 10.78 gm. carbon per hour) is
regarded as relatively light work, much the same as that of a bookbinder (8.88
to 11.5 gm. carbon in respiratory products per hour). The authors are of the
oi^inion that women's work can be called light when it does not cause a respira-
tory excretion of more than 20 gm. per hour. The respiratory excretion in the
case of the laundresses was 16.91 and 25.91 gm. per hour on an average. In
the case of the two subjects engaged in housework it was 13.01 and 20.7 gm.
per hour on an average.
From the amounts of respiratory carbon excreted per hour and the energy
required by the body for maintenance, the authors compute the energy expendi-
tures for the work alone in the different experiments. These are found to
range from 44 calories per hour with the tailors to 406 calories per hour with
the wood sawyer, and in the case of the women from 4 calories per hour with
one of the women engaged in sewing by hand to 214 calories in the case of the
woman engaged in laundry work. The computed amount of work in an 8-hour
day ranged from 29,920 kgm. with the tailors to 276,080 kgm. with one of the
subjects sawing wood, and in the case of the women from 16,320 kgm. in the
case of one of the women working with a sewing machine to 106,760 kgm. witli
one of the women engaged in housework. The seamstresses engaged in hand-
work were not included in this calculation, but would differ little from those
who worked with the machine.
The general deduction is that men engaged in light or moderate muscular
work produce up to 60,000 kgm. ; in severe work up to 160.000 kgm. ; and in very
severe work up to 280,000 kgm. and more. In the case of women, the expendi-
ture in light or moderate work is up to 40,0(X) kgm. ; in severe work up to
100,000 kgm. ; and in very severe work up to 145,000 kgm. and more. The total
energy production per day as calculated, ranging from 2,000 to 6,000 calories,
was very much the same as the energy supplied in the diet (2,300 to 6,300
calories). The authors note that the enei'gy supplied in the experimental diet
was somewhat smaller than it should have been in the case of shoemakers,
tailors, and metal workers, but they are of the opinion that rather more work was
done in the calorimeter chamber than would be under ordinary circumstances. In
the case of the carpenter and the wood sawyer the energy supplied in the ex-
perimental diet was very close to the enei'gy production.
Since the energy supplied in the diet in these experiments was in accord with the
requirements as expressed by the usual dietary standards, they believe that these
are reasonable with respect to the energy which should be provided for persons
engaged in muscular work.
The relation between gaseous exchange and surface area at extreme
temperatures, E. Gotsch {Uher die Beziehungen dcs Rcsjnratorischen Stoff-
wechsels zur Eorpcroherflache hci Extrcmen Ausscntenrperaturen. Inuug.
Diss., Univ. Leipsic, J912, pp. ^2, figs. 3; Arch. Anat. u. Physiol., Physiol. Abt.,
No. 5-6 (1912), pp. Jt21-459, figs. 3). — A small respiration apparatus was used
for these experiments with laboratory animals (guinea pigs).
According to the author's conclusion, Rubner's rule that the carbon dioxid
production at constant temperature is proportionate to the surface area has a
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 563
limited application in the case of extreme temperatures. In general, the heat
regulation is less efficient with small animals at low temperature than with
large animals at high temperature.
An increased rectal temperature in childhood, E. MoBO (Monatsschr.
Einderheilk., 11 (1913), No. 9, pp. 480-438; aU. in ZentU. Physiol., 27 (1913),
No. 22, p. 1185). — The author found that even in normal children the rectal body
temperature was usually increased after exercise with the legs and lower part
of the body. As shown by measurements, the axilla temperature would not be
so raised. If the work was done with the arms and upper part of the body, the
increased temperature was noted in the axilla and not in the rectum.
The effects of light upon metabolism, L. Pincussohn {Berlin. Klin.
Wchnschi\, 50 {1913), No. 22, pp. 1008, 1009; aJ)S. in ZentU. Physiol, 27 {1913),
No. 24, p. 1309). — In experiments with laboratory animals (white dogs) it was
found that in the light period (arc light, 500 candlepower) the excretion of
allautoin was much diminished, while the urea excretion remained unchanged, i
Oxalic acid excretion was increased. . *^
ANIMAL PRODUCTION".
Principles of feeding, O. Kellneb {Grundziige der F-utterungslehre. Berlin,
1912, 4- <i(l; ^'ev- <i^^d enl., pp. VII+231). — This edition of this book treats ot
the general principles involved in the feeding of farm animals, the composition,
digestibility, and value of feeding stuffs, the characteristics of various feeding
stuffs, and their preparation, conservation, and economical use.
The nutritive values of organic and inorganic phosphorus, E. B. Forbes
{ProG. Soc. Prom. Agr. Set., 34 {1913), pp. 23-^2).— This paper treats of the
nutritive limitations imposed by the differences in the chemical relationships
of phosphoric acid in feeds. It is the purpose to determine whether organic
and inorganic phosphorus compounds can serve equally well all of the require-
ments of the body for phosphorus under all conditions of life.
After citing the results of previous investigators and of work conducted by
the author, it is concluded that " the character of the evidence does not war-
rant final conclusions in regard to this problem. We are unable to say
whether the lack of harmony in results with dogs, rats, and mice is due to
differences in the nutritive processes of these animals or to differences in the
purity of the organic phosphorus compounds used, or to ill-considered or
incomplete experimental methods. . . . The problem now seems to take the
form of a question as to whether we shall regard organic phosphorus com-
pounds as of superior nutritive value because of the chemical relationship
of their phosphoric acid or because of the presence of other unknown sub-
stances of value associated with them in natural feeds."
A bibliography of 36 references is appended.
Fish meal, E. Haselhoff {Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 63 {1914), No. 4, pp. 137-
143). — Experiments conducted at the experiment station at Harleshausen indi-
cate that, providing it is of good quality, fish meal forms a desirable supple-
mentary feeding stuff for farm animals, especially for pigs. Fish meal is
produced from fish offal and condemned whole fish. Owing to the varied
nature of its raw material and its methods of preparation, fish meal varies
very widely in its composition as shown by the following analyses : Water
from 5.9 to 18.91 per cent, crude protein 38.83 to 58.96, digestible protein 30.43
to 54.52, fat 1.55 to 14.03, phosphate of lime 7.8 to 36.16, salt 0.7 to 20.1, ash
20.53 to 45.07, and sand 0.1 to 6.05 per cent.
It is said that if fed in too large quantities or containing too high a per-
centage of oil the meal is liable to give a fishy taste to the meat product, but
564 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED.
meal containing from 2 to 4 per cent of oil may be safely fed. Salt should
not exceed 3 per cent. The phosphate of lime found in fish meal is deemed a
valuable adjunct in feeding animals.
It is suggested that the following amounts may be given daily if the meal
is of good quality: Cattle 2 lbs. for every 1,000 lbs. live weight, pigs from i
to 2 lb. per head according to weight, and sheep from ^u to s lb. for every 100
lbs. live weight.
[Feeding stufEs] {Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 60 {191J,), pp. .^i-SS).— Analyses are
reported of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed meal and feed, gluten
meal and feed, linseed meal, distillers' grains, red dog flour, wheat middlings,
bran, and offals, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
Origin of our important domestic animals, H. W. Behm (Zool. Beob., 55
(1914), Nos. 2, pp. 33-40, figs. 2; 3, pp. 65-71, figs. 5).— This is a general article
treating of the origin and distribution of our common breeds of cattle, sheep,
goats, horses, and swine.
Effects of inbreeding, H. Kraemer (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 5, pp.
226-234)- — In this article the author reviews the theories advanced by Darwin
and others with regard to the effects of inbreeding in animals and points out the
wide diversity of opinion held by these investigators. He concludes that "con-
tinued inbreeding always must result in weakened constitution, through its
own influence."
The determination of sex, P. J. Wester (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 5,
pp. 207, 208). — The author reviews the investigations of T. Ciesielski in Lem-
burg with plants and animals on the determination of sex. Numerous experi-
ments were conducted with rabbits, dogs, horses, and cattle, a large number of
which, it is stated, served to verify previous studies with plants. It is con-
eluded that the sex of the progeny is governed by the condition of fecundation
and that sex in animals is determined by the age of the spermatozoa at the
time they unite with the ova.
An editorial note appended calls attention to the fact that it is now believed
by many investigators that the determination of sex depends on the inheri-
tance of a Mendelian factor differentiating the sexes, and that microscopical
studies of the cell indicate that the presence of an accessory or " x " chromo-
some in the sperm or egg (usually the latter) is the deciding factor in some
species.
The problem of the meat supply {Chamber Com. U. 8. A., Oen. Ser., Bui.
88 (1914), PP- 230-237, figs. 6). — This relates to the present situation with
regard to meat supply in the United States, causes of decrease, import and
export statistics, domestic and foreign sources, and suggestions as to the
problem of adjustment of conditions in the near future.
Australia and New Zealand as sources of meat supply, A. W. Pearse
(Proe. Aincr. WarcJiouscDtcn's Assoc., 23 (1913), pp. 213-219). — Data are given
on the relative importance of these countries in supplying frozen meat to the
United States and other countries.
The amount of bone in animals for the slaughterhouse, Tridon (Hyg.
Viande et Lait, 8 (1914), No. 1, pp. 18-22; abs. in Intermit. Inst. Agr. iRome'[,
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 8, pp. 7/0//--'/06).— Investi-
gations made on calves and sheep indicate that the proiwrtion of bone to the
total weight of the animal varies inversely with the age, the quality, and the
weight of the animal. The proportion of bone was found to be very variable
and the weight of bone reaches and sometimes exceeds one-third of the total
weight of the animal.
A comparison between the fat stock and the carcasses exhibited at
Smithfield Show, J. Long (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914), No. 1, pp.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 565
1-12). — Results obtained with cattle, sheep, and hogs at the Smithfleld Show
indicated that there is a difference of but 409 lbs. in live weight and 266 lbs.
in carcass weight between 2 and 3 year old fat steers. This suggests that it
can not pay the feeder to retain a steer for the additional year involved, since
the actual weight of beef produced would barely exceed 5 lbs. a week. In the
classes for heifers similar results were obtained, showing the economical value
of early maturity. Likewise with sheep and hogs it is seen that in the open
classes these are fattened too much without any corresponding advantage, while
those which are fitted for the carcass competition realize higher prices.
It is concluded from these observations that breeders and feeders will obtain
better I'esults by finishing their fattening cattle as early as possible and by
avoiding excessive fatness in general.
The cattle industry in Britain, R. Wallace and J. A. S. Watson (Internat.
Inst. Af/r. [Rome], 2Io. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 3,
pp. 306-312, figs. 2). — The authors trace the development of the cattle industry
in Britain since 1878. It is shown that whereas the number of " cows or heifers
in milk or in calf" has remained fairly constant, varying between 35.7 and 37.3 per
cent, the number of " other cattle two years old or over " has fairly steadily
decreased from 24 per cent in 1893 to just under 20 per cent in 1912, with a
corresponding increase in the proportion of yearling cattle and calves. There
appears to have been a long-continued tendency to market cattle for slaughter
at a diminishing age. With regard to available supplies of feed for cattle,
there has been a considerable decrease in the root crop in the past 35 years,
and an increase in the total area of pasture and hay up till about 10 years
ago, since when it has shown a decrease and a very great increase in imports
of cakes and meals, etc.
During the five years, 1906-1910, inclusive, the annual exportation of pedigreed
breeding cattle from Great Britain averaged 3,097 head and the average value
about £60. The United States took about 32 per cent and Argentina and Uru-
guay about 30 i)er cent of the total exports. The Shorthorn breed is most
numerously represented in the exports. It is stated that at the present time
one of the main features of the cattle industry of Britain is the scarcity of
feeder cattle, with consequent high price for such stock and a diminution in the
profits of feeding.
Attention is called to the increased importance of the dairy industry. British
methods of feeding and fattening are discussed.
The cattle of the valleys of Saint-Girons and Aure, A. Guy (Vie Agr. et
Rurale, 3 (1914), No. 20, pp. 545-549, figs. 5). — An account of the breed charac-
teristics, utility value, and improvement of the local breeds of cattle of the
valleys of Saint-Girons and Aure.
Cattle of Buanda, K. Sommerfeld (Tropcnpflanzer, 18 (1914), No. 4, pp.
177-201, figs. 5). — This article treats of the weights, measurements, and breed
characteristics of several types of cattle in Ruanda, German East Africa.
Variation in the tongue color of Jersey cattle, R. Pearl (Proc. Soc. Prom.
Agr. 8ci., 34 (1913), pp. 49-57). — The results of studies made of the recorded
tongue color of 6,917 registered Jersey cattle in the herd register for 1893 and
of 7,450 cattle in that of 1913 indicate that at the present time something
over 75 per cent of registered Jersey cattle have black tongues; that in the last
20 years the proportion of black-tongued individuals has increased slightly, in
males about 1 per cent and in females nearly 4 per cent ; and that a higher
propoi'tion of males than of females have black tongues, though the difference
was somewhat larger 20 years ago than now. The cause of these relations
between the sexes is attributed to the influence of " fashion " in tongue color in
the Jersey breed. It is thought that "more pigmented tongues are actually
566 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
being produced now, fundauieutally for the reason that there are more black-
tongue genes in the general Jersey population than there were then [1893]."
Distributing the very small percentage (0.6 per cent) of spotted-tongue indi-
viduals found in the 1893 studies equally between the two classes, pigmented
and unpigmented, it was found that the ratio of the one to the other was very
close to 3 : 1, which suggests a " simple case of Mendelian inheritance, in which
pigmented tongue is the dominant character and nonpigmented the recessive."
Further studies indicate that " tongue color hereditarily depends upon two sepa-
rate factors which show partial coupling on a 3 : 1 : 1 : 3 basis." It is stated that
a detailed discussion of the data regarding inheritance of the characters will
be published later.
Calf -rearing experiment, J. A. Voelcker {Roy. Agr. Soc. England, Rpt.
Calf-Rearing Expt., 1912-13, pp. 7). — Five lots of four Shorthorn bull calves
each, three weeks old, were fed for nine weeks as follows : Lot 1, cod liver oil
and separated milk ; lot 2, a proprietary " calf meal " and whole and separated
milk; lot 3, gruel (linseed and oatmeal) with separated milk; lot 4, whole milk;
and lot 5, crushed oats and separated milk. Lot 1 gained 9.66 lbs. per calf
per week at a cost of 3.o3d. per pound gain in live weight; lot 2, 8.66 lbs. at
2.77d. ; lot 3, 8.33 lbs. at 3.45d. ; lot 4, 12.83 lbs. at 5.39d. ; and lot 5, 13.3 lbs. at
2.52d.
This experiment was followed with further grain and pasture feeding for
seven months in which all calves were fed alike. Those calves which had re-
ceived crushed oats and separated milk continued to gain faster than the other
lots. It is concluded from this that the influence of early feeding of calves
has an Important bearing on their after development and that a good start
is very essential. The next best results were obtained from the whole-milk fed
calves, which lot had the most " bloom " of any of the lots. The poorest of
all was the calf-meal lot.
The domestic buffalo, L. Gbanato {Bol. Agr. [Sao Patilo], 14. ser., 191S,
Nos. S, pp. 471-514, figs. 13; 9, pp. 559-625, figs. 20).— This is a study of the
morphological characteristics of the domestic buffalo and a comparison with
those of domestic cattle. Items included are cranium measurements, character
of tongue, dental system, capacity and character of stomach, duration of di-
gestive process, respiratory, circulatory, urinary, and genital systems, and body
characteristics.
Other subjects discussed ai"e the relation of dental system to age, growth
and character of horns in relation to age, geogi*aphical distribution, milk and
meat production, and the physical and chemical characteristis of buffalo milk.
Crossing bison and cattle, M. M. Botd (Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), No. 5, pp.
189-197, figs. 6). — The author's experience in crossing bison and cattle indicates
that the bison furring characteristics are retained equally well in the one-half,
three-eighth, and one-quarter cattalo. It is thought that the one-quarter cattalo
has somewhat the best coat of the three. From these observations it is believed
that later generations having 10 per cent or less of bison blood will have as
good fur as is now seen on the one-half and three-quarter buffaloes. The op-
portunities for improving the beef carcass through this cross are also pointed
out.
It is stated that the most remarkable and most disastrous feature of the first
cross was the abnormal secretion of the amniotic fluid which was excited with-
out exception in every cow, and which proved fatal in a large percentage of
cases. However, no trouble has been experienced in the second and third
crossings.
It is concluded that "it does not seem unreasonable, therefore, to suggest
that the fur of the bison and his gi-eat back may be carried by means of selec-
ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 567
tion without any diminution tlirough succeeding generations of diminishing
bison blood until the coat and hump have been practically taken from the bison
and placed upon the back of the domestic ox."
My experience with bison hybrids, C. Goodnight (Jour. Heredity. 5 (1914),
No. 5, pp. 197-199. fig. 1). — The author summarizes his experience in crossing
Texas buffaloes with native cattle.
It is stated that no male calves have been born from the cross; cows con-
ceiving them either suffer abortion or die. The heifer hybrids breed readily to
either the buffalo or the cattle. When bred to the buffalo, the males, which are
three-quarter, are not fertile. The females are perfectly fertile and will breed
to either race. They are then bred back to the polled Angus stock from which
they came, with resulting males which are fertile and are half-breeds.
Advantages claimed for these hybrids, or cattaloes, are immunity from
diseases, especially Texas blackleg and Texas fever. The cattaloes are much
" greater in weight, eat much less, and hold their flesh better under more ad-
verse conditions. They will easily cut about 70 per cent net of their gross
weight. They have a better meat, clear of fiber, and it never gets tough like
beef. They have long and deep backs, enabling them to cut at least 150 lbs.
more meat than other cattle. More of them can be grazed on a given area.
They do not run from heel flies nor drift in storms, but, like the buffalo, face
the blizzards. They rise on their fore feet instead of their hind feet. This
enables them to rise when in a weakened condition. They never lie down
with their backs downhill, so they are able to rise quickly and easily. This
habit is reversed in cattle. . . .
" The buffaloes have fourteen ribs, giving them a longer and deeper lion.
As we get them higher and deeper in the buffalo we get the extra rib on the
'cattalo.' They can exist on less feed or salt than cattle. . . . They could do
without water much longer than cattle, without Inconvenience. They are docile,
easily broken, and never flght. They put on flesh faster than any cattle and
will live and appear to do well where cattle will perish."
Domestic breeds of sheep in America, E. L. Shaw and L. L. Hellee (Z7. 8.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 94 {19U), pp. 59, pis. 28, fig. J).— This bulletin gives detailed
information as to the origin, adaptability, distribution, and distinguishing
characteristics of the various domestic breeds of sheep. Tables showing the
probable origin of the breeds of sheep in America, and giving the breeding
of grand champions, reserve champions, and winners in the carcass contests at
the International Live Stock Exposition, and a short bibliography are appended.
Caracul sheep farming', M. Kaepov (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 6 (1913),
Nos. 5, pp. 760-766; 6, pp. 939-9U; 7 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. 93-95; 2, pp. 199-206;
3, pp. 398-407). — This article, which is translated from the Russian, relates to
the environments, breed characteristics, and management of this breed of sheep,
and to the grades and quality of caracul fur.
Heredity studies with swine, G. Feolich (Jour. Landw., 61 (1913), No. 3,
pp. 217-235, pis. 2). — In reviewing observations made in Germany and the
Fnited States on the heredity of coat color in swine, the author concludes that
in the Fi generation of crosses the following are dominant : White of improved
German swine over white and black of Hanoverians, black of Berkshires,
grayish-black of European wild pigs and of Cornwalls, red of Tamworths, or
black of Caucasian wild pigs; grayish-black of European wild pigs over red
of Tamworths; and black and white or Hampshire over red of Tamworths.
Carcass tests conducted on Lincoln and Mang'alicza pigs in Hungary,
O. Wellmann (Koztelek [Budapest], 23 (1913), No. 97. pp. 3272-3275; ahs. in
Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'i, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914),
No. 3, p. 382). — With the purpose of improving the curly coated Mangalicza
568 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
pigs of Hungary in prolificacy aud early maturity the breed was crossed with
the English Lincoln curly coated breed. Among pigs fattened for five months
the dead weight of Lincoln XMangalicza pigs at 14 months was the same as
that of the pure-bred Mangalicza pigs at 26 months. The dead weight of all
the animals amounted to from S2 to 88 per cent of the live weight.
Pig feeding, F. C. Grace {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 (1914), No. 1, pp.
U-50; ahs. in Jour. Bd. Ayr. [London], 21 (WU), No. 1, pp. 59, 60).— General
conclusions dra%\Ti from pig feeding experiments conducted in Victoria are that
"the younger the pig, the cheaper is the gain per pound; that pollards aud
milk, with a little bran, is one of the cheapest rations to feed to pigs of all
ages; that rape pasture is likely materially to reduce the cost of production;
that with well-bred pigs, properly fed and cared for, first grade jjork and bacon
can be produced in Victoria for about l|d. per pound live weight or under
2id. per pound dressed weight ; and that an average weekly gain of about 8
lbs. should be expected, and the pig put on the market at from 180 to 200 lbs.
live weight within 6 months."
Alfalfa and hogs, C. A. Noecross {Nev. Bur. Indus., Agr. and Irrig. Bid. 7
{1912), pp. 1i-'f, figs. 18). — This is a popular treatise on the feeding, care, and
management of hogs in Nevada, with special reference to the feeding of
alfalfa pasture and hay.
A pork production contest, T. P. Cooper {Breeder's Gas., 65 {191-i), No. 10,
pp. 523, 524). — This reix)rts a pork production contest conducted under the
management of the Better Farming Association of North Dakota. The first
prize was awarded to the owner of a lai'ge Yorkshire sow which produced a
litter of pigs weighing 2,903 lbs. after 203 days at a feed cost of 2.87 cts. per
pound. The profit on the cost of feed with pork at 6 cts. was $91.06 for the
litter. A Poland China sow produced a litter weighing 2,098 lbs. in 218 days
at a cost of 1.7 cts. per pound.
In this contest house slops constituted a portion of the feed but were not
considered in the cost of production. The average number of pigs born in the
litter was 8.2 and the average number saved and raised, 7.5 pigs per litter.
In general more economical gains were made with pure-bred stock than with
crossbred.
Experiments on pig fattening in Prussia with automatic feeder or com-
mon trough, DE LA Baree {Landbote [Premlau], 34 {1913), Beilage: Tiersucht-
nach rich ten, 6 {1913), No. 8, pp. 114-117; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\,
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913), No. 11, pp. 1751-1753):— The
results of experiments conducted with 8-weeks-old pigs for 22 weeks indicated
that from an economic point of view there is not much difference between the
use of the automatic feeder and that of the common trough.
Our domestic birds, J. H. Robinson {Neiv York, Chicago, and London, 1913,
pp. X+317, pi. 1, figs. 236). — This is a general text-book treating of the feed,
care, and management of poultry and domestic fowls.
Poultry management, C. K. McClelland {HoAcaii 8ta. Press Bui. 46 {1914),
pp. 54, figs. 4). — This deals with the housing, breeding, feed, care, and manage-
ment of poultry and poultry diseases and pests, with especial reference to
Hawaiian conditions, and replaces Bulletin 1 (E. S. R., 13, p. 898).
The Garonnaise breed of chickens, J. Girard {Tie Agr. et Rurale, 8 {1914),
No. 20, pp. 550-553, figs. 4). — An account of the habitat, breed characteristics,
and utility value of the Garonnaise breed of chickens.
The ash and protein factor in poultry feeding, H. R. Lewis {New Jersey.
Stas. Bui. 265 {1913), pp. 5-76, figs. 37). — Three extensive series of experiments
carried on at the station as to the relation of ash aud protein to broiler pro-
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 569
duction, rearing of pullets, and egg production, are summarized by the author,
as follows :
Protein from a vegetable source, even when accompanied by a high phos-
phoric acid content in the ration, is not an eflScient method of providing pro-
tein when feeding growing chickens or laying flocks. The addition of animal
protein in the form of meat scrap, materially increases the efliciency of a ration
relatively high in vegetable protein, both for egg production and for flesh
growth. An increased consumption of nitrogen, occasioned by the addition of
meat scrap, does not cause increased loss of nitrogen in the droppings, the
reverse, however, being true.
Phosphoric acid from an organic source (animal bone) is much more eflicient
than phosphoric acid from an inorganic source, as phosphate rock. Lime in
itself has little or no effect upon increasing assimilation of nitrogen. Lime
from bone is not as easily assimilated as lime from phosphate rock. This was
verified in every Instance, and the difference was very pronounced. From
the standpoint of broiler production, from the standpoint of maturity, and from
the standpoint of egg production, meat scrap is a necessary adjunct to any
ration. Dry granulated bone was found to be a cheaper source of phosphoric
acid and protein than a prepared commercial product, and was more eflicient
in poultry feeding.
Laying hens fed a ration deficient in protein not only give a low production
but the eggs which are produced are small and undersized. A dry mash con-
taining considerable variety and having 20 per cent by weight of beef scrap,
is an eflicient foundation for a laying ration. For growing chicks a dry mash,
having for its base wheat bi'an and containing by weight at least 10 per cent
of meat scrap and 10 per cent of granulated bone, is an efficient ration.
Analyses of the foods used are reported, and a number of practical working
rations are appended.
The breeding' of egg-laying poultry, J. Wilson (Dept. Agr. and Tech.
Instr. Ireland Jour., 14 {19U), No. 2, pp. 231-2^0) .—The author reviews the
studies of Pearl on the inheritance of egg laying in poultry (E. S. R., 28,
p. 576).
In addition, data are given on the results of an egg-laying competition at
the ]Munster Institute, Cork, 1912-1.3, when it was found that a hen's total
yield for the year could be predicted approximately from her yield a few weeks
after she had begun to lay. The record of 24 hens is given, 8 very good, 8
medium, and 8 poor layers. It is pointed out that the good layers have
blanks of only 1 day at a time, as a rule, and that this rate is kept up for 8
or 10 weeks at least ; that the medium layers have blanks of several days at a
time, or if not, lay for a few weeks only; and that poor layers lay no eggs at
all, or only a very few. It is stated that "the great value of the observation
lies in this, that the breeder knows before the setting season begins the grades
to which his pullets belong and he can infer therefrom the parents' grades in
some cases."
Factors influencing the size, shape, and physical constitution of the egg
of the domestic fowl, Maynie R. Curtis (Maine Sta. Bui. 228 {IdlJt), pp.
105-136). — This paper is an analysis of the normal variations in the size,
shape, and physical constitution of the eggs of the domestic fowl as determined
by observations made of all of the eggs laid by 22 Barred Plymouth Rock birds
during their first two laying years.
With regard to the individuality of the eggs of the same bird it was found
that the " individuality of a bird is expressed in each physical character of
her eggs. This individuality is more pronounced in respect to the size than the
62.591°— No. 6—14 0
570 EXPERIMENT STATIOlSr EECOED.
shape of eggs and also in respect to tlie weight of albumin and shell than weight
of yolk. There is a tendency for the several egg characters to be related to
each other in such a way that when the eggs of an individual are large they
are both long and broad and each of the parts is large ; but the hens which lay
large eggs lay eggs with a smaller proportion of yolk than hens which lay small
eggs. Also individuals may show a decided tendency to vary from the flock
type in quite different degrees in different characters.
" The eggs of an individual tend to be either uniform or variable in all the
egg characters, but certain individuals may be variable in certain egg characters
and uniform in others. An individual is in general less variable than the race
in respect to egg characters; but certain individuals may show a variation in
an egg character which is relatively as great as the variation in the race.
Also certain egg characters (particularly yolk weight) show a decided tendency
to approach the race variation in several individuals. The factors which bring
about the individuality in respect to egg characters are too complex for
analysis from the data at hand."
With regard to the correlation of egg character it was determined that " each
egg character is related to every other egg character, but different pairs of
characters show a decidedly different degree of correlation. There is a general
tendency for a given pair of characters to be similarly related in the eggs of
the several individuals, but different individuals may show significantly differ-
ent degrees of correlation in any pair of characters. Length and breadth are
significantly but not highly correlated. Both length and breadth are signifi-
cantly correlated with the weight of the whole egg and of each of the egg
parts. Breadth is as a rule more highly correlated with these weight charac-
ters than is length. The shape of the egg as measured by the length-breadth
index is negatively correlated with the weight of the egg and with the weight
of each of the egg parts. The weight of each part of the egg is positively corre-
lated with the weight of both the other parts."
It was noted that with respect to intraindividual variation " the variation
among the eggs of the same bird is shown to be related to certain other changes
in the bird. The egg weight and the weight of the egg parts, especially the
weight of the yolk, increases as the bird matures. The rate of this gain in
weight decreases with the successive months. Each part of the egg shows a
seasonal fluctuation in weight which is apparently related to the general sea-
sonal fluctuation in the physiological activities of the bird, expressed also in
the curves for food consumption and egg production. The state of health also
may affect the size of the egg. The size of the egg is related to the rate of
production as it expresses itself in the laying of litters. As a rule the first
and last eggs of a litter are smaller than the intermediate ones. When eggs
are produced on successive days they tend to decrease in weight, while the egg
laid on a day after one on which no egg is produced is larger than the last
egg of the preceding series."
A biometrical study of egg production in the domestic fowl. — IV, Factors
influencing' the size, shape, and physical constitution of egg's, ISIaynie R.
Curtis (Arch. Euticwkl. Mech. Organ., 39 (1914), pt- 2-3, pp. 217-327, figs. IS).—
This paper reports in more extended and detailed form the data noted above.
A bacteriological and chemical study of commercial eggs in the pro-
ducing districts of the Central West, Mary E. Pennington et al. (U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bui. 51 (1914), pp. 77, pis. 8, figs. 2).— This bulletin deals with the
subject of the quality of eggs which go to the egg-breaking establishments of
the egg-producing sections of the Central West.
It has been found that when the egg is laid it is of a fairly constant chemical
composition and contains but few bacteria or molds. However, in the process
ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 571
of marketing, eggs in shell undergo a variety of changes referable, almost ex-
clusively, to the mode of handling. From former investigations (E. S. 11.. 22,
p. 762) there was found an average of 2 organisms per gram in the white and
6 per gram in the yolk of perfectly fresh eggs when the incubation temperature
was 37° C, and 7 organisms per gram in the white and 9 per gram in the yolk
when the incubation was at 20°. The character of the organisms present was
widely diversified. Bacillus coU is practically never present. As regards
chemical composition of fresh eggs, whole eggs gave an average percentage of
ammoniacal nitrogen of 0.0013. The moisture content is thought to be indi-
cative of the egg's resistance to decay. In August and September, when the
quality of the eggs is lowest, the maximum quantity of water is found in both
white and yolk. In the early spring when eggs are of highest quality the water
content is lowest, and in the cool days of autumn it occupies a medium position.
An examination of what are termed "market-fresh " eggs showed that bac-
terially these eggs do not differ from strictly fresh eggs.
A study made of the relation between bacterial multiplication and chemical
changes indicates that " for certain substances, at least, the number of or-
ganisms mus't approach the 100,000,000 per gram mark before the analytical
methods for the detection of substances indicative of bacterial life can be
applied satisfactorily."
Summarizing the bacteriological results of Individual eggs opened aseptically
in the laboratory, it was found that the greatest percentage of second-grade
food eggs examined, the medium stale eggs, hatch-spot eggs, heavy rollers,
dirty eggs, cracked eggs, and eggs with yolk partially mixed with albumin
contained less than 1,000 bacteria per gram. B. coli was not present in the
whole-shelled second-grade eggs and in only 5.9 per cent of the cracked-shelled
eggs. In 26.5 per cent of the eggs with adherent yolks, 50 per cent of the eggs
with dead embryos, 75.9 per cent of the moldy eggs, 06.7 per cent of the white
rots, and 100 per cent of the black rots, over 1,000 organisms per gram were to
be found. With the exception of the white and black rots, B. coli was present
in but few of the eggs.
Conclusions reached from bacteriological and chemical examinations of com-
posite sample of eggs oi^ened commercially in the packing house are as follows :
" The samples of July and August firsts contained very few organisms, and in
many cases no bacteria of the B. coli group. The majority of the samples of
clean-shelled seconds had a comparatively low bacterial content, only 8.3 per
cent of them containing over 1,000,000 organisms per gram. The number of
B. coli varied in different specimens from none to 100,000 per gram. The per-
centage of bacterial counts over 1,000,000 per gram in samples of dirties, checks,
and eggs with yolk partially mixed with albumin was 16.6, 18.8, and 20 per
cent, respectively. No greater number of B. coli was found in these samples
than in samples of seconds.
"The samples of blood rings contained comparatively few organisms. The
large blood rings in most instances showed more infection than did the small
rings. Most of the specimens contained less than 10 B. coli per gram. The
amount of protein decomposition as shown by the ammoniacal nitrogen in the
preceding six types of eggs was greater, as would be expected, than that found
in strictly fresh eggs, but was no greater than that found in some grocery eggs.
Although a cracked or dirty shell may be a factor in facilitating infection and
subsequent decomposition, the data obtained show that checks and dirties in
the producing section are as well preserved as the clean whole-shelled seconds
or the July and August firsts. The eggs constituting the samples of July and
August firsts, seconds, dirties, and checks would be used without compunction
by the housewife, baker, or confectioner.
572 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
" The majority of the samples of white rots, eggs with yolk lightly adherent
to the shell, and all of the samples of sour eggs, black rots, eggs with a green
albumin, and eggs with yolk heavily adherent to the shell, were infested with
bacteria. B. coli was present in most of these samples, forming the predomi-
nating organism in the samples of sour eggs. The eggs with the yolk lightly
adherent to the shell were, chemically, slightly lower in quality than were the
second-grade food eggs, whereas the sour eggs, white rots, eggs with a green
white, and eggs with yolk heavily adherent to the shell showed much more
deterioration. Black rots had five times as much ammoniacal nitrogen as any
of these types of eggs. With the exception, possibly, of the eggs with yolka
lightly stuck to the shell, none of the eggs in these samples would be used by
the housewife or reputable baker or confectioner."
An explanation of the technique used for the bacteriological and chemical
examination of eggs is included.
Development of spurs and growth of the crest among' females of the
Gallinaceae, A. P£zard {Conipt. Rend. Acad. Hci. [Parish, 158 (1914), No. 7, pp.
513-516, figs. 3). — This reports successful operations of ovariotomy on pullets,
with a I'esulting development of secondary male sex characters.
Studies on inheritance in pigeons. — I, Hereditary relations of the princi-
pal colors, L. J. Cole {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 158 {WW, pp. 311-380, pis. Jf,
flg.l). — ^A synopsis of the principal color characteristics of pigeons is presented,
and the results of a study of the inheritance of certain colors of Tumbler pigeons
and some of their modifications are summarized as follows:
"Only two kinds of pigment are concerned — red and black. Red {R) is
potentially present in all the birds, but shows only when not inhibited, and
when black {B) is absent, since black is epistatic to red.
" For the full development of intensity of red and black the presence of an
intensity factor (/) is necessary. In the absence of this factor these colors
remain in the dilute condition, red appearing yellow and blaok as dun. An-
other factor necessary for the full expression of black is one {8) which is
presumed to cause the pigment to spread throughout the barbules of the feather
instead of remaining clumped in the central part of the old barbule cells. When
S is absent and the pigment is clumped as de.scribed, the appearance known as
blue results. The dilute condition of blue is silver. The factor S affects only
black pigmentation and does not produce any difference in the appearance of
red, at any rate that has as yet been identified.
" White in the plumage of pigeons is due to an indefinite number of factors
(TTi, W2, etc.) which inhibit the production of pigment in the areas which they
influence. Definite patterns may result from the approach of a homozygous
condition for IF factors which act on particular definite regions of the plumage.
' Reversion ' to the wild blue Rock Pigeon type in domesticated pigeons is due
simply to a recurrence of the particular combination of factors which are pres-
ent in Columha lii-ia. An extensive experiment on the inheritance of black and
red showed an overproduction of red birds in F2, the ratio being practically 2 : 1
instead of 3:1. This is not due to the absence of the homozygous dominant
class as in yellow mice. Possible explanations are offered but no definite
conclusion is reached.
" Different strains or family lines appear to have different tendencies as to
the ratios of blacks and reds they produce in F^. Lumping all of the results
shows still a slight excess of reds. The ratios of intense to dilute birds from
heterozygotes bred to other heterozygotes or to dilutes closely approximate
Meudelian expectation, that is 3 : 1 and 1:1, respectively. Various matiugs of
the different colors give the results expected according to theory. A consider-
able number of illustrative matings are presented. Illustrations are given of
DAIRY FARMING ^DAIRYING. 573
matings of white to white, white to splash, white to self, splash to splash, and
splash to self. In general, the oftspring tend to be grouped around the parental
mean with respect to amount of color in -the plumage. The evidence supports
the conclusion that a number of factors are concerned in the production of
white and splashed birds."
A list of references is appended.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Dairying, J. A. Foord, E. B. Fitts, J. B. Lindsey, H. O. Daniels, A. J.
PiERPONT, P. H. Smith, W. P. B. Lockwood, and P. M. Harwood (Mass. Bd.
Agr. Bui. 6 {1914), PP- 14'^, pls. 11, figs. 5). — This bulletin is a compilation of
articles treating of general dairy topics, including barn building, breeding, care,
feeding, and management of dairy cattle, use of silage, production of market
milk, and related subjects.
Cassava meal in feeding dairy cattle, Maxlevre (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr.
France, 74 {1914), No. 6, pp. 638-644)- — In experiments in which cassava meal
was substituted for gluten meal in a regular ration of wheat bran, beets, chopped
straw, and alfalfa hay for dairy cattle no material gain was secured either in
quantity or quality of milk.
Cobt of milk production, O. Erf {Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 2 {1914), No.
10, p. 11). — The average cost of keeping a cow per year as detei*mined from
data secured by the Ohio Experiment Station is estimated to be $73.G8. After
crediting her with the by-products, the estimated cost of milk produced is for
a 3,000 lb. cow 21.1 cts. per gallon, for a 4,000 lb. cow 15.8. 5.000 lb. cow 12.7,
6,000 lb. cow 10.6. and 7,000 lb. cow 9.05 cts.
Relation of conformation and mammary system to milk and butter fat
production, V, F. Dolcini {Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 1 {1914), No. 9, pp. 9-11). —
Studies made of the conformation of a number of cows lead the author to con-
clude that there is a positive correlation in most cases between the different
points of conformation and production and also a correlation between all points
of the mammary system and production. The important points seem to be cir-
cumference of barrel, width and depth of chest, open frame work, and rump
conformation. It was found that a pound of milk fat can be produced more
cheaply in a high producing animal than in a low producing one.
The specific heat of milk and milk derivatives, A. R. Johnson and B. W.
Hammer (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 6 (1914), No. 7, pp. 569-573, figs. 4)- —
The experimental technique is fully described and data are reported showing
the variation with the temperature of the specific heat of milk and a number of
milk products, including whey, skim milk, cream, and butter.
Studies on the ash of colostrum, milk with particular reference to its
quantity and composition several days after calving, M. Sato (Trans. Sap-
poro Nat. Hist. Soc., 5 (1914), No. 2, pp. 96-110). — This reports analyses made
of the colostrum milk of six mature cows immediately after and 24 hours after
calving. The average specific gravity of the former was 1.0656, of the latter
1.0385; the fat content 4.8 -and 3.6 per cent; the ash content 1.03 and 0.899 per
cent ; and the reaction, amphoteric in both cases.
The ratio of potassium oxid to sodium in the ash colostrum milk immedi-
ately after calving was 1.9 : 1, of milk 24 hours after calving 21 : 1. The calcium
oxid, phosphoric acid, and sulphuric acid content were quite variable. The
chlorin content is about the same as for normal milk.
Cow's milk for infants in Saxony, E. W. Thompson (Cream, and Milk
Plant Mo., 2 (1914), No. 11, pp. 25-27). — This is an account of the production
in Saxony of what is known as " Kindermilch." The text of the ordinance of
574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the city of Dresden, relating to the production and sale of this milk, is given.
The health of the cow, the feed, surroundings, and operation of milking are all
under strict control. Great importance is attached to giving dry feed as dis-
tinguished from all kinds of sloppy feeds, such as distillery waste, silage, and
beet tops. The usual sources of carbohydrates are dry hay, wheat bran, rye
bran, and small amounts of green fodder cut and taken to the stall. The
protein content is brought up to the desired ratio with cotton-seed meal, peanut
meal, copra meal, coconut meal, or linseed meal.
Results secured at the Eacknitz Dairy show that when milk is produced
under certain rigid conditions the bacterial content may be kept within safe
limits without the necessity of sterilizing by heat. It is stated that the dairy
has records showing a count of from zei'o to 280 bacteria per cubic centimeter
against 220,000 in good commercial milk. It is shown that in the eight years
since the consumption of this milk has begun, infant mortality has decreased
from 21.7 to 12.5 per cent in Dresden, and from 17.8 to 5.5 per cent in suburbs
of Dresden.
Comparison of the plating and microscopic m.etliods in tlie bacteriological
examination of milk, G. W. Goodrich (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 14 U914), No.
3, pp. 512-519). — In comparing the relative value of the plate and micro-
scopic methods in the bacteriological examination of milk the author concludes
that there is a marked correlation between the two counts; that the factor
20,000 which is used to reduce the microscopic counts to terms of the plate
count is satisfactory; and that the microscoijic count from a single slide can
be depended upon as being within the limits of one-third as great to three times
as great as the plate count, but can not be depended upon as being within
10,000 of the plate count. The microscopic count from a single slide is not
sufBcieutly reliable to warrant the condemnation of market milk, especially
when the standard for passing is a low count. Any milk which is " passed " on
the microscopic count from a single slide where the passing standard is a low
count is not likely to have a dangerously high count by the plate method.
A bacteriological index for dirt in milk, J. J. Kinyoun (t/. S. Naval Med.
Bid., 8 (WUf), No. 3, pp. 43o-^Jt2). — In discussing the relative importance of a
bacteriological index for dirt in milk the author concludes after an examina-
tion of about 3,000 samples of milk that in good milks there is present on a
general average 1 colon bacillus to 50,000 bacteria in the milk ; in dirty milk, 1
colon bacillus to 555. He is of the opinion that cleanliness in the production
is the most important of all factors entering into the milk problem. The em-
ployment of a standardized Endo medium, as described in this article, is recom-
mended for isolating the colon group.
Ability of streptococci to survive pasteurization, S. H. Ayers and W. T.
Johnson, Jr. {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 (191^), No. J/, pp. 321-
330, figs. 3). — The authors of this paper summarize their investigations as
follows :
" The thermal death points of 139 cultures of streptococci isolated from cow
feces, from the udder and the mouth of the cow, and from milk and cream
showed a wide variation when the heating was performed in milk for 30 min-
utes under conditions similar to pasteurization. At 60° C. (140° F.), the
lowest pasteurizing temperature, 89 cultures, or 64.03 per cent, survived; at
62.8°, the usual temperature for pasteurizing, 46, or 33.07 per cent, survived;
and at 71.1° 2.58 per cent of the cultures survived; all were destroyed at 73.9°.
The streptococci from the udder were, on the whole, less resistant and those
from milk and cream more resistant to heat than those from the mouth of the
cow and from cow feces. When heated to 60° all of the IS cultures from milk
and cream survived ; at 02.9° 17, or 04.44 per cent survived ; at 68.3° 9 cultures.
DAIRY FARMING! DAIRYING. 575
or 50 per cent, withstood the heating process. All the streptococci from milk
and cream were destroyed by heating to 73.9° for 30 minutes.
" Among the 139 cultures of streptococci there were 22 that formed long
chains, which, for the purpose of this paper, were considered as typical strep-
tococci. The others were considered atypical. The typical streptococci were
much less resistant to heat than were the atypical. Of the 22 typical strep-
tococci 12, or 54.54 per cent, survived heating for 30 minutes at 57.2° ; at 60°
9, or 40.91 per cent, survived; at 62.8° only 1 culture, or 4.54 per cent, withstood
the heating. All of the typical streptococci were destroyed by heating for
30 minutes at 65.6°. The 117 atypical streptococci were more resistant; at
60° 68.37 per cent survived; at 62.8° 38.46 per cent survived; and at 71.7°
2.56 per cent survived; all were destroyed at 73.9°.
"Two classes of streptococci seem to survive pasteurization: (a) Strepto-
cocci which have a low majority thermal death point but among which a few
cells are able to survive the pasteurizing temperature. This ability of a few
bacteria to withstand the pasteurizing temperature may be due to certain re-
sistant characteristics peculiar to a few cells or may be due to some protective
influence in the milk, (b) Streptococci which have a high majority thermal
death point. When such is the case, the bacteria survive because the majority
thermal death point is above the temperature used in pasteurization. This
ability to resist destruction by heating is a permanent characteristic of certain
strains of streptococci. The thermal death point determinations in this work
were made in milk in such a manner as to represent actual conditions of pas-
teurization by the holder process ; therefore the results show what may be ex-
pected in commercial pasteurization, and it is evident that some streptococci
may survive the process. However, different results might have been obtained
if a lai'ger number of cultures had been studied and if other methods and
media had been used for determining the thermal death points."
The application of refrigeration to the handling of milk, J. T. Bowen
{U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 98 (1914), pp. 88, figs. 37).— This bulletin discusses the
application of refrigeration in the operation of the modern milk plant and
describes the various forms of mechanical and other systems of cooling.
After treating of the physical changes, including specific heat, cohesion,
viscosity, and coefficient of expansion and freezing, and the bacteriological
changes of milk and cream the author takes up a discussion of the principles
involved in cooling by means of salt and ice mixtures. Curves are given show-
ing the approximate temperature obtained with different . proiwrtions of salt,
the refrigeration available with different percentages of salt, and the specific
heat of common salt brine with difi:erent percentages of salt. The ice bunker,
gravity brine, compression and vapor absorption systems of refrigeration are
treated, together with their installation and operation. Methods of utilizing
refrigeration described are the direct expansion, brine circulating, brine storage,
congealing tank, and air-circulating systems.
Other subjects discussed are insulation, size and cost of plants, and cooling
milk on the farm, during transportation, and at the receiving stations, bottling
plants, and creameries.
A study of the market butter of Boston, M. J. Rosenatt, W. D. Frost, and
Ruth Bryant {Jour. Med. Research, 30 {1914), No. 1, pp. 69-85). — Twenty-five
samples of butter, representing the market supply of Boston and scoring from
SO to 98, were studied.
There appeared to be no definite relation between score and price. Attempts
were made, without success, to devise a practical dirt test for butter.
The average number of bacteria per gram was determined by emulsifying
the butter in warm water. The average number for the 25 samples was
576 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
5,700,000 per gram; the lowest number was 8,600 and the highest 41,000,000.
There was no particular relation between the number of bacteria and any other
constituent determined, such as salt reaction, moisture, etc. The number of
bacteria diminished markedly with age, in one sample 85.8 per cent in 2 weeks,
in another 93.7 per cent in 4 weeks, and in another 95.6 per cent in 6 weeks.
The number of bacteria may therefore be used as an index to the age of the
butter.
Bacillus coli was found in only 6 of the 25 samples and then only in small
numbers. It seems that B. coli soon dies out in butter. Streptococci were
found in 14 samples, but no special relation between their presence and viru-
lence as tested upon guinea pigs could be made out. Bacterium wclchii was
not found in any of the samples. Tubercle bacilli were demonstrated in 2 of
the 21 samples tested for these organisms and from butter of apparently first
quality. Pasteurization of cream intended for butter is recommended.
Butter (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 58 (19 U), pp. 21-32).— Thia reports official
inspections made of the weight and chemical analyses of samples of package
butter in different parts of the State.
Inquiry into the factors which control the texture of Cheddar cheese, I,
A. Geake (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 {19U), No. 2, pp. 169-178, figs. 3).—
This investigation was undertaken with the view of ascertaining the influence
of acidity on curd, caseinogen, and casein. In the course of the investigation
the following acids were used: Fatty acids; formic, acetic, propionic, butyric,
isobutyric, valerianic, and isovalerianic acids; oxyacids; and glycollic, lactic,
a-oxybutyric, j3-oxybutyric, and oxyisobutyric acids.
It was shown that in the presence of weak organic acids, caseinogen and
casein swell and finally dissolve to a greater or lesser extent. The presence of
lactic or acetic acids hindered the solution of rennet curd. This is explained
as being due to the acids hindering the action of the enzyms, since these solu-
tions did not become putrid so readily as those in pure water. The acid curd,
in which the presence of large amounts of enzyms was excluded, was much
more readily dissolved by the acids than by water and by the stronger than
by the weaker lactic acid solutions. It was found that the addition of sodium
chlorid to lactic acid solutions of caseinogen lessens the solubility of the
caseinogen and if sufficient salt is added the protein is more or less completely
salted out. It was noted that there is a " very rapid change in the percentage
of caseinogen precipitated by concentrations of sodium chlorid between about
0.1 N and 0.17 N. At the former concentration the amount of caseinogen pre-
cipitated is less than 10 per cent, and at the latter is more than 90 per cent.
This illustrates the value of the method of separating proteins by fractional
salting out from solution."
VETERINAEY ]V[EDICINE.
Atlas and text-book of the more important animal parasites and their
means of transmission, R. O. Neumann and M. Mayeb (Atlas und Lehrbuch
wichtiger ticrisclier Parasiten und Hirer Uhertrager mit heso-nderer Berilck-
sichtigung der Tropenpathologie. Munich, 19H, vol. 11, pp. VI+580-{-93, pis.
49, figs. 260; rev. in Science, n. scr., J/O (1914), No. 1023, pp. 210-212) .—This
work, which deals with the more important animal parasites, includes 45
colored plates.
Vaccination for infectious diseases, R. M. Staley (Proc. Penn. State Vet.
Med. Assoc, 30 (1913), I, pp. 64-69; Amer. Yet. Rev., 43 (1913), No. 6, pp.
611-6111).— This deals especially with the methods as carried out by the Com-
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 577
monwealth of Pennsylvania, with particular reference to anthrax, blackleg,
and hofi cholera.
The lecithin content of different tissues, J. Cruickshank (Ahs. in Jour.
Path, and Bad., 18 (1913), No. 1, pp. lSJt-lSG).—ThQ amount of lecithin
in difCereut tissues was determined, the procedure used consisting in
brief in extracting the tissues with alcohol or ether and treating the
residue from the evaporated extract with hot acetic ether. " On cooling this
solution a precipitate results. After purification by repeated solution in, and
precipitation from, hot acetic ether the precipitate is dissolved in ether (any
material insoluble in ether is removed by rapidly centrifugalizing), and the
solution is precipitated with excess of acetone. Solution in ether and precipi-
tation with acetone is repeated a number of times till the precipitate is com-
pletely soluble in ether. Finally, the acetone precipitate is shaken with cold
alcohol. The fraction soluble in cold alcohol constitutes the ' lecithin.' The
amount of lecithin present has been estimated by evaporating to dryness a
known volume of the alcoholic solution and weighing the residue."
The amount of lecithin found in 100 gm. of wet tissue was as follows : Ox's
heart, kidney, spleen, lungs, testicles, thyroid, pancreas, and submaxillary
gland, 0.36, 0.48, 0.14, 0.4, 0.62, 0.3, 0.68, and 0.3 gm., respectively ; sheep's liver
and red corpuscles, l.G and 0.12 gm., respectively ; ox's red corpuscles 2.5 gm. ;
and human brain 0.6 gm.
"A number of these tissues have also been fixed in formalin, dried to con-
stant weight, and extracted with ether in place of alcohol. The amount of
lecithin obtained by this method has in all cases been small, generally about
one-tenth of the amount obtained by extracting a corresponding amount of the
same dried tissue with alcohol. It has been found that the yield of lecithin
from certain dried tis.sues by extraction with alcohol may be considerably less
than that obtained from the corresponding amount of the same tissue extracted
in the wet state. This difference occurs more particularly with tissues (brain,
blood) which in the dried condition are difficult to reduce to a fine powder,
and is probably attributable to want of proper penetration of the tissue by the
extracting fluid.
" In estimating the amount of lecithin, it is inconvenient to work with very
large amounts of acetone precipitate, as it is difficult, without the use of sand
or other material by which the precipitate may be triturated, to extract the
whole of the lecithin. Further, the amou;it of lecithin in any precipitate can
only be estimated by thorough extraction of the precipitate with cold alcohol,
as it has been found that the proportion of lecithin in acetone precipitates
varies considerably."
A comparative study of the chemical and biochemical properties of lipoid
substances as extracted from pig's liver and egg' yolk, F. P. Wilson {Jour.
Path, and. Bad., 18 {1913), No. 1, pp. 60-63).— "The best anticomplementary
property is shown, as in the case of the liver, by the acetone-insoluble fraction
of the ether extract. The figure obtained is very low compared with the liver,
and is practically equalled by the other acetone-insoluble fractions. The hemo-
lytic property is absent in all fractions, and in this connection it may be noted
that the saponification values are much the same as in the liver, but the iodin
values are higher. In both liver and egg yolk a high iodin value is accom-
panied by an increased anticomplementary action, but in the case of the liver
the converse does not hold good.
" No relation appears to exist between the anticomplementary property and
the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus, nor apparently is there anything
in the ratio of N : P. It is noteworthy that the acetone-soluble portion of the
578 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
hot alcohol extract contains the highest percentage of phosphorus, the next
highest figure being found in the acetone-insoluble fraction of the same ex-
tract. In the case of the liver the phosphorus was practically all In the acetone-
insoluble fractions, and especially in that of the ether extract. In short, it is
apparent that the lipoids of egg yolk differ widely in certain chemical and
biochemical properties from those obtained from a mixture of several pigs'
livers."
An attempt to preserve hemolytic com.plement in a permanent form,
H. R. Dean {Ahs. in Jour. Path, and Bad., 18 (1913), No: 1, pp. 118, 119).—
" The main object of these experiments was to obtain hemolytic complement in
a state in which it could be preserved and used in place of fresh serum. This
object was not attained. The method employed was such as to effect a separa-
tion of the lipoid and protein constituents of serum, and it is possibly of interest
to note that the separated protein was rich in mid-piece fraction, but contained
traces only of end-piece."
Two important western poisonous plants, H. G. Knight {Proc. Soc. Prom.
Agr. Sci., 33 (1912), pp. 51-58). — The data here presented relating to the woody
aster and death camas have been previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 197). See
also a subsequent note (E. S. R., 29, p. 77).
Studies in the toxicity of cotton-seed meal, W. A. Withers and B. J. Rat
{Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 33 (1912), pp. i9-2i).— Previously noted (E. S. R.,
28, p. 197).
A remedy for cotton-seed meal poisoning, W. A. Withers (North Carolina
Sta. Circ. 5 (1913), pp. 3). — The data here presented relating to experiments
with rabbits have previously been noted from another source (E. S. R., 29, p.
477). In addition, brief mention is made of preliminary tests with swine.
Twelve pigs, weighing an average of 50 lbs., were fed daily 0.5 lb. of cotton-seed
meal and 1.5 lbs. of corn meal, the ration being increased as the pigs grew.
In addition, a solution of copperas was given to 6 of the pigs. At the time of
writing, or thirteen weeks after the experiments were commenced, 4 of the G
pigs receiving the cotton-seed meal without the iron salt had died and the
remaining 2 had a very unthrifty appearance and had made an average gain
of but 35 lbs. The 6 which had received an iron salt had gained au average
of 54 lbs. " Based upon these results, iron salt appears to be of value in
diminishing, if not entirely preventing, the harmful effects to swine of cotton-
seed meal feeding, provided that feeding is not in excess of the rate of 1 lb. of
meal daily to each 100 lbs. of live weight."
The directions given for the preparation and use of the iron solution are as
follows: "Dissolve 1 lb. of copperas (ferrous sulphate) in a barrel (about 50
gal.) of water. For each pound of cotton-seed meal take 1 gal. of the solu-
tion, mix thoroughly daily for each 100-lb. pig. If the pig weighs only 50 lbs.,
use half the amount of cotton-seed meal and one-half of the copperas solution."
The diagnosis of anthrax according to Ascoli's and SchUtz-Pfeiler's
methods, F. Fischoeder (Ztschr. Infcktionslcrank. u. Ilyg. Hausticrc, 13 (1913),
No. 6, pp. 317-322). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 28, p. 477), the
author reports tests made with the Schiitz-Pfeiler precipitating serum. In all
cases where anthrax bacilli, whether living or dead, were present in the mate-
rial examined, anthrax could be diagnosed by the Schiitz-Pfeiler method.
A diagnosis of anthrax sepsis with the lumbar puncture, L. Pollak
(Wiener Klin. Wclinschr., 25 (1912), No. J,3, pp. 1702-1704, fig. 1; ahs. in
Centbl. Bakt. [etc.l, 1. AM., Ref., 56 (1913), No. 12, p. 355).— A minute descrip-
tion of cases in which it was possible to detect the causative organism in the
cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid was centrifuged, and in the sediment the
Bacillus anthracis was noted by the usual method.
VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 579
Infectious bulbar paralysis, pseudo-rabies or Aujeszky's disease, L. Panis-
SET (Rev. Geii. AIM. Vet., 23 (1014), A'o. 275, pii. GOl-618, fiys. 4; ahs. in Jour.
Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1914), No. 2, pp. 179-182). — A summarized ac-
count of the disease with references to the literature.
A contribution on the cultivation, isolation, and disinfection of the
blackleg- bacillus, E. IIolzel (Centbl. Bakt. [eic], 1. AM., Orig., 71 (1913),
No. 2-3, pp. 147-165). — A report of the results of investigations of Bacillus
gangrcenw emphysematosce at the Pathological Institute of the Veterinary High
School at Munich.
A contribution to the knowledge of Bacillus mallei, M. Caepano (Centbl.
Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 71 (1913), No. 4, pp. 267-285, pis. S).— This paper
deals with the morphology and biology of the glanders bacillus.
Observations on the clinical diag-nosis of g-landers, C. H. Schultz (Philip-
pine Ayr. Rev. [English Ed.}, 6 (1913), No. 8, pp. 3S0-385, pi. 1).— After review-
ing the literature in regard to the value of the various tests for diagnosing glan-
ders, the author points out that he has been able to verify de Bliecli's findings
(E. S. R., 20, p. 376) in regard to the value of the conjunctival reaction when
using crude mallein in the eye. "During an investigation of an outbreak of
contagious disease among native ponies at Calamba ... its application gave
negative results. Streptococcus eqiii was subsequently isolated from the afflicted
animals, thus identifying the disease as strangles."
The vitality of the hemorrhagic septicemia organism outside the body,
J. D. E. Holmes (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Vet. Scr., 2 (1914), No. 4, pp. 105-
118). — This paper consists of three parts, the first dealing with the effect of
exposure of the virus to direct sunlight, the second with the vitality of the
virus when protected from direct sunlight, and the third with tests on cattle.
It was found that exposure to direct sunlight for one day kills the virus both
in broth cultures and in sterile dry earth. When exposed to direct sunlight in
agar slant cultures the virus is killed in five days. Agar and broth cultures
when kept in the shnde at air temperature maintain their virulence for guinea
pigs for six weeks or longer, and broth cultures mixed with sterilized moist
earth keep their virulence for guinea pigs for a similar period. lu surface
water protected from direct sunlight the virus maintains its vitality for about
three weeks. Broth cultures mixed with unsterilized mud and protected from
sunlight maintain their virulence for three months and longer.
In experiments with cattle it was found that the virulence of the organism
is reduced after it has remained for some time in mud, but is still fatal for more
susceptible animals. After passage through cattle the original virulence is
recovered. Bovines in normal health can resist la4"ge amounts of virulent broth
cultures when ingested. The ingestion of virus confers an immunity against
a lethal dose of culture inoculated subcutaneously three weeks after the inges-
tion. Bovines whose resistance has become lowered from fatigue, poor condi-
tion, exposure, and other like causes, are very susceptible to the ingestion of
the virus when ingested.
Contribution to the cultivation of the parasite of rabies, H. Nogxjchi
(Jour. Expt. Med., 18 (1913), No. 3, pp. 314-316, pi. i).— In the experiments
about 50 series of cultivations were made with the brain or medulla removed
aseptically from rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs infected with street virus, pas-
sage virus, or fixed virus. The method of cultivation was the same as that
used for the spirochetes of relapsing fever. In the culture minute chromatoid
bodies arise wLl.li on subsequent transplantation reappear in the new cultures
throughout ^lany generations. The bodies fi-om all the viruses seemed to be
alike. The smallest of these could just be seen with a Zeiss apochromatle
2-mm. lens.
580 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
In four different instances in cultures from the passage and fixed virus nucle-
ated round or oval bodies, surrounded with a membrane totally different from
the minute bodies mentioned above, were noted.
" By inoculating cultures containing the granular, pleomorphic, or nucleated
bodies, rabies has been reproduced in dogs, rabbits, and guinea pigs, as shown
by the typical symptoms and positive animal inoculations, while the film prepa-
rations from the brain of the animals contained always the granular and some-
times the nucleated bodies in large numbers."
Contribution to the study of the fi.ltrate of the rabies virus, Neumann and
T. MiRONESCO {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 74 (1913), No. 12, pp. 112,
713). — The filtrate from the rabies virus has been found to be very variable as
regards strength. In order to see if a homogeneous virus could be obtained,
the brain of a rabbit which died of the disease was rubbed up in a mortar with
100 cc. of a normal serum, and the emulsion obtained was shaken up in a bottle
containing glass beads for about one hour. The emulsion was then filtered
through a sterile gauze, and at this juncture there was added an emulsion made
from two 24-hour agar cultures of the Bacillus pyocyaneus and emulsified with
normal serum. The entire mixture was then diluted with 300 cc. of normal
serum, mixed well, and filtered through a Berliefeld V filter under a pressure
of from two to five atmospheres.
Some rabbits were then inoculated with the filtrate and others with the
unflltered virus. The rabbits receiving the filtrate died in the same time as
those receiving the unfiltered virus. The brains of the rabbits dying as a
result of the injection of the filtrate were infectious for other rabbits.
The diagnosis of rabies, H. Koenigsfeld (Centhl. Balct. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig.,
70 (1913), No. 1-2, pp. 85-98; abs. in Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 24 {1913),
No. 3, p. 64)- — In this work it was possible to verify the findings of others
that the rabies virus can penetrate the skin or mucous membrane through super-
ficial wounds and cause the disease. The corneal and cutaneous methods will in
many cases determine the presence of the disease even though putrefied mate-
rial is used for the tests. The incubation periods, etc.. ai'e often lengthened
when putrefied material is used in the experiments.
The treatment of tetanus, J. Schmidt (Bcr. K. Tierdrztl. Hochschule Dres-
den, n. scr., 7 (1912), p. 151; al)s. in Vet. Rec, 26 {1913), No. 1324, P- 326).—
A comparison of nine cases of tetanus in the horse. Two of the animals were
treated with morphin and chloral hydrate alone and the other seven with
tetanus antitoxin only. The two first-mentioned horses were slaughtered, being
incurable, one after 12 hours and the other 3i days after treatment. Of the
other seven, four recovered, two died, and one was slaughtered. The anti-
toxin was given intravenously.
Double infection with the human and bovine types of Bacillus tuberculo-
sis, P. A. Lewis {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 60 {1913), No. 3, pp. 202, 203).—
A description of a case in a man, by occupation a butcher, in which the lungs
were affected by the human type of organism, and the thumb (tuberculosis
verrucosa cutis) by the bovine type of organism.
Investig'ations in regard to the isolation of the human and bovine types
of tubercle bacilli from cultures of atypical virulence (Schroeder-Mietzsch
strain) and from artificially mixed cultures, E. A. Lindemann (Arb. K.
Osndhtsamt., 45 {1913), No. 2, pp. 197-225) .—The Schroeder-Mietzsch culture
is an atypical culture isolated from a 20-year old woman affected with pul-
monary tuberculosis. It grows like the bovine type in bouillon, but lacks the
virulence of this type of organism. Thinking that it might be a mixed culture,
although investigations by others have proved the contrary, the author made
tests with it on rabbits, guinea pigs, and chickens, and in bouillon. The i-esults
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 581
were negative, but he is not inclined to believe that it can be classified with the
human type of organism. The gallinaceous type is not present in the culture.
Some tests with artificially mixed human and bovine type cultures wei-e then
made for the purpose of determining to what degree such cultures, which have
been artificially cultivated for a long time, may be separated. Nine out of ten
cultures prepared from the two types could be isolated and identified. Even
though one of the types was present in a dilution of 1 : 50 with the other type,
it could be detected. In the tenth mixture of types only the human kind could
be isolated. The test showed in an indirect way the constancy of the various
types.
In reg'ard to the etiology and serodiag'nosis of human, bovine, and avian
tuberculosis, G. Roncaglio (liapporti Eziologici e Sierodiagnostici fra Tuher-
colosi Umana, Bovina, Aviaria. Parma, Italy, 1912, pp. 199; alts, in Ztschr.
Immunifatsf. u. Expt. Ther., 11, Rcf., 6 {1913), No. U, p. 995).— In this work
the etiological, clinical, and serodiagnostic relations which exist between human,
bovine, and avian tuberculosis were studied. The first part of the work is
mainly historical in nature and gives a good perspective of the present status
of this problem. The biological methods used were the complement fixation
test, meiostagmln reaction, and passive anaphylaxis. The tests made were too
few and did not allow a definite conclusion as to the types of bacilli present.
The meiostagmin reaction, however, gave the best results.
The occurrence of avian tuberculosis in man, E. Lowenstein (Wiener
Klin. Wchnschr.,26 (1913), No. 20, pp. 785-7S7).— The author states that avian
tuberculosis occurs more frequently in man than is usually supposed, and may
be due to eating eggs from tuberculous hens. The cases can be definitely classi-
fied from the bacteriological and clinical findings, but a much simpler method
is to employ the avian tuberculin test. Artificially infected eggs when soft-
boiled showed living organisms. In all cases where acid-fast bacilli are found
which are not pathogenic for guinea pigs, tests must be made with rabbits and
hens.
Studies in avian tuberculosis, L. R. Himmelbeeger {Cenfbl. Bakt. [etc.'], 1.
AM., Orig., 13 {1914), No- 1, pp. 1-11, pis. 2).— In this contribution from the
Michigan Experiment Station, after reviewing some of the literature relative
to avian tuberculosis, the results of cultural, transmission, and agglutination
tests are reported.
It was found possible to cultivate the avian tubercle bacillus on sterile
bananas and glycerinated slants of carrots, turnips, and garden beets. The
results suggest that the media tried may eventually be used as a means of
differentiation.
Transmission experiments were made with tuberculous chickens and white
rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and calves. The attempts to infect rats by cohabita-
tion with tuberculous hens and two guinea pigs, one rabbit, and two rats, by
injecting a broth culture of the avian tubercle bacillus subcutaueously, resulted
negatively. One rabbit, however, showed an abscess at the site of injection
which was found to contain the tubercle bacillus. Three other rabbits, which
received an intravenous injection of a suspension of macerated tubercular mate-
rial from a diseased hen and were killed two months later, showed no evidences
of infection.
The results with twin calves one week old from a nontubercular herd, which
were fed with milk and the macerated organs of a tubex'cular hen as previously
noted by Giltner (E. S. R., 28, p. 476), showed in one case a reaction with
avian tuberculin but none with mammalian tuberculin as applied some months
later. About five months afterward it again reacted to avian tuberculin, and
582 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
on autopsy was found to have lesions in the abdominal viscera, although the
bacilli could not be isolated from the lesions. Another calf, which was injected
with a suspension of tubercular lymph nodes and tested five months later with
avian tuberculin, gave a decided reaction, but no lesions were found on autopsy.
A fourth calf, which was fed with the macerated organs of tubercular hens,
gave positiTe tests to both avian and bovine tuberculin. Fifteen days elapsed
between the application of the tuberculins. The results support the view " that
avian tuberculin will not immunize an animal against the anaphylactic action
of orduiary tuberculin or vice versa. The response to this test with ordinary
tuberculin weakens the supposition advanced previously that a difference exists
in the avian and ordinary tuberculins. This calf was killed and examined post-
mortem with the following findings: Liver presented many yellowish, white
spots J cm. in diameter, smears from which showed presence of tubercle
bacilli. Hepatic lymph glands were normal, however. Mesenteric lymph nodes
opposite union of jejunum and ileum enlarged and tubercular. No lesions were
found in the intestines."
Agglutination tests with normal and diseased fowls are reported upon, and the
results, while encouraging, do not warrant the drawing of positive conclu-
sions because the number of birds examined was too few. The possibility of
using the precipitin, agglutination, and complement-fixation tests as diagnostic
agents is em jiha sized.
Avian tuberculosis, L. Van Es and A. F. Schalk (North Dakota 8ta. Bui.
lOS {1914), PP- 3-94, pis. 3, fig. 1). — This discusses the history, geographic
distribution, economic importance, etiology, modes of transmission and patho-
genesis, lesions, symptoms, and diagnosis of avian tuberculosis, with special
reference to its occurrence in fowls, and reports experiments in applying the
tuberculin test to the diagnosis of tuberculosis in fowls. An extensive bibliog-
raphy is appended.
" Owing to the negative results obtained by previous investigators when the
subcutaneous, ophthalmic, or cutaneous method of application was used, the
writers experimented almost exclusively with the intracutaneous method of
tuberculin application introduced by Moussu and Mantoux [E. S. R., 21, p.
582]." A portion of the experiments (320 birds) has been reported from
another source (E. S. II.. 30, p. 381), but in all 601 tests were made. The
number of fowls given autopsy was 277, the number of birds found to have
lesions was 125, and those showing typical reactions were 90 in number. The
reacting fowls with lesions were 88, or 97.77 per cent. The number of non-
reacting fowls was 130, of which 120, or 91.53 per cent, were without lesions.
There were 57 fowls with doubtful reactions, and of these 27, or 47.36 per cent,
had lesions. In many of the cases the lesions were confined to a single organ.
A tuberculin reaction in chickens is considered an almost certain indication
of tuberculous infection. " While nothing less than a great amount of prac-
tical experience obtained under all kinds of conditions will be necessni-y to
establish the usefulness of the intradermal tuberculin test in the eradication
of tuberculosis from farm poultry, the results obtained in experiments ai'e
strongly suggestive of its value."
As tuberculosis is considered a chronic, essentially progressive disease, and
the treatment of avian tuberculosis is impracticable, prophylaxis as a means of
eradication of tuberculosis from a flock is suggested. " The owners of a healthy
flock should be careful in the introduction of new stock, and when the latter
is procured from unknown or questionable sources, it would be advisable to
subject the fowls to a tuberculin test before they are permitted to mingle with
the healthy birds."
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 583
The data presented show that more of the older fowls in a flock are usually-
diseased, and as such constitute the greatest factor in the distribution of avian
tuberculosis. "After the elimination of the older birds the remainder of the
flock may be tuberculin tested in the manner indicated, and all fowls reacting
either typically or doubtfully should share the same fate as the older birds.
. . . Certain phases of the management of poultry must be given considera-
tion in connection with tuberculosis. Clean, airy, well-lighted [roomy] quarters
are less apt to promote the spread of the disease than when the opposite is
the case. ... To what extent the disease is transmitted by means of eggs can
not be said at this time, but even if the danger from this source is probably
a slight one, common prudence should cause one to avoid the use of eggs from
tuberculous birds for setting purposes.
As an indication of what may be accomplished in the eradication of tuber-
culosis from a rather heavily infected flock of chickens, the authors relate that
in the beginning of 1913 a flock of 249 chickens was found by tuberculin test
and autopsy to be tuberculous to the extent of 43.37 per cent. Eliminating all
reacting and undesirable birds 56 nonreacting fowls were retained, to which
were added 47 new purchases which did not react to the test. During the
summer one more bird died with tuberculosis, and is regarded as a case which
failed to react on account of very extensive lesions. A year later the flock
had again increased to 249 fowls, and the test revealed only 2.41 per cent of
tuberculosis. "All those cases showed very slight lesions, probably incipient,
and may be attributed to infection by the missed case which died during the
summer."
In discussing the relation of avian to mammalian tuberculosis it is con-
cluded that " with the possible exception of swine the danger to mammals from
avian infection sources is probably very slight and negligible," but as we have
no knowledge how soon an avian organism in a mammal may become adapted
to its new surroundings and become capable of producing mammalian disease.
" it is apparent that prudence demands that fowl tuberculosis be so controlled
as to prevent its transmission to other farm stock."
Prophylaxis with attenuated tubercle bacilli, M. Rabinowitsch {Berlin.
Klin. Wchnsclir., 50 {1913), No. 3, pp. 114, ^15; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc,
60 {1913), No. 9, pp. 703, 704).— A method is described with which- it is
possible to reduce or enhance the virulence of the tubercle bacillus at vrill. It
is done by allowing vapors of formaldehyde to act on the culture, and then
transferring the culture to a fresh serum medium. A strain derived from the
blood of a tubercular subject and highly virulent for both rabbits and guinea
pigs became avirulent by this treatment.
" Two guinea pigs inoculated subcutaneously with 0.002 gm. of the culture
showed no signs of infection when killed six weeks later, while others inoculated
in the same way and then, after two months, inoculated with the same amount
of a highly virulent culture, human and bovine, showed no signs of infection
when killed six weeks later. The controls developed tuberculosis in a very
severe form."
Studies on the biochemistry and chemotherapy of tuberculosis. — VII, Re-
port of some experimental work on the use of methylene blue and allied
dyes in the treatment of tuberculosis, Lydia M. De Witt {Jour. Infect. Dis-
eases, 13 {1913), No. 3, pp. 318-403, flys. 2).—" Methylene blue will penetrate
the tubercle, stain the living tubercle bacillus, and in some cases kill the bacil-
lus in vitro and in others lessen its virulence. When added to the culture media,
a relatively small percentage of methylene blue will inhibit the growth of the
human tubercle bacillus. Methylene blue iodid is no less irritant than the
584 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
chlorid and has less bactericidal power and no greater therapeutic value. The
new methylene blues are various modifications of the methylene blue molecule
and have in the main no advantage over methylene blue. New methylene blue
GG, however, showed some effect in the one case in which it was used thera-
peutically, and it, with other oxygen derivaties of methylene blue, will be given
further tests.
" Selenium blue and tellurium blue are new blue dyes in which the sulphur of
the methylene blue molecule is replaced by selenium and by tellurium. They are
weaker and less stable dyes than methylene blue and more toxic and less bac-
tericidal than that dye. They penetrate the tubercle, and are reduced in it, and
can be reoxidized ; they stain the living tubercle bacillus, but more faintly than
does methylene blue. In fact they behave in all respects as weaker editions of
methylene blue and have no advantage over it.
" Neither methylene blue nor any of the allied dyes tested by me may be snld
to have much therapeutic influence over experimental tuberculosis of the guinea
pig. While methylene blue seems for many reasons a favorable starting point
for tuberculosis chemotherapy, other modifications of it, and probably many
others, must be tried before a claim to have found a specific for this disease
[can be made]."
Acid-fast bacilli in milk, J. M. Beattie and F. C. Lewis {Ahs. in Jour.
Path, and Bad., IS {1913), No. 1, pp. 122, 123). — Special stress is laid on the
fact that acid-fast bacilli occur in milk which are totally different from tubercle
bacilli. These organisms, however, grow very well in milk at ordinary tempera-
tures. The bacillus is Gram-positive, nonmotile, nonliquefying, and in mor-
phology is rather thick and stains more uniformly than the tubercle bacillus.
When grown in milk many of the rods isolated from inoculated animals closely
resemble the human and bovine types of tubercle bacilli.
The authors believe that the microscopic method for examining milk for the
presence of the tubercle bacillus should not be substituted for the inoculation
method.
Investigations in regard to the experimental diagnosis of contagious
pleuro-pneumonia of bovines, K. Poppe (Arh. K. Gftndlttsamt., Jf5 (1913), No. 2,
pp. 238-268, pis. 3, figs. 4). — In localities where many cases of this disease occur
the diagnosis is easily made, but in those where the cases are few, especially
when the first ones occur, it is more difficult. The uncertainty of the anatomical
method of diagnosis made it desirable to look for a means which rests on ac-
curate experimental principles, consequently filtration, inoculation, and serum
diagnostic tests were made in this direction.
The findings of Nocard and Dujardin and Beaumetz in regard to the filtration
method for isolating the contagious pleuro-pneumonia virus were verified. In
the study, tissues from other diseases such as tuberculous broncho-pneumonia,
emphysema of the lungs, and normal lung tissue were included for comparison
with the lung tissue and exudates from authentic cases of lung plague. The
exudates, etc., were diluted with Martin's peptone bouillon.
With normal tissue or the tissue from cases in which the etiologic factor of
lung plague was not present, the results of the filtration test showed the absence
of the charactersitic opalescent clouding of the filtrate (culture) and no minute
strongly refracting granules. Where material containing a considerable amount
of blood, or material in a putrefying condition was used, a light opalescence
was noted, but it was never so pronounced as that from the specific material.
Culture tests with filtered exudates, etc., accompanied l>y inoculation tests with
calves and smaller experimental animals supported the diagnosis of this dis-
ease. The complement fixation test did not give satisfactory results, but the
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 585
precipitation test in most cases was satisfactory, although the number of tests
made were too few to draw a final conclusion.
On the basis of the results obUiined the following criterions are considered of
value for diagnosing the presence of lung plague in an animal : (1) The filtered
lung — or thoracic — cavity exudates of the suspected animals must give the
characteristic opalescent turbidity in Martin's peptone bouillon at 37° C. after
live to seven days; (2) the virus obtained with the necessary precautions, when
inoculated subcutaneously in the lower lip of calves, must show after four to
five days a typical swelling at the site of injection accompanied by a rise in
temperature (the fastigium is reached after the tenth to twelfth day) ; (3) the
cultui'e obtained from the filtered subcutaneous exudate from the inoculated
calf must show the characteristic opalescent clouding; and (4) smaller experi-
mental animals, treated with the lung — or thoracic — fluid or with the edema-
tous fluid from inoculated calves must succumb to the infection.
Immunization of cattle against East Coast fever, A. Theiler (Rpt. Dir.
Vet. Research, Union So. Africa, 2 {1912), pp. 266-314; ahs. in Jour. Compar.
Path, and Ther., 26 {WIS), No. S, pp. 261-265).— ''The experience in the field
indicates that the inoculation can be safely undertaken in respect of either
clean or infected cattle with the prospect of conferring immunity on 56 to 60
per cent. The best results in the field may be expected from the injection of
5 cc. of spleen or gland pulp (medium, half-coarse, or coarse grain) mixed with
aleuronat or peptone, such animals to be kept on clean veldt for 14 or 15 days
before they are exposed to natural infection. The immunity conferred by the
Injection may not be absolute, inasmuch as twelve breakdowns were noted
among the experimental animals, or 1 per cent The animal which supplies the
epleen or gland pulp for the inoculation has apparently an influence on the re-
sults, as the variation in the mortality from the injection can not be consid-
ered to be due to any other factor.
"Asa possible improvement to the present method of immunizing cattle against
East Coast fever, the saturation of the pulp in a solution of quinin hydrochlorid
is suggested, the strength of the solution to be between 0.6 and 0.7 per cent."
Immunization of imported cattle against Northern Rhodesia piroplasmo-
sis and anaplasmosis, F. Chambebs {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 26 {1913) ^
No. 3, pp. 249-253). — An account of two Ayrshire bulls affected with Northern
Rhodesia piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis. Both were treated with Northern
Rhodesia blood and various medicaments which included sodium sulphate,
ammonium carbonate, citrate of iron and quinin, and sweet spirits of niter.
One of the animals received 120 cc. of a 1 per cent solution of trypan blue.
Both animals recovered.
The susceptibility of the pig to blackleg, S. voN RAtz {Ztschr. Infektions-
krank. n. Hyg. nau.sticre, 14 {1913), No. 1, pp. 1-8; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path,
and Ther., 21 {1914), No. 2, pp. 175, 116). — The author's experiments show
that the pig does not possess an absolute immunity.
Hog cholera and preventive treatment, W. S. Robbins {Michigan Sta. Spec.
Bui. 65 {1914), PP- 5-22, figs. 11). — This is a descriptive account of hog cholera
and the manner of immunizing hogs against it.
Roaring in the horse, H. A. Vermetjlen {Das Eehlkopfpfeifen heini Pferde.
Utrecht, 1914, PP- 97, pis. 6, figs. 17; rev. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27
{1914), ^^0. 2, pp. 173, 174). — ^The author considers this affection to be a symp-
tom of a widespread disease affecting the motor nerves and their centers and
not one localized in the larynx. The condition is considered as a poisoning,
the poison being sometimes of mineral or vegetable origin but in most cases a
bacterial toxin or an autotoxin, the last mentioned having its origin in dis-
62591°— No. 6—14 7
586 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
iurbance of the function of the thyroid gland. The author has attempted t»
treat the condition in horses through the administration of dried and powdered
thyroid gland. Of 15 horses treated two are said to have been cured and four
recognizably improved. Of the nine horses in which treatment failed four art
said to have been very old.
Parasites and parasitic diseases of the dog and cat, L. G. Neumann {Para-
sites et Maladies Parasitaires du C'hien ct du Chat. Paris, 1914, PP- J+3^8,
figs. 156). — The several chapters of this work deal with parasites of the skin,
connective tissue and muscles, digestive .system, serous membranes, respiratory
system, circulatory system, brain and organs of sense, and geni to-urinary
organs.
Brief mention of parasites of the ferret is made in an appendix (pp. 337-340).
A subject index is included.
Investigations of spirochetosis of fowls from Tunis and of Argas persicus,
'Which transmits the disease. III, B. Galli-Valebio {CcntN. Bakt. [etc.], 1.
Abt., Orifj., 72 (1914), Xo. 6-7, pp. 526-528).— In this third memoir (E. S. R.,
20, p. 1154; 22, p. 392) the author reports finding A. persieus which became
infected with Spirochwta anserina to be free therefrom in from nine to ten
months. A. persicus from Humt-Suk, island of Jerba, caused a fatal chronie
disease in fowls six months after arrival at Lausanne. This tick is very re-
sistant to high and low temperatures and can survive without food for 21
months.
The blood of the fowl in experimental spirochetosis, L. Launoy and M. L.
Bruhl (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 28 {1914), ^o. 5, pp. 517-539, pi. 1, figs. 6). — The
infection of the adult fowl with Spirocho'ta gallinarum causes a rapid and
marked anemia in which the erythrocytes are reduced in number by one-half
in five days.
Investigations in regard to the blood cells of healthy and sick fowls and
pigeons, E. IIedfeld {Ahs. in Deut. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 21 {1913), No. 17,
pp. 266, 267). — The following kinds of white blood cells were noted: Eosinophil
leucocytes vfith rod-like granulations, eosinophil leucocytes with grain-like
granulations, large lymphocytes, small lymphocyte.s, and basophil leucocytes.
The blood was taken from a wing vein. It was noted that in the birds hema-
toblasts occur, but the amount is greater under pathologic conditions. Neutro-
phil cells were never noted.
The absolute number of blood cells per cubic millimeter for erythrocytes was
4.000,000 and for leucocytes 24,000. The differential leucocyte count was as
follows : Eosinophils with grain-like granulations, 2G to 30 per cent ; eosino-
phils with rod-like granulations, 10 to 20 ; large lymphocytes, 12 to 13 ; small
lymphocytes, 42 to 49 ; and basophil cells, 3 per cent. By treating the birds
with either fowl cholera or erysipelas cultures the following blood picture was
noted : Hypoleucocytosis followed by a hyperleucocytosis which went up to
101,000, and a rise in eosinophils up to 74 per cent. The birds were also fed
with the heart muscle of a goose which died from fowl cholera. After infesta-
tion with round worms {Ascaris megalocephala and A. suis) the number of
"White cells was 125,000 and the eosinophils 74 per cent.
RUKAL KN^GINEEKING.
A treatise on the law of irrigation and water rights, C. S. Kinney {8an
Francisco, 1912, 2. ed. rev. and enl, vols. 1, pp. XXXII+1097; 2, pp. XXVIII+
1098-2194; S, pp. XXV +2195-3146; 4, pp. XXI-\-S147-455S).— It is the author's
-nim iu this work to cover completely and exhaustively every phase of Irriga-
RURAL ENGINEERING. 687
tion and water-right law, and to make it, by way of comparison, world wide
in its application. It is pi^sented in four volumes and consists of 14 distinct
divisions, which are as follows: Economic questions relating to irrigation and
waters ; ancient and modern irrigation ; classification, definitions, and the na-
ture of waters ; rights of the public in waters and water courses ; acquisition
and disposal of lands and waters by the United States; the common law gov-
erning waters; the civil law governing waters; the appropriation of water for
beneficial uses ; the nature, extent, and character of rights acquired to water
by appropriation, rights of way, and the pollution of waters : subterranean
waters and rights acquired thereto; international, interstate, federal, state,
district, and municipal control ; control by private water companies ; adjudica-
tion and protection of rights — injuries to rights and remedies therefor; and
special features and statutory laws of the arid and semiarid States.
Elements of western water law, A.- E. Chandler {San Francisco, 1913, pp.
150). — This book, intended for advanced students in agricultural or civil engi-
neering, contains chapters on the following topics : Early development of the
doctrine of appropriation, riparian rights in the Western States, the law of
underground waters, the doctrine of appropriation, loss of water rights, water
right legislation, water rights on interstate streams, rights of way over public
lands for ditches and reservoirs, commercial irrigation enterprises, the desert
land act and the Carey act, the reclamation act, irrigation ditches, and the
desideratum in legislation regarding the public waters.
Water laws of the State of Oregon (Salem, Oreg., 1913, pp. 195). — The text
of the state laws pertaining to irrigation, drainage, water-power development,
and water supplies is given.
Hydraulics, E. H. Sprague (London. 19lJf, pp. 18Jf, figs. 89; rev. in Engin.
Rec, 69 (1914), No. 18, p. 514). — This is a text-book for students and engineers
containing chapters on the principles of fluid pressure ; liquids in motion ; dis-
charge through orifices, weirs, etc. ; flow in pipes and channels ; and the pressure
of water and its application to motors and pumps.
Station of rural engineering and agricultural hydraulics: [Report of
tests], R. Gagey (Bui. Dir. G^. Agr. Com. et Colon. Tunis, 17 (1913), No. 71,
Sup., pp. 53-S7).— Tests at the station extending from 189S to 1912 on a large
number of agricultural machines and motors, including animal power, and ex-
periments in soils and agricultural hydraulics are briefly reported.
Report of state engineer, Colorado, 1911—12, C. W. Comstock (Bien. Rpt.
State Engin. Colo., 16 (1911-12), pp. 363, pis. 10). — This report gives informa-
tion on water appropriation and distribution and includes hydrographic and
flood data and data on pumping for irrigation, particularly from wells.
Drainage and irrigation: The duty of water, L. Schmeer (Engin. and
Contract., J,l (1914), No. 16, pp. 478~481, fig. i).— The author defines the duty
of water, and discusses it under the heads of net duty, influence of methods of
irrigation on net duty, methods of estimating net duty, percolation, gross duty,
and method of estimating gross duty. Tables and formulas are included.
Measurement of flowing streams, R. R. Lyman (Utah Engin. Expt. Sta.
Bui. 5 (1912), pp. 18, pis. 2, figs. 3). — This bulletin presents in popular lan-
guage a simple method for using the weir, and is designed for the use of irri-
gators and others concerned in the measurement of flowing water. Tables of
discharges in second-feet per foot of weir and of weir dimensions and discharge
diagrams are appended.
An investigation of the use and rating of the current meter, C. P. Rumpf
(Engin. News, 71 (1914), No. 20, pp. 1083, 1084. figs. /,).— Rating curves from
tests of screw and cup current meters under ordinary conditions of movement
588 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
parallel vvltli tlie stream flow, and also to show the effect of cross-currents at
angles with the stream flow, are given.
A comparative rating curve of the two meters shows that both give practically
a straight line, but the results from the screw type are slightly more consistent.
When turned at angles varying from 0 to 90° by Increments of 10° with the
stream flow, the revolutions of the screw meter were decreased almost propor-
tionately to the number of degrees turned, while the revolutions of the cup
meter were increased when turned with its head to the left and decreased when
turned to the right. Both meters followed their regular rating curves in all
ordinary depths, but when brought nearer the surface than 1 ft., measuring from
the center of the wheel, the revolutions of both were decreased, and when
brought nearer the bottom than 6 in. the revolutions of the cup meter were
decreased and those of the screw meter increased.
The revolutions of the cup meter were increased if the open part of the cups
was near the side of the tank as the meter advanced, but were decreased if
the point of the cups was near the side. The side swaying of the rating car
decreased the revolutions of the screw meter and increased those of the cup
meter. Rating the screw meter bacliwards decreased its revolutions. When the
meters were only partially covered, as in very shallow water, the curves were
very eccentric. Curves for the cup meter were the same whether or not the tail
was attached.
See also a previous note by Scobey (E. S. R., 31, p. 288).
Methods of finding center cut for economic locations of banked irrigation
ditches, F. C. Snow (Etigin. and Contract., J,l (1914), No. 16, pp. 481, 482, figs.
S). — Formulas and methods for computing diagrams for determining the center
are given, with a sample diagram.
Centrifugal pumps for irrigation, C. F. Bbaun {West. Engin., 3 {1913), No.
S, pp. 124-138, figs. 14)- — It is the purpose of this article "to point out a few
features, which, if carefully regarded, make the centrifugal pump a highly
efficient, very reliable unit, capable of delivering water at surprisingly low cost,
and of competing with gravity canal systems."
The author deals with the design of both turbine and volute pumps, discuss-
ing multi-stage pumps, centrifugal pump limitations, multi-impeller pumps, me-
chanical details, clearance bushing rings, hydraulic-balance, thrust-bearing,
materials of construction, pump characteristics, methods of drive and installa-
tion, and cost.
Irrigation, J. L. Couxteb and R. P. Teele (Thirteenth Census U. S., 5 (1910),
pp. 827-876, pi. 1, figs. 15). — This is a more extensive report of work previously
noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 888).
Irrigation pumping in Nevada, C. A. Nobceoss (Nev. Bur. Indu.<i., Agr., and
Irrig. Bui. 8 (1913), pp. 78, figs. 35). — It is the purpose of this bulletin to show
the practical outlook for irrigation pumping in Nevada within lifts of 50 ft.
In dealing with the underground water supply the general principles governing
surface and artesian water are discussed from the standpoint of pumping.
Methods of computation of the cost of pumping water are described, and tables
are given of the cost per irrigated acre with different kinds of power and at
pumping lifts up to 50 ft. In dealing with pumping efficiency and types of
pumps the several kinds of pumps adapted to low-lift irrigation pumping are
discussed. A final section dealing with wells, pits, and reservoir construction
gives practical information in relation thereto, Including the cost of drilling
artesian wells.
Irrigation, C. H. Pead (Pruc. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc, 12 (1913), pt. 3, pp. 152-
161). — The author attempts to point out the economic possibilities of irrigation
in Rhodesia.
EUBAL ENGINEERING.
589
Drainage, Lessmann (Illm. Landw. Ztg., 34 (1914), ^^o. 30, pp. 289, 290,
figs. 7). — This is a discussion of land drainage from the German viewpoint,
giving information as to depth and distance between drains in different soils.
Moor drainage, A. von Vegesack (Mitt. Bait. Moorver., 3 (1913), No. 1-2,
pp. 63-84, fiffs. 2). — The author discusses the economic importance of swamp-
land drainage, methods, and related subjects, and reports drainage experiments
conducted in 1911 and 1912 on an undecomposed lowland swamp soil of uniform
chemical composition and varying in depth from 4 to 6 meters (13.1 to 19.7 ft.).
Sixteen drainage combinations were tested, the depths being 90 and 130 to 135
cm., the distance between drains 15, 20, 30, and 40 meters, and the types of
drain being clay tile and poles. Only the ground water level movements midway
between drains during the different seasons are so far reported.
The following tables show the depths of ground water level as established
by the different drainage combinations :
Position of water table with 90 cm. drainage depth.
Dis-
tance
be-
tween
drains.
Middle of
May.
Middle of
June.
Middle of
July.
Middle of
August.
Middle of
September.
Arerage.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Meters.
15
20
30
40
Cm.
68.4
70.0
62.8
61.0
Cm.
62.9
64.0
62.9
63.2
Cm.
65.8
65.6
58.3
54.7
Cm.
61.8
59.8
59.6
60.4
Cm.
79.0
79.5
77.6
76.2
Cm.
72.1
73.6
75.5
77.9
Cm.
79.4
81.1
78.9
78.1
Cm.
72.1
72.9
74.3
83.6
Cm.
65.6
65.3
59.0
55.0
Cm.
62.7
62.1
60.0
59.8
Cm.
71.6
72.3
67.3
65.0
Cm.
66. 3
6«.5
66.5
68.9
Position of water table with 130 to 135 cm. drainage depth.
Dis-
tance
be-
tween
drains.
Middle of Middle of
May. June.
Middle of
July.
Middle of
August.
Middle of
September.
Average.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Pole Tile
drain. , drain.
!
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Pole
drain.
Tile
drain.
Meters.
15
20
30
40
Cm.
80.5
77.9
60.7
51.7
Cm.
89.0
92.7
8.3.9
52.6
Cm.
79.4
72.6
57.3
48.0
Cm.
88.4
87.1
79.0
56.1
Cm.
89.5
87.4
88.4
79.4
Cm.
116.1
105. 4
102.4
89.6
Cm.
SS. 1
90.8
85.5
83.6
Cm.
119.2
113.5
114.7
96.0
Cm.
74.8
70.8
59.1
56.8
Cm.
87.0
95.1
88.0
05.0
Cm,.
82.5
89.9
70.2
03.9
Cm.
99.9
98.8
93.6
71.9
The ground water level reached a position of equilibrium more quickly and
fluctuated less with the shallower than with the deeper drainage, and with
deeper drainage it rose higher in wet periods and sanli lower in dry period.s.
With deeper drainage the tile drains had a more intensive effect than the pole
drains, and only in case of sudden heaA-y rainfall did the water level rise higher
with the tile than with the pole drains. The tile were on the whole the more
effective at both drainage depths, and at all distances between drains except
with the shallow drains 15 meters apart.
Blasting experiments with agricultural dynamite, H. von Feilitzen
(Svenska Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 27 (1913), No. 3, pp. 262-281, figs. 10; 2S
(1914), No. 1, pp. 29-34, figs. 3; abs. in Milt. Bait. Moorver., 3 (1913), No. 4,
pp. 205-201). — Experiments in subsoiling, soil drainage, and stump removal by
blasting are reported.
Blasts in a sandy soil overlying a hardpan with the holes spaced 15 ft. apart
and bored through the hardpan pulverized the soil within a radius of 1 to 2
/
590 BXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Kieters, but beyond that the hardpaa was intact. Drainage experiments in
brush-covered sand soil and in upland moors were fairly successful as were
also stump blasting experiments. It Is concluded that blasting is an effective
process for ditch digging, tree planting, and stump removal, and that the value
of subsoil blasting will depend upon the original productiveness of the soil,
the gain in productiveness, and the cost of the operation.
Laws of Missouri relating to roads, highways, and bridges, 1913, C.
Roach (Jefferson City, ilo., 191S. pp. lS6-\-XIII).—X text of these laws is
given.
Design and construction of earth roads in Iowa, T. R. Ago (Engirt . News,
71 {19U), No. 16, pp. 821-825, figs. 10).— The author deals with the work of
the Iowa Highway Commission relative to the Improvement of earth roads.
The cross-sections adopted for these roads are illustrated and explained, and
the limiting grades are given together with recommendations for alignment at
railway grade crossings and on curves. The use of the elevating grader is ex-
plained, and the cost of road work done by this machine and equipment in
Iowa is given.
Forms for concrete work, A. Geaham (Ab$. in Concrete and Construct. En-
gin., 9 UOlJf), No. 5, pp. 339-34Jf). — Brief specifications are given for forms for
concrete work In general and for silos and bridges in particular.
Knots, hitches, and splices, H. W. Riley (Cornell Reading Courses, 1
(1912), No. 8, pp. 45-88, figs. 201). — It is the purpose of this pamphlet to show
" as clearly as possible each step in the quickest and easiest methods of mak-
ing such knots, hitches, and splices as will be found most generally useful."
Economical selection of belts and pulleys, W. F. Schaphorst (Power, 39
(1914), No. 11, pp. 588-590, figs. 4). — Data are given pertaining to the selection
of pulleys and belts for the purpose of obtaining the best results with the least
initial cost. Tables and curves are empolyed to assist in making a determina-
tion of pulley and belt sizes.
Standard American gas and oil engine, automobile, and farm engine
guide, Stevenson and Brookes (Chicago, 1913, pp. 719+232+243, pis. 4, figs.
487). — This is an encycloijedia of the construction and operation of gas and oil
engines, containing information on questions relating to the care, construction,
and operation of gasoline and electric automobiles, farm and traction engines,
and a threshing machine, including a full description of its various parts and
their uses. Questions and answers for examination when applying for an en-
gineer's license are also given.
Working up a boiler test, F. R. Low (Power, 39 (1914), No. 17, pp. 592-
595). — An efficiency test is» worked up item by Item in which some of the more
important features are the reduction to a dry coal and combustible basis; how
to find the evaporation per pound of coal as fired, per pound of dry coal, or of
combustible material under actual conditions, or from and at 212° F. ; and
different boiler efficiencies, boiler horsepower, and cost per 1,000 lbs. of steam.
A graphic representation of traction efficiency resulting from practical
tests and experience (Farm Machinery, No. 1175 (1914), P- 19, fig. 1). — ^A
curve showing the traction efficiency of the tractor, the percentage of slip
of drive wheels, and the number of plows, shows that with a 20.000-lb. tractor
under average conditions the slip with 2 plows is 1 per cent; with 8 plows. 8
per cent; with 10 plows, 20 per cent; and with 12 plows, 3S per cent. With 14
plows the tractor does not move, but spins the drivers.
The modern gas tractor, its construction, operation, application, and
repair, V. W. Page (New York, 1913, pp. //7o, pis. 3. figs. 20/).— This is a
nontechnical treatise Intended as a guide for the average farmer and mechanic,
in which the endeavor has been made to present 8om« principles of design of
BUBAL ENGINEERING. 591
the gas tractor. It is the author's purpose to discuss the engineering features
of various constructiona only with a view of familiarizing the reader witli
the salient points of design so that the advantages of the various systems
of construction may be intelligently analyzed and the mechanism best adapted
to individual requirements be selected.
The subject matter is presented under the following chapters: The scope,
advantages, and applications of power traction ; review of conditions on which
tractor design is based; design and construction of gas tractor power plants;
gas tractor power-plant components ; making and exploding the gas ; cooling:
and lubricating the power plant ; functions and construction of clutch, gear
set, and differential; the tractor frame, wheels, and axles; driviug and housing
the traction engine; traction-engine troubles and their elimination; and mis-
cellaneous rules and formulas.
Plowing' by electricity in Italy, L. J. Keen a {Daily Cons. atUl Trade Rpt9^
lU. S.], n (1914), No. 90, pp. S16, 317).— Data are quoted which show that
electrical power for plowing, when secured at 3, 4. and 5 cts. per kilowatt hour»
is considerably cheaper than steam or animal power.
Electricity for country houses (Sci. Amcr. Sup., 17 (1914). Xo. 2000, pp.
287, 288). — The subject is discussed from the English standpoint, dealing par-
ticularly with the generator and accumulator aud quoting prices.
Report of the departmental committee on the probable duration of builds
ings and other works for small holdings (London: Bd. Agr. and Fisheries^
1912, pp. 21). — Numerous inspections made in England and Wales on buildings,
fences, and roads for small farms are reported. A large proportion of the
timber buildings and fences which have been in existence for from 20 to SO
years were found to be in good condition. The report favors the use of cor-,
rugated galvanized iron in tbe construction of farm buildings.
The dwelling and the dampness of the dwelling, H. Steinberger (Die
Wohnung und die Wohnungsfeuchtigkeit. Berlin, 1914, pp. 116, figs. 17; rev^
in Gsndhts. Ingen., 37 (1914), No. 12, p. 22.5).— This book, intended for tenants,,
house owners, architects, and engineers, treats of the sanitary aspects of house
location and construction, with particular reference to dampness in walls and
atmosphere, and the insanitary conditions resulting therefrom. Various
methods of preventing dampness and the growth of injurious fungi are con-
sidered, including a discussion on heating and ventilation.
Homemade silos, H. Rabild, A. K. Risser. and K. E. Parks (U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 589 (1914), PP- 47, figs. 37). — This discusses the general
considerations regarding silos, points out the es.sential features in their con-
struction, and gives detailed instructions for building the concrete, stave, and
the modified Wisconsin silo. The^ part relating to the stave silo is a revision
of a previous circular (E. S. R., 20, p. 6SS). It is pointed out that to make
the silo a profitable investment one should have at least ten cows or their
equivalent in other stock owing to the cost of the silo and the silo-filling ma-
chinery.
The concrete silo is said to have the advantage of the other two types la
permanency and stability but is, as a rule, more expensive. The stave silo
is cheap and easily and quickly constructed, but it is a temporary structure
lasting only from 5 to 15 years, depending on the kind and quality of lumber-
used In its construction, and the climate. It is considered to be more liable
to blow down, fall down, or otherwise get out of repair than either of the other
types of silos. The modified Wisconsin silo is said to be more substantial than
the stave silo and is recommended for sections where it is inconvenient to
secure hoops or lugs for stave silos. The two objections to this type of silo
\/
692 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
.ire that it is difficult to build with a diameter less than 14 ft. and that it has
i\n unfinished appearance.
Four cheap silos, C. I. Bbat and D. R. Foebesteb (Oklahoma 8ta. Circ. 33
{1914), pp. 16, figs. 14)- — This circular gives information regarding the con-
struction of (1) the homemade 2X6 stave silo, (2) the flooring silo with
wooden hoops, (.3) pit silos, and (4) the homemade concrete block silo.
Lig'htning rods, W. H. Day {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 220 {1914), pp. 88, pi.
1, figs. 39). — This bulletin describes and analyzes lightning action and the
lightning discharge and stroke with reference to buildings, fences, animals,
and human beings. It describes the principles of lightning rods and gives
directions for their proper installation on farm buildings. It is concluded from
the results of extended investigations " that lightning rods properly installed
are almost absolute protection against lightning."
Domestic refrigeration (Lait. Beige, No. 4 {1914), pp. 31-43, figs. 2). — A
description and general data are given concerning small refrigeration plants
designed esi)ecially for use in homes and restaurants and in which the refrig-
eration is obtained by means of an electrically operated carbon dioxid com-
{)ressor.
A comparative study of circular and rectang'ular Imhoff [sewage] tanks,
T. S. JoHNSoif (Bui. 8ci. Lais. Denison Univ., 17 {1914), Art. 9, pp. 341-367,
figs. 5). — ^This thesis attempts an economic design of two Imhoff sewage tanks
as applied to the disposal plant of a small community and makes comparisons
of rectangular and circular tanks with special regard to costs and clarification
efficiency. The comparison of cost data only slightly favors the circular tank,
and the author concludes " that the advantage of the circular radial-flow type
of Imhoff tank over the type known as rectangular-linear flow must lie mainly
upon its advantage.** as to clarification efficiency. And here, too, enough ques-
tions will arise to make the problem one that can be best solved for each loca-
tion or installation."
A bibliography is appended.
[Telephony in rural districts] {Electrician [London], 72 {1914), No. 25, pp.
1035-1038, figs. 6; abs. in Elect. World, 63 {1914), No. 17, p. 9^7).— This is an
illustrated article on the Steidle telephone system in use in Germany. Ther»
are used a manual main exchange nnd automatic subexchanges.
The loose leaf drafting manual, C B. Howe {New York and London, 1913,
pp. 82, figs. 146). — A number of exercises in machine and agricultural drafting
are given.
RTJRAL ECONOimCS.
Depopulation of rural districts, E. Laub (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 63 {1914),
Nos. 1, pp. 1-22; 2, pp. 53-62). — The author, by a study of the peoples of
various countries whose population aggregates over 350,000,000 persons, shows
than the urban population is increasing faster than the rural, so that the rural
population forms a decreasing proportion of the total. It is only in the older
countries, however, thnt there has been an actual decrease in the rural popula-
tion. Some of the causes contributing to the migration of people from rural
districts are low wages, long hours of work, and the lack of social standing,
outlook for the future, amnsement.s, and opportunity for marriage. In many
instances there is no provision for old age nor chances for making a large in-
come such as are found in the cities. In many cases the influence of the school
does not tend to build up the rural community.
The progress of the small holdings movement {Bd. Agr. and Fisheriee
\Lo7idon], Ann. Hpt. Proc. Hmall Hold, nnd Allot. Acts [etc.], 1913. pt. /, pp.
58; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London]. 21 (Un/f). No. 2. pp. 157-159) .—Since th«
BURAl. BOONOMICS. 69S
passage of the Small Holdings Act for England and Wales, applications for
small holdings have been made to the county councils by 43,245 individual^
and 89 associations, and the total quantity applied for amounts to 723,497 acres.
Of the individual applicants, 25,567 hare been provisionally approved as suit-
able and 17,005 of them have obtained holdings. Only 24 per cent of the appli-
cants in 1913 were agricultural laborers. Only a very small percentage of the
applicants have expressed a desire to purchase holdings.
The interest of the individual in the operations of large farms, G. Schtjlze
(Landic. Jahrh., ^6 (1914), No. 1, pp. ^1-88). — The author discusses various
means that can be employed to arouse an interest among the workers on larg«
agricultural establishments similar to that of ownership. Among the means
mentioned are premiums or supplementary wages, sharing in the profits, and
the working up of rivalry by assigning a portion of the farm to an individual
or a group of individuals. In the care of animals he found a natural pride
that is easily stimulated by the use of any of the above means. A brief bib-
liography is included.
Increasing the efficiency of workers, Aeeehoe (Deut. Landtc. Presse, 41
(1914), No. 46, pp. 563, 564).— The author calls attention to the fact that the
labor supply is one of the most serious of the agricultural problems. He sug-
gests that by the use of the Taylor system the methods of performing farm
operations might be improved and the effectiveness of the worker increased.
[Condition of country women], G. Soanni {Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital., 19
{1914), No. 9, pp. 318-227). — This article contains abstracts from answers to a
questionnaire sent out by the Italian Agricultural Society to ascertain the typ«s
of work performed by women on farms and the extent of their migration.
Yearbook of international cooperation, H. Mijllkb (Ann. Mouv. Coop. Inter-
nat., 2 (1912), pp. VI+299, pi. 1). — This is a French edition of this yearbook,
previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 693).
Proceedings of the third provincial cooperative conference held at Mysore
(JProc. Prov. Coop. Conf. Mysore, 3 (1913), pp. 100). — Among the various papers
presented at this conference were the following : Cooperation and State Aid
by N. M. Rau; Cooperation in its Relation to Agriculture by Dr. Coleman;
Cooperative Movement and the Development of Agriculture by K. S. Rau ; Co-
operative Credit — Why it Has Taken Root in India in Preference to Other
Forms of Cooperation by A. V. Ramauathan ; Cooperative Banking Fnions by
H. Ramachandriah : and Mutual Cattle Insurance Societies in Burma.
The private control and the intervention of the State in matters relating-
to cooperation, B. Michex (Egypte Contcmporaine, No. 19 (1914), PP- 377-
412). — This article gives a brief history and description of the development of
cooperative organizations and the function of the State in regard to their con-
trol in Germany, England. France. Italy, Roumania, Algeria, and British India.
Report on rural credits and cooperation, J. Cunningham and W. M. Brown
(Columbus, Ohio, 1914, pp. 85). — The authors describe the development of
rural credit and cooperation in European countries and its present status in
Ohio.
They found that the agricultural credit conditions in Ohio were not satisfac-
tory, in that a high rate of interest is charged, and the amortization plan of
repayment is not employed. A number of cooperative associations were found
but their number could be extended to the advantage of the farmer. They
recommend that a bureau of markets be established and outline as some of the
functions to be performed by it the promotion of efficiency and economy in
production and distribution ; furnishing information on cooperation, accounting
and business methods, and legal rights and duties of cooperative agencies;
drafting model by-laws for cooperative societies; establishing city markets for
594 BXPEEIMENT STATION RECORB.
fnrm produce; and investigating tlie practice of commission merchants. As
appendixes to their report they give the constitution and by-laws of different
types of cooperative organizations.
[Laws of Indiana relating to rural loan and savings and building and
loan associations] (Indianapolis: State, 19 H, pp. 12+29). — There have been
brought together in this pamphlet the laws regarding the building and loan
associations and those relating to rural loans and savings associations.
Cattle loan banks, J. F. Ebersole (Jour. Polit. Econ., 22 (1914), ^o. 6, pp.
577-580). — The cattle loan company is a middleman between the borrowing
cattle owners and the lending banlj manager. It deals principally with large
cattle growers. When a loan is desired the company sends an examiner who
passes upon the plant, the cattle, and the business capacity of the cattle grower.
If the request is acted upon favorably a promissory note and a chattel mort-
gage are talien. The notes are indorsed by the company and sold and become
equivalent to a "debenture" issued by a pledge of specified assets held by the
company for the protection of the note holders. The rate charged the borrower
on this type of paper ranges from 7 to 10 per cent, of which the purchaser
receives 5 to 6 per cent on his money and the remainder goes to the loan com-
panies.
The cooperative insurance of pigs (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Coop.
Ins. Pigs, 19U, pp. 9+16+8+13) .—This report states that in 190S-9 less than
2 per cent of the pigs in Great Britain were insured. The experience of
societies in insuring pigs shows that the average net income from insurance
contributions is less than 2s. per pig per annum. The report also includes
model rules for registered and unregistered rural cooperative pig insurance
societies and gives an explanation of the rules.
Cooperation among farmers, especially in marketing, A. W. Sanboen (Wis.
Bd. Agr. Bui. 2 (1913), pp. 16). — The author contends that since the farmer
has but a small amount of any one product to marliet, he can not sell it to
the best advantage by operating alone. After noting the influence of coopera-
tion in European countries, he calls attention to some of the essentials for
success. Among those mentioned are an agreement whereby the members
promise to furnish the cooperative societies their entire products for a stated
period; a capable manager; a good system of accounting; proper arrangements
for grading the produce; and the adoption of the principle of one member one
vote. Some of the benefits to be derived from cooperation are its educational
influence, increased efliciency in production, better market for agricultural
products, and a greater share in the profits of distribution.
Consumer's view of producers' organizations. Ruby G. Smith (Farm Poul-
try, 25 (1914), ^0. 6. p. 111. fig. 1). — The author believes that organized pro-
ducers cooperating with organized consumers will establish more economical
methods for transporting, storing, selling, and delivering farm produce. The
consumer will welcome standardized goods at lower prices, honestly weighed
and measured.
Theoretic basis of the statistics of international statistics of agriculture,
U. Ricci (Les Bases Thdoriques de la Statistique Agricole Internationale.
Rome: Inst. Intemat. Agr., 1914, PP- XI I +314, figs. 8). — ^The International
Institute of Agriculture is attempting to devise a method whereby the area
and production statistics as gathered by the various nations may be so modified
or reported as to obtain uniformity and accuracy in maliing summary state-
ments. The author outlines the classification of land according to its agricul-
tural uses and the methods of reporting conditions and yields of agricultural
crops. He decides that the system whereby the facts are expressed as a varia-
RURAL ECONOMICS. 595
fcion from 100. usiup: the average for the last 10 years as a basis, is the one best
adapted to their purpose.
Statistical annual for 1914, E. G. Osman (Price Current-Gi'ain Rptr. Statis.
Ann. 1914, VP- 56). — This report contains statistical data showing the quantity
of meats packed, prices of meat, meat products, and live stock, and their move-
ment at the principal centers of the United States, and for a series of years.
The production, movement, and prices of grain are also shown.
A geographic study of the growth and distribution of population in
Michigan, O. W. Freeman (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 15 (1913), pp. 39-53, figs.
11). — The author shows that between 1900 and 1910 the number of persons in
rural districts decreased in 45 of the 82 counties in the State. The cause for
this decrease is that not only are the younger generation leaving for the citieB
but there is a decrease in the average size and in the number of families. He
includes a series of maps showing the density of the population by counties,
beginning with 1820.
Michigan agriculture, its present status and wonderful possibilities, R. S.
Shaw (Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. 70 (191Jf), pp. 3-23, figs. 8).— This bulletin is
a digest of the information obtained by the Thirteenth Census concerning agri-
culture.
The author points out that 51.5 per cent of the total land area is in farms
and 67.8 per cent of the land in farms is improved. Among the principal con-
ditions which have retarded the agricultural development have been the large
areas covered with heavy timber, the sand areas, and much land that needed
drainage. In spite of these handicaps, the author considers that Michigan has
made a very favorable progress. He calls attention to the wide range of
crops and live stock produced in the State and the relative importance of
Michigan in the production of each. A single tabular statement consolidating
practically all the statistics collected by the last census of agriculture by
counties is appended.
Beport of the Grain Markets Commission of the Province of Saskatche-
wan (Rpt. Grain MarTcets Com. Saskatchewan, 1914, PP- 150-\-III, pis. 2). —
Among the conclusions reached by this commission were that exclusive grain
raising as practiced by even the best farmers is not renumerative, that it costs
the farmers more to have the exportable surplus of western Canada grain
crops placed on the present ultimate market than the farmers of any other
large exporting country have to pay, and that all terminal and transfer ele-
vators as well as internal terminal storage elevators should be owned and oper-
ated by the Dominion Government as some already are. It recommends that
every possible encouragement be given to bring about greater diversity in the
products of the farms, that there be a reorganization of agricultural credit
facilities, an extension of cooperative marketing, improved transportation facili-
ties, and the storage of grain on the fai*ms instead of public warehouses.
Future of tropical America (London, 1913, pt. 2. pp. III-\-60, pis. 49). —
This is a continuation of the publication previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 896),
and contains information concerning the West Indian Islands.
Agriculture of Argentina, 1912—13, E. Lahitte (Estad. Agr. [Argentinal,
1912-13, pp. 187).— This report contains statistical data showing for 1872, 1888,
1895, and 1912 the population, length of railroads, total area cultivated, and
area in principal crops. There are also shown for 1911-12, with comparative
data for earlier years, the area, production, amount of seed used, and amount
exported and consumed at home for wheat, flax, corn, and oats, the number and
value of agricultural implements imported, and other data concerning the
manufacture of agricultural products and the number and movement of live
stock.
y
596 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,
The agriculture of Netherlands, 1813-1913 (De Nederlandsche Lcmdbotiw
in het Tijdvak 1813-1913, The Hague: Dept. Landh. [1913], pp. yiI+Jt65).—
This book contains a number of articles concerning the development of agricul-
ture in Netherlands during the last 100 years. Among the more important
articles are Legislation Concerning Agriculture, by L. E. J. F. Mollerus; Agri-
cultural Associations, by C. G. J. A. van Genderen Stort ; Agricultural Coopera-
tion, by G. J. Bieleman; The Cultivation of Field Crops and Grass Land, by
H. K. H. A. Mayer Gmelin and T. J. Mansholt; The Breeding of Cattle, by L.
Broekema ; The Breeding of Horses, by A, W. Heidema ; and The Breeding of
Small Animals, by F. B. Lohnis.
Commerce in agricultural products, fruits, vegetables, and flowers,
E. PoHEB (Le Commerce des Produits Agricoles, Fruits, Legumes, Fleurs.
[Paris], 1912, pp. ^98, figs. 128). — The author gives a detailed description of
the organization of markets, cooperative selling, methods of packing, trans-
portation and rates, preservation, prevention of fraud, and international mar-
kets and French commerce. A large number of illustrations are given showing
various types of containers and other phases in the distribution of the aboye
products.
Agricultural statistics of Denmark (Danmarks Statis. Meddel., 4- ser., ^2
(1914) f No. 1, pp. 63). — Contained in this report are statistical data showing
by minor subdivisions the total yield and value of farm crops. For Denmark
as a whole, comparative data are shown for earlier years.
[The agriculture of the Belgian Congos], H. Buchel (Tropenpflmizer,
Beihefte, 15 {1914), No. 4-5, pp. 329-374)- — The author describes the Tarious
types of agricultural plants and animals found in this country and discusses
various phases of the trade in palm nuts and oil, India rubber, and ivory.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Report of the Royal Commission on Industrial Training and Technical
Education (Roy. Com. Indus. Training and Tech. Ed. [Canada], Rpt. 1913, pt.
1-2, pp. XIV+437; pt. 3, vols. 1, pp. XXlI+443-lOJl+XVIII, figs. 56; 2, pp.
XXIV+lOll-1633+XV, figs. 93; pt. 4, pp. XXV+1639-2354+XXIX).— This is
the report of the commission already discussed editorially (E. S. R., 31, p. 401).
Among the provisions recommended by the commission as necessary in a sys-
tem ui- systems of industrial training and technical education for Canada are
tlie following for rural communities: (1) Intermediate rural classes or schools
with 2-year courses of from five to seven months each and the rest of the year at
a fax'm or home. (2) Rural high schools offering 4-year courses, the first two
of which would be similar to the intermediate rural school with the exception
that each school year might be longer. Science subjects should be taught par-
ticularly in relation to their application to rural work and problems and the
principles underlying the systems, methods, and operations of farming and
housekeeping. They should prepare students for engaging in rural occupations
and housekeeping and for admission to agricultural, housekeeping, and arts
■colleges. In both these types of schools for pupils having completed the ele-
mentary school, the work should provide for a series of experiences in proper
sequence relating to the conditions of farming and housekeeping in the area
served. (3) Resident or traveling county or district instructors for farming
to act as advisers in coordinating the school work and farm projects carried on
at home by pupils attending the intermediate rural schools and rural high
schools; to arrange for short courses for young men not attending the.se schools;
to provide systematic short demonstration courses in soils, live stock, farm ma-
chinery, etc., for adults, and to become associated with tbe work of a neighbor-
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 597
hood improvement association and an illustration farm for the locality, similar
to those arranged for by the committee on lands of the Commission of Con-
servation. (4) Resident or traveling district instructresses in housekeeping to
meet a class of women arranged for by a women's institute or other similar
organization in the locality, one-half day a week for a term of 20 weeks, and to
carry on work for the other half of the same day with the girls and teachers in
an elementary, intermediate, or high school of the locality, to act in an advisory
capacity as coordinators for housekeeping projects carried on at home by
pupils of the intermediate rural schools and the rural high schools, and to r»ro-
vide demonstration lectures in cooking and housekeeping. (5) County or dis-
trict agricultural and housekeeping residential schools for students 17 years and
over with 1 or 2-year courses and also short courses of from one to three months
in special subjects and industries. The cour.ses should provide for a series of
experiences in proper sequence to enable students to acquire a wider knowledge
of the principles underlying the systems, methods, ojierations, and processes of
their special occupation and a wider range of knowledge and skill in the actual
management of soils, crops, live stock, products, and homes, in the use of ma-
chines, tools, and utensils, and in the making of things. (6) Young people's
social service schools similar to the people's high schools of Denmark. (7)
Schools for agricultural apprentices, necessary only in those portions of Canada
where settlement is comparatively new, which would pay particular attention
to the training of pupils in manual dexterity in the ordinary farm operations,
such as plowing, seeding, stacking, threshing, etc. (8) Agricultural and home
economics colleges. (9) Correspondence study courses in connection with agri-
cultural and housekeeping colleges or other central institutions.
Vocatioi xl education in Indiana (Dept. Pub. Instr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui.
6 {li'l-,,, pp. ^8). — The purpose of this bulletin is to give information to super-
intendents and local school boards relating to the establishment and administra-
tion of state-aided vocational schools. It treats of the problem of vocational
education in Indiana, constructive provisions of the vocational education law,
the function, work, and kinds of vocational schools, their organization and ad-
ministration, and a copy of the Indiana vocational education law of 1913.
Regulations governing vocational agricultural schools and departments
in Indiana {Dept. Pub. Instr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 7 (1914), PP- i5).— This
bulletin gives information concerning the establishment of vocational agricul-
tural schools and departments in accordance with the provisions of the Indiana
vocational education law of 1913.
Agriculture and domestic science in the Harlem (111.) Consolidated School,
C. C. Burns {Atlantic Ed. Jour., 9 {191J,), No. 8, pp. 300-302).— A detailed de-
scription is given of the instruction, following a course in nature study begin-
ning in the first grade, including agriculture in this school in the seventh and
eighth grades and four years of the high school, and home economics in the
seventh and eighth grades and continuing through three years of the high
school.
The Farragut School, A. C. Monahan and A. Phillips ( U. 8. Bur. Ed. Bui.,
No. 49 {1913), pp. 23, pis. 6). — Following a history of the school the authors
describe the buildings, equipment, school grounds, curriculum, community serv-
ice, and results of the Farragut High School, at Concord, Tenn., which repre-
sents a most successful attempt at adapting the organization, work, and ideas-
of the country school to the needs of country life. A list of the agricultural,
carpentry, sewing, and cooking equipment of the school is appended.
School gardens at St. Paul, Minn., B. L. Finney (Rural Educator, 3 (1914),
No. 4, PP- 73, 74, figs. 5). — Notes are given by the director of school gardens on
the school and home garden work in St. Paul, where school gardens were con-
598 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ducted in 15 centers with an enrollment of over 1,200 children. The per capita
cost per month of the gardens was 36 cts. They are operated for the benefit
of children in the fourth grade only. Children above this grade must have
home gardens.
The third annual report of the School Garden Association of America
(Ann. Rpt. School Garden Assoc. America, 3 {191.^), pp. 16, figs. 6). — Reports
of the president, treasurer, and secretary of the association are given.
The University Home and School League {Bui. Univ. Tex., No. 322 (1914).
pp. 62). — The University Home and School League, which is fostered by the
department of extension of the University of Texas, has for its object closer co-
operation of the school, the home, and the church of the community for mutual
improvement. Its purposes, organization, and activities are outlined. Sug-
gestions to the program committee and references to literature on social center
work and rural life are also given.
Extension work of the Louisiana State University, A. F. Kidder (Bice
Jour, and South. Fanner, 17 (1914), No. ^, pp. 1, 2). — ^The author gives an
account of the various phases of the agricultural extension work of the uni-
versity.
Boys' and girls' clubs, W. R. Habt and O. A. Mobton {Boston: Mass. Bd.
Apr., 1914, PP- 5^. Pl^- S). — This publication contains a brief history of the
boys' and girls' clubs in Massachusetts from 1908 to 1913, inclusive, lists of
premiums, rules governing clubs and contests, and suggestions for the organiza-
tion and promotion of boys' and girls' club work.
The pig clubs of the South, B. W. Curbie (Country Gent., 79 (1914), No.
16, pp. 786, 787, 808, figs. 5). — An account is given of the boys' and girls' pig
club work in Louisiana and Georgia.
Agricultural education in Latin America, C. D. Smith (Proc. Soc. Prom.
Agr. Set., 34 (1913), pp. 73-94). — The systems of agricultural education in
Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Peru, and Chile are described.
The educational system of rural Denmark, H. W. Foght (U. S. Bur. Ed.
Bui., No. 58 {1913), pp. 46, pis. 6). — The educational system of rural Denmark
ts outlined in detail as the result of a personal investigation by the author.
Instruction in nature study is given in the first seven or eight grades. In
the four years after leaving the elementary school the children learn practical
agriculture and household duties at home or are apprenticed at recognized
model farms where they get the benefit of the knowledge of specialists in
farm science maintained in the field at state and local expense. Statistics for
ir>06 show that 33 per cent of all young men, and a slightly smaller number of
young women, of 18 years and over, attend the folk high school for a longer
or shorter period, while 14 per cent of the young men attend special agricultural
schools in addition to the agricultural studies ottered in many of the folk high
schools and a considerable number of young women attend the special domestic-
science schools.
Most of the agricultural schools, of which there are 29 scattered throughout
the country, require that applicants must have spent some time at a folk high
school, and if lacking in practical training, must secure this at one of the
government-recognized model farms before they are admitted, these schools
teaching primarily the theory of agriculture, land surv-eying. agricultural
chemistry, and the other sciences which underlie the practice of agriculture.
There are also so-called " Husmandsskoler," organized particularly for the small
farmer, which combine the most valuable features of the folk high schools with
those of the agricultural schools and make a strong point of short courses.
Such subjects as bee culture, chicken raising, rabbit breeding, etc.. receive muck
attention.
AGRICULTURAL BDUCATIOW. - 599
Students wishing to become government experts in agricultural subjects may
spend one or more years in study and research at the Royal Veterinary and
Agricultural Institute at Copenhagen. Strong schools of household economics
are maintained for the women. " The most important task performed by educa-
tionists in Denmark has been to impart a remarkably large store of culture
without giving the people a contempt for work with the hands."
Schools for fruit growing, H. W. Harris {TJ. S. Bur. Ed. Bui., No. 54 {1913),
pp. 66-75). — An account is given, by the consul general at Frankfort-on-the-
Main, of the administration, buildings and equipment, curriculum, etc., of the
Grand Ducal School for Fruit Growing at Oppenheim-am-Rheiu, and of the
Provincial School for Fruit Growing at Kreuznach.
Nature study, I. L. Kandel (In Elementary Education m England With
Special Reference to London, Liverpool, and Manchester. U. 8. Bur. Ed. Bui.,
No. 57 (1913), pp. 56-59). — An account is given of the nature study work in
elementary schools of England, which includes the study of plants, trees, flowers,
and animal life.
Continuation schools; Short courses for colleges, normals, and high
schools, A. W. Nolan (Agr. Col. Ext. Univ. III. [Circ.], 1914, Jan., pp. 16,
figs. 2). — The courses in agriculture, English, hygiene and good health, history
and civics, business arithmetic, and household science outlined in this circular
have been successfully given in a few schools. For a beginning a maximum
length of six weeks is advised for these courses, which are intended for young
men and women and adults of the community who have no prospects for a
complete high school cour.se.
A manual of agriculture for the eighth grade, A. M. Richardson ( Wash.
(State) Dept. Ed. Bui. 21 {1914), pp. 27).— This manual is intended to form
the basis for the examination in agriculture for the eighth grade in the schools
of the State of Washington, in which agriculture is required by the state board
of education. Forty-nine exercises are outlined including practically every
phase of agriculture. It is stated that if possible they should be studied accord-
ing to seasons.
Studies of commercial fertilizers, B. M. Davis {Nature- Study Rev., 10
{1914), No. 4i PP- 122-129). — Two exercises which should be within the capacity
of the seven'th and eighth grade pupils are presented, viz., (1) estimating the
value of a commercial fertilizer, and (2) calculating the amomits of fertilizer
ingredients in the home mixing of fertilizers and in estimating comparative
values of fertilizers.
Weed collections for schools, F. J. Pipal {Purdue Univ. Dept. Agr. Ext.
Bui. 27 {1913), pp. 12, figs. 8). — Directions for collecting, preserving, and
mounting weeds, and suggestions to teachers of studies of weeds that may be
made in connection with this work are given, as well as a list of the worst
Indiana weeds.
List of workers in. subjects pertaining to agriculture and home econom-
ics in the U. S. Department of Agriculture and in the state agricultural
colleges and experiment stations {U. S. Dept. Agr., List of Workers in U. S.
Agr., 1914, pp. 90). — This is an organization list of workers along these lines,
and includes in the case of this Department brief stateiaents as to organization
and scope of its various branches.
NOTES
Delaware Station. — Dr. J. J. Taubenhaus has been made associate research
plant pathologist.
Purdue University. — Oscar G. Anderson has been appointed instructor in
pomology in the school of agriculture.
Maryland College and Station. — The faculty has voted to grant annually a
restricted number of certificates of merit (usually three) to men who have
achieved distinction in some field of agricultural activity, and in this way
tended to advance the economic, sociaJ, or moral conditions of rural life. For
the present these honors are to be confined to citizens of the State, but ulti-
mately it is planned to remove this limitation.
O. E. Temple, botanist at the Idaho University and Station, has been ap-
pointed associate pathologist In the state horticultural work.
Massachusetts College. — The addition to French Hall has been completed and
ia being occupied by the department* of forestry and market gardening.
Recent appointments include H. B. Baldinger as assistant in dairying, Loyal
F. Payne, poultryman of the Oklahoma College and Station, as instructor in
poultry husbandry, Benjamin W. Ellis as extension instructor in farm manage-
ment, and Miss Harriet J. Hopkins as extension instructor in home economics.
Promotions include E. D. Quaife as assistant professor of animal husbandry,
A. H. Nehrling as associate professor of floriculture, F. H. Van Suchtelen as
asssociate professor of microbiology, B. N. Gates as associate professor of bee
keeping, B. Anderson as associate professor of chemistry, and R. H. Bogue as
instructor in chemistry. A. A. Brown, instructor in poultry husbandry and
Ivan McKellip. instructor in dairying, have resigned.
Michigan College and Station. — H. T. Darlington of the Washington College has
been nppointod assistant professor of botany and will have special charge of the
botanical garden and herbarium. E. F. Woodcock of the botanical department
of West Virginia University has been appointed instructor in botany, vice Dr.
Ruth F. Allen, resigned to accept a similar position in Wellesley College. S. P.
Doolittle, a 1914 graduate of the college, has been appointed to an industrial
fellowship in cucumber diseases recently eistablished by the H. J. Heinz Pickle
Company.
New Hampshire College and Station. — Ford S. Prince, Instructor in soils in
the Michigan College, has been appointed instructor in agronomy in the college
and assistant agronomist in the station.
Texas College. — Press reports announce the appointment as president of Dr.
W. B. Bizzell, since 1910 president of the college of industrial arts at Denton,
Texas.
Wisconsin University. — J. F. Wojta has been appointed superintendent of
agricultural extension courses and Fred H. Scribner field agent in animal
hfusbaudry.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
Editor : E. W. ALLEN, Ph., D.. Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer. Ph. D.. M. D.
. H. Beal.
W. Trullinger.
H. Evans, Ph. D.
Meteorolog3% Soils, and Fertilizers j^^*.^- ^^a^-
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriolog5\ Plant Pathology l^' ^- ^^^'°-
t!ii^i-i /-<,.«,,„ /J- I- SCHULTE.
Field Crops |(. ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glassox.
Foods and Human Nutrition {g F- Langworthy, Ph. D.. D. So.
Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. L1BR>^
Veterinary Medicine {J^; ^; ^ookek. ^^^ ^
Rural Engineering — R. W. TRrLUNGEB. aOTANi
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. UAKU
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXI, NO. 7.
Editorial notes: Page,
An agency for the publication of a,<?ricultural research 601
The organization of a section for agriculture in the American Association . . . 604
Recent work in agricultural science 607
Notes 695
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural CHEMISTRY^ — AGROTECHNY.
The chemical constitution of the proteins, Plimnier 607
On the occurrence of dextrorotatory albumins in organic nature, Beard 607
Experiments on the precipitation of euspensoid protein by various ions. Heard . 607
Nitrogenous hydrolysis products of phosphatids, MacArthur and Norbury 608
Fatty acids from cephahn, Burton and MacArthur 608
Nature of enzym action. — III, The synthetic action of enzyms, Baylies 608
The mutual action of pepsin and trypsin, Long 609
Starch-Uquefyin^ and saccharifying power, Chrzaszcz and Terlikowski 609
The enzyms of Linaceee, Eyre 610
The gasometric determination of aliphatic amino nitrogen, Van Slyke 610
Gasometric determination of amino-acid nitrogen in the urine, Van Slyke 610
A method for the determination of small amounts of fat, Bloor 610
Analysis of maple products. — I, Electrical conductivity test for purity, Snell. . 610
Analysis of maple products. — II, Study of methods, Snell and Scott 611
Spica's method for citric acid in citrates and lemon juice, Scurti and Tommasi. . 612
The accuracy of a modified Meigs method for fat in milk, Croll 612
A new apparatus for determining the water content of cheese 613
A new apparatus for determining the water in cheese, Mai. 613
A new apparatus for determining the water in cheese, Rusche 613
Methods for determining fat in cheese, Kooper 613
The determination of the acidity of cheese 613
Estimation of nicotin in tobacco, Conta 613
The molds of cigars and their prevention, True 613
I
n CONTENTS.
METEOROLOGY — WATER.
Page.
Meteorological observations in connection with agriculture and forestry, Zon. . 614
Period of safe plant growth in Maryland and Delaware, Faesig 614
Monthly Weather Review 615
Climatological data for the United States by sections 615
Meteorological records, Ladd 615
Ohio weather for 1912, Sroith and Patton 615
Water resources of Hawaii, 1912, Pierce and Larrison 616
Quality of the surface waters of Washington, yan Winkle 616
Colloids in water and sewage purification, Stein 616
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
Separation of soil particles according to specific weight, Konig et al 616
Distribution of certain constituents in separates of loam soils, Steinkoenig 618
Influence of electrolytes on the coagulation of clay suspensions, Wiegner 618
The properties of red colored soils, Blanck and Dobrescu 618
Acid mineral soils, Daikuhara 618
Soils and subsoils, Sherzer 619
The excessive quantities of nitrates in certain Colorado soils, Headden 619
The soils of the island of Luzon, Cox, and Argiielles 619
Analysis of soil samples from German Southwest Africa, Grimme 620
Nyaaaland soils 620
Moor culture, Sierig 620
The soil solution and the mineral constituents of the soil, Hall et al 620
How does the plant obtain its nutriment from the soil? Hall 620
Harmful effects of aldehydes in soils, Schreiner and Skinner 620
Occurrence of aldehydes in garden and field soils, Schreiner and Skinner 620
Contributions to our knowledge of soil fertility, VII-XI, Greig-Smith 620
The sterilization or disinfection of the soil, Bert-hault 621
Rock and soil in relation to plant nutrition, Blanck 621
Composition and fertilizer requirements of North Carolina soils, Plummer 621
Fertilizer experiments in the German colonies 622
Penguin guano from the Falkland Islands 622
Fertilizer factory for the Bahamas 622
The atmospheric; nitrogen industry in its economic relations, PerUck 622
Influence of phosphatic and potash fertilizers on composition of hay, Dusserre. 622
Geology of phosphate deposits near Georgetown, Idaho, Richards and Mansfield. 622
Note on certain phosphate deposits in western Madagascar, De la Bathie 623
Effect of ensilage fermentation and animal digestion on phosphate rock, Mooers . 623
Effects of ensilage process on solubility and metabolism of floats, Forbes 623
Effects of ensilage process on solubility and metabolism of floats, Mooers 623
Potash 623
The lime factor theory, Loew 623
The question of sulphur in agriculture, Mifege 623
Analyses of fertilizers, spring season, 1914, Kilgore et al 624
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Wessels et al 624
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Comparative morphology of some Leguminosse, Martin 624
A study of the germinating power of seeds, Darsie et al 624
A physiological study of the germination of Avena fatua, Atwood 624
Transpiration in relation to growth and distribution of plants, Dachnowski 625
Water requirement and growth of plants in glycocoU, Dachnowski and Gormley. 625
The tensile strength of sap, Dixon 626
Oxidases and their inhibitors in plant tissues, I-III, Atkins 626
The production of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, Everest 626
Relation of cultivated plants to certain soil salts, III, Hansteen Cranner 627
Effect of calcareous soils on growth and composition of plants, Gile and Ageton. 627
Quantitative criteria of antagonism, Osterhout 627
The effect of one crop upon another, Duke of Bedford and Pickering. .... 627
Spread of morbid changes through plants from branches killed by heat, Dixon. 627
The effect of city smoke on vegetation, Bakke 628
Toadstools and mushrooms of the countryside, Step 628
CONTENTS. in
FIELD CROPS.
Page.
Effect of soil moisture, plant food, and age on ratio of tops to roots, Harris 628
Fertilization and cultivation of corn, cotton, and tobacco, Williams 628
Annual report, 1913-14, Blouin and Rosenfeld 628
Physiological correlations and climatic reactions in alfalfa breeding, Freeman. . 629
The cultural value of Turkestan alfalfa, Bohutinsky 629
A new method of growing corn, Cunningham 629
Variety tests of corn for 1913, Garren 629
Fertilizer experiments with cotton on sandy loam soils, Kilgore et al 629
Varieties, culture, and fertilization of cotton, Williams et al 630
Results of variety tests of cotton in Mecklenburg County, Williams 631
Testing cotton seed for germination, Lassetter 631
Spinning tests of upland long-staple cottons, Taylor and Sherman 631
A new cover crop, Craib 631
Notes on a creeping bean, Hose 631
Mireken nuts [candle nut] (Aleuriles moluccana) 631
Oats, Nelson and Ruzek 631
On the assimilation of soil constituents by oats, Paterson and Scott 632
Paddy cultivation in Ceylon during the nineteenth century, Elliott 632
New varieties of rice imported from Japan in 1913, Poli 632
Preparation of seeds of the sugar beet, von Wilkonski 632
Cultural experiments with artificially dried beet seeds in 1912, von Jancs6 632
The character of beets derived from the same seed ball, Munerati et al 633
Weight and sugar content of beets in relation to the area, Munerati et al 633
Fluctuation of nitrogen in sugar beets of the same parentage, Strohmer et al. . . 633
The wild cotton plant ( Thurberia thespesioides) in Arizona, Bailey 633
The state grain laboratory and the Montana seed laws, Atkinson and "^Tiitlock . . 633
On germination tests in natural mediums, Oetken 633
Minnesota weeds, II, Oswald and Boss 633
Eradication of mid mustard, Rech 633
Vitality of weed seeds in lower strata of soils, Munerati and Zapi^aroU 634
Effect on germinative ability of seeds passing through cattle, Morettini 634
HORTICULTURE.
Large seed a factor in plant production, Cummings 634
Report of the horticulturist, Kinman 634
Cultural directions for vegetables and flowers, Wester 635
The fresh vegetable trade in Germany, Michaelis 635
Suggestions for the control of injurious insects and plant diseases, Bentley. . . . 635
Fungicides and insecticides for Montana, Morris and Parker 635
The Arkansas dilution table for lime-sulphur compound, Hewitt 636
The manuring of orchards, Allen 636
Observations on the hybridizing of fruits, Patten 636
The orchard census 636
Fruit growing in New South Wales.— What to grow and where to start, Allen. . 636
A study of variation in apples, Shaw 636
How sod affected an apple orchard, II, Hall 636
Breeding Rotundifolia grapes, Reimer and Detjen 636
The hybrid direct bearers in Rhone Valley in 1913, Desmoulins and Villard.. . 637
Report of strawberry shipments, season, 1913 637
Report of the assistant horticulturist, McClelland 637
Manurial experiments with cacao at the botanic station, Dominica, Tempany . 638
Robusta coffee .' 638
Coffeein Java, Chalot and Thillard 639
A kaki classification, Hume 639
Lime culture in Santo Domingo, Chalot and Deslandes 639
A report on a study of the tea industry, Sumatra, Bernard 639
The production of vanilla in the French colonies 639
The coconut in the Seychelles, Dupont 639
FORESTRY.
Forest types: Symposium 639
The technique of seed testing, Bates 639
Growth studies, reconnaissance, and regulation of yield. Chapman 639
The use of frustum form factors in constructing volume tables, Bruce 640
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Some financial forest problems, Barrows 640
The farm woodlot, Cheyney and WentUng 640
The management of second-growth hardwoods in Vermont, Hawes and Chandler. 640
Development of white pine seedlings in nursery beds. Burns 640
Experimental forest planting in the Hawaiian Islands, Hosmer 640
The tree species of Java: Contribution No. 13, Koorders and Valeton 640
Lumbering industry of the Philippines, Arnold 641
Forest administration in Northwest Frontier Province, 1912-13, Jerram 641
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Notes on plant diseases of Connecticut, Clinton 641
Report of the imperial mycologist, Butler 641
A species of Rhizopliidium parasitic on various Peronosporacese, Melhus 641
Heterodera radicicola attacking the Canada thistle, Melchers 642
Spore germinations of cereal smuts, Stakman 642
Studies on club root. — I, The relation of Plasmodiophora brassicx, Lutman 642
Occurrence of bacterial blight of alfalfa in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, O'Gara 642
The cob rot of corn, Arzbei^er 642
Hot water treatment for cotton anthracnose, Barre and AuU 643
Disease resistance of potatoes, Stuart 643
Chlorosis of sugar cane, Gile and Ageton 644
Tomato diseases, Hewitt 644
Some important diseases of tomato in North Carolina, Fulton 644
Two tomato diseases 644
Fruit diseases in Montana, Swingle 644
The blight of apples, pears, and quinces, Pickett 644
A contribution to our knowledge of apple scab, Morris 645
A destructive strawberry disease, Stevens 645
Endocellular fibers in tissues of grapevines and other dicotyledons, Mameli 645
Report of the plant pathologist, Fawcett 645
Rot of orange trees in Francofonte, and its treatment, Savastano 646
The hereditary transmission of rust in mallows, Blaringhem 646
A disease of Narcissus bulbs, Massee ._ 646
The technique of operation for rot and gummosis of trees, Savastano 646
Notes on diseases of trees in the southern Appalachians, III, Graves 646
New facts concerrung the wliite pine blister rust, Spaulding 647
The damping-off of coniferous seedlings, Spaulding 647
Tests of disinfectants in controlling damping-off. Hartley and Merrill 647
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Revision of the American harvest mice (genus Reithrodontomya), Howell 647
Birds and their value to the agriculturist, Guppy 648
First report on the amphibians of Pennsylvania, Surface 648
Bibliography of Canadian zoology for 1912, Lambe. 648
Bibliography of Canadian entomology for 1912, Hewitt 648
Eleventh annual report of the state entomologist of Montana, Cooley 648
Insect pests in 1912, MacDougall 648
Insect pests in 1913, MacDougall ._ 648
Principal insect pests of field crops in European Russia for 20 years, Kulagin. . 648
List of pests of alfalfa, Vassiliev 648
First supplement to the list of animal pests of alfalfa, Vassiliev 648
The imported cabbage worm and the cabbage aphis, Parker 649
African cotton pests, Zacher 649
Insect enemies of lettuce, Noel 649
Animal enemies of the sugar beet in 1913, Stift 649
Tree crickets injurious to orchard and garden fruits, Parrott and Fulton 649
Tree crickets of garden and orchard. Hall 650
The Acridiidse of Minnesota, Somes 650
The tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis), Crosby and Leonard 650
Susceptibility to spraying mixtures of hibernating pear psylla, Hodgkiss 651
The pear psylla and its control, HaU 652
The life cycle of the beet plant louse (Aphis euonymi), Malaquin and Moiti^ 652
Lepidoptera in British Museum. — XII and XIII, Noctuidse, Hampson 652
The gypsy moth, Barsacq 652
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Tlie destruction of the leopard moth, Noel 652
The sequoia pitch moth, a menace to pine in western Montana, Brunuer 652
The peach tip moth, Froggatt 653
Experiments in the destruction of fiy larvae in horse manure. Cook et al 653
[Eliminating a city's flies], Dawson 654
Flies and diarrheal disease, Armstrong 654
Control of cabbage maggot on early cabbage, Hall 654
Chief remedies against the larvae and adults of Lema melanopus, Vaasillev -654
Bothynoderes punctiventris and methods of fighting it, Pospielov 654
Dendrolimus pini and D. segregatus, Vassiliev 655
The alfalfa weevil, Cooley 655
Birds in relation to the alfalfa weevil, Kalmbach 655
Egg laying of the rice weevil, Calandra oryzse, Lathjop 655
Psalidium maxillosum in PodoUa on transplanted seedlings, Vassiliev 655
Brood diseases of bees, Pellett 655
The manioc ant {(Ecodoma cephalotes), Devez 656
A revision of Ichneumonidae based on collection in British Museiim, Morley. . 656
First contribution to a catalogue of zoocecidia of Switzerland, Moreillon 656
A case of tick bite followed by transitory muscular paralysis, Eaton 656
The predaceouH mite, Pediculoides ventricosus, Willcocks 656
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Concerning bouillon cubes, seasonings, and meat extract, II, Micko 656
A note on soup cubes, Remy 656
Concerning fish milt and fish roe (caviar), Konig and Grossfeld 656
Canned snails 656
Food value of milk and its products, Harcourt 656
Ice cream, McGill 656
The importance of Indian corn as a cheap and good foodstuff, Rammstedt 656
The chemistry of bread making. Grant 657
So-called chestnut blight poisoning, Clinton 657
Supposed poisonous properties of chestnuts from trees with blight. Marsh 657
Bromin compounds in table salts, Chelle 657
[Food analyses and other pure food and drug topics], Ladd and Johnson 657
Fourteenth report on food adulteration under the pure food law, Allen et al. . . 659
The department of food sanita,tion and distribution, Wheeler 659
The influence of low temperatures upon the decomposition of foods, Kuhl 659
One reason why canned foods should be dated, Seidel 659
[Food and its cost at] the Garland School of Home Making 659
Cost of living in New Jersey 659
Infant mortality. — [Care of children] 660
A bulletin on the baby 660
School lunches in Philadelphia 660
Is cooking an error? 660
Cooking and vitamins. Hill 660
Variations of the food and body weight under action of heat, De Laroquette. . . 661
Economy of foods possible by increase of surrounding temperature, Lapicque. . 661
Effects of protein on amino acid content of tissues, Van Slyke and Gustave. . . 661
Creatin and creatinin in relation to animal metabolism, Folin and Denis 661
Secretory activity of stomach glands with Liebig's extract, I, Tomaszewski. . . 662
Effect of change in diet on carbon dioxid of infants, Frank and Niemann 662
Man a machine, De la Mettrie, trans, by Bussey 662
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
The composition of crops and feeding stuffs, Vipond 662
Tomato seeds for fodder 663
Commercial feeding stuffs. — Concerning feeding practice 663
Inspection of feeding stuffs 663
Testing Kellner's starch values in practical feeding in Germany, Stutzer 663
The mineral balance of animals, Hespel 663
Metabolism during pregnancy and the lactation period, Dienes 663
Growth restraint of yovmg animals by the X-ray, Richardson 664
Report of the animal husbandman, Ritzman 664
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Fattening cattle in Alabama, Gray and Ward 664
Cattle raising in South America 666
Care and management of sheep on the farm, Miller 666
A review of American investigations on fattening lambs, Bull and Emmett . . . 666
The digestion of crude fiber by sheep and pigs, Fingerling et al 667
Swine fattening with large quantities of potatoes, Lehmann 667
Horse feeding experiments, Clark 668
A continued study of constitutional vigor in poultry, Rogers 668
Biometrical study of egg production in domestic fowl. III, Pearl and Surface. . 669
Artificial hatching of chicks, Schoppe 670
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
Investigations in milk production, Haecker 670
Clover and corn silage as feeds for dairy cows, Clark 673
On the possibility of increasing the fat content of milk, Grumme 673
Comparative composition of human and cow's milk, Meigs and Marsh 674
Bern market milk with reference to presence of tubercle bacilli, Thoni 674
A new method of determining milk quality, Hall 674
Cream testing, Dean 674
Butter making, Dean 675
Farm butter making. — Creamery industry in Montana, Jones 675
Siberian butter of Hamburg markets. Berg 675
Cheddar cheese experiments. Dean 675
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Text-book of milk hygiene, Ernst, trans, by Mohler and Eichhorn 676
Linimentus camphorae (camphor liniment), Guthrie 676
The disinfection of anthrax hides, Abt 677
Experimental sterilization of anthrax spores, Abt 677
The cultivation of the virus of rindeq^est in vitro, Boynton 677
An atypical case of rinderpest in a carabao, Boynton 677
Experiments upon the transmission of rinderpest, Ward et al G77
Lesions of the nervous system in verminous intoxication, Rachmanow 678
I'Mxation and nutrition of some nematode parasites of alimentary canal, Garin . 679
Aerobic micro-organisms in the omasum and colon of bo\'ines, Buemann 679
The treatment of tick bite in stock 679
Spraying for control of ticks in Antigua, Saunders 679
Some results of blood counting on cattle, Clawson 679
Is there a bacillary hog cholera? Pfeiler 679
The significance of bacterial infection in hog cholera, Dinwiddie 680
Hog cholera in Montana, Taylor 682
The occurrence of avian tuberculosis in hogs, Junack 683
Mammary gland tuberculosis in a mare, Leibenger 683
The etiology of infectious abortion of mares, Lautenbach 683
Diagnosis of infection with Bacterium pullorum in domestic fowl. Gage et al . . . 683
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation practice in Montana, Boneb right 684
Annual irrigation revenue report of the Government of Bengal 684
Report of the board of state engineers 684
Some fundamental engineering features in the drainage of arid soils. Hart. . . . 684
Report upon the Black and Boggy Swamps drainage district, S. C, Eason. . , . 684
Mole-draining and the renovation of old pipe drains, Thring 685
Experiences with wood-stave pipe. Chandler 685
Country road construction, Liebmann 685
Progress reports of experiments in dust prevention and road preservation, 1913. . 686
Standard abrasion test for gravel employed by Ohio Highway Department, Rea . 687
Test of wu-e-cut and re-pressed paving brick 687
Effect of hydrated lime on mortars and concretes, Spackman 687
Power from the sun, Shuman 688
Gas-engine indicator diagrams, Muencb 688
CONTENTS. Vn
Page.
Strength of shafting to transmit a given horsepower at different speeds, Clark. . 688
Transmission of power by manila rope, Trautschold 688
The implements of the industry, Agee 688
Permanent farm buildings, Davidson 688
Transmission of heat through building materials, Busey 688
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Farm management in the Gallatin Valley, Currier 689
Profits in farming on irrigated areas in Utah Lake Valley, Thomson and Dixon. . 689
The management of farms growing sugar beets in Austria-Hungary, Sedlmayr. . 689
The determination of the cost of production, Orwin 689
The county farm bureau, Crocheron 690
Improvement clubs for rural and village communities of Kentucky, Bohannan. 690
Economic associations of rural Poland, Szembek 690
Buyers and sellers in the cotton trade, Heylin 690
Second report of the markets commissioner of British Columbia, Smith 690
Stability of farm operators, or term of occupany of farms 690
Persons engaged in agriculture, Bear 690
Rural population in England and Wales, Bowley 691
Agricultural population of Sweden, Widell 691
Agricultiu-al statistics of Sweden, Widell 691
The agriculture in the Netherlands 691
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Agricultural instruction and its methods, De Vuyst 691
Status of agricultural instmction 691
Organization of agriculture by department of agriculture in Ireland, Smart 692
Report of the department of agricultural education, French 692
Schools of agricultiu-e, mechanic arts, and homemaking, Hawkins 692
Agriculture in the high school, Hawkins 692
The New Hampshire type of reconstmcted rural high school, Brown 692
State-aided vocational agricultural education 692
Massachusetts home-project plan of vocational agricultural education, Stimson. 693
Report of the extension work with the schools, McCready 693
A school garden in the making, its objects and uses, Cro'nin 693
Rhode Island boys' and girls' home gardening clubs 693
Boys' and girls' clubs in Utah, Hogenson 693
Boys' corn club work in North CaroUna, Browne 693
Instructions to members of the boys' corn club, Jemigan 693
Boys' and girls' club work, Hogenson 693
Boys' and girls' home gardens, Thomas 693
Hunnicutt's agriculture for common schools, Hunnicut, revised by De Loach. . 693
Simple furnitiure for school agriculture, Main 694
Illustrated lecture on swine in the United States, Jessee 694
Dairy laboratory manual and note book, Anthony 694
The field of home economics. Rose 604
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1913 694
Twentieth Annual Report of Montana Station, 1913 694
Twenty-fourth Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1913 694
Annual Report of the Porto Rico Station, 1913 694
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Page.
Arkansas Station:
Bui. 117, May, 1914 680
Bui. 118, May, 1914 631
Circ. 21, Mar., 1914 644
Circ. 22, Mar., 1914 631
Circ. 23, Apr., 1914 636
Circ. 24, Apr., 1914 693
California Station:
Circ. 118, June, 1914 690
Colorado Station:
Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. 1913. . 694
Connecticut State Station:
An. Rpt. 1914, pt. 1 641, 657
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station :
Agr. and Chem. Bui. 44, 1914. 688
Illinois Station:
Bui. 166, Jan., 1914 666
Circ. 172, June, 1914 644
Iowa Station:
Bui. 145, Oct. , 1913 628
Massachusetts Station:
Bui. 148, Apr., 1914 683
Bui. 149, Apr., 1914 636
Minnesota Station:
Bui. 133, July, 1913 642
Bui. 139, May, 1914 633
Bui. 140, JulV, 1914 670
Bui. 141, July, 1914 650
Montana Station:
Bui. 94, July, 1913 673
Bui. 95, Aug., 1913 668
Bui. 96, Feb., 1914 645
Bui. 97, Feb., 1914 689
Bui. 98, Feb., 1914 648
Circ. 28, Aug., 1913 649
Circ. 29, Aug., 1913 684
Circ. 30, Oct., 1913 633
Circ. 31, Nov., 1913 666
Circ. 32, Nov., 1913 675
Circ. 33, Nov., 1913 682
Circ. 34, Jan., 1914 670
Circ. 35, Jan., 1914 655
Circ. 36, Feb., 1914 635
Circ. 37, Feb., 1914 644
Twentieth An. Rpt. 1913 694
New York Cornell Station:
Bui. 345, Apr., 1914 668
Bui. 346, June, 1914 650
vui
Stations in the United States. — Contd.
Page.
New York State Station:
Buls. 373 and 380, popular ed..
Mar., 1914 674
Bui. 382, popular ed., Apr..
1914 654
Bui. 383, popular ed., Apr.,
1914 636
Bui. 386, May, 1914 663
Bui. 387, May, 1914 651, 652
Bui. 388, May, 1914 649, 650
North Carolina Station:
Bui. 227, Apr., 1914 630
Tech. Bui. 9, May, 1914 621
Tech. Bui. 10, May, 1914 636
Circ. 16, Feb., 1914 631
Circ. 17, Apr., 1914 693
Circ. 18, May, 1914 628
Circ. 19, June, 1914 644
North Dakota, Station:
Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 3, Feb.,
1914 657
Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 4, Mar.,
1914 657
Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 5, Apr.,
1914 658
Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 6, May,
1914 657,676
Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 7, June,
1914 657
Twenty-fourth An. Rpt. 1913 . 615,694
Oliio Station:
Bui. 259, Mar., 1913 615
Bui. 265, Nov., 1913 642
Porto Rico Station:
An. Rpt. 1913 627,
634, 637, 644, 645, 664, 694
Rhode Island Station:
Insp. Bui. , June, 1914 624
Tennessee Station:
Bui. 106, June, 1914., 635
Vermont Station :
Bui. 175, Oct., 1913 642
Bui. 176, Jan., 1914 640
Bui. 177, Feb., 1914 634
Bui. 178, Mar., 1914 640
Bui. 179, Apr., 1914 643
Bui. 180, May, 1914 643
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.
IX
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Page.
Bui. 105, Progress Reports of Ex-
periments in Dust Prevention
and Road Preservation, 1913 686
Bui. 107, Birds in Relation to the
Alfalfa Weevil, E. R. Kalmbach. 655
Bui. 108, Harmful Effects of Alde-
hydes in Soils, O. Schreiner and
J. J. Skinner 620
Bui. 109, The Molds of Cigars and
Their Prevention, R. H. True. . 613
Bui. 110, Fattening Cattle in Ala-
bama, D. T. Gray and W. F.
Ward 664
Bui. Ill, The Seqiioia Pitch Moth,
a Menace to Pine in Western
Montana, J. Brunuer 652
Bui. 114, Report Upon the Black
and Boggy Swamps Drainage
District, Hampton and Jasper
Counties, S. C, F. G. Eason. ... 684
Bui. 116, New Facts Concerning
the Wliite-Pine Blister Rust,
P. Spaulding 647
Bui. 117, Profits in Farming on Ir-
rigated Areas in Utah Lake Val-
ley, E. H. Thomson and H. M.
Dixon 689
U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd.
Page.
Bui. 118, Experiments in the De-
struction of Fly Larvae in Horse
Manure, F. C. Cook et al 653
Bui. 121, Spinning Tests of Upland
Long-Staple Cottons, F. Tavlor
and W. A. Sherman .'. . . 631
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Bui. 110, pt. 3, A Biometrical
Study of Egg Production in
the Domestic Fowl, R. Pearl
and F. M. Surface 669
Biireau of Biological Siu-vey:
North American Fauna No. 36,
Revision of the American
Harvest Mice ,A.H. Howell. 647
Weather Bureau:
Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 42,
Nos. 3-4, Mar .-Apr., 1914. 614, 615
Climat. Data, vol. 1, Nos. 5-G,
May- June, 1914. 615
Office of Experiment Stations:
Syllabus 16, Illustrated Lec-
ture on Swine in the United
States, W. B . Jessee 694
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXI. November, 1914. No.
The Journal of Agricultural Research^ inaugurated by this Depart-
ment something over a year ago, was opened to contributions from
the agricultural experiment stations beginning with its third volume,
October, 1914. This action was taken in response to a suggestion
from the executive committee of the Association of American Agri-
cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, in conference with the
Secretary of Agriculture. The latter readih^ agreed to extending
the pages of i\\Q Journal to the experiment stations for the publication
of their technical research papers, and a committee of three was ap-
pointed by the association to act Avith the Department representatives
as an editorial board. A meeting of the joint committee was held in
Washington last June, and procedure agreed upon. As a result, a
circular letter announcing the completion of arrangements was ad-
dressed to the various institutions and their workers. The way is
therefore open for enlarging the scope of the Journal as a record of
agricultural research in the United States, and for prompt and
adequate presentation of the stations' contributions to it.
The Department and the experiment stations constitute, of course,
the two great agencies for agricultural research in this country.
Until recently, however, the product of their activities in this line
has been so widely scattered through many independent series of
bulletins, and so enveloped in more popular writings, that it has lost
both in immediate effect and in permanence. It has been difficult for
librarians and more so for investigators to hunt out these contribu-
tions and preserve them in form accessible for reference. Many of
the station mailing lists are not classified, their publications are not
sent regularly to persons outside the State, and the bulletins can not
be subscribed for or purchased through the general publication
agencies. Under the old system, the Department's bulletins report-
ing research must be selected and ordered separately, and were often
soon exhausted. These things have had the effect of making these
contributions to agricultural science less accessible than they should
be. With the classification of the publications of the Department an
effective means was ]Drovided for segi'egating accounts of the more
technical investigations, and placing them where they might be made
permanently available to scientific readers.
601
602 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The establishment of such a journal is regarded as a distinct step
in advance. There has always been confusion in the public mind
from indiscriminate mixing of popular and technical work in the
bulletins. The practice has had the effect of detracting from a just
appreciation of these publications by both the farmer and the man
of science, in about equal degree. The former and the public in
general have felt that unless the matter in the bulletins could be
fully understood, the work was impractical and the reading unprofit-
able. Men of science, on the other hand, while they have recognized
these publications as containing much of interest to science, have
complained of the material being enveloped in so much that was of
no interest to them, and of the scattered and fugitive form in which
it was issued. Hence a classification of the published matter is to
the distinct advantage of all classes of readers, makes the popular
or practical and the research publications more effective, and pre-
vents misunderstanding and confusion.
The publication of the research work of the experiment stations
was a matter of considerable concern when the amount of research
began to materially increase under the stimulus of the Adams Act.
There were movements for a journal or common organ, growing out
of the recognized advantages of such an organ and the large ex-
pense of separate publication, but nothing came of these efforts un-
til recently. Meanwhile, the provision of a series of research bulle-
tins by a considerable number of the stations has relieved the situa-
tion, but is not felt to have fully solved it. These bulletins result
in a segregation which was greatly needed, but they do not overcome
the objection to fragmentary publication. The plan has relieved
the farmer from the anno3'^ance of getting papers of purely the-
oretical and technical interest, but it has not fully enabled the scien-
tific world to keep track of what is being done or to find it after a
few years.
The same arguments in favor of a central or common agency for
the publication of agricultural investigation apply now that pre-
vailed a few years ago, and probably with equal or greater force.
For the stations which have made no attempt at its separate publi-
cation such an organ is increasingly important, and for those which
have established research series, it adds the advantage of wide cir-
culation, preservation, and adequate indexing of their reports of
investigation.
Two main objects are sought in publishing the reports of re-
search— reaching a wide audience of persons interested in the work
in question, and recording it where it can be permanently found.
Promptness is usually a desirable factor, and the author is naturally
EDITORIAL. 603
anxious to give as wide publicity as practicable to his contribution.
Permanency is a matter of large importance, and this of course is
difficult to secure in separate unbound pamphlets.
The people to whom such literature especially appeals are nat-
urally interested in having the material made conveniently accessible
to them, and in such form that it not only can be preserved but will
be indexed. Hence the index is an important feature of all journal
literature, and gives it a material advantage over loose pamphlets or
bulletins. Agricultural bibliographies are as yet only sparingly pro-
vided. Much search is therefore necessary for the investigator to
bring together the literature on a given subject, as it is scattered
through such an unusually diverse collection of journals, reports, bul-
letins, etc. Papers in an indexed journal are much less likely to be
overlooked in a review of literature, and are more conveniently cited.
The wide distribution which the Journal of Agincultural Research
has already reached among institutions and libraries, agricultural
and otherwise, and its extensive foreign list established through ex-
changes, insures unusually wide publicity of articles published in its
pages. Already the Journal is accessible to a "very large share of the
world's workers in natural science whose studies bear on the broad
field of agriculture, and its circulation will steadily increase with
time. This will mean much to its contributors in securing recogni-
tion among scientific men.
Furthermore, such an organ ofi'ers the opportunity for publishing
preliminary and minor papers not suited to a bulletin. This obvi-
ates the necessity of withholding publication until the work has
been fully concluded, or of publishing in an organ devoted to general
science. The liberal provision of separates enables special distribu-
tion to be made by the institution or the author.
Aside from these considerations, the effect of collective publica-
tion in giving an adequate idea of the extent of American investiga-
tion in agriculture, and securing for it the recognition it deserves,
is perhaps well worth taking into account. The mass of research
material turned out by these agencies, which were long thought of
as engaged largely in working out practical farm problems by simple
trials and experiments, would make an impression on the scientific
world if brought together that the scattered method of publication
can not secure. The first year of the Journal has served to estab-
lish its character and give it standing as a research publication, so
that henceforth it may be regarded as a dignified and desirable place
for high-grade contributions.
Agricultural investigation has waited many j^ears for the provision
of an organ where its work could be brought together and published
without prejudice or misunderstanding. The new journal has com-
604 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
mended itself to the scientific world and has found a place. It is
matter for congratulation that the Department and the stations are
now to join in its maintenance, and it is believed that the oppor-
tunity which it offers will be recognized and welcomed by many
experiment station workers.
The establishment of a section for agriculture in the American
Association for the Advancement of Science places this subject on a
footing with the other great branches of science, pure and applied,
in the foremost scientific asssociation of the country. At the same
time it serves to round out the purview of the association, making it
more fully representative of all science. It thus recognizes the sub-
ject of agriculture in a manner which will be gratifying to those
associated with its study, and it expresses its broad relations to
science as hardl}^ any other action could.
In this step the American Association followed the lead of its
sister organization, the British Association, which some ten years
ago provided a subsection for agriculture ; and it also carries out the
plan of the corresponding association for natural science and medi-
cine in Germany, which for some years has provided for agriculture
in its program.
It is noteworthy that the movement for a section representing
agriculture did not emanate from those directly associated with the
subject, but came primarily from without the agricultural colleges
and the various agricultural societies. It w^as felt by the council to
be a logical expansion of the association, to round out its scope, and
to give recognition in its organization to the place agriculture has
assumed in science and as an industry developing through science.
The broadening interest in it among men of science is one of the
notable changes which have come about in its recent development.
For many years the various sections of the American Association
have given much attention to special aspects of agricultural investi-
gation and economics, and the Society for the Promotion of Agri-
cultural Science has been listed among its affiliated societies. But
heretofore the subject has had no definite place in the organization of
the association or on the program of its meetings. It had come to be
" conspicuous by its absence."
The number of special agricultural societies is now sufficient to
provide for the communication of technical papers dealing with the
progress of investigation in almost any branch of agriculture, and
the largest of these, the Association of American Agricultural Col-
leges and Experiment Stations, deals with the questions of policy
and administration respecting the institutions represented in it.
But the new section will afford an opportunit}^ not otlierwise pro-
vided for the discussion of agricultural topics of a more general
EDITORIAL. 605
nature, on an occasion which will naturally bring together a large
body of men to consider scientific, social, and economic questions.
Hence, without interfering with any other agency, it should tend to
promote the broadest interest and understanding in this many phased
subject. And what is more, it is hoped that it may serve to bring
the men of agricultural science into more close association with the
men of general science, who although working in distinct fields yet
have much in common. For there is a danger in too narrow special-
ization, and especially in too narrow association.
Man}^ now go to the association meetings for their more intimate
touch with science and fellowship with its followers, and to the gath-
erings of agricultural specialists for their contact with agricultural
investigation and the men engaged in it. The separation of these
meetings in time and place involves an added expense and often re-
sults in less frequent attendance upon them. The new section may
possibly serve in time as a nucleus around which the meetings of
ppecialists may be gathered, furnishing the double opportunity for
discussion of specialized subjects in agronomy, animal nutrition, and
the like, and for the broader affiliations in science at one and the same
occasion. If so, one of the important objects of the federation of
agricultural societies attempted without success a few years ago
would be accomplished, and the interest and affiliations of men en-
gaged in agricultural work would be less widely removed.
It w^ill not be the polic}'^ of the new section to encroach upon the
field of any of tiie special societies in the presentation of papers
and reports, but rather to atford a place where some of the large
subjects relating to agriculture, its organization, its investigation,
its teaching, or its general upbuilding on the basis of modern science,
may be discussed in an academic way. The initial meeting of the
section will be held at the annual convocation in Philadelphia during
the holidays. A feature of the program will be a symposium on
the subject of The Field of Rural Economics, to be discussed by
several speakers invited to present their views on different phases.
The symposium will be opened by the Assistant Secretary of Agricul-
ture, Hon. Carl Vrooman, who will deal with Rural Economics from
the Standpoint of the Farmer. Others will consider the marketing of
agricultural products, rural organization, rural credit, and related
topics in relation to the industry and the people living under it. So
many of the live questions in agricultural advancement to-day center
in its economic relations that the subject opens up a broad and profit-
able field. The vice-presidential address will be upon The Place of
Research and of Publicity in the Forthcoming Country Life Devel-
opment.
The vice president for the new section is Dr. L. H. Bailey of New
York, who will preside at its first meeting. The section is repre-
606 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
sented on the council of the association by Dr. W. A. Taylor of this
Department, and on the general committee by Dean E. Davenport
of Illinois. The members of the sectional committee are Dr. E. H.
Jenkins of Connecticut, Prof. H. A. Morgan of Tennessee, Dr. W. H.
Jordan of New York, Dr. C. W. Dabney of Ohio, and Dr. H. P.
Armsby of Pennsylvania. These names attest the highly representa-
tive character of the section at the outset, and command for it the
interest of all those who are allied with the material and intellectual
promotion of agriculture, its organization and scholarly advance-
ment.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
The chemical constitution of the proteins, R. H. A. I'limmer (London, New
York, Bombay, and Calcutta, lUlS, 2. cd., pt. 2, pp. XII+lOD.—Ui the second
edition of this book (E. S. li., 21, p. 210) the subject matter has been somewhat
rearranged to give a more complete idea of the problem of the synthesis of the
proteins.
On the occurrence of dextrorotatory albumins in organic nature, J. Beabd
(Biol. Centbl., 33 (1913), No. 3, pp. 150-170).— In this work the author seeks to
show that dextrorotatory albumins occur and are widely distributed in organic
nature. To prove this hypothesis the Fischer "lock and key"' procedure was
utilized. The enzyuis eujployed were a mixture of trypsin and amylopsin
(Fairchlld) diluted with clear fresh raiu water. The organisms submitted to
the action of the enzyms were a Verticelhi PJanaria lactea, Hydra fusca alone
or in water containing either Trichodina pediculus or Daphnia pulex; Amoeba
alone or with crustacean "nauplii;'' Nats prohoscidea with either Melicerta
ringens or Carchesiiim polypinum; Cordylophora lacustris, Carchesiuni poly-
pinum, and a hydrachnid ; Actinosplia'riuin cichhorni; and Stentor coeruleus.
A'arious flagellate monads and micro-organisms ( ?) were also studied.
"The 17 experiments carried out have established the thesis that living
asexual generations of animals are attacked, killed, and their albumins pulled
down by solutions of the pancreatic ferments, trypsin, and amylopsin (Fair-
child), in which sexual generations of animals go on living. The following
asexual generations of animals exhibited the deadly pulling-down action of pan-
creatic ferments, and thus revealed the dextrorotatory nature of their albumins;
Hydra, Cordylophora. Trichodina, Vorticella, Carchesium, Amoeba, Actinosphse-
rium, and Stentor, eight in all. . . . The following sexual generations of ani-
mals continued to live in solutions of these ferments . . . : Daphnia, a
hydrachnid or water mite, crustacean nauplii, Planaria, Nais. and Melicerta,
six in all. Zoologically, the experiment with H. fusca and D. puplex has special
interest, as D. pulex is a common prey of Hydra."
The value of enzyms for the treatment of tuberculosis, the chief tropical dis-
eases, and other infectious diseases caused by unicellular organisms is dis-
cussed. Enzyms when introduced into the diseased body serve as an auxiliary
in the defensive mechanism and also help to digest the food of the individual.
Some experiments on the precipitation of suspensoid protein by various
ions and some suggestions as to its cause, W. N. Heard (Jour. Physiol., 45
(1912), No. 1-2, pp. 27-38, figs. 2). — " The power of an electrolyte to precipitate
negatively charged suspensoid protein, while primarily dependent upon the
valency of the cation, is greatly modified by the relation of the latter to the
OH group, and its capacity to reduce the ionization of that group. The reason
the order of precipitation somewhat resembles the order of hydrolysis is due
to the fact that in both cases the reaction is between the cation and the OH
64822°— No. 7— 14 2 607
608 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
group; but the law of the ions and the complicated conditions present in the
mixture of protein and electrolyte cause considerable differences between the
two orders which are only superficially alike. Hydrolysis may or may not
increase the precipitating power of an electrolyte according to the power of the
cation and its relation to H. The trivalent and most ix)werful divalent metals
have two curves of precipitation, and it is suggested that the first is the throw-
ing down by the anion of the protein which has been made electropositive by
the cation.
" Positively charged suspensoid protein being kept in solution by the charge
given it by H, the power of the anion to precipitate is due to its capacity to
reduce the Ionization of the compound of acid and protein. Though the cation
is the principal element in the precipitation of alkaline protein, and the anion
in the precipitation of acid protein, the accompanying ion is probably never
without some effect. Probably this influence is of a complex nature and due to
different causes."
Nitrogenous hydrolysis products of several phosphatids, C. G. MacArthub
and G. XoBBrRY (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 38 {19 IS). Xo. 984, P- 678).— The
phos])hatids studied were sheep brain cephalin, sheep brain lecithin, ox heart
cuorin, and ox heart lecithin. Each of the prei)ai-ations was purified and
hydrolyzed with dilute hydrochloric acid In evei'y case the fatty acid residue
contained nitrogen and usually it represented one-sixth of the total substances.
Fatty acids from cephalin, L. V. Burton and C. G. MacAbthur (Ahs. in
Science, n. ser., 38 {1913), No. 984, P- 678).— The fatty acids obtained as a
i-esult of hydrolyziug purified cephalin with a dilute hydrochloric acid solution
were separated into the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by the lead
acetate method. The acids were identified.
Researches on the nature of enzym action. — III, The synthetic action of
enzyms, W. M. Batliss (Jour. Physiol., Jf6 {1913), Xo. 3, pp. 236-266. figs. 3).—
This continues previous work (E. S. 11., 27, p. 612).
" Reactions in the system, glycerol, glucose, glycerol-glucosid, and water, as
accelerated by emulsin. follow in all respects the laws deduced from mass
action for an equilibrium in a reversible system, catalyzed by a single enzym.
The equilibrium position is the same from whichever end it is approached.
The glucosid produced is the /3 form and the same which is hydrolyzed by
emulsin. The rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration
of the enzym, although not in linear proportion. The final equilibrium at-
tained is independent of the concentration of the enzym.
" Results in which it appeared that a large amount of enzym was capable of
producing a different equilibrium position from that produced by a smaller
amount are shown to have been due to removal of the enzym, either by destruc-
tion or paralysis by products, before true equilibrium was attained. Van't
Hoff's view as to the greater ease of synthesis of the glucosids of the primary
alcohols, as compared with those of the tertiary alcohols, is confirmed in the
case of the two kinds of amyl alcohol. Evidence is given (o show that the
action of emulsin. which takes place in liquids in which it is completely in-
soluble, is exerted on its surface. The reacting substances are probably
brought into close contact by condensation on this surface (adsox'ption), owing
to their causing diminution of surface energy.
" Rosenthaler's hydrolyzing form of emulsin is shown to be capable of syn-
thetic action in addition; while his experiments supposed to show the separate
existence of an emulsin witJi synthetic powers only could not be confirmed.
Both powers were found to disappear together, so that the equilibrium point
under enzym preparations, treated and untreated, was the same, although the
rate of the reaction was different. The results of dilatometer experiments are
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNV. 609
shown to be very difficult of interpretation, and although they show that the
glucosids of tertiary alcohols are much more difficult to synthesize than those
of primary alcohols, no conclusion can be drawn as to complete absence of
reversibility in the former case. The glucosid formed by the action of acid
was found to be a mixture of a and )3 forms in the ratio of 75.3 parts of the
former to 24.7 juirts of the latter. The [a]D of the former is 91.2° and that of
the latter —38°. As regards emulsin and maltase in their behavior toward glu-
cosids, the same optical isomer is hydrolyzed and synthesized. Robertson's
'synthesis of paranuclein by pepsin ' is not a synthesis, nor is it produced by
pepsin, while the substance formed is not paranuclein. It is, in fact, a col-
loidal precipitation and has no connection with enzym action.
" From the results given in this paper some general conclusions may be
drawn. Since we find that, in a simple system, easily investigated, the action
of an enzym, emulsin, is found to follow without exception the laws of catalysis
by a single agent, the conclusion seems .instified that, whenever we meet with
apparent deviations from such laws, instead of inventing new onzyms or mak-
ing assertions as to the nonapplicatiou of the laws of physical chemistry to
enzym action, we should endeavor to find the reasons for the divergence. Until
the impossibility of finding such reasons has been demonstrated, it is more in
accordance with scientific method to hold provisionally the application to all
enzyms of the laws which we can show to apply to so many. I think that we
ought, in the interest of clear conceptions, to go even farther and to deny the
application of the name ' enzym ' or ' ferment ' to any substance not manifesting
the properties of a catalyst."
The mutual action of pepsin and trypsin, J. H. Long (Abi<. in Science, n.
ser., 38 (1913), No. 98Jf, p. 674). — Making due allowance for the reaction of the
medium, the experiments show that within the pr.ictical limits of body be-
havior trypsin has no important action on pepsin. Pepsin, on the other hand,
is markedly destructive to trypsin, and an acid medium weakens tiypsin.
Pepsin and acid present with trypsin in the same medium destroy the latter
rapidly.
Experiments on the separation of the starch-liquefying from the starch-
saccharifying power, and the demonstration of starch-dextrinizing and
starch-precipitating powers of amylase of cereals, T. Chbzaszcz and K.
Terlikowski iWchu><cJir. Brau.. 29 (1912), Nos. J/l, pp. 590-593; Jf2, pp. 607-
610; 43, pp. 623-626; -U- PP- 636-639, fig. 1; abs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indm.,
31 (1912), Xo. 22, pp. 1089, 1090).— This is a study of the amylases of barley,
oats, millet, corn, wheat, and rye. The amylases were precipitated from cold
water extracts of the cereals with a 35 to 40 per cent solution of ammonium
sulphate. The resulting precipit;ites were dissolved in water and reprecipi-
tated fractionally by treating the solution with successive quantities of am-
monium sulphate, i. e., from 5 to 35 per cent.
" The ratio of liquefying power to saccharifying power varied widely in
different fraction??. In some cases the later fractions, possessing considerable
saccharifying power, appeared to exert no liquefying action whatever. With
barley, rye, and wheat the functions of maximum liquefying power possessed
also the maximum saccharifying power, but this was not so with maize and
millet, and even in the former cases the increase or decrease of the two powers
in successive fractious did not proceed pari passu. The measurement of the
liquefying powei* was in some cases rendered, difficult by coagulation of the
starch, effected by an enzym (amylo-coagulase) present in different amounts in
the various grains and in greatest quantity in rye. The action of this enzym
was observed also in carrying out the saccharification tests, for it gave rise
to turbidity when the amylase was added to the starch solution.
610 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
" There was fouud to be no close correspondence between the saccharifying
power of the different fractions and the iodin reaction of the saccharified
starch solutions obtained in determining this power. The authors conclude
that the quantitative value of the liquefying power of the amylases of grains is
Independent of their saccharifying power, that their starch-dextrinizing power
is to some extent independent of both of the former, and that they possess
also in varying degrees a starch-precipitating power due to amylo-coagulase."
For previous work see an earlier note (E. S. R., 23, p. 410).
The enzyms of Linaceae, J. V. Eyke (Chem. News, 106 {1912), No. 2758, pp.
167, 168; al}s. in Chem. Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 28, p. 281).— The results show that
quite a number of enzyms may be present in the leaves and seeds of this plant
and that the amount varies considerably. Linase acts less strongly upon lina-
marin than upon prunassin. During growth enzym activities toward lina-
marin become less and an increase In hydrolysis of prunassin and amygdalin
is noted. The enzymatic activity seems to stand in close relation with the
presence of cyanogenetic glucosids. The varieties of plants having blue, white,
or red flowers contain cyanogen while those of a yellow color have neither an
enzym nor a glucosid.
The g'asometric determination of aliphatic amino nitrogen in minute
quantities, D. D. Van Slyke (Jour. Biol. Chem., 16 {1913), No. 1, pp. 121-
124). — The apparatus previously described (E. S. R., 29, p. 108) has been reduced
in size so that it may be used for small quantities of material, which brings
the procedure into the class of micromethods. With the microapparatus the
error need not be more than 0.005 mg. of nitrogen when 2 cc. or less of gas is
measured, or 0.01 mg. when more is obtained.
Improved methods in the gasometric determination of free and conjugated
amino-acid nitrogen in the urine, D. D. Van Slyke (Jour. Biol. Chem., 16
(1913), No. 1, pp. 12o-13.'f). — "The previously published process of determining
the total amino-acid nitrogen (free amino acids + conjugated amino acids in
the form of hippuric acid, peptids, proteins, etc.)* has been simplified so that
the operation is much shortened and the more laborious parts, boiling off
ammonia and washing bulky precipitates, are disijensed with. The free
amino acids alone can readily be determined after decomposition of the urea
with soy-bean urease, which hydrolyzes urea completely without either freeing
conjugated amino acids or deaminiaing free ones. The applicability of the
gasometric method for the determination of hippuric acid is indicated."
See also other notes (E. S. R., 25. p. 710; 26, p. 22).
A method for the determination of small amounts of fat (preliminary
report), W. R. Bloob {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 38 {1913), No. 98^, p. 678).— The
method consists of extracting the fat from tissues or liquids with an excess
of alcohol-ether (25 per cent of ether), putting an aliquot of the filtered ex-
tract into distilled water, and determining the amount of fat by comparing it
with a cloudy suspension of known fat content in a nephelometer. The method
has given good results with blood and milk.
The analysis of maple products. — I, An electrical conductivity test for
purity of maple sirup, J. F. Snki.l (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 5 (1913),
No. 9, pp. H0-7II.7, figs. 2).— The method (E. S. R., 27, p. 207) is designed for
the detection of additions of sucrose to maple sirup. Inasmuch as sucrose
is a nonconductor of electricity and salt constituents conductors, a maple sirup
adulterated with sucrose will show a lower conductivity. The method is of
special value because the conductivity determination can be made in a few
minutes.
Jour. Biol. Chem., 12 (1912 », No. 2, pp. 301-312.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 611
The mean densities and conductivities of 42 genuine maple sirups were found
to be 1.333 at 15° C. and 18.7 {K X 10°) at 25°, the minimum 1.805 and 9.6,
and the maximum 1.355 and 33.6, respectively. A sirup not included in the
42 samples showed a specific gravity of 1.279, a conductivity {K X 10°) of
45, and a moisture content of 38.59 per cent. As a general rule, sirups of high
density show low conductivities and sirups of low density high conductivities,
indicating that in undiluted sirups the concentration of the sugar has more
influence upon the conductivity than has the concentration of the electrolyte
components. The measurements show that the more dilute the sirup the
greater the conductivity. When sirup is diluted with water to contain only
33J per cent of actual sirup by volume, a point of maximum conductivity
is reached. If the dilution is continued beyond this point the conductivity
begins to decrease.
As on either point of maximum conductivity there is a considerable range
of concentration without which the conductivity differs very little, it is possible
to measure the maximum conductivity of a maple sirup without observing much
precaution in making uji the sirup-water mixture. "The mean conductivity at
25° (K X 10°) of the diluted solutions of the 42 sirups [mentioned above] was
153, or over eight times the mean conductivity of the same sirups in the un-
diluted state. The minimum was 120, the maximum 203. the latter being
the conductivity value of the sirup made in the iron kettle. . . . Genuine
sirups have given values of 110 to 200. but further experience may extend
these limits a little. Sirups giving conductivity values distinctly outside these
limits may be condemned. Those giving normal values are not necessarily
pure and should be further examined by well-established tests."
In addition to the 43 sirups mentioned above, 22 taken from the trees of
Macdonald College grounds and prepared in the laboratory were examined.
These showed a range from 119 to 164, with an average of 143. Three Vermont
sirups gave conductivity values of 110, 115, and 122. The minimum value
found in the work was 110 and the maximum 203. The highest value for a
sirup actually prepared for the market was 197. By weighting the 22 sirups
made from the trees on the Macdonald College farm as 2, a mean conductivity
value is obtained of 150. This is approximately equal to the electrical con-
ductivity of an 0.01 molar aqueous solution of potassium ehlorid (141.2)."
No conclusions were drawn fi-om the results obtained as to the value of
determining the conductivity of the ash solution.
The analysis of maple products. — II, A comparative study of the delicacy
of methods, J. F. Snell and J. M. Scott {Jour. Indus. an4 Engin. Chem., 5
{1913), No. 12, pp. 998-997). — In studying the value of the electrical conductivity
test for detecting adulterations in maple sirup it appeared desirable to compare
the delicacy of this test with that of other methods in vogue. Three sirups
were chosen for the experiment — one a light-colored sirup, another a mixture
of several pure sirups, and the third a sirup prepared at the Macdonald
College.
The determinations made were insoluble ash and alkalinity of insoluble and
soluble ash (E. S. R., 17, p. 1038; 24, p. 266; 26, p. 661) ; soluble ash by differ-
ence ; conductivity value, by the method outlined in the preceding abstract ;
Canadian lead number; Winton lead number (E. S. R., 18, p. 420) ; Ross's modi-
fied Winton number (E. S. R., 22, p. 709) ; and Sy lead value (E. S. R., 20,
p.. 1106).
In the work the rates at which the conductivity value, ash data, and the
various lead values fall off v,'hen maple sirup is diluted were noted. The
Canadian lead value showed the most rapid falling off, while the conductivity
value showed the narrowest range. The duplicates obtained by the Winton
612 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lead method were in closer agreement than those of the Canadian method. In
the latter method practically no difference was noted when the precipitates
were washed at 80 and 100*. Almost identical results are obtained when 100
to 150 cc. of wash water was used, but higher results were noted when only
50 cc. was employed.
*' Results obtained in the Canadian method, using the quantity of sirup con-
taining 5 gm. of dry matter, are higher than those obtained with the use of
5 gm. of sirup and calculated to the dry basis. On the other hand, in the
modified Winton method, prescribed in the Canadian standards, lower results
are obtained with the use of the quantity of sirup containing 25 gm. of dry
matter than when 25 gm. of sirup is used and the results calculated to the
dry basis. The u.se of cane-sugar sirup instead of acetic acid in the Winton
blank is suggested."
Spica's method for determ^ining the citric acid in citrates and lemon
juice, F. ScuRTi and G. Tommasi {Ann. R. Staz. CMm. Agr. Sper. Roma, 2.
ser., 6 {1913), No. 1, pp. 61-65; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 36 {1912), No. 139, p. 1362).—
The method, according to its originator, can always be used providing tartrates
and oxalates are absent. It has, however, been found in this investigation
that other substances such as grape sugar, levulose, arabinose, lactose, starch,
inulin, cellulose, wood, gum, lactic acid, egg albumin, etc., when treated in the
manner described by Spica will also yield carbon dioxid ; consequently the
method is imusable for most purposes.
An investigation to determine the accuracy of a modified Meigs method
for the quantitative determination of fat in milk, with a description of an
improved form of apparatus, W. L. Cboll {Biochern. BuL, 2 {1913), No. 8,
pp. 509-518, pi. 1). — Although the Adams paper-coil method with a Soxhlet
extracting apparatus is considered the most accurate procedure for determin-
ing the fat in milk, it requires much time and care for its execution. The
original Meigs method (1882) is neither extremely rapid nor simple, but it
possesses certain advantages that make its use preferable for biochemical
and pediatric investigations.
As the results obtained by the method compared favorably with those given
by the Soxhlet method, an investigation was made to determine whether this
was a mere coincidence or due to the efficiency of the method. " For this pur-
pose there were secured 12 samples of human milk from women in various
stages of lactation, and six of cow's milk from as many dairies, so widely
separated that in no two cases were the milks from the same herd. In all
determinations the milk for both the Meigs and the Soxhlet methods was taken
from one specimen and at the same time, so that the samples were as nearly
uniform as it was possible to get them. In every weighing the figures were
recorded to 0.01 mg. The average difference in the results of the 18 deter-
minations recorded in the table is 0.0234 per cent."
In the manipulations it was found that the use of the pipette was exceed-
ingly tedious and required a great deal of skill and practice, and that the prob-
ability of error was great. An inexpensive piece of apparatus was therefore
devised which renders the use of a pipette unnecessary and obviates the need
of care in regard to the protein layer, " The improved Meigs method possesses
the following advantages over the Soxhlet: (1) The time in weighing out is
shortened and tlie danger of accidental loss is diminished, for no absorption
of tlie milk by fat-free material is nece.ssary ; (2) two or three hours are saved
as no drying is required; (3) the extraction requires ten minutes for its execu-
tion against three hours as the miniuuim for the Soxhlet process."
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 613
A new apparatus for determining the water content of cheese {Milchw.
Zentbl, J,2 {1913), No. 4, pp. 101, 108, figs, i).— The apparatus consists of a
distilling flask held in a square glycerin bath, and a metal condenser. The
Rusche apparatus may also be arranged so that its use is permissible for the
determination of moisture with petroleum according to Mai and Rheiuberger's
method (E. S. R., 28, p. 612).
A new apparatus for determining" the water in cheese, Mai (Milchw. Zentbl..
42 {1913), No. 7, p. 220). — An objection to some of the statements made in the
article abstracted above. It is maintained that all of the specifications set
down by Mai and Rheinberger must be strictly adhered to in order to obtain
accurate results.
A new apparatus for determining the water in cheese, Rusche {Milchw.
ZentM., Jf2 {1913), No. 10, pp. 315, 316).— A polemic as to priority.
Various methods for determining fat in cheese, and a comparative study
of the volumetric and gravimetric methods, W. D. Koopek {Milchw. Zentbl.,
42 {1913), No. 12, pp. 353-368). — The results obtained with the gravimetric
Bondzynski-Ratzlaff method were higher than those given by the volumetric
methods of Burstert (E. S. R., 20, p, 112), Hammerschmidt (E. S. R., 30, p. 208),
Wendler (E. S. R., 30, p. 208), and Kooper (E. S. R., 30, p. 207). Pure butter
fat was apparently not attacked by the solvents used In the Wendler and
Kooper methods.
The specific gravity of cheese fat is not the cause of the differences observed
between the two methods, as the difference between the specific gravities of
the fats is too small. Mixtures of pure cheese fat and the fat residue obtained
from one of the gravimetric milk tests and a mixture of cheese fat and cheese
gave high results. The high figures obtained by the gravimetric method are
said to be due to the fact that the solvents extract decomposition products of
cheese fat, i. e., fatty acids, and these are weighed finally as fat. In the
volumetric determination the decomposition products do not appear In the fat
column to be read off.
The determination of the acidity of cheese {^Milchw. Zentbl., 42 (1913)^
No. 10, pp. 306, 307, fig. 1). — A description and illustration of an automatic
pipette for determining the acidity in cheese and milk. The cheese is rubbed
up with water in a mortar graduated up to the 100 cc. mark, and then made
up to 100 cc. with water. The emulsion is titrated with fourth-normal sodium
hydroxid solution, using phenolphthalein as the indicator.
Estimation of nicotin in tobacco, N. Conta {Rend. 80c. Chiin. Ital., 2. ser.,
4 {1912), No. 9, pp. 258-260; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 36 {1912), No. 139, p. 1363).—
The nicotin is precipitated by means of a 10 to 20 per cent solution of potas-
sium silicotungstate. The base is liberated from the washed precipitate by
means of magnesium oxid and distilled with steam into a solution of sulphuric
acid of known strength.
The molds of cigars and their prevention, R. H. Tbue ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui.
109 {1914), pp- 8). — This paper discusses the losses due to the development of
molds on cigars, outlines the studies directed toward their prevention, and pre-
sents practical directions for the use of an effective remedy.
" The molds were found to be introduced principally through the gum-
tragacanth paste used to fasten the small flap at the head of the cigar. The
sterilization of the paste by using a nearly saturated solution of boric acid
instead of water in mixing it has proved so successful that it has become a
routine process in the factory in cooperation with which the investigations
were conducted."
614 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
METEOROLOGY— WATER.
Meteorological observations in connection with botanical geography,
agriculture, and forestry, R. Zon (Mo. Weather Rev., 42 {1914), ^0. 4, pp.
217-223, fig. 1). — This article shows how present meteorological observations on
temperature, pressure, precipitation, humidity, and wind movement may be
regrouped and classified so as to be more useful in the study of plant growth,
indicating at the same time certain other observations, especially on soil tem-
perature and moisture, which may be utilized for the same purpose.
It is stated that in order " properly to understand plant life it is essential
to group temperature data by periods of growth and rest." A map is given
showing the vegetal regions of the United States based on such periods and
deduced from the mean monthly temperature for 685 Weather Bureau sta-
tions. It is suggested that temperature data should also be grouped with
reference to periods of snow cover and to the direction of the wind.
" The method of computing average temperatures, or the summing up of
tempei'atures for different species of plants separately." is considered of little
practical value to the biologist. It is more important to distinguish groups
of days with a given range of temperature. A classification based on this idea
is outlined. The importance of observations on soil temperature and humidity
of the air is recognized, but no classification of such data is attempted.
As regards precipitation, it is suggested that " it will be well to compute the
number of days with considerable precipitation in per cent of the total number
of days of observation in general, as well as specifically, for winds of different
direction. . . . Detailed information concerning the snow cover is especially
instructive at the time of its appearance and disappearance. ... It would be
of great advantage to students of plant life if [soil moisture] determinations
could be made at agricultural and forest experiment stations. . . .
" Some simple sunshine record, especially for winds of different directions, is
also necessary. The occurrence of days with sunshine should be given in per
cent of the total number of observations.
"Air pressure has no direct bearing upon plant life, except that its observatiou
often makes it possible to forecast changes of importance to agriculture."
In conclusion the author points out that, " with the exception of the records
of soil humidity and soil temperature, the system of meteorological observa-
tions outlined can be carried out with the data which are regularly obtained
by our weather stations."
Period of safe plant growth in Maryland and Delaware, O. T.. Fassig {Mo.
Weather Rev., 42 {1914), ^^0. 3, pp. 152-158. pi. 1, flgs. 8; ah.<i. in Bui. Amer.
Geogr. Soc, 46 {1914), ^0. 8, pp. 587-590, fig. i).— The frostless period in these
States was determined from data obtained from all meteorological stations in
the States having a record covering a period of 10 years or more.
Records at fifty stations covering an average period of 20 years " show that
the frostless period, based on the observations of a temperature of .32° F.. is
about 10 days longer than the period based on the occurrence of killing frosts.
This relation holds good in general for stations in open, level places, but ap-
parently does not hold for stations in the mountain districts, where the period
based on the occurrence of frosts is longer than that determined from a recoi'd
ot freezing temperatures in a shelter 5 ft. above the ground."
Along the shores of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean the average
period of safe plant growth is shown to be about 210 days, but rapidly decreases
with increasing distance from the water's edge. On the western side of the
Blue Ridge Mountains and in the lower levels of the Cumberland Valley the
period is about ICO days, while on the eastern side of the mountains the period
METEOROLOGY — WATER, 615
increases to 190 or even 200 days. In the most western and elevated i)ortion
of Maryland the period is but little more than 100 days.
See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 814).
Monthly Weather Beview (Mo. Weather Rev., 42 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 137-
194, Pi^- 9, figs. 11; 4, pp. 195-256, pis. 8, figs. 10). — In addition to notes on
weather forecasts for March and April, 1914, river and flood observations, lists
of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorology,
notes from the Weather Bureau library, the weather of each mouth, a con-
densed climatological summary, and climatological tables and charts, these
numbers contain the following articles :
No. 3. — The Eruption of Sakurashima, January, 1914 ; Solar Radiation Inten-
sities at Mount Weather, Va. (illus.), by H. H. Kimball; Standard Units in
Aerology, by T. W. Richards, A. E. Kennelly et al. ; The C. G. S. System and
Meteorology, by Y. Bjerknes; Progress in Meteorological Optics during 1912, by
C. Jensen; Period of Safe Plant Growth in Maryland and Delaware (illus.), by
O. L. Fassig (see p. 614) ; The Progress and Present State of Research on
the Evaporation of Moisture in the Atmosphere, by A. Weilemann ; Report of
the Meteorological Station at Berkeley, Cal., for the Year Ending June 30. 1913,
by W. G. Reed ; Electric Paragreles, by A. Angot ; A New Turbidimeter, by
P. Y. Wells; The Lowest Temperature Obtainable with Salt and Ice, by R. A.
Gortner; The Motion of the Solar Atmosphere; Lightning at Mount Wilson
Observatory, by W. P. Hoge; Continuous Pictures of the Weather; Proposed
Daily Weather Map for the Southern Hemisphere: Seismic Disturbances in the
Philippines, by M. S. Maso and W. D. Smith ; and Possibility of Recurrence of
the Floods of March, 1913, by J. W. Smith.
No. 4. — Principia Atmos])herica : A Study of the Circulation of the Atmos-
phere (illus.), by W. N. Shaw; Birkeland's Theory of the Zodiacal Light; A
Possible Connection Between Magnetic and Meteorologic Phenomena, by K.
Birkeland ; Radiotransmission and Weather, by A. H. Taylor ; Maurer and
Dorno on the Progress and Geographical Distribution of the Atmospheric-
Optical Disturbance of 1912-13 ; Meteorological Observations in Connection
with Botanical Geography. Agriculture, and Forestry (illus.) by R. Zon (see
p. 614) ; Tasks and Problems for Meteorological Explorations in the Antarctic
(illus.), by W. Meinardus; Conversion of Barometric Readings into Standard
Units of Pressure, by R. N. Covert; The Beaufort Wind Scale; Ice Patrol Over
the North Atlantic Ocean, by E. H. Bowie; A Lake Huron Current, by J. D.
Persons; and Proposed Asiatic Extension of the Russian Weather Service, by
,T. F. Jewell.
Climatological data for the United States by sections {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 1 {1914), Nos. 5, pp. 226, pis, 3, figs. 7; 6, pp. 228,
pis. 2, figs. 7). — These numbers contain, respectively, brief summaries and
detailed tabular statements of climatological data for each State for May and
June. 1914.
Meteorological records, E. F. Ladd (North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 13-
20). — Records are given of daily observations at the station on temperature,
precipitation, sunshine, and wind during 1913, and monthly summaries for 1910
to 1913. inclusive.
Ohio weather for 1912, J. W. Smith and C. A. Patton (Ohio Sta. Bui. 259
(1913), pp. 299-403, figs. 86). — ^The temperature and precipitation throughout
the State during each month is shown in charts. The usual summary tables are
given showing temperature and rainfall at Wooster and throughout the State
(1S8S to 1912).
The mean temperature for the year at Wooster was 47.8° F., for the State
49.6° F. The highest temperature at the station was 93°, September 10; for
the State 101°, July 15. The lowest temperature at the station was —24°, Jan-
616 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
uary 13; for the State —87°, January 13. Tlie annual rainfall at the station
was 46.6 in., for the State 37.82. The number of rainy days at the station was
124, for the State, 112. The prevailing direction of the wind was southwest
at the station and in the State at large.
Water resources of Hawaii, 1912, C. H. Pierce and G. K. Laeeison {U. S.
Oeol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 336 (1914), pp. 392).— This report describes
the geography of the Hawaiian Islands and presents results of measurements
of flow of certain streams and ditches in the Territory made during 1912.
Tables giving gage heights and daily and monthly discharges at each station
are given, also rainfall measurements.
" The yearly rainfall of the Hawaiian Islands is extremely variable, ranging
from a few inches at several low-level leeward localities to more than 400 in.,
usually at elevations above 2,000 ft. and on the windward sides of the islands.
Valleys lying on the same sides of the islands and within a few miles of each
other may have a variation in mean annual precipitation of several hundred
per cent. The rainfall may also vary greatly at different elevations in the same
valley."
Quality of the surface waters of "Washington, W. Van Winkle ( U. S. Oeol.
Survey, Water-Supply Paper 339 {1914), pp. 105, pis. 2, fig. i).— This paper,
prepared in cooperation with the state board of health, describes the natural
and economic features of Washington, reports investigations of the surface
water supplies with particular reference to their value for domestic and indus-
trial use and for irrigation, and discusses denudation and the influence of
natural features.
The conclusion states that "' the river waters of Washington are low in min-
eral content and are good for general industrial use or for irrigation. What
little suspended matter they carry is coarse and readily removable. The color
of some renders it advisable to purify them by coagulation and rapid sand
filtration rather than by slow sand filtration.
" The Columbia River enters the State as a secondary saline water, but it
receives large additions of alkaline water and finally carries a water of mixed
type with a slight tendency toward primary alkalinity.
'• The Cascade Mountain region is being eroded and dissolved at the rate of
1 in. in 500 to 900 years, and the rate of denudation near the summits is nearly
equal on both sides of the divide. The rate in the lower altitude is greater
on the western than on the eastern slope and greater in the Cascade intermoun-
tain region than in the Columbia plain.s. The rate in the basin of the Columbia
River is about 1 in. in 1,300 years. ... As denudation is not uniform through-
out the basin, but is most pronounced in the watercourses themselves, the rivers
nre deepening and widening their canyons and valleys.
" No lakes are known whose waters are economically important as sources of
commercial salts. Waters from the coulee lakes of Washington contain a greater
proportion of common salt than the lake waters of southeastern Oregon, and
are therefore less valuable for recovery of soda."
Colloids in water and sewage purification, M. F. Stein {Engin. Rec, 69
{1914), No. 19, pp. 524, 525). — The author discusses the peculiar properties of
colloids and their influence in settling basins, sand filters, and processes of
color removal.
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
The separation of soil particles according to their specific weight and the
relations between plants and soil, J. Konig, J. Hasenbaumee, and R. Kronio
{Landw. Jahrh., 46 {1914), No. 2, pp. i65-25/).— Continuing investigations pre-
viously noted (P]. S. R., 30, p. 123), the authors report experiments on the
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 61 7
mechanical separation of the constituents of seven soils ac*cording to their
specific weights for the determination of humus, colloids, etc., and several years'
cropping experiments with six soils to determine the manner in which indi-
vidual crops are nourished from the same soil.
In the first experiments bromoform having a specific weight of 2.83 was
diluted with benzol until at a specific weight of 2.G4 the heaviest parts of th(i
soils siink in the mixture. By further decreasing the specific weight of the
liquid mixture to 2.55, 2.49, and 2.B6 the soils were separated into five fractions,
according to specific weight, the lightest of which was suspended on the liquid
having a specific weight of 2.86.
The ease or difiiculty with which a soil was separated into its constituents
was found to indicate the uniformity of its composition. An abundant sepa-
ration of the specifically lighter constituents indicated a soil rich in colloids,
humus, and available plant food, while the separation of an abundance of
specifically heavier constituents indicated a less productive soil, poor in humus
and available plant food, although not necessarily with a small absolute plant-
food content.
Clay soil contained none of the constituents of specific weight higher than 2.64,
and the sand, loamy sand, loam, and limy soils contained only 1 per cent, while
(he shale soils contained up to 7.3. The greatest percentages of organic matter,
colloids, and available plant food were usually found in the fifth and lightest
fraction, and there was usually a steady increase from fraction 1 to fraction 5
in this respect. The most silica, iron oxid, and clay were found in the fraction
containing the most plant food. It is concluded that the analysis of a soil with
fluids of different specific weights indicates the relative quantities of its con-
stituents and the distribution of jjlant food in them.
In pot experiments in the plant house crops yielded more dry matter per
unit area of soil than those grown in the open. The assimilation of plant food,
especially phosphoric acid, by crops was much greater in warm, dry summers
than in cool, wet summers, but the increase in dry matter was not correspond-
ingly great. Definite relations existed between the quantity of plant food and
the quantity of dry matter obtained, the most marked of which was with
nitrogen. It is concluded that if 100 gm. of plant dry matter contain less than
1.61 gm. of nitrogen, 0.59 gm. of phosphoric acid, or 1.66 gm. of potash, the soil
needs feitilization with the deficient foods, while if the 100 gm. of dry matter
contain more than 2 gm. of nitrogen, 1 gm. of phosphoric acid, or 2.14 gm. of
potash, no fertilization with these plant foods is necessary.
Considerable variation was found in the quantities of plant foods absorbed
by individual crops, especially the legumes. Red clover contained much nitro-
gen and relatively little phosphoric acid, while serradella contained more phos-
phoric acid than any other crop. Red clover and potato plants absorbed the
most potash, and red clover absorbed the most lime, followed in order by red
beets and potatoes. Lime and potash were found in practically the same
amounts in plant dry matter. A one-sided fertilization with potash and phos-
phoric acid in dry weather when the soil was not deficient in either did not
increase the quantity of dry matter. ,
In the six soils, with one exception, definite relations were established
between the quantity of dry matter obtained from crops and the following
physical and chemical i>roperties of the soils: The absorptive power for
ammonia, according to Knop, and for potash and phosphoric acid, according
to Fesca, hygroscopicity, according to Mitscherlich (E. S. R., 24, p. 419), the
absorptive power for methyl violet, osmotic water absorption, and the electro-
lytic conductivity.
618 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Steaming for five hours at five atmospheres pressure proved to be the best
method for the determination of available potash in soils. The phosphorus
in a soil appeared to be less available the greater the content of lime, magnesia,
iron oxid, and clay in the soil. It vras also affected by weathering and the kind
of crop.
No fixed relations were established between the amounts of phosphoric acid,
nitrogen, and lime assimilated by plants and the amounts found to be easily
soluble by different methods. The electrolytic conductivity, and also steaming
for five hours at five atmospheres pressure before and after harvest, served to
indicate the decrease of plant food in soils resulting from plant growth.
Distribution of certain constituents in the separates of loam soils, L. A.
Steinkoenig (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (lOlJf), No. 7, pi). 516, 511). —
Experiments conducted with a view to finding the distribution of the commoner
elements in the finer separates of a series of ten loam soils are reported.
In every separate examined the percentage of silica was greater than that
of any other oxid and decreased from the coarser to the finer particles. Zir-
conia usually followed the same variation. In all but two cases alumina was
second in order of abundance, and in most cases iron was third. The i>ercentages
of iron oxid. alumina, titanium, potash, and phosphoric acid usually increased
with the fineness of the particles. Lime, magnesia, and soda seemed to follow
no general rule.
The influence of electrolytes on the coagulation of clay suspensions, G.
WiEGNEB (Landic. Vers. Stat., 84 {1914), No. S-4, pp. 283-299, figs. 5).— The
author in a discussion of the effect of sodium and calcium hydroxids on clay
suspensions explains their flocculating effects on electrical grounds. He points
out that the hydroxyl ions of the salts are more easily adsorbed on colloidal
surfaces than are the calcium or sodium ions, but that each has a certain
limited mechanical i)ower for being adsorbed. On being added to a negatively
charged clay suspension the negative hydroxyl ion is first adsorbed and the
electrical charge, and therefore the stability of the suspension, increased to a
certain limit at which the positively charged calcium or sodium is adsorbed,
thus neutralizing the negative charge of the suspension and causing precipita-
tion. That the calcium hydroxid causes precipitation at much lower concen-
trations is attributed to the higher valence of the calcium ion.^
The properties of red colored soils, E. Blanck and J. M. Dobrescu (Landw.
Vers. Stat., 84 (1914), No. 5-6, pp. 421-445; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'],
106 (1914), No. 621, I, pp. 915, 916).— Chemical studies of a typical red
soil and a deep red-colored weathered soil from augite porphyry showed that
a difference existed in their composition which was due to the colloidal condi-
tion prevailing in the red soil and the absence of colloids in the augite porphyry.
Van Bemmelen's method for determining the colloidal content was found to be
inadequate, while on account of the structure of the soils the Rodewald-
Mitscherlich hygroscopicity method (E. S. R., 15, p. 847) was favored.
See also a previous note (E. S. R., 29, p. 514).
Acid mineral soils, G. Daikuhara (Bui. Imp. Cent. Agr. Expt. Sta. Japan,
2 {1914), .T '. /, pp. l-'iO, pi. 1). — Continuing preliminary studies by Kozai
(E. S. R., 21, p. 18) the author reports investigations on the nature and origin
of acidity in soils, the relation between various salt solutions and soil acidity,
the relation of soil acidity to heating and to size of soil particles, methods of
detecting and determining soil acidity, and the relation between soil acidity and
the lime factor.
The author concludes from the results of these investigations that in mineral
soils acidity is due to absorption of aluminum and iron compounds by the soil
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 619
colloids, and in humus soil.s both to this cause and to humus acids. The use of
fertilizer salts was found to render the absorbed aluminum and iron compounds
soluble and thus injurious to plant growth. Over three-fourths of the soils of
Japan and Korea examined were found to be acid and in one-half of these the
acidity was due to aluminum and iron compounds absorbed by the soil colloids.
The highest percentage of acid soils was found among those derived from Meso-
zoic formations, followed in descending order by Tertiary, Paleozoic, Diluvial,
and Alluvial soils. Soils fi'oni so-called acid rocks were more frequently acid
than those derived from basic rocks, but the smallest percentage of acid soils
was found among those derived from volcanic ashes.
The author tested various methods of detecting and determining soil acidity
and discusses their relative merits. He describes and recommends as simple
and reliable a potassium nitrite test. For the exact determination of acidity he
proposes a method based upon the fact that when acid soils are treated with a
neutral salt solution, preferably potassium chlorid, the aluminum and iron com-
l)omids absorbed by the soil colloids are set free in such form as to give an acid
reaction to the solution, the degree of which can be accurately determined by
titration with standard alkali solution.
Acid soils were found to contain as a rule little lime, and their lime factor
was generally unfavorable owing to an excess of magnesia.
Soils and subsoils, W. H. Suekzer (Mich. Geol. and Biol. Survey Pub. 12,
Geol. Sei: 9 (1913), pp. 130-149, pi. i).— The soils of Wayne County, Mich., are
classified as glacial and river clays, sand and gravel, loam, silt, and muck
soils.
The glacial clays consist mainly of silt and clay with a considerable quantity
of fine sand. The river clays are more limited in extent than the glacial clays,
but their average texture is finer and much more uniform. The sand and
gravel soils possess relatively little available plant food, but are light and
easily tilled and drained. The loam soils are deemed the most valuable in the
county from a inirely agricultural standpoint and are adapted to the growing
of all crops which may be raised on either the clay or sand. The silt soils are
closely related to the loam but are more limited in extent. The muck soils are
from one-fifth to one-fourth sand and nearly two-thirds organic matter and
contain very little clay. They can not be utilized for agricultural purposes
until properly drained and their acidity corrected.
The excessive quantities of nitrates in certain Colorado soils, W. P.
Headden {Join: hidus. and Emjin. Chan.. 6 (79///). Xo. 7. ;>/*. 586-o90). — This
article summarizes a number of articles previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 31 ; 29,
p. 621; 30, p. 818).
The soils of the island of Luzon, A. J. Cox and A. S. ARoiJELLES (Philippine
Jour. Sci., Sect. A, 9 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-50, pis. 7, figs. 4)- — The authors discuss
the significance of the physics, chemistry, and biology of soils in general and
give information based on a number of chemical and mechanical analyses con-
cerning the fertility of some of the agricultural sections of Luzon.
The majority of the soils analyzed appear to be fine-grained and slightly acid.
The soils of the Batangas district, consisting mostly of loam or clayey loam
resulting from the disintegration of water-laid tuff, agglomerate, etc., are said
to be very fertile. The area around Batangas is made up of alluvial and lit-
toral deposits. The Pangasinan soils vary in texture from heavy tenacious
clay loam to fine silt and sand or gravel. In certain wooded districts of the
Mountain Province the soils are deficient in potash, and in spite of the general
fertility of the soil there is a rice shortage in time of drought. The soils of
the Cagayan A'alley, the composition of which is continually changing owing
620 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOED.
to occasional inundations, are generally considered exceedingly fertile and are
used for the cultivation of corn, tobacco, etc. The soils of Laguna and Tayabas
Provinces are said to be especially suited to the production of coconuts.
Miscellaneous chemical and mechanical analyses of soils from other provinces
are given.
Analyses of soil samples from. German Southwest Africa, C. Grim me (Arh.
Dent. Landw. GeselL, No. 262 U9U), PP- 84-101) .—Chemical and mechanical
analyses of samples of soils from five localities are reported and discussed.
The prevailing soils appear to be sands and loamy sands. Loess, loams, loamy
clays, loam marls, and sandy loams are among the remaining soils.
The soils analyzed were most generally deficient in nitrogen and pliosphoric
acid, with an occasional deficiency in lime and potash also.
Nyasaland soils (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensinfjton'], 12 (1914), No. 2, pp.
179-208). — Chemical and mechanical analyses of a number of samples of
cotton and tobacco soils from this region are reported and discussed in continu-
ation of previous work of the same kind.
Moor culture, E. Sierig (Die Moorkultur. Berlin, 1913, pp. VII+126, figs.
11). — This publication deals with the subject of moor culture largely from an
economic and sociological standpoint, although the strictly agricultuntl phase
of the subject is briefly discussed.
The soil solution and the mineral constituents of the soil, A. D. Hall,
Winifred E. Brenchley, and Lilian M. Underwood (Jour. Agr. 8ci. [Eng-
land], 6 (1914), No. 3, pp. 278-301, pis. .5).— This is a reprint of an article
already noted from another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 124).
How does the plant obtain its nutriment from the soil? A. D. Hall (Mem.
and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., 58 (1913-14), pt. 2, Art. 6, pp. 22,
pis. 6). — This article is based upon the results of the same experiments reported
in full in the article noted above.
Harmful effects of aldehydes in soils, O. Schreinek and J. J. Skinner
(U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 108 (1914), PP- 26, pis. 8).— Salicylic aldehyde, found to
occur in considerable amounts in certain field and garden soils from various
localities, was used at rates of from 10 to 200 parts per million of medium in
water cultures with wheat, corn, rice, cowpeas, and cabbage ; in pot experiments
with wheat, corn, and clover; and in field exiieriments with cowpeas, string
beans, and garden peas.
The results sliowed that the aldehyde " in very small amounts is harmful to
plants in distilled water and in nutrient solutions. It is harmful to plants
grown in pots of soil. It greatly decreases the yield of crops grown in the
field. It persists in the field soils for months. There is some evidence which
suggests that lime and phosphate ameliorate the effects of salicylic aldehyde."
Of 14 poor garden soils examined 5 contained aldehydes, and of 30 unpro-
ductive field soils 9 contained aldehydes. Of 30 ))roductive field soils examined 3
contained aldehydes. There appeared to be little or no relation between the
occurrence of aldehydes and locality, soil type or texture, or crop grown.
Occurrence of aldehydes in g'arden and field soils, O. Schreinek and J. J.
Skinner (Jour, rraul-lin Inst., HS (ini',). \o. 3. pp. 32n-.3',3. figs. .'/).— The
substance of this article is contained in the bulletin noted above.
Contributions to our knowledge of soil fertility, VII-XI, R. Greig-Smith
(Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 38 (1913), pt. 4, pp. 725-746).— In a continuation
of previous investigations on the growth of bacteria in soils (E. S. R.. 30. p. 322)
the author studied the combined action of disinfectants and heat upon soils;
yoil toxins and their formation; the action of chloroform upon blood treated
with vaselin ; and the action of naphthalin in soil.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 621
The effect of heat was fouiid to be small compared with that of chloroform,
and in the double treatment tests the differences between heat then chloroform
and chloroform then heat were marked. Toxic extracts were obtained from
soils, but it was found that the demonstration of toxins in soils depends upon
obtaining a soil in which the toxins exceed the nutrients in amount. Equal
parts of soil and water generally yielded the most toxic extract. It was further
found that an accumulation of toxic substances does not occur in dry soils and
that two kinds of bacteriotoxins exist, viz, those thermolabile in the soil and
those thermostable in the subsoil. Soils were found to have a variable bac-
teriotoxic content. A soil originally toxic became nontoxic when washed with
water and upon incubation again became toxic.
The ammoniacal fermentation of blood saturated either with paraffin or
vaselin was not accelerated by chloroform treatment. While naphthalin in-
duced an increase in the number of bacteria in uumanured soils, it is con-
cluded that there is no corresponding increase in the formation of ammonia
from the organic matter ortginally present or added as dried blood.
The sterilization or disinfection of the soil, F. Beethault {Jour. Agr. Prat.,
n. ser., 27 (1914), No. 17, pp. 523, 524)- — Various investigations bearing on this
subject are briefly summarized, with the general conclusion that it is well
established that sterilization of the soil by heat or antiseptic substances, such
as carbon disulphid. tar liquor, toluene, and sulphur, is capable of greatly in-
creasing the yield of crops although the mode of action of these substances
has not yet been determined with certainty.
Special reference is made to box and plat experiments by Mi^ge during
1912 and 1913 on the effect of partial sterilization of soil by toluene, carbon
disulphid, sulphur, formic aldehyde, chloroform, tar water, creosote, acetic
ether, naphthol, phenol, copper and barium sulphates, and potassium perman-
ganate on mustard and barley. Boxes 0.43 meter square each received from
1 to 15 cc. of the liquids and from 0.2 to 2 gm. of the solids. Plats 10 meters
square received from 50 to 200 cc. of the liquids and from 5 to 20 gm. of the
solids.
Most of the substances used were beneficial especially in small doses.
Barium sulphate, naphthol, and creosote were injurious. Copper sulphate was
injurious in the box experiments but beneficial in the plat experiments.
iRock and soil in relation to plant nutrition, E. Blanck (Laiidw. Vers.
St-at., 84 {1914), No. 5-6, pp. 399-425). — Pot exi>eriments were conducted with
oats and peas using three kinds of granite, shale quartzite, and porphyry pul-
verized as the growth medium to determine the relative crop yields and extent
to which the plant food in these rocks is available to plants. The yields of
peas and oats were greater with the granites and porphyry than with the shale
quartzite, but the plant food contained in the latter was better utilized than
that in the granite and porphyry. A further proof of the author's views
(E, S. R., 27, p. 520) that mica potash, especially that of biotite, is more easily
available for plants than feldspar potash was obtained.
A comparison of the results with those obtained in sandstone experiments
(E. S. R., 27, p. 513) showed that greater yields were obtained with the sand-
stone and that the sandstone plant food was better utilized.
Relation of the mineralogical and chemical composition to the fertilizer
requirements of North Carolina soils, J. K. Plummee {North Carolina Sta.
Tech. Bui. 9 {1914), PP- 3-29). — Chemical and mineralogical analyses of the
mountain. Piedmont, and coastal plain soils of North Carolina are reported,
together with a summary of the results of field experiments previously noted
(E. S. R., 23, p. 635; 24, p. 336; 25, p. 721 ; see also p. 629).
622 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A close relation is sliown between the chemical ami mineralogical composi-
tion and the fertilizer requirements of the soils. The mountain and Piedmont
soils are usually better supplied with potash, lime, and phosphoric acid than
the coastal plain soils. The micas are the principal sources of potash for the
former types. The potash feldspars are much more abundant in the Piedmont
than in the mountain soils, and orthoclase and microcline supply most of the
potash in the coastal plain soils, on which the greatest response has been se-
cured from the use of potash fertilizer. The phosphoric acid content of most
North Carolina soils is small, beiug often found in the mountain and Piedmont
soils in the practically unavailable form of apatite, included in quartz and
other minerals. The coastal plain soils contain less available lime than the
soils of the other sections and derive their main supply from epidote. In the
Piedmont and mountain soils hornblende and plagioclase feldspars are found
in larger quantities than in the coastal plain soils. Little difference is shown
in the mineralogical composition of the soil and subsoil in each section.
Fertilizer experiments in the German colonies (Diingvers. Dent. Kolon.,
Nos. 2 {1913), pp. TI+H, pis. 5, figs. 5; 4 (1914), pp. VI+90, pis. 4, figs. 9).—
Experiments with different fertilizers on a variety of crops in Kamerun, Togo,
German New Guinea, and Samoa are reported.
Peng'uin guano from the Falkland Islands {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensing-
ton], 12 {1914), A'O. 2, pp. 208-210). — Five samples of penguin guano showing
from 0.16 to 0.32 per cent of potash, 1.22 to 4.22 per cent of phosphoric acid
(largely soluble in 2 per cent citric acid), and 0.96 to 1.71 per cent of nitrogen
(mostly organic) are reported.
The samples as analyzed contained a high percentage of water, 64 to 80 per
cent, and this in part accounts for the fact that the guanos contained much
less fertilizing matter than good Peruvian guano.
Fertilizer factory for the Bahamas {Daily Cons, and Trade Bpts. [U. »S'.],
17 (1914), No. 158, p. 14O). — The establishment of a factory for the preparation
of fertilizers from loggerhead sponge and fish is suggested.
The atmospheric nitrogen industry in its economic relations, A. Perlick
(Die Luftstickstoff-Industrie in Hirer volkswirtschaftlichen Bedeutung. Leipsic,
1913, pp. 140 ; rev. in Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 40, p. 432).— The technical
methods of fixing the nitrogen of the air and their industrial and agricultural
importance are discussed. The methods of Serpek and Haber are considered
as most nearly solving the nitrogen problem for agriculture.
Influence of phosphatic and potash fertilizers on the chemical composition
of meadow hay, C. Dusserre {Ann. Agr. Suisse, 14 {1913), No. 4, PP- 27i-
273). — Data are reported which show that fertilizers containing phosphoric
acid, as well as those containing phosphoric acid and potash, not only increase
the yield but also the nitrogen and phosphorus content of the forage. From
55 to 74 per cent of the phosphorus was found to be combined in mineral com-
pounds or in phytin. 5 to 9 per cent in lecithin, and 21 to 40 per cent in nucleo-
proteids. The use of fertilizers doubled and in some cases quadrupled the
phosphorus content, the greatest increase being in the mineral phosphorus.
Geology of the phosphate deposits northeast of Georgetown, Idaho, R. W.
Richards and G. R. Mansfield {U. S. Geol. Survey Bui. 577 {1914), PP- 76, pis.
14, figs. S).— This report briefly reviews the history of the discovery of the
western phosphate field and presents in some detail a discussion of the struc-
tural geology, particularly as related to what has been named by the authors
the " Bannock overthrust," of an area in addition to those reported in previous
bulletins (E. S. R.. 26. p. 125), comprising portions of Bear Lake and Bannock
counties in western Idaho, in which are located the phosphate deposits of
Georgetown Canyon.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 623
The estimated available phosphate rock in this region is given as 1,347,370,000
long tons, which, added to the estimates for areas previously surveyed, gives a
total tonnage for the area covered by detailed surveys to date of 2,663,290,000
long tons.
The chemical analyses already made indicate that clean rock from the thick
workable beds usually maintains an average of over 32 per cent of phosphoric
acid, but this percentage is increased somewhat in the weathered outcrops of
the phosphate beds. The phosphate usually contains less than 1 per cent of
iron or aluminum and hence is of good quality for the manufacture of super-
phosphates.
It is stated that too little is at present known concerning the land and the
marine conditions that prevailed during the process of formation of the phos-
phate deposits to permit the formulation of a satisfactory hypothesis.
Note on certain phosphate deposits in western Madagascar, P. de la
Bathie {Gouvt. G6n. Madagascar. Feuille Mens. Inform. Agr. et Com., 1914,
Nos. 20, pp. 8-10; 21, pp. 10-12). — Phosphatic nodules associated with marl and
containing from 20 to 50 per cent of tricalcium phosphate are described.
The effect of ensilage fermentation and animal digestion on the solu-
bility of phosphoric acid in phosphate rock, C. A. Mooebs (Jour. Itidus, and
Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 6, pp. 487, //88).— Ileferring to an article by Forbes
and Fritz (E. S. R.. 31, p. 422), reporting results which indicate that the ensiling
process may be used to render floats soluble and hence available both to ani-
mals and plants, the author reports expeiiments made at the Tennessee Experi-
ment Station in which 2 lbs. of finely ground phosphate rock was mixed with
over 100 lbs. of corn at the time the silo was filled and the resulting silage
fed to cattle, with the result that although the silage was excellent in odor
and appearance the animals refused to eat it after a short time. Extraction
with 1 per cent nitric acid showed that the solubility of the phosphoric acid of
the phosphate rock in the dung of the animals fed phosphated silage was in-
creased only 3.28 per cent of the total phosiihoric acid.
" Based on the assumption that all of the phosphoric acid was voided in the
dung, the data at hand indicate that a reversion of the soluble phosphoric acid
took place during the process of animal digestion. The general conclusion is
indicated that the silo does not offer a practical means of making the phos-
phoric acid of phosiihate rock available for plant use."
The effects of the ensilage process on the solubility and metabolism of
floats, E. B. Forbes (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), ^o. 7, p. 605). —
This is a reply to the criticisms by Mooers in the article noted above.
The effects of the ensilage process on the solubility and metabolism of
floats, C. A. MooEKS (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 8, p. 695). —
A further discussion of this subject.
Potash (Mich. Geol. and Biol. Survey Pub. 13, Geol. Ser. 10 (1913), pp. 93-
96). — The possibility of the discovery of potash salts associated with Michigan
brines is briefly discussed. While the limited evidence so far collected is
largely negative, the conclusion that there is no possibility of potash salts being
found within the limits of the State is not considered warranted. Some of the
difficulties and possibilities of drilling for potash salts are pointed out.
The lime factor theory, O. Loew (Die Lehre vom Kalkfaktor. Berlin, 1914,
pp. 31. fig. 1). — Investigations bearing on this subject are critically reviewed.
The question of sulphur in agriculture, E. Mii;GE (Rev. 8ci. [Paris], 52
(1914), I, No. 25, pp. 778-784)- — Investigations on this subject are reviewed in
relation to their bearing on the direct and indirect action of sulphur on the
growth of plants, but attention is called particularly to a theory explaining the
64822°— No. 7—14 3
624 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOBD.
aetiou of sulphur as due to its absorption of tlie oxygen of the soil while leav-
ing the nitrogen free to be utilized by the nitrogen-Hxiug bacteria.
Analyses of fertilizers, spring season, 1914, B. W. Kilgobe kt al. {Bui.
v. C. Dept. Agr., 35 (l'J14}, ^'o. 6, pp. 85). — This bulletin contains analyses and
valuations of fertilizers collected by the fertilizer inspectors of the state de-
partment of agriculture during the spring of 1914, as well as a list of brands
of fertilizers registered for sale during the spring season.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, P, H. Wessels et al. (Rhode Island
Hta. Insp. Bill., 1914, June, pp. 8). — This contains analyses and valuations of
samples of fertilizers, collected in the spring of 1914, which the manufacturers
designated as potato fertilizers. It also contains analyses and valuations of
bones, fish, and tankage collected during the season.
AGRICULTTIRAI BOTANY.
Comparative morphology of some Leguminosse, J. Is. Martin (Bot. Oaz.,
58 (Wl.'f), No. 2, pp. lo-i-lGl, pis. 4). — A study was made of the development of
the embryo sac, embryo, and endosperm of Trifolium pratense, T. hybridum, T.
repens, Medicago sativa, and Vicia americcma.
Among some of the contrasting features observed, the author found that the
number of ovules is always two in T. pratense, but more than two in the other
species. In Trifolium the embryo sac rapidly destroys the antipodal end of
the nucellus, and thus forms a long tubular sac. The embryo sac remains
vacuolate in Trifolium. while in Vicia and Medicago it is filled with cytoplasm.
In Trifolium and Vicia the starch appears in the micropylar end of the nucel-
lus and in the inner integument, while it fills the sac in Medicago. Sterility
was found most marked in T. pratense.
A study of the germinating power of seeds, M. L. Darsie, Charlotte
Elliott, and G. J. Peirce [Bot. Gas., 58 (1914), No. 2, pp. 101-136, figs. 18).—
By means of silvered Dewar flasks, the use of which has been previously de-
scribed (E. S. II., 20, p. 734), the authors have made a study of the germination
of seed of corn, oats, wheat, clover, barley, and hemp of known age to deter-
mine the viability of the seed as influenced by age.
It was found that with the different seetls the germinating power and vigor
of growth is indicated by determining the temperatures which they will develop
in Dewar flasks under conditions suitable for germination. Each species of
plant studied appears to have a normal temperature, departures from which
indicate departures from the best condition of the organism. Temperatures in
excess of normal indicate an infection of the seed, while subnormal tempera-
tures indicate lessened vigor. Decreased vigor was generally found due to
increased age. Departures from normal temperatures were found to be accom-
panied by differences in amount of growth immediately following germination,
and it is thought that possibly this might be true of the other stages in the
growth of the plant, although this was not investigated.
A physiological study of the germination of Avena fatua, W. M. Atwood
(Bot. Gaz., 51 (1914), No. 5, pp. 386-414, figs. i3).— Results of studies testing
the relations of germination to water intake, wounding, oxygen access and
absorption, acidity, etc., are given.
It is claimed that after-ripening of seed in wild oats occurs along with drying
of the seed, but independently of the water content and also of the seed coats
as controlling the entrance of water. Their removal, however, hastens germi-
nation, although this is independent of light. The delay in germination ia
attributed to a restriction of the oxygen supply, due to the seed coat, as shown
by the hastening effect of breaking or searing these coats, removal of the
AGRICULTUKAL BOTANY. 625
embryo, increasing and decreasing the oxygen concentration, and direct meas-
urement of tlie oxygen intake with intact and seared seeds, and witli seeds in
varying concentrations of oxygen. It is thouglit that after-ripening may
consist in an increased permeability of the seed coat to oxygen, together with
a rise in the embryo acid content, which is accompanied by an increased water
iibsorbing power of the embryo.
A bibliography is appended.
Transpiration in relation to growth and to the successional and geo-
graphic distribution of plants, A. Dachnowski (Ohio Nat., J-J (1914), No. 4,
pp. 241-251). — Discussing the results of work previously reported (E. S. II., 28,
p. 733), the author considers it probable that the absorbing ix>wer of the root
system of a plant is not regulated by the amount of water transpired but by
the differential permeability of the absorbing epidermal root cells and the
metabolic requirements during the life cycle; that absorption of inorganic
and organic constituents is not connected with transpiration but with meta-
bolism; and that no direct relation exists between growth, green and dry weight
of plants, and trausijiration, even under the same conditions of experiment.
The rate and amount of gi-owth and final size of a plant depend in part on
favorable conditions of temperature, light intensity, food supply, and amount
of water present in the plant, the rate or total amount of water transpired
giving no indication as to the quantity normally required for metabolic processes
and for gi-owth. It is held that the quantity of transpiration water in most
plants is not coordinated with or directly related to the absorption and trans-
location of solutes or to the gx'een and dry weight of plants, that it is not an
index of metabolism and growth or vegetable luxuriance, but that it has its
own advantages, such as protection from high temperatures in direct sunlight
and aid iu gaseous exchanges. It is thought that transpiration may be a factor
in determining the final form of plants.
The physiological water requirement and the growth of plants in glyco-
coll solutions, A. Dachnowski and R. Gormley (Anier. Jour. Bot., 1 {1914),
No. 4, pp. 174-185; a&s. in SHence, n. ser., 39 (1914), No. 1017, p. 056).— This
paiier, though regarded as of a preliminary nature, continues iihysiological
studies of Dachnowski (see above).
Tabulated results are given of experiments with bog plants tested in regard
to transpiration and growth in glycocoll solutions of varying strength. It is
stated that the transpirational water loss In the experiments cited is a func-
tion of the vapor pressure of the water, affected by the quantity of salts in
solution and the factors modifying the atmospheric conditions. The absorption
of glycocoll is not connected with the transpirational water loss, but with the
differential permeability of the absorbing root cells, with the efficiency of the
nutritive metabolism characteristic of the plants, and with the amount of water
retained within the plants.
The insufficiency of a salt operates as a limiting factor to growth, but
transpiration does not decrease consistently with retardation thereof. The
amount of water retained is decreased when the strength of the solution passes
a certain optimum concentration, the available water rather than the solut'3
becoming then the limiting factor, unlike plants reacting differently to physio-
logically limiting water conditions. The variations appear to be inherent
peculiarities of the growth capacity and metabolism of plants. Plants may
show loss in weight without a corresponding loss in amount of water transpired,
or an increase of growth may occur with little or no increase in transpiration.
A decrease in the increment of body weight may arise through faulty nutri-
tion and enforce compensating processes. Weaker acid solutions are more
effective than stronger solutions in affecting the hydration capacity of tissue*?,
626 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
and tbus iu iucreasiug the transpiration of plants (but not their growth). Ihe
retention of water is the physiological function correlated with and indis-
pensable to growth in general, and to survival and greater areal distribution
of the plants entering physically or ])hysiologically arid habitats.
The tensile strength of sap, H. H. Dixon (Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n.
ser., 14 {1914), ^0. 16, pp. 229-234). — The author has investigated the tensile
strength of the sap of beech and other trees and found that it does not differ
materially from that of water. In the few experiments made the ease with
which tension was generated and its magnitude before rupture occurred are
believed to indicate that sap is somewhat more stable under tension than pure
water.
Oxidases and their inhibitors in plant tissues, I— III, ^Y. R. G. Atkins
(Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. ser., 14 {1913), No. 7, pp. 144-156; 14 {1914),
Nos. 8. pp. 157-168; 11, pp. 199-206). — The author has given a detailed account
of investigations on the distribution of oxidases iu certain tissues, a large num-
ber of plants having been examined.
Special studies were conducted on the occurrence of oxidase in Iris geriimnica.
It was found that in the leaf of this plant there exists a substance which pre-
vents the detection of oxidases by the direct application of guaiacum solution
and hydrogen peroxid.
In the second paper the author reports studies to determine qualitatively the
effect of light and darkness upon the oxidases and reducing substances of the
Iris leaf and their relationship to the production of color in the flower of Iris.
Prolonged darkness is said to have no decided effect upon the distribution of
the indirect oxidase (pei'oxidase) reactions or of the inhibitor in the leaf of
I. germanica. The distribution of the oxidase and inhibitor in the flowers of a
number of varieties of Iris was examined and correlated with the natural color-
ing of the flowers, the author concluding that the behavior of Iris flowers
closely follows that of other species reported by Keeble. Armstrong, and Jones
(E. S. R., 29, p. 421; 30, p. 129).
The concluding paper gives an account of a study on the localization of
oxidases and catalase in some marine algfe. Catalase was found in all of the 29
species studied. Oulj- one species gave a direct oxidase reaction with guaiacum
while six gave an indirect reaction with hydrogen peroxid. The presence of
water-soluble phycophsein in small quantity during life and its reduction to a
colorless substance at death is suggested as an explanation of the much
discussed color change occuring in brown algap.
Bibliographies are appended to the different papers.
The production of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, A. B. Everest {Proc.
Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B. 87 {1914), ^^0. B 597, pp. 444-452) .—The author,
presenting experimental data, claims to have demonstrated the production of
anthocyanins from j-ellow glucosids and states that in cases where hydrolyzed
solutions were taken only anthocyanidins were produced, claiming that these
facts with others cited oppose the hypothesis offered by Miss Wheldale (E. S. R.,
21. p. 726) to the effect that anthocyanin pigments are the oxidation products of
colorless or faintly colored chromogens and that these chromogeus are pi'oducts
of hydrolysis of glucosids present in the tissues of the plant. Studies previously
published by the author in connection with Willstatter (E. S. R., 30, p. 324),
also reports by Keeble, Armstrong, and Jones (E. S. R., 30, p. 120), are con-
sidered to have shown that if the anthocyanins are produced from the yellow
glucosids, it must be by some interaction in which the glucosids and not the
hydrolyzed glucosids take part and that anthocyanin pigments are not oxidation,
but reduction, products of the yellow glucosids.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 627
The relation of cultivated plants to certain soil salts, III, B. IIansteen
Crannee {Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. [Pring>ihcim], 5S {1914), ^'o. .}, pp. 536-602, pis. 3,
figs. 5). — This report gives a fuller and more detailed account of studies by
the author, previously uoted from another souiTe (E. S. R., 2S, p. 426), and
following up earlier communications on the same subject (E. S. R., 2r5. pp.
28, 328).
Effect of strongly calcareous soils on the growth and composition of
certain plants, P. L. Gile and C. N. Ageton {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp.
l-'f, 1.5). — A study has been made of pineapples, beans, radishes, sugar cane,
sweet cassava, and rice to determine the effect of varying the quantity of car-
bonate of lime upon their growth and composition.
Some plants showed a variation in their ash composition, but in general
the results indicate that if a soil is not absolutely deficient in calcium it is
useless to attempt to increase the lime content of forage plants by liming the
soil.
Quantitative criteria of antagonism, W. J. V. Osteehout {Bot. Oaz., 58
{1914), No. 2, pp. 178-186, figs. 4)- — In order to bring about more uniform
methods of determining antagonism, the author presents data which indicate
that the method of mixing equally toxic solutions furnishes the best criterion
of antagonism, since it is known at the outset just what effect each mixture
must have, provided there is no antagonism. Mixtures of two equally toxic
solutions must have precisely the same effect on growth as the pure solutions
themselves, provided the effects of the salts are additive. If antagonism exists,
there is an increased growth in the mixtures, and the amount of this increase,
expressed as percentage of the growth obtained in the pure solutions, is the
most satisfactory measure of antagonism. It is said that the most reliable
results may be obtained by the use of uniform material and by taking for
measurement only such parts as come into immediate contact with the solution.
The effect of one crop upon another, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickebing
{Jour. Agr. ,Sci. [Englatid], 6 {1914), No. 2, pp. 136-151, pi. 1).—In continuation
of their investigations (E. S. R., 26, p. 639), in which the authors claim that
grass roots interfere with the growth of orchard trees, experiments were car-
ried on in earthenware pots in which tobacco, tomatoes, barley, and mustard
each were grown in one pot, surrounded by a second containing the same kind
of soil, but in which was grown not only various grasses, clovers, etc., but the
same plants as in the first pot.
The I'esults of this investigation are given in some detail, and it is claimed
that every growing crop results in the formation of a substance which is toxic
to the growth of other plants and still more so to itself. By oxidation this
toxin loses its toxic properties and enhances the fertility of the soil. The toxic
effects is found to vary with the nature of the soil, the kind of plant, and the
vigor of growth. There is not believed to be any reason for assuming the
exci'etion of any toxic matter fi'om a plant, as the debris fi-om the growing roots
is believed sufficient to account for the formation of toxin. Heating of soil
produces toxic matter from organic substances present in it and in much greater
quantities than that produced by the growth of a crop. In both cases the
toxin, after oxidation, increases the fertility of the soil.
The spread of morbid changes through plants from, branches killed by
heat, H. H. Dixon {Set. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., n. ser., 14 {1914), No. 12, pp.
207-210, figs. 2). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 17, p. 452) the author has
shown that if a branch of a plant Is killed by heat and the rest of the plant
supplied with water through this branch, some of the leaves on the uninjured
branches may become injuriously affected. Further studies have shown that
branches killed by heating tbem with steam and afterwards supplying them
628 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
with water often have some of their leaves visibly affected, indicating that
changes are produced in the sap which are largely responsible for the alter-
.■itious in the leaves above, and these changes should not be attributed to the
cutting off of the water supply, but rather assigned to its contamination.
The effect of city sm.oke on vegetation, A. L. Bakke {Iowa St a. Bui. 145
(1913), pp. 383-409, pi. 1, figs. 22).— K report is given of a study of the smolse
problem in Des Moines, Iowa, in which a discussion is given of the sources of
smoke, various smoke belts, their characteristics, and the susceptibility of plants
to smoke. Some investigations were conducted on the nature of smoke, physio-
logical factors in plant injuries, the effect of different smoke constituents, and
the relation of smoke to the storage of material in plants.
It was found that about manufacturing plants the region may be mapped off
in concentric belts, each represented by certain forms of plant life, as some
species are more susceptible to smoke injury than others. On account of their
resistance to smoke, certain plants are recommended for planting about indus-
trial centers.
Toadstools and mushrooms of the countryside, E. Step {London [1913],
pp. XVI +143, pis. 136). — Popular descriptions are given of a considerable
number of mushrooms, with notes on their distribution, habitat, edible or poison-
ous qualities, etc.
FIELD CROPS.
The effect of soil moisture, plant food, and age on the ratio of tops to
roots in plants, F. S. Harris {Jour. Amcr. Soc. Agron., 6 {1914), No. 2, pp.
65-75). — In this paper previous literature on this subject is reviewed and
results given of pot experiments conducted at the Utah Station in which wheat,
corn, and peas were grown in soil extracts, sand, and clay loams that were of
varying concentrations and of different moisture content and differently fer-
tilized.
The results " show with w-heat seedlings growing in soil extracts the green
weight, dry weight, and length of roots was proportionately greater in the dilute
than in the concentrated soil extract. Corn, wheat, and peas growing a number
of weeks in sand containing different amounts of moisture showed a proportion-
ately greater root growth in the drier sand. Corn grown in glass tubes 75 days
showed a relatively greater root growth where the level of free water was a con-
siderable distance below the surface. Different roots of the same corn plant
grown in very wet and in moist sand showed a greater root growth with the
lower amount of water.
"Tests with corn and wheat showed that the ratio of tops to roots was
affected by soil moisture even during the germination stage. Wheat harvested
at different stages showed relatively more roots during early stages of plant
growth than later. Wheat grown to maturity showed a greater relative root
growth with low than with high soil moisture, and the moisture during the early
stages of growth had the greatest influence on that ratio. Fertilizers added to
the soil reduced the relative root growth of wheat."
Fertilization and cultivation of corn, cotton, and tobacco, C. B. Williams
{North Carolina Sta. Circ. 18 {1914), pp. 16). — This gives fertilizer formulas
for com and cotton on land in fair condition in the coastal plain section and
in the Piedmont section, and also for tobacco.
Annual report, 1913-14, R. E. Blouin and A. H. Rosenfeld {Rev Indus, y
Agr. Tucumdn, 4 {1914), No. 9-10, pp. 369-492, pi. 1, figs. 21).— This report
summarizes the work at the experiment station at Tucumdn, Argentina, in
varietsil, manurial, and cultural tests with sugar cane, maize, cotton, and
legumes for the calendar year 1913.
FIELD CHOPS. 629
Physiological correlations and climatic reactions in alfalfa breeding, G. F.
Freeman (Amer. ^'at., 48 (1914), No. 510, pp. 356-368, fig. J).— This paper
discusses the factors of temperature, relative humidity, and water supply in
thek- relation to development, yield, and chemical comix)sition of 44 regional
varieties of alfalfa grown at the experiment station farm at Phoenix, Ariz.,
and gives tables showing the correlation between stand and yield, between
nitrogen content of hay and percentage of leaves, between nitrogen content of
hay and nitrogen content of leaves, between percentage of leaves and stand, be-
tween percentage of leaves and height, between percentage of leaves and yield,
and between nitrogen content of hay and period required for maturity.
It is noted that in respect to yield " the different regional varieties take the
following relative order : Peruvian, European, Turkestan, American, and Medi-
terranean. It is here noticeable that though the European and Mediterranean
varieties have similar seasonal yield curves they are not contiguous in the ar-
rangement based on total yields. This is a result of a market difference in the
.stand maintained by the two varieties, which averaged 92 per cent for the
former and 74 per cent for the latter. In their ability to maintain stand, the
Peruvian, European, Turkestan, and American varieties were about equal,
averaging 92, 92, 93, and 94 per cent, respectively. The lack of .stand on the
l)art of the Mediterranean alfalfas was not due to the poor quality of the
original seed, for all of these plats once had perfect stands."
The author concludes that " in economic plant breeding one frequently en-
counters physiologically negative correlations, such as those in alfalfa, be-
tween height, stooling capacity, height and percentage of leaves, and between
yield and quality. In seeking improvement, therefore, the breeder must recog-
nize and make use of these facts in the interpretation of results obtained, and
also search for races which violate such naturally antagonistic correlations to
the greatest possible extent."
The cultural value of Turkestan alfalfa, G. BoHrriNSK-:^ ( Mount sh. Landw.,
7 (1914), No. 3-4, pp. 73-81, fig. 1).— The results of trials here given indicate a
superiority of Hungarian over Turkestan alfalfa.
A new method of growing corn, C. C. Cunningham (Jour. Amer. Sac.
Agron., 6 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 84-88, figs. 2). — The author describes a method of
planting corn that has been successfully tried out in western dry-land condi-
tions of western Kansas. By this method the corn is planted in X'ows twice the
usual distance apart while the plants are twice as thick in the row. The stand
is therefore the same, but as this method seems to preserve the moisture mid-
way between the rows the supply is often sutficieut to maintain the corn in a
nourishing condition during tempoi'ary periods of drought, while occasionally
it may complete the development of the crop. It is noted that by this method
the yields were around 30 bu. per acre while adjoining fields in which the rows
were 31 ft. apart the yields were only 10 to 12 bu. per acre.
Variety tests of corn for 1913, G. M. Garken (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 35
(1914), No. 2, pp. 16). — This bulletin gives data in tabular form covering about
40 varieties of corn grown in 1913 at the test farms at Buncombe, Iredell, Cen-
tral Station, and Edgecombe, and summaries of yields of certain varieties
grown at Iredell and Edgecombe in 1909-1913, inclusive.
Brief notes discuss these results and point to the varieties. Weekly Improved
and Biggs Seven Ear, as most suitable for North Carolina.
Fertilizer experiments with cotton on the sandy loam, soils (Norfolk
sandy loams) of the coastal plain, B. W. Kilgore, C. B. Williams, G. M.
MacNider, and R. W. Scott, jr. (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 35 (1914), No. 4, pp.
48). — This bulletin continues previous work (E. S. R., 24, p. 336), and reports
the results of experiments with cotton to determine the fertilizer needs of the
coastal plain soils.
630 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The main increased yields and profits came from the use of nitrogen and
potash. With phosphoric acid and potash the yield was slightly greater than
with nitrogen and phosphoric acid, but not nearly so great as with nitrogen
and potash. Nitrogen added to phosphoric acid and potash, making a complete
fertilizer, apparently increased the yield and gave an additional profit. The
application of lime alone was in general accompanied with some profit.
Tests of the effect on the yield of cotton of varying quantities of nitrogen,
leaving the phosphoric acid and potash constant, indicated that nitrogen is one
of the controlling constituents, if not the most important one, for crop pro-
duction on this soil. Corresponding tests of the effect of varying the quantities
of phosphoric acid and potash showed no very marked effect on the yield of
cotton, and indicated that their application is not accompanied with much
profit. Tests of the comparative value of dried blood and nitrate of soda as
sources of nitrogen for cotton showed them to be about equally satisfactory.
Experiments on the effect of different methods and time of application of
fertilizer showed that it made very little difference whether all the fertilizer
was applied in the drill before planting or whether one half was put in the
drill before planting and the remainder applied as a side dressing about July 1,
according to season.
Information regarding varieties, culture, and fertilization of cotton on these
soils is appende<l.
Fertilizer experiments with cotton on Piedmont Cecil sandy loam soil, and
varieties, culture, and fertilization of cotton on Piedmont Cecil sandy loam
and red clay soils, C. B. Williams. B. W. Kilgoke, and A. R. Russell (NortJi
Carolina Sta. Bui. 227 (191Jt), pp. 5-52).— Part 1 of this bulletin gives results
of a study to determine the proper fertilization for cotton on Piedmont Cecil
sandy loam and similar soils. " The use of a mixture carrying normal amounts
of phosphoric acid and nitrogen gave an average increased yield of seed cotton
per acre of 43 per cent over the yield secured, on the same character of land
without fertilization. The net profit over cost of fertilizer of this combination
was $15.14 per acre. Where a normal amount of potash was used with the
phosphoric acid in place of the nitrogen there was an average increase in yield
of 46 per cent of seed cotton and an average profit over cost of fertilizer used
of $19.17 per r.crc."
The use of a fertilizer mixture carrying normal amounts of nitrogen and
potash was far less effective and profitable, the average net profit per acre being
only $4.84 per acre. Nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash combined in a com-
plete fertilizer yielded on an average only slightly more than when nitrogen
was left out of the mixture.
Lime alone was used at a very small profit, while in a complete fertilizer it
has shown up on an average to a slightly better advantage. " Slightly the
largest profit per acre was secured by applying all the nitrogen along with the
phosphoric acid and potash before planting, having four-fifths of it derived
from dried blood and one-fifth from nitrate of soda. . . . The most profitable
method, everything considered, of applying the fertilizer mixture, the re-
sults would seem to indicate, would be in the drill at planting time at the
ordinary depth. . . . For the conditions prevailing and the length of time
covered by the experiments comparing the relative value of acid phosphate,
basic slag, and finely ground phosphate rock, the former material was found
to be decidedly the most efficient and profitable carrier of phosphoric acid for
cotton."
Part 2 gives suggestions to growers of cotton on Piedmont sandy loam and
red clay soils as to varieties, culture, and fertilization.
FIELD CROPS. 681
Besults of variety tests of cotton in Mecklenburg County, C. B. Williams
(North Carolina Sta. Circ. 16 {1914), PP- -J)- — This circular describes tests on
two types of soil.
The results are reported as emphasizing the importance of using the best
of the early maturing varieties on a rather stiff clay soil of the Piedmont por-
tion of the State, especially if the section is near the limit of the growth of
cotton. For the Cecil sandy loam with a red clay subsoil, the best of the later
varieties will, in many eases, produce the greatest net return per acre.
Testing cotton seed for germination, W. C. Lassetteb {Arkansas Sta. Circ.
22 {1914) < PP- 2). — A practical method for testing cotton seed and com is
described.
Spinning tests of upland long-staple cottons, F. Tatlob and W. A. Sheb-
MAN {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 121 {1914), pp. 20).— This bulletin discusses soil
types represented, variations in grades and staple, lengths, invisible loss, card
waste, relation of grade to waste, comparisons at the comber, comber tests,
value of waste differences, accuracy of machine work, factors influencing waste,
tests of breaking strength, and cultural characteristics, compares early and late
picked cotton, and gives data on tests made at the New Bedford Textile School.
" These tests show that careful breeders in the Carolinas are producing cotton
fully equal in almost every respect to average Deltas of the same length. They
also show that several strains now grown in commercial quantities in the
Southeast are less wasty than average Deltas, although not so strong. These
varieties are earlier, have larger bolls, and are usually more prolific than Delta
types. These uniform varieties are the result of intelligent breeding work.
The importance to the spinner of such work can hardly be overestimated. It
suggests the wisdom of more direct dealing between spinners and careful pro-
ducers, that the latter may be guarantied suitable premiums for their superior
products."
A new cover crop, W. G. Cbaib {Roy. Bot. Gard. Keiv. Bui. Misc. Inform.,
No. 2 {1914), PP- 76, 77). — A description of a leguminous plant {Dolichos hosei)
indigenous to Sarawak and grown experimentally at Kuala Lumpur. It is
noted as proving a successful cover crop and as growing from cuttings.
Notes on a creeping bean, E. Hose {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 1 {1913),
No. 7, p. 276) . — The plant noted above is described and its successful cultivation
as a cover crop reported.
Mireken nuts [candle nut] (Aleurites moluccana) (Agron. Colon., 1 {1914),
No. 10, p. 120). — The analyses here given show the fat to range from 62.48 to
67.12 per cent and the protein from 19.4 to 25.3 per cent.
Oats, M. Nelson and C. V. Ruzek {Arkansas Sta. Bui. 118 {1914), pp. 625-
637, fig. 1). — In this bulletin are given the methods and results of several
years' cultural variety tests.
For winter oats variety-test-yields reached up to 54.5 bu. per acre during 1909-
1913 and spring oats up to 65 bu. It was found that the winter varieties pro-
duce taller straw, larger yields per acre, and heavier grain per bushel than do
the spring varieties, but the spring varieties mature earlier and stand up better.
Virginia Turf, Winter Gray, Winter Turf, and Snoma are the best winter varie-
ties included in these tests, and Burt, Hybrid No. 45, Red Rust Proof, and
Daubenny the best spring varieties. The northern varieties of oats have not
given good results in comparison with the other varieties.
For the northern part of the State the results indicate that the first half of
March is the best time for seeding spring oats, while for the central and south-
ern part of the State the last half of February is preferable. For the northern
part of the State the latter half of September gives best results of seeding
winter oats, but for the central and southern parts of the State the first two
632 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD,
weeks in October are preferable. As an average of five years' tests, seeding
spring oats at tlie rate of 10 and 12 pli. per acre gave tlie best and most econom-
ioal returns.
On the assimilation of soil constituents by oats, J, W. Paterson and P. R.
Scott {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 {1914), No. 4, pp. 193-201, fig. l).—ln
maliing these determinations the crop was divided into roots; straw, inchiding
stems, leaves, floral axes, and chafif ; and grain, including flowers or fruit with
the poles. Nitrogen, potash, lime magnesia, phosphoric acid, and silica were
determined at three harvestings: (1) Just before flowering, (2) the plants
well headed with the lower leaves turning yellow, and (3) the crop ripening.
The results showed that " the oat crop forms about 95 per cent of its substance
from the air. The necessary soil constituents form only a small part of the crop
by weight. Seven soil constituents are essential. Each of them is absoi'bed in
solution. ' Deficiency ' in any constituent means deficiency in a soluble form.
In such a case the crop will also be deficient. With most of the soil constituents
the acid reaction of living roots helps in their solution. This solvent action
requires time.
" Nitrogen and potash cease to be absorbed by the oat plant about the time of
full bloom. This fact renders a larger available supply of these constituents
necessary at seed time than would otherwise be the case. The absorption of
phosphoric acid continues to a later stage of vegetation. This fact is in favor
of the action of phosphatic manures. Silica is absorbed still later than phos-
phoric acid, and as long as the plant is green. Silica is not a plant food. Little
or none of the phosphoric acid ab.sorbed is afterwards lost to the plant.
" These experiments show that a good deal of the absorbed nitrogen and still
more of the potash may be lost. It is not clear that the lost substances were
useful, although such losses are probably inevitable in oats grown under field
conditions. Materials absorbed and excreted by the plant impose no extra drain
upon the soil for subsequent crops."
Paddy cultivation in Ceylon during the nineteenth century, E. Elliott
{Trop. Agr. and Mag. Ceylon Agr. 8oc., 37 (1911), Nos. 3, pp. 225-232; 4, pp.
305-312; 5, pp. 393-397; 6, pp. 501-507, 559; 38 {1912), Nos. 1, pp. 21-31;
4, pp. 313-318; 5, pp. 403-408; 6, pp. 506-^11; 39 {1912), Nos: 1, pp. 21-24;
2, pp. 118-125; 3, pp. 235-238; 40 {1913), Nos. 2, pp. 115, 116; 3, pp. 100-102;
6, pp. 322-326; 41 {1913), Nos. 2, pp. 116-119; 3, pp. 203-205; 4, PP- 286-290;
5, pp. 393, 394; 6, pp. 465-467; 42 {1914), Nos. 2, pp. 98-100; 4, pp. 286-290;
5, pp. 381-383). — This article consists of a study of the rice industrial and
cultural conditions, including a statistical review and descriptions of cultural
and market conditions of the century in successive periods.
New varieties of rice imported from Japan in 1913, P. Poli {Qior. RisicoU.,
4 {1914), No. 8, pp. 115-117, figs. 4). — Two varieties of rice are here described
that were introduced into Italy from Japan.
Preparation of seeds of the sugar beet, S. von Wilkonski {Bl. Zucker-
riihenbau, 21 {1914), No. 8, pp. 121-126). — Results of experiments are given in
which beet seeds were soaked in a water solution of superphosphate (25^
Brix) for from 7 to 9 days and then planted in comparison with unfertilized
and fertilized seeds. In general the treated seeds gave more satisfactory
results than the untreated, although not uniformly so.
Cultural experiments with artificially dried beet seeds in Hungary in
1912, B. VON jANcso {Ostsrr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerlndus. u. Landw., 43 {1914),
No. 2, pp. 174-188). — This paper reports a continuation of work previously
noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 739), showing practically identical result.s, i. e., that
while laboratory experiments showed a better percentage of germination of
seeds and somewhat more thrifty plants, yet no practical difference could be
detected from point of yield in field experiments.
FIELD CROPS. 633
It is also noted that root blight was not reduced by the drying methods, ex-
cept in the laboratory experiments. This advantage was attributed to a more
vigorous early growth which the dried seed seemed to induce.
On the character of beets derived from the same seed ball. O. Munekati,
G. Mezzadeoli, and T. V. Zapparoli (Staz. Sper. Ayr. Ital, ^6 {1913), No. 9,
pp. 576-588, figs. 9; Sucr. Indig. et Colon., 83 (1914), Nos. 5, pp. 105-110, figs.
8; 6, pp. 130-134, fig. 1). — The results show that beets, whether sugar beets,
semisugar beets, or stock beets, grown from the same ball i>resent the same
variety in form and sugar content that may be noted in field culture. There
seemed to be no relation between the weight of individual beets and the sugar
content.
A method of planting .seeds in sectional cylinders, from which the young
plants may be transplanted when they have developed from 4 to 6 leaves, and
which has proved successful in obtaining beets of uniform and regular form,
is described. It is noted that by the time the plants have attained a develop-
ment of from 4 to G leaves the root form is determined.
The weight and sugar content of sugar beets in relation to the area at the
disposition of each plant in the field, O. Muneeati, G. Mezzadeoli, and T. V.
Zappaboli (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital, 46 (1913), No. 11-12, pp. 755-779, figs. 6).—
In a study of this question with sugar beets, semisugar beets, and stock beets
the authors conclude that the condition of the soil has more to do with the
points in question than the spacing.
On the fluctuation of nitrogen content in sugar beets of the same parent-
age, F. Strohmee, O. Fallada, and L. Radlbergee (Osterr. XJngar. Ztschr.
Zuckerinduft. u. Landto., 43 (1914), No. 2, pp. 193-207, figs. 6).— The results
here reported showed no relation between the ab.solute weight or dry matter
and the nitrogen content of beets, but well-bred beets of the same parentage
showed a variation of nitrogen content of less than 0.1 per cent.
The wild cotton plant (Thurberia thespesioides) in Arizona, V. Bailey
(Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 4I (1914), No. 5. pp. 301-306, figs. 2).— This article
describes the wild cotton plant. Thurberia thespesioides, found in Arizona,
giving its zonal range and a list of other plants generally associate<l with it.
The state grain laboratory and the Montana seed laws, A. Atkinson and
B. W. Whitlock (Montana Sta. Circ. 30 (1913), pp. 73-S8).-— This circular
describes the purpose of the state grain laboratory, gives the text of the state
laws establishing it and providing for seed inspection, and rules and regulations
promulgated.
On germination tests in natural mediums, W. Oetken (Fiihling's Landw.
Ztg., 63 (1914), ;No. 5, pp. 167-177).— To test the value of field soil as a medium
for making germination tests of seeds, the author placed wheat kernels in
loam, humus, and clay soils at 2, 3, and 4 cm. depths, ranging from 5 to 15° C.
in temperature, and the soils moistened to from 40 to 70 per cent of saturation.
The results were inconclusive.
Minnesota weeds, II, W. L. Oswald and A. Boss (Minnesota Sta. Bui. 139
(1914), pp. -^7, figs. 25). — This bulletin contains illustrations and descriptions
and gives methods of eradication of 24 kinds of weeds, in continuation of work
previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 836).
Eradication of wild mustard, Rech (Landw. Ztschr. Rheinprovinz, 15 (1914),
No. 22, pp. 402-404, figs. 2). — The results here given show that calcium cyana-
mid applied to oat fields at the rate of about 25 lbs. per one-half morgen (79.3
lbs. per acre) while the dew was on completely destroyed wild mustard, and
while the growth of the oats was temporarily checked the final effect of the
nitrogen was a vigorous growth.
6S4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A mixture of 15 lbs. calcium cyanamid to 100 lbs. of kainit also destroyed the
weed and improved the growth of the oats.
On the conservation of the vitality of weed seeds in lower strata of cul-
tivated soils, O. MuNEEATi and T. V. Zapparoli {Staz. Sper. Agr. ItaL, 46
{1913), No. 5, pp. 347-371, fig. 1). — The factors heat, moisture, oxygen, light,
and compression are discussed as influencing the vitality of the seeds and their
germination when exposed to the surface by plowing and cultivation. The
condition of the seed at the moment it becomes buried is considered the most
important factor.
The effect on the germinative ability of seeds of Orobanche crenata by
passing' them through cattle and by fermentation of the feces, A. Morettini
{Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital, 46 (1913), No. 9, pp. 589-606) .—The results of feeding
animals with forage containing these seeds are given as follows: Digestion by
cattle and horses did not reduce the germinative ability, even when the seeds
remained in the digestive tract from 12 to 48 hours; the seeds lost their ger-
minative ability in the fermentation of the manure; the destructive action of
the manure was in causing the decomposition of the seeds; and well-rotted
manure was not a means of infection.
HORTICULTURE.
Large seed a factor in plant production, IM. R. Cummings (Vermont 8ta.
Bui. 177 (1914), pp. 89-123, pis. 4). — The author here reports a series of experi-
ments conducted with seeds of a number of plants, including sweet peas, sweet
pumpkins, Hubbard squash, lettuce, beans, parsley, radishes, spinach, and gar-
den peas with the view of determining the relative value of large and small
seed on plant production. The results are here presented in tabular form and
fully discussed.
The experiments as a whole show a distinct advantage in using large and
heavy seed. In the case of sweet peas large and heavy seed resulted in earlier
blooming, a larger total number of blossoms, and a larger number of blossoms
of good quality. The plants also were heavier and more prolific and thrifty.
Small squash and pumpkin seed gave a larger number and a greater total
weight of fruit, but were markedly inferior with reference to number and
weight of ripe fruit. The use of large lettuce seed resulted in the production of
larger seedlings, an increased weight of edibly matured plants which displayed
better heading-up capabilities, earliness, and uniformity. Of the crops tested,
garden peas alone made little or no response to size selection of seed when the
seed was harvested as green peas. There was a slight gain for plants from
large seed allowed to mature. Large bean seed gave an earlier product, but
at the same time the large seed was slower in germinating. Some observa-
tions were made of the place origin of small seeds in pods of beans and peas.
In beans 49 per cent of the small seed were found to occur in the basal end,
while 18 per cent occurred in the middle of the pod. In the garden peas the
small seeds were almost always found at the ends of the pods, with one end as
prolific as the other.
Report of the horticulturist, C. F. Kinman (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp.
16-21, pis. 2). — Investigations with fruits, vegetables, and miscellaneous plants
were continued along the lines previously noted (E. S. E,., 29, p. 637).
Although the cooperative fertilizer experiments with citrus fruits were prac-
tically closed during the previous year, the i)lats on which the effects of muriate
and sulphate of pota.sh were being compared were continued. The results again
show that there is no great difference between these two fertilizers and that
the general belief among Porto Rican growers that muriate of potash is injuri-
HORTICULTURE. 635
ous to citrus trees is uot well founded. The beneficial effect of fertilization on
the citrus groves throughout the island was more noticeable during the year
than ever before. Experiments are being conducted to determine whether the
time of blooming of the citrus trees can be influenced by the application of
fertilizers at cei'tain seasons of the year.
Experiments with leguminous green-manure and orchartl cover crops were con-
tinued and a number of new varieties tested. Among the most promising of
those recently tested are a few varieties of Stizolobium received for trial from
the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction of this Department. The velvet and
I^yon beans have proved to be excellent cover crops, especially as a green
manure, in rotation with pineapples or on an othei'wise unoccupied field. They
are sometimes troublesome in groves, as they climb over the trees. During the
past two years the sword bean and pigeon pea have been tested as nitrogenous
manure crops and cover crops with pineapples by planting them in the i>iue-
apple beds. Both crops have a mox'e or less injurious effect on the growth of
the pines. More damage was done to the Cabezona variety than to the Red
Spanish, and the pigeon peas were more injurious than the sword beans in
every case. Where the sword beans had been allowed to grow during the wet
season only, the injury was the least.
The cooperative fertilizer experiment with coconuts was continued. During
the past year four pickings of fruit were made, the last one being 16 months
after the first application of fertilizer. No beneficial effect from the fertilizer
has been observed thus far.
Dynamiting for loosening the soil and facilitating drainage has been used in
a number of places in Porto Rico, both in land devoted to citrus trees and to
pineapples. Thus far no striking beneficial results have been observed from
the use of dynamiting. Where it has been tried in old groves and in i)ine-
apple fields no improvement has been noted that can be attributed to it. It is
believed that where there is a substratum that can be broken through or the
charges are placed so as to afford subsoil drainage from one loosened area to
another, dynamite should prove beneficial to the hea^y soils, as poor subsoil
drainage is one of the greatest hindrances to citrus culture in Porto Rico.
Cultural directions for veg'etables and flowers, P. J. Westeb (Philippine
Bur. Agr. Circ. 25 {1913), pp. 5). — This popular circular contains general direc-
tions for the preparation and management of vegetable and flower gardens.
The fresh vegetable trade in Germany, H. Michaelis (Arb. Deut. Landiv.
GeselL, No. 261 (lOl-i)^ PP- SO). — This embraces the results of a survey of the
marketing problems connected with the fresh vegetable industry in Germany.
The subject matter is discussed under the general headings of the development
of the German fresh vegetable industry, existing organizations for the sale of
vegetables, organizations for marketing vegetables in Holland, and recommenda-
tions for the improvement of trade conditions in Germany.
Suggestions for the control of injurious insects and plant diseases, G. M.
Bentley (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 106 (1914), PP- 121-1^8, figs, ^i.— This bulletin
contains directions for the preparation and use of various insecticides and
fungicides in the control of the important injurious insects and plant diseases,
and also of herbicides. Attention is also called to preventive measures, such
as cultivation, drainage, time of planting, rotations, and the encouragement of
beneficial insects and birds.
Fungicides and insecticides for Montana, H, E. Morris and J. R. Parker
(Montana Sta. Circ. 36 (19U), pp. 201-261, figs. ^).— This circular discusses
the composition, preparation, application, and cost of the more important fungi-
cides and insecticides adapted to Montana conditions. A spraying calendar
revised from a previous circular is also included (E. S. II., 28, p. 47).
636 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.
The Arkansas dilution table for lime-sulphur compound, J. L. Hewitt
(Arkansas 8ta. Circ 23 (1914), folio). — This table contains concise data for
the preparation of diluted spray mixtures of various strengths from concen-
trated lime-sulphur compounds.
The manuring' of orchards, W. J. Allen (Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmer.s^
Bui. 19 (1914), PP- 24, figs. 15). — A popular treatise on the manuring of orchard
and small fruits.
Observations on the hybridizing of fruits, C. G. Patten (Minn. Hart., 42
(1914), No. 8, pp. 297-SOl, pi. 1). — ^A brief popular review of progress made in
the hybridizing of various orchard fruits.
The orchard census (Ann. Rpt. Missouri Bd. Hort., 7 (1913), pp. 57-440, pis.
5, figs. 118). — This comprises an orchard census of the State of Missouri taken
in 1913 under the direction of the Missouri State Board of Horticulture and
includes data on orchards of 16,789 growers.
Fruit growing in New South Wales. — What to grow and where to start,
W. J. Allen (Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wale^, Fanners' Bui. 83 (1914), pp. 58). — A popu-
lar bulletin of information relative to the fruit districts of New South Wales,
varieties adapted for specific localities, cost of establishing an orchard, etc.
A study of variation in apples, J. K. Shaw (Massachusetts 8ta. Bui. 149
(1914), pp. 21-36, fig. 1). — In continuation of previous reports (E. S. R., 26,
p. 45) the results are given of a statistical study of the variation in number, size,
and form of the apples borne during a period of six years on several Ben Davis
and Baldwin apple trees growing in the station orchard. The influences causing
such variations are also considered.
Summarizing the data as a whole, it appears that the Ben Davis trees have
borne much more heavily than the Baldwins and have shown hardly any ten-
dency to biennial bearing. Relative to tree Individuality the most prolific of
five Ben Davis trees yielded over 60 per cent more apples in the total for six
crops than the least prolific. The Baldwins have shown even greater differences.
The upper south quarters of the Ben Davis trees have borne a few more apples
than any of the other three quarters, and these apples were constantly larger
than those from the other parts, while those from the opposite quarters were
generally smaller. Some Ben Davis trees showed a fairly constant tendency to
produce apples larger or smaller than the average, whereas others fluctuated
from season to season. Only one crop of apples was sufl3ciently heavy in num-
bers to affect the size of the fruit. Some slight indications of a relationship be-
tween size and the average summer temperature were observed, but the fluctua-
tions in temperature were not considered large enough to overcome other in-
fluences affecting size. Certain trees showed slight individuality in the amount
of variability — the larger the apples the more variable the fruit. This was not
true as between the different parts of the trees.
Some trees were quite constant as to form of fruit, while others were varia-
ble. There is no strong evidence that individuality in size and form is to be
found in the same tree. Apples from the upper south parts of the trees which
were largest were also constantly the most flattened. A fairly constant relation-
ship was observed between the form of the apple and the temperature for a
period following bloom. The cooler this period the more elongated the apple.
In general the period from the sixth to the sixteenth day following full bloom
coincides with the observed fluctuation in form more closely than any other.
How sod affected an apple orchard, II, F. H. Hall (New York State Sta.
Bui. 388, popular ed. (1914), PP- 3-1, fig. i).— A popular edition of the bulletin
previously noted (E. S. R., 31. p. 337).
Breeding Rotundifolia grapes. F. C. Reimer and L. R. Detjen (North
Carolina Sta. Tech. Bui. 10 (1914), PP- 5-41- figs. 19).— In continuation of pre-
HORTICULTURE. 637
vious investigations dealing with the self-sterility of Rotundifolia grapes
(E. S. R., 23, p. 734) the results to date are here given of breeding investiga-
tions which have been conducted with the view of determining the laws of in-
heritance in this species and for the purpose of securing improved varieties.
An examination of the seedlings procured in the breeding work thus far has
shown that the sexes are about equally divided. Colors in Rotundifolia grapes
behave as Meudelian characters. By using proper combinations seedlings of
either white, red, or black can be produced. Relative to the transmission of
color it was found that the Scuppernong and all other white-fruiting varieties,
together with all light-coloreil male vines, are pure for the white color and do
not carry the dark color as a recessive factor. Such varieties as Flowers, Mish,
and Thomas are pure for dark colors and do not carry the white color as a
recessive. Other varieties such as James, Memory, and Smith were found to
be natural hybrid vines heterozygous for the black and white colors. Latham
is a natural hybrid heterozygous for red and white. Many of the dark-colored
vines, both male and female, growing wild were heterozygous for the colors
black and white, black and red, or red and white. White is recessive to all
dark colors. Black is dominant over red. The light and dark colors of the
vines are correlated with similar colors in the fruits of those respective vines.
Within certain limits the average size of the fruit cluster can be enlarged
by the judicious selection of very large-sized flower-clustered male vines. The
actual size of the flower cluster, however, imder good conditions for cross polli-
nation does not determine the actual size of the resulting fruit cluster. Self-
sterility alone is not altogether responsible for the small-sized fruit cluster.
Considerable variation was observed in the seedlings procured with reference to
size of berry, flavoi'S and qualities, thickness of skin, character of pulp, and
size of seed. It is believed that by proper combination of parent vines de-
sirable seedlings can be produced. The Scuppernong grape does not readily
hybridize with Vitis a;stivalis, V. cinerea, nor the Herbemont. Winchell, and
Niagara varieties.
A brief review of earlier attempts to improve Rotundifolia varieties is in-
cluded in the bulletin.
The hybrid direct bearers in the valley of the Rhone in 1913, A. Desmou-
LiNs and Y. Villard {Prog. Agr. ct Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 (Wl-i), Nos. 28,
pp. 52-59; 29, pp. 81-89). — This comprises observations for the fourteenth year
(E. S. R., 27, p. 540; see also E. S. R., 30, p. 238) relative to the behavior of a
large number of hybrid direct bearing grapes with special reference to their
resistance to disease and drought and adaptation to various soil conditions.
Report of strawberry shipments, season, 1913 {[Springfield, Jio.].* Ozark
Fruit Shippers' Assoc. [1913], pp. 19). — This comprises condensed data on the
receipts and expenses of marketing 501 cars of strawberries for the season
ended June 30, 1913.
Report of the assistant horticulturist, T. B. McClelland {Porto Rico Sta.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 22-25). — A brief progress report of the station's work with coffee,
cacao, vanilla, and rubber (E. S. R., 29, p. 641), including a brief statement
relative to a study of coffee and cacao plantation practices in Venezuela.
Plantings of promising foreign varieties of coffee are being made of suffi-
cient extent to serve as valuable tests. The cultural, shading, pruning, liming,
and fertilizer tests are being continued. Some striking results are being ob-
served in the fertilizer work, although no definite conclusions can be drawn at
this time. In one planting trees which had received an ample allowance of stable
manure gave double the yield obtained from the check plats. A good method
of controlling the guama ant which attacks the guamS. tree used as shade in
coffee plantations was worked out. This consists of removing and burning the
638 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
younger growth and smaller branches of the trees on which the colonies occur
and then banding the trunks with tanglefoot. In this way a large part of the
ants was destroyed and practically all of the large fleshy pink scale on which
they feed. Though the remaining ants continued to live for a while on some of
the trees, they eventually disappeared from all of those treated.
Monthly tappings are being made of 38 of the 10 to 11-year old Castilla
rubber trees which run from 24 J to 40 in. in girth at 3 ft. above the base. For
eight tappings the average yield per tree per tapping was a little less than 0.5
oz. of rubber. The quality of this rubber was pronounced as along with the
best and toughest Castilla rubber on the market.
A study of the results of the manurial experiments with cacao conducted
at the botanic station, Dominica, H. A. Tempany (West Indian Bui., 14
(1914), ^(i- ~» PP- 81-119, pis. 6). — This comprises a review as a whole of ferti-
lizer experiments which have been conducted during the past 11 years and
have been noted from time to time (E. S. II., 30, p. 741).
Analyses are given showing the composition of the soil of the cacao plats
in the original series, together with the effects of the various manurial appli-
cations on the composition of the soil. In respect to the nitrogen content the
soils of certain plats, notably those which have been mulched with grass and
leaves, show considerable accretions to the niti'ogen content which are unac-
counted for by the quantities of this constituent added in the manui'ial applica-
tions. It is suggested that these accretions are due to the action of free uiti'o-
geu-fixing bacteria of the Azotobacter type, since this type of organism was
found in the soils of each of the plats of the original series.
Laboratory studies of changes occurring in these soils when kept in a
moistened condition showed that whereas the humus content of the soils tended
to diminish very rapidly the nitrogent content did not tend to fall off in the
same way as a rule, while an appreciable amount of nitrification always took
place. It is suggested that the ammonia formed in the early stages of ammo-
niflcation may function as a base to neutralize the nitric acid pi'oduced in the
latter stages of the process.
The results of a study of the soil moisture conditions obtaining on each
of the plats show that none of the manurial treatments practiced has exerted
any appreciable direct effect on the moisture-retaining properties of the soil.
An investigation was also made of the temperature of the soils of the plats
at different hours of the day and different seasons of the year. The results
show that when the plats are adequately shaded the soil temperature remains
very nearly constant at the value of the air temperature during the coolest por-
tions of the day. When adequate shading is absent, however, the soil tem-
pei-ature varies to a much greater extent. These results emphasize the utility
of shade in young cacao orchards.
A record of the annual yields for each of the plats shows the beneficial
influence of various manurial applications. The largest increases were secured
by mulching and the next largest by complete manuring. A survey of the fer-
tilizer data for the whole period indicates that under the conditions of the ex-
periment it takes from three to five years for the trees to indicate differences
derived from various forms of treatment.
In the concluding portion of the paper the relations between the annual
rainfall and the yields of cacao are considered and analytical information re-
garding the manurial constitution of various materials used for mulching is ap-
pended.
Robusta cofifee (O Caf^ Robiista. Sao Paulo. Brazil: fe'ec. Agr.. Com., e Obras
Pub., 1913, pp. 59, pis. 5). — This comprises various reports presented to th^
FOEESTRY. 639
secretary of agriculture of Sao Paulo relative to the culture and exploitation
of Robusta coffee iu the East Indies.
Coffee in Java, C. Chalot and R. Thillard (Le Cafe a Java. Paris, 1914,
pp. 39, figs. 3). — This comprises observations on the culture and varieties of
coffee in Java based upon a survey of a number of plantations growing different
species of coffee.
A kaki classification, H. H. Hume {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), No. 9, pp. 400-
406, figs. 6).— In this paper the author proposes a scheme for classifying the
varieties of Dinspyros kaki based on the behavior of these varieties when polli-
nated. Some data are presented to show the influence of seed development on
the fruit.
Lime culture in Santo Domingo, C. Chalot and R. Deslandes {Ciilfvre du
Citronnier a la Dominique. Paris, 1914, PP- 68, figs. S). — An account of the
culture and exploitation of limes iu »Santo Domingo.
A report on a study of the tea industry on the east coast of Sumatra and
in the uplands of Padang, Sumatra, C. Bernard {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en
Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 29 {1914), pp. 95,
pis. 8, figs. 3). — This report embraces observations and data secured on an
inspection trip made iu 1913.
The production of vanilla in the French colonies {Bui. Off. Colon. [France],
7 {1914). ^0. 77, pp. 209-249, figs. 3).— A statistical review of vanilla produc-
tion in the various colonies of France.
The coconut in the Seychelles, R. Dupont {Le Cocotier aux Seychelles.
Paris, 1914, PP- 1^)- — '^ discussion of the coconut industry in the Seychelles
Islands with special reference to cultural oi^erations, management of coconut
plantations, and the use of fertilizers.
FORESTRY.
Forest types: Symposium {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 8 {1913), No. 1,
pp. 53-104, fig- 1)- — In this symposium the following subjects are considered:
A Standard Basis for Classification, by S. T. Dana (pp. 53-60; An Analysis
and Synthesis of the Term from a Geographic Standpoint, by F. G. Plummer
(p. 61) ; Shall the Physical Conditions or the Dendrological Mixture be the
Basis for Forest Typing? by T. T. Munger (pp. 62-68) ; Use of Forest Types
in the Work of Acquiring Lands under the Weeks Law, by K. W. Woodward
(pp. 69-72) ; Definition and Use of Forest Types, by B. Moore (pp. 73-75) ;
Classification of Forest Types, by W. B. Greeley (pp. 76-78) ; What is the
Proper Basis for the Classification of Forest Land into Types? by G. A. Pear-
son (pp. 79-84) ; Basis of Classification into Forest Types and Its Application
to District 1, by F. H. Rockwell (pp. 85-90) ; Physical versus Cover Types,
by D. T. Mason (pp. 91-93) ; Physical Factors as a Basis for Determining
Forest Types, by C. R. Tillotson (pp. 94-99) ; and Quality Classes and Forest
Types, by R. Zon (pp. 100-104).
The techniqiie of seed testing, C. G. Bates {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 8
{1913), No. 2, pp. 127-138). — A discussion of methods of seed testing with
siiecial reference to their standardization among American foresters and seed
dealers.
Coordination of growth studies, reconnaissance, and regulation of yield
en National Forests, H. H. Chapman {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 8 {1913),
No. 3, pp. 317-326). — In this paper the author discusses methods of coordinating
growth studies and reconnaissance with reference to securing data for the
regulation of yield on National Forests.
64822°— No. 7—14 4
640 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The use of frustum form factors in constructing volume tables, D. Beuoe
{Proc. Sac. Anier. Foresters, 8 (1913), No. 3, pp. 278-288). — As a result of some
tests made in Idaho the author concludes that satisfactory volume tables can
be made by the use of frustum form factors from a far smaller number of
trees than was previously considered possible.
Some financial forest problems, W. B. Bakrows {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters,
8 {1913), ^0. 3, pp. 362-365, fig. 1). — The author here briefly discusses the deter-
mination of forest percentage and capital invested in forestry.
The farm wood lot, E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling {New York, 191Jf,
pp. XII-\-3Jf3, figs. 62). — This work is presented as a handbook of forestry for
the farmer and the student in agriculture.
The phases discussed include the significance of the forest, its place in
farm management, the growth of the tree, dendrology, practical silviculture,
foi'est protection, mensuration and utilization, by-products of the northern
woodlot, the durability and preservation of woods, arboriculture and orna-
mental planting, history of the forest, and forest influences. The concluding
chapter contains a number of tables and rules dealing with wood, lumber,
and tree growth.
The management of second-growth hardwoods in Vermont, A. F. Hawes
and B. A. Chandlee (Vermont Sta. Bui. 176 (1914), pp. 31-86, pis. 12).— A
practical treatise on the management of second-growth hardwoods based
largely on a study of various woodland areas in Vermont. The successive
parts of the bulletin discuss estimating the contents of a woodlot, improve-
ment of the stand, yield tables, crop maturity and the selection of the crop,
market conditions, and enemies of northern hardwoods. Volume tables to be
used in estimating timber of various species are appended.
Studies in tolerance of New England forest trees. — I, Development of
white pine seedlings in nursery beds, G. P. Burns ( Vermont Hta. Bui. 178
(1914), pp. 127-144, pis. 4, figs. 2). — This bulletin reports a study of seed bed
practices in the forest nursery with special reference to the development of
pine seedlings.
The experiments conducted at the station indicate that damping-off of white
pine seedlings can be controlled by the use of formaldehyde or sulphui'ic acid.
A series of trials was made to determine the proper depth for planting seed,
and the results indiciite that in sandy soil seed should be planted not less than
i in. deep. When the seed is sown early in wet weather no top shade is
needed to get an even stand. When sown late in dry weather, however, the
surface soil must be kept moist by watering or by full shade top. A study of
the effect of lath shade on germination showed that shade reduces the tempera-
ture and delays the time of germination. After the period of germination all
shade should be removed because it hinders the development of the seedling.
The seed beds should be provided with solid sides during the first season, as
the sides greatly decrease the loss of water by transpiration.
A brief bibliography of consulted literature is appended.
Experimental forest planting in the Hawaiian Islands, R. S. Hosmeb
(Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 8 (1913), No. 2, pp. 211-221).— A. general account
of forest conditions in Hawaii including progress made in experimental forest
planting.
The tree species of Java: Contribution No. 13, S. H. Koorders and T.
Valeton (Mcded. Dcpt. Landb. [Dutch East Indies], No. 18 (1914), pp. VII+
286). — This is the thirteenth of a series of reports on the tree si>ecie3 of Java
( E, S. R., 25. p. 142). In the present report the genera and species of Aqui-
foliacese, Convolvulacese, and Thymeheaceje are taken up by T. Valeton: and
of Violacete, MoraceJB, Hamamelidaceie. Clethracea\ and Ericacoic by J. J. Smith.
A table of contents and an index to the series as a whole are iucluded.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 641
Lumbering industry of the Philippines, J. R. Arnold (U. 8. Dept. Com.,
Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., Spec. Agents 8er., No. 88 {1914), PP- 22). — This
report reviews briefly the forest resources of the Philippines, the degree to which
they are being exploited, the px'ospects for Increased activity in lumbering, the
kind of machinery now used, and the selling methods usually followed.
Progress report on forest adnxinistration in the Northwest Frontier
Province for 1912-13, M. R. K. Jebram (Rpt. Forest Ad)ni)i. Northwest
Frontier Prov., 1912-13, pp. 3 -}-I I +15+ XXV I). —This is the customary prog-
ress report relative to the administration of the state foi*ests, including a
financial statement for the year 1912-13. All important data relative to forest
areas, surveys, working plans, protection, and miscellaneous work, silvicultural
operations, yields, revenues, etc., are appended in tabular form.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Notes on plant diseases of Connecticut, G. P. Clinton (Connecticut State
Sta. Rpt. 1914, pt. 1, pp. 1-29, pis. 7). — After giving a discussion of the relation
of weather conditions to the diseases prevalent during the year, the author
describes a number of diseases which are either new to the State or not pre-
viously reported upon the host plants given.
Among these are fasciation, frost bands, syncarpy, and water core of apple,
heart rot of celery {Bacillus carotavorus) , corn mold {Cephalothecium
roseum), Shasta daisy leaf siwt {Scptoria leucanthemi) , rust of Chinese
.juniper {Oymnosporangium harceanum), arsenical burn of Lima beans, oil
injury to hard maple, parsnip soft rot {B. carotovorus), scrub pine rust
< Peridermium conipto?iiw) , poplar crown gall {Bacterium tumefaciens), potato
blackleg {Bacillns phijtophthorus), privet anthracnose (Olomerella cingulata),
Selerotium disease of redtop (S. rhizodes), mechanical spotting of rose {Pilo-
iolus crystaUvmis) , salsify soft rot {B. carotovorus), phyllodiniation or string
leaves of tobacco, and orange leaf rust of wheat (Pucciiiia triticina).
Report of the imperial mycologist, E. J. Butler {Rpt. Agr. Research Inst,
and Col. Pusa [India], 1912-13, pp. 55-69). — Besides other information this
report deals with a wide range of studies on diseases of plants, among which
may be noted ufra, eelworms, bunt, false smut, and gwa-bo (probably due in
part to Selerotium oryzce) of rice ; red rot and three minor diseases, not yet
determined as to cause, of sugar cane; Colocasia blight and potato blight;
poppy blight (caused by Peronospora arhorescens) ; orange and yellow rust of
wheat; a fungus disease of peanuts; cotton and sesame wilts; anthracnose of
sisal hemp (due to Colletotrichum agaves) ; indigo diseases (thought to be of
other than fungal origin) ; some phanerogamic parasites; and other miscellane-
ous plant troubles and investigations.
A species of Rhlzophidium parasitic on the oospores of various Perono-
sporaceee, I. E. Melhus {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 55-62, pi. 1). —
In conducting some studies on oospore germination the author encountered con-
siderable difficulty on account of the presence of the parasite R. pollinis. At-
tempts were made to germinate the oospores of Cystopus hliti fi-om leaves,
stems, and flowers of Amaratithus rctroflexus, but many of them were destroyed
by the parasitic organism. Subsequently the oospores of C. candidus and
C. cuiicus were exposed to infection by transferring infected oospores of G.
bliti, and infection resulted in ten days. In a similar way the oospores of
Peronospora effusa and Sclerospora graminicola showed the infection after
six days.
Later experiments were carried on with pollen from the hyacinth and the
calla lily, which showed that the pollen also was parasitized by R. pollinis.
642 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Heterodera radicicola attacking the Canada thistle, L. E. Melchees (Sci-
ence, n. ser., 40 (1914), ^o. 102fi, p. 2^/).— The author notes the occurrence, on
the roots of the Canada thistle, of the nematode H. radicicola, thus adding
another host plant to the long list already known.
Spore germinations of cereal smuts, E. C. Stakman (Minnesota Sta. Bui.
133 (1913), pp. 52, pis. 25). — ^This is a technical bulletin in which the author
gives results of observations on the germination of spores of Ustilago tritici,
U. nuda, U. hordei, U. avence, U. zew, and Tilletia fcetens.
These smuts are found to fall into two classes as far as germination is con-
cerned, U. nuda and U. tritici producing no sporidia, while the others produce
Bporidia. The period of germination was found to vary considerably in dif-
ferent forms, U. hordei germinating most readily, only 6^ hours being required
in some cases, while T. foetens required the longest time, the minimum for
germination of these spores being 48 hours. The germination characteristics
are said to be quite closely connected with the life history of the parasite,
those forms which live over in the seed producing no sporidia, while those
which live over in the soil or on the kernels produce sporidia which help to
insure their chances of persistence. Differences are also noted In the behavior
of the promycelium of the different species. The siwres of all forms were
exposed to winter conditions in Minnesota and all germinated readily In the
spring, demonstrating that smuts may survive the winter in the spore form
under field conditions.
A bibliography of the subject is given.
Studies on club root. — I, The relation of Plasmodiophora brassicee to its
host and the structure and growth of its Plasmodium, B. F. Lutman (Ver-
mont Sta. Bui. 175 (1913), pp. 21, pis. 4, figs. 6).— The results of a study of the
relation of the fungus causing the club root of various cruciferous plants to
the host plant Is given, together with a summary of earlier work.
It is stated that the parasite enters the host either through the epidermis
or root hairs, and once within the plant It spreads from cell to cell, either
through penetrating the cell walls or through host cell divisions. It is found
present In the cortex, but sometimes the organism makes Its way into the cells
of the central cylinder. The infected host cells become hypertrophled, but
nuclear and cell division Is not seriously interfered with In the earlier stages.
In advanced cases both processes are entirely suspended and the nucleus under-
goes degeneration. The phismodlum of the fungus Is said to be clear and
almost transparent at first and Is distinguished with difficulty from the pro-
toplasm of the host. The nuclear divisions In the Plasmodium are both vegeta-
tive and reduction. In the study reiwrted most of the material was taken
from cabbage plants.
A brief bibliography is appended.
Occurrence of bacterial blight of alfalfa in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah,
P. J. O'Gara (Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), A'o. 1016, pp. 905, 906).— The author
reports the occurrence of the bacterial blight of alfalfa, due to Pseudomonas
medicaginis, in Utah, and he states that the alfalfa weevil is a factor in the
distribution of the disease. It Is said that the disease sometimes destroys 80
per cent of the first cutting of alfalfa, and while the chief damage Is usually
done at the first cutting, the plants may be so seriously injured In the crown and
roots as ultimately to cause their death.
The cob rot of corn, E. G. Arzbergeb (Ohio Sta. Bui. 265 (1913), pp. 69-82). —
Attention was called In 1911 to a disease of corn in which the cob of the ear
was infected by a fungus. This appeared abundantly In 1911 and again in
1912. and an invostiyjation was undertaken to determine whether the fungns,
Coniosporiuni yccvvi, was parasitic or only present as a saprophii:e.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 643
A large number of inoculation experiments were made and field observations
taken, which indicate that V. gecevi develops and acts as an obligate saprophyte,
and can not, therefore, be considered as the cause of the disease. Inoculations
with an unknown fungus, or possibly with several fungi, produced good in-
fections resulting in diseased ears, but these are to be the subject of further
study. It is considered that C. gecevi is of economic significance only in that
it destroys the cob tissue as a saprophyte, and that its effect on the kernels
is rather limited when compared with the injury caused by Diplodia, Fusarium,
and other fungi.
Hot water treatment for cotton anthracnose, H. W. Barre and W. B. Axill
{Science, n. ser., 40 (1914), No. 1020, pp. 109, 110). — A preliminary report is
given of experiments to test the effect of hot water at different temperatures
on the anthracnose fungus and on cotton seed, the object being to determine
whether the fungus could be killed without injury to the seed.
As a result of the test it was found that cotton seed can remain at 70° C.
for 15 minutes without injury to germination. This temperature seems to be
destructive to the fungus, as seed so treated has been germinated free from
disease, while an average of 22 per cent of the seedlings in the checks from the
same lot of seed were diseased.
Two fields of cotton on the Clemson College farm have been planted with seed
so treated and are under observation to determine the ultimate effect of the
treatment.
Disease resistance of potatoes, W. Stuart {Vermont Hta. Bui. 119 {1914),
pp. 147-183, pis. 4, figs. 7). — In continuation of previous reports on investiga-
tions carried on at the Vermont Station on disease resistance of potatoes
(E. S. R., 17, p. 1078), the author gives a final account of his investigations on
varietal resistance of potatoes to the attacks of the early blight {Altcrnaria
solani), late blight {Phytophthora infestans) , and the scab {Oospora scabies).
Tests of a large number of varieties of potatoes of American and European
origin have been conducted. The varieties which showed the greatest resistance
or fi'eedom from early blight were, with few exceptions, of foreign origin. The
resistant foreign varieties were almost without exception of little commercial
value, as they were usually light yielders and rather poor in quality. The
author considers the value of disease resistance in potatoes as rather prob-
lematical, but suggests that by cros.sing some of the resistant European varie-
ties with the more desirable commercial American tyjies some resistant varieties
of commercial value might possibly be obtained.
In testing different varieties for resistance to scab none were found to show
markedly resistant qualities when grown on soil well infested with the scab
organism. The commonly prevalent idea that russet-skinned varieties do not
become scabby was found not to be based on fact, as one of the pronounced
russet varieties was very low in the scale of resistance. Some varieties are
said to have been found somewhat less subject to scab than others, but it
has been impossible to determine whether or not this immunity is inherent.
The author believes there is little hope of securing scab-resistant varieties
through selection.
Notes are given on the growing of seedling potatoes, desirable types of pota-
toes, and varietal response to Bordeaux mixture. Under the last head the
author states that some varieties i-espond better to spraying than others, and
that heat, moisture, and sunshine modify the outcome when Bordeaux mix-
ture is used. The beneficial effect of Bordeaux mixture is attributed to dimin-
ished transpiration, the maintenance of optimum light intensity, and the length-
ening of the season of growth.
644 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Discussing tlie value of foreign varieties of potatoes introduced iuto this
country, it is stated that very few have proved satisfactory. For the most
part those which have come under the author's observation have produced
tubers of inferior table quality, although some were highly resistant to dis-
ease. It appears that high disease resistance of the vine was correlated with
a low and undesirable tuber yield.
Chlorosis of sugar cane, P. L. Gile and C. N. Ageton (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt.
1913, pp. 13, 14). — ^A brief report is given of investigations on the occurrence
and cause of chlorosis of sugar cane.
Two crops of chlorotic cane have been under observation, and the authors
state that there did not appear to be any definite period when it became dis-
eased. As a rule ratoon cane seems to be affected more severely and generally
earlier than plant cane. In some cases the appearance of the diseased cane
was much improved after a rainy period, while in others new leaves appearing
directly after the rain were strongly chlorotic.
The areas of chlorotic cane so far have been confined to strongly calcareous
soils, although all cane grown on calcareous soils is not affected. Some small
areas are known that have been planted year after year that always produce
chlorotic cane and many of these are on the slopes of limestone hills.
Tomato diseases, J. L. Hewitt (Arkansas Sta. Circ. 21 (1914), pp. 4)- —
Popular descriptions are given of the late bliglit, black rust, fungus wilt, bac-
terial wilt, blossom end rot, and root knot of tomatoes, with suggestions for
their control.
Some important diseases of tomato in North Carolina, H. R. Fulton
(North Carolina Sta. Circ 19 (1914), pp. 8). — This publication is designed to
give information regarding tomato diseases for the benefit of members of tomato
clubs which have been formed throughout the State. Brief descriptions are
given of the more common diseases, with suggestions for their control, which
include the proper selection of seed and cultivation of plants, together with
spraying where this method of treatment is known to offer i^rotection.
Two tomato diseases (Agr. Neivs IBarbados], 13 (1914), No. 315, p. 114). —
Descriptions are given of the leaf mold due to Cladosporimn fulvum and the
blossom end rot of tomatoes, which is considered due to bacteria.
For the first disease, where conditions are favorable for the development of
the fungus the author recommends spraying at frequent intervals with a
4 : 4 : 50 Bordeaux mixture. For the second disease it is said that attention
to the water supply and preventing excessive transpiration will reduce the
amount of disease present.
Fruit diseases in Montana, D. B. Swingle (Montana Sta. Circ. 37 (1914),
pp. 263-330, pi. 1, figs. 21). — The purpose of this publication is to give fruit
growers of the State information to aid them in combating the diseases in
their orchards. After a general discussion of fruit diseases and methods of
combating them, the author describes the apple blight, crown gall, scab, Baldwin
spot, and Jonathan spot ; pear blight, crown gall, and scab ; peach leaf curl and
crown gall ; gooseberry mildew ; raspberry and blackberry crown gall ; and
strawberry leaf spot, with specific directions for combating the different dis-
eases.
The blight of apples, pears, and quinces, B. S. Pickett (Illinois Sta. Circ.
172 (1914), pp. 10, figs. 4). — A description is given of the blight of apples,
pears, and quinces due to Bacillus amylovorus, the author stating that this
disease severely attacks not only these, but a number of other plants belonging
to the same family.
The symptoms of the disease are popularly described and suggestions given
for preventive and i-emedial measures to be adopted against it. These consist
DISEASES OP PLANTS. 645
largely of the removal of the infective sources which carry the disease over
winter.
A contribution to our knowledge of apple scab, H. E. Morris (Montana
Sta. Bill. D6 (1914), pp. 65-102, pi. 1, figs. S). — The author gives an account of
the apple scab, due to Ventunia incequaUs, in Montana, tracing the history of
its appearance and giving data regarding the amount of injury done, periods of
infection, etc. The question of the identity of V. dnwqualis on the apple and
V. piiina on the pear is discussed, and the author is inclined to believe that the
species are not identical.
Notes are given on methods of control, in which the author recommends the
planting of resistant varieties and thorough spraying. Lists are given of dif-
ferent varieties of apples commonly planted in Montana, arranged according
to their resistance.
A bibliography of 505 references is given.
A destructive strawberry disease, F. L. Stevens (Science, n. scr., SO {1914),
No. 1017, pp. 949, 950). — Attention is called to the fact that long-distance straw-
berry shipments during the past season have suffered serious injury due to
molds or " leaks," the loss in some cases being very large.
The berries subject to this trouble came largely from Louisiana and Missis-
sippi. The author, early in May, examined in Louisiana berries which had
been in the refrigerators over night, and found in many instances that boxes
showed fruit with small rotten spots. Visits to the field showed many berries
rotting on the vines. Examination of the material showed the presence of a
Botrytis, probably B. cinerea. In the later stages other fungi were present,
notably Rhizopus nigricans. Examination made of a large number of berries
showed almost uniformly the presence of Botrytis, and its pre<lominance led
the author to believe that it is the primary cause of the trouble. The Botrytis
is thought to initiate the decay, which is completed by other saprophytes, among
them Rhizopus. Both fungi have been separated in pure cultures and are to
be subjected to further study.
The presence of endocellular fibers in tissues of grapevines and in those
of other dicotyledons, Eva Mameli {Atti R. 1st. Bot. Univ. Pavia, 2. ser., 16
{1914), PP- 47-65, pi. 1). — This is a fuller account of studies previously noted
from another source (E. S, R., 29, p. 5.51).
Report of the plant pathologist, G. L. Fawcett {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1913,
pp. 26-29). — A progress report is given of the work carried on by the author in
his study of the diseases of cacao, citrus trees, and coffee.
The cacao disease reported upon at length is that known as black pod in
Porto Rico, but which is said to be distinct from the disease generally known
by that name. It is confined to young fruits, and the loss apparently is very
great, as on many trees not more than 5 per cent of the fruits reach maturity.
In order to find what relation there might be between fungi and bacteria and
the failure of pods to mature, the author made cultures from the interior tis-
sues of a large number of fruits, and occasionally found some fungi, among
them a fungus which agrees fairly well with the description of CoUctotrichum
cradwickii. Inoculation experiments were conducted with the different fungi,
but with the exception of the Colletotrichum, which proved weakly parasitic,
the author concludes that the work would indicate that the trouble is not due
to parasitic fungi. Spraying experiments with Bordeaux mixture were carried
on for two seasons, but without any very definite beneficial results. The effect
of fertilizers on the tree is also being considered in connection with this disease.
Thus far the fungus Phytophthora faberi has not been found in Porto Rico.
The study of citrus diseases has been largely confined to the lemon scab.
The fungus producing this disease has been found to attack grapefruit while
646 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
small, producing wart-like outgrowths and seriously reducing their market
value. The disease is said to be very common, and a study has been made of
various host plants harboring species of Cladosporium. On the gandul or
pigeon pea a species of Cladosporium was found present which inoculated upon
young grapefruit produced warty outgrowths, and young lemon plants similarly
inoculated developed scab identical in appearance with that caused on lemon
leaves by C citri. The pigeon pea is used to a considerable extent as a cover
crop, and should it prove a host for the citrus fungus its further employment
in this way should be abandoned.
The coffee disease reported upon is that caused by Cercospora coffeicola,
which hitherto has been considered simply a leaf parasite, but the author has
found that it also is responsible for a considerable proportion of bad grains of
coffee.
Rot of orange trees in Francofonte, and its treatment, L. Savastano
(R. Staz. Sper. Agrum. e Frutticol. Acireale, Bol. 9 (1912), pp. S). — Continuing
the work previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 149), the authur here deals more
particularly with diseases of citrus fruits as affected by local conditions, and
states that modifications of cultural methods employed and timely tree surgery
or substitution of sound young trees have been followed by good results.
The hereditary transmission of rust in mallows, L. Blaringhem {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 157 (1913), Xo. 26, pp. i53«-i .538). —Referring to the
claim previously made (E. S. Jl., 30, p. 453) that in the association of Althaea
rosea and Puccinia malvacearum the host is favored by abundance and the
parasite by lack of water in the tissues, the author states that later experi-
mentation described shows that the addition of 5 per cent of saccharose or
glucose to the nutritive solution is followed by a development of rust pustules
as the medium dries out, whereas under other conditions no such development
is noted.
A disease of Narcissus bulbs, G. Massee (Jour. Dd. Agr. [London], 20
(1914), 'Vo. 12, pp. 1091-1093, pi. 1). — The author describes an injury to Nar-
cissus bulbs ascribed to Fusarium bulhigenum, known since 1887 but not until
recently recognized as parasitic.
Very young leaves of Narcissus, about 1 in, long, were inoculated, developing
characteristic disease spots in about six days, and others as growth proceeded.
It is thought that the process is advanced by secondary as well as primary
infection. It is held that soaking slightly diseased bulbs in a fungicide will not
kill the mycelium in the bulbs or the resting spores, but that during germina-
tion the secondary spores may be destroyed by a dressing of kainit or of
potassium sulphate worked into the soil. Rotation with nonsuscei^tible plants
is also recommended.
The technique of operation for rot and gummosis of trees, L. Savastano
(R. Staz. Sper. Agrum. e Frutticol. Acireale, Bol. 8 (1912), pp. 15, figs. 11). —
The author deals briefly with typical oiierations employed in tree surgery as
regards roots and trunks and instruments adapted to the same.
Notes on diseases of trees in the southern Appalachians, III, A. H. Graves
(Phytopathology, 4 (191. i). No. 2, pp. 63-72, pi. 1, figs. 10).— In this paper the
author gives an account of diseases of the spruce and hemlock, thus concluding
a series of papei's noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 31, p. 348).
The diseases of spruce described are blight of seedlings, due to Ascochyta
piniperda, Sclcrotinia fuckcliana, and Phoma sp. ; twig blight, due to Pcsta-
lozzia sp. and Phoma piceana; heart rot, caused by Trametes pint; and frost
injury. Among the diseases of hemlock, descriptions are given of the timber
rot, due to Fames pinicola; leaf rust, caused by Pucciiiiastrum myrtilli; and
twig blight, which is attributed to Rusellinia sp.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 647
New facts concerning the white pine blister rust, P. Spaulding ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bui. 116 (1914), pp. S).— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 29, p. 554),
the author presented information regarding the white pine blister rust up to
1913. In the present publication additional information is given based on
extensive investigations conducted during the summer and fall of 1913. This
includes an account of the work with infested white pine trees near Geneva,
N. Y., new outbreaks in northern Vermont, near Ipswich, Mass., and near
Meriden, Conn., observations on the wintering-over of the disease on Ribes,
Pinus excelsa as a host, spore distribution of Cronartium riMcola, and a tabular
account of the general results of inspections.
The damping-off of coniferous seedlings, P. SPAtixDiNG (Phytopathology, 4
{1914), No. 2, pp. 7-S-8S, pi. 1, figs. 2). — On account of the seriousness of damp-
iug-off of coniferous seedlings, the author has made a study of methods of
control, particularly that of soil sterilization.
The dampiug-off of coniferous seedlings is due to a number of organisms,
among them Fusarium, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia. In the experiments reported,
tests were made of a number of fungicides for soil treatment as well as modifi-
cations of nursery methods. The experimental work indicates that soil steriliza-
tion sufficient to prevent damping-off is effectively accomplished with formalin
(1 oz. to 1 gal. water, or stronger), sulphuric acid (1 oz. to 1 gal. water, or
stronger), and rather dilute ammonium copper carbonate. These chemicals
should be applied before seedling, as no chemical was found that was efi:ective
in stopping outbreaks of the disease after germination. Weak formalin applied
after germination of seeds was found worse than useless, as it destroyed many
of the young plants. The quality of the seed was found to have something
to do with damping-off, as hght weight, poorly filled seed produced weak
seedlings, which were longer in germinating and were very subject to this
disease.
A bibliography of the subject is appended.
Preliminary tests of disinfectants in controlling damping-off in various
nursery soils, C. Habtley and T. C. Merrill {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 2,
pp. 89-92). — The results are given of cooperative experiments for the control of
damping-off of pine seedlings, caused mainly by Pythium debaryamuii and
Fusarium sp. In the experiments copper sulphate, zinc chlorid, formalin, and
sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids have been tested.
So far the best results on most soils have been secured with sulphuric acid.
This has proved more successful than heat, where both have been tested, and
it also protects the soil against reinfection. In an experiment in which air-
slaked lime was applied following the acid disinfection, the treatment seemed
to be successful without injury to the plant, but it allowed reinfection. For
soils on which sulphuric acid is not an efficient disinfectant, zinc chlorid and
copper sulphate seemed to possess greater efficiency than formalin.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Revision of the American harvest mice (genus Reithrodontomys), A. H.
Howell {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey, North American Fauna No. 36
{1914), PP- 94, pis. 7, figs. 6). — In this revision the author recognizes 58 species
and subspecies as belonging to the genus Reithrodontomys, of which seven are
described as new.
The American harvest mice are said to occur abundantly in or near meadows
and cultivated lands over a large part of the United States. While their exact
economic relation is still little known they belong to a group of mammals
648 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOBD.
many species of which are injurious to agriculture, and there is no doubt
that they consume large quantities of forage and some grain.
Maps showing the range of the more important species accompany the
account.
Birds and their value to the agriculturist with some notes concerning
insects, P. L. Guppy {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, 13 (1914), Nos. 79,
pp. 116-128; 80, pp. lJf8-156, pis. 4). — This article includes lists of birds fre-
quenting cacao fields and of those useful to sugar planters.
First report on the economic features of the amphibians of Pennsylvania,
H. A. Surface (Bi-J/o, Zool. Bui. Penn. Dept. Agr., 3 (1913), No. 3-4, pp. 67-
152, pis. 10, figs. 25). — This paper deals with the mud puppy, salamanders,
toads, and frogs known to occur in Pennsylvania, their habits, hibernation,
reproduction, enemies, food, and economy. The author takes up the collecting
and iireserving of specimens, the classification, gives a key to the orders of
Pennsylvania Amphibia, and a color key to the salamanders of the State,
reports upon the stomach contents of Pennsylvania amphibians and popular
errors concerning them, and defines the terms used. A bibliography of 19 titles
and an index are included.
The investigations show that none of the amphibians of Pennsylvania are
injurious or harmful in any way but that on the other hand they are often very
useful destroyers of insect pests, snails, and slugs, and some are valuable be-
cause of their edible flesh. Others are of value as bait for fish and as food for
fish and birds.
Bibliography of Canadian zoology for 1912, L. M. Lambe {Proc. and Trans.
Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. ser., 7 (1913), Sect. IV, pp. 187-199) .—Thin annotated list
covers the literature exclusive of entomology.
Bibliography of Canadian entomology for 1912, C. G. Hewitt (Proc. and
Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. ser., 7 (1913), Sect. 17, pp. 161-173).— One hun-
dred and tweuty-one titles are listed in this annotated bibliography.
Eleventh annual report of the state entomologist of Montana, R. A. Cooley
{Montana Sta. Bui. 98 {1914), PP- 121-136, fig. 1). — This report consists of con-
cise accounts of the occurrence of the more important pests in Montana during
1913, with the texts of the state laws relating to plant quarantine and the
establishment of a state board of entomology.
Insect pests in 1912, R. S. MacDougall {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc.
Scot., 5. ser., 25 {1913), pp. 192-208. figs. S).— This is the author's annual report
on the occurrence of the more important insect pests during the year and con-
tinues previous work (E. S. R., 27, p. 552).
Insect pests in 1913, R. S. MacDouoall (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc.
Scot., 5. ser., 26 (1914), pp. 170-187, figs. 15). — The author's annual report on
the occurrence of the more important insect pests, in continuation of that above
noted.
The principal insect pests of fi.eld crops in European Russia for the last
twenty years, X. M. Kulagin (Ezheg. Dept. Zeml. [Russia], 1913, pp. 585-638,
pi. 1; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 4, pp. 201, 202).— The author
reviews in this article the appearance and distribution of and damage done by
the principal insect enemies of field crops for the past 20 years in Russia,
together with the more important measures for combating them.
List of pests of alfalfa, E. M. Vassiliev (Khoziaistvo, No. 16-17 (1913), pp.
8; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 12, pp. 526, 527).— A list of
pests arranged by orders.
First supplement to the list of animal pests of alfalfa, E. M. Vassiliev
(Khozfaistvo, No. 6 (1914), pp. 189-193; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914)^ Ser.
A, No. 4, pp. 262, 265).— This lists ndditional oucniies of alfalfa and supple-
ments that noted above.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 649
The imported cabbage worm and the cabbage aphis, J. R. Pabkee (Mon-
tana Sta. Cite. 28 (1913), pp. 9-24, fiys. 12). — This circular consists of a general
account of these pests and means for their control.
African cotton pests, F. Zacher {AVb. K. Biol. Anst. Land. n. Forstw., 9
{1913), No. 1, pp. 121-230, figs. S3; abs. in Rev. Appl. Eni., 2 (1914), Ser. A,
No. 1, pp. 1, 2). — The insect enemies of cotton in Africa and remedial measures
are described at considerable length.
Insect enemies of lettuce, P. Noel (Bui. Lai). Regional Eni. Agr. \_Rouen'],
^0. 4 (1913), pp. 4-6). — The author lists 50 enemies of lettuce.
Animal enemies of the sugar beet in 1913, A. Stift (Bl. Zuckerriibenbau,
21 (1914), Nos. 4, pp. 60-64; 5, pp. 12-13). — This is a summarized account with
references to the literature of the year.
Tree crickets injurious to orchard and garden fruits, P. J. Parrott and
B. B. Fulton {New York State Sta. Bui. 388 (1914), pp. 417-641, pis. 10, figs.
9). — This is a detailed report of studies, data relating to which have been
previously notetl (E. S. R., 29, p. 354).
It is stated that the more common and injurious species of tree crickets in
plantings of garden and tree fruits in New York are the snowy tree cricket
(CEcanthus nivcus), the narrow-winged tree cricket (0. anyustipennis), and the
striped tree cricket (0. nigricornis). While these species display great simi-
larity hi extei'ual appearance, they show marked differences in habits and eco-
nomic status. During their early nymphal existence they possess pronounced
predaceous habits, but as they approach maturity they exhibit phytophagous
and mycophagous tendencies, subsisting on floral organs, foliage, fruit, and
minute fungi. The eggs are deposited during the latter jiart of August and
throughout September and hatch during early June; 5 nymphal instars are
passed and the adults make their appearance in August.
The snowy tree cricket oviposits in a great variety of plants, most abundantly
in the apple, plum, and cherry, and somewhat commonly in raspberry and
walnut. The eggs are deposited singly in soft, fleshy bark. On the raspberry
oviposition takes place in the fleshy area at the side of the bud in the axils of
the leaves, and usually there is not more than one egg on each side of a bud.
Microscopical examinations of the crop contents have shown that the San Jose
scale may, under certain conditions, form a large part of the diet of this cricket.
It has also been observed to eat holes in raspberry and apple leaves and is
reputed to attack ripening fruits. It derives its reputation as an orchard pest
chiefly from the occurrence of diseased areas about wounds in the bark of
apple trees. The areas of infection in their external appearance and effects
resemble superficially certain stages of the common apple cankers. Cultui-al
and microscopical studies indicate that in 1913 a fungus (Lept o splicer ia eonio-
thyrium) was in a majority of cases the infecting organism.
The narrow-winged tree cricket has feeding habits similar to the snowy tree
cricket. It is said to be common in apple orchards and has been observed in
considerable numbers on alders and scrub and bur oaks. As with 0. niveus
various disorders of bark may attend oviposition in apple trees.
The striped tree cricket, unlike the other two, prefers plants which have a
central pith surrounded by a woody outer layer in which to oviposit. Oviposi-
tion occurs in many plants, but the eggs are deposited most abundantly in the
raspberry and blackberry, Erigeron canadensis, and the larger species of
Solidago. The eggs are placed in a series, forming a single row in the current
year's growth, and with raspberries have ranged in number from 2 to 80 or
more eggs in a row. It feeds on anthers and petals of flowers, raspberry
leaves, and fruit. Leaf tissues, fungus mycelium, and spores constituted a
large part of the crop contents of a number of specimens that were examined.
650 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
It has attained its standing as a destructive pest because of its injurious work
on the raspberry and blackberry. The injuries arise from the long series of
punctures which it produces in canes during the process of egg laying. As a
result of the rupturing of woody tissues the cane splits at the point of injury
and becomes so weakened that it eventually breaks down from the weight of
the upper growth or from twisting by the wind.
These tree crickets have a number of natural enemies, the more common
and eflacient being egg parasites of which there are S species. These include 3
chalcidoids and 5 species of proctotrupoids, namely, MacroriJcya cecanthi,
Anastatiis (Antigaster) mira'biUs, Polyncma hifasciatipenne, Teleas (?), Calo-
teleia sp., Baryconus cecanthi, Caciis oecanthi, and Idris sp. Of the three species
discussed 0. nigrieornis appears to be the most subject to parasitism.
In regard to preventive and remedial measures it is stated that cultivation
to destroy foreign vegetation, as weeds and brush, about and in plantings of
fruit, and to keep the ground about trees and vines clean is an efficient meas-
ure for the prevention of damage. "While the susceptibility of these insects
to arsenicals has not been conclusively demonstrated it is believed that the
numbers of the tree crickets are reduced by summer applications of these
poisons. Raspberry canes showing extensive oviposition should be removed in
the course of winter and spring pruning and burned to destroy the eggs con-
tained in them.
Tree crickets of garden and orchard, F. H. Hall (New York State Sta. Bid.
388, popular ed. {1914), PP- 8, pU. 4> fiff^- 3)- — A popular edition of the above.
The Acridiidse of Minnesota, M. P. Somes (Minnesota Sta. Bui. 14I [1914),
pp. 7-100, pis. 4, figs. 11). — A synopsis of this order, with tables for the sepa-
ration of the forms described as occurring in Minnesota. A brief bibliography
is appended.
The tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis), C. R. Crosby and ^I. D. Leonard
{Neic York Cornell Sta. Bid. 346 {1914), pp. 463-526, pis. 6, figs, fl).— This sum-
marized account of the present knowledge of L. pratensis includes the results of
observations and experiments commenced by the authors in 1911. Some 50
plants are mentioned as being injured by this plant bug.
In New York as a rule the pest hibernates in the adult stage. Oviposition
was observed on August 10, 1898, by Slingerland, who found about 10 days to be
required for the incubation of the egg. Five uymphal stages are described and
illustrated. It is stated that Haseman (E. S. R., 29, p. 354) has found 25 to 30
days to be i-equired in September and October for the completion of the life
cycle, thus indicating that there are four or five annual generations. The insect
has but few natural enemies. The eggs, however, are destroyed to a slight
extent by the minute mymarid parasite Anagrus ovijentatus.
The greatest injury by this insect appears to be caused to peach nursery
stock. Nursery stock thus attacked presents a dwarfed and bushy appearance,
due to the killing of the terminal buds of both the laterals and the main shoot
by the feeding punctures of the adults in late June and early July. Observa-
tions which extended over the last two years show that only a very few tar-
nished plant bugs are to be found in the jieach blocks before the latter part of
June. In 1912 and again in 1913 about June 23 they suddenly increased in
numbers and within a week became extremely abundant. The injury to the
buds followed closely after the increase in the number of the insects. When
the tip has been punctured the leaves wilt, turn brown, and die; the bud also is
killed and further growth of the plant is prevented.
While this injury to peach nursery stock, known as peach stop-back, has been
ascribed to other causes experiments have shown that it is produced by the
tarnished plant bug. The fact that the injury may be produced by nymphs, as
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 651
experiments show, would iudicate that it is caused by feeding punctures. Tlie
fact tliat injury was not produced by needle punctures would suggest that in
feeding the insect injects some substance poisonous to plant tissue.
The losses occasioned to peach nursery stock are very great. The trees are
stunted and bushy and do not have a strong leader and must therefore be sold
as second or third class stock. It is stated that while these trees do not have
proper form nevertheless they are perfectly thrifty and in many cases are as
good for planting as those having a large, fully developed leader, if not better.
Control measures are discussed at length. It is stated, however, that the
control of this plant bug is still an unsolved problem. Most of the remedies
suggested are either inadequate to meet the demands of practical growers, un-
suited to the conditions under which the crop is grown, or impracticable in other
ways.
An extensive bibliography is appended.
Susceptibility to spraying' mixtures of hibernating- pear psylla adults and
their eggs, H. E. Hodgkiss {Xciv York State Sta. Bui. 381 (1914), pp. 389-418,
pis. 3, figs. 2). — Investigations of failures to control the psylla in pear orchards
led the station to inquire into the susceptibilities of hibernating adults and
their eggs to spray mixtures.
Studies of its seasonal history and habits have shown that the pear psylla
passes the winter as an adult and that it deposits its eggs in the spring within
a short period after its emergence from hibernating quarters. It was ob-
served to winter over on various fruit trees, such as apple, cherry, plum, and
peach, but the largest number was found to hibernate in the rough bark of
the pear tree. When mild weather prevailed the eggs were found to be largely
deposited within a few days after the emergence of the hibernating adults in
the spring. Oviposition continued for several weeks, especially if the weather
was variable, but usually most of the eggs were deposited before the last of
April. Some of the eggs were deposited on foliage, but it appeared that these
normally are comparatively few in numbers and result in little or no serious
infestation of the foliage.
The practice of clean culture and removal and destruction of the rough bark
left the psylla with few opportunities of escape from application of contact
mixtures. " Miscible oils, nicotin preparations, and soapy solutions were
effective sprays against the psylla adults. Homemade oil emulsions were less
satisfactory, which may have been owing to varying percentages of oil in the
mixtures, caused by im]>erfectly prepared emulsions.
" The best means of killing the flies is spraying during a period of warm
weather, preferably in November or December, or during March or early in
April. The most satisfactory mixture, from the standpoints of safety to fruit
and leaf buds and effectiveness against the insect, is 0.75 pt. of tobacco extract
(40 per cent nicotin) in 100 gal. of water to Avhich are added from 3 to 5 lbs.
of soap.
" Eggs about to hatch and newly emerged nymphs succumb to an application
of the lime-sulphur solution. By postponing the dormant treatment for the San
Jose scale until the blossom cluster-buds are beginning to separate at the tips,
very effective work can be done against the eggs. The lime-sulphur should
be used in the proportion of 1 gal. of the concentrate, 32° B., to 8 gal. of water.
In some tests of other contact sprays the miscible oils, oil emulsions, weak
dilutions of nicotin, and soapy solutions were of small value for the destruc-
tion of the eggs. Ova deposited on the twigs after the wood was thoroughly
sprayed with the lime-sulphur solution hatched, and the young nymphs were
not harmed through contact with the mateiMal on the bark of the trees. On
the other hand, the wash having considerable amounts of sediment (15:20:50
652 EXPERIMENT STATION HECOBD.
formula) was less destructive to the eggs, but the j'oung psyllas which hatched
for the mo-st part failed to reach the opeuing buds and these succumbed to
the action of the sediment which became attached to their bodies after leaving
the egg shells."
The pear psylla and its control, F. H. Hall (New York State Sta. Bui. 387,
popular ed. (1914), pp. 3-10, pi. 1, figs. 4). — A popular edition of the above.
Observations and experimental studies of the life cycle of the beet plant
louse (Aphis euonymi), A. Malaquin and A. Moiti^ (Compt. Rend. Acad. Set.
IParis], 158 {1914), No. 19, pp. 1371-1374)-— The authors find that the eggs of
A. euonymi deposited in the fall on the bean, an alternate host plant, have not
hatched notwithstanding that they hatched normally on Euonymus europeus,
the primary host plant, and that if the young which issue from eggs are experi-
mentally placed upon the leaves of the beet they do not attempt to feed thereon.
It is thought probable that in this migratory species the generation issuing
from the fecundated eggs is by heredity closely restricted to its primary host
plant, and that the adaptation to an alternate host plant becomes established
only in later generations.
Catalog'ue of the Lepidoptera Phalsense in the British Museum. — XII
and XIII, Catalogue of the Noctuidse in the collection of the British Mu-
seum, G. F. Hampson (London, 1913, vols. 12, pp. XIII-\-626, pis. 30, figs. 134;
13, pp. XlV-\-609, ph. 18, figs. 130).— Volume 12 of this work (E. S. R., 28. p.
856) catalogues the uoctuid subfamily Catocalinse and volume 13 the remainder
of the Catocalinse and the subfamilies Mominse and Phytometrinae.
The gipsy moth, J. Baksacq (Rev. Phytopath. Appl., 1 (1913), No. 5, pp.
70-73, figs. 2; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 12, p. -^Si).— This
article describes the ravages of the gipsy moth in the Crimea. The young
caterpillars are frequently parasitized by Apantcles fulvipes, A. solitaritis, A.
glovicratus, Prisloiitcrus vulncrator, Echinomyia fera, Tachina larvarum, and
T. rustica; the more mature caterpillars and pupje by Sarcopltaga affinis, 8.
albieeps, Parcxorista lucorum, Pimpla imtigaior, Rwselia aniiqua, Scotia
saturniw, Thcronia flavicans, and others of less importance.
The destruction of the leopard moth, P. Xokl (Bui. Lab. Regional Ent. Agr.
[Rouen^, No. 4 (1913), p. 14; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 10,
pp. 396, 397). — Injury to the cork oaks of the Massif de I'Edough in the Depart-
ment of Constantine is said to be chiefly due to Zeuzcra pyrina, which bur-
rows in the trunk and branches. This pest is thought to be the same as
Z. wsvuli since the habits of the two are identical.
Carbon bisulphid is said to have been used with success in Algeria against
the caterpillars of Z. pyrina, the liquid being injected into the gallery and the
opening stopped up with plaster or clay.
The sequoia pitch moth, a menace to pine in western Montana, J. Brunneb
(U. 8. Dept. Ayr. Bui. Ill (1914), PP- ^i> fiff^- 5).— The sequoia pitch moth (Ves-
pannnia sequoia) menaces the lodgepole pine timber in the area near and at
the divide between the Swan River and the Clearwater River in western
Montana, and is at present the most destructive insect pest in that region.
Roughly the area in which the insect is a very serious factor in forest destruc-
tion is about 12 miles square, or more than 90,000 acres.
Observations of the emergence of the adult show that the general llight of
the mature insects and oviposition occur between June 25 and July 15, the
greater number of them probably flying about July 10 and the flight and
oviposition being over by August 1. While the period required for the in-
cubation of the egg has not been determined, the injury to the newly infested
trees by the young larva? is quite perceptible by August 15 The larvae are
said to have attained considerable size by the time frost arrests their activity
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 653
about October 1. About 30 days are passed in the pupal stage. In sum-
marizing tbe life cycle, it is stated that larvpe hatching from the eggs de-
posited in June or July of one year develop into adults during the same mouths
two years later, thus making the generation biennial.
This moth is apparently little subject to the attack of either parasitic or
predaceous enemies. The attack of pine by Dendrocionus monticolw in the
Clearwater country is said to be nearly always fatal to the pitch moth since the
former kills the trees almost immediately, and without the flow of sap the
larvae of the moth can not survive.
While lodgepole pine is numerically the principal species of tree in the region
and, with the rare exception of the yellow pine, is the sijecies subject to attack
by the pitch moth, this moth attacks almost all kinds of conifers in other locali-
ties within its range. The infested trees are readily located by the never-absent
pitch exudation over the tunnel of the larva. They are attacked at the extreme
base, and the exuding pitch flows out from the tree not infrequently a distance
of 10 or 12 in. upon the humus which covers the ground.
The larva begins its mine in a crevice in the bark where the egg was de-
posited, then proceeds thi-ough the outer layers until it reaches the cambium.
Close to the wood it begins to construct a transverse mine running in both
directions from where it entered. It widens this tunnel at the center, thereby
causing the appearance of a central chamber. In small trees the mine is always
practically straight across the grain of the wood. A count made of the annual
rings and measm-ements on a tree which was considered to be a fair example
of the general injury in the area brought out the fact that during the first 41
years of its life and normal health it added annually about i in. to its diam-
eter, while it added only about h in. annually during the 23 years it had been
infested by the pitch moth.
The author finds that the peculiar results of the work of this pest are the
chief and primary contributing cause of the frequency and possibly continuity
of fire damage to forest growth in this area. There is said to be only one way
to reduce the insect and that is to destroy it while in its larval stage. By
September 1 all of the eggs which have not been lost have hatched, and the
young larvae have attained a size sufficient so that they can be seen and de-
stroyed. Killing the larvae outright or hand picking is said to be the only
method of reducing the number of this pest.
The peach tip moth, W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Qaz. N. 8. Wales, 25 {19 H), No.
5, pp. 41s, -'il-'i, pis. S). — This article relates to an undetermined tortricid, the
larvae of which were first observed four or five years ago in the vicinity of Syd-
ney. It burrows into the side of the tips and by eating its way downward
causes the terminal leaves of peach and nectarine trees to die back and the
top of the injured twigs to gum. " Later on in the season it was found that a
large percentage of the fruit was marked with several blotches, covered with ex-
uding gum, under which some insect had gnawed through the skin. . . . The
damage done to the surface of the fruit is more serious than that to the twigs,
for it causes large scar^ to form before the fruit is ripe." The insects also bore
distinct circular holes and gnaw irregular tuunels through the tissue of quinces
and apples, bnt do not work into the center for the core like the codling moth.
Experiments in the destruction of fly larvae in horse manure, F. C. Cook,
R. H. Hutchison, and F. M. Scales {U. S. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 118 (1914), pp. 26,
pis. 4)- — This bulletin presents the results of experiments carried on at Arling-
ton, Va., and Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., by the Bureaus of Entomology,
Chemistry, and Plant Industry of this Department working in cooperation.
654 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Of 17 substances experimented with but two, namely, borax and calcined
colemanite, gave satisfactory results. Borax in the commercial form in whicli
it is available throughout the country was found to be by far the most effective,
economical, and practical. It increases the water-soluble nitrogen, ammonia,
and alkalinity of manure and apparently does not permanently injure the
bacterial flora. The application of manure treated with borax at the rate of
0.62 lb. per 8 bu. or 10 cu. ft. to soil does not injure the plants thus far tested,
although its cumulative effect, if any, has not been determined. It is recom-
mended, however, that not more tlian 15 tons per acre of the borax-treated
manure should be applied to the field.
In treating manure with borax to kill fly eggs and maggots it is recommended
that 0.62 lb. of borax or 0.75 lb. of calcined colemanite be applied to every
10 cu, ft. of manure immediately on its removal from the barn. The borax
should be applied particularly around the outer edges of the pile with a flour
sifter or any fine sieve, and the borax-treated manure sprinkled with 2 or 3
gal. of water. "As the maggots congregate at the outer edges of the pile,
most of the borax should be applied there. The treatment should be repeated
with each addition of fresh manure, but when the manure is kept in closed
boxes less frequent applications will be sufficient. Where calcined colemanite
is available, it may be used at the rate of 0.75 lb. per 10 cu. ft. of manure,
and is a cheaper means of killing the maggots. In addition to the application
of borax to horse manure to kill fly larvae, it may be applied in the same pro-
portion to other manures, as well as to refuse and garbage. Borax may also
be applied to floors and crevices in barns, stables, markets, etc., as well as to
street sweepings, and water should be added as in the treatment of horse manure.
After estimating the amount of material to be treated and weighing the neces-
saiy amount of borax a measure may be used which will hold the proper amount,
thus avoiding subsequent weighings."
The estimated cost of treatment with borax at 5 to 6 cts. per pound in 100-lb.
lots is estimated at practically 1 ct. per horse per day. If calcined colemanite
is purchased in large shipments the cost should be considerably less.
A bibliography of 12 titles is appended.
[Eliminating a city's flies], J. Dawson (Sci. Amer., Ill (1914), A^o. 2, pp.
28. 29, 3Jf, figs. 9). — This is an account of the campaign against the house fly in
Cleveland, Ohio.
Flies and diarrheal disease, D. B. Armstrong (N. Y. Assoc. Improving Con-
dition Poor Pub. 79 U9U], pp. 29, pis. 3, figs. 3).— This reports investigations
of the Bureau of Public Health and Hygiene of the Department of Social Welfare.
Although the work, which was carried on in New York City, is not considered
sufficiently extended for general deductions, it is interesting and suggestive.
There was apparently a marked reduction in the amount of diarrheal diseases
in the area protected from flies as compared with similar unprotected areas.
Control of cabbage maggot on early cabbage, F. H. Hall (New York State
Sta. Bui. 382, popular cd. (1914), pp. 3-12. figs. 9).— A popular edition of the
bulletin previously noted (E. S. R.. 31. p. 352).
The chief remedies against the larvae and adults of Lema melanopus, a
pest of summer-sown grain, E. M. Vassiliev (Trudy Opytn. Ent. StantsU
rseross. Obshcfi. Sakh. Zavod. [Kic-v], 1912, pp. 1, 2; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent.,
1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 12, p. 479). — During 1910-11 the adult and immature
stages of L. melanoiins are said to have injured oats and barley and summer-
sown wheat in tlie Government of Kharkof.
Bothynoderes punctiventris and methods of fighting it. Y. Pospielov
( Sveklovichnyi Dolfjonosik i Miery Bor'hy s Nim. St. Petershunj: Glar. Uprav.
Zemleustroistva i Zeml., Dept. Zeml., 1913, 2. ed., pp. 116, pis. 3, figs. S; rev.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 655
in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 3, pp. 177-180).— A beetle, B. puncti-
ventris, is said to be one of the most pennanent and serious pests of sugar
beets, occurring from Austria-Hungary to Caucasia and tlie southern part of
Siberia, The author giA-es a list of 25 species of Curculionidse which he ob-
served from 1903 to 1905 in beet plantations in Kief, of which 14 species are
recorded for the first time from the beet.
Dendrolimus pini and D. segregatus, their life history, injurious activities,
and methods of fighting them, I. V. Vassiliev (Trudy Biuro Ent. {St. Pe-
tersb.'], vol. 5, No. 7, 2. enl. ed. (1913), pp. 99, pis. 2, figs. 34; abs. in Rev. Appl.
Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 4, pp. 220-223).— A detailed discussion of the biology
and means of controlling these forest pests.
The alfalfa weevil, R. A. Cooley (Montana Sta. Circ. 35 (1914), PP- 191-206.
figs. 24). — A general account of this pest which occurs in Utah, Idaho, and
Wyoming but has not as yet appeared in Montana.
Birds in relation to the alfalfa weevil, E. E. Kalmbach (TJ. »S'. Dept. Agr.
Bui. 107 (1914), pp. 64, pis. 5, figs. 3).— This bulletin dealing with the food
habits and economic status of birds, and of the toad, frog, and a few other
vertebrate enemies of the alfalfa weevil is based upon investigations carried
on from May 8 to July 25. 1911, and fi-om April 1 to August 15, 1912. In the
course of the two seasons' work 45 species of birds were found to have eaten
the pest, all of which are briefly discussed by the author.
The English sparrow was found to be a most effective enemy of the pest,
this being particularly true of nestling birds in May and June. In view, how-
ever, of the ability of the bird to do serious damage to standing grain and to
take heavy toll from the farmers' chicken feed, the author states that he can
not recommend legal protection for this species.
The investigation is said to verify the statement frequently made that the
abundance of an insect, and consequently the ease with which it may be se-
cured, are important factors governing the food habits of birds. The ground-
feeding birds come into most intimate contact with the alfalfa weevil but birds
which feed on the wing may secure the insect at the time of its spring and
summer flights; and such species as search for their food over trunks of trees
may come into contact with a few hibernating adults. Over much of the tei*ri-
tory covered by the author the bird enemies of the weevil have learned to
search for the insect as a food in the comparatively short period of four or five
years, a fact which makes the large proportion of this food eaten by some
species the more remarkable.
It is stated that with the exception of a fungus disease, which in soma
localities destroyed large numbers of the pupje, there probably was at the close
of 1912 no other natural agency which had done more in controlling the alfalfa
weevil than the native birds. The valley quail (Lophortyx caUfoniica vatli-
cola) is said to be deserving of additional legal protection for a short period
at least.
Egg laying of the rice weevil, Calandra oryzee, F. H. Lathrop (Ohio Nat..
14 (1914), ^0. 7, pp. 321-327. figs. 5).— A descriptive account.
Psalidium maxillosum in the Government of Podolia on transplanted
seedlings, E. M. Yassiliev (Trudy Opytn. Ent. StantsU Vseross. Obshch. Sakh.
Zavod. [Kiev']. 1912, pp. 3-6; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), 8er. A, No. 12,
p. 478). — The curculionid weevils P. maxillosum and Tanymecus palliatus are a
source of injury to beets and the former to vine seedlings in the Government
of Podolia.
Brood diseases of bees, F. C. Fellett (lloica] State Bee Insp. Bui. 3 (1914),
pp. 12, figs. 4)- — A summarized account of the more important brood diseases.
64822°— No. 7—14 5
G56 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.
The manioc ant (OEcodoma cephalotes), G. Dkvkz [Agroti. Colon.. 1 {191S),
Nos. 5, pp. 129-135; 6, pp. 16-',-17Ji, fig. 1; 1 (i9i.'/), Nos. 7', pp. 13--1S; 8, pp.
^2-51, pi. 1; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {19U), Ser. A. No. J,, pp. 223-225).—
A report of studies in (iuianji of lliis leaf-cutting jint and its destruction by
means of sulphur dJoxid.
A revision of the IchneunionidtB based on the collection in the British
Museum (Natural History), C. Morley {London, Wllf, pt. 3, pp. XIII -{-lJf8,
pi. 1). — This third part of the work previously noted (E. S. R.. 30, p. 59) deals
with the tribes Piniplides and Bassides.
A first contribution to a catalogue of the zoocecidia of Switzerland, M.
MoKEixLON {Bui. Soc. Taud. Sci. Xat., 5. ser., ^9 {1913). Xo. i.s7, pp. 251-286).—
This catalogue is arraugetl according to host plants.
A case of tick bite followed by widespread transitory muscular paralysis,
B. M. Eaton {Austral. Med. Go.::, 3S {IIUS). Xo. 11, pp. S91-S9.'f; ahs. in Jour.
Trop. Med. and Uyg. [Lando/j], 16 {1913), No. 12, pp. 188, 189).— This article
relates to a transitory muscular paralysis in a child of 4* years, apparently
caused by Ixodes rieinus or /. holocgclus.
The predaceous mite, Pediculoides ventricosus, F. C. Willcocks {Agr.
Jour. Egypf, h {1914), Xo. 1, pp. 31-5.i, pi. 1). — This paper deals with P. ventri-
cosus, which has been found to be a parasite of the pink cotton bollworm in
Egypt, and also discusses its relation to the outbreak of a sui)posed skin dis-
ease among laborers engaged in handling cargoes of Egyi»tian cotton seed at
the Ivoudon docks and at a Colchester oil mill. It is stated that so far as
known P. ventricosus was first discovered in Egyjtt at Zagazig in 1908 on the
pujia of a buprestid beetle {Sphenoptcra triiipino!«!). Tlie juito was first ob-
served as a pai'asito of the pink bollworm in cotton seed obtained from Alex-
andria In 1913.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.
Concerning bouillon cubes, seasonings, and meat extract, II, K. MicKO
(Zlschr. Vntersuch. Xahr. u. denussmtl., 21 {19t^), Xo. 1, pp. .',89-502) .—The
results of the examination of a large number of samples are presented and
discussed.
.See also a previous note (E. S. II.. 30. j). 2")").
A note on soup cubes, E. Remy {Pharm. ZrutralhaUc, 54 {1913), Xo. ^8. pp.
1238-12J,0; abs. in Chcin. ZcnthL, 191/,, I, Xo. 2, p. /7.'/).— Data regarding the
composition of commercial soup cubes are reported.
Concerning fish milt and fish roe (caviar), J. Konig and J. Grossfeld
{Ztsehr. Vntersuch. Xahr. u. Genussnitl, 21 {1914), Xo. 1, pp. 502-520) .—The
results of special studies of the protein, fat, ash. and aoid content are reiwrted,
the analytical methods followed being described.
Canned snails (Pure Products, 10 {191',), Xo. 5, p. 2J,.',). — Data are given
regarding the production and marketing of edible snails, fresh and canned.
Food value of milk and its products, R. Harcourt {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui.
221 {191.',), pp. 20). — In this discussion of milk and milk products recipes are
given for cheese dishes, and also data regarding their relative cost as sources
of protein and energy in comparison with meat dishes.
Ice cream, A. McGill {Lab. Inland licr. Depi. Canada Bui. 276 {191.',), pp.
15). — Of the collection of samples examined, 77 were found genuine, 49 adul-
teratwl. 8 slightly below standard, and 1 sild as imitation.
The importance of Indian corn for the Colonies and for Germany as a
cheap and good foodstuff, O. Rammstedt {Tropeni)fi.anzer, 18 {1914). Xo. 4,
pp. 201-214). — The importance of Indian corn as a foodstuff is pointed out in
this summary of data, which includes the results of the author's own work.
FOODS IJUMAX XUTRITIOX. 657
The chemistry of bread making, J. Grant (Loudon, J 912, pp. VIII +224,
pgs. JfH). — This voluiue deals with the application of science to the bread mak-
ing industry and is designeil as a guide for students in bread making. The
atmosphere, water, acids, alkalis, and salts are consideretl in relation to baking,
as well as bakery physics, cereals and their cliaracter and composition, milling,
ferments, yeasts, etc.. bread making processes, antiseptics and bakehouse
liygiene, fuels and ovens, cereal foods, and some related topics. A bibliography
is appended and an index is ])rovided.
So-called chestnut bllg-ht poisoning, G. P. Clinton (Vonnccticut State Sta.
Rpt. J9JJf, pt. 1, pp. 30-42). — Since a number of cases of illness and a few
deaths attributed to eating chestnuts from blighted trees have been reported in
the public press, an investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not
♦ lie blight fungus was poisonous and tbus responsible for such trouble as had
been implied.
According to the author's conclusions, the investigations showed that there
may have been some relation between the illness of at least some of the persons
and the eating of chestnuts. The illness might have been duo "to overeating
or to the eating of immature or partially germinated chestnuts, or to the age
and physical couditiou of the persons who were made sick, or to a combination
of these factors.
•'On the other hand, there was no evidence discovered that the blight fungus
or other fungi were directly connected with tlie sickness, since experimental
feeding of white rats with these fungi failed to produce any injurious effects.
Small amounts of pure cultures of the blight were also eaten by the writer
without ill effect.
"The only connection the blight could have with such sickness would be
indirect, the trees being so injured thereby as to produce a greater projjortion
than us»)al of nuts not perfectly matured which possibly contained some self-
produced poisonous principle ; but even this supposition does not seem very
probable."
Supposed poisonous properties of chestnuts grown on trees affected with
chestnut blight, C. D. Marsh {Jour. Auier. Med. Assoc, 63 {1914), ^'o. 1, pp.
SO, 31). — Investigation of reported cases of poisoning from eating chestnuts
collected from trees affected by the chestnut blight gave no evidence that the
nuts collected from such trees have any more deleterious properties than chest-
nuts collected from healthy trees. The symptoms attributed to eating blighted
chestnuts were in almost all cases such as might be produced in some persojxs
by chestnuts from healthy trees. Chemical examinations, as the author states,
and laboratory exi'teriments in feeding the whole fruit and in the use of extracts
failed to show any toxic properties in the nuts.
Bromin compounds in table salts, L. Chexle {Bui. Hoc. Phann. Bordeaux,
54 {1914), No. 1, pp. 19-24; ol)S. in ZentU. Biochem. u. Biophys., 16 {1914),
No. 15-16, p. 592). — A number of salts of different origin were examined aud
all contained bromin. From his investigations, the author concludes that the
quantity of bromin absorbed with the food is probably sufficient to account for
the amount normally contained in the urine.
[rood analyses and other pure food and drug topics], E. F. Ladd aud
Alma K. Johnson {Nortli Dakota Sta. Spec. BuL, 3 {1914), Nos. 3, pp. 17-40;
4, pp. 41-56; 6, pp. 73-88; 7, pp. 89-104). — The first of these bulletins discusses
general questions connected with the state pure food supply; gives some data
regarding a test with a commercial " hog cholera specific," which indicate that
"it is not a cure or preventive for hog cholera " ; records the data obtained in
inspections of groceiy stores and meat markets; aud gives a li.'jt of beverage
registrations for 1914.
658 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.
The second bulletin discusses macaroni and other food topics ; reports results
of examination of a number of drug products, proprietary remedies, and food
products; gives data regarding inspection of slaughterhouses; and lists the
beverages registered.
The third of these bulletins discusses macaroni and noodles, sausage frauds,
bouillon cubes, and other pure food and drug topics; gives data regarding
beverages registered and registrations canceled; gives the results of examina-
tions of miscellaneous samples of food, beverages, rubber products, and
damaged flax seed. Papers by C. P. Guthrie on camjihor liniment (.see p. 676)
and by W. L. Stockham, entitled The Color of Flour from North Dakota
Wheat Varieties, are also included.
According to the latter author, few factors are of more importance from the
standpoint of possible improvement through blending, or breeding the improved
types of wheat, than the natural characteristics of color possessed by the
different varieties. The ideal color for bread would probably be slightly
creamy. In considering the influence of enviroment on this natural color, the
probable changes which occur in storage are taken into account. Wheat kept
in storage and milled at intervals for the last few year.s "produced at first a
creamy loaf. It is now approaching the gray to such an extent as to score
lower in color. Changes take place much more rapidly in the flour than in the
wheat, especially in a warm, moist atmosphere."
The author notes further that "the process of bleaching which was quite
generally practiced until the last few years, has been claimed to produce
changes similar to aging. The flour so treated became a lighter cream in
color and gradually went over into a gray on standing, this grayness being
more pronounced with the lower grades, as they contained more of the outside
portion of the wheat, dirt, etc." He gives the results obtained in judging the
color of a number of different varieties of the Fife, Bluestem. and Velvet Chaff
wheats, and concludes that a slightly creamy color is preferable for a standard
blend and that the breeder should select wheat of that type. " The Bluestem
and Velvet Chaff flour mixed with the Fife, Marquis, and Ghirka, which are
liable to go to the gray, should raise the standard of all."
The last of these bulletins discusses the use of snuff and the evil effects
attending it; the coating of coffee; gives data regarding the examination of a
proprietary remedy, and regarding the insi)ection of bakeries and confectionery
stores; and reports beverage registrations and gives results obtained in the
examination of samples of miscellaneous foods and beverages. A brief paper,
Varnish Talk, by R. W. Darner, is also included.
[Food analyses and other pure food and drug topics], E. F. Ladd and
Alma K. Johnson (yorth Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., S {19W, No. 5, pp. 57-72).—
This bulletin discusses hog cholera nostrums, patent or proprietary medicines,
reports beverage registrations, and gives results of examination of n number
nf samples of foods, beverages, and water.
The bulletin also includes a paper. Investigation of Commercial Condensed
Soups, by L. A. Congdon. which reports analyses of many samples. According
to the author's conclusions, the principal constituents found in condensecl
bouillons were " salt and water with some extractive of beef and added spices."
The principal constituents of celery soup were found to be "celery paste,
salt, small amount of butter, spices and water [with the exception of one
sample] which was composed principally of starch (probably wheat), with
small amount of celery seed as flavor, salt, and water."
The condensed tomato soups "were made principally of tomato pulp, spices
such as paprika, etc., salt, sugar and water."
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITIOK. 659
The condensed vegetable soups were variable iu their constituents; "the
majority of those analyzed contained lAma beans, liidney beans, tomato pulp,
barley, parsnips, carrots, peas, celery, parsley, spices, salt, water, with an
extraction of a beef soup bone."
" In regard to the condensed beef soups, the principal ingredient found was
vegetable matter, mostly in the form of boiled barley. This soup might better
be named vegetable and beef soup. In regard to the condensed chicken soups,
the principal ingredients found were rice and salt water. A compound of this
kind whose chief iugre<lients are rice and salt water can hardly be classed
as ' condensed chicken soup,' but might more properly be called ' rice chicken
soup' or 'rice soui>— chicken flavor.' The principal ingredients of chicken
gumbo soup were boiled rice, small amount of other vegetables, and in one
case a small amount of corn beef and chicken." Similar soups were also found
to contain small quantities of meat substance in proportion to other constituents.
" Consomme was found to be a water-salt solution of meat extractive. Clam
broth in all cases was a water-salt solution of clam extractive. In clam
chowder, beside a small amount of clams, the chief ingredient was found to be
boiled potatoes and some onions with some incorporated water. Pea sou]> in
all cases was found to be principally composed of mashed i)eas with salt and
spices."
Fourteenth annual report on food adulteration under the -pure food law,
W. M. AiXEN, E. W. Thornton, and C. E. Belt. (Bnl N. G. Dept. Affr., 34
{1913), No. 12, pp. 112). — Under the provisions of the state law a number of
samples of miscellaneous food products were examined, and are here reported
upon.
The department of food sanitation and distribution, Dora E. Wheeler
{Women's Munic. League Boston Bui., 5 {1914), Xo. .'>. pp. 54— ')6). — A progress
report, with an outline of plans for future work.
The influence of low temperatures upon the decomposition of foods, H.
KiJHL {Hyg. Rundschau, 23 {1913), No. 17, pp. 1025-1028; aOs. in Chcin. ZentU.,
1914, I, ^0. 2, p. 173). — The relation of ferments to the changes brought about
in milk, meat, and fish during storage is considered.
According to the author, meat and fish exhibit marked differences with refer-
ence to the character of the changes bi'ought about by autolytic processes. In
the case of meat, these result in " ripening " and ai-e desirable, whereas in the
case of fish they are undesirable, the fish becoming unfit for food. Fish are
therefore frozen for storage instead of kept at a low temperature above the
freezing point.
One reason why canned goods should be dated, J. T. Seidel {Pure Products,
10 {1914), ^0. 5, pp. 227-231). — In this summary of data the author points out
that the tin content of canned goods increases with age and therefore goods
should be dated.
[Food and its cost at] the Garland School of Home Making {Half Yearly
Rpt. Garland School Home House 1913-14, Oct,-Feh., pp. 11). — Resident pupils
act in turn as housekeepers at this home house, located in Boston, Mass.
The system of management followed is described and its statement of income
and disbursements given. The total number of meals served was 2,595. at an
average cost of 16 cts. per person per meal.
Cost of living- in New Jersey {Ann. Rpt. Bur. Statis. Lahor and Indus. N. J.,
36 {1913), pp. 153-164). — Information is summarized regarding the retail
prices of a selected list of food supplies.
" Since 1898. a period of 15 j^ears. the average annual wages or earnings of
factory and workshop employees in New Jersey show an advance of 26.9 per
cent while food prices as represented by 43 articles are shown to have ad-
vanced 27.7 per cent."
660 EXPEBIMEXT STATION RECORD.
Infant mortality. — [Care of children] i,li^t. Bd. Health Wis., iiJf (1911-1^),
pp. 12Jf-130). — Feeding, care of milk, clothing, and related topics are considered
in this summary of statistical and other data.
A bulletin on the baby (Bd. Health Ala. [Bui.], 1913, pp. 8). — Infant feeding
Is one of the subjects discussed in this publication.
School lunches in Philadelphia (School Lunch Com. Home and School League
Ann. Rpt., 2 (1912-13), pp. 21, pi. 1, flffs. J). — Standard.s in school lunch admin-
istration, the organization and administration of work, and the business and
psychology of the school lunch are the subjects included in this report, together
with a contribution to the bibliography of the subject.
As shown by the data collected with reference to serving cost and food cost, Ir
appears that " the cost of food is largely determined by the number of children
served. The cost of service is mainly affected by the way in which the food is
served. It costs less to serve 600 in one place once thaii it does to serve 100 in
six places or at six times. It costs less to serve food as purchased than when it
ref]uires cooking or special handling. Foods that may be stored cost less than
]ierishable goods. Allowing for such variations, the cost of serving may be put
down as between one-fourth and one-third of the total cost of food and service.
" The chai-ge to the children can be made to co^ er the cost of food and service
where the business is large enough and the control central and continuous.
Where responsibility for the managenient is divided between the school and a
private organization there is a loss of at least 15 per cent for service. In the
ease of elementally school lunches the cost of supervision can not be made
chargeable to the receipts from the childi'en, for the value of supervision is
priuiiirily educational and is properly charged :igainst the public fund for
education.
" It is not so easy to measure the degree to which attendance on the lunches
is affected by the approval of the teaching staff. A few words from the teacher
will do much to make a new dish popular or unpopular.
"As business increases and steadies, it is possible to get for the same money
food of better quality and a greater quantity. This is because large quantities
can be bought at once and advantage taken of advance-order prices. . . .
" The initial cost of movable equipment is about 10 cts. per child, ... de-
teriorating at the rate of 20 per cent per year. It consists of cooking and serv-
ing utensils. This cost is kept down by having children served in relays and
the dishes washtxl between servings. It is also kept down by the fact that not
all the food sold requires serving dishes; for example, crackers.
" The fixed etiuipment, such as gas stoves, sink, closets and tables, is j)er-
manent, and no special fund need be set aside for its renewal. . . .
" The cost of supervision varies inversely with the numbers servetl. In the
high schools, where lai'ge numbei's are served under public control and where
portions are based on 3-ct. units, $1 out of every $9 spent goes to supervision.
In the elementary schools, Avhere there are fewer lunches served, and where
control is divided between the s<'hool and private committees, $1 in every $«
goes to .supervision."
Is cooking' an errorP (Lancet [London], 191Jt, I, No. 12, pp. 841, 8^2). — A
discussion of the general question of the destruction of vitamins by heat.
Cooking and vitamins, L. Hill (Lancet [London], 191^, I. No. 14, p. 1002,
fig^ ^). — In a communication in reply to the question i*aised in the above article,
the author summarizes some data (including his own experimental work with
pigeons), regarding vitamins, substances which occur in small amounts In a
number of foodstuffs and which are necessary, " some for nutrition and others
for growth."
FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 661
"These," lie states, "by processes of milliug and canniug food . . . are ofteu
removed or destroyed. Thus they are removed iu the polishing of rice and iu
the preparation of white flour. Vitamins are soluble in water and may be re-
moved if food is stewed and the liquor thrown away. Those separated from
rice polishiugs are destroyed by heating to 120° C. and diminished by boil-
ing. . . . Those present in whole meal wheat flour are not destroyed by bak-
ing. . . . The vitamins which prevent scurvy are not desti-oyed by boiling. . . .
The addition of a very little milk to white bread, either boiled or raw, makes
the latter a sufficient food. ... So far as the evidence goes, then, the vitamins
present in milk are not destroyed by boiling, and there is no objection on this
ground to the sterilization of milk for infant feeding. . . .
"The question of white bread does not concern the well-to-do, who get their
supply of vitamins from milk, eggs, fresh vegetables, etc., but it is of vital
matter to the children of the very poor brought up on white bread, margarin,
and tea. For them whole meal bread is essential."
Variations of the food and body weight under the action of solar rays in
different seasons — nutrition by heat, .M. ui: Lakoqlkttk (Coutpt. Rrnd. Acad,
fici. {Parl.s'\, 158 (1914), -Vo. S, pp. 586-588). — In these experiments, which ex-
tended <j\er a period of one year, the body weiglit and food consumption were
observetl daily in the case of three rabbits exposed in glass cages to the heat of
the suu. Each rabbit received a constant daily ration of 100 gm. of green
vegetables, which was always eaten, and a ration of oats, of which the amount
eaten depended upon the appetite of the animal.
The average amount of oats eaten varied inversely with the intensity of the
sun's rays. The amount consumed per KK) gm. of body weight was api)roxi-
mately 4 gm. in winter, with a minimum temperature of 1.5° C. (59° F.) ; .3 gm.
in the spring and fall, with a minimum temperature of 22° ; and only about
2 gm. in the summer, with a minimum temperature of 30°.
From the fact that the body weight of the animals increa.sed during the
spring when there was a decrease in the amount of food consumed, and that the
loss in body weight during the summer was not proportional to the decrease in
the amount of food consumed, the author concludes that there is a certain
absorption and utilization of the energy from the sun's rays in the case of
animals as well as plants. In support of this view, he states that in the case
of natives of hot countries whose more or less naked bodies are exposed to the
sun's rays for a greater part of the day the fuel value of the diet is low. lie
cites also the beneficial results obtained by sun baths in treatment of certain
cases of malnutx'ition, especially gout and obesity. [The author has apparently
disregarded the effect of external temperature upon metabolism.]
The economy of foods possible by increase of surrounding temperature, L.
Lapicque {Compt. Rend. Acad. Scl. [Paris], 158 {19U), A'o. 10, pp. 732-734).—
A critical discussion of the above article.
The efiEects of protein starvation and feeding on the amino acid content
of the tissues, D. D. Van Si.yke and M. M. Gustave ( Proc. -S'oc. Expt. Biol,
and Med., 11 (1913), No. 1, p. 25). — Neither protein hunger nor high protein
feeding influenced the amino acid content of the tissues.
" Nitrogen retained as the result of high protein feeding is not iu the form of
stored digestion products, but rather as body protein.
" The free amino acids of the tissues can originate not only from the food,
but also from autolyzing tissues, as the latter are the only apparent source from
which the amino acid supply can be maintained during starvation."
Protein metabolism from the standpoint of blood and tissue analysis. —
VII, An interpretation of creatin and creatinin in relation to animal
metabolism, O. Folin and W. Denis {Jour. Biol. Vhern., 17 (1914), -Vo. ), pp.
662 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
493-502). — ^According to the authors, the creatinin figures recorded in connec-
tion with their experiments " clearly indicate that the creatinin does originate
in the muscles, since the preformed creatinin found in the muscles, small as it
is, is nevertheless invariably greater than the preformed creatinin found in the
blood. We have several other experiments in addition to those recorded in this
paper, all of which have yielded the same result.
"Another interesting fact . . . discovered in the course of these investigations
is that though the heart yields very much less creatin than do the striated mus-
cles, yet In nearly every case the heart contains more preformed creatinin
than is found in the striated muscles. . . . According to our point of view, the
figures simply indicate that the tissue metabolism in the heart is very much
more rapid than the tissue metabolism in the voluntary muscles.
" Our experiments have failed to show any creatinin formation out of the ad-
rainisterial creatin. There is a slight accumulation of creatinin in the blood
and a slight diminution of the creatinin in the muscles. It looks as if the unus-
ually large influx of creatin into the muscles tended to force out the creatinin,
but the variations are so small that we hesitate to attach much significance to
them, although we have observed the phenomenon many times. If correct, this
observation will help to explain the findings of those investigators who believe
that the administration of creatin is accompanied by a demonstrable increase
in the creatinin elimination."
See also previous work (E. 8. II., 2S, p. OG;")).
The secretory activity of stom^ach glands under the influence of Liebig's
extract, I, Z. Tomasewski (Zentbl. Physiol., 27 (WIS), No. 12-13, pp. 627-
630). — Experimental data are briefly reported in this preliminary account of
the author's investigations.
The conclusion was reached that the secretion of gastric juice was due to a
substance which could be extracted with ethyl or methyl alcohol from the
phosphotungstic acid precipitate of the meat extract and not to any mineral
matter which the extract contained. Atropin prevented the secretion. He
concludes, therefore, that the active body iu meat extract is probably an alkaloid
similar to muscarin. When meat is boiled the lecithin present is broken down,
yielding cholin, and this in turn is broken down, yielding the muscarin-like
substance. Experiments have also shown, it is stated, that extractive sub-
stances differ materially from the digestion products of protein, only the
former possessing the property of stimulating the intestinal secretions in this
way.
The effect of change iu diet on the carbon dioxid excretion of nursing
infants, K. Frank and A. Niemann (Charite Ann., 37 {1913), pp. 94-100; abs.
in Zentbl. Biochem. u. BiopJips., 16 {1914), No. 15-16, p. 531). — ^According to the
author, an increased carbon dioxid excretion was noticed iu changing from
breast feeding to artificial feeding. This is stated to be due to the increased
metabolism brought about by the larger amount of protein consumed.
Man a machine, J. O. De la Mettrie, tr.uis. Iiy Gertrude C. Bussey {Chi-
cago, 1912, pp. 6-{-216, pi. 1). — The author has made available for English
^ readers this work, published in the latter part of the eighteenth century. It
has to do chiefly with philosophical sjieculations. but is interesting historically
in the consideration of theories of body work. The text is supplemented by
philosophical and historical notes.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
The composition of crops and feeding stuffs, H. J. Vipond ( Union So. Africa
Dept. Agr. [Pub.], No. 1 {1914), pp. 29).— This treats of the nutritive require-
ments of animals as determined by Kelluer and others, and outlines possible
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 663
rations for the different classes of farm animals. There is included a table
giving the composition of farm feeding stuffs as determined by American, Eng-
lish, and South African analyses.
Tomato seeds for fodder (8ci. Amer., 110 {1914), No. 15, p. 805).— "The
Chamber of French Connnerce at Milan announces successful attempts to pro-
duce a valuable cattle fodder from the tomato seeds which are a by-product
of the canneries. The seeds are desiccated in drying furnaces and then sifted
to sepai'ate them from the woody fiber of the debris. They are then crushed
by heated millstones and the oil which they contain in considerable quantities
is separated by a hydraulic press. The residue is pressed into loaves, each
about 2 kg. in weight. According to tests at the agricultural station at Por-
tici, they contain an abundance of proteids and carbohydrates."
Commercial feeding stuffs. — Concerning feeding' practice (Vermont Sta.
Bui. 180 {1914), PP- iS7-252).— Analyses are reported by J. L. Hills, C. H.
Jones, C. G. Williamson, and G. Anderson of cottton-seed meal, linseed meal,
gluten feed, distillers' dried grains, brewers' dried grains, hominy feeds, buck-
wheat bran and middlings, rye middlings, ground oats, rj-e meal, fish scrap,-
meat scrap, corn meal, wheat bran, middlings, red dog floui-, alfalfa meal,
dried beet pulp, and various mixed and proprietary feeds.
Genei'al instructions on balancing rations and feeding practice by A. A. Bor-
land and E. H. Loveland are appended.
Inspection of feeding' stuffs {Ncic York State Sta. Bui. 386 {1914), pp.
315-385). — Analyses are reported of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed
meal and feed, linseed meal, malt sprouts, distillers' dried grains, dried brewers'
grains, tankage, bone meal, gluten feed, gluten meal, hominy feed, alfalfa
meal, wheat bran, middlings, dried beet pulp, screenings, buckwheat meal, corn
bran, corn meal, buckwheat bran, barley middlings, beef scrap, meat meal,
fish scrap, pul]). screenings, buckwheat meal, and various mixed and proprietary
feeds.
The testing of calculations according to Kellner's starch values in prac-
tical feeding in Germany, A. Sttjtzer (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui.
Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 2, pp. 155-158). — The author
reviews the development of the principle of starch values and comments on
its importance in practical feeding operations.
In reviewing fattening experiments with oxen and pigs it is stated that
without exception the rations " determined according to Kellner's starch values
were correct, and that this method of reckoning the amount of feed required
was preferable to all other systems." " With regard to the feeding of milch
cows, there is still a difference of opinion as to what proportion of the starch
values must be given in the form of digestible protein."
The mineral balance of animals, M. Hespel {Ann. Qemhloux, 24 {1914),
No. 4. PP- 190-213). — The author discusses the importance of calcium, phos-
phorus, magnesium, sulphur, sodium, potassium, and silicon to the animal body
and the part each plays in the various body processes.
Metabolism during pregnancy and the lactation period, L. Dienes {Bio-
chem. Ztschr., 55 {1913), No. 1-2, pp. 124-133; abs. Ui Internat. Inst. Agr.
IRome'], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 2, p. 231). —
The results of experiments are reported on the metabolism taking place in a
bitch during pregnancy and before and after the lactation iieriod.
" The metabolism appears to decrease slightly in the middle of the term of
pregnancy, while It increases considerably during the second half of the time.
During lactation it is much more active than during pregnancy. During the
lactation period the mother and young expend the same amount of energy
664 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
per surface uuit. With the oess;\tioii of hietation the expenditure of energy
rapidly decTeases again."
Growth restraint of young animals by the X-ray, Richardson {Deut.
Landw. Tierzucht, 18 (1914), No. 8, pp. 89, 90, figs. 2).— The results of the
application of the X-ray to chicks, lambs, young guinea pigs, and dogs indi-
cated that the X-ray has a physiological influence in restraining growth of the
animal cells, especially in the vei-y young animals. The growth of wool on the
head of lambs was restrained where the X-ray was applied soon after birth,
while in older lambs less influence was noted.
Report of the animal husbandman, E. G. Ritzman (Porto Rico 8ta. Rpt.
WIS, pp. SO-SJi. pi. 1). — In the cattle breeding experiments the crossing of
pure-bred zebu sires of one of the largest and most impi'oved breeds of India
on Shorthorn and Hereford cows has i-esulted in brood framed, deep bodied,
early maturing progeny. The zebu characters of constitutional vigor, active
movement, strong bone, straight legs, hard hoofs, a straight, easy, and rapid
gait, almost complete immunity to tick infestation, together with natural adapta-
tion to tropical heat and short pasturage, have been retained by the progeny.
The progeny of tliese bulls from Porto Rico cows are larger and stronger than the
native stock, yearlings and 2-year-olds are larger and keep better flesh on short
pasture, carry practically no ticks, keep in excellent health, are vigorous and
thrifty, and show strong indications of some advance toward earlier maturity.
Sheeivbreeding operations have been abandoned at the station owing to the
difficulty exi>erienced in keeping the animals in good health. Flukes are a
constant menace during the rainy season. Trials with African wooll-less sheep
indicate that they are not affected with scab. The.se sheep breed at any season
after one year of age and almost without exception drop twins. They keep in
good flesh, their meat is of good flavor and quality, and they are naturally
adapted to this latitude. Their advantages for a hot tropical climate are a
black skin, which permits of rapid radiation of excess body heat, and a yellow-
ish-brown coat of hair, which is a good reflector of heat and light rays. Efforts
are being made to improve tljeir mutton form by selection rather tlian by cross-
ing with any of the mutton breeds.
Data are also given as to work with horses and poultry.
Fattening cattle in Alabama, D. T. Gray and W. F. Ward (Z7. R. Dept.
Agr. Hid. 110 {t9l't), pp. J,l, jUih. }). — This is a continuation of work previously
noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 67.'?; 28, p. 60; 31, p. 109) and is in three parts.
Part 1 deals witli the wintering of steers preparatory to summer fattening
on pasture. Two- and 3-year-old native ticlc-infested grades, classed as common
or fair stockers, and weighing approximately 640 lbs., were used. The steers
ran in inclosed fields at all times, but had no shelter aside from the natural
protection of trees and hillsides, although the winter was severe. The test
began in December and continued until the following IMarch, a i^eriod of 91
days. Lot 1 of 28 animals on range alone lost an average of 106 lbs. per hesid
during the period; lot 2 of 15 animals, receiving range plus a half ration of
cotton-seed meal and hulls, gained an average of 43 lbs, per head ; and lot 3
of 23 animals on range plus a half ration of coarse hay lost an average of 72
lbs. per head during the period. The steers of lot 2 received approximately
2.4 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and 8.9 lbs. of hulls per steer per day.
Comparing these results with those of the previous two winters, it is seen
that in each case range-fed steers lost in live weight most heavily, the grand
average for the three years showing a loss of 101 lbs. for each of the steers
on range alone, a gain of 8 lbs. for those fed on meal, hulls, and range, a loss
of 0 lbs. on those which received cowpea hay, a U»ss of 04 lbs. on those which
were fed the coiirse, diimage<l hay, and :i loss of 10 lbs. for those which had
ANIMAL I'HOIJICTIOX, 665
range supplemeuted witli cotton seed. The average amount of meal aud IiuUh
consumed per day per steer during the three winters was 2.38 lbs. cotton-seed
meal and 8.7 lbs. of hulls, which amount proved to be enough to make 700-lb.
steers hold their fall weight throughout the winter.
It is estimated that the cost price of wintering steers when no charge is
made for winter range was for the range steers 45 cts. per hundredweight, 69
cts. for cattle fed hulls and meal, 53 cts. for those receiving either cowpea
hay or damaged hay, and 64 cts. for steers given cotton seed to supplement the
range.
Part 2 deals with fattening steers on pasture. Native 2- to 4-year-old steers,
weighing approximately 560 lbs., of mixed breeds, but the majority carrying
some beef blood, were used. During 1910 the feeding period was from April
7 to August 3, and included the three lots : Pasture alone, pasture and cotton-
seetl cake, pasture, cotton-seed cake, and alfalfa hay; and during 1910 from
April 21 to September 8, comprising two lots : Pasture alone, and pasture and
cotton-seed cake. The pasture consisted of a mixture of sweet clover, Japan
clover, Johnson, crab, and Bermuda grasses. During 1910 the steers received
on an average 3.48 lbs. cotton-seed cake per head per day. and during 1911, 3.58
lbs. The average daily gain during 1910 was for lot 1. 1.G4 lbs., lot 2, 1.98
lbs., and lot 3, 1.86 lbs. During 1911 lot 1 gained 1.75 lbs. and lot 2, 1.7 lbs.
The estimated cost per pound of gain, including cost of pasture, during 1910
was 1.1, 3.19, and 4.37 cts., resi)ectively, and during 1911. 1.02 aud 4.03 cts.,
respec-tively ; the average profit per steer in 1910, .$6.84, $8.91, and $4.18. and
during 1911, $5.28 and $6.29. respectively. The average dressing percentage of
steers of lot 1 for 1910 was 51.3, lot 2, 54.2, and lot 3, 67.3; in 1911, lot 1, 51.1
and lot 2, 51.4. Hay-fed steers suffered a heavy shrinkage in weight in transit.
During both years cotton-seed cake-fed steers sold for approximately one cent
more per pound than pasture-fetl steers. The final results agree with those of
former experiments, and indicate that it does not pay to nse alfalfa hay alone
with pasture and cotton-seed cake, but that it does pay to feed cotton-seed cake
along with the pasture.
Part 3 deals with the influence of winter feeding upon gains made the follow-
ing summer and comprises three years' work, 1908-1910. Native tick-infested
2- to 4-year-old steers, averaging in weight 700 lbs., and purchased in the fall,
were wintered as follows: Lot 1. range alone: lot 2, range, cotton-seed meal,
and hulls; lot 3, range aud cowpea hay; lot 4. range and damaged hay; lot 5,
range and cotton seed. Lot 1 comprised 72 steers summer fed by groups
on pasture and the following supplements: None, cotton-seed cake (medium
ration), cold-pressed cake, cotton seed (heavy ration), and cotton-seed cake
and alfalfa hay. The a^•e^age daily losses per steer for the winter ranged
between 1.19 and 0.94 lbs., and the gains for the summer between 1.79 and
2.31 lbs., making the winter and summer gains combined between 0.49 and
0.93 lb. for the several groups, with an average of 0.74. lb. Lot 2. of 68
head, comprised summer-fed groups similar to lot 1. The average daily
gain per steer for the winter ranged between — 6.16 and 0.63 lb. ; for the sum-
mer between 1.53 and 1.92 lbs. ; and for the combined winter and summer
gains between 0.83 and 1.26 lbs. for the several groups, with an average gain
of 1.06 lbs. Lot 3, of 24 head, comprised three summer-fed groups, as follows:
Pasture alone, pasture and cotton-seed cake, and pasture and cold-pressed cake.
The average daily gain per steer for the winter ranged between —0.25 and
0.07 lb. ; for the summer between 1.52 aud 2.22 lbs. ; and the combined winter
and summer gains between 0.76 and 1.22 lbs for the several groups, with an
average of 1.01 lbs. Lot 4. of 43 head, comprised four groups summer fed on
pasture and the following supplements: None, cotton-seed cake, cotton seed,
666 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
and cotton-seed cake (heavy ration). The average daily losses per steer for
the winter ranged betvs^een 0.7 and 0.53 lb.; for the summer the gains were
between 1.59 and 2.22 lbs. ; and for the combined winter and summer the gains
between 0.70 and 1.15 lbs. for the several groups, with an average of 0.77 lb.
Lot 5, of 25 head, comprised summer-fed groups as in lot 4 and ranged in
losses during the winter between 0.48 and 0.26 lb. ; for the summer there were
gains between 1.76 and 2 lbs. ; and for the combined winter and summer gains
between 0.89 and 1.07 lbs., with an average of 1 lb. The average daily gains
of steers summered on pasture alone was 1.64 lbs. per head : of steers summered
on pasture and cotton-seed cake (medium rations). 2.02; of steers on pasture
and cold-pressed cake, 1.85; of steers on pasture and cotton seed, 2.05; of steers
on pasture and cotton-seed cake (heavy rations), 1.87; and of steers on pasture,
cotton-seed cake, and alfalfa hay, 2.11 lbs. per head.
A graphic presentation of the results of the three years' feeding shows that
" the longer the summer-feeding period the nearer the total gains in weight ap-
proach the mean of all lots; in other words, the longer the summer period the
nearer the steers, which made heavy winter losses, overcome these losses and ap-
proached the weight of the winter-fed steers. If the feeding periods [112 and
154 days] had been 60 days longer, and all steers had continued to increase in
weight at the rate they had established during the actual summer-feeding
period, the total gains at this time would have been practically the same for
all lots, irrespective of the method of wintering."
The results of these feeding trials are summarizetl, in part, as follows:
" Cattle which became very thin during the winter made larger daily gains
the following summer on pasture than steers which were in better flesh at the
beginning of the pasture season. Usually the greater the winter loss experi-
enced, the greater was the gain the following summer, and vice versa.
" Steers which are to be finished for the early summer markets should enter
the pastures in good flesh in the spring. Such cattle sell for a premium which
justifies the expense of giving them feed in addition to the range during the
winter months find a heavy ration of cotton-seed cake while on pasture during
the summer. . . .
" When cotton seed is worth but $14 per ton it can be used with greater
economy than cotton-seed meal and hulls for wintering steers which are to be
finished on pasture the following summer."
Cattle raising in South America {Daily C&ns. and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 17
(1914), No. JOG, pp. 693-S99). — In these reports attention is directed to the
opportunities for futiire development of tlie tattle industry in Chile, Colombia,
and Argentina.
Care and manag'ement of sheep on the farm, R. F. Millee {Montana 8ta.
C'irc. 31 {1913), pp. 89-112). — This circular gives general information on the
feeding, care, and management of sheep and lambs and includes a discussion of
shearing, packing, and storing wool and the treatment of sheep for parasites
and disease.
A review of American investigations on fattening lambs with special
reference to the protein and energy requirements, S. Bull and A. D. Emmett
{lUinois Sta. Bui. 106 {191.'t), p. //8, fiyi^. ) ; abstract, pp. 3, .'/).— "From the
results obtained in this review, which embrace 265 lots containing in all 5,127
lambs, the following average values for protein and energy are suggested as
being, in general, the most economical for fattening lambs: (a) Lambs weighing
50 to 75 lbs., 3.1 to 3.3 lbs. of digestible protein and 17 to 19 therms of net
energy, (b) Lambs weighing 70 to 90 lbs., 2.5 to 2.8 lbs. of digestible protein
and 18 to 20 therms of net energy. In certain instances 1.8 to 2 lbs. of digestible
protein and 18 to 20 therms of net energy are sufficient, (c) Lambs weighing
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
667
90 to 110 lbs., 2.2 to 2.4 lbs. of digestible protein and 17 to 20 therms of net
energy, (d) Lambs weighing 110 to 150 lbs.. 2.6 to 3 lbs. of digestible protein
and 16 to 19 therms of net energy. It seems probable, however, that 1.4 to 1.9
lbs. of [digestible] protein would be suflQcient for lambs of this weight."
A bibliography is appended.
The digestion of crude fiber by sheep and pigs, G. Fingebling, E. Beetsch,
A. LoscHE, and G. Arndt (Landw. Vers. Stat., 83 {1913), No. 3-4, pp. 180-210;
ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases,
5 (1914), No. 2, pp. 231-233). — Four digestion trials were conducted with two
wethers and two pigs, each period lasting 11 days. The wethers received dur-
ing the first period a basal ration of meadow hay, gluten, starch, and salt ; the
pigs, a basal ration of ground barley, fish meal, and salt. During the second
period both the wethers and the pigs received the basal ration plus "digested"
straw, in the third period the basal ration and grass, and in the fourth period
the basal ration and wheat chaff, in which the crude fiber was much lignified-
The " digested " straw was prepared by boiling it under pressui-e with alkali.
The average digestion coefficients for the three fodders experimented upon
are given in the following table :
Digestibility of " digested " straw, grass, and ivheat chaff by sheep and pigs.
Kind of animal.
Dry Organic ' pjotein
matter. matter, ^roiein.
"Digested" straw: Per ct.
Wethers ! 72. 65
Pigs 101.22
Grass:
Wethers ' 65. 29
Pigs 49.58
Wheat chaff: 1
Wethers ' 40.33
Pigs ' 20.53
Per ct.
73.19
88.85
69.77
51.86
46.93
22.95
Per ct.
Per ct.
76.85
52.05
.jo. 56
66.93
84.35
Nitro-
gen-free
extract.
Per ct.
72. 23
63.75
67.29
52. 07
51.54
27.86
Crude
liber.
Ash.
Perct.
77.27
94.81
69.49
39.39
30.34
Perct.
55.20
.37.68
.35.92
19.86
12.85
" It will be seen from the above that the pigs digested the crude fiber which
was not or only slightly lignifled better than the sheep, while the latter were
able to utilize better the crude fiber more or less [covered] with encrusting
matter. The better utilization of the crude fiber of 'digested' straw by pigs
depends partly upon the fact that with the sheep some of the crude fiber of the
basal ration escapes digestion. It can therefore hardly be stated that pigs are
superior to ruminants in their power of dissolving pure cellulose. The pigs
digested 39.39 per cent of the cellulose of grass, but they were not able to
attack that of wheat chaff, the reason of this difference being that the incrusta-
tions are less readily dissolved in the alimentary canal of pigs than in that of
ruminants. The superiority of ruminants as regards the power of dissolving
cellulose in young grass and in wheat chaff' is very probably due to the finer
division obtained by better mastication and to a more intense fermentation of
the feed in the digestive organs.
" Summarizing the results, it may be said that pigs are as capable as rumi-
nants of dissolving pure crude fiber or that containing but little encrusting
matter, but lose this power in proportion as the encrustation or lignification of
the crude fibei increases."
Swine fattening with large quantities of potatoes, F. Lehmann (Mitt. Ver.
Deut. Schweinezilchter, 21 (1914), Nos. 6, pp. 101-112; 7, pp. 128-133; 8, pp.
149-153). — Successful trials in feeding large quantities of potatoes to fattening
swine are reported. It was found necessary to supply protein in the form of
meat meal or fish meal, together with a small grain allowance of barley meal.
668 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.
Potato-fed swine compared favorably with corn-fed and barley-fwl swine. It is
suggested that the potato ration be supplemented with an allowance of lime. ,
Horse-feeding- experiments, It. W. Clark {Montana Hta. Bui. 95 {191S), pp.
57-66). — In experiments to determine the amount and kind of hay to feed
horses it was found that " the horses that received the smaller amount of hay
(two-thirds as much as they would have eaten) had more life and sweat less
than those that wei'e unlimited in their hay. Clover hay proved as (satisfactory
as timothy hay when not more than 1 lb. per day for every 100 lbs. of live
weight was fed. Horses doing light work can be carried through the winter
on 0.75 11). of hay and 0.5 lb. of grain per 100 lbs. live weight per day. Early
cut timothy hay was relished more and eaten in larger quantities than late cut
timothy hay."
A continued study of constitutional vigor in poultry, C. A. Kooebs (New
York Conicll 8ta. Bui. 3-'io (JOl-'i), pp. .'i3[)-'i51, figs. /,).— -In continuing work
previously noted (E. S. R., 28. p. 307), two pens of yearling hens and four pens
of pullets. White Leghorns, were .studied. The yearling hens had participated
in the previous expei-iment, while the pullets were the progeny of earlier lots.
The conclusions coiifirm those of the earlier studies. Among the i»ullets the
strong flfx'ks consumed more feed than the weak flocks, but produced more eggs.
Tlie reverse was true of the yearling hens, probably due to the presence of sev-
eral exceptional layers in the weak flock. The consumption of ground grain
and meat scrap was in favor of the flocks that produced the largest number of
eggs. The heaviest-producing flocks consumed a larger amount of feed, a lower
proportion of carbohydrates and fat to total dry matter consumed, and a higher
proportion of protein to carlwhydrates and fat consumed than did the others.
In genei'al the cost of eggs for each dozen eggs laid was less for the strong
than for the weak flocks. As to the number of pounds of feed consumed for
each dozen eggs laid, the heavier the laying the less was the consumption,
with one exception.
The fertility of the eggs in all pens was high, but the percentage of eggs
hatched was variable. In the weight of eggs set there was not much difference
between the strong and the weak flocks or between the yearling hens and
pullets. In general the mortality among the chicks varied in proiwrtion to the
size of the hatch. In each comparison the eggs that hatched better produced
a larger proportion of chickens that lived beyond the critical period of the
first six Avceks. In general the advantage in low mortality was with the strong
flocks. From a financial standpoint the balance profit in the case of the pullets
was decidedly in favor of the strong flocks, but in favor of the weak flocks in the
case of the yearling hens, which was an exceptional flock throughout the study.
In summarizing all flocks, including those of early studies and comparing
the averages of the strong with the Aveak. it is noted that the number of pounds
of dry matter consumed per pound of live weight averaged the same for both
the strong and the weak floc-ks. The strong fowls required, however, only 7.68
lbs. of feed for every dozen eggs laid, while the weak flocks required 8.46 lbs.
of feed, and difference in cost of production was nearly 1 ct. a dozen in favor
of the strong flocks. The strong flocks produced an average of 17.75 more eggs
per hen than the weak, and the actual difference in profit amounted to 40 cts.
a hen in favor of the strong hens. There was little difference in the hatching
record, but a difference of 1.4 per cent mortality in favor of the strong pens.
From these results the advantages of selection of fowls are deemed evident
It is suggested that one selection only " is not sufficient to keep a flock con-
sistently superior. The selection of mature pullets is of more value than that
of partly grown chickens. Selection at the beginning of the second year is of
equal Importance with that in the first year. The heavier-laying hen is not
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 669
necessarily the stronger hen at all times of the year; and [results indicate]
that in selecting' for breeding stock to produce a large nun)l)er of chicl<ens and
capable pullets, the first essential is to select according to strength, with the
exix'ctatlou that hens so selected will usually be the most i)roductive."
A biometrical study of egg- production in the domestic fowl. — III, Varia-
tion and correlation in the physical characters of the egg, 11. Pearl and F.
M. Surface ( L^. ,S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Imlus. BuL 110, pi. 3 (1913), pp.
171-2^1, figs. 14). — This bulletin is a continuation of work previously noted
(E. S. R., 24, i>. 675), and repoi-ts the results of a detailed study made of the
normal variation and correlation of the egg of the domestic fowl in respect pri-
marily to si5!e and shape. While the studies were made with the egg of the
Barred riymouth Koek, it is thought probable that many of the results found
for the egg of this breed will also obtain for the eggs of other ])reeds. The
authors summarize their results as follows:
" The egg is, to a signilicant degree, relatively more variable iu length than
in breadth. The egg is considerably more variable in shape, as measured by the
length-breadth index, than it is iu either of the linear dimensions length or
breadth. The weight of tlie egg and its volume (determined from length and
breadth on the assumjition that the egg is a perfect prolate siiheroid) are much
more variable than any of the otlier characters. There is a close agreement
between the egg of the domestic fowl and the human skull iu respect to the
degree of variation exhibited in the i'orresi>onding size and shai>e characters of
the two structures. A consideration of the processes concerned in the produc-
tion of the definitive size and shape of the egg and the skull suggests, though it
does not prove that this similarity with reference to variation constants is not
fortuitous, but rests upon a basis of general similarity iu regard to mechanical
factors operative in both cases during the development and fixation of the final
form.
" With the exception of breadth, all other dimensional characters studied
show significantly skew (asymmetrical) variation. The difl'erent egg dimen-
sions give frequency distributions following different ones of Pearson's curve
types. Variation of the egg iu length and in shape (length-breadth index) fol-
lows a curve of type IV ; variation in breadth type II, and variation in volume
type I.
"All of the egg dimensions studied are positively correlated with each other
iu varying degree. Intraracially egg length and egg breadth are correlated only
slightly. Furthermore, neither the weight nor the volume of the egg is more
than very slightly, if significantly at all, correlated with its shape. As would
be expected, both length and breadth are significantly correlated with the
weight and the volume of the egg. The bulk measures (volume and weight) are
more highly correlated with breadth than with length. There is a very high
correlation between volume and weight. This implies what was found in fact
to be the case, that the specific gravity of the egg exhibits only a very small
degree of variation. Thei*e is no significiiut net correlation between the shape
of an egg and its absolute size. The skull and the egg show a correspondence in
respect to the degree to which their chief dimensions are correlated. The cor-
relation results parallel those set forth above for simple variation.
"A detailed study of the regression of the weight of the egg on length and
bieadth results in certain ecpiations from which the former quantity can be
estimated from a knowledge of the linear dimensions of the egg with a consid-
erable degree of accuracy. A comparison of the egg of the domestic fowl with
those of a number of species of wild birds in respect to relative variability
leads to the result that in general the eggs of wild birds are neither less nor
more variable than those of the domestic bird. It is concluded that probably
670
EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
the essential factors? concerued iu the determination of the degree of variation
in size and shape exhibited by birds' eggs are purely physiological and in no
direct or immediate way (if at all) related to the action of natural selection.
It does not appear from the evidence that it is essential to the survival of a
wild bird that its egg shall be less variable than those of the domestic fowl, in
which egg variation obviously has no survival value whatsoever.
"A study of intraindividual variation indicates that the relative variability of
eggs is a definite characteristic of the individual, some birds characteristically
laying eggs which are extremely variable and other birds characteristically pro-
ducing eggs which are very uniform. There is on the avei-age a considerable
reduction in variability in passing from the race to the individual. This
amounts in the case of length to 32 per cent and iu the case of breadth to 41 per
cent. Some individuals may show a greater variability both absolute and rela-
tive than a random sample of the eggs of the race from which the individual
comes. The rule that length is more variable than breadth is reversed in the
eggs of some individuals. Seven per cent of the birds studied produce eggs
which are more variable iu breadth than in length. In general a hen which
characteristically lays an egg longer than the average also lays an egg which
tends to be wider than the average. The same sort of correlation holds in
regard to the variability of the product. A hen which characteristically lays an
egg which is unusually variable in length also exhibits an unusual degree of
variation in the breadth of her product."
These " data are of value iu connection with all physiological and genetic
studies in regard to the production of eggs. They also have a significant rela-
tion to the economic problem of the improvement of eggs in I'espect to quality
and uniformity by breeding."
Artificial hatching- of chicks, W. F. Schoppe (Montana Sta. Circ. 34 (1914).
pp. 169-189. figs. 5). — This circular gives general information on the care and
management of incubators, the type of eggs to use for hatching, etc.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Investigations in milk production, T. L. Hakcker (Minnesota .S'/o. BuJ. 140
(1914), PP- 'i/-'^^')- — This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R.. 14,
p. 1003), a portion of the results of which are used in the general summary of
results in the present work. The studies herein reported covered seven
winters, 1902-1909.
A summary of the average dry matter and digestible nutrients consumed and
dairy products yielded dally during nine winters of stall-feeding is given iu
the following table:
Summary of average nutrient.<< consumed and dairy products yielded per cow
in stall feeding.
Winter.
Nutritive
ratio of
rations.
Dry
matt«r
Digestible
protein.
Digestible
carbo-
hydrates.
Digestible
ether
extract.
Milk fat
produced.
SolidP-
not-fat
produced.
1894-1895
1 : 6.8
1 : 5.3
1 : 9.4
1 : 6.7
1 : 9.0
1 : 6.1
1 : 9.8
i : 6.8
1.: 8.3
1 : 8.3
1 : 8.1
1 : 7.7
Lbs.
24.40
23.91
19.86
21.77
19. 6S
20.65
20.52
21.97
21.86
22.87
23.89
24.13
Lbs.
2.00
2.59
1.28
1.92
1.32
1.97
1.30
1.92
1.63
1.74
1.75
1.86
Lbs.
12.46
12.24
11.16
11.86
11.04
10.99
11.71
11.95
12.55
13.05
12.78
12.62
Lb.
0.56
.67
.46
.48
.39
.36
.50
.50
.50
.63
.64
.80
Lbs.
1.069
1.011
.931
1.048
.996
1.032
.852
1.030
1.013
1.068
1.094
1.094
Lbs.
2.09
1895-1896
2.02
1902-1903
1902-1903
2.06
2.21
I903-1S04
2.10
1903-1904
2.02
19C4-1005
1.81
1S04-I905 . . ....
2.11
1905-1906
2.14
1906-1907
2.26
1907-1908
2.28
1908-1909
2.29
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
671
" From this table it is seen that during the winter of 1894-1895, with a daily
protein supply of 2 lbs. and a nutritive ratio of 1 : 6.8, there was obtained a
greater yield of milk fat than during any winter following until the winters
of 1907-190S and 1008-1909. The period covered by the data was 151 days,
and the members of the herd maintained their body weight. During the winter
of 1895-1890 the daily average protein supply was 2.59 lbs. and a nutritive
ratio of 1 : 5.3, with a depression in the yield of milk fat and solids-not-fat,
and an increase in the weight of the cows."
From 1902-1905, the herd was divided into two groups, one receiving a low
protein and the other a high protein allowance. The milk-fat yield of the
low-protein group for all three years was uniformly the lower.
The following table " was arranged by eliminating the data for the three
groups with low-protein rations, and converting the average nutrients con-
sumed per day each winter to nutriment. This was done by multiplying the
ether extract in the rations by 2.2, adding the prc^rct to the carbohydrates
and protein in the rations, multiplying the butter-fat yielded daily by 2.25,
adding the solids-not-fat to obtain the total product, and calculating the nutri-
ment used for body maintenance, the net nutriment per unit of product, and the
weights of the herd."
Summary of average live tceight. nuiriment daily, total for maintenance, for
product, and in product yielded, and net nutriment per pound of product.
Live weight.
Nutriment.
Winter.
First
half of
period.
Second
half of
period.
Total.
For
main-
tenance.
For
product.
Total in
product
daily.
Net nu-
triment
used per
pound in
product.
1894-1895
Lbs.
954
Lbs.
958
Lbs.
15.69
16.30
14.84
13. 74
14.98
15.27
16.18
15. 95
16.25
Lbs.
7.57
7.75
6.96
7.18
7.14
6.85
7.19
6.85
7.41
Lbs.
8.13
8.55
7.88
6.56
7.84
8.43
8.99
9.10
8.84
Lbs.
4.490
4.295
4. 576
4.341
4 427
4.425
4 663
4.741
4.751
Lbs.
1.81
1895-1896
1.99
1902-1903
882
900
896
868
908
864
933
878
913
905
8f)l
906
860
939
1.72
1903-1904
1.51
1904-1905
1.77
1905-1906
1.90
1906-1907
1.92
1907-1908
1.92
1908-1909
1.86
Average
901
903
903
907
15.47
15.55
7.20
7.24
8.27
8.31
4. 523
4.517
1.83
Average without 1902-1903.
1.84
" The exceptional amount of nutriment charged to a pound of product, 1.99,
during the winter of 1895-1896 was due to the fact that part was diverted to
gain in weight at the rate of 0.2 lb. per day during period II. The excep-
tionally small amount used during the winter of 1903-1904 is due, at least in
part, to the fact that more roots were fed than during any other winter, and
possibly to light feeding and a narrower nutritive ratio. The large yield.
4.576 lbs. for the winter of 1902-1903, was due to the fact that it covered a
period of only 97 days."
It is stated that heavy feeding, as a rule, causes more waste than light feed-
ing. It appears that during the last four winters more net nutriment was con-
sumed to a pound of product yielded. A study of the relation of the feed to
the size of the cows " shows that the average amount per day of nutriment
consumed per 1,000 lbs. live weight ranged from 15.15 to 18.44 lbs., and averaged
for the eight winters 17.03 lbs. After deducting the amount calculated for
64822'— No. 7—14 6
672 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,
maintenance, that which remained available lor product ranged from 7.23 to
10.52 lbs. and averaged 9.11 lbs. Of this there appeared in the milk solids
yields ranging from 4.401 to 5.481 lbs. and averaging 4.952 lbs."
During the four winters in the period previous to 1005 the cows received per
1,000 lbs. live weight 16.22 lbs. of nutriment per day, with a nutritive ratio
of 1 : 6.2, and returned an average daily product of 4.699 lbs., being 1 lb. of
product to 1.77 lbs. of net nutriment.
During the four succeeding winters the cows received 17.83 lbs. of nutri-
ment daily with a nutritive ratio of 1 : 8.1 and returned an average daily prod-
uct of 5.205 lbs., being 1 lb. of product to 1.9 lbs. of net nutriment.
A study of the variation in nutriment consumed per 1,000 lbs. live weight
shows that the average consumption ranged from 15.15 to 18.44 lbs. per day, and
the average for seven winters was 17.08 lbs. The average product yielded
ranged from 4.G93 to 5.481 and averaged 5.031 lbs. of water-free solids. Aside
from two winters when conditions were abnormal the jjercentages returned in
product during the other years were remarkably uniform, the greatest variation
being only 0.9 per cent. The average percentage returned in product for all
seven years was 29.49.
Analyses were made of 544 samples taken from 7,616 milkings, and the milk
divided into 10 grades testing from 2.5 to 7 per cent fat. It is seen that " as
milk increases in fat content it also increases in protein content, but not at the
same rate. In a general way, an increase of 0.5 per cent in fat is followed by
an increase of 0.02 per cent in protein. . . . The sugar content of milk increa.ses
from 4.6 per cent in milk testing 3 per cent fat to 4.98 per cent in 5 per cent
milk, and then gradually decreases to 4.84 per cent in 7 per cent milk. The
carbohydrate efpiivalents of the total solids of the different grades of milk
range from 14.03 for 3 per cent milk to 24.81 for 7 per cent milk. The nutritive
ratio of the various grades of milk ranges from 1 : 4.23 for milk testing 3 per
cent fat to 1 : 4.88 for milk testing 7 per cent fat. In 3 per cent milk there are
2.43 lbs. of solids-not-fat to 1 lb. of milk fat; and in 6 per cent milk, 1 lb. of
fat to 1.45 lbs. not fat, indicating that milk fat only is not a logical basis for
feeding for milk production."
Comparing the relation of the solids of milk taken from cows while on low-
protein ration and on niodium-protein ration, it is shown "that without excep-
tion the cows gave milk containing a lower percentage of solids when fed a
ration containing a nutritive ratio of 1 : 9.4 than they did when receiving
rations ranging in nutritive ratio from 1:6 to 1 : S.3 and when on pasture.
There was also a depression in both fat and protein in every case. Taking the
total solids as a basis the fat is lowered 1.2 per cent and the protein 1.3 per
cent, and the milk sugar or carbohydrate raisetl 2.2 and the ash raised 0.3 per
cent, thus offsetting the depression in fat and protein."
During the first four years, when the nutritive ratio of the rations averaged
1 : 6.2, " the daily protein supply was 1.95 lbs. with a daily yield of 24.5 lbs.
of milk containing 1,045 lbs. of fat and 2.11 lbs. of solids-not-fat, while during
the last four years [when the nutritive ratio averaged 1 : 8.1], the daily protein
supply was 1.745 lbs. with a daily average yield of 25.6 lbs. of milk containing
1.067 lbs. of fat and 2.244 lbs. of solids-not-fat.
" Of the 1.95 lbs. daily protein supply during the first four years, 0.64 lb. is
the protein calculated for maintenance. . . . The daily average protein content
in the milk was 0.781 lb., being a return of 1 lb. of milk protein to 1.68 lbs. of
net crude protein in the ration, with a yield of 4.462 lbs. of total product in
milk solids reduced to a common factor. During the last four years there
was a daily supply of 1.74 lbs. of crude protein with calculated protein require-
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
673
menls for maintenance of 0.63 lb the daily average protein content in
the milk, 0.806 lb., being a return of 1 lb. of milk pi'otein to 1.38 lbs. of net
crude protein in the ration, with a daily yield of 4.645 lbs. of total product in
milk solids."
Based upon these results a table has been calculated which gives the esti-
mated organic composition of milk for each 0.1 per cent increase in percentage
of fat from 2.5 to 7, and the net nutriment prescribed for production. The
following table is a contracted form of the complete table :
Estimated composition of milk for each 0.5 per cent hwi-casc in fat content, and
net nutriment recommended for production.
Organic solids.
Solids in
carbohy-
drate
equiva-
lent.
Components in 1
lb. of mUk in
carbo hydrate
equivalent.
Net nutrients for the pro-
duction of 1 lb. of milk.
Fat.
Protein.
Carbohy-
drates.
Nitrog-
enous.
Nonni-
troge-
nous.
Trotein.
Ether
extract.
Carbohy-
drates.
P. a.
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
P.ct.
2.55
2.08
2.81
3.08
3.27
3.45
3. 65
3.82
4.12
4.22
P.ct.
4.45
4.60
4.75
4.85
4.97
4.98
4.92
4.91
4.90
4.81
P.ct.
12.62
14.03
15.43
16.93
18.36
19. 68
20.94
22. 23
23. 64
21.81
Lb.
0.0255
.0268
,0281
.0308
.0327
.0345
.0365
.0382
.0412
.0422
Lb.
0. 1007
.1135
.1262
.1385
.1509
.1623
.1729
.1811
. 1952
.2057
Lb.
0.0446
.0469
.0492
.0539
. 0572
.0601
.06.39
.0608
.0721
.0738
Lb.
0.0151
.0170
.0189
.0208
.0226
.0243
.0259
.0276
.0293
.0308
Lb.
0.176
.199
.221
.212
.261
.281
.302
.322
.342
.359
The standard for body maintenance proposed is 0.07 lb. of crude protein,
0.7 lb. of carbohydrates, and 0.01 lb. of ether extract per 100 lbs. in live weight.
The application of this standard to ration calculation is explained in full.
The appendixes include tables on the composition of feeds used and milk
produced, and other data.
Clover and corn silage as feeds for dairy cows, R. W. Clark (Montana
8ta. Bui. 9Jf (1913), pp. 33-5-^, figs. 3). — ^As an average of three experiments of
two periods each, and comparing clover hay and clover silage as feeds for dairy
cows, the average daily production of milk per head on clover hay was 22.8
lbs. and of fat 0.93 lb., while on clover silage the daily production of milk was
24.08 lbs. and of fat 0.97 lb. On clover hay the cost of producing 100 lb.s. of
milk was 73.9 cts. and of 1 lb. of fat 17.9 cts., while on clover silage the cost
of producing 100 lbs. of milk was 73.4 cts. and 1 lb. of fat 17.8 cts. It is
estimated that in milk production 2.33 lbs. of clover silage was required to
equal 1 lb. of good clover hay.
The average value of clover silage for milk production is estimated at $2.55
per ton, of corn silage $2.38. Clover silage was relished by the cattle during the
winter months, but became dark in color, strong in odor, and was not relished
after the weather became wai'm.
Experience elsewhere with clover silage is summarized, and brief descriptions
given of the silos at the station.
On the possibility of increasing- the fat content of milk, Geumme (Ztschr.
Expt. Path. II. Ther., IJf (1914), No. 3, pp. 549-5-54; ahs. in ZcntU. Physiol., 28
(1914), ^0. 5, p. 286). — Three goats fed an ordinary ration produced during
four days an average of 2.97 kg. milk per day, testing 4.2 per cent fat, while
during three days fed a preparation, malt tropon, at the rate of 200 gm. per
animal per day, they averaged 3.5 kg. milk per day. testing 5.62 per cent fat.
6Y4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The comparative composition of human milk and of cow"s m.iik, E. B.
Meigs and 11. L. Marsh {Jour. Biol. Chem., IG (.1913), No. 1, pp. 147-168,
figs. 2). — "Human milk differs from cow's milk in three important ways. It
contains considerably more lactose than cow's milk and more substances of un-
known nature which contain little or no nitrogen; it contains very much less
protein than cow's milk. The composition of milk varies more or less regularly
with the progress of lactation so that average figures for its composition are
not very satisfactory. The following, however, may be taken as the limits
of normal variation of the constituents of the two kinds of milk from the be-
guming of the second month of lactation onward, the figures representing per-
centages of whole milk. Human milk, protein 0.7 to 1.5 per cent, fat 2 to 4
per cent, and lactose 6 to 7.5 per cent; cow's milk, protein 2.5 to 4 per cent,
fat 2 to 4 per cent, and lactose 3.5 to 5 per cent.
"Both kinds of milk contain substances [some of which can be crystallized],
which are important constituents of diet, which are soluble in alcohol and
ether, which contain little or no nitrogen, but of which the chemical nature
is still unknown. These substances are most plentiful in early human milk
find diminish in amount with the progress of lactation. Early human milk
contains about 1 per cent of these unknown substances; milk from the middle
period of lactation about 0.5 per cent. Cow's milk from the middle period of
lactation contains about 0.3 per cent of the unknown substances."
Many of Camerer and Soldner's results were verified.
On the hygienic bacteriological character of Bern market milk with ref-
erence to the presence of tubercle bacilli, J. Thoni (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1.
Alt., Oriij., 77/ (i9i4), Nos. 1-2, pp. 11-69, fig. 1). — Tests were made and the
results compared of the leucocyte, fermentation, catalase, and alizarol methods
and the germ estimate or count. Aside from the catalase test all demonstrated
the need of a strict hygienic control of market milk. The leucocyte and fermen-
tation tests were considered the most practical for genex'al use.
A new method of determining milk quality, F. H. Hall {'Sew York State
Sta. Buls. 313 and 380, popular ed. {1914), PP- 3-15, pis. 2). — This is a popular
edition of Bulletins 372 and 3S0, previously noted (E. S. R., 31, pp. 78, 372).
Cream testing, H. II. Dean (Ami. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm,
S9 (1913). pp. 95-99). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 30, p. 74), a com-
parison of weekly, semimonthly, and monthly composite tests showed all of
these methods to be practically correct. Composite samples kept in open bot-
tles tested too high. There was not much difference in the average results,
whether glass, cork, wood, or paper cap stoppers were used. Creosote proved
to be a good preservative and has the advantage of requiring less sulphuric
acid for a test than the preservatives commonly used. Formalin as a pre-
servative tends to require a larger volume of sulphuric acid when making the
test.
A new casein-fat milk test is described, in which 20 cc. of acid mercuric
nitrate (made by dissolving mercury in twice its weight of nitric acid, of a
specific gravity of 1.42, to which an equal bulk of water is added after solution
and diluted with 30 times its bulk of water) is placed in a test bottle, then 5 cc.
of milk, and the whole allowed to stand from six to seven minutes without
shaking. The temperature of the milk and acid should be between 65 and 70° F.
The bottles are then placed in a centrifuge, 15 in. in diameter, and whirled at
a speed of 2.000 revolutions jier minute for from seven to eight minutes. The
bottles are then read in percentage as combined casein and fat.
Results of this test agree quite closely with separate determinations of fat
and casein made by other methods.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 675
Butter making, H. H. Dean (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm,
39 (1913), pp. 71-73).— This report continues pi-evions work (E. S. R., 30, p. 75).
lu comparing the yield obtained in salted and saltless butter, 103.37 lbs. of
the former was secured per churning as against 99.G6 lbs. of the latter, while
the UA-erage moisture contents were 14.83 and 14.78 per cent, respectively. A
comparison of Canadian and English brands of salt for butter making again
showed very little difference in the results obtained.
In working butter in a combined churn it was observed that the average per-
centage of moisture in the finished butter was increased about 0.25 per cent
and the salt nearly 0.2 per cent by keeping the churn drainage tap closed
during the working of the butter, and the butter scored over one point higher.
This practice, however, is not advised until further tests have been made.
Butter held in cold storage for three months was found to have decreased
nearly 2 per cent in moisture from the time of printing.
Farm butter making. — Creamery industry in Montana, R. C. Jones (Mon-
tana 8ta. Circ. 32 (1913), pp. 113-152, figs. 22).— This circular includes general
information on approved methods of farm butter making, together with a
discussion of the organization and management of creameries, and plans for
creameries and cheese factories.
Siberian butter of Hamburg markets, P. Bekg (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u.
GenussmtJ., 27 (191^), No. 12, pp. 881-893, fig. 1).—An account of the Siberian
butter which has been found in great quantity on the Hamburg market, to-
gether with a study of its acidity, refraction, Reichert-Meissl and Polenske
numbers, melting point, water, and salt content. A large percentage of the
samples range from 10 to 15 per cent in water content. The butter has a good
flavor, but is not deemed desirable for cooking purposes.
Cheddar cheese experiments, H. H. Dean (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and
Expt. Farm, 39 (1913). pp. 74-91). — The results of tests comparing milks of
high and low fat and casein contents for cheese making agree with previous
work (E. S. R., 30, p. 76), and showed a gain per 1,000 lbs. of milk of 5.57 lbs.
of cheese by using the milk with the higher percentages of casein and fat.
The cheese made from this milk also contained a higher percentage of fat, but
there was not much difference in the percentages of moisture contained in the
green or ripe cheese from the two lots, or much difference in the quality of
the cheese.
There was little difference in the yield or quality of cheese whether ripened
above normal, with 0.21 per cent acid, or below normal with 0.177 per cent
acid. Overripe milk for cheese making produced 4.69 Ib.s. less cheese per 1,000
lbs. milk than normal milk, and required on the average 0.65 lb. more milk to make
a pound of cheese. The shrinkage during one month was greater, the moisture
in both green and ripe cheese was higher, and the quality of the cheese was
inferior from the lots of overripe milk.
Cheese from curds salted high, 2f lbs. per 1,000 lbs. milk, contained slightly
less moisture and scored slightly lower than curd salted at 2\ or 2^ lbs. per
1.000 lbs. milk. Cheese ripened in ice cold storage retained more of the original
cheese moisture during the month of testing than cheese ripened in an ordinary
room at from 60 to 70° F. Most of the moisture loss took place in both lots
during the first week and in the first inch of the cheese from the surface inward.
It was evident that the moisture near the center of the cheese remains fairly
constant during a ripening period of one month whether the cheese was ripened
in cold storage at 40° or in a room where the temperature ranged from 60 to
70°. The shrinkage was slightly lower in the cheese ripened in 40°, but both
lots contained about the same percentage of moisture in the green and ripe
cheese.
6V6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Whey obtained iu making Camembert clieese from raw milli contained 0.015
per cent fat; from pasteurized millv, 0.01 per cent. Wliey obtained in malcing
double cream cheese from raw milk contained 0.272 per cent fat, from pasteur-
ized milk 0.228 per cent. In making buttermilk clieese the results depended
to a great extent on the kind of buttermilk used. Cream that was pasteurized
sweet gave good results, while cream that was ripe or partially ripened before
pasteurizing gave as a rule poor returns. It was often very fine in grain and
pasty, and in some cases there was no coagulation.
Methods of making Stilton and Wensleydale cheese are described, and notes
given on other cheeses.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Text-book of milk hygiene, W. Ernst, trans, by J. R. Mohleb and A. Eich-
HOEN (Chicago, 1914, PP- X-\-281, pis. 5, figs. 29). — This is the first American
edition of this work, and is an authorized tx'anslation of the German edition
noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 877). The book treats of the subject from the stand-
point of veterinarians, who according to the preface are " the proper experts
who must stand by the side of the producers and give them the necessary
advice and instruction."
In the preparation of the English edition the conditions prevailing in this
country have been especially considered, and accordingly much material has
been included from the repoi'ts of the various milk commissions and other
sources. The chapter dealing with the German laws and regulations relating
to the handling, production, and standards of milk has been replaced by a
chapter which deals solely with the conditions and standards existing in the
United States. Various tests, microscopical and otherwise, for judging milk,
which may be easily conducted by the veterinarian, are presented. The methods
for eradicating tuberculosis from dairy herds are plainly although briefly
stated, and the relation of bovine tuberculosis to tuberculosis in man, especially
alimentary tuberculosis, is discussed. The subject of mastitis is given special
treatment.
Linimentum camphorae (camphor liniment), C. P. Gutheie (North Dakota
Sta. Spec. Bui., S (1914), Xo. 6, pp. S3-85). — No difference in the camphor con-
tent was noted whether the camphor was dissolved in cold cotton-seed oil or
with the aid of gentle heat under the water bath. It is possible, however, to
dissipate some of the camphor if a gentle heat is not employed.
A Halphen test was made on all samples obtained in the open market (37 in
all) and five did not give the reaction, one of which was soap liniment, and
the remainder gave refractive indexes lower than that of a sample of pure
cotton-seed oil. Control samples of camphorated oil, made strictly according to
the U. S. Pharmacoixeia, gave readings of 1.4708 at 25° C, which compares well
with that of pure cotton-seed oil, i. e., 1.4710. Pure olive oil gave a refrac-
tometric reading of 1.4672 at 25°. From this it would seem that the four
samples mentione<l above contained olive oil.
The percentage of camphor present in the samples collected on the market
varied from 2.56 to 25.9, with an average of 16.99 per cent. The U. S. Phar-
macopoeia camphor liniment is essentially a 20 per cent solution of camphor in
cotton-seed oil.
The method used for determining camphor in camphor liniment is as follows :
'* Weigh out accurately about 5 gm. of the sample in an aluminum evaporating
dish and heat in the water oven until all camphor is driven off. This may be
determined by the odor and by frequent weighings. Between 10 and 11 hours
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 677
are required to drive off all the camphor from a 5 gm. sample using an evaporat-
ing dish of 2} in. diameter."
In the samples prepared in the laboratory, only 96 per cent on the average of
camphor could be recovered. Oil heated for 11 J hours under certain conditions
increased 0.01 per cent in weight. This fact should be considered when
interpreting camphor liniment analysis.
The disinfection of anthrax hides, G. Abt (Bui. Soc. Encour. Indus. Nat.
lParis:\, 120 {WIS), No. 2, pp. 2^8-289).— This is a report of studies of the rela-
tive value of the Seymour-Jones method, consisting of the use of bichlorid of
mercury and formic acid, and the Schattenfroh and Kohnstein method, in which
hydrochloric acid is employed, in destroying anthrax spores in hides and the
effect of these disinfectants on the value of the hides.
Both methods are found to possess merit. The Seymour-Jones method appears
to be somewhat more economical, while the Schattenfroh and Kohnstein method
seems to be more effective in disinfecting suspected hides.
A bibliography of 49 titles is appended.
Experimental sterilization of anthrax spores, G. Abt [Ann. Inst. Pasteur,
28 (191Jf), No. 2, pp. 149-I8O). — In continuing his studies the author has inves-
tigated the resistance of spores at 100° C, the neutralization of corrosive sub-
limate, the antiseptic power of corrosive sublimate in the presence of acid and
of protein, the action of chlorin in the presence of protein, etc. A bibliography
is included.
A preliminary report of experiments on the cultivation of the virus of
rinderpest in vitro, W. H. Botnton {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B, 9 {1914),
No. 1, pp. 39-44)- — " From the results obtained from various experiments it is
evident that the virus of rinderpest requires either partial or complete anaerobic
conditions for its existence. The virus of rinderijest has been carried in
virulent form in two separate series up to the sixth transfer in glucose-blood
culture media, covering periods of 19 and 21 days, respectively. In one series
the medium first inoculated was nonvirulent at the end of 12 days, while the
fourth transfer from this tube of culture medium after the same period of time
was virulent.
" Results obtained from numerous experiments indicate that fresh blood from
nonimmune cattle as a main constituent and glucose as an addition are essential
components of the culture media."
An atypical case of rinderpest in a carabao, W. H. Boynton (Philippine
Jour. ScL, Sect. B, 9 (1914), No. 1, pp. 45-41, fig. 1). — "From the facts of this
case the evidence is conclusive that an animal may experience a fatal attack
of rinderpest without the occurrence of a rise in temperature. The blood of a
carabao was shown to be infected within 48 hours after it was originally in-
jected with virulent blood. It was shown that the blood was virulent on the
eleventh day when injected into a susceptible animal, yet exposure to the same
animal from which blood was drawn did not cause rinderpest in the exposed
susceptible animal.
" "With regard to the three animals which failed to contract rinderpest by
exposure, the question is raised as to whether rinderpest spreads by contact
readily in the later stages of the disease or whether the disease must necessarily
be accompanied by a rise of temperature before it can be spread by contact."
Experiments upon the transmission of rinderpest, A. R. Ward, F. W.
Wood, and W. H. Boynton (Philippine Jour, Sci., Sect. B, 9 (1914), No. 1, pp.
49-79, pis. 2, figs. 6). — "Rinderpest virus was not shown to have survived
beyond 24 hours in corrals bare of vegetation but containing water. The con-
ditions under which tests were made included all seasons of the year with ac-
678 EXPEEIMENT STATION' KECORD.
companying variatious in sunlight, raiu, and condition of the soil. The amount
of shade varied widely, ^^imals became infected in such corrals within one-
half hour, 12, and 17.5 hours, respectively, after removal of the sick.
"Animals infected with rinderpest were shown to be capable of transmitting
the disease to susceptible animals by close contact only during the febrile
period of the disease, and most certainly during the period in which the tem-
perature was declining. The disease was not contracted by susceptible ani-
mals when exposed to sick animals during the convalescent stage when the tem-
perature was nearly normal.
" Blood of animals infected with rinderpest was shown in tv/o cases to be in-
fected during the height of the febrile period. The virus in urine, diluted with
water and sprinkled on grass, was demonstrated to survive for 3G hours in some
instances, but not always, and not for a longer i)eriod of time. Feces mixed
with water and sprinkled on grass infected an animal 2-1 hours later. Feces
and urine diluted with water and kept in a vessel in the shade remained infective
for susceptible animals for 36 hours, but no longer.
" No evidence was secured to show that recovered cases transmit the disease.
The foregoing facts indicate that the virus of rinderpest perishes soon after
being discharged by the infected animal. Nothing in the foregoing experiments
indicates that rinderpest virus is harbored for long periods upon the soil of
contaminated areas."
Lesions of the nervous system in verminous intoxication, A. Rachmanow
{Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 28 {IdU), ]s:o. 2, pp. 181-193, pi. 1, figs. 6; ahs. in Amer.
Vet. Rev., J/o {1914), No. S, pp. 269-271). — The investigations here reported,
which were carried on in the laboratory of "Weinberg (E. S. R., 30. pp. 278,
784) at the Pasteur Institute, have led to the following conclusions:
" The central nervous system of guinea pigs does not always react to ver-
minous toxins. Lesions of the nervous system are not found in this animal
except when it presented more or less serious clinical sj-mptoms during life.
Some individuals may absorb considerable quantities of verminous products
without presenting the slightest nervous reaction.
" The lesions that are observed in the acute and subacute intoxication are
of the nerve-cell, the neuroglia cell, and the fiber of the white substance. Be-
sides the different degrees of chromatolysis, the nerve-cell often presents a
large number of sinuous canals hollowed in the whole thickness or in a part
of its protoplasm. In severe cases, Ihe nucleus is displaced toward the pe-
ripheiy of the cell and shows a deformed nucleolus. The neurofibrils are pre-
served in light forms of intoxication, but In severe cases they disappear. The
neuroglia cell offers the various stages of the * amiboid ' transformation ; it
keeps its form, but its nucleus becomes pycnotic, or again it takes the aspect
of the amiboid cell of Alzheimer. There is also found, especially in cases of
chronic intoxication, an abnormal collection of neuroglic elements about some
nerve cells (phenomena of neurophagy). In the same conditions the fibers of
the white substance are also altered; they are tumefied, but in an irregular
manner.
"The lesions of the brain and spinal cord in verminous anaphylaxy are very
small or do not exist, if the guinea pig dies of peracute anaphylactic shock
in three to ten minutes. They are, on the contrary, very pronounced if the
serious anaphylactic phenomena have lasted for half an hour or longer. They
present the same characters in both the subacute or the chronic intoxication.
There is nearly always a parallelism between the duration of the grave symp-
toms and the intensity of the lesion of the nerve-cell.
"The lesions of the central nervous system observed in animals anaphylac-
tlzed with horse serum are exactly similar to those in animals suffering from
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 679
verminous anapliylaxy. As the lesions of the nervous system are mucli more
marked and frequent in the anaphylaxy by worms than in the direct intoxica
tion by the parasitar toxins, it seems probable that the nervous phenomena,
sometimes very severe, as for instance the symptoms of meuingism, sometimes
observed in certain hplminth carriers, must be considered as being of anaphy-
lactic nature."
Physiolog'ical investig'ations of the fixation and mode of nutrition of
some nematode parasites of the alimentary canal, C. Gabin (Ann. Univ.
Lyon, n. ser., I, No. 34 (1913), pp. 160, figs. 55). — The parts of this comparative
study of the manner in which intestinal nematodes gain their nutrition deal
with the technique and methods of work, and a study of the fixation and the
mode of nutrition of nematodes of the genera Ascaris and Heterakis, Oxyurus
vermicttlaris, Strongylus strigosus and S. retortceformis, the genera Trichuris
and Spiroptera, G-nathostomum hispidum, etc.
The studies indicate that the intestinal nematodes find nourishment in the
intestinal mucosa of the host and not from the contents of the alimentaiy
canal. The majority of the nematodes are attached to the wall of the alimen-
tary canal either temporarily or in a definitive manner. The nutrition imbibed
by the intestinal nematodes from the walls of the alimentary canal of the
host differs with the species but may consist of lymph, epithelial cells, erythro-
cytes, and pus cells.
A bibliography of five pages is appended.
Aerobic niicro-org'anisms in the omasum and colon of bovines, A. W.
BuEMANN (CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AU., Orig., 71 (1913), No. 4, pp. 291-319).—
Following a somewhat extensive review of the literature relating to the subject
the author reports original investigations and includes descriptions of a num-
ber of new species of bacilli. A bibliography of 77 titles is appended.
The treatment of tick bite in stock (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 25 (1914), No. 7,
p. 569). — It is stated that a tick, identified as Ixodes holocyclus, is vei-y trouble-
some in New South Yv'ales in late autumn and early spring, proving fatal to
calves, dogs, and pigs, and very painful to cows and hor.ses. It is recommended
that a laxative be administered as soon as symptoms of paraly.sis appear, and
followed by a tonic.
Spraying for control of ticks in Antigua, P. T. Saundees (West Indian
Bill., 14 (1914), ^0. 2, pp. 122-125, pi. 1). — ^A brief account of work carried on
in Antigua.
Some results of blood counting on cattle, A. B. Clawson (Amer. Vet. Rev.,
45 (1914), No. 5, pp. 527-536). — This is a report of studies carried on in connec-
tion with work conducted by the Oflice of Poisonous Plant Investigations of
this Department at Limon (altitude 5,360 ft.) and at Mount Carbon (altitude
9,000 ft.), in Colorado. The results are summarized as follows:
In the older animals there was an average of 7,504,400 red coi-puscles as
compared with 9,159,222 in the younger. The animals when taken from an
altitude of 5,360 ft. to an altitude of 9,000 ft. showed an increase in the
number of red corpu.scles from 8,749,388 to 9,255,878. The counts at the lower
elevation, however, were made in early summer, while those at the higher
altitude were made largely in midsummer, and had the counts at the two
altitudes been made at more nearly the same time the difference might have
been greater. The counts at Mount Carbon showed a larger number of retl
corpuscles in early than in middle or late summer.
Is there a bacillary hog cholera? W. Pfeilee (Mitt. Ver. Deut. Schweine-
siichter, 20 (1913), Nos. 6, pp. 111-121; 7, pp. 135-143; ahs. in Berlin. Tierarztl.
Wchnschr., 29 (1913), No. ^7, p. 837). — After reviewing the history and the
680 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
opinions of otliers relative to the disease caused in young pigs by Bacillus
voldagsen, tlie results of some tests are briefly mentioned (E. S. K., 31, p. 87).
A positive method for immunizing against the Voldagsen pest has been devised,
which consists of administering a vaccine. The disease is pi-evalent in Germany
and probably in Italy and Hungary.
The significance of bacterial infection in hog cholera, R. R. Dinwiddie
(Arkansas Sta. Bui. 117 {1914), pp. 593-619) .—The author discusses the effect
of bacteria (secondary invaders) on the cycle of hog cholera, the effect of the
presence or absence in the serum of antibodies to bacterial infection, the sig-
nificance of Bacillus suisepticus, and related questions, and reports experiments
along these lines.
By inoculation tests it has been previously found that virulent strains of B.
suisepticus may be present at the base of typical hog cholera ulcers, " and at
the same time (by the use of rabbits immunized against this species) the ap-
parent absence of virulent hog cholera bacilli [E. S. R., 22, p. 788]. In order
to learn something of the effects attributable to mixed infection and the in-
fluence of contagion (bacillar) in producing this condition, post-mortem exami-
nation and bacteriologic culture tests have been made as far as possible on all
material available during the past two years. This includes exjjerimentaUy
infected animals, pigs artificially infected for serum production, hogs con-
demned for cholera at the packing plant or city abattoir at Little Rock, and
material obtained from outbreaks of hog disease on farms in this State." The
material from the serum plant differed from that obtained from farm outbreaks
or experimental pens, since these animals (listed as "virus pigs") were often
killed several days before death would naturally have occurred; they were
also usually infected by strains of cholera virus of which no bacteriologic
study had been made.
Out of 40 cases obtained from farm outbreaks, all with one possible exception
were hog cholera. B. suipestifer was found generally distributed in four
animals, although two of these showed no intestinal lesions. In the liver of
one animal B. coli was present and in another streptococci were found. In
three others unidentified nonfermenting bacilli representing three different
species were noted, and in three other animals cocci were present. Negative
results were obtained in 30 cases. A coccus morphologically resembling the
Micrococcus catarrhalis was obtained from the engorged spleen of a hog having
a marked bilateral pulmonary involvement. "Preparations from the lung
showed microscopically numerous organisms of varied species including small
bi-polar staining ovals." The animal culture tests for bacilli of the hog cholera
group were negative.
Tests made in connection with these experiments showed the infrequency
with which bacilli of the hog-cholera type occur in the animals in natural out-
breaks of the disease as compared with those artificially infected. The disease
which now mostly prevails in Arkansas (termed " Winslow type") is not
accompanied by this mixed infection either in animals naturally infected or in
those inoculated from them. One experiment indicated that " a generalization
of B. suipestifer in the body of the animal greatly increases the severity of the
disease and aggravates the ante-mortem symptoms although producing no char-
acteristic post-mortem lesions. However, this mixed infection and increased
virulence was not transmitted by cohabitation."
From the material obtained from the serum plant " it is shown that of 70
cases examined, B. suipestifer was found generalized in 21. Of these 16 had
been infected by inoculation (cholera infection), four by exposure, and one
without record. Of the animals furnishing the blood for inoculation bacterio-
logic data are on record for 21. It is seen that in the four cases in which B.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 681
suipestifer Avas present in the animal furnishing the virus for inoculation, this
organism appeared also in the inoculated animal as a mixed infection. It
occurred four times in animals infected by exposure only, and In all cases
(3) which were recorded as having received an intravenous inoculation, also
in five of the six hogs which died after serum-simultaneous vaccination. As
for the post-mortem lesions present in animals showing this mixed infection it
will be seen that there is no uniformity ; that is, none which occur only in
such cases. Two are recorded as showing only slight lesions. B. suisepticus
was obtained in one case in which there were no pulmonary lesions reported.
In the two cases in which this species was present in the original virus it was
not found in the inoculated animal, nor were pulmonary lesions present.
" To obtain more direct evidence of the effect of mixed infection with B. sui-
pestifer and hog cholera virus (filterable virus), experiments were carried
through in which pigs were infected simultaneously with cholera virus (blood)
and with cultures of the bacilli, in comparison with others receiving the blood
infection alone. The virus employed was the ' Winslow virus,' which had never
been found to give rise to this mixed infection in previous tests. The culture
of B. suipestifer employed was one which had been grown in the laboratory for
IS months. At the time it was isolated this strain was of less than the usual
degree of virulence for guinea pigs. It had not previously been tested on pigs."
Some control animals were placed in the pens and seven days after infection
showed signs of sickness. In all of these cases when B. suipestifer was not fed
or inoculated the bacilli were not detected.
This experiment indicated as to mixed infection, (1) a shortening of the
incubatory pei"iod, (2) a greater severity of the symptoms and more rapid
course of the disease, and (3) an absence of any essential and uniform differ-
ences in the patho-anatomical changes as seen on dissection. The peculiar
form of exudative inflammation with necrosis of the surface epithelium of the
large intestine, which occurred in both of the pigs in the pen infected with
bacilli by feeding and in one of the pigs infected by inoculation, was present
also in an exposure pig which survived for three weeks. " Since this condition
quite regularly results from successful infection experiments by ingestion of
cultures of B. suipestifer alone, we must look upon it as an inflammatory reac-
tion due to the presence of this bacillus."
Although the controls (exi)osed animals) became sick, B. suipestifer could not
be detected, and this shows that B. suipestifer infection in hog cholera is prob-
ably not dependent to any great extent on transference from animal to animal.
Any positive assertion on this question, however, must be based on more exten-
sive tests made under varying conditions.
When B. suipestifer is introduced artificially, by inoculation or ingestion,
in conjunction with the true hog cholera virus a generalized infection with the
bacillus usually results. " Since infection with B. suipestifer is not known to
occur unassociated with true hog cholera infection, except when artificially
induced, a complete immunity to the latter virus should indirectly afford pro-
tection against the bacillar invasion as well." To what extent the bacillar anti-
body content in serum may add to the potency of an antihog cholera serum
needs still to be investigated. " In the practice of * serum simultaneous vacci-
nation ' accidents arising from this cause are no doubt of occasional occurrence.
That they are not frequent may be explained by the facts: (1) That most
samples of antiserum contain bacterial antibodies; (2) most samples of virus
do not contain bacilli ; (3) inoculations of bacillar cultures subcutaneously are
often ineffective."
The agglutinins in antihog cholera serum for B. suipestifer are assumed to
be due mainly to a reaction against the bacilli injected with the blood in hyper-
682 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
immunizing or to the invasion of the bacilli from the intestine when these are
not present in the injected blood. The serum of hogs treated with a strain of
virus which had never been associated with B. suipestifer yielded hardly any
or no agglutinins for B. suijyestifer.
From some immunizing tests with B. suipestifer it is inferred that it is not
essential that an antihog cholera serum intended for simultaneous vaccination
should agglutinate B. suipestifer, providing the same virus is used for the
vaccination as was employed for preparing the serum. " However, the immu-
nity thus acquired, while apparently sufficient to protect against subcutaneous
inoculation of small doses of bacilli, seemed to break down under intravenous
inoculation of large amounts of bacilli containing blood. ... It may be men-
tioned also that most serum hogs which die during treatment (when not due
to mechanical overloading of the circulation) show a generalized B. suipestifer
infection which is sugge.stive of insufficient preliminary immunization against
this bacillus."
Of the associated bacteria found in the filterable virus of hog cholera, nest to
B. suipestifer is the colon bacillus. A coccus which is described as morpho-
logically resembling M. catarrhalis was found in the spleen, liver, and blood in
several cases of hog cholera. This organism grows feebly upon ordinary media
and its cultures were nonpathogenic for guinea pigs. B. pyocyaneus was noted
occasionally in the pulmonary lesions of hog cholera, but more frequently in the
large local lesions which followed inoculation. B. suisepticus was found veiy
infrequently, and in all except one case it was associated with marked pulmonary
involvement in pneumonia and i^leurisy. A variety of organisms were noted
occasionally in the culture tubes.
Of the many cultures obtained from organisms in cholera hogs giving a fer-
mentation reaction, which was regarded as presumptive evidence of B. suipesti-
fer, a number were given a study relative to their fermentative behavior toward
various carbohydrates (dextrose, galactose, maltose, and mannit). All of the
organisms studied gave the general cultural reactions ascribed to the hog cholera
or B. enteritidis subdivision of tlie colon group of bacilli.
" The one feature in which these strains showed a considerable variation was
in the production of indol in Dunham's peptone solution after one week's incu-
bation. According to the text-books indol production in peptone solution is not
a feature belonging to this species, although it may occasionally occur."
From the agglutination tests with antiserum it is concluded that " the view
which some have entertained, that the bacilli which have been so generally
cultivated from the organs of cholera diseased hogs and described as B.
suipestifer or B. cholerwsuis really include a variety of organisms presenting
on closer study differences in cultural characteristics, is not supported by this
investigation where all the strains studied are practically identical in cultural
and biologic characters. ... It seems therefore that cultures from the organs
of cholera diseased hogs giving the fermentation tube reaction which we have
called presumptive evidence of B. suipestifer are probably always this species.
It is of interest that this same fermentation tube reaction has occasionally been
found in city water tests here but never further investigated. , . . Swine
plague as an independent disease has not been met with during this investi-
gation."
Hog cholera in Montana, W. J. Taylor (Montana Sta. Circ. 33 (1913), pp.
153-165, figs. 7). — This deals in a popular way with the extent of the hog
raising industry and hog cholei-a in Montana. It discusses how hog cholera Is
spread, the symptoms and the post-mortem changes in the disease, methods for
controlling hog cholera, disposition of dead carca.sses, disinfectants and dis-
infection, hog cholera vaccine, and methods of vaccinating against hog cholera.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 683
The occurrence of avian tuberculosis in hogs, M. Junack {Ztschr. Fleisch u.
michhyg., 23 (1913), No. 20, pp. 457-461).— Of 15,000 hogs slaughtered at the
abattoir at Kottbus, Germany, 2 per cent were found to have caseated areas
in the mesenteric lymph glands, and in 25 per cent of the animals actually
found tubercular on inspection the same condition was noted. Many of the
latter animals also showed caseated areas in the lymphatic nodules of the large
intestine which were of a granular, crumbling consistency.
The lymph glands of 32 cases were examined microscopically and acid-fast
bacilli could be noted in 31 cases in a very short time by the Ziehl-Neelsen
method. There was nothing typical about these organisms. In four instances
the caseated areas of other organs were examined, and although the organisms
were easily detectetl, they were not acid fast.
Further investigations were made at the Berlin abattoir and out of 200 hogs
7 showed the caseated areas, but the seventh animal was also affected with
local mesenteric anthrax. In all 7 instances acid-fast bacilli could be noted in
smears within 40 seconds. The caseous material from 5 of the cases which
included the anthrax hog was injected into guinea pigs, which after 7 to 16
weeks "showed no visible changes in those lymphatic glands which could be
palpated in the living animal. The animals are to be kept under further
observation.
From the caseous area of the hog affected with local anthrax the avian type
of tubercle bacillus was isolated. Cultures were also made in glycerin and
agar media and on glycerin-potato. In all three instances the agar-glycerin
medium remained sterile but with the potato a growth was obtained. The
organisms from the potato were found to be acid fast, and their biology will be
the subject of further study.
The confusing of swine plague with tuberculosis in hogs is also discussed.
Mammary g'land tuberculosis in a mare, Leibengee (Munchen. Tierarztl.
Wchnschr., 56 {1912), No. 44, p. 786; ahs. in CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Ref.,
56 {1913), No. 7, p. 201). — A description of a case in a 4-year-old mare affected
with generalized tuberculosis.
The etiology of infectious abortion of mares, B. B. Lautenbach {Centbl.
Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 71 {1913), No. 5-7, pp. 349-377).— The author's
bacteriological and complement fixation investigations and animal experiments
led to the conclusion that the infectious abortion of mares is caused by Bacillus
D, which has been found by agglutination to belong to the group of hog cholera
bacilli and is placed near B. paratypliosus A. The paper includes a review of
the literature.
On the diagnosis of infection with Bacterium pullorum in the domestic
fowl, G. E. Gage et al. {ifassachusetts Sta. Bui. I48 {1914), pp. 20, pis. 5). —
Experiments conducted with the view of determining whether the diagnosis of
B. pullorum infection by testing the eggs of suspected hens is a practical method
led to the conclusion that while positive results may be obtained the elimina-
tion from the ovary is so irregular the method would be impractical for rapid
diagnosis. Preliminary incubation of the eggs in a bacteriological incubator at
38 to 39° C. prior to testing was found to aid in detecting the organism.
The macroscopic agglutination test proved to be a good laboratory method
for the detection of adult hens that are harboring, or have harbored, B. pul-
lorum. The work is said to substantiate that of Jones (E. S. R., 28, p. 887)
in that it is possible to cause a local infection of the ovarian tissue by in-
travenous injections of pure cultures of B. pullorum.
" The agglutinin is very stable, withstanding temperatures of 60° and over
for one-half hour. If properly preserved, it will yield results after two weeks.
Agglutinins have been found from infected hens which reacted positively in
684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
dilutions from 1:100 to 1:5,000. Polyvalent test fluids yield more uniform
results than monovalent fluids, although in birds of marked infection mono-
valent test fluids gave very good results. Test fluids, if properly preserved on
ice, will keep in a very active state for more than two months.
"Rabbits reacted to injections with pure cultures of B. imUorum, but by
careful immunization yield very active agglutinins and also bacteriolytic sera.
Agglutinins produced by immunizing rabbits are much more stable than those
from hens harboring the organism.
"A striking pathological condition found in the ovaries of all birds was the
exhibition of lobulated and retention cysts which varied greatly in size. From
these it was usually easy to isolate B. puUorum."
BURAL EirariTEERINa.
Irrigation practice in Montana, H. B. Bonebright (Montana 8ta. Circ, 29
{1913), pp. 25-12, figs. 32). — This circular gives in popular language a compi-
lation of detailed information regarding irrigation practice in Montana and
related subjects which are of interest to the irrigation farmer.
Annual irrigation revenue report of the Government of Bengal {Ann.
Irrig. Rev. Rpt. Bengal, 1912-13, pp. 16). — The physical and financial conditions
of the irrigated districts of the Province are reported.
Report of the board of state engineers {Rpt. Bd. 8tate Engin. La., 1912-
1914, PP- 112, pi. 1). — This report deals with drainage reclamation in the State
and also with highways, highway bridges, and other State engineering work.
A large part of the data as to drainage by levee districts has been previously
reported in publications of this Department (E. S. R., 31, p. 185).
Some fundamental engineering features in the drainage of arid soils,
R. A. Hart {Iowa Engineer, 14 {191^), No. 8, pp. 308-311).— The author deals
chiefly with the drainage of irrigated soils, discussing the main features of
such work and pointing out the difference between the drainage of arid and of
humid soils. It is stated in conclusion that arid soils containing less than 0.2
per cent of alkali salts need little consideration, but that soils containing
over 0.4 per cent of salts, by weight of the soil, need drainage.
Report upon the Black and Boggy Swamps drainage district, Ham.pton
and Jasper Counties, S. C, F. G. Eason {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. II4 {1914),
pp. 21, figs. 3). — This report describes the district and the proposed drainage
plan and briefly discusses the problems involved.
The district is approximately a rectangle. 12 miles long northwest and south-
east, and 0 miles wide. The north, east, and west boundaries are formed by
natural watershed lines, with no natural boundary on the south. The general
slope of the ground is southward toward the coast and westward toward the
Savannah River, which is the outlet for all the drainage of the district. The
two main drainage channels for the district are Boggy Swamp, serving the
northern and western parts, and Black Swamp, serving the eastern part. The
poor drainage conditions are attributed to (1) lack of suitable drainage con-
nection between the wet, flat areas and the drainage channels, and (2) the
inability of the drainage channels to remove the water after it has reached
them. The predominating and most generally cultivated type of soil of the
district is a light sandy loam underlain by a reddish to yellow clay at depths
of 4 to 18 in. Other soils are a tenacious gray clay, a red clay, and a heavy
black muck.
The complete plan recommended for reclaiming the lands of the district
involves the construction of 68 miles of dredged ditches and 08 miles of hand-
made ditches. The minimum dredged ditch is one with a 14-ft. bottom width.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 685
7-ft. depth, and i : 1 slide slopes, while the handmade ditches usually have
i5-ft. bottom widths, 5-ft. depths, and i : 1 side slopes. A berm of 8 ft. is
recommended for the dredged channels, and of 3 ft. for the handmade ditches.
The width of right of way varies as follows : For 3-ft. ditch, 30 ft. ; for 14-ft.
ditch, 80 ft. ; for 16 to 20-ft. ditch, 90 ft. ; for 22-ft. ditch, 100 ft. ; and for 28 to
30-ft. ditch, 120 ft.
The proposed improvement in Boggy Swamp consists of a ditch throughout
the length of the swamp, 13,000 ft. of which is handmade, with 3-ft. bottom
width, 6-ft. depth, and side slopes i : 1; and 62,800 ft. of dredged ditch in-
creasing from minimum size to a bottom width of 30 ft. at the lower end. The
proposed improvements on Black Swamp consist of a corresponding dredged
ditch about 10 miles long with bottom width varying from 13 ft. to 30 ft.
Numerous tributaries to both these ditches comprise several miles of both
handmade and minimum dredged ditches, as do also several small improve-
ments in independent watersheds.
An estimate of the cost shows the total for the drainage district to be
$371,.598, or an average cost per acre of $5.50.
Mole-draining and the renovation of old pipe drains, D. T. Thring (Jour.
Boy. Agr. 8oc. England, 74 (WIS), pp. 76-89, figs. 10).— The process of mole-
draining water-logged soils is described and illustrated. Mole-draining is the
making of a long hole, from 3 to 4 in. in diameter, under the surface of the land
at varying intervals, and at depths from 3 ft. to 18 in., without digging and with-
out pipes. The draining tool consists of a 3i in. round steel plug sharp at one
end and firmly secured to a steel blade 8 in. wide. A hole is dug to the required
depth and the tool dropped into the ground and drawn up the field, thus cutting
the earth with the blade to the depth of the plug and leaving a round hole in
the clay.
The best results are said to be obtained on a heavy clay soil and the method
is useless unless the subsoil is clay. If old tile drains are already installed the
mole-drains may be connected with these where the two intersect. The distance
apart of mole-drains is governed by the furrows, but where there are no furrows
they should be from 5 to 9 yds. apart. The depth of drains is governed by the
soil. On very retentive soils 18 to 21 in. is deep enough, while on lighter clay
24 to 27 in. is better. Cost data applicable to English conditions are given, cot-
ering the entire process.
Experiences with wood-stave pipe, E. M. Chandler (Engin. Rec, 69 (1914),
No. 11, p. 299). — Information on the use of wood-stave pipe is given as follows:
For pressure heads between 20 and 150 ft. there seems to be no better type
than wood-stave pipe built of redwood or fir. Steel pipe is preferable for pres-
sures above 150 ft. on account of the necessarily close spacing of the steel bands
on the wooden pipe for high heads. Wood-stave pipe without a preservative
coating buried in a dry volcanic ash soil and not under hydraulic pressure con-
tinuously is subject to rapid decay.
Treatment of wood-stave pipe with hot carbolineum is concluded to be bene-
ficial. One of the great advantages of having the pipe above ground is the ease
of detecting leaks. Draining of the pipes during freezing weather, if they are
promptly refilled afterward, can not increase the rate of decay.
Experience with a machine-banded wood-stave pipe showed that if it were
necessary to bury it in arid regions, every precaution should be taken to coat
all parts with a proper preservative.
Country road construction, A. Liebmann (Der Landstrassenhau. Berlin
and Leipsic, 1912, pp. 147, figs. 44)- — This book deals with the technical side of
road design, construction, and maintenance from the viewpoint of the German
686 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
engineer. An introductory section dealing with tlie generalities of the subject,
including a historical review, is followed by a discussion of vehicles and a
mathematical analysis of the reciprocal effects of vehicles and roads. A section
on location, design, and construction discusses alignment, cross section shape
and structure, surface and underdrainage, foundations, surfacing, and costs. A
final section deals with maintenance, including cleaning, rolling, dust prevention,
and costs.
Progress reports of experiments in dust prevention and road preservation,
1913 (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 105 {1914), pp. 46). — This report covers the com-
pletion of experimental work begun in 1912 (E. S. R., 29, p. 590) and gives the
details of construction of several new sample roads.
An inspection of the experimental roads at Chevy Chase, Md., most of which
have been previously described, showed the bituminous concretes to be in ex-
cellent condition. The section laid under the Topeka specification had a slightly
wavy surface as compared with the District of Columbia pavement and had
compressed in a few places below the top of the adjoining curb. The seal coat
on the District of Columbia pavement began to bleed badly with the advent of
warm weather. The results of expansion in concrete during hot weather were
noted at the joint between experiments 2 and 3, where the roadway buckled
across its entire width and to a small extent sheared off some of the concrete
base of the District of Columbia pavement.
An inspection of the several bituminous surface treatments applied to con-
crete did not seem to indicate any noticeable difference between the adaptability
of cement concrete and oil-cement concrete to this form of treatment. Practi-
cally all of the sections with bituminous surfaces suffered to a greater or less
extent from the passage of a traction engine. The exposed concrete surface,
as a whole, presenting a smooth, uniform texture and there was apparently no
difference in wear between the plain cement and oil-cement concrete. The
addition of a hydrated lime had no noticeable effect on the concrete. Cracks
devloped at a greater average distance where a limestone aggregate was
used.
No difference was noted in the character of the various sections of brick
pavement. The grouted surface had practically all worn off, and at a few
places throughout the length of the section small transverse cracks had devel-
oped where the grout had broken loose from a course of brick.
On Rockville Pike, Md., experiments were conducted with tars and oils ap-
plied on surfaces hot and cold to demonstrate the relative value of several
bituminous products and to ascertain the relative economy, from a maintenance
standpoint, of cold treatment with the lighter products as compared with hot
treatments with some of the heavier products. In these experiments refined
coal tar, refined water-gas tar, asphaltic petroleum, residual asphaltic petroleum,
and water-gas tar preparations were used. These were applied to surfaces fin-
ished as water boinid macadam and covered with trap rock screenings or
gravel. An inspection of these experiments showed that trap rock and gravel
coverings have given equally good results. The surfaces were, in general,
smooth and firm throughout.
At Miami, Fla., experiments were conducted with oils and coralline rock.
The oils were applied to the rock subsurface by the semipenetration surface
treatment and the penetration methods, using cold, light oil and hot, heavy
oil. An inspection of these experiments showed two of the sections to be in
very bad condition and demonstrated the impracticability of treating ,the
original coralline rock roadway either by attempted penetration or strictly
surface application of bitumen. The other experiments were in fair condition.
RURAL ENGINEERING. 687
Supplementary reports are also given of experiments made at Washington,
D. C, on surface treatment by tar preparation and oils; at Chevy Chase, Md., on
bituminous construction, surface treatment, and the use of refined semiasphaltic
oil; at Jamaica, N. Y., on the use of oil-cement concrete, oil asphalt, tar, and
fluxed native asphalt ; at New York, N. Y., and Ridgewood, N. J., on oil-cement
conci'ete; at Boise, Idaho, on oil-gravel macadam; at Ames, Iowa, on oil-
asphalt gravel; at Knoxville, Tenn., on tar and oil preparations; at Youngs-
town, Ohio, on slag, slag and lime, slag and waste sulphite liquor preparation,
and slag and tar; at Newton, Mass., on asphaltic preparations, tar preparations,
residual oil, and molasses-oil-lime ; at Cardeu City, Dodge City, Bucklin, and
Ford, Kans., on sand clay; at Independence, Kans., on oil-asphalt earth road;
and at Bowling Green, Ky., on Kentucky rock asphalt.
Standard abrasion test for gravel employed by the Ohio State Highway
Department, A. S. Rea (Good Roads, n. ser., 7 (1914), Na. 23, pp. 315, 316,
fig. 1). — In an attempt to obtain a satisfactory test for gravel which would
give a measure of its resistance to wear when subjected to traffic conditions,
the standard abrasion test for stone was modified, using the Deval type of abra-
sion machine and 6 cast-iron spheres such us are used in the standard paving-
brick i-attler test per cylinder for an abrasive charge. The gravel was screened
ihrough screens having 2-in., 1-in., and i-in. circular openings, and the sizes
used for the tests were equally divided between those passing the 2-iu. and
retained on the 1-in. screen, and those i)assing the 1-in. and retained on the
^-in. screen. The duration of the test and the rate of rotation wex'e 10,000
I'evolutions at the rate of from 30 to 3.3 revolutions per minute.
A series of tests made to comiiare the results obtained with those from the
.standard stone test show the advantage of this test, aside from the considera-
tion of the size of material, to be in the increased severity of the abrasion
on the soft, friable sandstone pebbles and material of a similar nature. " In
this test the impact of the cast-iron spheres breaks up the soft pebbles, while
in the stone test the Impact of the stone on stone tends merely to round off the
corners and edges."
Test of wire-cut and re-pressed paving brick {Eng'm. Rec, 69 (1914), ^o.
22, p. 601, figs. 4)- — Experiments to compare the penetration of grout for
re-pressed paving brick with horizontal grooves in the end faces and for wire-
cut brick with double beveled or bulging ends showed that the penetrations
were equally satisfactory, but that the wire-cut samples formed a stronger bond
with the grout.
Effect of hydrated lime on change in volume and strength of mortars and
concretes, H. S. Spackman (Nat. Lime Manfrs. Asf^oc. Bid. 10 (1914), PP- 24,
figs. 9; Concrete-Cement Age, 4 (1914), No 3, pp. 112-116, figs. 9).— The results
of tests on the effect of different conditions of exposure with and without the
addition of hydrated lime on the change in volume of Portland cement mortar
and concrete and on their tensile and compressive strengths are reported.
Variation in moisture content affected the volume of the test piece more
than change In temperature. When kept from contact with water other than
atmospheric moisture there was a marked tendency to shrinkage of the test
piece, which continued up to and beyond the 6-month period. Where the test
piece was in constant or frequent contact with water it tended to expand in
volume. With the draining off of excess gaging water there was a marked
shrinkage at the 24-hour period, followed in some cases by expansion at 4^
hours and further shrinkage if test specimens were out of contact with water
and expansion if in contact with water. The addition of hydrated lime, while
increasing somewhat the maximum exi^ansion and contraction when the test
64822°— No. 7—14 7
688 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
specimens were coustautly exposed either to water or dry air, markedly reduced
the shrinliage due to the draining off of the surplus gaging water and also the
extent of the movement when the test piece was ultimately wet and dried.
Portland cement mortars and concrete either with or without the addition
of hydrated lime developed the greatest strength when in continuous contact
with water, and when allowed to harden in air without water there was a
marked diminution of strength. Considered broadly, the addition or substitu-
tion of 10 per cent of hydrated lime had no marked effect on the strength of
the mortars.
It is concluded that the addition of hydrated lime will be found advantageous
under ordinary climatic conditions, not only in concrete road construction but
in concrete work generally.
Power from the sun, F. Shuman (Engin. Mag., Jft (191^), No. 3, pp. 419-
Jf23, fig. 1). — A description is given of the main features of construction and
operation of the sun-power plant for irrigation pumping at Cairo, Egj-pt.
The engine used is a special low-pressure engine previously described (B. S.
R., 29, p. 787). The steam is generated in the sun heat absorbers which are
jipproximate parabolic troughs for catching the sun's rays and concentrating
them upon the boiler swung at the focal point. Tests of the steam-producing
capacity of the heater showed the average production to be 1,100 lbs. per hour
of 15 lbs. steam (absolute pressure) for a 10-hour day, giving on an average 50
brake horsepowei". A comparison of the cost of erection in that locality of this
plant with that of a coal-burning plant of equal horsepower showed a total saving
in cost of erection and operation in favor of the sun-power plant of £410 6s.
(about $2,000). The plant is said to have a thermal efficiency of 57 per cent.
Gas-engine indicator diagrams, G. W. Muench (Power, 39 (1914), No. 22,
p. 775, figs. 8). — Seven actual indicator diagrams taken on gas engines are given
and comitared with a normal diagram from a four-stroke cycle engine, thus
showing how some of the common gas-engine troubles, such as improper timing
of valves and Ignition, preignition, faulty compression, excessive back pressure,
etc.. may be detected by the indicator diagram.
Strength of shafting required to transmit a given horsepower at different
speeds, C. H. Clark (Sci. Amer. Sup., 77 (1914), No. 2003, p. 331, fig. 1).—
Formulas and a diagram are given for computing the size and strength of
shafting required to transmit a given hor.sepower at different speeds.
Transmission of power by Manila rope, R. Tbautschold (Power, 39 (1914) >
No. 19. pp. 666-670, fig.f. .9).— Charts and formulas for figuring the power trans-
mitted by rope drive, the sizes of sheaves, etc., are given, and the character-
istics and advantages of rope drive are discussed.
The implements of the industry, H. P. Agee (Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Sta.,
Agr. and (Jlicm. Bui. 44 (lUl.'t), pp. ,S.}, figs. 7^).— This is a compilation of in-
formation regarding a number of the methods and implements used in the culti-
vation of sugar cane in Hawaii.
Permanent farm buildings, J. B. Davidson (Brick and Clay Rec, 44 (1914),
No. 10, pp. 1140-1143. figs. 9).— The author draws attention to the economic
importance of permanent construction of farm buildings, points out in a general
way the requirements for such construction, and advocates particularly the use
of clay products as building material.
Transmission of heat through building materials, F. L. Busey (Power,
39 (1914), No. 16, pp. 572-574, fid- i)-— In the interests of both building heating
and refrigeration the author analyzes mathematical methods and gives tables
of data for computing the heat transmission and the transmission resistance of
different building materials.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 689
RURAL ECONOMICS.
Farm management in the Gallatin Valley, E. L. Currier (Montana Sta.
Bui. 97 {19U), pp. 103-120, figs. ^).— In a survey of 50 farms, the author found
that the average labor income on the 25 better farms was $1,365.92 while on
the 25 poorer farms there was a loss of $361.92, the farmers on these farms not
receiving 6 per cent interest on their farm investment. Among the conclusions
reached by the author in making a comparison of these two types of farms are
that the better farms were stock and gi-ain farms while the majority of the
poorer farms produced only grain. The most successful farms averaged over
four important sources of income while the poorer farms averaged slightly
over two. The crop yields of the better farms averaged 22.8 per cent larger
than the ix)orer, due to a more efficient system of soil management through
greater diversification. The better farms had 8.6 acres per animal unit to 11.9
acres on the poorer farms, and had more dairy cows and sheep. The better
farms produced a net return of $2.41 yter dollar of labor while the poorer farms
produced only 49 cts.
Profits in farming on irrigated areas in Utah Lake Valley, E. H. Thomson
and H. M. Dixon (U. 8. Dcpt. Arjr. Btil 111 {WlJt), pp. 21, figs. 7).— In this
study 95 farms near Provo and Si)anish Fork were u.sed as a basis.
Among the results shown were that the greater part of the farm receipts
were from sugar beets. The growing of other crops such as small fruits and
vegetables which are suited to intensive agriculture was seriously limited by
market conditlon.s.
The total labor expense constituted nearly 50 per cent of the total farm ex-
penses. The average lalior income on 35 small farms with 16.5 acres in crops
was $247 ; on 30 general fruit and sugar-beet fai-ms with 42 crop acres the
labor income was $589 ; and on 4 grain and live-stock farms with 74 crop acres
the labor income was $620. The px'ofits received were largely influenced by the
size of the farm business, the type of farming followed, and the diversity of
the income. Many of the farms were so small in magnitude of business that
the owners could not possibly make a comfortable living without outside em-
ployment. Of the 54 farmers who had less than 40 acres, only 2 men made
over $1,000 labor income, and more than 60 per cent of them made less than
$300. The high initial cost of land plus the cost of water rights and cost of
improvements all combine to make such a heavy investment that intensive
agriculture becomes almost imperative, even though such a form is wholly
unsuited in its market relations. In most successful forms of intensive agri-
culture diversification of enterprises is important, and the limited markets in
this region were in this way a severe handicap to the most efficient farm
organization.
The management of farms growing sugar beets in Austria- Hungary, E. C.
Sedlmavr [Mitt. Landw. Lehrkauz: K. K. Hochsch. Bodenkul. Wicn, 2 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 487-556). — The author gives detailed information showing the areas
devoted to the different farm purposes, rotations followed, kinds and amount
of fertilizers used, number and kinds of agricultural implements owned, average
yield of the pi-incipal farm crops, number of live stock kept, and the wages
paid for male and female laborers at different seasons of the year.
The determination of the cost of production, C. S. Obwin (Jour. Bd. Agr.
[London], 21 (1914), No. 3, pp. 193-201). — The author asserts that since farm
accounting is in its initial stages it would be easier to develop uniformity in
methods than later when difl'erent systems have become accepted. He concludes
from his study of the present systems that it is not possible to determine the
cost of any one farm commodity without a complete calculation of the cost
of all the produce of the farm.
690
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The county farm bureau, B. H. Crocheron (California Sta. Virc. 118 ilQl-i),
pp. 18, figs. 9). — The uuthor discusses the functions of the farm bureau, a
county organization of tliose interested in agriculture " to assist tlie farm ad-
viser in his worli in tlie county," outlines the method of organization, and
gives a constitution and by-laws previously noted (E. S. R.. 30, p. 695).
Community improvement clubs for the rural and village comm.unities of
Kentucky, C. D. Bohannan {Kentucky Sta. Ext. Circ. 19 (191^), pp. 3i).— This
contains a model constitution for a rural community improvement club and
suggestions for making a study of a rural community along the lines of health
and sanitation, and economic, social, religious, and school conditions. These
suggestions are in the form of questions the answers to which the community is
to determine for itself. A brief bibliography is included.
Economic associations of rural Poland, A. Szembek {Les Associations
Economiquen des Paysans Polonais Sous la Domitmtion Prussienne. Paris and
Brusftcls [191-'t], pp. XVI+461). — This book contains a detailed statement of
the histoi'y and organization of mutual credit societies, cooperative associa-
tions, and agricultural clubs in Poland, and their relation to their respective
centra] organizations. A brief bibliography is included.
Buyers and sellers in the cotton trade, H. B. Heyhn {London, 1913, pp.
Vni-\-2.i4, pi. 1). — This book describes the cotton trade, the sources of supply,
the progress of cotton manuf:icture in England, and various phases of the dis-
tribution of cotton and cotton goods. Statistical data are given showing the
production, consumption, trade, and prices for a series of years.
Second annual report of the markets commissioner of the Province of
British Columbia, J. F. Smith {Ann. Rpt. Markets Comr. Brit. Columbia, 2
{191S), pp. 31). — This report contains a .summary of the work of the markets
commissioner during 1913, and gives information regarding the consumption
of fruit at prairie centers, freight rates, prices, cost of production, and rules
regarding grades.
Stability of farm operators, or term of occupancy of farms {Bur. of the
Census [V. S.] BuL, Ayr. U. S., 1910, Stability of Farm Operators, pp. 22). — In
taking the last census of agriculture, the question was asked. " How long have
you lived on this farm?" These data have been tabulated by number of years
of occupancy and by color and tenure of farmers, and may be summarized as
follows :
Farm operators in tlie United States classified by number of yearn on farm and
by tenure, 1910.
Number of years
on farm.
Total
number of
operators.
Owners,
free.
Owners,
mortgaged.
Part
owners.
Cash
tenants.
Share
tenants.
Man-
agers.
Total number of
0.301,502
5. 794. 768
48,539,605
1.000,293
627,860
l.;!71,607
992,468
1.802.540
rm. 734
2.295,277
2.005,514
28,05(».981
98,307
99,895
334,277
379,561
1,093.474
289, 763
1.059,620
947.487
8. 723, .'591
93,765
86,711
222, 510
209,971
334,530
112.133
593,825
557, 867
4.823,483
50, .568
50,281
138,894
126,855
191.269
35.958
826,287
779,265
2.950,917
203,275
124,570
248,632
117,161
85.627
47.022
1,528,389
1,451,294
3.746,385
541,018
257,859
412,119
150,554
89, 744
77.095
58. 104
Farms reporting
Total years
Less than 1 year —
lyear
53,341
238,248
13,360
8,544
15,175
5 to 9 years ....
8,366
10 years and over.. .
Not reported
7,896
4,763
Persons engaged in agriculture, W. E. Bear {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc.
Scot., 5. ser., 26 {1914), PP- 233-24.')) .—The author by the use of the census data
as a basis estimates that the decreases in persons engaged in agriculture in the
United Kingdom were 4.6 per cent for males and 19 per cent for females in the
decade ended 1«91. whilt! the corre.spondlng decreases for the 10 years endtnl
AGBICULTURAL EDUCATION. 691
1901 were 10.24 and 27.90 per ceut. For the 10 years euded 1911 there were
increases of 1.11 and 0.23 per ceut, resijectively. During the last 10 years this
increase has talien place principally in England, while there has been a decrease
in Scotland and Ireland. The English increase Is due to the multiplication of
small holders, while the Scottish decrease is due in part to a more precise dis-
tinction between farmers and crofters in 1911. In Ireland the decrease is due
to the con.solidation of farms.
Bural population in Eng-land and Wales: a study of the changes of
density, occupations, and ages, A. L. Bowley {Jour. Roy. Statis. Soc, 77
il91-'f), No. 6, pp. 597-652, figs. 2). — Among the conclusions reached by the
author are that the population in purely rural areas is not completely dominated
by the number in agricultural occupations. The number of farmers has changed
very little in 50 years, but the number in the horticultural and market garden-
ing occupations has increasetl slightly. A large number have throughout the
last 50 years started their working life in agriculture and subsequently moved
to other occupations in the country, in the towns, or abroad. At present 17
years seems to be the critical age. There is no evident connection between the
numbers of agricultural laborers or the changes in their numbers, on the one
hand, and the changes of wages, heights of wages, density of population, or
the movement of other parts of the rural population on the other hand.
Agricultural population of Sweden, L. Widell {Statis. Arshok Sverige,
1914, P- IS). — A classification of the population of Sweden according to the
professions in which they are engaged, and including those who are dependent
upon them for supjwrt, indicates that in 1870 71.87 per cent were engaged in
agriculture, in 1880 67.42 per cent, in 1890 60.92 i)er ceut, and in 1900 53.67 per
cent. The total population has increased during this period from 4,168.525 to
5,136,441.
Agricultural statistics of Sweden, L. Widell {Statis. Arsbok Sverige, 1914,
pp. 50-62). — This annual report gives statistics showing for 1911, by depart-
ments, the area devoted to different agricultural purposes, area and yields of
the principal farm crops, and the number of farm animals, with data for
earlier years. Additional data are given concerning the dairy industry and
forests.
The agriculture in the Netherlands {Pubs. Roy. Netherland Agr. Soc, No.
10 {1914), PP- i40, pi- 1, figs. 20). — This pamphlet, written in English, contains
the following papers: Some Particulars about Dutch Agriculture, by F. B.
Lohnis ; Cattle Breeding in the Netherlands, by C. Broekema ; Dairy Produce
in the Netherlands, by V. R. Y. Croesen; Reclamation of the Heaths in the
Netherlands, by J. P. van Lonkhuyzen ; State Efforts on Behalf of Agriculture
in the Netherlands ; and The Activity of Farmers' and Market Gardeners' Asso-
ciations iu the Netherlands, by V. R. Y. Croesen and R. P. Bonthuis.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Agricultural instruction and its methods, P. De Vuyst {L'Enseignement
Agricole et ses Methodes. Brussels, 1913, 2. ed., pp. XII+354). — This is the
second edition of this book, which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 21,
p. 190).
Status of agricultural instruction {Rap. Trien. Min. Agr. et Trav. Pub.
[Belgium}, 1909-1911, pp. XZF/-f 330).— This report for the years 1909-1911,
inclusive, submitted by the minister of agriculture and public works to the
legislative chambers of Belgium, on the collegiate, secondai-y, elementary, and
extension instruction in agriculture, horticulture, and home economics, gives
detailed information concerning the faculty, curriculum, attendance, examina-
tions, etc., of the individual institutions.
692 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
The organization of agriculture by the department of agriculture in
Ireland and its application to the conditions of the Bombay Presidency,
W. W. Smart {Agr. Jour. India, 9 (WlJf), No. i, pp. 23-37).— In this paper,
read at the Provincial Agricultural Conference held at Poena in September,
1913, the acting director of agriculture of the Bombay Presidency describes the
work of the agricultural branch of the Department of Agriculture and Tech-
nical Instruction for Ireland in its cooperation with the 33 county councils and
the scheme under which the funds for agriculture are administered, and out-
lines his ideas as to how this system could be adopted iu the Bombay
Presidency.
Report of the department of agricultural education, W. H. French {Antt.
Rpt. Sec. Bd. Agr. Mich., 52 {1913), pp. 59-62). — In this report of the profe.ssor
of agricultural education of the Michigan College attention is called to the
teaching of pedagogical subjects leading to teachers' certificates for 15 hours
each week during the year to a class of 10.5 students and to the teaching of
agriculture by graduates of the institution in 20 high schools. The high-school
agricultural course is a 4-unit course elected by from 10 to 50 per cent of the
boys. Eighteen 1-week courses for farmers were held in connection with the
high schools, the attendance ranging from 20 to 150. During the spring the
organization of 30 boys' and girls' clubs in connection with rural schools was
effected, and a pamphlet of instructions and projects has been distributed.
About 150 readers have taken advantage of the college extension reading course.
Schools of agriculture, mechanic arts, and homemaking, L. S. Hawkins
(Univ. State N. Y. Bill. 5'f3 (1913), pp. 20). — This bulletin contains a discussion
of schools of agriculture as a part of the public school system, qualifications of
teachers, rooms and eyuipmeut. tyi)es of schools of agriculture, mechanic arts,
and home uinkiug; and an outline of the procedure in oi^anizing them, project
work in agriculture and summer work of agricultural teachers, suggested
courses in agriculture and home making for intermediate and high schools of
agriculture, and .'i list of general reference books relating to agriculture and
rural life.
Agriculture in the high school, I.. S. Hawkins (Univ. State N. Y. Bui. 563
(1914), PP- 52. ?''*'• 5, figs. 9). — The author discusses methods of instruction,
how to keep a record of pupils' and teachers' work, equipment needed, field
trips, pupils' notebooks, recitations, the shop, and the purpose and equipment
of the farm mecbanics wt)rk in the high school. A classified list of agricultural
books is given.
The New Hamphire type of reconstructed rural high school, H. A. Brown
(Vocational Ed., 3 (1914), ^'o- 5, pp. 321-331, figs. 5). — In this article the author
describes the courses in agriculture and home economics which are used in 15
New Hampshire high schools iu rural sections iu which agriculture is the
predominating industry.
State-aided vocational agricultural education (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Ed. [M<iss.],
77 (1912-13), pp. 246-261). — This report of progress made in vocational training
in agriculture shows, that 77 pupils carried on home project work as compared
with 69 in 1912, that 30 pupils — 5 from each of the 6 centers where agricul-
tural project work and study were in operation in 1913 — earned from farm
work, in connection with good standing in the class room, $9,728.03, and that
the number admitted to such training for the 1914 school year is 266. A
working agreement has been made by which each instructor is becoming the
local representative of the extension service of the Massachusetts College and
of this Department for investigations and advisory work among the farmers
in his vicinity. The instructor of the extension service has been appointed
state leader. Statistical tables are Included.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 693
The Massachusetts home-project plan of vocational agricultural education,
R. W. Stimsox (f7. 8. Bur. Ed. Bui., No. 8 {19U), pp. 104+III, pis. 6).— The
author discusses the elements necessary to successful vocational agricultural
education, describes the Massachusetts home-project plan, and gives (1) informa-
tion and suggestions for school officers and instructors as to courses and methods
of agricultural project study approvable for State aid in Massachusetts, (2)
project study outlines for vegetable growing, and (3) an agricultural project
study bibliography. An appendix by W. T. Bawden bas been previously noted
from another source (E. S. R.. r'O, p. 597).
Report of the extension work with the schools as carried out through the
schools' division, S. B. McCkeady {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union,
34 {1912), pp. 46-48). — ^About 250 schools shared in the distribution of planting
material and instructions for practical work in school or home gardens. A
series of charts containing lessons in agriculture was commenced, and numbers
ou alfalfa and the best time to sow spring grains respectively, have been dis-
tributed. An illustration is given of the alfalfa chart.
A school garden in the making, its objects and uses, .7. J. Cronin {Agr.
Jour. India, 9 {1914), ^^o- ly PP- 71-^6). — The author points out the objects and
uses of a school garden and describes the home and school garden work begun
in Burma, India, in 1012. There are now ten school gardens in process of
formation.
Rhode Island boys' and girls' home gardening clubs (R. I. State Col. Ext.
Bui., 3 {1014), ^^0. 13, pp. 3).— This bulletin outlines the conditions to which
.some responsible person or organization agree.s when taking up home garden
work in cooperation with the agricultural college and the state board of agri-
culture, and includes a blank to be filled out and signed by the applicant. The
college, through its extension department, will help to organize a home garden
movement in any pai't of the State, pay the expenses of a lecturer who will
speak before organizations, at schools, or wherever it is desiretl to interest
children in home gardening, and give information on gardening j)roblems.
The state board of agriculture will furnish leaflets giving instruction as to
the details of the gardening work, printefl ribbons or badges which may be
used as prizes for exhibits of home-grown products, and enrollment and report
blanks.
Boys' and girls' clubs in Utah, J. C. Hogenson ( Utah Agr. Col. Ext. Div.
Circ. 14 {1914), pp. 24). — This circular outlines the purpose, method of organi-
zation, and general regulations of boys' and girls' clubs, and regulations for
various club contests.
Boys' corn club work in North Carolina, T. E. Browne {North Carolina
Sta. Circ. 11 {1914), pp. 3-12, fig. i).— This describes the work of the clubs and
gives general directions and instructions for growing, harvesting, and handling
corn for contests.
Instructions to members of the boys' com club, W. J. Jernigan {Arkansas
Sta. Circ. 24 {1914), PP- 4)- — Instructions are given as to cultural methods
employed in corn growing.
Boys' and girls' club work, J. C. Hogenson ( Utah Agr. Col. Ext. Div. Circ.
21 {1914), pp. 28, figs. 28). — Eleven lessons in sewing are outlined.
Boys' and girls' home gardens, E. K. Thomas {R. I. Bd. Agr. Bui., 1914,
Apr., pp. 8, fig. 1). — This bulletin contains directions for planting and caring
for gardens, including planting tables and for selecting, packing, shipping, and
staging vegetables for exhibiton.
Hunnicutt's agriculture for the common schools, J. B. Hunnicutt. revised
by R. J. H. Deloach {Atlanta, 1913, pp. XII+291, pis. 5, figs. 104).— In this
third edition the text has been almost entirely rewritten " with a view to giving
694 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
definite iustruction oii class room work iu agriculture, to indicate how and where
to find material with which to teach the subject and, lastly, how to use this
material to the best advantage." It treats of the soil, plants, fai-m animals,
dairy and poultry husbandry, school gardening, nature study, bird life, boys'
and girls' clubs, and the farmer's opportunity. A list of agricultural references
and useful tables are appended.
Simple furniture for school agriculture, J. Main (Bui. Okla. Agr. and Mech.
Col., 10 (1914), No. 79, pp. 8, figs. 7). — Specifications are given for an agricul-
tural display case, book section and library table, bulletin boxes, and bulletin
and note covers, and attention is called to four methods for exhibiting small
grain, seeds, and similar products, viz. in a seed-mounting case, 2-dram vials,
sample tubes, and standard exhibit boxes, and to a cupboard for the storage of
equipment.
Illustrated lecture on swine in the United States, W. B. Jessee ( U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Office Expt. Stas. SuUnhus 16 {Wilt), pp. J6).— This syllabus is designed
for farmei-s' institute and other extension lecturers and is to be used in con-
nection with 44 lantern sides. Some of the topics considered are the construc-
tion of hog houses, sanitation and disease control, selection of breeding stock,
swine management, breeds, and cost of production. A bibliography is appended.
Dairy laboratory manual and note book, E. L. Anthony (Philadelphia and
London, 191^, pp. 72, figs. 10). — This group of 41 exercises, all of which have
been used by the author in class work, is designed to cover the use of the Bab-
cock tester, lactometer, and special work with farm separators and churns
and to be used with courses having two or more hours laboratory practice each
week. It is intended so to familiarize the student sufiiciently with the gen-
eral practice that he may be able to handle the more advanced courses in testing
and creamery work.
The field of home economics. Flora Rose {Cornell Countryman, 11 (19H),
No. 8, pp. 271, 272, Advt. Sect. p. 10). — The author points out how various
sciences apply to woman's home work and discusses some vocations open to
students in home economics.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1913 (Colorado 8ta.
Rpt. 1913, pp. 31). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, a report of the director on the work and
publications of the station, and dei>artmental reports.
Twentieth Annual Report of Montana Station, 1913 (Montana 8ta. Rpt.
1913, pp. 137-18^, fig. 1). — This contains the organization list, a financial state-
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1013. a report of the director on the
work and publications of the station, including a list of all publications since
the organization of the station, and a summary of meteorological observations
for 1013.
Twenty-fourth Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1913 (North
Dakota t<ta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 31). — This contains the organization list, reports of
the director and heads of departments, including meteorological observations
abstracted on page 615 of this issue, and a financial statement for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1013.
Annual Report of Porto Rico Station, 1913 (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1913. pp.
3^, pis. 4). — This contains the organization list, a summary by the special agent
in charge as to the investigations conducted at the station during the year, a
report by the chemist and assistant chemist, and reports of the horticulturist,
assistant horticulturist, jtlant pathologist, and animal husbandman, abstracted
elsewhere in this issue.
NOTES.
California University and Station. — TH\ W. I.. Howard, horticulturist at the
Missouri T'niversity and .Station, has been appointed associate professor of
pomology beginning in Februaiy, 1915. Dr. Jacob Traum, formerly of the Bu-
reau of Animal Industry of this Department, has been appointed assistant
professor of veterinarj' science for the investigation of tuberculosis among
domestic animals. Roland S. Vaile has been appointed assistant professor of
orchard management, and assigned to the Graduate School of Tropical Agricul-
ture at Riverside.
Georgia College and Station. — The following have been added to the staff of
the college since September 1 : J. B. Berry, formerly of the Pennsylvania Col-
lege, as professor of forestry ; E. G. Welch as instructor in farm mechanics ;
and in the extension service, G. L. Bigford, C. J. Goodell, and W. H. Howell as
scientific assistants in animal husbandry. R. M. Gridley as instructor in animal
husbandry. Dr. A. L. Hirleman and L. G. Proctor as lield agents in hog cholera
work, R. F. Irvin as instructor in poultry husbandry, D. J. Taylor as field agent
in poultry husbandry, and S. H. Starr and E. C. Westbrook as instructors in
agronomy.
Arrangements have been perfected by which the station will have at least five
cooperative plats in different parts of the State where variety tests of field
crops, including cotton, corn, small grains, and forage plants will be conducted.
Arrangements have also been made for conducting investigations in fertilizers
for apples in the northeast and northwest sections of the State.
Fred H. Smith has been appointed assistant chemist beginning September 15.
Kentucky University and Station. — B. D. Wilson, assistant chemist in the
fertilizer department in the station, and C. B. Wilson, assistant in the hog
cholera serum laboratory, have resigned. Recent appointments include in the
station M. J. Smith and E. Huston as assistants in animal husbandry, and
Robert Pfanstiel and E. H. Nollau as as.sistant chemists, and in the extension
department Charles E. Stokes as agent in animal husbandry in cooperation with
this Department.
Maryland College and Station. — H. J. Patterson has resigned as president, to
take effect July 1. 1915, recommending in his letter of resignation the abolish-
ing of the office of president and the substitution of an administrative com-
mission consisting of a director of college work, the director of the station,
and the director of extension work. This plan is under consideration by the
board of trustees, as well as a plan for the reorganization of the subeoUegiate
courses at the institution with an agricultural high school along lines similar to
that at the University of Minnesota.
Recent appointments include C. E. Temple, of the Idaho Univei'sity and Sta-
tion, as associate plant pathologist in the state horticultural department, R. C.
Rose as associate botanist in connection with college and station work, and
Stewart B. Shaw, of the North Carolina Station, as horticulturist in connection
with the state horticultural work.
Massachusetts College. — Prof. George F. Mills, associated with the institution
from 18S9 until his retirement last April, died October 27, at the age of 75
695
696 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.
years. During tbis long period of service he had been at various periods pro-
fessor of English and Latin, head of the division of the humanities, treasurer
of the college and station, acting president, and since 1907, dean. These activ-
ities brought him into close relations with trustees, faculty, and the student
body; and for years his scholarly attainmeuts, breadth of vision, and high
character had been a powerful influence in tlie upbuilding of the institution.
New Mexico College and Station. — E. H. Divelbiss has been appointed assistant
professor of horticulture and assistant horticulturist, vice J. W. Rigney, who
has been made county agent in Pecos County under the extension division.
P. D. Southworth and V. L. Martineau have been appointed county agents in
Luna and Colfax counties respectively, and M. R. Gonzales for San Miguel and
Mora counties.
North Carolina College. — Exercises in celebration of the twenty-fifth anni-
versary of the establishment of the college were held October 3. Governor Locke
Craig presided, and the program included addresses by ex-Governor Thomas J.
Jarvis, Hon. Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy, and Hon. Carl S. Vroo-
man, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, and greetings from the State Depart-
ment of Education by J. Y. Joyner, state superintendent of public instruction;
other colleges of the State by Presidents Edward K. Graham of the University
of North Carolina and William L. Poteat of Wake Forest College; the State
Department of Agriculture by Commissioner W. A. Graham : and this Depart-
ment by Director A. C. True of this Office.
President D. H. Hill closed the exercises with a historical account of the es-
tablishment and progress of the institution. At its opening the equipment con-
sisted of a single building, 62 acres of land valued at $2,500, and equipment
estimated at $500. At present the college has 486 acres of land valued at over
$125,000, over 20 buildings, and equipment inventoried at $240,000. The faculty
Las increased from five members to sixty-three, the experiment station workers
from ten to sixty-five, and the student enrollment from seventy-two to seven
hundred and thirty-eight. Even more striking has been the change in attitude
of the people of the State, and President Hill declared that "the college counts
its greatest gain in its quarter century of life to be the winning of the confidence
and hearty good will of every class of people."
Oklahoma College and Station. — W. L. Fowler, of the Arkansas University
and Station, has been appointed animal husbandman to take up his duties at
once. A. H. Wright has resigned as assistant professor of agronomy and as-
sistant agronomist to take up post-graduate work at the University of Wiscon-
sin, and has been succeeded by R. E. Karper, assistant in cereal investigations
at the Kansas Station. E. E. Hall has resigned to engage in county demonstra-
tion work in South Carolina and has been succeeded as assistant agronomist by
Adrian Daane.
Oregon College and Station.— C. V. Ruzek, assistant agronomist at the Arkan-
sas University and Station, has been appointed assistant professor of soils in
the college and assistant agronomist in the station. Charles S. Brewster has
been appointed research assistant in poultry, vice C. C. Lamb, who has been
assigned to extension work in poultry husbandry. D. C. Howard, a 1914 grad-
uate, has been appointed instructor in dairy husbandry.
Pennsylvania College.— Farmers' Week will be held from December 28, 1914,
to January 2, 1915, and 180 lectures are scheduled for this occasion. The
attendance last year was 980. A special section will be conducted this year
for the benefit of boys, who are expected to be present in large numbers on
account of the corn club service which has been inaugurated in a number of
counties.
NOTES. 697
The school of agriculture has made exhibits showing the worli of the station
at sixteen county fairs. The exhibit is prepared in duplicate sets and has
been the means of connecting the college with a large number of farmers who
have become deeply interested in its worli.
Miss Pearl MacDonald, of Wisconsin, has been added to the staff of the
agricultural extension department in chai'ge of home economics.
Rhode Island College and Station. — The entering class numbered 103, an
increase of 30 per cent over the previous year and making the total enrollment
202. Much difHculty has been experienced in providing accommodations for
this number of students.
President Edwards received the honorary degree of doctor of laws from
Brown University at its recent celebration of its one-hundred fiftieth anniver-
saiy.
The department of extension work is being reorganized with the following
personnel : Director of the extension service, A. E. Stene ; junior extension work
in boys' and girls' clubs and school gardens, Ernest K. Thomas; instructor in
farm management and agricultural organization, David Elder : instructor in
home economics, Miss Jennie E. Koehler ; and demonstrator in agronomy, Myron
A. Hawkins.
In the station. Robert A. Lichtenthaeler, assistant chemist, has resigned to
pursue graduate study at Yale University, and Miss Marguerite W. Elkins, M. S.,
has been appointed assistant in animal breeding and pathologj'.
First Farmer's Club House in Indiana. — A farmer's club house of impressive
design has been erected at Seymour as a memorial to Capt. Meedy W. Shields,
a founder of the town and a donor of a fund utilized for the erection of the
building. The club house was dedicated October 9, the principal addresses being
made by Secretary Houston of this Department and Prof. G. I. Christie, of
Purdue University. Secretary Houston discussed the workings of the Smith-
Lever Extension Act, and drew special attention to the studies of this Depart-
ment of marketing problems and in highway improvement.
Necrology. — Dr. D. E. Salmon, organizer of the Bureau of Animal Industry
of this Department and its chief for over twenty years, died at Butte, Mont.,
August 30, Dr. Salmon was bom at Mount Olive, Morris County, N. J., July
23, 1850, and entered Cornell University at its opening in 1868, gradually taking
up veterinary studies. After six months spent at the Alfort Veterinary School
in Paris, he was graduated from Cornell in 1872 with the degree of Bachelor
of Veterinary Science, and four years later received that of Doctor of Veteri-
nary Medicine.
After several years' veterinary practice. Dr. Salmon began his service with
this Department in 1878 under a temporary appointment for the study of
diseases of swine. Later he was appointed an inspector in New York in con-
nection with contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, and worked in the Southern
States on Texas fever and other animal diseases. Early in 1883 he was called
to Washington by Commissioner Loring to organize a veterinary division in the
Department, which within a year was replaced by the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try, established under an act of Congress, and served as its head until 1905.
Among the specific achievements of the Bureau during this period were the
eradication of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle in 1892, the establishment
of animal quarantine stations at the principal American ports and the promul-
gation of regulations for the safe shipment and humane treatment of cattle
exported from the United States, the development of the export and domestic
meat inspection service, and the suppression of foot-and-mouth disease. Im-
098 EXPERIMENT STATION IJECOKD.
portaut iuvestigatlons were also conducted by him personally or under his
direction, among them the pioneer work done in collaboration with Dr. Theobald
Smith, begim in December, 1885, which established the highly important prin-
ciple of vaccine therapy, and the determination of a protozoan as the cause of
Texas fever in cattle and the method of its transmission through the agency
of the cattle tick.
From 1907 to 1912, Dr. Salmon was in charge of the veterinary department
in the University at Montevideo, Uruguay. During that time he was instru-
mental, among other things, in starting a veterinary journal published under
the title of Revista dc Medicina Vetennana de la Escuela de Montevideo, to
which he was a regular contributor. Returning to this coimtry, he gave con-
siderable attention to the preparation of hog cholera serum, and his last contri-
bution was a pjiper on that subject published in the American Veterinary
Revieic.
Francis Humphreys Storer, one of the few remaining pioneers in agricultural
science in this country, died July 30. at the age of 82 years. His work was
carried on at the Bussey Institution of Harvard University, following his
appointment in 1870 as professor of agricultural chemistry, and the following
year as dean, of the newly opened enterprise. Here he not only carried on
instruction and administrative work until his retirement in 1907, but beginning
in 1871 conducted, with his assistants, many researches in agricultural chem-
istry, notably with fertilizers. His most valuable contribution, however, was
his treatise on Agriculture in Some of Its Relations with Chemistry, the first
edition of which appeared in 1887, and which has run through seven editions
and been twice revised. This book rendered special service because of its time-
liness, appearing when the vast store of information it contained was very
inaccessible, and was very helpful to the experiment station movement then
just starting on a national scale under the Hatch Act.
Dr. William Saunders, director of the Canadian Experimental Farms from
1886 to 1911, died in London, Ontario, September 13, at the age of 79 years,
Canadian Government in 1885 to report on expei'imental work in agriculture
comprehensive development. His experimental work was largely as a plant
breeder and hybridizer of fruits and cereals adapted to the Canadian climate,
the Marquis wheat developed by his son, Dr. Charles E. Saunders, from types
selected by him being one of the best-known productions. He was also much
interested in entomology, botany, pharmacy, and medicine, a founder of the
Canadian Entomologint and its editor from 1873 to 1886, and the author of an
unusually large number of articles, bulletins, reports, etc., among them his
well-known work on Insects Injurious to Foods (1883). He had received many
scientific honors, including the presidency of the Royal Society of Canada in
1906, and was made a companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
by King E<lward VII in 1905.
Reorganization of Agricultural Work in Algeria. — Under a law of December
3, 1913, providing for a readjustment of the iinnual appropriation of $400,000
for agricultural and other developmental work in Algeria, plans are being put
into effect for carrying on this work. Under these plans, $20,000 will be used
for cooperative agricultural credit societies and $40,000 for long-term agricul-
tural credit institutions. The remainder will be available for grants to build-
ing and marketing associations, mutual agricultural insurance societies, in-
struction, experimental, and extension work in agriculture, and a number of
nonagricultural purposes.
The administration of the law is entrusted to a commission of which the
Governor General of Algeria is president and the Director of Agriculture,
NOTES. 699
Couiuierce. aud Colonization vice-president. This commission is to organize an
instruction, experimental, aud extension service and a superior board of ad-
visers to assist tins service in the direction and coordination of its work.
The various existing agencies will be reorganized under this plan. Branches are
contemplated in meteorology, agrogeology, agronomy, botany, and animal pests,
special attention being given for the present to cereals, grapes, forage crops,
and tree fruits. There will be a number of experiment stations, as well as a
system of extension work through meetings, publications, model farms, and the
like, and a corps of itinerant agents or instructors. The experiment station
system is expected to include for the present a reorganization of the experi-
mental garden at Hamma, a new station at Habra for the special study of
irrigation and dry farming problems, aud experimental fields at Sidi-bel-Abb§s.
Setif, Serson, and Batua for forage crops, at Orleansville for tree fruits, at
Guelma for forage crops, olives, etc., at Tlemcen for fruit growing, and at
Kabylie for figs and olives. Dr. Charles Brunei has been appointed director of
agriculture under the new system.
Agricultural Research and Education in Italian Africa. — A I'oyal decree of
March 3, 1914, provides for the establishment of the Agrarian Office of Tripo-
iitania, the direction of which has been entrusted to Prof. Emanuel Cillis of the
Royal High School of Agriculture of I'ortici. Grounds have been secured in the
city of Tripoli and the director is engaged in formulating working plans, the
activities of the office being divided into experimental, administrative, and mis-
cellaneous services. The experimental division will be located on government
land suri'ounding the old Turkish agricultural school in the oasis a short dis-
tance from Tripoli. The work of the office will include study and research in
cultivation by irrigation and dry farming methods, the conduct of small farming
units for better ascertaining the entire economic value of a given equipment,
animal industry with particular reference to the improvement of native species,
such as the camel, donkey, sheep, goat, cow. and horse, and to the increase of
grazing land and provender, problems relating to brackish water, farm chem-
istry, vegetable biology and pathology, meteorology, rural engineering (par-
ticularly hydraulic problems), etc. A depository for farm implements and tools
will be established not only for the neetls of the station but also for loan or
hire for private trials.
Agricultural Instruction in Western Australia. — The newly established uni-
versity at Perth announces a 2-year diploma course in agriculture and a 3-year
course leading to the degree of B. S. in Agr., and candidates may be required
to pass an additional year at practical work on an approved farm. Two short
courses for farmers were offered at the university from June 8 to July 3. 1914,
including instruction in cultivation and cropping, elementary inorganic chem-
istry, elementary botany, and veterinary science, by means of illustrated lec-
tures, laboratory work, demonstrations, etc. Single lectures or short courses of
three lectures are also given at country centers by the university agricultural
staff, when time permits, in the following subjects: Principles of agriculture,
how crops grow, soil and its management, factors in wheat growing, soil
moisture and dry farming, crop rotations and forage crops, fertilizers, milk and
its management, breeds and management of sheep, principles of breeding,
breeds and care of the horse, and parasites of interest to the farmer.
Conclusions Adopted by the International Phytopathological Congress, — The
International Institute of Agriculture has recently published the complete text
of the convention adopted and signed by the delegates at this congress (E. S. R.,
30, p. 700), which has been submitted through the usual diplomatic channels
for adoption by the various signatory nations. The principal conclusions agreed
upon are in snl)stance as follows:
700 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The contractiug countries shall adopt, if not already in existence, the neces-
sary laws and administrative organization for carrying out the inspection of all
nurseries, greenhouses, and other establishments offering plants for sale, verify
reports of the occurrence of insect and fungus pests, investigate means for their
control, and adopt regulations for the packing and shipment of plants. The
governments shall, within two years, establish institutes for the scientific in-
vestigation of plant pests, provide for the inspection of shipments, and give
certificates of freedom from disease or insect i^ests. For the present, grain,
seed, onions, potatoes, grapevines, and all plants which enter into "grand
culture" will not be included in the inspection, but no country shall admit
nursery stock, bulbs, cuttings, grafts, or cut flowers from any other country
except as accompanied by certificates signed by competent officials in the export-
ing countries. Each country reserves to itself the right to examine plants and
their packing, and where pests are found contrary to the certificate of the
exporting country, notice will be furnished the exporting country, which shall
at once take proper recognition of the condition. The infected plants will be
returned to the exporter or burned and evidence of their destruction forwarded.
Certificates of inspection shall be uniform and be printed in French and also
in the language of the countrj- of their origin. The importation of living plants
without certificates is permitted by scientific institutions duly authorized by
their governments, but all reasonable precaution should be taken against the
possible dissemination of any pests. For contiguous countries such exchange of
plants should be as near the frontier as possible.
Upon their adherence to the convention the different countries shall furnish lists
of plant pests against which protection is desired, and these shall be noted in
exporting certificates. This list shall be limited to those pests that are liable
to become epidemic or destructive to crops of various kinds, or which are readily
propagated on living plants or parts of plants.
The International Institute of Agriculture at Rome is recognized as the offi-
cial center to which all matters regarding plant pests are to be referred. All
questions of controversy of two or more countries are to be referred to a mixed
commission of phytopathologists for examination with a view to suggesting
means for harmonizing the differences. No coxmtry is to extend to a noncon-
tracting country any consideration not given the countries signing the con-
vention.
American Association for the Advancement of Science.— In commemoration of
the completion of the Panama Canal, an extensive series of scientific meetings in
San Francisco and vicinity is being planned for the first week of August, 1915.
The meetings concerned with agricultural science will deal in general with
questions of food supply and of agricultural conservation, and of these sessions
at least one will be devoted to subjects of nutrition, and one to more general
questions of agricultural chemistry. It is expected that a number of national
chemical and agricultural societies will convene in conjunction with the meet-
ings of the American Association.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
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GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
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AT
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OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, $1
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers |S^- i^- ^^^^•
""^ I.R. W. Tbiixlinger.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Plant Pathology {3^' ^' g^^^®' ^^' ^'
Field Crm-si'^- ^- SCHUXTE.
J^leld ^ioi3S|(. ^j Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
Foods and Human Nutrition |g ^- Langwokthy, Ph. D., D. Sc.
{a. L. Lang.
Zootechny. Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster.
Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. M. V.
Veterinary Medicine {J^;^; ^^^f^^ LIBRARY
Rural Engineering— R. W. Tbullinger. NEW YOR*^
Rural Economics — E. Merritt. BOTANICAL
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. ,>cim
Indexes— M. D. Moore. UAKUtiW.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXI, NO. 8.
Editorial notes: _ Page.
Plant physiology in agricultm-al courses 701
Study of the life of the plant in field experiments 704
Recent work in agricultm-al science 707
Notes : 795
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.
A contribution to the chemistry- of phytin, Anderson 707
The glycero triphosphoric acid of Contardi, CaiTe 709
Preparation and properties of caseinates of magnesium, Van Slyke and Winter. 709
Why sodium citrate prevents curdling by rennin, Bosworth and Van Slyke.. 710
The action of amino acids and castor bean lipase on esters, Hamlin 710
Extraction experiments with the castor bean lipase, Falk 711
The action of monochromatic ultraviolet rays upon amylase, Chauchard 711
Influence of salicylic acid on amylolytic action of extracts of malt, Heusch. . . 711
About the biolytic cleavage of gluten, Sadikova 711
Measurement of tryptic protein hydrolysis, Auld and Mosscrop 711
Accuracy of estimation of Z-tjrrosin in proteins,, Abderhalden and Fuche ...... 712
Formol-titrametric investigations with proteins, II, Obermayer and Willheim. 713
Detection of saponin, Rosen thaler and SchelUiaas 713
The determination of the acetyl number [of oils, fats, etc.], Holland 713
Estimation of citric acid in presence of certain other acids, Gowing-Scopes . ... 714
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Use of sodium citrate for determination of reverted phosphoric acid, Bosworth. 714
A new method for determining nicotin in the presence of ammonia, Spallino. . 714
Estimation of nicotin in the fonn of silicotungstate, Spallino 714
The occiurrence of nicotinic acid in rice bran, Suzuki and Matsunaga 714
Presence of barium and arsenic in tobacco, Spallino 715
Effects of cooking conditions in producing soda pulp from aspen, Surface 715
METEOROLOGY — WATER.
International catalogue of scientific literature. F — Meteorology 715
Weather and water, Hoffmann 716
Influence of forest cover upon local climate 716
Influence of forest cover upon local climate, Morgan 716
Relation of forests in Atlantic plain to humidity of Central States, Zon 716
Restraining effect of forests on sudden melting of snow, Church, jr 716
A method of estimating rainfall by the growth of trees, Douglass 716
Distribution of drought, Eredia 716
Is the earth drpng up? 717
Changes in the' distribution of temperature during 1900 to 1909, Arctowski. . . . 717
The climate of Duluth, Minn., Richardson 718
A summary of meteorological records, Ostrander 718
Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and McLain . . 718
Weather report. Day 718
Notes on the water of cranberry bogs, Morse 718
Bacillus coli in water supply. Race 718
SOILS — FERTILIZERS.
Soil management. King 719
Guide to the scientific study of soils, Wahnschaffe and Schucht 719
Types of soil formation, their classification and distribution, Glinka 719
Quantitative mineralogical analy.sis of sandy soil, Vendl 719
The inorganic composition of some important American soils, Robinson 719
A colluvial soil and its people, Emerson 720
Occurrence of manganese in Kentucky soils and its significance, Shedd 720
Report of the state agricultural chemist, Phillips 720
Efficiency of soil constituents as semipermeable membranes, Lynde and Dupre . 720
A new method of measuring the capillary lift of soils, Lynde and Dupr^ 720
Theory of antagonism of salts and its significance in soil studies, Lipman 721
The deix)sits in drainpipes in drainage of swamp soil, Tacke 721
Some effects of clearing grass land by burning, Quisumbing and Ocfemia 721
Mobilization of soil phosphoric acid under influence of bacteria, Severin 721
Enriching of soils in nitrogen by aerobic micro-organisms, Krainskii 721
Influence of organic substances on nitrification and denitrification, Barthel. . . 722
The course of nitrification in fallow soil, Velbel 722
Green manuring experiment, 1912-13, Hutchinson and Milligan 722
How to improve our heavy clay soils, WTiitson, Delwiche, and Musback 723
Ways of improving our sandy soils, \\Tiitson, Sievers, and Ullsperger 723
Dry farming in Washington, Thom and Holtz 723
Soils, Hoffmann 723
Fertilizers and fertilizing, Hoffmann 723
Outline of the function and use of commercial fertilizers, P'ippin 723
Fertilizers in Central America, Van der Laat 723
Fertilizer for south China, Carleton 723
Absorption of fertilizer salts by Hawaiian soils, McGeorge 723
Soil tank experiments, Collison 723
Nitrification of organic manures, Paterson and Scott 723
On the composition and value of bat guano, Miller 724
The origin of nitrate deposits, Ross 724
Growth in Chilean nitrate industry, Winslow 724
Ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate in 1913 725
Recent increase in production of lime nitrogen, Kubierschky 725
Lime nitrogen and its use, Schulze 725
Solubility of nitrogen compounds of lime nitrogen in water, Manuelli 725
Transformation of calcium cyanamid into ammonia, Manuelli 725
The origin, mining, and preparation of phosphate rock, Sellards 725
CONTENTS. m
Page.
Tennessee phosphate practice, Barr 725
Coral phosphate islands of the Pacific Ocean and their products, Elschner. . . . 725
German potash supply 726
The deep boring at Spur, Udden 726
The effect of liming agricultural soils, Botto and Guglielmetti 726
The lime requirements of moor and similar soils poor in lime, Tacke 726
The production of lime in 1913, Stone 726
The influence of sulphur on soil acidity, Lint 727
Fertilizer and oils, Evermann 727
Commercial fertilizers, Burd 727
Fertilizer analyses, McDonnell et al 727
AGEICULTURAL BOTANY.
[The evolutionary aspects of genetic research], Bateson 727
Physiological plant anatomy, Haberlandt, trans, by Drummond 728
Chlorophyll and leaf pigments and those of flowers and berries, Willstatter 728
Winter as a factor in the xerophily of certain evergreen ericads, Gates 728
Thermotropism in roots, Hooker, Jr 728
The solvent action of roots, Chirikov 729
Some factors which influence the water requirements of plants, Khankhoje 729
Atmospheric evaporating power and soil moisture, Shive and Livingston 729
Acidity of manures as related to gerniinability, Munerati and Zapparoli 729 ,
The formation and regulation of enzyms by some mold fungi, Kyliu 730
Factors influencing toxicity of inorganic salts to Monilia sitophila, Kunkel. . . . 730
The behavior of hydrocyanic acid when injected into plants, Dezani 730
Increase of heliotropic sensitivity of seedlings by narcotics, Richter 730
The harmful action of distilled water, True 730
Poisoning of trees on streets by gas, Ehrenberg 730
Studies on smoke injury, Eicke 730
Soil bacteriology, Hutchinson 731
A new medium for the quantitative determination of bacteria in soil, Conn . . . 731
Flora of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, Piper and Beattie 731
Mistletoe in Great Britiau and Ireland, von Tubeuf 731
Mistletoe in England, Somerville 731
FIELD CROPS.
[Field experiments], Scott 731
Culture experiments at the experiment field at Bromberg in 1913, Richter. . . . 732
Cultivation of east Prussian low moorlands, I, Feldt 732
Report on the Cawnpore Agricultural Station, 1913, Biu-t et al 732
Report of the Coimbatore Agricultural Station, 1912-13, Wood 733
Report of the Koilpatti Agrioultiu^al Station for 1912-13, Sampson 733
Experiments ■with different sized plats, Schneidewind 733
Experiments on germinatiA-e ability and germiuative force, Gisevius 733
A study of the root SA'stem of our agricultural plants, Schulze 733
Serological study of Leguminosa; and Graminese, Zade 733
Efficiency of legumes in increasing nitrogen content of soil, Bartolome 733
The behavior ot oats and lupines toward phosphorus, Pfeiffer and Blanck 733
Report of assistant botanist. Belling 734
AlfaUa, Brooks 735
Cultivation of carrots with cereals, Grabner 735
Lea's cotton book, compiled by Lea 735
The pollination and fertilization of hops, Salmon 735
Hop manuring experiments. — Brief report for 1913, Dyer 735
Fertilizers f or nops, Czermak 736
The kapok tree, Zimmermann 736
Botanical origin and usefulness of kapok fiber, Tobler- Wolff 736
Market conditions of kapok, Tobler 736
Potato development work in Wisconsin 736
Potato storage work in Bihar and Orisea in 1912, Woodhouse and Dutt 736
Report of the Hmawbi Agricultural Station for the year 1912-13, McKerral 736
Variety test with stock beets, von Riimker, Alexandrowitsch, et al 736
Influence of fertilizers oa the mineral and sugar content of beets, Meyer 736
Experiment on the development of sugar in beets, Levallois ". 787
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Handling and planting of seed cane, Adriano 737
Report, of the Java sugar industry for 1913 737
The cultivation of the sugar cane in southern Spain 737
Queensland sugar industry 737
Sudan grass as a forage crop, Vinall 737
Fertilizers for tobacco, Trichereau 738
Field experiments with wheat, Reynolds 738
A case of correlation in wheat, Parker 738
On various treatments for the disinfection of seeds, Bokorny 738
Cooperative experiments in weed eradication, Howitt 738
Destruction of chickweed in vineyards. Hoc 739
Wild garlic and its eradication, Pipal 739
Wild onion: Methods of eradication, Cox 739
On the destruction of wild mustard, Haag 739
HORTICULTURE .
Asparagus culture and exploitation, Miatello 739
Five oriental species of beans, Piper and Morse 739
Onion culturOj Morris 740
Recent investigations on solanaceous grafts, Daniel 740
Top grafting of fruit trees, Morris and Sprague.. _ 740
Winter sprays: Sulphur-lime wash and crude oil emulsions, Melander 740
Report on insecticides and fungicides, 1913, Johnson .^ 740
Reports on experimental work m connection with cranberries, Franklin 740
Selection and preparation of land for cranberry culture, Lewis 742
[Citrus experiments], Colhson 742
Sand cultures of citrus seedlings Floyd 742
Coconuts: Experiments at Peradeniya, Bamber 742
Palm fruits and seeds ._ 742
The perpetual flowering carnation and how to grow it, Wootten 743
Growing bulbs for winter and spring blooming, Fuld 743
The email rock garden, Jenkins 743
Gardens in the making, Godfrey 743
FORESTRY.
.The timbers of British Guiana, Stone and Freeman 743
Periodicity of life processes of trees native to humid districts, Simon 743
The genus Pinus, Shaw 743
The relation of crown space to the volume of western yellow pine. Bright 743
Volume table for lodgepole pine, Upson 743
Relative resistance of various conifers to injection with creosote, Teesdale 743
Turpentine possibilities on the Pacific coast, Smith 743
The administration of a National Forest for naval stores, Eldredge 744
Tenth annual report of the shade tree commission, Astley et al 744
Joint annual report of the forestry branches for the year 1912-13 744
Report of the director of forests. Jolly 744
Forestation a success in the sand hills of Nebraska, Smith 744
The sand dunes of Coos Bay, Oregon, House 744
Study of protection finances and fire plans, Preston 744
Forest taxation in Washington, Miller 745
DISEASES OF PLANT.S.
Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. III, Smith 745
Phytopathological problems, Eriksson 745
Means for combating plant diseases, Hollrung 745
Cryptogamic review for 1912, Briosi 745
Marylandplant diseases, 1913, Norton 745
Botany, Hammond 745
[Fungus diseases in Barbados], Nowell 746
New fungus diseases of useful plants, Pantanelli and Cristofoletd 746
New diseases and parasites noted and studied at Pavia, Briosi 746
Publications of the cryptogamic laboratory of Pa-sia, Briosi 746
A method of picking up single spores, Edgerton 746
The identity of the antliracnose of grasses in the United States, Wilson 746
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Tyl,enchus dipsaci in the United States, Bessey 746
Flag Binut of wheat, Darnell-Smith 746
Head smut of sorghum and maize, Potter 747
Contributions concerning the diseases of sugar beet plants in 1913, Stif t 747
Resistance in tobacco to hydrocyanic acid gas injury, Johnson 747
Report of assistant plant pathologist, Burger 747
Fruit rot, leaf spot, and stem blight of the eggplant, Harter 747
Oxidases in healthy and in curly dwarf potatoes, Bunzel 748
A parasite of tomato 748
The plaster cast apple specimen, Melchers 748
Apple powdery mildew and its control in Pajaro Valley, Ballard and Volck 748
The Jonathan spot rot. Cook and Martin 748
Fire blight, Hall 749
Brusone of pear, Gabotto 749
Spraying with lime sulphur, Manaresi 749
A study of the brown rot fungus in Illinois, Conel 749
The North American gooseberry mildew and its control, Kock 749
A new disease of gooseberry twigs, Kock 749
Report of plant physiologist, Floyd 749
Report of plant pathologist, Stevens 750
The Fusariums from cankered cacao bark and Nectria caneri n. sp,, Rutgers 750
A trunk disease of the lilac, von Schrenk 750
Endothia canker of chestnut, Anderson and Rankin 751
Two trunk diseases of the mesquite, von Schrenk 751
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Bird houses and how to build them. Dearborn 751
Physiological investigations of insect pests, Dewitz 751
The compatibility of insecticides and fungicides. Gray 751
Report of entomologist, Watson 751
Insect records. — Miscellaneous notes 752
Notes on the Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidaj and Mymaridse, Girault 752
[Work with cranberry insects in 1913], Franklin 752
Cockroaches and ants as carriers of the vibrios of Asiatic cholera, Barber 752
The coccobacillus of the locust, D'Herelle 752
The destruction of locusts by Coccobacillus acridiorum, Sergent and Lh^rtier 753
The oat aphis, Davis 753
Walnut aphids in California, Davidson 753
New or little-known species of Aphididte, Davis 754
The biology of the black aphis ot the beet root, Gaumont 754
Aphidid enemies of sorghum in the French Sudan, Vuillet 755
Classification of the Aleyrodidse, II, Quaintance and Baker 755
The life history of Psylla isitis, Grove and Ghosh 755
The lesser bud moth, Scott and Paine 755
Insensitivity of life forms of the potato moth to poisons, Stoward 756
Outbreak of Panolis griseovariegata in northern Bohemia in 1913, Sedlaczek. . . 756
How war has been waged in Mexico against the mosquito, Liceaga 756
What the farmer can do to prevent malaria, von Ezdorf 756
Breeding and colonizing the syrphid, Guppy 756
A review of the work on controlling fruit flies (Trypetidee), Severin 756
The fruit fly situation in the Territory of Hawaii, Maskew 757
Narcissus flies 757
The dusty surface beetle {Opatrum sequale), Jack 757
Hymenopterous parasites of Aphis euonymi, Malaquin and Moiti6 757
Some notes on parasitism of chi-ysopids in South Carolina, McGregor 757
The economic importance of wood lice, Collinge 758
The rust mite and its control, Yothers 758
New observations on the biology of Fasciola hepaiica, Ssinitzin 758
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Studies on chicken fat. — VI, Factors influencing acid value, Pennington et al. . 758
The relation between spoiling and the age of hens' eggs, Kiihl 759
The occurrence of fumeric acid in fresh beef, Einbeck 759
Bacteriological findings in Baltimore oysters, Joseph 759
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
Fish sausage as a general article of diet, Bitter 759
The chemical effects of polarized light, Bryant 759
Report on chemical composition of wheat, Olson 759
Milling of wheat and testing of flour, McCormack 759
Edible and nonedible mushi-ooms, Bertrand and Sartory 759
"Zipangu," a new coffee compound containing ivory nuts, Gorbing 759
Food and drug examination, Howard 760
[Food inspection and analyses] 760
Results of slaughterhouse and meat inspection in the German Empire for 1911. 760
Ceylon's food supply, Moser 760
Dietary of civilian employees at the cartridge factory of Vincennes, Dejouany. . 760
Menus for cliildren 760
Foodstuff — a digest 760
Scientific suggestions regarding home management, Leblanc 760
Creatin- and creatinin-free foods, Chestnut 760
The comparative biochemistry of ptu-in metabolism, Hunter and Givens 760
Specific r61e of foods in relation to composition of the urine, Blatherwick 761
The theory of the constancy of uric acid excretion in individuals, Faustka 761
Studies on enzym action. — X, Lipolytic properties of duodenal contents, Falk. . 761
Concerning lipoid -free diet and its relation to beri-beri and sciu-vy, Stepp 761
Protective and curative properties of foodstuffs against polyneuritis. Cooper — 762
Phosphates and wheat bran in animal nutrition, Carles 762
Beha^aor and effect of sugars of different sorts in the body, Albertoni 762
The effect of sugars on the secretions, Monaco 762
The comparative value of various sugars in the feeding of infants, Haskell 762
Industrial maltose, Duryea 762
The effect of glucose on autolysis, Shaffer 763
Origin of glycogen — role of proteins and fats, Paulescq -.-•-; ^^^
Concerning pentosans as a source of energy in the animal body, Schirokich 763
Some metabolic effects of batliing in the Great Salt Lake, Mattill 763
A new respiratory chamber, Kolls and Loevenhart 764
A self-recording calorimeter for large animals. Hill 764
A simple and convenient form of bicycle ergometer, Martin 764
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Bibliography of physiologj- 764
Correlation between number of mammee of dam and size of litter, Pearl 764
A note on sex determination, Parker 765
Atavistic long stripe of new-born young of certain breeds of swine, Goeldi 765
Rudimentary parthenogenesis in the golden pheasant, L^caillon 765
The distribution of creatin in the bodies of mammals, Beker 765
The digestibility of cattle foods, Liudsey and Smith 765
The utilization of Para rubber seed 766
Feeding experiments with heated liquid potato distillery refuse, Voltz et al. . . 766
Proceedings of the American National Live Stock Association, 1914 767
The breeds of pure-bred live stock 767
A list of breeders of pure-bred live stock in Montana 767
On the growth of pasture animals, Brucliholz 767
Dung-making experiment, 1912-13, Voelcker 767
Cattle and carabao in the Philippines, Anderson 768
Individual variation in musk oxen, Allen 768
Management and feeding of sheep, Shaw 768
Breeds of Scottish sheep. — I, Cheviots, Barber 768
Breeds of Scottish sheep. — II, Half-bred sheep, MacMillan 768
Domestic sheep and their ancestors. — II, Wild sheep of Argali type, Ewart 768
Some early references to four-horned sheep in Scotland, Ritchie 768
[Pig-feeding experiments], Scott 769
Growing hogs in Mississippi, Ranck 769
Swine husbandry in Washington, Ashby and Monroe 769
Forty years' experience of a practical hog man, Lovejoy 769
Studies on the proportions of the horse, Van Meldert 769
Comparative digestion experiments on Equidse, Frank 769
Poultry culture, Davenport, Robinson, mith, Graham, and Rice 769
Relation between the rotting and age of hens' eggs, Kiihl 770
Practical rabbit keeping, Townsend 770
The culture of black and silver foxes, Croft 770
CONTENTS. Vn
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
Page.
Evolution in judging dairy cattle in Denmark, Dunne 770
Comparison of milk yield of cows calving in fall and spring, Woodward 770
The most profitable calving time, Dunne 771
(Feeding experiments with silver beet], J^Iacpherson 771
Production of clean milk 771
Removal of garlic flavor from milk and cream, Ayers and Johnson, jr 771
A home pasteurizer 771
Milk cans should be jacketed 771
The cytology and bacteriology of condensed milks, Andrewes 771
Condensed milk 772
Kefir, Jandin 772
Fermented-milk product and process of making the same, Thoumaian 772
The normal bacteria of Swiss cheese, Eldridge and Rogers 772
Action of Bacillus bulgaricus in suppressing gassy fermentations, Doane 772
Notes on yeast-like organisms in whey, Edwards 772
The preparation of dried cultures, Rogers 773
Purification and disposal of waste water from dairies, Dornig et al 773
Purification of the residuary waters of the creamery, Calmette and Rolants. . . 773
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Lipoid anaphylaxis, Wilson 773
Further contributions to knowledge of vegetable hemagglutinins, Wakulenko. . 773
The poisonous constituent of the bark of Kohinia pseudacacin, Power 774
In regard to the chemical nature and biological properties of ricin, Reid 774
A short contribution to our knowledge of the action of abrin, Sommerfeld 775
About the poisonous substances in the seeds of Jalropha curcas, Felke 775
The use of salvarsan in nonsj-philitic diseases. Best 775
The control of fluid in cattle dipping tanks, Williams 776
Oxidation of arsenical dipping fluids, Holborow 776
Arsenical cattle dips: Methods of preparation and directions for use, Chapin. . 776
Experiments in the transmipsion of anthrax by biting flies, Mitzmain 776
A case of myiasis aurium accompauying the radical mastoid operation, Coates. . 777
Studies on the insect transmission of Trypanosoma evansi, Mitzmain 777
A new staining method for preparing gianulated tubercle bacilli, Ishiwara 777
Tubercle bacilli in apparently healthy mammary gland tissues, Ishiwara 777
Pathological changes in the organs of tubercular pigs, Ishiwara 777
Contribution to the biology of the tubercle bacillus, I, Lockermann 778
The antigen content of the cultures of tubercle bacilli, MoUers 778
Theobald Smith's reaction curve for differentiating tubercle bacilli, Wankel. . 778
Intraperitoneal lysis of tubercle bacilli, Manwaring and Bronfenbrenner 778
Does the subcutaneous injection of antiphymatol protect bovines? Eber 779
The prevention of human tuberculosis of bovine origin. Savage 779
Notes on some parasites of live stock in the West Indies, Saunders 779
The granular venereal disease and abortion in cattle, Williams 779
The curative treatment of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle by iodin, Holmes. . 780
Warble flies, a danger with imported cattle, Lounsbury 780
Ascai-is suum in sheep, Mote ' 781
A summary of studies of loco weed disease of sheep, Marshall 781
The prevention of hog cholera in Indiana, Starr 781
Canine babesiasis in Porto Rico, Gonzales Martinez 781
Hygiene and diseases of poultry, Lienaux 781
Studies on fowl cholera, IV, Hadley 781
Spirochetosis of fowls, von Rdtz 782
A disease of the wattles of fowls, Seddon 782
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation, Bixby 782
Loss of water in irrigation systems, Fogg 782
Irrigation by "zaaidams," v. Zyl 782
Gate structures for irrigation canals, Scobey 782
The drainage of irrigated land, Marais 783
Drainage and reclamation of swamp and overflowed lands, Kettleborough 783
Drainage investigations on the northeast Missouri prairie, Miller et al 783
Drainage problems in the Ganges delta, Addaras- Williams 784
Vm CONTENTS.
Page.
Some interesting experiments in hydraulics 784
A proportional-flow weir, Rett^^er 784
Modern pumping machinery, Allen 784
Some tests on pipe reinforcing 784
Use of paint films as protective coatings for concrete, Ware and Schott 784
An analysis of worn-out and ravelled macadam surfaces, Stevens 785
The prevention of the subcrust movement in roads, Sinnott 785
Carbvu-ation in theory and practice, Brewer 785
Simple water testing, Edelman 785
Steam plowing experiments in the Aira estate, Kheri, United Provinces, Burt. 785
Buildings for small holdings in England and Wales 786
Silo building, Nicholls .• 786
How to build a Gurler silo, Brandt 786
Mississippi poultry house, Scoates 786
Sheep-dipping tanks, Enslin 786
Sewage disposal for country homes, Riley 786
Sanitary sewage disposal without sewers 787
Screening as an antimalarial measure, Carter 787
RURAL ECONOMICS.
The business of farming. Smith 787
Some suggestions for city persons who desire to farm, Warren 787
Social life in the country, Keyes 788
Report of the Pennsylvania Rural Progress Association, 1914 788
Scottish Agricultural Organization Society 788
An analysis of rural banking conditions in Illinois, Stewart 788
Purpose of the law concerning long and short time credit in France, Nogaro. . . 788
The shifting of labor in agriculture, Schultz 788
Lure of the land 789
A practical treatise on the agriculture of northern Africa, Rivifere and Lecq . . . 789
The agriculture of Belgian Kongo 789
The agi'icultural outlook 789
The agricultural outlook 789
Prices and supplies of corn, live stock, etc., in England and Wales 790
Agricultural statistics of Germany 790
[Agricultural] statistics of New Zealand, 1912 790
International statistics relating to agriculture 790
International statistics of agriculture 790
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Training of agricultural chemists and organization of institutions, Lemmermann 790
Popular agricultural instruction and its methods, De Vuyst 791
A plan for the introduction of the teaching of elementary agriculture 791
School and home exercises in elementary agriculture, Davis 791
Suggestions for teaching household arts and agriculture 791
A plan for the development of home economics. Palmer 791
Field crop production, Li\ingston 791
Corn growing 791
Papers set at the examinations in horticulture, 1893 to 1913 791
The beginner's garden book, French 791
Project study outlines for vegetable growing 792
Trees and forests 792
Collection and preservation of insects and other material, Lane and Banks 792
A dairy laboratory guide, Ross 792
Bench and tools for the farm mechanics shop, Usry 792
Simple lessons in nature study, O'NeiU 792
The study of flowers in the first grade. Flowers 792
Tree study in the first grade. Flowers 792
For Arbor Day and Bird Day 792
Preparing normal students to teach children about birds, Trafton 792
The nests of some common birds, Wager 793
Some insect studies, Patterson _. 793
Industrial and commercial geography. Smith 793
Making practical use of the decimal point. Hatch 793
Corn arithmetic, Stone 793
CONTENTS. IX
Page.
The agricultural demonstration field, Bricker 793
School gardens, Esser 793
School agriculture exhibit, Wylie 793
Boys' and girls' contesta and clubs 793
Suggestions on organizing boys' and girls' clubs. Smith 793
Rules and regulations for the clubs for boys and girls, 1914 794
Boys' pig clubs, Jones 794
Corn club catechism with introductory stories, Barton 794
Suggestive programs for canning clubs, Powell 794
MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of Florida Station, 1913 794
Twenty-fourth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1913 794
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Page.
Alabama College Station :
Circ. 21, Mar., 1913 794
f'alifornia Station:
Bui. 245, Aug., 1914 727
Florida Station:
An. Rpt. 1913. 723, 731, 734, 742, 747,
749, 750, 751, 769, 794
Hawaii Station:
Bui. 35, Aug. 24, 1914 723
Indiana Station:
Bui. 176, Aug.. 1914 739
Circ. 44, Sept., 1914 781
Massachusetts Station:
Bui. 150, Apr., 1914.. . . 718, 740, 752
Bui. 151, Apr., 1914 713
Bui. 152, May, 1914 765
Bui. 153, June, 1914 718
Bui. 154, June, 1914 735
Met. Buls. 307-308, July-Aug.,
1914 718
Minnesota Station:
Bui. 142, July, 1914 742
Mississippi Station:
Circ, Growing Hogs in Missin-
sippi, June 20, 1914 769
Circ, Mississippi Poultrv
House, Mar., 1914 786
Missouri Station:
Bui. 118, May, 1914 783
Circ. 67, Mar., 1914 786
Montana Station:
Spec. Circ. 1, Mar.. 1913 767
Spec. Circ. 2, Mar., 1914 767
New Mexico Station:
Twenty-fourth An. Rpt. 1913. . 745,
782, 794
New York Cornell Station:
Bui. 347, June, 1914 751
Circ 23, June, 1914 723
Circ 24, July, 1914 787
New York State Station:
Tech. Bui. 32, Jan., 1914 707
Tech. Bui. 33, Feb., 1914 709
Tech. Bui. 34, May, 1914. . . 710, 714
Rhode Island Station:
Bui. 159, June, 1914 781
Washington Station:
Popular Bui. 63, July 20, 1914 . 769
Popular Bui. 64, Feb., 1914. . . 740
Popular Bui. 65, Feb., 1914. . . 749
Popular Bui. 66, Mar. 10, 1914. 740
Popular Bui. 67, Mar. 11, 1914 . 740
PopularBul. 68, Mar. 24.1914. 759
Popular Bui. 69, Apr. 1, 1914 . . 723
Wisconsin Station:
Bul.202, rev. ed., May, 1914.. 723
Bui. 204, rev. ed.. May, 1914.. 723
X
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Page.
Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 2, No. 5,
Aug., 1914 747, 748
Bui. 80, Effects of Varying Certain
Cooking Conditions in Producing
Soda Pulp from Aspen, H. E.
Surface 715
Bui. 100, Walnut Aphides in Cali-
fornia, W. M. DaA^dson 753
Bui. 101, Relative Resistance of
Various Conifers to Injection
with Creosote, C. H. Teesdale . . 743
Bui. 106, The Granular Venereal
Disease and Abortion in Cattle,
W. L. WiUiams 779
Bui. 112, The Oat Aphis, J. J.
Davis 753
Bui. 113, The Lesser Bud-Moth,
E.W. Scott and J. H. Paine.... 755
Bui. 115, Gate Structures for Irriga-
tion Canals, F. C. Scobey 782
Bui. 119, Five Oriental Species of
Beans, C. V. Piper and W. J.
Morse 739
Bui. 120, Apple Powdery Mildew
and its Control in the Pajaro
Valley, W. S. Ballard and W. H.
Volck 748
Bui. 122, The Inorganic Composi-
tion of Some Important Ameri-
can Soils, W. O. Robinson 719
Farmers' Bui. 602, Production of
Clean Milk 771
Farmers' Bui. 603, Arsenical Cattle
Dips, R. M. Chapin 776
Farmers' Bui. 604, The Agricultural
Outlook 789
Farmers' Bui. 605, Sudan Grass as
a Forage Crop, H. N. Vinall 737
Farmers' Bui. 606, Collection and
Preservation of Insects for Use in
the Study of Agriculture, C. H.
Lane and N. Banks 792
Farmers' Bui. 608, Removal of
Garlic Flavor from Milk and
Cream, S. H. Ayers and W. T.
Johnson, jr 771
Farmers' BuK 609, Bird Houses
and How to Build Them, N.
Dearborn 751
Farmers' Bui. 610, Wild Onion:
Methods of Eradication, H. R.
Cox 739
Farmers' Bui. 611, The Agricul-
tural Outiook 789
Bureau of Entomology:
Tech. Bui. 27, pt. 2, Classifica-
tion of the AlejTodidae, II,
A. L. Quaintance and A. C.
Baker 766
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXI. December, 1914. No. 8.
From the beginning of agricultural instruction and experimenta-
tion, the study of field crops, their growth, nutrition, and reproduc-
tion, has naturally occupied a prominence second to no other subject.
Crops are aggregations of plants, governed by definite laws and re-
sponsive to various factors and conditions. These laws and the in-
fluence of factors and conditions on the life activities of crop plants,
such as we know of them, are embraced in plant physiology.
Hence an intelligent understanding of plants and their growth
implies a study of plant physiology, not in a superficial way but as
one of the fundamental subjects in acquiring intimate familiarity
with agricultural plants and the factors of their growth. Some
general empirical information can be acquired through lectures on
botany, agi'onomy, or agi'icultural chemistry, as is done in short
course instruction, but the needs of a reasoning knowledge and mi-
derstanding are not satisfied in this way. They require a more
thorough insight. The place where the subject is taught is less es-
sential than that it should be taught thoroughly and effectively. And
a consideration of it needs to enter more largely into certain features
of agi'icultural experimentation.
In a recent publication" a criticism is given of the courses of
botany in the agricultural colleges of this country, and a plea is
made for more attention to plant physiology. If, as the author
claims, "the object of agricultural education is to produce farmers
who will do their work more intelligently," the criticism is well
taken. If the object of education is to train the student how to ob-
serve and correlate facts without reference to their practical applica-
tion, then the pedagogical value of physiology will be found equal to
any other branch of the science of botany. For the individual who con-
templates following agricultural pursuits a proper understanding of
plant life is essential, and such a view can be obtained only by
observing how different organs of the plant cooperate to produce the
phenomena of growth, nutrition, reproduction, etc.
"Science, n. ser., 40 (1914), No. 1029, pp. 401-405.
701
*702 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.
A study of the catalogues issued by the colleges of agriculture shows
that there is a wide range in the amount of instruction in plant
physiology and in the number of credits given it by the different
institutions. In some, work in plant physiolog}^ is required of stu-
dents of agriculture, while in others it is optional. The place it comes
in the curriculum may be anywhere from the freshman to the senior
year. In some institutions with which the colleges of agriculture are
affiliated the students in the so-called arts courses are given opportu-
nity to take more work in plant physiologA^ than is given to the
student in agriculture. Some institutions apparently offer no in-
struction that can in any way be called a course in plant physiolog}\
Some give it a limited amovmt of attention in a general course in
botany that covers one year's time. In these cases there are no state-
ments indicating the relative amount of time given to this part of the
general topic.
Most of the colleges offer definite courses in plant physiology,
which range from a weekly lecture or recitation and a laboratory
exercise for one semester, to three or more lectures and a correspond-
ing amount of laboratorj' work running through an entire year,
with optionals for additional study along the same line. Unfor-
timately the latter class is in a considerable minority. This is hardly
as it should be. The student of agriculture is vitally interested in
plant life and should be given ample opportunity to learn the normal
behavior of plants, for it is upon the proper development of his crops
that his success as a farmer will depend.
In nearly every catalogue examined the course in botany included
classification as a rather important part of the work. While the
amount of time and relative importance assigned to it are less than
formerly, yet it is retained to the at least partial exclusion of other
studies. This is due probably to the historical position it has held
in college courses, and the conservatism of some who have the mak-
ing up of the curriculums. The classification of plants and calling
them by their scientific names are not to be condemned in themselves,
but they are not all of botany any more than the memorizing of
symbols and atomic weights are all of chemistry. Fortunately, more
attention is now being given to the plant as a living organism ; and
in order to provide sufficient opportunity to more completely study
the plant as such, some of our greatest institutions no longer attempt
to equally cover all the branches into which botany has been divided,
but content themselves with specializing along a few lines. This
principle could safely be adopted by others, leaving to special in-
stitutions those branches of the subject that do not immediately
articulate with the general course of training. In making such an
adjustment the agricultural colleges should frequently give a larger
part to plant physiology than is now given it.
EDITOKIAL. 703
In courses of instruction dealing so largely with crops it would
seem that more consideration should be given the principles under-
lying their growth, nutrition, water requirements, reproduction, etc.
Doubtless in some way the general facts are set forth, but it is prob-
ably true that comparatively few students have first hand informa-
tion regarding these subjects, and at most as related to more than a
single leading agricultural crop.
There can hardly be anything more important to the farmer than
definite information and understanding regarding the growth of
his crops. As the writer referred to has stated, " plant industry as
a science must rest on an understanding of plants." And yet, the
normal rate of growth at various stages of development is practically
unknown to the average student and indeed to many experimenters
for the conditions under which the}' are working. The influence of
various factors on growth is little understood, except in a very
general way, although some of these factors can be controlled and
growth accelerated or retarded as is necessary or desirable. It is
probably true, as the writer referred to intimates, that very few
students follow through the various stages of a single crop to de-
termine its normal growth and the influence the more important en-
vironmental factors may exert upon it.
Perhaps next in importance are the questions of transpiration and
water supply. In the regions where irrigation is generally prac-
ticed it is quite evident that there is little or no attempt at a system
of applying water that is based upon the physiological activities of
the plant. This leads to irrational practice in applying water that
may be wasteful and injurious. The assumption that alfalfa, sugar
beets, orchard, and horticultural crops all require the same amounts
of water and at the same intervals during the growing season is
manifestly wrong, yet in many localities the only measure is so many
inches of water at certain arbitrarily determined intervals. This
is often based upon the engineer's estimate of the amount of water
available and not upon what or when it is needed ; and it is not only
wasteful of water, but may be positively injurious to the crop and
detrimental to the soil. It is well known that the water factor can
be controlled to a considerable degree, and if students were required
to study the matter in detail, paying attention at the same time to
transpiration under controlled conditions, a new practice in irriga-
tion farming might ultimately result.
It is probable that plant nutrition receives more attention in our
agricultural colleges than any other physiological function. But
even here the laboratory work is reduced to the minimum, and much
is done in field plats where definite control is lacking. There is need
of much more study of plant nutrition than is included in fertilizer
tests as they are usually made. Water cultures, supplemented with
704 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
pot and plat work, might be carried on in such wa}^ that the student
could determine for himself the important facts in the mineral nutri-
tion of plants. This is one of the plant activities that can be rather
definitely controlled, and the fimdamental principles underlying the
application of fertilizer elements should be thoroughly mastered.
Photosynthesis, which is very little subject to control or regula-
tion, is generally studied where laboratory work is done, while other
functions that may be definitely directed to the advantage of the
crop and the profit of the grower are neglected. Respiration, the
response to stimulus, and the physiology of reproduction, are usually
passed over with slight attention, although all of these fimctions have
a direct bearing on the welfare of the plant.
In the field of investigation, one aspect of plant physiology is
almost wholly overlooked, that is, the relation it bears to plant dis-
eases. So long as the normal functions of the plant are not fully
understood it will be impossible to know very much of the abnormal
or pathological conditions. Studies are generall}' made of the or-
ganisms which cause disease, and experiments are conducted that
look to controlling their spread, but very few investigations are
undertaken to determine the nature of the effect of the parasite on
its host, or as to how the injury is brought about. The study of
plant diseases due to fungi and other organisms receives much atten-
tion, but the large and important class of plant injuries due to what
are usually designated physiological disturbances receives rather
scant study. True, little is known of how these disturbed conditions
are brought about, but this lack of knowledge should stimulate in-
vestigation along this line. In the treatment of plant diseases the
outward manifestations are usually given more consideration than
the constitutional changes produced. As long as this is true, preven-
tion rather than cure will be the result. But even in the prevention
of plant diseases very little is known as to the principles underlying
immunity or resistance to the attack of certain organisms.
Some of the above statements are not intended to apply to the
teacher alone. Investigators are needed to clear up many little
known facts concerning the activities of plants. But if more em-
phasis were given to the importance of a study of plant physiology
in its agricultural relations, more investigators would be trained who
might address themselves to the problems in that field.
The extent to which the physiological aspects of plant growth are
studied or taken account of in connection with field experiments
seems quite inadequate. These experiments are extensive in number
and constitute a large feature of experiment station work. But
much as we discuss their importance and their limitations, and at-
tempt to provide greater accuracy, features of great significance are
EDITORIAL. 705
often neglected which would add to their information value and
assist in their interpretation. Too often the end sought seems to be
comparisons measured by ultimate production, rather than the
tracing of relations between causes and effects.
Field experiments Avith agricultural plants, considered in their
fundamental aspects, are to large extent studies of the response of
these plants to definitely known environmental conditions; and yet
how rarely are these responses measured expressly or continuously at
successive stages. To determine the response effectually, the condi-
tions must be definitely known, and the plans must be so made and
the observations so taken that correlations can be attempted. The
life processes in the gi'owing plant need to be followed if the effects
of the special conditions imposed are to be determined.
Consider the usual field experiment with fertilizers, or upon the
preparation of the land, or culture methods, or date or rate of seed-
ing, rotations, and the like. The land is selected and prepared with
care, divided into plats with mathematical accuracy, and the differ-
ent treatments carried out systematically. Notes are taken from
time to time on the general appearance of the plats, often supported
by photographs, the date of blooming or fruiting or other stages
noted, and when the crops are harvested pro\'ision is made to insure
against loss, and the weights or volume are accurately recorded.
Analyses may be made of the materials applied or sown, and of the
resulting crops. But the gi'owing crop is usually not studied in a
way to determine the manner in which it is responding to the special
conditions. Rarely, indeed, are any systematic measurements taken
of the plants, or attempts made to get at critical stages of growth
or the effects of the treatment at such times. The physiological
activities of the plants throughout their growth are not followed, and
often can not be followed because the field experiments have not been
supported by experiments which provide a larger measure of con-
trol. The growth under the different treatment can not be compared
with the normal growth at various stages, because provision for this
is lacking.
If conditions of normal growth were maintained as a check, it
would be possible to judge of the accelerating or retarding effect of
each treatment at successive stages, and the adaptability of the plant
and its capacity to overcome adverse conditions or to minimize their
effects later could be arrived at with considerable accuracy. Fur-
thermore, something could be learned of the effects of changes in
temperature of the air or soil, or the periodicity of the rainfall and
other external phenomena which experiments in the field are subject
to. Instead of measuring these, the attempt is usually made to
eliminate them by averaging the results of several years.
706 EXPEEIMENT STATION BECOED,
In short, the usual field experiments, which form such a prominent
feature of station work, teach but little in a definite way as to the
life of the plants concerned in them or of the exact conditions of their
growth, and they contribute far less than they should to a thorough
knowledge and understanding of these plants.
In too large a proportion of these experiments the main interest
and reliance seems to be placed on the weight or bulk of the har-
vested crop. This of course is the fimal measure from an economic
point of view, to determine whether a practice or treatment is
profitable or advisable. But in investigation, and in all experiments
except those of the most rudimentary kind, the aim should be to
learn not merely the economic result but something of the way in
which the result has been brought about, and the effect upon the
plant to the imposed conditions. The living plant must be studied
quite as much as the final yield.
These things are highly essential if field experimentation is to de-
velop along scientific lines and make progress in laying the founda-
tion for an intelligent agriculture. They require far more attention
to a certain kind of details than is now given. TJiey require con-
tinuous study, with attempts at correlations of growth and specific
conditions throughout the season. Otherwise the final result is a
composite result of all the conditions, and there is no means for de-
termining how much is to be attributed to particular artificial con-
ditions imposed, or how far the effect of these has been masked by
other unfavorable conditions.
To make these continuous studies of the plants and their sur-
roundings implies a smaller number and less diversity of field ex-
periments, and greater attention to those which are undertaken. It
will mean more study in planning the work, to provide such checks
under more refined conditions of experiment as are necessary to
furnish reliable comparisons. It will call for some system of ac-
curate measurements at regular intervals, and the recording of un-
controlled phenomena wliich may influence growth or physiological
function. It will require living with the experimental material — a
closer association with the plants and concentration on their study.
Under such close observation there will be no lack of problems.
The investigator with Wsion and imagination will be confronted
with them on all sides, and instead of allowing them to bewilder
him with their confusion he will devise means to regulate them and
take account of them in his plan of experiment. This will make the
methods of experimental agronomy more exact and more searching
in character, and will make interpretation more sure. It might re-
lieve the necessity for some of the repetition that has been going on
f<o manv vears.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
A contribution to the chemistry of phytin, R. J. Anderson (New York
State 8ta. Tech. Bui. 32 {1914), PP- 3-U).—The subject is treated under four
different headings, as follows :
I. Concerning the organic phosphoric acid of cotton-seed meal, II (pp. 4-11). —
Since the results of Rather (E. S. R., 29, p. 804) did not harmonize with the
earlier work of the author (E. S. R., 28, p. 505) the work on cotton-seed meal
was repeated in the hope of establishing more definitely the composition of the
organic phosphoric acid of cotton-seed meal. From 25 lbs. of cotton-seed meal
69 gm. of barium salt, after recrystallizing eleven times, was obtained. It was
free from heavy metals other than barium and no weighable quantity of alkalis
could be obtained from 0.5 gm. of the salt. " It w^as completely free from inor-
ganic phosphate and it was free from nitrogen and sulphur." Silver salts pre-
pared from the isolated acid did not seem to be suitable for identifying the
acid in question. They were obtained as amorphous precipitates and did not
represent homogeneous salts. They are believed to be mixtures of more or
less acid silver salts of inosit hexaphosphate because after deducting the amount
of silver found, allowing for a corresponding amount of hydrogen and water
and calculating to free acid, the results agreed very closely with the percentage
composition calculated for inosit hexaphosphate. The acid pi'eparation used
did not give, as Rather found in his investigations, a precipitate on the addition
of alcohol.
II. Concerning phytin in oats (pp. 12-21). — The purpose of this investigation
was to determine whether the phytin in oats (E. S. R., 21, p. 60S) was identi-
cal with the phytin from other sources. Several preparations were made from
different lots of oats with a 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid solution and precipi-
tation as a barium salt with barium chlorid. " The substance was then repeat-
edly precipitated from dilute hydrochloric acid alternately with alcohol and
with pure recrystallized barium hydroxid (Kahlbaum) until all bases other
than barium were removed and until all the inorganic phosphate was
eliminated."
No crystalline substance was obtained, but on analysis the various prepara-
tions gave analytical results which agreed well amongst themselves although
the composition was considerably different from that of phytic acid. The
preparations were found finally to consist of two different organic phosphoric
acids, but only one was isolated in a pure form. The portion insoluble in water
after removal of the soluble part was obtained as a barium salt in crystalline
form in the same manner as in the case of that prepared from cotton-seed meal.
" So far as one can judge by crystal-form, composition, properties, and reac-
tions, the -crystalline salts obtained from oats and cotton-seed meal are identi-
cal." The water-soluble substance noted above could only be obtained as a snow-
white amorphous powder the composition of which differed entirely from the
66492°— No. S— 14 2 707
708 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
crystalline pi'oduct, but only very slightly from that isolated from wheat bran
(E. S. R., 28, p. 17). Like the crystalline bai'ium salt obtained from cotton-
seed meal, that from oat seed does not agree with the usually accepted formula
for phytic acid, viz, C6Hi4027P6 (see also E. S. R., 19, p. 966). Apparently oats
contain two different phosphoric acids.
III. Concerning phytin in corn (pp. 22-26). — This subject has been previously
studied by Vorbrodt (E. S. II., 26, p. 501) and Hart and Tottingham (E. S. R.,
21, p. 608). The substance isolated in these investigations was re-examined by
the author and a crystalline barium salt was prepared with some diflBculty.
Judging from the crystalline structure, composition, and properties, the sub-
stance is identical with the salts previously isolated from cotton-seed meal and
oats, namely, salts of inoslt hexaphosphate.
" The analytical results obtained from these ]3urified crystalline barium salts
do not agree with the formula proposed by Vorbrodt. The phosphorus is over
1 per cent higher and the relation between carbon and phosphorus is as 1 : 1.
The phosphorus content is also considerably higher than that required for a
corresponding salt calculated on the usual phytic acid formula. The barium
salt analyzed by Vorbrodt had been prepared from the previously isolated acid
by partially neutralizing with barium hydroxid and concentrating in vacuum.
The crystalline salt which then separated was washed, dried, and analyzed.
Apparently no attempt had been made to recrystallize it and it is probable that
the substance had contained small quantities of impurities which might be suffi-
cient to account for the difference in analytical results between his product and
the repeatedly recrystallized salts which have now been analyzed."
IV. Concerning the composition of hariiun phytate and phytic acid from
commercial phytin and a study of the properties of phytic acid and its decompo-
sition products (pp. 27-44). — The salts of phytin, previously reported upon
(E. S. R., 27, p. 712) were prepared from commercial phytin, and most of these
were amorphous, particularly the barium salts, and in only one case was a
crystalline salt obtained. The amorphous salts on analysis gave results which
corresponded closely to the usual formula ascribed to phytic acid. As some
doubt was felt as to whether these amorphous compounds were homogeneous an
investigation was made of commercial phytin, using the same methods as before,
to see if any real difference existed betwjeen the barium salts of phytic acid
prepared from conmiercial phytm and the crystalline salts obtained from cot-
ton-seed meal, oats, and com.
"After carefully purifjung the barium salt of the substance we found that it
crystallized very readily and no difference could be observed either in crystal
form, composition, or reactions of the salts prepared in this way from the crys-
talline salts previously referred to. All of these compounds are therefore
identical and the analytical data Indicate that they are salts of the acid
C::H60sP2 or C0H1SO24P0. The composition, as determined by analysis, of the free
acid prepared from the crystalline barium phytate also agrees more closely with
the above formulas than with the usual formula of phytic acid. C«H2i027Po. The
phosphorus was found too low in this case as well as in the acids prcAiously
described. This, however, is undoubtedly due to the fact that the acid is largely
hydrolyzed on drying. It appears very probable then that the organic phos-
phoric acid described above and known as phytic acid is either inosit hexaphos-
phate, CeHisO-iPe, or else an isomer of the same. We have, however, no direct
information concerning the molecular magnitude of the acid."
Attempts to prepare a neutral ester of the acid with a view of determining
the molecular weight and also the preparation of a neutral silver salt failed.
"Only acid silver salts have been obtained even from solutions of phytic acid
neutralized with ammonia. From such salts, naturally, only acid esters could
AGEICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY — AGEOTECHNY. 709
be obtained." " Tribarium inosit hexaphosphate, C8Hi2024P8Ba3, [was] obtained
as minute bundles or globules of mici'oscopic needles from dilute hydrochloric
acid solutions by the addition of alcohol, and heptabarium inosit hexaphosphate
(C6Hii02iPa)2Ba7, or Ci2H22048Pi2Ba7, which separated from dilute hydrochloric
acid solutions in the pi'esence of barium chlorid in globular masses of needle-
shaped crystals. The free acid prepared from the crystalline barium salts
agrees more closely in composition with inosit hexaphosphate, CoHisOj^Pe, than
with the usual formula for phytic acid, C6H24O27P8. . .
" The spontaneous decomposition products of phytic acid under ordinary con-
ditions which are formed within a reasonable length of time appear to be
phosphoric acid and substances which contain more carbon and less phosphorus
than phytic acid, which substances are probably penta-, tetra-, etc., phosphoric
acid esters of inosit. When phytic acid is dried at a temperature of 105° C,
under reduced pressure, it rapidly decomposes with liberation of inorganic
phosphoric acid and the formation of various decomposition products, consist-
ing of inosit and substances varying in composition from inosit tetraphosphate to
inosit monophosphate. When the crystalline barium salts are dried at 105°
under reduced pressure they suffer but slight hydrolysis. Under ordinary condi-
tions the dry salts are comparatively stable but on longer keeping small quan-
tities of inorganic phosphoric acid are liberated."
The glycerotriphosphoric acid of Contardi, P. CABEfi (Bui. Soc. Chim.
France, 4. ser., 13 (WIS), No. 2, pp. 66-69).— The theory of Contardi that one
molecule of glycerol reacts with three molecules of phosphoric acid to form
quantitatively one molecule of C3H5(H2P04)3 is deemed incorrect. The products
are said to be CsH50H(H2P04)3, C3H6(OH)2(H2P04), and a di-ester of the type
C3H5(OH)HP04.
Preparation, composition, and properties of caseinates of magnesium,
L. L. Van Slyke and O. B. Winter {Netv York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 33 {1914),
pp. 3-7). — Continuing previous work by the senior author and Bosworth (E. S.
R., 29, p. 9) a study was made of the compounds formed by casein with mag-
nesium.
" In preparing magnesium caseinates, the solution of casein in magnesium
hydrosid was effected by suspending pure casein in water with an excess of
finely-divided magnesium oxid, allowing the mixture to stand several days with
occasional agitation.
" The magnesium hydroxid solution of casein [was] made neutral to phenolph-
thalein with HCl and the solution dialyzed and evaporated to dryness. The
preparation contained 1.06 per cent Mg (1.76 MgO), the theoretical composi-
tion being 1.09 per cent Mg (1.81 MgO) ; or 1 gm. of casein combined with
8.7 X 10-* gm. equivalents of Mg (theoretical, 9X10-*). The compound [was]
easily soluble in water and in a 5 per cent solution of NaCl.
" The magnesium hydroxid solution [was] made neutral to litmus with HCl
and the solution dialyzed and the caseinate precipitated with alcohol. The
preparation contained 0.71 per cent Mg (1.18 MgO), the theoretical composition
being 0.67 i)er cent Mg(1.12 MgO) ; or 1 gm. of casein combined with 5.8 X 10-*
gm. equivalents of Mg (theoretical, 5.6X10-*). The compound is easily soluble
in water and in a 5 per cent solution of NaCl.
" A solution of base-free casein in magnesium hydroxid was treated with HCl
just to the first point of precipitation and then dialyzed. Alternate addition of
acid and dialysis [were] repeated, until finally the dialyzed solution formed a
permanent precipitate on the addition of any acid. To this solution [was]
added one-third of the amount of acid required for complete precipitation of the
casein, the solution filtered and dialyzed and divided into two portions. One
710 EXPEKIMENT STATIOiS' EECOKD.
portion [was] used for the preparation of monomagnesium caseiuate by in-
complete precipitation with HCl. The preparation contained 0.13 per cent Mg
(0.22 MgO), which is the theoretical composition; or 1 gm. of casein combined
with 1.1X10-* gm. equivalents of Mg. This compound [was] insoluble in water
but soluble in 5 per cent solution of NaCl ; at 65° C. it tended to form strings
when drawn out.
" To the second portion of the solution mentioned in the preceding paragraph
acid-free alcohol [was] added and a precipitate obtained which contained 0.24
per cent Mg (0.4 MgO), the theoretical composition of di-magnesium caseinate
being 0.26 per cent Mg (0.44 MgO) ; or 1 gm. of casein combined with 2.1X10-*
gm. equivalent of Mg (theoretical 2.25 XIO-*). The compound is quite easily
soluble in water and in a 5 per cent solution of NaCl ; at 65° it is slightly
sticky.
" These four magnesium caseinates correspond to the four calcium caseinates
which have been previously prepared, representing octo-, penta-, di-, and mono-
caseinates of magne.sium."
Why sodium citrate prevents curdling of milk by rennin, A. W. Boswoeth
and L. L. Van Slyke (New York ^tate Sta. Tech. Bui. 34 (1914), pp. 3-9; Amer.
Jour. Diseases Children, 7 {1914), No. 4, PP- 298-304). — The practice of adding
sodium citrate to cow's milk in the process of modifying it for infant feeding
purposes has been common for many years. Its use is especially valuable for
those children where cow's milk forms exceedingly large lumps of tough curd
after entering the stomach. These lumps of curd can pass practically un-
changed through the entire course of the intestinal canal and do, by either
mechanical or other means, cause serious interference with the process of
digestion. The favorable results attending the use of sodium citrate in pre-
venting the formation of these curds, however, have never been explained on the
basis of actual investigation.
It is pointed out as a result of these studies that the addition of sodium
citrate to normal milk renders some of the insoluble calcium present soluble.
This increase in soluble calcium is due to a reaction between calcium caseinate
and sodium citrate by which is formed sodium caseinate (or calcium-sodium
caseinate) and calcium citrate. This reaction is also reA'ersible.
" The curdling of milk by rennin is delayed by the pre.sence of sodium citrate;
when there is added 0.4 gm. of sodium citrate per 100 cc. of milk (equal to 1.7
gm. per ounce), no curdling takes place. The curd produced by rennin in the
presence of small amounts of sodium citrate (0.05 to 0.35 gm. per 100 cc. or 0.2
to 1.5 gi'ains per ounce) increases in softness of consistency as the amount of
sodium citrate in the milk increases.
" The results of our work indicate that at the point at which rennin fails to
curdle milk we have in place of the calcium caseinate of normal milk a double
salt, calcium-sodium caseinate; this double salt, when rennin is added, is
changed to a calcium-sodium paracaseinate which, owing to the presence of the
.sodium, is not curdled. The practice of adding sodium citrate to milk at the
rate of 1 to 2 grains of citrate per ounce of milk appears to have a satisfactory
chemical basis in the reaction between the sodium citrate and the calcium
caseinate of the milk. The amount added is governed by the object in view,
viz, whether it is desired to prevent curdling or only modify the character of
the curd in respect to softness."
See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 29, p. 805).
Studies on enzym action. — VIII, A continuation of the study of the action
of amino acids and castor bean lipase on esters, M. L. Hamlin (Jour. Amer.
Cheni. Soc., 35 {1913), No. 12, pp. 1S97-1904). —Coutinmng work previously
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 711
noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 806), the selective lipolytic actions of glycin, alanln,
plienylalanin, and castor beau lipase on metliyl, etiiyl, glyceryl tri- and phenyl
acetates, ethyl butyrate, and ethyl and phenyl benzoates have been compared,
and that of castor bean lipase on castor oil and olive oil has been measured.
It is shown that the selective lipolytic action of glycin on methyl acetate and
ethyl butyrate is more marked in the preseuce of certain concentrations of hydro-
chloric acid. This selective action was measured. With the glycin-hydrochloric
acid solution used, the hydrolysis of methyl acetate and. ethyl butyrate was not
l)roportional to the hydrogen ion concentrations of the solution, and the dis-
jiroportionality, which was measured, was comparatively large.
Studies on enzym action. — IX, Extraction experiments with, the castor
bean lipase, K. G. Falk {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 35 (WIS), No. 12, pp. 1904-
1915). — "The result of extraction experiments in which the lipolytic activities
of the filtrates and residues of a castor bean preparation after treatment with
water, 0.1 molar sodium fluorid, molar sodium chlorid, and molar methyl
alcohol solutions, were tested toward ethyl butyrate and triacetin, confirmed
the conclusion given in the fifth and sixth papers [E. S. R., 20, pp. 409, 806]
that the inhibiting actions of these solutions on the lipase were due to precipi-
tating or coagulating actions.
" Two lipases were shown to be present in the preparation. One of these
was soluble in water, the other insoluble. The former exerted a comparatively
greater action toward ethyl butyrate than toward triacetin, the latter a greater
toward triacetin than toward ethyl butyrate.
" Extraction experiments with solutions of magnesium and manganous sul-
phates which showed acceleration with unfiltered preparations indicated that
the accelerations were due mainly to the action of the salts on the residues.
Filtration also appeared to decrease the accelerating actions of these salts."
Quantitative investigation with reference to the action of monochromatic
ultraviolet rays upon amylase, A. and Mme. Chauchaed {Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. [Paris], 156 {WIS), No. 24, pp. 1858-1860; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 37 {1913),
No. 108, p. 1036). — The photochemical action of ultraviolet rays upon amylase is
proportional to the absorption of these rays by the solution in which the fer-
ment is held. A portion of the radiant energy in the experiments was capable
of raising the temperature of the solution 0.25° C. and decomposed four-tenths
of the enzym present.
The influence of salicylic acid upon the amylolytic action of aqueous
extracts of malt, E. Heusch {Arch. Farmacol. Sper. e Sci. Aff., 13 {1912), No. 7,
pp. 307-323, fig. 1; abs. in Zenthl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 14 {1912), No. 7-8,
p. 297). — Acids play an important part in the hydrolysis of starch to maltose
because when present in small amounts they increase the activity of maltase,
while large quantities inhibit the activity. Salicylic acid is the most prominent
in this regard, because of the presence of a phenol radical in the molecule.
About the biolytic cleavage of gluten, V. S. Sadikova {Zhur. Russ. Fiz.
Khim. Obshch., Chast Khim., 44 {1912), No. 5, pt. 1, pp. 1026-1053; abs'. in
Chem. Ztg., 37 {1913), No. .^7, Repert., p. 220).— Proteus vulgaris and Penicil-
lium glaucum, when acting upon gluten, produce more volatile acids and bases
than do either acids or enzyms. The experiments also show that P. vulgaris
and P. glaucum assimilate atmospheric nitrogen when grown on a gelatin plate.
Measurement of tryptic protein hydrolysis by determination of the tyrosin
liberated, S. J. M. Auld and T. D. Mosscrop {Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 103
{1913), No. 6O4, pp. 281-284; abs. in Analyst, 38 {1913), No. 445, p. 153).— The
method is a modification of that described by Brown, Millar, and others, which
consists of the estimation of the absorption of bromin by the tyrosin liberated.
712 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Instead of determining the end point of the reaction by noting the yellow color
or using starch and iodid of potash, it is advisable to 'employ methyl violet or
gentian violet in a 1 per cent solution in 70 per cent alcohol.
"About 10 drops of this solution is added to 10 cc. of 5 per cent hydrochloric
acid and dotted over a white tile. The addition of sodium bromate or traces of
free bromin causes a change from olive green (the color of the dyestufCs in acid
solution) to a deep bluish- violet. The change is sharp, but the color fades after
a few minutes. Dibromotyrosin only is apparently formed and the absorption
at first is very rapid, but falls off considerably toward the end of the reaction,
as experiments cited show. The solution to be titrated is made of not more than
5 per cent acidity with hydrochloric acid ; a lower concentration than 2 per cent
turns the indicator blue, while more than 5 per cent turns it yellow. To the acid
solution is added 15 to 20 cc. of 20 per cent sodium bromid, and the liquid is then
titrated with twentieth-normal sodium bromate. Toward the end of the reac-
tion at least 30 seconds should elapse between successive additions of the bro-
mate, and the solution should be well shaken in a stoppered bottle.
" Results quoted show a plus errox- varying from 0.4 to 2.3 per cent. In two of
the test liquids there were present, in addition to tyrosin, leucln, asparagin, and
ammonium chlorid. Experiments carried out with edestin digested in dilute so-
dium carbonate solution with trypsin, and corrected for the bromin absorbed by
the protein, confirmed Brown and Millar's contention that the method can be
used for determining tyrosin in presence of proteins and other early cleavage
products, and also that practically all the tyrosin is liberated in the first stages
of tryptic digestion."
Accuracy of the estimation of 1-tyrosin in proteins, E. Abdebhalden and
D. FucHS (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. C'hem., 83 {1913), No. 6, pp. 468-
473; abs. in Analyst, 38 (1913), No. 446, pp. 219, 220).— The Folin and Denis
colorimetric method for determining tyrosin (E. S. R., 28, p. 805) in proteins is
said to yield high results because similar colors are produced by oxytryptophan
and tryptophan.
The authors observed, as did Folin and Denis, that the separation of tyrosin
by simple crystallization is xevy difficult. " The cause of this has been traced
in certain cases to absorption of acid or ammonia fumes from the atmosphere
during evaporation in open basins. Much better results are obtained if the
evaporation be conducted under reduced pressure. A more interesting reason
for quite considerable quantities of tyrosin failing to crystallize is the forma-
tion of salt-like compounds with the basic constituents of proteins, such as the
compound of tyrosin with lysin observed by Fischer and Abderhalden. In
view of this experience, tests were made to determine whether it is possible to
recover quantitatively tyrosin added to gelatin. Tyrosin-free gelatin was dis-
solved in five times its weight of 25 per cent sulphuric acid, a known quantity of
tyrosin added, and boiled for 20 hours. Baryta was then added to remove the
sulphuric acid, and the barium sulphate extracted with boiling water until the
extract no longer gave a violet color with a 1 per cent aqueous solution of
triketohydrindene hydrate (ninhydrin). This reagent proved much more
delicate than Millon's reagent. By concentrating the combined filtrates at 45*
C, it was possible to recover as much as 90 per cent of the added tyrosin. In
certain cases, however, the yield amounted to only 60 to 70 per cent
" It was found possible to recover the tyrosin almost quantitatively by the
following method : The liquid after hydrolysis was diluted until it contained
2.5 per cent sulphuric acid. A 10 per cent solution of phosphotungstic acid was
then added with constant stirring, great care being taken to avoid the addition
of any excess. The precipitate was filtered off and washed, and the filtrate
treated with baryta to remove phosphotungstic acid and filtered. To this filtrate
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 713
the exact amount of sulphuric acid needed to remove the excess of baryta was
added and the barium sulphate extracted with boiling water until no coloration
was given by ninhydrin [E. S. R., 26, p. 804]. The filtrate was then concen-
trated at 40° C. under reduced pressure until the mother liquor gave no reaction
with Millon's reagent. The crude tyrosin which separated was purified by boiling
with animal charcoal and fractional crystallization from water until a sample on
analysis yielded figures agreeing with pure tyrosin."
Fonnol-titrametric investigations with proteins, II, F. Obeemayer and
R. WiLLHEiM (Biochem. Ztschr., 50 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 369-385).— Continuing
work previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 501), the authors emphasize the fact
that with the formaldehyde titration method the terminal amino groups of pro-
teins can be determined. The quotient obtained by dividing the total nitrogen
by the number of such axnino groups, and which shows how much nitrogen be-
longs to each amino group, is termed the amino index.
The index of euglobulin (average 21.5) is much greater than albumin (aver-
age 12). In the Mammalia this also applies to pseudoglobulin, whei'eas in the
hen the index of pseudoglobulins (average about 15) is not so sharply differen-
tiated from albumin.
With the procedure it can be shown that the large protein fractions do not
consist of unit substances; thus with pseudoglobulin, by .salting out with 44
per cent of ammonium sulphate and albumin with a 66 per cent ammonium
sulphate solution, it is possible to obtain two fractious which differ very
much in their amino indexes.
This work, according to the authors, for the first time shows that a con-
stitutional difference exists between two different serum proteins. In the case
of the hen the amino indexes of the fractions obtained with a 25 per cent
ammonium sulphate solution and those given by a 30 per cent ammonium
sulphate solution (average 32.5 and 28.5, respectively) were much higher than
those given by the serum proteins of the bo^'ine (average 19 and 21.5, re-
spectively). Those of the horse were found to behave in exactly the same
manner as in the bovine, and those in the goose like those in the hen.
Detection of saponin, L. Rosenthalee and H. Schellhaas {Ztschr. Unter-
such. Nahr. u. Oenussmtl., 25 (1913), No. 3, pp. 154-158). — Instead of determin-
ing the presence of saponin by noting the hemolytic power, the authors recom-
mend hydrolyzing this glucosid and testing for the cleavage products. This
allows of the detection of nonhemolytic regenerated saponin. The method is as
follows :
To the solution under examination add 2.5 cc. of hydrochloric acid, filter if a
precipitate ensues, and evaporate the filtrate on a water bath until the solution
ceases to foam. This indicates that the hydrolysis is complete. Then cool some-
what and shake the still warm solution with acetic ether, taking .50 cc. of
acetic ether for each 100 cc. of aqueous extract. Wash the clear acetic acid
solution with water until no reaction is obtained with silver nitrate, and evapo-
rate to dryness. If the extract is highly colored, it can be decolorized before
evaporation with animal charcoal.
The extract is used for two tests: (1) For prosapogenin with sulphuric acid.
This gives an orange red coloration which slowly goes over to a cherry red and
finally becomes violet. When small amounts are present this change in colors
may take several hours. (2) To see if foaming takes place a little of the ex-
tract is dissolved in a small amount of sodium carbonate solution.
Beer can be tested by a modified form of the above procedure.
The determination of the acetyl number [of oils, fats, etc.], E. B. Holland
(Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 151 (1914), pp. 69-78; Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cheni.,
6 (1914), No. 6, pp. 482-486). — After reviewing existing methods for determining
714 EXPEEIMENT STATION" RECOED.
the acetyl number of fats, it is pointed out that the acetyl numbei' of a fat and
of the insoluble acids affords valuable information relative to the nature and
the quality of the product under examination, and a short and simple volumet-
ric method is proposed which is free of many of the objectionable features of
the Benedikt and Ulzer and Lewkowitsch methods.
" The development of the method extended over a period of several years
and finally resolved into an adaptation of several well-known processes.
Ceresin is used to solidify the acetylated fat so that it may be washed by de-
cantation as in the determination of insoluble acids. The saponification number
of the acetylated fat is determined by the same process as that of the original
fat and the difference measures the amount of acetyl that has been assimilated."
A gravimetric method similar to the one described by Lewkowitsch is also
given, but it is stated that it has not received sufficient study to warrant the
drawing of definite conclusions.
The acetyl number in this work is defined as the number of milligrams of
potassium hydroxid required for the saponification of the acetyl assimilated by
one gm. of an oil, fat, or wax on acetylization. The prevalent custom of re-
porting the acetyl number on the basis of the acetylated product seems to be
without foundation.
The estimation of citric acid in the presence of certain other acids, L.
GowiNG-ScoPES (Analyst, 38 {1913), No. 442, -pp- 12-19, fig. 1; ahs. in Chem.
Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 47, p. 480).— The Beau modification of Deniges' method was
studied and found unsatisfactory. Instead, a reagent composed of a mixture
of mercuric nitrate, manganese nitrate, and nitric acid is recommended. The
results obtained by the new method showed a maximum error of only +0.0003
and —0.0004 per cent. The presence of malic and lactic acids influences the
results, but tartaric and succinic acids do not.
The use of sodium citrate for the determination of reverted phosphoric
acid, A. W. Boswokth {New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 34 {1914), pp. 10-12;
Jour. Indus, mid Engin. Chem., 6 {1914), No. 3, pp. 227, 228). — Previously noted
from another source (E. S. R.. 29, p. 795).
A new method for determining nicotin in the presence of ammonia, R.
Spallino {Gaz. Chim. Ital, 43 {1913), II, No. 4, pp. ^.93-500).— This method is
based on the fact that nicotin behaves toward picric acid as a diacid base in
aqueous solutions and as a monoacid base in alcoholic solutions.
The method is as follows : From 1.5 to 3.5 gm. of tobacco is mixed with milk
of magnesia and distilled with steam. The vapors are then collected in from
50 to 100 cc. of an aqueous solution of picric acid. After from 600 to 700
cc. of distillate is obtained it is diluted with 1 liter of alcohol and divided into
two portions, which are separately evaporated to dryness. The residue from one
of the portions is dissolved in alcohol and titrated with half-normal barium hy-
droxid solution against lacmoid. The other residue is then treated with water,
made up to 100 cc. -with water, filtered, and 75 cc. of the filtrate titrated with half-
normal barium hydroxid. The difference between the titration of the alcoholic
and aqueous residue solutions, when multiplied by 0.0081, gives the amount of
nicotin present in grams.
Estimation of nicotin in the form of silicotungstate, R. Spallino {Gaz.
Chim. Ital., 43 {1913), II, No. 4, pp. 482-486) .—The author states that the
gravimetric determination of nicotin as silicotungstate gives good results if
the factor 0.1139 is used for calculating the nicotin content. If the procedure
of drying, as suggested by Chapin (E. S. R., 25, p. 16), is followed, the results
are discordant.
About the occurrence of nicotinic acid (m-pyridin carbonic acid) in rice
bran, U. Suzuki and S. Matsunaga (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 5
METEOEOLOGY — WATER. 715
(1912), No. 1, pp. 59-61; ubs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophijs., U (1918), No. 22,
p. 837).— This deals with the preparation of nicotinic acid from fat-free bran.
About 1 gm. of acid per liilogram of bran was obtained.
Presence of barium and arsenic in tobacco, R. Spallino {Qaz. Chim. Ital.,
43 (1918), II, No. 4, pp. 475-481).— The amount of barium in 3 samples of snufE
and 3 samples of smol^ing tobacco dried at 100° C. varied between 0.019 and
0.036 per cent, calculated as barium sulphate. In 4 samples of smoking to-
bacco and 3 of snuff the arsenic ranged from 0.08 to 1.02 mg. per 100 gm. of
dry substance. It is suggested that in purchasing tobacco its arsenic content
may well be considered, since arsenicals are used extensively, especially in the
United States, for spraying tobacco.
EfEects of varying certain cooking condit^^ 3 in producing soda pulp from
aspen, H. E. Sueface (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 80 (1914), pp. 63, pis. 9, figs. 20).—
"Although the soda process of wood-pulp manufacture is not employed com-
mercially to so great an extent in America as the sulphite and mechanical
processes, it is remarkably well adapted for producing pulp fibers from any
kind of wood or other fibrous vegetable material, no matter how resistant to
chemical attack it may be. For this reason it is much used in the experi-
mental work of the Forest Service. . . .
" It was to secure and make available detailed information which would both
facilitate other experimental work in the laboratory and promote the efficiency of
commercial plants employing the soda process that the series of tests discussed
in this bulletin was undertaken. They were carried out at the Forest Products
Laboratory maintained by the Forest Service at Madison, Wis., in cooperation
with the University of Wisconsin.
" The report of the experimental work is prefaced by a short description of
the soda process and a review of pi'evious investigations. Some general com-
ments on aspen as a raw material for soda pulp and on the pulp itself are found
in the appendix. This species of poplar was selected as the test material be-
cause it is the most important soda pulpwood. The information secured, how-
ever, is of much value also in connection with the cooking of other woods."
The practical results obtained, which are described and discussed, " show in
detail the effect of certain cooking conditions on the yields and properties of
the resultant pulp, on the efficiency of the cooking chemicals, and on various
items affecting costs of production. From a study of these results it should
be possible for a mill operator so to regulate the cooking process as to secure
the largest possible yield of pulp of the desired quality at a minimum cost for
chemicals, fuel, labor, and overhead charges in so far as the operation is
affected by the cooking conditions considered.
" The clear, sound wood used in the experiments afforded yields of good
pulp from 10 to 25 per cent higher than the better run of the yields reported
by pulp mills. Moreover, some of these experimental yields were obtained with
shorter cooking periods and less chemicals than are employed commercially.
Although the laboratory results may not be equaled in mill practice, the possi-
bility of greatly increased efficiency in the process of converting wood into soda
pulp Is indicated."
A bibliography is appended.
METEOROLOGY— WATER.
International catalogue of scientific literature. F — Meteorology (Inteimat.
Cat. Sci. Lit., 11 (1914), pp. VIII+245).— ''The literature Indexed is mainly
that of 1911, but includes those portions of the literature of 1901-1910 in regard
716 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
to which the index slips were received by the Central Bureau too late for inclu-
sion iu the previous volumes. There are also entries dated 1912."
"Weather and water, M. Hoffmann (Jahresher. Landw., 28 {1913), pp. 1-
20). — Recent investigations on these subjects are classified and reviewed as
u.sual.
Influence of forest cover upon local climate (Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc.
[Lonclon], 40 {19U), No. 110, pp. 166-168) .—ThiB is a brief review of a paper by
G. A. Pearson previously referred to (E. S. R., 30, p. 417).
Influence of forest cover upon local climate, T. H. Moegan (Quart. Jour.
Roy. Met. 8oc. [London'], 40 (1914), No. Ill, p. 226).— This is a brief note on
the paper referred to above, calling attention especially to electrical differences
that may be set up in passing from open land to forest.
The relation of forests in the Atlantic plain to the humidity of the Central
States and prairie region, R. ZoN (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 8 (1913), No. 2,
pp. 139-153, pis. 2) . — The author bases his conclusion that there is " a relation
between the forests of the coastal plain and the southern Appalachians, on the
one hand, and the humidity of the Central States and prairie region, on the
other," on three fundamental considerations presents data upon these, as
follows :
"(1) In the eastern half of the United States there is a marked perodicity
in the wind direction. In winter the prevailing winds are from the north and
northwest; in summer they are from the south. When the prevailing winds
come from the south the entire eastern half of the United States is wet. When
the prevailing winds are from the northwest and west the precipitation de-
creases. Therefore, the precipitation of the eastern half of the United States
dei^ends largely upon the prevailing southerly winds which come from the Gulf
and penetrate far into the interior of the continent.
"(2) The evaporation from the ocean plays a comparatively unimportant
part in the precipitation over the land; seven-ninths of the precipitation over
land is supplied by evaiwration over the land itself, and only two-ninths is fur-
nished by the evaporation from the ocean. Therefore, the greater the evapora-
tion from the land which is in the path of the prevailing southerly winds, the
more moisture must be carried by them into the interior of the continent.
"(3) The forest evaporates more water than any vegetative cover and much
more than free water surfaces. Therefore, forests enrich with moisture the
winds that pass over them, and contribute to the humidity of the regions into
which the prevailing air currents pass."
Restraining effect of forests on sudden melting of snow, J. E. Church, jb.
(Engin. Rec, 69 (1914), No. 24, p. 674). — Measurements are referred to which
indicated that the protection of snow against rain and sun is directly propor-
tionate to the density of the forest growth, and that the melting of snow is
most rapid in oiien ai'eas.
A method of estimating rainfall by the growth of trees, A. E. Douglass
(Bui. Amer. Geogr. Soc., 46 (1914), ■^'o. 5, pp. 321-335, figs. 5).— The results of
studies of the rings of yellow pine trees near Flagstaff. Ariz., are correlated
with past meteorological conditions, especially rainfall. The curves for the
period of known rainfall show a close correlation with that for the tree growth.
A certain correlation between tree growth, as shown by the rings, and climatic
cycles is also indicated.
Distribution of drought, F. Eredia (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bill.
Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 3, pp. 325-329).— Following the
suggestion of Broounoff that a knowledge of the distribution of the rainfall of a
given region during 10-day periods may be used to advantage iu adapting crops
METEOROLOGY — WATER. 7 17
to meteorological conditions, especially with reference to the critical periods of
growth, the author gives calculations for Sicily of the frequency of 10-day
periods of rainfall between 0.1 and 5 mm. and of 10-day periods without rain,
and discusses the bearing of these data upon rain distribution and plant growth
in Sicily. He is of the opinion that in a region like Sicily, which has distinct
rainy and dry seasons, it is more important to know the occurrence of the rainy
periods than the dry periods.
"An examination of the 10-day periods with a total rainfall of 5 mm. (0.2 in.)
shows that different values must be attached to them, according to the time of
the year at which they occur ; that is to say, during periods of regular rainfall
a 10-day period with a total of 5 mm. is really a dry period comparable to one
having no iniluence on vegetation, while, on the other hand, if it occurred in a
period of extreme dryness, e. g., during the summer months in Sicily, such a
period could exercise considerable influence. It would appear, therefore, that
the rainfall measurements would be more profitable if the probability of the
period with low rainfall greater than 5 mm. were known, and also those of abso-
lute drought."
Is the earth drying up? {Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc. [London'], 40 (1914),
No. no, pp. 165, 166). — This Is a brief discussion of a paper by J. W. Gregory
already noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 815). emphasizing especially the conflicting evi-
dence and views upon this subject.
A study of the changes in the distribution of temperature in Europe and
North America during the years 1900 to 1909, H. Akctowski (Ami. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., 24 {1914), PP- 39-113, figs. 61). — Following the procedure adopted in
a previous paper dealing with temperature data for 1891 to 1900 (E. S. R., 23,
p. 712) and considering the means for that decade as quasi-normal values, the
author calculates for each year from 1900 to 1909 and for each station the depar-
tures from these means. Curves are presented showing these annual departures,
the positive departures being designated thermopleions, the negative departures
antipleions.
These curves show that the year 19(X) was one of predominant thermopleions
while in 1893 the antipleions strongly predominated. It is estimated that the
difference in temperature between these two years must have been at least
0.5° C.
For the purpose of making the necessary comparisons the temperature curve
of the exceptionally undisturbed climate of Arequipa, Peru, for the years 1900
to 1910 was taken as the standard. This curve shows four characteristic crests
and four depressions for the period named.
The paper presents data to show " that in far distant regions of the globe,
simultaneously with the appearance of the Arequipa crests pleions are formed;
that these pleions have a tendency to persist ; that, in order to persist, one
must displace another. Pleions and antipleions are correlated; if one moves,
the other moves. In North America the displacements seem to be confined to
the North American Continent. In consequence, the pleions must pendulate
from one side to the other. Moreover, the differences between the pleionian
crests and the antipleionian depressions of temperature change. These changes
of amplitude seem to be in immediate correlation with the equatorial changes
of temperature. . . .
" The existence of macropleioniau variations, the close correlation of the
pleionian phenomenon with the Arequipa variation, the compensating anti-
pleions, and, finally, the djoiamic character of these climatic changes, eliminate
. . . the hypothesis attributing such changes exclusively to the presence of
variable quantities of volcanic dust in the higher layers of our atmosphere.
718 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
" Variations of tlie solar radiation must be tlie real and most important cause
producing the changes of our climates and Iseeping them in a dynamic state."
The climate of Duluth, Minnesota, H. W. Richakdson {Dvluth, 1914, pp. Jfi,
figs. iJf). — This publication, compiled by the local forecaster of the U. S.
Weather Bureau, presents briefly the principal facts concerning the climate in
the vicinity of Duluth and discusses the relation of the climate to the agricul-
tural possibilities of the region.
A summary of meteorological records, J. E. Ostrandee { Massachusetts Sta.
Bui. 153 (1914), pp. 117-146).— In addition to summaries of observations on
pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, wind, and casual
phenomena made at the Massachusetts Station during the period from 1889-
1913, inclusive, this bulletin includes records of such available and apparently
reliable precipitation and temperature records as were made in Amherst previ-
ous to 1889, viz, those made by the late Prof. E. S. Snell of Amherst College and
his daughters (1836-1883) and those made at the state experiment station
under the direction of Dr. C. A. Goessmann (1883-1888).
The summary for the 25 years (1889-1913) shows that the maximum pres-
sure reduced to freezing and sea level was 30.65 in. February 26, 1889; the
minimum 28.24 in. February 8, 1895 ; the mean 30.012. The highest temperature
recorded was 104° F. July 4, 1911; the lowest —26' January 5, 1904; the
mean 47.5°. The mean dew-point was 39; the mean relative humidity 74.6.
The greatest annual precipitation was 57.05 in. in 1897 ; the lowest 30.68 in. in
1908; the mean 43.76 in. Using all of the available data for temperature
(1837-1913) and precipitation (1836-1913) it was found that the mean tem-
perature was 46.9° F. ; the mean annual precipitation, 44.17 in.
Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostbandeb and R. E. AIcLain {Massachusetts Sta. Met.
Buls. 307, 308 {1914), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst,
Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudi-
ness, and casual phenomena during July and August, 1914, are presented. The
data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month.
Weather report, W. H. Day {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm,
iS9 {1913), pp. 64-70). — Observations on temperature and precipitation and on
the length of the growing season at Guelph and at fourteen other places in On-
tario during 1913 are summarized. A wind record for Guelph is also given.
Notes on the water of cranberry bogs, F. W. Moese {Massachtisetts Sta.
Bui. 150, pp. 62-68). — Studies of the composition of ditch water and seepage
water from small experimental bogs previously described were continued.
(E. S. R., .28, p. 324).
It is estimated that the seepage water of the experimental bogs in 1913 con-
tained more than 21 lbs. of nitrogen, 10 lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 50 lbs. of
potash per acre. There appeared to be no direct relation between varying appli-
cations of fertilizers the pi'evious year and the composition of the drainage
water. There was, however, found to be a direct relation between free circula-
tion of water and drainage and vine growth.
Bacillus coli in water supply, J. Race {Municipal Engin., 47 {1914), IS^o. 1,
pp. 12-14, figs. 3). — The author gives a warning against the present tendency to
minimize the value of the indication given by the presence of the Bacillus coli
communis in water supplies. He emphasizes the fact that the presence of that
organism in a sample of water, although not certain evidence that it is danger-
ously polluted, is a definite warning, which can not be safely ignored, that the
water is iwlluted and that the source of the pollution must be determined and
icept under close observation at all times to insure that it does not become
dangerous.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 719
SOILS— FERTIUZERS.
Soil management, F. H. King {^ew York and London, 1914, pp. XII -^311,
pis. 11, figs. 8). — For many years before his cleatli Prof. King had been assem-
bling material for the preparation of a book on soil management. In this
volume his widow, Mrs. C. B. King, " has brought together such of his papers
and lectures as contain materials that he would have worked into an organized
form."
An introductory chapter di.scussing the influence of good and bad manage-
ment of soils on their i)roductive capacity and emphasizing the value of scien-
tific soil management is followed by a chapter explaining the principles govern-
ing the productive capacity of fields. In these sections the factors making for
fertility are considered, and emphasis placed on the importance of soil com-
position and structure and moisture regulation. Separate chapters deal with the
functions, availability, and conservation of soil moisture in crop production,
soil moisture and plant feeding, and the principles and practice of earth
mulches. Keeping in mind the importance of the conservation of soil moisture
the author discusses the relations of optimum soil moisture capacity and soil
texture, and points out the value of the use, where practicable, of straw, grass,
litter, and earth mulches in particular for the conservation of soil moisture.
A further chapter explaining the beneficial effects of lime in soils is followed
by a discussion of the physical features of soils which influence their ability to
feed crops. Other chapters deal somewhat at length with the functions, con-
servation, and application of water in crop production and reclamation of
swamp lands. A final chapter dealing with agricultural conditions in China,
Korea, and Japan describes the methods of tillage, fertilization, and crop rota-
tion practiced in those countries.
Guide to the scientific study of soils, F. Wahnschaffe and F. Schucht
(Anleitung zur icisseiischaftlichen Bodenuntcrsuchuvg. Berlin, 1914, 3. rev. ed.,
pp. VIII-\-216, figs. 57). — This is the third revised edition of this work (E. S. R.,
15, p. 659), in which the authors have endeavored to incorporate more recent
developments in methods of soil investigation.
Types of soil formation, their classification and geological distribu-
tion, K. Glinka (Die Typcn der Bodenhildung, Hire Klassifilcation und geo-
graphische Verhreitimg. Berlin, 1914, PP- 365, pi. 1, figs. 65). — In this volume,
translated from the Russian, the author describes field and laboratory methods
of soil investigation, and discusses especially the observations and conclusions
of Russian investigators regarding the problems of soil genesis and the
geography and physical and chemical properties of soil types and varieties,
more particularly those encountered in European, Asiatic, and mountainous
Russia. He discusses the objects and results of soil study, and considers the
influence of climate on the origin of soil types to be of basic importance.
Several methods of soil type classification according to mechanical, physical,
and chemical properties, geographical distribution, etc., are described, and the
author finally divides the types and their variations into two classes which are
formed either by external or intei'nal forces, viz. ectodynamoi-phic and endodyna-
morphic soils.
Quantitative mineralogical analysis of sandy soil, A. Vendl (Foldtani
Kozlmy, 43 {1913), Ko. 7-9, pp. 331-343; aJ)s. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome],
Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 3, p. 337).— The use of a
combination of microscopic and chemical analysis on a special type of sandy
soil is described.
The inorganic composition of some important American soils, W. O. Robin-
son {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 122 {1914), pp. 27).— This bulletin reports chemical
and mineralogical investigations of certain important types of soils.
720 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Chromium, vanadium, rare eartlis, zirconium, barium, strontium, lithium,
and rubidium were present in all the soils examined. Chromium ranged from
a trace to 0.025 per cent ; vanadium, from 0.01 per cent to 0.08 per cent ; rare
earths, from 0.01 per cent to 0.08 per cent; zirconium, from 0.003 per cent to
0.08 per cent ; barium, from 0.004 per cent to 0.36 per cent ; and strontium,
from 0.01 per cent to 0.11 per cent. Lithium was found in spectroscopic traces
only. Boron was indicated in 18 soils by the presence of tourmalin and fluorin
in 24 soils by the presence of micas.
Molybdenum was found in the surface soils of ouly two types and cfesium iu
only one soil. Neither the amounts nor even the presence of copper, nickel, and
cobalt were established in the soils with certainty.
Silica, manganese, and phosphorus were found to concentrate in the surface
soil, and aluminum, iron, potash, magnesium, and generally titanium, in the
.subsoil.
The sulphur content was low, ranging from 0.3 to 0.39 per cent of SOs. with
an average of 0.13 per cent.
An abundance of potash minerals was found in the soil, the amount varying
from 43 to 2,000 tons to the acre of soil to a depth of 3 feet.
The evidence that soils contain the more important rock-forming minerals is
said to be strengthened by the mineralogical examinations.
A colluvial soil and its people, F. V. Emerson (Bill. Amer. Gcogr. Soc, 46
{1914), No. 9, pp. 655-658, fig. 1). — An area in one of the Ozark counties of
Missouri is described which consists of an old limestone plateau where the soil
creep is said to cause accumulation of colluvial soils in a narrow belt near the
foot of slopes. The colluvial soils vary from a clay loam to a silt loam and
are said to be extremely important both because of their fertility and because
of the scarcity of arable lauds in the region. The possibility of increasing the
area of very fertile soil by terracing is pointed out.
The occurrence of manganese in Kentucky soils and its possible signifi-
cance, O. ]M. Siii;dd (Jour. Indus, and Ennln. Chcm., 6 (1914), No. 8, pp. 660-
664)- — An examination of a large number of Kentucky soils showed that in a
large majority of the cases there was considerably less manganese in the culti-
vated soils than in corresponding virgin soils. In practically every case the
surface soil contained more manganese than the subsoil. The majority of the
soils contained considerably more manganese than phosphorus, but many sam-
ples contained much less, while the losses of manganese in the cultivated areas
were usually greater than of phosphorus.
" There are large differences in the manganese content of the soils of the
different geological areas and sometimes in those from the same area. The
amounts found in the surface soils vary from 0.005 to 0.331 per cent, and in
the subsoils from 0.002 to 0.2G4 per cent. As a rule, the better agricultural
areas contain much larger amouuts of manganese than the inferior areas."
Report of the state agricultural chemist, J. H. Phillips (Rpt. Dept. Agr.
So. Aust., 1912-13, pp. 27-30). — ^Among a number of miscellaneous analyses are
determinations of manganese iu various soil samples, and of copper, lead, and
arsenic in soil samples taken from under the drip area of fruit trees which
have been sprayed for a number of years with various insecticides.
On osmosis in soils. The efficiency of the soil constituents as semiper-
meable membranes, C. J. Lynde and H. A. Dupr^ (Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc.
Canada, S. ser., 7 (1913), Sect. Ill, pp. 105-117, figs. ^).— The investigations here
reported have already been noted from another source (E. S. R.. 30, p. 23).
On a new method of measuring the capillary lift of soils, C. J. Lynde and
H. A. Dri'Ri;; (Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. scr., 7 (1913), Sect. III. pp.
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 721
119-129, figs. 3). — The Investigations here reported have already been noted
from another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 22).
The theory of antagonism of salts and its significance in soil studies,
C. B. LiPMAN (Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 34 {1913), pp. 33-^0). — A previous
paper setting forth the same views has already been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 317).
The deposits in drainpipes in drainage of swamp soil, B. Tacke (Zentbl.
Agr. Che 111., Jf3 {1914), A'o. 5, pp. 308-311). — Investigations of the incrustations
in drainpipes in swampy soil showed that the trouble was due mainly to fine
sand and clay separations which penetrated the drain joints. The reddish-
yellow color was due to iron oxid. Most of the incrustation was found at the
joints. The trouble was best prevented by covering the joints with peat muclJ.
Some chemical and bacteriological effects of clearing grass land by burn-
ing, F. QuisuMBiNG and G. Ocfemia {Philippine Agr. and Forester, 3 {1914),
No. 4, pp. 7G-78). — It is stated that grass lands in the Philippines are com-
monly cleared by burning, but experiments are referred to which show that
this practice results in a large loss of nitrogen and humus in the surface soil.
A study of the bacterial life of the soil showed that burning not only greatly
reduced the number of organisms in it, but profoundly modified their character.
The work did not go far enough to show whether this was an advantage or
disadvantage.
Mobilization of the soil phosphoric acid under the influence of the life
activity of bacteria, S. Sevebin {V{estnik Bakt. Agron. StantsU V. K. Ferrem,
No. 18 {1911), pp. 156-246; ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt.
Landw.), 13 {1912), No. 4, pp. 629, 650).— This is a detailed account of investi-
gations more briefly reported elsewhere (E. S. R., 20. p. 817).
Enriching of soils in nitrogen in connection with the life activity of
aerobic micro-organisms assimilating free nitrogen, A. V. KuainskiI {Univ.
Izv. [Kief], 52 {1012), Nos. 4, pt. 2, Art. 3, pp. 1-58; 8, pt. 2, Art. 3, pp. 59-131,
figs. 7; 9, pt. 2, Art. 5, pp. 133-182, figs. 2; ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ.
Jour. Expt. Landw.), 13 {1912), No. 4, pp. 625-629) .—This, elaborate report first
reviews the literature, then describes the methods used by the author, and
finally reports in detail the results of his investigations on the subject.
The biological nature of nitrogen fixation in soils was deduced from re-
sults of experiments with antiseptics (chloroform and thymol). The higher
the humus content the larger the water content of the soil required for optimum
nitrogen fixation. The mutual relations of different groups of organisms were
affected by vai-ying conditions of light. No nitrogen was fixetl under strictly
anaerobic conditions (in an atmosphere of nitrogen), although it occurred in
a chernozem soil with high moisture content. There apijeared to be a certain
associative action of anaerobic and aerobic organisms.
Increasing the organic matter of the soil did not increase nitrogen fixation,
but the organic matter was quickly decomposed. Nitrogen fixation was more
active in naturally rich or well-fertilized soils than in poor soils. Azotobacter
was shown to be capable of using carbohydrates, alcohol, and acids as sources
of energy.
With an increase of aeration the amount of organic matter required to fix a
unit of nitrogen diminished and the process of fixation was accelerated. In
sand cultures the curve of respiration ran parallel with or lagged behind the
curve of fixation. In water cultures it ran ahead. Ammonium sulphate de-
pressed fixation of free nitrogen by Azotobacter. Aspergillus niger and
PeniciUium glaucum assimilated free nitrogen best in a 5 per cent sugar
solution. The ratio of carbon consumed to free nitrogen assimilated was on
the average about 10 : 1 in sand cultures. In soils with high contents of water
722 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
and organic matter it was much greater than this, wliile witli soils witli abun-
dant aeration it was about tlie same as in sand cultures.
The influence of organic substances on nitrification and denitrification in
cultivated soil, C. Baethel (Meddel. Centralanst. Forsoksv. Jordbruksomrddet,
No. 83 (1913), pp. 36, fig. 1; K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 52 (1918),
No. 8, pp. 599-632, fig. 1; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 43 {1914), No. 6, pp. 372,
373). — The author's experiments showed, in conformity with those of Wino-
gradski and Omelianski (E. S. R., 11, p. 711), that in the presence of easily solu-
ble organic matter nitrification does not take place until the organic matter is
completely mineralized. For example, a small amount of dextrose not only
hindered nitrification to a marked extent but strongly promoted denitrification,
and nitrification did not occur until the dextrose was completely mineralized.
A very small amount (0.1 per cent) of dextrose, however, produced the opposite
effect, due probably to stimulating action.
The danger from the harmful effect of organic matter upon nitrification is not
considered as great as the investigations of Winogradski and Omelianski would
indicate, because soluble organic substances seldom occur in soils in large
amounts. The conditions, however, are different in the manure heap, and this
accounts for the feebleness or failure of nitrification there.
The course of nitrification in fallow soil, B. Velbel {Khutor{anin, 1912,
Nos. 10, pp. 12-18; 20, 22, 23, 24, pp. 26-28; abs. in Zhiir. Opytn. Agron. {Russ.
Jour. Expt. Landw.), 13 (1912), No. 5, pp. 717, 718).— The experiments here
reported indicated that the chief factor controlling nitrification in fallow soil was
the humus and humus nitrogen content of the soil. Nitrification increased di-
rectly with the humus. The largest amount of nitrates observed in these experi-
ments (2,137 lbs. per acre to a depth of 14 in.) was found at the beginning of
August in a heavy clay chernozem containing from 8 to 10 per cent of humus
in the surface soil. Nitrification was found to be greater in early fallow than
in late. It was also increased by the cultivation of leguminous plants.
The first result of the application of manure was to produce a certain amount
of denitrification, but later in the summer the nitrification was more rapid in
manured soil than in unmanured soil, and the favorable effect of the manure
was still noticeable after four years.
Green manuring experiment, 1912-13, C. M. Hutchinson and S. Milligan
(Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui. 40 (1914), PP- 31, pi. 1, fig. i).— Field and labora-
tory experiments to determine the best stage of growth and methods of turning
under green manures, with a special study of the relation of various conditions
of soil, rainfall, supplementary fertilization, bacterial activity, etc., to the char-
acter of decomposition which takes place, are reported. The experiments were
confined to one plant, namely, Crotalaria juncea.
The results indicated that water was probably the controlling factor in the
decomposition and nitrification of green manure in soil. It was found that three-
eighths saturation of the soil was the optimum moisture content for nitrification
of the green manure under the conditions prevailing in these experiments. The
best results were obtained by turning under the plant while it was still green
and succulent. With plants 4 weeks old 67 per cent of the nitrogen was nitri-
fied, while with plants 10 weeks old only 34.5 per cent of the nitrogen was
nitrified. The optimum depth of burying the green manure varied with the age
of the plant and probably with the character of the soil and its subsequent
treatment, but in general the more mature the plant the less the depth to which
it should be plowed under in order to insure nitrification. The optimum mois-
ture content, 16 per cent, for carbon dioxid formation was the same as that for
nitrification of the green manure. The addition of superphosphate promoted the
decomposition of the green manure.
SOILS FEETILIZERS. 723
How to improve our heavy clay soils, A. R. Whitson, E. J. Delwiche, and
F. L. MuSBACK (Wiscomin Sta. Bui. 202, rev. (1914), pp. 3-16, figs. 5).— This is
a revised edition of this bulletin (E. S. R., 25, p. 19).
Ways of improving our sandy soils, A. R. Whitson, F. J. Sievers, and
H. W. Ullspergeb (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 204, '"ev- (1914), PP- 3-27, figs. 11). —
This is a revised edition of this bulletin (E. S. R., 25, p. 19).
Dry farming in Washington, C. C. Thom and H. F. Holtz (Washington
Sta. Popular Bui. 69 (1914), pp. 31, figs. 6).— This is a popular bulletin for
farmers and new settlers.
Soils, M. Hoffmann (Jahresber. Landw., 28 (1913), pp. 21-54). — This is a
classified review of recent reports of investigations on this subject.
Fertilizers and fertilizing, M. Hoffmann (Jahresber. Landw. , 28 (1913),
pp. 54-99). — ^A classified review is given of recent reports of investigations.
Outline of the function and use of commercial fertilizers, E. O. Fippin
(Neio York Cornell Sta. Circ. 23 (1914), PP- 21-28).— A brief popular discussion
of the subject.
Fertilizers in Central America, J. E. van dee Laat (Los Abonos en Centra
Amdrica. San Jose, Costa Rica, 1914, PP- 53, figs. 6). — The need of fertilizers
on tropical soils is emphasized, and information regarding the nature and use
of fertilizers suited to the crops and soil of this region is given.
Fertilizer for south China, A. E. Caeleton (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts.
[U. S.], 17 (1914), No. 214, p. 1404).— It is stated that the trade in fertilizers
in China has not materiallj- increased in recent years, but that the prospects
favor an improvement in the future. The total value of manures and fertil-
izers of all kinds imported into China during 1913 was $700,872. This included
among other things various natural manures, bird guano, bean oil cake, sodium
nitrate, and ammonium sulphate, the latter mainly for use on rice.
Absorption of fertilizer salts by Hawaiian soils, W. McCeorge (Hawaii
Sta. Bui. 35 (1914), PP- 32). — A chemical study of the absorptive power of
different types of Hawaiian soils for phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen in
different forms is reported in this bulletin.
The fixation of phosphoric acid was found to be much higher than that of
other elements, due to the highly basic character of the soil. Apparently the
fixation of potash and ammonium nitrogen was controlled largely by the
amounts of lime and magnesia present in the soil. The absorptive power of
the soil for nitrate nitrogen was found to be almost negligible except in the
case of highly organic soils. Dx'ying the soil had but slight effect upon its
fixing powei'. The results indicate that fertilizer salts are more strongly
fixed when applied singly rather than in mixtures. The effect of heat and
antiseptics on the absoiiDtive power of soil was not very striking and the results
were not very consistent. The removal of the absorbed elements approached
a constant quite rapidly in the case of potash and ammonium salts, but more
slowly in that of the phosphates.
Soil tank experiments, S. E. Collison (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. XCVIII-
GII). — Experiments with fertilizers for citrus trees were continued as in pre-
vious years (E. S. R., 29, p. 211) in two series of four tanks each, the data
for composition of the drainage obtained from the tanks during the year
being tabulated without comment. Brief notes are also given on the character
of the season, especially the rainfall, and on the growth of the trees.
Nitrification of organic manures, J. W. Patebson and P. R. Scott (Jour.
Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 (1914), No. 6, pp. 321-329, figs. 2).— In continuation
of previous experiments on the relation of moisture and certain soil con-
stituents to nitrification (E. S. R., 28, pp. 217, 720), a study was made of the
66492°— No. 8—14 3
724 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOKD.
rate of nitrification of dried blood, ground bone, leather, oat straw, and alfalfa
hay, each added at the rate of 0.1 gm. of nitrogen with 0.75 gm. of calcium
carbonate to 300 gm. of sandy soil.
Two rates of moistui*e were maintained in different series, (1) 5.35 i>er cent
calculated on the dry soil, or 20 per cent of the water-holding capacity of the
soil, and (2) 16.05 per cent, or 60 per cent of the water capacity. The soils
were placed in bottles which were kept in a dark cupboard. They were corked
to prevent evaporation but were aspirated twice weekly to renew the air.
Determinations of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen were made at the beginning
of the experiments and at the end of 34 and 123 days. The mean temperature
of incubation was about 70° F.
The results showed that in the case of the more active fertilizers the nitro-
gen was promptly ammonified and passed readily into the form of nitrates.
Taking the sum of the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen to represent available
nitrogen, it was found that four-fifths of the nitrogen of blood and bone was
converted into available form within four months under suitable conditions of
moisture and temperature. About 50 per cent of the nitrogen of alfalfa was also
made available in four months. Only 1.36 i>er cent of the nitrogen of leather
became available in that time, and this occurred only under the more moist con-
ditions of soil. There was an actual loss of available nitrogen in the case of
oat straw.
On the composition and value of bat guano, C. F. Miller {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 6 (19 H), No. 8, pp. 664, 665). — Analyses of samples of bat guano
from various sources are reported and discussed.
In these samples the nitrogen varied from 0.5 to 11.84 per cent, phosphoric
acid from 1.08 to 4.8, and potash from 0.21 to 1.61. The results show wide
variations not only in the percentages of the fertilizer constituents but also in
their ratios to one another. In general, in the more recent deposits nitrogen is
the most valuable constituent, phosphoric acid and potash following in the
order given, but on aging the nitrogen content decreases very rapidly. Over
90 per cent of the phosphoric acid present was found to be water soluble, as
was also the greater part of the potash.
The origin of nitrate deposits, W. H. Ross {Pop. 8ci. Mo., 85 {1914), No. 2,
pp. 134-145; Ainer. Fert. 41 {1914), No. 6, pp. 40-46).— The occurrence of
nitrate depo.sits in different parts of the world is described and the various
theories which have been advanced to explain their origin, particularly as found
in Chile, are reviewed.
Among the theories to which attention is called are (1) that the nitrates have
resulted from electric storms, (2) that the atmospheric nitrogen has been fixed
by alkali carbonates in the presence of oxidizable matter, (3) that the nitrates
have resulted from the action of radio-active emanations from the soil, (4) that
the nitrates have been derived from seaweed, bird guano, or the manure of
vicufias and llamas, (5) that the deposits represent accumulations of nitrate
formed by the oxidation of organic matter in the soil of the great plain lying
between the nitrate beds and the Andes and washed down to their present loca-
tion by periodic fioods, and (6) that the nitrates have been formed by the direct
fixation of the nitrogen of the air by Azotobacter and like organisms as sug-
gested by Headden.
The author concludes, however, that not one of these theories " is adequate to
account for all the conditions under which the deposits are found, and it seems
most i^robable, as some have suggested, that instead of being formed in one way
only, the nitrates owe their origin to several sources."
Growth in Chilean nitrate industry, A. A. Winslow {Daily Cum. and
Trade Kpts. [U. &'.], 17 {1914), No. 165, p. 305).— The industry is stated to be
growing and prosperous.
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 725
Ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate in 1913 (Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 6 (1914), No. 8, p. 693). — Statistics of production are briefly summarized.
It Is stated tliat tlie world's production of ammonium sulphate in 1913 was
1,365,700 tons, of which Germany produced 549,000 tons, the United Kingdom
420,000 tons, the United States 177,000 tons, and France 75,400. The production
of Chilean nitrate was 2,450,000 tons in 1913 as against 2,552,770 tons in 1912.
Recent increase in production of lime nitrogen, C. Kubiebschky (Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), ^o. 8, p. 692).— Statistics of production since
the beginning of the industry are briefly reported.
The estimated production of cyanamid in 1914 is 208.000 tons. It is stated
that the average annual increase in the production of cyanamid from 1907 to
1912 was 212 per cent, of Norwegian nitrate from 1903 to 1911, 170 per cent,
while the increase of Chilean nitrate from 1901 to 1911 was only 6.8 and of
ammonium sulphate in the same period 10.5 per cent.
Lime nitrog'en and its use, B. Schulze (Deiit. Landic. Presne, 41 (1914),
No. 62, p. 761). — In comparative tests of sodium nitrate and of oiled, granulated,
and untreated lime nitrogen on white mustard grown in pots it was found that
the oiled lime nitrogen was practically as efficient as the untreated, being from
85 to 91 per cent as efficient as sodium nitrate. The granulated lime nitrogen,
however, was much le.ss effective than the oiled or untreated material, being
only 66 per cent as efficient as sodium nitrate.
The author urges the use of high-grade lime nitrogen as it is more likely to
be free from dicyaudiamid and to be more efficient than low-grade material.
Solubility of nitrogen compounds of lime nitrogen in water, C. Manuelli
(Ann. Chiin. Appl. [Rome], 1 (1914), pp. 412> 413; abs. in Jour. Soe. Chem.
Indus., 33 (1914), A'o. 13, p. 690).— It was found, as reported in this article,
that about SO i>er cent of the nitrogen of lime nitrogen was dissolved in water
at 13 to 14° C. in one hour and 88 per cent in six hours. Beyond that point
solution began to diminish.
Transformation of calcium cyanamid into ammonia, C. Manuelli (Ann.
Chini. Appl. [Rome], 1 (1914), pp- 388-396; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33
(1914), No. 13, pp. 690, 69i).— When about 100 gm. of crude calcium cyanamid
was heated in water in an autoclave for 6 to S hours at from 170 to 180° C. 90
per cent of the theoretical amount of the nitrogen was obtained, and this pro-
portion could be increased by using one-tenth of the amount of cyanamid or
repeating the treatment.
Commercial possibilities of the process are discussed.
The origin, mining, and preparation of phosphate rock, B. H. Sellards
(Bui. Amer. Inst. Mining Engin., No. 93 (1914), pp. 2319-2395, figs. 3).— This
article deals with Florida and Tennessee phosphates. Substantially the same
information in part has already been noted from other sources (E. S. R.. 25, p.
121; 30, p. 222).
The importance of the adoption of less wasteful methods of mining and
preparing phosphate for market and of devising processes by which lower
grades of phosphate may be used in the manufacture of superphosphate is es-
pecially emphasized.
Tennessee phosphate practice, J. A. Babb (Bui. Amer. Inst. Mining Engin.,
No. 93 (1914), PP- 2397-2413, figs. i2).— Methods of mining the brown and blue
phosphate rock and preparing it for the market, and manufacturing superphos-
phate, are described and discussed.
Coral phosphate islands of the Pacific Ocean and their products, C. Elsch-
NEE (Corallogene Phosphat-Inaeln Austral-Oceaniens und Hire Produkte. LU-
beclc, Germany, 1913, pp. 120, pis. 31; ahs. in Bui. Amer. Geogr. Sac, 46 (1914),
No. 9, p. 691). — This monograph deals particularly with the geology and chem-
726 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Istry of the phosphates of certain of the Pacific islands, esijecially Nauru and
Paanapa but also of Angaur and Makatea of the Palau and Tuamotu groups.
These are all islands of upheaval and the phosphate is more or less advanced in
chemical and pressure changes. A chapter is also given on the following guano
islands of recent formation: Baker, Howland, Phoenix group, Sydney, Maiden,
Starbuck, Christmas, Fanning, Flint, Jarvis, Browse, Lacep&de, Laysan, Com-
wallis, and Clipi^ertou.
German potash supply (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [V. &.], 17 (1914), No.
208, p. 1261). — The imports of potash salts into the United States during the
fiscal year ended June 30. 1914, are stated to have been as follows: Kainit
541,846 tons, manure salts 261.342, muriate of potash 237.916, and sulphate of
potash 45,139, the total being 1,086,243 tons valued at $15,160,123, as compared
with 882,562 tons valued at $12,4S4.576 in 1913.
It is stated that the only outlet for German potash during the European war
is through the Netherlands, which on August 31 temporarily lifted the embargo
on the exportation of potash.
The deep boring at Spur, J. A. Udden (Bui. Univ. Tex., No. 363 (191Jf), pp.
109, pis. 16, figs. 18). — The agricultural interest in this boring centers about the
fact that analyses of water obtained at different depths indicate the presence of
a potash-bearing stratum somewhere near 2,200 ft. below the surface. A sam-
ple of the water obtained at about this depth contained 324.1 gr. per gallon of
potassium chlorid.
Experiments on the effect of liming agricultural soils, A. Botto and D. N.
GuGLiELJiETTi (Rev. Faciilt. Afjron. y Yet. La Plata, 2. ser., 10 (191Jt), No. 3,
pp. 85-12-'f). — It is demonstrated that the effects of liming on soils of Argentina
which are poor in lime are to correct physical defects, to increase chemical de-
composition, to favor the activity of soil organisms, to render plant food, par-
ticularly phosphoric acid, more soluble, and to further indirectly the assimila-
tion of j)lant food by crops such as alfalfa.
The lime requirements of moor and similar soils which are poor in lime,
B. Tacke (Jahrb. Moork., 2 (1913), pp. 1-22). — The author reviews and dis-
cusses the results of a number of experiments by himself and others showing
l»articularly the unfavorable effects of excessive limiug on moor and similar
soils under different conditions. He points out that uplaud moor soils growing
hay and root crops need, and are able to endure, a much smaller quantity of
lime than meadow and pasture soils, the quantity required depending on the
condition of decomposition and acidity of the moor soil and the crop to be
grown. For north German conditions it it considered inadvisable to apply lime
in excess of 1,780 lbs. per acre to soil growing hay and root crops, while on
meadows and pastures at least twice that amount is necessary.
The effectiveness of lime fertilizers when applied to acid soil is said to de-
pend largely on its degree of fineness.
It is further concluded that on sand and moor soils, poor in lime, the effect
of liming is usually very lasting, and that liming should be repeated only when
the necessity for it is indicated by comparative tests.
The production of lime in 1913, R. W. Stone (V. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral
Resoiirees of the United States Calendar Year 1913, pt. 2, pp. 309-324) .—" The
lime manufactured in the United States in 1913 amounted to 3,595,390 short
tons, valued at $14,648,362. This was an increase of 65,928 tons, or 1.87 per
cent, in quantity and of $678,248, or 4.85 per cent, in value, when compared
with the output for 1912, which was 3,529,462 short tons, valued at $13,970,114.
The production in 1913 was the largest in the history of the iudustiT, both in
the quautity manufactured and iu the value of the output. . . . The total
AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 727
number of plants reporting operations in 1913 was 1,023 as compared witli 1,017
in 1912 and with 1,139 in 1911."
The influence of sulphur on soil acidity, H. C. Lint {Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 6 ilOl-ff), No. 9, pp. 747, 748). — Laboratory experiments on the rate of
oxidation of sulphur in soil to which it had been added to the amount of 1,000
lbs. per acre-foot showed that the sulphur had practically all been oxidized
within the first eight or nine weeks, there being little change in the acidity after
the seventh week. The oxidation of sulphur was much more rapid with a
heavy clay loam soil than with a sandy loam soil. Soils made up to 20 per
cent water content once each week and allowed to dry did not give as rapid
oxidation as those in which an optimum moisture content of 20 per cent was
constantly maintained by keeping the soils covered to prevent drying out.
That the sulphur causes an increase in acidity under field conditions is veri-
fied by analyses of field soils to which sulphur had been applied the previous
year. These showed the lime requirement to correspond to the rate of sulphur
application.
Fertilizer and oils, B. W. Evermann (U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Fisheries Doc.
797, pp. 134, 135; abs. in Amer. Fcrt., 41 {1914), No. 6, p. 28).— This is a short
section in a larger report on the Alaska fisheries and fur industries in 1913.
It deals brieflj' with the status of fish fertilizer and oil production in Alaska,
which is stated to have been less extensive than during the previous year,
emphasizes the great waste of valuable fertilizing material at the canning fac-
tories, and describes particularly a new plant for the manufacture of fertilizer
and oil established at Klawak during the year.
Commercial fertilizers, J. S. Burd (California Sta. Bui. 245 (1914), pp. 53). —
Guarantiis, analyses, and valuations of 498 samples of fertilizers inspected by
the Califorina Fertilizer Control during the year ended June 30, 1914, are re-
ported. Ninety-one of these fertilizers were deficient in one or more fertilizing
constituents under the terms of the state fertilizer law which allows a deficiency
of 0.25 per cent in nitrogen, 0.5 in potash, and 1 in available phosphoric acid.
The sales of fertilizers in the State during the year are estimated at from 35,000
to 40,000 tons.
Fertilizer analyses, H. B. McDonnell et al. {Md. Agr. Col. Quart., No, 65
(1914), pp. 39). — Analyses and valuations of fertilizers sold in Maryland exam-
ined from February to July, 1914, are reported.
AGRICTJLTTJRAL BOTANY.
[The evolutionary aspects of genetic research], "W. Bateson (Nature [Lon-
don], 93 (1914), ^'os. 2338, pp. 635-642; 2339, pp. 674-681; Science, n. ser.,
40 (1914), ^^os. 1026, pp. 287-302; 1027, pp. 319-333) .—This, is the presidential
address delivered before the British Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence at its Australian meeting in August, 1914, in which the author outlined
his ideas regarding evolution in the light of recent research in genetics.
It is claimed that variation in a series must occur either by the addition or
loss of a factor. Of the origin of new forms by the loss of a factor there is
said to be abundant evidence, but there does not appear to be any clear evi-
dence of the contemporary acquisition of new factors. The author summarizes
his views as follows : "As the evidence stands at present all that can be safely
added in amplification of the evolutionary creed may be summed up in the state-
ment that variation occurs as a definite event often producing a sensibly dis-
continuous result; that the succession of varieties comes to pass by the eleva-
tion and establishment of sporadic groups of individuals owing their origin to
728 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
such isolated events; and that the change which we see as a nascent variation
is often, perhaps always, one of loss."
The second part of the paper is devoted to the development of his conclusions
in regard to man.
Physiological plant anatomy, G. Haberlandt, trans, by M. Drummond
(London, 191Jf, pp. ZF+777, figs. 291).— This work is a translation of the
fourth German edition which appeared in 1909. and is considered as represent-
ing the mature views of the author. The scope of the work may be shown by
the definition given to physiological plant anatomy: "It consists first, in the
recognition of the physiological functions pertaining to the tissues of the plant
and to the structural units, or cells, of which these tissues are composed ; and
secondly, in the discovery of the connection that exists between the several
functions and the anatomical arrangements required for their proper per-
formance."
Chapters are given on the cells and tissues of plants, meristematic tissues,
and dermal, mechanical, absorbing, photosynthetic, vascular or conducting,
storage, aerating or ventilating, secretory and excretory, motor, sensory, and
stimulus transmitting systems. A chapter is also given on the secondary growth
in thickness of stems and roots causing both the normal and anomalous forms.
By means of copious notes additional data are given to support \arious state-
ments, and controverted points are discussed at some length. This book will
undoubtedly ))e a noteworthy addition to the available literature in the English
language relating to the general field of the physiology of plants.
On chlorophyll and leaf pigments and those of flowers and berries, R.
WiLLSTATTER {'Saturwisscncliaftcn. 2 (1914), No. 19, pp. //6S-//T0).— This is a
brief note of a paper read before the German Chemical Society.
It is stated that the composition of chlorophyll is largely independent of
season, time of day, and illumination, also that the composition of the par-
ticular pigments involved varies but slightly. The characteristic coloring
matter of the cornflower is thought to bo identical with that of the rose and
to have as a basis some potassium comi)Ound.
Winter as a factor in the xerophily of certain evergreen ericads, F. C.
Gates {Bot. Gaz., 57 U9W, No. 6, pp. U^-489, figs, i^).— The author, giving
results of work carried on from 1910 to 1912, states that the transpiration
of all plants tested was very low in winter, often being imperceptible at
night. A gain of weight occurring at low temperatures indicated absorption,
in some cases sufficient to overbalance transpiration. Transpii-ation per unit
surface of evergreen shrubs was from 4 to 30 times that of deciduous shrubs
during cold winter weather, also under warm indoor conditions.
In case of peat bog plants in nature, light, particularly sunlight, seems to
be the effective factor in causing stomatal movements. These appear to be
less influential in regelating transpiration of peat bog plants than the evaporat-
ing power of the air.
Thermotropism in roots, H. D. Hooker, jr. [Plant World, 17 {19W, No. 5,
pp. 135-153). — Summarizing conclusions reached from details obtained in nine
experiments on thermotropism as carried out with .seedlings of Ervum.
Pisum, Phaseolus, I.upinus, and Zea sprouting in agar, the author states that
the use of a 1.25 per cent solution of agar as a medium for the roots effectu-
ally excludes all factors except the difference of temperature, but allows the
roots to grow and bend; that no thermotropic reactions occur when such
agar is used; that reactions occurring in such cases must be attributed to
positive hydrotropism; and that traumatropism enters as a factor at higher
temperatures.
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 729
The solvent action of roots, F. V. Chirikov (Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Rtiss.
Jour. Expt. Landic), 15 {19W, No. 1, pp. 54-65). — As the result of experiments
carried out with barley and buckwheat in nutritive media, the author con-
cludes that the excretion of acids by roots is inadequate to explain a num-
ber of facts noted in connection with the nutrition of the higher green plants.
Roots of such plants are surrounded by a solution which is in a certain state
of equilibrium. Roots of different plants disturb the equilibrium in the medium
in very unlike ways, absorbing predominately calcium oxid or phosphorous
pentoxid, as the case may be, and the relations of these plants to phosphorus
pentoxid must differ considerably. Barley does not take up phosphorus pen-
toxid in the presence of calcium nitrate or other calcium salt, but it may utilize
phosphoric acid from phosphorite alone in considerable degree. Buckwheat
behaves differently, taking up phosphorus pentoxid from phosphorite in either
the presence or absence of calcium nitrate. This difference is explained on
the supposition that buckwheat takes up. from the nutritive solution, calcium
oxid more energetically than phosphorus pentoxid. while in case of barley,
phosphorus pentoxid is much more energetically taken up than is calcium oxid.
Some factors which influence the water requirements of plants, P. Khan-
KHOJE {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 6 (19U), No. 1, pp. 1-23, fig. 1). — These ex-
periments were carried out in order to ascertain more in detail some of the
factors influencing the water requirements of cereals, standard methods being
employed.
It is stated that different kinds of crops require dift'erent amounts of water
to produce a unit of dry matter. Increased strength of soil solution decreases
water requirement. A fertile soil with limited water supply will produce a
larger crop than will an infertile soil under similar conditions. Young plants
require moi-e water than older plants. Plants furnished with excessive water
come to require more wnter per unit of dry matter than do plants grown in
drier soils.
The relation of atmospheric evaporating power to soil moisture content at
permanent wilting- in plants, J. W. Shive and B. E. Livingston (Plant World,
17 (1914), No. Jf, pp. 81-121, figs. 5). — The authors, giving a detailed account of
their investigations, state that these have substantiated the claim of Caldwell
(E. S. R., 29, p. 523) to the effect that the amount of water left in any given
soil at the time of permanent wilting of plants is a function of the intensity of
atmospheric evaporating power for the period during which permanent wilting
is attained. They further hold that the conclusion reached by Briggs and
Shantz (E. S. R., 26, p. 628; 27, p. 223), to the effect that the atmospheric and
environmental conditions that obtain during the process of wilting have little or
no effect upon the residual water content here considered, and that this soil
moisture residue for any given soil remains constant for all species of plants
grown in it and for various stages of development, can not be considered as of
general application but only as expressing a relation obtaining under some as
yet undetermined range of external and internal conditions within which must
have lain the experimental conditions employed by these workers.
Acidity of manures as related to germinability of seeds of leguminous
weeds, O. Munerati and T. V. Zapparoli (Staz. y^per. Agr. Itah, 46 (191.3), No.
1, pp. 5-17). — Field and laboratory tests were made with seeds of Vicia segetalis,
v. hirta, and Lathyrus aphaca from 2 to 6 years old in contact for different
periods with acid phosphate of varying strength. It was found that long con-
tact and strong solutions both corresponded with the progressive diminution
of germinability of the seeds. This result is thought to be related to an increase
in permeability of the seed coats.
730 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.
The formation and regulation of enzyms by some mold fungi, H. Kylin
(Jahrb. Wins. Bot. [Pringsheim], 53 {19U), No. 4, pp. 465-501).— The author,
giving a detailed account with results of several series of studies involving the
activity of Aspergillus iiiger, PenicilUum glaucum, and P. hiforme as regards
formation and regulation of diastase, invertase, and maltase, states that two
sorts of regulation may be distinguished, namely a qualitative (in which an
enzym is formed only when a particular substance is present in the nutritive
solution) and a quantitative (when an enzym may be formed under different
conditions, but most favorably and in increasing quantity when a component is
present which is readily broken up by the en^m in question). A bibliography is
appended.
Physical and chemical factors influencing the toxicity of inorganic salts
to Monilia sitophila, L. O. Kuxkel {Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 41 (1914), No. 5,
pp. 265-293, figs. 2). — In extension of work previously reported (E. S. R., 30,
p. 227), the author studied the influence of carbohydrates and peptones on the
toxicity of 11 diffei'ent chlorids in five different media, using as before cultures
of the fungus M. sitophila.
The results are tabulated and discussed. It is claimed that in studies on
toxicity the organic part of the medium must be taken into account.
A bibliography is appended.
The behavior of hydrocyanic acid when injected into plants, S. Dezani
{Arch. Farmacol Sj^er. e Sci. Aff.. 16 {1913), No. 12. pp. 539-5^6).— Claiming
to have found previously that hydrocyanic acid injected into plants was prob-
ably broken up by reaction with substances in the plant juices, one of the
products thereof being ammonia, the author experimented with minute doses of
the acid in question injected into maize and hemp, and holds that direct proof
of its utilization was indicated by the results observed.
Increase of heliotropic sensitivity of seedlings by narcotics, O. Richtee
{Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. [Fiemia], Math. Naturw. KL, 121 {1912), I, No. 10,
pp. 1183-1228, pi. 1, figs. 3). — Describing experiments under varied conditions
with seedlings of cereals, etc., the author claims that the heliotropic sensitivity
of the plants employed was increased by exposure in a narcotic medium.
The harmful action of distilled water, R. H. True {Amer. Jour. Bot, 1
{1914), No. 6, pp. 255-273, fig. 1). — Presenting details of studies with plants in
distilled or tap water or in various solutions, previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p.
825), the author considers it probable that the problem of injury by distilled
water to contained cells is not a simple one capable in all cases of the same
explanation. Besides cases of toxic substances derived from containers, etc.,
other cases remain unaccounted for. Extraction of electrolytes by distilled
water from the cells is regarded as but a special case of a type of injux-y done to
cells by unbalanced solutions. Calcium salt added to distilled water to make it
osmotically equivalent to tap water protects the chemical integrity of the cells
in some way not yet known. Further work is now in progress.
A bibliography is appended.
Poisoning of trees on streets by gas, P. Ehrenberg {Ztschr. Pflaneenkrank.,
24 {1914), No. 1, pp. 33-40, figs. 2). — In the case of linden trees dying on both
sides of a street in the middle of a block in Hanover, no parasites could be
detected, but a break was found in the gas main in the center of the street.
The gases seemed to have percolated beneath the asphalt and were thought to
have produced the effects observed. Better ventilation of the space around the
trees is suggested.
Studies on smoke injury, S. Eicke {Natiirio. Ztschr. Forst u. Landic, 12
{1914), No. 5, pp. 201-207, figs. 5).— Presenting graphically the results of
studies on the growth of pines up to 52 years old as affected by gases from
FIELD CROPS. 731
industrial works, tlie author states tliat pines, especially the younger ones in
the ueighboihood, showed a progressive diminution in growth, attributable to
gas and smoke.
Soil bacteriology, C. M. Hutchinson (Rpt. Agr. Research Inst, and Col.
Pusa, 1912-13, pp. 83-90). — This is a part of the more general report of the
bacteriologist, and deals, as the principal subject of inquiry, with the nitrogen
supply in the soil as affected by the intervention of bacteria.
Azotobacter was found in all Indian soils examined, pure cultures exhibiting
nitrogen-fixing power very similar to that from European strains, and its physio-
logical activity depending upon the supplies of water, air, lime, and especially
of carbohydrate food. Successful use of a green manure crop was found to
depend almost entirely upon the rainfall after turning under the crop. Field
experiments with green manure in 1912-13 showed no increase from the plats
tested, but in some cases a decided falling off. The nitrate formed from buried
tissues increased for eight weeks provided the soil water supply was kept up to
at least 16 per cent, but decreased thereafter.
A new medium for the quantitative determination of bacteria in soil, H. J.
Conn (Science, n. so:, 39 (WW, No. 1012, pp. 763, 76^).— As a result of com-
parative tests of an asparaginate agar containing chemicals of known composi-
tion, a soil extract gelatin, and three special media for soil work proposed by
Fischer (E. S. R., 22, p. 723), and by Lipman and Brown ( E. S. R., 22, p. 723),
the asparaginate agar is highly recommended. " The only medium which seems
better, either in respect to count or to the colony differentiation, is soil-extract
gelatin ; and because of the addition of soil extract this gelatin is not one that
can be readily duplicated. The only one of the media investigated which gives a
higher count than either of these is Fischer's soil-extract agar, which does not
allow good colony differentiation."
Flora of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, C V. Pipee and
R. K. Beattie (Lancaster, Pa., 191 Jf, pp. XI-\-296, pi. 1). — This is an extension
of the flora of the Palouse Region published by the authors in 1901 (E. S. R.,
13, p. 620). The area covered by this new edition has been enlarged so as to
include about a half dozen counties of eastern and southeastern Washington and
parts of three counties in Idaho. The list of species given is 1,139, an increase
of 476 over that of the previous publication.
Mistletoe in Great Britain and Ireland, C. voN Ttjbexjf (Naturw. Ztschr.
Forst u. Landw., 12 (1914), No. 5, pp. 211-214). — This is a brief discussion with
a list of occurrences of mistletoe on oaks in England from 1857 to the present
time.
Mistletoe in England, W. Somerville (Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 12
(1914), ^0. 5, pp. 207-211). — This is a condensed account of observations by
15 persons reporting from as many places in England on cases of parasitism,
natural or artificially induced, by mistletoe on various hosts named, with a list
of trees which appear not to be attacked.
FIELD CROPS.
[Field experiments], J. M. Scott (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. XIX-XXTI).—
In a four-year fertilizer experiment with Japanese cane, the use of sulphate
of potash gave an average increased yield of 0.9 ton per acre over that of
muriate of potash; sulphate of ammonia an increased yield of 1.1 tons per
acre over dried blood; dried blood and muriate of potash an increased yield of
1.56 tons per acre over muriate of potash and acid phosphate ; ground limestone
an increase of 2.99 tons per acre; and dried blood and muriate of potash an
increase of 3.19 tons per acre over dried blood and acid phosphate. There was
732
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
a marked decrease In yield in all plats from the first to the fourth year.
Similar results were obtained in another test.
The results of a three-year cultivation test showed a yield of 14.97 tons of
green Japanese cane per acre with 2-in. depth of cultivation. This was an in-
crease of 1.36 tons over that with 4-in. and 6-iu. depths.
Velvet beans grown on the same land for six years showed an irregular de-
crease in yield of beans from 25.13 bu. per acre to 9.63 bu.
A variety test of sweet potatoes for 1912 showed Unknown to be the heaviest
yielder of commercial potatoes, 148.7.5 bu. per acre, with Porto Rico Yam and
Triumph closely following.
One year's test showed sweet potatoes to be a desirable silage crop, keeping
in perfect condition and eaten by cattle and hogs readily. Cassava silage also
gave good results. Both crops were ensiled in the ordinary way.
Culture experiments at the experiment field at Bromberg in 1913, G.
RicHTEB (Mitt. Kaiser Wilhclms Inst. Landw. Brombeifj, 6 (1914), No. 3, pp.
U3-191, pi. 1, figs. 6).— This reports weather conditions from 1907-1912 and
irrigation results on sandy and on heavy soils with rye. grass, beans, cabbage,
tomatoes, fruit, sugar beets, stock beets, and turnips, and data as to the water
condition of the soils.
It is noted that irrigation proved satisfactory, that one application proved
best, that with an application of 130 mm. of water an increased yield of 1,450
kg. of dry matter per hectare was obtained over no irrigation while an appli-
cation of ISO mm. did not materially increase the yield, that none of the irriga-
tion experiments were profitable, that the proportion of grain to straw was
increased by irrigation, and that kernel weight increased with irrigation.
A table showing the amount of water necessary to produce 1 kg. of winter rye
on sandy soil follows:
Amount of water necessary to produce 1 kg. of n-inter rye on sandy soil.
Rain, April to Irrigation
June, per hec- water applied
tare. per hectare.
1
1
Rain and irri-
gation water
per hectare.
Yield of rye
per hectare.
Water used to produce 1 kg.
of crop.
As harvested,
15 per cent
water.
Water-free.
Cubic meters. Cubic meters.
1,200
Cubic meters.
1,200
1,500
2,500
3,000
Kilograms.
6,140
6,110
7,590
7,800
Kilograms.
196
246
330
385
Kiloqrams.
230
289
387
452
1,200 300
1,200 1,300
1,200 1 1,800
A brief resume is given of the effect of adding humus to sandy soils in
1908-1912 with oats, potatoes, and rye.
Cultivation of east Prussian low moorlands. — I, Report of the experiment
fields on the overflowed moors of the Bledau estate near Cranz, Feldt
(Veroffetitl. Preuss. Landw. Eammern, No. 1 (1914), pp. 90, pis. 12). — This dis-
cusses methods of drainage and cultivation suitable for such soils and gives
some results of cultural and variety tests with cereals, beans, potatoes, and
vegetables.
Report on the Cawnpore Agricultural Station in the United Provinces for
the year ended June 30, 1913, B. C. Burt kt al. (Rpt. Cawnpore [India^
Agr. Sta., 1913, pp. 33 -{-Ga, figs. 5). — This report includes results of exiDcriments
with artificial manures, calcium cyanamid, calcium nitrate, and green manures;
variety tests with cotton, pigeon peas, great millet, sugar cane, peanuts, maize.
FIELD CROPS. Y33
wheat, flax, and potatoes; and cultural experiments with cotton, wheat, sugar
cane, indigo, peanuts, pigeon peas, millet, and crop rotations.
Report of the experimental work of the Coimbatore Agricultural Station.
1912-13, R. C. Wood (Dept. Agr. Madras, Rpt. Coimbatore Agr. Sta., 1912-13,
pp. 4O). — This report gives results of cultural, manurial, and variety tests with
rice, sorghum, wheat, cumbu {Pcnniftctutn typhoidcum). millet, cotton, tobacco,
sugar cane, fiber and oil plants, and legumes.
Report of the experimental work of the Koilpatti Agricultural Station for
1912-13, H. C. Sampson {Dept. Agr. Madras, Rpt. Koilpatti Agr. Sta., 1912-13,
pp. 20). — This report gives results of cultural and manurial tests of cereals,
legumes, and cotton, and an account of the local agricultural conditions.
Experiments with different sized plats, Schneidewind {Mitt. Dent. Landw.
Gesell, 29 (WUf), No. 21, pp. 298-300) .—This article gives first-year results
of using plats of different sizes and shapes placed contiguous and with unused
space between them in fertilizer tests with sugar beets.
Experiments on germinative ability and germinative force, Gisevius
{Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 63 {191^), No. 9, pp. 297-318).— This article gives tabu-
lated data on results of germinative tests with oats, bnrley. rye, and wheat.
A study of the root system of our agricultural plants, B. Schulze {Fest-
schrift 50. Juhildmn Agr. Chem. Versuclis u. Kontroll Stat., Breslau, pp. 67-95,
pis. 10). — Results obtained by washing out the roots of plants grown in concrete
apartments in the field reaching to a depth of 2 meters below the surface of the
soil are tabulated in detail.
The relation of tops to roots of plants taken at different stages of develop-
ment is given in length and weight, respectively, as follows: Rye. young.
100:820 and 100:104; rye, in early spring, 100:321 and 100:48.6; rye, begin-
ning to flower, 100 : 133 and 100 : 21.1 ; rye, in milk stage. 100 : 112 and 100 : 10.1 ;
rye, mature, 100:135 and 100:4.7; wheat, young, 100:684 and 100:129;
wheat, in early spring, 100 : 502 and 100 : 47.2 ; wheat, shooting, 100 : 369 and
100 : 27.8 ; wheat, milk stage, 100 : 188 and 100 : 10.5 ; wheat, mature, 100 : 159
and 100 : 9.2 ; barley, mature. 100 : 259 and 100 : 7.4 ; oats, mature, 100 : 173 and
100 : 9 ; peas, mature, 100 : 90 and 100 : 3.4 ; beans, mature, 100 : 100 and
100 : 38.9 ; lupines, at end of vegetative period, 100 : 404 and 100 : 41.3 ; serradella,
in flower, 100 : 281 and 100 : 20.2 ; red clover, young, 100 : 444 and 100 : 37.5 ;
vetch, 10 : 185 and 100 : 15.7 ; potatoes, 100 : 380 and 100 : 41.4 ; and sugar beets,
length only, 100:461.
Serological study of Leguminosse and Gramineae, Zade {Ztschr. Pflanzen-
silcht., 2 {1914), No. 2, pp. 101-151, figs. 4). — This article describes a method of
distinguishing varieties of plants that involves a precipitin reaction (E. S. R.,
29. p. 144) in which the serum of rabbits is used in connection with a liquid
prepared from the meal of the grain to be tested and sodium chlorid (1: 10).
Results obtained with varieties of peas, clovers, oats, and wheat, which were
not altogether conclusive, are given.
The efliciency of leguminous plants in increasing the nitrogen content of
the soil, V. C. Bartolome {riiiUppine Agr. and Forester, 3 {1914), ^'O. 1, pp.
9-14). — This article reports results of comparative tests of peanuts, sincamas
{Pachyrrhizus erosus), velvet bean, cowpea, sinay bean {Phaseolus calcaratus),
soy bean, and Ami bean {Ghjcine Jnspida) as nitrogen gatherers. It is noted
that sincamas gave the largest net profit, followed by sinay and cowpeas.
The behavior of oats and lupines toward different sources of phosphorus,
T. Pfeiffer and E. Blanck (Landw. Vers. Stat., 84 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 93-
118). — Results are here given of numerous experiments in which oats and
lupines were fertilized with dicalcium phosphate, phosphate rock, superphos-
phate, Thomas slag, and bone meal in pots. The oats utilized dicalcium phos-
734 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
phate, superphosphate, and Thomas slag to better advantage than lupines.
Phosphate rock seemed to be an equally good source for both oats and lupines,
but bone meal seemed to furnish phosphoric acid to the lupines better than to
the oats. Although oats apparently use more water than lupines, the appropria-
tions of phosphorus by the plants could not be explained on that basis. The
fact that the more difficultly soluble compounds were more readily used by the
lupines seemed to indicate that the acids of the root sap played an important
part in the assimilation. Applications of ammonium nitrate did not cause an
increase in the phosphoric acid with the lupines, while the reverse was true
with the oats.
Report of assistant botanist, J. Belling { Florida Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. CIV-
CXXXI, figs. S). — This reports work in continuation of that previously noted
(B. S. R., 29, p. 228) on the selection of useful beans from the cross of Florida
Velvet (Stizolohiiim dceriugianum) and Lyon (8. nivemn). Three selected
constant strains are described, followed by discussions of precautious in breed-
ing work, and general sources of error.
In a study of the inheritance of purple color four distinct parts of the plant
are considered. On the lower epidermis of the first pair of apparently simple
leaves ; on the stem as a mark on the leaf axil ; in the wings of the flower and
to a less degree, in the standard ; and on stems and petioles, on the sides exposed
to sunlight. In several generations the purple and noupurple colors were found
to mendelize.
In regard to time of flowering it is noted that " a definite proof of segrega-
tion of some kind having occurred is found in the raising of constant strains of
different degrees of earliness in Fs and later generations. I have, in Fb of the
cross of the Florida Velvet by Lyon, several strains constant in flowering period,
of which: (A) one flowers two months before the Florida Velvet or Lyon
beans; (B) another flowers one month before; (C) a third flowers a week or
two weeks before; while (D) a fourth flowers with the Florida Velvet bean;
and (E) a fifth was over a mouth later in F3 than the Florida Velvet or the
Lyon bean. These strains (except the last) have been grown on a field scale
in Fb, and have proved uniformly constant to time of flowering. As only one
F2 plant later than the Velvet bean has been multiplied in Fs (except in the
elimination field), we might perhaps expect several constant grades of later
plants also. The black plants (with black tomentum all over) which segregate
in normal Mendelian manner, and from three-sixteenths of F2, are always
later than the corresponding white plants (with white pubescence) in the Fs
families In which they occur In the normal proportion of three white to one
black. Hence I regard the isolation of these five races constant to different
degrees of earliness as a proof of the segregation of genetic factors affecting
earliness and lateness in the microspores and megaspores of the Fi hybrids."
It was found that " the time of first flowering is in most cases a reliable indi-
cation of the climax of flowering and of the time of ripening pods."
A study of earliness and size of plant showed a strong correlation between
time of flowering and size of plant, especially for the white plants, and purple
plants with white shoots were slightly earlier than the nonpurple.
In regard to flower bunches the number of flower clusters (nodes) on a
raceme is determined for any plant by the time of flowering (that Is, indirectly
by the factors for late flowering), and, independently of the time of flowering,
by the presence or absence of a genetic factor. There was evidently a strong
correlation between lateness of flowering and Increased length of flower
bunches.
Progress in crossing several varieties of corn is noted.
FIELD CROPS. 73 5
Alfalfa, W. P. Brooks (Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 154 (1914), pp. 143-111, pis.
2). — This bulletin considers alfalfa as a crop for Massachusetts farmers; gives
results of experiments with manure and potash as fertilizers, a comparison of
different methods of seeding, and a test of a commercial culture for inocula-
tion ; and discusses methods of the production and management of the crop.
In conclusion it is noted that " a heavy application of lime is in almost all
cases necessary, usually, from It] to 2i tons at least. On soils which are low in
humus and relatively poor, one good application of manure plowed in is bene-
ficial, but in general, fertilizers should be preferred to manure because less
likely to bring in weeds, grasses, and clovers. The best source of potash for
the crop is sulphate, and one of the best sources of phosphoric acid is basic-slag
meal. The Grimm variety is superior.
"Among the principal obstacles to success are leaf spot or rust, which can be
prevented by cutting when it first appears; dodder, which can be avoided by
care in the purchase of seed; the competition of weeds, grasses, and clovers,
which is reduced by avoiding manures or fertilizers rich in nitrogen; and
winterkilling, which is due to poor drainage, formation of ice, and insufficient
growth for protection.
" The method of seeding attended with least risk is sowing alone in late
summer after most careful preparatory tillage. The crop should be cured with
little exposure to direct sunshine and little handling to avoid loss of leaves.
It is a mistake to sow alfalfa in fields infested with witch grass. The growth
of weeds, grasses, and clovers can be largely prevented by harrowing after the
first or second cutting of anj- season when they are first present in noticeable
proportion. Annual top-dressing with slag meal and potash will in most cases
be desirable."
Cultivation of carrots with cereals, E. Gbabneb (Wiener Landio. Ztg., 64
(1914), No. 23, pp. 208, 209, figs. 2; ahs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 149). — The results here given show successful crops of carrots grown
in 1912 and in 1913 when seed was planted in the winter wheat during April.
Lea's cotton book, compiled by J. J. Lea (Netv Orleans, La., 1914 ed., pp.
124, fiffs. 6). — This book gives a record of climatological conditions affecting the
growth and culture of the American cotton crop; a statistical history; a sum-
mary of the rules of the New Orleans Cotton Exchange ; and data on the cotton
milling industry, the cotton ginning industry, weights and values of lint cotton,
seed cotton, cotton seed, and cotton picking.
The pollination and fertilization of hops and the characteristics of
"seeded" and "seedless" hops, E. S. Salmon (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 20
(1914), No. 11, pp. 953-966, pis. 3, figs. 7; 21 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. 22-31, pis. 4,
fig. 1; 2, pp. 123-133, pis. 2; 3, pp. 23-220, fig. Jf).— This article discusses the
history of hop production and cultural and marketing methods, and presents
evidence to show the value of planting male hops in the hop fields in order
that the size and quality of the product may be improved by fertilization of the
flower.
Hop manuring experiments. — Brief report for 1913, with summary of
the eighteen years 1896-1913, B. Dyee (London, 1914, pp. 4). — This leaflet
briefly brings up to date the results of the continuous hop manuring experiments
carried on at Golden Green, Hadlow, Tunbridge, showing the average of the
results of 18 seasons, together with the detailed results of the crop of 1912-13.
A plat receiving, aside from a complete commei-cial fertilizer, additional appli-
cations of nitrate of soda consisting of 200 lbs. in January, 400 lbs. in February,
and 200 lbs. in March, is recorded as giving the largest average yield, 16f cwt..
of the best quality of hops.
736 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Fertilizers for hops, W. Czermak (Illiis. Lundw. Ztg., 34 (1914), No. 24, pp.
239, 24O). — Experiments conducted during 1911-1913 in Poseu in which equal
quantities of potash and superphosphates were applied, and ammonium sulphate
in ratios of 1, 2, 3, and 4, showed an increased yield of hops with each increase
of the ammoniacal fertilizer.
The kapok tree, A. Zimmeemann (Pflanzer, 10 (1914), No. 3, pp. 123-133).—
This article gives a botanical, cultural, and industrial discussion of Ceiha
pentandra.
Botanical origin and usefulness of kapok fiber, Gebtrud Tobler-Wolff
(Pflanzer, 10 (1914), No. 4, pp. 171-175). — This article includes a description of
the kapok tree and its fiber. Among the uses to which this fiber has been put
are mentioned the manufacture of paper, guncotton, fuses, tassels, fringes, and
hats.
Market conditions of kapok, F. Tobler (Pflanzer, 10 (1914), No. 4, 2)P- 175-
180). — This article gives the exports of this fiber from Java as increasing
from 5,750,000 kg. in 1906 to about 10,000,000 kg. in 1911. The market classifica-
tion given comprises " extra clean," " good clean," and " clean."
Valuations are given for the markets of Java, Calcutta, Bombay, Ceylon,
Philippines, Ecuador, Venezuela, Mexico, and Togo, which range from 100 to
170 marks per 100 kg. (10.4 to 17.8 cts. per pound).
Potato development work in Wisconsin (Wis, Potato Groivers Assoc. Bui.,
1914, pp. 62, figs. 46). — This bulletin gives reports on the progress of potato
growing in the several sections of Wisconsin by difi'erent authors; the minutes
of the 1913 meeting of the Wisconsin Potato Growers Association ; and a sum-
mary of important addresses and papers presented at that meeting, with a plan
of potato seed insiiection for Wisconsin in 1914.
Potato storage work in Bihar and Orissa in 1912, E. J. Woodhouse and
H. L. DtTTT (Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orissa [India], 1 (1913), No. 2, pp. 115-137,
pi. 1). — This article notes the success of storing potatoes under a layer of sand
to prevent the damage of the potato moth.
Report of the Hmawbi Agricultural Station for the year 1912-13, A.
McKebrax (Rpt. Hmawbi [India'] Agr. Sta., 1912-13, pp. 8). — This report gives
i-esults of variety, cultural, and manurial tests with rice.
Variety test with stock beets, K. von Rumker, J. Alexandrowitsch, et al.
(Lo/Mw. Jahrh. 45 (1913), No. 4, pp. 503-596, figs. 6). — Yields of dry matter
and of sugar in numerous experiments with a large number of varieties are
reported. Considerable space is also given to methods of computing compara-
tive values.
The influence of fertilizers on the mineral and sugar content of beets, D.
Meyer (Illus. Landio. Ztg., 34 (1914), No. 8, pp. 59-61). — Some results of experi-
ments at Halle are noted in which a complete fertilizer seemed to more than
double the potash content of sugar beets, while the tops were considerably
richer in potash than the tops of stock beets. Stock beets were shown to store
large quantities of sodium in the roots, while the sodium of the sugar beets
was found almo.st entirely in the tops. Chloriu was found in very small quan-
tity in the roots of sugar beets while much was stored in the tops. The stock
beet roots contained about 10 times as much chloriu as did the sugar beet
roots, and the tops also contained more than the tops of the sugar beets. The
ash content was found to be higher in the stock beets. The above-mentioned
differences are attributed to the results of selection and breeding.
Among the effects of different fertilizer elements noted are that no noticeable
increase of potash in beet roots through fertilization by potash or by barn-
yard manure had been observed, but large quantities have been found stored in
FIELD CEOPS. 737
the tops. Sodium nitrate or barnyard manure as fertilizers did not appreciably
increase tlie sodium content of tlie roots, but large quantities were found in the
tops. No increase in the chlorin content of the roots could be detected whether
it was furnished in potassium salts or in barnyard manure, but it was found
in the tops. The ash content was not noticeably Influenced by fertilizers.
Nitrogenous fertilizers are not deemed favorable to sugar production. Appli-
cations of nitrate of soda reduced the sugar content 0.14 per cent and ammonia
salt 0.08 per cent, while lime nitrogen was without effect.
Experiment on the development of sugar in beets, M. Levallois (Bui.
Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., 31 {WW, No. 11, pp. 903-909).— Analyses of
beets taken at intervals during the second season's growth (the seed producing
stage) showed a general decline in sugar content from April 15 (18.7 per cent)
to December 10 (2..37 per cent).
Handling- and planting of seed cane, A. P. Adeiano (Philippine Agr. and
Forester, 3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 41-49). — This article gives results of experiments
in cultural methods with some Philippine varieties of cane.
In comparing the methods of planting cane slanting or flat in the furrow
it was found that flat planting gave the best results, being less subject to any
injury and better withstanding drought. Cane planted 50 cm. (19.5 in.) in rows
1* meters (59 in.) apart gave heavier yields, 32,857 kg. per hectare (14.62 tons
per acre) than when planted 30 cm. in rows 60 cm. apart (18,571 kg.).
A test in planting tops, middles, and butts of the cane showed that " tops
may be grown successfully when planted at once after cutting even if not soaked
at all. In all the tests made tops which were not soaked in water and those
soaked in water did better than the other thirds of the cane. Butts may be
planted to advantage if soaked in water for 48 hours."
A depth of 12 in. in planting gave better results than that of 6 in.
Report of experiment of the Banjumas division of the experiment station
of the Java sugar industry for 1913 (Arch. Hnikcrindus. Nederland. Indie,
22 {1914), No. 13, pp. 441-498, pis. 3; Meded. Proefstat. Java-Suikerindus., 4
(1914), No. 21, PI). -'/iJ--i67, pU. 3). — This contains results with sugar cane as to
yields and quality of sugar with different fertilizers on several classes of soil.
The cultivation of the sugar cane in southern Spain (Roy. Bot. Oard. Kew,
Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 4 {1914), PP- i-i7-i50, fly. 1). — This article suggests
variety and cultural methods for that region.
Queensland sugar industry (Brishane: Govt., 1913, new ed., pp. 172, pi. 1,
figs. 109). — This book gives cultural methods and general notes on cost of pro-
duction and manufacture, including statistics.
Sudan grass as a forage crop, H. N. Yinall ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui.
605 (1914), pp. 20, figs. 10). — This bulletin describes Sudan grass, discusses
climatic and soil requirements, gives methods of culture and harvest, and notes
its usefulness as a hay, soiling, silage, and pasture crop, its value in irrigated
sections and as a seed crop, enemies, and methods of breeding.
" The yields vary from 1 to 8 tons of cured hay per acre. Its seed hab-
its are good, and large returns are now being secured from the seed pro-
duced. The seed of Sudan grass resembles very closely that of Johnson grass;
therefore farmers should use seed only from regions free from Johnson grass.
It promises to fill a long-felt want for a hay grass in the South, and will likely
replace millets as a catch crop in the Central and Eastern States. It does not
do well in sections having a high altitude, because the nights are generally cool.
There seems to be a place for it in irrigated regions as a forage to mix with
alfalfa hay. Chinch bugs and grasshoppers, among insects, and the red-spot
disease are its greatest enemies."
738 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Fertilizers for tobacco, Trichebeau {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 27 (1911^),
No. 22, pp. 691-69S). — Results of two years' trials show the profitableness of
using a potassic fertilizer (sulphate of potash) for tobacco.
Field experiments with wheat, M. H. Reynolds {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales,
25 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-20). — In rotation experiments for the years 1907-1912,
inclusive, wheat grown continuously produced an annual average yield of
16.8 bu. per acre, wheat alternated annually with bare fallow averaged 24.8 bu.,
and wheat alternated annually with a fodder crop averaged 26.4 bu. In testing
the value of burning the straw, plowing the straw under, or removing the straw
with the binder, average yields, respectively, of 23.5, 22.6, and 22 bu, per acre
were obtained.
" In the continuous wheat section the application of manure is shown to be
most beneficial, its relative value increasing as the yield from the unmanured
portion decreases. The best return is obtained from the complete manure, fol-
lowed closely by the combination of phosphoric acid with potash, and of phos-
phoric acid with nitrogen. Superphosphate alone gives a substantial increase
of one-third over the six years of the test, while the results from potash alone
and in conjunction with nitrogen, are slight. The use of nitrogen has resulted
in a return lower than that of the check plats.
" In the ' wheat after bare fallow " section, the increases throughout are
slight, the best return being given by phosphoric acid and potash, followed, a
long way after, by the complete manure. Superphosphate alone has a slight
influence for good, while potash and nitrogen alone both yield lower returns
than the unmanured portion. In the ' wheat after fodder crop ' the best re-
turns are also given by phosphoric acid and potash, followed closely by phos-
phoric acid alone and the complete manure. Nitrogen, in combination with
phosphoric acid, is also of considerable benefit, while the effects of the others
may be considered negligible."
A case of correlation in wheat, W. H. Pabkek {Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6
{1914), No. 2, pp. 179-181). — In this article the author notes a high correlation
between the total length of the rachis and the average internode length (ob-
tained by dividing the length of the rachis in millimeters by the number of
internodes of the straw). The coeflScient of correlation is given as +0.9099 in
the case of a square head variety of wheat. A correlation table is given.
On various treatments for the disinfection of seeds, T. Bokoeny {Biochem.
Ztschr., 62 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 5S-SS).— Experiments testing the efficiency of
various treatments of seeds of barley, lentils, white beans, cabbage, and cress
are described.
The treatments considered effective were immersing the seed at the boiling
point for one-half minute in 0.1 per cent solution of copper sulphate, 1 per cent
acetic acid, or 1 per cent solution of soda (crystals) ; immersing for 1 minute
in 96 per cent alcohol at either 15° C. or the boiling point ; treatment with alco-
holic solution of potash (50 cc. of 30 per cent potash solution and 50 cc. of 96
per cent alcohol) at 15° ; and one-half minute treatment with alcohol solution
of hydrocloric acid (50 cc. of 90 per cent alcohol and 50 cc. of crude IICl).
The treatments that the author considers inefiicienL were immersion at air
temperatui'e in copper sulphate solution, alcoholic solution of formaldehyde,
alcoholic carbolic acid solution, alcoholic acetic acid, or acetic acid; treatment
with 0.5 per cent of copper sulphate at 60° ; one-half minute treatment at the
boiling point with either 2 to 10 per cent copper sulphate or 0.1 per cent perman-
ganate solution ; or 2-mluute treatment with boiling water.
Cooperative experiments in weed eradication, J. E. Howitt {Ann. Rpt. On-
tario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 39 {1913), pp. 46, -i?)- — This notes successful
methods employed by farmers under the direction of the college. The use of
HORTICULTUEE. 739
rape destroyed perennial sow thistle and twitch grass. A method of cropping
and cultivation also destroyed and exterminated twitch grass.
Destruction of chickweed in vineyards, P. Hoc (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed.
VEst-Centre), 35 (1914), ^No. ^4, PP- 755-758). — This article records the success-
ful treatment of chickweed (Stcllaria intermedia) with a 5 per cent solution
of copper sulphate, 5 per cent solution of sulphuric acid, 15 per cent solution
of iron sulphate, and dehydrated iron sulphate. The last-named applied at the
rate of from 400 to 500 kg. per hectare (350 to 445 lbs. per acre) was excep-
tionally efficient.
Wild garlic and its eradication, F. J. Pipal (Indiana Sta. Bui. 176 (1914),
pp. 4S, pis. 8, figs. 17). — This bulletin describes a successful method of eradicat-
ing wild garlic (Allium vineale) from large areas by the use of orchard-heating
oil, a by-product of the fractional distillation of rock oil. This oil was used as a
mist spray at the rate of 75 gal. per acre in the absence of a growing crop,
before the plants have begun to form heads (April 15 to May 1 in southern In-
diana), and supplemented by cultivation in the fall to sprout the bulbs and
grow the tops to the proper size for the spring spraying. The bulletin treats
also of the distribution, description, propagation, life history, conditions of
growth, and dissemination of wild garlic.
The cost of the oil Is noted as varying from 2.1 cts. to 6.75 cts. per gallon. Of
many sprays and other methods, the above described was the only one that was
entirely effective.
Experiments to destroy the vitality of the garlic bulblets In seed wheat by
soaking first in cold water then in hot water at 126 to 129° F. Indicated that a
large percentage of the garlic bulblets can be killed in this way. Treating seed
wheat with the orchard heating oil and in some cases heating the oil indicated
that the treated bulblets can be killed by heating them for three hours at 125"
F., but there are difficulties in subsequently drying the grain.
Wild onion: Methods of eradication, H. R. Cox (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 610 (1914), PP- 8, figs. 7). — This describes this weed and suggests a method
of eradication, consisting essentially of a late fall plowing of infested field
followed in the spring by a cultivated crop to prevent the wild onion from
growing.
On the destruction of wild mustard, Haag ( Wiirtteml). Wchnil. Landw., No.
20 (1914), pp. 326-330).— The use of iron sulphate (800 liters of 20 per cent
solution per hectare), calcium cyanamid 150 kg. per hectare, kainit 1,000 kg. per
hectare, and a mixture of calcium cyanamid 50 kg. and kainit 500 kg. per hec-
tare, is reported as successful in the destruction of wild mustard and related
plants In fields of oats, barley, and wheat. It Is noted that the liquids made a
more satisfactory material, they being cheaper, easier to apply, and more uni-
formly applied than the salts.
HORTICIILTURE.
Asparagus culti're and esploitation, H. Miatello (Bol. Min. Agr. [Buenos
Aires], 17 (1914), ^o. 5, pp. 520-619, pi. 1, figs. 81). — A treatise on asparagus
with reference to its history, botany, culture, exploitation, diseases and insect
pests, and uses. A bibliography is appended.
Five oriental species of beans, C. V. Pipee and W. J. Mobse (U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bal. 119 (1914), pp. 32, pis. 7). — In this bulletin the authors describe five
annual species of Asiatic beans that at various times have been introduced into
the United States but concerning which very little definite information has been
published. They are the adsuki bean (Phaseolus angularis), the rice bean (P.
66492°— No. 8— 14-. 4
740 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
calcaratus), the mung bean (P. aureus), the urd (P. nmngo), aud the moth
bean (P. aconitifolius). The beans are considered with reference to their bot-
any and history, distinguishing characters, yields, and uses in their native coun-
tries. They are also compared with other similar legumes and notes are given
on previous introductions into this country, together with chemical analyses of
the hay and seeds.
A bibliography of cited literature is included.
Onion culture, O. M. Moeeis {Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 66 {1914), PP-
Jf). — A brief popular treatise on onion culture.
Recent investigations on solanaceous grafts, L. Daniel {Rev. Hart. [Paris],
86 {1914), i^^o- 6, pp. 135-138, figs. 4).— A study of direct and reciprocal grafts
between various species of Solanum, such as the pepper, tomato, eggplant, etc.,
leads the author to conclude that many of the physiologic troubles of plants
commonly considered as diseases are in reality due to the employment of antag-
onistic stocks and scions.
Top grafting of fruit trees, O. M. Morbis and C. B. Sprague {Washington
Sta. Popular Bui. 67 {1914), PP- 8, figs. 13). — This contains popular directions
for top grafting fruit trees by the following methods : Cleft gi-afting, saw kerf
grafting, bark grafting, budding, and bridge grafting.
"Winter sprays: Sulphur-lime wash and crude oil emulsions, A. L. Melandee
{Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 64 {1914), pp- 8). — This contains popular direc-
tions for the control of orchard pests by winter spraying with lime-sulphur
washes and crude oil emulsions, including data as to their preparation.
Report on insecticides and fungicides licensed, inspected, and analyzed
during the year 1913, S. K. Johnson {Agr. Com. Ohio, Off. Rpt. Nursei-y and
Orchard Insp., 1913, pp. 31-64)- — This comprises a report of the work for 1913
on the inspection and analysis of insecticides aud fungicides imder the Ohio
insecticide and fungicide law, the text of which is given.
Reports on experimental work in connection with, cranberries, H. J. Frank-
lin {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 150 {1914), pp. 37-62). — The author here presents
a full report on the work of the cranberry substation at Wareham for the year
1913 (E. S. R., 31, p. 441).
Weather records are being secured at the substation and at various other
bogs with the ultimate aim of making more satisfactory frost predictions.
Observations of barometric changes with respect to their influence ou frost
conditions in the Cape Cod region ha^e shown a need of a more thorough knowl-
edge of barometric conditions in the eastern Provinces of Canada. The U. S.
Weather Bureau is planning to take such observations. An overhead irriga-
tion system was tested on a small scale for drawing frost out of the cranberry
vines by applications of cold water before sunrise. The sprayed areas after-
ward appeared to show more frost injury than did the surrounding uusprayed
portions of the bog and such irrigation systems are also undesirable from the
standpoint of expense. In lieu of a better method of frost protection, attention
is directed to the practice of sanding the bogs as used with good results at the
Wisconsin Station (E. S. R., 28, p. 838).
The work with fungus diseases was continued on the experimental plats in
cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture (E. S. R., 30, p. 143)
and a number of spraying tests were carried on by growers. As in previous
years the spray plats were treated in part with Bordeaux alone and in part
with Bordeaux for early sprayings and neutral copper acetate for the last
application. The tabulated results show a mai'ked falling off in yield of the
sprayed plats as compared with the surrounding untreated portions of the bog.
It is suggested that the vigorous vines resulting from the control of fungus
diseases in previous years may have seriously reduced the supply of available
HORTICULTURE. 741
plant food. A fertilizer test conducted on one of the sprayed plats resulted In
an Improved yield and indicates that vines which have borne h large crop
through reduction of fungus diseases are in need of an extra supply of plant
food the following year to maintain their vigor. Some evidence was obtained
which indicates that the best time for applying fertilizers in order to increase
the yield of fruit may be at about the blossoming period. An unexpected result
of the spi-aying was the killing of the wood moss on all of the fungus plats.
No marked difference in color was observed between the berries from the
sprayed plats and their checks. The size of berries of the Howe variety was
somewhat reduced on the sprayed plats as compared with berries from the
check plats. Data on the keeping of berries from the sprayed plats and their
checks indicate in a general way that the sprayed fruit holds up better under
storage, although this result is more marked with some varieties than with
others.
Three new fungus plats were started on the station bog in 1913. One of
these plats was sprayed with lime-sulphur and the others with Bordeaux early in
the season and with neutral copper acetate late in the season. One of the latter
plats consisted of one-half of the fertilizer plat, in order to detei-mine the com-
bined effect of fertilizer and fungus spraying. As compared with the checks all
of the sprayed plats gave a reduced yield of fruit. The fruit sprayed with
Bordeaux and neutral copper acetate kept better in storage than the fruit from
the check plats; whereas both the yield and keeping quality of fruit from the
lime-sulphur plat M^as inferior to the fruit from the check plats. Thus far it
appears that lime-sulphur is not a good cranberi-y fungicide and that Bordeaux
may have an injurious effect on the setting of fruit if applied during the
blooming period. The new disease "blossom end rot" (E. S. R., 30, p. 143)
was prevalent in 1913, especially with the Howe variety.
In June tests were begun looking for the control of fungus diseases by apply-
ing copper sulphate in the flowage. As indicated by the yields and keeping
quality of the fruit, the copper sulphate treatment was neither beneficial nor
injurious. Investigations looking to the development of improved varieties
were continued and samples of berries of most of the varieties grown in the
Cape Cod region have been collected.
In the bee pollination experiments the plats from which bees were screened
out during the blooming periods of 1911 and 1912 yielded fnjit in 1913 at the
same rate as the surrounding bog. A new exclusion plat, approximately 0.5
sq. rod in area, was established in 1913, and the yield on this plat was reduced
to 2f qt. as compared with about 1 bu. on any equal unscreened adjoining plat.
On the cranberry fertilizer plats there was a general reduction in yield as
compared with the check plats, but the decrease was slight except on the
nitrate of soda plats where there was a marked drying up of the blossoms and
small berries, which has thus far been unexplained. The fertilizers failed to
show any marked effect on the keeping quality of the fruit except on one plat
receiving the heaviest application of nitrate of soda. The berries from this plat
showed poor k'-eping quality. The season's work with insects is noted on
page 752.
An attempt was made to control the horsetail weed by pouring a solution of
copper sulphate in holes in the soil spaced 1 ft. apart each way. One qt. of
a solution as strong as 1 lb. to 25 gal. of water was poured in each hole. The
solution appeared to cause the horsetail to thrive instead of affecting it in-
juriously. Spraying with a 20 per cent iron sulphate solution was fairly effec-
tive in killing back the tops of the weeds although there appears to be a possible
danger connected with the continued use of this chemical on the same ar^a.
742 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Experiments in resanding were continued. Tlie results indicate tliat the
yield of berries is reduced by a prolonged lack of resanding. In general the
berries from unsanded plats kept better than those from sanded plats. Somo
notes are given on a test of spray mixtures in which it was demonstrated that
resin fish-oil soap and arsenate of lead can not safely be used together as a
spray unless lime is added. As a result of three years' experience there appears
to be no distinct advantage in hand picking cranberries.
Observations on the station bog crop have shown that the higher and better
drained portions usually produce more fruit than the low portions. An exam-
ination of the root systems of plants on high and low areas indicates that the
root systems on flowed bogs are confined for the most part to sand above the
peat, while on dry bogs the roots run well down into the peat. The author calls
attention to the need of a more thorough linowledge of the underground por-
tions of the cranberry plant.
Selection and preparation of land for cranberry culture, C. L. Lewis (Min-
nesota Sta. Bui. U2 il9U), pp. 9-46, figs. iS).— This bulletin deals primarily
with the problems involved in the selection of suitable land for cranberry cul-
ture, its preparation, planting, and care up to the fifth year. Brief general
conside.ration is also given to the problems of harvesting, marketing, and pro-
tection from diseases and insects. A short bibliography is appended.
[Citrus experiments], S. E. Collison {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. XCVI,
XCVII). — In continuation of previous reports (E. S. R., 29, p. 237) measure-
ments are given showing the average gain in diameter of trees from June, 1909,
to June, 1913, growing on various fertilizer plats in the citrus experimental
grove. So far the factors which stand out as evidently influencing growth are
clean culture and excessive fertilization, the former in increasing and the latter
in retarding growth. The clean culture plats continue to show the largest
gains. The plat receiving no fertilizer continues to show less new growth, but
no fertilizer or combination of fertilizers ^hows a predominating influence on
growth.
Sand cultures of citrus seedlings, B. F. Floyd (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp.
XLIV-LIII, figs. 2). — This report embodies the result of a preliminary experi-
ment carried out in the greenhouse to determine the effect of varying sources of
ammonia and phosphoric acid upon the growth of grapefruit seedlings.
Measurements made during the first season indicate that a combination of
dried blood and acid phosphate gave the best growth. The addition of lime to
this mixture was a hindrance, the growth being only slightly better than that
where lime was used without any fertilizer. A mixture of sulphate of ammonia
and acid phosphate gave the poorest growth of any of the combinations. The
addition of lime to this mixture improve<l the growth somewhat but lime used
alone gave a much better growth. Nitrate of soda and nitrate of potash gave
growth measurements which were much alike. Basic slag appears to be the
better source of phosphoric acid for use with sulphate of ammonia and nitrate
of potash, but was inferior to acid phosphate for use with dried blood.
Coconuts: Experiments at Peradeniya, M. K. Bamber (Dept. Agr. Ceylon
Bills. 2 (1912), pp. S7-S1; 10 (1914), pp. 135-146).— The first of these bulletins
is a progress report on fertilizer experiments with old coconut ti'ees, started
at the Peradeniya station in 1911. The second presents the results of three
years' experimental work.
Palm fruits and seeds (Missouri Bot. Gard. Bui., 2 (1914), A'o. 9, pp. 101,
108, pis. 2). — This comprises illustrations of some 45 species of palm fruits and
seeds received by the Missouri Botanical Garden from the Botanical Garden at
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
FORESTRY. 748
The perpetual flowering carnation and how to grow It indoors and out-of-
doors, E. J. WooTTEN {London, 1914, PP- 55, pis. 13). — A popular treatise ou the
culture of carnations under glass and In tlie open, Including also information
relative to hybridization and raising from seed and diseases and their treat-
ment. A monthly calendar of operations is also given.
Growing bulbs for winter and spring blooming, M. Fuld (New York, 1914,
pp. 78). — A popular treatise on bulb culture both indoors and in the open, In-
cluding also a descriptive list of the more important ornamental bulbs.
The small rock garden, E. H. Jenkins (London and New York, 1913, pp.
XII-\-130, pi. 1, figs. 52). — ^A popular treatise on the construction of rock gar-
dens, including lists of plants suitable for all purposes and seasons, together
with cultural details.
Gardens in the making, W. H. Godfret (London, 1914, PP- XVII+207, figs.
63). — ^A popular treatise ou garden design in which the important problems
considered are the layout and general effect of the garden and the proper rela-
tionship of all parts of the garden to the whole. The text is accompanied by a
number of garden plans.
FORESTRY.
The timbers of British Guiana, H. Stone and W. G. Freeman (London,
1914, PP- XI -{-110, pi. 1). — The present report contains a descriptive account of
the wood of a large number of .species of trees collected in British Guiana under
the direction of A. G. Bell. Each wood is treated with reference to its nomen-
clature, salient features, physical characters, bark, uses, qualities, etc.
Studies on the periodicity of the life processes of trees native to con-
tinually humid tropical districts, S. V. Simon (.Jakrb. Wiss. Bot. [Pringsheim'],
54 (1914), ^Q. 1, pp. 11-181). — The author here reports observations and investi-
gations on the life history of a large number of Javenese tree species. The
literature of the subject Is reviewed and a bibliography appended.
The genus Pinus, G. R. Shaw (Pubs. Arnold Arboretum, No. 5 (1914), pp- 96,
figs. 832). — In part 1 of this work the author discusses the characters of the
genus Pinus with special reference to their taxonomic significance and their
utility for determining the limits of the species. In part 2 a classification of
the species is given which is based on the gradual evolution of cone structure.
The relation of crown space to the volume of present and future stands of
western yellow pine, G. A. Bright (Forestry Quart., 12 (1914), ^0. 3, pp. 330-
34O). — A preliminary study of yellow pine stands with special reference to the
relation between stand density and wood volume.
Volume table for lodgepole pine, A. T. Upson (Forestry Quart., 12 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 319-329). — The author here presents and discusses a volume table for
lodgepole pine which was compiled from measurements secured on some 2,015
trees on the Arapaho Forest, Colorado.
Relative resistance of various conifers to injection with creosote, C. H.
Teesdale (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 101 (1914), pp. 43, pis. 8, figs. 9).— The author
here reports creosote penetration tests conducted with various species of coni-
fers at the Forest Products Laboratory maintained by the Forest Service In
cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. Introductoiy considerations
have to do briefly with the gross and microscopic structure of coniferous woods
and the experimental methods employed. The results of the tests nra presented
in a series of graphic curves and tables and fully discussed.
Turpentine possibilities on the Pacific coast, C. S. Smith (Proo. Soc. Amer,
Foresters, 9 (1914), No. 3, pp. 527-55S).—- Th© author here briefly summarizes
744 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
his Investigations relative to the possibilities of various western species of pine
for turpentine production.
Some experiments conducted in California show a yield of oleoresin from
western yellow pine about 12 per cent greater than that obtained from southern
yellow pine in average operations in Florida, the comparison being made on the
same period of time for both sections. It is believed that the turpentine pro-
duced in California will be satisfactory for industrial purposes.
The low yield from western yellow pine in Oregon precludes its use for tur-
pentine at the present time. Jeffrey pine in California yields somewhat less
oleoresin than western yellow pine and the principal constituent, heptane
(abietene), can not be used as turpentine. Heptane is used to a considerable
extent in the manufacture of various medicinal products and it is believed a
further market may be developed for it as an extractive in place of petroleum
hydrocarbon fractions now used. The rosin from both of these pines is of high
grade. Thus far the commei-cial exploitation of oleoresin from digger pine,
single leaf piiion, lodgepole, and sugar pine is considered to be impractical.
The administration of a National Forest for naval stores, I. F. Eldredge
{Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 9 (1914), No. 3, pp. 310-326). — A descriptive account
of the administration of the Florida National Forest with special reference to
the conservative exploitation of naval stores.
Tenth annual report of the shade tree commission, G. B. Astley, J. J.
MooNEY, and F. L. Driver {Ann. Rpt. Shade Tree Com., Newark, N. J., 10
(1913), pp. 79, pi. 1, figs. 32). — A progress report on the work of the Newark
Shade Tree Commission, including a map showing the streets planted and the
species used since 1904. ,
Joint annual report of the forestiy branches for the year 1912-13 (Bd.
Agr. and Fisheries [London], Joint Ann. Rpt. Forestry Branches, 1912-13, pp.
82, pi. 1, figs. 2). — This comprises the first annual report of the forestry branches
recently constituted in the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Office of
Woods.
The introductory chapter deals with the general attitude toward foresti-y and
afforestation in England and Wales. The work of the forestry branches is then
briefly reviewed. A historical note is given on the management of the crown
forests and woods, together with notes on the individual woods and information
relative to the school for working foresters and the wood distillation works on
the Forest of Dean. The report concludes with a statistical review of the tim-
ber trade of the United Kingdom. Information relative to technical advice in
forestry and the area of woodlands in England and Wales for 1913 is appended.
Report of the director of forests, N. AV. Jolly (Ann. Rpt. Dir. Forests
[Queensland], 1913, pp. 7, pis. 3). — This is the report for the year ended Decem-
ber 31, 1913, relative to the administration and management of the state forests
in Queensland, including data relative to forest areas, revenues, expenditures,
etc.
Forestation a success in the sand hills of Nebraska, S. D. Smith (Proc.
Sac. Ainer. Foresters, 9 {19U), No. 3, pp. 388-^95, pi. 1).—A review of reforesta-
tion work in the sand hills on the Nebraska National Forest.
The sand dunes of Coos Bay, Oregon, H. D. House (Plant World, 17 (1914),
No. 8, pp. 238-2^3, figs. 2).— In addition to a general descriptive account of the
sand dunes information is given relative to (he plants found growing on these
dunes.
Study of protection finances and fire plans, J. F. Preston (Proc. Soc. Amer.
Foresters, 9 (1914), No. 3, pp. 342-355).— The author here presents the results
of study of various fire protection factors, conducted with special reference
DISEASES OP PLANTS. 745
to determlnlug methods for estimating protection funds and the formation
of fire plans.
Forest taxation in Washington, F. G. Miller {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters,
9 {1914), ^0. 3, pp. 407-447)- — The author here reports the results of inquiries
among timber owners in the State of Washington to determine the actual
burden of taxation on forest land as compared with that borne by other classes
of real estate, the effect of the present system of taxation on the management
of forest property, and what remedial legislation should be enacted.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. III, E. F. Smith (Carnegie Inst.
Washington Pub. 27, vol. 3 (.1914), PP- VIII-{-309, pis. ^7, figs. i,55).— Continuing
the method adopted in the previous volume (E. S. R., 27, p. 44), the author
describes a number of vascular diseases of plants due to bacteria. Among
these are the following: Bacterial disease of sugar cane (Bacterium vascu-
larmn), sweet corn disease (B. stexcarti), the Grand Rapids disease of tomato
(Aplanobacter michiganense) , bacterial disease of orchard grass (A. ratliayi),
Trinidad disease of banana (Bacillus musae), and brown rot of solanaceous
plants and wilt of tobacco (Bacterium solana<;earum) .
In addition to the above, notes and discussions are given of a number of dis-
eases that have been attributed to bacteria, but which are considered too im-
perfectly knv^wn to be of definite classification or are of doubtful identity.
Phytopathological problems, J. Eriksson (Inst. Internal. Agr. [Rome],
Actes Conf. Intemat. Phytopath., 1914, pp. 231-233). — This is a brief discu,ssion
of certain plant diseases considered as falling in two categories, those long
known and those of more recent appearance as dangerous pests, each In con-
nection with measures looking to its control.
Means for combating plant diseases, M. Hollrung (Die Mitt el stir Be-
kdmpfung der Pflanzenkrankheitcn. Berlin, 1914, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. F77/-f-
340, figs. 30). — This work is a revised and enlarged edition of the author's
handbook of chemical means for combating plant diseases (E. S. R., 10, p. 363).
Chemical, physical, and mechanical means for combating fungus and insect
injuries are described at length, the author making a very comprehensive
review of the literature during the first half of 1913 and that appearing previ-
ously regarding the use of fungicides and insecticides. A chapter is included
on the construction and use of spraying apparatus.
Cryptogamic review for 1912, G. Briosi (Atti 1st. Bot. Univ. Pavia, 2. ser.,
15 (1912). pp. 242-273). — This is a brief account of studies carried out during
1912 on cryptogamic disea.ses of plants, listing diseases and causative agencies
according to plants attacked.
Maryland plant diseases, 1913, J. B. S. Norton (Rpt. Md. State Hort. Soc,
16 (1913), pp. 164-168). — Notes are given on plant diseases observed in the
State during the year, together with a brief discussion of the relation of weather
to the prevalence of plant diseases.
Botany, H. S. H..mmond (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 34-36). — The princi-
pal work of the plant pathologist is said to have been an investigation of the
disease of chili peppers. The results indicate that the disease is of bacterial
origin and that the organism is closely related to Bacillus solanacearnm , which
causes wilt of the tomato and other solanaceous plants. An experiment was
carried on to test the value of treating sf^ed for the prevention of the disease,
but although various chemicals were used no benefit seemed to follow their
application.
746 EXPEBTMEISTT STATIO:?^ RECORD.
Notes are given on a number of other diseases, among them chlorosis of
fruit trees, blight (B. amylovorus) , cotton root rot (Os!onium omnivorum), bean
rust (Ui'omyces appendiculatus) , crown gall (Pseudomonas tumefaciens) , po-
tato blight (Macrospormm solani), and alfalfa leaf spot {Pscxidopcsiza medi-
caginis).
[Fungus diseases in Barbados], W. No well (Rpt. Dept. Agr. Barhados,
1912-13, pp. U, 45; abs. in Agr. News [Barhadosi, 13 (1914), ^'o. 314, P- 158).—
The author briefly reports on a number of diseases observed during the year.
Of the sugar cane diseases the root disease, caused by the fungus Marasmius
sacchari, is said to have been the most important and injui'ious, while the rind
disease iColletotrichum falcatum) was rather unimportant. The author urges
planters to exercise care in the selection of cane cuttings, using only the strong-
est and healthiest plants, in order that the injury due to the disease may be
reduced as much as possible.
Attention is called to Entypa erumpens on the evergreen Ficus nitida and
other' shade trees.
Brief notes are given on silver scurf on limes, which is considered probably
due to Coniothecium sp. It is suggested that spraying with Bordeaux mixture
might be useful in controlling it.
Brief notes are also given on the black spot of roses, rose mildew, and the
powdery mildew of grapes, and suggestions are given for the control of these
rather common diseases.
New fungus diseases of useful plants, E. Pantanelli and U. Ceistofoletti
(Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 46 (.1913), No. 10, pp. 625-642, pis. 4).— The authors
report studies carried out by them on Pleospora criohotryce n. sp. (conidial
form, Macrosporium eriohotryce n. sp.), Puccinia endivice, P'sathyrella ampelina.
Botryodiplodia chamceropis, Ascochyta pisi, Ovularia palmirola n. sp., and
Macrosporium liesperidearnm n. sp., descriptions of the new forms being given.
New diseases and parasites noted and studied in the cryptogamic labora-
tory at Pavia, G. Bbiosi (Atti R. 1st. Bot. Univ. Pavia, 2. ser., 16 (1914), pp.
72-75). — The diseases here listed affect a great variety of plants, representing
garden, field, forest, flower garden, etc.
Publications of the cryptogamic laboratoiy of Pavia, G. Briosi (AtU R.
1st. Bot. Univ. Pavia, 2. ser., 16 (1914), PP- 75-102).— The director gives lists,
hy years, of publications of the cryptogamic laboratory at Pavia from 1873 to
1912, inclusive.
A method of picking up single spores, C. "W. Edoeeton (Phytopathology, 4
(1914), No. 2, pp. 115-117, fig. 1). — ^A description Is given of a form of apparatus
devised by the author, by which it is possible to secure single spores of any
organism thpt is being studied.
The identity of the anthracnose of grasses in the United States, G. W.
Wilson (Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 2, pp. 106-112).— The results of a study
of all the available specimens of grass anthracnose are given, in which the
author shows that the fungus causing this widespread disease has been de-
scribed and specimens distributed under at least 14 different names. The data
presented indicate that the proper name of the fungus should be Colletotrichvm
graminicolum n. n. In the course of his study he found this fungus present on
species of 8 of the 12 tribes of the grass family.
Tylenclius dipsaci in the United States, E. A. Bessey (Phytopathology, 4
(1914), No. 2, p. US). — The autljor reports having found, In 1907, this nematode
In i*ye grown at Edgertou, Kans.
Plag smut of wheat, G. P. Dahnell-Smith (Agr, Oaz. N. 8. Wales, 25 (1914),
No. 4, pp. 285-287, pi. 1). — The best results obtained at the Cowra station from
treating seed Infected with Urocystia tritici followed dipping in 2 per cent
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 747
copper sulphate 5 minutes, then In lime water for 5 minutes. It is held that
the lower infection rate resulting when the wheat is sown late in soil that has
been moist for some time is usually due to the early germination and death of
the spores. Pot experiments are claimed to show, however, that spores germi-
nating in damp soil may produce germ tubes terminated by secondary spores,
which may agnin produce elongated infection threads.
Head smut of sorghum and maize, A. A. Potter (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour.
Agr. Research, 2 U9U), No. 5, pp. S39-S12, pis. 7, figs. 7).— An account is given
of the head smut of sorghum due to Soi'osporium reilianum.
This fungus, it is said, was first reported from Egypt in 1868 and has been
found to be a destructive parasite of sorghum, and to occur also on maize.
The author has made a study of the organism grown in artificial cultures, and
a detailed account of its life history is given. It is stated that the work of
other investigators pointed to the conclusion that infection was by means of
seed-borne spores, but numerous floral inoculations failed to show that it could
be produced intraseminally and carried over in the seed to the next crop. On
the other hand, large percentages of infection were repeatedly produced by the
inoculation of seedlings with dry spore material. The author thinks that it is
clearly proved that the parasite is not carried with the seed, but is wind-
distributed in the locality in which it occurs, doubtless infecting the seedling
from the soil.
But little appears to be known regarding the prevention of the head smut,
but as milo maize is immune, this could probably be grown in regions where
the other species of sorghum are subject to attack.
A bibliography is appended.
Some important contributions concerning the diseases of sugar beet plants
in 1913, A. Stift {Bl Zuckcrrubenbau, 21 (.191^), Nos. 5, pp. 12-15; 7, pp. 108-
111). — The author reviews some of the more important contributions pertaining
to the diseases of sugar beets due to nematodes, fungi, etc.
Resistance in tobacco to hydrocyanic acid gas injury, J. Johnson (Phyto-
pathologij, 4 {19U), No. 2, p. iiS).— Attention Is called to the fact that fumi-
gation with hydrocyanic acid resulted in the discoloration and wilting of the
leaves of three varieties of tobacco, namely. Little Dutch, Cuban, and White
Burley, while Connecticut Broadleaf remained free from Injury in all parts of
the gi'eenhouse.
Report of assistant plant pathologist, O. F. Bueger (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1913,
pp. LXXXVII-XCV, figs. 3). — The bacterial rot of lettuce, first reported some
years ago at this station (E. S. R., 21, p. .342), was present to some extent, and
an Investigation was carried on to determine the effect of aphids in the distri-
bution of the disease. Aphids were collected from an infected field and placed
on two healthy lettuce plants, and in about 12 days the infected plants were
reduced to a black putrid mass, seeming to indicate that the disease might be
carried in this manner.
Notes are given on the lettuce drop, due to Sclerotinia Wbertiana, and a dis-
cussion is given of the relation of the fungus to atmospheric conditions and par-
ticularly that of temperature.
A brief account is given of the bacterial rot of cucumbers, which has been
previously described (E. S. R., 30, p. 149), and notes on a number of vegetable
diseases, among them those of tomatoes, beets, celery, onion, and cantaloup.
Fruit rot, leaf ?pot, and stem blight of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis
vexans, L. L. Haster {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 5, pp.
S31-338, pis. 5, fig. 1). — A report is given of a disease of eggplants that has been
variously reported as due to Phoma solani, Phyllosticta hortorum, and As-
cochyta hortorum. As a result of inoculation experiments and morphological
748 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
studies the author concludes that the above species are identical, but that the
genus should be Phomopsis, and the name P. vexans n. comb., is given it.
Oxidases in healthy and in curly dwarf potatoes, H. H. Bunzel ( U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 (1914), No. 5, pp. 3113-404, figs. 2i).— Summarizing
his investigations on the oxidase in potatoes, the author states that the oxidase
activity of the foliage of normally developed potato plants is greatest in the
early stages of development. It falls off with the growth of the plants and
rises again when the plant's growth about reaches a standstill. Curly dwarf
l>otato plants show a greater oxidase activity than healthy ones of the same
age, both in the juice of their tubers and in the juice of their foliage. The
oxidative activity of the different parts of the potato plant has been established
for 18 different reagents.
A brief bibliography is given.
A parasite of tomato (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Brazil], 2 U913), No. 2,
p. 165). — A disease of tomato, noted in April. 1912, in northern Italy, is said
to be that due to Cladosporiiim fulvum violaccum (E. S. R., 30, p. 749).
The plaster cast apple specimen, L. E. Melchers {Phytopathology, 4 (1914),
No. 2. pp. 113, 114, fiO- 1)- — The author describes a method for the preparation
of diseased materials of apple, pear, quince, and other fruits, in which, it is
claimed, the characteristics of the disease are completely retained and the
material kept readily available for permanent use.
Apple powdery mildew and its control in the Pajaro Valley, W. S. Ballard
and W. H. VoLCK {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 120 {1914), PP- 26. pis. 6, figs. 5).— The
authors describe the powdery mildew of apples, which is caused by Podosphwra
leucotricha and P. oxyacanthce.
In the Pajaro Valley, California, P. leucotricha is very common, attacking the
foliage and current year's twig growth. It often makes such rapid progress
during the spring and summer that by the end of the leaf-forming season It is
said to be difficult to find normal, healthy leaves on certain unsprayed varieties.
The fungus is described at some length and notes are given on the susceptibility
of different varieties, after which accounts are given of spraying experiments
for its control.
It is claimed that the apple powdery mildew may be controlled by foliage
spraying with what the authors call iron-sulphid mixture (which consists of a
solution of iron sulphate and lime-sulphur solution), precipitated sulphur, or
sulphur In some other finely divided form. In addition winter pruning of the
trees so as to obtain stimulating effects and removing mildewed twigs, together
with winter spraying with some spray that has the effect of inducing vigorous
foliage growth in the spring, should be employed.
The Jonathan spot rot, M. T. Cook and G. W. Martin {Phytopathology, 4
(1914), No. 2, pp. 102-105).— In a previous paper (E. S. R., 29, p. 847) the
authors expressed the belief that the Jonathan spot rot was probably caused by
species of Alternaria. Other investigators have claimed that it was a physio-
logical trouble, due to gas, etc. The authors give a brief account of further in-
vestigations to determine, if possible, the cause of this trouble.
In 1913 a large number of apples were bagged during the growing season on
the supposition that if the disease was due to an Alternaria, protection from in-
fection would produce clean apples, while if it was due to physiological causes
the apples would develop spots the same as those unprotected. The fruit ma-
tured and was examined in November and January.
It was found that the number of spots on the apples bagged previous to June
9 was much less than those bagged after that date. As a whole the bagged
apples showed less spots than those which were not bagged. Two forms of
spots were found, small nearly black Jonathan spots and rather large light
DISEASES OF PLANTS, 749
brown Alternaria spots. Many of the Jonathan spots were surrounded by a
light brown area characteristic of Alternaria Infections. Laboratory studies
were made of these spots, and as high as 93 per cent of the large spots were
found infected with Alternaria, while from the small spots a much lower per-
centage of the fungus was present, in one case as low as 30 per cent.
The authors believe that, having found two similar spots on the Jonathan, it
is probable that different investigatorsi may have been working with different
spots. At present they do not consider the data sufficient for establishing any
definite theory regarding the cause of this disease.
Fire blig-ht, J. G. Hall (Washington Sta. Popular Bid. 65 U9U), post
card). — ^A brief description is given of the fire blight of apples and pears, to-
gether with suggestions for treatment.
Brusone of pear, L. Gabotto (Agr. Mod. iMilan], 19 {1913), No. 23, p. 269,
fig. 1). — An illustrated description is given of injury done to the fruit, leaves,
and branches of pear by Fusicladhim pirinum, claimed to be the summer form of
Venturia pirina.
Spraying with lime sulphur, A. Manabesi {Agr. Mod. [MUan], 19 {1913),
No. 23, pp. 271, 272). — Experiments carried out on the control of Exoascus
deformans and Venturia spp. during 1912 and 1913, employing several mixtures
described, are said to confirm the high value of lime sulphur use<l in this con-
nection.
A study of the brown rot fungus in the vicinity of Champaign and Urbana,
Illinois, J. L. Conel {Phytopathologu, ^ {191.'t), No. 2, pp. 93-101).— On account
of the differences of opinion regaixling the specific identity of the fungus causing
brown rot, the author carried on a series of experiments with material taken
from plum mummies. The organism was isolated, cultivated in various medio,
and studied at length, after which inoculation experiments with plum, apple,
crab apple, and cherry trees were made, the trees being infected with the
organism.
From his experiments he concludes that the Sclerotinia occurring in that
locality is S. elnerea. This fungus occurs predominantly on stone fruits, but as
the result of inoculation tests he found that under laboratory conditions It may
also Infect pome fruits.
A brief bibliography is given.
The North American gooseberry mildew and its control, G. Kock (Separate
from Obstziichter, Xo. 8 (1913), pp. 4> fidS. 3). — This is a brief account of the
appearance, morphological development, and effects of SpJuerofheca mors uvce
as noted in Europe, together with a discussion of means for its prevention and
control, including severe cutting back in autumn, also a heavy application of
lime sulphur at that time and in the spring just before development of the
foliage, and a liberal application of sulphur to any parts showing the disease
after the appearance of the foliage.
A new disease of gooseberry twigs, G. Kock (Separate from Ohstzuchter,
No. 6 (1913), pp. 2, figs. 2). — The author found diseased gooseberry twigs sent
for examination to show abundant mycelium in the inner portions of the bark,
which were speedily killed, showing abundant fructifications of a fimgus which
proved to be Botrytis cincrea.
Report of plant physiologist, B. F. Floyd (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp.
XXVII-XLIV, figs. 2).— This report consists principally of an account of
investigations on the use of Bordeaux mixture for the control of die-back of
orange trees and of the gumming of citrus trees produced by chemicals.
In the experiments with Bordeaux mixture trees were spi'ayed with a 5 : 5 : 50
mixture twice during the spring of 1912. In January, 1913, an examination was
made of the grove and it appeared that Bordeaux mixture was effective for the
760 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
control of die-back, but that its benefits were somewhat hidden by a decrease ot
of the disease due to natural causes.
In the investigations on the gumming of citrus trees the author carried on
experiments with a large number of chemicals inserted either in small holes
bored into the trunk, or imder the bark or placed on the forming buds. An enzyra
and 28 different organic and inorganic chemicals were used in the experiment, and
of this number 13 induced the formation of gum. Most of these substances are
classed as acids, alkalis, or salts of heavy metals. The production of gum was
coincident with the injury caused by the chemicals. The most copious produc-
tion of gum was caused by copper sulphate and the other salts of heavy metals,
and the injury extended from the point of insertion in the bud or stock to the
upper branches. The injury caused by the other compounds was confined to the
region of insertion, and the amount of giun produced was relatively small. In
all cases the gum was the same in character and appearance, being of a clear
amber in color and completely soluble in water. A microscopical examination
showed that in all cases the gum originated in the live embryonic xylem tissue
outside the dead area produced by the chemical. Enlarged gum pockets were
produced in the immature branches of the trees inoculated with copper sulphate
and mercury bichlorid, and no differences in development, structure, or external
appearance could be recognized between these and the pockets formed during
the progress of the die-back disease. The author states that through the swell-
ing of the gum collected in the gum cycle by the absorption of water, pres.suri^
is developed, and that If the covering tissue is inelastic a break will occur am;
the gum exudes. On the other hand, if the tissue is elastic, as in the Immature
branches, the covering tissue is raised and large gum pockets are formed in
the stem.
Report of plant pathologist, H. E. Stevens {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp.
LXXII-LXXXVI). — The Investigations reported upon consisted mostly of a
study of melanose, stem-end rot, gummosis, and fruit rot of citrus trees.
Melanose, caused by Phomopsis eitri, which has been previously described
(E. S. R., 28, p. 651), is briefly discussed and results of inoculation experiments
are given which confirm previous conclusions regarding this dl-sease and also
show that It is due to a specific organism and does not result from any soluble
toxin in dead twigs. Experiments were conducted to test the effect of fungicides
for the control of melanose, lime sulphur, Bordeaux mixture, and ammoulacal
copper carbonate solutions being sprayed upon orange trees in pots In the green-
house. Lime sulphur seemed to prevent infection completely, but caused more or
less injury to the foliage by burning. Bordeaux mixture and ammonlacal solu-
tion of copper carbonate gave about the same degree of control, and the injury
to the foliage attributed to Bordeaux mixture was practically negligible, while
there was some slight burning in one experiment with the ammonlacal solution
of copper. An experiment with pruning on the effect of melanose has been
begun, but sufficient time has not elapsed to give exact data regarding It.
Brief accounts are given of the stem-end rot, fruit rot, and scab.
The Fusariums from cankered cacao bark and Nectria cancri u. sp., A. A. L.
RUTGEBS (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 2. ser., 12 {1913), pi. 1, pp. 59-63, pis.
i). — A study was made of 15 apparent strains of Fusarium (six supposedly
belonging to F. colorans and nine to F. theohrom(e) on different substrata. Perl-
tliecia of one of the latter appeared to belong to the genus Necti-ia, but to coin-
cide with no species yet listed. Accordingly this new species, which Is here de-
scribed, received the name N. cancH.
A trunk disease of the lilac, H. von Schbenk {Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.,
1 {1914), No. 2, pp. 253-262, pis. 2). — A destructive trunk disease noted during
recent years In and around St. Lonis, Mo., Is described. It Is said to be causad
I
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 751
by Polyporus versicolor, gaining entrance through holes made by borers. These
may be killed by the insertion of a wire, after which the holes are to be given
an antiseptic treatment and plugged. Diseased trunks are to be burned.
Endothia canker of chestnut, P. J. Anderson and W. H. Rankin {yew York
Cornell Sta. Bui. 3-)7 (1914), pp. 531-618, pis. 5, figs. 25).— The authors give the
results of an extended investigation on the disease of chestnut due to E. para-
sitica.
After giving an account of the economic value of the chestnut, its soil require-
ments, and natural reproduction, the disease is described, its origin, spread,
symptoms, and pathology being considered at length, and suggestions are given
for its control. Under the last topic the authors state that there is nothing
now known that will prevent the extermination of the American chestnut tree
from this cause and that every measure of control that has been tried has been
abandoned north of West Virginia and the Potomac River.
An extensive bibliography is appended.
Two trunk diseases of the mesquite, H. von Schkenk (Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gards., 1 {WW, No. 2, pp. 2^3-252, pis. 2).— The author gives a description of
the effects produced by Polyporus texanus on mesquite near San Antonio, Tex.,
with a description of the fungus. Fomes i-iniosus was also found in one in-
stance on a mesquite in the same locality.
A bibliography is appended.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Bird houses and how to build them, N. Dearborn (17. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 609 (1914), PP- 19, figs. ^8). — This publication, prepared with a view to
encouraging the protection and study of birds, gives plans for the construction
of various forms of bird houses.
Physiological investigations of insect pests, J. Dewitz (Naturw. Ztschr.
Forst u. Lanxhv., 11 i.1913), Nos. 3, pp. 129-U3; 9, pp. 431-UO).— The first part
of this paper has been noted from anotlier source (E. S. R., 28, p. 752) ; the sec-
ond part deals with the arrest of the growth of insect larvje.
The compatibility of insecticides and fungicides, G. P. Gray (Better Fruit,
9 (1914), No. 2, pp. 9, 10, 35-42; Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 3 (1914), No. 7, pp.
265--275). — This discussion includes a classification of the various mixtures and
gives a compatibility table.
Report of entomologist, J. R. Watson (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. LIV-
LXXI, figs. 4). — The author first reports upon spraying experiments with
Microcera in continuation of those previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 251), the
general results of which were about the same as those tabulated in the previous
report.
In a discussion of white fly conditions in various groves the author states that
during the past two years in the groves under observation the fungi, especially
the brown fungus, have done excellent execution, amounting in most cases to
practical control so far as the summer brood is concerned and often the fall
brood as well. The woolly white fly (Aleyrodes hoicardi) spread rapidly during
the year, at the close of which it was found in groves as far east as Orlando.
In some groves it is becoming so abundant as to be fully as serious a pest as A.
citri and is much more resistant to parasitic fungi than either A. citri or A.
nuUfera. Two chalcidid species are said to parasitize it, one of which is quite
common.
Observations of other citrus insects, including Icerya purchasi, Leptothrips
floridensis. Heliothrips hwmorrJioides. Pachnwus opalus, and Trirhahda hrenl-
oollis. are briefly reported. Under the heading of destructive insects for the
752 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
year jueutiou is uiiule of injury (o velvet beans by Anlicarsia yemmatilis; the
the attack of camphor buds by (Jryptothrlps floridcnsis (see E. S. R., 30, p. 357) ;
defoliation of bay {Persca sp.) by Trichostibas parvnla; etc.
Insect records. — Miscellaneous notes by officers of the division of ento-
mology (Ayr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 8 (WL't), No. 1, pp. 70-78, pjss. 3).— The
several papers here presented include one on the gall on Aloe transiaalensU,
caused by an Eriophyes mite, by B. B. Ilardenberg (pp. 70-72) ; The False
Codling Moth (Enannonia batraehopa) with Particular Reference to Its At-
tack upon Acorns, by A. Kelly (pp. 72-75) ; An Interesting Larval Habit of
the Pepper Tree Caterpillar (Bonibucomorpha bifasoia), by J. C. Faure (pp. 75,
76) ; etc.
Notes on the Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidee and Mymaridae, A. A.
GiBAULT (Oanad. Ent., 46 (1914), No. 9, pp. 327-330).— Mention is made of
Anagrus armatus as having been reared from egg clusters of Delphax sacchari-
vora in sugar cane leaves, Aphclinoidca scmifuscipennis from egg clusters of a
leafhopper, and Ufens niger from leafhopper eggs in sugar cane, all at Rio
Piedras, P. R. Tricho^ramma niimitum is reported to have been reared from
eggs of the sugar cane borer at Santa Lucrecia, Vera Cruz; Donna, Tex.;
New Orleans, La.; Bridgetown, Barbados; Georgetown. British Guiana; in
Trluid-'ul : and in Porlo Rico.
[Worlc with cranberry insects in 1913], H. J. Franklin (Massachusetts
ISta. Bui. 150 (1914), PP- 49-58). — This is a more detailed report of the work
than that previously noted (E. S. R., 31, i). 453).
The spanworm previously referred to has been determined as Epelis trun-
cataria faxonii. In addition to the cranberry it has been found feeding on the
bearberry {Arctostaphiilos uva-ursi). The parasitic enemies of cranberry
pests thus far identified are Carcelia (Exorlsta) pyste, Phytodletus vulgaris,
and rUnpla conquisHor, which attack the dry bog fireworm (Peronea minuia) ;
Phanerotoma tibialis and Microhracon dorsator, which attack the cranberry
fruit worm; Ichneumon extrematatis and Phoroccra (Euphorocera) clari-
pennis, which attack the spanworm (C'gmatophora sulphurea) ; Winthemia
quadripustulata, which attacks the false army worm (Calocampa nupera) ;
and Exorista (Tachina) robnsta, which attacks the bud worm.
Cockroaches and ants as carriers of the vibrios of Asiatic cholera, M. A.
Barbek iPhiUpplnc Jour. So/., Sect. B, 9 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-4)- — Experimental
evidence of the transmission, vitality, retention of virulence, and longevity of
the vibrio in the alimentary canal of the common cockroach (Periplaneta
ameHcana) is here presented. Feces containing cultures were exposed to
starved roaches which devoured them greedily and the organisms were demon-
strated In the feces from 6 to 79 hours after ingestion. " Cholera vibrios in
cockroach feces will survive on human food at least 16 hours after discharge
from the insect, and cholera vibrios in human feces will survive, in competi-
tion with numerous other bacteria, on food at least four days. There is no
loss of virulence for guinea pigs in cholera vibrios after 29 hours in the intes-
tine of the cockroach.''
In experiments in which ordinary red ants (Monomorium latinode) were fed
cholera cultures the organisins were recovered from their crushed bodies eight
hours afterwards.
The coccobacillus of the locust, F. d'Hebelle (Ann. lust. Pasteur, 28 (1914),
No8. 3, pp. 280-328, figs. 4; 4, pp. 387-407, fig. i).— The first part of this paper
(pp. 280-296) consists of a somewhat detailed account of migratory locusts
and their geogra)ihical distribution. The second part (pp. 296-301) gives a
technical description of the coccobacillus (Coccobacillus acridiorum) afifectlnj:
them. The third part (pp. 301-328) describes the work with the coccobacillus
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 753
in combating the locust. Part 4 (pp. 387-398) discusses the results which have
been obtained in Argentina, Colombia, Cyprus, and Algeria. Part 5 (pp.
399-407) deals with the organization of the worlc
The destruction of locusts in Algeria by Coccobacillus acridiorum, E.
.Seegent and A. Lh^ritier (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 28 (1914), No. .{, pp. JiOS-419,
figs. 2). — The authors report having succeeded in increasing the virulence of
cultures of C. acridiorum for the Algerian locust {Sfauronotus inaroccunus)
until the virus will cause death in about four hours. There appears to be
some doubt as to whether the disease will spread sufficiently rapidly to pro-
duce results of practical value and further experiments will be carried ou.
The oat aphis, J. J. Davis (^7. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 112 (1914), PP- 16, figs. 9).—
The oat aphis (Aphis avenw) is said to be the most widely distributed and
most common over its area of distribution of the three important plant lice
attacking wheat and oats above ground, and second only to the so-called green
l»ug (Toxoptcra graminum) in importance as a wheat pest. This aphidid was
introduced into the United States previous to 1851 in which year it was recorded
by Fitch. While it has never been considered a pest of great importance, ob-
servations would lead to the belief that it is worthy of more serious con-
sideration.
It is found in all parts of Europe as well as in most of the States in this
country and has been recorded from a large number of plants, particularly the
grasses. The author presents a summary of its life history, habits, natural
checks, remedial and preventive measures, etc.. based upon the literature
and experiments and observations by agents of the Bureau of Entomologj-
of this Department.
The winter is passed in the egg stage on apple and related trees or as wingless
females. In the spring the progeny from the eggs hatching on apple migrate to
grasses and grains. From September to November the migrants return to the
apple where several forms are produced and eggs laid; others remain on grasses
or migrate to fresh grass hosts, passing the winter as viviparous females.
The species is freely attacked by various parasitic and predaceous enemies
which doubtless are responsible for the usual control of this pest. As in the
case with the spring grain aphis or gi-een bug, it is practically impossible to
control the oat aphis after it has once gained much headway in numbers and
diffusion, but by proper precautions it is possible to prevent serious outbreaks.
Walnut aphids in California, W. M. Davidson (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 100
<1914), PP- 48, pis. 4, figs. 18). — This is a detailed report of studies of the life
history and habits of aphidids commenced eax'Iy in the year 1911 and continue^l
until the summer of 1913, largely at Walnut Creek, Cal. The studies relate to
the European walnut aphis (Chromaphis juglandicola) which alone infests
walnuts of commercial value grown in California, and two native species found
to be pests on native walnuts that are much used for stock on which to graft
the European or Persian nut, namely, the American walnut aphis (Monellia
varyw) which attacks the eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra), and the little
hickory aphis (M. caryella) which attacks the California black walnut (J.
calif ornica) .
" In general the aphidids inhabit the underside of the leaves, but those of
the second, third, and fourth generations often attack the nuts, sometimes
seriously dwarfing them. . .-. When infestation on the leaves and nuts is
severe the vitality of the infested tree is impaired. The aphidids excrete a
sweet, gummy, transparent substance much sought after by ants, and in this
thrives a black sooty fungus. This blacks fungus often covers the upper sides
of the lower leaves and the upper part of the nuts, thereby interfering with the
754 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
respiratory action of the plant tissues." Attacks on the tree from year to year
also materially reduce its vitality.
The life history of the walnut aphidids in California in brief is summarized
by the author as follows: "A week or so before the buds open on the trees in
the spring the aphidids begin to hatch from the winter eggs. As soon as the
young foliage appears the ' lice ' settle on it, and after feeding for a month or
so become adults. These stem mothers are always winged and like plant lice
of later generations are capable of migrating to other trees and orchards. As
soon as they are fully developed they produce young parthenogenetically. These
second-generation young become mature in three weeks and in turn produce
young. The individuals of the third and subsequent generations of summer
mature in about 16 days. On early-leafing varieties there are 10 or 11
viviparous generations in the year while on late varieties there are 8 or 9. The
production of the sexual generations is prolonged over four months, these forms
first appearing in July. After the sexes (comprised of the winged male and the
wingless female) mate, the female repairs to the twigs and limbs of the tree,
there to deix)sit her eggs. Winter is passed in the egg stage only."
Of the many predatory enemies of the walnut plant lice the ashy-gray lady
beetle (Olla aidominalis) is said to be the most important. As regards remedial
measures the author finds that winter spraying directed against the eggs is the
easiest to apply, and that high trees can be reached by a winter wash with
ease. " Lime-sulphur and crude-oil emulsions are effective, especially the first
named. The spray should be directed all over limbs and twigs so as to cover
every part. If it Is necessary to spray in spring or summer, a combination of
2 per cent distillate-oil emulsion and commercial tobacco extract No. 2(1: 1,500)
will prove effective provided it be applied under a pressure of at least 150 lbs.
and the spray directed on the nuts and underside of the leaves."
A bibliography of literature relating to these aphids is appended,
New or little-known species of Aphididae, J. J. Davis (Canad. Ent., J^G
{WW, Nos. 2, pp. U-51, figs. 13; 3, pp. 77-87, figs. 22; 4, PP. 121-134, figs. 19;
5, pp. 165-173, fig. 1; 7, pp. 226-236, figs. i2).— Species here described as new
Include Macrosiphum creclii from alfalfa in Utah, Nevada, and Washington;
M. coryli, which lives gregariously on the underside of the leaves and tender
terminal shoots of hazel {Corylus americana), collected at La Fayette, Ind.,
and Chicago, 111.; M. vouvfuscce from crested wild buckwheat {Polygonum
cHsiatum) and curled leaf dock {Rumex crispus) in Indiana, from Rumex and
P. cristntum in Wisconsin, and from Rumex in Missouri ; Symdohius albasiphus
fi'cm white oak in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Virginia ; and Aphis pseudo-
brassiccB from cabbage in New York, radish, turnips, kale, rape, and mustard
in Indiana, and turnips in Texas.
Contribution to the study of the biology of the black aphis of the beet
root, L. Gaumont {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 157 {1913), No. 22, pp.
1092-1094; Rev. Phytopath. Appl, 1 {1914), No. 16-17, pp. 4» 5; als. in Rev.
Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 4, pp. 236, 237).— Aphis euonymi causes con-
siderable damage to beets in north and central France nearly every year. This
aphidid passes the winter in the egg stage on Japanese spindle-trees, which are
very numerous in parks and public gardens, as well as on the European spindle-
tree {Eiionymus europccus) and guelder-rose {Vibitrnitiri opuliis).
The author observed at the end of October a field of beet roots in which the
aphid was still present, both in parthenogenetic and sexual forms, and in which
females were laying eggs at the bases of the leaves. Attention is called to the
fact that the eggs which remain in the collar hatch in the cellar after the
roots are stored and in the spring spread to Rumex, Chenopodium, and other
wild plants.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 756
Aphidid enemies of sorghum in the French Sudan, J. and A. Vuiixet
{Agron. Colon., 1 {19U), Nos. 11, pp. 137-U3; 12, pp. 161-165; 2 (19U), No. IS,
pp. 17-23, figs. 8). — This brief account deals with Aphis sorghi, A. maidis, and
Biphonophora leptadenm n. sp., their natural enemies, and means of control.
Classification of the Aleyrodidse, II, A. L. Quaintance and A. C. Baker
(17. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 27, pt. 2, tech. set: (191^), pp. 95-109, pis.
14). — This second part of the work previously noted (B. S. R., 29, p. 54) com-
pletes the classification of the family. It deals with the genera of the sub-
family Aleyrodinse, of which 14 are erected as new, and lists the species belong-
ing to each. The species Aleurotithius timberlakei n. g. and n. sp. from Cali-
fornia Is characterized.
A list of unplaced species of the old genus Aleyrodes is appended.
The life history of Psylla isitis (Psyllopa punctipennis, Crawford), the
"psylla" disease of indigo, A. J. Grovk and C. C. Ghosh (Mem. Dept. Agr.
India, Ent. Ser., 4 (1914), ^o. 6, pp. 329-357, pis. 6).— The author presents the
details of studies of P. isitis made during the course of investigations of enemies
of indigo in Behar.
A general account of this pest and its relation to other diseases of indigo by
Maxwell-Lefroy has been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 854).
The lesser bud moth, E. W. Scott and J. H. Paine (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui.
lis (1914), pp. 16, pis. 2, fig. 1). — This bulletin presents the results of studies
of the life history and liabits and means of control of Reeurvaria nanella
which were carried on during 1913 at Benton Harbor, Slich. A preliminary
account of this pest by the authors has been previously noted (E. S. R., 31,
p. 262).
This insect has attained quite wide distribution throughout the Northeastern
and North Central States, having been collected in New Hampshire, New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, and the District of Columbia. Its food plants
include apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, wild plum, and hawthorn.
In rearing cages at Benton Harbor the first moths issued on June 22, the
maximum emergence taking place on June 30 and the last moths appearing on
July 10. Eggs were loosely deposited among the hairs on tlie underside of
apple leaves, singly or several sticking together, for the most part along the
veins; others were deposited on a twig under the edge of a small scale. They
commenced hatching about July 15. The larvae at once commence boring
through the epidermis of the leaf on the underside and the construction of a
mine in the inner tissues. On arrival of the first cold days of fall they begin
leaving the mines to construct small silken hibemacula in which they pass the
winter on the trees. After a few warm days in the spring they commence to
appear in great numbers. At Benton Harbor the first larv£e were observed
working in the buds in considerable numbers on April 15, at which time the
buds were just beginning to swell. By April 23 all had apparently entered
buds. On boring into a bud the larva makes its way directly to the center,
tliere feeding on the tender ovary, stamens, and pistils of the unopened flower,
))rovided the insect has entered the flower bud, as the majority do. After con-
suming the inner portions the larva feeds upon the leafy tissue of the bud.
remaining within until the bud expands and the leaves begin to unfold. As
the first leaves open out, it fastens them together by spinning a silken thread
about them and constructs a shelter for itself, often rolling over the edge of a
leaf and constructing it from within, or bringing the tips of several leaves
together. It then greatly deforms and hinders the succeeding leaves as they
develop.
66492°— No. 8—14 5
756 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
On May lo the caterpillars were observed to have left some of the nests lu
the leaves and to be constructing cocoons beneath loose bits of bark on the limbs
and trunk in which to pupate. The larval stage was found to cover an average
period of 10 months, the last crawling larva In the orchard having been found
on June 19. The first pupa was observed on May 18 and the last larva pupating
in rearing cages did so on June 16. The average time spent in the pupal stage
was about 15 days, varying, however, from 15 to 30 days.
Hymenopterous parasites representing six families and seven genera were
reared from material collected in the larval and pupal stages and confined in
breeding cages. Experiments carried on and observations made throughout
the infested section at Benton Harbor show that this pest can be controlled by
thoroughly spraying the trees with lime-sulphur at 32° Baume, used at the rate
of 1 gal. to 8 gals, of water just before the buds swell or preferably when the
buds are swelling.
A list of the more important literature cited is appended.
The insensitivity of the life forms of the potato moth to various poisons,
F. Stowabd (Reprint from Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., U (1913), pp. 326-
829; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 (1913), Ser. A, No. 10, p. 311') .—PhthorinKBO,
operculella, which defoliates the potato plant and infests the tubers, is one of
the most troublesome enemies of this crop in Australia. The most satisfactory
manner of dealing with this pest is said to have been through fumigation with
carbon bisulphid. In experimental work the larva, whether in the tuber or
exposed, succumbs after 15 or 16 hours' exposure to an atmosphere containing
carbon bisulphid in the proportion of 1 to 2 lbs. per 1,000 cu. ft. of air. Forty-
eight hours are required to destroy the pupa and a single application under
these conditions does not invariably suflice. In the majority of the experiments
the eggs succumb to a single fumigation of 48 hours' duration but a second
fumigation should follow from 6 to 8 days after the first.
Investigation has shown that commercially sound unsi^routed tubers may be
subjected to an intermittent fumigation with carbon bisulphid at the strength
.'ibove mentioned, two, three, or even four times without producing serious
damage to the tuber buds if each fumigation is limited to a period of 4S hours'
duration.
An outbreak of the Forleule (Panolis griseovariegata) in northern Bohemia
in 1913, W. Sedlaczek (Mitt. Forstl. Versuchsic. Osten:, No. 38 (1914), PP-
65-15). — P. griseovariegata was a source of considerable injury in 1913 to
forests in the vicinity of Weisswasser where from 1907 to 1910 the nun moth
had caused great damage.
How war has been waged in Mexico against the mosquito, E. Liceaga
(Amer. Jour. Trop. Diseases and Prcv. Med., 2 (19U), No. 2, pp. 118-123).— \
paper presented before the American Society of Tropical Medicine, held at
Boston in May. 1914.
V7hat the farmer can do to prevent malaria, R. H. von Ezdorf {Put). Health
Rpts. [U. 8.], Sup. 11 (1914), pp. 6).— This paper calls attention to the impor-
tance of screening and use of mosquito bars, destruction of breeding places of
mosquitoes, use of quiuin as a prophylactic measure, etc.
Breeding and colonizing the syrphid, P. L. Guppy (Dept. Agr. Trinidad and
Tohago Bui., 13 (1914), No. 82, pp. 211-226, pis. 2).— This paper presents
information which supplements that previously noted (E. S. R., SO, p. 457), and
reports the results of investigations which show how this predator can be bred
.and colonized. A pairing cage 6 by 6 by 6 ft. was used, also lamp chimneys
9 by 4 In. in which to place the females to lay after having paired.
A review of the work on the poisoned bait spray, dry method, and mixed
treatment of controlling fruit flies (Trypetidse), H. H. P. Sevebin (Canad.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY, 767
Ent., 46 (IBlJf), Nos. 7, pp. 243-246; 8, pp. 277-284, figs. 3; 9, pp. 309-314).— A
review is given of the metliods employed and the results obtained, taken up
under the headings of the Mediterranean fruit fly {Ceratitis capitata), melon
fly or bitter gourd fruit fly (Dacus cu<:urMt(e), olive fly (D. olece), Mexican
fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens), apple maggot, cherry fruit flies (Rhagoletis
cingulata and /?. fausta), currant fruit fly, and imported onion fly (Pegomya
cepctorum) . The work bj- Italian entomologists has been left for a later paper.
References are given to the literature reviewed.
Report of investigation of the fruit S.y situation in the Territory of Hawaii.
F. Maskew (Mo. Bui. Com. Hart. Cat., 3 (1914), ^^o. 6, pp. 227-238) .—" The
clean culture campaign has not controlled the Mediterranean fruit fly even in
the policed district, nor has it I'educed the amount of infested material recorded
as reaching the mainland. The value or not of the clean culture campaign is
purely a local problem, and the desirability of a continuance, also provision for
its maintenance, is in my opinion a matter for the local authorities to decide.
The melon fly (Dacus (■iicurbita') is the source of great financial loss to the
producers, and all of its hosts should be included in the list of material covered
by the United States quarantine order.
" The horticultural interests of the mainland would be far better protected
by a federal supervision of horticultural exports similar to the system in force
in the gipsy nioth area, than by continuing the clean up of house yards in
Honolulu and its envii'ons. Every article of commerce between the islands
and the mainland, including vessels and persons, constitute a potential danger
of introducing the fruit fly at all times, and the commercial shipments of
bananas mider the present .system of federal inspe<'tion do not constitute a
greater danger of infestation than other articles of general commerce. The
question of mail, sealed baggage, and passengers' clothing as avenues of en-
trance open at present to various hosts of the Mediterranean fruit fly is one of
grave importance, and measures looking to the complete control of the same
should be devised in such a manner as will withstand any attempt to defeat
their legality, and authority given to the horticultural quarantine officers for
their prompt enforcement."
Narcissus flies (Jour. Bd. Ayr. [London], 21 (1914), A'o. 2, pp. 136-141, pi. 1;
Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London] Leaflet 286 (1914), PP- 7, figs. .9).— This Is a
general account of Merodon cquestris and Eumerus strigatus. See also a pre-
vious note (E. S. R.. 30. p. 45S).
The dusty surface beetle (Opatrum sequale), R. W. Jack (Rhodesia Agr.
Jour., 11 (1914), No. 6, pp. 894-901, pis. 2, fig. 1).— This beetle is a source of
injury through its habit of devouring maize seed when planted in dry soil.
In the present paper the author presents the results of field and laboratory
studies of the pest which have extended over a period of two years. The experi-
ments have shown the poison-bait method to be effective in dealing with this
beetle.
Hymenopterous parasites of Aphis euonymi, A. Malaquin and A. Moitie
(Gompt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 (1914), No. 16, pp. 803-805) .—The authors
have found no less than 17 different species of Hymenoptera to parasitize the
black beet aphis of which Trioxys auctus and Aphidius crepidis are the most
abundant. Preliminary studies of the biology of these two species and their
utilization are reported.
Some notes on parasitism of chrysopids in South Carolina, E. A. McGregor
(Canad. Ent., 46 (1914), No. 9, pp. 306-308, fig. i).— Of 99 chrysopid cocoons
collected and observed daily 48 yielded parasites and 51 chrysopids. The para-
sites reared, in order of relative abundance, are Chrysophagus compressicornis.
Perilampus sp., Ooniocerus sp., Isodromus iceryw, Orthimema atrlceps, and
758 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Helorus sp. C. oompressicornis, in addition to having been reared frequently
from clarysopids, was reared on one occasion from an undetermined syrphid
pupa. Pachyneuron allograptw and Syrphophagus nresograptce were also reared
from the same syrphid species.
The economic importance of wood lice, W. E. Collinge {Jour. Bd. Agr.
[Lorid07i], 21 (1914), No. 3, pp. 206-212, pi. i).— Of 35 species found in the
British Isles not more than nine or ten are sufficiently common to be of economic
importance. The commonest and most numerous of these species, which are
here discussed, are Trichoniscus roseus, Oniscus asellns, PorcelUo scaber, P.
pictus, P. Icevis, PorcelUonides pruinosus, and ArmadUUdium milgare.
The rust mite and its control, W. W. Tothers (Proc. Fla. State Hart. »S'oc-.,
27 {191Jf), pp. 115-119).— A brief account is first given of the life history of this
mite, which is known to occur in California, Hawaii, Mexico, Jamaica, Cuba,
and Australia, as well as Florida. It is said to have been recorded also from
rhiladeli)biu and New York, where it undoubtedly infested citrus trees growing
in greenhouses. While citrus fruits and trees are given in the literature as the
only food plants, the author reports having found a mite on roses which re-
sembles the rust mite of the orange.
The author's investigations lead him to conclude that a reduction in the size
of oranges close to 25 i>er cent of the total crop is caused by this mite. He
states that a sulphur soda solution consisting of sulphur 30 lbs., caustic soda
(98 per cent) 20 lbs., and water 20 gal. applied at the rate of 1:60 or 1:06
will kill the mites and that a dilution of 1 : 40 will destroy the egg.
The data relating to lime-sulphur have been noted from another source
(E, S. R., 31, p. 549).
A mixture consisting of 1 lb. flowers of sulphur and 2 lbs. of hydrated lime
;ipplied frequently with a dusting machine is also reported to have given satis-
factory results.
New observations on the biology of Fasciola hepatica, D. Ssinitzin
(Centhl. Bald, [etc], 1. Abt., Orig.. 74 (19H). No. 3-4. pp. 280-285. figs. 3).—
The author reports that he was unable to find young distomes in the liver of
rabbits during the first four days following infection but that they were always
found in the abdominal cavity.
FOODS— HUMAN NUTEITION.
Studies on chicken fat, — VI, The factors influencing the acid value of the
crude fat, MIary E. Pennington, J. S. Hepburn, and E. L. Connolly {Proc.
Amer. Soc. Biol. Chem., 3 (1913), No. 1, p. 38). — A summary of a paper presented
at the eighth annual meeting of the American Society of Biological Chemists
at Philadelphia, Pa., December, 1913, and continuing previous work (E. S. R.,
28, p. 63).
According to the authors, "low temperatures tend to retard the hydrolysis
of the fat. The acidity is influenced to some extent by the quantity of fat.
expressed as percentage of the body weight ; other conditions being equal, a
large quantity of fat is usually accompanied by a low acid value and vice versa.
The acidity is also dependent on the degree of activity of the lipase. The de-
gree of saturation of the fatty acids, measured by the iodin number, and the
titer of the insoluble fatty acids, apparently, are without influence on the
acidity.
"The study reported would tend to confirm the reliability of the acidity of
crude chicken fat as an index of decomposition. The Influence exerted by the
various factors, lust enumerated, while of interest from the viewpoint of ac-
quiring knowledge of bloc-hemical processes and especially of those relating to
FOODS HUMAN NUTBITION. 759
the decomposition of fat, does not vitiate the practical usage of this method
as It has been applied [in the authors'] laboratory."
The relation between spoiling and the age of hen's eggs, H. KtJHL iHyg.
Rundschau, 24 (1914), No. 5, pp. 2oS-259). — From an examination of a large
number of sorts of commercial eggs, the author concludes that the following
would be a good classification for trade purposes: Fresh eggs, those from 8 to
10 days old; eggs, those not over 4 weeks old; and cooking eggs, any offered
for sale which are not spoiled.
The occurrence of fumeric acid in fresh beef, H. Einbeck {Hoppe-Seyler'a
Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 90 {1914), No. 3, pp. 301-308).— The experimental data
reportetl led the author to conclude that fumeric acid is a constituent of the
extract of fresh beef and furnished additional evidence of the occurrence of
succinic acid.
Bacteriological findings in Baltimore oysters, M. Joseph (Bui. Johns Hop-
kins Hosp., 25 (1914), A'o. 278, pp. 128-131).— Thin study was undertaken to
ascertain wbether the oysters sold in Baltimore contained organisms derived
from the human intestinal tract and whether or not their bacterial content
varied with the season of the year. The results of the examination indicate
the quality of the oysters at the time they were sold and not when collected.
The methods of examination were those adopted by the committee of the
American Public Health Association on standard methods of shellfish exam-
inations. The method of procedure is fully described and the results are pre-
sented in tabular form.
The results indicated that the oysters sold in Baltimore are as a rule free
from sewage contamination. It was found that in the early fall and in the
spring the bacteriological content of the oy.sters was high, while in the cold
winter months the bacterial content was low.
Pish sausage as a general article of diet, L. Bittee (Umschau, 18 (1914),
No. 18, pp. 365-367). — The author summarizes data and states that fish sausage
is a palatable, nutritious, and economical foodstuff. See also a previous note
(E. S. R., 25, p. 163).
The chemical effects of polarized light, E. G. Bryant (Chem. News, 108
(1913), No. 2811, pp. 177, 178; ahs. in Chem. Ahs., 8 (1914), No. 9, p. 1626).—
The author discusses the widespreiid belief as to the harmful effects of moon-
light upon fish and meat intended for food. Moonlight, it is pointed out, is
more or less polarized, and investigations showed that slices of fish exposed to
strong polarized light decomposed much sooner than those exposed to direct
light from the same source.
Report on chemical composition of wheat, G. A. Olson (Washington Sta.
Popular Bui. 68 (1914), pp. 4)- — A. popular review and summary of some of the
material published in Bulletin 111 of the station, previously noted (B. S. R..
20, p. 833).
Milling of wheat and testing of flour, H. McCobmack (Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 5, pp. 423-428). — Data are summarized and discussed
in this address, delivered in Rochester, September, 1913.
Edible and nonedible mushrooms, Bertband and A. Sabtory (Bui. Soc. Sci.
Nancy, 3. ser., 14 (1913), No. 2, pp. 82-92). — Extended data are given regarding
the numerous varieties of mushrooms found in the vicinity of Nancy, France,
with reference to their nature, domestic use, and the toxic properties of some
varieties together with their antidotes.
" Zipangu," a new coffee compound containing ivory nuts, and its evalua-
tion, J. Gobbing (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 19 (1913), No. 14, pp. 266-277; Ch^m.
Zenthl., 191 S, II, No. 10, pp. 893, 894).— An analysis is reported.
760 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rood and drug examinations, C. D, Howaed (Quart. Bui. Bd. Health N. H.,
3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 47-58). — Data are given regarding the examination of a
large number of samples of drugs and food materials, including among others
baking powders and egg substitutes, coffee and cocoa, and breakfast cereals.
[Food inspection and analyses] (Penn. Dept. Agr., 2Io. Bui. Dairy and Food
Div., 11 (WIS), Mo. 2-3, pp. 41-117).— General and analytical data are given
regarding the inspection and analysis of a large number of samples of milk and
dairy products and proprietary foods.
Kesults of slaughterhouse and meat inspection in the German Empire for
the year 1911 (Die Ergebnisse der Schlachtvieh und Fleischhescliau im Dent-
schen Reiche im Jahre 1911. Bearheitet im Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte.
Berlin, 1913, pp. IV-\-139). — This report, which was prepared by the Imperial
Bureau of Health, consists chiefly of statistical data.
Ceylon's food supply, C. K. Moser (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 17
(1914), No. 114, PP- 891-893).— A brief summary of data regarding the kind and
quantities of food used in Ceylon.
The dietary of the civilian employees at the cartridge factory of Vin-
cennes, A. Dejotjant (Bill. Soc. Sci. Hyg. Aliment., 4 (1914), No. 3, pp. 103-
121). — A study of family budgets is reported, which contains tabulated data
regarding the amounts of food eaten, income, expenditures, and ratio of income
to expenditures.
The author concludes that the diet supplies sufficient amounts of fat. carbo-
hydrates, and energy, and that in some Instances the amount of these substances
is more than is necessary. It is pointed out that some money is wasted in the
purchase of too much meat and wine, by purchasing the more expensive cuts
of meat, by buying food already cooked from restaui-auts and delicatessen stores.
etc. A plea is made for instruction in home economics.
Menus for children (Boston Cooking-School Mag., 18 (1914), No. 10, pp. 790,
f91), — Menus are suggested for children In an institution having a "home
table."
Foodstuff— a digest (Schenectady, N. Y., 1914, PP- 32). — Nutrition and the
composition of common foods are considered in this summary and there is a
special section on sandwiches of different sorts. The publication is designed for
extension work among wage-earners through mothers' clubs.
Scientific suggestions regarding home management, R. Leblanc (Notions
tioientifiques d'Etiseignement manager. Paris, 1913, pp. 324, PJ<^' -% fios. 115).—
If'ood, clothing, shelter, and household management are considered in this
handbook.
Creatin- and creatiuin-free foods, Rita K. Chesnut (Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol.
Chem., 3 (1913), No. 1, p. 35). — A summary of a paper presented at the eighth
annual meeting of the American Society of Biological Chemists at Philadelphia.
Pa., December, 1913.
According to the results of the author's analytical studies "creatin and
creatinin [are] absent in crabs, lobster, shrimps, clams, oysters, scallops, caviar,
calves' brains, sweetbreads, and milk. In bloater paste total creatinln is 0.12
per cent, in anchovy paste 0.085 per cent, in whitefish 0.19. and in halibut 0.86
per cent."
Further studies in the comparative biochemistry of purin metabolism,
A. Huntj:r and M. H. Gfvens (Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chetn., 3 (1913), No. 1,
pp. 17-19). — In a paper presented at the eighth annual meeting of the American
Society of Biological Chemists at Philadelpnia, Pa., in December, 1913, the
authors' experiments are briefly summarized together with the results of some
other investigators. Though some of the results are only preliminary, the
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 761
authors are of the opinion that the following conclusions may be safely
drawn:
" In all species except man and the higher apes . . . allantoin is quantitatively
by far the most important product of purin metabolism. In camivora and
rodents ' uricolysis ' is always practically complete; in the monkey it is
slightly, in the opossum decidedly, less so ; among ungulates there is no definite
rule. While in the majority of species uric acid is excreted in greater
abundance than purin bases, there are instances, especially frequent among the
ungulates, where the reverse is true; the precise relation between the two is,
even for the species, not so constant as the uricolytic index. The total endo-
genous purin metabolism per unit of weight is in a general way inversely related
to the size of the animal ; but there are notable exceptions."
The specific role of foods in relation to the composition of the urine, N. R.
Blatheewick {Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chem., 3 (1913), No. 1, pp. 3/f, 35). — A
summary of a paper presented at the eighth annual meeting of the American
Society of Biological Chemists at Philadelphia, Pa., in December, 1913. Experi-
ments were made with healthy men on a uniform diet, to which single foods were
added during the experimental period after normal values had been established.
According to the author, the results showed that " some vegetables and fruits,
4-
because of their content of bases, are markedly efficient in reducing f-j^\ and
ammonia excretion. They also produce conditions which enable the urines to
dissolve uric acid. Potatoes, oranges, bananas, apples, raisins, cantaloups, and
tomatoes caused such effects. The presence of certain organic acids in fruits
leads to an increased acid production due to their incombustibility in the body.
Cranberries, plums, and prunes are examples. Benzoic acid, which is found
4-
in them, was also shown to produce like results. All urines ol /-^-^ less than
7.00 were capable of dissolving uric acid when opportunity offered. When the
(H") ^^^ greater than 1X10-', uric acid pi'ecipitated, i. e., the urines were super-
saturated. The average /2\ of 30 vegetarian urines was found to be 6.63
as compared with the higher value of 6.03 obtained for normal urines by
Henderson and Palmer."
Concerning the theory of the constancy of uric acid excretion in indi-
viduals, O. Faustka iPfliiger's Arch. Physiol, 155 {1914), No. 10-12, pp. 523-
546, fig. 1). — From his investigations the author concludes that in the case of
adults the excretion of uric acid is a xihysiological constant under like conditions.
Studies on enzym action. — X, The lipolytic properties of human duodenal
contents, K. G. Falk {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 36 {1914), No. 5, pp. 1041-
1057). — In a number of cases, under varying conditions, the lipolytic activity of
human doudenal contents was tested.
Two lipases were found to be present. " One of these, found as a rule after
Ingestion of food, was, under certain definite experimental conditions, more
active toward triacetin than toward ethyl butyrate; the other, present when
no food had been taken, was more active toward ethyl butyrate than toward
triacetin. The importance of these two lipases in diagnostic work was
pointed out. . . .
" The effect of a number of neutral salts and alcohols in different concentra-
tions on the activity of the duodenal contents on the two esters was studied."
Concerning lipoid-free diet and its relation to beri-beri and scurvy, W.
Stepp {Deut. Med. Wchmchr., 40 {1914), No. 18, pp. 892-895).— A summary and
762 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
digest of data which led to some geneial conclusions and the suggestion thnl
both vitamin and certain definite lipoids are necessary for life.
On the protective and curative properties of certain foodstuffs against
polyneuritis induced in birds by a diet of polished I'ice, II, E. A. Cooper
{Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge], 14 (1914), No. 1, pp. 12-22). — Continuing previous
work (B. S. R., 28, p. 760), experiments are reported with pigeons in which
the protective power of varioiLS substances was studied to prevent polyneuritis
following a diet of polished rice. The author's general conclusions follow.
"Nuts (husked filberts) are very efficient in preventing polyneuritis, being
even superior to lentils and husked barley. Cheddar cheese, on the other hand,
even in considerable amount, has no preventive effect.
" Malt extract taken from two different samples readily cured polyneuritis in
pigeons. A third sample, however, even in large doses had no curative action.
" For the prevention of beri-beri, egg yolk, heart muscle, liver, nuts, barley,
and lentils can be recommended as suitable foodstuffs with which to supple-
ment the polished rice diet. As meat (voluntary muscle) has been frequently
found to be ineffective in preventing epidemics of beri-beri, its replacement
by heart and liver in mixed diets would be a considerable improvement, because
not only are these tissues when suitably prepare<i as nutritious as voluntary
muscle but they also contain the .antineuritic substances in much higher con-
centration."
Phosphates and wheat bran in animal nutrition, P. Carles (Rupert. Pharm.
et Jour. Chini. MM., S. ser., 25 {1913), No. 3, pp. 97-99).— The relative values of
mineral phosphates, animal phosphates such as dried and powdered bones, and
wheat bran are discussed.
The author regards mineral phosphates as worthless, while animal phosphates
show a marked beneficial effect upon animals. Wheat bran is superior to
animal phosphates, because of its stability and good keeping quality.
Data are given regarding the amount of phosphates present in the materials
which the author discusses.
Behavior and effect of sugars of different sorts in the body, P. Albertoni
(Ergeh. Physiol., U {191J,), pp. J,31-Jt'13).—A-a exhaustive digest of experi-
mental data.
The effect of sugars on the secretions, D. lo Monaco {Arch. Farmacol. Sper.
e Sci. Aff., 17 {19 Vf), Noft. 3, pp. 127-1 U; h PP- 1-^5-177).— This is a progress
report of experiments in which are being studied the effects of sugars upon the
.salivary, intestinal, and renal secretions. The sugars were taken into the body
in part via the stomach and in some cases by means of intra venal or sub-
cutaneous injections. A digest of the work done by others along this line is
given. Extended data of the experiments are presented, but no genera] con-
clusions are drawn, as further work is to be reported on the subject.
The comparative value of various sugars in the feeding of infants, C. C.
Haskell {Arch. Ped., SO {WIS), No. 8, pp. 572-587; IJlly Set. BuL, 1. ser.. No.
Jf {19U), pp. 136-150). — The data obtained in tests with infants, either con-
valescent or suffering with more or less chronic conditions, indicate, according
to the author, that the best results were obtained with a diet containing " malt-
soup extract," with lactose and a mixture of dextrins with maltose following in
the order named. He points out that the conclusions have nothing to do with
the selection of sugar for normal infants, and states that he has " seen nothing
in the literature to prove nor have we made any observations in support of the
contention that the maltose-dextrin mixtures are in any way superior to lactose
for addition to the food of the average sound Infant."
Industrial maltose, C. B. Dubyea {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chan., 6 (i9i4).
No. 5. pp. jil9-4iS).~ln this general discussion of data the author summarizes
POODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 768
the results of some experiments in candy making, by himself and others, which
he believes indicate tbat such products stand cooking heats " as well or better
than the best glucoses" and have other good properties. As a whole the
article is a polemic comparison of glucose and maltose.
The effect of glucose on autolysis — a possible explanation of the protein-
sparing action of carbohydrates, P. A. Shaffee (Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chein.,
S {1913), No. 1, pp. 36, 37). — A summary of a paper presented at the eighth
annual meeting of the American Society of Biological Chemists at Philadelphia,
Pa., in December, 1913.
The results of a series of antiseptic autolysis experiments (made with hashed
dog liver) seem to indicate that the addition of 1 per cent of glucose under
some conditions slightly inhibits the action of proteolytic enzyms. The author
believes this may be a confirmation of the hypothesis that " the ' protein-sparing
action of carbohydrates ' is exerted through the influence of the concentration
of glucose or of glycogen upon the enzyms of the cells.
" The explanation of the ' sparing notion ' on the supposition that sugar when
present is merely burned by preference and thereby makes unnecessary the eatabo-
lism of (body) protein, is wholly inadequate. Food protein is not thus spared.
... It seems to the writer that instead of supposing with Landergren that
body protein (in carbohydrate starvation) is catabolized to supply the essen-
tial sugar, it is more likely that so long as a normal concentration of sugar
(or glycogen) is present in the cell the proteolytic enzyms are somewhat held
in check and the strictly endogenous cataboli.sm is restricted to its normal low
value, but that when carbohydrate food is lacking and the sugar (or glycogen)
concentration in the cells falls, an inhibition is removed, the proteolytic enzyms
become correspondingly more active, a larger nmount of cell protein is digested,
and the products like the products from food protein are in part converted into
glucose.
" It is believetl that the autolysis experiments support this point of view."
Origin of glycogen — role of proteins and fats, N. C. Paulesco (Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 {191^), No. 1, pp. 50-52).— From the results of
experiments here reported it is concluded that albuminoid substances like fibrin,
meat, or gelatin are important sources of glycogen, peptones are to be regardetl
as only mediocre sources, albuminoid substances like casein, egg white, and egg
yolk are of little importance, and fats such as butter, lard, and beef fat, and
olive, cottonseed, and linseed oils are not sources of glycogen.
Concerning pentosans as a source of energy in the animal body, P. Schibo-
KICH {Biochem. Ztschr., 55 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 370-392 ).— According to the
author's observations, oxygen consumption was somewhat lower when ara-
binose was fed to laboratory animals (dogs) than was the case during fasting.
Since it apparently plays no part in the oxidative processes, one may assume
that it is stored or used to form other substances, in a way analogous to the
formation of glycogen from hexoses.
Some metabolic effects of bathing in the Great Salt Lake, Helen I. and
H. A. Mattill (Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chem., 3 {1913), No. 1, p. 25).— A sum-
mary of a paper presented at the eighth annual meeting of the American Society
of Biological Chemists at Philadelphia. Pa., in December, 1913.
Two subjects kept on uniform diets were studied. Analysis of the urine
showed no variations in total nitrogen attributable to the experimental condi-
tions. Observed variations in the uric acid and ammonia excretion were small.
The maximum ammonia nitrogen excretion was observed on the days of longest
baths. Creatlnin excretion showed a slight rise during the bathing periods,
perhaps related to the Increased muscular tonus. " Chlorld elimination was
considerably increased during the bathing periods, 25 per cent in one case and
764 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
28 per cent In the other, and since these variations have no parallel in those of
any other metabolic products determined, the possibility of absorption through
the skin seems evident"
A new respiratory chamber, A. C. Kolls and A. S. Loevenhaet (Proc. Amer.
8oc: Biol. Chem., 3 (1913), No. 1, pp. 32, 33). — A summary of a paper presented
at the eighth annual meeting of the American Society of Biological Chemists at
Philadelphia, Pa., in December, 1913. A respiratory chamber designed for the
purpose of determining the effect of reducing the oxygen of the respired air on
the erythrocyte and hemoglobin content of the blood is described.
A self-recording calorimeter for large animals, A. V. and A. M. Hill {Jour.
Physiol, 48 (1914), No. 1, pp. XIII, XIV). — The authors describe a calorimeter
constructed accorduag to the same principle employed hi a smaller one previ-
ously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 569). The apparatus consists essentially of two
horizontal co-axial iron cylinders separated by an insulating medium of saw-
dust and kapok wool and is of a size suitable for experiments with a sheep or
dog.
A simple and convenient form of bicycle ergometer, C. J. Martin (Jour.
Physiol, 48 (1914), No. 1, pp. XV, XVI, fig. i).— An ergometer of the brake type
is described in which the work done in foot-pounds is calculated from the frlc-
tlonal pull, the circumference of the wheel, and the number of its revolutions.
For the rear wheel of the bicycle Is substituted a cast-iron one weighing 22
kg., the friction being supplied by means of a stout linen band passing around
the circumference of the wheel, the ends of the band being so attached to
spring balances that the friction may be easily adjusted. The advantages
claimed for this piece of apparatus are that the subject of the experiment may
make all the necessary observations ; that " it has an error of less than 1 per
cent " ; that " the frictional pull is steady and Is nearly independent of the
velocity, so that It is not necessary to pedal always at a constant rate"; that
" the instrument can be adjusted for any rate of work at any pedal revolution
desired " ; and that " the friction band is quite thin and so does not get hot
and vary the pull during the experiment."
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Bibliography of physiology (Bibliofjraphia Physiol, 3. ser., 8 (1912), Nos. 1,
pp. 112; 2-3, pp. 113-384; 4, pp. 385-500; Index, pp. 501-613).— A bibliography
of American and foreign works and articles on physiology and biochemistry
received during 1912.
On the correlation between the number of mammae of the dam and size of
litter in mammals, R. Pkarl (Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol and Med., 11 (1913). No. I.
pp. 27-32). — This includes two papers.
I. Interracial correlation (pp. 27-30). — Biometrical methods are applied to an
extensive series of statistics regarding size of litter and number of mammae for
many different species of wild and domestic mammals as collected by C. F. Bel-
llngeri in 1849. It Is found that " interracially the mean size of litter Is ap-
proximately two individuals below the mean number of mammae possessed by
the mother. This may be taken as a rough measure of the evolutionary ' factor
of safety ' in regard to these characters. There is relatively . . . somewhat
more variation exhibited In size of litter than in number of mammae. The cor-
relation between these two characters, as measured by the coefficient r. Is sur-
prisingly low. This result certainly can not be said to furnish particularly
strong evidence that natural selection has had anything to do with fixing the
relationship between number of mammse and size of litter."
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 765
II, Intraracial correlation in swine (pp. 31, 32). — Biometrical methods are
applied to statistics collected by E. N. Wentwortli in 1913 on the correlation
between number of mammse and size of litter in Duroc Jersey swine (E. S. R.,
29, p. 470). It is shown that "there are approximately 2.5 more mammae in
the dam, on the average, than number of young in the litter iu these swine.
This is a slightly larger ' factor of safety ' than is found interracially. The
intraracial correlation between these variables in swine is not only absolutely
low but is relatively much lower than the interracial correlation. Again it is
not apparent here that natural selection has operated in the expected manner.
" Intraracially, just as interracially, size of litter is relatively a more variable
character than number of mammae in the dam. There is, as would be expected,
a very considerable reduction in variability, in respect of both characters, in
the single species (intraracial) as compared with the composite group of 90
different species (interracial)."
A note on sex determination, G. H. Parker (Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), ^o.
991, pp. 215, 216). — In collecting data to show the relation of the size of litters
lo the number of nipples in swine, observations were made on the position that
the young pigs occupied in the uterus and their sex, and it was therefore pos-
sible to ma lie a comparison of the products of one ovary with those of the
other. A tabulation was made of the frequency of occurrence of pairs of unborn
pigs of various combinations of sex at the division of the horns of the uterus
next the right ovary and next the left ovary, the observations extending over
2,600 pairs of pigs. In all three positions the frequencies of the pairs were
approximately in the ratio of 25 per cent males: 25 per cent females: 50 per
cent males and females, showing that in the pig the ovaries exert no influence
on the sex of the offspring by virtue of their position in the maternal body.
On the atavistic long' stripe of the new-born young of certain breeds of
domestic swine, E. A. Goeldi (9. Cony. Inteniat. ZooL, 1913, pp. 369, 370). —
The author commenis on a phenomenon of the atavism of coloration, a long
stripe, sometimes found iu the young of some of our domestic breeds of swine,
as the Berkshire and Yorkshire, and which evidently traces back to the early
types of wild swine.
Eudimentary parthenogenesis in the golden pheasant, Lecaillon (Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 (1914), A'o. 1, pp. 55-57; ahs. in Internat. Inst,
igr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), ^'o. 4, pp. 502,
503). — The author made a study of the unfertilized eggs from a golden pheasant
{('Jhnjsolophtis pictus) to determine whether rudimentary parthenogenesis ap-
plies to this species as it does in the case of the hen.
it was found that the eicatricula shows blastomeres of varying size and that
the.se are composed of cytoplasm and deutoplasm and contain normal nuclei.
The degeneration of the blastomeres is often characterized by hypertrophy of
the nuclei, which form numerous fresh nuclei of various sizes by budding. It
is concluded from these observations that unfertilized eggs always show a tend-
ency to develop like fertilized ones.
The distribution of creatin in the bodies of mammals, J. C. Beker (Hoppe-
Seylefs Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 87 (1913), No. 1, pp. 2i-37).— Analyses made to
determine the creatin and creatinin content of the organs of the cow, goat, pig,
rabbit, and dog showed the largest amount of creatinin present in the volun-
tary muscles and the least in the thymus gland. The fetus shows a low creatin
content. The creatinin content increases in animals in advanced pregnancy.
The digestibility of cattle foods, J. B. Lindsey and P. H. Smith (Massachu-
setts Sta. Bui. 152 (1914), pp. 79-120).— This bulletin contains the results of 47
single digestion experiments with a variety of cattle feeds. The basal ration
consisted of hay, corn, and gluten. The experiments were conducted with sheep.
766 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The average coefBcients of the several feeds are given as follows:
Average coefflcients of feeding stuffs.
Feed.
English hay, June grass IPoa pratensis) predominal
tog (late cut)
English hay (early cut)
Dried beef pulp
Molasses dried beet pulp
Coconut meal
Cotton-seed feed meal
Wheat screentogs
Wheat screenings (contain more fiber)
Flax shives
Cacao shells
English hay and com meal (5i:l)
Timothy, red top, and clover mixed
Fish meal
Fish guano
Molasses meal and spliagnum moss
English hay and gluten feed (550:150)
Dry
matter.
P.ct.
61.68
65.14
74.58
82.34
81.94
58.23
66.76
59.11
45.38
57.52
70.09
59.06
67.72
74.58
61.98
66.37
Pro-
teto.
P.ct.
54.43
62. 82
51.86
61.20
89.81
75.31
62.64
80.93
81.03
11.47
63.00
50.38
75.14
81.10
41.74
68.35
Fat.
P.ct.
51.12
49.30
102. 74
100. 61
90.09
86.80
92. 6,8
100.48
58.69
39.93
101.32
108.03
56.33
Nitro-
gen
See
extract
P.ct.
64.87
67.14
83.48
90.54
87.24
61.20
81.83
64.55
43.45
73.46
74.18
58.81
71.90
70.02
Crude
fiber.
P.ct.
66. S9
68.85
83.45
76.99
23.36
26.10
25.79
50.66
70.76
64.8.5
Ash.
P.ct.
31.78
38.43
25.58
51.01
64.04
49.37
26.73
22.78
13.64
42.&<(
42.61
28.58
32.06
79.48
30.81
The utilization of Para rubber seed {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kemington], 11
(1D13), Xo. J,, pp. 551-6.'')9; obs. in Agr. Bitl. Fed. Malay f<tates, 2 (1014). No. 8,
pp. 213-215). — Sheep and cattle feeding experiments with Para rubber seed cake
are reported.
All attempts at feeding sheep with the cake failed. Cattle ate it readily but
when the quantity was increa.sed to 8 lbs. per head daily scouring occurred.
With dairy cattle fed on Para rubber seed cake the yield of milk rose, but the
percentage of milk fat remained unchanged.
The composition of the cake is given as follows: Moisture 8.7n per cent,
protein 80.19, fat 8.71, carbohydrates 41.71, crude fiber 5.01, ash 5.6 per cent,
and feed units 139. A small quantity of cyanogenetic glucosid was present,
yielding approximately 0.02 per cent prussic acid, a negligible quantity.
Studies on the nutritive requirements for fattening mature cattle and
sheep.- — Feeding' experiments with heated liquid potato distillery refuse and
with dried refuse in comparison with palm-nut cake, W. Voltz. J. Paeciitner.
A. Bavdrexel, W. Dietrich, and A. Deutschland (Landw. .Jahrb., 45 {1913),
No. 3, pp. 325-437, pis. S, fig. 1). — Analyses of malt sprouts, dried brewers'
grains, potato flakes, potato refuse from distilleries, and palm-nut cake are re-
ported. The water-free potato refu.se contained 25.47 per cent of protein, 0.68
fat. 53.15 nitrogen-free extract. 6.94 crude fiber, and 13.76 ash.
Two lots of 5 head each of yearling Hampshire wethers were fed during a
164-day feeding period on a basal ration consisting of millet hay, oat straw,
malt sprouts, brewers' grains, and iwtato flakes; lot 1 receiving potato refuse
and lot 2 palin-nut cake. During the last 45 days of the period molasses was
added to both rations. The total increase in weight per head for lot 1 was 15.26
kg. and for lot 2, 18.16 kg. ; the dry substance consumed per head per day by
lot 1, 1,072.2 gm. and lot 2, 1,075.1 gm. ; and the estimated starch value required
per kilogram of grain 5.22 kg. for lot 1, and 4.59 kg. for lot 2. The dressing
percentage was 51.2 and 50.2 per cent, and the intestinal fat 2.3 and 1.85 per
cent, respectively.
It Is concluded that feeding stuffs have a specific value independent of their
starch value, and that molasses added to the ration has a speoiflc value in In-
creasing the nutritive value of the ration for sheep and cattle.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 767
Compariiig the digestibility of feeds for ewes aud wethers it was found that on
the potato refuse ration the ewe utilized 4 per cent more organic matter than
the wether, while on the palm-nut cake ration the utilization of organic matter,
protein, and nitrogen-free extract was practically the same for both ewe and
wethei*. The digestibility of the potato refuse was 54.7 per cent for the ewe
aud 59.8 per cent for the wether ; for the palm-nut cake 58.7 and 56.3 per cent.
Complete digestion trials were made with one bull and two sheep. It was
found that a 2- to 3-year-old bull required per day per l.CMX) kg. live weight,
21 kg. dry substance. 1.9 kg. digestible protein, and 10 kg. digestible nitrogen-
free extract, or the equi\alent of 45,000 usable calories of energy or 8.5 kg.
starch value ; a yearling wether 28.5 kg. dry substance, 2.9 kg. digestible protein,
and 14 kg. nitrogen-free extract, or the equivalent of 70,000 usable calories or
13.5 kg. starch value. On the potato refuse ration the value of the feed was
greater for the bull than for the sheep, 29 per cent less digestible protein and
26 per cent less starch value ))eing required. On the palm-nut ration the dif-
ferences were less marked; on the palm-nut molasses I'ation the value of the
feed was higher for sheep tha;i for cattle. Cattle showed a higher resorption
of protein fats and fiber. The physiological value of the control-mixed feed,
the potato refuse ration, and the palm-nut cake ration was higher for the sheep
than for cattle, and the potato refuse molasses higher for the cattle.
The heated liquid refuse had a slightly higher nutritive value than the dried
refuse and cold water. The addition of lactic acid to the ration lowered the
nutritive value aud hastened the protein transformation.
It is concluded that the actual starch value of feeds is a very variable quan-
tity, depeudiug upon the individuality of the animals. From these trials it is
estimated that the gains made by cattle from 100 kg. starch value of potato
refuse were 30.9 kg., of potato refuse aud molasses 21.7, palm-nut cake 31.2, aud
palm-nut cake and molasses 22.4 kg. ; aud for sheep on these feeds 16.7, 20.5,
10.0. and 25 kg., respectively.
Proceedings of the American National Live Stock Association, IQl^ (Proc.
Amcr. Xut. Live Stock Assoc, 11 (191If), pp. 156, pis. 12). — This reports the
proceedings of the seventeenth annual convention of this association, held at
Denver, Colo., in Januai'y, 1914, and includes addresses on the future cattle
supply of the United States, effect of free trade in live stock and meats on
prices, railway rates and service, grazing on national forests, etc.
The breeds of pure-bred live stock {Moyitana 8ta. Spec. Circ. [1] (1913),
pp. 9). — This includes a list of the breeds of pure bred live stock, their American
record association, and the secretaiT of the association.
A list of breeders of pure-bred live stock in Montana {Montmia Sta. Spec.
Circ. 2 (1914), pp. 23). — This circular gives a list of breeders of pure bred live
stock of the several counties of Montana.
On the growth, of pasture animals, K. G. Beuchholz (Deut. Landw. Tie}--
zucht, 18 (1914), No. 16, pp. 185-181/ ). — This reports studies made of the in-
crease in breast measurement and increase in weight of calves on pasture.
Dung making experiment. 1912—13, J. A. Voelckee (Jour. Roy. Agr. Hoc.
England, 14 (1913), pp. 410, //ii). — Four bullocks wei'e placed In special .stalls
and fed a mixed ration of bean meal and crushed oats, together with roots, oat
straw, aud chaff for a period of 130 days. During the time two of the bullocks
received in addition 1 ton of hay.
It is estimated that the animals in stall 1, receiving no hay, produced 204.69
cu. ft. of manure, weighing 10,595 lbs., those of stall 2 receiving hay. 259.87
cu. ft, weighing 13,564 lbs. The moisture content of the former was 75.82 per
cent, of the latter 74.21 ; the nitrogen contents 0.489 and 0.615 per cent, respec-
768 EXPEEIMENT STATION REGUBD.
tlvely. A distinctly better grade of manure was thus procured from the hay-
fed animals.
Cattle and carabao in the Philippines, G. E. Anderson (Daily Cons, and
Trade Rpts. [U. 8,], 11 (1914), No. 125, p. 1166}.— It is stated that the shipment
of cattle to the Philippines from Hongkong and from Australia has been one of
the chief items of trade. However, the rate at which cattle and carabaos in
the Philippines are increasing indicates that the islands are soon to be at least
self supporting.
Individual variation in musk oxen, J. A. Allen {9. Cong. Inteniat. Zool.,
1913, pp. 210-215). — ^A discussion of the skeletal measurements and weights of
musk oxen.
It is concluded that " the range of individual variation in cranial characters
in musk oxen, in both males and females, is greater during the i>eriod from n
to 8 years of age than later. It is much greater in males than in females. The
length of the tooth row is more variable than is the relative breadth of the
skull (at given points) to the basal length. The nasal bones, in respect to
length, breadth, and convexity, are among the most variable elements of the
skull, and the most untrustworthy for use in diagnosis. The lacrymal bones
are also subject to great variation in size and form, and especially in respect
to the depth of the lacrymal depression ('fossa' or 'pit').
"Naturally the highest ratio of variability is shown in the horns — in their
curvature, length, breadth at base, and general massiveness. The weight of
the .skull in animals of the same age and sex is subject to great variation,
amounting to 80 per cent of the mean weight in a comparable series of 26 male
skulls, and about 45 per cent in 22 skulls of females. The range of individual
variation often exceeds the average differentiation between well-marked sub-
species, or even the average differentiation between closely allied congeneric
species."
Management and feeding of sheep, T. Shaw {New York and London, 1914,
pp. XXXIX+411, figs. 24). — This book treats of the feeding, care, and manage-
ment of sheep and the classification and characteristics of wool.
Breeds of Scottish sheep. — I, Cheviots, W. Barber (Transi. llUihlanO. and Agr.
Soe. Scot., 5. ser., 26 (1914), pp. 102-146, pis. 4).— The origin and early develop-
ment of the Cheviot breed of sheep in England and Scotland, their present
status, and utility value are discussed.
Breeds of Scottish sheep. — II, Half-bred sheep, K. MacMillan (Trana.
Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 26 (1914), PP- 146-150, figs. 3).— In this
article the author treats of the so-called " half-bred " sheep of South Scotland
and North England. These sheep are a cross between the Cheviot and Border
Leicester and through years of selection have become a distinct breed. The
sheep are of great size and hardiness and are deemed of distinct value to the
general purpose farmer.
Domestic sheep and their wild ancestors. — II, Wild sheep of the Arg-ali
type, J. C. EwART (Trans. Highland, and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 26 (1914), PP-
74-101, pis. 8). — In this paper, which is a continuation of work previously noted
(E. S. Pv., 29, p. 469) the author presents further evidence showing the relation
between the wild sheep of the Argali type and the present-day domestic sheep,
and concludes that " even before the coming of the Romans, Britain had sheep
which Included the Argali as well as the Urial and Mouflon amongst their
ancestors."
Some early references to four-horned sheep in Scotland, J. Ritchie (Scot.
Nat., No. 29 (1914), pp. 100-106). — From a review of early references to four-
horned sheep it is concluded " that an early breed of Scottish sheep was dis-
tinguished by its small size of body, by the fineness of its wool and the shortness
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 769
of its tall, by its horned ewes, and the frequent occurrence, esjieeially among
the rams, of horns in groups of 4 or more. These characters have persisted in
common since at latest the middle of the sixteenth century till the present day."
It is presumed that improved breeds by a process of selection have gradually
usurped the place of the more primitive race.
[Pig-feeding experiments], J. M. Scott (Florida Sta. Rpf. 1913, />/). XTII-
XIX). — Two lots of four 75-lb. pigs each were fed during 46 days as follows:
Lot 1, shelled corn and green cowpeas; lot 2, corn and green sorghum, equal
amounts by weight being fed so that for each pound of corn a pound of green
feed was given. Lot 1 made an average daily gain per head of 0.43 lb., costing
12.2 cts. per pound of gain : lot 2, 0.36 lb., costing 14.7 cts. per pound.
Three lots of pigs were fed during 43 days as follows: Lot 1, shelled corn
and green rape; lot 2, shelled corn and peanuts 3:1, with green rape; lot 3.
shelled corn and peanuts 1 : 1 with green rape. Lot 1 made an average daily
gain per head of 0.6S6 lb. costing 13.9 cts. per pound of gain; lot 2, 0.72 lb.,
costing 14.6 cts. per pound; and lot 3, 0.774 lb., costing 15.6 cts. \iev pound of
gain. It is noted that as the amount of the peanuts in the ration was increased
there was a noticeable increase in the average daily gains, but likewise an
increase in the cost, and indicating that for pork production peanuts are worth
only about 30 or 40 cts. per bushel.
Growing hogs in Mississippi, E. M. Ranck {Mississippi Sta. Circ, 1914,
June 20, pp. 17). — General directions for the breeding, feeding, care, and man-
agement of hogs under Mississippi conditions, including hog diseases and a
text of a new state law relating to the quarantine and burial of diseased ani-
mals, are given. A table showing rotations of forage crops, supplemental feed,
etc., is included.
Swine husbandry in V/ashington, R. C. Ashby and C. F. Monkoe ( Washinff-
ton Sta. Popular Bui. 63 (1914), pp. 36, fig. 1). — A popular bulletin on swine
husbandry, inchiding methods of feeding, breeding, diseases, and general man-
agement.
Forty years' experience of a practical hog man, A. J. Lovejov ( Springfield,
III., 191Jf, pp. 170, figs. 29). — This is a practical treatise on the carp, feeding, and
management of swine.
Studies on the proportions of the horse, L. Van Meldebt (Ann. Gemhloux,
24 (WW, Nos. 3, pp. 121-151, figs. 2; 5, pp. 249-274, figs. 4)-— This article
reviews the history and development of the horse and the origin of the different
tjT)es and classes. Various body measurements of the several types of horses
are given and comparisons made in their slope and measurement of shoulder,
formation of croup, and other points of conformation.
Comparative digestion experiments on Equidas, O, Frank (Kiihn Arch., 3
(1913), pt. 2, pp. 363-396; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr.
Intel, and Plant Diseases, 3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 241, 242).— In 10-day feeding
experiments with horses, asses, and their hybrids notable differences were noted
in their relative power to utilize feed. Of the horses, the mare, belonging to a
thrifty country breed (Belgian), digested the feed, with the exception of pro-
tein, better than a Mongolian gelding. In the utilization of crude fiber, fat,
and nitrogen-free extract the mules and hinnies were superior to the gelding
and inferior to the mare.
It is concluded from these observations that thrifty breeds of horses can
compete in thriftiness with mules. The author has also calculated how much
feed each animal consumed per unit of body surface and found that the smaller
animal requires the greater energy to keep up its vital processes.
Poultry culture, W. H. Davenport, J. H. Robinson, H, D. Smith, J, C.
Geaham, and J. E. Rice (Mass. Bd. Agr. Bui. 1 (1914), ^- ed. rev., pp. 158,
770 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
PI'S. 11, figs. ;36).— This bulletin is a compilation of articles treating of general
poultry topics, including breeds for the farm, poultry housing, hatching and
rearing chicks, feeding and management for egg production, and other related
subjects.
Eelation between the rotting and age of hens' eggs, H. Kuhl {Hyg.
Rundschau, 24 {1914), ^'O- 5, pp. 253-259). — The author advocates the control of
market eggs and the establishment of grades based upon specific weight. The
specific weight of absolutely fresh eggs is found to range between 1.035 and
1.06 and that of comparatively fresh eggs not older than 8 to 10 days between
1.015 and 1.035. Among the factors influencing the rotting of eggs are bacterial
infection from packing, as in hay, and the temperature and condition of the
room in which eggs are kept.
Practical rabbit keeping, G. A. Townsend {London, IS/eiv York, Toronto, and
Melbourne, 1912, pp. XIV +299, pis. 20, figs. 13).— This book treats of the breed-
ing, feed, care, and management of the various breeds of domestic rabbits.
The culture of black and silver foxes, R. B. and L. V. Cboft {Woodstock,
Ontario, 1913, pp. 83, figs. 29). — This pamphlet relates to the breeding, feed,
care, and management of black and silver foxes for commercial purposes.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Evolution in judging dairy cattle in Denmark, J. J. Dunne {Hoard's Dairy-
man, 48 {1914), \os. 3, p. 52, figs. 8; 7, pp. 166-168).— The author reviews the
development of judging of dairy cattle in Denmark. In 1847, during the Guenou
l)eriod, the "indications" (milk mirror largely) outweighed all other con-
siderations, counting 67 per cent, with build and size 12.5 and milk appear-
ance (frame, skin, etc.) 20.5. In 1852. when the Guenon storm had partially
subsided, the build and size quadrupled in importance, the milk appearance
increased to 25, and the indications (milk mirror) came down to 25 per cent.
In 1869 there occurred a reaction in favor of the Indications at the expense
mainly of the ''appearance," these being rated at 40 and 15. resi>ectively.
In 1887 the appearance came back into favor (33.3) and a new consideration
(ancestry) was created (11.2) at the expense of the build and the milk indi-
cations (33.3 and 22.2, respectively). In 1890, the commissioners of the state-
animal shows attached more importance to the ancestry of bulls, while the
vame body, in 1906, added additional points to ancestry and offspring (28)
and equalized the points awarded to the other three groups (24 each), anil
giving, for the first time, some consideration to the performance. In 1908,
build and size reasserted their importance (40), while appearance and indi-
cations dropped to 10 each, ancestry to 20, and individual performance was
set down at 20 per cent for the first time. Another slight change in 1913
reduced ancestry to 15, and increased perfonnance to 25.
Comparison of milk yield of cows calving fall and spring, E. J. Woodward
{Hoard's Dairyman, 48 {1914), No. 7, p. 165, fig. i).— The records of 18 pure-
bred dairy cows calving in September and October were compared with those
of 18 cows calving in April and May, the cows of both groups being quite
uniform as far as breeding and individuality were concerned.
It is shown that for the first few months the decline in milk flow for the
two groups was quite constant, but that seven or eight months after calving,
or at the opening of spring, the group calving in the fall showed decidedly less
decline than did the spring-calving group when equally advanced in lactation.
" During the tenth month as platted, the average milk yield of the cows in the
fall-oalvlng group was 58 per cent of their yield for the flrst complete calendar
month as against 35 per cent for the group which calved in the spring. The
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 771
production for the first complete calendar month for the spring-calving group
was 1,104 lbs., for the fall-calving group 1,017 lbs. Yet the group calving in
the fall gave an average total milk yield of 8,149 in the 10 months, while the
group calving in the spring averaged for the same time 7,364 lbs."
The most profi.table calving' time, J. J. Dunne (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr.
Ireland Jour., I4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 725-728). — Summarizing the results of four
competitions between entire herds of Red Danish dairy cows, each competi-
tion covering a period of two years, it was found that cows that calved during
the quarter, October, November, and December, gave an average of 160 gal.
more milk during the period of lactation than did those that calved during
the quarter, April, May, and June, but comparing the average of the winter
half-year, October to March, with that of the summer half-year, April to Sep-
tember, 96 gal. more milk. This is thought to be due to the uniformity of
the nutrient values of the daily feed during the winter in contrast to the
variability of those of summer feeds. It is shown that two-thirds of the
34,217 cows belonging to cow-testing associations in 1912-13 calved during
the winter half of the year.
[Feeding' experiments with silver beet], A. Macpheeson (Jour. Agr. [New
Zeal], 8 (1914), No. 4, pp. 379-387, figs. 7).— Milch cows foraged during the
morning and afternoon on silver-beet, or Swiss chard, ate it greedily, did not
bcour, and maintained their milk flow throughout a 12-day feeding period.
Production of clean milk (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 602 (1914), pp. 18,
figs. 6). — This gives general information on the essential factors in producing
clean milk.
Removal of garlic flavor from milk and cream, S. H. Ayebs and W. T.
Johnson, jr. (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 608 (1914), pp. 4, fig. 1).—A
process of removing garlic flavor from milk which proves successful consists in
blowing air through milk which is heated to at least 145° F. The flavor was
removed in from 30 to 60 minutes from milk fi'om a cow fed 0.75 lb. wild garlic
20 minutes before milking. It was found to require a slightly longer blowing
period to remove the flavor from cream. While the flavor was more quickly
removed at 160°, a cooked taste was produced.
The apparatus used in this process i.s described and its adaptation for com-
mercial use discussed.
A home pasteurizer (III. State Food Com. Bui. 31 (1914), PP- 4< figs- 4)- — ^
description of the construction of a pasteurizer for home purposes.
Milk cans should be jacketed (Milk Dealer, 8 (1914), No. 12, pp. 38).— In
experiments conducted by this Department in shipping milk at 50° F., hauling
a distance of 13 miles in an open truck and exposing to the direct rays of the sun
at a temperature of approximately 83°, it was found that the milk in cans that
were hair-quilt jacketed showed a raise of only 5^° temperature in three hours.
The milk in cans that were wrapped with wet burlap showed a raise of 8i°,
and the milk in un jacketed cans rose 28*°.
The cytology and bacteriology of condensed milks, F. "W. Andbewes (Jour.
Path, and Bact., 18 (1913), No. 2, pp. 169-178).— From cell counts made of con-
densed milk it is concluded that none of the samples examined contained, in
spite of the questionable appearance of the stained sediment of some specimens,
pus cells in sufficient quantity to cause suspicion.
As regards bacteriology, it is plain that a machine-skimmed, sweetened, con-
densed milk can not be expected to be sterile. The author regards " the pres-
ence, in reasonable number, of the bacteria commonly found in fresh milk —
Bacillus coli, streptococci, a few staphylococci, and B. enteritidis sporogenes —
and of such ordinary air contaminations as B. suhtilis and mesentericus," as
66492°— No. 8—14 6
772 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
comparatively unobjectionable. A large proportion of tbe bacteria of milk seem
to be destroyed in the process of condensation. It was demonstrated that
" condensed milk is almost a differential medium for the growth of staphylococci.
It would appear that if only a few Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus were
present, and escaped destruction in the process of condensation, there is no limit
to the number which, later, may be found on opening the tin. [However, their
presence] in large numbers in a condensed milk is objectionable and should
probably constitute a giound for condemnation, even though the potential
harmfulness of such a product is unproven. Efficient pasteurization, before
condensation and before the addition of sugar, should prevent the presence of
such organisms in the final product, however difficult it may be to destroy them
afterwards, for In the majority of condensed milks they are absent or but
scantily present."
Condensed milk (Food and Drugs, n. ser., 2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 133-142). —
This article deals with the various types of sweetened and unsweetened con-
densed milk, their composition, nutritive value, and bacterial content.
Kefir, J. C. Landin (Bui. Scl. Pharmacol., 21 (19 W, Nos. 6, pp. 356-36S,
figs. 5; 7, pp. 400-409). — ^A treatise on the bacteriological characteristics of
kefir, a fermented-milk food, and the importance in pathological conditions of
the various bacteria and acids in the digestive processes.
Permented-milk product and process of making the same, A. H. Thoumaian
(U. S. Patent, 1,101,044, June 23, 1914; «^s- *» </o«''- ^^C- Chem. Indus., 33
(1914), No. 15, p. 803). — "A mixture of egg albumin, milk, and cream is sub-
mitted to the action of a culture of the lactic acid bacillus and Bacillus hul-
guricus."
The normal bacteria of Swiss cheese, E. E. Eldrtdge and I.. A. Rogers (Ahs.
in Science, n. ser., 38 (1913), No. 976, pp. 377, 378).— Studies were made in this
Department of a large number of cultures isolated from various cheeses, par-
ticularly in relation to their fermentative abilities. Three morphological groups
were sepai'ated, short rods which predominated at the beginning of the ripening,
long rods which appeared in the early ripening stages and increased steadily,
and cocci which appeared in small numbers in the cheese at an age of five or six
weeks. It is stated that " the essential bactei-ia of Emmental cheese are evi-
dently not ubiquitous. In two widely separated localities cheeses made without
inoculation have invariably failed to give the normal fermentation. Cheese
made from milk inoculated with a mixture of a large number of pure cultures,
or from special culture media inoculated with good cheese, have given uniformly
a normal ripening."
The action of Bacillus bulgaricus in suppressing gassy fermentations in
cheese making, C. F, Doane (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 38 (1913), No. 976, p.
377). — From studies conducted in this Department, "it was found that pure
cultures of B. bulgaricus could be used with perfect results in suppressing the
undesirable fermentations, principally gas, which have worried Swiss cheese
makers in the past. There seems to be a difference in the efficiency of different
strains of B. bulgaricus for this purpose without respect to their activity in
forming acid. One per cent of a whey starter made from one culture was suf-
ficient, while it requires three per cent of another. The B. bulgaricus starters
could not be seen to have any effect on the formation of the eyes or interfere
with the flavor or texture. It is believed that the proper use of B. bulgaricus
starters will go far toward making a more uniform cheese during the summer
months and will make it possible to produce good Swiss cheese during the en-
tire year."
Notes on yeast-like organisms in whey, S. F. Edw.vrds (Abs. in Science, n.
ser., 38 (1913), No. 976, pp. 376, 377).— In studies made at the Ontario Agricul-
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 773
tural College, 12 varieties of yeast-like orgauisms were Isolated from samples of
whey coming from cheese having a fruity or sweet flavor. Three lots of experi-
mental cheese were made up, using a starter of these organisms, and the flavors
typical of different factories were produced. It is stated that the term yeast
as applied to these organisms is a misnomer, for with but one exception spore
production was not demonstrated. A table is given showing the cultural and
biological characters of these organisms.
The preparation of dried cultures, L. A. Rogers (A 6s. in Science, n. iser., S8
{1913), No. 976, p. 377). — ^A method of drying cultures of lactic acid bacteria.
Bacillus bulgaricHS, and other organisms is described. It is stated that the
activity of a dried culture diminishes more or less rapidly, depending upon
moisture content, temperature, and presence of air or oxygen.
Purification and disposal of waste water from dairies, Doenig, Daire, and
ViGNEROT (.Ann. 8cl. Afjron., 4. sen, 3 (1914), No. 4, pp. 150-170, figs. 3).— The
chief object in the puritication of waste water from dairies is the reduction of
the casein, and the three methods of purification are the chemical, the biological,
and the filter-bed. The last-named is deemed the most satisfactory in the ma-
jority of cases.
Reduction by chemical means of the nitrogenous matter in the waste water
from dairies has been obtained with reagents as follows : Aluminum sulphate
and lime 67.5 and 69.6 per cent ; perchlorid of iron and lime 25.8 per cent ; fer-
rous sulphate and lime 67.5 })er cent; and ferric sulphate, aluminum .sulphate,
and lime 75.3 per cent. Daire's new chemical process, which is in operation, is
described and declared to have given complete satisfaction. In plants where
the water is not too rich in serum, anaerobic fermentation in septic pits may be
employed. Irrigation of forage and vegetable crops may be employed where the
water outflow is of sufficient quantity.
Purification of the residuary waters of the creamery, Calmette and E.
RoLANTS (J/m. Agr. [France^, Ann. Forets, Hydraul. [e<c.]. No. 4i (.1912), pp.
131-137). — An account of methods of purifying creamery -waste water by neu-
tralizing the acids in the water and precipitating the organic material with fer-
ric sulphate.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Lipoid anaphylaxis, F. P. Wilson {Jour. Path, and Bad., 18 (1913), No. 2,
pp. 163-168). — Attempts to sensitize guinea pigs to lipoids having various prop-
erties and extracted from the livers of rabbits gave negative results. " Lipoids
extracted from egg yollc in a similar manner, and which differed considerably
from the liver lipoids, also failed to produce anaphylaxis. Some doubtful evi-
dence was obtained that a pure liiioid from one source might sen.sitize an animal
to a lipoid of different origin.
" Dried liver substance and dried egg yolk do not sensitize to lipoids derived
from these substances. Lipoids from yolk of egg sensitize animals to dried liver
substance, but liver lipoids will not sensitize to dried egg yolk. Pure lipoids
from any substance will sensitize an animal to a crude extract of the substance,
but repeated injections of pure lipoids do not produce anaphylaxis."
Some further contributions to the knowledge of vegetable hemagglutinins,
L L. Waktjlenko (Landw. Vers, mat., 82 (1913), No. 5-6, irp. 313-391).— The
lipases prepared by Jalauder's and Falk and Nelson's (E. S. R., 27, p. 712)
methods have both lipolytic and blood agglutinating properties. The lipase is
also capable of cleaving esters, glucosids, and high molecular carbohydrates
hydrolytically. The reactions upon the blood caused by ricin are said to be due
to the presence of enzyms. This view has already been put forth by Neuberg.
Whether a universal enzym accounts for all of the above phenomena and
774 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.
whether the reactions are identical with those brought about by a purified enzym
(ricin), prepared according to Osborne's method, must be the subject of further
investigation.
In nontoxic agglutinins, e. g., robin, robin-seed phasin, and robin-seed urease,
various enzyms are present and consequently the agglutinating properties pos-
sessed by phasin are similar to those possessed by enzyms. Ko urease was
noted in castor-bean lipase, nor was sinigrin cleavage, as observed by Power,
noted with filtered and aseptic robin-bark enzym preparations. Robert on a
previous occasion has shown that the robin obtained from the bark of Rohinia
pseudacacia and that of robin-seed phasin were not identical. The preparation
from the bai-k contained amylase and invertase while robin urease contained
only amylase. Glucosid- and salol (ester) -cleaving enzyms were absent. Tan-
nigen was cleaved but the most intense cleavage was with the urease prepared
from robin seeds.
Enzyms were also noted in soy-bean phasin obtained from three varieties of
beans. These were hydrolytic for certain carbohydrates, glucosids, esters, and
urea. The blue lupine seed phasin contained diastatic enzyms and glucosid- and
urea-cleaving enzyms in addition to the agglutinins. Phaseolus mungo did not
agglutinate calf, adult bovine, horse, sheep, or goat corpuscles, but cat, rabbit,
dog, pigeon, and human blood were agglutinated. The strongest action was on
pigeon blood. The pha.sin from P. maximus agglutinated human, hog, horse,
cat, and pigeon blood but not rabbit, dog, calf, adult bovine, sheep, or goat blood.
P. mungo seeds contained invertase, amygdalase, helicase, and tannigenase. The
seeds of SphenostyUs stenocarpa, which according to Kobert contain an agglu-
tinating phasin, also had saccharose-, glucosid-, and tannigen-cleaving enzyms.
Starch, glycogen, inulin, lactose, salol, and urea were not hydrolyzed by this
seed.
Other plants studied in the above resi^ects were Voandzeia subterranea, Arachis
hypogaa. Datura stramonium, Digitalis purpurea, Delphinium consoUda, Atri-
plex hortcnsis, Strophanthus gratus, S. hisjHdus, S. comM, sesame cake, apple
seed, lemon seed, China orange seed, canary grass seed, and alder seed. The
common feed cakes, namely, coconut, linseed, palm-nut, cotton-seed, and mowrah
cakes, pea flour, and P. ercctus gave negative results.
The poisonous constituent of the bark of Bobinia pseudacacia, F. B. Poweb
{Amer. Jour. Pharm., 85 (1913), No. 8, pp. 339-3Jf.i) .—A polemic in regard to
statements made by Kobert (E. S. R., 30, p. 204) with reference to the toxicity
of robin.
A recent retest of the protein isolated in 1904 showed it to be very toxic ; con-
sequently Kobert's assertion that robin is a nonpoisonous phasin is deemed
inaccurate. Other statements made by Kobert are also criticized.
In regard to the chemical nature and biological properties of ricin, G.
Reid (Landw. Vers. Stat., 82 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 393-4U)-—'A- Cushny and F.
Muller, working independently, as a result of their researches came to the con
elusion that ricin is not a definite substance but is a mixture made up of an
agglutinin and a toxin. Lau," on the other hand, showed that ricin was capable
of combining with red blood cells and also with other body cells rich in lipoids.
In this work the author attempted to prove Lau's contention that ricin is a
unit substance which has both toxic and agglutinating properties.
The tests were made with isolated brain, liver, spleen, and kidney cells, small
intestinal cells, and thymus cells. Ricin became anchored to these cells and
agglutinated them (macroscopically) in much the same manner as blood cells
are agglutinated by this substance. When the ricinized cells were treated with
"liber Vegetabilische Blutagglutinine. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Rostock, 1901.
VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 776
dilute hydrochloric acid the ricin which had become absorbed was liberated and
again capable of agglutinating red blood cells of cats. Similar results were
obtained with ricin and bean phasin (Merck) purchased on the market. Leci-
thin and cholesterol did not hinder agglutination of organ or blood cells by
ricin.
Digestion experiments with pepsin-hydrochloric acid solution did not weaken
the agglutinating properties of ricin but the presence of peptone seemed to de-
lay its action. Vicarious elimination iuto the stomach of frogs and turtles
could not be detected with the agglutination test in these experiments, but it
is believed that it may take place if ricin is injected subcutaneously in large
doses.
A short contribution to our knowledge of the action of abrin, A. Sommeb-
FELD {-LancUc. Vers. Stat., 82 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 4^5-^26).— Abrin, from Ahrus
precatoriuH, like ricin is fixed by brain and similar cells and can not be washed
from the cells with physiological salt solution. It is also considered a unit
substance which has both toxic and agglutinating properties. Seeds 30 years
old were still found to possess some of the agglutinating property. Formalde-
hyde in all concentrations Is not inhibitory for abrin action.
The white blood cells (formalinized and nonformalinized) from the thymus
of a calf also fixed abrin and the addition of hydrochloric acid to these cells
freed the abrin, which in turn will agglutinate the red blood cells of man. Ag-
glutination could also be induced with pus cells obtained from a cold abscess.
The hydropic degeneration of the fibers of heart muscle of guinea pigs and
rabbits as noted by Schmorl could not be produced even though large quantities
were used. The macroscopical findings with rabbits and guinea pigs after
poisoning with abrin resembled those of ricin poisoning very closely. The lymph
nodules in the abdominal cavity were swollen and there was often evidence of
hemorrhage present. The microscopical examination of the abdominal organs
showed a degeneration in the lymph nodules and in the lymph follicles of the
digestive tract. Hemorrhagic areas were noted in the kidneys but in most in-
stances the uriniferous tubules were intact.
About the poisonous substances in the seeds of Jatropha curcas, J. Felke
(Landw. Vers. Stat., 82 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 427-463).— This work is along the
same lines as that noted in the abstract above. The seeds also contain a toxal-
bumin, curcin, which does not affect the red blood cells in vitro, but in vivo it
has a marked effect upon these cells.
The oil owes its toxicity to an acid which is called curanolic acid and which
is prepared in the same manner as the crotonic acid from croton seeds. It is a
drastic and produces a marked gastrointestinal inflammation in both man and
beast. The probability exists that curcin is destroyed in the gastrointestinal
tract and Is consequently robbed of its toxicity.
The use of salvarsan in nonsyphilitic diseases, W. H. Best {Jour. Amer.
Med. Assoc, 63 {19U), No. 5, pp. 375-380).— From the study reported the fol-
lowing conclusions are drawn :
Salvarsan is specific in diseases caused by any variety of spirillum. It has
curative properties in those diseases in which the infecting organisms are found
in the blood or lymph, or in other locations where they can be easily reached.
It has great therapeutic value in those diseases in which arsenic has been
successfully used, and if used with caution in repeated doses over a long period
has a therapeutic value in those diseases in which previously arsenic gave
indifferent results. Salvarsan, used as an adjuvant to some other drug or
drugs, Is useful in those diseases in which a decided and quick tonic, stimulat-
ing, and alterative effect is desired, depending on the other drug or drugs for
the ultimate result
776 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
" The mode of administration is important, and stiould be as follows : Intra-
venous In those diseases in which a specific action is desired ; full dose intra-
muscular injections, repeated once or twice at long intervals (eight weeks), in
those cases in which the tonic, stimulating, and alterative effect is desired, as
well as a certain specific action; small oft-repeated (week or ten days) doses,
intramuscularly, over a long period of time, in those chronic diseases in which
a purely tonic, stimulating, and alterative effect is desired."
The control of fluid in cattle dipping tanks, C. Williams (Agr. Jour. Union
So. Africa, 8 (191Jf), No. 1, pp. 12-17). — In this paper the author presents a
short review of the work hitherto published on the subject and gives the results
of investigations that have been continued since publication of the article previ-
ously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 585). It is stated that the conclusions drawn in
the previous article have been fully confirmed by the subsequent investigations.
" During the winter season the amount of arsenite in the tank only fell from
0.144 per cent to 0.134 per cent in 2^ months, whereas during an equal period
of time in the summer the proportion of arsenite dropped from 0.138 per cent
to 0.109 per cent, thus showing that oxidation takes place to a greater extent
in the hot summer months than in the winter. . . . [In the winter] . . .
bacterial activity was only apparent during the first month (May 22 to June
22), for after the latter date no signs of oxidation were detected. It may be
also pointed out that very little dipping was taking place during the winter
months, which circumstance in itself would favor oxidation than otherwise."
The investigations show that 10 gm. of sodium sulphite per 2,000 cc. of dip
fluid has very little effect in arresting oxidation, and that the same is true of
I gm. of either carbolic acid or one of the more common coal tar disinfectants.
" By increasing the amounts of these two latter disinfectants to 10 gm. per
2,000 cc. of dip fluid the oxidation was very largely arrested. Under ordinary
conditions this proportion could be materially lessened, seeing that the oxidizing
action is much more powerful in vessels standing in the laboratory than in
dipping tanks, even when the latter are used only at comparatively long
intervals."
Oxidation of arsenical dipping fluids, A. G. IIolboeow (Rhodesia Agr. Jour.,
II il91^f), No. 4, PP- 579-581). — Analyses made of the contents of three dipping
tanks that were in constant use show that the amount of oxidation of sodium
arsenite to sodium arsenate is neither constant nor regular but varies some-
what at different times. The author concludes " that there is no necessity to
renew a dip in which a fair number of cattle are constantly dipped at short
intervals until it has become too dirty for use."
Arsenical cattle dips: Methods of preparation and directions for use, R. M.
Chapin {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 603 {1914), pp. 16, fig. i).— This publi-
cation, which is intended to be a handbook for the user of arsenical cattle dips,
includes general information, formulas, tables, and practical hints bearing on
the preparation and management of arsenical dipping solutions.
Summary of experiments in the transmission of anthrax by biting flies,
M. B. MiTZMAiN (Pub. Health Serv. U. &., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 94 (1914), pp. 4i-
48). — The author states that the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) as well as
Tabanus stria tus can be induced to feed on animals dying of anthrax and also
upon their bodies a short time after death. It has been observed in the Philip-
pines, howeverj that the stable fly does not, except under artificial conditions,
attack the carcass of an animal whether recently dead or opened and exposed
for some time.
In experiments conductetl with a view to settling the question of fecal con-
tamination it was found that only the vegetative form of the anthrax bacillus
could be demonstrated throughout the entire series, either in the body of the
VETEBINARV MEDICINE. 777
insect or in the fecal deposits. The virulence of the organisms present was
demonstrated by the results with the animals inoculated from suspensions of
agar cultures, there being a uniform fatality from the material used begin-
ning with the three hours up to and including nine days. " Beginning with the
cultures of feces made after the ninth day following the infective meal, all
proved avirulent as far as animal inoculation was concerned. All of the ordi-
nary cultural and morphological tests were positive from the ninth day to the
twentieth day with tlie material obtained from S. calcitrans, and from the
sixth to the tenth day with material obtained from T. sh'iatus."
See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 780).
A case of myiasis aurium accompanying' the radical mastoid operation,
G. M. CoATES (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 {19 U), No. 6, pp. 479, .^80).— The
screw-worm {Compsomyia macellaria) is thought to have been the parasite
concerned.
Collected studies on the insect transmission of Tr3rpanosoma evansi, M. B.
MiTzMAiN (Pub. Health Serv. V. 8., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 94 {.1914), pp. 7-39, pis. 5).—
This collection consists of the following articles: (1) The Relation of Tabanus
striatus to Suri-a Dissemination (pp. 7-19), previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p.
253) ; (2) The Relation of Mosquitoes to Surra (pp. 20-23) ; (3) Notes on the
Bionomics of Lyperosia exigua and the Relation of this Fly to Experimental
Trypanosomiasis (pp. 24-30) ; (4) Mechanical Transmission Experiments with
Philcematomyia crassirostris (pp. 31, 32) ; (5) Experiments with Hippobosca
maculata in the Transmission of Surra (pp. 33, 34) ; (6) Experiments with
Bloodsucking Gnats (p. 35) : and (7) The R51e of Musca domestica in Surra
Conveyance (pp. 36-39).
A new staining method for preparing granulated tubercle bacilli, T.
ISHiWARA (Centbl. Bakt. [cte.], 1. Abt., Orig., 68 {1913), No. 1, pp. 113-117).—
The following method is recommended for this purpose :
(a) Stain for 2 minutes with a petroleum ether water-fuchsin solution pre-
pared by filling the conical portion of a test tube with petroleum ether, adding
sufficient distilled water to fill three-fourths of the tube, filtering through mois-
tened filter paper, and add one-fourth of the volume of carbol-fuchsin solution
(100 cc. of 5 per cent carbolic acid and 10 cc. of a saturated solution of fuchsin) ;
(b) decolorize for 2 minutes in a 25 per cent solution of nitric acid and follow
by rinsing with 70 per cent alcohol until the preparation appears colorless; (c)
stain with a saturated aqueous solution of methylene blue. After staining
wash well with water to prtA-ent a precipitation of the coloring matter.
The modified Gram staining method was also simplified by utilizing a petro-
leum ether water-carbol-gentian violet solution. In addition to this a simpli-
fied method for staining the Much granules and the granular form of the
tubercle bacillus is described.
About the occurrence of tubercle bacilli in apparently healthy mammary
gland tissues of cows destined for slaughter, T. Ishiwara {Centbl. Bakt.
letc.], 1. Abt., Orig., 70 {1913), No. 1-2, pp. i-iO).— Mammary glands macro-
scopically free from tubercular changes but from cows having organs affected
with tuberculosis were found in 5 out of 26 cases to contain tubercle bacilli.
Most of the udders came from animals which had the severest form of the
disease.
Study of the pathological changes which occur in the organs of tubercular
pigs and the detection of granulated tubercle bacilli, T. Ishiwaea (Berlin.
TierdrztL Wchnschr., 29 (1913), No. 37, pp. 657, 658).— In this work the organs
of 217 pigs were examined for the presence of tubercle bacilli. The lungs were
tubercular in 181 instances, the bronchial lymph glands in 173, the mesenteric
lymph nodes in 147, the spleen in 132, the tracheal nodes in 126, the liver in
778 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
83, the shoulder glands In 82, the kidneys in 55, the kneefold nodes in 21, the
bones in 12, the joints in 8, and the muscles in 2 cases. A table Is given which
shows the pathologic appearance of the various organs.
In a previous paper the author pointed out that the tubercle bacilli present
in hog tuberculosis are very hard to detect, as staiuable forms are only
sparingly present. The presence of much fat in and about the organisms is
not the cause for not detecting the stain. Using Much's method it was found
that as a rule the granulated bacilli from the purulent and calcified areas are
harder to detect than the organisms present in the compact nodules and
caseated areas.
Contribution to the biology of the tubercle bacillus, I, G. Lookemann
{Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 39 {1913), No. 50, pp. 2Jt58, 2455).— Weighing the cul-
tures of the tubercle bacillus from time to time is considered a good procedure
for obtaining a clew to the state of the growing process. Tubercle bacilli
cultures, after having reached their maximum of growth, lose weight, un-
doubtedly because of an autolytic process going on in the culture. There was
no difference in the rate of growth when different culture media (glycerin
bouillon, or asparagin solution) were used. However, the acid titer obtained
with the two cultures was different, and the curve with the glycerin bouillon
took a middle position between the titers set down for the human and bovine
types of organism.
During the growth of the tubercle bacillus in asparagin solutions, 1. e.,
protein-free media, substances were liberated which gave reactions charac-
teristic of the proteins.
Serologic investigations of the antigen content of the cultures of tubercle
bacilli, B. Mollers {Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 39 {1913), No. 50, pp. 2460, 2461).—
The antigens noted by the complement fixation method in cultures of tubercle
bacilli increased up to the sixth week of growth. A diminution of antigen took
place at the eighth week.
Theobald Smith's reaction curve as an aid for differentiating human and
bovine tubercle bacilli, J. Wankel {Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 39 {1913), No. 50,
p. 2461).— The value of this method (E, S. R., 17, p. 294) for diagnosing the
kind of culture in hand was investigated with 45 cultures. With 25 cultures
of the human type only 11 gave a characteristic Smith curve, and 6 formed no
acid at all but otherwise behaved like bovine bacilli. Out of 20 cultures which
were adjudged by the animal experiments to be of the bovine type, 15 behaved
as bovine cultures with the reaction curve, 4 formed acid which, according to
Smith would be classed with the human type, and the remaining culture could
not be classified.
See also a pi'evious note by Grund (E. S. R., 26, p. 582).
Intraperitoneal lysis of tubercle bacilli, W. H. Man waking and J. Bbon-
FENBKENNEB {Jouv. Expt. Mcd., 18 {1913), No. 6, pp. 601-617, figs. 4> obs. in
Science, n. ser., 38 {1913), No. 978, pp. 453, 454; Proc. 8oc. Expt. Biol and Med.,
10 {1913), No. 3, pp. 67, 68). — "If suspensions of tubercle bacilli are injected
into the peritoneal cavities of tuberculous guinea pigs, there takes place a rapid
disappearance of the bacilli from the peritoneal fluids, as determined by subse-
quent examinations by the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Nine-tenths of the bacilli
may disappear within an hour, and all but an occasional bacillus within five
hours. This disappearance is paralleled by the appearance of atypical, nonstain-
ing, and granular forms. After the disappearance numerous granules can be
demonstrated in the peritoneal fluids and peritoneal scrapings by the Much
method.
" Before the conclusion can be drawn, however, that the disappearance of
the tubercle bacilli Is due wholly to their destruction by the peritoneal fluids,
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 779
such factors as a possible removal of the bacilli by the rapid formation and
absorption of peritoneal transudate must be ruled out, as well as the possibility
of a spontaneous metamorphosis of the bacilli Into nonstaining and therefore
Invisible forms, as described by Much. A similar rapid disappearance is
brought about in the peritoneal cavities of tuberculous rats, rabbits, and dogs.
The mechanism of the disappearance is now under Investigation."
Does the subcutaneous injection of antiphymatol (Klimmer) protect bo-
vines against artificial and natural infections with bovine tubercle bacilli?
A. Eber {Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Ilaustiere, 14 (1913), No. 4-5, pp.
203-230). — Antiphymatol is a preparation made from tubercle bacilli which
has been passed through cold-blooded animals to render them avirulent (E. S.
R., 20, p. 480). The injection of a trade package (5 cc.) of the vaccine Into
guinea pigs produced no tuberculosis.
The results reported considered 16 bovines, 9 of which were treated and 7
which were kept as controls, and the experiments were made especially for the
purpose of determining whether the subcutaneous injection of antiphymatol
will in reality protect against an artificial or natural infection with the bovine
type of tubercle bacilli. It was also decided to note whether the protection
given lasted for any length of time.
Six animals vaccinated 3, 6, or 8 months before intravenous or subcutaneous
infection passed through the cycle of the disease at the same rate as un-
vaccinated animals. Three vaccinated animals exposed to natural infection
became tubercular as quickly as the control animals. All animals Infected by
the artificial method were treated with the same culture.
The prevention of human tuberculosis of bovine origin (particularly from
the point of view of the Tuberculosis Order, 1913), W. G. Savage (Vet. Jour.,
69 (1913), No. 461, pp. 513-521).— This Is a discussion of the occurrence of
tuberculosis among bovines, with special reference to its being a source of
danger to man. The whole discussion is in the light of the English Tubercu-
losis Order of 1913.
" In the words of the covering circular of the board, the order ' aims at
securing the destruction of every cow found to be suffering from tuberculosis
of the udder, or to be giving tuberculous milk, as well as of all bovine animals
which are suffering from tuberculosis with emaciation.' . . .
" It is clear that the prevention of human tuberculosis of bovine origin can
not be separated from the prevention of tuberculosis among bovine animals,
and that no steps can be permanently satisfactory unless they definitely aim
at a diminution of the total bulk of bovine tuberculosis."
Notes on some parasites of live stock in the "West Indies, P. T. Satjndebs
(West Indian Bui, 14 (1914). No. 2, pp. 132-138).— A general account of the
more important parasites.
The granular venereal disease and abortion in cattle, W. L. Williams
(Z7. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 106 {1914), PP- 57).— During the course of the Investiga-
tions here reported post-mortem observations wei-e made on the killing floors
of abattoirs at some of the principal slaughtering centers, Including Chicago,
Omaha, Kansas City, Denver, and Fort Worth, with a view to determining how
widely and extensively the granular venereal disease exists among cattle in this
country. Records of 3,250 cases of granular venereal disease, here summarized
in tabular form, show nodules or granules macroscopically visible in the vulvar
mucosa of 2,806.
Records kept for a period covering 22 years of a dairy herd consisting of a
total of 217 cows with a total of 645 pregnancies, the details of which are here
presented in tabular form, show an average annual rate of 12 per cent of abor-
tions, Records kept from May, 1909, to December, 1911, of another herd in
V80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
which there were a total of 1,206 pregnancies show 17 per cent to have been the
annual rate of abortions.
The investigations have led the author to the following general conclusions:
"Abortion in cattle is essentially always the result of a chronic infection within
the utero-chorionic space, revealing itself post-mortem by the presence of the
•so-called abortion exudate, which contains generally, if not always, the abortion
bacilli. The granular venereal disease of cattle is, so far as known, universally
distributed. From clinical observation it has a vital relation to contagious
abortion. It is incurable in the present state of our knowledge, but may be
greatly decreased in virulence. Contagious abortion of cattle has attained an
essentially universal distribution, frequently present merely as an unrecognized
infection of the genital organs, not inducing actual abortion but causing prema-
ture birth, retained afterbirth, and sterility.
" The ordinary if not sole avenue of the entrance of the infection of contagious
abortion is the genital canal, and the invasion antedates the sealing of the
uterus, which ordinarily occurs within 30 days after conception. When concep-
tion has occurred and the cervical canal has been sealed, the fate of the fetus
is settled. If a suflBciently virulent and voluminous infection exists in the
utero-chorionic space, abortion may result; if such infection does not exist
within the sealed utero-chorionic space when the formation of the seal is com-
pleted, it will not enter thereafter during pregnancy.
" In the present state of our knowledge little or nothing can be done to pre-
vent abortion once the pregnant uterus is sealed and the infection of contagious
abortion exists within the hermetically sealed cavity. By systematic disinfec-
tion of the genitalia immediately following abortion or premature birth, and
also in retained afterbirth and kindred infections of the uterus, the affected
animals may be largely guarded against future sterility and abortion. It is
even more important that the vaginie of heifers, whether virgin or previously
bred, and cows shall be systematically disinfected for a period before and after
breeding, until conception is assured. It is equally important that the genital
organs of breeding bulls be kept clean by regular disinfection, including washing
immediately prior to and after service. Most important of all, breeders of
valuable cattle should institute definite, energetic, and permanent efforts to
guard new-born calves simultaneously against the three great dairy scourges —
calf scours and pneumonia, abortion and sterility, and tuberculosis."
The curative treatment of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle by the admin-
istration of iodin, J. D. E. Holmes (Vet. Jour., 70 U91Jf), No. 468, pp. 277-
280). — Of a large number of drugs tested In the laboratory, iodin was the only
one found to have any action on the course of this disease. When administered
either by mouth or subcutaneously as late as 16 hours after the inoculation of
the virus, about one-half of the cases so treated recovered. At 16 hours after
inoculation susceptible animals generally show a rise in temperature, uneasiness,
and loss of appetite, and death follows in from 24 to 36 hours after inoculation.
" In laboratory experiments when an animal inoculated with hemorrhagic
septicemia shows a decided rise of temperature or other symptoms of dis-
turbance he rarely survives, unless he has received antiserum treatment. In
many of the cases treated with iodin the animals passed through a fairly severe
attack of the disease and recovered. In other cases which ended fatally death
was delayed by one to two days."
Warble flies, a danger with imported cattle, C. P. Lounsbuby (Agr. Jour.
Union 8o. Africa, 8 {191J,), No. 1, pp. 61-64, fig. i).— The author calls attention
to the fact that since warble flies do not occur in South Africa it Is of consid-
erable importance that the maggots in Imported cattle be destroyed.
VETEBINAEY MEDICINE. 781
Ascaris suum in sheep, D. C. Mote (Science, n. ser., 40 (1914), ^0. lOZS,
p. 216). — During the course of a post-mortem examination of an S-month-old
lamb two female ascarlds were found wliich were identified as A. oris. This
lamb had been fed and kept in a pen previously occupied by hogs known to be
infested by ascarids, and the author thinks it probable that the ascarids may
represent A. smim, since it is still questionable whether A. ovis is a distinct
species.
A summary of studies of loco weed disease of sheep, H. T. Marshall (Bui.
Johm Hopkins Eosp., 25 (1914), No. 282, pp. 234-236) .—This is a brief review
of a detailed report to be published later of the results of investigations con-
ducted in Montana for this Department during the summers of 1903 and 1904.
Some 80 sheep were used in feeding experiments with Aragallus spicatus.
The experiments have led the author to conclude that none of the abnormali-
ties encountered in the sheep could be attributed to the poisonous action of the
loco weed. He states that none of the sheep gave the slightest evidence of hav-
ing suffered any ill effects from eating the weed. On the other hand, the ex-
periments seemed to confirm the view that the animals were suffering chiefly
from starvation combined with one type or more of parasitic infection.
" My investigations have convinced me that there are several diseases of
western live stock masquerading under the general name ' loco disease.' One
hundred per cent of the severely ' locoed ' sheep which I studied were not suf-
fering from locoism, but from underfeeding combined with parasitic infection.
I therefore think there is reason to be doubtful as to the existence of pure,
bona fide loco weed poisoning, and I hold that it is perfectly certain that the
heavy losses attributed to loco weed disease are at least in large measure due
to other causes, which can usually be ascertained by careful study."
The prevention of hog cholera in Indiana, C. G. Stabb (Indiana Sta. C'irc.
44 (1914), pp. 7, figs. 2). — The data here presented relate largely to antihog
cholera serum and its use.
Canine babesiasis in Porto Rico, I. Gonzalez Mabtinez (Jour. Trop. Med.
and Hyg. [London], 17 (1914), No. 13, p. 194)- — During the course of routine
examination of dogs for epizootic diseases and for hydrophobia the author de-
tected two cases of canine piroplasmosis in Porto Rico.
Hygiene and diseases of poultry, LifiNAtrx (Min. Agr. et Trwv. Pub. [Bel-
gium], Off. Rural Raps, et Communs., No. 9 (1914), PP- 245-266).— A general
account.
Studies on fowl cholera. — IV, The reciprocal relations of virulent and
a virulent cultures in active immunization, P. B. Hadley (Rhode Island Sta.
Bui. 159 (1914), PP- 383-403). — "The present paper presents the results of a
study conducted to ascertain (1) the protective power of certain avirulent cul-
tures of the fowl cholera organism against a highly virulent culture (culture
48) ; (2) the extent and degree of protective power exercised by a certain
immunizing culture (culture 52) against twelve, heretofore untested, virulent
strains; (3) the protective power of combinations of cultures. The results,
briefly stated, are as follows:
"Among 17 strains of the actual fowl cholera bacterium which have now
been tested for their resistance-producing power toward a highly virulent cul-
ture, only one (culture 52) was found which produced any resistance what-
ever; and this culture, upon subcutaneous inoculation, invariably gave perfect
immunity against the most virulent culture in the laboratory collection (cul-
ture 48). This immunizing culture has now been tested (alone) against five
other virulent strains, toward three of which it is also protective. In the other
two cases, it is irregularly protective. In the two instances in which culture
52 alone failed to protect, or protected irregularly, complete protection was
782 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
afforded by inoculation with culture 52, followed after one week, or more, by
Inoculation witli culture 48. In all cases in which culture 52 alone was not
tested against virulent cultures (seven) the inoculation with both cultures 52
and 48 in the sequence and under the conditions stated, yielded complete
immunity.
" The results obtained in the investigation, thus far reported, are such as to
afford, for the first time, complete control over infection in rabbits with prob-
ably any virulent strain of the fowl cholera bacterium. The method thus found
successful for the active immunization of rabbits will now be employed, perhaps
with modifications, in an attempt to produce a corresponding active immunity
in birds."
See also previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 485.)
Spirochetosis of fowls, S. von Ratz {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914),
No. 7, pp. 117-119). — The author has demonstrated the occurrence in Hungary
of a spirochetosis of poultry, which affects chickens, geese, and ducks. He
finds that the spirochetes may remain alive in the blood during a period of from
86 to 48 hours after death, during which time they are virulent.
A disease of the wattles of fowls, H. R. Seddon (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria,
12 {19W, No. 7, pp. 426-428, figs. 2).— A so-called wattle disease investigated
by the author at the Melbourne University Veterinary School appears to be
a localized form of fowl cholera in which the causal microbe gains entrance into
the wattles and remains there, giving rise to two very marked symptoms,
namely, (1) enlargement, due to the presence of inflammatory fluid, and later
(2) distortion, with the formation of hard nodules of cheesy material in the
wattle.
ETJKAI ENXJINEERING.
Irrigation, F. L. Bixby {New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 41-47). — Brief de-
scriptions of the calibration of a submerged orifice, measurements of water on
the mesa plats, a study of end contractions in Cippoletti weirs, duty of water
investigations in orchard irrigation, and irrigation of onions and tomatoes
are given.
In the duty of water investigations in orchards it was found that in compar-
ing the flooding method by checks and the furrow method the different amounts
of water produced very little difference in the material growth of the tree.
The 4-in. irrigation appeared to be the best amount to use. In connection
with the furrow irrigation it was impracticable to irrigate with large streams
of water.
Loss of water in irrigation systems, P. M. Fogg {Engin. and Contract., 41
{1914), No. 25, pp. 720-72^).— Considerable data gathered by the Irrigation In-
vestigations of this Oflice and by the U. S. Reclamation Service on evaporation
losses, field evaporation, percolation losses, methods of loss prevention, waste
water, etc., are reviewed and discussed.
Irrigation by " zaaidams," C. J. v. Zyl {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 7
{1914), ^0. 4^ PP- 403-495). — ^A method by which moisture is conserved in the
soil by the construction of walls of earth, or ordinary earthen embankments, in
which flood water is impounded and allowed to soak thoroughly into the soil is
described.
Gate structures for irrigation canals, F. C. Scobey {U. B. Dept. Agr. BuU
115 {1914), PP- 61, pis. 12, figs. IS). — This bulletin describes and illustrates a
large number of designs of small and medium-sized gate structures adapted to
many localities for controlling the flow of water In ditches and canal systems.
These include headgates and floodgates to regulate the water entering the system
fi'om the source of supply, check gates to regulate the water while within the
BUBAL ENGINEEEING. 783
canal, sand nnd waste gates to control the water wlilch is to be turned out and
wasted, branch canal lateral and delivery gates to regulate the water turned
out to branches of the system or to users, and bifurcation works and division
gates to regulate the flow of water In the main canal and that passing into
branches or laterals.
The author does not attempt to treat the subject fully, but gives examples of
structures which are said to serve the purpose for which they ai'e intended
better than many others in common use. Since local conditions control many
features of gate structures the descriptions given relate to existing structures
In actual use which it is believed will prove suggestive and can be readily
adapted to other conditions by local engineers and ditch owners.
The drainage of irrigated land, J. P. Marais {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa,
7 (1914), No. 3, pp. 353-356).— The author briefly relates the results of his
experience in the drainage of irrigated land, particularly referring to methods
of removing injurious alkali salts.
Drainage and reclamation of swamp and overflowed lands, C. Kettle-
BOBOUGH {Ind. Bur. Leg. Inform. Bill. 2 (1914), PP- 68). — It is the purpose of
this pamphlet to present briefly the evolution, progress, and present status of
drainage and drainage legislation in Indiana ; to enumerate and discuss the
most significant results achieved in other States; to point out the inadequacy
of the present system in the State, the magnitude and economic importance of
the question, and to suggest plans to bring the drainage laws of the State into
harmony with those of the other States and thus promote the rapid and perma-
nent reclamation of nonarable swamp lands.
Drainage investigations on the northeast Missouri prairie, M. F. Miller,
C. B. Hutchison, T. R. Douglass, and R. R. Hudelson (Missouri 8ta. Bui.
118 (1914), PP- 44^-497, figs. 5). — Tile drainage experiments to determine the
actual economic gain in crop yields and to determine the relation of under-
drainage to fertilization are reported, together with a summary of data
secured from farmers who have had experience with tile drainage.
It is concluded in general that for the wet sloughs and sags found in the
region the use of tile is a very paying proposition. " On the tight level prairie
where the water passes to the tile more slowly it is necessary to lay the tile
from 4 to 6 rods apart for satisfactory work, thus greatly increasing the cost.
, . . However, where the land is very level and where the tile are propei'ly
put in, the tiling of this land will pay. On the prairie land that drains well
naturally . . . while tiling may pay, this will depend upon the crops grown
and the particular character of the land in question. The return In such
cases is therefore doubtful."
The fertilizer experiments indicated that when large supplies of available
fertilizers are added there is less need for tiling and the profit from it is
reduced. Drainage without any fertilizer treatment gave a total increase per
acre on all crops for six years after laying the tile of $26.55, or within $1.33 of
the cost of tiling. As an investment it seems profitable to apply manure and
rock phosphate on this soil, even more profitable to use bone meal and turn
under an occasional crop of cowpeas, while lime returns a good percentage on
the investment where the land is not drained. Upon tiling, the plant food in
the soil becomes more available and the detrimental effects of the acid are
removed, so that the only profitable soil treatment seems to be the use of a
legume green manure crop to supply nitrogen and organic matter which are
decidedly lacking."
In addition to general suggestions as to the laying of tile it Is further con-
cluded not to be advisable to use a smaller size of tile than 4-in. In any case,
and In systems draining more than 30 acres an 8-in. main is usually more
784 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
satisfactory. As regards disUiuce apart of laterals it is concluded that 6 rods
is about the maximum width for the level prairie. The proper depth on the
prairie seems to be around 2i to 2f ft. on the average, although the actual
depth varies from 2 to 3^ ft.
Drainage problems in the Ganges delta, C. Addams- Williams (Calcutta^
1913, pp. 35, pis. 19). — This book comprises a series of six lectures in which it
is proposed to illustrate the practical application of mathematical principles
in the design of the drainage works for delta lands. TTie discussion is con-
fined to actual problems encountered by the author in the Ganges delta near
Calcutta. The formation of the Ganges delta and the reclamation in the tidal
portions of the delta are discussed in some detail, followed by a discussion of
the practical design of the necessary drainage works. Maps and detailed draw-
ings of drainage works and specific structures are included.
Some interesting experiments in hydraulics (Dom. Engin., 68 (1914), No.
2, p. 33, figs. 2). — Experimental data are given in tabular form showing the
actual quantity of water which bibbs of sizes from i in. to li in. will discharge.
A proportional-flow weir. E. W. Rettgeb {Engin. News, 11 (191^), No. 26,
pp. 1409, 1410, figs. 2). — By means of mathematical analysis the author points
out that a weir who.se width at any point is inversely proportional to the square
root of the height of that point above the crest will have a theoretical discharge
exactly proportional to the head. By means of further mathematical analysis
he outlines a process for slightly modifying the theoretical shape of such a weir
so that the coefiicient of discharge will be constant for different heads.
Modern pumping machinery, R. W. Allen (Sci. Amer. Sup., 78 {1914), No.
2009, pp. S-11, figs. 10). — The author deals chiefly with the mechanism of
pumping outfits as used for the drainage of the fens in England, which employ
vertical steam and horizontal oil engines driving horizontal spindle centrifugal
pumps. The description is confined to outfits representing some of the more
recent works in the district. Diagrammatic and other illustrations of important
features are given.
Some tests on pipe reinforcing {Cement Era, 12 {1914), No. 7, pp. 44^ 45,
figs. 8). — Tests are reported on 6-in. sections of concrete pipe 22 in. in diameter
find 2.2 in. thick, reinforced with 2 circular bands of No. 7 bright wire placed
3 in. apart on centers, thus bringing them 11 in. from the outside edges. Each
band consisted of an inner and outer hoop, the inner hoop being placed f in.
from the inner wall and the outer i in. from the outer wall. The two hoops were
fastened together by (1) 6 radial ties, (2) 12 radial ties, (3) 6 radial ties and
6 tangential ties, and (4) 6 radial ties and ties in truss form.
The average load at failure of four unreinforced specimens was 328 lbs. The
respective average loads at first crack for four specimens with each type of re-
inforcing were 465, 577, 835, and 1,047 lbs. ; and at failure 1,413, 1.490, 1,645,
and 1,770 lbs., thus showing the truss tied reinforcing to be much the strongest
type.
The use of paint films as protective coatings for concrete, E. E. Wabe and
S. M. SCHOTT {Concrete-Cement Age, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 177-181, figs. 5).—
This paper discusses the basic principles of successfully coating concrete sur-
faces and reports investigations on the relative merits of various concrete coat-
ing materials. The materials were applied to the surfaces of concrete and stucco
panels and given an exposure test extending over about two years. To indicate
the leaching out of lime, one-half the surface of each panel was painted after
one year's exposure with a green paint, the pigment in which was a mixture
of chrome yellow and Prussian blue. Conclusions from the test are as follows :
•'Assuming water to be an Important agent in the disintegration of concrete
and stucco, there is a necessity for a system of waterproofing that will prevent
RURAL ENGINEERING. 785
absorption. ... No coating compound can be successful that will disintegrate
under the influence of the weather. . . . Although linoxyn Is readily saponl-
fiable in the cold, there is not, under ordinary conditions, enough lime carried
out by tlie small amount of water that may penetrate a paint film In good condi-
tion, to cause disintegration of the film. . . . The absence of stains on the
green test paint film in the ca.ses of some of the panels, the coats of which
showed disintegration at the time of application of the green, would indicate
that the lime at the surface of the panels hud become pretty well carbonated
within the first year. Any stucco exposed to the weather for a year's time can
be coated .satisfactorily with a good outside paint. A successful concrete coating
material should be compounded on the same basis as is used for a satisfactory
outside paint for wood, with only such adjustments in composition as tend to
make it more nearly impervious, and these must not be made at the expense of
the elasticity and general durability of the film."
An analysis of worn out and ravelled macadam surfaces with, suggestions
as to treatment, E. A. Stevens (Engin. and Contract., 42 (1914), No. 1, pp. H,
15). — The author points out that ravelling of macadam surfaces is due to (1) im-
proper construction, (2) overload, or (3) neglect. Reconstruction of defective
sections is the remedy suggested for the first cause of raveling, resurfacing with
a better type of surface for the second, and repair of the old surface for the
third. It is pointed out in this connection that a road structure may be so
maintained as to increase its carrying capacity greatly, thus making the prob-
lem largely one of economics and administration.
The prevention of the subcrust movement in roads, E. S. Sinnott {Sur-
veyor, 46 (1914), No. 1112, pp. 9-11, figs. 7). — A means for preventing the lateral
and longitudinal movement of material forming the subcrust of highways under
heavy traffic is described and illustrated. The essential feature is that longi-
tudinal and cross members are placed at a suitable depth below the surface
to preclude any movement of the subcrust and at the same time to provide a
means of constructing an impervious arch of tarred macadam to carry the
traffic. It is thought best to construct the frames of reinforced concrete.
Carburation in theory and practice, R. W. A. Bbewer {New York, 1913, pp.
VIII +253, figs. 70). — It is the puriwse of this book to provide in convenient
form information upon the properties of various fuels, what treatment these
fuels require for use in an engine, and what has been done in the past in
order to obtain the necessary data upon which to base the theory. Chapter 1
gives a general outline of the subject, explaining terms used, describing early
carburetting devices, and discussing the general pi-inciples of carburation and
modern requirements. The succeeding chapters deal with the following sub-
jects: Vaporization and evaporation; limits of combustion — air and heat re-
quired ; inlet pipes and inertia ; the flow of fuel through small orifices ; the
annulus; Brewer's fuel orifice; special jets; moving parts; float chambers;
petrol substitutes; exhaust gas analyses ; rri carburettors. The closing chap-
ters consist of descriptions of some of the best-known carburettors with
criticisms thereon. Appendixes give tabular data as to equivalents, conversion
from degrees Baumg to specific gravity, and properties of gases.
Simple water testing, P. Edelman {Chicago, 1913, pp. 50, figs. 20). — This
pamphlet outlines quick, cheap, and practical methods of analyzing boiler
feed-water, and for regulating the 111 effects of impurities.
Steam plowing experiments in the Aira estate, Kheri, United Provinces,
B, C. BuET {Agr. Jour. India, 9 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-6, pis. 2). — Plowing experi-
ments on heavy grass land with an alluvial soil very sandy in places, using a
single-cylinder oil-burning steam tractor of about 25 brake horseiwwer,
dragging two sets of 3-disk plows, and cutting furrows 10 in. wide and about
786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
8 In. deep, showed that for this class of work the single-cylinder tractor was
hardly powerful enough as even on the best land it was imposible to plow at
top speed. It is stated that the cost of plowing per acre will vary enor-
mously with the land to be plowed, and the amount to be charged for interest
and depreciation will always be a matter of opinion, but that the cost of plow-
ing virgin land is reasonable and much less than that of hand digging.
Buildings for small holdings in England and "Wales {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries
ILondon], Rpt. on Buildings for Small Holdings, 1913, pp. 122, pis. 37). — This
report describes and discusses what are considered to be the most suitable build-
ings and equipment for small farms from the English viewpoint. The main
points considered are the small holder's house, farm buildings, unusual materials
and methods of construction, building by-laws, and the rural laborer's cottage.
Appendixes to the main report deal with such subjects as particulars of houses,
farm buildings and fencing erected in connection with small holdings, the in-
crease in rent per acre attributable to the cost of erecting farm buildings of
brick and timber, and the creosoting of timber.
It is concluded that as regards the cost of equipment generally some saving
may be effected if houses and farm buildings are erected either in pairs or
groups within a limited area, thus allowing reductions (1) in the quantity of
necessary materials and (2) in the cost of supervision; by standardizing fit-
tings: and by the provision of common roads and water supply. Other more
specific conclusions are given regarding the design and materials of construc-
tion of houses and farm buildings and health regulations. A number of detail
plans of buildings and equipment accompany the report.
Silo building, W. D. Nicholls (Kentucky Sta. Ext. Circ. 18 (1914), pp. 24,
figg^ 8). — This circular gives general information regarding silos and silage and
the construction of stave and concrete silos.
How to build a Gurler silo, P. M. Brandt (Missouri Sta. Circ. 67 (1914),
pp. 247-257, figs. 10). — This circular is mainly a reprint of a previous one on
the same subject (E. S. R., 25, p. 891).
Mississippi poultiy house, D. Scoates (Mississippi Sta. Circ, 1914, Mar.,
pp. 8, figs. 7). — The poultiy house is described and diagrammatically illustrated.
The essential features are as follows: (1) It has an open front, (2) is raised
2 ft. off the ground, (3) it can be opened on all sides, and (4) it is inexpensive.
This poultry house "is designed especially for the Mississippi farmer, . . .
should not cost over $35, and where lumber can be bought very cheap, and
the work done by farm hands at leisure times, it can be put up much cheaper."
Sheep-dipping tanks, B. G. L. Enslin (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 7 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 360-371, figs. 11).— In this article are given detailed plans, specifica-
tions, and descriptive and other information for the construction of an improved
design for a circular sheep-dipping tank. TLe circular tank is recommended in
preference to any other form because of its cheapness of construction, economy
in the consumption of dipping material, and the better results obtained with
less labor in dipping operations because the sheep can be kept swimming the
full period of its immersion. The tank is supplied with a receiving yard, forc-
ing pen, entrance race, inslide, outslope, dripping pens, and a drying yard. The
maximum diameter is 6 ft., which decreases toward the bottom, and the ap-
proximate capacity is 505 gal. The tank itself and the outslope are built
of bricks laid in ordinary blue hydraulic lime mortar with the inside plastered
with cement mortar.
Sewage disposal for country homes, H. W. Riley ( Cornell Reading Courses,
3 (1914), No. 59, pp. 149-187, figs. 27).— The purpose of this pamphlet "Is to
suggest to persons in country homes better methods of disposing of household
wastes than by means of the slop-pail and the outdoor privy." Although in-
RURAL ECONOMICS. 787
tended to be of popular interest, the treatment is such as make it also of con-
siderable technical value. Sanitation, particularly with regard to water sup-
plies, is the main feature of the introduction, and is kept in mind throughout
the entire discussion. Different sections describe and discuss types of sewage
disposal systems ; the septic tank and its proper design ; the tile purifying system,
its design, location, and construction ; and types of septic tank systems, including
the sink and barrel septic tank; sink, direct closet and barrel, or concrete,
septic tanks; direct closet and chemical tank; and the type Y and metal septic-
tanks.
The most important of these appears to be the Y septic tank, which is .1
single-chamber, continuous-discharge tank of standard depth and variable
length and width. The tank is of concrete, and inclined baffle boards are placed
before the inlet and outlet, with a vertical bottom baffle near the outlet. New
features of the purification system are the so-called sewage switch and sewage
divider. The switch is designed to divert the sewage from one section of the
system to another, and the divider to effect thorough distribution.
The L. R. S. sanitary privy (E. S. R., 25, p. 891), and the Kentucky sanitary
privy are also described,
A number of illustrations accompany the te.xt.
Sanitary sewag'e disposal without sewers {Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd. Health, 11
{1914), ^o. 4, pp. 42, 43y fiffs. 2). — ^A recent development in septic tanks for
residential sewage disposal, which is composed mainly of Imhoff features, is
described and diagrammatically illustrated.
Screening as an antimalarial measure, H. R. Carter (Pub. Health 7^p^s^
[U. &'.], Reprint 183 (1914), pp- 12). — This paper discusses some of the more
important points regarding the use of screens in houses and mosquito bnrs for
beds.
RURAL ECONOMICS.
The business of fanning, W. C. Smith {Cincinnati, Ohio, 1914, PP- 292, pis.
S9). — The author believes that for farming to be successful the soil should be
plowed deep and thoroughly prepared, the best quality and variety of seed and
live stock should be used, crop rotation should be followed in such a way that
the soil should be supplied with an ample amount of plant food, all by-products
should be utilized In a business-like way. the best machinery should be pur-
chased and properly handled, the housewife should know how to prepare
properly the right kind of foods to make the farmer and his family efficient
in their work, the farmer should keep sufficient accounts or records to be able
to determine whether any part of his business pays, and that he should be
given sufficient credit to carry on his farm operations to the greatest advant<ige-
Some suggestions for city persons who desire to farm, G. F. Wabren"
(New York Cornell Sta. Circ. 24 (1914), PP- 29-40). — This circular was pre-
pared for inexperienced persons making farm investments. It points out that
farming is a complicated business, requires considerable experience for suc-
cess, and while for one who knows how to farm it offers a wholesome living
and a modest profit, it requires a considerable amount of capital, the returns
from some investments do not even come in the farmer's lifetime, and aside
from increases in land values it very rarely results in even small fortunes.
The fact that food and housing are cheaper on the farm makes it more at-
tractive for persons with a large family.
The way suggested to begin farming is to raise crops, as if one can not make
a profit at this he has no need for buildings. The beginner should follow the
practices of the best farmers of the region. The way for the young man ta
66492°— No. *— 14 7
^S^ EXPEKIMENT STATION REOOKD.
prepare for farming is by working as a hired man on a farm, and unless tlie
aaature man can earn good farm wages for some one else he is not ready t«
41rect a farm himself.
Social life in the country, Maey W. Ketes (Home Prog., S (1914), No. 1$,
fp, 472-475) .—The author suggests that to improve the social life of the farm
woman, every woman should know how to harness and drive a horse and should
liaTe one at her disposal. Among other means suggested are the use of the
§chool house or church parlor, both of which should be supplied with a cook-
ing stove. Entertainment should be encouraged in the form of good music,
amateur plays, and the serious study of some elevating topic.
Jleport of the Pennsylvania Rural Progress Association, 1914 (Rpt. Petm.
Rural Prog. Assoc, 1914, PP- 24, figs. 11). — The purpose of this association is to
promote a wider study and consideration of the relation of rural problems t»
i^he welfare of the State. This report describes various means that have been
\ised toward this end, and gives the constitution of the association and the
programs of various country life conferences in which it took a part.
Scottish Agricultural Organization Society {Scot. Agr. Organ. Soc. Rpt.
1913, pp. 161). — This report contains a statement of the year's work, a list of
^he leaflets issued by the society, outlines of meetings held, and accounts and
reports of affiliated societies.
An analysis of rural banking conditions in Illinois, C. L. Stewart ([Oftam-
paign, III.}, 1914, pp. 38, figs. 11). — By means of a questionnaire sent to rural
bankers and to county institute officials the Illinois Bankers Association under-
took to determine the "ability with which and the conditions under which
Illinois farmers secure personal and mortgage credit and to define the relation
between banks and farmers within the State."
The returns indicate that the farmers comprise 75 per cent of the customers
*nd 45 per cent of the stockholders and own 40 per cent of the stock. The
average rate paid the farmer depositors was 3 to 4 per cent. Sixty-three per
cent of the loans were to farmers, and it was maintained that they receive as
good or better treatment than any other class. The average rate of interest
on long-term loans was G.27 and on short-term loans 6.68 per cent. The usual
period for short-term loans was 6 months. Of the farms mortgaged, it is esti-
mated that the mortgages were for 4S per cent of their value.
The bankefs also reported that 75 per cent of the tenants were satisfactory
persons to whom to loan money. They were opposed to lo.ining money for more
than from 10 to 20 years, and favored the Torrens system of land title.
The purpose of the law concerning long and short time credit in Prance,
i^. NoGARo (Rev. Econ. Internat., 11 {1914), II , A"o- 3, pp. 438-459). — This article
discusses the organization of credit in France and its weak points, the function
of the large banking companies, renewal of local banks, and establishment of
district banks. It calls attention to the scarcity of people's banks in towns in
contrast with their frequency in rural districts and the recent proposals for
\jtilizing the 20,000,000 francs of the Bank of France to aid the development of
the people's banks in towns. It also discusses the new laws that have been
proposed concerning banks and banking combinations.
The shifting of labor in agriculture, S. Schultz {Neue Zcit, 32 {1913),
i, Nos. 11-12, pp. 411-417; 12-19, pp. 447-456) .—Prior to 1890 the number of
shifting laborers in Germany was so small as to attract but little attention. In
1S90 about 17,000 came from the surrounding countries, but in 1910-11 there
were 096,000, of which 388,000 were employed in agriculture. The larger part
gf them came from Russia and Austria. The author also discusses the influence
of this element in the Intenititlonal labor market and the oecessity for it where
agriculture i* extensive rather than intensive.
BUBAL ECONOMICS. 789
Lure of the land (Missouri Red Book, 1913, pt. 1, pp. VII -^-613, pis. 181,
figs. 6). — This volume sets forth the resources, advantages, and opportunities
along the line of agriculture, manufacturing, and mining in the State of Mis-
souri, Various phases of the agricultural industries of the State are fully
described and illustrated,
A practical treatise .on the agriculture of northern Africa, C. RiviiiEE and
H. Lecq {Traitv Prntique D'Agriculture pour Ic Nord de L'Afrique. Paris, 191.^.
pp. II I -{-1090, figs. 31). — This report contains detailed information concerning
climate, soil, agricultural machinery, forage plants, cereals, industrial crops,
live stock, diseases of plants and animals, colonization, and legislation concern-
ing agriculture.
The agriculture of Belgian Kongo (Min. Colon. Belg., Rap. Agr, Congo
Beige, 1911-12, pp. 548, pis. S, figs. 269).— This annual report describes the
crganization and administration of the work for the advancement of agricul-
ture, and methods that are being employed to improve the native crops and
farm animals, and to introduce new plants and pure-bred live stock. A large
part of the report is devoted to conditions in Katanga. The report is fully
illustrated.
The agricultural outlook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 60Jf. {191^), pp.
24)- — This report contauis a general review of crop conditions on June 3, 1914,
and gives statistical tables showing the acreage conditions, estimate<l produc-
tion, and prices for wheat, oats, and barley, and the condition and prices of
many other farm crops and pro<lucts. The condition of the principal crops was
found to be about 2.2 per cent above the average of the last ten years.
The outlook for the 1014 foreign wheat crops was found to be fully normal
except in a few countries. The proportion of the world's wheat crops har-
vested each month was estimated as follows: January 5, February 1, March 3,
April 7, May 4, June 15, July 35, August 25, September 2, October and November
practically none, and December 3 per cent.
The prices of farm products during May indicated that the increase this year
was less than the average increase during the last five years. The condition
of cotton on May 25 was estimated as 74.3 per cent of normal, as compared with
80.4 as the average for the last ten years.
The quantities of apples shipped by rail and water during the past season
amounted to only G4 per cent of the shipments for the previous year. The
greatest falling off was in the North Central States west of the Mississippi
River.
The agricultural outlook (V. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 611 {1914), pp. 39,
figs. 2). — The composite condition of all crops of the United States on July 1,
1914, was about 1.4 per cent above the 10-year average condition on that date,
indicating conditions about 8.7 per cent better than the outturn of crops last
year. The forecast for the domestic wheat crop is 930,000.000 bushels, or the
largest ever produced, but the condition of the foreign wheat crop indicates a
considerable deficiency.
Statistical data are included showing for cotton and tobacco the acreage and
condition on July 1, and for sugar beets the area planted in 1913-14 and area
harvested in 1913. The condition of practically all farm crops, the prices paid
to producers of agricultural products on June 15, and the range of prices of
agricultural products at iiarket centers are shown by statistical tables.
In addition, C. J. Brand discusses marketing by parcel post (pp. 16-22) and
reports as to trial shipments of several commodities. He concludes that there
are many conditions and circumstances under which the use of parcel post for
marketing will not prove economical, but that there are many others, especially
for particular products and under particular conditions, for which parcel post
790 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
transportation would seem the only reasonable and economical method. " It is
not expected that parcel post marketing will supplant usual methods, but its
proper use should certainly make it a valuable supplement to these under all
conditions and a check upon other methods when they are not being applied
with fairness either to the producer or the consumer, or to both."
G. O. White discusses the car supply in relation to the marketing of the
wheat crop in 1914 (pp. 23-26). One of the greatest drawbacks has been failure
to load and xmload promptly and too frequent reconsigning of shipments. Indi-
cations are that shippers and carriers are cooperating this year more closely
than ever before in their efforts to avert a car shortage in the movement of
the wheat crop.
A popular article by F. M. Webster on the Hessian fly (pp. 12-16) is also
included.
Prices and supplies of corn, live stock, and other agricultural produce in
England and Wales {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London'], Agr. Statis., 48 {1918),
No. 3, pp. 187-277, figs. 3). — This annual report contains statistical data showing
for 1913 the prices of agricultural products when sold off of farms and at cer-
tain markets and the quantity entering various markets by months. Compara-
tive data for the average annual prices are given for earlier years. The trade in
live stock between Great Britain and Ireland is shown for 1876-1913.
Agricultural statistics of Germany (Statis. JahrJ). Deut. Reich. 35 {1914),
pp. 37-58). — This yearbook gives statistical data showing for 1S95-1907 the
number of farms by sizes, and the total area devoted to different agricultural
purposes for each size; the area, production, and average yield of the principal
farm crops for 190.3-1913 ; the number and value of live stock for 1873-1912 ; and
the number of live stock slaughtered from 1905-1913.
[Agricultural] statistics of New Zealand, 1912 (Statis. New Zeal., 1912,
vol. 2, pp. 489-545). — This annual report contains statistical data concerning
land settlement, the number of agricultural holdings by sizes, land tenure, the
number of live stock, and the areas devoted to different agricultural pui-poses.
International statistics relating to agriculture {Statis. JaJirh. Deut. Reich.
S5 (1914), pp. 18*-27*). — This section contains statistical data showing the
number of persons employed in agriculture; total land area; area devoted to
agriculture and forestry ; area, production, and average yield of wheat, rye,
barley, and potatoes ; number of live stock ; prices of agricultural products at the
principal markets; and production of sugar, cotton, silk, and cocoa in the more
important countries.
International statistics of agriculture (Ann. Statis. [France], 32 (1912), pp.
1S5*-193*). — This section contains statistical tables showing the area and pro-
duction of wheat, oats, potatoes, and vineyards for 1850-1913, and the number
of live stock for 1835-1910.
AGBICULTTJEAL EDUCATION
The training of agricultural chemists and the organization of agricultural
chemical institutions, O. Lemmermann (Landw. Vers. Stat., S3 (1913), No. 3-4,
pp. 317-335). — Among the reasons discussed by the autlior for the lack of
adequately trained officials for experiment stations and related institutions are
the need of a special training course, but more particularly the unsatisfactory
remuneration, conditions of tenure, and future prospects of such positions. A
suggested course of study is outlined, together with examinations for chemists
training for the position of agricultural chemist in agricultural experiment sta-
tions, control stations, and related institutions. The training of agriculturists
AGKICULTUEAL EDUCATION. 791
desiring to become agricultural chemists in experiment stations and problems of
station organization are also discussed, the author recommending that all control
work be separated from the experiment station.
Popular agricultural instruction and its methods, P. De Vtjtst (Vie Artr.
et Rurale, 3 {1914), No. 24, pp. 656-658). — The author discusses the object of the
popularization of agricultural science, general and professional agricultural
instruction and the influence of the former, and methods of popularizing agricul-
tural instruction.
A plan for the introduction of the teaching of elementary agriculture
{Trenton, N. J.: Dcpt. Pub. Instr., 1914, 2. cd. rev., pp. 19). — This is a revised
edition of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 598). Suggestions for
rating the agricultural work of schools adopting this plan, estimating credits,
iind examinations in elementary agriculture have been added.
School and home exercises in elementary agriculture, B. M. Davis {Colum-
bus, Ohio, 1914, pp. 96, figs. 12). — This loose-leaf manual is an extension and
revision of a series of exercises on The Soil and its Relation to Plants, previously
noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 390), and is intended as a supplement to a text-book.
Each exercise consists of an explanation and directions for carrying out a
project or problem by the pupil, together with a brief statement of familiar
facts and practices which the observed results help to explain, and a list of
references to literature on the subject.
Suggestions for teaching household arts and agriculture {Atlanta, Oa.:
Dept. Ed., 1913, pp. 67, figs. 29). — Directions are given for making a hotbed and
children's home gardens, corn club work, housekeeping and sanitation in the
rural school, and suggestions as to where, what, why, and how cooking should
be taught in rural schools, serving, canning and preserving, sewing, darning,
patching, and manual training.
A plan for the development of home economics along the line of practical
education, Cornelia Palmek (Timely Helps for Farmers [Col. Agr. Univ. Me.},
7 (1914), /V'o. 10, pp. 77-84; Rural Educator, 4 (1914), No. 3, pp. 54-56).— A
general scheme of home economics education from kindergarten to university
is suggested as well as some of the possibilities of home economics training in
schools.
Field crop production, G. Livingston (New York, 1914, pp. XIX +424, figs.
135). — This book is intended for use in agricultural schools and in elementary
coui'ses in colleges, but in no sense as a complete or exhaustive treatise on the
subject such as would be desired for regular college courses in field crops. It
describes the various field crops, discusses their history, types, uses, production,
cultural methods, diseases and insect enemies, etc., and includes a chapter each
on crop rotation and on the marketing of grain. A brief list of references, a
list of the agricultural experiment stations in this country, a table showing the
composition of field crops, and review questions are appended.
Corn growing (N. J. Dept. Pub. Instr., El. Agr. Leaflet 3, rev. (1914), pp.
23). — This is a revised edition of the leaflet previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p.
598), in which many additions, including references to books and bulletins, sug-
gestions to teachers, etc., have been made.
Papers set at the examinations in horticulture, 1893 to 1913 (London: Roy.
Hort. 80c., 1913, pp. 33). — This publication contains lists of the examination
questions for the years 1893-1913, inclusive, for the general, school teachers', and
public parks examinations in horticulture.
The beginner's garden book, A. French (New York, 1914, pp. 'VIII-{-402,
figs. 211). — This text-book for the use of upper grammar grades with beginners
in gardening is arranged in four sections, namely, autumn work, winter work,
792 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
gardening under glass, and the real garden, thus completing the garden cycle.
Each chapter is followed by review questions and each section by general review
questions. A planting list and table, directions for the draining of a garden
and for trenching, and a table of the length of life and the space values of
vegetable seeds are appended.
Project study outlines for vegetable growing {Bui. Bd. Ed. Mass., No. 9
(1913), pp. 127). — This bulletin consists of project study outlines, incorporating
questions and references prepared by agricultural instructors, for producing and
disposing of 16 of the mox'e common vegetables.
Trees and forests (.V. J. Dept. PuJ). Instr., El. Agr. Leaflet 9 {1918), pp. 15,
pis. J). — A discussion of the relations of instruction in forestry to other school
subjects is followed by an article on trees and forests, the object of v.-hich is to
show the relation of tree life to human life and something of the methods of
physiology and arboriculture. It contains many suggestions for the guidance
of teachers and pui)ils.
Collection and preservation of insects and other material for use in the
study of agriculture, C. H. Lane and N. Banks (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 606 {191.'f), pp. 18, figs. 15). — ^This publication was prepared for use by
teachers in rural schools, and suggests methods of collecting, preparing, mount-
ing, and preserving insect specimens and similar illustrative materials.
A dairy laboratory guide, H. E. Ross {Neto York, 191Jf, pp. F/+84). — "This
manual is designed as a guide to students in dairy laboratory work, with just
enough explanation given to supplement the exercises which are outlined in
the manual. It is not intended for a text-book and should not be used in the
place of one."
Bench and tools for the farm mechanics shop, E. L. Usby {Rural Edu-
cator, 3 {191Jf), No. If, pp. 68, 69, 67). — In this article the author shows how a
shop or work room may be equipped satisfactorily for a moderate sum. Direc-
tions for making a 5-ft. bench, material for which would not exceed $2.50, are
given ; also a list of tools bused on a G-bench outfit which can be obtained for
not to exceed $70.
Simple lessons in nature study, J. O'Neill {London, Glasgow, Bombay, pp.
X+11-122, figs. 82). — The author outlines simple lessons in plant and bird life
for the assistance of teachers.
The study of flowers in the first grade, Ida V. Flowers {Atlantic Ed. Jour.,
$ (191^t), No. 10, pp. 19-23, fig. 1). — A vrorking plan for a series of three lessons
dealing with one flower — the dandelion — is pi-esented.
Tree study in the first grade, Ida V. Flowers {Atla7itic Ed. Jour., 9 {1913),
Nos. 2, pp. 70, 71; 3, pp. 116, 117; 9 {1914), No. 6, pp. 212-215).— This series
of suggestive lessons for use in the fall, winter, and spring is intended to teach
some of the values of trees, to increase and train observation and as an at-
tractive center for the study of seasonal changes.
For Arbor Bay and Bird Day {Atlantic Ed. Jour., 9 {1914), A'o- ~, PP- 250-
259, figs. 2). — This collection of timely material and suggestions for the obser-
vation of Arbor and Bird Days includes The Significance of Arbor Day, by
A. S. Draper; Suggestions to Teachers and Some Common Birds, by K. C.
Davis; Wild Flowers, by R. E. Wagner; suggested program for Arbor Day;
suggestions for the observation of Bird Day, by the Illinois Audubon Society ;
and poems.
Preparing normal students to teach children about birds, G. H. Tbafton
(Nature-mudy Rev., 10 {1914), No. 3, pp. 84-93).— The work with birds at the
Mankato (Minn.) State Normal School, which may be divided into laboratory
work, field trips, and class discussions, is outlined as well as the bird study.
AGMCULTUBAL EDUCATION, 79 S
extending through the eight grammar grades, carried out in the training
schools.
The nests of some common birds, R. E. Wageb (Nature-Study Rev., Id
(1914), ^0- 4, PP- 131-151, figs. 11). — This is a study of the nests and eggs of
some of the more common birds.
Some insect studies, Alice J. Patterson (Nature-Study Rev., 10 (1914), ^0%
3, pp. lOS-113). — The author describes a study of insects taken up in the fall
in a nature study course in the Illinois State Normal University.
Industrial and commercial g'eography, J. R. Smith (New York, 1913, pp.
XI -{-914, pis. 2, fiys. 242). — The author has divided his book into two parts, th*
first treating geography from the point of view of specific industries and th^
second from the point of view of commerce. Under the first part he has chap^
ters on the place and nature of agriculture ; tlie cereals ; starchy foods ; aniinaH
industry; the vegetable, fruit, and wine industries; sugar; and condiments and
tobacco.
Making' practical use of the decimal point, K. L. Hatch (Rural Educator^
S (1914), No. 6, pp. 119, 118). — A home project with resulting problems in the
keeping of feed and production records of dairy herds by school children is de^
scribed to illustrate the practical use of the decimal ijoint.
Corn arithmetic, C. W. Stone (Atlantic Ed. Jour., 9 (1913), Nos. 1, pp. 7, S;
2, pp. 53, 54; 3, pp. 87, 88, 90; 4, pp. 14S, 149; 10 (1914), Nos. 5, pp. lSO-183,
figs. 3; 6, pp. 207-210, figs. 2; 7, pp. 260-262, figs. 2).— It is the pui-pose of these
articles to ofl'er suggestions to teachers for vitalizing the teaching of arithmetic^
agriculture, composition, and country life manual training in the upper gram°
mar and lower high school grades. Problems in arithmetic are used to help de^
cide whether it pays to select and care for seed corn properly, how much differ*
ence the variety may make in the corn crop, to help determine the importance
of crop rotation in corn raising, the relative value of various means of maintain*
ing the fertility of the soil, the waste of harvesting corn — advantages of the silOi
liow well it pays to test seed corn, and the possibilties of corn breeding.
The agricultural demonstration field, G. A. Beicker (Rural Educator, 3
(1914), No. 4, pp.. 65, 66, figs. 2). — The practical phases of planning and making
school demonstration fields using one-eightieth of an acre as a unit are dis-
cussed. In the author's opinion it makes little difference from the eflncational
standpoint whether a school or a home demonstration field is used ; but where
feasible the school field is to be recommended.
School gardens, P. Esseb (In Handhuch der naturgeschichtUchen Techniks
Leipsic and Berlin, 1914, pp. 319-339). — This article, in the Handbook of the
Technique of the Natural Sciences issued by Prof. Bastian Schmid, discusses
the selection of a site, cultivation, planting, care, etc., of school gardens in
general, the central propagating garden, the community school garden, and the
individual school garden in particular.
School agriculture exhibit, C. E. Wylie (Agr. Student, 20 (1914), No. 8, pp-.
SOI, 602). — The author offers suggestions for the preparation of exhibits which
include work of all classes above the second grade.
Boys' and girls' contests and clubs (Agr. Ed. [Kans. Agr. Col.], 6 (1914) ^
No. 3, pp. 30, figs. 10). — Suggestions and rules are given for conducting contests
along various lines for boys and girls, as well as directions for organizing agrl»
eultural, manual training, high school demonstration (for poultry raising,
dairying, growing tomatoes and com, and potato seed selection), and rural
Mfe clubs.
Suggestions on organizing' boys' and girls' clubs, Z. M. Smith (PurduO
UttH\ Dept. Agr. Ejet. Leaflet ^7 (1914). PP- 4)-
794 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.
Rules and regulations for the corn clubs and potato clubs for boys and
canning clubs and poultry clubs for girls, 1914 {Ky. Dept. Agr., Labor and
Statis. Bui. 15, pp. 11). — Rules and regulations for club work among the boys
and girls of the common schools are given.
Boys' pig clubs, C. S. Jones {Alabama Col. Sta. Giro. 21 (191S), pp. ^). —
This circular outlines the purpose of the boys' pig club and gives directions for
joining it, rules governing it, and the basis for determining the vrinners in club
contests.
Corn club catechism with introductory stories, W. H. Babton ( Clemson
Agr. Col. Bui., 1 {1914), ^o. 1, pp. 2^).— The object of this bulletin is to teach
children the fundamental principles of soil building and production. It includes
Accounts of the legume family, corn, etc., told in story form for children, fol-
lowed by corn club resolutions for South Carolina and a catechism for corn club
jnembers.
Suggestive programs for canning clubs, Susie V. Powell {Prog. Farmer,
go {1914), ^0. 17, p. 536, fig. 1). — Eight programs for local canning clubs are
outlined.
MISCELIAlTEOirS.
Annual Report of Florida Station, 1913 {Florida Sta. Rpt. 191Ss pp.
CXXXI-{-XlI, figs. 21). — This contains the organization list, a financial state-
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, a list of the publications of the
year, a general review of the work of the station during the year, and depart-
mental reports, the experimental features of which are for the most part ab-
stracted elsewhere in this issue.
Twenty-fourth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1913 {New Mexico
Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 58, figs. 2). — This contains the organization list, a report of
the director on the work, publications, and exchanges of the station, including
reports of heads of departments, the experimental features of which have been
for the most part previously noted or are abstracted elsewhere in this issue,
and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913.
NOTES
Arizona University. — Rufus B. von Kleinsmid, since 1909 professor of educa-
tion and psychology at DePauw University, has been appointed president. Tho
registration in the college of agriculture is 30 per cent larger than that of the
previous year.
California University and Station. — Elaborate tests of various kinds of sor-
ghums and corn for silage purposes are contemplated by the animal husbandry
department.
Dr. Walter P. Kelley of the Hawaii Federal Station has been appointed pro-
fessor of agricultural chemistry in the Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture
and the citrus substation. Woodbridge Metcalf has been appointed assistant
professor of fore!?try. R, F. Miller, formerly assistant animal husbandman
at the Montana Station, has been appointed assistant professor of animal hus-
bandry to have charge of the experimental work with sheep, and with head-
quarters at Davis. Dr. M. B. Kurtz has been appointed assistant veterinarian
in connection with the hog-cholera immunization work.
Hawaii Federal Station. — Dr. E. V. Wilcox, special agent In charge since 1908,
has returned to this Office as scientific and administrative assistant in connec-
tion with its relations with the experiment stations. J. M. Westgate, agronomist
in Forage-Crop Investigations of this Department, has been appointed agrono-
mist in charge to take effect January 1, 1915.
Idaho University and Station.— W. L. Carlyle resigned as dean and director
in September and is now secretary of the Northwestern Live Stock Association,
with offices in Moscow, Idaho. J. S. Jones, vice director of the station, is serving
as acting director. O. D. Center, of North Dakota, has been appointed director
of agricultural extension, with offices in Boise, and began his duties in October.
Stephen A. Regan has resigned as state seed commissioner to accept a position
with the grain standardization work of this Department and will be stationed
at Portland, Oreg. R. B. Coglan, state leader of county agents, has resigned
to engage in teaching in Oregon. E. M. Strate began work in October as cream-
eryman for the department of dairying.
Illinois University and Station. — W. F. Handschin has been appointed state
leader in charge of county advisory work, both under the Smith-Lever Act and
in cooperative relations with this Department, with the title of vice director of
demonstration work. Other appointments include the following instructors:
Clyde R. Newell, farm mechanics; James B. Andrews, animal husbandman;
Frederick N. Evans, landscape gardening: and Margaret B. Stanton, aiamie
Bunch (extension), Greta Gray, and Anna Williams, household science. Assist-
ants have also been appointed as follows : Claude Harper and James W. Whise-
nand, animal husbandry ; Anton Prasil, animal chemistry ; Mary H. Keith,
animal nutrition ; P. W. Allen, dairy bacteriology ; William B. Nevens and Frank
Turner, dairy husbandry; Howard D. Brown, olericulture; Edwin Deal, Herbert
W. Blaney, and John R. Van Kleek, landscape extension ; D. T. Englis, floricul-
tural chemistry; August G. Hecht and L. E. Miles, floriculture; Roy Hansen.
795
796 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
nitrogen fixation researcii; and Edward F. Torgerson and Henry DeWeiilf,
soil pliysics.
Iowa College. — C. E. Brasliear, assistant in animal husbandry at the Missouri
University and Station, has been appointed assistant to the dean of the college
of agriculture.
Kansas College and Station. — A bequest of $20,000 in memory of Davies
Wilson, who took a prominent part in the location of the college at Manhattan,
has recently become available through the death of the donor, Mrs. Wilson.
The money may be used either for the erection of a building bearing his name or
for the establishment of a permanent endowment " for the promotion of education
in the arts and sciences."
Over 100 inmates of the Federal penitentiary at Leavenworth and the state
penitentiary at Lansing are enrolled in the correspondence courses of the college.
Recent appointments include the following : Miss Margaret H. Haggart, for-
merly of the New Mexico College, as professor of domestic science; E. N.
Wentworth, of the Breeders' Gazette, as assistant professor of animal breeding
and assistant in nutrition investigations; Mrs. Rebecca Bartholomew and Miss
Nellie McClurg, assistants in domestic science; Miss Marion P. Broughten,
assistant in movable schools in home economics ; Alfred L, Clapp, superintendent,
agronomy farm ; P. L. Gainey, of the Missouri University and Station, assistant
hx bacteriology in the station; Miss Marian Harrison and Miss Florence Hunt,
assistants in domestic art ; William P. Hayes, assistant in zoology ; Miss Stella
Mather, assistant in home economics in farmers' institutes; Frank E. Mixa,
assistant in poultry husbandry ; R. B. Wiseman, assistant in farm machinery ;
E. M. Tiffany, correspondence assistant in extension ; Miss Olive Sheets, in-
structor in domestic art ; Miss Addie Root and Miss Louise Caldwell, assistants
in farmers' institutes; and Ross M. Sherwood, assistant professor of poultry
husbandry at the Iowa College, exten.sion lecturer in poultry work.
Kentucky University and Station. — S. C. Jones, assistant professor of soil
physics and assistant agronomist, resigned November 15 to become assistant
In soils In the Indiana Station, and has been succeeded by P. E. Karraker,
research assistant in soil physics at the Michigan Station.
Maine University. — Alexander W. Lurie (Cornell, 1914) has been apix)inted
Instructor in horticulture.
Massachusetts College. — A steam-operated wax-rendering apparatus has been
installed for the service of beekeepers. A nominal charge of 5 cents per pound
of rendered product is made, and considerable interest is being manifested in the
undertaking.
Missouri University and Station. — ^The stock-Judging pavilion provided by the
last legislature Is now in use. The outside dimensions are 90 by 160 feet, with
an arena 50 by 120 feet, and a seating capacity of 1,500. It is also equipped
with offices, practicum rooms, locker rooms, and shower baths, and will be
utilized for short-course gymnasium work. It is said to be the best lighted
pavilion of its kind in this country and cost about $25,000.
The enrollment in the summer school of agriculture exceeded 200, or double
that of the previous year. Many of the students were teachers desirous of
qualifying under the Wilson law, which went into effect in September and pro-
vides state aid to high schools maintaining agricultural courses given by
teachers of approved preparation. The enrollment in the four-year winter
ttourae of the college of agriculture is 535 and that of the first term of the two-
year winter course in agriculture 199.
The department of agronomy has been divided into departments of soils and
farm crops with M. F. Miller in charge of the soils work and 0. B. Hutchison
in <^arg« of that of farm crops.
NOTES. 797
An agricultural-extension service was establislied July 1 under the direction
of A. J. Meyer, formerly assistant to the dean and director and superintendent
of short courses. The organization in the extension service includes L. F.
Childers, in soils and farm crops ; S. T. Simpson, in animal husbandry ; D, H.
Doane, state leader of farm advisers; May C. McDonald, in home economics;
R. H. Emberson, boys' and girls' clubs ; E. R. Spence, hog cholera eradication ;
and R. S. Besse, assistant to the state leader.
Farm advisers have now been located in 13 counties and branch short courses
were held at 11 towns last year. Other lines which are to receive special atten-
tion are the hog cholera eradication campaign, dairy development, poultry ex-
tension, and movable schools of home economics. About 1,200 members are
enrolled in boys' and girls' clubs.
Recent resignations include the following: H. 11. Laude as farm adviser to
Marion County, O. C. Smith as assistant in agricultural chemistry, T. J. Talbert
as assistant in entomology, and W. I. Watkins as assistant in the soil survey.
Appointments have been made including Frederick Dunlap as forester in the
station, P. M. Brandt, formerly assistant professor of dairy husbandry, as assist-
ant to the dean and director and superintendent of short courses, and the fol-
lowing assistants : H. C. Heaton, in veterinary science, vice Talmadge T. Tucker
resigned to take up further studies in the New York State Veterinary College
of Cornell University; C. E. Neff (1914), in farm crops; W. E. Thrun and B. E.
Sive, in agricultural chemistry ; H. K. Thatcher, in the soil survey ; F. L.
Bentley, in animal husbandry ; A. H. Hollinger, in entomology ; and C. E.
Mangels, in agricultural chemistry in the station. Paul V. Maris has been ap-
pointed farm adviser for Saline County; I. F. Gilmore, farm adviser for Marion
County; and R. M. Green, cooperative field agent in the project known as the
demonstrations of the business of farming, which is being conducted in cooper-
ation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department.
Nebraska University and Station. — Robert F. Howard, assistant professor of
horticulture and assistant horticulturist in the Wisconsin University and Sta-
tion, has been appointed professor of horticulture and horticulturist and has
entered upon his duties.
New Hampshire College. — J. B. Abbott, associate in soil improvement in the
Indiana Station, has been appointed state leader of the county agents.
Rutgers College. — Director J. G. Lipman of the station has been appointed
dean of agriculture.
Cornell University. — Prizes have recently been offered by James A. D. S.
Findlay, of Salisbury Mills, for the best discussions by students of the college
of agricultui'e of some phase of drainage improvement.
O. W. Dynes, associate professor of agronomy and connected with the plant-
breeding work of the North Dakota College and Station, has been appointed
instructor in farm crops. Earl L. Overholser has been appointed instructor in
pomology. Recent promotions include the following : As professors, M. P.
Barrus, plant pathology; L. J. Cross, agricultural chemistry; O. A. Johannsen,
biologist; C. H. Myers, plant breeding; and as assistant professors, A. L.
Thompson, farm management; Royal Gilkey, extension teaching; C. T. Gregory,
L. R. Hesler, I. C. Jjigger, and M. H. Rankin, plant pathology; E. W. Benjamin,
poultry ; A. J, Fames, botany ; J. K. Wilson, soil technology ; E. E. Barker, plant
breeding ; E. M. Tuttle, rural education ; and Robert Matheson, economic
•ntomologist.
Ohio State University. — J. E. McClintock for the past four years agricultural
editor of the International Correspondence Schools, has been appointed super-
visor of publications of the extension service of the college of agriculture and
798 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
entered upon his duties September 1. Other appointments include the following:
V. C. Smith, secretary of the college, vice H. C. Ramsower, head of the newly
organized department of agricultural engineering; John I. Falconer, Ph. D.
(Wisconsin, 1914), assistant professor of rural economics; C. L. Long, extension
department in horticulture and poultry husbandry; J. S. Coffey, of Purdue Uni-
versity, assistant professor in animal husbandry; T. C. Stone (Illinois, 1914),'
assistant in animal husbandry; J. L. Hutchison and F. J. Salter, Instructors in
agricultural chemistry; and G. M. McClure, assistant in agricultural chemistry.
Max F. Abell (Cornell, 1914) has been appointed assistant in farm crops.
Oregon College. — The horticultural show, in which apples of standard varieties
from many parts of the United States were exhibited, was held in the horticul-
tural building November 7. Fruits of the kinds best adapted to Oregon condi-
tions were displayed in educational forms, and contests in judging and identifi-
cation of varieties were features of the show. An exhibit of Oregon nuts was
made by a nursery company, and former students of the college provided three
subtropical exhibits of fruits and nuts from southern California and Florida.
Demonstration potting and pruning were also done by the specialists.
Farmers' Week has been postponed to February 1-6, 1915, inclusive, and the
exercises assigned to the extension division. A number of conventions of the
leading agricultural and rural interests will be held at that time, and problems
of rural community life will receive consideration.
Pennsylvania College and Station. — The new stock judging pavilion is prac-
tically completed. It is a concrete, brick, and steel structure with an arena
120 feet long by 30 feet wide and with seating accommodations for about 800.
The basement also contains rooms for instruction in methods of butchering and
handling meats, and a modern refrigeration plant is to be installed. The cost
of the pavilion iuid equipment is about .$30,000.
The new dairy barn consists of a center or main feed barn, 100 feet long by
36 feet wide, for the storage of hay and grain, to which are attached a cattle
barn 129 feet long by 14 feet wide, and an experimental cattle barn SO by 36
feet. There are also two silos 18 feet in diameter and 40 feet high, and a series
of sheds, lOS feet in length, for bulls, young stock, etc. The barns are con-
structed of hollow brick on a concrete foundation, the walls finished in stucco,
and roofed with red asbestos shingles. Their total cost with equipment is
about ,$12.5.000.
Miss Pearl ISIacDonald has been appointed home economics worker in connec-
tion with the extension department; H. N. Cobb and L. J. Obold, both 1914
graduates of the college, assistants in agronomy; F. D. Crooks, assistant in
animal husbandry, vice D. E. Warner, resigned to accept a ix)sition with the
Connecticut Storrs Station; M. F. Grimes, assistant in animal husbandry, vice
C. W. Hickman, resigned to become assistant professor of animal husbandry
at the University of Idaho; James M. Sherman, instructor in bacteriology at
the college and bacteriologist at the station; T. L. Hills, assistant in bacteri-
ology; and W. C. Gillespie (1914), assistant in experimental pomology, vice
R. H. Bell, resigned.
Texas College and Station. — J. D. Blackwell, a 1914 graduate of the University
of Missouri, has been apiwinted associate professor of agricultural education,
and W. T. Magee, instructor in animal husbandry.
I. S. York, superintendent of the Spur substation, has resigned, and was
succeeded by R. E. Dickson, formerly assistant agronomist of the main station,
June 1. Thomas J. Conway (Cornell, 1914) has been appointed poultry hus-
bandman, and entered uiK)n his duties October 1. J. M. Jones, instructor in
animal husbandry and animal husbandman in the New Hampshire College and
MOTES. 799
Station, has been appointed animal husbandman in charge of breedins: investi-
gations beginning August 1, and is conducting experimets with sheep. Wil-
liam Levin and J. B. Rather have resigned as assistant chemists, and the former
has been succeeded by J. W. Chevv^ning, and he in turn by II. II. Ridgell.
Virginia College and Station. — Glaucy Sheiman Ralston, research assistant
in horticulture at the Oregon Station, has been appointed assistant in the ex-
tension department of the college. Dr. M. T. Smulyau, a graduate of the Mas-
sachusetts College, has accepted a research position in entomology.
Washington College. — F. L. Pickett, Ph. D., research fellow in botany in
Indiana University, has been appointed associate professor in plant physiology.
R. J. Barnett has been made professor of pomology.
West Virginia University. — The enrollment in the college of agriculture is
100 per cent greater than that of last year.
Wisconsin University and Station. — Of the 1914 graduates of the college of
agriculture, R. V. Gunn has been appointed assistant in farm management,
George B. Mortimer instructor in agronomy, and J. C. Walker assistant in
plant pathology. W. A. Schoenfeld has resigned as executive secretary to be-
come specialist in farm accounting in the department of exteusiou of the
University of Texas.
American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching.— The
fifth annual meeting of this association was held in Washington, D. C,
November 10.
A report of the standing committee on the use of land in connection with
agricultural teaching, prepared by this Office, indicated that distinct problems
are presented in different sections. In the New England States the majority of
the pupils are living at home and have easy access to the school ; the school
farms are small and the home project is more or less closely supervised, so that
the need of the school farm is less felt. In the Northern and Central States the
school farms are small, but the pupils are drawn from greater distances than
tJiose in the New England States and have not access to as good means of
transportation. There are also a larger number of boys from towns and cities
and of girls desiring to become teachers in the classes studying agriculture.
In the South the majority of the schools have a boarding department and a
large farm, so that the agricultural pupils have a better opportunity to partici-
pate in farm operations, and home projects have not been developed. Even in
these schools, where the pupils carry on the farm operations under the direct
supervision of the instructor, it is claimed too much attention has sometimes
been given to getting the farm work done and not enough to making the pupils
efficient in the ordinary farm operations. The report indicated that all schools
having farms, however, can aid the more readily in the distribution of pure-
bred seed, the introduction of new varieties of plants, fruits, and shrubs, and
the extending of the services of pure-bred animals in the community.
The standing committee on cooperative use of equipment and illustrative
mjiterial reported that little progress has been made in the preparation and
use of such material during the past year. This Department is the only agency
at the present time producing motion-picture films for agricultural instruction.
It is urged that colleges provide prints or miniature drawings of all available
charts for the purpose of cooperative exchange. The motion picture is not
regarded as psychologically adapted to purposes of instruction, while, on the
other hand, lantern slides and charts are not so attractive and do serve as
valuable aids in the work of effective iTistruction.
K. L. Hatch, in a paper on What Constitutes Suitable Extension Work for
Secondary Schools, advocated that the teacher of agriculture in the secondary
800 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
school before attempting other extension worli should mol<e a survey of agricul-
tural conditions, organize extension efforts around home projects of his pupils,
give individual assistance to farmers, and provide for rural organization. The
extension service of the high schools should not be In the beginning a»
announced function, but rather a process of evolution.
How to Improve the Quality of Teaching the Technical Subjects in Agricul-
tural Colleges was the subject of a paper read by A. V. Storm. He believed
that administrative officers must be brought to realize how necessary is profes-
sional preparation along pedagogical lines for those who are to teach m col-
leges of agriculture. Courses of study should be so arranged that the student
who expects to teach will obtain a broad preparation, including the funda-
mental sciences. Large classes must be made smaller, as by employing more
teachers, abandoning some of the highly differentiated advanced courses which
enroll only a small number of students, or reducing the number of courses
offered by omitting nonessentials or duplicated material.
A better sequence of courses would, he believed, improve the quality of teach-
ing, roor organization of subject matter must be overcome, the examination
must be made a part of the educative process, the students' judgment of the
quality of the teaching of certain courses must be given consideration, and the
teaching force must make greater use of the experiment sbitiou and extension
results.
In a paper by A. B. Graham, entitled The Relation Between the State De-
partment of Education and the Agricultural College in the Supervision of Sec-
ondary Agriculture, the present system of vesting the administrative work In
the hands of the state department was indorsed, the college of agriculture
being regarded as the source of information.
The officers elected for the ensuing year are A. V. Storm, University of Min-
nesota, president ; W. H. French, Michigan Agricultural College, vice presi-
dent, and A. C. Monahan, United States Bureau of Education, secretary.
Agricultural Education in Prince Edward Island. — The increased appropria-
tion under the Agricultural Instruction Act (E. S. R., 20, p. 198) has enabled
the government to make progress in organizing a complete system of .gricul-
tural education correlated with the general system. Provision has been made
for short courses in household science in Prince of Wales College, long and
short courses in agriculture, practical instruction in agriculture for those quali-
fying for teachers of the public schools, a science course for teachers now in
charge of schools, and women's institutes. A very successful 2-weeks school
for teachers was held during the summer vacation at the Prince of Wales
College attended by nearly hr.lf the teachers of the Province.
Agricultural Education and Research in Greece. — The Daily Consular and
Trade Reports announce that the Greek Government has established eight
agricultural experiment stations, which are under the control of the ministry
of agriculture, one of these being near Athens; an agricultural school known as
Cassavetios at Halmyrios, with three professors and about 35 pupils; and two
model farms, one at Astros and the other at Trichonis.
Agricultural Instruction in Mauritius. — Arrangements have been made for the
training of a limited number, not to exceed six, of young men in agricultural
science with special reference to the sugar industry in the laboratories of the
department of agriculture. They must agree to pursue for three years a course
of study in the general principles of agriculture, agricultural botany ani
biology, agricultural chemistry, agricultural entomology, and meteorolosy.
A diploma will be awarded and a research scholarship will be available on«e
in every three years.
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EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Agricultural Chemistry and Agjrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizersj^ ; ^^ Trullinger.
Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^y ^- f^Y^^' ^^' ^'
vi^^A r,..^JJ- I- SchxjLTE.
Field Crops|(. ^j Tucker, Ph. D.
Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.
^ , , XT xw V /C. F. Langworthy. Ph. D., D. Sc. l-IBRARY
Foods and Human Psutritionj^ L. Lang. NEW YOR
Zootechnv, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — ^H. Webster. KnTAJwir a
Economic Zoology and Entomology— W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. "" ' aimca
,- . . nf J- "• fW. A. Hooker. QARDtlx.
\etennary MedicineJL. ^y. Fetzer.
Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger.
Rural Economics — E. Merritt.
Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane.
Indexes — M. D. Moore.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXI, NO. 9.
Page.
Recent work in agricultural science 801
Notes 900
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.
Ammonia-soluble inorganic soil colloids, Fraps 801
Bordeaux mixture. — I, Physico-chemical studies, Butler 802
An introduction to the chemistry of plant products, Haas and Hill 803
On the demonstration of carotinoids in plants. Van Wisselingh 803
The sugars and their simple derivatives, Mackenzie 804
The differentiation and specificity of starches, Reichert 804
Glycerids of butter fat, Amberger 804
The density and solution volume of some proteins. Chick and Martin 804
The factors concerned in the solution and precipitation of euglobulin. Chick. . 804
Hydrolysis of organic phosphorus compounds by dilute acid and alkali, Plimmer 805
Action of hydrogen chlorid upon diastase, I, Panzer 806
Action of hydrogen chlorid upon invertase, II, Panzer 806
Saccharifying diastase of malt and the reaction of the medium, Van Laer 806
Book of methods 806
Winkler's method for carbon dioxid in water, Casares and Pina de Rubies 806
Colorimetric determination of small amounts of manganese in water, Schowalter . 806
A note on the Hopkins and Cole modification of Adamkiewicz test, Mottram 807
The estimation of tyrosin in proteins by bromination, Plimmer and Eaves 807
The sepiration of cystin and tjTosin, Plimmer 807
I
n CONTENTS.
Page.
Determination of amino nitrogen in the tissues, Van Slyke 808
Testing animal fat for phytosterol, Fritzsche 808
Estimation of sugar by the biological method, Kluyver 809
Estimation of iron in presence of organic substances, Salkowski 809
The soluble nitrogenous substances in judging flours, Rousseaux and Sirot 809
The polarimetric determination of starch in rye and wheat flours, Mach 809
A new method for examining baked goods, Schmid 809
Determination of saccharin in foods, Karas 810
Examination of altered milk, Vuaflart 810
Analysis of altered milk, Gascard 810
Calculation of coconut-fat content of butter by Polenske method, Sundberg . . . 810
The estimation of the Reichert-Meissl and Polenske numbers, Goske 811
Testing butter for preservative, Gwillim 811
Contribution to the examination of cheese, Reuchlin and Rachel 811
Short notes from practice, Arnold 811
Short notes from practice, Goske 811
METEOROLOGY— ; WATER.
Weather fallacies, Walker 811
Meteorological observations at the Hamburg Observatory, 1912, Schorr 812
Annual report of director of [Philippine] Weather Bureau for 1911, Algu6 812
Influence of weather on nitric and nitrous acids in the rainfall, Anderson 812
Artesian water in Missouri, McCoy 812
The waters of Russian Turkestan and the future for the soil, Woeikof 812
Influence of ocean spindrift and spray on chlorin of inland waters, Barr 813
Location of water by the divining rod and automatic water finder, Brooks 813
Rural water supplies, Bartow 813
SOn>S — FERTILIZERS.
Soil survey of Ashley County, Ark., Vanatta et al -813
Soil survey of Bradford County, Fla., Byers et al 813
Soil survey of Gordon County, Ga., Veatch 814
Soil survey of Miller County, Ga., Allen and Grimes 814
Agrology of Sahel, Pouget, L^onardon, and Chouchak 814
Study of Hungarian soils by means of their water solutions, Ballenegger 814
Some adsorption phenomena in soils and kaolin, Harris 814
The nonexistence of magnesium carbonate in humid soils, Maclntire et al 815
Effect of strongly calcareous soils on growth and ash, Gile and Ageton 816
Sulphur in plant nutrition 817
Forms of sulphur in plant materials and variation with the soil, Peterson 817
Some soil changes produced by micro-organisms, Sackett 818
Ammonification and nitrification studies of Oregon soils, Beckwith et al 818
Influence of soils and water content on nitrogen changes, Robson 818
The danger of bacterial destruction of nitrate in the field, Fischer 819
Hurtful actors on cultivated plants, Jamieson 819
Barren spots, Hutin 819
The fertility of the soil, Miller 819
Fertilizer experiments 819
Fertilizer experiments, Van den Burgt et al 820
Five years' fertilizer experiments in East Prussia, Stutzer et al 821
Action of mineral fertilizers on the activity of certain soil bacteria, Liunia 821
Radio-active fertilizers, Stoklasa 821
The bacterial treatment of peat, Bottomley 821
Experiments with bacterized peat 822
Influence of straw on organically combined nitrogenous fertilizers, A'on May . . . 822
Experiments on the fertilizing action of guanidin and urea nitrates, Wagner. . . 822
The conversion of ammonia into nitric acid or ammonium nitrate, Dieffenbach 822
The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, Knox 822
Lime nitrogen-superphosphate, Koppen 822
Available phosphates by furnace treatment, Payne 823
Availability of phosphate to various crops 823
Notes on kelp and its potash contents, Surr 823
Commercial fertilizers and their use, Fraps 823
Chemical analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers, 1913, Woll and Strowd. . . 823
CONTENTS. m
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.
Page.
Spore conditions in hybrids and the mutation hypothesis of De Vries, Jeffrey. . 823
Some wild tuberiferous Solaniims, Wittmack 824
Relationship between weight of seed planted and plant produced, II, Harris. . 824
Vitality of seeds in soil periodically cultivated. Munerati and Zapparoli 824
Effects of disinfectants on germinaoility of grain, Frassi 824
Delayed germination in seed of Alisma plantago, Crocker and Davis 824
Vegetation experiments on the evaporation of pine seedUngs, Tol'skii 824
Effects of surface films on the rate of transpiration, Duggar and Cooley 825
On the formation of hydrocyanic acid in plants, Jorissen 826
The oxidases of acid tissues. Reed 826
Some accessory factors in plant growth and nutrition, Bottomley 826
Bioreactions of tellurium in vegetable physiology and pathology, Pollacci 826
The effect of the soot in smoke on vegetation, Clevenger 826
Effects of tarring roads on neighboring plants and remedies therefor, Gatin 827
Bacterial digestion of fiber or cellulose 827
Influence of soil bacteria on plant growth 827
The respiration of denitrifying micro-organisms, Lebedev 827
The relation of certain grass-green algse to elementary nitrogen, Schramm 827
Indications regarding the source of combined nitrogen for Ulva lactuca, Foster. 828
Concerning a plurality of starches, Tam'et 828
FIELD CROPS.
The work of the Huntley reclamation project experimeut farm in 1913, Hansen 828
Work of Truckee-Carson reclamation project experiment farm in 1913, Headley 829
Forage and silage crops for Oklahoma, Churchill 829
Grains and forage crops 829
Yields per acre of different classes of farm crops, Zavitz 829
[Field crop experiments], Smith 829
[Manurial, variety , and cultural experiments], Gilchrist 829
Field experiments, 1913 829
Plant breeding in Sweden, Nilsson 830
A study of root systems of plants in pure and in mixed seedings, Kraus 830
Inoculation of legumes with special reference to high moorland, Densch 830
Proceedings of the seventy -second meeting of the Central Moor Commission 830
Cultivation and management of moorland pastures and meadovv's, Fleischer 830
The seeding of meadows and pastures, Hutchison 830
The favorable depth for grass seed, Richter 830
Study on the ancient classification of cereals, Cotte 830
Application of a new method in variety tests of cereals, von Riimker et al 830
Alfalfa 831
Alfalfa hybridization, Southworth 831
The farmers' alfalfa guide, Boyd 831
Buckwheat, Mundy - 831
The effect of soil conditions on the tassels of maize, Harris 831
Tests made with nitrate fertilizers on maize. Dudgeon 831
Maize culture, McDonald 831
Mechanical cotton plants. Balls 831
"BoUy cotton " 832
The work of the British Cotton Growing Association, Hutton 832
Cowpeas and soy beans, Nelson, Wiancko, Fisher, Cromer, and Wright 832
Esparto industry in Almeria Province, Yost 832
Guinea grass, Jacobson 832
Sexual studies of the hop plant, Tournois 832
Kafir score card, Wright 832
Studies on oat breeding. — I, Variety tests, 1910-1913, Surface and Barber 832
Peanuts (Arachis hypogea), Gii'ola 833
Ecological evidence of the original habitat of the Irish potato, Fitch 833
Observations on a bastard type of the Pearl potato. Fitch 833
Results of change of seed potatoes on moorlands 833
Sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate on potatoes and sugar beets, Mausberg 833
Influence of transplanting in the cultivation of rice 834
The culture and preparation of rice in Italy 834
Rice, Granato 834
Disintegration of rice grains by means of alkali, Warth and Darabsett 834
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Sorghums, sure money crops, Borman 834
The relation of leaves to the production of sugar in beets, Plahn-Appiani 834
The vascular bundle system of the sugar cane, Bremekamp 834
The anatomical structure of the rind of the sugar cane, Bremekamp 834
Sunflower cultivation, Mundy 834
Inheritance of germination and sensitiveness to light of Poa pratensis, Pieper. . 834
The tillering of wheat. Wild 835
Impurities of agricultural seed and their identification, Parkinson and Smith.. 835
Seed testing, Atkinson and ^\^litlock 835
Seed control stations on the Continent 835
Control of Cuscuta by devitalization of the seed, Bresaola 835
Experiments in spraying to destroy dandelions, Howitt 835
HORTICULTURE.
[Horticultural investigations at the Truckee-Carson Experiment Farm], Headley 835
[Horticultural investigations at the Wisconsin Station] 835
Statistics of vineyards, orchards and gardens, and root crops, 191.3-14, ShoU.. 836
Heredity of xenia among certain races of kidney beans, Daniel 836
The onion in Colorado, Bennett 836
Onion culture, Lloyd 836
The California fruits and how to grow them, Wickson 836
Present state of fruit growing in Spain. — The principal Rosaceae, Priego 836
A study of variation in the apple. Young 836
Chemical composition of the buds of some fruit trees, Manareei and Tonegutti. . 836
Summer pi-uning the peach, Keffer 837
Some fertilizer tests in vineyards, Hall 837
Layering as a means for increasing the yield from old vines, Verneuil 837
Strawberry culture. Gardner and Sweetser 837
Summary of preliminary Feijoa pollinating experiments, Ryerson 837
The Siamese pomelo, Boyle 837
Tea: Green manuring at the experiment station, Peradeniya, Bamber 837
With the flowers and trees in California, Saunders 837
Classification of daffodils for exhibitions of Royal Horticultural Society 837
Preserving cut flowers, Knudson 837
FORESTRY.
Studies in tolerance of New England forest trees, II, Bums and Hooper 838
Tree growth and seed. Berry 838
Osier culture, Knotek 839
The coniferous forests of eastern North America, Harper 839
Aspen in reforestation of mountain bums in Arizona and New Mexico, Pearson . . 839
Tree distribution in central California, Cannon 839
Timber conditions in Little Smoky River Valley, Alberta, Doucet 839
Timber and soil conditions of southeastern Manitoba, Tilt 839
Forests of Madagascar: Their characters, resources, and conservation, Badin. . . 839
The tannin-yielding acacias of Senegal, Henry and Ammann 839
The tapping of pines and resin exploitation in Tonkin, Carriere 839
Measurement of woods for statistical purposes. Young 839
Lumber and its uses, Kellogg 840
Vocabulary of forest terms, compiled by Reinhardt 840
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
[Investigations in plant diseases] 840
Fungus diseases of plants, Ajrekar 841
Phytopathological report for 1913, Foex 841
Diseases of plants. — I, Herbaceous plants, Tomei 841
Treatments of plant diseases in Posen and West Prussia, Schander 841
Means of combating plant diseases as employed in Russia, De Jaczewski 841
Heredity of disease in plants and Mendelism, Blaringhem 841
Tumors of roots and rootlets, Larcher 841
The root parasites of the Bombay Deccan, Van Buuren 842
Propagation of rust of cereals, Beauverie 842
Powdery scab, a new potato disease, Brigham 842
CONTENTS, V
Page.
Wart disease of potatoes, Eriksson 842
Bacterial diseases of the roots of sugar beets, Trzhebinskil 842
Puccinia subnitens on the sugar beet, Pool and McKay 842
[Lime treatments of soil for Plasmodiophora brassicae,] Gilchrist 842
Diseases and deformities of mushrooms, Gu^guen 842
Plus and minus strains in the genua Glomerella, Edgerton 843
A study of the physiological relations of Sderotinia cinerea, Cooley 843
Protection against S phserotheca mors-uvae, Hegyi 843
The status of investigational work on pear and apple blight, Swingle 843
Black spot of the mandarin 843
Spraying experiments with the peach and grape in 1912, Pantanelli 843
Dry leaf of the grape, Turconi 844
Base rot of pineapples 844
Decay of pineapples 844
Cladosporium disease of Ampelopsis tricuspidatum, Cook and Wilson 844
Spontaneous decapitation of chrysanthemums, Fameti 844
Black rot of roses, Beauverie 844
A study of a rose disease, Beauverie 844
A Glceosporium disease of the spice bush, Taubenhaus 844
A disease of Gerbera, Maffei 845
A disease of Washingtonia, Poirault and Sartory 845
Notes on some diseases of trees in our National Forests, I^', Hedgcock 845
Bark disease of the chestnut in British Columbia, Faull and Graham 845
Pathological histology of the Endothia canker of chestnut, Keefer 845
Damage due to oak mildew in Hungary, Kovessi 845
Notes on economic fungi, Cook 845
North American species of Peridermium on pine, Arthur and Kern 845
Purchase and use of li^■er of sulphur .' 846
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.
Animal geography : The faunas of the natural regions of the globe, Newbigin 846
[Game in California] 846
The food of the common mole, White 846
The control of rodents in field seeding, A\'illis 846
The act of Congress protecting migratory birds, Shiras, 3rd 847
Relation between lizards and Phlebotomus verrucarum as to verruga, Townsend . . 847
The relation of temperature to insect life, I, Sanderson and Peairs 847
Utilization of phytophagous insects in combating enemies of plants, Vuillet 848
Attempts to control injurious insects by their natural enemies, Scboevers 848
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 848
Phytopathological report for the year 1913, Marchal 848
Recent work of the Royal Entomological Station of Hungary, Jablonowsky — 848
[Insect enemies of field' crops and orchards during 1913], Dobrovliansky 848
Insect enemies and diseases of plants in Taurida during 1913, Shtchegolev 848
Preliminary studies of the enemies of clover, del Guercio 848
Some experiments with maize stored in bins, Grove 849
Enemies of mustard and means of combating them, Sacharov 849
Onion pests 849
Two insect pests of sugar beets from Turkestan new to Russia, Vassiliev 849
Manual of fruit insects, Slingerland and Crosby 849
The xylophagous insect enemies of the vine, Fej-taud 849
Insects injurious to camphor ( Cinnamomum camphora), Rutherford 849
The most common insect pests of pine and fir cones, Tragardh 849
Ants and bees as cairiers of pathogenic micro-organisms, \Mieeler 849
Destruction of locusts in Turkestan, Barsacq 849
Relation between tea mosquito {Helopeltis iheivora) and the soil, Andrews 850
Aleurodes vaporarium, an enemy of Azales indica, Van Hove 850
A new sugar-cane aphis, Wilson 850
European caterpillars and theii' food plants, Blaschke 850
Instructions for rearing mulberry silkworms, De 850
Grapholitha lepUstriana, an enemy of cauliflower, Cecconi 850
Borer in san, Desai 850
Miscible oil spray for fruit-tree leaf roller (Archips argyrospila), Weldon 850
Borer in jowar, Desai 851
A light trap for catching cutworm moths, Weldon 851
VI CONTENTS.
Page.
The Hessian fly in Missouri, Haseman 851
Natural enemies of Simulium. — Notes, Webster 851
A new schizogregarine {Caulleryella aphiochsetae n. g. and n. sp.), Keilin 851
Leprosy: Flies in relation to the disease, Honeij and Parker 851
Adia genitalis and Leptohylemyia coarctata, Kurdiumov 852
The special importance of the fly in infant welfare, Armstrong 852
Combating elaterid larvae, Borodin 852
Orchard bark beetles and pin hole borers, Gossard 852
Orchard bark beetles and pin hole borers, Gossard 853
[Studies of Sdaphobus squalidus at the Poltava Station], ZnamenskS 853
A chalcidid parasite of the pea tlirips [Frankliniella rohusta], Vuillet 853
The acrobat ant 853
The sheep tick 853
Eriophyes ribis on Ribes nigrum, Taylor 853
Eriophyes ribis on Eibes grossularia, Taylor 854
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.
Bacteriological methods for meat analysis, Weinzirl and Newton 854
Bacteriological analyses of hamburger steak, Weinzirl and Newton 854
Studies of bouillon cubes, Saccardi 854
The decline in the gluten content of floui-, Balland 855
The bacterial content of flour, Dietzel 855
Cause of poor baking quality of flour from wheat and rye of 1913 harvest, Kuhl . 855
Municipal bread making in Catania, Giuffrida 855
Cotton-seed flour as a possible food for man, Wells 855
Rice and rice cookery, Birdseye 855
Food poisonings due to dreamed cabbage, Desesquelle 855
Tropical vegetable foods, Rusby 855
The cooking of vegetables, Senn 855
Hardened oils, Meyerheim 856
Preserved foods and candies, Hausner 856
A contribution to the knowledge of coffees, Rozs6nyi 856
The volatile constituents of coffee, Abelin and Perelsteiu 856
Electric cooking 856
Electric cooking on the battleship Texas 856
Electric cooking. Alabaster 856
Gas cooker efficiencies 856
A story of certain table furnishings, Bro\vning and Munsell 856
A proper newe booke of cookerye, edited by Frere 857
Regulation of hotel and restaurant kitchens [in Germany], Skinner 857
[The presence of tobacco in foods] 857
Work in hygiene of food and nutrition of Prussian Board of Health in 1911 857
Cases of food poisoning noted in German Army during last two years, Seele — 857
The etiology of beri-beri, Strong and Crowell 857
The prevention of beri-beri, Vedder 858
Protective power of normal human milk against polyneuritis gallinarum, Gibson. 858
Foods and proximity to a pre\'ious case as factors in pellagra, Siler et al 858
Reaction in pellagra patients by inoculation of spoiled maize, Volpino et al. . . 858
Factors of toxicity and an excessive corn diet, Centanni and Galassi 859
Pellagra in the Province of Rome, Alessandrini, Giannelli, and Fileni 859
Food requirements, appetite, and hunger — a dietary study, Sternberg 859
Changes in food supply and diet of the proletariat, Rubner 859
Experimental variations in the function of diet, Magnan — 859
The minimum requirement of protein supplied by a bread diet, Hindhede 860
Protein requirement and the food value of meat, Kisskalt 860
Calcium deficiency in the diet, Emmerich and Loew 860
Concerning calcium bread advocated by Emmerich and Loew, Kunert 860
Age and metabolism and the significance of excretion of creatm, Krause 860
Influence of preliminary heating on peptic and tryptic proteolysis, Bizarro 860
Chemistry of muscle — the partition of nonprotein water-soluble nitrogen, Wilson 861
The necessity relation of lipoids to life, Stepp - 861
Meeting the body food requirements during a 24-hour cycle, Bergenia 861
Rational utilization of human energy — scientific study of manual labor, Amar. 861
The price of labor expressed in terms of food fuel 862
CONTENTS. Vn
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Page.
Digestion experiments with Texas feeding stuffs, Fraps 862
Composition of feeds and a method of calculating rations, Athanassof 863
Analyses of forage crops 863
Composition and nutritive value of some feed plants, Ulmansky 863
Commercial feeding stuffs, 1913. — Feed law, Youngblood 863
Feeding stuffs 864
Cotton -seed products and their competitors in northern Europe, Thompson 864
Fish feed meal, Kling 864
Bengal beans, a new fodder, Shrewsbury 864
The phosphoric substance of prairie grass, Dusserre 864
Mineral requirements of farm animals 864
Value of fat from various sources 864
Some mechanical factors in digestion, Sisson 865
Controlled natural selection and value marking, Mottram 865
Coat color in pointer dogs. Little 865
Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes of Drosophila, Bridges 865
Animal industry in the Kongo, Leplae 865
Cattle feeding conditions in the corn belt, Mumford and Hall 865
Feeding baby beef, Snyder 866
Skin temperature and fattening capacity in oxen, Wood and Hill 866
The Simmental breed of cattle, Plumb 867
Proportions of shelled corn and alfalfa hay for fattening lambs, Coffey 867
Effects of castration on horn gi-owth in sheep, Marshall and Hammond 867
The wool conference in Washington 868
Substitutes for corn in rations for fattening swine, Eastwood 868
Ground wheat versus whole wheat for fattening pigs. Bliss and Lee 869
Ovariotomy in sows. III, MacKenzie, Marshall, and Hammond 870
The Sapphire hog, McLean 870
Feeding draft foals 870
Cost of keeping work horses, Foard 870
The inheritance of coat colors in horses, Anderson 870
The origin of domestic fowl, Daveiiport 871
Egg-laying competitions, 1913-14, Laurie 871
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
Comparison of one- and two-day test 871
Comparison of one- and two-day tests of the Guernsey Cattle Club, Thorndike. 871
Comparative value of one- and two-day tests as Adewed by experiment station. 872
Nature and causes of variation in richness in butter fat of same cow, Thorndike . . 872
Yield and composition of milk of Montgomery herd at Pusa, Leather and Dobbs. 873
Fat content of milk and rate of coagulation with rennet, Kreidl and Lenk 873
Testing for fat in milk by the Babcock test 873
Bacteriological examination of market milk, Heinemann 873
Studies in bacterial metabolism, Kendall, Day, and Walker 873
Preparation of buttermilk which can be preserved for a long time, Suwelack. . 874
The composition of cheese made from whole milk, Brownlee 874
Pasteurized milk cheese 874
Three creamery methods for making buttermilk cheese, Sammis 874
Ice cream investigations 874
Some improved dairy tests and methods, Benkendorf et al 875
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Clinical bacteriology and vaccine therapy for veterinary surgeons, Scott 875
Acid-fast bacilli occuring in the feces of some vertebrates, Bertani 875
Some structural transformations of the blood cells of vertebrates. Kite 876
Effect of poisons on the germ cells of the male 876
Body teniperature before, during, and after parturition, Limmer 876
Significance and origin of the so-called defensive ferments, Abderhalden 876
Investigations in regard to the specificity of defensive ferments, Hirsch 876
Experimental investigation about autoserotherapy, Eisner 876
Serodiagnosis according to Abderhalden, Allmann 877
Adsorption phenomena in the Abderhalden dialysis method. Plant 877
About the specificity of Abderhalden 's dialysis method, Singer 877
VIII CONTENTS.
Page.
Utility of dialyzing method in clinical and biological questions, Abderhalden . . 877
Serodiagnosis of infectious diseases with Abderhalden ^s method, Voelkel 877
Hemolytic powers of anthi-ax bacillus and saprophytes similar to it, Jarmai . . . 878
Results and outlook of the thermoprecipitin reaction, Ascoli 878
Open questions in regard to anthrax and combating this disease, Burow 878
The etiology of foot-and-mouth disease, Siegel 878
Remarks in regard to the article noted above, von Ostertag 879
The present status of combating foot-and-mouth disease 879
Reinvestigation of mallein in northern Caucasus, Gordsjalkowsky 879
Diseases caused by bacilli of hemorrhagic septicemia and colon groups, Zeiss. . 879
Capsule formation by the bacteria of hemorrhagic septicemia, Hadley et al 879
Necrotic stomatitis, Newsom 879
In regard to the etiology of rabies, Proescher 880
The methods for protectively vaccinating against rabies, Pokschischewsky 880
The treatment of tetanus by antitetanic serum, Irons 880
On the American method of standardizing tetanus antitoxin, MacConkey 880
Gosio's vital reaction for the tubercle bacillus, Belfanti 880
Precipitating action of blood serum with lipoids of tubercle bacillus, Preti 880
Bovine tubercle bacilli in pathologic changes, Bertarelli 881
Notes and observations on twenty cases of tuberculosis, Caudwell 881
Bo\'ine tuberculosis, Delepine 881
Brain and retropharyngeal gland tuberculosis in the bovine, Knese 881
An outbreak of tuberculosis in pigeons, Jones 881
About the action of antiformin on the tubercle bacillus, Donges 881
Tuberculosis and Tuberculosan, Burow 882
Tuberculosan — BiU'ow, Rautmann 882
Is the eradication of tuberculosis with Tuberculosan proven? Rautmann 882
Antibodies in tuberculosis and paratuberculous enteritis. Bang and Anderson. . 882
Actinomycosis and tuberculosis in South American ox tongues, Hope 882
B'^accinating against tick fever, pleuro-pneumonia, and blackleg], Pound 883
ffects of tick eradication on the cattle industry of the South, Ward 883
Bighead in sheep, Frederick 883
Vaccination against slieep pox with sensitized virus, DuBcis 884
Contagious agalactia in goats and sheep, Marra and Cocciante 884
Interim report of the departmental committee to inquire into swine fever 884
Hog cholera control, Glover 885
The preparation of hog cholera immune serum, Fitzgerald 885
Results of treatment of 140,000 swine with serum- virus in Ohio, Fischer 885
The control of hog cholera by slaughter methods, Hilton 886
Suggestions relative to prevention of hog cholera, Kastle and Graham 886
About infectious abortion in pigs and hog cholera, Dorrwachter 886
Bacillus abortivus cqidnus in infectious arthritis of colts, Good and Smith 887
The etiologj'^ of pyemic arthritis in foals, Schofield 887
A text-book of horseshoeing, Lungwitz and Adams 887
Vaccine treatment of chicken pox in fowls 887
RURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation manager and his legal problems, Newell 888
Report on irrigation for the year 1913 888
Irrigating plant for 625 acres, Feicht 888
Irrigation from tube-wells, Hughes 888
A weir chart, Brower 888
The transportation of debris by running water, Gilbert and Murphy 888
Subirrigation and di-ainage for golf greens 889
Drainage of Shoshone irrigation project, Murphy 889
Reclamation of alkali lands, Headley 889
Electricity versus steam in drainage pumping 890
Construction and maintenance of sand-clay roada in Georgia, Koch 890
Standard cross sections for Illinois roads 890
The organization and standards of the Iowa Highway Commission 890
Standard I-beam and pile highway bridges of Iowa State Highway Commission . 890
The effect of compression on a small gas engine, Roehm and Tangemann 890
Fuel consumption of gasoline engines 890
Gasoline engine troubles and care and operation of gasoline engines. Smith ... 891
Tests of feed mills, Wirth 891
CONTENTS. IX
Page.
Handling eilage, Chase and Wood 891
Concrete silos 892
The construction and equipment of dairy bams, NichoUs 892
The dairy bam at the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Hooper 893
Making a poultry house, Conover 893
Figuring radiation for kitchens using gas fuel, Donnelly 893
[Sanitation] 893
Local venting of plumbing v. safety first, Mann 893
Relation of methods of disposal of sewage to spread of pellagra, Siler et al 893
RURAL ECONOMICS.
[Economic studies] 893
An investigation of piece wage in agriculture, von Esden-Tempski 894
The movement of wheat prices and its causes, Perimann 894
Markets and rural economics, Brooks 894
Farmers' market bulletin 894
Proceedings of seventy-fourth meeting of New York State Agricultural Society . . 894
Proceedings of the Agricultural Conference and Com Show 894
Report of the Missouri Country Life Conference, 1914 895
Facts and fiction about crops, Hopkins 895
Statistics of crops, \\'arren 895
Agricultural statistics of Ireland, 1.913 895
Agriculture in the Ruhr coal region of the Rhine, Avereck 895
Statistics of agriculture in Switzerland 895
In foreign fields, Wing 895
AGRICtJLTURAL EDUCATION.
The relation of the agricultural college to the state normal school, Storm 896
How a course of study in agiiculture would help the public schools, Main 896
Report of the committee on courses of study in agriculture. Bi.shop 896
Agriculture and gardening in the public schools, Palmer 896
In what way can the nature-study movement assist rural communities, Paul . . 896
[Reports of the general committee and subcommittees on horticultui-al courses] . . . 897
Coordinating secondary school and college courses in horticulture, Wright 897
Relation of horticultural practices to the horticultural curriculum, Lewis 897
College courses in harvesting and marketing fruits and vegetables, Brierly. . . . 898
Growing prize com, Holden 898
Process of agricultural education in 1912-13, Jenks and Lane 898
Agricultural education [in Latin America], Brandon 898
Agricultural education m the Republic of Argentina, Amadeo and Vallejo 898
Report of Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, Ireland 898
Christchurch Technical College agricultural department 898
Agricultural pupil scheme, Freeman 898
Agricultural education, Rijkens 898
The feminist movement in agriculture, Bussard 899
The exhibition of rural school work, Comstock 899
Agricultural extension service 899
MISCELLANEOUS.
Report of the director, 1913, Russell 899
List of publications of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station 899
LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.
Stations in the United States.
Arizona Station : Page .
Bui. 71, July 1, 1913 891
Colorado Station:
Bui. 196, June, 1914 818
Bui. 197, May, 1914 879, 885
Bui. 198, June, 1914 836
Illinois Station:
Bui. 167, Mar., 1914 867
Circ. 173, June, 1914 836
Circ. 174, July, 1914 873
Circ. 175, July, 1914 865
Kentucky Station :
Bui. 179, June, 1914 892, 893
Bui. 180, July, 1914 870
Bui. 181, Aug., 1914 886, 889
Maine Station:
Bui. 229, July, 1914 832
Missouri Station:
Circ. 68, Apr., 1914 830
Circ. 69, Apr., 1914 819
Circ. 70, July, 1914 851
Montana Station :
Circ. 38, Feb., 1914 835
Circ. 39, May, 1914 843
Nebraska Station:
Bui. 143, June 22, 1914 866
Bui. 144, Aug. 15, 1914 869
Bui. 145, Sept. 1, 1914 891
New Hampshire Station:
Tech. Bui. 7, Dec, 1913 847
Tech. Bui. 8, June, 1914 802
New York State Station:
Bui 381, popular ed., Mar..
1914 '. 837
Ohio Station:
Bui. 264, Oct., 1913 852
Bui. 268, Jan., 1914 868
Circ. 140, Nov. 1, 1913 853
Oklahoma Station:
Circ. 34, July, 1914 829
Circ. 35, July, 1914 832
Oregon Station:
Bui. 118, June, 1914 818
Porto Rico Station:
Bui. 16, Sept. 17, 1914 816
Statidns in the United States — Contd.
Tennessee Station: Page.
Bui. 107, June, 1914 815
Bui. 108, June. 1914 837
Texas Station:
Bui. 164, Apr., 1914 863
Bui. 165, Apr., 1914 801
Bui. 166, May, 1914 862
Bui. 167, June, 1914 823
Vermont Station:
Bui. 181, May, 1914 838
Wisconsin Station:
Bui. 239, June, 1914 874
Bui. 240, June, 1914 817,
823, 827, 829, 835, 840, 849, 864,
870, 874, 876, 887, 890, 893, 899
Bui. 241, Julv, 1914 875
Circ. 49, July, 1914 823
Z7. 5. Department of Agriculture .
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Bighead in Sheep, H. J. Fred-
erick 883
Effects of Tick Eradication on
the Cattle Industry of the
South, W. F. Ward 883
Bureau of Soils:
Field Operations, 1913—
Soil Survey of Ashley Countv,
Ark., E. S. Vanatta et al. ! . 813
Soil Survey of Bradford
County, Fla., W. C. Byers et
al 813
Soil Survey of Gordon County,
Ga., J. O. Veatch 814
Soil Survey of Miller County,
Ga., R. T. Allen and E. J.
Grimes 814
Bureau of Plant Industry:
Work of the Huntley Experi-
ment Farm, 1913, D. Han-
sen 828
Work of the Truckee-Carson
Experiment Farm, 1913, F.
B. Headley 828, 835, 889
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XXXI. Abstract Number. No. 9.
RECENT AVORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
AGRICULTTJRAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.
Ammonia-soluble inorganic soil colloids, G. S. Fraps {Texas Sta. Bui. 165
(1914), pp. .3-8). — It is pointed out that the indirect methods do not really
estimate the colloidal constituents of soils but only compare them with regard
to certain properties which may be partly dependent on other soil constituents.
" The only method as yet proposetl for approximately estimating the total
colloids is by staining the colloidal particles, and estimating their number
or quantity by means of a microscopic examination."
The work reported in this bulletin deals with the soluble colloidal soil sub-
stances and not with the total, or insoluble, colloids. The method used is based
on observations made in the laboratory of the Texas Station, that when am-
monium carbonate is added to the clear ammoniacal filtrate obtained in digest-
ing soils with ammonium hydroxid a precipitate consisting chiefly of inorganic
material is obtained. " The use of ammonium carbonate for precipitating the
clay is the method proposed by Rather [E. S. R., 25, p. 614] for purifying the
ammoniacal humus filtrate." The method is as follows:
" Digest 100 gm. of the soil with 2,000 cc. of fifth-normal hydrochloric acid
at room temperature for 24 hours. Filter and wash thoroughly. Wash back
into the bottle with 2,000 cc. of 4 per cent ammonia and let digest at room
temperature for 24 hours, shaking every half hour for 4 hours. Filter on a
large folded filter, getting as much of the soil as possible on the filter, and
continue to pour back' the filtrate until it comes through clear, as per the Smith
method. Discard the residue. Take 1,500 cc. of the filtrate, coagulate with
the ammonium carbonate (and heat, if necessary), let settle, collect on ash-
free filter, ignite, and weigh.
" Fuse the precipitate with sodium and potassium carbonate, dissolve in
hydrochloric acid, and evaporate to render silica insoluble. Filter off and
weigh silica, if pure; if contaminated with iron, purify. Precipitate the iron
and alumina in the filtrate with ammonia, ignite, and weigh precipitate. Fuse
with potassium acid sulphate, and dissolve, reduce the iron with zinc, and
titrate with iDermanganate."
If the soil contains much lime several extractions must be made with the
hydrochloric acid or with stronger hydrochloric acid for the purpose of remov-
ing it.
The soils to be examined are divided into four groups, arranged according
to their total content of ammonia-soluble colloids, viz, " (1) 0 to 0.05 per
cent; (2) 0.051 to 0.101 per cent; (3) 0.101 to 0.2 per cent; (4) 0.201 to 0.6
801
802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
per cent. For the purposes of comparison, the total nitrogen, the acid-soluble
iron and alumina, and the acid-soluble lime, are also given." " The maximum
quantity present in the soils examined Vv-as 0.59 per cent. The average of
seven soils rich in colloidal matter was 0.299 per cent inorganic colloidal ma-
terial."
The average percentage composition of the inorganic colloids of the four
groups was as follows : Silica 59.7, 53.3, 51.5, and 47.5 per cent ; iron oxid 24.3,
12.6, 11, and 12.6 per cent; alumina 8.7, 16.9. 29.9, and 36.9 per cent; and
difference 7.3, 17.2, 7.6, and 3 per cent, respectively. " The most striking fact
about these averages is the decrease in percentage of silica, and the increase in
percentage of alumina, as the soluble colloid content of the soil increases."
The molecular ratio of the constituents is: "0 to 0.05 per cent colloids —
l2SiO,:2Fe203: AI0O3; 0.051 to 0.1 i)er cent colloids— llSiO^ : 2Fe203 : 2AU.O3 ;
0.101 to 0.2 per cent colloids— 12SiO:: F2O3 : 4A1;03; 0.201 to 0.6 iier cent col-
loids—lOSiO^ : Fe^Os : 4A1:03."
" In kaolin the ratio of silica to alumina is 2Si02 : AI2O3 : 2H2O. If we
assume that all the alumina is present as kaolin, then there is an excess of five-
sixths of the silica in the first group, seven-elevenths in the second group, one-
third of the silica in the third group, and one-fifth of the silica in the fourth
group. However, there were other bases present in the precipitate which were
not estimated. It api)ears probable that the soluble colloidal material [ex-
tracted by ammonia] consists of hydrated silica, hydrated oxids of iron, hy-
drated silicates of alumina with other bases, and possibly hydrated silicate
of alumina."
Bordeaux mixture. — I, Physico-chemical studies, O. Butler (New Hamp-
shire Sta. Tech. BuL S (WU), PP- 125-180, pis. 2, figs. 3; Phytopathology, 4
(1914), No. 3, pp. 125-180, pis. 2, figs. 5).— There is apparently a marked di-
vergence of opinion regarding the composition of Bordeaux mixture, and accord-
ing to the literature it is clear that no agreement exists as regards the chemical
and physical properties (especially the latter). In consequence its toxic and
biological properties are also imi>erfectly understood. This paper deals with
the chemistry and physics of Bordeaux mixture.
" Bordeaux mixture may be composed of one or several basic cupric sulphates
or mixtures of basic cupric sulphates depending on the ratio of ciipric sulphate
to calcic oxid employed. The copper precipitate of Bordeaux mixtures in which
the I'atio of cupric sulphate to calcic oxid is 1 : 1 or 1 : 0.5 becomes crystalline on
standing when the washes contain more than 0.125 per cent cupric sulphate.
The rate at which the copper precipitate becomes crystalline depends on the
temperature and concentration in cupric sulphate of the mixtures. The crystal-
lization of Bordeaux mixtures 1 : 1 and 1 : 0.5 is retarded by the presence of such
impurities as ferrous sulphate, calcic carbonate, magnesic oxid, and magnesic
carbonate; but this retardation is not due to the diluent action of the salts in
question.
" The ci'j'stallizatiou of Bordeaux mixtures 1 : 1 and 1 : 0.5 may also be
delayed by various inorganic salts and organic substances, saccharose being
particularly effective. Bordeaux mixtures after carbonization are slightly
soluble in pure water, and dissolve readily in water containing carbon dioxid in
solution. Bordeaux mixtures are soluble in water containing ammonic salts in
solution. Alkaline Bordeaux mixtures are soluble in dextrose, saccharose, and
other organic substances giving the biuret reaction. The physical state of the
copper precipitate found in Bordeaux mixture is affected, irrespective of the
ratio of cupric sulphate to calcic oxid, by (a) the dilution of the salts and the
manner in which they are brought together; (b) the temperature of the water.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 803
"After the cupric sulphate aud calcic oxid have been brought together, a
slight delay in stirring the mixture does not materially affect the physical state
of the precipitate. Long continued stirring of Bordeaux mixture does not mate-
rially affect the physical state of the precipitate. The Bordeaux mixtures em-
ployed in practice fall into one or another of three types: (a) 'neutral' Bor-
deaux mixtures of which Woburn Bordeaux mixture is a ti-ue type and 'acid'
Bordeaux mixture a proximate type; (b) slightly alkaline Bordeaux mixtures —
neutral Bordeaux mixture is a good example of this class; (c) strongly alkaline,
or basic Bordeaux mixtures; in this class belong those Bordeaux mixtures in
which the ratio of cupric sulphate to calcic oxid is not greater than 2 to 1."
An introduction to the chemistry of plant products, P. Haas and T. G.
Hill (New York, London, and Bombay, 1913, pp. XII+4OI, figs. 5). — This work ^
is an attempt to provide the botanist and students of botany having some j
acquaintance with chemistiy with an introductory account of the chemistry audi
biological significance of the more imixtrtant chemical substances occurring in-
plants. In some instances micro-chemical, qualitative, and quantitative methods,
are included. I
Its contents include fats. oils, waxes, phosphatids, carbohydrates, glucosids, ■
tannins, pigments, nitrogen bases, colloids, proteins, and enzyms.
On the demonstration of carotinoids in plants, C. van Wisselingh {K.
Akad. Weteiisch. Amsterd<im. Proc. Sect. Sci., 15 (1912), pt. 1, pp. 511-526. 686-
692, 693-700; K. Akad. Wetmsch. Amsterdam, Vcrsl. Wis en Xatiiurk. Afdeel.,
21 {1912). Xo. 1, pp. 370-386, 565-572, 572-579).— Thin article is in three parts.
I. Separation of carotinoids in crystaUine form. — The results obtained by
various investigators in regard to the carotins, or carotinoids, of plants are
far from uniform. The microscopical findings are especially divergent and they
conflict with those shown by the chemical and physical methods. Some investi-
gators believe all carotinoids to be identical. On this account a study was made
of the various mici'o-chemical methods, including the potash, dilute acid, and
resorcinol methods.
" The results of the above crystallization experiments point strongly to the
frequent occurrence of several distinct carotinoids in a plant."
II. Behavior of carotinoids with regard to reagents and solvents. — " The
reagents by means of which coloration is brought about in carotinoids are the
following: Concentrated sulphuric, sulphurous, and concentrated nitric acids,
bromin water, concentrated hydrochloric acid with a little phenol or thymol, and
iodin in potassium iodid or chloral hydrate solution. All these reagents cause
blue coloration except the iodin reagent, which generally produces a green color.
" In this paper the use of sulphuric acid, bromin water, and iodin in potas-
sium iodid solution is dealt with as well as two new reagents for carotinoids,
namely, concentrated solutions of antimony trichlorid and of zinc chlorid both
in 25 i>er cent hydrochloric acid."
The list of the organs and plants on which the new reagents were tested were
(1) flowers of Trollius caticasiciis, Chelidonium ma jus, Isatis tinctoria. Spar-
tium junceum, Thermopsis Janceolata, Cucurbita nvelanosperma. Ferula sp.,
Asclepias curassavica. Calceolaria riigosa, Dendrobium thyrsiflorum, Iris pseuda-
eorus. Narcissus pseudonarcissns, and Lilium crocemn; (2) green leaves of
Chelidonium ma jus and Urtica dioica; (3) fruits of Sorbus aucuparia and
Solanum lycopersicum; (4) the root of Daucus carota; and (5) algae, viz,
Cladophora sp., and Hcematococcus pluvialis.
III. The leaf of Urtica dioica, the flower of Dendrobium thyrsiflorum and
Hcematococcus pluvialis. — In the foregoing communication stress was laid
on the fact that the carotinoids present differences in the color and shape of the
804 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
crystals and in their beliavior toward reagents and solvents. Working on tbis
basis it is shown that in the leaves of XJ. dioica two coloring matters were
noted, namely, carotin and xanthophyll. This finding has been previously noted
by Willstiitter and Mieg.
D. thyrsiflorum contains two carotinoids. One of these is reddish orange in
color and does not grow commonly in plants. The author believes that this
substance is not a true carotinoid and belongs to the xanthophylls.
In H. jjluvialis two carotinoids occur. This finding was previously made by
Zopf but the procedures used by the two investigators were different.
The sugars and their simple derivatives, J. E. Mackenzie (London and
Edinburgh, 1913, pp. XVI-\-242, figs. i7).— The contents of this book are based
on a course of lectures given at Birkbeck College, London, in 1903 and subse-
quently at the University of Edinburgh before students of pure chemistry,
medicine, brewing and distilling, and sugar manufacture. The book is intended
as a companion to works on physiological chemistry and to chemo-technological
works.
Its contents include sugars; synthetic methods of preparation; manufacture
of sucrose from the sugar cane and sugar beet; physical and chemical pi'operties
of sucrose; maltose; lactose; glucose; glucosamin; configuration: pentoses;
methyl pentoses; aldohexoses; ketohexoses; disaccharids, trisaccharids, and
tetrasaccharids; glucosids; fermentation; and metabolism.
The differentiation and specificity of starches in relation to genera, spe-
cies, etc.. E. T. Reichekt (Carnegie Jnst. Washington Pub. 173. 1913, pis. 1,
pp. XyiI+342+20, pis. 102; 2, pp. XVIJ-{-3Jf.3-900-\-18, figs. 4OO).— This is a
preliminary report of an attempt to apply stereo-chemical principles to proto-
plasmic processes and products and to serve as a strictly scientific basis for the
classification of iilants and animals. It is a supplement to the report on the
crystallography of hemoglobins by the same author (E. S. R., 22. p. 701).
The work deals with the literature pertaining to the starch grain, and also gi\ es
the histological appearance and behavior of the starches from many sources.
Among Ihe methods used were tests with iodin, anilin dyes, swelling reagents,
the polariscope with and without the selenite plate, and gelatinization. In
addition to this, curves of the reaction intensities and the histology of different
starches were noted. Six hundred and twelve micro-photographs of starches
are shown and the applicability of the results of the research to pharmacognosy,
pharmacodynamics, systematic botany, and commercial pursuits is discussed.
Glycerids of butter fat, C. Ambebger (Ztsehr. Untcrsueh. Xahr. u. Ge-
nussmtl., 26 (1913), No. 2, pp. 65-S5). — By fractional solution and crystalliza-
tion pure individual glycerids can be obtained from butter fat. The least solu-
ble glycerid, i. e.. in ether, obtained from one fat consisted of tristearin (not
quite pure), and from two others, palmityl-distearin. From another sample of
butter a stearyl-dipalmitin was obtained.
The density and solution volume of some proteins, Harriette Chick aud
C. J. Martin (Diochcm. Jour.. 7 (1913), Xo. 1, pp. 92-96). — "A comparison has
been instituted in case of four proteins, viz, caseinogen, egg and serum albumins,
and serum globulin, between the density directly determined with dry speci-
mens and that calculated from the specific gravity of concentrated solutions.
The latter is found to be 5 to 8 per cent in excess of the former, showing the
extent of shrinkage in volume taking place when these proteins enter colloidal
solution."
For previous work see other notes (E. S, R.. 29. p. 501).
The factors concerned in the solution and precipitation of euglobulin.
Harriette Chick (Bioehem. Jour., 7 (1913), Xo. 3, pp. 31S-3-'fO). — "The iso-
electric point for euglobulin has been redetermined and found to coincide with
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 805
the point of most rapid agglutiuation, viz, at a tiydrogen ion concentration of
about 3X1G — " normal, a figure whicli agrees witli ttiat obtained by Micliaelis
and Rona.
" The solution or dispersion of euglobulin by electrolytes is shown to be much
influenced by the nature (especially as regards valency) of the constituent ions
and to be of two general types: (a) ' Electrical ' type of solution in which the
euglobulin dispersion is accompanied by the acquisition of an electric charge by
the protein particles, the sign of which is similar to that of the more potent
ion of the electrolyte employed; (b) 'molecular* type of solution, in which the
dissolved euglobulin is electrically neutral.
" In type (a) the dispersion is considered to result from a specific adsorption
of the ion possessing the higher valency, in (b) from a molecular union with
(Hardy) or adsorption of (Schryver) the salt as a whole. Botli types of
solution are accompanied by loss of electrical conductivity in the liquid.
" The electrical type of solution is well seen in case of disjiersion by such salts
as sodium citrate and lanthanum nitrate in low concentration; in case of the
more ordinary salts, containing mono- or divalent ions only, the electric forces
concerned are not powerful enough to disperse globulin until the concentration
is raised to a point where molecular solution talies place. In the case of sodium
citrate, the electrical type of solution was found to change to the molecular
type as the concentration of the salt was increased.
" Euglobulin, when denatured by heat, no longer i>ossesses the property of
forming the molecular type of solution with electrolytes. On heating the latter,
in some cases the degree of dispersion is merely diminished, and the protein
particles acquire an electric charge, whose sign is determined by the more
potent ion of the electrolyte employed; in other cases agglutination takes place.
" The reaction of acid and allialine solutions of euglobulin is greatly influenced
by the addition of electrolytes, the hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentration
being reduced respectively. In case of the former the effect is much increased
with rising valency of the anion, and in alkaline .solution the result is deter-
mined by the valency of the cation. The influence of electrolytes in causing
pi'ecipitation of globulin dissolved in acid and alkali may. in some instances, be
adequately explained by the alteration in reaction ; in this way solutions too acid
or too alkaline for agglutination of the globulin may be adjusted to the Isoelec-
tric point by the addition of an appropriate electrolyte.
" Precipitation by electrolytes may, however, also take place in solutions
whose reaction is still far removed from that of the iso-electric point. In these
instances it is attributed to neutralization of the electric charge originally car-
ried by the protein particles by means of a specific adsorption of the oppositely
charged ion of the electrolyte ; the effect is related to valency.
" In the properties regarding solution and precipitation . . . euglobulin, in
common with caseinogen and the vegetable globulins, presents a very interest-
ing analogy with heat-denatured proteins. Euglobulin differs from heat-de-
natured protein in its capacity to form solutions with electrolytes in which the
protein particles are electrically neutral."
The hydrolysis of organic phosphorus compounds by dilute acid and by
dilute alkali, R. H. A. Plimmer (Biochevi. Jour., 7 (1913), No. 1, pp. 72-80). —
In these experiments it was found that ethyl phosphoric acid, glycerophos-
phoric acid, and phytic acid are hydrolyzed by acid but are not affected by
alkali. Stability to alkali is consequently considered a property of phosphoric
acid esters.
" It is not known how the phosphoric acid is combined in phosphoprotein,
but it is probably united with one of the amino acids. Hexosephosphoric acid
806 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
reduces Fehling's solution, which points to the presence of the functional alde-
hyde or ketone group in the molecule."
Suggestions in regard to the possible atomic grouping of the above are ap-
pended.
Action of hydrogen chlorid upon diastase, I, T. Panzer (Hoppe-Seyler's
Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 82 {1912), No. 3-^, pp. 216-325; ahs. in CcntU. Bakt.
[e/c], 2. AM., 37 (1913), No. 11-13, p. 281).— After studying the effects of dry
hydrogen chlorid gas upon diastase, the author concludes that a chemical com-
bination of the ferment and gas is necessary for amyloclastic activity.
Action of hydrogen chlorid upon invertase, II, T. Panzer ( Hoppe-Seyler's
Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 82 (1912), No. 5, pp. 377-390; ahs. in Centbl. Bakt.
[etcl, 2. Aht., 37 (1913), No. 11-13, p. 28i).— Invertase absorbs much hydrogen
chlorid but loses its activity as a result. There is probably a difference be-
tween the chemical constitution of diastase and invertase.
Saccharifying diastase of malt and the reaction of the medium, H. Van
Laer (Orig. Commiin. 8. Internat. Cong. Appl. Chem. [Washington and Neiv
York'i, U (1912), Sect. Vlb, pp. 203-213) .—This is a study of the influence of
various amounts of acid and alkali on diastase obtained from malt extracts of
different kinds.
The inhibition produced by an excess of eitlier an acid or an alkali is
deemed due to the formation of an inactive compound between the enzym and
the acid or alkali. The loss in acidity in the presence of hydrogen ions and
hydroxyl ions is due to three principal causes, (1) the destruction of a part of
the euzym which is not reversible, (2) the temporary mobilization of a portion
of the enzym, and (3) an increase in the activity caused by a loss in ions and
due to the influence of stabilization.
Book of methods (Methodenhuch. Vienna, 1913, pp. XVI+307, figs. 9).—
This is the first edition of a treatise on methods compiled by the Association of
Austrian Experiment Stations. The methods are for soils (general and spe-
cial methods), moor soils, artificial fertilizers, peat straw and peat mull, com-
mercial feeding stuffs, feed lime, condition powders, seeds, fats, waxes, oils
and varnishes, cane sugar, molasses, sugar beets, bone charcoal, starch, alcohol,
wine residues, sulphur, water, sewage, vegetable tanning materials, and foods.
Winkler's method for the determination of carbon dioxid in water, J.
Casares and S. Pina ve Rt-bies (Ann. Chini. Analyt., 18 (1913), No. 4, pp.
133-136; abs. in Chem. Abs., 7 (1913), No. 19, p. 3377).— In these experiments,
which were made with pure sodium carbonate in solution, an average error of
2.5 per cent was noted. This was about six times the error found by the origi-
nator of the method. The results were inconstant even with identical amoimts
of sodium carbonate, and the error did not depend upon the amount of hydrogen
passed through the apparatus. It increased rapidly as the amount of carbon
dioxid decreased.
Colorimetric determination of small amounts of manganese in drinking
water, E. Schowalter (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. it. Genussmth, 26 (1913), No.
2, pp. lO.'i-lOS). — When estimating manganese by conversion into permanganate
with nitric acid and ammonium persulphate it is of importance first to remove
any chlorids which may be present. This is done by the addition of silver
nitrate, but the turbidity produced interferes with the subsequent colorimetric
estimation. It is not possible to remove the hydrochloric acid by heating the
water with sulphuric acid and ammonium persulphate.
Silver nitrate seems to be active in the reaction when permanganate is being
formed and consequently the author prefers the following procedure for deter-
mining manganese: One hundred cc. of water is evaporated with 10 cc. of
AGKICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 807
nitric acid to dryness and then taken up with 10 cc. of water and 55 cc. of nitric-
acid. The solution is filtered through a small filter into an Erlenmeyer flask.
The dish and fifter are then washed with a measured amount of water until
35 cc. of filtrate is obtained. After adding 5 cc. of nitric acid and 1 gm. of
ammonium persulphate (in most cases 0.5 gm. is suflicient), the solution is
heated to boiling point. Then 10 drops of silver nitrate 1 : 20 is added, and
from the time a reddish color api>ears. boiled for 1 to I2 minutes. After cool-
ing, the solution is transferred to a clean, dry cylinder, made up to 50 cc.
with water, and compared with a standard solution of permanganate contained
in an identical cylinder.
An iron content of 10 mg. per l.fKM) ce. does not affect the results.
A note on the Hopkins and Cole modification of the Adamkiewicz test for
protein, Y. II. Mottram {Biochem. Jour., 7 (1912), No. 3, pp. 249-259) .—The
Hopkins and Cole modification of this reaction fails in the presence of small
amounts of oxidizing agents. " The following method of carrying out the
test yields excellent results:
"One cc. of strong 'reduced oxalic' acid (Benedict's reduced oxalic will do
just as well) is mixed with 1 cc. of 1 per cent Witte peptone, and then 2 cc.
of sulphuric acid is run down the side of the test tube which is held as near
horizontal as convenient. The fiuids are then rapidly njixecl by shaking from
side to side with the test tube vertical. The quantities given are for a test
tube 1.5 cm. in diameter (the usual laboratory size). Subsequent addition of
one drop of 1 per cent ferric chlorid solution usually iucre.ises the density and
the blueness of the coloration.
" The quantities given may be varied greatly and yet a good coloration be
obtained. One cc. or 5 cc. of sulphuric acid to 2 cc. of the mixture yields an
inimistakable result and the quantities may be guessed and not measured.
More sulphuric acid gives a bluer result than less."
The estimation of tyrosin in proteins by bromination, R. H. A. Plimmer
and ELiz.\BETn C. Eaves (Biochem. Jour., 7 (1913), No. 3, pp. 297-310).— " The
estimation of small quantities of tyrosin — 0.01 to 0.04 gm. — can be effected by
J. H. Millar's " method of bromination when a more dilute solution of sodium
bromate is used, but it is preferable to modify his procedure by adding excess
of the reagent and titrating the nonabsorbed halogen with thiosulphate solu-
tion. u.sing potassium iodid and starch as indicator.
" Tyrosin can not be directly estimated by bromination in the presence of
protein and its decomiwsition products^, since histidin and tryptophan also ab-
sorb bromin. Histidin can be removed by precipitation with phosphotungstic
acid. The absorption of bromin by tryptophan is not completely eliminated
after boiling with acids, so that tyrosin can not be estimated by this method
in solutions containing the products of acid hydrolysis of proteins which con-
tain tryptophan. Values for the tyrosin content of proteins, agreeing with
those obtained by isolation and weighing, are obtained when the bromin ab-
sorption of a tryptic digest is measured after an interval of about six hours."
The separation of cystin and tyrosin, R. H. A. Plimmer (Biochem. Jour., 7
(1913). No. 3, pp. 311-317). — This work shows that cystin and tyrosin can be
separated from one another by a precipitntion with phosphotungstic acid.
Practically all of the tyrosin can be determined in the filtrate and washings.
The two amino acids may also be separated by a precipitation with mercuric
sulphate in 5 per cent sulphuric acid, but the cystin is incompletely precipitated
and the tyrosin which is recovered is impure.
"Trans. Guinness Research Lab., 1 (1903), pt. 1, pp. 40-44.
70903°— 14 2
808 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
" Cystin and tyrosin can be completely and quantitatively separated by means
of absolute alcohol saturated Asdth hydrogen chlorid. The tyrosin is rapidly
converted into tyrosin ester and goes into solution. It can be recovered by
boiling the solution vphen diluted with water for eight hours and then neutraliz-
ing with ammonia. Almost the whole of the cystin is insoluble; the portion
which goes into solution (perhaps cystin hydrochlorid) is precipitated by add-
ing an equal volume of absolute alcohol. The cystin is not converted into its
ethyl ester since on dissolving the insoluble portion in dilute hydrochloric acid
and neutralizing with ammonia the cystin is precipitated in the typical hexag-
onal plates."
Determination of amino nitrogen in the tissues, D. D. Van Slyke (Jour.
Biol. Chem., 16 (1913), No. 2, pp. 187-195).— " The amino acids are extracted
from the tissues with hot water. Uncoagulated proteins in the extract are pre-
cipitated by alcohol. Alcohol and the slight amount of ammonia present in the
extract are removed by concentration in vacuum, and the amino nitrogen in the
residue is determined by the nitrous acid method. The rapidity with which the
amino nitrogen reacts with nitrous acid, and the relatively small increase which
it shows as the result of hydrolysis of the extract with hydrochloric acid, Indi-
cate that the amino nitrogen determined by the method outlined represents ap-
proximately the free o-amino acids. Only a few per cent of the amino nitrogen
appears due to proteins or their intermediate products and to amins not of
protein origin. The correction for the latter can, when desirable, be readily
determined."
Testing' animal fat for phytosterol, M. Fritzsche (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr.
u. OenussmiL, 26 (1913), No. 11, pp. 6U-6Jt8) .—The digitonin method of Mar-
cusson and Schilling, while very satisfactory, requires 24 hours for its execu-
tion. The method has now been modified so as to require only two hours, as
follows :
Fifty gm. of the melted and clear filtered fat is heated in a 150-cc. beaker
with 20 cc. of a 1 per cent digitonin solution to from 60 to 70° C, and stirred
at this temperature for five minutes with a mechanical stirring device. Fluid
and semisolid fats are filtered, with the aid of suction, through an easily perme-
able Biichner funnel holding a 50-mm. diameter filter disk. The residue is then
washed with ether six successive times with the aid of gentle suction.
While still warm the solid fats are treated, after the stirring process, with
20 cc. of chloroform, filtered under pressure, and washed twice with 5 cc. of
warm chloroform and six successive times with 5 cc. of ether aided by slight
suction. The fat-free residue (digitonin) with the filter disk is dried for five
minutes on a watch glass at from 30 to 40°, and after the removal of the filter.
The residue is transferred to a dry test tube provided with a cooling tube and
heated with 2 cc. of acetic acid anhydrid to liquefaction with a small flame and
then heated five minutes longer. The hot fluid is filtered through cotton into a
crystallizing dish and the test tube and funnel washed twice with 0.5 cc. of
warm absolute alcohol. The residue is then dried upon the water bath aided
by a current of air, 1 cc. or less of absolute alcohol is added, covered with a
watch glass, heated to solution, co<^)led, and the solution, etc., poured after
crystallization has set in, upon a porous clay plate. When the mother liquor
has been absorbed, the crystals are transferred to a crystallization dish.
A small portion of the crystalline mass is heated on a watch glass ten min-
utes at 70° and then employed for the melting point determination. The re-
mainder of the residue is dissolved in absolute alcohol and used for a second,
third, and possibly a fourth determination. Parafiin when present does not
affect the results.
Some tests with beef tallow, oleomargarin, lard, and butter are included.
AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 809
Estimation of sugar by the biological method, A. J. Kluyveb (Abs. in
CentU. Bakt. [e/c], 2. AM., 38 (1913), Xo. 21-25, pp. 648, 649).— In contra-
distinctioa to other workers (Prior, K^iuig and Hormaun, and Geelmuyden),
the author introduces large quantities of yeast into relatively small amounts
(1 to 2 cc.) of sugar solution held in a special form of fermentation saccha-
rometer. Within 40 hours the fermentation is finished and from the amount of
carbon dioxid produced the amount of sugar fermented is calculated.
The method is deemed useful for studying carbohydrate metabolism in plants
and animals.
Estimation of iron in presence of organic substances, E. Salkowski
{Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 83 (1913), No. 2, pp. 159-164; <Jbs. in
Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 104 (1913), No. 605, II, pp. 248, 249).— This is a
critical study of the difficulty experienced in the estimation of iron in oi'ganic
substances. " The iron is converted by fusion with a mixture of alkali nitrate
and carbonate into oxid, the fused mass dissolved in water, and the iron oxid
collected on an ash-free filter. It is advantageous to carry out the washing
with a 10 to 15 per cent solution of ammonium nitrate, and finally to fill the
filter with alcohol. A further difficulty is often experienced in removing all
traces of iron oxid from the platinum dish."
The method of estimation of iron as ferric phosphate was examined and
found to be very unsatisfactory. Washing the ferric phosphate precipitate
with ammonium acetate did not remove the difficulties.
The soluble nitrogenous substances as a factor for judging flours, B.
RoussEAUX and M. Sirot (Ann. Chim. Analyt., 18 (1913), No. 6, pp. 224-228). —
It sometimes occurs that the I'esults obtained by analyzing flours according
to the usual methods (moisture, ash, fat, dry gluten, acidity, and fineness)
indicate a good flour, but when the flour is submitted to a practical baking
test, it furnishes a bread, etc.. of inferior quality. The author therefore deems
it advisable to take into account the total and soluble nitrogenous substances
contained in the flour.
A flour suitable for baking purposes contains a ratio of total to soluble
nitrogen of 5.72 : 1 (data obtained from 26 analyses of satisfactory and unsat-
isfactory flours). The total nitrogenous substances were determined by
Kjeldahl's method in a 2-gm. sample of flour.
For estimating the soluble nitrogenous substances, mix 10 gm. of flour with
150 cc. of water in a 200-cc. flask and then place in a boiling water bath for
from 2 to 5 minutes, shaking frequently during the interval. Take away the
burner from the water bath, remove the flask, cool, shake, filter, and deter-
mine the nitrogen in 50 cc. of the filtrate (2.5 gm. of flour) by Kjeldahl's
method.
The polarimetric determination of starch in rye and wheat flours, Mach
(Ahs. in Osterr. TJngar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u. Lcmdw., 42 (1913), No. 6, pp.
1011, 1012). — The purpose of this work was to determine especially the starch
content of feeds, and furthermore, whether typical samples of rye and wheat
by-products can be used as a basis for judging the by-products of the industries
dealing with these commodities. Seven samples of material were studied in
this connection and the Lintner, Lintner-Wenglein. and Ewers methods were
used for determining the starch.
The conclusions reached were that the polarimetric methods are not so
refined that they can be called exact and reliable. On the other hand, these
methods, especially Ewers' (E. S. R., 21, p. 108) do furnish results which will
aid in judging rye and wheat by-products.
A new method for examining baked goods, A. Schmid (Chem. Ztg., 36
(1912), No. 83, p. 796; Mitt. Lehensm. Unterstich. u. Hyg., Schweiz. Osndhtsamt.,
810 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
5 (1912), No. 3, pp. 193-199). — A method recommended for noting whether eggs
(yolk or the entire egg) have been used in the preparation of baked goods is
to determine the soluble proteins present. The procedure, which is provisional,
is as follows:
Thirty gm. of material is powdered and passed through a No. 5 universal
sieve into a 200 cc. flat-walled medicine bottle with 150 cc. of water and the
mixture shaken for 30 minutes. The solution is then set aside, and if it does
not clear it is centrifuged ; 20 cc. of the clear solution is placed in a tube grad-
uated in 0.1 cc. at its lower (tapered) end which is immersed in a water bath
at 50° C. and the temperature raised to SO to 85°. It is held at the latter
point for ten minutes when 2 cc. of a 10 per cent nitric acid solution is added.
After ten minutes the tube with its contents is centrifuged at 1,400 revolutions
per minute and the volume of the precipitate read off. A comparison is made
with a solution containing a known amount of eggs.
Determination of saccharin in foods, J. Karas (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u.
Gemissmtl., 25 (1913), No. 9, pp. 559, 560).— It is often difficult to extract
saccharin from solutions containing substances like starch, dextrin, etc., owing
to emulsion formation with the solvent, or, when examining cordials, sub-
stances are often present which mask the taste of saccharin or prevent its
crystallization.
A method suggested is as follows : Remove by evaporation the alcohol present
in the sample or in a water extract thereof, and concentrate until it has a
definite sweet taste; cool, add an aqueous solution of tannin (for 100 cc. of
fluid add about 10 to 15 cc. of a 10 per cent tannin solution), .shake, add 5 to
8 cc. of lead subacetate solution, and filter. Acidify the filtrate with phosphoric
acid, filter off the lead precipitate, and shake the filtrate with a mixture of
equal parts of ethyl and petroleum ethers. After evaporating off the ethers, a
residue of pure .saccharin is obtained.
It is not necessary to convert the saccharin into salicylic or sulphuric acid.
When much fat is present, make alkaline with sodium hydroxid before clarifi-
cation and extract with ethyl alcohol.
Examination of altered milk, L. Vuaflart (Ann. Falsif., 6 {1913), No. 53,
pp. l-iS, 1.^9).— Tho method of Kling and Roy (E. S. R., 22. p. 414) and the
modification tliereof proposed by Ronnet were studied and the difficulties
experienced are pointed out. The greatest difficulty was with the quantitative
extraction of fat from the coagulum. The procedure now followed consists of
placing the coagulated milk in a Schleicher and Schull thimble, and, after
removal of the serum by filtration, drying the coagulum at from 100 to 105°
C. and extracting for an hour with ether. The extraction is then stopped, the
coagulum rubbed up in a mortar and placed again in the thimble, and extracted
for from one to two hours longer.
For estimating the protein, 250 cc. of the clear serum is evaporated in an
800-cc. flask to sirupy consistency; 150 cc. of sulphuric acid and a little mercury
are added and the solution heated until nearly clear, when the coagulum in the
thimble, thimble and all. is added and the process continued until completion.
In contradistinction to Kling, who considers that 1.033 gm. equals 1 liter of
milk and who takes 32 gm. of fat and 33 gm. of protein as a minimum, the
author takes Ronnet's figures, namely, 1.030 gm. for 1 liter of milk, 30 gm. for
fat, and 29 gm. for protein. The latter figiu-es are deemed more closely repre-
sentative of the milks occurring in the north of France.
Analysis of altered milk, A. Gascard (Ann. FalMf., 6 (1913), No. 60, pp.
525-530). — A review and study of methods for examining decomposed milk.
The calculation of the coconut-fat content of butter according to the
Polenske method, T. Sundberg (Ztschr. Untensuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 26
METEOROLOGY — WATER. 811
{1913), No. 8, pp. 422-424) .—High, results for coconut fat were obtaiuecl by the
Polenske method of calculation (E. S. R., 15, p. 850). The method of calcu-
lation is deemed faulty on account of the figure which is taken as a standard
for butter, and which does not represent the original butter.
The estimation of the Reichert-Meissl and Polenske numbers, A. Goske
(Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genmssmtl., 26 {1913), Xo. 11, pp. 651, 652, fig. 1). —
Many of the nonconcordant results obtained from these determinations are
attributed to -improper saponification. The chief requirement for proper saponi-
fication is a definite end temperature. This has been determined and a special
form of apparatus for the work is suggested and illustrated.
Testing butter for preservative, W. E. Gwillim {Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 8
{1914), No. 1, pp. 64-67, fig. 1). — The fact that butter designed for shipment
to the United States must be free of preservatives is pointed out. As most
butter pi'eservatives consist of a mixture containing boron compounds, methods
are described for detecting these substances in butter, milk, or cream.
Contribution to the examination of cheese, E. Reuchlix and F. Rachel
{Ztschr. Untersuch. Nalir. u. GenussrntL, 26 {1913), No. 1, pp. 20-38). — These
studies, which were made with a large variety of cheeses, emphasize the fact
that the Siegfeld method for determining moisture (E. S. R., 24. p. 14) gives
in a short time figures which compare well with those furnished by other
methods. The lUittenberg and Koonig dry method (E. S. R.. 23. p. 182), without
the use of distributing agents, often yields low results.
The direct method of Mai and Rheinberger (E. S. R., 28, p. 612). when com-
pared with other figures obtained by the same method, gives results which are
fairly comparable, but are higher or lower than the indirect method. The
alkaline distillate obtained in this method allows a determination of ammonia
at the same time, which may possibly serve as a criterion for judging the I'ipe-
nees of cheese.
Farnsteiner's method « yields results for fat which are comparable with the
figures obtained from the Bondzynski and Ratzlaff method (E. S. R., 16,
p. 440).
The article also discusses many of the other methods proposed for the
estimation of moisture and fat in cheese.
Short notes from practice. W. Arnold {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Ge-
nussmtl., 26 {1913), No. 11, pp. 654-656). — This consists of methods for detect-
ing (1) coloring matters in edible fats, (2) sesame oil in margarin which eon-
tains hydrochloric acid and reddening substances, and (3) butter with a
suspiciously low olein content.
Short notes from practice, A. Goske {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Ge-
nussmtl., 26 {1913), No. 11, pp. 652-654, figs. 2). — A description of a special
water bath, a universal pycnometer, and a sedimentation glass with a glass
stopcock at its lower end.
METEOROLOGY— WATER.
Weather fallacies, A. O. Walker {Bot. Jour. [London], 2 {1914), No. 9, pp.
232-235). — This article indicates certain respects in which meteorological ob-
.servations as ordinarily reported fail to meet the requirements of the farmer.
For example, monthly and annual summaries of rainfall are considered to be of
little practical value, as more detailed information regarding the distribution
of rainfall is necessary.
"Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Gennssmtl., 7 (1904), No. 2, pp. 105, 106, fig. 1.
812 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
It is suggested that in order tliat temperature observations may be of prac-
tical value the means of all important periods of heat and cold, irrespective of
the calendar, ought to be published in an easily accessible form. Mean minima
are also useless. It is only the extreme range of temperature and the al^solute
minimum that is deemed of significance in relation to plant growth.
Meteorological observations at the Hamburg Observatory, 1912, R. Schoeb
(Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst., 30 {1912), Beiheft 4, pp. 50). — Detailed observa-
tions on temperature of the air and soil, pressure, moisture, precipitation,
cloudiness, and wind for each month of the year are reported in tables.
Annual report of the director of the [Philippine] Weather Bureau for the
year 1911, J. Algxj£ (Ann. Rpt. [Philippine] Weather Bur., 1911, pt. 3, pp.
266). — This contains a record of hourly meteorological observations made at
the secondary stations during the calendar year 1911.
The influence of weather conditions upon the amounts of nitric acid and
of nitrous acid in the rainfall near Melbourne, Australia, V. G. Anderson
(Chem. Neics, 110 (1914), Ko. 2859, p. 127). — The results of determinations of
nitric and nitrous acids in rain water at Canterbury from November 1, 1912, to
February 28, 1914, are reported and discussed in connection with similar data
from other sources.
The data indicate that these acids are formed in rain water in equal
molecular proportions and this points to nitrogen peroxid in the atmosphere
as their source. These proportions are maintained for some time in cold
weather but in hot weather the nitrous acid is rapidly converted into nitric
acid. As a result the ratio of nitric nitrogen to nitrous nitrogen is highest in
summer and lowest in winter.
It was found that " the concentration of nitric acid reached a maximum in
summer, a minimum in winter, and an intermediate position during autumn
and spring. The concentration of nitrous acid reached a maximum in winter
and a minimum in summer." The amount of oxidized nitrogen per acre car-
ried down by rain falling on any day appears to be a function of a type of
weather and within certain limits is independent of the amount of rainfall.
The oxidized nitrogen content of the rainfall corresponding to nine well defined
recurring types of weather is computed from various observations which have
been made in different parts of the world. This content is shown to be much
higher in the tropical than in the temperate and antartic types.
Artesian water in Missouri, A. W. McCoy ( Univ. Mo. Engin. Expt. Sta. Bui.,
4 {1913), No. 3, pp. 72, figs. 10). — It is the purpose of this bulletin to outline
the general artesian conditions in Missouri. It is attempted to furnish data as
to what depths water may be reached, how high it will rise in the well,
through what formations the drill must pass, what compounds the water is
liable to contain, amount of discharge from the ordinary well, and the general
economic conditions as compared with other sources.
The waters of Russian Turkestan and the future for the cultivation of the
soil, WOEiKor {Ztschr. Gesell. Erdk. Berlin, No. 5 {1914), PP- 341-355).— Data
on the surface water supplies and precipitation in Russian Turkestan are given,
and discussed with reference to the possibilities of irrigation farming in that
territory.
The climate of Turkestan is said to be warm and arid for six months of the
year, with plenty of sunshine. The precipitation is relatively small but the
streams are well supplied with water from mountain snow and ice. Floods in
these streams are said to follow usually extremely warm weather. Such floods
are said to occur at times when they will be most useful to such crops as cotton,
rice, forage, etc., but owing to the imperfect native contrivances for storing and
utilizing water approximately 3,500 cubic meters (123,550 cu. ft.) per second is
SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 813
wasted during the six warm months. One oubic meter per second is said to be
sufficient to irrigate 1,000 hectares (2,470 acres). The area at present irrigated
is about 9,880,000 acres, but much of this area receives water for so short a time
that cotton can not be grown.
The influence of ocean spindrift and blown spray on the chlorin content
of inland ground waters, W. Barb {Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge], 14 (1914), No.
1, pp. 119-128, figs. 3). — Studies of the ground waters of that part of Scotland
lying south of the river Forth, an area which shows appreciable differences in
its meteorological conditions, led to the conclusions that the ocean, through the
agencies of ocean spindrift and blown spray deposited on the land by all forms
of precipitation, has an influence on the chlorin content of inland ground
waters which is not limited to waters near the seaboard only but varies in
intensity with the distance from the seaboard. This influence is also modifled
by the configuration of the land surface and to some extent depends on the
direction of the prevailing winds from seaward.
Except where beds of salt occur, chlorin in inland ground waters is not due
to the geological character of the water-bearing strata but is derived from the
sea. It is further concluded that the chlorin figure may be utilized as a pre-
liminary means of gaging the purity, or otherwise, of water samples from a
district where the normal chlorin content has been established.
The location of water by means of the divining rod and automatic water
finder, G. B. Brooks {Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 2 (1914), ^'o. 3, pp. 183-
193, figs. 8). — The author defends the divining rod and the automatic water
finder, claims the ability of locating underground water by them, and gives
experimental data to substantiate his claims. He states that the factors
affecting the results obtained by a divining rod are thi^nderstorms, atmospheric
moisture, and other weather conditions, proximity to growing timber, heavy
clay subsoil, and ironstone or other minerals, the time of day, and the physical
condition of the diviner.
Rural water supplies, E. Babtow {Univ. III. Bui., 10 {1913), No. 36, pp. 79-
84, figs. 2). — A classification of rural water-supply samples examined by the
State Water Survey during the years 1907-1912, on the basis of their analyses
considered in conjunction with their source and the surroundings of the well,
is reported. The average number condemned decreased with the depth of the
well. This was true but to a less extent with samples collected from typical
wells. Many of the deepest wells were condemned owing to their mineral con-
tent. Three-fourths of the shallow wells examined were contaminated and 45
per cent of the samples of unknown origin were condemned.
Information is given regarding the protection of shallow wells.
SOILS— FERTILIZERS.
Soil survey of Ashley County, Arkansas, E. S. Vanatta et al. ( U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations of the Bureau, of Soils, 1913, pp. 5-39,
fig. 1, map 1). — This survey was issued March 13, 1914. It deals with soil
characteristics and crop adaptabilities of an area of 596,480 acres in south-
eastern Arkansas which is broadly divided into uplands and bottom lands.
The upland soils are both loessial and sedimentary. Although drainage is poor
in many cases, it is stated that " topographically practically the entire area of
the county is easily tillable." Twelve soil types are mapped, the Richland silt
loam being by far the most extensive. Agriculture is stated to be growing in
importance, but it is not yet well developed in the county.
Soil survey of Bradford County, Florida, W. C. Btees et al. {TJ. S. Dept.
Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1913, pp. 36,
814 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Florida State Geo-
logical Survey, was issued July 24, 1914. It deals with soil characteristics and
crop adaptabilities of an area of 344,960 acres in northeastern Florida, the
topography of which varies from flat to hilly. The soils of the area are broadly
grouped into sedimentary, alluvial, and cumulose soils, and their greatest gen-
eral requirement is said to be drainage, which should be followed by liming.
Fourteen soil types of six series are mapped, with Portsmouth fine sand pre-
dominating. Although only a small part of the county is under cultivation,
agriculture is said to be entering a period of development.
Soil survey of Gordon County, Georg-ia, J. O. Veatch (f7. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Advance Sheets Field, Operations of the Bureau, of Soils, 1913, pp. 70, fig. 1,
map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State College of
Agriculture, was issued July 10, 1914. It deals with soil characteristics and
crop adaptabilities of an area of 238,080 acres in northwestern Georgia, which
consists of three principal topographic divisions, viz, a narrow mountainous
area extending practically the entire width of the western boundary of the
county, a mountainous area occupying the extreme eastern part, and a great
valley approximately 20 miles in width lying between. There is a diversity of
soils which are principally residual in origin. Thirty-nine soil types of 21 series
are mapped, the loam and silt loam classes predominating. It is stated that the
agricultural i)o.ssibilities of the county have hardly been realized.
Soil survey of Miller County, Georgia, R. T. Allen and E. J. Grimes ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1913, pp.
34, fig. 1, nwp 1). — ^This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State
College of Agriculture, was issued August 22, 1914. It deals with soil charac-
teristics and crop adaj)tabilities of an area of 176,000 acres in southwestern
Georgia, the topography of which is flat to gently rolling, varied here and there
by limestone sinks. The soils of the area are derived from the Coastal Plain
deposits and are consolidated and unconsolidated. Drainage is for the most
part good and practically all of the upland portion of the county is said to be
well suited to tillage operations and to the use of labor-saving machinery. Sev-
enteen soil types of nine series are mapped, the Norfolk sandy loam with its two
phases being the most extensive and important.
Agrology of Sahel, I. Pouget, F. L^onardon, and D. Chouchak (Agrologie
du Sahel. — /. Sahcl d'Algcr. Algiers, 1913, pp. 8^; ahs. in Rev. CUn. ScL, 25
{191.'t), No. 10, pp. 531, 532). — The results of phy.sical, mechanical, and chemi-
cal analyses of soils of the region are reix)rted and discussed with reference to
the ease with which the soils may be cultivated and with reference to plant
nutrition. A geological chart of the region is also given.
Study of Hungarian soils by means of their water solutions, R. Balleneg-
GER {FiJldtani Kozlony, J,3 {1913), No. 7-9, pp. 317-32J,; ahs. in Intermt. Inst.
Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 3, pp.
336, 337). — ^Analyses of water solutions, as well as determinations of moisture,
electrical conductivity at 18° C, and alkalinity were made on samples of 75
typical Hungarian soils. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 516).
The author concludes from the results that the water solutions may be used
to characterize the various types of soils. Thus the water solutions of the poor,
gray forest soils were found to contain the least soluble matter. On the other
hand, the very fertile Alfold soils were found to be rich in soluble matter. The
distribution of the soluble matter also varied in the different types of soil.
Some adsorption phenomena in soils and kaolin, J. E. Harris (Jour. Phys.
Chem., 18 {1914), No. J,, pp. 355-372; abs. in Jonr. Chrm. Soc. [London}, 106
{1914), ^0. 619, I, PI). 643, 644; Chem. Ahs., 8 {1914), No. 12, p. 2209).— Inves-
tigations are reported which show that the liberation of acid when soils are
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 815
shaken up with solutions of sodium chlorid, potassium nitrate, and sodium
acetate is not due to double decomposition in which insoluble humic acids are
involved but to adsorption of the base of the salt.
Acid was set free by similar reactions when solutions of the salts named
were shaken up with kaolin.
" That the acid is not adsorbed by the soil and kaolin and liberated again
when treated with a salt solution was shown by treating samples of soil and
kaolin with sulphuric acid, washing out the acid, and treating with itotassium
nitrate solution. Although a soluble acid was set free in the potassium nitrate
solution, no evidence of the presence of the sulphate radical could be found.
This showed that there had been no adsorption of the acid.
" To show that the base of the salt is actually adsorbed by the soil and kaolin,
samples of these substances were treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, and then
with a barium chlorid solution, the amount of acid that was set free in the
solution being determinetl. The soil and kaolin after being thoroughly washed
were treated again with hydrochloric acid and the amount of barium recovered
by this process determined. It was found that the barium recovered in the
ease of the soil corresponded to 95 per cent of the acid liberated in the barium
chlorid solution and to 89 per cent in the case of the kaolin. The soil was found
after this second treatment with hydrochloric acid to have regained all its
original capacity for liberating an acid from a salt solution.
" Finally it was found that a soil which had been boiled for six or seven
hours with concentrated sulphuric acid to remove the organic matter, after
being washed to remove the soluble acid, had the power of setting free almost
exactly the .same quantity of acid from a salt solution as a sample of the
same soil which had been treated with twentieth-normal or fortieth-normal
acid and in which all the organic matter was present. This would indicate
that acid soils of the sort investigated (sandy loams) owe their acidity not to
organic matter but to inorganic matter, probably to hydrated silicates."
The nonexistence of magnesium carbonate in humid soils, W. H. MacIn-
TiRE, L. G. Willis, and J. I. Hardy {Tennessee Sta. Bui. 101 (1914), pp. 151-
202, figs. .'t). — This is a full account of investigations more briefly noted else-
where (E. S. R., 31, p. 25).
In basket and pot experiments magnesium carbonate equivalent to applica-
tions of 8 tons per acre of calcium carbonate in excess of the lime requirement,
as shown by the Yeitch method, was entirely decomposed after contact, without
leaching, with fallow soils of three distinct types for a period of one year.
Similar experiments under field conditions showed that magnesium carbonate
equivalent to 28,180 lbs. of calcium carbonate per acre (2,000,000 lbs.) of soil
had been entirely decomposed at the end of 8 weeks without leaching, while in
soils treated with equivalent amounts of precipitated calcium carbonate the
carbonate was still plainly discernible.
It was foimd in laboratory exi)eriments that sand, both coarse and fine,
clay, silt, opal, kaolin, kaolinite, bauxite, hornblend, rutile, soapstone, serpen-
tine, and aluminum silicate, as well as the three different types of soils ex-
perimented with, decomposed precipitated magnesium carbonate and dolomite,
with evolution of carbon dioxid, by moist contact at room temperatures both
with and without the presence of precipitated calcium carbonate. Pure alka-
line silicon dioxid, hydrated and dehydrated, decomposed precipitated calcium
and magnesium carbonates and dolomite at room temperatures. The magnesia
of precipitated magnesium carbonate also showed a strong afiinity for alkaline
titanium oxid at room temperatures. In all cases the magnesium compounds
showed a greater affinity for the substances named and underwent more rapid
decomposition than did the calcium compounds. The great affinity of mag-
816 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
uesium carbonate for silicon dioxid, hydrated silicates, and titanium oxid is
thought to account for the decomposition and rapid disappearance of mag-
nesium carbonate in the pot and field experiments.
The general conclusion is reached that " except for the minute quantities in
soil moisture, resulting from hydrolyzation of silicates, or immediately after ■
carbonate treatment, before decomposition has been effected, magnesium is not
to be found in the carbonate form in surface soils."
While it is shown that the large applications of magnesium carbonate were
decidedly toxic to wheat, it is thought " that ground dolomite might be used
even in excessive amounts without any immediate toxic effect upon plant
growth. However, the greater loss of lime by leaching of carbonate and hydro-
lyzed silicates would produce at some future time conditions which would
necessitate extensive liming to overcome magnesia poisoning."
A bibliography of 55 references to literature bearing on the subject is given.
The effect of strongly calcareous soils on the growth and ash composition
of certain plants, P. L. Gile and C. X. Ageton (Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 16 (1914),
pp. 45, pis. 4). — The plan of the investigations reported in this bulletin was
to grow several species of plants in adjacent field plats containing varying
amounts (5, 18, and 35 per cent) of calcium carbonate and then measure the
yield and determine the composition of the ash of the plants from the different
plats.
The plats were prepared by digging holes 10 ft. wide by 20 ft. long and 2 ft.
deep in a clay soil, leaving a bank 3 ft wide between each plat. These holes
were filled with clay, sand, and disintegrated limestone in proportions to fur-
nish soils of the desired texture and composition. Eight species of plants rep-
resenting six families were grown in the plats, namely, rice, soy beans, bush
beans, radishes, sunflowers, sweet cassava, sugar cane, and pineapples.
The results showed that " the growths of bush beans and radishes were un-
affected even by 35 per cent of CaCOn. The growths of sunflowers, soy beans,
and sugar cane were somewhat depressed by 18 per cent of CaCOs; the growth
of sweet cassava was somewhat depressed by 5 per cent of CaCOj and markedly
by 35 per cent of CaCOs; the growths of rice and pineapples were markedly
depressed with the appearance of chlorosis, by 5. 18, and 35 per cent of CaCOs.
" The carbonate of lime apparently had no effect on the amount of nitrogen,
potash, and phosphoric acid contained in the various plants, but did increase
slightly the total carbon-free ash in all the plants except rice, and modified
either the amount of lime, magnesia, or iron in the ash of all the plants.
" On the calcareous soils the lime in the ash of bush beans was not increased,
but there was a slight increase in the amount of lime in the ash of soy beans,
sunflowers, and sugar cane. On the plat with 5 per cent of carbonate of lime,
the lime in the ash of radishes was increased about 17 per cent, but on the plats
with 18 and 35 per cent of carbonate of lime the increases of lime in the ash
of this plant were progressively less. On the plat with 35 per cent of carbonate
of lime the amount of lime in the ash and dry substance of sweet cassava was
markedly increased. On all the calcareous soils the amount of lime in the ash
and dry substance of rice and pineapples was greatly increased.
" Some plants whose growth was little affected by the carbonate of lime
(bush beans, soy beans, radishes, and sunflowers) showed marked decreases in
the amount of iron or noticeable decreases in the amount of magnesia in the
ash, when grown on the calcareous soils.
" The plants whose growths were most depressed on the calcareous soils
(rice and pineapples) showed the greatest increases in the amount of lime in
the ash and dry sub.stance of the plant, and also a marked decrease in the
amount of iron in the ash."
SOILS fERTILIZERS. 817
Apparently the most significant changes in the composition of the ash of the
plants showing the greatest Injury from the calcareous soils were an increase
in lime and a decrease in iron. The results, however, "do not warrant a de-
cisive conclusion that the diminished growth of all those plants which are af-
fected by the carbonate of lime is due to the same change in ash composition.
In fact, some quite marked changes in ash composition, as the decrease of
iron in bush beans, occurred without affecting the growth. And some depres-
sions in growth occurred, as [in case of] sugar cane, with practically no change
in ash composition."
Sulphur in plant nutrition {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 240 (191Jf), pp. 18, 19. fig.
1). — A brief note is given on pot experiments in which W. H. Peterson found
that where no sulphate had been applied the plants contained absolutely no
circulating sulphates. On the other hand, clover on soil which had been sup-
plied with gypsum contained an abundance of sulphates in the sap. "This
suggests that the determination of the amount of sulphates in growing plants
may be of value in showing whether or not a crop on a given soil is being
limited in growth by a scarcity of sulphates."
In a study of the form and distribution of sulphur iu crops it was found
that such plants as June grass and red clover contained volatile sulphur com-
pounds, as is known to be the case with plants of the mustard family.
Forms of sulphur in plant materials and their variation with the soil
supply, W. H. Peterson {Jour. Amer. Chem. 80c., 36 {1914), No. 6, pp. 1290-
1300; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Hoc. [Londmi^, 106 {1911,), No. 621, I, p. 9U).—Thls
is a more complete account of investigations briefly noted above. It reports
in detail the results of determinations of volatile sulphur, sulphates, soluble
nonoxidized sulphur, and insoluble nonoxidized sulphur in ruta-bagu'?, cabbage,
sugar beet, alfalfa, rape, radishes, clover, June grass, milk, oats, and wheat.
The method used in determining the volatile sulphur in plants was in brief
as follows : Dry the material at 95 to 100° C. in a tube through which purified
air is drawn ; lead the gases over heated copper oxid and into an absorption
bottle containing glass beads and a concentrated solution of pota.ssium hy-
droxid ; when this operation is completed boil the copper oxid in water to dis-
solve the copper sulphate formed ; combine the solution in the absorption
bottle w'ith the washings from the copper oxid and concentrate the mixture
on the water bath ; cool and carefully neutralize with hydrochloric acid ; pour
the neutral solution slowly into bromin water; heat the oxidized sulphates;
and precipitate the resulting sulphates with barium chlorid.
It was found that when only small quantities of sulphur were present In the
material it was all fixed as copper sulphate. In case of ruta-bagas and cabbage
the volatile sulphur amounted to about 10 per cent of the total sulphur. In
case of radishes and clover grown in the greenhouse, the amount present de-
pended upon the supply of sulphates in the soil, being four times as great with
an abundant supply of sulphates in the soil as without. A considerable pro-
portion (10 to 20 per cent) of the volatile sulphur in ruta-bagas was lost on
drying the green material in the steam oven.
" Volatile sulphur was obtained from red clover, alfalfa, June grass, and
sugar beet tops not known to contain any bodies yielding such compounds. The
volatile sulphur in milk was also determined. The nature of this compound
is not known. In I'uta-bagas it is evidently of a sulphid form, as silver sulphid
is obtained when silver nitrate is added to the distillate from ruta-bagas.
"The sulphates in the field samples examined varied from 10 to 50 per cent.
Where large quantities of sulphates were added to the soil, there was a cor-
responding increase of sulphates in the plant tissue. Rape, radishes, and clover
818 EXPEBIMENT STifrlON RECORD.
grown iu the greenhouse on soils low in sulphur, but supplied with an abun-
dance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contained no sulphates.
"Where no sulphates were added to the soil, 90 per cent or more of the
total sulphur was found in the form of unoxidized sulphur, probably in proteins.
In the normally grown plants examined this was from 50 to 65 per cent of the
total. The plant was evidently very economical of its supply and made healthy,
vigorous growth where no sulphates could be found in the tissue."
A bibliography of 24 references to literature on the subject is given.
Some soil changes produced by micro-organisms. W. G. Sackett (Colorado
Sta. Bui. 196 (lOlJt), pp. 3-39, pis. 3).— This is a popular discussion of the
nature and activities of soil bacteria, yeasts, and molds, with particular refer-
ence to the decomposition of orgaiuc matter, the transformation of carbon and
nitrogen, and the changes in mineral substances. The most space is devoted to
the trasforma tion of nitrogen, under which are discussed ammouification, nitri-
fication, denitrification. and j^ymbiotic and nonsymbiotic fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen. In this connection data previously reported (B. S. R., 30, p. 818) are
reviewed.
Ammonification and nitrification studies of certain types of Oregon soils,
T. D. Beckwith, a. F. Yass, and R. H. Robinson {Oregon Sta. Bui. 118 (1914),
pp. JfO. fl'ys. .W). — This bulletin reports a study of the number and kinds of
bacteria in certain widely different types of Oregon soils and of the effect of
moisture, soil acidity, and lime upon the numbers and activities of these organ-
isms, an attempt being made especially to correlate the number of bacteria
present in the soil and the amounts of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen produced.
The soils used were of two main groups, namely, those of western Oregon which
are generally acid and deficient in lime and those of eastern Oregon which are
neutral or slightly alkaline and abundantly supplied with lime. It was found
that the number of bacteria in soils low in organic matter was small as com-
pared with the number in peat and muck soils. The application of lime was
without effect upon the number of bacteria except in acid soils or when large
amounts of organic matter were added. There was a direct correlation between
amounts of ammonia formed and the number of bacteria.
The ammonifying and nitrifying jwwers of the soils of western Oregon were
favorably influenced by the application of lime. The ammonifying powers of
the soils varied greatly, the light soils producing the greatest amount of
ammonia when nitrogenous substances were added.
The unit ammonifying power of the organism also varied greatly, the organ-
isms in some types of soils being much more active than those in others. It was
foimd that the greater the number of bacteria to a gi-am of soil the less the
amount of ammonia produced per unit numjier.
On the influence of soils and of the water content on nitrogen changes,
W. P. RoBsoN (Ubcr den Einfluss dcr Biklen und des Wassergehaltes auf die
Stiekstotfumsetzungcn. Inang. Diss., Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, 1913, pp. 91). —
Studies were made of changes in nitrogen compounds in the natural organic
matter of soils and in ammonium sulphate and horn meal in sandy loam and
clay soils with vaiying amounts of water (0, 12. and 18 per cent in sandy soil;
8, 16, and 24 per cent in loam, and 8, 18, and 28 per cent in clay>. The effect
of the addition of sulj)hur on the.se changes was also .studied.
With low moisture content the transformation of organic nitrogen was more
rapid in sandy soils than in the hea^-y soils, while with higher moisture content
there was very little difference. In all cases the nitrification of ammonium sul-
phate was more rapid the higher the water content. In sandy soils 07 iter cent
and in loam and clay soils 100 per cent of the ammonium sulphate applied h.id
been transformed into nitrate at the end of the experiment. In the sandy .soils
SOILS FERTILIZERS. 819
the uitrification of organic uitrogeu was at first more rapid than that of
ammonium sulphate. In general, the most rapid nitrification was observed in
all soils between the third and the sixth week after the addition of ammonium
sulphate. Only in the case of the clay soil with the highest moisture content
was the most rapid iiitriflcatiou observed during the first three weeks. Appre-
ciable denitrification was observed without the addition of organic matter only
with the highest water content. Ammonium sulphate in loam soil showed a
loss of 19.8 per cent of the applied nitrogen at the end of the experiment. With
horn meal furnishing an abundant supply of carbonaceous food there was a
greater loss (32.2 per cent in loam and 32.7 per cent in clay soils) in the
heavier soils but a very small loss in sandy soils (9 per cent).
The addition of organic matter, as for example in the form of sugar, reduced
the amount of soluble nitrogen compounds in the soil. In all soils the addition
of sugar increased this fixation of ammonium .sulphate nitrogen but did not
affect the nitrate nitrogen. The .-imount of nitrogen fixed was increased by the
addition of sugar from 18.18 to 20.18 per cent in sandy soils, from 22.32 to 43.2
per cent in loam soils, and from 29.08 to 38.38 per cent in clay soils.
The danger of bacterial destruction of nitrate in the field, H. Fischer
{FilhliiKfs Landw. Ztf/.. 63 (1914), No. 7, pp. 24Jf-252). — Reviewing various
investigations on this subject, the author concludes that under normal condi-
tions, particularly of drainage and aeration, the danger of denitrification in
the field is not great.
Hurtful actors on cultivated plants, T. Jamieson (Ayi-. Rcxeaixli, Assoc.
[Scot.] Rpt. 1913, pp. 1.5-37). — Summai'izing the results of experiments on the
subj^iet, the author concludes that the increased productiveness following the
heating of the soil or treatment with substances inimical to life is " due simply
to the riddance, in varied degree, of the varied forms of animal life in soil
that prey on plants," and not to any Influence ujwn the bacterial activity of
the soil.
Barren spots, A. Hutin {Biil. Asso<-. Vhitn. ISncr. et DistiU., 31 (1914). No.
12. pp. 968-D7f^). — A study of the causes of barren spots in sugar cane fields is
reported.
Faulty soil aeration due to various causes is indicated as at least partly
responsible for barrenness in certain cases. A study of the organic matter of
certain of the barren soils- which were apparently greatly benefited by liming
showed the presence of a very large amount of soluble organic matter of a
mucilaginous nature (pectates and parapectates). It is suggested that the
unproductive character of the soil in such cases may be due to faulty aeration
resulting from the presence of excessive amounts of the organic matter, and
that liming coagulates this matter and thereby improves the aeration and
drainage of rhe soil.
The fertility of the soil, M. F. Miller (Missouri Sta. Circ. 69 {1914), pp.
19, figs. 3). — This is a popular discussion of the problem and means of main-
taining soil fertility, particularly under Missouri conditions. Emphasis is laid
upon the fact that under present methods of management Missouri soils are
not, on the whole, maintaining their fertility. It Is pointed out that the ex-
tensive agriculture which prevails does not lend itself well to the profitable
use of large quantities of commercial fertilizers. They can not be depended
upon alone to maintain soil fertility and should therefore be used only in
connection with good systems of crop rotation, manuring, and legume growing.
Fertilizer experiments {Yerslag. en Meded. Dir. Landh. Dept. Land!)., Nijv.
en Handel, No. 3 (1914), pp. 1-39). — The results of a number of fertilizer
experiments completed during the years 1910 to 1912 at different Dutch expei'i-
ment stations are briefly reported.
820 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
In comparative tests of stable manure, a complete fertilizer, and a half and
half mixture of the two, on different soils with different crops the best results
generally were obtained with the complete fertilizer, followed closely by the half
and half mixture. In comparative tests of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate,
lime nitrogen, and calcium nitrate on alluvial, sand, and clay soils sodium
nitrate and ammonium sulphate were apparently on the average about equally
as good sources of nitrogen for potatoes, and were followed in order by calcium
nitrate and lime nitrogen. Sodium nitrate was on the average the best for
grains and sugar beets, followed in order by ammonium sulphate, lime nitrogen,
and calcium nitrate. Ammonium sulphate was better than sodium nitrate for
potatoes on sandy and alluvial soils, as was also calcium nitrate on sandy soil.s.
Further tests of sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate showed tlie former to
be generally better for potatoes and the latter better for oats and rye, although
the differences were on the average small. Castor-bean meal was not as desir-
able for potatoes, oats, and rye as were sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate.
Potash fertilizers were, on the whole, used with profit on clay soil for pota-
toes, particularly when applied by means of a seeder or planter. In experiments
to determine the best manner of potash fertilization on sand and peat soils
equally good results were obtained with kainit and a patented artificial potash
fertilizer as regards crop yield when applied in the spring or in the fall. The
quality of potatoes was poorer, however, in some cases where kainit was applied
in the spring. Both fertilizers were used with profit on clay soil with potatoes
and sugar beets, and the favorable effects on the avei*age increased with the
application to a certain limit. In further experiments with potatoes and grain
there was little difference in the results obtained with the two types of potash
fertilizers, each being used with some benefit. The experiments as a whole Indi-
cate that kainit may be used with some benefit for potatoes and gi'ain on peat
soils, even when applied in the spring shortly before planting.
Tests of a potassium silicate containing 25 per cent clay. 50 per cent silica, 8
per cent sodium, and 0 to 10 per cent potash, using kainit, potassium chlorid,
and a patented artificial potash fertilizer for comparison, showed that although
the yield of potatoes was increased the potash of the potassium silicate was
much less available than that of the other potash fertilizers.
Six years' tests of slag meal, sui>eiT>hosphate, bone meal, and Algerian phos-
phate on a new alluvial soil indicated that the superphosphate was the most
desirable for oats, slag meal for rye, and bone meal and Algerian phosphate for
potatoes. Two 3'ears' tests on a sand soil of superphosphate, agi-icultural phos-
phate, Bernard phosphate, and slag meal favored the superphosphate for pota-
toes and oats, while the two new pho.sphorus fertilizers were better for oats and
l>oorer for iwtatoes than the slag meal. A comparison of slag meal and Bernard
phosphate showed the former to be the more favorable for lye. Two years' tests
on sand soil of slag meal, agricultural phosphate, bone meal, and superphos-
phate showed the superphosphate to be the least favorable for peas and beets,
slag meal the most favorable for peas, and bone meal the most favorable for
beets. Slag meal was the most favorable for potatoes on sand soil and super-
phosphate the least favorable.
On a heavy clay soil 8 years' liming experiments, using crushed limestone,
mai*l, and burnt lime, gave favorable results with sugar beets, potatoes, oats,
clover, mangel-wurzels, and onions.
Fertilizer experiments, M. Van Den Burgt et al. (Verslag Rijkstuinhovtc-
proefveJden Zuid-QchJerIa7td en Utrecht, WIS, pp. l-J/O). — Cooperative fertilizer
experiments with different crops on farms in various parts of Holland are
briefly reported.
SOILS — FERTILIZEKS. 821
Five years' fertilizer experiments in East Prussia, A. Stutzee et al. (Arb.
Deut. Landic. Gesell., No. 258 (1914), pp. IV +236; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, pp. 873, 874). —
In cooperative fertilizer experiments made during the years 1909 to 1913 on
farms in different parts of East Prussia it was found tliat 40 per cent potasli
salt was better than kainit as a winter top-dressing, and that potash was espe-
cially necessary on permanent pastures and meadows.
The results indicate that small applications of nitrogen may be beneficial to
grass lands, but are not conclusive as to the conditions under which this is
the case. Calcium nitrate proved to be a very effective source of nitrogen.
Cyanamid was considerably inferior to sodium or calcium nitrates. The ease
of application and eflaciency of the cyanamid was increased by mixing it with
ground bog iron ore, which assists in the transformation of the cyanamid into
urea. Cyanamid freed from carbid by treatment with steam gave higher
yields of oats than ordinary cyanamid. A mixture of ammonium sulphate and
salt gave better results with sugar beets than sodium nitrate in a good season
but poorer results in a bad (dry) year. Urea obtained from atmospheric ni-
trogen and urea nitrate gave good results in field and pot experiments, the
recovery of nitrogen by oats being higher for these substances than for sodium
nitrate. In case of tobacco urea nitrate was the most efi'ective nitrogenous
fertilizer used. Calcium nitrite, aluminum nitrogen, and silicon nitrogen, all
atmospheric nitrogen compounds, were of little or no value as fertilizers.
The stimulating or catalytic effect of various metallic oxids and salts of
metals was studied with inconclusive results.
The action of mineral fertilizers on the activity of certain soil bacteria,
C. LuMiA (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 23
{1914), I, No. 9, pp. 738-746; ahs. in Chem. Zenthl., 1914, II, No. 3, p. 261;
Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 (1914), No. 14, p. 759). — It was found that the alco-
holic ferment remained practically inactive in culture media deficient in phos-
phoric acid and potash. Various phosphates, especially Thomas slag, promoted
the activity of the ferment, but perphosphate checked it on account of the free
sulphuric acid present. This retarding efi'ect was overcome by adding calcium
carbonate. Potassium sulphate and chlorid were almost as effective as phos-
phates in promoting the activity of the ferment, but leucite was without effect.
The author suggests that the behavior of the bacteria indicated in these re-
sults may be used as a means of differentiating between eas51y assimilable and
difficultly assimilable fertilizers. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31. p. 27).
Radio-active fertilizers, J. Stoklasa (Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 79, pp.
841-844)- — Tests of the effect of radium emanations on bacteria, germinating
seeds, and various crops are reported.
It was found that treatment with the radium emanations increased fixation
of nitrogen by bacteria, promoted germination of seeds, and increased the
growth of plants to a marked, extent. A chemical analysis and ix>t test of a
so-called radioactive fertilizer indicated that whatever fertilizing value this
material may possess is not due to its radio-active properties.
The bacterial treatment of peat, W. B. Bottomley (Bot. Jour. [London'],
3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 49-53). — A brief account is given of the author's method of
treating peat to make it more active as a fertilizer and as a medium for the
growth of Azotobacter. The results of tests of the material with various gar-
den crops are also reported. These results indicated " that bacterized peat, in
addition to being an excellent medium for the growth and distribution of
nitrogen-fixing bacteria, possessed special manurial properties of its own."
See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 30, p. 721).
822 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
Experiments with bacterized peat (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 56 {li)l^), No.
1436, pp. 12-14). — A brief preliminary account is given of tests of this material
in tbe open ground, and in greenhouse experiments.
The results are stated to indicate that while the bacterizetl peat does not
appear to have a beneficial effect uix)n the water-holding capacity of the soil
it has valuable fertilizing properties which apparently are not limited to pro-
viding nitrogen. It gave the best results, as compared with manure, when used
under conditions of an abundant supply of moisture.
On the influence of straw on the availability of org'anically combined
nitrogenous fertilizers, F. von May (Mitt. Lanthc. Lelirkanz. K. K. Hochsch.
BodenkuL Wien, 2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 433-454). — In this paper previous literature
along this line is briefly reviewed and results of experiments by the author are
given in which rye straw, red clover hay, and cotton-seed meal were used as
fertilizers for potatoes.
The potatoes were planted immediately after plowing under the fertilizing
materials, singly and in combinations. The resnlts showed that the avail-
ability of the organically combined nitrogen was depressed by the presence of
a nitrogen-free organic sub.stauce (as in case of rye straw). The magnitude
of this depression seemed to depend upon the relation of the nitrogen and
nitrogen-free organic substance.
The author suggests that the depression of available nitrogen under these cir-
cumstances is due to appropriation of the soluble nitrogen by micro-organisms
which use the nitrogen-free substance as a source of energy.
Experiments on the fertilizing action of guanidin and urea nitrates in
comparison with sodium and ammonium nitrates, P. Wagner (Mitt. Dent.
Landw. (ieselL, 29 {1914), No. 29, pp. .}i7-.i2i). — In pot experiments with oats
and rye grass, urea and guanidin nitrates were less effective fertilizers than
ammonium or sodium nitrates. With oats the gnadiniu nitrate was positively
injurious.
The conversion of ammonia into nitric acid or ammonium nitrate from
an economic standpoint, O. Dieffenbach (Chein. Indus., [Berlin], 37 {1914),
No. 10, pp. 265-269; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indu»., S3 {1914), No. 11. p. 590;
Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), A'o. 77, Repert.. pp. 360, 361).— It is concluded that the
conversion of ammonia into nitric acid and ammonium niti-ate is likely to be
less profitable than conversion into sulphate except in factories producing cal-
cium nitrate as a fertilizer from synthetic nitric acid. In this case the absorp-
tion of ammonia by nitric acid is shown to be more economical than by sul-
phuric acid, and it is suggested that the production of ammonia from calcium
cyanamid or aluminum uitrid can be profitably combined with the manufacture
of nitric acid by tbe Birkeland-Ej-de process.
The fixation of atmospheric nitrog'en, J. Knox {London, 1914, pp. VII-\-112,
figg^ 7). — This is the fourth of a series of chemical monographs intended
primarily for advanced students. It deals with theories of methods of (1)
fixation of atmospheric nitrogen as nitric and nitrous acids, or as their salts,
(2) synthesis of ammonia and ammonium compounds from atmospheric nitro-
gen, and (''.) conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into compounds which readily
yield ammonia. Attention is given only "to those methods which are either
in actual oi^eration, or which show promise of assuming technical importance
in the near future." Information regarding the purely technical part of the
subject is drawn from the report of Norton (E. S. R., 27, p. 623).
X bibliography of 153 references to the literature of the subject is given.
Lime nitrogen-superphosphate, H. Koppen (IIliis. Landw. Ztg., 34 {1914),
\o. 18, pp. 181, 182; ohx. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel.
and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), ^o. 5, pp. 629, 630). — Experiments are reported
AGBICULTTTEAL BOTANY. 823
which indicate that mixing lime nitrogen with superphosphate does not decrease
the availability of the nitrogen but causes a decided reversion of soluble
phosphoric acid. The author, therefore, advises against the use of mixtures of
cyanamid and superphosphate.
Available phosphates by furnace treatment, J. H. Payne {Amer. Fert.,
41 (1914), No. 7, pp. 44-46). — Various processes proposed for obtaining available
phosphoric acid by heat treatment of phosphate rock are briefly described.
The prospect of successful commercial use of some of these processes is thought
to be good.
Availability of phosphate to various crops {Wisconsin 8ta. Bui. 24O {1914),
pp. 22, 23, fig. 1). — In experiments which are here briefly noted, E. Truog
found in a comparison of ten different kinds of plants gro\vn under greenhouse
conditions with acid phosphate, rock phosphate, precipitated calcium phosphate,
aluminum phosphate, iron phosphate (both ferric and ferrous), magnesium phos-
phate, or manganese phosphate as sources of phosphorus that " contraiy to the
general belief that aluminum and iron phosphates are relatively unavailable to
plants, nine of the ten plants tested made better growth on aluminum phosphate
than on ealcuim phosphate, and six better growth on iron (ferric) phosphate."
This clearly indicates the inadequacy of chemical solvents as means of deter-
mining the availability of different phosphates.
Notes on kelp and its potash contents, G. Surb {Mining and Engin. World,
38 {1913), No. 10, p. 488). — ^An analysis of Macrocystis pyrifera showing 1.65
per cent of potash in the fresh plant (87.02 per cent of water) is reported and
the fertilizing value and commercial possibilities of kelp are discussed.
Commercial fertilizers and their use, G. S. Fraps {Texas Sta. Bui. 167
{1914), pp. 3-45). — This is a popular discussion of the subject, dealing par-
ticularly with the plant food requirements of different crops and how fertilizers
supply these requirements, the principal sources and nature of fertilizing mate-
rials, the preparation of fertilizers, the valuation and purchase of fertilizers,
methods of experimenting with fertilizers, and methods of using fertilizers on
different crops and soils, particularly those of Texas.
Chemical analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers, 1913, F. W. Woll
and "W. H. Strowd {Wisconsi7t Sta. Circ. 49 {1914), pp. 17, fig. 1). — Guarantied
and actual analyses of fertilizers, including ground limestone and rock phos-
phate, offered for sale in Wisconsin during the year are reported and discussed.
AGRICTJLTTJRAL BOTANY.
Spore conditions in hybrids and the mutation hypothesis of De Vrles,
E. C. Jeffrey {Bot. Gaz., 58 {1914), No. 4, pp. 322-336, pis. 4).— The author
reports examining a large number of spore-bearing plants as well as numerous
higher plants, and foimd that spontaneous hybridization, while comparatively
rare among lower plants, is very common among the anglosperms. In such
families as the Rosacese and the Onagracese there are found to be grading
into each other recognized species and recognized hybrids, having in common
the character of partial or complete reproductive sterility, which is easily
recognized in the organization of the pollen. This is said to point to the
hybrid origin of these abnormal species. Species of this type, the author pro-
poses, should be called crypthybrids and include species of CEnothera, many
species of Epilobium, and probably those of Fuchsia. This addition, it is
claimed, must be recognized in connection with any investigation on the origin
of species based on such material as (E. lamarckiana, (E. Uennis, etc.
70903°— 14 3
824 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
In conclusion the author states that although there appears to be good evi-
dence that hybridism has been an important cause of the multiplication of
species, there seems to be no logical support for the view that it has to do
with their actual origin.
Some wild tuberiferous Solanums, L. Wittmack (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gescll.,
SI {1913), Gen. Veisamml. Heft, pp. {10)-{34), figs. If). — Descriptions and illus-
trations are given of several specimens of Solanum sent to the author for
study following the appearance of his articles, formerly noted (E. S. R., 31,
p. 425), also a proposed systematic arrangement of several forms with refer-
ence to the views in this connection of several other authors.
The relationship between the weig'ht of the seed planted and the charac-
teristics of the plant produced, II, J. A. Harris {Biometrika, 10 {1914), No.
1, pp. 72-84, fiffs. 4)- — III continuation of investigations previously reported
(E. S. R., 29, p. 522), the author reports on the constants measuring the influ-
ence of the weight of the seed planted upon the number of ovules formed and the
number of seeds developing in the pods of mature plants of Phaseolus vulgaris.
There was found to be a sensible relationship between the weight of the
seed planted and the number of pods on the plant developing from it. There
was also a positive correlation between the weight of the seed planted and the
number of ovules and the number of seeds in the pods produced. The corre-
lations between weight and ovules and weight and seeds are said to be regarded
as the resultant of two other correlations, namely, that between the weight
of the seed planted and the number of pods per plant and that between the
number of pods on the plant and the characteristics of these pods.
The conservation of vitality of seeds in soil periodically cultivated, O.
MuNERATi and T. V. Zappaeoli {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 46 {1913), No. 5, pp.
347-371, fig. 1). — Experiments carried out with seeds of about 18 species of
common plants, buried at various depths up to 45 cm. in soil and examined at
varying intervals, are claimed to show that seeds of many cultivated or wild
plants having coverings more or less permeable by water show a power of con-
serving vitality when buried in soil that is in close relation to their germina-
bility at the time when they are planted.
Effects of disinfectants on germinability of grain, A. Fbassi {Staz. Spei:
Agr. Ital., 46 {1913), No. 1, pp. 25-56). — Germination tests were riade with
wheat seed after exposure to the action of different disinfectants in solution
or in gaseous form during periods of varying length. The results given in con-
nection with each test show the various degrees of injury inflicted, which is
generally greater in case of moistened seeds than of those exposed only to
vapors, and still greater in case of seeds in solutions, length of time always
playing an important part. A bibliography is apiiended.
Delayed germination in seed of Alisma plantago, W. Crocker and W. E.
Davis {Bat. Gaz., 58 {1914), No. 4, pp. 285-321, figs. 8).— A study is reported
of the delayed germination of the water plantain, which is said to be due to the
mechanical resistance of the seed coat. The seed coat was found to be com-
posed almost entirely of pectic substances, which acids and bases so weakened
that imbibitional and osmotic swelling of the embryo was capable of breaking
away the coat cap. The authors state that the seeds of Alisma, as well as water
plants in general, are capable of lying in water for years in an imbibed condi-
tion without losing their vitality.
A bibliography is appended.
Vegetation experiments on the evaporation of pine seedlings, A. Tol'skH
{Abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 13 {1912), No. 4, pp.
651, 652). — The author describes the method and gives the results of his inves-
tigations conducted during several years with reference to the amount of
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 825
moisture given off by pine seedlings at the age of one to three years and to
the influence of the weather on their evaporation.
To determine the limits of the fluctuations In the amount of evaporation by
the seedlings in strict relation to age, in case of plants in vessels watered dally,
proved impossible since only year-old plants gave more or less homogeneous
magnitudes, while in the case of plants two and three years old the fluctua-
tions in the evaporation by individual pines were very considerable. The
evaporation considerably increases as the young needles attain normal dimen-
sions, but before the needles develop the evaporation Is feeble even at high
temperatures. The pines were found to evaporate in the spring considerably
less than in corresponding weather toward the end of the summer of the
preceding year, and this continues to be noticeable until the new young shoots
complete their development.
In an experiment with gradually decreasing humidity of the soil, when the
pots were watered from two to five times during the summer it was found that
the seedlings which were watered and those which were not watered dried the
soil to a like degree nearly to the limit of minimum capacity for humidity;
also that the introduction of water into the soil caused a large rise in the
evaporation in young birches, while in pines the growth and evaporation were
affected only by the first watering in the beginning of the spring, watering In
the summer only slightly increasing the evaporation. The last mentioned fact is
explained by the development of the pine being completed by the middle of the
summer, in consequence whereof the water supplied later goes only to main-
tain the life activity of the developed needles. In young birches, on the other
hand, each watering induces the appearance of new leaves with a consequent
new Increase of evaporation.
As to the influence of the weather on evaporation, the importance of the
temperature and solar radiation was accentuated. Observations on the course
of the daily evaporation in clear days showed the existence of two maxima,
the larger before midday and the other after midday.
The effects of surface films on the rate of transpiration: Experiments
with potted potatoes, B. M. Duggar and J. S. Cooley {Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard., l (1914), No. 3, pp. 351-356, pi. l).—ln a previous reijort (E. S. R., 30,
p. 726) the authors presented data concerning the application of a film of Bor-
deaux mixture to the leaves of castor bean and tomatoes. In the present pai)er
experiments have been extended to ix)tatoes to determine the effect of sprays
upon the transpiration of this plant. Potted potatoes in good growing condi-
tion were arranged in series of 10 plants each, the different series receiving
strong Bordeaux mixture, weak Bordeaux mixture, lime wash, lime-sulphur
solution, strong Bordeaux mixture and lampblack, and lime wash and lamp-
black. The water loss from the different plants was determined for 5-day
periods.
The results obtained corroborated those previously announced, showing that
there was a marked acceleration of transpiration induced by spraying with
Bordeaux mixture, as also with some other films. The experiments not only
Indicate that Bordeaux mixture facilitates water loss, but that treatment with
a fairly thick lime wash or lime wash and lampblack also increases transpira-
tion. Lampblack added to Bordeaux mixture seemed to give a greater trans-
piration than Bordeaux mixture alone. This seems to indicate that the addi-
tional quality of color is a factor requiring investigation. The fact that injury
might result from the accelerated transpiration under the conditions of the
experiment does not indicate that a benefit might not accrue under field
conditions.
826 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
On the formation of hydrocyanic acid in plants, A. Joeissen {Acad. Roy.
Belff., Bui. CI. Sci., No. 3 (1914), pp. 130-131; abs. in Nature [London], 94
{1914), ^^0. 2340, p. 7). — ^Attention is called to the fact that citric acid in the
presence of oxidizing agents and a trace of nitrate gives rise to hydrocyanic
acid, and that in dilute solution in sunlight small quantities of ferrous or ferric
salts can bring about the preliminary oxidation of the citric acid. As citric
acid is widely distributed in plants, the author considers that hydrocyanic
acid may possibly be produced in them through the action of sunlight on citric
acid in the presence of traces of iron salts.
The oxidases of acid tissues, G. B. Reed {Bot. Gaz., 57 {1914), No. 6, pp.
528-530). — Results of work done by the author are said to suggest that the
apparent absence of oxidases in some oi'ganisms as reported by some authors
may be due to faulty methods of observation. Having obtained results com-
parable with those reported by Clark (E. S. R.. 30, p. 203), who noted a relation
between apparent absence of oxidases and acid reaction, the author made special
tests with citrus fruits, from which it appeared that these have normal oxidases
in their acid tissues, also that these oxidases are protected in some manner from
the action of the acid, which at the usual concentration inhibits the action of
the oxidases.
The author thinks this protection may be afforded by a semipermeable sur-
face (plasma membrane or cell walls similar to the cell walls of barley seed),
through which the acid is imable to pass. When the tissue is ground, pre-
vious to expressing the juice, the structure which separates the acid from the
ferment is destroyed so that the action of the latter is inhibited. It is thought
probable that this condition is a general one in acid tissues. The general
effects of acids and alkalis on oxidase ferments are now under investigation.
Some accessory factors in plant growth and nutrition, W. B. Bottomley
(Proc. Roy. 80c. [London], Set: B, 88 {1914), No. B 602, pp. 237-247, figs. 2).—
Experiments are reported in which the manurial value of sphagnum peat which
had been incubated with a mixed culture of aerobic soil organisms was tested.
The results obtained indicated that the growth-stimulating action of the bac-
terized peat might be due to the presence of a substance or substances similar
in nature to the accessory food bodies concerned in animal nutrition.
In another series of experiments extracts of bacterized peat were tested on
the growth and fixation of nitrogen by Azotobacter chroococcum, and the re-
sults obtained indicated that there is present a substance which stimulates
plant growth, and that it is of a fairly stable nature. Further investigations
showed that this active stimulant could not be obtained directly from raw peat,
but was evidently the result of bacterial action.
In another series of experiments a solution was tested on wheat seedlings
deprived of their endosperms, but furnished with a nutrient solution and the
same solution containing the extract from peat. After 17 days the weights of
the plants were obtained, showing a decided increase where the bacterized peat
solution has been employed.
Bioreactions of tellurium and their applicability to the study of vegetable
physiology and pathology, G. Pollacci {Aiti 1st. Bot. R. Univ. Pavia, 2. sen,
15 {1914). PP- 281-284, fig. i).— This is a brief report on the effects produced
by tellurium on plants and their parasites, as shown by experiments with roots
of Brassica attacked by Plasmodiophora hrassicw. The effects produced when
these were kept 48 hours in a solution containing a very small proportion of a
tellurium salt indicate that this fungus Is able to reduce the salt.
The effect of the soot in smoke on vegetation, J. F. Clevengee {Mellon
Inst. Indus. Research, Smoke Invest. Bui. 7 {1913). pp. 26, pis. 8, figs. 2).— The
results are given of an investigation to determine the effect of soot in smoke
AGEICULTURAL BOTANY. 827
and other included materials upon plants, tlie observations being made in the
public parks of Chicago, in Pittsburgh and vicinity, along the railroad between
Tyrone and Pittsburgh, and at State College, Pa., the work being carried on
cooperatively between the botanical department of the Pennsylvania State Col-
lege and the Institute of Industrial Research.
The experiments show that especially in the case of pines, when soot is ap-
plied in small quantities over a considerable interval of time measurable injury
follows. The soot is found to be a mixture of finely divided carbon, ash, tar,
and gases, which may have a mechanical effect and also cause injury through
their chemical properties. The injury done by soot Is considered chiefly due
to the accompanying ash, tar, and gases. Of the gases, sulphur dioxid and
sulphur trioxid were said to cause considerable injury to vegetation.
The injurious effects of tarring roads on neighboring plants and remedies
therefor, C. L. Gatin (1. Cong. Internat. Pathol. Comparic [Paru], 1912, vol.
2, Comp. Rend., pp. 914^-924)- — ^This work has already been partly reported
(E. S. R., 27, p. 333). Strong insolation is said to favor injury to plants by
gases from tarred roads, while frequent rains or strong winds decrease its
severity.
Bacterial digestion of fiber or cellulose (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 2^0 (1914),
pp. 21, 22, fig. 1). — In an investigation conducted by R. R. Primm, a method
was perfected whereby bacteria capable of digesting fiber or cellulose are readily
isolated and studied. It is claimed that bacteria have been isolated which
actively digest cellulose at a temperature of 149° F., and that they have been
kept in pure cultures for a number of generations at this temperature without
the loss of their cellulose digesting power.
Influence of soil bacteria on plant growth (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 240 (1914),
pp. 19-21, fig. 1). — In a study of the injurious effect of certain soil compounds
on plant growth, C. Hoffmann found that when pure cultures of various soil
bacteria were grown in extracts from marsh soil in which corn, oats, or clover
had been previously grown, the bacterial content was considerably increased.
When, however, the organisms were grown in extracts from cropped loam or
sandy soils, the bacterial development was retarded. The action of corn
grown in such solutions was especially notable in its root development. It was
also found that different kinds of bacteria behaved differently in previously
sterilized soil, showing apparently that the resulting compounds of bacterial
activity in soils have an important bearing on plant nutrition and that various
crops stimulate or retard others through this means, as in crop rotation.
Physiological investigation of the respiration of denitrifying micro-
organisms, A. F. Lebedev (Zap. Nov. Obshch. Test., Vol. 39; ahs. in Zhur.
Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 13 (1912), No. 4, pp. 632, 633). —
The process of denitriflcation was studied in the case of Bacillus pyocyaneus
under anaerobic conditions.
The examination of the gaseous exchange in old cultures showed the ratio of
carbon dioxid to nitrogen to be equal to the theoretical one or very near to it.
Thus the denitrification process is a true respiratory process. However, in
young cultures this ratio is always greater than the theoretical one, being in
some cases even IJ times as great.
A contribution to our knowledge of the relation of certain species of
grass-green algae to elementary nitrogen, J. R. Schbamm (Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard., 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 157-184, pi- 1, fig- 1)- — In the present series of experi-
ments it was the author's aim to extend the observations over a greater variety
of algal forms than has been dealt with heretofore in pure culture and under
unexceptionable conditions. It is claimed that in seven forms named complete
results have been obtained, none of these forms being able to fix free atmos-
828 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
pheric nitrogeu iu the complete absence of combined nitrogen under the con-
ditions here employed.
Indications regarding the source of combined nitrogen for Ulva lactuca,
G. L. Foster (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 229-235) .—Work-
ing on the general question as to the sources of nitrogen for marine algse, the
author carried out some preliminary experiments to determine the sources of
available nitrogen for U. lactuca.
From the growth and appearance of this alga in natural and in artificial sea
water with ammonium, urea, acetamid, etc., it was found that the first two
of these nitrogen sources named are considerably better nutrients for Ulva than
the others, in either natural or artificial sea water. It is thought probable that
TJlva is not limited to an inorganic nitrogen supply and that for this alga the
amount of available nitrogen in the water is a limiting factor in growth.
Concerning a plurality of starches, C. Taneet (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci.
[Paris], 158 (1914), No. 19, pp. 1353-1356) .—From a study of starches from
oats, bananas, wheat, chestnuts, beans, lentils, maize, barley, peas, apples, rice,
buclfwheat, rye, and potatoes, the author claims to have found that they not
only have different proportions of amylopectin and amylose, but that they react
quite differently to physical and other agents, indicating that starches are not
all alilie.
FIELD CROPS.
The work of the Huntley reclamation project experiment farm in 1913,
D. Hansen (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Huntley Expt. Farm,
1913, pp. 14, figs. 5). — This describes the climatic and agricultural conditions
of the Huntley, Mont., project and reports experimental work, which includes
crop rotation, time and methods of planting alfalfa, time of harvesting alfalfa,
tests of pasture grasses, variety tests of corn, irrigation of flax, fertilizer tests
with wheat, oats, and barley, and test of orchard trees and small fruits, and
pasturing corn and alfalfa with hogs.
" The chief results from the rotation experiments in 1913 are the following :
Decidedly better yields were produced with crops grown in rotation than with
the same crops grown continuously on the same land. The yields indicate that
the practice of plowing under alfalfa and of applying barnyard manure greatly
increases the productivity of the soil. The beneficial effect on the soil of grow-
ing cultivated crops, particularly sugar beets and potatoes, was strongly
indicated."
The results of the time-of -cutting experiment " indicate that delaying the
harvest of the first crop did not have the effect of reducing the yield of the
second crop. There was, on the contrary, a consistent increase in the yield of
the second crop as the growing period of the first crop increased. The yields
obtained in 1913 indicate that three cuttings a year will be more profitable
than four cuttings."
Of several methods employed in the reclamation of the Worden tract it is
noted that " determinations of the total salt content of the soil indicate that
the practice of plowing under rye as a green-manure crop has been more
effective than either of the other methods in reducing the salt content. This
method has also been found to be much less expensive."
The work of the Truckee-Carson reclamation project experiment farm in
1913, F. B. Headley (V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Trmkee-
Carson Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 1-8, 10, ii).— These pages record the soil and
climatic conditions at the Truckee-Carson experiment farm and include data
showing acreage, yields, and farm values of crops grown on this project in 1913.
FIELD CROPS. 829
The results of various tests with alfalfa grown for soil-improvement and
forage purposes as noted show Grimm, Peruvian, Western Grown, Caucasus,
and Montana to have been the best five. Data show that three cuttings a year
secure a larger yield than two cuttings, but the author concludes not suffi-
ciently large to cover the expense of the third cutting. Irrigation experiments
on a small scale showed weekly irrigations to be more productive with alfalfa
than at two-, three-, four-, five- or six-week periods. It is noted, however, that
these conclusions are drawn from only one year's work.
Various tests with potatoes showed Early Rose, Colorado, Mammoth Pearl,
and Burbank to be the best yielders out of 12 varieties.
The cause of the spotted character and general nonproductivity of soils iu
portions of the project was found to be the presence of excessive alkali salts.
Forage and silage crops for Oklahoma, O. O. Churchill {Oklahoma Sta.
Circ. 34 {1914), pp. 3-15, fig. 1). — For Oklahoma conditions the following forage
and silage crops are discussed : Bermuda, brome, Colorado, Sudan, and Johnson
grasses, timothy, orchard grass, redtop, blue grass, fescue, curly mesquite,
and native grasses, alfalfa, cowpea, sweet Japan, burr, medium red, mammoth,
alsike, and white clovers, and vetches. As coarse fodders are mentioned grain
sorghums, canes, corn, teosinte, pearl millet, millets, and rape, and as silage
crops, grain crops, peanuts, alfalfa, cowpea s, corn, cane, and grain sorghums.
Grains and forage crops {Wiscansin Sta. Bui. 24O {1914), PP- 26-30, figs.
4). — This consists of brief notes referring to the work in progress by R. A.
Moore and E. J. Delwich in regard to testing varieties, and breeding and se-
lection of rye, wheat, soy beans, clover, and field and canning peas, and methods
of curing seed corn at the station and elsewhere in the State.
Yields per acre of different classes of farm crops, C. A. Zavitz {Ann. Rpt.
Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 39 {1913), pp. 120-188, figs. 6). — Notes on
the year's work as to the effect of change of seed, rotations, seed selection, plant
selection and hybridization, cooperative experiments, oat smuts, and different
combinations for grain productions, and variety tests of cereals, buckwheat,
legumes, flax, millet, sunflowers, sorghum, potatoes, roots, sugar beets, rape,
cow cabbage, and kale are reported.
[Field crop experiments], L. Smith {Rpt. Agr. Expt. Sta. St. Croix, 1912-lS,
pp. 4-39, 46-53, 60-65, 71, 72).— Results of manurial, cultural, and variety testa
are given with sugar cane, cotton, sweet potatoes, x>otatoes, maize, sorghum,
Lyon beans, Canada beans, cowpeas, pigeon peas, horse beans, guar, woolly
pyrol, Porto Rico beans, peanuts, spineless cactuSj and analyses of cotton and
some legumes.
[Manurial, variety, and cultural experiments], D. A. Gilchrist {County
Northiimh. Ed. Com. Guide to Expts. 1914, pp. 9-84, flff- !)• — This gives some
results of manurial treatments of meadows and pastures in terms of pounds of
gain of cattle or sheep, and of variety tests with cereals and potatoes, mangels,
cabbages, sugar beets, thousand-headed kale, swedes, and turnips.
Field experiments, 1913 {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 14
(1914), -ZVo. 2, pp. 252-303). — This paper gives results of variety tests of barley,
potatoes, mangels, oats, turnips, and wheat, and manurial tests with barley,
hay, pasture, potatoes, mangels, oats, and turnips which involved the use of
nitrate of soda, superphosphates, kainit, basic slag, barnyard manure, liquid
manure, sulphate of ammonia, muriate of potash, and seaweed and salt on both
upland and peaty soils.
On peaty soils containing from 17.5 to 32.9 per cent organic matter and In
preliminary experiments, each of the manurial applications (1) 1 cwt. nitrate
of soda, 2 cwt. superphosphate, and 2 cwt. kainit per acre, (2) 1 cwt. nitrate
of soda, 2 cwt. basic slag (high grade), and 2 cwt. kainit, and (3) one-half
880 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
cwt. nitrate of soda, 4 cwt. basic slag (liigh grade), and 2 cwt. kainit produced
practically the same increase in yield of hay and at almost the same cost. In
using seaweed for potatoes it was shown that " weight for weight, seaweed
seldom produces as heavy a crop of potatoes as does farmyard manure ; muriate
of potash generally has less effect when used with seaweed than when applied
with dung ; seaweed gives the best results on light soils and, possibly, in a dry
season."
In experiments with mangels the use of 20 tons of barnyard manure per acre
was more profitable than a dressing of 15 tons. Adding 4 cwt. superphos-
phate resulted in an average profit of 6s. 6<1 (about $1.58) per acre, while
also adding 2 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia resulted in an average annual
profit of 3s. 6d., and either 2 cwt. or 4 cwt. of kainit in annual profits of 16s. 6d.
Plant breeding in Sweden, H. H. Nilsson {Jour. Heredity, 5 (WW, No. 7,
pp. 281-296, figs. 7). — This article describes the old method of "selection in
mass " and the modern one of " pedigreed culture ", and relates the achieve-
ment obtained at the Svalof Institute in the production and introduction of
improved strains of cereals, legumes, and forage plants and the influence of
this work on plant breeding in general.
A study of root systems of plants in pure and in mixed seedings, C. Kbaus
(Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 63 (i9i^), Nos. 10, pp. 337-362, pis. 5; 11, pp. 369-383;
12, pp. 401-412). — The author gives results of his study at Munich in regard to
the length, size, volume, and spread of root systems of cereals and legumes
planted in both field and pot cultures, in mixtures, and in single varieties.
It seems from these results that an intimate knowledge of the habits of
growth of root systems of agricultural plants will greatly enable the grower to
space plants to better advantage, and to sow such mixtures that the soil volume
wUl have a better distribution of roots and thus allow of a more intensive
method of cultivation.
Inoculation of legumes with special reference to high moorland, A.
Densch {Mitt. Ver. Ford. Moorkultur Deut. Reiche, 32 {1914), Nos. 10, pp.
231-245; 11, pp. 253-261). — ^This reviews recent German literature on the
subject.
Proceedings of the seventy-second meeting of the Central Moor Commis-
sion {ProtokoU Cent. Moor Com., 72 {1913), pp. IV +350, pis. 2, figs. 25).—
This gives the reports and discussions at the December, 1913, meeting of the
commission covering the several moorland experiment stations throughout East
Frlesland.
Cultivation and management of moorland pastures and meadows, M.
Fleischer {Die Anlage und die Bewirtschaftung tion Moorwiesen und Moor-
weiden. Berlin, 1913, 2. rev. ed., pp. VIII +132, figs, //i).— A treatise covering
37 questions arising in connection with the cultivation of moorland pastures
and meadows.
The seeding of meadows and pastures, C. B. Hutchison {Missoui-i 8ta.
Circ. 68 (1914), pp. 259-265). — This circular discusses the value and uses of
nurse crops, timothy, red and alsike clovers, and orchard grass, and fertilizing
meadows and pastures, and suggests several grass seed mixtures.
The favorable depth for grass seed, G. Richtee {Mitt. Ver. Ford Moorkultur
Deut. Reiche, 32 {1914), No. 12, pp. 270-276).— Results here reported show
much better yields after harrowing and rolling than after rolling only.
Study on the ancient classification of cereals, J. and C. Cotte {Etude sur
les BUs de rAntiquitd Classique. Paris, 1912, pp. 99).— This is a discussion of
the ancient classification of cereals.
The application of a new method in variety tests of cereals, K. von
RiJMKEB, R. Lkidneb, and J. Alexandrowitsch {Ztschr. PflansenzUcht., 2
FIELD CHOPS. 831
(lOlJf), No. 2, pp. 189-232, figs. 5). — This discusses a method previously applied
to tests with stock beets (E. S. R., 31, p. 736), and now used in computing
comparative values in cereal tests.
This metliod advocates the use of at least five check plats, and bases selec-
tion upon accurate numerical measurements of characters combined with care-
ful biological observations. Its application is demonstrated In the results
obtained in practical breeding experiments with several pure lines of wheat.
The field experimental work and the mathematical calculations of these
experiments are fully described.
Alfalfa {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 (19 U), No. Jf, pp. 285-302, figs. 6).— Cultural
methods and tests of varieties of alfalfa grown are reported by J. B. Daggett
for New Brunswick, L. S. Klinck and H. Nagant for Quebec, H. J. Moorhouse
for Manitoba, S. E. Greenway and J. Brackseu for Saskatchewan, H. A. Craig
for Alberta, and W. T. McDonald for British Columbia.
Strains of the Grimm variety are noted as being especially successful.
Alfalfa hybridization, W. Southwokth (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 10,
pp. 4-iS-Jf57, figs. 3). — The results of several years of study and hybridization
to improve alfalfa are summed up as follows:
" Alfalfa apparently does not seed freely in absence of suitable insects to
insure fertilization of the the flowers. Wild bees of the Megachile species seem
to be most effective in insuring fertilization. Alfalfa flowers are not self-
sterile and may be artificially self-fertilized with good results. Black me-
dick is capable of self-fertilization and produces seed freely even when insects
are prevented gaining access to the flowers.
" In the practice of hybridization of alfalfa better results are obtained by
working on mature flowers than by operating on flower buds. The cross be-
tween alfalfa and black medick is effected only with considerable difficulty
and prolonged effort is essential to warrant success. In the Fi generation
hybrids the plants were variable and usually greatly different from either
of the parental forms. A study of the progeny of F3 generation revealed a
tendency to mendelian segregation both in height of plant and habit of
growth, but further study is necessary to confirm these points."
The farmers' alfalfa guide, J. R. M. Boyd (Columbus^ Ohio, 1914, PP- 4^,
figs. 7). — A booklet of questions and answers covering alfalfa culture and based
upon the author's experience.
Buckwheat, H. G. MtrNDY {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 11 {1914), No. 5, pp. 739-
744, pi. 1). — This article gives results of variety tests, including six selections
of buckwheat in which the yield ranged from 664 to 2,048 lbs. per acre.
The effect of soil conditions on the tassels of maize, F. S. Haeeis {Science,
n. ser., 40 {1914), No. 1023, pp. 215, 216).— From work carried on at the Utah
Experiment Station to study the effect of soil factors on plants the author pre-
sents data on the com plant to show that the number of branches per tassel is
affected by the conditions of the soil and that there is a close relationship
between the tassel branches and number of ears produced.
Tests made with nitrate fertilizers on maize, G. C Dudgeon {Agr. Jour.
Egypt, 4 {1914), No. 1, pp. 55-60). — This paper records results showing the
general superiority of nitrate of soda over cyanamid or nitrate of lime in the
production of maize in four different localities in Egypt.
Maize culture, A. H. E. McDonald {Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui.
78 {1914), pp. 3-88, figs. 38). — Methods of production employed in New South
Wales with the corn crop are reported.
Mechanical cotton plants, W. L. Balls {Cairo Sci. Jour., 8 {1914), No. 93,
pp. 135-137). — This article discusses the value of curves derived from daily
882 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
records of growth and flowering of the cotton plant in forecasting the ripening
of the cotton.
"Bolly cotton" (Bur. of the Census [U. 8.] Bui. 125 {1913), p. iO).— This
article notes the increased quantity on the market of "bollies" (cotton from
partly opened bolls damaged by frost) due to devised machinery for handling
this product, which was formerly considered a loss by the growers.
The work of the British Cotton Growing Association, J. A. Hxjtton (Brit.
Cotton Growing Assoc. [Pub.}, 51 (1914), pp- 72, pi. 1). — This Is a paper read
at the Third International Congress of Tropical Agriculture, held in London in
June, 1914.
Cowpeas and soy beans, W. L. Nelson, A. T. Wiancko, M. L. Fisher, C. O.
Ckomee. and J. K. Weight (Missouri Bd. Affr. Mo. Bui., 12 (1914), ^o. 5, pp.
8-48, figs. 10). — This bulletin contains articles upon the production and uses
of cowpeas and soy beans by several authors, including the text of Indiana
Station Bulletin 172 (E. S. R., 31, p. 37).
Esparto industry in Almeria Province, B. F. Yost (Daily Cons, and Trade
Rpts. [U. S.], 11 (1914), No. 165, pp. 306-308) .—This article describes esparto
(Stipa tenacissima) , its habitat, and the method of gathering and preparation,
baling, etc., for shipment to Great Britain for the manufacture of paper pulp.
Guinea grass, H. O. Jacobson (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 1 (1914),
No. 5, pp. 211-215). — This article describes this grass (Panicum maximum')
and gives its chemical composition and cultural methods. It is noted that
yields at the Singalong Experiment Station in 1908 gave in four cuttings a
total of 21,543 kg. from 0.3 hectare (about 32 tons per acre), the total growing
period being 183 days.
Sexual studies of the hop plant, J. Totjrnois (Ann. Soi, Nat. Bot., 9. ser.,
19 (1914), A"o. 2-3, pp. 49-191, pis. 5, figs. 23).— A paper on the study of the
flower and the differentiation of the sexual elements, the fertilization and
formation of the embryo, and the formation and constitution of the fruit.
A bibliography of SO titles is appended.
Kafir score card, A. H. Weight (Oklahoma Sta. Circ. 35 (1914), pp. 4)' —
Score card with explanations of points for both head and grain exhibits is
given.
Studies on oat breeding. — I, Variety tests, 1910—1913, F. M. Surface and
C. W. Barber (Maine Sta. Bui. 229 (1914), PP- 131-192, figs. 8).— This bulletin
describes methods employed in the field work and in the keeping of records In
variety tests with 34 varieties of oats covering the years 1910-1913 inclusive.
" Of the 11 varieties which have been tested for all four years the Irish Victor
gave the best average yield (63.7 bu. per acre). The Imported Scotch, Lincoln,
and Prosperity averaged to yield at nearly the same rate. The Senator, a
horse-mane oat, with very coarse straw and large plump grains, gave the lowest
average yield (49.3 bu.). A study of the variation constants (standard devia-
tion and coefficient of variation) for the four-year period shows that the Victor
(a black oat) and the Imported Scotch were by far the least variable of any
of the varieties tested.
" It is pointed out in this paper that the variation constants measure a very
Important character of a variety. A variety which will yield very highly under
favorable conditions but very poorly under unfavorable ones is not so desirable
in the long run as a variety which will yield moderately well under any of the
conditions that are likely to be met in any season. Further, the variation con-
stants and the probable errors calculated with their aid give a very desirable
measure of a series of tests. . . .
" The Regenerated Swedish Select and the Victor gave the highest average
weight, about 41 lbs. per bushel. The Kherson and the Imix)rted Scotch gave
FIELD CROPS. 88S
the lowest weight per bushel. These were still well above the legal weight of
32 lbs. It Is of interest to note that the Kherson shows a progressive increase
in its weight per bushel for the four years that it has been grown in this
State. . . .
"Of the varieties which have been tested for four years the Irish Victor,
Imported Scotch, Lincoln, and Prosperity have made the best showing. With
the exception of the Imported Scotch there appears to be but little choice be-
tween these varieties. The Imported Scotch has shown much less variability
in respect to all its characters (with the exception of straw weight) than any
of the other varieties. This is true both of inter- and intraseasonal variation.
Under the conditions of seeding and growth at Highmoor this variety can
be expected to produce a little over 60 bu. per acre every year. The chief
objections to this variety are its relatively small weight per bushel and the
yellow color of its grain. This latter objection is not very serious although
yellow oats do not meet with so much favor on the market as the white*
varieties."
In discussing the results of the experiments the means, standard deviations,
and coefficient of variation are used in estimating the values of the different
varieties as affected by inter- and intraseasonal environmental conditions.
Peanuts (Arachis hypogea), C. D. Girola {Rev. Facult. Agron. y Vet. La
Plata, 2. sen, 10 (1914), No. 3, pp. 9-23, fig. i).— This article gives the history,
geographical distribution, cultural methods, cost of production, and chemical
analyses of the nuts and of the oil calje.
Some ecological evidence of the original habitat of the Irish potato (So-
lanum tuberosum), C. L. Fitch {Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 (1913), pp. 99, 100).—
As evidence that the potato plant is a native of sandy open soils and a mari-
time atmosphere, or misty well-drained mountain slopes free from prolonged
and heavy rains, the author notes his observations of the open structure of
the stoma of the potato leaf, permitting rapid evaporation, and the loose inco-
herent structure of the root cap which is adaoted only to penetration in open
soils.
Observations on a bastard type of the Pearl potato, C. L. Fitch (Proc. Soc.
Hort. Sci., 10 (1913), pp. 100-IOj^).— In this article the typical Pearl potatoes,
the " running out " type, and the bastard type are described and the results of
cultural tests noted.
" The general summary of these results is that the normal Pearl tuber pro-
duces plants that are fairly productive and healthy, both in the district where
it is most grown and in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and New York ; that Pearl
plants grown from tubers of the common run out type are most subject to dis-
ease, produce a poorer crop, and are more apt to bloom ; while tubers of the
bastard type produce plants that are vei-y weak and lacking in resistance,
that bear a much smaller crop, and that bloom profusely and produce abundant
virile pollen and large fruits with many seeds.
" These facts are evidence that degeneracy of the potato tuber in the case
of the Pearl in Colorado is accompanied in like degree by weakness and lack
of resistance to disease."
Results of change of seed potatoes on moorlands (Ztschr. Moorkultur u.
Torfverwert., 12 (1914), No. 3, pp. 107, 108). — ^The data show increased yields
of potatoes from seed obtained from similar soil elsewhere over home grown
seed of the same variety. Seed from sandy soil proved inferior to home
grown seed.
The effect of sodium nitrate and ammonium, sulphate on potatoes and
sugar beets, A. Maxjsbeeg (Landw. Jahrb., 46 (1914), No. 2, pp. 339-342). —
The results here recorded show a slightly heavier yield in a 5-year average of
884 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
potatoes when nitrate of soda was used in place of sulphate of ammonia, but
the reverse was true with sugar beets.
Influence of transplanting in the cultivation of rice (Oior, Risicolt., 4
(19U), No. 9, pp. 129-136) .—This article gives methods of cultivation, includ-
ing transplanting. The itemized cost of production proved the method to be
highly profitable.
The culture and preparation of rice in Italy (Inst. Colon. Marseille Notice
12 (1914), pp. 95, figs. 36). — This publication givea the proceedings of the
congress and exposition of rice culture at Vercelli, and the following papers:
The Culture and Preparation of Rice in Vercelli, by H. Jumelle (pp. 15-21) ;
The Problem of Importations, Acclimatizations, and Seed Selections of Rice,
by N. Novelli (pp. 22-28) ; The Best System of Combating Weeds iu Rice
Fields, by E. Ferrari (pp. 29-38) ; Fertilizers in the Culture of Rice, by A.
Menozzi (pp. 39-41) ; The Application of Modern Machinery in Rice Culture,
by G. Allorio (pp. 42-66) ; The Application of Modern Machinery in the Rice
Industry, by A. Tarchetti (pp. 67-80) ; The By-products of Rice Culture, by L.
Tognato (pp. 81-87) ; and Rice Culture in Sicily, by A. Lo-Jacono (pp. §8-95).
Rice, L. Granato (0 Arroz. Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1914, pp. 525, pi. 1, figs.
348). — ^A treatise on the production of rice and its manufactured products, in-
cluding some statistics from 26 rice-producing countries and a description of
the culture in Brazil in particular.
Disintegration of rice grains by means of alkali, F. J. Warth and D. B.
Dababsett (Agr. Research Inst. Pusa Bui, 38 {1914), pp. 9, pis. 7). — This paper
notes and describes a method of using caustic potash as a means of detecting
varieties of rice. The action of the potash in disintegrating the starch gran-
ules of polished rice in 24 hours shows characteristic differences for the dif-
ferent varieties.
Sorghums, sure money crops, T. A. Bobman (Topeka, Eans., 1914, PP- 5-^<'.
pi. 1, figs. 71). — The eight chapters of this book treat of the following subjects:
The land of grain sorghums, development of the sorghum belt, grain sorghums
in general, grain sorghum yields and values, sorghum areas defined, grain
sorghum fai'ming, better grain sorghum crops, and feeding grain sorghums.
The relation of leaves to the production of sugar in beets, H. Plahn-
Appiani (Bl. Zuckerrilbenbau, 21 {1914), No. 11, pp. 165-168). — From a study
of this subject the author determined that not only the shape and setting of
the leaves, but also the structure of the root, was important in the formation of
sugar.
The vascular bundle system of the sugar cane, C. E. B. Bremekamp (Meded.
Proefstat. Java-Suikerindus., 4 {1914), ^^o. 22-23, pp. 469-478, figs. 3; Arch.
SuikeHndus. Nederland. Indie, 22 {1914), No. 14, pp. 499-508, figs. 3).— This
article describes the anatomv of this system as determined in various parts of
the sugar cane.
The anatomical structure of the rind of the sugar cane, C. E. B. Breme
KAMP {Meded. Proefstat. Java-Suikeriudus., 4 {1914), No. 22-23, pp. 4I8-484,
figs. 4)' Arch. Suikerindus. Nederland. Indite, 22 {1914), No. I4, PP- 508-514,
figs. 4)- — This article describes the different cell layers of the rind of the sugar
cane as revealed by the microscope.
Sunflower cultivation, H. G. Mundy (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 11 (1914), No. 5,
pp. 730-734, pi. 1). — The history and methods of cultivation and analyses of
locally grown sunflower seed are given. The yields are reported to have
reached from 1,500 to 2,000 lbs. of seed per acre in Mazoe and 3.000 lbs in the
Cape Province.
On the inheritance of rapidity of germination, germinative ability, and
sensitiveness to light of seeds of Poa pratensis, H. Piepeb (FUhling's Land/w.
HOETICULTURE. 835
Ztg., 63 {19U), No. 10, pp. 562-^68) .—Although there was some similarity ob-
tained between the results of the original seeds and those of the next genera-
tion, the uniformity was not close enough for the author to determine a factor
of inheritance.
The tillering of wheat, L. J. Wild {Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 9 {19U), No. 1,
pp. 31, 32). — This article gives results of an experiment that show a slight
increase in the tillering of wheat by a treatment of the seed with a 3 per cent
solution of sulphate or nitrate of ammonia.
Impurities of agricultural seed, with a description of commonly occur-
ring weed seeds and a guide to their identification, S. T. Parkinson and G.
Smith (Ashford, England, and Bishopsgate, Canada, 191^, pp. 105, pis. 38). —
This book discusses the topics of the harm done by weeds, introduction of new
kinds of weeds to the country, seeds fi*om foreign countries, weeds common in
samples, and methods of testing, with a key for the identification of the seed
described in this book, and descriptions and photographs of 150 common weed
seeds.
Seed testing, A. Atkinson and B. W. Whitlock (Montana Sta. Circ. 38
(191-i), pp. 11, figs. 4)- — This circular describes methods of testing seeds and
gives descriptions of seeds of six common weeds.
Seed control stations on the Continent (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 1914, Aug.,
Sup. 13, pp. 88, figs. 4^ pl^- H)- — This describes the methods and work of the
seed control stations at Copenhagen, Hamburg, Wageningen, Ziirich, Budapest,
Vienna, Munich, Breslau, and Berlin, and gives in an appendix results of some
of the tests made at these stations.
Control of Cuscuta by devitalization of the seed, M. Bresaola (8taz. Sper.
Agr. Ital, 46 (1913), No. 2, pp. 89-136, pU. 3).— Data are given showing the
effect of subjecting several species of seeds used as host to high temperatures
for varying periods of time and to a sulphuric acid bath.
Experiments in spraying to destroy dandelions, J. E. Howitt (Ann. Rpt.
Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 39 (1913), pp. 43, 44). — This notes the suc-
cessful spraying of dandelions on lawns with a 20 per cent solution of iron
sulphate. Six applications seemed necessary. Ninety per cent of the dandelions
are said to have been killed the first season with a general improvement in the
thriftiness of the grass.
HORTICULTTJUE.
[Horticultural investigations at the Truckee-Carson Experiment Farm],
F. B. Headley (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Truckee-Carson
Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 8-10, fig. 1). — ^Tabular data are given on variety tests of
tomatoes and onions conducted at the farm in 1913, together with a list of the
trees and shrubs which have thus far been found to be well-adapted to the
Truckee-Carson reclamation project.
[Horticultural investigations at the Wisconsin Station] (Wisconsin Sta.
Bui. 240 (1914), pp. 53, 54). — A brief statement of progress in the station's
cranberry investigations, together with a note on the experimental forcing of
rhubarb.
Severe winter weather and severe June frosts did considerable damage to the
cranberry bog. The observations made at the station indicate that sanding the
bog will have little value as a means of frost protection when the temperature
falls below 26 or 28° F. The application of rock phosphate on bare peat bog pro-
duced marked improvement in vine growth and crop yield, but also greatly stimu-
lated the growth of grass. Nitrates and potash caused a material increase in
the size of the fruit, together with improved color. In accordance with previous
836 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
results (E. S. R., 28, p. 838) the yield on plats sanded to a deptli of 1 in. was
much larger than that on those with no sand or on those sanded to only a depth
of 0.5 in.
Cooperative tests with growers on the use of weed killers confirm the
previous results of the station. A 10 per cent iron sulphate solution thoroughly
applied with a good spray pump was very effective in killing wood moss.
Report on the statistics of vineyards, orchards and gardens, and root
crops for the season 1913-14, L. H. Sholl (So. Aust. Statis. Dept. Bui. 3
(1914), pp. 6). — Statistics on the area, production, and value are given for the
year 1913-14, together with comparative data for the four previous seasons.
Heredity of xenia among certain races of kidney beans, J. Daniel {Rev.
Hort. [Paris], 86 {191^), No. 11, pp. 258-257, pi. 1, figs. 7).— In the study here
reported crosses were made between the Spanish kidney bean and the black
Belgian kidney bean during a period of three years.
The author's results show the existence of xenia in the seed resulting
from these crosses. In some cases the seed coat was black like the paternal
parent and in others there was a combination in various degrees of the colors
of both parents. The studies thus far made with the descendants from these
crosses indicate that xenia is transmitted to the progeny and that for the beans
used in the experiment at least Mendel's law of inheritance does not apply.
The onion in Colorado, E. R. Bennett {Colwado Sta. Bui. 198 (1914), pp.
3-8). — A brief popular treatise on onion culture with special i-eference to con-
ditions in Colorado.
Onion culture, J. W. Lloyd (Illinois Sta. Circ. 113 (.1914), pp. 3-16).— A
short practical treatise discussing growing ripe onions from, seed and sets,
types of onions, the transplanting method, growing onion sets, and green bunch
onions.
The California fruits and how to grow them, E. J. Wickson (San Fran-
cisco, 1914, 7. ed., rev., pp. 513, pis. 24, figs. 77). — In the present edition of this
work (E. S. R., 27, p. 439) the subject matter has been brought up to date.
Present state of fruit growing in Spain. — The principal fruit trees of
the Rosaceae, J. M. Priego (Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [i?o?ne], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel,
and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, pp. 836-842). — A brief statistical review
of deciduous fruit culture in Spain.
A study of variation in the apple, W. J. Young (Amer. Nat., 48 (1914), No.
574, pp. 595-634). — The author made a study of some 24 varieties of apples
obtained mostly from 14 localities in the State of Washington, although certain
varieties were obtained from one locality in New Hampshire, Indiana, Missouri,
New York, and West Virginia. In the present paper some brief comparative
notes regarding the more conspicuous variations in each variety are given and
the effect of environment upon various apple characters is discussed.
In connection with the investigation the author advances a fundamental
principle upon which variation resulting from external factors depends. This
principle, the Law of the Optimum, states that for any given variety there is
for each character a certain intensity of each essential factor of the environ-
ment at which, other conditions remaining the same, that character reaches Its
highest development. In the application of this law to varietal adaptations the
essential point is that all environmental factors should be of such intensity as to
permit a good all-round development of the fruit.
On the chemical composition of the buds of some fruit trees, A. Manaresi
and M. Tonegutti (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 44 (1911), No. 11-12, pp. 960-964:;
47 (1914), No. 2, pp. 158-160). — In continuation of the work previously noted
(E. S. R., 26, p. 407), analyses are reported in the first paper of fruit and leaf
buds of the apple and pear, the buds being taken from the tree near the close of
HOETICULTTTRE. 837
the dormant season, and In the second of the leaf and flower buds of some
peaches and apricots.
Summer pruning the peach, C. A. Keffer (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 108 (1914),
pp. 205-S12, figs. 9). — This comprises a discussion of summer pruning the peach
as a means of developing fruiting wood on the lower part of the main or skeleton
branches which are usually bare. The subject matter is based upon the results
of pruning tests conducted at the station and herein noted.
Some fertilizer tests In vineyards, F. H. Hall {New York State Sta. Bui.
381 (1914), popular ed., pp. 3-8). — A popular edition of the bulletin previously
noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 339).
Layering as a means for increasing" the 37ield from old vines, A. Verneuil
{Rev. Vit., 42 {1914), No. 1074, pp. 57-60, figs. S).— The author reports the
successful renovation of old grapevines by means of layering.
Strawberry culture, A. K. Gardner and H. P. Sweetser {Bui. [Maine] Dept.
Agr., 13 {1914), No. 3, pp. 28, pi. 1, figs. 13).— A popular treatise.
Summary of preliminary Feijoa pollinating experiments, K. A. Ryerson
{Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 2 {1914), No. 2, pp. 51-53). — Preliminary experiments
conducted by the author in 1913 and 1914 relative to the nonsetting of fruit with
the feijoas {Feijoa sclloiviana) indicate that the blossoms are largely sterile to
their own pollen and that the trouble may be overcome by mixed plantings of
different varieties.
The Siamese pomelo^ H. H. Boyle {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), No. 10, pp.
Jf40-444< fig- !)• — The author describes four types of seedless pomelos obtained
from Siam for the Philippine Bureau of Agriculture. Two of these types are
considered to be both excellent in quality and desirable for market purposes.
Tea: Green manuring at the experiment station, Peradeniya, ]\I. K. Bamber
{Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 9 {1914), PP- 119-134, pls. 3). — A progress report on the
pruning, cultivation, and manuring experiments with tea at the Peradeniya
station (E. S. R., 25, p. 139). Summarized data are given showing the yields
of tea on the various plats for 1906 to 1913, inclusive.
With the flowers and trees in California, C. F. Saunders {Neiv York, 1914,
pp. XIV -{-286, pis. 28). — In this work the author describes in a popular way
certain characteristic features of the indigenous and exotic trees and flowers
in California.
Classification of daffodils for use at all exhibitions of The Boyal Horti-
cultural Society {London: Roy. Hort. Soc., 1914, PP- 73). — In the present
classification, which is designed for exhibition purposes, the daffodils are
divided into eleven divisions. A general list is then given of all known vari-
eties, and each variety is referred to its proper class or division in so far as
the varieties are sufBcently well-known to be clasified.
Preserving cut flowers, L. Knudson (Amer. Florist, 43 {1914), ^o. 1376,
pp. 649, 650). — Some experiments were conducted by B. M. Dnggar and the
author in 1908 and by the author and Lua A. Minns in 1913 to determine
whether or not the keeping quality of flowers can be prolonged by special meth-
ods of treatment. In the experiments here described a large number of chemical
solutions of different concentrations were tested with reference to their value
for prolonging the life of flowers of relatively short duration of life.
Over 10,000 cut flowers were used in the experiments, including the following
kinds : Cosmos, petunia, aster, verbena, violet, coreopsis, dahlias, Tagetes erecta
(African marigold), T. patula, geranium, zinnias, sweet peas, and pansles. The
results did not at all substantiate the favorable work secured by Fourton and
Ducomet (E. S. R., 18, p. 44) and in no case were any striking results secured.
An increase of a day or so in the keeping qualities was frequently obtained but
it is believed that this might have been due to other causes. With certain
888 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
flowers which tend to foul badly when placed in water some benefit was de-
rived by the use of such chemicals as zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, manga-
nese sulphate, and admixtures of strontium and barium chlorid with calcium
chlorid in killing micro-organisms. The author points out that the possibilities
of prolonging the keeping qualities of flowers are much greater with flowers
which have a long period of life. The desirability of experiments with flowers
of this kind is suggested.
FORESTEY.
Studies in tolerance of New England forest trees. — II, Relation of shade
to evaporation and transpiration in nursery beds, G. P. Bubns and Fbances
P. Hooper (Vermont Sta. Bui. 181 {1914), pp. 235-262, i)ls. 8, figs. 2).— In con-
tinuation of previous work with forest seedlings (E. S. R., 31, p. 640) the authors
are conducting a study of the effect of shade upon the physical conditions for
the germination and development of seedlings. The experiments here re-
ported were carried on with white pine seedlings during the summer of 1913.
The work deals particularly with the effect of lath screens on evaporation from
the seed bed and on transpiration from the seedlings. An attempt was also
made to determine the relation between the water loss from the seedlings and
evaporation as measured by both black and white porous atmometer cups.
Three seed beds were used in the experiment, the conditions being the same for
all, except that the first was given no shade on the top ; the second was covered
with a lath screen in which the laths were spaced one lath's width apart; and
the third was covered with a solid lath screen. All determinations of water
losses were made by weight. The plants used for weighing were grown in pots
plunged in the seed beds, the tops of the pots being covered with rubber dams
to prevent evaporation. The series of observations reported extended over the
first two weeks of August. The data are presented in a series of curves and
tables and discussed.
The responses of the atmometers and plants were not identical, the quantita-
tive responses differing more than the qualitative responses. In the half shade
bed the differences observed in responses of instruments and plants were less
than those observed in the no shade bed, the effect of half shade upon the plants
being more marljed than on the instruments. Both plants and atmometers lost
but little water In the full shade bed. The evaporation-transpiration coefficients
based on the unit of dry weight of the plants for no shade, half shade, and full
shade beds show that the response of the plant agrees more closely with the
black atmometer than with the white atmometer. A comparison of the losses
from seedlings from the no shade bed with the losses from 2- and 3-year-old
potted plants in the open shows that the seedlings give off water much more
rapidly than the older plants, thus indicating the need of some protection for
young plants. The daily averages of the losses from instruments and plants
were found to smooth out extremes and conceal quantitative differences, thus
minimizing the value of conclusions based on general averages.
The authors conclude that in order to determine a definite relation between
atmometer and plant measurements "we need to know the effect of variation
in each of the following factors: Light, wind velocity, humidity, and temper-
ature on instruments and plants."
A brief bibliography of consulted literature Is appended.
Tree growth and seed, J. B. Berry {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), No. 10, pp.
4S1-4S4, flgs. 2). — ^A brief review of Engler's Investigations relative to the
influence of environment on tree growth (K. S. R., 30, p. 239).
FOKESTEY. 839
Osier culture, F. Knotek (Arb. Deut. 8ek. Landeskult. Rat. Konigr. Bohmen,
No. 18 (1914), pp. 21, figs. 10). — Practical Instructions are given for the culture
of basket willows.
The coniferous forests of eastern North America, R, M. Harpeb {Pop. Sci.
Mo., 85 {191Jf), No. Jf, pp. 338-361, figs. 16).— This comprises a descriptive
account of the important coniferous forest types of eastern North America.
Each type is considered with reference to its geographical distribution, correla-
tions with soil, water, climate, fire, etc. Notes are also given on the economic
aspects of the trees and the regions in which they grow.
The role of aspen in the reforestation of mountain bums in Arizona and
New Mexico, G. A. Pearson (Plant World, 17 (1914), No. 9, pp. 249-260, figs.
2). — Experiments conducted for several years under the direction of the Fort
Valley Station, Flagstaff, Ariz., in planting Douglas fir in aspen thickets and
adjoining openings have demonstrated that aspens are of considerable value
in reforestation. The superiority of the aspec-covered areas over the openings
is attributed mainly to a reduction in transpiration. The value of aspens in
regulating transpiration from fir seedlings appears to more than compensate
for the loss in soil moisture taken up by the aspen trees.
Tree distribution in central California, W. A. Cannon (Pop. Sci. Mo., 85
(1914), No. 5, pp. 411-424, figs. 4). — The author here briefly outlines the root
characters of the three most prominent species of oak of central California
with special reference to their ability to reach ground water at different depths,
and points out the intimate relationship between root character and the charac-
teristic local distribution of the species.
Timber conditions in Little Smoky River Valley, Alberta, and adjacent
territory, J. A. Doucet (Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 41 (1914),
pp. 52, figs. 16). — In continuation of a previous report (E. S. R., 27, p. 646) a
report is given on the work done during the summer of 1912, completing the
reconnaissance and delimitation survey of the proposed Lesser Slave Lake
Forest Reserve. In addition to a description of timber conditions suggestions
are given relative to the protection of these forests from fire. A map accom-
panies the report.
Timber and soil conditions of southeastern Manitoba, L. C. Tilt (Dept.
Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 45 (1914), pp. 36, pi. 1, figs. 13). — This
embraces the results of a survey conducted under the direction of the Forestry
Branch of the Canadian Government in 1912. A considerable proportion of the
country was found suitable for a forest reserve and a map is included in the
bulletin showing this tract.
The forests of Madagascar: Their characters, resources, and conservation,
R. Badin (Bui. Econ. Gouvt. Gen. Madagascar, 14 (1914), I, No. 1, pp. 33-58). —
A descriptive account of the forests of Madagascar, including information rela-
tive to their exploitation and steps which have thus far been taken for their
conservation.
The tannin-yielding acacias of Senegal, Y. Henby and P. Ammann (Acacias
a Tanin du Senegal. Paris, 1913, pp. 53, figs. 8). — Descriptions are given of a
number of tannin-yielding acacias, including some other tannin-yielding species,
together with analyses of various parts of the tree with special reference to
their tannin content.
The tapping of pines and resin exploitation in Tonkin, CaeriI;be (Bui.
Econ. Indochine, n. ser., 17 (1914), No. 108, pp. 329-335, figs. 3).— A short
descriptive account of turpentine and resin exploitation in Tonkin.
Measurement of woods for statistical purposes, D. W. Young (Quart. Jour.
Forestry, 8 (1914), No. 4, pp. 253-275).— In this paper the author discusses the
70903°— 14 4
840 EXPEEIMEN-T STATION" RECORD.
nature of the information required in making tree measurements and describes
the methods adopted by the British Board of Agriculture in making tree meas-
urements.
Lumber and its uses, R. S. Kellogg (Chicago, 1914, PP- 352, pis. 39, figs. 12;
rev. in Engin. Rec, 10 (1914), No. 1, p. 26). — This is a compilation of general
information on the subject. Beginning with the structure and physical proper-
ties of tlie wood, the author proceeds to lumber grades, standard sizes of lum-
ber, and shipping weights. A discussion of structural timbers includes stand-
ard definitions and Forest Service rules. Chapters follow on seasoning of tim-
ber, wood preservation, paints and stains, wood paving blocks, hardwood floor-
ing and fire resistance, and lumber prices. Under the two headings " the uses
of lumber " and " commercial woods " is given a somewhat long and detailed
discussion of the uses to which each kind of lumber is put and the kinds of
wood which supply the material for a large number of wooden commodities.
Statistics as to forest products and the timber supply, and a section giving
sources of information about lumber, are also included.
Vocabulary of forest terms, compiled by W. A. A. Reinhardt (Harrishurg,
Pa., 1909, pp. 24). — This comprises a vocabulary of terms in silviculture, forest
protection, and forest utilization found in Schwappach's Forestry ( Forstwissen-
schaft) (E. S. R., 16, p. 1083).
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
[Investigations in plant diseases] (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 240 (1914), pp. 47-
53, 54, 55, figs. 8). — A summary is given of recent investigations on plant dis-
eases carried on under the direction of L. R. Jones, R. E. Vaughan, and others,
the principal investigations being on onion smut, pea blight, disease-resisting
cabbage, barley seed disinfecton, root rot of tobacco, black rot of tobacco, and
false blossom of cranberries.
The experiments for the control of onion smut demonstrated that formalin
solution applied to the seed disinfected both seed and surrounding soil, and
not only greatly reduced the amount of smut, but nearly doubled the yield.
In the pea blight investigations, which have been carried on for several years,
the methods of control previously reported (E. S. R., 28, p. 844) have been
tried under field conditions. Definite benefits were obtained by plowing and
harrowing immediately after the removal of the crop, repeating these operations
three times before freezing. The use of clean seed and a strict rotation of
crops, together with plowing immediately after crop i-emoval will greatly reduce
loss from this disease. It has been previously shown that the spores of the
fungus are carried over by the straw or stubble, and in connection with some
of the new canning plants In the State, silos have been constructed by which
the pea vines are utilized, the process of fermentation destroying the fungus.
Continued success is being met with in the experiments for the breeding of
cabbage resistant to yellows, and sufficient seed of the second generation was
obtained in 1913 for distribution and demonstration trials during 1914.
In experiments with the modified hot-water treatment of grain, A. G. John-
son found that soaking the grain for six hours in cold water, then for fifteen
minutes in water heated to 126° F., completely eliminated the smut and reduced
the barley stripe disease from 20 per cent to less than 1 per cent in treated
plats.
In reporting upon the root rot and the black rot of tobacco. J. Johnson points
out that serious loss in Wisconsin and Ontario, as well as elsewhere, is due to
the presence of the root rot fungus (Thielavia basicola). This may be largely
controlled by proper sterilization of the seed bed, as much of the disease origl-
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 841
nates In that way. The black rot is said to be due to Steriginatocysti^ nigra,
which affects the tobacco after it is harvested. A high moisture content and
high temperature in the curing house favor the development of this disease.
Practical methods for its control have been worked out which are based on the
regulation of the percentage of moisture in the leaf and conti'ol of temperature
during fermentation.
In cooperation with C. L. Shear, of this Department, L. R. Jones has carried
on some investigations on the false blossom of cranberries, which is found to
be a physiological trouble due to unfavorable cultural conditions. The most
important factor for the elimination of this trouble is said to be proper drain-
age. Surveys made of cranberry diseases indicate that while other diseases are
present, none are serious that can not be controlled by spraying or other well-
recognized methods.
Fungus diseases of plants, S. L. Ajrekae {Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 5 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 184-192). — ^As a preliminary account of plant diseases, brief descrip-
tions are given of millet smut, grapevine mildew, red rot in sugar cane, and
Koleroga disease of palms, together with suggestions for their control.
Phytopathological report for 1913, E. Foex (Rev. Phytopath. AppL, 1
{1914), ^^os. 18-19, pp. 13-15; 20-21, pp. 17-23; 22-23, pp. 25-29).— Condensed
accounts are given of observations on diseases of cereals, tubers, forage plants,
vines, fruits, berries, pines, and oaks, with some remedies tested or proposed.
Diseases of plants. — I, Herbaceous plants, B. Tomei {Malattie delle Piante.
Piante Erhacee. JJrhino, Italy, 1913, pt. 1, pp. 111). — This contains very brief
discussions of several diseases, with proposed I'emedies, of wheat, corn, vetch,
potato, tobacco, alfalfa, clover, sulla, and sainfoin.
The introduction of model treatments of plant diseases in Posen and West
Prussia, R. Schandee (Mitt. Dcut. Landw. GeselL, 29 (1914), No. 21, 294-298).—
This is a brief outline of the proposed general plan and scope of operations
for the protection of economic plants from various diseases in this section.
Some practical means of combating plant diseases as employed in Russia,
A. DE Jaczewski (1. Cong. Internat. Pathol. Compar^e [Paris], 1912, vol. 2,
Comp. Rend., pp. 948-955). — Among the results reported, it is claimed to have
been shown that the general requirements for a practical fungicide are best
fulfilled by a mixture of copper sulphate and alkaline polysnlphids, this proving
safe, cheap, and efficacious, as instanced by tests on Phyllosticta 'briardi on
apple trees, the proportion formerly used (0.5 per cent of each component) be-
ing found to be reducible to 0.2 per cent of the former and 0.3 per cent of the
lattei'.
The immense damage formerly done by Bphwrotheca mors-uvw to gooseberry
has been greatly reduced by use of alkaline polysnlphids. The hot water treat-
ment for Ustilago hordei and U. tritici is thought to be limited in its beneficial
effect only by the present difficulty in securing the best conditions for its
employment.
Heredity of disease in plants and Mendelism, L. Blaringhem (1. Cong.
Internat. Pathol. Compart^e [Paris}, 1912, vol. 1, Raps., pp. 250-312, figs. 12).—
This is a somewhat comprehensive discussion, dealing with different phases and
probable origins or causes of anomaly or disease in plants, including the influ-
ence of heredity and environment, as well as of parasitism. A bibliography is
appended.
Tumors of roots and rootlets, O. Larcheb (1. Cong. Internat. Pathol. Com-
par6e [Paris], 1912, vol. 1, Raps., pp. 312-328). — This is a brief general treat-
ment as to tumors of underground portions of plants, as regards their external
characters, pathological anatomy, effects, etc., with a somewhat extensive bib-
liography of the subject.
842 EXPERIMENT STATIOIT RECOED.
The root parasites of the Bombay Deccan, H. Van Buuben (Poona Agr. Col.
Mag., 5 (1914), No. 3, pp. 193-196, pi. 1). — The author describes the attack of
Striga lutea on durra, pearl millet, maize, and other grasses in India.
Propagation of rust of cereals, J. Beauverie (1. Cong. Internat. Pathol.
Vompar^e [Paris], 1912, vol. 2, Comp. Bend., pp. 960-965). — In this brief pre-
liminary note the author claims to have demonstrated the frequent presence of
uredospores, teleutospores, and mycelium of grain rusts in the pericarp of wild
and cultivated grains. It is thought that the young plants are often thus
contaminated as soon as they begin to develop in spring.
Powdery scab, a new potato disease, E. S. Bkigham (Bui. Vt. Dept. Agr., No.
18 (1914), pp. 1-7, fig. 1). — ^A popular report is given of the powdery scab, due
to Spongospora suMerranea, in order that potato growers may be informed re-
garding the avoidance of its possible introduction.
Wart disease of potatoes, J. Eriksson (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914),
No. 2, pp. 135, 136). — The author reports the results of an experiment bearing
upon the possibility of eradicating the wart disease of the potato.
Diseased tubers were planted in plats surrounded to a depth of 1 meter by
a zinc casing, the ground being treated some weeks later with a 1 per cent
solution of commercial formalin at the rate of 10 liters per square meter (about
1 qt. per square foot). All the plats so treated were entirely free from the dis-
ease, while the control plats showed about 66 per cent of the plants infected to
some extent. It is thought possible to eradicate potato wart disease from any
field by employing stronger solutions where necessary.
Bacterial diseases of the roots of sugar beets, G. TszHEBiNSKii {Vi^stnik
Sakhar. Promysh., No. 36-39 (1911); ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour.
Expt. Landic), 13 (1912), No. Jf, pp. 621-625). — The author gives an account of
studies of a dry and a slimy rot of beet roots noted on plantations in the Gov-
ernment of Kiev.
In connection with the former disease, which is described in three forms ac-
cording to the portion of the plant attacked, he found two bacteria. This form
of rot, which is widely distributed in southwestern Russia, differs from the dry
rot as known in Germany accompanied by heart rot, in that the latter appears
in the first year of the growth and not during the wintering of the roots or in
transplanting. The slimy rot shows the presence of both these bacterial forms
and also of a third, which is described, as are also the symptoms characteristic
of this form of rot. Both transfer and contact inoculations from roots affected
with slimy rot produce dry rot in healthy beets. The author is inclined to con-
sider dry rot of the roots as dry bacteriosis.
Puccinia subnitens on the sugar beet, Venus W. Pool and M. B. McKay
(Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 3, pp. 204-206, pi. i).— Attention is called to the
occurrence of the recial form of P. suhnitens on sugar beets, the telial host of
which Is said to be Distichlis stricta.
For the control of this disease, which is said to be of increasing economic
importance, the destruction of salt grass, which is quite common along the road-
sides and ditches, is recommended.
[Lime treatments of soil for Plasmodiophora brassicae], D. A. Gilchrist
(County Northumb. Ed. Com. Bui. 21 (1914), PP- 84-88). — Giving in connection
with figures previously reported (E. S. R., 29, p. 752) the results obtained from
the use of various treatments in 1913 for finger-and-toe disease of swedes, the
author states that a decrease was noted in the beneficial infiuence of lime mud
after its employment for nine successive years on the same ground.
Diseases and deformities of mushrooms, F. Gu:fiGUEN (1. Cong. Internat.
Pathol. Compar^G [Paris], 1912, vol. 2, Comp. Rend., pp. .056-960).— Giving
results of some observations made on cultivated mushrooms showing abnor-
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 848
mallties, the author states that along with the well known " mole " character-
istic of their Invasion by Hypomyces pemiciosus there exist also in both these
and wild mushrooms other characteristic deformities or ruptures. Some of
these are due to parasitism, as evidenced by a characteristic odor and other
indications of the organic nature of the trouble, which has been noted in con-
nection with the presence of certain plant mites.
Plus and minus strains in the genus Glomerella, C. W. Edgebton (Amer.
Jour. Bot., 1 (1914), No. 5, pp. 2U-254, pis. 2, fig. i).— The substance of this
contribution has already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 745).
A study of the physiological relations of Sclerotinia cinerea, J. S. Cooley
{Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 1 (1914), No. 3, pp. 291-326).— A report is given of an
experimental study on the physiological activities of the brown rot fungus of
stone fruits, in which the conditions influencing the penetration and infection
of green and ripe fruits by the fungus were studied as well as the action of
the parasite on the host cells and the secretion of enzyms which act upon the
cellulose and pectic substances of the host.
It was found that the brown rot organism infects immature fruit provided
the skin is punctured, while on the other hand ripe or nearly ripe fruits may be
readily Inoculated through the unpunctured surface. The fungus was found to
penetrate with equal ease any part of the host tissue, showing no preference
for the middle lamella. No evidence was found that the fungus secreted a
toxic substance in advance of penetration. An aqueous solution of pectin
isolated from plums was coagulated by the fungus, indicating the secretion
of pectinase. The changing acidity of the host as the fruit reaches maturity
was not considered sufficient to explain the fact that ripe fruit is more sus-
ceptible to the disease than green fruit.
A bibliography is appended.
Protection against Spheerotheca mors-uvae, D. Hegyi (Rev. Phytopath.
AppL, 1 U914), -A^o. 22-23, pp. 30, 31).— The author reports that in experiments
since 1909 looking toward control of gooseberiy mildew it was found that treat-
ment with liver of sulphur caused fall of both fruit and leaves, also that iron
sulphate had little effect on the disease. Bordeaux mixture, however, ai^plled
once or twice during the winter at 5 per cent and in early spring at 1 per cent
strength, or lime sulphur employed according to plans outlined, is an efficient
means of defense against this fungus.
The status of investigational work on pear and apple blight, D. B. Swingle
{Montana Sta. Circ. 39 {1914), PP- 13-16). — The author gives a summary of
work that has been carried on by this Department and various experiment
stations on the cause and methods of control of pear and apple blight due to
Bacillus amylovorus. '
Black spot of the mandarin {Agr. Oaz. N. S. Wales, 25 {1914), No. 8, p.
684)- — The prevalence of black spot in mandarin orchards in New South Wales
is reported. Pending experiments for combating the disease, it is recommended
that Infected trees be severely pruned, and after pruning the trees and ground
beneath should be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or lime sulphur, three appli-
cations during the season being considered sufficient.
Spraying experiments with the peach and grape in 1912, E. Pantanelli
{8tas. Sper. Agr. Ital., 46 {1913), No. 5, pp. 329-346) .—Reporting on later
experiments (E. S. R., 27, p. 855), the author states that polysulphids of cal-
cium and barium, kept in sealed receptacles and diluted at the time of appli-
cation, were found to be efficacious in controlling Exoascus defornKins on the
peach, but not Plasmopara viticola on the grape. Bordeaux mixture gave good
results against P. viticola. Self-boiled lime sulphur proved helpful against E.
deformans on peach, also against Monilia dkerea.
844 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Dry leaf of the grape, M. Ttjbconi {Riv. Patol. Veg., 6 {1913), No. 9, pp. 260,
261). — ^A leaf disease of the grape near Pavia, characterized by premature
drying, and noted in some American varieties, is ascribed to Pestalozzia
uvicola.
Base rot of pineapples (Agr. News [BarMdos], 12 (1914), No. 816, p. 190). —
In a locality not known to have produced pineapples previously, cuttings care-
fully disinfected with Bordeaux mixture before planting developed a diseased
condition, apparently due to Thielamopsis paradoxa. It is thought that the
presence of the fungus may be due to a previous cultivation of sugar cane in
these places or perhaps to the use of organic manure. There is said to be some
evidence that plants sometimes throw off the disease. Development of resistant
strains is suggested.
Decay of pineapples {Agr. News [Bariados], 13 (1914), No. 318, p. 222). — In
continuation of the above discussion another pineapple disease is discussed,
ascribed to the same causal organism, which frequently enters through the cut
end of the stem and passes with great rapidity up through the core, spreading
through the softer tissues and producing a water-soaked appearance; also
entering readily through wounds and bruises and even through the uninjured
fruit surface.
Care in handling includes cutting off and searing or waxing the stems. The
fruit should cool and dry for 24 hours before packing, and should be protected
from bruising or rubbing without greatly interfering with the circulation of
air. Fumigation with formaldehyde gas has been found helpful, and directions
for this are given.
Cladosporium disease of Ampelopsis tricuspidatum, M. T. Cook and G. W.
Wilson {Phytopathology, 4 (1914), ^^o. 3, pp. 189, 190, fig. 1). — In continuation
of a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 347), the authors report having had their at-
tention called to the dying of Japanese i\'y on buildings of Rutgers College and
other buildings in the vicinity.
The disease first appeared as a wilting of the leaves, which might be con-
fined to a small branch or might extend to a main trunk and all Its branches.
Within a few days all the diseased parts were dead and diT- A fungus was
Isolated from diseased material, and it was found to agree rather closely with
the description of what is usually given as C. Jierbarum.
Spontaneous decapitation of chrysanthemums, R. Faeneti (Riv. Patol.
Veg., 6 (1913), No. 10, pp. 289-292) .—YaW of the floral heads of crysanthemums
at flowering, due to rupture of the peduncles, led to a study of the phenomenon.
It Is thought that an irritative and toxic influence is exerted by a Cladosporium
found in connection with the trouble, also that a part is played by turgescense
at such times.
Black rot of roses, J. Beauveeie (1. Cong. Internat. Pathol. Compar6e [Paris'^,
1912, vol. 2, Comp. Rend., pp. 965-967, fig. 1). — Reporting on an examination of
diseased roses sent in for this purpose, the author states that the flowers show-
ing the peduncle disease formerly attributed to Botrytis clnerea (B. S. R., 24,
p. 351) now showed no mycelium In the diseased peduncles, and that these por-
tions, when kept in a confined atmosphere, either dry or moist, produced no
Botrytis, but that this fungus was noted in adjacent green portions. Further
investigation, as regards the immediate nature or cause of the disease and its
remedies, is considered necessary.
A study of a rose disease, J. Beauveeie (1. Cong. Internat. Pathol. Com-
par6e [Paris'^, 1912, vol. 2, Comp. Rend., pp. 968-971, figs. 2).— A brief account
is given of a disease of roses attributed to Coryneum microstictum.
A GloBOsporium disease of the spice bush, J, J. Taubenhaus (Atner. Jour.
Bot., 1 (1914), No. 7, pp. 340-342). — The author reports on a study of diseased spots
Diseases of plants. 845
on the fruit, leaves, and tender twigs of the spice bush. This is claimed to be
due to an active parasite identical with G. officinale from the sassafras, and
also with O. fructigenum, which causes bitter rot of the apple.
A disease of Gerbera, L. Maffei (Riv. Patol. Veg., 6 {19 IS), No. 9, pp. 257-
259). — ^A brief account with description is given of a fungus, Ascochyta gerherce
n. sp., attacking leaves of O. jamesoni, recently introduced into Italy from
South Africa.
A disease of Washingtonia, G. Poieault and A. Sartoky (i. Cong. Intemat.
Pathol. Compar^e [Paris], 1912, vol. 2, Comp. Rend., pp. 911, 972). — Two species
of Washingtonia, W. fiUfera and W. robusta, are said to show progressive at-
tacli from a disease decolorizing the leaves and suspected to be due to a
Penicillium.
Notes on some diseases of trees in our National Forests, IV, G. G. Hedg-
cocK {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 3, pp. 181-1S8). — In continuation of a
previous report (E. S. R., 29, p. 851), the author gives an account of the infec-
tion of various forest trees by Herpotrichia nigra, Neopeckia coulteri, Forties
pinicola, F. fomentarius, F. applanatus, Polyporus schweinit:sii, and F. roseiis.
Most of these fungi are found parasitic on various species of coniferous trees.
Bark disease of the chestnut in British Columbia, J. H. Faull and G. H.
Graham {Forestry Quart., 12 {1914), No. 2, pp. 201-203) .—Specimens of bark
taken from diseased chestnut trees at Agassiz, British Columbia, have been
examined, and all tests so far made indicate that the fungus is identical with
Endothia parasitica, the cause of the chestnut bark disease. The trees growing
at Agassiz are of Oriental, European, and American origin. Inoculations con-
stituting the final tests are to be reported on later.
Pathological histology of the Endothia canker of chestnut, W. E. Keefee
{Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 3, pp. 191-200, figs. S).— The author describes
the different anatomical conditions shown in the bark and sapwood of chestnut
when attacked by E. parasitica.
In an experiment conducted to determine the depth to which the fungus
penetrates into the wood, it was found that the average depth of penetration
for about 20 logs was approximately J in., the greatest penetration being about
i in. The deepest penetration was found in the smaller limbs.
Damage due to oak mildew in Hungary, F. Kovessi {1. Cong. Intemat.
Pathol. Compar4e [Paris'], 1912, vol. 2, Comp. Rend., pp. 924-936) .—Giving a
brief account of the spread in Europe of oak mildew after its appearance about
1907, with comments on its possible relations to altitude, weather, caterpillars,
etc., the author states that among the more susceptible of European oaks are
Quercus tozza, Q. pedunculata, Q. sessiliflora, Q. pubescens, Q. contorta, Q. cerris,
Q. ilex, Q. suher, and Q. coccifera. The American oaks are said to be more
resistant than natives. Fagus sylvatica and Castanea vulgaris appear to be
rarely attacked.
Of the various remedies mentioned, flowers of sulphur is said to be the
cheapest and most efficacious in this connection.
An extensive bibliography is given.
Notes on economic fungi, M. T. Cook (Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 3, pp.
201-203, figs. 2). — A brief account is given of the crown gall due to Pseudomonas
tumefaciens on Bolleana poplars, and of the occurrence of a sclerotium which
contained a mass of well developed asci containing spores in potatoes infected
by Rhizoctonia.
North American species of Peridermium on pine, J. C. Arthur and F. D.
Keen {Mycologia, 6 {1914), No. 3, pp. 109-138). — Sixteen species are described,
of which P. cahfornicum and P. guatemalense are considered to be new species.
A host index is given of species of Peridermium on species of pines.
846 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Purchase and use of liver of sulphur {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (19H),
No. S, pp. 236-241; noted in Agr. ISfeivs [Barbados], IS (1914), No. 820, pp. 254,
255) . — The results are given of tests made to determine the effects of exposure
by loose corking, etc., on stored potassium sulphid.
The solution, when kept in vessels covered but not corked for 18 days, depos-
ited sulphur, and ultimately lost much or all of its value as a fungicide. It is
therefore held that solutions of liver of sulphur should be prepared just before
they are to be used, or the solutions, if made beforehand, should be kept in
full, tightly corked bottles. Liver of sulphur in solid form should be kept in
bottles or lever-topped tins of small capacity, say from 0.5 to 1 lb. capacity,
to be opened just before use.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.
Animal geography: The faunas of the natural regions of the globe, Mabion
I. Newbigin {Oxford, England, 1913, pp. 238, pis. 31, figs. 13). — In this book the
author attempts to put the main facts connected with the distribution of ani-
mals in a form acceptable to the geographical student. It deals with the sub-
ject vmder the following chapter headings : The tundra and its fauna ; the taiga,
or coniferous forest, and its fauna ; steppe faunas and the Temperate steppes
of Asia and North America ; mountain faunas ; the fauna of the tropical forest ;
tropical savannas and deserts; special features of island faunas; the distribu-
tion of animal life in the sea ; the animals of lakes and rivers and cave faunas ;
and zoogeographical regions.
[Game in California] {Cal. Fish and Game Conirs. Game Bui. 1 {1913), pp.
67, figs. 14). — The several papers here presented are as follows: Investigation of
the Large Game Situation in California with Special Reference to Deer, by
F. C. Clarke (pp. 6-20) ; The Present and Future Status of the California Val-
ley Quail, by H. C. Bryant (pp. 21-34) ; Introduction of Foreign Game Birds
into the Southern San Joaquin and Tributary Sections, by A. D. Ferguson
(pp. 36^0) ; Educating the Young People as to the Need and Value of Wild
Life Conservation, by Gretchen L. Libby (pp. 41-46) ; and Investigation of the
Economic Status of Nongame Birds, by H. C. Bryant (vp. 47-67).
The food of the common mole, P. B. White {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21
{1914), No. 5, pp. 401-407).— The results of studies of the food of 100 individuals
of the common mole {Talpa europea) collected in two localities are presented
in tabular form. " It is clear that earthworms and, in the moles examined,
leather jackets are to be looked upon as the staple articles of diet, these appear-
ing in 92 per cent and 87 per cent of the stomachs, respectively. Centipedes
came next in 50 per cent and wireworms in 41 per cent of the stomachs."
The control of rodents in field seeding, C. P. Willis {Proc. Soc. Amer.
Foresters, 9 {1914), No. 3, pp. 365-379). — "Rodents and white-footed mice in
particular destroy a large percentage of our field-sown seeds. The rodent loss
is so high that it guaranties failure of seeding. Either the rodent must be con-
trolled or seeding must be given up.
" Rodents have such keen noses that it is impracticable to hide seed from them
by burying it deeply or by disguising its odor. It is possible that a substance
poisonous or distasteful to rodents may yet be found effective for coating seeds.
Up to the present no satisfactory coating has been discovered. Sowing seed
incased in screen wire has little to commend it. Wholesale poisoning of rodents
Is ineffective. Many, but too few, animals can be poisoned. Mulching the seed-
epot has a slightly beneficial effect. Covering the seedspot with tar roofing
paper has given excellent protection to the seed. This method has disadvan-
tages, however, which need further study. Complete protection is given by
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 847
covering the seedspots with a wire cone 8 in. high and 8 in. in diameter, sunk
2 in. deep in the ground, but this is too costly for general use,
" It is significant that attempts to render the seed repulsive or poisonous to
the rodent have failed ; that wholesale poisoning of an area has failed ; but that
efforts to guard the seedspot have been more successful. It is at this point
that the study should be taken up, if it is hereafter continued,"
Necessity for and constitutionality of the act of Congress protecting
migratory birds, G, Shieas, 3ed (New York, 1914 PP- 99). — Part one of this
pamphlet deals with the necessity for the migratory bird law and part two with
the constitutionality of the federal law. The regulations for the protection of
migratory birds (E. S. R., 29, p. 554), the text of the original Shiras bill and
of the Weeks-McLean bill (E. S. R., 28, p. 302), the report of the advisory com-
mittee of fifteen on the preparation of regulations by the Department of Agri-
culture for the protection of migratory birds, etc., are appended.
The relation between lizards and Phlebotomus verrucarum. as indicating
the reservoir of verruga, C. H. T. Townsend {Science, n. ser., ^0 {1914), No.
1023, pp. 212-214)- — It is stated that numerous blood smears made during the
previous two or three months from small rock lizards of several species collected
in four localities in Peru, three of which are within the verruga zone and the
fourth just outside of that zone, all show small rod and granule bodies which
exhibit the identical morphology of the bodies which have been named Bartonia
bacilHformis.
" In Verrugas Canyon there are, close to the house, many large walls built
of loose rock wherein the Phlebotomus hide in swarms during the day, issuing
in the evening to enter the house and bite the inmates. These rock walls are
also inhabited by the small lizards in question."
Subcutaneous Injection of a young guinea pig with a large quantity of citrated
lizard blood proved fatal within ten hours, liver smears showing the rods and
granules, but blood, marrow, and spleen smears proving practically negative.
The author points out that on a priori grounds the inference is logical that
the lizards constitute a verruga reservoir.
The relation of temperature to insect life, — I, The variation in velocity of
development at different constant temperatures, E. D. Sanderson and L. M.
Peaiks {Neio Hampshire Sta. Tech. Bui. 7 {1913), pp. 125, figs. ^6).— This bulle-
tin presents details of studies, accounts based upon which have been previ-
ously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 851; 23, p. 358). Part 1 (pp. 3-9) gives a history
and descriptions of the work; part 2 (pp. 10-41) a summary of the conclusions
and of illustrations; part 3 (pp. 42-93) a summary of all the data obtained at
the New Hampshire Station, upon which the studies are based; and part 4
(pp. 94-125) temperature records.
The following conclusions have been drawn : " The velocity of development,
within what may be termed the normal limits, depends, other factors being
equal, upon the temperature. It increases directly with the temperature, the
curve for the Increase within normal limits being a true mathematical hyper-
bole. The factor or index of development for any point on this curve is the
reciprocal for that point. Thus, the reciprocal curve includes all the indexes for
the curve. This reciprocal, assuming that we are correct in our first conclu-
sion, that the curve is always a true hyperbole, takes, by definition, the form
of a straight line; the inclination of this line to the axes of the curve being
governed by the rapidity of development of the Insect and stage. The de-
velopmental zero for the insect and stage approximates the point where the
reciprocal curve (calculated from the time factor) intersects the temperature
axis. The thermal constant is the constant for the curve, that is, the product
of the time and temperature factors. That is, for a hyperbole, always constant.
848 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECOED.
The curve for any stage of any insect at constant temperatures can be platted
by the establishment experimentally of anj' two points, or, if the develop-
mental zero be known, by the establishment of any one point.
" The foregoing conclusions are primarily for constant temperature condi-
tions. While we have less proof, the data seem to show that for temperatures
showing a daily variation the effective temperature is somewhat higher than
the daily mean. On the other hand, when the change is not in the nature of a
daily variation, but rather a change of constant temperatures for longer pe-
riods of time we find that the results work out properly for the original hyper-
bolic curve. . . .
" Finally, it must be borne in mind that all temperature factors and calcu-
lations involving them must be based on degrees above the developmental zero.
This may be seen in the calculation of the thermal constant."
Utilization of certain phytophagous insects in combating the enemies of
cultivated plants, A. Vuillet (Rev. Sci. [Paris], 52 {1914), I, No. 17, pp. 526-
530; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 6, p. 345).— A general dis-
cussion.
Some attempts to control injurious insects by means of their natural
enemies, T. A. C. Schoevers {Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, 19 {1913), Nos. 8, pp.
91-96; 4, pp. 109-180; at>s. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1 {1913), Ser. A, No. 10, p. 376).—
A discussion of the subject with a summary of experimental work.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia {Proc. Ent.
8oc. Brit. CohimMa, n. ser.. No. 8 {1913), pp. 46)- — ^Among the more important
papers here presented are Combination Sprays and Recent Insecticide Investi-
gations, by H. F. Wilson (pp. 9-17) ; Methods of Taking Insect Records in the
Field, by R. C. Treherne (pp. 21-24) ; Some Problems in Aphis Control, by L. L.
Palmer (pp. 31-34) ; Two Injurious Insects of Economic Importance Attacking
Peach, Apricot, and Plum Trees, namely, the peach twig moth and the peach
borer, by W. H. Lyne (pp. 34-36) ; Cutworms and Their Control, by M. S.
Middleton (pp. 36, 37) ; and The Economic Importance of Canadian Ipidse, by
J. M. Swaine (pp. 41-i3).
Phytopathological report for the year 1913, P. Maechal {Rei\ Phytopath.
Appl, 1 {1914), No 18-19, pp. 9-13; al)S. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No.
7, pp. 420-422) .—This annual report (E. S. R., 30, p. 154) deals with the more
important insects of the year.
Eecent work of the Koyal Entomological Station of Hungary, J. Jablonow-
SKY {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases,
5 {1914), No. 3, pp. 316-320). — This is a discussion of work with control meas-
ures for insect pests and rodents, which was carried on during 1913,
[Observations on the insect enemies of field crops and orchards during
1913], V. V. DoBEOVLiANSKY {Khoz{histvo, 1914, No. 10, pp. 332-338; abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 6, pp. 341-343) .—This is a report of work
conducted at the Kief Station during 1913.
The insect enemies and diseases of plants in the Government of Taurida
during 1913, I. M. Shtchegolev {Otchet Di^tateln. Pomoshch. Oubern. Ent.
[Taurida] Zemstva, 1913, pp. 24; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 5,
pp. 329-331). — Among the pests mentioned as causing damage to plants during
the year are the gipsy moth, Eoplocampa brevis, Anthonomus pomorum, the
codling moth, Eriocampa adumbrata, Luperus ruflpes, Choreutis parialis, etc.
Preliminary studies of the enemies of clover, G. del Guercio {Atti R. Accad.
Econ. Agr. Oeorg. Firenze, 5. ser., 11 {1914), No. 2, pp. 133-183, figs. 39).— The
more important Insect enemies of Trifolium here discussed are the aphidids
Rizoberlesia trifolii and Aphis scaliw n. sp., Apion spp.. and the clover root
borer, Hylastes trifolii.
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 849
Some experiments with maize stored in bins, A. J. GEO^'E {Agr. Jour. India,
9 (1914), No. 1, pp. 92-98).— The author states that in tests made at the Pusa
farm of the efficiency of naphthalin and carbon bisulphid in destroying insects
in stored maize it was found that 1 lb. of flake naphthalin distributed in com
in cylindrical bins 6 ft. high by 3 ft. in diameter was practically as effective
and more satisfactory to handle than fumigation with carbon bisulphid at the
rate of 5 lbs. per 1,000 cu. ft.
Enemies of mustard and means of combating them, N. Sachakov (Abs. in
Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {WW, Ser. A, No. 6, pp. 355-358).— A preliminary report
based on investigations at the Astrakhan Entomological Station.
Onion pests {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 24O {1914), pp. 44-46, figs. 2). — In attempts
to control the onion maggot {Pegomya cepetorum) which, together with the
onion thrips, threatens the destruction of the onion crop in Wisconsin, experi-
ments were made with sweetened arsenicals. For this purpose i pint of black-
strap molasses was added to 1 gal. of water and to this arsenical poisons were
added, 1 gm. of sodium arsenite proving to be the most effective. It is stated
that both sexes are very greedy for the sweets, and gorging themselves untit
their abdomens are greatly extended, are killed within three to ten hours after
the ingestion of the poison.
Two insect pests of sugar beets from Turkestan new to Russia, E. M.
Vaksiliev {Viestnik SakJiar. Promysh., No. 3 {1914), PP- 68-75; abs. in Rev.
Appl. Ent, 2 {1914), Scr. A, No. 4, pp. 248, 2/,9).— This article relates to the
injury caused by Laphygma exigua and Plilyctwnodes nudalis.
Manual of fruit insects, M. V. Slingeeland and C. R. Crosby {Neio York,
1914, PP- XVI +503, figs. 396). — This work, prepared in part by the senior author
just prior to his death and completed by the junior author, treats of the more
important insects injurious to deciduous fruits. In the preparation of this
work the aim has been to give in as concise form as possible the main facts
relating to the distribution, life history, and habits of the insect, the nature
and extent of its injury, and means of control from the standpoint of the
commercial fruit grower.
The first five chapters deal with apple insects and are followed by chapters
on pear and quince, plum, peach, cherry, raspberry, blackbeiry, dewberry, cur-
rant, gooseberry, strawberry, grape, and cranberry insects, and insecticides.
The xylophagous insect enemies of the vine, J. Feytaxid {Rev. Vit., 41
. {1914), Nos. 1046, pp. 5-7, pi. 1, figs. 2; 1047, pp. 41-45, figs. 7; 1049, pp. 94-99,
figs. 3). — This is a general account of the more ijnportant wood-attacking
enemies of the grapevine in France.
Insects injurious to camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), A. Rutherford
{Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 42 {1914), No. 6, pp. 463-468) .—The enemies of the
camphor tree in Ceylon include a thrips, probably Cryptothrips floridensis; a
leaf miner {Acrocercops sp.) ; the large bagworm {Clania variegata) ; a bag-
worm, probably Amatissa consorta; and Xyleborus compactus.
The most common insects pests of pine and fir cones, I. TeagAedh {Skogen,
1 {1914), No. 2, pp. 42-50, figs. 5; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 4,
pp. 242, 243). — The author discusses the injury caused in Sweden by Pissodes
ralidirostris, Orapholitha {Laspeyresia) stroMlella, Phycis {Dioryctria) abie-
tella, an undetermined chalcidid of the genus Megastigmus, etc.
Ants and bees as carriers of pathogenic micro-organisms, W. M. Wheeler
{Amer. Jour. Trop. Diseases and Prev. Med., 2 {1914), No. 3, pp. 160-168).— A
paper read before the American Society of Tropical Medicine, at Boston in
May, 1914, in which the author presents a general discussion of the subject.
Destruction of locusts in Turkestan, J. P. Barsacq (Intemat. Inst. Agr.
[Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 4, PP- 558-564)- —
850 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
An account of the campaign against locusts in Turkestan, including mechanical
and chemical means, and a discussion of natural enemies.
The Morocco locust {Stauronotus maroccanus) is the most important species.
The migratory locust (Pachytylus migratorius) possesses several permanent
areas of distribution in Central Asia but this species rarely damages crops,
preferring the shoots of reeds which occur in abundance near the egg-laying
areas. The Italian locust {Caloptenus italicus) is a common species in Tur-
kestan but until recently has only caused a small amount of injury. A number
of other species are injurious though not to the same extent as the three above
mentioned.
A note on the relation between the tea mosquito (Helopeltis theivora) and
the soil, E. A. Andrews { Indian- Tea Assoc, Set. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 1
(1914), pp. 31-35). — Investigations of the factors controlling the activities of
the tea mosquito in causing blight indicate that tea planted in soil in which
the ratio of available potash to available phosphoric acid is low will be more
likely to be attacked by mosquito blight than tea planted in soil in which this
■ratio is high. It is suggested that this condition may be remedied by the
application of potash manures.
Aleurodes vaporarium, an enemy of Azales indica. Van Hove {Rev. Hort.
Beige, 39 (WIS), No. 24, pp. 392, 393; abs. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Romeli, Mo.
Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 3, p. 4^7).— This white fly,
which is well known to Belgian azalea growers, is said to have been very
abundant in the autumn of 1913.
A new sugar cane aphis, H. F. Wilson (Ent. News, 25 (.1914), No. 7, pp.
298, 299, pi. 1). — ^An aphidid collected on sugar cane at New Orleans, La., is
described as Aphis hittiberculata n. sp.
European caterpillars and their food plants, P. Blaschke (Die Raupen
Europas mit ihren Futterpflanzen. Annaherg, Germany, 1914, PP- [i^] +
XXIX-\-264-\-15, pis. 34).— The first part of this work (pp. 1-264) consists of a
caterpillar calendar in which are given brief descriptions of the European
forms, notes on their occurrence and food plants from month to month, etc.
The second part (pp. 1-75) lists alphabetically and describes the food plants
with the caterpillars occurring on each. Indexes to the German and technical
names of the lepidopterans and the German names of the food plants are
appended to the two parts.
Six colored plates of caterpillars representing 156 species and 28 colored
plates of food plants in bloom, with indexes to both, are included.
Instructions for rearing mulberry silkworms, M. N. De (Agr. Research
Inst. Pusa Bui. 39 (1914), pp. 25, pis. 4, figs. 3). — A work prepared for use by
those engaged in silk culture.
Grapholitha leplastriana, an enemy of cauliflower, G. Cecconi (Bol. Lab.
Zool. Oe)i. e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 7 (1913), pp. 125-148, pi. 1; abs.
in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 6 pp. 347, S^S).— The caterpillar of this
moth, supposed to live on wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea silvestris) exclusively,
has been found by the author to attack cauliflower at Fano in the Province of
Marches.
Borer in san, M. M. Desai (Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 6 (1914), No. 1, pp. 39,
40). — During the course of a rotation experiment with san as a green manure
crop it was seriously injured by the attack of an undetermined lepidopterous
larva which bores into the buds and shoots. Caterpillars of Argyna cribrasiu
were also a source of injury.
Miscible oil spray for fruit tree leaf roller (Archips argyrospila), G. P.
Weldon (Mo. BuJ. Com. Hort. Cal, 3 (1914), No. 7, pp. 285, 286, fig. 1).—
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 851
Larvae failed to hatch out from egg masses of A. argyroapila treated with mls-
clble oil applied at the rate of 1 : 20.
Borer in jowar, M. M. Desai (Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 6 (1914), No. 1, pp. J^l-
43). — The sugar borer Chilo simplex is reported to have injured the jowar or
Indian millet crop which is a staple human food and also a great source of
fodder for cattle in the Surat District.
A light trap for catching cutworm moths, G. P. "Weldon (Mo. Bui. Com.
Hort. Cat., 3 (1914), No. 7, pp. 284, 285, fig. i).— An illustration is given of a
trap used in sugar beet fields at Oxnard, Cal. This consists of a shallow gal-
vanized iron pan about 4 ft. in diameter set on a platform a few feet above
the ground, over which is hung a gas burner inclosed in a globe and connected
with a tank within the frame, in which acetylene gas is generated.
It is stated that on the morning of May 18 from 1,200 to 1,500 moths were
found to have been trapped during the night. A trap placed on a beet dump
with an electric light to attract the moths is said to have caught as high as
7,000 moths during a single night. Most of the moths are said to represent
the cutworm species Peridroma saucia.
The Hessian fly in Missouri, L. Haseman (Missouri Sta. Circ. 10 (1914), PP-
21-24, fid- !)• — -^ brief popular account of the Hessian fly, the most destructive
enemy of wheat in Missouri.
Natural enemies of Simulium. — Notes, F. M. Websteb (Psyche, 21 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 95-99). — The author here brings together miscellaneous notes on
personal observations of the natural enemies of Simulium.
A new schizogregarine (Caulleryella aphiochaetse n. g. and n. sp.), an
intestinal parasite of the larva of a cyclorrhaphous dipteran (Aphiochaeta
rufipes), D. Keilin (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 (1914), No. 16, pp.
768-771, figs. 12). — ^A report of studies of a gregarine found in the intestines of
a phorid (A. rufipes).
Leprosy: Flies in relation to the transmission of the disease, J. A. Honeij
and R. R. Parker (Jour. Med. Research, 30 (1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 127-130) .—This is
a preliminai'y report of studies conducted at the Penikese Hospital Laboratory.
Of 95 flies used in the work, 59 were Musca domestica, 3 Muscina stahiilans,
30 Stomoxys ealcitrans, 2 Lucilia sp., and one an undetermined sciomyzid.
The study shows that a fly will feed continuously for from 3 to 31 minutes;
that the digestive tract was completely emptied in from 52 to 72 hours; that
the average number of excreta deposits was for the M. domestica male during
46 hours 25+ and for the female 35+ (during the first 24 hours the greatest
number of ejections occurred and after the first 8 hours), and for the S. calcir
trans male during 61 hours 40+ and for the female 86+ (during the first
24 hours the greatest number of ejections occurred and after the first 3 hours) ;
and that the average time after feeding before the first ejection varies con-
siderably between 5 and 45 minutes, but the average is about 13 minutes.
" It was found that of 12 flies of different species caught in the rooms of
patients only 2 (M. domestica) showed the acid-fast bacilli in the excreta
deposits, and that of 6 flies (also M. domestica) allowed to feed on the
lesions of patients the excreta gave negative results. . . . From the 41 flies
fed on the contents of pustules the best results were obtained. Of 21 flies
(M. domestica) 15 were negative and 6 positive. Of 8. calcitra/ns 20 were
used which gave 4 negative and 16 positive results. Of another series of
six flies (three of each species), two gave positive findings, two questionable
acid-fast bacilli, and two were negative. ... In no other species of flies
other than M. domestica and S. ealcitrans were the acid-fast bacilli found in the
excreta."
852 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Adia genitalis and Leptohylemyia coarctata, N. V. KuBDf&MOV (Trudy
Poltav. Selsk. Khoz. Opytn. StantsU, No. 21 {1914), pp. 43, figs. 27; abs. in Rev.
Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 6, pp. 350-353).— X report of studies from the
Poltava Station of two dipterous enemies of wheat.
An investigation into the relationship of the house fly to disease — the
special importance of the fly in infant welfare, D. B. Abmsteong (Amer. Jour.
Puh. Health, 4 (1914), ^^o. 3, pp. 185-196) .—The author presents the results of
preliminary investigations carried on in New York City by the Bureau of
Public Health and Hygiene, and in conclusion states that the Bureau is con-
vinced of the necessity of continuing the studies on a larger, more compre-
hensive, and complete scale for at least one other fly season before definite
positive conclusions can be reached.
Combating elaterid larvae, D. Bobodin (Khutor{anin, No. 12 (1914), p. 382;
ais. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 6, p. 3^^).— The author states that
elaterid larvae may best be combated by poisoned or other baits, consisting of
slices of potatoes, carrots, beets, oil cakes, cabbage stalks, etc., buried in
various parts of the field to a depth of 3 or 4 in. " These baits are poisoned
by adding to them either Paris green or arsenic, in which case they need no
further attention. In case of unpoisoned baits they must be inspected prac-
tically every week and the larvae found on them destroyed with boiling water.
[The author] also recommends maize baits, prepared as follows: About 0.25
lb. of white arsenic and 2.5 lbs. of maize well boiled in about 2.5 gals, of
water, care being taken not to inhale the vapor. The baits can be best used
in autumn and spring, before sowing or even afterwards, so long as the seed-
lings are not too high."
Orchard bark beetles and pin hole borers, H. A. Gossard (Ohio Sta. Bui.
264 (1913), pp. 6S, figs. 22). — This bulletin reports studies carried on in coop-
eration with the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, represented by H. F.
Wilson, who was stationed in the infested region during the spring, summer,
and fall of 1908, a report by whom on the peach bark beetle has been previously
noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 955), The investigation was continued by L. L. Scott
in the summer of 1909, by R. D. Whitmarsh during the seasons of 1910 and
1911, and by J. L. King during the seasons of 1912 and 1913.
The fruit bark beetle (Eceoptogaster rtigulosus) is first dealt with (pp. 6-30).
This pest, often called the shot hole borer, is the most common and attacks
nearly all species and varieties of orchard fruits. The peach bark beetle, which
ranks second in importance In Ohio, is next taken up at length (pp. 81-59). A
few other nearly related species, known as pin hole borers, have somewhat
similar habits but are of minor importance. These considered, briefly, are the
banded pin hole borer (Monarthrum fasciatum), the apple pin hole borer, or
apple strainer (If. mali), and the pear blight beetles Xylehorus dispar and X.
pyri. These pin hole borers made their burrows in the heartwood, but the ex-
ternal openings through the bark resemble the exit holes of the shot hole
beetles, except that they are smaller. The twig borers, namely, the apple twig
borer (Aniphicerus bicaudatus) and the red shouldered sinoxylon (Sinoxylon
hasilare) are also briefly noted.
The biologies of the fruit and peach bark beetles are summarized by the
author as follows : " There are two broods per season of the fruit bark beetle
(E. rtigulosus), the adults of the first brood appearing during the latter half
of May, and in maximum numbers during the first half of June, the brood
being practically over by that time, though a few females linger for a month
longer. Eggs are laid in a few days after the appearance of the females and
hatch in three or four days. Each female deposits from 30 to over 100 eggs,
with an average of about 75 to 90. The larvae mature in 30 to 36 days after
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 853
hatching and pupate in the burrows. The pupal period lasts from seven to ten
days, and the beetles of the second brood commence to appear about the middle
of July and continue to issue until late August or early September. Some of
the beetles of this brood may linger until late October. The progeny of this
brood hibernate as larvae In the bark and develop into the early brood of
beetles the next May and June.
" The peach bark beetle hibernates in the beetle form in special cells in the
bark, becoming active in late March and early April. The beetles at once com-
mence excavating burrows in dead or living wood, but use only dead or dying
wood for incubation burrows. They commence laying eggs about the twentieth
of April and each female will, under normal conditions, deposit from 80 to
160 eggs. These eggs hatch in a few days and the larvse require 25 to 30 days
to become grown. The pupal period extends over four to ten days, and the
beetles of the summer brood appear about the middle of July, maximum emer-
gence occurring during the latter part of August. Beetles continue to appear
irregularly until October. The progeny of this brood of beetles are larv£e during
the fall months and mature as beetles upon the approach of cold weather, but
do not leave their hibernation cells until the following spring."
The remedial measures are summarized as follows: "Probably the most im-
portant measure to prevent multiplication of all these beetles is to burn
promptly all prunings, dead wood, and dying trees. Attacked orchards can be
successfully reclaimed from attack by cultivation, by liberal fertilization with
barnyard manure and commercial fertilizer, and by whitewashing or spraying
with carbolized soapy mixtures. Treatment should commence in the spring.
Prune severely, spray before the leaves appear, and apply a heavy coat of white-
wash to the trunks and larger branches in early April. Cultivate and fertilize
as soon as the ground is in suitable condition ; apply a second coat of whitewash
or other repellent in early July and a third about September 1. Apply thick
whitewash with a broom ; thin mixture may be applied with a spray pump, but
should be repeated until a good coating is secured."
Orchard bark beetles and pin hole borers, H. A. Gossaed (Ohio 8ta. Circ.
no (1913), pp. 16, figs. iO).— -This is an abridgment of the bulletin noted above.
[Studies of Sciaphobus squalidus at the Poltava Agricultural Experiment
Station], A. V. Znamenskii (Trudy Poltav. SelsJc. Khoz. Opytn. Stantsii, No. 20
(1914), pp. VI+32, pis. 2, figs. 5; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), 8er. A, No.
6, pp. 337-339). — This paper presents the results of three years' work on this
weevil enemy of fruits, its bionomics, enemies, etc.
Note on a chalcidid parasite of the pea thrips [Frankliniella robusta],
A. VuiLLET (Compt. Rend. Sac. Biol. [PmHs], 16 (1914), No. 13, pp. 552-554,
figs. S). — A new parasite reared from F. robusta in France during the season of
1913 is described as Thripoctentis brui. Reference is made by the author to
the work by Russell, previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 262).
The acrobat ant (Agr. News [Barbados], 13 (1914), No. 323, p. 298). — ^An
undetermined species of the genus Cremastogaster is said to be injurious to
trees in the Lesser Antilles, chiefly by preventing cuts in the bark from healing
over. In addition to the injury to tx'ees, they seem to hasten the decay of
timber in buildings.
The sheep tick (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 11 (1914), No. 9, pp. 904-909, figs.
4). — This article consists of accounts of (1) the life history of the sheep tick
(Malophagus o-vinus) by F, E. Place, (2) its effect on sheep by H. Jackson,
and (3) the occurrence of the tick in South Australia by T. H. Williams.
Eriophyes ribis on Ribes nigrum, Miss A. M. Taylor (Jour. Agr. 8ci. [Eng-
land], 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 121-128).— A report of studies of the life history and
habits of the black currant mite and the injury which it causes.
854 EXPEEIMENT STATION REOOED.
Eriophyes ribls on Ribes grossularia, Miss A. M. Tatlor (Jour. Agr. 8ci.
[Engla^id], 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 129-135, fig. i).— The author reports that during
1912 gooseberries were seriously deformed by an attack of Eriophyes. When
attacked by this mite the leaves and shoots of the gooseberry (iS, grossularia)
are severely blistered and deformed, whereas the black currant (R. nigrum)
shows no sign of injury. No phenomenal growth, of the buds of the gooseberry
takes place when attacked, whereas the black currant develops abnormal buds,
known as " big buds."
" Migration by the agency of the wind is the general method of distribution
employed by the mite on R. nigrum. The same habit is observed to a limited
extent on R. grossularia, the general method being that of crawling from the
scale leaves of the attacked bud to the shoot developing from it."
FOODS— HUMAIT IHJTRITION.
Bacteriological methods for meat analysis, J. Weinziel and E. B. Newton
{Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 4 (1914), No. 5, pp. 408-412) .—The results are re-
ported of the development of a method for determining the bacterial content
of meat, in which the meat was ground in a mortar with sterile sand and nor-
mal salt solution to obtain an emulsion for inoculation into the culture media.
Bacteriological analyses of hamburger steak with reference to sanitary
conditions, J. Weinzirl and E. B. Newton {Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 4 (1914),
No. 5, pp. 413-411). — Employing the method described above, the authors deter-
mined the bacterial content of 44 samples of market hamburger steak. Com-
parisons were also made of the value of the organoleptic test, the ammonia
test, and the bacterial content in determining the degree of decomposition of the
meat.
The conclusions drawn are in part as follows :
The standard of 1,000,000 bacteria per gram, advocated by some as a limit,
is apparently too low, since it would condemn nearly all samples of hamburger,
when showing no taint or other evidence of putrefaction. Samples of other
market meats, all of which would otherwise pass inspection, often exceed this
limit.
The organoleptic and the ammonia tests agree fairly well, but as meat may
be actually putrid and may contain millions of bacteria per gram before re-
sponding to them, they appear to be too liberal, and a stricter standard would
be desirable.
A bacterial standard of 10,000,000 per gram as the limit is proposed, on the
basis of which 50 per cent of the market samples of hamburger would still be
condemned. This is justified on the following grounds: (a) Much of it is
actually spoiled when it reaches the consumer or is to be cooked; (b) meat
teeming with 10,000,000 bacteria per gram is potentially rotten and soon will
be actually spoiled under ordinary methods of handling; (c) the fact that
markets are prone to add sodium sulphite to hamburger, even though the dealer
knows it to be contrary to law, indicates that something is wrong with the
hamburger; and (d) finally, if hamburger were made from wholesome meat in
the first place, then kept properly iced, it is Ijelieved that the bacterial content
could readily be held within the 10,000,000 limit.
Studies of bouillon cubes, P. Saccardi {Arch. Farmacol. 8per. e 8ci. Atf., 17
{1914), No. 5, pp. 229-240). — ^Analytical data are given concerning several com-
mercial brands of bouillon cubes. Determinations were made of potassium,
chlorin. phosphoric acid, and iron as well as of water, total organic matter,
nitrogen fat, and ash.
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 855
The decline in tlie gluten content of flour, Balland (Jour. Pharm. et CMm.,
7. ser., 9 (1914), No. 10, pp. 510-514). — Statistical data are summarized and
briefly discussed.
The bacterial content of flour, L. Dietzel (Ueber den Bakteriengehalt des
Mehles. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Wiirzlurg, 1912, pp. 26; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau,
24 (1914), No. 9, p. 535). — Exi>erimental methods are described. The author did
not determine the nature of the micro-organisms isolated.
Cause of the poor baking- quality of flour from wheat and rye of the 1913
harvest, H. Kuhl (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 20 (1914), No. 9, pp. 162-167).—
Bacterial contamination of the samples was very noticeable, and the author
studied the possible relation of this factor to the quality of the bread.
Municipal bread making in Catania, G. de F. Giuffkida ( Mnnicipalizzazione
del Pane a Catania. Milan, 1913, pp. 244). — This book treats extensively of the
various aspects of municipal bread making in general, and in detail discusses
the practice as carried out in the Province of Catania, Italy.
Among the subjects herein treated are a historical review of the development
of municipal bread baking and its economical and social aspects, including Its
influence upon labor conditions, social hygiene, and price of bread.
Cotton-seed flour as a possible food for man, O. A. Wells (Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 4, pp. 338, 339).— Although cotton-seed flour is high
in protein, the fact is pointed out that it has no gluten-like substance and that
therefore it must be mixed with wheat flour in bread making. The author re-
gards cotton-seed flour as an economical source of protein. Though in his
experience the use of limited amounts ha^ proved wholesome, he notes that,
reasoning from what has been observed in experiments with animals, large
amounts might have deleterious effects, and states that the question of the tox-
icity of cotton-seed meal is under investigation.
Rice and rice cookery, Miriam Bikdseye (Cornell Reading Courses, S (1914),
No. 55, pp. 85-103, figs. 10). — General information is given regarding the growing
of rice, the rice industry, and tbe nutritive value and preparation of rice for
the table, together with a number of recii>es.
Food poisonings due to creamed cabbage, E. Desesquelle (Bui. Sci.
Pharmacol., 21 (1914), No. 4, pp. 199-204) .—The author gives a digest of data
regarding cases of food poisonings due to eating various creamed preparations.
From the investigations carried out by a number of authors, the following recom-
mendations for making various cream preparations or custards have been for-
mulated :
Only boiled milk and strictly fresh eggs without the least suggestion of bad
odor should be used. The yolks should be mixed with milk at the highest pos-
sible temperature which will not injure the preparation. The utensils used in
the preparation of these foods should be thoroughly washed in boiling water
before using. All added, substances, for example gelatin, should be dissolved,
if possible, in boiling water. The hands of the worker should be previously
washed and covered with clean gloves during the preparation of the food.
Tropical vegetable foods, H. H. Rusby (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Card., 15 (1914),
No. 173, pp. 107-112). — This is an abstract of a lecture delivered at the New
York Botanical Gardens, which summarizes information regarding the consump-
tion of different vegetable foods in the countries of the world having a tropical
climate.
The cooking of vegetables, C. H. Senn (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc, 39 (1914),
No. 3, pp. 523-529). — In this paper the author discusses particularly the charac-
teristics and preparation for the table of " stem vegetables," such as asparagus,
70903°— 14 5
856 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
celery, leek, and sea kale, and gives a number of recipes. See also a previous
note (E. S. R., 29, p. 566).
Hardened oils, G. Meyebheim {Fortschr. Chem., Phys. u. Physikal. Chem.,
8 {1913), No. 6, pp. 293-307). — A digest of data, including the literature of
patents, regarding the formation of solid, saturated fats from unsaturated,
liquid fats, hydrogen being added by means of a catalyzer. Though written
from the standpoint of the soap making industry, this article is also of interest
to students of nutrition since similar hardened fats are manufactured for
culinary purposes.
Preserved foods and candies, A. Hausner {Die Fabrikation der Konserven
un4 Kanditen. Vienna mid Leipsic, 1912, 4- ed., rev. and enl., pp. ¥111+382,
figs. 47). — The author states that this edition of his handbook has been revised
and enlarged.
A contribution to the knowledge of cofEees, I. Rozsenyi {Chem. Ztg., 37
{1913), No. 145, pp. 1482-1484). — Data are here given regarding several varieties
of coffees including among others Porto Rico, Mocha, Ceylon, Santos, and
Domingo coffees. Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iron were de-
termined as well as water and total mineral matter.
The volatile constituents of coffee, J. Abelin and M. Perelstein {Miinchen.
Med. Wchnschr., 61 {1914), No. 16, pp. 867, 868).— The nature of and tlie
physiological effects produced by the volatile constituents of coffee, as shown
by other workers, are discussed, and the authors present the results of a quan-
titative study of the volatile matter obtained by steam distillation from several
samples of ordinary coffee and a S0;called " treated " coffee from which a part
of these constituents had been removed by a patented process.
Electric cooking {Austral. Mining Standard, 50 {1913), No. 1291, p. 116). —
A description is given of an electric stove in which the heat is obtained and
distributed by numerous rods of a cheap and durable metal which is unaffected
by heat, instead of by means of the series of wires ordinarily employed. The
rods may be easily replaced and only as many as are required need be in opera-
tion, since each rod is an independent unit.
Electric cooking on the battleship "Texas" {Elect. World, 63 {1914), No.
20, pp. 1099, 1100, figs. 3). — A description is given of the electric cooking appara-
tus which is used for the preparation of all the food for the officers and men
except for boiling meats and vegetables and preparing tea and coffee, which
processes are carried out in steam jacketed caldrons. Menus are given showing
the food prepared for one week.
Electric cooking, W. H. Alabaster {Elect. Rev., 73 {1913), No. 1869, pp. 451-
454, figs. 5; abs. in Sci. Abs., Sect. B— Elect. Engin., 16 {1913), No. 192, p. 590).—
The author discusses and summarizes in tabular form data regarding the
amount of energy required with electrical ovens of different makes to secure
a temperature of 400° F. and maintain it for IJ hours, and regarding the com-
parative efficiency of different sorts of hot plates when used to raise the tem-
peraturs of 3 pts. of water to boiling, as well as the weekly cost of cooking
for a family of 2 adults and 2 children when different cooking devices are used.
Gas cooker eflSciencies (Jour. Gas Lighting, 126 {1914), ^o- ^662, p. 493).—
The results are reported of comparative efficiency tests of ordinary gas ovens
and hot plates and of improved types. The details of the improvements em-
bodied in the types of cookers described are not given but apparently consist
chiefly of a better regulation of the volume and direction of the air supply.
A story of certain table furnishings, Clara W. Browning and Edith J.
MuNSELL {Cornell Reading Courses, 3 {1913), No. 51, pp. 49-72, figs. 28). —
Historical data are summarized regarding the origin and development of table
equipment.
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 857
A proper newe booke of cokerye, edited by Catherine F. Fbere ( Cambridge,
1913, pp. CLXIV-\-124, pis. 2). — The reprint of this sixteenth century cookboolj,
which gives some information regarding dietetics as well as data concerning
the preparation of food at this time in England, is preceded by an introduction
by the editor, and also contains a glossary-index and a bibliography of culinary
literature, particularly earlier publications.
Begulation of hotel and restaurant kitchens [in Germany], R. P. Skinnee
(Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. iU. S.], 17 (1914), No. 123, p. iii7).— According
to this report, while regulations exist for governing the sanitary condition of
restaurant and hotel kitchens, there is no regular system of police inspection
except when licenses are granted or complaints are entered. The condition of
such places is attributed to the care of the proprietors.
[The presence of tobacco in foods] (Weekly Rpt. Bd. Health Cincinnati,
5 (1914), No. 19, pp. U, 2], fig. 1). — A statement is made regarding the finding
of tobacco in bread and the desirability is pointed out of more strictly enforc-
ing the regulation which prevents the use of tobacco in bake shops.
Work in the hygiene of food and nutrition of the Prussian Board of
Health in 1911 (In Das Gesundheitswesen des Preussischen Staates im Jahre
1911. Berlin, 1912, pp. 364-399; summarised in Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 20
(1914), Nos. 1, pp. 6-13; 2, pp. 21-23). — An account of the work carried an,
particularly with reference to general nutrition, animal foods, vegetable foods,
and condiments.
Cases of food poisoning noted in the German Army during the last two
years, W. Seele ( Ucber die in der Deutschen Armee in den letzten zwoJf Jahren
vorgekommenen Nahrungsmittelvergiftungen. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Berlin, 1913,
pp. 29; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 24 (1914), No. 9, pp. 531, 532). — The data sum-
marized shows that meat and sausage were the most common sources of food
poisoning as is natural enough when one recalls that such food is taken daily.
Potatoes, and particularly potato salad, are next in order. Other materials,
particularly cooked foods containing flour, also cause poisoning.
The inciting of the trouble was not always the same, but the following micro-
organisms were identified : Bacillus coli communis, B. proteus, B. enteritidis,
and B. paratyphosus. In the case of potatoes the poisoning was attributed in
some instances to a high solanin content and in others to B. proteus. The
majority of the poisonings occurred in the months of April and May.
The etiology of beri-beri, K. P. Strong and B. C. Cbowell (Trans'. 15.
Inteniat. Cong. Hyg. and Demogr. Washington, 5 (1912), Sect. 2, pp. 679-696). —
The authors give some data regarding the work of other investigators and
summarize the results of their own experimental studies of the subject with
prisoners in Bilibid prison, in Manila.
Some groups were fed, as the principal article of diet, white rice for varying
lengths of time, and other gi-oups, white rice plus an alcoholic extract of rice
polishings, the period the experiment covered being from 97 to 117 days. It
was planned to supply one group with white rice and rice polishings cooked to-
gether, but it was found that the subjects would not eat this food.
Quotations from the authors' findings and conclusions follow:
" It is evident that among the individuals comprising our experiment beri-beri
was produced only by means of the diet, and that the disease has therefore a
true dietetic causation. It is further evident from our experiments that beri-
beri develops owing to the absence of some substance or substances in the diet
necessary for the normal physiological processes of the body. Without the
supply of such substances in the food, beri-beri results. Such a substance or
such substances are evidently present in red rice and in rice polishings, and
also in small amount in the alcoholic extract of rice polishings, and when
858 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.
these articles are added to what would appear to be an otherwise physiolog-
ically proper diet they usually prevent the development of the symptoms of
the disease. In some instances, however, even when these substances are con-
stituents of the diet, when the diet is without variation and composed of very
few articles, and the individual sufifers from loss of appetite and the assimilative
functions appear to be poor and he loses markedly in weight, symptoms of beri-
beri may develop. However, such symptoms may be dispersed by causing a
variation in the diet by the addition of other nutritious substances."
" None of the individuals in our experiments developed symptoms suggesting
scurvy. . . .
" From our experiments there is no evidence of any nature which suggests
that beri-beri is an infectious disease, and on the contrary the evidence is
definite that beri-beri [in the Philippine Islands] is due to the prolonged con-
sumption of a diet which lacks certain substances necessary for the normal
physiological needs of the human body."
The authors also discuss the possible relation of the phosphoric acid content
of rice to the incidence of beri-beri.
The prevention of beri-beri, E. B. Veddee (Trans. 15. Inteniat. Cong. Uyg.
and-Demogr. Washington, 5 (1912), Sect. 2, pp. 671-678). — The author discusses
the relation of beri-beri to poUshed rice, and gives his reasons for believing
that the solution of the difficulty does not lie in placing a tax on highly milled
rice.
The protective power of normal human milk against polyneuritis galli-
narum (beri-beri), R. B. Gibson (Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B, 8 (1913), No. 6,
pp. 469-471). — In view of the fact that infantile beri-beri has been attributed to
a deficiency of " vitamins " in the milk of the mother resulting from the too
exclusive consumption of milled rice, the author carried out a series of experi-
ments to study the protective power of normal human milk against beri-beri.
Four groups of fowls were fed 50 gm. of polished rice per day, in addition to
which some of the fowls received human milk in quantities varying from 5 to
20 cc. The results of these experiments indicate that the addition of human
milk to the polished rice, even in as large amounts as 20 cc. per day, was not
sufficient to prevent polyneuritis.
It would appear from the work of other investigators here reviewed that
fresh cow's milk had about four times the protective power of normal human
milk.
A consideration of certain foods and of proximity to a previous case as
factors in the etiology of pellagra, J. F. Siler, P. E. Garrison, and W. J.
MacNeal (Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 11 (1914), No. 3, p. 94).— A sta-
tistical study was made of the foods used and the occurrence of pellagra in mill
villages including about 5,000 persons.
According to the authors, the results obtained " failed to reveal any consistent
relationship between the use of any particular food and the occurrence of pella-
gra. A somewhat similar statistical study of the location of domicile of old
cases of pellagra in relation to domicile of the remaining population in these
i^ame mill villages has shown that new cases of pellagra developed almost ex-
clusively in persons living in the same house with such antecedent cases or in
houses next door to them, ... a phenomenon which can be satisfactorily
explained, in our opinion, only by assuming that pellagra is an infectious dis-
ease. Apparently it is not readily transmitted to any considerable distance."
Anaphylactic reaction in pellagra patients, by the inoculation of watery
extract of spoiled maize, G. Volpino et al. (Trans. 15. Intertiat. Cong. Hyg.
and Demogr. Washington, 2 (1912), Sect. 1, pp. 344-^46) ■ — A brief summary of
the results of the authors' observations on inoculating pellagra patients with an
FOODS — HUMAN NUTEITION. 859
aqueous extract of spoiled maize. The authors state that the reaction was
marked and found to be different from that observed when sound persons were
similarly inoculated.
They state, further, that " the hypersensibility which manifests itself in pella-
gra patients owing to the inoculation of this watery extract of spoiled maize
has particular characters which can not be found in any proportion through the
injection of extract of sound maize."
The paper is followed by a discussion.
Concerning factors of toxicity and an excessive corn diet, E. Centanni and
C. Galassi (Sperimentale, 67 (1913), No. 4, Sup., pp. 142-150; abs. in Zentbl.
Expt. Med., 5 {1914), No. 7, p. 296). — In this contribution to pellagra, the con-
clusion Is reached, from extended experiments with laboratory animals (guinea
pigs and mice), that an excessive maize diet is responsible for illness, and not
the photodynamic properties of com.
Pellagra in the Province of Rome, G. Alessandeini, A. Giannelli, and E.
FiLENi {PoHclin., Scz. Prat., 20 {1913), No. 34, pp. 1213-1221, figs. 2; abs. in
Hyg. Rundschau, 24 {1914), ^o. 9, p. 534). — ^The conclusion was reached that in
this Province there was no connection between corn diet and the occurrence of
pellagra. On the other hand, there was apparently a relation between this dis-
ease and the water used.
Food requirements, appetite, and hunger — a dietary study, W. Sternbebg
(Das Nahrungs Bediirfnis der Appclit und der Hunger — Eine didtetische Studie.
Leipsic, 1913, pp. XII-\-179). — In this volume the author discusses food require-
ments, appetite, and hunger, under physiological and pathological conditions.
A large amount of data is summarized and discussed exhaustively.
Changes in food supply and diet of the proletariat, M. Rubnee {Wand-
lungen in der VoJkserndhrung. Leipsic, 1913, pp. 4-\-i35). — In this volume the
author discusses the effect of changing conditions on diet, especially with refer-
ence to the man of small means.
The questions considered in the various chapters are the following : The need
for state supervision of the general question of diet ; insufficient food ; the in-
creased cost of foodstuffs in its relation to food deficiency, to living conditions,
and to social relations; the question of dietary standards; the determination of
dietary conditions ; changes in labor production ; changes in food consumption ;
the protein and meat question from a physiological standpoint; the value of
vegetable foods as a source of protein ; the effect on dietetics of social influences ;
lowering the protein in the diet; sandwiches as a principal article of diet; the
extent of meat consumption; and suggestions as to improving the diet of the
proletariat.
The author brings together a large amount of important data in this volume,
including the results of his experience and experiments. The volume as a whole
constitutes an important contribution to the literature of dietetics which no
student of the subject should overlook.
Experimental variations in the function of diet, A. Magnan {Variations
exp^rimentales en fonction du regime alimentaire. Thesis, Paris, 1913, No. 7 ;
abs. in Presse MM. [Paris'], 1914, No. 19, p. 18; Zentbl. Expt. Med., 5 {1914),
No, 9, pp. 409, 410). — Some of the conclusions follow which the author reached
with different kinds of animals :
Vegetable diet increases the surface of the digestive tract, while meat diet
reduces it. A similar effect is noted in the small and large intestine. The
weight of the intestine is greatest in animals which take solid food, and is
ascribable to a thickening of the muscle walls. In birds, the weight and sur-
face area of the stomach are proportional to the volume of the diet. As regards
860 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
chemical action, tlie liver and kidneys are relatively twice as large in fish-eating
and insect-eating as in carnivorous and herbivorous animals.
The minimum requirement of protein supplied by a bread diet, M. Hind-
HEDE (Skand. Arch. Physiol., 31 {1914), No. 4-6, pp. 259-320) .—The author
reports the results of a series of digestion experiments from which he draws
the following conclusions:
The minimum protein requirement is about the same for bread and potatoes
and is in the neighborhood of 20 gm. of digestible protein for 3,000 calories.
Potato and bread protein appear to have about the same value as meat protein
and can replace the body tissue gram for gram. See also a previous note (B. S.
R., 31, p. 263).
Protein requirement and the food value of meat, Kisskalt {Miinchen. Med.
Wchfischr., 61 (19U), No. 20, pp. 1121, 1122).— The author believes in a gen-
erous protein ration as opposed to the paper noted above.
Calcium deficiency in the diet, R. Emmerich and O. Loew (Ztschr. Hyg. ti.
Infelctionslci-anlc, 77 {WW, No. 2, pp. 311-328). — Data from their own investi-
gations and those of others are summarized, which led the authors to conclude
that the calcium content of the daily food may vary within wide limits on a
mixed diet and that there is a possibility of calcium deficiency. In some locali-
ties there is a marked decrease in the use of milk and vegetables, the foods
which are richest in calcium, while there is a corresponding increase in meat,
potatoes, and bread, and other foods made from flour, which are poorest in this
constituent. Such conclusions have led the authors to recommend the addition
of calcium chlorid to fiour in bread making. See also a previous note (E. S. R.,
29, p. 565).
Concerning calcium bread advocated by Emmerich and Loew, Kunebt
{Ztschr. Gesam. Getreideic, 6 {1914), No. 4, pp. 73-80).— A critical discussion of
the work noted above.
On age and metabolism and the significance of the excretion of creatin,
R. A. KRArsE {Quart. Jour. Expt. Physiol., 7 {1913), No. 1, pp. 87-101; ahs. in
Zenthl. Expt. Med., 5 {1914), No. 8, p. 350). — According to the author's observa-
tion, the urine of children on a creatin-free diet contained creatin. This con-
dition ceases with boys in the fifth and sixth year, but continues longer with
girls. The amount of creatin nitrogen in millimeters per kilogram of body
weight is much smaller with children than with adults, Increasing rapidly
through the earlier years and then more slowly. When given to children
per OS in even small quantities part was excreted.
The conclusion was reached that children have less ability to break down
creatin than adults, and that creatin is to be regarded as an intermediary
product of metabolism which can be further utilized under normal conditions.
The appearance of creatin in urine is dependent upon whether the process of
creatin formation or creatin destruction dominates, a condition similar to that
found with uric acid.
On the influence of preliminary heating upon peptic and tryptic prote-
olysis, A. H. BizARRo {Jotir. Physiol, 46 {1913), No. 3, pp. 267-284, figs. 6; ahs.
in Zenthl. Physiol., 28 {1914), No. 2, pp. 101, JO'2).— Artificial digestion experi-
ments were made with egg white, fibrin, gelatin, beef, and casein. No definite
conclusions could be drawn as to the digestive power of trypsin, but the experi-
ments afforded additional evidence that this ferment induces cleavage of the
amino groups vex'y slowly. A preliminary heating of egg white to from 120 to
140" C. increases the proteolytic action of the trypsin. Similar results were
obtained when fibrin, casein, and beef were heated, and contrai-y results with
gelatin. An increase in amino cleavage products was noted after 15 hours'
tryptic digestion.
FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 861
The comparative chemistry of m.uscle — the partition of nonprotein water-
soluble nitrogen, D. W. Wilson {Jour. Biol. Cfiem., 17 (1914), ^"o. 3, pp. 385-
JfOO). — The author reports the results of studies of the distribution of nitrogen
in the muscles of invertebrates, namely, lamprey, limulus, squid, clam, scallop,
and periwinkle.
"The lamprey muscle contained a minimum of total extractive nitrogen, most
of which was nonamino nitrogen. The values for the total amino nitrogen
rose from a minimum in the lamprey which was only 4 per cent of the total
extractive nitrogen, to a maximum in the clam and scallop which was over
50 per cent of the total extractive nitrogen. . . .
" The nonamino nitrogen is high in all the extracts examined. The major
portion is in the diamiuo-acid fraction in which it greatly exceeds the amino
nitrogen. Of the compounds isolated from these and similar extracts, betain,
urea, prolin, arginin, histidin, and creatin contribute all or part of their
nitrogen to the nonamino nitrogen fraction. The various qualitative and quan-
titative relations indicate that betain is probably an iDiportant constituent of
extracts of muscles from these types of animals."
The total sulphur was also determined in the total extracts.
" The great qualitative and quantitative variations between the extracts of
muscles from different vertebrates and invertebrates suggest fundamental dif-
ferences in the tissue metabolism of these animals. . . . Comparative studies
on the extractives of these simpler forms of life may throw some light on their
role in the animal economy and aid in solving some of the problems of inter-
mediary metabolism. Experiments like the above, besides furnishing inter-
esting data, suggest points of attack where the variations are sufficiently large
to furnish fruitful investigations."
The necessity relation of lipoids to life. The behavior of such essential
substances to reagents which will extract lipoids, W. Stkpp (Ztschr. Biol.,
62 {1913), No. 9-10, pp. JfOo-Jill). — According to the author's conclusions, these
important lipoid substances can not be extracted from a feeding stuff by ether
but are readily extracted by alcohol.
Meeting the body food requirements during a 24-hour cycle, J. BEEcoNifi
{Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 15, pp. 1019-1082, figs. S).—
From observations of the daily distribution of the energy requirement of the
body and the fact that the period of maximum availability of the energy in the
meals occurs about three hours after eating, the author recommends that the or-
dinary diet furnishing 1 part of fat. 1 part of protein, and from 4 to 5 parts
of carbohydrate should be taken in 3 meals as follows : A heavy meal supplying
from 1,400 to 1,500 calories at about 7.30 a. m. ; a light meal supplying 300 to
400 calories at 4.30 p. m. ; and a dinner supplying 700 to 800 calories at 8.00 p. m.
Rational utilization of human energy — scientific study of manual labor,
J. Amae {Genie Civil, 64 {1914), No. 19, pp. 373-377, figs. 10).— The author
emphasizes the fact that to secure the greatest efficiency from the human motor
its normal limit of fatigue must not be exceeded so that overfatigue results.
Continuous action is contrary to the laws governing the human motor and rest
periods of proper length must be provided to secure the maximum efficiency.
In most systems for studying the efficiency of the human motor the physi-
ological element is disregarded.
To determine the proper length and distribution of rest periods, as well as the
most efficient way in which the human motor can be utilized, an experimental
study was made of the energy expended in performing a number of different
tasks.
The energy expended was measured by means of the oxygen consumption, this
factor being determined by a respiration apparatus provided with a double
862 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
valve which permitted the subject to inhale and exhale by the mouth, the nose
being closed. The work done in performing each task and the corresponding
expenditure of energy by the body were measured by an especially designed
ergograph. The curves obtained in this way were calibrated in kilograms and
showed the various components of the forces applied by the body. At the same
time the heart beat, pulse rate, and blood pressure were determined. Respira-
tory curves were obtained under conditions of normal fatigue and overfatigue,
which, together with the arterial pressure, made it possible to follow the course
of the functions essential to life during the performance of the task and to
avoid excessive efforts on the part of the worker which might injure the
organism.
In applying the results of these experiments to practical work in filing metal,
the effect upon the respiratory exchange of varying the pressure, the con-
traction, the rhythm and length of the movements of the file, the position of the
worker, and the intervals of rest were studied. The work of an experienced
workman was also compared with that of an apprentice. Employing this same
means, the laws which determine the most economical expenditui'e of energy in
the performance of several tasks were also studied.
The fundamental factors studied in the case of the various tasks investigated
were the amount of the contraction of muscle, the time during which it was
sustained, the speed of the body movements, and the relation of the work
periods to rest periods. The following conclusions are drawn from these studies :
The expenditure of energy is proportional to the length of the effort and
degree of muscular contraction.
The expenditure of energy to produce a given task diminishes in proportion to
the speed of contractions. This is true only within certain limits which produce
serious physiological disturbances, such as alteration of muscular and nervous
tissues when exceeded.
There is an optimum speed at which the maximum work may be obtained
with the least fatigue, and this should be the true object of scientific manage-
ment of industrial labor.
The rapidity of recovery of the muscle during rest is proportional to the rate
at which it works. The oxygen consumption which indicates this rate may thus
indicate the need of rest periods.
The price of labor expressed in terms of food fuel {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc,
62 ilBlIt), No. 24, pp. 1895-1897).— This article deals briefly with the question of
the relation of the kind of work performed to the daily requirement of energy in
the food.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Digestion experiments with Texas feeding stuffs, G. S. Fraps (Texas 8ta.
Bui. 166 {1914), PP- 5-26). — This bulletin reiwrts the results of digestion trials
made with six sheep on various feeding stuffs. The experiments with the
concentrates were carried' out in several periods of 12 days each. In the first
and last periods, alfalfa hay was fed, and in the other periods the concentrates
to be tested were added, using 300 gm. of hay to 300 gm. of concentrates per
day. The ration to be tested was fed 12 days, and the excrement collected
during the last 6 days.
The average coefficients of digestibility of feeding stuffs, as reported by vari-
ous experiment stations and including those found in these trials, together with
the productive values of these feeds (pounds of fat produced by 100 lbs. of the
feed, when fed in addition to a maintenance ration) are given in tlie table
following.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 863
Average coefficients of digestibility of feeding stuffs and productive values.
Feeding stuff.
Protein.
Ether
extract.
Crude
fiber.
Nitrogen-
free
extract.
Ash.
Produc-
tive
value.
Alfalfa hay, average
Bermuda hay, average
Corn bran, average
Cold-pressed cotton seed, average
Cotton-seed meal, rich in hulls . . .
Cotton-seed meal and hulls
Cotton-se«d hulls, average
Cotton-seed meal, average
Kafir corn chop, average
Prairie hay, cut before frost
Prairie hay, cut after frost
Rice bran, average
Rice polish, average
Sorghum silage, average
Silage (sorghum and cowpea)
Sorghum fodder, average
Sorghum hay
Tabosa grass hay No. 1
Tabosa grass hay No. 2
Perct.
75.29
53.10
58.20
74.28
72.90
77.69
14.10
85.93
56.20
8.60
9.00
64.35
67.30
9.00
23.77
35.60
13.60
17.00
22.90
Perct.
38.40
41.60
76.63
85.98
90. PO
97.29
68.40
94.84
47.20
39.10
57.30
80.85
82.10
56.00
57.93
62.20
54.00
27.20
46.70
Perct.
46.17
53.17
59.56
39.55
37.30
51.04
49.00
15.22
27.40
53.50
66.70
19.05
25.70
58.00
49.24
60.60
55.60
52.50
56.50
Per ct.
68.83
50.63
77.21
6.3.23
61.80
67.91
47.70
71.88
68.80
46.90
57.10
81.92
91.10
64.00
63.67
61.50
55.90
41.80
53.10
Per ct.
49. 87
33.73
&48
54.22
26.22
25.20
18.69
43.40
4.90
28.00
15.98
30.00
19.82
23.40
18.40
21.40
Lbs.
8.18
7.32
13.33
12.02
14.49
4.08
18.31
14.63
6.10
8. U
17.15
20.67
2.69
3.55
9.19
7.59
4.77
6.57
The average composition and digestible nutrients of these feeds are also
given.
Composition of feeds and a method of calculating rations, N. Athanassob*
(Nocoes Sohre a Composicoo 4as Forragens e o Modo de Calcular as Ragoes.
Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1912, pp. 56, figs. IS). — This includes tables of composition
and digestibility of grasses indigenous to Sao Paulo and of the more common
feeding stuffs, together with a discussion of methods of calculating rations
adapted from Kellner, Henry, et al.
Analyses of forag'e crops (Bol. Agr. ISao Paulo], 15. ser., No. 3 (1914), pp-
207-213). — The composition and digestibility of the following forage crops
are reported: Pamcum spectabile, P. altissimum, P. maximtim, P. oryzoides, P.
echinolcetia, P. melinis, P. numidianiim, Paspalum griseum, P. virgatum, P.
stoloniferum, P. intertnedium, P. pusilum. Polygonum sachalincnse, Phaseolus
compressus, P. sp., Andropogon rufus, A. sp., A. condensatus, Arracacia escii-
lenta, Bromus unioloidcs, Cijnodon dactylon, Crotalaria ■vitellina, Cajamis indi-
cus, Desmodium leiocarpum, Oalega officinalis, Gossypitim barbadense, Ipomcea
batatas, Mttcuna utilis, Medicago falcata, Sechium edule, Spergula arvensis,
Sporobolus argutus, Tricholwna rosea, Trifoliiim itwamatum, Triticum sativum,
Zea mays, Z. caragua, and Oryza sativa.
Composition and nutritive value of some feed plants, S. Ulmansky {3Iitt.
Landw. Lehrkanz. K. K. Eochsch. Bodenkul. Wlen, 2 {1914), No. 3, pp. 467-
486). — ^Analyses and data as to nutritive value are given of Meuin mutelUna,
Plantago alpimi, Poa alpina, and Festtica rubra, var. fallax, pasture and hay
plants indigenous to the Alps
Commercial feeding stuffs, 1913. — Feed law, B. Youngblood {Texas Sta.
Bui. 164 {1914), PP- 5-67). — This reports analyses of the following commercial
feeding stuffs : Alfalfa meal, barley chop, corn chop, com bran, corn feed meal,
corn germ meal, com and cob meal, cold-pressed cotton-seed cake, cold-pressed
cottou-seed meal, cotton-seed cake, cotton-seed meal, dried brewers' grains,
ear-com chop, ground oats, hog flour, hominy feed, Kafir corn, Kafir head chop,
Kafir meal, maize chop, maize-head chop, maize meal, mill-run bran, rice bran,
rice polish, wheat bran, wheat chop, and wheat shorts. There is included
general information on the feed-control service and compliance with provisions
of the feedstuffs law.
864 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
reeding stuffs (,Ber. Agr. Chem. KontroU u. Vers. Stat. Pflanzenkrank. Prov.
Sachsen, 1913, pp. 23-^0}. — ^Analyses are reported of peanut meal, coconut cake
and meal, linseed cake and meal, palm kernel cake and meal, rape-seed meal,
sesame-cake meal, sesame seed, soy-bean chop, sunflower-seed meal, molasses
feed, crude molasses, fresh and dried beet tops, turf molasses feed, sugar beets,
potatoes, potato silage, blood meal, fish meal, calcium feed, and potato flakes,
together with corn, wheat, oats, rice, barley, rye, and their various products.
Cotton-seed products and their competitors in northern Europe, E. W.
Thompson (U. 8. Dcpt. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., Spec. Agents Ser.,
No. 84 {1914), pp- 93). — This bulletin reports an investigation made of the
commercial feeding stuffs of Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands,
Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, with special reference to their competition with
American products. Methods of feeding in vogue in these countries and the
importance of the various cakes and meals used are discussed. The theoretical
valuation of feeding stuffs as determined by the Kellner, Hansson, and other
methods is treated. There are included lists of feeding stuffs dealers in the
several countries.
Fish feed meal, M. Kling (Dent. Landw. Presse, 41 {1914), No. 37, pp. 457,
458). — In commenting on the variability of composition of the different brands
of fish meal the author recommends a uniform grade, having a guarantied
analysis of 50 per cent protein, 5 per cent fat, 5 per cent salt, and from 20 to
25 per cent calcium phosphate.
Bengal beans, a new fodder, H. S. Sheewsbuby {Bid. Dept. Agr. Trinidad
and Tobago, 13 {1914), No. 81, pp. 194, 195). — Exi>eriments with Bengal beans,
presumably Macuna utilis, indicate that very little, if any, hydrocyanic acid or
other toxic materials are present. The taste and odor of the whole meal from
the beans are pleasant and closely resemble those of pea meal. It is shown that
these beans are somewhat superior in feeding value to French, Lima, or Java
beans and that like these beans their nutritive properties are principally due
to the high content of carbohydrates and proteins. Owing chiefly to their low
percentages of fat, their value is considerably less than that of soy beans.
Caution is recommended in the use of these beans as fodder.
The phosphoric substance of prairie grass, C. Dusserre {Bui. Soc. Vaud.
Sci. Nat., 5. scr., 49 {1913), No. 181, pp. XL~XLII).— It is shown that the
principal phosphorus compounds found in prairie grass which are of nutritive
value to animals are the lecithins, the phytins, and the nucleins. Of these the
phytins are in greatest amount. 54 to 62 per cent ; the nucleins, 30 to 40 per
cent; and the lecithins, about 10 per cent.
It was found that the application of superphosphate materially increased
the phosphorus content of the plant and that this in turn increased the value
for feeding purposes.
Mineral requirements of farm animals {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 240 {1914),
pp. 32, 33). — "A dry pregnant milch goat was fed rations low in lime during
the entire gestation period, at the end of which she gave birth to twin 5-lb.
kids, of normal weight and vigor. During this single period of gestation, the
goat lost about 20 per cent of the total amount of lime contained in her body,
including the amount stored in the bodies of the offspring, although without
any outward or apparent ill effects." It is estimated that for fetus building
and for milk production the 1,000-lb. pregnant cow will require from 1.8 to 2.1
oz. of lime per day. Such requirements are usually met by the ordinary farm
roughages such as hay and corn stover, but with straw in any large quantity
as a part of the ration the lime supply would be deficient.
Value of fat from various sources {Wisconsin Sta. Biil. 24O {1914), PP- 33,
34). — In studies by E. V. McCollum continuing previous work (E. S. R., 28,
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 865
p. 872), in which rats fed certain mixtures composed of pure casein, carbo-
hydrates, and salt mixtui-es made normal growth for periods varying from 70
to 120 days, but after that time made little or no increase in the body weight.
Fat from egg yolk or butter was added to the ration. Growth was imme-
diately resumed. ;When olive oil was added, however, no such effect was pro-
duced. The results suggest a difference between the physiological values of fat
from different sources.
Some mechanical factors in digestion, S. SissoN (Amer. Vet. Rev., 45 {1914),
Nos. 4, pp. 408-422; 5, pp. 513-526). — This is a rather complete treatise on the
mechanical factors involved in digestion by domestic animals, especially horses
and cattle. The investigations made by Scheunert, Schattke, and others are
cited.
Controlled natural selection and value marking, J. C. Mottram (London,
New York, Bombay, and Calcutta, 1914, pp. IX+ISO, figs. 8). — The author of
this book presents a new theory with regard to the course taken by natural
selection. He contends that since natural selection must appreciate differences
in structure and since it must treat associations as units and bring about di-
versity of structure in them these structures control natural selection, so that
the less valuable individuals are more liable to be destroyed than the more
valuable. It is thought that the application of this theory or hypothesis may
explain the origin and use of some polymorphisms.
Coat color in pointer dogs, C. C. Little {Jour. Heredity, 5 {1914), No. 6,
pp. 244-24S). — From a study made of the studbook of the American Kennel
Club with reference to coat color in pointer dogs it is concluded that there is a
recessive type of yellow dog, analogous to the recessive yellow of guinea pigs,
and that the relation of brown to black is the same in dogs as in other small
mammals in which the matter has been experimentally investigated.
Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes of Drosophila, C. B. Bridges {Jour.
Expt. Zool., 15 {1913), No. 4, pp. 587-606; ahs. in Seience, n. ser., 40 {1914),
No. 1020, pp. 107-109). — The author of this article presents evidence tending to
prove that the parallelism between the behavior of the chromosomes and the
behavior of sex-linked genes and sex in the case of Drosophila means that the
sex-linked genes are located in and borne by the X-chromosomes.
Animal industry in the Kongo, E. Leplae {Min. Colon. Belg., Rap. Agr.
Congo Beige, 1911-12, pp. 210-244, figs. 29).— This report relates to the types of
cattle, horses, mules, sheep, and swine indigenous to the Kongo, their improve^
ment and utility value, and to the importation of foreign breeds into that
section.
Economic factors in cattle feeding. — IV, Cattle feeding conditions in the
com belt, H. W. Mumford and L. D. Hall (Illinois Sta. Circ. 175 (1914), pp.
5-19, figs. 2). — In this discussion of prevailing conditions, it is stated that
about one-third of the cattle of the country other than milch cows are contained
in the seven States embracing what is known as the corn belt, and that their
value is equal to about two-fifths of the total value of such cattle in the United
States. It is shown that the number of beef cattle bred in this section is
rapidly diminishing, the supply of feeders coming largely from the West or
elsewhere. At the same time there has been an enormous increase in the
number of dairy cattle, the indiscriminate breeding of which to beef stock has
deteriorated the quality of beef cattle. Four-fifths to nine-tenths of the beef
cattle marketed from typical corn-belt localities are cattle that have been
purchased as stockers or feeders, while the fattening of cattle has passed
largely from the hands of general farmers to those of professional cattle feeders.
Causes attributed for these conditions are the relatively high prices of grain
compared with those for fat cattle, increase in land values, extension of cattle-
866 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
feeding operations in the West, increase in farm tenancy, and neglect of soil
fertility. It is thought that due to the increasing demand for grain-fattened
beef cattle an increasing proportion of the cattle matured in the corn belt must
be reared there, rather than in the West. Improved and intensified farming
methods, the introduction of corn silage, alfalfa, and other forage crops, the
more complete utilization of waste roughage, and increased attention to manure
as a means of maintaining fertility will tend to render cattle production more
practicable. However, there must be an increase in prices paid for cattle corre-
sponding to the increased cost of production.
reeding baby beef, W. P. Snyder {Nebraska Sta. Bui. US (19U), pp. 5-39,
figs. 5). — In a preliminary feeding expei-iment 30 450-lb. beef calves were fed
for 7i months on alfalfa and prairie hays, corn, and oats, during which time
they ate 46.1 bu. of corn, 3.63 bu. of oats, and 1.32 tons of forage per head.
The average total gain per head was 482.7 lbs., or an average daily gain of 2.11
lbs., while the cost per pound of gain was 6.89 cts. A net profit of $2.70 was
realized, or when profits on hogs were taken into consideration an estimated
net profit per calf of $7.96.
The experiment proper included two years' work, the first year of 223 days,
the second of 233 days. In these duplicate tests five lots of from 13 to 15
head of 440-lb. grade beef calves were fed as follows: Lot 1, prairie hay, and
corn and cotton-seed cake 9:1; lot 2, alfalfa hay and prairie hay 72 : 28, and
com ; lot 3, alfalfa and silage 1 : 1, and corn ; lot 4, prairie hay and silage
47 : 53, and corn ; and lot 5, prairie hay and silage 9 : 11, with corn and cotton-
seed cake 9 : 1. The grain ration was increased as the feeding period progressed.
The average daily gain per calf was for the two yearly tests 1.8, 1.96, 2.07,
1.63, and 1.8 lbs., the grain required per pound of gain 5.76, 5.05, 4.91, 5.96, and
5.66 lbs., and the forage 5.55, 5.51, 7.79, 8.81, and 7.97 lbs. The cost of feed
per pound of gain was 7.74, 6.97, 7.03, 8.24, and 7.86 cts., while the net profit
realized per head was $9.43, $13.66, $15.02, $4.99, and $7.40, or including the
profit from pork $17,05, $20.28, $22.21, $11.77, and $13.82 for the respective lots.
From these results it is seen that a ration of alfalfa hay, corn silage, and
corn gave the largest gain, the cheapest gain, and the most profit of any ration
used. Rations containing alfalfa hay and those containing cotton-seed cake
gave larger and cheaper gains than those not containing these protein materials.
The ration composed of prairie hay, cotton-seed cake, and corn gave the same
average rate of gain and about the same cost of gain as the ration composed of
prairie hay, cotton-seed cake, corn, and silage, indicating that silage as fed in
these tests was not worth the value usually given it. When silage was fed with
alfalfa the silage was worth much more than when it was fed with prairie hay
and cotton-seed cake. Cotton-seed cake was not a profitable substitute for
alfalfa.
Skin temperature and fattening capacity in oxen, T. B. Wood and A. V.
Hill {Jour. Agr. 8ci. [England], 6 {1914), No. 2, pp. 252-254)- — Measurements
were made of the skin temperature of 18 oxen which had been for some time on
a fattening ration. Measurements were taken by means of a thermopile, the
tin plate being placed over the ribs behind the shoulder blade where the skin
temperature M'as comparatively constant.
Animals classed as good " doers," which had increased in live weight more
than 2 lbs. per head per day during the last three weeks, had a lower skin
temperature, amounting to about 3° C., than the " poor doers," which had in-
creased less than 1 lb. per head per day. It was noticeable that every animal
in the class of " bad doers " had a higher skin temperature than the average
of the 8 " good doers." These results are considered only preliminary, but are
indicative of what may be expected.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 867
The Simmental breed of cattle, C. S. Plumb (Breeder's Gaz., 66 {1914), No.
7, pp. 228, 229, figs. 3). — An account of the characteristics, distribution, and
utility value of this breed of cattle. These cattle are essentially dual purpose,
being adapted for both beef and dairy purposes. The breed is a prime favorite
in Switzerland, and has been exported in large numbers to portions of Germany
and Hungary.
Proportions of shelled corn and alfalfa hay for fattening western lambs,
W. C. Coffey {Illinois 8ta. Bui. 167 (WW, pp. 53-82, fig. i).— In exi>eriment.s
to determine the proportions in which shelled corn and alfalfa hay should be
fed to western lambs four lots of 20 69-lb. wether lambs were fed during a
90-day period corn and alfalfa hay in the following average proportions: Lot
one 1 : 0.99, lot two 1 : 1.36, lot three 1 : 2.42, and lot four 1 : 3.45. The proportion
of corn to hay was increased as the feeding period progressed, only a small allow-
ance of grain being given at the start. The average digestible nutrients re-
ceived per lamb per day were 0.235, 0.241, 0.247, and 0.251 lbs. of protein, and
1.441, 1.37, 1.233, and 1.169 lbs. of carbohydrates and fat for the respective lots.
The gain per lamb per day was 0.3, 0.269, 0.216, and 0.203 lbs., and the total
feed required per pound of gain 8.2, 9.16, 11.18, and 11.84 lbs., respectively.
In a second experiment three lots of 20 65-lb. wether lambs were fed during
a 98-day period corn and alfalfa in the following average proportions : Lot one
1 : 2,03, lot two 1 : 1.31, and lot three 1 : 0.86. The average digestible nutrients
received per lamb per day were 0.258, 0.281, and 0.29 lbs. of protein, and 1.651,
1,641, and 1.46 lbs. of carbohydrates and fats for the respective lots. The gains
per lamb per day were 0.331, 0.32, and 0.294 lbs., and the total feed required
per pound of gain 7.64, 8.22, and 9.05 lbs., respectively.
The greatest proportion of corn that it was possible to get the lambs to con-
sume at any stage of the feeding period was one part corn to 0.66 part hay.
The lambs fed the greatest proportion of corn, which was also the greatest
amount, were rather difBcult to keep on feed.
In experiment number one the lots consuming the largest amount of grain
(the smallest amount of protein), consumed the largest amount of water. In
each experiment the lambs receiving the largest proportion of corn made the
largest gain ; with the exception of one lot the 10 heaviest lambs in each lot
made greater gains than the 10 lightest lambs. It appears that the power of
lambs to consume feed increases gradually with the advance of the feeding
period.
With various combinations of prices for corn and hay, excepting a combina-
tion of very dear corn and very cheap hay, it was demonstrated that the lots
fed the greater proportions of corn than hay produced the cheapest gains and
returned the most profit. It was also demonstrated that in order to make the
feeding operation profitable with feeds of high cost a margin of $1 per hundred-
weight based on home costs and weights is necessary, but that with feeds of
comparatively low cost this margin is not necessary.
In experiments with ewe lambs corresponding to experiment number one with
wether lambs it was demonstrated that there was very little difference in
their feeding and market qualities.
Comparing early and late shorn lambs it was demonstrated that the shorn
lambs ate moi'e feed than unshorn lambs in warm weather, but there was little
difference between them in gains and no difference in market quality. Lambs
left in the fleece until the end of the experiment sheared from 2 to 2.75 lbs.
per head more than early shorn lambs and on this account returned more profit.
On the effects of complete and incomplete castration upon horn growth in
Herdwick sheep, F. H. A. Marshall and J. Hammond (Jour. Physiol., 48
(1914), No. 2-3, pp. 171-176, figs. 6). — In continuing work previously noted
868 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
(E. S. R., 27, p. 70) it is concluded that " removal of the testes from Herdwick'
ram lambs arrests further horn growth forthwith and at any stage of devel-
opment. Unilateral castration does not stop horn growth, neither does it
affect the symmetry of the horns, but there is some evidence that the further
development of the horns is slower than in normal unoperated animals. Re-
moval of the testes without the epididymes (these being retained) inhibits
horn growth in precisely the same way as ordinary castration in which both
organs are removed."
The wool conference in Washington {Bui. Nat. Assoc. Wool Manfrs., 44.
(1914), No. 3, pp. 221-211). — This reports the proceedings of the conference of
wool manufacturers, wool merchants, and wool growers held in Washington.
June 2, 3, and 4, 1914, for the purpose of considering the subject of improved
methods of handling wool and raising sheep in the range and farm States.
The subjects discussed included the manufacturing value of American wool,
present methods of handling American wools on the farm and ranch, foreign
methods of handling wool, methods of effecting improvement in the handling
of American wool, control of predatory animals in range States, the dog prob-
lem in farm States, means of increasing the number of farm sheep, improve-
ment in range breeding methods, and statistics on sheep and wool.
Substitutes for corn in rations for fattening swine, G. R. Eastwood {Ohio
ma. Bui. 268 {1914), PP- 141-164, figs. <?).— In experiments comparing the
feeding value of corn and oats, two lots of five 265-lb. pigs each were fed during
a 126-day feeding period, lot 1 receiving corn and tankage 9 : 1 and lot 2 oats
and tankage 9 : 1. These lots made 1.52 and 1.9 lbs. average daily gain per pig,
respectively, requiring 4.18 and 4.957 lbs. of feed per pound of gain and dress-
ing 81 and 76 per cent, respectively. Four lots of five 150-lb. pigs were fed
during an 84-day period, lot 1 receiving corn and tankage 9 : 1, lot 2 corn, oats,
and tankage 6:3:1, lot 3 corn, oats, and tankage 3:6:1, and lot 4 oats and
tankage 9 : 1, and made 1.75, 1.57, 1.49, and 0.99 lbs. average daily gains per
head for the respective lots, requiring 4.3, 4.58, 4.73, and 5.71 lbs. of feed per
I)ound of gain, and lots 1 and 4 dressing 80.3 and 76.1 per cent, respectively.
I It is concluded that oats are less valuable per unit of weight than shelled
corn, and that the larger the i>roportion of corn in the corn, oats, and tankage
combination, the greater is the efficiency. The price of feeds will naturally
influence the economy of the different feed combinations. Whenever prices
will permit, oats may be used as a part of the ration during the early part of
the fattening period, being gradually reduced until the last four or five weeks
of feeding.
Comparing corn and hominy feed, four lots of four 90-lb. pigs fed daring a
105-day period, lots 1 and 3 receiving corn and tankage 9:1, lots 2 and 4
hominy feed and tankage 9 : 1, and the rations being reversed at the end of
63 days, made 0.89, 1.52, 1.17, and 1.38 lbs. average daily gains per head for the
respective lots during the first 63 days and consuming 4.53, 3.87. 4.1. and 3.S5 lbs.
of feed per pound of gain, and during the last 42 days 1.31, 1.92, 1.38, and
1.76 lbs. average daily gain per head, and consuming 3.86, 4.62. 3.95, and 4.79
lbs. of feed per pound of gain. Two lots of four 67-lb. and two lots of four
55-lb. pigs were fed during a 126-day period, lots 1 and 3 receiving ground corn
and tankage 9 : 1, lots 2 and 4 hominy feed and tankage 9: 1, and the ration be-
ing reversed at the end of 70 days. These made 1.09, 0.98. 0.75, and 0.85 lbs.
average daily gains per head, respectively, for the first 70 days, consuming
4.11, 3.86, 4.52, and 4.02 lbs. of feed per pound of gain, while they made 1.64,
1.79, 1.31, and 1.41 lbs. average daily gain per head and consumed 4.05, 4.04,
4.03, and 4.27 lbs. feed per pound of gain during the last 56 days.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 869
These results indicate that hominy feed has a feeding value for swine about
10 to 15 per cent greater than that of an equal weight of ground corn.
In experiments comparing corn, wheat, and middlings four lots of Ave 110-lb.
pigs were fed during a 91-day period, lot 1 receiving ground corn and tankage
9 : 1, lot 2 ground wheat and tankage 9 : 1, lot 3 middlings and tankage 9 : 1, and
lot 4 middlings alone, and made 1.57, 1.59, 1.52, and 1.44 lbs. average daily gain
per head for the respective lots, requiring 3.66, 3.83, 3.72, and 3.65 lbs. of feed
per pound of gain.
Comparing corn and rye, two lots of four and six 44-lb. pigs were fed during
a 49-day period, lot 1 receiving corn and tankage 9 : 1 and lot 2 hogged-down rye
and tankage, and made 0.46 and 0.51 lbs. average daily gain per head, requiring
448 and 372 lbs. of feed per 100 lbs. gain. These same pigs were put in a dry
lot, lot 1 on corn and tankage as before, and lot 2 on rye and tankage, and
fed during a 112-day period, making 1.09 and 1 lbs. average daily gain per
head, and requiring 3.99 and 4.41 lbs. of feed per pound of gain.
In an experiment comparing light and heavy grain rations on rape pasture
with a heavy grain ration in dry lot, five lots of 16-week-old pigs were fed
during a 77-day period, lot 1 receiving corn and tankage 9 : 1, full feed in dry
lot; lot 2 corn, full feed on rape pasture; lot 3 com, f full feed, on rape pasture;
lot 4 corn and tankage 9 : 1, full feed, on rape pasture ; and lot 5 corn and
tankage 9 : 1, f full feed, on rape pasture. The lots made 0.9, 1.21, 1.06, 1.47,
and 1.2 lbs. average daily gain i>er pig for the respective lots, and consumed
3.847, 3.254, 2.781, 3.166, and 2.94 lbs. concentrates per pound of gain.
The results of this experiment, as well as those of experiments previously re-
ported (E. S. R., 28, p. 468) indicate that "by feeding a light grain ration on
pasture, gains may be produced at a much smaller expenditure for grain,
though less rapidly, than by feeding a heavy grain ration on pasture, and also
that the use of green feeds in connection with com greatly diminishes the need
for nitrogenous concentrates that exists in dry lot feeding."
Ground wheat versus whole wheat for fattening pigs, R. K. Buss and
C. B. Lee (Nebraska Sta. Bui. lU {19 U), PP- 3-13, figs. 3).— Four lots of 10
pigs each weighing approximately 138 lbs. made average daily gains per pig
during an 84-day feeding period of 0.84, 1.09, 1.19, and 1.32 lbs., respectively,
at a cost per pound of gain of 7.39, 6.67, 5.38, and 6.07 cts., respectively. Lot 3,
fed soaked ground wheat, consumed 4.43 lbs. of wheat per pound of gain, while
lot 1, fed soaked whole wheat, consumed 5.91 lbs. Grinding the wheat resulted
in a net saving of 21 cts. per bushel. Lot 4, fed ground wheat and tankage, con-
sumed 4.215 lbs. of grain and 2.07 lbs. of tankage per pound of gain, while lot 2,
fed a similar mixture of whole wheat and tankage, consumed 4.858 lbs. of wheat
and 2.39 lbs. of tankage, so that grinding the wheat resulted in a net saving of
7 cts. per bushel. The addition of 5 per cent of tankage proved much more
efficient in reducing the amount of wheat required to produce a pound of gain
when fed with whole wheat than it did when fed with ground wheat. Consid-
erable whole wheat passed through the pigs of lot 1 and 2, and it was appar-
ently better digested when fed with tankage. At the end of the eighth week
of feeding the lots had made 42, 56.7, 56.5, and 67.5 lbs. total gain per pig,
respectively; at the end of the tenth week. 57, 73, 76, and 90 lbs., and at the
end of the twelfth week 70.5, 91.6. 100, and 110.8 lbs., respectively.
Five lots of nine pigs each weighing approximately 108 lbs., were fed during
a 98-day period as follows: Lot 1 shelled corn dry; lot 2 whole wheat dry;
lot 3 whole wheat soaked; lot 4 ground wheat moistened; and lot 5 ground
wheat soaked. The test was duplicated and the results of the two tests aver-
aged. The average daily gains per head for each lot were 1.11, 1.02, 1.05, 1.36,
and 1.41 lbs., respectively, the cost per pound of gain being 5.48, 6.42. 6.35, 5.64,
870 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and 5.46 cts., respectively, and the grain required per pound of gain 4.68, 5.11,
5.04, 4.26, and 4.13 lbs.
On ovariotomy in sows, with observations on the mammary glands and
the internal genital organs, III, K. J. J. Mackenzie, F. H. A. Marshall, and
J. Hammond {Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 182-186).— This
continues work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 673).
From examinations made of 297 pigs, including hogs, spayed sows, and
sows in different stages of pregnancy " it was evident that the occurrence of
pro-oestrum or oestrus was in no way correlated with the presence or absence of
pigment in the mammary area. Neither could it be said that pigment was
jjresent in greater quantity during the heat period." Pigment was present in
many of the spayed sows, although there are some indications that the amount
present was liable to be less in the operated pigs. The pigment does not occur
in white pigs. It is commonest in the black sows, but occasionally is found also
in black hogs. There was considerable variation in the quantity and distri-
bution of the mammary pigment in the colored breeds.
A case of incomplete ovariotomy was discovered in which one ovary has been
retained and distinct signs of oestrus were shown by the animal, thus proving
that " heat only occurs in sows when functional ovarian tissue is present, and
that removal of the uterus without the complete removal of both ovaries is
totally ineffective in preventing the recurrence of the oestrous cycle."
The Sapphire hog, J. A. McLean {Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), ^o. 7, pp. 801-
304, fig- 1)- — This reports the formation of a so-called new breed of swine hav-
ing as its principal characteristics blue color with variations, erect ears, trim
bellies, strength of bone, and fat hog conformation with length of body. This
breed is being evolved from the Yorkshire, Hampshire, Berkshire, Essex, and
Chester White breeds. A large percentage of the pigs are breeding true.
Feeding draft foals {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 240 {1914), pp. 31, 32, figs. 1).—
Eleven pure-bred draft foals were fed by J. G. Fuller an average of 16.5 lbs.
each of a mixture of ground oats, corn meal, bran, and cut alfalfa hay 6 : 1.5 :
1 : 1.5, on which they averaged gains of 2.1 lbs. per day at an average daily feed
cost of 18 cts. They weighed at the end of the year from 1,000 to 1,200 lbs., the
average cost of feed being $51.66.
Cost of keeping work horses, W. E. Foaed {Breeder's Gaz., 66 {1914), No. 7,
p. 236, fig. 1). — Data secured from the records of 10 Missouri farms having
from 4 to 10 horses each show the average total annual cost of keeping a horse
to be $81.91, of which feed cost amounts to $62.29, labor $9.84, and miscellaneous
$9.78. The total hours worked was 1,002, making the average cost 8.2 cts.
per hour. There was a large variation in the cost among the several horses,
also in the labor performed. As a rule the horse that worked more cost more
to keep.
The inheritance of coat colors in horses, W. S. Anderson {Kentucky .Sta.
Bui. 180 {1914), pp. 121-145, figs. 6).— In this study the colors of 42,165 horses,
representing 14,055 matings, were used.
In explanation of his findings the author concludes that from all the evidence
chestnut is recessive to all colors ; black dominant to chestnut and recessive to
all others; bay dominant to chestnut, and black, and recessive to the three co-
ordinate colors, gray, roan, and dun. The colors can be arranged in three series
as follows: Gray, bay, black, and chestnut; roan, bay, black, and chestnut;
and dun, bay, black, and chestnut; the first color of each series being dominant
to all members of the series. Chestnut comes last and is recessive to all before.
It is stated that there is no question that bay is recessive to gray, roan, and
dun, and dominant to chestnut and black.
DAIRY FAEMING DAIRYING. 871
The author discredits the theory that strength or endurance goes with the
colors. The factors, or determiners, which control the transmission of color
are independent of all other qualities. The colors are unit characters and they
behave as simple Mendelian colors.
It is stated that a fundamental characteristic of the chemical precursors of
the melanins, the chemical compounds causing the coloring of the hair-coat, is
their power to take up under different conditions different amounts of oxygen ;
small amounts of oxygen producing the lighter shades of pigmentation, while
larger amounts cause the darker shades until the black is reached. The factor
which determines the extent of oxygen resides in the germ cell.
The possibility of so breeding horses as to secure strains of chestnut, bay,
black, and gray is discussed.
The origin of domestic fowl, C. B. Davenport {Jour. Heredity, 5 {J914),
No. 7, pp. 313-315, figs. 4). — In this paper the author attributes the origin of
the domestic fowl to two distinct species, one the Jungle fowl, which is still
found wild, and the other the unknown ancestor of the Aseel or Malay fowl.
These two species are describetl and their introduction in the evolution of the
domestic breeds of fowl explained.
Egg-laying- competitions, 1913-14, D. F. Laurie (Dept. Agr. So. Aust.,
Egg-Laying Competitions 1913-1^, pp. 32). — In connection with these egg-laying
competitions it was noted that of 125 pens of White Leghorns observed, eggs
with tinted shell were collected from 71. It is believed that this is a character
common to all birds, but subject to the phenomenon of dilution or marking.
The largest number of pens showed tinted eggs during the months of June,
July, August, and September.
With regard to the relationship between the characters which stand for
" broodiness " and those for " color of shell," it was noted that of the 125 pens
of White Leghorns, 51 pens were recorded for both " tinted eggs " and " broody
birds," while 74 pens were recorded as showing only one character.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Comparison of one- and two-day test (Guernsey Breeders' Jour., n. ser.,
4 {1913), No. 3, pp. 13, 14)- — Results obtained by the American Guernsey Cattle
Club in a study of the advanced registry work the basis of a monthly one-day
or two-day test are summarized as follows:
Of 41 cows selected at random from 38 herds, 16 gave during the year an
average of 3.23 lbs. more milk fat on the one-day test (using first day) thaa
on the two-day test, while the remaining 25 cows, gave an average of 5.1 lbs.
less on the one-day than on the two-day test. Seven cows varied less than
1 lb. of milk fat in a year, five less than two, seven less than three, four less
than four, five less than five, eleven less than between five and ten, and two
less than 10 lbs. The least amount of variation in the 41 cows was 0.12 lbs.,
and the two largest were 13.63 and 16.35 lbs. milk fat.
The records of 250 cows were then worked out, and of these, 114 cows gave
£^27.02 lbs. moi-e milk fat on a one- than a two-day test, while 136 cows gave
581.01 lbs. less.
Comparison of one- and two-day tests. — The trustworthiness of estimates
of the richness in butter fat of a cow's production for a year, made by the
method of the Guernsey Cattle Club from one one-day test per month,
E. L. Thorndike {Guernsey Breeders' Jour., n. ser., 4 {1913), No. 3, pp. 29-
32). — From a study of the above records and the probable "error of the
neglect of the relation of the daily percentages of butter fat to the daily amounts
70903°— 14 6
872 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD.
of milk," and of assuming 30 daily percentages of butter from only two, it is
concluded that " the trustworthiness of the advanced register records is very
slightly impaired by the use of only a two-successive-days' test to sample the
entire 30 of a month. It may be assumed with practical certainty that such
sampling will never cause an error of over 23 lbs. in the total result for a
year, that in 99 cows out of a 100 the error will be under 15 lbs., and that the
average error will be 4^ lbs. under. The divergence of a cow's record, 12 one-
day tests being used, from her true record, will be under 6i lbs. on the average,
under 21 lbs. in 99 cows out of a 100, and under 32 lbs. always."
From a study made of the records of 50 of the cows with respect to the pos-
sible divergence during a term of years, "it appears that a year's record as
now taken by 12 two-day tests would never d'verge from the average of 15
years' records similarly taken for that cow (were such obtainable) by more
than 35 lbs., would diverge therefrom by more than 22 lbs. or more only once
in a hundred times, and would diverge therefrom on the average by a little
under 7 lbs." This 35 lbs. may then be taken as the upper limit of possible
error since it also includes the divergence that might occur during the single
year. " It seems safe to credit at least 7 of the 35 lbs. to these sources of
variation which are added to those which make a record as now determined
vary from the cow's true record for the year. If this is done we have then an
upper limit of error for the record from 12 two-day tests of 28 lbs. butter fat
by this method. ... To say that in 99 cases out of 100 it will be true within
18 lbs., and that on the average it vsill be true within 5^ lbs., is to make a
thoroughly guarded statement."
Comparative value of one- and two-day tests as viewed by the experiment
station {Guernsey Breeders' Jour., n. ser., 4 (1913), No. 3, pp. 16, 17). — In
connection with the endeavor of the Jersey and Guernsey Associations to get
a uniform basis of advanced register testing, inquiries were sent to 24 experi-
ment stations asking the comparative cost and relative accuracy of one- and
two-day tests. The answers indicated that the difference in cost is slight and
the accuracy of the two-day test greater.
The nature and causes of the variations in the richness in butter fat of
milk from the same cow, E. L. Tiiorndike (Guermcy Breeders' Jour., n. ser.,
4 {1913), No. 5, pp. 35-39, figs. 6). — In connection with the milk fat tests made
by the American Guernsey Cattle Club, reported above, a study was made of
the causes of the variations in richness of the milk fat. It was found that a
cow has a general average richness of milk which distinguishes her from other
cows. If this general average of richness is taken as 100, the climatic, feeding,
and other conditions related to season of the year, make her tend in any
month to vary from this general average richness as follows: January 104.9,
February 103.1, March 100, April 99.4, May 98.6, June 95.5, July 95.7, August
97.4, September 98.8, October 101.2, November 101.3, and December 104.5.
These figures relate to the northern states from which tests were taken. The
stage in the lactation period makes her tend to vary from this general average
richness as follows: First month of lactation 89.6, second month 90.3, third
92.4, fourth 96.5, fifth 97.9, sixth 101.2, seventh 103.2, eighth 103, ninth 104.3,
tenth 104.9, eleventh 105.3, and twelfth 109.4. However, this general tendency
which the cow has as a member of the breed and species seems to be much
complicated by individual peculiarities.
Of the cow and her treatment, " some cows seem to give almost as rich milk
at the start as at the end ; some to change gradually all along the year ; some
to change very rapidly in the early months and then hardly any ; some to change
hardly any till the later months and then very rapidly. There are in addition
to these long swings and changes, irregular temporary ups and downs due to
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 873
minor causes. These fluctuations range up toward a fifth of the cow's general
average richness, so that it is possible for a cow testing 5 per cent butterfat
in general to go down to 4 per cent and up to 6 per cent independently of time
of year, lactation period, and her own general course of change in richness.
Such extreme fluctuations are however very rare, half of these irregular ups
and downs being between — 0.2 per cent butter fat and +0.2 per cent butter fat,
four-fifths of them being between —0.4 per cent and +0.4 percent, and nearly 96
per cent of them between — 0.6 loer cent and +0.6 per cent. The fluctuations
up do not differ notably from the fluctuations down, but almost balance them
in every way. The nature of these temporary fluctuations in the butter fat per-
centage is such as to make it probable that they are due to the combined action
of many causes, each of which by itself alone would raise or lower the richness
only slightly. When it happens that a large number of the ' reducing ' causes
act at once and few of the ' increasing' causes, there is a large fluctuation down-
ward. Conversely, for the large fluctuations upward. Since such happenings
are necessarily rare, the large fluctuations are rare."
The yield and composition of the milk of the Montgomery herd at Pusa
and errors in milk tests, J. W. Leather and A. C. Dobbs {Mem. Dept. Agr.
hidia, Chem. Ser., 3 (1914), No. 6, pp. 147-175).— In these tests, certain of the
cows appeared to yield more milk from one side of the udder than from the
other, although in general similar in both quantity and quality. There was a
difference found in both quantity and quality of the milk from the fore and
hindquarters which appears to be characteristic of the individual cow. One
cow yielded milk from the forequarter which was consistently richer than that
from the hindquarter, while another yielded richer milk from the hind than
from the forequarter, and a third showed no characteristic difference. It is
thought that the quality of the milk is a function of the tissue of that region
of the cow's udder in which it is produced and that though the opposite sides
are symmetrical in this respect, the udder is in other directions no more uni-
form in function than it is in shape.
Tat content of milk and rate of coagulation with rennet, A. Kreidl and
E. Lenk (Biochem. Ztsclir., 63 (WW, No. 2-3, pp. 151-155, figs. 3).— The
authors found that the time required for the coagulation of a milk with rennet
is not constant even under similar experimental conditions. The rate of coagu-
lation varies with the fat content, and is smaller the richer the milk is in fat.
Testing for fat in milk by the Babcock test (Illinois Sta. Circ. 174 (1914),
pp. 11, figs. 13). — Instructions are given for the use of the Babcock test.
Bacteriological examination of market milk, P. G. Heinemann (Trans. 15.
Intemat. Cong. Hyg. and Demogr. Washington, 2 (1912), Sect. 1-2, pp. 133^
135).— This gives the text of the article previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 275).
Studies in bacterial metabolism, A. I. Kendall, A. A. Day, and A. W.
Walker (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 36 (1914), No. 9, pp. 1937-1966) .—This con-
sists of a series of eight papers treating of the metabolism of various types
of bacteria in milk. The observations recorded were made for the purpose of
determining the nature and extent of the changes brought about by the growth
of various important types of bacteria in sterile certifled milk. . " These deter-
minations include the changes in reaction, as shown by alizarin, neutral red,
and phenolphthalein, which indicate somewhat roughly the differential accu-
mulation of alkaline or acid products, and the action on protein as represented
by the accumulation of ammonia, ammonia being the only available index of
protein breakdown applicable to this problem."
Among the bacteria studied are those of the typhoid-dysentery-alcaligenes
group, intermediate or paratyphoid group, coli-proteus-cloacse group, subtilis-
mesentericus group, Bacillus pyocyaneus, B. diphtheriw, B. suipestifer, Vihrio
874 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
cholerce, B. ttiherculosis, aud coccal groups. Observatious were also made on
fat splitting in milk by bacterial lipase.
Preparation of buttermilk which can be preserved for a long time, R.
SuwELACK iOerman Patent 273,628, Jan. 30, 1913; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem.
Indus., 33 (1914), No. 14, p. 763). — "Fresh buttermilk is heated for some time
at not below 85° C, with vigorous agitation, then rendered homogeneous by
forcing it, under a pressure of about 250 atmospheres, through narrow tubes
against a hard surface, and after being cooled and freed from air is inclosed
in air-tight vessels."
An investig'ation into the composition of cheese made from whole milk,
G. Bkownlee {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., IJf (1914), No. 3, pp.
499-506). — From tests for fat made of a large number of samples of green and
cured cheese it was found that on a dry matter basis " in the Cheddar cheeses
the highest and lowest percentages were 53.54 and 48.72, respectively, in the
green, and 52.96 aud 48.6 in the cured, while for the Caerphilly cheeses the
corresponding figures are 56.79 aud 47.75 for the green, and 57.15 and 47.11 for
the cured. The average percentage of fat in the dry matter of all the green
cheese samples is 51.49 and of the cured 51.19, while that for all (327) samples
is 51.33. . . . Taking the figures here found as a basis, one might safely
recommend that a percentage of 45 should be taken as the limit below which
the fat in the dry matter of a genuine cheese should not fall."
It is calculated that " 1 gal. of milk gives 1.3 lbs. green Caerphilly cheese,
1.239 lbs. cured Caerphilly cheese, 1.056 lbs. green Cheddar cheese, and 1 lb.
cured Cheddar cheese."
Pasteurized milk cheese {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 240 {1914), PP- 39, 40). — Con-
tinuing work previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 581), tests conducted at various
commercial factories in making pasteurized Cheddar cheese were satisfactory,
an increase in yield of from 3 to 5 per cent being obtained. In some
cases the texture was slightly inferior because of small holes. The extra cost
of making pasteurized cheese was about $2.25 per 1,000 lbs. Likewise satis-
factory results have been obtained in making pasteurized brick cheese.
Three creamery methods for making buttermilk cheese, J. L. Sammis
{Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 239 {1914), PP- 3-24, fiffs. 7). — Complete information is
given on three methods of making buttermilk cheese, one of these previously
referred to (E. S. R.. 23, p. 181; 25, p. 583), which has been used for several
years at creameries and in dairies in making cheese from ordinary buttermilk.
The other two deal with the use of buttermilk obtained from cream pasteurized
while sour.
Ice cream investigations {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 240 {1914), PP- 40, 41, fiV-
1). — In studying the factors which govern the overrun or "swell," the body
texture, and the flavor of ice cream, A. C. Baer found that " the longer a
cream is held cold the more viscous or the thicker it becomes, and the greater
is the tendency to produce a high overrun during the freezing process. If the
mixture is frozen too quickly, especially at the critical temperature between
30-28° F., not enough time is given to whip up the mixture properly and a low
overrun will result. For this reason the temperature of the freezing mix-
ture should not be too low.
" For proper whipping of the mixture to produce a good swell, a speed of at
least 100 to 150 revolutions per minute is necessary in a freezer of the ordi-
nary batch type, and from 200 to 250 revolutions in a continuous machine. Too
rapid freezing produces a soggy and course grained ice cream. On the other
hand, freezing too slowly may allow too much whipping and thus produce an
undesirable open and foamy texture. Aging cream makes it more viscous,
thus producing a firmer and smoother ice cream. A raw cream produces a
VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 875
little better body and a smoother texture than pasteurized cream, but proper
aging of the pasteurized cream will overcome this defect. Homogenizing the
cream tends to produce a firm and smooth cream. Ordinarily ice cream does
not usually contain enough solids in the fonn of milk fat and other milk solids
to retain a firm body and smooth texture unless some filler is used. Cheap,
inferior flavoring materials or poor grades of fillers will always show their
effect on the flavor of the ice cream. A badly tainted or slightly sour cream
can not be made into a well flavored ice cream."
Some improved dairy tests and methods, G. H. Benkendorf, A. T. Bruhn,
A. C. Baer, and J. L. Sammis {Wisconsin 8ta. Bui. 241 {1914), PP- 3-19, figs.
JO). — A method for determining the overrun in ice cream is described, which
consists of melting 50 cc. of ice cream with 200 cc. of hot water into a 250-cc.
flask, the use of 1 cc. of ether to reduce foam, and the filling of the flask to the
250-cc. mark with a known amount of water, this last portion of water and
the 1 cc. of ether constituting the reduction in the volume of ice cream, or
when compared with the volume of mix before freezing, the percentage of
overrun.
A burette for calibrating Babcock test bottles is described. By means of
this burette the fat percentage i-ather than the number of cubic centimeters
can be read directly on the neck of the test bottle. A description is also given
of a wire cheese curd knife having the advantage of being rigid of form and
of cutting even cubes.
It is suggested that attaching a sediment tester to the wall by means of a
telephone bracket and within easy reach of the man weighing the. milk is a
decided advantage.
In cheese-making tests with homogenized milk it was found that the homo-
genized milk curds were very fragile and easily broken by the curd knives
and in stirring. During the salting and curing, the brick cheese formed rinds,
which cracked, split open, and peeled off in layers about one-fourth of an inch
thick, which would admit flies and dirt. After curing about four weeks, the
cheese was poor in flavor and when cut was found to contain large internal
cracks and a few mechanical holes, but none of the small round holes always
present in good brick cheese. It scored considerably lower than that from
ordinary milk. Unsatisfactory results were also obtained with American,
Swiss, and limburger cheeses. Further study as to why homogenized milk
should give cheese showing these defects is in progress.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Clinical bacteriology and vaccine therapy for veterinary surgeons, W.
Scott {London, 1913, pp. XIV+222, pis. 12, figs. 37).— This work deals with the
laboratory equipment; preparation of culture media; cultivation of bacteria;
staining methods and stains; identification of bacteria— general principles;
glass work requisites and how to make them ; the elements of the blood which
protect the animal body from pathogenic bacteria ; vaccines and their mode of
preparation; the syringe; phenomena following active immunization by vac-
cines; sera and their mode of preparation; special diseases, caused by specific
bacteria, which are suitable for treatment by serovaccine therapy— bacterial
diseases affecting the cutaneous system; bacterial diseases affecting synovial
joints, the abdominal organs, the circulatory system, and the nervous system ;
diseases of the respiratory organs ; swine fevei»5 serovaccine therapy in Holland
and other countries ; weights and measures, etc.
Acid-fast bacilli occurring in the feces of some vertebrates, M. Ber-
TANi {Cenm, Bakt. [etc.}, 1. AU., Orig., 72 (1913), No. 4-5, PP. 27(^273).— In
876 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
investigations including cattle, swine, horses, rodents, birds, and otlier verte-
brates, three nonpathogenic acid-fast species were isolated. Their cultural
characteristics and mode of isolation are described.
Some structural transformations of the blood cells of vertebrates, G. L.
Kite {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 {1914), No. 2, pp. 319-330, pi. 1, figs. 2). —
Through the employment of a special mounting or culture medium the author
has been enabled to determine that both white cells and erythrocytes of all
classes of vertebrates may undergo many marked structural transformations
of a reversible nature. In this paper the more important of these transforma-
tions so far observed are described.
Effect of poisons on the g'erm cells of the male {Wisconsin Sta. Bill. 240
{1914), PP- ^4, 35). — In studies by L. J. Cole, alcoholic and lead poisoning of
rabbits resulted in lessened vitality in the males and in their offspring.
The behavior of body temperature before, during, and after parturition
with the bovine, sheep, and g'oat, M. Limmee {Ueher das Verhalten der
Korpertetnperatur vor, xcdhrend und nach der Gehurt bei Rind. Schaf und
Ziege. Inaiig. Diss., Univ. Leipsic, 1912, pp. 124, P^^- 5). — The results are
reported of an investigation of taking numerous temperatures before and during
pregnancy of bovines, sheep, and goats for the purpose of determining the value
of the procedure for diagnosing the time of parturition.
An anteparturient rise takes place most markedly in bovines, and very often
the temperature rises above what is usually assumed to be a physiological
Limit. In the goat and sheep the temperature rise is not so regular and rarely
reaches a, physiological hyperthermia, although in the goat, the second phase of
the temperature rise is more definite and resembles that of the bovine. After a
rise in tempei'ature takes place in either of the animals, a fall in temperature is
noted which in the bovine takes about two days. In the sheep it is very slow.
The temperature as an indicator for time of birth seems to be of practical
and scientific value for the bovine but not for the sheep, and for economic
reasons need not be considered for goats.
The signifi^cance and the origin of the so-called defensive ferments, E.
Abderhalden {Deiit. Med. Wchmchr., 40 {1914), No. 6, pp. 268-270).— The
organs are deemed responsible for the enzym action and not the leucocytes.
Castrated animals do not yield ferments for testicle substance when injected
with the inactivated press juice of the testicle. Neither pancreas nor intestinal
substance can be considered a single protein and when injected they will yield
several enzyms.
This method may be of special value for determining the defensive powers of
the body toward invading organisms.
The article constitutes a reply to various authors as to the objections which
have been raised against the method.
Animal experimental investigations in regard to the specificity of defen-
sive ferments, P. Hirsch {Dcut. Med. Wchnschr., 40 {1914), No. 6, pp. 270,
271). — The results show that after the parenteral introduction of placenta and
carcinoma tissues from the uterus, defensive ferments are produced which
cleave placenta tissue but not uterine carcinoma tissue. On the other hand,
the sera from carcinomatous animals cleave only carcinoma tissue.
Further experiments are in progress in regard to carcinoma and sarcoma.
Experimental investigation about autoserotherapy, G. Eisner {Ztschr.
Klin. Med., 76 {1912), No. 1-2, pp. 84-44, pl- 1; «&«• in Zenthl. Biochem. u.
Biophys., 14 {1912), No. 1-2, pp«74, 75). — In none of the 19 cases was a rise in
temperature noted. The leucocyte curve, however, was positive and in almost
all cases when sterile exudates were used the curve rose. The fastigium was
reached four days after the injection. Pus from tuberculosis subjects induces
VETEKINARY MEDICINE. 877
a rapid rise of the leucocytes which falls back rapidly. This increase in leuco-
cytes is independent of the rise in temperature. Apparently the sera act
specifically upon the leucocyte-producing organs.
Serodiagnosis according to Abderhalden, Allmann {Deut. Med. Wchnschr.,
40 (1914), No. 6, pp. 271-274). — With pregnant subjects the results were uni-
formly positive and in myoma negative. With carcinoma of the genitals and
other inflammations the results were questionable.
Adsorption phenomena in the Abderhalden dialysis method, F. Plaut
{Munchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 {1914), ^0. 5, pp. 238-241) .—The presence of
Inorganic substances incapable of cleaving iDroteins by themselves, such as talc,
barium sulphate, and infusorial earth, was found to produce an increase of
substances in the dialyzate which gave the ninhydriu reaction.
The cases which were in man were mostly nervous disorders.
About the specificity of Abderhalden's dialysis method, H. Singer
(Munchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 (1914), No. 7, pp. 350-352) .—The results show
that if the blood of healthy male rabbits is injected intravenously or subcu-
taneously into the same or another kind of animal, ferments are elaborated
which shortly after will cleave rabbit placenta, liver, and muscle tissue. The
same results were obtained with a man who received his own serum intra-
venously from one to two hours after drawing.
The ferments present in the body are said to be " groupe specific."
Notes about the utility of the dialyzing method in clinical and biological
questions, E. Abdeehalden {Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 {1914), No. 5, pp.
233-238, fig. 1). — In this article the author points out some of the reasons for
the inconcordant results obtained by the Abderhalden method.
It often happens that about 50 per cent of the dialyzing thimbles (diffusion
shells) sold are faulty inasmuch as they allow the passage of undeuaturized
protein. Some of the shells are especially sensitive toward boiling water.
The biuret test is preferred for the natural protein while the ninhydrin test
is recommended for the cleavage products. The test may also be conducted
by removing the undigested protein with precipitating reagents or with the
ultrafllter of Bechhold.
A second source of error in the method is the use of an unsatisfactory sub-
stratum. The substratum must above all things be free from blood and dif-
fusible products. The results obtained from organs other than placenta and
tissues from pathological cases are discussed. When the method is used for
diagnosing tumors or cancers, only the specific substratum should be used.
Organs from another species of animals may eventually be used, but as our
state of knowledge in this direction is not complete, it is advisable to use only
species specific organs.
The work of other authors is critically discussed, and it is emphasized that
when the results with the method are reported they should be accompanied by
the other clinical fin<iings.
The serodiagnosis of infectious diseases with the aid of Abderhalden's
dialyzing method, E. Voelkel {Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 {1914), ^o- 7,
pp. 349, 350). — This describes tests made with diphtheria, anthrax, and typhoid
bacteria, nagana trypanosomes, and Spirochceta pallida as substrata for diag-
nosing the respective diseases caused by the organisms named.
Satisfactory results were obtained with typhoid bacilli and S. pallida, and in
some cases with the serum protein of luetic subjects. The complement fixation
(Wassermann's reaction) showed positive in almost every case in which the
dialysis method showed the same condition. All luetic sera protein can not
be used for the dialysis test.
878 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
About the hemolytic powers of the anthrax bacillus and the saprophytes
similar to the anthrax bacillus, K. Jarmai (CentM. Bakt. [e/c], 1. AM.,
Orig., 70 (,1913), No. 1-2, pp. 12-80, pi. i).— Several investigators have noted
that Bacillus anthracis has weak hemolyzing properties, and according to
Burow, rabbits and guinea pigs affected with anthrax give evidences of a de-
struction of their erythrocytes in the course of the disease. Hutyra noted that
B. pseudoanthracis and B. anthracoides hemolyze red blood cells in bouillon
cultures. As these two micro-organisms are apathogenic, there apparently
seems to be a contradiction as to the relation of hemolysis to pathogenicity.
The micro-organisms studied in this investigation were B. anthracis, B. pseu-
doanthracis, B. anthracoides, and B. anthracis similis.
The slight hemolysin production of the anthrax bacillus is said to be due to
its capsule, which possibly may hinder the secretion of the hemolysin into the
culture fluid. The saprophytic organisms can best be differentiated from the
anthrax bacillus by noting their hemolytic properties, and this can be done by
observing the colonies on the blood agar plates ; these, in contradistinction to
the anthrax bacillus, show zones of hemolysis surrounding the colonies.
The blood of animals affected with anthrax gives a positive Ascoli reaction
six hours after death. The red blood cells of animals affected with anthrax
show no change but after death, when capsule formation could not take place,
they are apparently acted upon by the anthrax bacillus; consequently the
hemolysis noted in cadavers is a post-mortem phenomenon.
Results and outlook of the thermoprecipitin reaction, A. Ascoli (Arch.
Path. Anat. u. Physiol. [Virchoiv], 213 {1913), No. 2-3, pp. 181-233, figs. 5).—
This deals with the evolution of M. Ascoli's reaction for diagnosing anthrax,
and discusses succinctly the various phases of the topic under the following
headings: The precipitating serum (preparation, standardization, and con-
servation), specificity, the material to be examined, the extracts of organs for
the precipitin reaction, conducting the reaction (in the well-appointed lab-
oratory and by the veterinarian in everyday practice), examination of bovines,
pigs, horses, etc., further uses of the reaction in examining foods, in forensic
medicine, hog erysipelas, blackleg, paratyphoid and meat poisoning, tubercu-
losis, and Malta fever, and the possible future use of the reaction for hog
cholera, typhoid fever, etc.
A large bibliography accompanies the article.
Contribution to elucidating open questions in regard to anthrax and
combating this disease, W. Burow (Beit rage ziir Kldrung offener Fragen heim
Milzbrand und seiner Bekdmpiung. Berlin, 1912, pp. 88, figs. S). — This is the
text of an address given before the council of the Royal Veterinary High School
at Dresden as a part of the requirements to gain the right to teach at that
institution. It discusses and gives the reasons for the occurrence of the disease
in certain animals and under certain conditions, and deals with the methods of
protective and curative vaccination, the precautions to b? observed when vacci-
nating, and the causes for failure in some cases.
Investigations in regard to the etiology of foot-and-mouth disease. — The
cause and active immunization, Siegel (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., SO
(1914), Nos. 1, pp. 1-3; 2, pp. 2,5-27).— The work of the Imperial Health
Department (B. S. R., 31, p. 282) is criticized inasmuch as no experiments
were conducted in regard to the presence of micro-organisms in the blood, the
presence of cocci in the undeveloped vesicles, or the filterability of the virus.
The results obtained in the infection tests point to specific properties of the
cocci although the lesions present in the mucous membrane of the mouth were
only a modified form of foot-and-mouth disease. Many cases of natural foot-and-
mouth disease occur in which blebs are not present.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 879
The cocci previously reported (E. S. R., 28, p. 376) were found to be present
in tlie blood of every fresh case of the disease, especially at the time when the
fever was on the rise and before the eruption of the vesicles. In sections of
vesicles not fully developed the organisms were noted but not in a fully devel-
oped state. The biologic and morphologic characteristics of these micro-
organisms are hard to determine, and among a group of the pathogenic cocci
there are always others which are morphologically identical but can not be
differentiated by the ordinary means. Certain characterisics were noted, how-
ever, and these consisted of (1) the property possessed by the organism of
passing through a filter; (2) the development of first generations into definite
cocci or streptococci when talsen directly from the animal and inoculated into
spleen bouillon; and (3) the intracellular growth which differentiates them
from Staphylococcus pyogenes.
While we have no very definite information in regard to the best procedure
for actively immunizing bovines against this disease, it would seem that it is
best to select an attenuated virus which does not produce a marked form of
tlie disease.
Remarks in regard to the article noted above by Sanitary Councilor Dr.
Siegel, VON Osteetag {Berlin. Ticrarztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 27,
28). — ^A short reply to the above.
The deliberation of the German Agricultural Council with regard to the
present status of combating' foot-and-mouth disease {Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 24
(191-i), A'o. 7, pp. 69, 70). — Addresses and discussions by LoflBer, von Xathusius,
Brieger, Nevermann, and Krause are given.
Reinvestigation of mallein in the horse establishments of northern Cau-
casus, GoRDSJALKowsKY {Vet. Vrcich, 1913, No. 35-36; ahs. in Berlin. Tierarztl.
Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 48, pp. 860, 861). —As the result of studying the value
of mallein for diagnosing occult glanders, it is concluded that healthy horses
sometimes give a reaction with mallein which in some cases is hard to differ-
entiate from the real positive reaction. Consequently glanders should be diag-
nosed finally on the basis of the clinical symptoms.
Some diseases of animals caused by bacilli of the hemorrhagic septicemia
and colon groups, H. Zeiss {Arch. Hyg., 82 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-32; ahs. in
Rev. Bad., 4 {1914), No. 2, p. 24)- — The author describes an outbreak of a
disease among canaries in which an organism was isolated that belonged to the
hemorrhagic septicemia group and resembled the fowl cholera bacillus. A
bacillus which appears to be the same was isolated in pure culture from a tuber-
cular-like abscess in a rabbit. A bacillus closely resembling Bacillus coli
communis was isolated in an outbreak of disease among chickens.
Capsule formation, by the bacteria of hemorrhagic septicemia, P. B.
Hadley. Ruth Bkyant, and Marguerite Elkins {Centil. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM.,
Orig., 72 {1914), ^o. 6-7, pp. 478-480) .—Among 17 cultures examined by
Gozony's India ink method,*^ all of which were known by cultural tests and by
animal inoculations to belong to the fowl cholera group, not one was found that
gave the slightest suggestion of capsule formation. At the same time cap-
sulated ink bacteria and other capsulated organisms added to the ink for con-
trol purposes were demonstrated.
In view of the results the authors conclude that it can scarcely be doubted
that the bacteria seen and described by Gozony were not bacteria of hemor-
rhagic septicemia.
Necrotic stomatitis, I. E. Newsom {Colorado Sta. Bid. 197 {1914), PP- 11-20,
figs. 3). — This paper presents accounts of calf diphtheria, sore mouth disease
Tentbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Orig., 68 (1913), No. 7, pp. 594-597.
880 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
in pigs, and lip and leg ulceration in sheep. These diseases are said to have
caused widespread loss in Colorado during the past ten years.
In regard to the etiolog'y of rabies, F. Peoeschek {Berlin. Klin. Wchnsehr.,
50 (1913), No. 14, pp. 633-636, figs. 17; abs. in Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt.
Ther., II, Ref., 7 {1913), No. 5, p. 228).— With the aid of the antiformin test a
microscopically visible organism was noted in the brain of rabid animals and
man.
The methods for protectively vaccinating against rabies, N. Pokschis-
CHEWSKY {Ztschr. Eyg. u. Infektionskrank., 76 {1914), No. 3, pp. 453-^68). —
After reviewing the work of others, including that of Miessner, Kliem, and
Kapfberger, and Pfeiler and Kapfberger (E. S. R., 30, pp. 281, 282), the results
of the author's work, which was done for the purpose of determining whether
it was possible by the original Pasteur method and the intraperitoneal injection
of fresh brain substance from i^assage rabbits to immunize negatively experi-
mental animals, chiefly dogs, are reported.
The results show that the original and the modified Pasteur methods are not
efficacious for immunizing dogs against a subdural or Intramuscular infection
with a rabies virus.
In testing experimental animals as regards immunization it is necessary to
use satisfactoi*y methods of infection such as the subdural and intramuscular
methods with street virus. The intraocular method is not reliable and uncer-
tain results are always obtained by subcutaneous application and by the bite
of a rabid animal. The intraperitoneal method with large doses of fixed virus
gave a certain active immunity in dogs and rabbits. The immunity was tested
with an intramuscular injection of street virus. Only one-half of the cases
immunized intraperitoneally were proof against a subdural infection.
The treatment of tetanus by antitetanic serum, E. E. Irons {Jour. Infect.
Diseases, 15 {191Jf), No. 2, pp. 367-377). — An analysis of 225 cases treated
during the period 1907 to 1913 shows the mortality of tetanus treated by tetanus
antitoxin to be about 20 per cent lower than the average mortality of tetanus
treated without serum. The mortality of the cases treated by efficient methods
and adequate doses is considerably lower than that of cases receiving small doses
subcutaueously.
On the American method of standardizing tetanus antitoxin, A. MacConkey
{Jour. Hijg. [Cambridge], 13 {WW, No. 4, pp. 467-492) .—This is a study of the
American method (E. S. R., 20, p. 379) of standardizing tetanus antitoxin.
In the exiieriments two standard toxins were examined. It was found " that,
provided control experiments are carried out from time to time (as in the case
of standard diphtheria toxin), this method of standardizing tetanus antitoxin
is — as claimed for it — simple, accurate, and reliable."
Gosio's vital reaction for the tubercle bacillus, S. Belfanti {Ztschr.
Chemother., I, Orig., 1 {1912), No. 2, pp. 113-121, figs. 2; ahs. in Zentbl. Biochem.
11. Biophys., 14 {1913), No. 22, p. 87S). — Living tubercle bacilli of the human,
bovine, and avian types sti'ongly reduce potassium tellurate. The intensity
of the reaction is proportional to the vitality of the organisms. In addition
to the reducing properties, the tubercle bacillus possesses synthesizing powers
toward tellurium salts. Compounds are produced which possess a garlic-
like odor.
Precipitating action of blood serum with lipoids of the tubercle bacillus,
L. Pbeti {MUnchen. Med. Wchnsehr., 61 {1914), ^0. 5, p. 241). — It was observed
that when an emulsion of the lipoidlike substances obtained by extraction of
1 to 2 months' old tubercle bacilli with alcohol and ether was added to the
blood serum of patients affected with tuberculosis, a marked precipitate was
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 881
obtained in about 6 bours. Tbe test was tried witb 100 subjects, 64 of wbicb
were positively tuberculous. Fifty-tbree of tbe 64 gave a positive reaction.
The bovine tubercle bacilli in tubercular pathologic changes and the
relation of bovine tuberculosis to human tuberculosis, E. Bertarelli (Centbl.
Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 70 (WIS), No. 1-2, pp. 10, ii).— Tbe separation of
tubercle bacilli into human and bovine types is regarded as a very indefinite
classification. Many bacilli noted in man and wbicb have tbe character-
istics of tbe bovine type of bacilli are in reality tbe human type of organism.
Notes and observations on twenty cases of tuberculosis, W. Caudwell
{Vet. Rec., 26 (1914), No. 1334, PP- 49 1-406) .—These notes deal with work
conducted under tbe Tuberculosis Order of 1913 (Great Britain). The cases
are divided into two categories, tbose confirmed by clinical and other evi-
dences and those which were not confirmed. Some of the cows were in
milk.
In 12 of the clinically certain tuberculosis cases the lungs and bronchial and
mediastinal glands were diseased. In 9 cases tbe mediastinal glands were
affected and tbe liver was diseased in 6. In 1 case the heart and pericardium
were diseased. Tuberculosis was rarely found on the surface of the spleen,
but the uterus was often diseased. Two cases had affected mammary glands.
A discussion of the paper at a meeting of tbe South Eastern Veterinary
Association is included.
Bovine tuberculosis, S. Delepine (Separate from Proc. Nat. Vet. Assoc., 30
(1912), pp. 11). — The investigations reported were conducted in Cheshire,
Lancashire, and Aberdeenshire from 1897 to 1899. Statistics are given of 379
bovines which were treated with tuberculin and after death submitted to
autopsy.
When classified according to age it was found that among animals up to 1
year of age 3.4 per cent were tuberculous; 1 to 2 years, 13.2; 2 to 3 years,
24.1 ; 3 to 5 years. 23.5 ; 5 to 9 years, 48.9 ; and 9 to 13 years, 76 per cent. In
Great Britain during 1910 among 1,319,562 bo^^nes of 1 to 2 years of age,
200,582 were found tuberculous, and among 4,120,813 animals over 2 years old,
1,483,492 were tuberculous.
The mode of infection in bovines is from bovine to bovine and this may be
brought about directly or indirectly. Tbe construction and ventilation of the
buildings in which animals are kept are deemed of great importance in obtain-
ing milk free from tubercle bacilli. Plans are presented for eliminating
tuberculosis from bei'ds on the basis of tbe tuberculin test and the removal
of the animals.
Some facts about brain and retropharyngeal gland tuberculosis in the
bovine, Knese (Berlin. Tierdrztl. WcJmschr., 30 (1914), No. 1, pp. 3-5). — Tbe
author emphasizes the fact that tuberculosis of the brain often occurs in bo-
vines from 3 montbs to 1 year in age. In animals not affected with abdominal
(visceral) or pulmonary tuberculosis the brain as a focus of tbe disease is
often overlooked. The retropharyngeal lymph glands as a focus for this patho-
logic condition have also been too little considered in looking for tuberculosis
in young animals.
An outbreak of tuberculosis i" pigeons, F. S. Jones (Amer. Vet. Rev., 44
(1914), No. 4, pp. 497-500, figs. 3). — A detailed description of three cases in
pigeons from which the tubercle bacillus was isolated. The organisms were
alcohol acid fast, thus differing from those studied by Morse (E. S. R., 25, p.
689). The lesions resembled tbose iiroduced by the avian bacillus.
About the action of antiformin on the tubercle bacillus, Donges (Ztschr.
Hyg. w. Infektionskrank., 75 (1913), No. 1, pp. 185-19^). — There are strains of
882 EXPERIMENT HTATION RECORD.
tubercle bacilli from both human and bovine sources which are very resistant
toward autiformin. These lose some of their infecting capacity only when
exposed for from 12 to 24 hours to concentrated antiformin.
Tuberculosis and Tuberculosan, W. BuEOW (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnsvhr.,
29 (1913), No. JfS, pp. 854-858). — A polemic, in which the author claims that
the various methods for eradicating tuberculosis are not to be displaced by
Burow's method, but are aided by it.
Tuberculosan — Burow, Rautmann (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 (1913),
'No. Jfl, pp. 729-732). — This is a critical analysis of a circular sent out by a firm
manufacturing Tuberculosan. The preparation, according to the author, has
110 immunizing properties whatever.
Is the eradication of tuberculosis with Tuberculosan proven? Rautmann
(Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 3, pp. 43-45).— This is answered
negatively and, according to the author, no specific properties can be attributed
to Tuberculosan.
Investig'ations about complement-fixing antibodies in experimental and
spontaneous tuberculosis and also in paratuberculous enteritis, O. Bang and
C. W. Andersen (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.}, 1. Abt., Orig., 69 (1913), No. 7, pp. 517-
538, figs. 3). — The sera of tuberculous bovines were found to contain complement-
fixing antibodies, and their quantity was in proportion to the gravity of the
disease. The complement fixation test is not specific and simply indicates that
acid-fast bacilli are present.
The sera from cows affected with paratuberculous enteritis ( Johne's disease)
behave in the same manner with the complement fixation test as do those from
tuberculous cows. The sera from paratuberculous cows contain many anti-
bodies, and in advanced cases where the mammary gland is affected the milk
may contain them. In the more severe forms of tuberculosis the milk undoubt-
edly contains many antibodies.
The sera of rabbits treated subcutaneously with killed or avirulent living
tubei'cle bacilli were found to contain and retain many antibodies for a con-
siderable length of time. Unlike the case of the tuberculous bovine, infection
of the rabbit with virulent tubercle bacilli does not induce the formation of
large quantities of complement-fixing substances. The rabbits often, when
strongly tuberculous, show only a small amount of antibodies.
A good antigen may be prepared with slightly emulsified tubercle bacilli,
whereas tuberculin, according to this investigation, is an inferior antigen.
Horses, like rabbits, receiving subcutaneous injections of killed tubercle bacilli
yield a blood containing much antigen.
Antibodies can also be detected in the blood of birds with the complement
fixation test.
Report on actinomycosis (ray fungus disease) and tuberculosis in imported
South American ox tongues, E. W. Hope (Liverpool, 1914, PP- 20). — In his
report as medical officer of health at the port of Liverpool, the author sum-
marizes investigations based upon examinations of 147,501 South American ox
tongues as follows:
" Diseased conditions are present in South American tongues to an extent of
2.5 per cent. No doubt many tongues are rejected by the inspectors in South
America, especially those which show extensive lesions in the blade of the
tongue. Recent importations show that the majority of these tongues are
being more carefully inspected ; the glands are frequently incised and properly
skewered in position. Actinomycosis (ray fungus disease) is present in South
American tongues, and must be fairly prevalent among the cattle. Tuberculo-
sis is also present among these infected South American tongues; all those
glands which showed caseous or calcareo-caseous nodules were submitted to
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 883
experimental examination witli the result that 67.7 per cent produced gener-
alized tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Seven cases of mixed infection (actino-
mycosis and tuberculosis) were found.
" From tlie frequent presence of actinomycosis and tuberculosis in the
lymphatic glands attached to imported frozen tongues, it has become impera-
tive that importers should see that all the glands are left attached to the
tongues."
A brief report upon an examination of South American tongues, by J. M.
Beattie (pp. 14-16), and a report upon 46 South American and 2 North Ameri-
can ox tongues and tongue glands examined for actinomycosis and tubercu-
losis, by D. M. Alexander (pp. 17-20) are appended.
[Work of the g'overnment bacteriolog'ist in vaccinating against tick fever,
pleuro-pneumonia, and blackleg], C. J. Pound {Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. and
Stock IQiieensland], 1912-13, pp. 85-87). — ^A short account of the results
obtained during 1912-13 from Immunizing 23,083 animals against tick fever.
Many of the animals were inoculated by the owners, and the balance, 9,498,
were treated, by the officers of the department.
Where the cattle were kept from tick infestation the average mortality was
only 2 per cent. " In several instances cattle from clean districts were placed
immediately after inoculation in tick-infested and redwater paddocks, and
although in each case the owner was advised as to the very great danger
which would follow, he stated that he was prepared to take the risk, with the
result that the losses were in some instances as high as 50 per cent."
Several steers free from tuberculosis and blackleg, which were immunized
against tick fever and whose blood was proved to give a reaction in suscep-
tible cattle, were sold as blood supply animals. In addition some stud ani-
mals were immunized. Altogether there were 72 valuable bulls, and one of
these died, this being the first fatal case out of 200 animals inoculated at the
station. The immunity conferred by injecting blood taken from an animal
that has recovered from either naturally or artificially produced fever, while
not absolutely perfect, is considered to be of a veiy high order.
The injection of normal horse serum (the horse is a nonsusceptible animal)
into cattle or the administration of quinin subcutaneously or intravenously did
not protect the animals against the disease. Specially prepared and tested
pleuro-pneumonia virus was supplied during the year for protective vaccina-
tion, and 32,420 head of cattle were treated. Several complaints were received
with reference to cattle dying after inoculation. Some of the tails of the cattle
had to be amijutated after inoculation.
Twelve hundred and thirty head of young stock were vaccinated against
blackleg.
Effects of tick eradication on the cattle industry of the South, "W. F. Ward
(U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anini. Indus., Effects of Tick Eradication on the Cattle
Industry of the South, 19H, pp. 26, figs. 8). — This paper discusses the recent
improvements that have taken place in the tick-free areas of the Southern
States and suggests methods of improvement which should be adopted as soon
as the ticks have been eradicated from any section.
Bighead in sheep, H. J. Frederick (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus.,
Bighcad in Sheep, 191^, pp. 6). — This is a report of investigations conducted by
this Department in cooperation with the Utah Experiment Station.
Bighead is an affection that has been observed by sheepmen for upwards of
30 years. It is characterized by a sudden swelling of the head and ears and the
presence in the swelled portions of the head of a straw-colored serum which
often drips from the parts. The affected tissues present a gelatinous appear-
ance, and the swelling is often so severe that the animal's vision is partially
884 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
or entirely obscured. This, with a severe irritation of the head, causes th©
animal to be extremely restless and to walk aimlessly about until exhausted.
It occurs in Utah and surrounding States, the greatest losses occurring in
southern and central Utah, southern Idaho, eastern Nevada, and western and
southern Wyoming. It is a condition induced by severe exertion of sheep during
very warm weather, especially after a cold storm or cold night, and is not trans-
missible from affected to healthy sheep. It attacks all kinds of sheep, both
young and old, male and female, but is not common among lambs.
It may be prevented by handling the sheep properly, that is by not driving
them too far or too fast on the trail, especially before shearing in the spring.
When sheep are affected they should be dropped out of the herd, or the entire
band should be held and allowed to rest, in the shade if possible, and be moved
only during the cooler parts of the day. Sheep with swelled heads should have
their heads anointed with olive oil or vaseline and be kept quiet for from 12
to 24 hours.
Vaccination ag'ainst sheep pox with sensitized virus, C. Dubois {Rev. G6n.
MM. Vet., 22 {1913), No. 264, PP- 649-661) .—The purix)se of these experiments,
which were made with young or adult sheep, was to test the efficiency of the
vaccine upon breeds of sheep which are very receptive to pox. The animals,
15 in all, were given one-quarter to one-half, and whole doses (0.2 cc.) of
vaccine. They were found to be extremely sensitive toward the vaccine and
3 out of 5 receiving the one-quarter dose reacted distinctly. When the entire
dose was given, all the animals gave a positive reaction, but although the latter
findings speak in favor of giving an entire dose, the symptoms which follow
are rather intense.
The lambs and sheep under treatment behaved better than did the ewes.
Ewes in lactation, when vaccinated, show a diminution in their milk secretion,
but those in a period of gestation rarely abort.
The method produces an immunity which protects animals against an infec-
tion such as would be produced when the sheep are kept in contact with
naturally diseased animals. The vaccine is without danger and in infected
localities the use vl the sero-vaccine is advised.
Experimental studies on contagious agalactia (deficiency of milk) in goats
and sheep, R. Marra and N. Cocciante {Gior. R. Soc. Nas. Vet., 61 {1912),
Nos. 15, pp. 329-337; 16, pp. 353-360; abs. in Inleniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mm.
Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913), No. 4, pp. 608, 609).—" The writers
give first a short review of the various works so far published dealing with
the contagious agalactia of sheep and goats and then pass on to a detailed
account of the disease. The chief symptoms of the latter are fever, alteration
of the lacteal glands, joints, and eyes of the animals ; but, as a rule, the former
are alone affected.
" The writers were able to produce the malady artificially in healthy sheep
by means of subcutaneous injections of the blood or milk filtrate taken from
diseased animals. Further, they were able to prepare a serum for immuniza-
tion against ■contagious agalactia which has proved to be very efficient."
Interim report of the departmental committee appointed by the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries to inquire into swine fever, with minutes of
evidence, index, and appendix {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Interim Rpt.
Dept. Com. Sicine Fever, pts. 1 {1911), pp. 16; 2 {1911), pp. IV +398, figs. 4; 3
{1914), PP- 4-\-38). — ^These reports include the deliberations of the committee
appointed to study the following points: "(a) To what extent is it possible
for contagion to spread by infective excretions being carried mechanically by
attendants and animals other than swine, (b) Whether external parasites,
such as certain lice, carry the disease from sick to healthy swine, (c) Whether
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 885
pigs which have, to all appearance, recovered from swine fever remain long
infective to other swine, (d) Whether apparently healthy pigs which have
been exposed to infection are capable of transmitting the disease as carriers,
(e) For what period it would be safe to consider swine which have recovered
from swine fever to be iinmime against a further attack, (f) What use, if
any, could be made of artificial methods of immunization to expedite the eradi-
cation of swine fever? (g) Whether any of the methods which have lately
come into use in connection with other diseases could be employed in the
diagnosis of nontypical cases of swine fever."
No experimental data are reported, but certain tentative recommendations
are made and the opinions of experts and others interviewed by the committee
are included.
Hog cholera control, G. H. Gloveb (Colorado Sta. Bui. 197 (1914), pp. 3-
11). — This popular account includes a discussion of the hog cholera campaign
in the San Luis Valley, with a report of work done by the Monte Vista Hog
Growers' Association from February 10, 1913, to February 1, 1914.
The preparation of hog cholera immune serum, A. D. Fitzgerald (Vet.
Alumni Quart. [Ohio State Univ.], 1 (1913), No. 1, pp. 5-7).— A short descrip-
tion of the preparation and standardization of antihog-cholera serum.
Preliminary report on the results of the treatment of 140,000 head of
swine with serum- virus in Ohio, P. Fischeb (Vet. Alumni Quart. [Ohio State
Univ.], 1 (191Ji), No. 3, pp. 6^-67). — The figm-es given are based upon the
compiled reports sent in by owners whose herds were treated during a period of
two years, ended November 4, 1912. Approximately 2,000 herds of swine in all
parts of the State of Ohio and comprising 140,000 animals were treated by
official veterinarians, but reports were received for only 1,762 herds containing
116,714 hogs. The serum-virus treatment was used only for healthy herds.
Of the original number of swine in the herds considered (100,773), 11,056
had died before treatment was applied. There were left untreated on account
of supposed infection 9,850, of which 6,321 died from cholera. Also 21,319 had
temperatures ranging from 104 to 108° F., indicating the probable presence of
infection at the time of treatment and 10,276 died after treatment. Of 2,816
pregnant sows treated, 1,445 were reported as farrowing healthy litters, 473 as
having aborted, and 898 sows were not reported.
Compiled reports for the years 1910-11 and 1911-12 on 526 healthy herds com-
prising 39,958 animals show that 26.997 animals, of which 5,920 showed high
temperatures indicating possible infection, received serum-virus treatment; 9
animals received serum-alone treatment ; and 14,204 animals were left untreated
on account of previous treatment or because they were ready for market or for
experimental observation. Of the treated pigs 12 were reported by the owners
as having died from what they believed might have been cholera. Six hundred
and sixteen apparently healthy pregnant sows were included among the treated
animals in the healthy herds, and of these 459 sows were reix)rted as having
farrowed healthy litters, 104 were not reported, and 53 sows were reported as
having aborted.
These figures show that the danger from serum treatment, so far as caus-
ing abortion is concerned, is not serious.
" Since 1908 about 250,000 head of swine have been treated with protective
serum (serum alone or serum and virus) under the direction of the state
veterinarian with serum prepared in the laboratories of the State Serum
Institute."
The results seem to indicate that where the serum-virus method was used in
healthy swine, practically perfect results were obtained.
886 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The control of hog cholera by slaughter methods, G. Hilton {Amer. Vet.
Rev., 44 (1914), No. 5, pp. 573-580). — In Canada the "premises on which this
malady is suspected, as well as adjacent ones, are promptly quarantined and
measures taken to establish a diagnosis. Directly this is accomplished, all
infected and contact hogs are slaughtered. The carcasses of the hogs which
have shown evidences of the disease, together with all debris, are cremated,
and when this procedure is impracticable they are covered with lime and deeply
buried. The apparently healthy hogs are suitably slaughtered on the owner's
premises, the carcasses carefully inspected, and a license issued permitting the
removal for sale purposes of any which are considered wholesome. It Is, how-
ever, not customary to remove the carcasses of hogs which have been in direct
contact with those showing symptoms of the disease.
"As soon as all carcasses and contact matter have been satisfactorily disposed
of, the cleansing and disinfection of the premises is proceeded with; this is
done under the supervision of the veterinaiy inspector in charge of the outbreak,
and must be performed in a manner entirely satisfactory to him. Cheap,
crudely constructed, insanitary hog houses are burned, while proper measures
are taken to disinfect effectively the more modern structures. The yards to
which hogs have had access are covered with lime and carefully plowed under,
and the trees in the orchards or yards and fences are also disinfected from the
ground to a suitable height. No hogs are permitted to be brought to any farm
until a period of three months has elapsed from the completion of disinfection."
Compensation is paid only for animals which are slaughtered at the request
of the inspector, and " a maximum valuation of $50 is allowed for registered
pure-bred hogs, and $15 for grades, the value In each case being adjusted by the
inspector whose decision is final."
The distribution of the disease in Canada is also discussed. The importation,
manufacture, sale, or use of hog cholera serum is prohibited in Canada.
Suggestions relative to the prevention of hog cholera, J. H. Kastle and
R. Geaham (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 181 (1914), PP- 149-155). — This paper includes
a tabular summary of I'esults obtained from the use of antihog-cholera serum
at the station during the month of June, which shows as low a mortality attend-
ing and following the inoculation as has been obtained elsewhere in the United
States. Of 3,180 hogs treated in 100 herds, reports of which were received,
2,961 or 93.1 per cent survived.
About infectious abortion in pigs and hog cholera, Doerwachter (Mitt.
Ver. Bad. Tierarzte, 12 (1912), No. 10, pp. 149-153) .—During the last few years
(1911-12) abortion has oc-curred in hogs without giving any clue to the causa-
tive factors. As a premonitory sign in some animals the vagina was swollen
and an exudate was present. In other animals these phenomena were entirely
absent, but after abortion in all animals an odorless, grayish-yellow exudate
was present. Marked constitutional disarrangement was hardly ever present
before abortion took place. The fetuses and the afterbirths were often eaten
by the hogs. The boars used for serving the animals in no case .showed signs
of a diseased condition. The clinical appearances are described in detail in
the article with the methods of disinfection and isolation.
A little later a very malignant form of the disease occurred and as a result
many sows died. The remarkable part of this enzootic was the presence of an
acute endometritis which is often noted in animals affected with hog cholera.
The pathologic anatomy resembled endometritis with a subsequent septicemia.
The bacteria noted in the uterine secretions at first appeared to be diplococci
but closer observation showed them to be bacilli with rounded ends. Whether
the organism in question was the Bacillus aiortus (Bang), B. suisepticus, B.
suipestifcr, or B, hipolaris septicus was not established.
VETERINARY MEDICINE. 887
The Bacillus abortivus equinus as an etiological factor in infectious
arthritis of colts, E. S. Good and W. V. Smith {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15
{1914), iS^o. 2, pp. 347-349). — The authors have isolated the organism causing
infectious abortion in mares from a colt affected with infectious arthritis. "At
the present time it is impossible to say as to what role the B. abortivus equinus
plays in the disease of infectious arthritis of colts, but that it is capable of pro-
ducing this disease, as are the other germs noted by investigators, is evidenced
in this instance."
The etiology of pyemic arthritis in foals, F. W. Schofield (Jour. Infect.
Diseases, 15 (1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 409-416). — The author's studies of the charac-
teristics of the bacillus which causes pyemic arthritis in foals show it to belong
to the colon-typhoid group and to be closely related to Bacillus parati/phosus B.
Attention is called to the fact that the organism isolated, and here described,
has a very close relationship to the one recently isolated by Good (E. S. R.,
29, p. 779) in contagious equine abortion. " In cultures the only difference
observed is that the bacillus of equine abortion causes fennentation in raflSnose
while my organism does not attack this carbohydrate. However, difference in.
strains would readily account for this. The most convincing evidence that
these organisms are but strains of the same species is that they can not be-
differentiated by means of the complement fixation test. Serams giving com-
plete fixation with antigen prepared from my organism also give fixation in
corresponding dilutions with antigen prepared from the bacillus of equine abor-
tion. With characteristics that correspond so closely, these organisms appear
to be but strains of the same species, and it is quite probable that the same
organism may be responsible for both septic arthritis and abortion. These dis-
eases commonly coexist in the same locality ; furthermore, it is of frequent
occurrence for a mare to abort one season and during the next to deliver a colt
that develops septic arthritis. The more one studies the clinical history of
these diseases the more convincing becomes the probability of their common
etiology in many instances."
A text-book of horseshoeing for horseshoers and veterinarians, A. Lttng-
wiTz and J. W. Adams (Philadelphia and London, [1913], 11. ed., pp. 216, .
figs. 229). — In this eleventh edition of Lungwitz's work, J. W. Adams assumes '
entire responsibility owing to the author's having reached the age of retire- |
ment. In revising the tenth edition, translated in 1904, many chapters have |
been rewritten and illustrations withdrawn and others added in order to keep '\
pace with the progress in farriery. The effect of weight in the shoe in altering ■
the flight of the foot is discussed, as are rubber pads, so widely used in the
United States. Attention is directed to many innovations of more or less value
that have appeared during recent years.
The various chapters deal with (1) the gross anatomy of the horse, (2)
the foot in its relation to the entire limb, (3) shoeing healthy hoofs, (4) shoeing
horses that forge and interfere, (5) winter shoeing, (6) hoof nurture, (7) general ,
remarks concerning the shoeing of defective hoofs and lame horses, (8) inflam-
mations of the pododerm (pododermatitis), (9) defects of the hoof, and (10)
shoeing mules, asses, and oxen.
Vaccine treatment of chicken pox in fowls (Wisconsin 8ta. Bui. 240 (1914),
pp. 36, 37, fig. 1). — In experiments with the vaccine treatment of chicken pox,
first suggested by Manteufel (E. S. R., 23, p. 792), highly beneficial results were
obtained by F. B. Hadley, B. A. Beach, and J. G. Halpin in ailing as well as
in bealthy fowls.
The vaccines were prepared by grinding diseased tissues, such as pox scabs
and afl'ected membranes, and subjecting them to a temperature of 55° C. (131"
F. ) for one hour. " Four hundred and forty fowls were treated five days apart
70903°— 14 7
EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED.
by a double vaccination. In tliis lot only 4 subsequently developed tbe dis-
ease while in 75 unvacccinated controls 26 well-marked cases' of chicken pox
occurred in three weeks. Although there seems to be a considerable variation
iu the natural susceptibility of fowls to artificial inoculation, birds treated with
the vaccines and placed in infected pens escaped the disease while it was
possible to infect controls." See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 785).
EUEAL ElTGINEERHiTG.
Irrigation manager and Ms legal problems, F. H. Newell (Jour. Elec-
tricity, 33 (1914), No. 5, pp. 95-100, figs. 4)-—-^ discussion is given of the water
situation in the Western States, paricular stress being laid upon the economic
use of water as a determining factor in its assignment. Illustrations are given
of what are pointed out to be the evils occurring under the desert land and
Carey acts and of their elimination by the reclamation act.
aeport on irrigation for the year 1913 {Dcpt. Int. Canada A7in. Rpt., 1914,
pt. 7, pp. 119, pis. 12, figs. 50). — This is a report on administrative work, inspec-
tions of irrigation projects, stream measurements, special hydrographic surveys,
and drainage investigations for the year ended March 31, 1913. A special section
by H. O. Brown deals with the rating of current meters. Maps and tabular
data accompany the report.
Irrigating plant for 625 acres, E. R. Feicht (West. Engin., 5 {1914), No. 1,
pp. 22-26, figs. 5). — ^This article describes the selection of apparatus and its
erection and operation for a small irrigating plant in which first cost as well as
satisfactory operating results were conditions of vital importance.
Irrigation from tube-wells, F. Hughes {Agr. Jour. Egypt, 4 (1914), ^o. 1,
pp. 66-70). — Results of examinations of well waters and the soils and crops
watered by them in Upper and Lower Egypt indicate that "damage to land
or crops by the use of well wa,ter is rare," but " that water having over 1.000
parts per million of dissolved matter should be avoided when possible."
A weir chart, R. J. Broweb (Power, 40 (1914), No. 1, p. 9, fig. 1). — The author
explains his idea of a chart applicable to all weirs by which the discharge for
any width is readily determined by simple multiplication.
The transportation of debris by running water, G. K. Gilbert and E. C.
Murphy (U. S. Gcol. Survey, Prof. Paper No. 86 (1914), pp. 263, pis. 3, figs. 89;
abs. in Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4 (1914), No. 7, pp. 154-158). — Investigations
made to determine the laws which control the movement of bed load of debris,
and especially to determine how the quantity of load is related to the stream's
slope and discharge and to the degree of comminution of the debris, are re-
ported. In each experiment a specific load of sand and gravel sorted into
grades of uniform size was fed to a stream of specific width and discharge.
A competent slope <t limiting transportation was found for each combination
of discharge, width, and grade of debris. With lower slopes there was no
load and increase of slope increased the debris capacity, which varied as
(5f — ff)n^ in which S equals the stream's slope and n ranges from 0.93 to 2.37,
the values being greater as the discharges are smaller or the debris coarser.
For each combination of width, slope, and grade of debris, there was a com-
petent discharge, 7c. The capacity varied as (Q—k)", in which Q is the
stream's discharge and o ranged from 0.81 to 1.24, the values being greater as
the slopes are smaller or the debris coarser. For each combination of width,
slope, and discharge, there was a limiting fineness of debris $. The capacity
varied with (F — ^)p, in which F is the degree of fineness and p ranged from
0,50 to 0.62, the values being greater as slopes and discharges are smaller.
For any combination of slope, discharge, and fineness there was a particular
ratio of depth to width corresponding to maximum capacity and ranging from
KURAL ENGINEERING.
889
0.5 to 0.04, being greater as slope, discharge, and fineness were less. With con-
stant slope the capacity varied with the 3.2 power of velocity, with constant
discharge it varied with the 4.0 power of velocity, and with constant depth
with the 3.7 power of velocity.
In general, debris composed of particles of a single size moved less freely
than debris containing particles of many sizes. The load, including that car-
ried in suspension and that dragged along the bed, increased the energy by
adding its mass to that of the water, and decreased it by restricting the
mobility of the water and by the work required in transportation.
Capacities were notably larger for flume transportation than for stream
transportation and increased for rolling particles with coarseness and for leap-
ing particles with fineness. Capacities also increased with slope, and usually
with discharge, but were reduced by roughness of bed.
The position of the level of maximum velocity was higher in loaded streams
as the load was greater, and higher in unloaded streams as the slope was
steeper, the discharge greater, and the bed rougher.
The constant of the Pitot velocity gage (the ratio between the head realized
and the theoretical velocity head) was found to be not the same in all parts
of a conduit, being less near the water surface and greater near the bottom
or side.
Subirrigation and drainage for golf greens (Engin. Neivs, 72 (1914), No. 4,
pp. 199, 200, figs. 3). — A system is described and illustrated.
Drainage of Shoshone irrigation project, D. W. Murphy {Engin. Rec, 69
(1914), No. 23, pp. 634-636, figs. 6).— This article describes the construction of
a system of closed and open drains which was made necessary by the rising
water table and the rapidly increasing area of water-logged soil. Cost data
on excavation with the dragline scraper and the ditch excavator are also given.
Reclamation of alkali lands, F. B. Headley (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant
Indus., Work Truckee-Carson Expt. Farm 1913, pp. 11-14, fiO- 1)- — The porosity
of soils made impervious to water by an excess of alkali salts was greatly in-
creased by treatment with either gypsum or quicklime. Gypsum is concluded
to be the more desirable of the two.
For the reclamation of alkali soils a drainage system of redwood 2,620 ft.
long was constructed, at an average depth of 4^ to 5 ft. The drainage water is
pumped from a sump by a 3-in. centrifugal pump, discharging slightly over i cu.
ft. of water per second, and operated by an electric motor. It was found that
each watt of electricity used pumped 1.195 second-feet of water.
The total alkali salts removed by the drainage system is shown in the fol-
lowing table:
Quantity of electricity used and of icater and total salts pumped hy the drain-
age system of the Truckee-Carson Experiment Farm in 1913.
Month.
Electricity
Water pumped.
Average
salts.
Palts
pumped.
January . . .
February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October . . .
November .
December . ,
Kilowatts.
18
26
60
100
125
66
38
28
34
30
24
29
Total.
CuUcfeet.
21,510
31,070
71,700
119,500
149,375
78,870
45, 410
33,460
40,630
35,850
28, 680
34, 655
690, 710
Pounds.
1,344,375
1,941,875
4,481,250
7. 468, 750
9,335,937
4,929,375
2,838,125
2,091,250
2, 539, 375
2, 240, 625
1,792,500
2,165,937
43,169,374
Per cent.
0. 250
.2r.9
.232
.285
.323
.296
.247
.196
.184
.179
.187
.183
Pounds.
3,361
4,G41
10,397
21,286
30, 155
14, 591
7,010
4,099
4,672
4,011
3,352
3,963
111,538
890 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Electricity versus steam in drainage pumping (Elect. World, 6^ {1914),
No. 6, pp. 275-277, figs. J/). — Data on first cost and operating expenses of steam
and electrically driven pumping stations used for draining agricultural lands
along tlie Illinois and Mississippi rivers are given. They show that the cost of
building a modern electrical pumping station varies from 50 to 60 per cent of
the cost of building a steam station to do the same work. It is claimed to have
been established that the total operating expense for electrical pumping stations
for drainage district service is from 10 to 35 per cent less than the total operat-
ing expense of steam stations under the same conditions.
Construction and maintenance of sand-clay roads in Georgia — methods and
cost, J. C. Koch {Engin. and Contract., 42 {1014), No. 5, pp. 107-111. figs. 7).—
This article gives detailed methods and costs of both construction and mainte-
nance of sand-clay roads in Georgia, using top soil, other natural sand clays,
and artificially mixed sand clay for surfacing.
Standard cross sections for Illinois roads {Engin. and Contract., 1^2 {1914),
No. 5, pp. 111-113, figs. 4)- — Cross sections for macadam, brick, and concrete
roads used in the construction of roads in Illinois in 1914 are given, with the
reasons for their adoption.
The organization and standards of the Iowa Highway Commission {Engin.
and Contract., 42 {1914), No. 3, pp. 55-58, figs. 14). — This article describes the
organization of the Iowa Highway Commission and gives illustrations of the
road and culvert standards adopted by them.
Standard I-beam and pile highway bridges of the Iowa State Highway
Commission {Engin. and Contract., 4^ {1914), No. 5, pp. 102-104, fiffS- 3).—
This article gives design drawings and essential data for standard I-beam and
pile highway bridges of this commission, as well as drawings of standard pile
abutments for steel highway bridges.
Experiments on the effect of compression on a small gas engine, E. G.
EoEHM and W. W. Tangemann {Gas Engine, 16 {1914), No. 7, pp. 413-420,
figs. 10). — ^A series of tests on a vertical single-cylinder 4-cycle gas engine of
4f-in. bore and Sg-in. stroke, rated at 3 horsepower, hit and miss governed and
with mechanically operated valves, is reported. The object was to determine
and explain the effect of increasing the compression on the economy.
The degree of compression was varied by changing the clearance volume,
which was effected by redesigning the cylinder head and providing for its ver-
tical adjustment by telescoping the head into the cylinder and placing spacer
rings under the shoulder, thus obtaining compression ratios ranging from 2.5 :1
up to 8.5 : 1. A large gain in economy as regards gas consumption and thermal
efficiency was obtained up to a compression ratio between 5 and 6 : 1. Above this
at all horsepowers the economy tended to decrease. The percentage of total heat
in gas absorbed by the jacket water reached a maximum at a compression ratio
of 3.5 to 4.5 : 1, and a minimum between 5 and 6 : 1. The British thermal units
absorbed by the jacket water per brake horsepower hour were least between
compression ratios of 5 and 6 to 1, and tended to rise beyond 6 : 1. The British
thermal units per brake hor.sepower hour appearing as sensible heat in exhaust
decreased up to a compression ratio of 6 : 1 and then increased above 6.5 : 1. The
minimum was reached at lower compression ratios with the higher loads. The
maximum horsepower obtained with various compression ratios increased
steadily by use of higher compression.
It is concluded that for a gas similar to a natural gas having a high heating
value (950 to 1,100 B. T. U. per cubic foot) the most economical operation is
obtained by using compression ratios between 5.5 and 0.5 : 1.
Fuel consumption of gasoline engines {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 240 {1914), P-
41).— A series of tests conducted by F. White with farm engines of from 3 to 6
RUEAL ENGINEERING. 891
horsepower to determine the relative economy under different loads indicated
that the larger engines are as economical in the nse of fuel on a small load
as are the smaller engines when carrying the same load.
Gasoline engine troubles and the care and operation of gasoline engines,
G. E. P. Smith {Arizona Sta. Bui. 71 {1913), pp. 797-814, pi. 1, figs. 5).— This
bulletin is intended primarily for the popular discussion of gasoline engine
troubles, but deals in addition with sevei'al other important features cncern-
ing the care and operation of engines. It deals particularly with 4-cycle en-
gines, which are said to constitute at least 95 jper cent of the gasoline engines
in use in Arizona. A trouble-hunting chart for gasoline engines is included
which takes up in detail troubles in starting and troubles after starting.
In a discussion of fuel consumption it is pointed out that for fuel economy an
engine should work close up to its rated load, and that it is not advisable, there-
fore, to purchase an engine with much excess of power above the required
amount. It is further stated that the fuel consumption for a lO-horsepower
engine, or larger, with good conriiression should not exceed 1 pint per brake
horsepower hour on full rated load, or IJ pints per brake horsepower hour
at one-half load.
Information obtained from investigations of Strong and Stone previously
noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 384) regarding the economical adjustment of the needle
valve is also given.
Tests of feed mills, H. Wirth {Arb. Deut. Sek. Landeskiilt. Rat. Konigr.
BoJiinen, No. 19 {1914), PP- 52, figs. 13). — Seven feed mills^ including three
stone mills, two I'oUer mills, and two toothed disk mills, are described and illus-
trated and comparative tests, using different grains, are reported. The tests
were divided into (1) a comparative accomplishment test of the unused mills,
(2) a duration test, and (3) a second accomplishment test of the used mills
after being subjected to the first two tests.
The amounts of coarse meal ground exceeded the amounts generally claimed
for the machine by the manufacturers, but the amounts of fine meal were gen-
erally less than claimed. The power utilization was greater than claimed,
and when the mills were running empty varied between 0.22 and 0.53 horse-
power.
Only three of the mills were able to grind oats to a fine meal. Generally a
better degree of fineness of the ground product was obtained with the stone
mills than with the other two types. Any desired degree of fineness of meal
^vas, however, more readily and cheaply obtained with the roller mill, and the
toothed disk and roller mills were the more suitable for the production of coarse
and medium meal.
The hourly capacity of the roller and toothed disk mills exceeded that of the
stone mills, while the stone mills were more easily cleaned and less noisy.
A magnet was satisfactorily used in six of the mills for excluding foreign
metal bodies, but the success of this method is found to depend not only on the
strength of the magnet but on its ai-rangement, location, and inclination.
Handling silage, L. W. Chase and I. D. Wood {NeJjraska Sta. Bui. 145
{1914), PP- 5-25, figs. 19). — This bulletin gives general information regarding
cutting and loading corn for silage, silage cutters and cutting, filling and seal-
ing silos, and removing silage from pit and above-ground silos by means of
hand, horse, and mechanical power, and general cost data on silo filling.
For cutting corn the use of com knives is considered advisable only on very
small jobs and then only when sled harvesters or corn binders are not avail-
able. The sled harvester is said to be probably the cheapest of the three
methods, but the corn binder is considered to be the most satisfactory.
892 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
The cost of cutting aud loading by means of the sled harvester was found to
be $1.28 per acre in one case and $1.98 per acre, or $0,259 per ton in another.
The cost of cutting corn with a corn binder on 16 Nebraska farms and of deliv-
ering it bound was about $1.77 i^er acre or $0,236 per ton. Power cutters with
fan blowers are considered to be always advisable where many large silos are
to be filled. The drag carrier may be used successfully in filling pit and semipit
silos but is not successful where a long carrier is required or in windy countries
unless the carrier is covered.
A description and illustration of a simple homemade hand hoist for pit and
semipit silos is appended.
Concrete silos {Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Minneapolis, 1914, PP- 104, fiffs.
7g). — This is a pamphlet of practical information for the use of farmers and
rural contractors regarding the construction of monolithic concrete and con-
crete block silos and concrete silo water tanks. A large amount of specific
data is given accompanied by diagrammatic illustrations.
The construction and equipment of dairy barns, W. D. Nicholls (Ken-
tucky 8ta. Bui. 119 {1914), pp. 37-112, figs. ^6).— This bulletin gives informa-
tion to dairymen ou the construction and equipment of dairy buildings. In
dealing with the subject the author has kept in mind the average farmer of
limited capital. A number of detailed plans of dairy buildings are included in
which it has been the intention to keep economy and efliciency paramount.
Elaborate and costly barns are considered to be unnecessary for permanence,
sanitation, comfort of cows, or convenience in the production of clean milk.
It is stated that money inAOsted in a dairy barn should be required to pay at
least 10 per cent a year to cover interest, depreciation, taxes, insurance, etc.
It is also stated that a good business farmer seldom puts more than $50 per
cow in a dairy barn. Labor saving arrangements are emphasized and it is
stated that in nearly all cases abundant hay storage should be provided by the
construction of a roomy hay loft over the first story. This is considered to be
by far the cheapest hay storage.
The barn should be large enough to meet the present needs of the farm and
to allow for a reasonable growth in crop and stock production, but ordinarily
when home grown silage and roughage feeds are produced no more than 60
to 80 cows should be placed in one stable.
The importance is emphasized of so locating the dairy barn as to avoid odors
and contamination from hog pens, chicken houses, and other places which are
liable to be unclean. It is stated that, if possible, the barn should run north
and south so that the sunlight may enter from both sides during the day.
From the standpoint of economy it is considered desirable to have the barn
as narrow as possible, consistent with efficiency and sanitation. The ad-
vantages and disadvantages of timber and plank framing for the dairy barn
are discussed and the latter arrangement is seemingly favored.
It is considered usually desirable to place the cows in two rows. The plan
of facing the cows inward may be used to advantage when the greatest economy
of floor space is desired since it permits the use of a narrow barn. With the
cows faciug outward a wide barn is necessary, but this width permits a drive-
way wide enough for a team to be driven through from end to end. thus loading
the manure directly from gutter to wagon or si)reader. The standard width
of a cow stall is 3^ ft., and for small cows like the Jersey the length of the stall
from gutter to manager should be 4i ft., for long cows like the Holstein or
Shorthorn, 5 ft., and for very long cows, 54 ft.
Other desirable features are described and illustrated, and the importance
of a plentiful supply of water for the cows is especially emphasized.
RURAL ECONOMICS. 898
Au extensive section gives costs and bills of material for a number of the
barns described.
The dairy barn at the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, J. J.
Hooper {Kentucky 8ta. Bui. 119 (1914), pp. 113-117, figs. 4).— This barn is)
described and illustrated.
Making a poultry house, M. R. Conover (Neio York, 1912, pp. 54, pis. 8,
figs. 4)- — This book treat.s in a popular manner with the planning; and con-
struction of poultry houses, dealing specifically with such features as floors,
foundations, walks, windows, ventilation, doors, nests, roosts, and runs.
Figuring radiation for kitchens using gas fuel, J. A. Donnelly (Dom.
Engin., 6S (1014), A^o. 5, pp. 127, 128). — A formula is suggested for calculating
the necessary amount of radiation for heating rooms by hot water which is
particularly applicable to kitchens.
[Sanitation] (Bien. Rpt. Bd. Health Minn., 1911-12, pp. 439-450, figs. 10). —
This section treats briefly with the disposal of dairy, residential, and school
sewage, and gives plans for sewage-disposal apparatus. Suggestions are also
presented for constructing an Imhoff tank and for converting a septic tank into
an Imhoff tank.
Local venting of plumbing v. safety first, I. A. Mann (Dom. Engin., 68
(1914), A^o. 6, pp. 152-155, figs. 5). — The author discusses the subject from the
bacteriological standpoint and concludes that local vents in sanitary plumbing
systems are wasteful, expensive, unnecessary, and dangerous.
The relation of methods of disposal of sewage to the spread of pellagra,
J.^ F. SiLER, P. E. Garrison, and W. J. MI^vcNeal (Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and
Med., 11 (1914), ^o- 3, pp. 94, 95). — In this summary of their work, the authors
state that, judging from their field studies, "pellagra has spread most readily
in communities in which unscreened surface privies were in use. ... In two
mill villages completely equipped with a water carriage sewer system, it was
impossible to find cases of pellagra which had certainly originated there. Indi-
viduals suffering from pellagra contracted elsewhere were not lacking in these
communities."
RURAL ECOITOMICS.
[Economic studies] (Wisconsin 8ta. Bui. 240 (1914), PP- 4~1S, figs. 7). — ^A
chart showing the distribution of the price paid by the consumer for Cheddar
cheese among producer and middleman (B. S. R., 29, p. 675) is presented and
discussed, together with data in regard to the marketing of potatoes. The two
main services which must be rendered in marketing potatoes are the storing of
the supply harvested in one month in order that there may be potatoes for the
remainder of the year, and distributing the surplus potatoes of the principal
potato districts to regions where fewer potatoes are produced than consumed.
The storing of potatoes is a function mainly performed by the producer. The
work of the local dealers is largely that of sorting and loading into cars. It
was found that generally there were too many warehouses at each shipping
station for their economic handling. However, many local dealers handle lum-
ber, feed, and machinery in addition to potatoes.
The station is also making a detailed study of rural credit in Dane and Rusk
counties as illustrating the diversity of conditions existing in the State. It is
also investigating the methods employed by the local banks in meeting the
requirements of local rural credit.
Among the conclusions drawn from other studies were that on two farms the
value of manure did not pay for the labor of feeding, milking, and caring for
the dairy herd, and that those farmers who had increased their investment in
894 EXPEEIMEISTT STATION EECOED.
operating capital are realizing greater profits than tbose operating tlieir farms
less intensively. From rural social surveys made in different parts of ttie State
it is concluded tliat the village or small city of the agricultural type in Wiscon-
sin is the center of a real rural community, that a certain area of land sur-
rounding this village or small city is as necessary to it as is the land under its
dwellings, shops, and stores, and that the major interests of the farm family on
this adjacent area of land are identical with those of the dwellers in the village
or small city trading center.
An investigation of piece wage in agriculture, voN Esden-Tempski (Landtc.
Jalirh., 46 (1914), No. 3, pp. Jf5o-40S). — The author describes the influence of
payment by the piece upon agricultural laborers hired by the year, the seasonal
or migratory laborers and free laborers, and methods of determining the pay-
ment. He apparently believes it puts a premium upon skill, but requires a very
careful arrangement and analysis of the farm operations to be administered
successfully.
The movement of wheat prices and its causes, L. Peeimann (Schr. Ver.
Sozialpolit., 139 (1914), pt. 3, pp. 73, figs. 10).— The author discusses the rela-
tive changes in the prices of wheat in Prussia, France, England, and the United
States over a long series of years, the various factors influencing the daily,
monthly, and yearly fluctuations, and the relation of the price of wheat to the
general price movement.
Markets and rural economics, T. J. Brooks (Neiv York, 1914, pp. 397). —
The author discusses the agencies controlling prices, methods of marketing,
cooperation, rural credit, cost of living, and their relationship to farming and
the farmers. A brief bibliography is included.
Farmers' market bulletin (Farmers' Market Bui. [N. (7.], 1914, Nos. 1, pp.
16; 2, pp. 19; 3, pp. 79). — ^According to Bulletin 1, if the farmer is to take any
part in the business of marketing his own produce, there must be (1) an
organization to grow a uniform product within each community, (2) an organi-
zation to gather information from the farmers who have products for sale and
to distribute this to possible buyers, (3) an organization for obtaining infor-
mation of prices of different markets and for distributing this information to
all producers, and (4) an organization to distribute to a central agency for
redistribution all orders and inquiries which the individual farmer or farmers'
organizations can not fill. The North Carolina Experiment Station in coopera-
tion wath the State Department of Agriculture is attempting to perform the
function of the central agency. The bulletin also contains regulations for
answering all inquiries concerning sale of agricultural products and for listing
products in the bulletin, and a list of farmers who have specified products
for sale.
Bulletin 2 contains a partial list of fruit and vegetable growers in North
Carolina, with acreage and probable shipping dates. Bulletin 3 outlines the
organization necessary for the marketing of truck and fruit and gives a list of
buyers and the character of business done and products handled by those pur-
chasing such products, not only in North Carolhia but in other States.
Proceedings of the seventy-fourth annual meeting of the New York
State Agricultural Society (A". Y. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 60 {1914), PP- 1441-1715,
pis. 27, fig. 1). — A number of the discussions at this annual meeting related to
the marketing of agricultural products, cooperation, rural credit, drainage, work
of farm bureaus, and agricultural education.
Proceedings of the Agricultural Conference and Corn Shown {Proc. Agr.
Conf. and Corn Show, 1913, pp. 269). — Among the principal topics discussed
were the relationshii)s between the farmers and city consumers, methods of
KUEAL ECONOMICS. 895
marketing, and improving agricultural production. Several of the speakers
gave descriptions of the various agencies working to solve these problems.
Report of the Missouri Country Life Conference, 1914 {Mlssoiifi Bd. Agr.
Mo. Bill. 12 (1914), No. Ii, pp. 138, figs. 29). — At this conference were discussed
means of improving rural conditions as they have been actually worked out
through the school, church, public organizations, and better credit facilities.
Facts and fiction about crops, C. G. Hopkijsts {Science, n. ser. 37 {1913), No.
952, pp. 470-476). — The author in this article alleges that there are serious
discrepancies between the estimates of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
and the returns obtained by the Census, and that crop yields have been de-
creasing.
Statistics of crops, G. F. Warren {Science, n. ser., 4^ {1914), No. 1021, pp.
121-126, fig. 1). — The author maintains that there are errors in reasoning in
the above article, and gives an explanation for the apparent differences be-
tween the estimates of the Department of Agriculture and the Census returns.
He calls attention to the fact that by the bringing into cultivation of large
areas of land with low yields the average yield for the United States has de-
creased, but that in the region east of the Mississippi there has been very little
change in the farm acreage. Considering the five eastern geographic divisions
and the six important crops, corn, wheat, oats, hay and forage, cotton, and
potatoes, it is found that in 19 instances the highest rank occurred in 1909 as
against 5 instances in 1899, 3 in 1SS9, and none in 1879. •
Agricultural statistics of Ireland, 1913 {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ire-
land, Agr. Statis. 1913, pp. XXXV-\-2-145). — This annual statement contains
statistical tables showing the acreage and production of crops, the number of
occupiers and holdings, and the number of live stock. Between 1851 and 1913
the acreage in cereal crops decreased from 3,099.401 to 1,263,963 acres, and green /
crops and flax from 1,513,142 to 1,068,786 acres, while hay increased from/
1,246,408 to 2.481,822 acres. The number of holdings under one acre increased |/ /
from 37,728 to 88,133 and those above one acre decreased from 570,388 toi/ /
519,941. /
Agriculture under the influence of mining and manufacturing in the
Ruhr coal region of the Rhine, W. Amcrkck {Volksiv. u. Wirtschaftsgcsch.
AbJiandL, 3. ser., No. 1 {1913), pp. YZ-f- 87). —Between 1882-1907 the number of
agricultural establishments increased from 34,163 to 44.221. Those under 2
hectares (5 acres) comprising 91.24 and 94.81 per cent, resi>ectively, of the
total number. The land used for agricultural purposes decreased from 37.877
to 28,845 hectares. In 1878 agricultural land comprised 68.6 per cent of the
total land surface, whereas in 1907 it comprised only 43.1 per cent. The most
marked decrease took place in the pasture and grazing land. The number of
horses and swine increased while the number of cattle, sheep, and goats de-
creased. The increase of the value of land, foodstuffs, and farm animals had
a tendency to decrease the profits.
Statistics of agriculture, in Switzerland {Statis. Jahrh. Sclnoeis, 21 {1912),
pp. 58-75). — Contained in this annual report are statistical data showing for
cantons the area, production, and value of the principal agi-icultural products,
the production of butter and cheese, and the number of live stock.
In foreign fields, J. E. Wing {Chicago, 1913, pp. 549, pi. 1, figs, ^i).— This
book contains a description of agriculture as noted by the author in his travels
through South America and Western Europe. The facts observed relate prin-
cipally to the sheep industry.
896 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
AGEICIJLTURAL EDUCATION.
The relation of the agricultural college to the state normal school, A. V.
Storm (Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 51 {1913), pp. 516-521). — Thi^
paper deals with the relation between the agricultural college and the state
normal school in the preparation of teachers mainly as an administrative and
only incidentally as a pedagogical subject. The conclusion is reached that
rural and elementary grade teachers should receive their preparation in agri-
culture in the state normal school, while all other teachers giving instruction
in agriculture should be prepared in the college of agriculture. The reasons
given for this conclusion are based on the fundamental conditions inherent in
the two classes of institutions in most of the States.
How the adoption of a course of study in agriculture and related subjects
would help the public schools, J. Main (Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc.,
51 (1913), pp. 808-812). — In this discussion the author shows how the adoption
of a uniform high school course in agriculture would make possible the train-
ing of teachers in secondary agricultural pedagogy ; would enhance the utili-
tarian value of high school agriculture by the elimination of " freak courses "
and valueless exercises and the inclusion of essentials duly proportioned ; would
make possible the accrediting of schools and the evaluation of agriculture as a
preparatory training, and permit the student of agriculture to carry to distant
schools an intelligible report of work completed just as he now may in Latin
or algebra ; and would save the sciences and the scientific methods to the high
school from which they are in danger of being lost.
Report of the committee on courses of study in agriculture, E. C. Bishop
(Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 51 (1913), pp. 80 Jf-SO'T).— Among the
topics reported on are a unified course of study, development of project work,
home and school gardening, farm management, farm mechanics, agricultural
booklet, community survey, and boys' and girls' club work, preparation of
teachers, use of text-books, made-up-text and theme-book, credit for home work,
and personal, home, and community hygiene.
Agriculture and gardening in the public schools, C. F. Palmer (Addresses
and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 51 (1913), pp. 812-818). — In this discussion the
author contends that agriculture is as important a subject in the city schools
as in the country schools, the differences lying more in the opportunities for
carrying on the work and the outside experience that the jDupils bring to it than
in any innate differences between country and city youths. The work in school
gardening in Los Angeles, one of the few large cities of this countiy conducting
the work as a definite part of their educational system, is described in detail
from the author's personal experience as supervisor of agriculture in the
public schools. Gardening has been in operation in a number of schools with
varying degrees of success for several years but has demonstrated its value, and
over a year ago led to the establishment of a department of agriculture con-
sisting of a supervisor, assistant supervisor, and three special teachers. Each
of the four assistants was assigned a definite section of the city to develop.
Headquarters for conferences with teachers and the distribution of seeds,
plants, cuttings, etc., have been provided. Weel^ly classes in agriculture for
teachers have been conducted under the auspices of the state university which
through this department established its first extension course in agricultural
teaching.
In what way can the nature-study movement be of assistance to agri-
cultural teaching and social center work for rural communities, J. H. Paul
(Addresses and Proc Nat. Ed. Assoc, 51 (1913), pp. 803, S0>4).— The author
AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION. 897
outlines briefly three courses in nature study offered by tlie School of Educa-
tion of the University of Utah, one of which is required of all regular normal
students. Primary and kindergarten students take the course that deals pri-
marily with trees, the forest, and forest life, intermediate grade teachers the
course that deals with the local weeds, minerals, and the native bird life of the
Rocky Mountains, and those aiming to teach in higher grades study insect life
in the fall, rocks and soils in the winter, and plant life in the spring. Each
course bears three hours of college credit, or four hours if the laboratory work
is taken.
[Reports of the general committee and subcommittees on horticultural
courses] {Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 {1913), pp. 47-63). — In these reports three
fundamental principles underlying the permanent improvement of horticultural
teaching and a course in pomology are outlined by O. G. Woodbury, chairman
of the general committee on horticulture and of the subcommittee on pomology.
J. W. Lloyd, chairman of the subcommittee on olericulture, reports that if
anything like uniformity in instruction in vegetable growing is to be estab-
lished in the agricultural colleges of this country, the first step must be an
attempt to unify the scope, method, and thoroughness of instruction given in
the courses already offered in common by a number of institutions rather than
to bring about a similarity in the number of courses. It is recommended that
not more than two courses in vegetable gardening be adopted by all the col-
leges at the present time, viz, a general elementary course at present offered
in some form by 3.5 different institutions, and a more advanced course dealing
specially with the commercial phases of vegetable production and distribution.
Courses in vegetable growing are outlined.
A. C. Beal, chairman of the subcommittee on floriculture, gives a brief state-
ment of the present status of instruction in floriculture in this country and
recommends that the professional courses be preceded and founded upon
thorough courses in the histology and morphology of plants, plant physiology,
chemistry, soils, and fertilizers (plant pathology and economic entomology
also being important subjects) ; that a range of glass of the commercial type
is necessary as well as a man having good practical experience with the
ability to teach; and that in the absence of suitable text-books the lecture
method of presentation of the various subjects in commercial floriculture,
with extensive reference reading and thoroughly practical and definitely
planned laboratory work to supplement the lectures, be utilized.
The problem, of coordinating secondary school and college courses in
horticulture, W. J. Weight (Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 {1913), pp. 9-13). — The
author points out some of the reasons for the difficuty experienced in coordinat-
ing secondary school and college courses in horticulture.
The relation of horticultural practices to the horticultural curriculum,
C. I. Lewis {Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 {1913), pp. 14-18).— After briefly outlin-
ing the field of the college horticultural graduate the author discusses the
feasibility of various means of increasing the practical training of such gradu-
ates, viz, by following the European system of establishing trade schools, the
requirement of more secondary training in horticulture, the establishment of
secondary or trade schools within the colleges, the requirement of horticultural
experience for admission to college courses, increasing the number of credits
for the 4-year course by teaching horticulture during the entire year, requiring
the horticultural graduate to spend a certain time in practical work after
graduating, and the adoption of the apprenticeship system. He also discusses
the amount of laboratory and field work that can be done consistently in hor-
ticultural courses with the number of credits at present required in the average
898 EXPERIMENT STATIOl^ EECOED,
college, the equipment necessary to give tlie proper training, the relation of
training given for professional lines to that given for practical lines, and the
introduction of a new college course requiring each senior to take a half-year
course in which the principles and practice will be combined.
College courses in the harvesting and marketing of fruits and vegetables,
W. G. Brieely (Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 10 {1913), pp. 25-30).— A course in har-
vesting and marketing fruits and vegetables is outlined. The work can be given
in one continuous course or may be divided into two separate courses. Allow-
ance must be made for approximately 40 lectures with the necessary time for^
reviews and quizzes and at least 16 laboratory periods and time for a consider-
able amount of assigned reading.
Growing prize corn, P. G. Holden {PMladelphia, 1914, PP- 48, figs. 69). —
This booklet has been prepared for the particular use of boys, and the text
and illustrations have been taken from the author's Corn Secrets (E. S. R., 25,
p. 34).
Progress of agricultural education in 1912—13, F. B. Jenks and C. H.
Lane {Rpt. Comr. Education [U. S.}, 1913, I, pp. 211-233).— This is a review
for 1913 of the leading features of progress in agricultural education in this
country and abroad, including the agricultural education work of this Depart-
ment, the Graduate School of Agriculture, and educational and other con-
ventions.
Agricultural education [in Latin America], E. E. Brandon (U. S. Bur. Ed.
Bui., No. 30 (1912), pp. 104-114, P^s. 4)- — This chapter gives an account of the
beginnings and present organization of agricultural instruction in Latin-Ameri-
can countries, expenditures for and dissimilarities in organization of their
agricultural colleges, their admission requirements and curriculum, grades, and
agricultural careers of students, number, physical equipment, courses of study,
and types of elementary agricultural schools, and an agricultural normal school
in Argentina.
Agricultural education in the Republic of Argentina, T. Amadeo and C.
Vallejo (La Ensenanza Agricola en la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires:
Min. Agr., 1913, pp. 312, figs. 330). — This is an account, prepared for the Inter-
national Exposition at Ghent, of the system of agricultural instruction and ex-
perimentation in Argentina, and its development beginning with the establish-
ment of the first practical school of agriculture in 1S23.
Thirteenth annual general report of the Department of Agriculture and
Technical Instruction for Ireland (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Ann.
Gen. Rpt., 13 (1912-13), pp. VI +363). —This is the report of the department's
administration and funds and on the details of its work during 1912-13, includ-
ing agricultural and technical instruction.
Christchurcli Teclinical College agricultural department (Jour. Canterhury
Agr. and Past. Assoc, 3. scr., 2 (1914), PP- 37-39). — An account is given of the
theoretical and practical instruction in agriculture at this college.
Agricultural pupil scheme, W. G. Freeman (Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and
Tobago, 13 (1914), No. 79, pp. 89-94). — This is an outline of a scheme which
has been approved by the board of agriculture of Trinidad for the training of
students at least 16 years of age for such positions as overseers of estates. The
course of theoretical and practical instruction extends over three years, the first
two on estates managed by the department of agriculture and the third on an
approved private estate. The expenses are to be defrayed from the profits
made on the estates. The admission requirements, curriculum, and cost of the
scheme are given.
Agricultural education, R. H. Rijkens (In De Nedcrl and sell e Landhouw in
het Tijd-vak 1813-1913. The Hague: Dept. Landb. [1913], pp. 91-130).— The
MISCELLANEOUS. 899
author gives a detailed history of the development of agricultural education in
the Netherlands.
The feminist movement in agriculture, Odette Bvssard {Vie Agi: et
Riiralc, 3 {1914), No. 23, pp. 625-628) .—The author describes the facilities for
instruction in agriculture and home economics for women in France, viz, the
High School of Agriculture and Home Economics at Grignon, 38 local schools
of agriculture and home economics, farm women's clubs, and women's sections
in large agricultural societies.
The exhibition of rural school work, Anna B. Comstock {Nature-Study
Rev., 10 {1914), No. 5, pp. 161-167, figs. 6). — A description is given of a nature
study exhibit by the rural schools of New York State during Farmers' Week
at the College of Agi-iculture of Cornell University.
Agricultural extension service {Wiscotisin 8ta. Bui. 240 {1914), pp. 55-87,
figs. 20). — An account is given of the activities of the extension service, which
embrace (1) demonstration work of the different departments, mainly carried
on under field conditions; (2) the county agricultural representative system in
which resident instructors are located in the several counties; and (3) the com-
bined activities given in connection with the farmers' courses, schools, trains, etc.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Report of the director, 1913, H. L. Russell {'Wiscansin Sta. Bui. 240 {1914),
pp. 98, figs. 54). — This contains the organization list, a report of the work of
the station during the year, portions of which are abstracted elsewhere in this
issue, brief summaries of the publications of the year, and a financial state-
ment for the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913.
List of publications of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
{Kentucky Sta. Bui. 181 {1914), pp. 156-166). — A complete list of the publica-
tions of the station since its establishment.
NOTES,
Connecticut State Station. — H. K. Hayes, in charge of plant breeding work,
has accepted an appointment as associate professor of agronomy and associate
agronomist at the Minnesota University and Station beginning January 1, 1915.
Idaho University and Station. — F. L. Kennard, professor of field crops and
farm management and agronomist, has been appointed instructor of agronomy
and agronomist at the Minnesota substation at Crookston, vice O. I. Bergb, who
has been transferred as superintendent of the Grand Rapids (Minn.) substa-
tion. J. F. Nicholson, bacteriologist of the university and station, has resigned.
Illinois "University. — Citizens of Spring Valley, Bureau County, have donated
to the university for experimental purposes 17 acres of land near a local high
school. A similar offer of 20 acres of land near Kewanee, Henry County, has
been made by Thomas McNamara.
• Maine University. — V. G. Aubrey, instructor in animal industry, has been
appointed extension specialist in poultry in Rutgers College.
Minnesota Station. — Alex Carlyle, assistant in plant breeding, has accepted
the superintendency of the experiment farm established in connection vv^ith
the new provincial school of agriculture at Vermilion, Saskatchewan.
Missouri University and Station. — The biology building authorized by the
last legislature is now in use by the departments of zoology and botany. It is
a 2-story and basement structure 220 feet long by GO feet wide and cost $110,000.
It has been designed specifically for biological work and contains many features
of interest to experimenters along this line. It is regarded as probably the
most modern laboratory building on the university campus. J. B. Rand has
been appointed extension assistant in animal husbandry and veterinary science,
and assigned to the hog cholera eradication work.
Nebraska University. — J. E. Miller, of Lincoln, and E. P. Brown, of Arbor,
have been elected regents for a six-year term beginning January 1, 1915, suc-
ceeding George Coupland and C. E. Anderson. P. L. Hall, of Lincoln, has been
appointed regent, vice C. S. Allen, resigned, this appointment holding until the
next general election.
New Mexico College. — Miss Dora Edna Ross, of the extension division of the
University of Missouri, has been appointed to take charge of the extension
work in home economics.
North Carolina College and Station. — P. B. Sherwood has been transferred
from the position of instructor in chemistry in the college to that of assistant
chemist in the station.
Ohio State University. — Malon Yoder, of the department of agronomy, has
been appointed assistant in grain standardization in this Department with
headquarters at Portland, Oreg.
Vermont University. — E, L. Ingalls has been appointed in charge of the
agricultural club work in the public schools.
Wisconsin University and Station. — Hjalmar O. Watrud has been appointed
extension instructor in agi'icultural economics in the college of agriculture and
assistant in agricultural economics in the station.
900
ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATIOK MAT 3E PEOCUEED FKOM
THE SXIPEEINTE^-DENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVEENMENT FEINTING OFFICE
"WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
15 CENTS PER COPY
SUBSCEIPTION PEICE, PER VOLUME
OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, SI
r^J
INDEX OF NAMES.
Abbey, M. J., 299, 395, 400, 495.
Abbott, C. G., 213.
Abbott, J. B., 797.
Abderhalden, E., 181, 278, 361, 362,
379, 712, 876, 877.
Abelin, J., 856.
Abell, M. r., 399, 798.
Abrams, D. A., 91, 384.
Abt, G., 677.
Acosta, J. S., 285.
Acqua, C, 325.
Adam, G., 97.
Adams, C. S., 391.
Adams, J. F., 346, 348.
Adams, J. W., 887.
Adams, M., 19.
Adams, W. C, 154.
Addams-Williams, C, 784.
Adlington, E. R., 3S5.
Adriano, A. P., 737.
Aerehoe, 593.
Agee, H. P., 688.
Ageton, C. N., 627, 644, 816.
Agg, T. R., 590.
Ahr., 29, 328.
Aicher, L. C, 232.
Ainslie, G. G., 158.
Aitken, J., 515.
Ajrekar, S. L., 841.
Akemine, M., 529.
Alabaster, W. H., 558, 856.
Albert, R., 514.
Albertoni, P., 702.
Alciatore, H. F., 2U.
Alfe, J. E., 509.
Alessandriui, G., 859.
Alexander, D. M., 8S3.
Alexander, T., 518.
Alexandrowitsch, J., 736, 830.
Algu^, J., 812.
Allen, C. S., 900.
AUen, E. T., 340.
Allen, F.H.,. 192, 294.
AUen, F. W., 498.
AUen, J. A., 768.
AUen, P. W., 795.
AUen, R. F., 600.
AUen, R. M., 358,359.
AUen, R. T., 814.
AUen, R. W., 784.
AUen, "W. J., 636.
AUen, W. M., 659.
AUison, H. O., 306.
Allmarm, 877.
AUorio, G., 834.
Alpers, K., 3-57.
80404°— 15 2
Alps, H. C, 214.
Alsberg, C. L., 201.
Amadeo, T., 898.
Amar, J., 861.
Amberger, C, 804.
Ames, C. T., 136.
Ammann, P., 839.
Amorim, J. G. de, 444.
Anderk6, A. v., 24.
Andersen, C. W., 882.
Anderson, C. E., 900.
Anderson, E., 600.
Anderson, G., 663.
Anderson, G. E., 370, 768.
Anderson, O. G., 600.
Anderson, P. J., 150, 246, 751.
Anderson, R., 491.
Anderson, R. J., 707
Anderson, V. G., 812.
Anderson, W. S., 870.
Andouard, P., 266.
Andrade, N. C. P. de, 444.
Andreas, K., 369.
Andrewes, F. W., 771.
Andrews, B. R., 393.
Andrews, E. A., 850.
Andrews, F., 95.
Andrews, J. B., 795.
Andi-Iik, K., 529.
Andryewsky, P., 379.
Angeles d'Ossat, G. de, 418.
Angot, A., 416, 615.
Angremond, A. d', 535.
Annand, J. P., 538.
Anthony, E. L., 494, 694.
App, F., 139, 398.
Appel, O., 52, 307.
Appiani, H. P., 227, 232, 834.
Archibald, R. A., 376, 377.
Archibald, R. G., 177.
Arctowski, H., 20, 717.
Arens, P., 241.
ArgiieUes, A. S., 619.
Armsby, H. P., 606.
Armstrong, D. B., 654, 852.
Amd, 220.
Amdt, G., 667.
Arnold, G., 458.
Arnold, J. R., 641.
Arnold, W., 811.
Aronovici, C, 293.
Arrheniiis, S., 309.
Arthold, M., 392.
Arthur, G. M., 398.
Arthm-, J. C., 845.
Arthur, M., 496.
Arthur, W. R., 289.
Arzberper, E. G., 642.
Ascoli, A., 182, 878.
Ashby, A. W., 524.
Ashby, R. C, 769.
Ashe, W.W., 538.
Astley, G. B., 744.
Aston, B. C, 381, 419.
Athanassof, N., 863.
Atkins, W. R. G., 626.
Atkinson, A ., 633, 835.
Attwater, H. P., 248.
Atwood, H., 270.
Atwood, "W. M., 624.
Aubrey, V. G., 900.
Aubry, C, 290.
Auchinleck, G., 136.
Augstin, 41.
Augstin, M., 295.
Auguet, A., 412.
Auld,S. J. M., 711.
AuU, W. B., 643.
Aulmann, G., 59.
Aust, F. A., 495.
Austen, E. E., 63.
Austin, B. E., 394.
Austin, W. R., 198.
Austrian, C. R., 482.
Avereck, W., 895.
Averitt, S. D., 316.
Ayers, S. H., 275, 574, 771.
Babb, C. C.,511.
Babcock, E. B., 236.
Bachelder, N. J., 366.
Bachem, C., 478.
Back, E. A., 249.
Backer, C. A., 431.
Bacon, C. W., 115.
Bacot, A. W., 353.
Badin, R., 839.
Baer, A. C, 874, 875.
Baglioni, S., 264, 555.
BagnaU, R. S., 452.
BaU, O., 216.
BaHey, E. H. S., 164.
Bailey, G. W., 198.
BaUey, L. H., 605.
BaUey, V., 633.
BaUhache, G., 534.
Baillaud, E., 296.
Baker, A. C, 755.
Baker, C. F., 297.
Baker, I. O.,90.
Baker, M. S., 496.
Bakke, A. L., 628.
901.
902
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Baldzs, A.,507.
Baldinger, H. E.,600.
Baldwin, C. H., 452.
Baldwin, G. C, 118.
Balfour, A., 177.
Ball, C. R., 333.
Balland, 855.
Ballantyne, A. B., 300.
Ballard, W. S., 338, 748.
BaUen, D., 289.
Ballenegger, R., 814.
BaUou, H. A., 58, 452.
Balls, W. L., 831.
Ballu, T., 488.
Bamber, M. K., 742, 837.
Bancroft, C. K., 542.
Bang, I., 277.
Bang, O., 882.
Banks, N., 792.
Barber, C. W., 131, 832.
Barber, H. S., 352.
Barber, M. A., 752.
Barber, T. C, 42.
Barber, W., 768.
Barger, G., 207.
Barlt, I., 281.
Barker, A. ¥., 268.
Barker, B.T. P., 541.
Barker, E. E., 797.
Barnes, G. W., 397.
Barnes, W.C, 366.
Barnett, R. J., 799.
Barr, J. A., 725.
Barr, W., 813.
Barr, W. A., 393.
Barre, de la, 568.
Barre, H. W., 141, 643.
Barreda, L. de la, 51.
Barrett, O. W., 48.
Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H., 248.
Barrion, G., 287.
Barron, W. E., 214.
Barroso, G., 444.
Barrows, W. B., 640.
Barrus, M. F., 797.
Barry, S., 151.
Barsacq, J. P., 652, 849.
Barthel, C, 223, 722.
Bartholomew, 11., 796.
Bartlett, H., 139.
Bartlett, O. C, 153.
Bartolome, V. C, 733.
Barton, W. H., 794.
Bartow, E., 813.
Bassalik, K., 121.
Bassett, H. L., 224.
Bassotti, G., 532.
Baston, G. H., 525.
Bates, C. G., 639.
Bates, D. C, 21.
Bates, E. L., 380.
Bateson, W., 727.
Bathie, P. de la, 623.
Bauche, J., 484.
Baudisch, O., 223.
Baudrexel, A., 760.
Bauer, H., 409,
Baule, B., 44,
Baur, 200.
Baur, E., 528.
Bawden, W. T., 693.
Bayard, E. S., 266.
Bayliss, W. M., 608.
Beach, B. A., 887.
Beach, D., 299.
Beal, A. C, 443, 897.
Beal, "W. H., 199.
Beals, E. A., 213.
Beals, L. N., jr., 91.
Beam, W., 110.
Bean, W. J., 236.
Bear, W. E., 690.
Beard, J., 607.
Seattle, J. M., 282, 584, 883.
Beattie, R. K., 346, 731.
Beauverie, J., 842, 844.
Beccari, O., 143.
Becker, F. C, 363.
Becker, G., 561.
Beckman, F. W., 199.
Beckwith, T. D., 818.
Bedford (Duke of), 627.
Beegle, F. M., 268.
Beel, T. A., 460.
Behm, H. W., 564.
Behre, A., 357.
Beinhart, E. G.,4.3.
Beistcr, A., 461.
Beke, L. von, 543.
Beker, J. C, 765.
Belfanti, S., 880.
Belfort, R.,239.
Bell, A. G., 743.
Bell, B., 97.
Bell, C. E., 659.
Bell, N. E., 513.
Bell, R. H., 798.
Belling, J., 225, 734.
Bellingham, J. C, 294.
Bencke, A., 317.
Bender, G., 358.
Benedict, F. G., 465.
Benedict, H. M., 97.
Benjamin, E. W., 797.
Benkendorf, G. H., 875.
Bennett, E. R., 836.
Bentley, F. L., 797.
Bentley, G. M., 248, 63.5.
Bentley, J., jr., 341.
Benton, C. F., 260.
Bentzen, 285.
BA-g, P., 675.
Bergeim, O., 204.
Bergds, P., 44.
Bergh, O. I., 900.
Bergman, A. M., 482.
Bergenia, J., 861.
Bernard, C, 339, 639.
Bernard, P. N., 484.
Bernatsky, J., 47, 544.
Bernbeck, 26.
Berry, E. W., 142.
Berry, J. B., 695, 838.
Berry, J. L., 83.
Berry, S., 154.
Bersch, W., 118.
Bertani, M., 875.
Bertarelli, E., 463, 881.
Berthaul, M., 499.
Berthault, F., 621.
Berthault, P., 148.
Bertoni, M. S., 499.
Bertrand,759.
Bertrand, G., 165.
Bertrand, J., 53.
Besley, H. J., 525.
Besse, R. S., 797.
Bessey, C. E., 280.
Bessey, E. A., 543, 746.
Besson, 358.
Besson, A., 177.
Best, W. H., 775.
Betts, N. de W., 144.
Beurmann, de, 81.
Bieleman, G. J., 596.
Bieler, 42.
Biffen, R. H., 532, 541.
Bigford, G. L., 695.
Biggs, H. M., 498.
Bigler, P., 37.
Billson, H. B., 240.
Binder, 481.
Binford, E. E., 442.
Binger, C. A. L., 81.
Binnie, A. R., 511.
Birdseye, M., 394, 855.
Birkeland, K., 615.
Bischoff, A., 226.
Bishop, E.G., 298, 400, 896.
Bitter, L., 759.
BLxby, F. L., 488, 782.
Bizarre, A. H., 107, 860.
Bizzell, J. A., 112.
Bizzell, W. B., 600.
Bjerknes, V., 212, 615.
Blacher, C., 502.
Blackman, V. H., 32, 522.
Blackshaw, G. N., 331.
Blackwell, J. D., 798.
Blaha, S., 555.
Blaine, E. S., 384.
Blair, A. W., 124.
Blake, M. A., 440, 443.
Blakeslee, A. F., 225.
Blanck, E., 220, 513, 618, 621, 733.
Blaney, H. W., 795.
Blaringhem, L., 131, 531, 646, 841.
Blaschke, P., 850.
Blatherwick, N. R., 761.
Bligh, J. M., 277.
Bliss, R. K., 398, 869.
Blizzard, W. L., 197.
Blodgett, F. M., 449.
Bloor, W. R., 610.
Blouin, R. E., 628.
Blythe, M. G., 398.
Boardman, M. T., 340.
Bodkin, G. E., 454, 547.
Bodndr, J., 15, 114.
BogdAndy, S. von, 504.
Bogs, O., 514.
Bogue, R. H., 600.
Bohannan, C. D., 690.
Bohutinsk;^, G., 629.
INDEX OF NAMES.
903
Boijeau, A., 51.
Bokomy, T., 738.
Bolin, I., 310.
BoUey, H. L., 148.
Bolton, R. R., 379.
Bond, C. J., 271.
Bonebright, H. B., 684.
Bonthuis, R. P., 691. .
Booth, N. O., 336, 440.
Bordas, ¥., 176, 260.
Bordaz, G., 549.
Borland, A. A., 663.
Borland, W. P., 99.
Borman, T. A., 834.
Borner, C, 550
Bomstein, R., 19.
Borodin, D., 852.
Bos, J. R., 49.
Bosch, I. G. J. van den, 390.
Boss, A., 494,633.
Boss, K., 254.
Bosscha, K. A. il., 114.
Bosworth, A. W., 313, 710, 714.
Bothwell, G. E., 445.
Botto, A., 726.
Bottomley, W. B., 516, 821, 826.
Boullanger, E., 31.
Boulnois, H. P., 90.
Bourbakis, C. J., 233.
Bourne, A. I., 350.
Bourne, F. A., 293.
Boutaric, A., 20.
Bovell, J. R., 547.
Bowen, J. T., 188, 575.
Bowie, E. H., 615.
Bowley, A. L., 691.
Boyd, J. R. M., 831.
Boyd, L. T., 497.
Boyd, M. M., 566.
Boyle, H. H., 48, 497, 837.
Boyle, J. G., 44.
Boynton, W. H., 677.
Bracci, F., 142.
Braeksen, J., 831.
Brahm, C, 179.
Brainerd, W. K., 498.
Branch, H. E., 59.
Brand, A., 214.
Brand, C. J., 789.
Brandon, A. J., 524.
Brandon, E. E.,898.
Brandon, H. C.,393.
Brandt, P. M., 786, 797.
Brashear, C. E., 796.
Braun, C. F., 588.
Bray, C. I., 592.
Breed, R. S., 372.
BreinI, F.,216.
Breitung, E. N., 192.
Bremekamp, C. E. B., 233, 834.
Bremer, W., 505.
Brenchley, W. E., 325. 620.
Bresaola, M., 835.
Brethes, J., 355.
Bretsch, E., 667.
Brett, C. E., 398.
Brett, H., 517.
Brew, J. D., 78.
Brewer, G. W. S., 395.
Brewer, I. W., 93.
Brewer, R. W. A., 785.
Brewster, C. S., 696.
Bricker, G. A., 391, 793.
Bridges, C. B., 865.
Bridwell, J. C.,456.
Brieger, 879.
Brierly, W. G.,898.
Brigham, E. S.,842.
Brigham, R., 200, 300.
Bright, G. A., 743.
Brindley.J. E.,289.
Brinkley, L. L.,512.
Briosi, G., 745, 746.
Brioux, C.,136.
Britton, W. E., 455.
Brodie, F. J.,214.
Broekema, C.,691.
Broekema, L., 596.
Broili, J., 50.
Bromberger, 184.
Bronfenbrenner, J., 778.
Brookes, 590.
Brooks, A. W., 205.
Brooks, C, 447.
Brooks, C. E. P., 510.
Brooks, G. B.,813.
Brooks, T. J., 894.
Brooks, W. P., 735.
Brosse, R. dela, 89.
Broughten, M. P., 796.
Broughton, L. B.,300.
Brower, R. J.,888.
Brown, A. A., 600.
Brown, E. P., 900.
Brown, F. R.,414.
Brown, H., 143.
Brown, H. A., 692.
Brown, H.D., 795.
Brown, H. O., 888.
Brown, L. P., 220.
Brown, P. E., 121, 122, 125, 127,
131,215,318.
Brown, S. E., 185.
Brown, W. H., 82, 294.
Brown, W. M., 593.
BrowTie, T. E., 693.
Browning, C. H., 279.
Browning, C. W., 394, 856.
Brownlee, G., 874.
Bruce, D., 640.
Bruce, E. S., 485.
Bruchholz, K. G.,767.
Brudny, V.,209.
Bruhl, M. L.,586.
Bruhn, A. T.,875.
Brumpt, E., 177.
Brunei, C, 699.
Brunetti, W., 66.
Brunner, J., 652.
Bryant, E. G., 759.
Bryant, H. C, 57, 846.
Bryant, R., 575, 879.
Biichel, H.,596.
Bucher, F. S.,513.
Buchner, G., 18.
Buck, J. M., 382.
Buckman, H. O.,320.
Buddin, W., 27.
Buemann, A. W., 679.
Bull, S., 666.
Bultel, G., 238.
Bunch, M., 795.
Bundy, L. A., 409.
Bunyard, E. A.,339.
Bunyard, G., 337.
Bunzel, H. H., 748.
Burd, J. S., 727.
Burger, A. ,508.
Burger, O. F., 747.
Burgess, A. F.,251.
Burgess, J. L., 139.
Burgess, P. S., 120, 206, 317.
Burgt, M. van den, 820.
Burk,K.,342.
Burke, R. T. A., 513.
Burkill,!. H.,54.
Burmester, H., 132.
Burnett, E. A., 497.
Burnett, L. C.,527.
Burns, C.C, 597.
Burns, G. P., 640, 8.38.
Burow, "W.,878,882.
Burr, A., 175, 475.
Burr, W., 398.
Burr, W.W., 419.
Burritt,M. C.,45.
Burrows, G. T.,471.
Burt, B.C., 732, 785.
Burton, L. v., 608.
Burtt-Davy, J.,331.
Buscalioni, L., 427.
Busck, A.,352.
Busey, F. L.,688.
Biisgen, M., 425.
Busolt, E., 10, 11.
Busquet, H.,265.
Buss, W. J., 472.
Bussard, 0.,899.
Busse, W., 196.
Bussey, G. C.,662.
Butler, B. S., 322.
Butler, E., 261.
Butler, E. J., 51, 52, 115, 243, 641
Butler, O., 802.
Butler, T., 96.
Butterfleld, K. L.,307.
Buttner, E.,314.
Buuren, H. van, 842.
Byars, L. P., 450.
Byers, W. C, 513, 813.
Cade, W.R., 214.
Caesar, L., 155.
Caflfey, F. C, 396.
CaldweU, L.,796.
Calkins, G.N., 478.
CaU,L. E.,37.
Calmette, 773.
Calmette, A.,284,481.
Calvert, P. P., 452.
Calvin, HW., 299.
Cameron, A. E.,62.
Cameron, P., 62.
Camman, J. P. M., 533.
904
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
Camp, L. G.,530.
Campbell, C, 534.
Campbell, C. A. R., 62.
CampbeU,D.M.,3S2.
Campbell, J. J., 490.
CampbeU, R. H., 88, 445.
Campos da Cunha, A. A., 444.
Cance, A. E., 93, 389.
Canevari, A., 539.
Cannon, W. A., 839.
CantreU, L.,513.
Cantzler, 0.,136.
Capitaine, L.,523.
Capps, J. A., 482.
Capus, G.,21.
Carapelle, E.,482.
Card, L.E., 300.
Cardon, P. V.,429.
Carey, J., 299.
Carles, P., 358, 702.
Carleton, A. E., 723.
Carleton, M. A.,190.
Carlyle, A.,900.
Carl3'le,W. L., 231, 795.
Caroncini, A., 490.
Carpano, M.,382, 579.
Carpenter, F. A., 21.
Carpenter, G. H., 155, 254.
Carpenter, P. H., .55.
Carpiaux, E.,313.
Carr,M. E.,512.
Carrd, P., 709.
Carrero, J. O.,300.
Carrier, L., 37, 498.
Carri&re, 839.
Carroll, W. E.,471.
Carter, E.E., 538.
Carter, H., 537.
Carter, H. R., 787.
Carter, W.T., jr., 513.
Carton, D. L.,2S7.
Carver, T. N., 307, 388, 389, 301.
Gary, C. A., 483.
Casares, J.,806.
Casc6n, J., 43.
Case, L.N., 177.
Castella, F. de, 443.
Castle, W. E.,140.
Cathcart, C. S., 120, 142.
Cathcart, E. P., 4C5.
Catramby, G., 444.
Caudwell, W., 881.
Cave, C. J. P., 212.
Cecconi, G., 850.
Centanni, E., 859.
Center, O. D., 795.
Cerf, F. le, 352.
Cerf, M., 161.
Chadsey, M., 293.
Chalot, C, 639.
Chambers, F., 585.
Chambers, T. G., 295.
Champlin, M., 435.
Chand, H., 240.
Chandler, A. E., 587.
Chandler, B. A., 640.
Chandler, E. M., 685.
Channer, F. F. R., 240.
Chantemesse, 555.
Chapin, R. M., 115, 770.
Chapman, C, 13.
Chapman, C. M., 91, 386.
Chapman, H. H., 538, 639.
Chapman, H. K., 139.
Charboimier, 385.
Chardet, G., 515.
Charitschkoff, K., 512.
Charles, F., 386.
Charon, 83.
Charton, H., 499.
Charuli, P., 499.
Chase, H., 290.
Chase, L. W., 186, 891.
Chassart, G. D. de, 487.
Chatterjee, N. C, 59.
Chauehard (Mme.), 711.
Chauchard, A., 711.
Chausse, P., 182.
Chauzit, J., 442.
Chelle, L., 657.
Chestnut, R. K., 7(».
Chevalier, A., 58.
Chevraing, J. W., 799.
Cheyney, E. G., 640.
Chick, H., 804.
Childers, L. F., 797.
Childs, L., 60, 399, 550.
Chipp, T. F., 254.
Chirikov, F. V., 729.
Chittenden, F. H., 2.54.
Chittenden, F. J.. 140, 337, 54.'j
Chittenden, R. H., 556.
Chouchak, D., 814.
Choux, P., 221.
Christeller, E., 175.
Christie, G. I., 697.
Chrzaszcz, T., 609.
Chubbuck, L., 368.
Church, J. E.,ir., 510, 716.
Churchill, O. O., 829.
Ciesielski, T., 564.
Cillis, E., 699.
Ciocalten, 417.
Ciurea, J., 287.
Claassen, P. W., 351.
Clapp, A. L., 796.
Clark; A. L., 76, 196, 399
Clark, C, 134.
Clark, C. H., 688.
Clark, H. W., 70, 316.
Clark, R. W., 668, 673.
Clarke, F. C, 846.
Claus, E., 330.
Clausen, 41, 132, 470.
Clawson, A. B., 679.
Claxton, P. P., 498.
Clay, J., 470.
Clayton, E. P., 197.
Clayton, H., 391.
Clevenger, J. F., 826.
Clevenger, W. L., 399.
Cline, I. M.,214.,
Clinton, G. P., 641, 657.
Clowes, G. H. A., 278.
Clowes, G. H. S., 278.
Clutterbuck, P. H., 240.
Coad, B. R., 353, 458.
Coates, G. M., 777.
Cobb, H. N., 798.
Cobb, M. A., 494.
Cobb, N. A., 449.
Cocciante, N., 884.
Cockayne, A. H., 153, 159.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 251, 548.
Codina, J. R., 169.
Coe, H. S., 438.
Coffey, G. N., 24, 28.
Coffey, J. S., 798.
Cofley, W. C, 867.
Coggins, H. C, 92.
Coglan, R. B., 795.
Cogo, A., 535.
Cohn, R., 112.
Coignet, J., 287.
Coincy, H. de, 341.
Cole, L. J., 572, 876.
Cole, M. W., 294.
Colebateh, W. J., 500.
Ccleman, 593.
Coleman, L. C, 296.
Colle, J.,434.
Collinge, "W. E., 146, 547, 758.
CoUings, J., 490.
Collins, J. F., 340, 546.
Collins, S. H., 42.
Collison, S. E., 723, 742.
Combes, R., 34, 128.
Compton, A., 14.
Comstock, A. B., 194, 899.
Comstock,C. W.,5S7.
Comstock, J. H., 452.
Conel, J. L., 749.
Congdon, L. A.,658.
Conn, H. J., 26, 731.
Connaway, J. "W.,307.
ConnoUy, E. L.,758.
Connors, C. H., 443.
Conover, M. R., 893.
Conradi,A. F., 141, 158.
Conradi, E.,379.
Confa, N.,613.
Contino, A.,311.
Conway, T. J., 798.
Cook, A. S., 77.
Cook, F.C., 653.
Cook, J., 393.
Cook, M. T., 52, 241, 347, 446, 448,
449,748,844,845.
Cook, O. F., 433, 526.
Cook, R. C, 398.
Cooley, A. C, 497.
Cooley, A. M., 298.
Cooley, J. S., 825, 843.
Cooley, R. A., 351, 648, 655.
Coons, G. H., 543.
Cooper, D. R., 186.
Cooper, E. A., 762.
Cooper, M., 93.
Cooper, R. E., 144.
Cooper, T. P., 568.
Cordley, A. B., 198.
INDEX OF NAMES.
905
Corke, H. E., 143.
Cory, E. N., 300.
Cory, R., 239.
Cosens, A., 155.
Cotte, C, 830.
Cotte, J., 830.
Cotton, A. D., 242.
Cotton, J. S., 468.
Coulter, J. L., 588.
Coupan, G., 187, 188.
Coupland, G.,900.
Courtenay, E.,376.
Coiirty, F., 22.
Couston, F., 421.
Couvy, L., 81.
Covert, C. C, 22, 511.
Covert, R.N., 615.
Cox, A. J., 619.
Cox, H. R., 739.
Craib, W. G., 631.
Craig, H. A., 831.
Craig, L., 696.
Craig, R. A., 86.
Cranfield,H.T., 71.
Cranner, B. H.,627.
Crawford, D. L., 453, 550.
Crawford, J. C, 459, 554.
Crawford, S. L., 113.
Crawley, W. C, 452.
Crevost, 332.
Cristofoletti, U., 746.
Cocheron, B. H., 690.
Croehetelle, J., 50.
Crocker, W., 824.
Croesen, V. R. Y., 691.
Croft, L. v., 770.
Croft, R. B., 770.
CroU, W. L., 612.
Cromer, C. O., 37, 832.
Cromie, G. A., 153.
Cromwell, A. D., 195.
Cromwell, R. O., 344.
Cronin, J. J., 693.
Crooks, F. D., 798.
Crosby, C. R., 550, 650, 849.
Cross, F. J., 360.
Cross, L. J., 797.
Cross, W. E., 117.
Crossman, S. S., 452.
Crow, J. W., 440.
Crowder, T. R., 70.
Crowell, B. C, 857.
Crowell, L., 341.
Crowley, R. H., 261.
Croxton, F. C, 558.
Cruickshank, J., 478, 577.
Cs6k4s, C.,332.
Cubberley, E. P., 193.
Cuff, M. E., 261.
Cuif, E.,415.
Cumming, J. G., 480.
Cummings, M. B., 634.
Cummins, S. L., 68.
Cunha, A. A. C. da, 444.
Cunningham, A., 26.
Cunningham, C. C, 629.
Cunningham, J., 593.
Cunningham, J. C, 439.
Cunningham, W. S., 397.
Currie, B.W., 598.
Currie, J. N., 107.
Currier, E. L., 689.
Curry, B.E., 126.
Curtis, M. R., 170, 569, 570.
Curtis, R. S., 488.
Cushman, R. A., 355.
Cushny, A., 774.
Cutolo, A., 505.
Czermak, W., 736.
Daane, A., 696.
Dabney, C. W., 606.
Daclmowski, A., 625.
DaCunha, A. A. C, 444.
Dacy, A. L., 44.
Dafert, F. W., 557.
Daggett, J. B., 831.
Dahlinger, C. W., 93.
Daikuhara, G., 618.
Daire, 773.
Dale, E., 127.
Dalkiewicz, M., 181.
Dammerman, K. W., 156.
Dana, S. T., 639.
Dangeard, P. A., 129.
D'Angremond, A., 535.
Daniel, J., 224, 836.
Daniel, L., 740.
Daniels, IT. O., 573.
Daniels, J., 696.
Dantony, E., 153.
Darabsett, D. B., 163, 834.
Darbishiie, A. D., 305.
Dargan, O. T., 170.
Darlington, H. T., 600.
Darmagnac, C, 182.
Darnell-Smith, G. P., 746.
Darner, R. W., 658.
Darsie, M. L., 624.
Darwin, F., 222.
Dary, G., 321.
Da Silva, A. II., 444.
Da Silva, A. P., 444.
Daszewska, W., 25.
Daugherty, C. M., 95.
Davenport, C. B., 871.
Davenport, E., 606.
Davenport, W. H., 769.
David, P. D., 492.
Davidson, J. B., 185, 688.
Davidson, W. M., 250, 753.
Davies, G. N., 375.
Davis, B. F., 173.
Davis, B. M., 599, 791.
Davis, C. A., 122.
Davis, D. J., 482.
Dayis, 11. P., 399.
Davis, J. J., 753, 754.
Davis, K. C, 792.
Davis, (Mrs.) K. C, 299.
Davis, N. J., 497.
Davis, R. O. E., 316.
Davis, V. n., 399.
Davis, W. E., 824.
Davy, J. B., 331.
Dawson,.!., 654.
Day, A. A., 873.
Day, W. H., 92, 291, 592, 718.
De, M. N., 850.
Deal, E., 795.
De Amorim, J. G., 444.
Dean, G. A., 249,455.
Dean, H. H., 674,675.
Dean, H. R., 578.
Dean, W. S., 433.
De Andrade, N. C. P., 444.
De Angeles d'Ossat, G., 418.
Dearborn, N., 751.
De Beurmann, 81.
De Castella, F., 443.
De Chassart, G. D., 487.
Decker-David, P., 492.
Decock, 431.
De Coincy, IT., 341.
Deeley, R. M., 19.
De Forest, H., 342, 537.
De GraafT, \V. C, 413.
DegrulIy,L., 346.
De Jaczewski, A., 841.
De Jong, A. W. K., 444.
Dejouany, A., 760.
De Keghel, M., 76.
De Keranfleeh-Kemezne (Coun-
tess), 493.
De la Barre, 568.
De la Barreda, L., 51.
DelaBathie, P.,623.
DelaBrosse, R.,89.
De la Mettrie, J. 0.,6G2.
Delaporte, L., 287.
De Laroquette, M., 661.
De Lavalle y Garcia, J. A., 517.
Delaye, L., 65, 161.
Delcourt, A., 63.
Delepine, A. S.,ol2.
Delepine, S., 881.
DelGuercio, G.,848.
De Loach, R. J. H., 432, 693.
Delwiche, E. J., 333, 723, 829.
Demandt, E.,142.
De Meyenburg, K., 188.
Demolon, A., 42, 333.
De Moraes, L., 444.
Demoussy, E., 33.
Demuth, G. S., 254,
Denaiffe, M., 230, 434.
Denis, W., 661.
Dennis, J. S., 88.
De Noter, R., 334.
Densch, 220.
Densch, A., 830.
Denton, M. C.,399.
Dern, 47.
Derr, H. B.,394.
De Rubies, S. P., 806.
Desai, M. M.,850,851.
Descazeaux, J., 85.
Desesquelle, E., 855.
Deslandes, R.,639.
Desmoulins, A., 637.
Detjen, L. R., 636.
906
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Deuss, J. J. B., 339.
Deutsch, H., 378.
Deutschland, A., 766.
Devez, G., 656.
De Vilmorin, P. L., 130, 314, 409.
De Vuyst, P., 691, 791.
De Vries, H., 35, 523.
Dew, .T. A., 350.
Dewell, H. D., 488.
De Were, H., 796.
Dewey, L. H., 332.
De Witt, L. M., 583.
Dewitz, J., 452, 751.
Dexter, E. K., 213, 415.
Dezani, S., 730.
d'Herelle, F., 752.
Dickerson, I. W., 186.
Dickson, R. E., 798.
DiefEenbach, O., 822.
Diem, K., 218.
Dienes, L., 663.
Dietrich, W., 766.
Dietz, H. F., 452.
Dietz, W. G., 551.
Dietzel, L.,855.
Diggs, J. C, 461.
Dinslage, E.,358.
Dinwiddie, R. R., 496, 680.
Ditmar, R., 200.
Dittrich, M., 16.
Divelbiss, E. H., 690.
Dixon, H. H., 522, 626, 627.
Dixon, H. M., 689.
Doane, C. F., 477, 772.
Doane, D. H., 797.
Dobbs, A. C, 873.
Dobrescu, J. M., 618.
Dobrovliansky, V. V., 250, 84S.
Dobrovolski, N. A. 256.
Dobrowolskaja, N. A., 361.
Dodderidge, R. R., 497.
Dodson, W. R., 72, 137.
Dolcini, V. F., 573.
DoUey, D. H., 80.
Donges, 881.
Donisthorpe, H., 452.
Donnelly, J. A., 893.
Doolittle, S. P., 600.
Dopp, M., 444.
Dornig, 773.
Dorogin, G., 546.
Dorrwiiehter, 886.
Dorsey, M J., 442.
Do36, F. C, 497.
Dos Santos, J., 508.
D'Ossat, G. de A., 418.
Doten, S. B., 196.
Doucet, J. A., 839.
Dougherty, P. I., 96.
Douglass, A. E., 509, 716.
Douglass, T. R., 783.
Dovey, E. R., 374.
Dox, A. W., 426.
Drake, C. J., 349.
Draper, A. S., 792.
Dreschcr, L., 281.
Dreyer, G., 80.
Drieberg, C, 395.
Driver, F. L., 744.
Drummond, M., 728.
Drysdale, A. L., 516.
Dubois, C, 884.
Dudgeon, G. C, 831.
Diierkop, F., 183.
Duffield, M. S., 323.
Duffin, W. A., 484.
Duggar, B. M., 825, 837.
Duggar, J. F., 40.
Doling, J. F., 190.
Duncan, W., 490.
Dunlap, F., 797.
Dunne, J. J., 372,770,771.
Dupont, R., 639.
Dupr(5, H. A., 720.
Durand-Gr6ville, E., 213.
Durandard, M., 34.
Duryea, C. B., 762.
Duserre, M. C, 524.
Dusserre, C, 524,622,804.
Dutt, G. R., 159.
Dutt, H. L., 736.
Duvall, F. B., 373.
Duvel, W. J. T., 95.
Dye, F., 390.
Dyer, B., 336, 735.
Dyer, G. P., 166.
Dynes, O. W., 797.
Eames, A. J., 797.
Earle, D. E., 433.
Eason, F. G., 684.
East, E. M., 57, 138, 305.
Eastwood, G. R., 868.
Eaton, B. J., 444.
Eaton, E. M., 656.
Eaves, E. C, 807.
Eber, A., 779.
Ebersole, J. F., 594.
Eckenbrecher, C. von, 333.
Eckles, C. H., 273, 306, 370.
Edelman, P., 785.
Edgerton, C. W., 740, 843.
Edison, T. A., 398.
Edmond, H. D., 172.
Edwards, C. G., 9.
Edwards, C.W., 368.
Edwards, G. H., jr., 297.
Edwards, H., 697. '
Edwards, J. T., 85.
Edwards, R. S., 387.
Edwards, S. F., 79, 772.
Eggink, J., 287.
Ehle, H. N., 329, 332, 530.
Ehrenberg, P., 318, 730.
Ehrlich, P., 177.
Eichhom, A., 83, 382, 676.
Eicke, S., 730.
Eickmeyer, J., 29.
Einbeck, H., 759.
Eisler, F., 387.
Eisner, G., 876.
Eisner, W., 383.
Ekblaw, K. J. T., 291.
Elder, D., 697.
Eldredge, A. G., 199.
Eldredge, E. E., 478.
Eldredge, I. F., 744.
Eldridge, E. E., 772.
Elkins, M. W., 697, 879.
Elliott, C., 624.
Elliott, E., 632.
Elliott,W. J., 88.
Ellis, B. W., 600.
Elschner, C, 321, 725.
Eisner, K., 287.
Eltringham, H., 452.
Emberson, R. H., 797.
Emerson, F.V., 720.
Emerson, R. A., 100, 135.
Emery, S. C., 214.
Emigh, E. D., 213.
Emmerich, R., 860.
Emmett, A. D., 666.
Engelhom, E., 179.
Engels, O., 220, 365.
Englebow, F. L., 531.
Englis, D. T., 795.
Enslin, B. G. L., 786.
Eredia, F., 716.
Erf, O., 573.
Eriksson, J., 245, 500, 745, 842.
Ernst, W., 676.
Eseot, M. E. P., 313.
Esden-Tempski, von, 894.
Essenhigh-Corke, H., 143.
Esser, P., 793.
Etcheverry, B. A., 89.
Etheridge, W. C, 13.
Eustace, H. J., 306, 533.
Evans, A. C., 476, 477.
Evans, A. D., 394.
Evans, C. M., 497.
Evans, F. N., 795.
Evans, G. H., 177.
Evans, I. B. P., 539.
Evans, M. W., 133.
Evans, P., 293.
Evans, S. W., 198.
Everest, A. E., 324, 626.
Evermann, B. W., 727.
E^•va^d, J. M., 168.
Ewart, J. C, 768.
Ewert, R., 346.
Ewing, H. E., 300.
Eyerly, E. K., 496.
Eyre, J. V., 524, 610.
Ezdorf, R. H. von; 292, 756.
Faack, K., 426.
Faes, H.,47,238, 534.
Fagiuoli, A., 481.
Fahey, G., 68.
Fairchild, D., 140.
Fairlie, A. M., 323.
Falckenstein, K. V. von, 513.
Falconer, J. I., 798.
Falk, H., 180.
Falk, K. G., 711, 761.
Fallada, O., 58, 543, 633.
Fantham, H. B., 478.
Farley, A. J., 45, 399.
INDEX OF NAMES.
907
Farmer, J. B., 32.
Fameti, R., 844.
Farrar, R. K., 298.
Farrell, F. D., 329.
Fassett, G. S., 198.
Fassig, O. L., 614, 615.
Faull, J. H., 845.
Faure, J. C, 550, 551, 752.
Faustka, O., 701.
Faville, A. D., 199.
Fawcett, G. L., 152, 450, 645.
Fawcett, H. S., 449.
Feicht, E. R., 888.
Feige, E., 215.
Feilberg, C. L., 187.
Feilden, G. St. C, 57.
Feilitzen, H. von, 589.
Feldt, 732.
Felke, J., 775.
Fellenberg, T. von, 115, 412.
Felt, E. P., 155, 455.
Ferguson, A. D., 846.
Ferguson, J. E., 513.
Fermi, C, 377.
Fernald, H. T., 350.
Femow, B. E., 445.
Ferrar, H. T., 229.
Ferrari, E., 35, 834.
Ferris, E. B., 136.
Ferry, E. L., 69.
Ferry, N. S., 479.
F^ry, C, 502.
Fess, S. D., 402.
Fessler, K., 280.
Fetzer, L. W., 278.
Feytaud, J., 155, 849.
Fiokendey, 241.
Ficbiger, J., 177.
Fiehe, J., 113.
Firld, G. W., 154.
Fileni, E., 859.
Filley, AV. O., 341.
Findlay, J. A. D. S., 797.
Findlay, W. M., 430.
Fingerling, G., 71, 667.
Fiiik, D. E., 256.
Finney, E. L., 597.
Fippin, E. O., 723.
Fischer, H., 140, 521, 532, 819.
Fischer, P., 885.
Fischer, W. M., 503.
Fischoeder, F., 578.
Fisher, M. L., 37, 832.
Fitch, C. L., 833.
Fitch, C. P., 376.
Fitts, E. B., 399, 573.
Fitz, L. A., 73.
Fitzgerald, A. D., 885.
Fleischer, M., 830.
Fletcher, T. B., 249.
Flexner, S., 479.
Flint, E. M., 477.
Flohr, L. B., 370.
Florence, L., 547.
Flourens, P., 410.
Flowers, I. V., 792.
Floyd, B. F., 449, 742, 749.
Foard, W. E., 870.
Foex, E., 51, 841.
Fogg, P. M., 782.
Foght, H. W., 598.
Folin, O., 313, 661.
Follansbee, R., 118, 512.
Follett, W. W., 512.
Foord, J. A., 573.
Forbes, E. B., 268, 422, 563, 623.
Forbes, E. S., 293.
Forbes, S. A., 452.
Forbush, E. H., 200, 495.
Force, H. J., 91.
Forest, H. de., 342, 537.
Forman, L., 208.
Forrester, D. R., 592.
Foster, G. L., 828.
Foster, L., 470.
Foubert, C. L., 115.
Foust, J., 258.
Fowle, F. E., 212.
Fowler, G. J., 417.
Fowler, W. L., 696.
Francis, C. K., 357.
Francis, E., 551.
Frandsen, J. H., 174.
Frank, K., 662.
Frank, O., 769.
Frankim, H. J., 441, 453, 740, 752.
Fraps,G.S.,66,71,801,823,862.
Frary, G. G., 359.
Fraser, H., 555.
Fraser, M., 191.
Fraser, W. J., 492.
Frassi, A., 824.
Frazer, C, 130.
Frederick, H. J., 883.
Free, E,E., 218.
Freeman, G. F., 629.
Freeman, O. W., 595.
Freeman, W. B., 117, 118.
Freeman, W. G., 743, 898.
French, A., 791.
French, W. H., 692, 800.
Frere, C. F.,857.
Frerichs, K., 357.
Freund, R., 179.
Fricke, F. H., 462.
Fricks, L. D., 160.
Fried, H., 482.
Friedel, K., 475.
Friedl, G., 315.
Friedmann, A., 67, 461.
Frisbie, J. B., 497.
Fritz, C. M., 268, 422.
Fritzsche, M., 808.
Froggatt, W. AV., 653.
Frolich, G., 567.
Fron, G., 148.
Frost, J., 491.
Frost, J. N., 379.
Frost, W. D., 575.
Frothingham, L., 282, 480.
Fruwirth, C, 234.
Fry, W. H., 517.
Fuchs, D., 712.
Fuld, M., 743.
Fullan, M. T., 496.
Fullaway, D. T., 62, 249, 456.
Fiillebom, F., 383.
Fuller, C, 551.
Fuller, J. G., 870.
Fuller, \V. E.,384.
Fulmek, L., 395.
Fulton, B. B., 156, 649.
Fulton, H. R., 344, 644.
Funk, C, 463.
Fiirst, H. von, 143.
Gabotto, L., 749.
Gabriel, A., 350.
Gadow, H., 57.
Gaffky, 382.
Gage, E. W., 493.
Gage, G. E., 683.
Gage, S. DeM., 70.
Gagey, R., 287, 587.
Gahan, A B., 355.
Gaillot, 109.
Gainey, P. L., 26, 796.
Galassi, C, 859.
Gale, H. S., 322.
Galli, I.,213.
Galli-Valerio, B., 81, 284, 451, 480,
586.
Gamard, L., 293.
Gambarjan, S., 410.
Gambaroff, G. von, 378.
Gans, R., 22.
Garcia, J. A. de L. y, 517.
Gardner, A. K., 837.
Gardner, M. W., 153, 451.
Garin, C, 679.
Gamer, AV. W., 115.
Garren, G. M., 629.
Garrigues, B., 421.
Garrison, P. E., 8.58, 893.
Gascard, A., 810.
Gassner, G., 222.
Gaszner, K., 526.
Gates, B. N., 553, 600.
Gates, F. C, 728.
Gatm, C. L., 143, 827.
Gaudechon, H., 318.
Gaumont, L., 754.
Gauss, K., 183.
Gay, A., 148.
Gay, C. W., 269.
Geake, A.,576.
Gebien, H.,553.
Gehrmann, K., 347.
Geib, W. J.,513.
Geibel, P., 182.
Genderen Stort, C. G. J. A. van,
596.
Geoghegan,H.,80.
George, C.R., 197.
Gephart,F.C.,262.
Gerber,C.,13, 409, 410.
Gerhartz, H., 466.
Gerlach, 422.
Germain, E.,313.
Gershun, Y.,463.
Gertsch, A.,371.
908
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.
Gerum, J.,315.
Ghosh, C.C, 755.
Giaji, J.,409.
Giaimelli, A.,859.
Gibbs, P.,68.
Gibbs, W. S.,360.
Gibson, A., 352.
Gibson, A. L.,421.
Gibson, R.B., 858.
Gies, W. J., 161, 459.
GifEord, G. H.,287.
Gilbert, G.K., 888.
Gilchrist, D. A., 517, 518, 829, 842.
GUe, r. L., 28, 627, 644, 816.
Gilkey,R.,797.
Gillespie, W.C, 798.
Gillette, C. P., 351.
Gilliland, S. H.,380.
Gilmore, I. F., 797.
Gilmour, W.,279.
Gilruth, J. A.,182.
Gilyard, A. T.,382.
Gimingham, C. T., 516, 541.
Ginestous, G.,287.
Giordano, F., 188.
Girard, E.,342.
Girard,J.,5e8.
Girault, A. A., 156, 553, 554, 752.
Girola,C. D.,8.33.
Gisevius, 733.
Gisseleire, A.,342.
Giuffrida, G.deF.,855.
Givens.M. II.,760.
Gladwin, F.E., 339.
Glaser, R. W.,57.
Glazenap, S.,548.
Glenn, P. A., 456.
Glikin,W.,201.
Glinka, K., 719.
Glover, G. H., 885.
Gloyer, W. 0.,347.
Gmelin, H. K. H. A. M., 596.
Gminder, 381.
Godden, W.,22.
Godfrey, W.H., 743.
Goeldi,E. A., 765.
Goessmann, C. A., 718.
Goessmann, H. T.,398.
Goetz, E.,511.
Golding, J.,475.
Goldsborough, F. C, 278.
Goldschmidt, R. B., 466.
Golds-worthy, H. E., 498.
Goldzieher,M.,277.
Golodetz, A.,501.
Gonzales, M. R.,696.
Gonzalez Martinez, I., 781.
Gonzalez y Sioco, B. M., 535, 536.
Good, E. S.,887.
Goodell,C. J.,695.
Goodey, T., 516.
Goodman, A. L., 513.
Goodnight, C, 567.
Goodrich, G.W., 574.
Goodspeed, W. E.,300.
Gooren, G. L. J., 175.
Gorbing, J.,759.
Gordon, C.R., 261.
Gordsjalkowsky, 879.
Gormley, R.,625.
Gortner, R. A., 19, 129, 221, 427,
615.
Goske, A.,811.
Gossard, H. A., 59, 852, 853.
Gothein, M. L., 239.
Gotsch, E.,562.
Gougerot,81.
Gough, L.,550.
Gouin, A.,266.
Goujon, 555.
Gould, H. P., 337.
Gourley, J. H., 141.
Gowdey, C. C.,61.
Gowing-Scopes, L., 714.
Goy, S.,422.
Graaff, W. C. de, 413.
Grabner, E., 525, 531, 735.
Grace, F.C., 169, 568.
Grafe, E., 265, 361.
Grafe, V.,224.
Graham, A., 590.
Graham, A. B., 399, 800.
Graham, E. K., 696.
Graham, G. H., 154, 845.
Graham, J. C, 769.
Graham, R., 287, 886.
Graham, R. J. D., 137.
Graham, W. A., 696.
Graham-Smith, G. S., 551.
Gramlich, 11. J., 497.
Granato, L., 258, 566, 834.
Grant, J., 657.
Gravatt, F., 236, 546.
Graves, A. II., 247, 348, 646.
Graves, II. S., 340.
Gravier, C, 154.
Gray, D. T., 74, 169. 509, 664.
Gray, G., 795.
Gray, G. A., 512.
Gray, G. P., 751.
Greeley, W. B., 639.
Green, 11. n., 120, 420.
Green, J. W., 462.
Green, R. M., 797.
Greene, C. W'., 465.
Greene, E. P., 366.
Greene, L., 232.
Greenman, R. S., 91.
Greenway, S. E., 831.
Gr(5goire, A., 125, 313, 327.
Gregory, C. T., 797.
Gregory, J. W., 717.
Greilenhagen, W., 505.
Greig-Smith, R., 620.
Gr(5ville E. D., 213.
Grey, E. G., 378.
Gridley, R. M., 695.
Griffin, F. L., 393, 400.
Griffiths, D., 523.
Griffiths, J. L., 519.
Griggs, R. F., 537.
Grimaldi, C, 414.
Grmies, E. J., 814.
Grimes, M. F., 798.
Grunme, C, 66, 620.
Grindley, n. S., 306.
Grobbels, F., 264.
Grof, B., 60.
Gromer, S. D., 307.
Gross, W. E., 512.
Grosser, P., 505.
Grossfeld, J., 656.
Grossheim, N. A., 61.
Grossmann, J., 417.
Grove, A. J., 755, 849.
Gramme, 673.
Griinberg, P., 502.
Grundmann, K., 328.
Guardiola, J., 383.
Guedes de Amorim, J., 444.
Gu^guen, F., 842.
Gutoaux, G., 57.
Guercio, G. del, 848.
GutSrln, C., 284.
Gugliehnetti, D. N., 726.
Guillochon, L., 339, 533.
Guimaraes, C, jr., 444.
Guldner, H., 385.
Gullino, C. A., 189.
Gunn, R. V., 799.
Gunness, C. I., 496.
Guppy, P. L., 648, 756.
Gumey, W. B.,63.
Gury, E., 65.
Gusler, G., 399.
Gttssow, H. T., 148.
Gustave, M. M., 661.
Guthrie, C. P., 658, 676.
Guy, A., 565.
Guy^not, E., 63.
Guyer, M. F., 305.
Gwillim, W. E., 811.
Haaek, 153.
naag, 739.
Haan, P., 179.
Haas, P., 803.
Haberlandt, G., 728.
Hadfield, J. W., 134.
Hadley, F. B., 887.
Hadley, P. B., 485, 781, 879.
Hadwen, S., 79, 80, 176.
Haecker, A. L., 174.
Haecker, T. L., 168, 173, 670.
Hafemann, 481.
Hagedoorn, A., 130.
Hagedoorn, A. C, 533.
Hagedoorn, A. L., 533.
Hagedoorn, C , 130.
Hagemann, E.H., 99.
Haggart, M. H., 796.
Haid, R., 316.
Haig, A., 361.
Haig, K. G., 361.
Hale, F.E., 411.
Hall, A. A., 42.
Hall,A. D.,221,319, 620.
Hall, C. J. J. van, 242.
Hall, E. E., 696.
Hall, F. H.; 46, 54, 137, 139, 636,
650, 652, 654, 674, 837.
Hall, J. A., 42.
Hall, J. A., jr., 530.
Hall, J. G., 435, 749.
INDEX OF NAMES.
909
Ha]l, L. D., 300, 865,
HaU, O. E,, 398.
Hall, P. L., 900.
Hall, W. E., U8, 511.
Halliday, J., 480.
Halligan, C. P., 533.
Halpln, J. G., 887.
Halverson, J. O., 210, 557.
HiimiiEinen, J. W., 561.
Hamberg, H. E., 20.
Hamblin, S. F., 340.
Hamilton, G. E. H. B., 248.
Hamilton, J., 195.
Hamlin, M. L., 710.
Hammar, A. G., 252.
Hammarlund, C, 245.
Hammer, B. W., 573.
Hammond, H. S., 197, 745.
Hammond, J., 272, 867, 870.
Hampson, G. F., 652.
Handschin, "\V. F., 795.
Haney, L. H., 192.
Hansen, 75.
Hansen, D., 828.
Hansen, P., 190.
Hansen, R., 795.
Hansson, N., 371.
Hansteen Cranner, B., 627.
Hanzlik, E. J., 537.
Harben, H. D., 295.
Harcourt, R., 258, 421, 656.
Hardenberg, B. B., 752.
Hardenbergh, J. B., 380.
Hardison, R. B., 512.
Hardy, J. I., Ill, 815.
Harkins, M. J., 281.
Harlan, J. D., 198.
Harned, H. S., 314.
Harper, A. G., 538.
Harper, C, 795.
Harper, M. W., 169, 394.
Harper, R. M., 839.
Hanis, A. L., 89.
Harris, E. P., 294.
Hanis, F. S., 139, 428, 628, S:!l.
Harris, H. W., 599.
Harris, J. A., 19, 35, 129, 221, 305,
427, 523, 824.
Harris, J. E., 814.
Harris, T. H., 193.
Harris, W. H., 478.
Harrison, A. L., 366.
Harrison, M., 796.
Hart, E. B., 476, 477.
Hart, J. K., 193. '
Hart, R. A., 684.
Hart, W. R., 598.
Harter, L. L., 747.
Hartless, A. C, 339.
Hartley, C, 647.
Hartley, C. L., 400.
Hartley, C. P., 190.
HartweU, B. L., 473.
Hai-wood, P. M., 573.
HaselhoU, E., 31, 518, 56:3.
Haseman, L., 349, 851.
Hasenbaumer, J., 616.
Haskell, C. C, 762.
Haskins, H. D., 309.
Hasselbring, H., 326.
Hastings, E. G., 476, 477.
Hatch, K. L., 793, 799.
Hausner, A., 856.
Haussding, F., 410..
Hawes, A. F., 640.
Hawk, P. B., 204.
Hawkins, L. A., 50.
Hawkins, L. S., 692.
Hawkins, M. A., 697.
Hawley, L. J., 40.
Hayes, H. K., 43, 138, 331, 334, 900.
Hayes, M. "W., 214.
Hayes, W. P., 796.
Hayward, W. B., 340.
Hayward, "W. H., 490.
Hazen, A., 512.
Headden, W. P., 435, 619.
Headlee, T. J., 454.
Headley, F. B., 828, 835, 889.
Heald, F. D., 57, 153, 451.
Heai-d, W. N., 504, 607.
Heam, W. E., 512.
Heaton, H. C, 797.
Hecht, A. G., 795.
Hecht, C. E.,261.
Heekel, E., 44.
Heckmann, J., 557.
Hedfeld, E., 586.
Hedgcock, G. G., 146, 445, 845.
Hedrick, U. P., 45, 46, 307, 337, 339.
Heelsbergen, T. van, 381.
Heer, B., 487.
Hegyi, D., 843.
Heide, R. von der, 71.
Heidema, A.W.,596.
Heidemann, 0., 454.
Heiduschka, A., 508.
Heine, F., 328.
Heinemann, P. G., 873.
Heinrich, C, 454.
Heinricher, E., 56.
Heinze, B., 131, 523.
Heiss, H. A., 166.
Heizmann, H., 525.
HeUer, L. L., 75, 567.
Helyar, J. P., 532.
Henderson, M. P., 446.
Hendrick, A.W., 497.
Hendrick, H. B., 227.
Hendrick, J., 125, 313, 424.
Hendry, J., 180.
Henri (Mme.), V., 379.
Henrici, A. T., 478.
Henry, A., 184.
Henry, A. J., 214.
Henry, A. M., 358.
Henry, Y., 839.
Henshaw, H."VV.,547.
Hepbrnn, J. S., 373, 758.
Hepner, F. E., 199.
Herbet, P., 367.
Herdman, R. T., 261.
Herelle, F. d', 752.
Hermanns, 487.
Hermanns, L., 465.
Hermenegildo da .Silva, A., 444.
Hermes, A., 93.
Heron, G., 151.
Herre, 518.
Herrick, G. W., 352, 394.
Herxheimer, G., 277.
Hesler, L. R., 445, 79".
Hespel, M., 663.
Hessler, H., 123.
Heusch, E., 711.
Hewitt, C. G., 351, 455, 648.
Hewitt, J. L.,636, G14.
Hewitt, T. R., 254.
Heylin, H. B., 690.
Hibbard, B. H., 490.
Hickman, C.W., 798.
Hickok, C. E.,90.
Hieronymi, E., 28.5.
Hiester, G., 198.
Higginbottom, S., 400.
Higgins, B. B., 438, 544.
Higgins, C. H., 79, 176.
Hildebrand, J. H.,314.
Hilgard, E.W.,99.
Hill, A. M., 764.
Hill, A. v., 764, 866.
Hill, C. L., 475.
Hill, D. H., 696.
Hill, G. R., jr.,. 533.
Hill, H.W., 387.
Hill, J. McK., 259.
Hill, L., 660.
Hill, T. G., 803.
Hillkowitz, G., 233.
Hills, J. L., 663.
Hills, T. L., 798.
Hils, E., 242.
Hiltner, L., 43.
Hilton, G., 886.
Himmelbaur,W'., 225, 345.
Himmelberger, L. R., 581.
Hinard, G., 507.
Hindhede, M., 263, 860.
Hinds, W. E., 58, 353.
Hinkle, J. T., 88.
Hinman, J. J., jr., 414.
Hints, W., 391.
Hirleman, A. L., 695.
Hirsch, P., 876.
Hirschstein, L., 263.
Hirst, C. T., 318.
Hislop, W. D., 198.
Hobday, F. T. G., 376.
Hober, R., 166.
Hoc, P., 739.
Hodges, T. E., 400.
Hodgkiss, H. E., 355,651.
Hoepke, H., 356.
Hoffman, F. F., 333.
Hoffman, M. H., 298.
Hoflmann, C, 827.
Hoffmann, M., 94, 232, 371, 467
716,723.
Hofman, T. S., 15.
Hofmaim, N., 491.
Hogan, A., 496.
910
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Hogan, A. G.,300.
Hoge,W. P., 615.
Hogenson, J. C, 298, 693.
Holborow, A. G.,776.
Holdefleiss, P., 330.
Holden, P. G., 898.
HoUancI, E. B., 713.
HoUey, G. M., 92.
Hollinger, A. H., 797.
Hollruug, M., 745.
Holmes, G. K., 95.
Holmes, J. D. E., 283, 579, 780.
Holtmeier, H., 93.
Holtz, H. F., 723.
Hoi way, E. W. D., 145.
Holzel, E., 579.
Hommell, R., 61.
Honeij, J. A., 851.
Honing, J. A., 149, 230, 544.
Hood,C. E., 458.
Hood, J. D., 351, 355.
Hook, J. S., 220.
Hooker, A., 88.
Hooker, H. D., jr., 728.
Hool, G. A., 186.
Hooper, F. P., 838.
Hooper, J. J., 893.
Hope, E.W., 882.
Hope, G. D., 358.
Hopkins, A., 291.
Hopkins, C. G ., 23, 322, 895.
Hopkins, H. J., 600.
Horiguti, Y., 213.
Horn, J., 488.
Hornberger, R., 16.
Hornemann, O., 84, 464.
Horton, A. H., 22, 511, 512.
Horton, R. E., 213, 214.
Hose, E., 631.
Hosking, A., 495.
Hoskins, H. P., 484.
Hosmer, R. S., 197,640.
Houba, J., 61.
Houdemer, E., 87.
House, H. D., 744.
Houser, J. S., 60.
Houser, M. A., 398.
Houston, A. C, 416.
Houston, D. F., 197,697.
Hove, van, 850.
Howard, A., 230.
Howard, C. D., 760.
Howard, D. C, 696.
Howard, G.L.C., 230.
Howard, L. O., 355, 458, 551.
Howard, L. P., 100.
Howard, R. F., 797.
Howard, W. G., 240.
Howard, W. L., 306, 334, 695.
Howe, C. B., 592.
Howe, C. D., 445.
Howell,A.H., 647.
Howell, W. H., 695.
Howitt, J. E., 738, 835.
Hoyberg, H. M., 209.
Hoyer, A. J., 239.
Hoyt, W. D., 32, 129.
Hoyt, W. G., 22, 512.
Hua, H., 521.
Huber, H. F., 397.
Huckle, C, 109.
Huckvale, W., 88.
Hudelson, R. R., 783.
Hudson, C. J., 94.
Hudson, E. W., 41.
Hudson, H. F., 156.
Hudson, W. F. A., 49.'
Hueck, W., 465..
Hiigel, G., 284.
Hughes, 230.
Hughes, D. M., 402.
Hughes, F., 888.
Hughes, H. D., 139, 330, 331, 344.
Hukam Chand, 240.
Hull, N. F., 70.
Hume, A. N., 435.
Hume, H. H., 440, 639.
Humphreys, P. W., 536.
Humphreys, W. J., 416.
Himnicutt, J. B., 693.
Hunt, F., 796.
Hunte, R. L., 542.
Hunter, A., 760.
Hunter, B., 470.
Hunter, S. J., 351, 455.
Huntington, E., .509, 510.
HunzLker, O. F., 375.
Hurst, H. E., 229, 230.
Huston, E., 695.
Huston, H. A., 431.
Hutchens, H. J., 177.
Hutcheson, T. B., 498.
Hutchinson. C. M., 126, 145, 215,
722, 731.
Hutchinson, H. B., 519.
Hutchison, C. B., 783, 796, 830.
Hutchison, J. L., 798.
Hutchison, R. H., 653.
Hutin, A., 819.
Hutt, (Mrs.) W. N., 393.
Button, J. A., 832.
Huyge, C, 176.
fakushkin, O. V.,32.
Imms, A. D., 155.
Ingalls, E. L., 900.
Ingram, G. L. Y.,283.
Inouye, R.,251.
Irons, E. E., 880.
Irvm, R. F.,695.
Irvine, W., 340.
Irwin, E. N., 189.
Ishiwara, T., 777.
Issel, E., 180.
Istv4nffi, G. von, 346.
Ivanov, E.,370.
Ives, F.W., 399.
Ivins, L. S.,96.
Iwanowski, D., 127, 128.
Izar, G., 178.
Izquierdo, S.,240.
Jablonowsky, J., 848.
Jaccard, P.,247.
Jack, R. W., 757.
Jackson, H., 853.
Jackson, II. J., 511, 512.
Jackson, H. L.,164.
Jackson, H. S.,345.
Jackson, J. B.,293.
Jacob, J., 48.
Jacobi, A., 57.
Jacobs, E. S., 68.
Jacobson, C. A., 19.
Jacobson, H. O., 832.
Jacono, A. lo, 834.
Jacquot, A., 143.
Jaczewski, A. de, 841.
Jagger,I.C.,797.
Jahn, E.,84.
Jakob, 183.
Jakuschkin, I. V., 16.
Jamieson, T.,819.
Jancs6, B. von, 334, 632.
Jandin, J. C.,772.
Janssens, P.,333.
Jardme, N. K.,349.
Jardine, W. M.,25, 37.
JArmai, K.,878.
Jarvis, E.,152,253.
Jarvis, T. J.,696.
Javillier, M.,224.
Jaworski, K., 179.
Jeflrey, E.C.,823.
Jeffries, R. R.,44.
Jegorow, M. A., 10.
Jenkins, E.H., 606, 743.
Jenks, F. B.,898.
Jeimings, H.,512.
Jenny, E., 390.
Jensen, C, 615.
Jensen, H., 249.
Jensen, O. F.,300.
Jeruigan, W. J.,693.
Jerram, M. R.K:.,641.
lessee, W. B.,694.
Jewell, J. F.,C15.
Johannsen, O. A., 797.
Johansson, O. V., 511.
Johns, F.M., 281.
Johnson, A. G., 446, 840.
Johnson, A. K., 657, 658.
Johnson, A. R., 573.
Johnson, C. A., 276.
Johnson, J., 448, 453, 747.
Johnson, L. R., 191.
Johnson, O. M., 190.
Johnson, O.R., 308.
Johnson, P. A., 391.
Johnson, S. B.,397.
Johnson, S. K., 740.
Johnson, T., 558.
Johnson, T. C, 44.
Johnson, T.S., 592.
Johnson, W. A., 203.
Jolmson, W. T., jr., 275, 574, 771.
Johnston, J. E. L., 485.
Johnston, J. M., 388.
Jolly, N. W., 744.
Jones, C. H.,663.
Jones, C.R., 549.
Jones, C. S.,794.
Jones, F. R.,449.
Jones, F. S., 881.
Jones, G. B.,512.
INDEX OF NAMES.
911
Jones, G. W., 497.
Jones, H. v., 184.
Jones, J. M.,798.
Jones, J. S., 795.
Jones, L. R., 145, 307, 446, 840, 841.
Jones, P. R.,63.
Jones, R.C., 675.
Jones, R. E., 484.
Jones, S. C.,796.
Jones, W. J., jr., 323, 431.
Jong, A. W. K. de, 444.
Jordan, H., 154.
Jordan, K., 452.
Jordan, W. H., 606.
Jorgensen, P., 256.
Jorissen, A., 826.
Joseph, K., 181.
Joseph, M., 759.
Joshi, L. L., 475.
Jost, L., 323.
Jotter, E. v., 154.
Jowett, W., 182.
Joyce, A. V., 393.
Joyner, J. Y., 696.
Judd, C. C. W., 179.
Jugeat, 356.
Jumelle, H., 235, 834.
Junack, M., 683.
Juritz, C. P., 416, 418, 431.
Kafka, K., 395.
Kahler, K., 20.
Kajanus, B., 43, 333.
Kakizawa, 461.
Kakowski, A., 558.
Kalmbach, E. R., 655.
Kamecki, S., 410.
Kamerling, Z., 52, 324.
Kandel, I. L., 599.
Kappeli, J., 344.
KaraSa-Korbutt, K. von, 357.
Karas, J., 810.
Karper, R. E., 696.
Karpov, M., 567.
Karraker, P. E., 796.
Kasdorf, O., 291.
Kastle, J. H., 103, 199, 396, SS6.
Katz, F. J., 321.
Kauffman, D. H., 497.
Kauffman, R. H., 495.
Kaupp, B. P., 88.
Kayser, E., 555.
Kays, D. J., 399.
Kearney, T. H., 525.
Keefer, W. E., 845.
Keeling, B. P. E., 91, 119.
Keen, G., 294.
Keena, L. J., 591.
Keffer, C. A., 837.
Keghel, M. de, 76.
Keilin, D., 851.
Keith, M. H., 795.
Keitt, T. E., 29, 207.
Keitt, G. W., 449.
Keller, A., 475.
KeUerman, K. P., 237, 421.
Kelley, W. P., 11, 795.
Kellner, O., 563.
Kellogg, E. H., 318.
Kellogg, R. S., 840.
Kellogg, V. L., 60.
Kelly, A., 752.
Kelly, H. J., 139.
Kelly, J. W. A., 88.
Kelly, E. O. G., 458.
Kemmerer, E. W., 94.
Kendall, A. I., 873.
Kendriek, W. 11., 297.
Kennard, P. L., 231, 900.
Kennedy, C. N., 198.
Kennelly, A. E., 615.
Keoleian, A. H., 259.
Keranflech-Kernezne (Countess)
de 493
Kern, P. D., 845.
Kemezne, (Countess) de Keran-
flech, 493.
Kemkamp, H. C, 398.
Kerpely, C, 123.
Kerremans, C, 553.
Kessissoglou, T., 42.
Kettleborough, C, 783.
Keup, E., 154.
Keyes, M. W., 788.
Khankhoje, P., 327, 729.
Kidd, P.,521.
Kidder, A. P., 598.
Kidston, J., 490.
Kiefler, J. J., 455.
Kiessig, 383.
Kildee, H. H., 168, 265, 272.
Kile, O. M., 199.
Kilgore, B. W., 126, 323, 624, 629,
630.
Kilpatrick, E., 496.
Kilpatrick, V. E., 493.
Kimball, H. H., 213, 615.
Kimball, V. G., 376.
Kimbrough, J. M., 432.
Kincaid, H. E., 357.
King, A. G., 292, 387.
King, C. B., 719.
King, C. M., 134, 139.
King, P. G., 169.
King, P. H., 719.
King, J. L., 852.
King, V. L., 179.
Kingsbury, J. A., 261.
Kinman, C. P., 634.
Kinne, H., 298.
Kinney, C. S., 580.
Kinney, E. J., 227.
Kinsley, A. T., 87, 381.
Kinyoun, J. J., 574.
Kinzy, G., 300.
Kircher, J. C, 341.
Kirkpatrick, W. P., 484.
Kissa, M., 502.
Kisskalt, 860.
Kite, G. L., 876.
Klaeser, M., 324.
Klebahn, H., 540.
Klein, 71.
Klein, J., 94.
Klein, R., 235.
Kleine, R., 50.
Kleinert, P., 361.
Kleinheinz, P., 470.
Kleinschmidt, H., 500.
Kleinsmid, R. B. von, 795.
Klinck, L. S., 400, 831.
Kling, M., 72, 864.
Kluyver, A. J., 809.
Knab, P., 455.
Knapp, H. B., 46.
Knese, 881.
Knibbs, G. H., 492.
Knight, H. G., 578.
Knight, M., 37.
Knight, R. C, 33.
Knisehewsky, 540.
Knisely, D.O.,382.
Knorr, P., 328, 336.
Knotek, P., 839.
Knox, J., 822.
Knox, J. S., 197.
Kmidson, L., 837.
Kober, P. A., 109, 114, 211.
Koch, J. C, 289, 890.
Koch, R., 155.
Kocher, A. E., 513.
Kock, G., 243, 395, 524, 749.
Koehler, J. E.,G97.
Koenigsfeld, II., 580.
Kohler, R., 178.
Kolb, K., 392.
Kolbe, n. J., 452.
Kolbe, L. A., 513.
Kolkunov, V. V.,32.
Kolls, A. C, 764.
Kondo, K., 475.
Kondo, M., 314, 327.
Konew, D., 184.
Konig, P., 508.
Konig, J., 17, G16, 656.
Kooper, W. D., 013.
Koorders, S. H., 640.
Koos, L. v., 293.
Kopecky, J., 418, 514.
Kopeloff, N., 398.
Koppel, M., 465, 561.
Koppen, H., 822.
Korbutt, K. von K., 357.
Korfl-Petersen, A., 22. •
Korstian, C.P., 342.
Kossowicz, A., 223.
Kovessi, P., 845.
Kowarzik, R., 307.
Kraemer, H., 70, 168, 564.
Krainsky, A., 14, 721.
Krainskil, A. V., 14, 721.
Krall, J. A., 553.
Kramm, P. A., 468.
KIranzlin, 58.
Kratzmann, E., 129.
Kraus, C, 830.
Kraus, E. J., 307.
Krause, 879.
Kjause, R. A., 860.
Krauss, P.G., 241.
Kreidl, A., 873.
Krentel, C, 360.
Krishnayya, H. V., 502.
Krogh, A., 200.
912
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Krogh, M., 2G0.
Kionig, R., GIG.
Kruhm, A., 23G.
Krulish, E., 3G0.
Krusekopf, H., 513.
Kubelta, A., 49.
Kubierschky, C, 725.
Kiihl, H., 178, 659, 759, 770, 855.
Kuhnert, 29.
Kiihnert, F., 08.
Kulagin, N. M., 648.
Kulisch, P., 519.
Kulkarni, G. S., 51, 52.
Kunert, 860.
Kling, A., 309, 310.
Kimkel, L. O.,730.
KmdiQmov, N. V., 551, 852.
Kurdjumov, N. V., 551, 8.J2.
Ktirtz,M. B., 795.
Kuttenkeuler, H., 557.
Kuwana, S. I., 157.
Kuyper, J., •54.
Kylin, H., 730.
Laat, J. E. van der, 244, 723.
Ladd, E. F., 615, 657, 658.
Laer, H. van, 806.
Laflforgue, G.,367.
LahiUe, E., 551.
Lahitte, E., 595.
Lain(5, E., 383.
Lake, G. C, 377.
Lamb, C. C, 696.
Lamb, S. F., 44.
Lamb, W. A., 117.
Lambe, L. M., 648.
Lamberger, B., 293.
Lambert, M., 29.
Lamon, H. M., 173.
Lamp^, A. E., 362.
Lamson, G. H., jr., 172.
Lander, G. D., 80.
Landois, F., 356.
Lane, C. H., 394, 792,898.
Lanford, J. A., 478.
Lang, H., 131, 138.
Lang, W., 540.
Lang, W. W., 378.
Lange, L. B., 485.
Langel, J., 125.
Langworthy, C. F., 3.59, 393.
Lantz, D. E., 370.
Lapiccirella, L., 336.
Lapicque, L., 661.
Laplaud, M., 490.
Lapp, J. A., 402.
Larcher, O., 841.
Laroquette, M. de, 661.
Larrison, G. K., 616.
Larsen, C, 395.
Lassetter, W. C, 631.
Lathrop, F. H., 655.
Latimer, W. J., 513.
Latshaw, W. L., 410.
Latta, R., 497.
Lau, 774.
Laude, H. H., 797.
Laufer, R., 561.
Laufer, S., 178.
Laughton, A. M., 296.
Launoy, L., 580.
Laur, E., 592.
Laurent, J., 522.
Laurie, D. F., 871.
Lautenbach, B. B., 683.
Lavalle y Gai'cia, J. A. de, 517.
Lavenir, P., 215, 524.
Law, T. C, 323.
LaWaU, C. H., 208.
Lawrence, W. H., 53.
Lea, J. J., 735.
Leake, H. M., 526.
Leather, J. W., 117, 873.
Leavitt, C, 445.
Lebedev, A. F., 827.
Leblanc, R., 760.
Lebrun, L., 534.
LecaiUon, 765.
Le Cerf, F., 352.
Lecq, H., 789.
Lee, A. R., 93.
Lee, C. B., 497, 869.
Leechman, A., 391.
Lefroy, H. M., 155.
Lehenbauer, P. A., 497.
Lehmann; E., 323.
Lehmann, F., 667.
Lehmann, K. B., 189.
Lehn, D., 226.
Leibenger, 683.
Leidner, R., 830.
Leighty, C. E., 438.
Lemari<§, C, 332.
Lem(5e, E., 540.
Lemmermann, O., 217, 519, 790.
Lempfert, R. G. K., 19.
Lende-Njaa, J., 219.
Lendrich, K., 315.
Lenk, E., 873.
Lennep, D. P. R. van, 209.
Leonard, U.D., 550, 650.
L<5onardon, F., 814.
Lepercq, 220.
Leplae, E., 41, 865.
Lesne, P., 453.
Lessmann, 589.
Leuschner, A. O., 316.
LevaUois, F., 314, 409.
Levallois, M., 737.
Levandovsky, R. J., 159.
Lever, A. F., 182.
Levin, W., 799.
Levison, J. J., 494.
Lewin, K. R., 420.
Lewis, C. I., 198, 414, 897.
Lewis, C. L., 742.
Lewis, D. E., 53.
Lewis, E. M., 398.
Lewis, F. C, 584.
Lewis, H.G., 513.
LewisH. R.,270, 568.
Lewis, J., 483.
Lewis, J. H., 88.
Lewis, P. A., 580.
Lh(5ritier, A., 753.
Libby, G.L.,846.
Liberi, G., 17.
Liceaga, E ., 756.
Liehteuberg, H. F., 211.
Lichtenfelt, 557.
Lichtenthaeler, R. A., 473, 097.
Lidforss, B., 47.
Liebenberg, A . von, 517.
Liebmann, A., 685.
Liechti, P., 421.
Li^naus, 781.
Limmer, M., 876.
Limprich, R., 356.
Lindemann, E. A., 580.
Lindenberg, K:.,328.
Lindsey, J. B., 573, 765.
Lint, H. C, 727.
Lipman, C. B., 120, 317, 450, 721.
Lipman, J. G., 124, 196, 797.
Lipschutz, H., 524.
Litterseheid, F. M., 18.
Little, C. C, 865.
Livingston, B. E., 729.
Livingston, G., 399, 791.
Lloyd, F.E., 326.
Lloyd, J. W., 533, 836, 897.
Lobdell, R. N., 490,
Loekemann, G., 778.
Lockwood, Yi. P. B., 573.
Loele, W., 277.
Loevenhart, A. S., 764.
Loew, O., 357, 419, 023, 800.
Loewy, A., 466.
Loffler, 879.
Logan, H. H., 486.
Lohnis, F., 26, 120, 320, 420.
Lohnis, F. B., 596, 091.
Lo-Jacono, A., 834.
Lo Monaco, D., 762.
London, E. S., 265.
Long, C. L., 798.
Long, D. D., 513.
Long, E. W., 209.
Long, J., 564.
Long, J. H., 203, 556, 609.
Long, W. H., 246, 349, 445, 540.
Longley, A. T., 388.
Lonkhuyzen, J. P. van, 691.
Lord, I.E., 393.
Losche, A., 667.
Lounsbury, C. P., 548, 780.
Love, H. H., 434, 527.
Lovejoy, A. J., 769.
Loveland, E. H., 663.
Low, F. R., 590.
Low, S., 498.
Lowenstein, E., 581.
Lowrie, W., 500.
Lubarsch, O., 276.
Lubimenko, V., 128.
Lubimenko, W., 519, 520.
Lucas, A., 490.
Lucas, H. J., 413.
Lucas, J. A., 92.
Lucet,A., 85.
Ludlow, C. S., 254.
Luedecke, 524.
Lueder, C. A., 380.
Luger, A., 178.
INDEX OF NAMES.
913
Luhrs, 382.
Lumia, C, 27, 821.
Lumsden, D., 197.
Lundeg5,idh, H., 128.
Lungwitz, A., 887.
Lurie, A. W., 796.
Lusk, G., 262.
Lusk, W. F., 398.
Luther, E.O., 293.
Lutman, B.F., 642.
Lutz, r.E.,552.
Luz, A., 119.
Lyle, G. T., 159.
Lyman, J. F., 399.
Lyman, R. H., 88.
Lyman, R.P.,382.
Lyman,. R. R., 587.
Lynde, C. J., 720.
Lyne, W. H., 848.
Lyon, T. L., 112.
Lythgoe, H. C, 67.
Maass, A., 538.
McAlpine, D., 244.
MacArthur, C. G., 608.
McBeth, I. G., 119.
McBride, R. S., 501.
McBurney, R., 399.
McCall, A. O., 399.
McCall, M. A., 498.
McCaughey, W. J., 206.
McClelland, C. K., 568.
McClelland, T.B., 637.
McClintock, J. A., 345.
McClintock, J. E., 797.
McClintic, T. B.,160.
McClure, G. M., 798.
McChirg, N., 798.
McColloch, J. W., 354, 455, 554.
McCollum, E. v., 864.
MacConkey, A., 880.
McConnell, P., 332, 421, 530.
McCormack, H., 759.
McCoy, A. W., 812.
McCoy, J. C, 269.
McCready, S. B.,693.
McCulloch-Williams, M., 557.
McCulloh, W., 214.
McDiarmid, R. W., 139.
McDonald, A. H. E., 831.
McDonald, M. C, 797.
MacDonald, P., 697, 798.
McDonald, W. T., 831.
McDonnell, IT. B., 300, 727.
MacDougall, R. S., 553, 648.
McDougall, W. B., 127.
McEwen, G. F., 212, 213.
M'Fadyean, J., 85, 283.
Macfle, J. W. S., 485.
McGehee, A. C, 513.
McGeorge, W., 25. 723.
McGill, A., 161, 656.
MacGillivray, A. D., 155.
McGilvray, C. D., 79.
McGregor, E. A., 757.
Mach, 809.
McHatton, T. H., 440.
Mclntire, W. H., 25, 111, 815.
McIntyre,.W. A., 290.
McKay, A. W., 338.
McKay, M.B., 842
McKee, R., 133.
McKellip, I., 600.
Mackenzie, J. E., 804.
Mackenzie, K. J. J., 870.
McKerral, A., 736.
Mackie, 47.
Mackie, D. B., 549.
Mackie, T. J., 478.
Mackintosh, J., 475.
McLain, R. E., 415, 718.
McLaughlin, F. A., 496.
McLean, F. T., 341.
McLean, J. A., 870.
McLendon, C. A., 497.
McLendon, W. E., 512.
MacLennan, K., 519.
Macleod, A., 76.
MacMillan, H. R., 239.
McMillan, J. G., 135.
MacMillan, R., 768.
McMullen, H. C, 88.
McMurtrie, D. C, 196.
McNamara, T., 900.
MacNeal, W. J., 858, 893.
MacNider, G. M.,629.
Macoun, W. T., 440.
Macpherson, A., 137, 771.
Macpherson, H., 389.
McWilliams, J. E., 199.
Maddox, R. S., 198.
Mader, IT., 509.
Maffei, L., 845.
Maffl, F., 380.
Magee, W. T., 798.
Magnan, A., 859.
Magnus, P., 546.
Magnusson, H., 381.
Mahaney, M., 271.
Mahoux, J., 152.
Mai, 613.
Maige, A., 247.
Main, J., 694, 896.
Maizi^res, 321.
Majmone, B., 251.
Makai, E.,277.
Malaquin, A., 243, 652, 757.
Malcor, M., 287.
Malins-Smith, W. M., 48.
Mallevre, 573.
Malloch, J. R., 254, 456, 552.
Mally, C. W., 548.
Malpeaux, L., 31, 129.
Mal'tsev, A., 153.
Malvezin, P., 505.
Mameli, E.,223, 245, 645.
Manaresi, A., 749, 836.
Maney, T. J., 232.
Mangels, C. E.,797.
Mangin, L., 147.
Mangum, A. W., 513.
Mann, A., 130.
Mann, C. J., 512, 513.
Mann, H. H., 108, 366.
Mann, I. A., 893.
Mann, J. D., 299.
Mann, J. M., 497.
Manning, D. F., 213.
Mansfield, G. R., 622.
Mansfield, R. E.,370.
Mansholt, T. J., 596.
Mansur, Z. M., 198.
Manuelli, C, 725.
Manwaring, W. H., 178, 778.
Maquenne, L., 33.
Marais, J. P., 783.
Marbut, C. F., 513.
Marchadier, 555.
Marchal, P., 57, 59, 848.
Marchoux, E., 81.
Marcusson, 808.
Marfe, R., 287.
Margolin, L., 341.
Maris, P. V., 797.
Marks, L. S., 92.
Marlatt, C. L., 351.
Marra, R., 884.
Marsh, C. D., 376, 657.
Marsh, H. L., 674.
Marshall, C. J., 380.
Marshall, P. H. A., 867, 870.
Marshall, F. M., 402.
Marshall, F. R., 75.
Marshall, H. T., 781.
Marshall, W. C, 290.
Martin, C. H., 420.
Martin, C. J., 764, 804.
Martin, G. W., 52, 748.
Martin, J. B., 528.
Martin, J. N., 624.
Martin, M., 375.
Martineau, V. L., 696.
Martinez, I. G., 781.
Martinez, J. E., 137.
Mascliliaupt, J. G., 216.
Maskew, F., 757.
Mas6, M. S., 615.
Mason, D. T., 639.
Mass, F., 217.
Massee, G., 646.
Massee, I., 246, 546.
Massella, V., 561.
Massol, L., 481.
Mather, S., 796.
Mathers, J. G., 511.
Matheson, R., 251, 797.
Mathews, E., 475.
Matousek, A., 325.
Matsunaga, S., 714.
Matthew, W. D., 269.
Mattill, H. A., 763.
Mattill, H. I., 763.
Maublanc, A., 55.
Maurenbrecher, A. D., 114.
Mauro, I., 535.
Maiisberg, A., 833.
Maximow, N. A., 34.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H., 155.
May, C. E., 209.
May, F. von, 822.
May, N. S.,364.
Mayer, M., 576.
Mayer Gmelin, H. K. H. A., 596.
Mayes, W., 537.
914
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOBD.
Maynadier, G. B., 513.
Maz6, P., 176, 221.
Meeker, W. H., 93.
Meeks, J. R., 497.
Meigs, E. B., 674.
Meinardus, W., 615.
Meinzer, O. E., 88.
Meisenheimer, J., 410.
Melander, A. L., 350, 740.
Melchers, L. E., 52, 545, 642, 748.
Meldert, L. van, 769.
Melhus, I. E., 149, 345, 447, 641.
Melia, T. W., 411.
Melvin, A. D., 367.
Mendel, L. B., 69, 463, 558, 560.
Mendes, C, 60.
Menozzi, A., 834.
Mensching, J. E., 268.
Menten, M. L., 108.
Mer, E., 444.
Mercer, W. H., 344.
Meredith, L. B., 536.
Merillat, L. A., 382.
Merkos, L., 392.
Merrill, D. E., 353.
MerrUl, T. C, 647.
Mesa, J. T. R. y, 41.
Metalnikofl, S., 155.
Metcalf, W., 795.
Met trie, J. O. de la, 662.
Metzger, M. E., 496.
Meves, J., 251.
Meyenburg, K. de, 188.
Meyer, A. J., 301, 797.
Meyer, D., 736.
Meyer, K. F., 380.
Meyer, W., 481.
Meyerheim, G., 856.
Mezger, O., 373.
Mezzadroli, G., 233, 330, 633.
Miatello, H., 739.
Michaelian, A. G., 268.
Michaelis, H., 635.
Michaels, L., 108.
Micheels, H., 427.
Michel, B., 593.
Micko, K., 656.
Middleton, M. S.,848.
Mifege, E., 531, 623.
Mikulowski-Pomorski, J., 320.
Milam, A. B., 299.
Miles, L. E., 795.
Milham, W. I., 213.
MUlen, r. E., 553.
Millar, J. H., 807.
Miller, C. F., 724.
Miller, F. E., 44.
Miller, F. G., 745.
Miller, H. K., 245.
Miller, J. E., 900.
Miller, J. M., 548.
Miller, M. F., 322, 783, 796, 819.
Miller,N. H. J.,21.
Miller, R. F., 496, 666, 795.
Miller, R. N., 498.
Miller, W., 48, 495.
Milligan, S., 722.
Mills, E.G., 90.
Mills, G. F., 398, 695.
Mills, R. W., 415.
Mimuroto, Z.,203.
Minear, S. A., 394.
Miner, J. R., 130.
Minett, F. C, 85.
Minns, L. A., 837.
Mlronesco, T., 580.
Misson, L., 228.
Mitchell, A., 488.
Mitchell, C. C., 192, 294.
Mitchell, H., 390.
Mitchell, J. A., 538.
Mitchell, S. C., 496.
Mitscherlich, E. A., 17, 118, 217.
Mitzmain, M. B., 776, 777.
Mixa, F. E., 796.
Mohler, J. R., 83, 382, 676.
Moiti^, A., 243, 652, 757.
Mokrzecki, S. A., 548, 550.
Molisch, H.,323.
Moller, A., 547.
Mollers, B., 182, 778.
Mollerus, L. E. J. F., 596.
Molz, E.,50.
Monaco, D. Ic, 762.
Monahan, A. C., 597, 800.
Monod, 282.
Monroe, C. F., 769.
Monteith, N., 388.
Mont<5verd6, N., 519, 520.
Montgomery, E. G., 225.
Montgomery, L. M., 399.
Mooers, C. A., 623.
Mooney, C. N., 513.
Mooney, J. J., 744.
Moore, A. E., 79.
Moore, B., 162, 538, 639.
Moore, H.W. B.,548.
Moore, N. J., 452.
Moore, R. A., 134, 333, 829.
Moore, R. B., 418.
Moore, V. A., 307, 376, 498.
Moore, W., 352.
Moorhead, M. K.,529.
Moorhouse, H. J., 831.
Mooring, D. C., 138.
Moraes, L. de, 444.
Moreillon, M.,'656.
Morelli, F., 181.
Morettini, A., 235, 634.
Morey, G. W., 501.
Morgan, A. C, 454, 549.
Morgan, H. A., 606.
Morgan, H. H., 366.
Morgan, T. H., 716.
Morgenthaler, O., 50, 344.
Morgulis, S.,464.
Mori, S., 60.
Moritz, E. A., 89.
Morley, C., 656.
Moro, E.,563.
Morrill, A. W., 155, 350, 455.
Morris, C. H., 214.
Morris, F. J. A., 155.
Morris, H. E., 635, 645.
Morris, O. M., 435, 441, 740.
Monis, R. T., 443.
Morrison, A. B., jr., 188.
Morrison, H., 452.
Moirison, J. K., 197.
Morse, F. W., 718.
Morse, S. F., 99.
Morse, T. W., 441.
Morse, W. J., 133, 151, 243, 739.
Morstatt, H., 548.
Mortimer, G. B., 799.
Morton, B. R., 445.
Morton, G. E., 468.
Morton, O. A., 598.
Moser, C. K., 760.
Mosier, J. G., 23.
Moss, A. E., 341.
Moss, B. L., 457. •
Mosserop, T. D., 711.
Mote, D. C., 552, 781.
Mott, F. W., 557.
Mottram, J. C., 865.
Mottram, V. H., 807.
Moussu, G., 85.
Mozette, G. F., 300.
Muench, G. W., 290, 688.
Mulford, W., 197.
Muller, F., 774.
Miiller, H., 593.
Miiller, H. C, 50.
Muller, K., 346, 539.
Miiller, P. E., 444.
Muller, T., 332.
Mumford, F. B., 302, 366, 396.
Mumford, H. W., 865.
Miinch, E., 247, 348.
Muncie, J. H., 542.
Mundy, H. G., 831, 834.
Munerati, O., 31, 233, 330,633,634,
729, 824.
Munger, H. B., 398.
Hunger, T. T., 639.
Munn, M. T., 139.
MunseU, E. J., 394, 856.
Miinter, F., 324.
Miintz, A., 318, 383.
Murdock, H. E., 496.
Murmaim, E. O., 143.
Murphy, D. W., 889.
Murphy, E. C., 888.
Murrill, W. A., 247.
Musback, F. L., 723.
Muttelet, C. F., 18.
Myers, C. E., 236.
Myers, C. H., 797.
Nabours, R. K., 58, 272,
Nagant, H., 831.
N angle, J., 538.
Nash, C. W., 57.
Natbusius, von, 879.
Naumarm, 378.
Navarro, A. F., 38.
Neal, D. C., 198.
Nearing, S., 360.
Needham, J. G., 195, 394.
Neff, C. E., 797.
Neger, F. W., 538.
INDEX OF NAMES.
915
Negri, G., 35.
Nehrling, A. H., 600.
Neidig, R. E., 13.
Neifert, W. W., 214.
Neiva, A., 82, 159.
Nellis, J. C, 144.
Nelson, M., 631.
Nelson, W. L., 832.
Ntoec, B., 327.
Ness, n., 439.
Nestor, A., 402.
Nettleship, E., 467.
Neubauer, H., 71, 112, 233.
Neumann, 580.
Neumann, L. G., 586.
Neumann, M. P., 162.
Neumann, R., 423.
Neumann, R. O., 576.
Nevens, W. B., 795.
Nevermann, 276, 879.
Neville, E. L., 370.
Newbigin, M. I., 846.
Newbill, T. J., 498.
Newell, C. R., 795.
Newell, r. H., 888.
Newell, W., 248, 256.
Newlin, J. A., 144.
Newsom, I. E., 879.
Newton, E. B., 854.
Nicholls, W. D., 786, 892.
Nichols, J. B., 265.
Nicholson, J. F., 900.
Niemann, A., 662.
Nighbert, E. M., 182.
Nightingale, P. A., 464.
Nikolaev, P., 554.
Nilsson, H. H., 830.
Nilsson-Ehle, H., 329, 332, 530.
Nissley, W. B., 198.
Nitta, N., 82.
Njaa, J. L., 219.
Noel, P., 249, 649, 652.
Nogaro, B., 788.
Noguchi, H., 579.
Nolan, A. W., 96, 298, 599.
NoUau, E. H., 695.
Norbury, G., 608.
Norcross, C. A., 568, 588.
Norgaard, V. A., 177.
Normandin, A., 89.
Norquest, C. E., 214.
North, A. T., 444.
Norton, J. B. S., 745.
Nostrand, P. E.,45.
Noter, R. de, 334.
Nottbohm, F. E.,315.
Novelli, N., 834.
NoweU, W., 547, 746.
Noyes, E. R., 502.
Nye, C, 394.
Oakley, R. A., 37.
Oberg, A., 193.
Obermayer, E., 531.
Obermayer, F., 713.
Oberstein, O., 544.
Obold, L. J., 798.
Ocfemia, G., 721.
Och, J., 294.
Ochoterena, I., 132.
Ocock, C. A., 292.
Oetken, AV., 633.
O'Gara, P. J., 150, 642.
O'Kane, W. C, 198, 247.
Okey, C. W., 185.
Oley, W. W., 399.
Oliver, G. L., 400.
Ollech, von, 467.
Olmstead, J. E., 76.
Olsen, O., 363, 437.
Olson, G. A., 208, 759.
Omeliansky, W. L., 121.
O'Neal, A. M., jr., 513.
O'Neill, J., 792.
Oosthuizen, J. du P., 204.
Opitz, 228, 532.
Opperman, C. L., 300, 473.
Orton, C. R., 346, 348.
Orton, W. A., 149, 307, 342, 343, 345.
Orwin, C. S., 089.
Oryng, T., 119.
Osborne, J. B., 517.
Osborne, T. B., 69, 377, 558, 560.
Osborne, W. A., 357.
Osman, E. G., 595.
Osmim, A. V., 496.
Ossat, G. de A. d', 418.
Ostcrhout, W. J. v., 627.
Ostertag, von, 879.
Ostertag, R. von, 276.
Osterwalder, A., 242.
Ostrander, J. E., 213, 415, 718.
Oswald, W. L., 633.
O'Toole, S., 282.
Otto, R., 468.
Ottolenghi, D., 64, 258.
Ousley, C, 497.
Overholser, E. L., 797.
Owen, R., 294.
Oxaal, J., 212.
Pack, C. L., 341.
Paddock, F. B., 352.
Paechtner, J., 766.
Page, C. S., 402.
Page, V. W., 590.
Paget, R., 192.
Paine, J. H., 252, 755.
Paine, S. G., 32.
Pdlinkds, G., 346.
Palmer, C, 791.
Palmer, C. F., 896.
Pahner, E. F., 142.
Palmer, L. L., 848.
Palmer, L. S., 273.
Pammel, E. C, 134.
Pammel, L. H., 134, 139.
Panisset, L., 87, 579.
PantaneUi, E., 746, 843.
Panzer, T., 806.
Paraschtschuk, S., 506.
Parish, S. B., 36.
Parker, G. H., 765.
Parker, J. R., 250, 635, 649.
Parker, P. A. M., 383.
Parker, R. R., 851.
Parker, T. B., 132.
Parker, W. H., 738.
Parkinson, S. T., 835.
Parks, K. E., 591.
Parks, T. H., 457.
Parman, D. C., 454.
Parrot, L. M., 551.
Parrott, P. J., 248, 355, 649.
Passerini, N., 234, 258.
Passolt, K. M., 195.
Passy, P., 53, 149.
Pastre, J., 251.
Patch, E. M., 157.
Paterson, J. W., 632, 723.
Paterson, T. G., 75.
Patten, C. G., 636.
Patterson, A. J., 194, 793.
Patterson, H. J., 695.
Patton, C. A., 615.
Patwardhan, V. G., 108.
Paul, J. H.,896.
Paulesco, N. C, 763.
Payne, J. H., 323, 823.
Payne, L. F., 474, 600.
Pead,C. H.,588.
Peairs, L. M., 349, 847.
Pearce, R. M.,279.
Pearl, J. W., 186.
Pearl, R., 130, 565, 669, 764.
Pearsc, A. W., 564.
Pearson, G. A., 341, 639, 716, 839.
Pearson, K., 467.
Pearson, W. H., 142.
Peaslee, W. D., 189.
Peck, G. W., 197.
Peck, J. W., 261.
Peirce, G. J., 624.
Pekelharing, C. A., 264.
Pellet, 11., 18, 126.
Pellett,F. C.,655.
Pelton, W. C.,398.
Penet,P.,287.
Pennington, M. E., 356, 373, 570,
758.
Pereira da Silva, A., 444.
Pereira de Andrade, N. C, 444.
Perelstein, M.,856.
Perimann, L., 894.
Perisho, E. C.,300.
Perkins, A. J., 364, 500.
Perlick,A.,622.
Perlzweig, W. A., 459.
Perree, W. F., 240.
Ferret, C, 51.
Perrier, L.,57.
Perronne, P., 53.
Persons, J. D., 615.
Pesadori, G. E., 86.
Fetch, T., 58.
Peter, A.M., 316.
Peters, 460.
Peters, C. A., 205.
Peters, L., 56.
Peters, T. M.,323.
Peters, W. H., 497.
916
EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD.
Petersen, A. K., 22.
Peterson, "W. H., 817.
Pethybridge, G. H., 43, 543.
Petri, L., 245, 326.
Petrie, J. M., 520.
Pettit, J. H., 23.
Pettit, R. H., 533.
Pew, W. H.,168.
P6zard, A.,572.
Pfannenschmidt, E. A. J., 296.
Pfanstiel, R., 695.
Pfeiffer, T., 71, 220, 733.
Pfeiler, W., 86, 87, 281, 480, 679.
Phadke, U. R.,282.
Phalen, W. C, 125, 321, 323, 422.
Phillips, A., 597.
Phillips, E. F., 254, 354.
Phillips, J. H., 364, 720.
Phillips, "W. J., 158.
Picard, E., 465.
Picard, F.,58.
Pickel, J. M., 366.
Pickering, S. U., 627.
Pickett, B. S., 454, 644.
Pickett^ F.L., 799.
Pieper,H., 834.
Pierce, B. L., 187.
Pierce, C. H., 118, 616.
Pierce, E. R.,489.
Pierce, "W. D., 350, 353.
Pierpont, A. J., 573.
Piettre, 29.
Pilkington, B., 41.
Pina de Rubies, S., 806.
Pincussolin, L., 563.
Pipal, F. J., 599, 739.
Piper, C. v., 133, 306, 731, 739.
Pirocchi, A., 75.
Place, F.E., 853.
Plahn-Appiani, II., 227, 232, 831.
Planchon, L., 137.
Plate, F., 231, 528.
Plaut, F., 877.
Plimmer, R. H. A., 607, 805, S07.
Plotner, W.,184.
Plumb, C. S.,867.
Plumraer, F. G., 639.
Plummer, J. K., 621.
Pluvinage, C, 517.
Poels, J., 286.
Poeteren, N. van, 56.
Poher, E.,596.
Poirault, G., 845.
Pokschischewsky, N., 880.
Poll, P., 529, 632.
Polimanti, O., 459.
Pollacci, G., 223, 826.
Pollak, L.,578.
Pomorski, J. M.,320.
Pool, R. J., 425.
Pool, V. W., 842.
Popcnoe, F. W., 47.
Popenoe, P. B., 237, 238, 267.
Popenoe, W., 536.
Popp, M., 314.
Poppe,E., 3.57, 557.
Poppe, K., 584.
Porchet, F., 47, 238, 534.
Porodko, T. M., 325.
Portchinsky, I. A., 547.
Porter, A., 478.
Porter, J., 150.
Pospielov, v., 654.
Pospisil, K., 422.
Poteat, W. L., 696.
Potter, A. A., 186, 747.
Potts, A. E., 99.
Pouget, I., 814.
Poulton, E. B., 57.
Pound, C. J., 883.
Powell, B. E., 199.
Powell, S. v., 297, 794.
Power, F. B., 311, 774.
Pozzi-Escot, M. E., 313.
Pranke, E. J., 321, 323.
Prasad, R., 526.
Prasil, A., 795.
Preston, J. F., 744.
Preti, L., 880.
Price, G.M., 259, 387.
Priego, J. M., 836.
Priestley, E., 268.
Priestley, J. H., 33, 428.
Primm, R. R., 827.
Prince, F. S., 600.
Pringsheim, H., 121, 310.
Proctor, L. G., 695.
Proescher, F., 880.
Prosser, C. A., 402.
Prussia, L., 414.
Purdy, J. S., 58, 351.
Pusch, 460.
Putter, A., 221.
Pynaert, C, 533.
Quaife, E. L.,000.
Quaintance, A. L., 2.52, 755.
Quarrie, G., 519.
Querens, P. L., 281.
Quisenberry, T. E., 291.
Quisumbing, F., 721.
Quitman, E. L., 382.
Rabak, F., 201.
Rabello, A. M., 444.
Rabild, H., 591.
Rabinowitsch, L., 481.
Rabinowitsch, M., 583.
Race, J., 718.
Rachel, F., 811.
Raclimanow, A., 678.
Radetzky, A. F., 62.
Radlberger, L., 633.
Ralston, G. S., 799.
Ramachandriah, H., 593.
Ramanathan, A. V., 593.
Ramirez, R., 255.
Rammstedt, O., 161, 656.
Ramsay, A. A., 541.
Ramsey, J. T., 333.
Ramsower, H. C, 399, 798.
Ranck, E. M., 769.
Rand, J. B., 900.
Rane, F. W., 251.
Rangel, E., 56,
Rankin, J. O., 199.
Rankin, M. H., 797.
Rankin, W. H., 54, 450, 751.
Ransom, B. H., 356.
Rao, v., 17.
Raper, H. S., 69.
Raquet, H., 169.
Rathbun, J. B., 385.
Rather, J. B., 65, 71, 264, 799.
Rdtz, S. von, 88, 585, 782.
Rau, K. S., 593.
Rau, M., 433.
Rau, N. M., 593.
RiJuber, A., 521.
Raum, 227.
Rautmann, 882.
Ravaz, L., 54.
Ravenel, M. P., 380.
Ravin, P., 426.
Rawl, B. H., 182.
Ray, B. J., 578.
Raymond, F., 177.
Rea, A. S., 687.
Readhimer, J. E.,23.
Reakes, C. J., 381.
Rech, 633.
Reddick, D., 447.
Redfern, P., 193.
Redfield, H. W., 109.
Redington, T., 315.
Reed, A. J., 489.
Reed, C. O., 185, 186.
Reed, E. B., 318.
Reed, E. P., 300.
Reed, G. B., 820.
Reed, G. M., 307, 342, 345.
Reed, H.S., 544.
Reed, O. E., 76.
Reed, W. G., 213, 316, 615.
Regan, S. A., 795.
Rehder, A., 239.
Reichert, E. T., 804.
Reid, G., 774.
Reiling, H., 227.
Reimer, F. C, 424, 636.
Reimers, J., 76.
Reinhardt, "W. A. A., 840.
Reinau, E., 235.
Reinisch, E. F. A., 536.
Rcinke, F., 277.
Remy, E., 656.
Rottger, E. W., 784.
Rettger, L. F., 171, 484.
Reuchlin, E., 811.
Reuter, C, 203.
Router, O. M., 454.
Rew, R. H., 94, 96, 391.
Rexford, F. A-,260.
Reynolds, M. H., 738.
Reynolds, R., 198.
Rhea, W. D., 323.
Rhodes, F. W.,472.
Rhodes, J. E., 340.
Ricci, U., 594.
Rice, J. E., 769.
Rice, T.D., 513.
Richards, E. C. M., 341.
INDEX OF NAMES.
917
Richards, R., 117.
Richards, R. W., 622.
Richards, T. W., 615.
Richardsen, 266.
Richardson, 664.
Richardson, A. E. V., 256, 513.
Richardson, A. M., 599.
Richardson, H. W., 718.
Richelet, J. E., 75.
Richet, C, 277.
Richter, G., 24, 732, 830.
Richter, G. A., 187.
Richter, O., 730.
Rickmann, W., 181.
Ricks, R. J., 136.
Ridgell, R. H., 799.
Ridgway, F. B., 241.
Riebe, W., 483.
Rieger, J. B.,362.
Riggs, W. M., 182.
Rigney, J. W., 696.
Rijkens, R. H., 898.
Riley, H. W.,590, 786.
Rindell, A., 516,524.
Ringelmann, M., 188, 291, 487.
Risser, A. K., 591.
Ritchie, J., 768.
Ritter, E., 421.
Ritzema Bos, J., 49.
Ritzman, E. G., 664.
Rivera, V., 246.
Riviere, C, 789.
Riviere, G., 534.
Roach, C, 590.
Roark, (Mrs.) M. C.,393.
Robbins, W. S., 585.
Robert, E., 51.
Robert, S. A., 469.
Roberts, E. N., 199.
Roberts, G., 217, 227.
Roberts, H. A.,, 473.
" Roberts, J. W., 150.
Robertson, J. W., 401.
Robinson, J. H., 568, 769.
Robinson, R. H.,818.
Robinson, W., 326.
Robinson, W. 0.,719.
Robson, W.,525.
Robson, W. P., 818.
Rockwell,?. F., 142,532.
Rockwell, F.H., 639.
Rodriguez, 555.
Roehm,E. G.,890.
Roettgen,T.,315.
Rogers, C. A., 668.
Rogers, J. E., 444.
Rogers, L. A., 478, 772, 773.
Rogers, T. B.,379.
Rogerson, H., 311.
Rohland,P.,514.
Rohwer,S. A.,554.
Roigy Mesa, J. T.,41.
Rolants, E.,773.
Rolet,A.,248.
Romdn, A.,233.
Ronald, D., 90.
Roncaglio, G., 581.
80404°— 15 3
Root, A., 796.
Rosam, A., 413,507.
Ros6,E. ,427.
Rose, F., 394,694.
Rose, P. S., 185.
Rose, R.C., 695.
Rose, R. E., 358, 366.
Rosenau,M. J., 575.
Rosenbaum, J., 447.
Rosenfeld, A. H., 42, 530, 628.
Rosengren, L. F., 375.
Rosenthaler, L. , 713.
Ross, B.B.,31.
Ross, C, 244.
Ross, D.E., 900.
Ross, E.H.,63.
Ross, H.E., 792.
Ross, W.H., 724.
Ross van Lennep, D. P., 209.
Rossi, U., 321.
Rothacker, A.,83.
Rotmistrov, V. G.,514.
Rous, P., 485.
Rousseaux, E.,809.
Routt, G.C., 277.
Rozs6nyi,I.,856.
Riibel.E. A., 49.
Rubies, S. P. de, 806.
Rubner, M., 361, 462, 463, 859.
Riibsaamen, E. H., 157.
Rudnick, P., 410.
Ruediger, E.H.,480.
Rullmann, W.,507.
Riimker, von, 200.
Riimker, K. von, 736, 830.
Rumpf,C. P.,587.
Runner, G. A., 253.
Ruppel.W. G.,285.
Ruppert, F.,500.
Rusby,H.H.,161,855.
Rusca, C. L.,361.
Rusche, 613.
Russell, A. R., 630.
Russell, E. J., 27, 196, 214, 336.
Russell, H.L., 899.
RusseU,H. M.,250.
Russell, W., 130.
Rutgers, A. A. L., 541, 750.
Ruth, W. E., 108.
Rutherford, A., 849.
Rutherford, J. G.,79,80.
Ruys, J. D.,209.
Ruzek,C. V.,631,696.
Ryerson, K. A., 837.
Rygula, V.,529.
Sabachnikoff, V.,34.
Saccardi, P.,854.
Saceghem, R. van, 356.
Sacharov, N.,849.
Sackett, W. G.,818.
Sadikova, V. S.,711.
Sadler, O.W., 338.
SafTord,"W. E.,339.
Safro,V.I.,300.
Sahasrabuddhe, D. L., 108.
St. John, E.Q,., 373.
Salant, W., 362.
Sale, J. W., 109.
Salkowski, E.,809.
Sahnon,D.E.,697.
Salmon, E. S., 130, 332, 545, 735.
Salomonson, J. K. A. W., 173.
Salter, F. J., 798.
Sammis, J. L., 874, 875.
Sample, J. W., 366.
Sampson, H. C, 335, 733.
Sanborn, A. W., 594.
Sanborn, C. E., 157, 354, 553.
Sanderson, E. D.,847.
Sandles, A. P.,73.
Sandsten, E. P., 441.
Sanford, S.,322.
Santos, J. dos, 508.
Sapper, K., 23.
Sardy,J. B.,323.
Sargent, F.L., 425.
Sartory, A.,759, 845.
Sasscer, E. R.,349.
Sato, M., 573.
Sauerwein, K., 505.
Saulnier, J. M., 145.
Saunders, C. E.,698.
Saunders, C.F., 837.
Saunders, P. T., 679, 779.
Saunders, W., 698.
Saunders, W.D., 467.
Sauret, L.,544.
Savage, "W.G., 779.
Savastano, L., 541, 646.
Sawyer, A.M., 48.
Sayre, L. E.,350.
Scales, F.M., 653.
Scaimi, G.,593.
Schaap, A., 413.
Schaffnit, E.,343.
Schalk, A. F.,492,582.
Schander, R., 147, 149, 254, 841.
Schaphorst, W. F.,590.
Schataloff, W.,223.
Scheelhaase, 290.
Schefifer, T. H., 154, 451.
Scheidter, F., 159.
Schellhaas, H., 713.
Schermerhorn, L. G., 497.
Scherrer, J. B., 398.
Schikorra, W., 50.
Schilling, 808.
Schindler, P. 97.
Schirmer, W., 409.
Schirokich, P., 763.
Schleidt, J., 369.
Schlimpert, H., 180.
Schlumberger, O., 52, 224.
Schmeer, L., 486, 587.
Schmid, A., 809.
Schmid, B., 793.
Schmidt, A., 392.
Schmidt, J., 526, 580.
Schmidt, O., 227.
Schmitz, N., 300.
Schmorl, G.,69.
Schneider, E., 377.
Schneider, R., 80.
918
EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.
Schneidewind, 733.
Schoene, W. J., 248, 352.
Schoenfeld, W. A., 799.
Schoevers, T. A. C, 848.
Schofield, F. W., 887.
Scholz, H., 279.
Schone, M., 191.
Schoppe, W. F., 670.
Schorger, A. W., 201.
Schorr, R., 812.
Schott, S. M., 784.
Schotte, G., 537.
Schottelius, M., 80.
Schou, R., 491.
Schowalter, E., 806.
Scliramm, J. R., 827.
Schrape, W., 174.
Schreiner, O., 620.
Schrenk, H. von, 750, 751.
Schribaiix, 42.
Schroeder, E. C, 79.
Schropfer, P., 286.
Schucht, F., 200, 417, 719.
Schuit, J., 530.
ScMl, L., 330.
Schultz, C. H., 579.
Schultz, S., 788.
Schulz, A., 131.
Schuize, A. F., 225.
Schulze, B.,725, 733.
Schuize, G., 593.
Schumann, P., 285.
Schuppli, I., 393.
Schwartz, 56.
Schwartz, E. J., 145.
Schwartzkopf, O., 287.
Schwaxz, J., 266.
Schwarz, O., 166.
Schwarze, C. A., 345.
Scoates, D., 786.
Scobey, F. C, 288, 782.
Sconce, H. J., 186.
Scopes, L. G., 714.
Scott, C. A., 536.
Scott, E. W., 252, 755.
Scott, J. M., 611, 731, 769.
Scott, L. L., 852.
Scott, P. R., 256, 632, 723.
Scott, R. W., jr., 629.
Scott, W., 875.
Scribner, F. H., 600.
Scurti, F., 312, 612.
Searle, R., 291.
Seddon, H. R., 782.
Sedlaczek, W., 756.
Sedlmayr, E. C., 689.
Seele, W., 857.
Seibold, E., 182.
Seidel, J. T., 659.
Seidenberg, A., 210.
Seller, 282.
Seitz, A., 452.
Selby, A. D., 49, 53.
Selden, C. A., 532.
Sellards, E. H., 323, 725.
Sellers, O. H., 297.
Seltensperger, C, 174.
Semler, H., 132.
Semper, L., 410.
Silvestri, F., 455.
Semple, F., 399.
Simmermacher, W., 17.
Senft, E., 536.
Simon, A. L., 339.
Senn, C. H., 855.
Simon, S. V., 743.
Sergent, E., 753.
Simpson, C. T., 239.
Serger, H., 508, 554.
Simpson, H. H., 470.
Sessions, C. R., 384.
Simpson, S. T., 797.
Severance, G., 432.
Singer, H., 877.
Severin, H. H. P., 756.
Sinnott, E. S., 785.
Severin, S., 721.
Sioco, B. M. G. y, 535, 536.
Shade, H. F., 190.
Sirodot, 230.
Shaffer, P. A., 763.
Sirot, M., 809.
Shannon, R. C, 352, 355.
Sirrine, F. A., 156.
Shannon, S., 490.
Sisson, S., 865.
Shantz, H, L., 306.
Sive, B. E., 797.
Sharp, D., 56.
Sizov, P., 184.
Sharp, L. T., 24, 215.
Skaer, W. F., 465.
Sharp, W. N., 376.
Skene, M., 32.
Shatkin, W., 224.
Skmner, J. H., 169.
Shaw, C. F., 512.
Skinner, J. J., 329, 620.
Shaw, E. L., 567. ,
Skmner, R. P., 30, 857.
Shaw, G. R., 743.
Skinner, W. W., 109.
Shaw, H. B., 549.
Slingerland, M. V., 849.
Shaw, H. L. K., 498.
Sloan, P. H. E., 198.
Shaw, J. K., 636.
Smart, W. W., 692.
Shaw, J. W., 139.
Smimov, D., 155.
Shaw, R. S., 595.
Smith, A., 177.
Shaw, S. B., 695.
Smith
A. L., 394.
Shaw, T., 768.
Smith
C. D., 598.
Shaw, W. N., 212, 213, 615.
Smith
C. P., 438.
Shear, C. L., 446, 841.
Smith
C. S., 459, 743.
Sheather, A. L., 85.
Smith
E. B., 261.
Shedd, O. M., 204, 316, 720.
Smith
E. F., 347, 745,
Sheets, E. W., 198.
Smith
F., 133.
Sheets, O., 796.
Smith
F. B., 492.
Sheldon, J. P., 173.
Smith
F. H., 695.
Shellord, V. E., 350. .
Smith
G., 835.
Sherbakofl, C. D., 447.
Smith
G. E. P., 891.
Sherman, A. L., 498.
Smith
G. P. D., 746.
Sherman, F., jr., 548.
Smith
G. S. G., 551.
Sherman, J. M., 798.
Smith
H., 402.
Sherman, S. S., 360.
Smith
H. C, 513.
Sherman, W. A., 631.
Smith
H. D., 769.
Sherwood, F. B., 900.
Smith
H. S., 60, 256.
Sherwood, R. M., 271, 472, 796.
Smith
J. F., 690.
Sherzer, W. H., 511, 619.
Smith
J. H., 320.
Shields, M. W., 697.
Smith
J. J., 640.
Shippen, L. P., 373.
Smith
J. R., 317, 793.
Shii-as, G., 3rd, 847.
Smith
J. W., 90, 213, 214,229,615
Shishkm, A., 515.
Smith
L., 829.
Shive, J. W., 729.
Smith
L. H., 306.
Sholl, L. H., 836.
Smith
L. J., 373.
Shreve, F., 522.
Smith
M. J., 695.
Shrewsbury, H. S., 864.
Smith
N. R., 119, 421.
Shrivell, F. W. E., 336.
Smith
0., 198.
Shtchegolev, I. M., 548, 848.
Smith
0. C, 797.
Shuman, F., 688.
Smith
0. F., 20, 511.
Shumway, M. H., 396.
Smith
P. H., 573, 765.
Sieber, N. 0., 121.
Smith
R., 300.
Siegel, 878.
Smith
R. G., 594, 620.
Sierig, E., 620.
Smith
S. D., 744.
Sievers, A. F., 201.
Smith
T., 498, 698.
Sievers, F. J., 723.
Smith
T. 0., 126.
Siggms, H. W., 341.
Smith
V. C, 798.
Sihn, E., 371.
Smith
W. C, 787.
Siler, J. F., 858, 893.
Smith
W. D., 615.
Silva, A. H. da, 444.
Smith
W. M. M., 48.
Silva, A. P. da, 444.
Smith
W. v., 887,
INDEX OF NAMES.
919
Smith, Z. M., 793.
Smoot, B. P., 318.
Smulyan, M. T., 790.
SneU, E. S., 718.
SneU, J. F., 610, 611.
SneU, K., 526.
Snoke, J. W., 393.
Snow, F. C, 588.
Snyder, J. L., 300.
Snyder, W. P., 866.
Sobbe, O. von, 413.
Soderbaum, H. G., 123.
Solano, J., 500.
Somerville, 538.
Somen'ille,W., 731.
Somes, M. P., 650.
Sommerfeld, A., 775.
Sommerfeld, K., 565.
Sopotzko, A., 157.
Sopp, O. J. O., 327.
Sorauer, P., 541.
South, F. A., 55. .
South, F. W., 58.
South worth, P. D., 696.
Southworth, W., 831 .
Spackman, H. S., 91, 185, 687.
Spafford, W. J., 364, 500.
Spallino, R., 714, 715.
Spann,\V. M., 513.
Spaulding, P., 348, 647.
Speiser, P., 452.
Spenee, E. R., 797.
Sperlich, A., 546.
Spicckermann, 149.
Spillman.W. J., 388.
Sprague, C. B., 740.
Sprague, E. H., 587.
Ssinitzin, D., 758.
Stainthorpe, T. W., 292.
Stakman, E. C, 146, 642.
Staley, R. M.,576.
Stall tags, R. E., 73.
Standfuss, R., 87.
Stan6k,V., 108.
Stange, B., 180.
Stange, C. H., 286.
Stanton, A. T., 555.
Stanton, M. B., 795.
Staples, C. H., 72.
Starodubowa, M. A., 16.
Starr, C. G., 781.
Starr, S. H., 695.
Stebbing, 61.
Stebbins, C. A., 394.
Steglich, B., 228.
StegmiiUer, P., 113.
Stem, M. F., 616.
Stembach, N., 503.
Stemberger, H., 591.
Sterner, L., 294.
Stetahausz, 85.
Stemkoenig, L. A., 618.
Stene, A. E., 697.
Step, E., 628.
Stepp,W., 761, 861.
Sterling, E. A., 340.
Sternberg, W., 859.
Stevens, E. A., 785.
Stevens, F. L., 645.
Stevens, H. E., 54, 750.
Stevens, J. S., 117.
Stevenson, 590.
Stevenson, W. H., 215.
Stewart, A., 151.
Stewart, C. L., 788.
Stewart, F. C, 54, 137.
Stewart, J. P., 45.
Stewart, R., 318.
Stift, A., 649, 747.
Stimson, R. W.,693.
Stockham, W. L., 658.
Stockman, S., 177.
Stockton, R. S., 89.
Stoetzer, H., 185.
Stokes, C. E., 695.
Stokes, E. S., 387.
Stoklasa, J., 312, 821.
StoU, A., 427.
Stoltz, R. B., 399.
Stoltzenberg, H., 125.
Stone, A. L., 134, 438.
Stone, C. W., 793.
Stone, H., 743.
Stone, R. W., 125, 322, 726.
Stone, T. C, 798.
Storeh, A.,374.
Storer, F. H.,698.
Storm, A. V., 498, 800, 890.
Stormcr, K., 43, 50.
Stort, C. G. J. A. van G., 596.
Stout, J. P., 185.
Stover, W. G., 399.
Stoward, F., 756.
Strache, H., 387.
Strahan, J. L., 439.
Strahom, A. T., 513.
Strait, E. D., 288.
Strate, E. M., 795.
Strickland, C, 552.
Stritar, M. J., 206.
Stroh, 456.
Strohmer, F., 633.
Strong, R. P., 857.
Strowd, W. H., 467, 823.
Stuart, W., 643.
Stubbs, C. D., 496.
Stubbs, J. E., 100.
Stubenrauch, A. V., 397.
Stuckey, H. P., 436, 438.
Studhalter, R. A., 57, 451.
Stupart, R. F., 415.
Stutzer, A., 226, 422, 663, 821.
Suchtelen, F. H. H. van, 317.
Sugiura, K., 211.
Sullivan, M. X.,12.
Summers, A. C., 259.
Summers, J. C, 496.
Sundberg, T., 810.
Supf, K., 136.
Suplee, H. H., 287.
Surface, F. M., 277, 669, 832.
Surface, H. A., 648.
Surface, H. E., 144, 715.
Surr, G., 823.
Suwelack, R., 874.
Suzuki, U., 714.
Swaine, J. M., 848.
Sweet, A. T., 513.
Sweet, G., 182.
Sweetser, H. P., 837.
Sweitzer, H. B., 300.
Swift, H. T., 495.
Swingle, D. B., 644, 843.
Swmgle, W. T., 237.
Swynnerton, C. F. M., 452.
Symons, T. B., 300.
Szembek, A., 690.
Szymanowski, Z., 179.
Tacke, B., 74, 721, 726.
Tadmi, A., 481.
TaS, P. C, 344.
Tague, E. L., 496.
Talbert, T. J., 797.
Taliaferro, T. H., 300.
Taliaferro, W. T. L., 300.
Talman, C. F., 509.
Tangemann, W. W., 890.
Tannatt, E. T., 185.
Tanret, C, 828.
Tanret, G., 13.
Tarchetti, A., 834.
Tardy, L., 293.
Tartar, H. V., 41, 407, 409.
Tassilly, E., 502.
Taubenhaus, J. J., 445, 447, 600,
844.
Taylor, A. E., 513.
Taylor, Alonzo E., 556.
Taylor, A. H., 615.
Taylor, A. M., 853, 854.
Taylor, D. J., 695.
Taylor, F., 631.
Taylor, F. W., 139.
Taylor, J. C, 557.
Taylor, W. A., 337, 606.
Taylor, W. E., 185.
Taylor, W. J., 682.
Teele, R. P., 588.
Teesdale, C. H., 743.
Tempany, H. A., 55, 638.
Temple, C. E., 2:32, 600, 695.
Tempski, von E., 894.
Terllkowski, K., 609.
Terman, L. M., 557.
Tharp, W. E., 513.
Thatcher, H. K., 797.
Thatcher, R. W., 234.
Thaxter, R., 145.
Thayer, C. L., 198.
Theiler, A., 585.
Theobald, F. V., 452.
Thiermger, H., 84.
Thillard, R., 639.
Thom, C. C, 723.
Thomae, C, 310.
Thomas, E., 84, 464.
Thomas, E. K., 693, 697.
Thomas, H. H., 143.
Thomas, W. A., 249, 250.
Thompson, A. L., 797.
Thompson, A. R., 11, 110.
Thompson, D. O., 75.
Thompson, E. H., 307.
920
EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Thompson, E. W., 573, 864.
Tliompson, F., 439.
Thompson, G. E., 495.
Thompson, H., 288, 486.
Thompson, J. A., 462.
Thompson, J. B., 416, 425, 441, 467,
482.
Thompson, W. H., 503.
Thomson, D., 550.
Thomson, E. H., 689.
Thomson, R. B., 522.
Thomson, W., 362, 363.
Thoni, J., 314, 674.
Thornber, J. J., 228.
Thomdike, E. L., 871, 872.
Thome, C. E., 306, 319, 495.
Thornton, E. W., 659.
Thoumaian, A. H., 772.
Thrmg, D. T., 685.
Throckmorton, R. I., 513.
Thrum, W. E., 797.
Tichmenefl, N., 464.
Tiedemann, O., 422.
Tieghem, P. van, 500.
Tiesenhausen, M., 149.
Tiffany, E. M., 796.
Tiffeneau, 265.
Tillotson, C. R., 639.
Tillson, G. W., 385.
Tilt, L. C, 839.
Tireman, H., 240.
Tischler, G., 347.
Titsworth, B. E., 394.
Titze, C, 84.
Tobin, E. J., 499.
Tobler, F., 128, 222, 736.
Tobler-Wolff, G., 736.
Todd, G. T., 214.
Todd, J. L., 81.
Todd, W. F., 30, 272.
Tognato, L., 834.
ToUemache, B., 490.
ToUens, B., 17.
Tol'skiil, A., 824.
Tomasewski, Z.,662.
Tomei, B., 841.
Tommasi, G., 312, 505, 612.
Tonegutti, M., 836.
Tonnelier, A. C, 42, 231, 528.
Torgerson, E. F., 796.
Torrance, F., 176, 177.
Torrence, J. H., 300.
Tottingham, W. E., 425.
Toumois, J., 832.
Tower, W. V., 452.
Townsend, C. H. T., 847.
Townsend, G. A., 770.
Toyama, K., 60.
Trabut, L., 48, 230.
Trafton, G. H., 792.
Triig&rdh, I., 157, 159, 849.
Traum, J., 695.
Trautschold, R., 290, 688.
Treheme, R. C, 848.
Trescot, T. c, 205.
Treuthardt, E. L. P., 362.
Trichereau, 738.
Tridon, 564.
Trier, G., 10, 309.
Triggerson, C. J., 354.
Troitzky, N. N., 159, 254.
Trotter, F. B., 400.
Troup, R. S., 537.
Trowbridge, P. F., 31, 269, 306.
True, A. C, 301, 696.
True, G. H., 36, 43, 77.
True, R. H., 613, 730.
Truelle, A., 365.
Truninger, E., 421.
Truog, E., 823.
Trzhebinsk-i!, G., 842.
Tschannen, A., 465.
Tubeuf, C. von, 50, 246, 343, 348,
451,731.
Tucker, E. S., 157, 452.
Tucker, T. T., 797.
Tuckerman, L. C, 294.
Tulaikov, N., 334.
Tunnicliff, N. H., 290.
Tunstall, A. C, 49, 55, 56.
Turcoui, M., 844.
Turner, F., 795.
Turner, T. W., 493.
Turrentine., J. W., 323.
Tutm, F., 311.
Tuttle, E. M.,797.
Twining, R. H., 209.
Twort, F. W., 283.
Tyszka, C. von, 261.
Udall, D. H., 376.
Udden, J. A., 726.
Uhlenhuth, 86.
Uhlenhuth, P., 284.
Uhler, P. R., 349.
Ullsperger, H. W., 723.
Ulmansky, S., 863.
Underhili, F. P., 167.
Underivood, L. M.,620.
Unzeitig, H.,369.
Upson, A. T., 743.
Upton, W , 213.
Urban, J., 529.
Urich, F. W.,547.
Usher, A. P., 295.
Usher, C. H., 467.
Usry, E. L.,792.
Utt,C. A. A.,115.
VaUe, R. S.,695.
Vaillard, 57.
Valentl, F.,481.
Valerio, B. G., 81, 284, 451, 480,586.
Valeton, T.,640.
VaUejo, C.,898.
Van Arsdale, M. B., 359.
Vanatta, E. S., 513, 813.
Van Bum-en, H., 842.
Van den Bosch, I. G. J., 390.
Van den Burgt, M., 820.
VandPTbilt, S. B., 462.
Van der Laat, J. E., 244, 723.
Vander Wolk,P. C.,142.
Van Dine, D. L.,458.
VanEs, L.,582.
Van Fleet, W., 142.
Van Gendcren Stort, C. G. J. A.,
596.
Van Hall, C. J. J., 242.
Van Heelsbergen, T., 381.
Van Hove, 850.
Vanlngen, P., 498.
VanKleek, J. R.,795.
Van Laer, H., 806.
Van Lennep, D. P. R., 209.
Van Lonkhuyzen, J. P., 691.
Van Meldert, L., 769.
Van Poeteren, N.,56.
Van Saceghem, R., 356.
Van Slyke, D. D., 610, 661, 808.
Van Slyke, L. L., 409, 709, 710.
Van Suchtelen, F. H. H., 317,600.
Van Tieghem, P., 500.
Van Voornveld, H., 176.
Van Winkle, W., 616.
Van Wisselingh, C, 803.
Vasil'ev, I. V.,59,655.
Vass, A. F.,818.
Vassiliev, I. V.,655.
Vassilliev, E. M., 157, 158, 648,654,
655, 849.
Vasters, J. , 228.
Vaughan, R. E., 840.
Vavilov, N.,32,50.
Veatch, J. 0.,814.
Vedder, E. B.,858.
Velbel,B.,722.
Vegesack, A. von, 589.
Vendl, A.,719.
Venturi, F.,561.
Vercier, J.,534.
Verge, G., 238.
Vermeulen, H. A., 585.
Vermorel, V.,153.
Verner, E. P., 323.
Verneuil, A.,837.
Vicars, J., 384.
Vidal, J. L.,534.
Viereck.H. L.,554.
Vigiani, D.,233.
Vignerot, 773.
Vmard,V.,637.
Vilmorin, P. L. de, 130, 314, 409.
VuiaU,H.N.,737.
Vinson, A. E.,326.
Vipond, H. J., 119, 122, 461, 464,
662.
Vitkovsky, N.,157.
Vivarelli, L.,238.
Vivien, M. A., 233.
Vliebergh, M. E.,94.
Voelcker, J. A., 218, 221, 566, 767.
Voelkel, E.,877.
Vogel, 121.
Vogel, J.,125.
Vogel von Falckcnstein, K., 513.
Voges, E.,542.
Vohl, 11.
Voitellier, C.,168.
Volck, W.H.,338,748.
VoUhase, E.,508.
INDEX OF NAMES.
921
Volpino, G.,858.
Voltz, W., 467, 766.
Voornveld, H. van, 176.
Vosler, E. J.,256.
Voulc,V.,224.
Vries, H.de,35,523.
Vrooman, C, 605, 696.
Vuaflart, L.,810.
Vuillet, A.,58, 61, 252, 755,
853.
Vuillet, J., 755.
Vuyst,P. de,691,791.
Wacker, 525.
Wacker, L.,465.
Waddingham, J. H., 240.
Wager, II., 222.
Wager, H. A., 52.
Wager, R. E., 793.
Waggaman, W. H., 518.
Wagner, F., 527.
Wagner, H. W., 93.
Wagner, P., 822.
Wagner, R. E., 792.
Wahl, C. von, 539.
WalinschalTe, F., 200, 719.
Waite, M. B., 546.
Waite, P., 400.
Wakulenlco, I. L., 773.
Walcott, G. E., 300.
Waldrop, C. S., 513.
Walker, A. O., 811.
Walker, A. W., 873.
Walker, E. W. A., 80.
Walker, G. B., 136.
Walker, G. K., 286.
Walker, J. C, 799.
Walker, W. O., 114.
WaUace, R., 565.
WaU^n, A., 316.
Wallschlaeger, F. 0., 48.
Walter, H. E., 70.
Walther, A. R., 266.
Walton, G. L., 35.
Walton, R. C, 451.
Walton, W. R., 352, 456.
Walz, F. J.,214.
Wankel, J., 778.
Warburton, C. W., 527.
Ward, A., 68.
Ward, A. R., 497, 677.
Ward, R.DeC, 212.
Ward, S. H., 380.
Ward, W. F., 74, 169, 367,
664, 883.
Ware, E. E., 784.
Ware, L. S., 334.
Warner, C. H., 222.
Warner, D.E., 798.
Warren, G. F., 295, 320, 489,
895.
Warren, L. E., 2S0.
Warth, F. J., 163, 834.
Warynski, T., 125.
Waterman, H. J., 225.
Waters, E.M., 195.
Watkins, W. I., 797.
Watrud, H. 0., 900.
468,
787,
Watson, C, 261.
Watson, E. A., 79, 80, 177.
Watson, G. C, 270.
Watson, J. A. S., 565.
Watson, J. R., 751.
Watson, L. O., 497.
Watt, A., 316.
Watts, R. J., 398.
Waugh, F. A., 198.
Wawrinsky, 285.
Weathers, J., 140.
Weaver, G. H., 479.
Webb, A. L., 97.
Weber, G., 480.
Webster, F. M., 349, 790, 851.
Weeks, A. D., 294.
.Weese, J., 242, 343.
Wehmer, C, 248, 547.
Wehnert, 37, 137.
Wehrle, 282.
Weilemann, A., 615.
Welnmann, E. R., 186.
Weinzirl, J., 854.
Weir, J. R., 247.
Weise, H., 175, 475.
Weisman, C, 363.
Weissenbom, E., 489.
Weisweiller, G. W., 165.
Welch, E. G., 695.
Welch, J. S., 231.
Weld, I. C, 460.
Weldon, G. P., 850, 851.
Weleminsky, F., 284.
Wellington, R., 442.
Wellmann, O., 567.
Wells, C. A., 855.
Wells, G. F., 294.
Wells, H. G., 377.
Wells, P. v., 615.
Welton, F. A., 35.
Wentling, J. P., 640.
Wentworth, E. N., 765, 796.
Wertheim-Salomonson, J. K. A.,
173.
Wery, G., 517.
Wessels, P. H., 467, 624.
West, C. J., 427.
West, F., 278.
West, G. H., 534.
West(Mrs.), M., 463.
Westbrook, E. C, 695.
Wester, P. J., 47, 142, 535, 536, 564,
635.
Westgate, J. M., 38, 795.
Wheeler, C. S., 399.
Wheeler, D. E., 659.
Wheeler, R., 461.
Wheeler, W. M., 62, 452, 849.
Wheldale, M., 224.
Whillas, C. J.,291.
Whisenand, J. W., 795.
White, C. P., 280.
White, D. S., 382.
White, E., 340.
White, E. A., 186.
White, F., 890.
White, F. M., 186.
White, G. C, 790.
White, G. F., 209, 255.
White, H. C, 433.
White, J., 88.
White, J. H., 445.
White, P. B., 846.
Whiting, P. W., 551.
Whiting, R. A., 86.
Whitlock, B. W., 633, 835.
Whitmarsh, R. D., 852.
Whitmore, G. F., 524.
Whitney, M., 512.
Whitson, A. R., 723.
Whitten, J. C, 306, 334.
Whittier, A. C., 439.
Whittle, C. A., 199.
Wiancko, A. T., 37, 832.
Wibeck, E., 537.
Wickson, E. J., 494, 836.
Widen, L., 691.
Wieehmann, F. G., 315.
Wiedemann, H, E., 67.
Wiegner, a, 618.
Wieler, A., 322, 521.
Wiener, E.,175>--..^
Wierzchowski, Z., 20i.
Wig, R. J., 290.
Vfight, W. F., 439.
Wilcox, E. v., 388,795.
Wild, H. 213.
Wild, L. J., 835.
Wilden, W., 394.
AVilder, A. P., 42, 370.
Wiley, J. R. 399.
WiUcinson, A. E.,394.
WiUcmson, W. E., 513.
Wilkonski, S. von, 632.
Wilks, W., 337.
Willcocks, F. C, 656.
Willheim, R., 713.
Williams A., 795.
Williams, C, 776.
Williams, C. A., 784.
Williams, C. B., 30, 37, 38, 39, 41,
43,59,628,629,630,631.
Williams, C.G., 35.
Williams, L. M., 498.
Williams, M. McC, 557.
Williams, P. F., 279.
Williams, R. H., 300.
Williams, R. S., 475.
Williams, T. H., 853.
Williams, W., 302.
Williams, W. L., 379, 779.
WUliamson, C. G.,663.
Williamson, J. T., 40.
Williamson, R. M., 240.
Willis, C. P., 846.
Willis, L. G., 815.
Willis, R. L., 142.
Willson, C. A., 469, 489.
Willstatter, R., 324, 427, 728.
Wilson, A. P., 489.
Wilson, B. D., 695.
Wilson, C.B., 695.
Wilson, C. E.,496.
Wilson, D., 796.
Wilson, D. W., 861.
Wilson, F. P., 577, 773.
922
EXPERIMEISTT STATION RECOED.
Wilson, F. W., 497.
Wilson, G. W., 216, 242, 347, 746
844.
Wilson, H., 323.
Wilson, n. F., 848, 850, 852.
Wilson, James, 99.
Wilson, J., 95, 470, 569.
Wilson, J. K., 797.
Wilson, J. T., 162.
Wilson, J. W., 470.
Wilson, O. T., 330.
Wilson, P. E., 370.
Wimperis, H. E.,90.
Wiadirsch, F., 230.
Wing, H. H., 394.
Wing, J. E., 895.
Winkler, 375.
Winkler, L. W., 108.
Winslow, A. A., 724.
Winslow, C. H., 402.
Winslow, F. H., 256.
Winston, J. R., 344.
Winston, R. A., 513.
Winter, O. B., 409, 709.
Winters, R. Y., 41.
Winterstein, E., 203.
Wintz, H., 265.
Wirth, H., 891.
Wiseman, R. E., 796.
Wisselingh, C. van, 803.
Withers, W. A., 578.
Witt, D. O., 61.
Wittmack, L., 425, 529, 824. ,
Woeikof, 812.
Wojta, J. F., 600.
Wolbach, S. B., 81.
Wolcott, G. N., 458.
Wolf, F. A., 344.
Wolff, A., 374.
.Wolff, G. T., 736.
Wolff, M., 454.
Wolfl-Eisner, 383.
Wolk, P. C. van der, 142.
WoU, F. W., 467, 823.
WoUenweber, H. W., 544.
Wood, A., 299.
Wood, F. W., 677.
Wood, H. B., 92.
Wood, I. D., 891.
Wood, P. O., 512.
Wood, R. C, 733.
Wood, T. B., 866.
Woodbury, C. G., 897.
Woodcock, E. F., 600.
Woodhouse, E. J., 736.
Woodrufi, L. L., 167.
Woods, A. F., 96.
Woods, C. D., 132, 141.
Woodward, E. J., 770.
Woodward, K. W., 639.
Woodward, T. E., 72.
Wootten, E. J., 743.
Wormald, W., 542.
Woy, R., 315.
AVreidt, E. A., 402.
Wright, A. H., 131, 532, 696, 832.
Wright, A. M., 160, 161.
Wright, C. li., 386.
Wright, J. K., 832.
Wright, J. R., 20, 511.
Wright, R. C, 237.
Wright, W., 474.
Wright, W. J., 897.
Wulfl, F., 181.
Wurzbm-ger, 96.
Wyer, S. S., 92.
Wylie, C. E., 793.
Wynn, H. W., 269.
Wyssmann, E., 381.
Ylppo, A., 175.
Yoder, M., 900.
York, I. S., 798.
Yost, B. F., 832.
Yothers, M. A. 435, 454.
Yothers, W. W., 549, 758.
Young, C. C, 367.
Young, D. W., 839.
Young, G. J., 423.
Young, H. B., 394.
Young, W. J., 498, 830.
Youngberg, G. E., 470.
Youngblood, B., 488, 489, 863.
Yuasa, H., 354.
Zacharias, E., 225.
Zacher, F., 58, 649.
Zade, 235, 733.
Zaepemick, H., 144.
Zaleski, W., 223, 224, 427.
Zapparoli, T. V., 233, 330, 633, 634
729, 824.
Zavitz, C. A., 226, 829.
Zeederberg, W. R., 122.
Zeiss, H., 879.
Zell, C. A., 283.
Zemplto, G., 310, 312.
Zetek, J., o52.
Ztffer, A., 230.
Zunmermann, A., 241, 736.
Zimmermann, H., 343, 542.
Znamenskil, A. V., 853.
Zon, R., 614, 615, 639, 716.
Zuntz, N., 71, 200.
Zunz, E., 161.
Zwick, 282, 381.
Zyl, C. J. v., 782.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Note.— The abbreviations "Ala. College," "Conn. State," "Mass.," etc., after entries refer to the publi-
cations of the respective experiment stations; "Alaska," "Guam," "Hawaii," and "P. R." to those of
the experiment stations in Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, and Porto Rico; "Can." to those of the experiment
stations in Canada; and "U.S.D.A." to those of this Department.
Abattoirs. (See Slaughterhouses.) Page.
Abera gardnerii, culture experiments, Guam. 441
Abortin, diagnostic value 380
Abortion —
bacillus, prevalence in milk 79
contagious, in cattle, U.S.D.A 779
contagious, notes 177
diagnosis 379
in mares, studies 381
infectious, in cattle 285
infectious, in cattle, diagnosis 380
infectious, in mares, etiology 683
infectious, in pigs 886
Abrin, investigations 775
Acacia-
ants of Central America 452
galls, lycenid in 352
Acacias, tannin-yielding, of Senegal 839
Acamatus schmitti, destructive to Argentine
ant 256
Acanthocephala —
parasitic in birds 184
review of studies 154
AcauUum spp. in Norway 327
Acetic ether as a soil disinfectant 021
Acetyl number of oUs, determination, Mass.. 713
Achscta moria, notes 58
Achrx grisella, immunity to tuberculosis 155
Acid —
amins, determination and transformation
in soils 515
phosphate. (See Superphosphate.)
Acidimetric solutions, standardization 501
Acids—
amino. (See Amino acids.)
effect on catalase of taka-diastase 13
effect on malt diastase 806
fatty, cleavage in the animal body 465, 561
fatty, determination 508
fatty, of milk fat 175
fatty, of phosphatids 608
importance in digestive processes 772
Acorns, analyses and feeding value 365
Acridiidae of Minnesota, Minn 650
Acrocercops sp., notes 849
AcTocomia sclerocarpa, oil content 234
Actinomyces —
albo-Toseus, notes 15
melanocyclus, notes 14
Actinomycetes, nitrogen transformations in.. 324
Actinomycosis in South American ox
tongues 882
Acuaria spp., parasitic in fowls 184
Adenin— Page.
in mulberry leaves 203
in tea 358
A dia genitalis, notes 852
Adsuki bean, description, U.S.D.A 739
^cidium —
blasdaleanum on pome fruits 150
sp. oni,?maceous hosts f. 345
^olothripidae, synopsis 452-
Aerology, standard units in, U.S.D.A 615
Afforestation. (See Forestation.)
African coast fever, immunization 585
Agalactia, contagious, in goats and sheep 884
Agaricus maximus, notes 247
Agave disease, notes 54
Agaves of Durango, Mexico 132
Age as a factor in animal breeding, Mo 367
Ageniaspis fuscicollis, parasitism 458
Agrarianism, treatise 93
Agricultural-
accident insurance in Belgium 94
associations in Netherlands 596
chemical institutions, organization 790
chemistry. (See Chemistry.)
chemists, training 790
clubs in high schools 96
clubs in Ohio 96
clubs in Pennsylvania 393
clubs in Poland 690
clubs in West Virginia 297
clubs, organization 499
clubs, suggestions for 793
college editors, American association of. 101,199
colleges and State normal schools, rela-
tion 896
colleges, organization list, U.S.D.A 599
colleges, relation to experiment stations
and extension work 196
colleges, technical subjects in 800
colleges, tropical, notes 297
(See also Alabama, Arizona, etc.)
conditions in Norway 491
cooperation, consumer's view of 594
cooperation in Europe 192, 593
cooperation in India 593
cooperation in Netherlands 596
cooperation in New England 389
cooperation in Ohio 593
cooperation, notes 294, 894
cooperation, notes. Wis 490
cooperation. State control of 593
cooperation, treatise and bibliography. . . 389
cooperation, yearbook 593
923
924
EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Agricultural— Continued. Page.
courses for high schools 493, 692
courses for public schools 896
courses, plant physiology in 701
credit associations, law in Indiana 694
credit, cooperative, in India 593
credit in Canada 390
credit in Europe 94,389,593
credit in France 788
credit in French colonies 293
credit in Illinois 788
credit in Ohio 593
credit in Russia 390
credit in Texas 192
credit in United States 94,293,389
credit in Wisconsin, Wis 893
credit, notes 192, 894
credit, use, U.S.D.A 389
demonstration fields for schools 793
economies. {See Rural econoniics.)
education, home-project plan for 693
education in Argentina 898
education in Canada 194
education in Greece 800
education in India 400
education in Italian Africa 699
education in Latin America 598, 898
education in Massachusetts 693
education in Michigan College 692
education in Netherlands 898
education in Prince Edward Island 800
education in Servia 393
education, notes 894
education, organization 96
education, progress in 1913 898
education, secondary, in United States. . 402
educat ion, value to the farmer 396
(See also Agricultural instruction.)
engineering, papers on 185
exhibits, preparation 793
exhibits, preparation, Kans 495
experiment stations. (See Experiment
stations.)
experimentation in German colonies 196
exports from United States 295
extension work in Massachusetts 692
extension work in Ontario 693
extension work in secondary schools 799
extension work in United States, U.S.
D. A 195
extension work in Wisconsin, Wis 899
extension work of Louisiana State Uni-
versity 598
extension work of railroads in Spain 400
extension work, organization 90
extension work, relation to agricultural
colleges and experiment stations 196
(See also Agricultural colleges.)
grants of General Education Board 400
holdings in Norway 192
holdings in United Kingdom 391
hydraulics station in Tunis 587
institutions in Hungary and Balkan
States 392
instruction for teachers 498
instruction for teachers in Porto Rico 494
instruction for women in France 493, 899
Agricultural— Continued. Pa
instruction, home projects in 97,
instruction in Argentina
instruction in Austria
instruction in Belgium
instruction in Bombay Presidency
instruction in Canada
instruction in Christchurch Technical
College
instruction in Denmark
instruction in elementary schools
instruction in high schools 297, 298, 394,
instruction in Ireland 692,
instruction in Latin America
instruction in Louisiana
instruction in Mauritius
instruction in public schools 494,
instruction in secondary schools
instruction in Trinidad
instruction in University of Gottingen. . .
instruction in various countries
instruction in Western Australia
instruction, motion pictures for
instruction, nature study in
instruction, notes 091,
instruction, secondary, supervision
journals, new
laborers in Germany
laborers in United Kingdom
laborers, increasing efficiency of
laborers, insurance against accidents in
Belgium
laborers, payment by piece
laborers, standard of living
laborers, wages of
lands in different countries
lands in New Jersey
lands, leasing
laws in New York
laws in Washington
laws, manual
legislation in Netherlands
machinery, ball bearings in
machinery, papers on
machinery, purchase and care
machinery, tests
meteorology. (See Meteorology.)
phosphate. (See Pho.sphate, insoluble.)
organization in Belgium
organization, paper on, U.S.D.A
outlook, U.S. D. -A. 95,190,391,
population, drift to cities
population in different countries
population of Austria
population of Sweden
possibilities in Missouri
production in West Virginia, W.Va
products, composition and fertilizing
value, N.C
products, cost of production
products, distribution between landlord
and tenant
products, French commerce in
products, marketing
products, marketing, Hawaii
products, marketing by parcel post,
U.S.D.A
793
493
392
691
692
194
298
692
898
499
193
800
896
493
296
699
799
896
791
800
200
788
690
593
94
894
261
490
390
390
192
94
196
293
596
487
186
186
587
194
388
789
294
490
491
691
789
190
30
6S9
300
596
894
388
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
925
Agricultural— Continued. Page.
products, marketing cooperatively 594
products, prices in England and Wales . . 790
products, prices in India 296
research in Greece 800
research in Italian Africa 699
research, interpretation of results 327
research, publication of 601
school at Mahrisch-Schonberg 392
school at Modling, Austria 493
school, vocational, in Indiana 597
schools, fire extinguishing instruction in . 394
schools, furniture for 694
schools in Philippines 296
schools, notes 692
schools, uniformity of instruction in 392
small holdings, buildings for 786
small holdings in England and Wales 592
societies in Tunis 492
statistics in Argentina 191
statistics in Belgium 491
statistics in British Empire and foreign
countries 96
statistics in British India 191
statistics in Denmark 596
statistics in French colonies 296
statistics in Germany 790
statistics in India 491
statistics in Ireland 895
statistics in Netherlands 391
statistics in New Zealand 790
statistics in Saxony 96
statistics in Sweden 691
statistics in Switzerland 895
statistics in United Kingdom 391
Statistics in United States 595
statistics, international 191,594,790
survey in GaUatin Valley, Mont 089
survey in UtaJi Lake VaUey, U.S.D.A.. . 089
surveys, importance of 225
surveys, scope of, N.Y. Cornell 489
trade between France and Russia 96
work in Algeria 698
Agriculture —
at American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science 604
at National Education Association 498
bibliography 092
correspondence courses in 297
Department of. {See United States De-
partment of Agriculture.)
elementary, course in 298
elementary, field trips in 394
elementary, lessons in 394
elementary, manual 196 , 599
elementary , teaching 194, 791
Graduate School of 301
in Argentina 93, 296, 390, 595
in Australia 492
in Belgian Kongo 596, 789
in British Columbia 490
in Denmark 93, 491
in England 93,94
in Formosa 491
in Guiana 391
in Harlem (111.) consolidated school 597
in Ireland, England, Germany, and Den-
mark 93
Agriculture— Continued. Page.
in Japan 491
in Michigan, Mich 595
in Netherlands 596, 691
in New Jersey, handbook 196
in New Zealand 191
in northern Africa 789
in Norway 192
In Ruhr coal region of the Rhine 895
in South America and Western Europe,
treatise 895
in the Cotswolds 491
in tropical America 595
in Tunis 492
in Union of South Africa 492
in United States 295
in Victoria 296
manual 494
meteorological observations in, U.S.D.A. 614
reading courses in 394
records in 490
review of literature 392
text-book 693
tropical, development 297
vocational training in 692
women's place in 98
Agrilus polituSjiemedics 60
Agrology of Sahel 814
Agromyza—
m^egMafen.sp., description 456
parvkornis, studies and bibliography,
U.S.D.A 158
Agromyzida?, synopsis 552
A gropyron —
occidentalis, culture under dry-land con-
ditions, Utah 429
repens, description and structure 37
A gratis segetum injurious to tobacco 60
a-hydroxybehenic acid, notes 312
Air —
circulation in forest soils 26
exclusion, effect on trees 348
expired, in relation to ventilation 363
expired, reinspiration 70
expired, temperature 466
humiflcation 70
in textile mills, hygienic condition 70
(See also Atmosphere.)
A labama argillacea, notes 350
Alabama CoUege, notes 496
Alanin, action upon esters 711
Albinism —
in man, monograph 467
inheritance in cereals 329
Albumin —
determination in milk 114
dextrorotatory, in organic nature 607
egg and serum, density and solution vol-
ume 804
egg, lysin content 559
egg, nutritive value 264
egg, role in glycogen formation 763
Alcohol —
determination from specific gravity 505
determination in wine 505
methods of analysis 806
Alcohols, polyatomic, as sources of carbon for
lower fungi 13
926
EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOBD.
Aldehydes in soils, harmful effects, U.S.D.A. . 620
Alder seed, agglutinating properties 774
A leuritcs moluccaTia, analyses 631
Alcurofithius timberlakei n.g. and n.sp., de-
scription, U.S.D.A 755
Aleyrodes —
citri. (See White fly.)
howardi, notes, Fla 751
vaporariorum. (See White fly, green-
house.)
AlejTodidae, classification, U.S.D.A 755
Alfalfa-
analyses 524
anatomy .330
as a forage crop, Okla 829
as a silage crop, Okla 829
bacterial blight in Utah 642
booklet 831
breeding, physiological correlations and
climatic reactions in 629
chart for schools 693
culture 831
culture, Iowa 265,330
culture, Kans 37
culture, Ky 227
culture, Mass 735
culture experiments, U.S.D.A 828
culture in North Carolina 132
culture under dry-land conditions, Utah. 429
diseases, notes 841
fertilizer experiments 133, 421, 424
fertilizer experiments, Kans 37
fertilizer experiments, Ky 228
fertilizer experiments, Mass 735
for pigs 508
hay, analyses, Ga 437
hay and corn for Iambs, 111 867
hay, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
hay, digestibility, Tex 863
hay, nitrification 724
hay V. alfalfa silage for dairy cows, Nev. . . 77
hybridization 831
inoculation experiments. Mass 735
insects affecting 648
irrigation, Nebr 328
irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 829
leaf-spot, notes, N.Mex 746
leaf-weevil, bird and other vertebrate
enemies of, U.S.D.A 655
leaf- weevil, notes, Mont 655
leaf-weevil, parasites of 61
leaf-weevil,relation to Pseudomonas medi-
caginis 642
meal, analyses 73, 168, 366
meal, analyses, N.Y. State 663
meal, analyses, Tex 863
meal, analyses, Vt 663
meal, analyses, Wis 467
morphology 624
pasture for pigs, N.Mex 470
pollination studies, U.S.D.A 133
seed, germination tests, Nev 43
seed, inspection, Md 438
seeding experiments. Mass 735
steaming and ensiling 467
sulphur in 817
Turkestan j;. Hungarian 629
Alfalfa — Continued.
varieties 133, 831
varieties, U.S.D.A 829
yields, basis for 329
Algae — .
brown, color change in 626
carbon nutrition of 426
heat development of 323
grass-green, nitrogen fixation by 827
marine, oxidases and catalase in 626
marine, sources of nitrogen for 828
Aliphatic acids, saturated, cleavage 465
Alisma plantago seeds, delayed germination. 824
Alkali soils or lands. (See SoUs, alkali.)
Alkaline earths, effect on Lupinus albus 325
Alkalis —
determination in rocks 502
effect on Lupinus albus 325
effect on malt diastase 806
Alkaloids —
detection in beverages 114
distribution in belladonna plant 201
in beverages 358
plant, synthesis 409
AUium —
cepa, prote in formation in bulbs of 224
vineale, eradication , Ind 739
Allograpta frocta, parasitic on rose aphis,
U.S.D.A 250
A llotropa —
meridionalis n. sp., description 355
thompsoni n. sp., description 62
Almonds, varieties grown at Andria, Italy... 238
Aloe fiber, tests 526
Aloe transvaalensis, gall on 752
Alopecurus pratensis, germination experi-
ments 227
AllernaTia —
citri, relation to citrus gummosis 449
mail n. sp., description, U.S.D.A 150
solani, varietal resistance to, Vt 643
spp., relation to Jonathan spot rot 748
Althca officinalis, mucin-like substances of. . . 409
Alum in foods, U.S.D.A 556
Alumina, distribution in loam soUs 618
Aluminum-
concentration in subsoil, U.S.D.A 720
detection and distribution in plants 129
effect on health, U.S.D.A 556
milk cans, use 375
nitrid, ammonia from 822
nitrogen, fertilizing value 821
phosphate, fertilizing value. Wis 823
salts, effect on sugar beets 233
silicates, fertilizing value 31
Alundum crucible for determination of phos-
phoric acid 17
Alunite—
as a source of potash 321
deposits in United States 322
Amandin, lysin content 559
A matissa consorta, notes 849
American-
Association for the Advancement of Agri-
cultural Teaching 799
Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence 604, 700
INDEX OP SUBJECTS.
927
American— Continued. Page.
Association of Agricultural College Edi-
tors 101,199
Good Roads Congress 385
National Live Stock Association 7C7
Road Builders' Association 385
Ami beans, effect on nitrogen content of soils . 733
Amino acids —
action upon esters 710
alipathic, determination 610
determination in proteolysis, bloods, and
urine 211
determination in tissues 808
determination in urine 211,610
in nutrition and growth 558
resorption in the intestine 361
Amins, acid, determination and transforma-
tion in soils 515
Ammonia —
conversion into nitric acid and ammoni-
um nitrate 822
determination 108
determination in fertilizers 313
gas as a fumigant 256
loss from manured soils 421
manufacture, Serpek method 518
Ammonification —
as affected by irrigation, Nev 24
as affected by metallic salts 120
in soils 317,420
in soils, Colo 818
in soOs, Oreg 818
in soils and solutions 420
in soils as affected by sulphur 125
relation to temperature 127
Ammonium —
carbonate, effect on determination of
humus, Tenn Ill
citrate, effect on phosphates 125
citrate solution, neutral, preparation 410
nitrate, fertilizing value 518, 822
salts as a feed for pigs 265
sulphate containing sulphocyanid, fertil-
izing value 422
sulphate , effect on Azotobacter 721
sulphate, effect on yield of rubber 444
sulphate, fertilizing value 36,
37,137,517,518,820,829
sulphate, fertilizing value, Fla 731
sulphate, fertilizing value, N.J 124
sulphate, for potatoes and sugar beets. . . 833
sulphate, from peat 321
sulphate industry in Germany 30
sulphate, nitrification in soils 818
sulphate, production in 1913 725
sulphate, trade in 29
sulphate v. sodium nitrate for sugar beets. 422
Amoeba n.spp., descriptions 420
Amoora rohituka, oil content 234
A morbia emigratella, notes, Hawaii 249
A mpelopsis—
hederacea, autumn coloration of 34
trkuspidatum, Cladosporium disease of. 347, 844
Amphibians of Pennsylvania 648
A mphicerus bicaudatus, studies, Ohio 852
Amygdalin, decomposition by enzym action. 14
Amylase— Page.
as affected by ultraviolet rays 711
of cereals, studies 609
of malt extracts, properties 410
A nagrus —
armatus, notes 752
ovijentatus, description 550
ovijentatus, notes, N.Y. Cornell 650
A naphothrips striatus, notes 351
Anaphylaxis —
reactions of vegetable proteins 377
treatise 277
Anaplasmosis —
immunization 585
in Brazil 85
Anaplasms, nature 382
Anarsia lineatella. {See Peach twig-moth.)
Anastatus (Antigaster) mhabilis, notes, N.Y.
State 650
A nastrepha ludens, remedies 757
Anatomy, pathological, treatise 276
Anchovy paste, creatinin content 760
A ndropogon—
annulatus, culture experiments 524
spp., analyses 863
Anesthetics. (See Ether and Chloroform.)
-Vngleworms, relation to agriculture 154
Angora goats. (See Goats, Angora.)
Angoumois grain moth, notes. . .• 57
Animal-
breeding, age factor in. Mo 367
by-products as fertilizers 323
diseases act in Canada 79
diseases in Bengal 177
diseases in Burma 177
diseases, infectious, specific therapy of. . . 479
diseases, review of investigations 177
diseases, tick transmitted, notes 356
(See also specific diseases.)
feeding, text-book 468
industry in Kongo 865
nutrition, phosphates and wheat bran in. 762
organism, defensive ferments of. 278
parasites, atlas and text-book 576
parasites, biological detection 281
parasites, remedies 50
parasites, treatise 478
pests of alfalfa : 648
production, review of German literature. 467
Animals —
as affected by inbreeding 564
bone content 564
classification, scientific basis 804
distribution, treatise 846
immimization, errors in 178
injurious in Russia 547
injurious to sugar beets 58, 649
mineral balance of 663
nutritive requirements 662
predatory, control in range States 868
small, breeding in Netherlands 596
wanderings of, treatise 57
young, mother's milk v. foreign milk for. 174
(See also Live stock, Cattle, Sheep, etc.)
A nisomyxa plantiginis n.g. and n.sp., studies . . 327
A nisoplia austriaca, notes 155
928
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Page.
Annona cherimola, propagation by inarching,
Guam 441
Annonas, classification 339
Anogeissus latifolius, gums of 409
Anomoptcrus fasciipennis n.g. and n.sp., de-
scription 554
Ant-
acrobat, notes 853
Argentine, in Texas 256
guam4, remedies, P.R 637
Antliocyanidins, formation in plants 626
Anthocyauin —
formation in flowers 34, 427
formation in plants 34, 128, 224, 626
studies 324
Anthonomus —
grandis. (See Cotton-boll weevil.)
grandis thurherix, notes 350
pomorum, notes 848
Anthrax-
address on 878
bacillus as affected by ultraviolet rays. . . 379
bacillus, hemolytic powers 878
bacillus, vitality of 281
diagnosis 282, 578, 877, 878
immimization 82, 577, 878
in Great Britain 177
in hogs 182
prevalence in Japan 82
scrodiagnosis 877
serum, precipitating, investigations 281
serums, valuation 82, 181
spores, destruction in hides 677
symptomatic. (See Blackleg.)
transmission by biting flies 776
Antibodies —
in tuberculosis and Johne's disease 882
tuberculous, inhibition reaction 481
Antkarsia gemmatUis, notes, Fla 752
Antiformin, action on tubercle bacilli 881
Antigaster mirabilis, notes, N.Y.State 650
Antigen, synthetic, for meiostagmin reaction. 178
Antigens—
in cultures of tubercle bacilli 778
tuberculous, inliibition reaction of 481
Antihog-cholera serum —
notes, Ind 781
preparation and standardization 885
preparation and use, Ind 86
Antimony, use against spirochete and try-
panosome diseases 284
Antiphymatol, use against tuberculosis 779
Antirrhinum majus, flower color ui, studies. . 224
Antirrhinums, culture experiments 340
Antiseptics-
effect on crop growth 27
volatile, effect on soil bacteria 516
Antistreptococcus serum, curative power 479
Antitetanic serum, efficacy of 379
Ants-
acacia, of Central America 452
as carriers of cholera vibrios 752
as carriers of pathogenic micro-organisms. 849
feeding habits 458
lycenid reared by 352
queen, founding of colonics by 452
Ants — Continued.
remedies 155
white. (See Termites.)
Apantcles —
caja, notes 251
spp., parasitic on gipsy moth 652
Apatite, decomposition by soil bacteria and
yeast 121
Aphanurus bodkini n.sp., description 459
Aphelenchus n.spp., descriptions 56
Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis, notes 752
Aphelinus spp., notes 356
Aphidse, food plants of. Me 157
Aphidius crepidis, notes 757
Aphids —
dissemination of lettuce bacterial rot by,
Fla 747
injurious to peas 452
notes 155
remedies 848
Aphis —
avenx, notes, U.S.D.A 753
bituberculata n.sp., description 850
brassicx. {See Cabbage aphis.)
euonymi, hymenopterous parasites of 757
euonymi, studies 652,754
maidi-radicis. (See Corn root aphis.)
n.spp., descriptions, Me 157
pomi-maU. (See Apple aphis.)
pscudobrassicx n.sp., description 754
scoZiasn.sp., notes 848
spp. , notes 755
Aphthous fever. (See Foot-and-mouth dis-
ease.)
Apiary inspection in Colorado 254
Apiculture. (See Bees.)
ApionsTpp., notes 848
Apis mellif era. (See Bees.)
A planobacter—
michiganensc, description 745
rathayi, description 745
Apple —
aphis, biology of 250
bitter pit, investigations 244
black spot canker or antliracnose, notes. . 53
blight, description and treatment 53
blight, notes, 111 644
blight, notes, Mont 843
blossom blight, notes 345
blotch, treatment, Kans 53
blotch, treatment, Ncbr 439
brown rot, studies 749
buds, analyses 836
diseases, descriptions, N.J 449
diseases, notes. Conn. State 641
diseases, notes, Mont 644
diseases, treatment , Me 151
diseases, treatment. Mo 335
fii-e blight, notes. Wash '746
flea weevil, remedies 456
frait buds, development. Mo 335
juice, physico-chemical constants of 427
leaf spot fungi, studies, U. S.D.A 150
maggot, remedies 757
mildew, parasite of 544
orchards, care and management, Pa 45
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
929
Apple — Continued.
orchards, cost of management, N.Y.State. 46
orchards, cost to bearing age 45
orchards, culture experiments, N.H 141
orchards, establishment and care, N.J. .. 45
orchards, fertilizer experiments, N.H 141
orchards, profits from, N.Y.State 46
orchards, tillage v. sod mulch for, N.Y
State 45, 337, 636
pollen, effect on size and number of seeds . 440
powdery mildew, description and treat-
ment, U.S.D.A 748
psyllid, remedies 548
rust, new, description 150, 345
scab fungus, perithecia of 449
scab, source of spring infection. Me 151
scab, spraying v. dusting for 449
scab, studies and bibliography, Mont 645
scab, treatment 346
scab, treatment, Nebr 439
seeds, agglutinating properties 774
skins, yellow oil from 311
starch, studies 828
strainer, studies, Ohio 852
tree borer, round-headed, notes 249
tree collar blight, notes 346
tree disease, notes 539
twig borer, studies, Ohio 852
Apples —
blooming periods 533
cross pollination 440
cross pollination by insects 554
cultxire in Delaware 236
culture in Long Island 45
diseased, plaster cast of 748
effect on composition of urine 761
fertilizer experiments. Mo 335
for live stock 365
from scions from high- and low-producing
parents. Mo 334
graft hybrid in 140
Jonathan spot rot of 748
new, description, N.Y.State 337
new, description, U.S.D.A 337
Northern Spy seedlings, characteristics. . 440
of Georgia, peculiarities 440
poisoning with lead arsenate. Me 141
pollination 534
receipts and wholesale prices in New
York City, N.Y.Cornell 46
self-fruitfulness and self-sterility in ... 337
spraying in blossom with tobacco extract 548
variation in 836
variation in, Mass 636
varieties for Pennsylvania 45
varieties in Germany 46
varieties, recognizing 494
varieties susceptible to disease 53
Apricot —
buds, analyses 837
tree disease, notes 539
A rachis hypogxa—
agglutinating properties 774
analyses 833
A ragallus spicatus, poisoning of sheep by 781
Aralia vordata, notes, U.S.D.A 140
Arbor Day— Page.
manuals 395, 495
suggestions for 792
A rceuthobium oxycedri, notes 56
A rchips argyrospila, remedies 850
A rctia caja, parasites of 251
Areca nuts, secondary bases of 309
Arecam, chemical formula for 309
Argas and spirochetes, notes 81
A rgas persicus, notes 586
A rgyna cribrasia on san 850
Arithmetic, agricultiu-al problems in 793
Arizona —
Station, notes 300, 397
University, notes 99, 300, 397, 795
Arkansas University and Station, notes. . . 197,496
A rmadillidium vulgare, notes 758
A rmillaria —
mellea, studies, U.S.D.A 246
sp., notes 152
A rracacia esculenta, analyses 863
Arro'nToot, culture experiments 226
Arsenate, formation in dipping tanks 483
Arsenic —
compounds, effect on growth of plants. . . 325
examination 509
m orchard soils 720
In tobacco 715
Arsenical dips —
methods of analysis, U.S.D.A 115
oxidation 776
preparation and u.>-e, U.S.D.A 776
Arsenious acid, detection in dips 483
Arteriosclerosis, relation to calcium in the
diet 357
Artesian water —
In Australia 185
in Missouri 812
Arthritis in colts, studies 887
Artichokes —
analyses 433
V. potatoes for forage 433
Ascarids affecting sheep in Algeria 86
Ascaris —
spp., physiological investigations 679
suum in sheep 781
A schersonia turbinata, ascosporic stage 145
Asclepias curassavica, carotlnoid content 803
Ascochyta—
corticola, notes 244
gerherx n.sp., description 845
hortorum, studies 344
hortorum, studies, U.S.D.A 747
piniperda, notes 646
pisi, studies 746
sp. on clematis 347
Ash-
as a factor in poultry feeding, N.J 568
eccentric growth of 538
Asiphum sacculi n. sp., description 351
Asparaginic acid in mulberry leaves 203
Asparagus —
canned, tin poisoning from 67, 461
cooking 855
culture 739
juice, mannit from 10
930
EXPERIMENT STATION EECeRD.
Aspen— Page.
soda pulp from, U.S.D. A 715
value in reforestation 839
Aspergillopsis spp. in Norway 327
Aspergillus —
niger, formation and regulation of en-
zyms by 730
niger, mutation in 225
niger, nitrogen fixation by 721
niger, utilization of zinc by 224
Aspidiotus perniciosus. (See San Jos(§ scale.)
Asses-
feeding experiments 769
text-book 470
Assimilation and respiration of plants, rela-
tionship 222
Aster, woody, notes 578
Asters, cut, preservation 837
Atemoya, a new fruit for tlie Tropics 47
Athalia spinarum, notes 548
Atic}iiadoTninicana'D..sri)., description 242
Atmometcrs, use in study of insects 350
Atmosphere —
circulation of, U.S.D. A 615
evaporation iu, U.S.D. A 615
radium emanations of 20, 511
solar, motion of, U.S.D. A 615
thermal state of 20
Atmospheric —
humidity as affected by forest growth. . . 415
optical disturbance of 1912-13, U.S.D. A.. 615
pressure. {See Barometric pressure.)
temperature. {See Temperature.)
transparency for radiation, U.S.D. A 212
Atoxyl, use against catarrhal fever in cattle. . 381
Atriplex hortensis, agglutinating properties.. 774
Augite, decomposition by soil bacteria and
yeast : 121
.^.ujeszky's disease, notes 579
Auroral sound, notes, U.S.D. A 212
Autoserotherapy , investigations 876
Avena—
elatior, culture under dry-land conditions,
Utah 429
fatua, germination studies 624
Azotobacler chroococcum —
composition of cells 121
growth in bacterized peat 826
Azotobacter—
in Indian soils 731
nitrate production by 421
Azotus cMonaspidis n.sp., description 459
Babcock test —
bottles, calibration, Wis 875
modified, for ice cream 210
notes. 111 873
Babesia cabalU, description 382
Babesiasis, canine, in Porto Rico 781
Bacilli, acid-fast —
differentiation 478
in feces of vertebrates 875
in milk 584
Bacillus—
aborlivus cquinus in arthritis of colts 887
abortus, biology of 182
amylovorus, notes 346
amylovoriLS, notes, 111 644
jBacJ?ZMs— Continued. Page.
amylovorus, notes, Mont 843
amylovorus, notes, N .Mex 746
anthracis as affected by ultraviolet rays. . 379
anthracis, detection in cerebrospinal fluid . 578
anthracis, hemolytic powers 878
apiovorus n.sp., description 542
broncUisepticus, studies 479
bulgaricus, dried cultures of 773
bulgaricus in Emmental cheese 477
bulgaricus, use in cheese making 772
bulgaricus, variability of 175
carotovorus, notes. Conn. State 641
coli communis in water supplies 718
coli in butter 576
coli in eggs, U.S.D. A 571
extorquens, decomposition of silicates by . 121
fxcalis alkaligenes, studies 479
gangrxnx emphysematosx, notes 579
mallei, morphology and biology 579
musx, description 745
paratyphosus, relation to abortion in
mares 381
phytophthorus, notes. Conn. State 641
pyocyaneus, respiration 827
rhusiopathix suis, relation to polyarthritis
in sheep 286
solanacearum, notes 127
spp., ammonifying power 317
suisepticus, significance in hog cholera.
Ark 680
tabificans, treatment 243
voldagsen and B . suipeslifer, relationship . . 87
voldagsen, notes 680
Bacillus of Group IV, smdies 479
Bacteria —
as affected by radium emanations 821
as an index to age of butter 576
carbohydrate decomposing, detection in
soils 313
cellulose digesting, isolation. Wis 827
determination in meat 854
determination in milk 507
determination in soils '. . . . 731
effect on cycle of hog cholera. Ark 680
effect on milk held at low temperature... 373
effect on nitrogen content of soils 731
effect on phosphoric acid in soils 721
importance in digestive processes 772
in milk, soils, water, etc. {See Milk,
Soils, Water, etc.)
killed by heat, investigations 183
nitrate reduction by 324
purple sulphur, physiology of 32
relation to plant diseases 745
r61e in cheese ripening, U.S.D. A 477
survival in alimentary canal of fleas 353
treatise 80
use against field mice 57
Bacteriology-
exercises in 376
of eggs, Conn.Storrs 171
studies 277
treatise 177,875
Bacterium —
mori, studies 347
phaseoli, notes 542
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
931
Bacterium — Continued. Page.
pseudopestis murium, rdle in goiter in rats. 451
pseudozooglax n.sp., description 150
pullorum, description, Conn.Storrs 484
pullorum, detection in eggs, Mass G83
pullorum in fresh eggs, Conn.Ston-s 171
pullorum infection in fowls, diagnosis,
Mass 683
solanacearum, description 745
steward, description 745
tumcfaciens, notes. Conn. State 641
vascularum, description 745
welchii in butter 576
Bakeries —
cellar, in Paris 259
inspection, Ky 359
inspection, N.Dak 658
inspection in Vliginia 402
Bakers' goods, methods of analysis 809
Bakery, experimental, work of, Ky 359
Baking —
oven temperatures in 359
powders, examination 760
Ball bearings, history and use 487
Balloon experiments, U.S.D.A 213
Banana —
diseases, descriptions! 244
starch, studies 828
Trinidad disease, description 745
Bananas-
culture 48
effect on composition of urine 761
origin 237
pollination experiments 535
Barium —
in soils, U.S.D.A 720
in tobacco 715
phytate, composition, N.Y. State 708
salts, effect on activity of lipase 264
sulphate as a soU disinfectant 621
Bark-
beetles, orchard, studies, Ohio 852
louse, oyster-shell. (See Oyster-shell
scale.)
louse, scurfy. {See Scurfy scale.)
Barley—
amylase, studies 609
analyses 864
as affected by soil disinfectants 621
as affected by soil volume and available
plant food 132
bran, analyses 467
chop, analyses, Tex 863
composition 431
culture experiments 44
culture in Wisconsin, Wis 134
diseaseSj-treatment 446
feeds, analyses. Wis 467
fertilizer experiments 31 , 37,
123,217,330,421,829
fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A 828
germination tests 733
growth as affected by spacing 328
growth in heated soils 216
growth in sterilized soUs 336
heredity of albinism in 329
history 131
hordein and wheat gliadin, relationship. . 377
Barley— Continued. Page.
irrigation, Nebr 328
leaf stripe, treatment 147
loose smut, biology 50
loose smut, treatment 147
loose smut, treatment, Mo 342
maltase content 204
middlings, analyses, N.Y.State 663
nutrition, studies 729
pedigree, yields. Wis 134
prevention of beri-beri by 702
relation of tops to roots 733
seed, disinfection, Wis 840
seed, disinfection experiments 738
seed, viability as affected by age 624
seeding experiments 328,330
smut as affected by date of planting 50
smuts, treatment, Iowa 344
sprouts, analyses 73
starch, studies 828
varieties 829
variety characteristics 228
Barns —
cattle and sheep, plans, N.C 488
dairy, construction and equipment, Ky. . 892
Barnyard manure —
changes in during storage 320
effect on bacterial activities in soils 121
effect on composition of beets 736
effect on grapes, N.Y.State 339
effect on maturity of cotton, N.C 40
fertilizing value 122,517,820,829
fertilizing value, Kans 37
for coffee, P.R 037
for sweet potatoes, Ga 437
humification 120
residual effects 319
Barometric pressure —
effect on metabolism 362
in absolute units, U.S.D . A 212
units, conversion, U.S.D.A 615
Barrels, wooden, tests, U.S.D.A 144
Bartonia bacilliform is , notes 847
Baryconus acanthi, notes, N.Y.State 650
Basella rubra, leaf disease of 56
Bases, plant —
studies 309
treatise 10
Basic slag. {See Phosphatic slag.)
Bassia spp., oil content 234
Bassides in British Museum, revision 656
Bat guano, analyses 724
Bathing in Great Salt Lake, metabolic effects. 763
Bats, eradication of mosquitoes by 62
Bean —
diseases, notes, Mich 542
hay, analyses, U.S.D.A 740
rust, notes, N.Mex 746
seedlings as affected by cerium chlorid ... 326
seeds,large v. small, Vt 634
starch, studies 828
Beans—
adsuki, description, U.S.D.A 739
Ami, effect on nitrogen content of soUs. . . 733
analyses, U.S.D.A 740
Bengal, notes 864
Canada, culture experiments 829
creeping, notes §31
932
EXPERIMEN'T STATION RECOED.
Beans — Continued.
culture experiments 732
fertilizer experiments 421
garden, as an index to smoke injury 146
ground, analyses 65
growth in calcareous soils, P.R 627, 816
Irrigation experiments 732
kidney, xenia in 836
Lima, arsenical burn of, Conn. State 641
Lyon, as a cover crop, P.R 635
Lyon, culture experiments 829
Lyon, hybridization experiments, Fla. . . 734
moth, description, U.S.D.A 740
mung, description, U.S.D.A 740
mungo, fertilizer experiments 421
Porto Rico, culture experiments 829
relation of tops to roots 733
relation of weight of seed to yield 824
rice, description, U.S.D.A 739
seed, disinfection experiments 738
sinay, effect on nitrogen content of
soils 733
stachyose in 13
stored, variations in weight of 235
string, carbohydrates in 11
urd, description, U.S.D.A 740
varieties 732
velvet. {See Velvet beans.)
xenia in 224,836
Bedbugs-
biology 156
remedies 353
transmission of diseases by 550
Bee-
colony, tcmperatvure of, U.S.D.A 254,553
diseases, control by heating, U.S.D.A 255
diseases, notes 553
inspection law in Michigan, Mich 554
moth, immunity to tuberculosis 155
moth, notes 352
Beech—
as affected by smoke 521
grafting 443
Beechnuts, analyses and feeding value 365
Beef-
baby, production, Nebr 866
cost of production under semirange con-
ditions, Colo 468
fat, role in gl ycogen formation 763
fresh, fumeric acid in 759
imports from Argentina, U.S.D.A 95
jerked, industry in Argentina 75
prices in Ireland 96
production in the South, U.S.D.A 74, 367
products, freezing and salting, in South
America, U.S.D.A 367
scrap, analyses 73
scrap, analyses, N.J 569
scrap, analyses, N. Y.State 663
scrap for laying hens, N.J 569
scrap V. cotton-seed meal for chicks, R. I. 473
soups, condensed, examination, N.Dak. . 659
Beekeepers' Association of Ontario,
report 554
Beekeeping— j
in Porto Rico, P.R 354
notes 340
notes, Okia ,..., 354
Bees— Page,
as carriers of pathogenic micro-organisms. 849
behavior in winter, U.S.D.A 254,553
brood diseases of 655
enemies of 553
food consumed by 61
Megach ile, pollination of alfalfa by 631
Melipona, dipterous enemies of 255
on farms in United States 167
pollination of alfalfa by, U.S.D.A 134
pollination of apples by 554
pollination of cranberries by, Mass 741
spider enemies of 159
Beet-
aphis, black, parasites of 757
aphis, black, studies 754
chips, fermenting power 413
diseases, notes, Fla 747
heart rot, notes 344
juices, clarification. La 117
leaves, preservation with lactic acid
starter 467
plant louse, life history 652
pulp, dried, analyses 73, 168, 366, 467
pulp, dried, analyses, N. Y.State 663
pulp, dried, analyses, Vt 663
pulp, dried, digestibility, Mass 766
seeds from different size seed balls, germi-
nation 232
seeds, planting in sectional cylinders 633
silage, composition and digestibility 467
tops, fresh and dried, analyses 864
Beets—
as affected by spacing 633
composition of offspring of 529
fermenting power 413
fertilizer experiments 29, 31, 36, 820
field or fodder. {See Mangels.)
from same seed ball, characteristics 633
insects affecting 58
leaf growth and sugar formation, relation . 834
methods of analysis 18
root systems of 515
silver. (See Swiss chard.)
steamed, composition and digestibility. . 467
steaming and ensiling 467
sugar. {See Sugar beets.)
wild, selection experiments 330
Behenic acid, notes 312
Belladonna plant, distribution of alkaloids in. 201
Belts and pulleys, selection 590
Belwort, seed formation in 225
Bengal Veterinary College, report 177
Benzene, effect on sou micro-organisms 27
Benzoic acid —
as an acidimetric standard 501
effect on composition of urine 761
Benzol derivatives, bactericidal action of. 279
Beri-beri—
etiology 857
prevention 555, 762, 858
relation to diet 761
similarity to zeism 464
studies 463
Bermuda —
grass as a forage crop, Okla 829
hay, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
hay, digestibility, Tex 863
INDEX OP SUBJECTS.
933
Berry—
anthracnose, description, N.J 449
diseases and pests in Baden 539
diseases, notes 841
pigments, notes 728
Beschalseuche. {See Dourine.)
Betain —
isolation from oat farina 309
localization in plants 108
Betel-vine leaves, composition and bleaching . 108
Betonica officinalis, betains of 309
Betonicin —
properties 309
synthesis 310
Beverages — '
and dishes of the old South 557
examination 166, 358, 462, 557
examination. Me 67
examination, N.Dak 658
registration in North Dakota, N.Dak 657
temperature at ingestion 462
Bibliography of—
abortion in cattle 286
Acridiidse of Minnesota, Minn 650
agricultural cooperation in various coun-
tries 389
agricultural credit and cooperation, Wis. 490
agricultural credit in Europe 389
agricultural labor 593
agriculture and rural life 692
amphibians of Pennsylvania 648
anatomy, pathological 277
animal production 467
animals, wanderings of 57
anthrax spores, disinfection 677
apple bitter pit 244
apple scab, Mont 645
asparagus 739
beans, Asiatic, U.S.D.A 740
bread making 657
brown rot 749,843
brown-tail moth, fungus parasites of 251
bud moth, lesser, U.S.D.A 252, 756
cacao diseases 347
carbon nutrition of plants 426
celery bacterial rot 542
cellulose decomposition in soils 25
cereal rusts, Minn 147
cereals, history of 131
cheese flavor, U.S.D.A 107, 477
cheese ripening, U.S.D.A 477
chestnut bark disease, N.Y.ComeU 751
chestnut bUght fungus 246
chicory 336
citrus malnutrition diseases, U.S.D.A . . . 237
cUmate of California, U. S.D.A 213
club root, Vt 642
coconut insects 58
color inheritance in cattle and horses 266
community improvement clubs 690
conservation of food supplies 535
com 331
corn-leaf blotch miner, U.S.D.A 159
cost of living and wages 360
cotton insects in Africa 58
cranberries, Minn 742
culinary literature 857
80404°— 15 4
Bibliography of— Continued.
Cylindrosporium on stone fruits 544
damping-ofl of coniferous seedlings 647
drugs, dosage of 80
ecological investigations 537
economic associations of rural Poland 690
entomology 349
entomology, Canadian 648
enzy ms as affected by mold fungi 730
equine piroplasmosis 382
farm produce, distribution between land-
lord and tenant 390
feeding experiments with Iambs, HI 667
fertilizers 517,723
fly larvae destruction, U.S.D.A 654
forestry 239
formaldehyde in fumigants 414
fowl cholera, R.I 485
fruits, seedless 35
fungicides 517
Fusaria on sweet potatoes, U.S.D.A 544
gardening and garden design 239
genetics 70
German- American farmers 294
germination of wheat 631
germination of wild oats 625
grapevines as a feeding stuff 72
gypsum production and consumption in
United States 125
head smut of sorghum and com, U.S.D.A. 747
Hemiptera, American 454
heredity in pigeons, R.I 573
hops, chemistry of, U.S.D.A 203
hops, sexual studies 832
horseshoeing 488
insecticides 517
irrigation 287
lime production and consumption ia
United States 125
magnesium carbonate in humid soils,
Tenn 816
mammary botryomycosis La maies 184
Membracidae of Kansas 59
mesquite trimk diseases 751
meteorology 20, 715
meteorology, U.S.D.A 509
micro-organisms in milk 374
milk and its products 176
milk feeding and milk hygiene 174
mimicry 57
mites, endoparasitic 356
mosaic disease of plants 52
mutation in cotton, U.S.D.A 526
nematodes, intestinal 679
nematodes parasitic in fowls 184
nervous diseases of horses 287
nitrogen, atmospheric, fixation 822
oak mildew 845
oaks, valonia 342
ornithology, Himgarian 67
oxidases in plants 626
oxidases in potatoes, U.S.D.A 748
parthenocarpy in fruits 535
pathology 277
periodicity of tropical trees 743
phosphoric acid in feeds 563
physiology 764
934
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Bibliography of— Continued.
Phytophthora 242
pigs, U.S.D.A 694
plant alkaloids 409
plant breeding 131
plant diseases 746
plant diseases, biological treatment of 50
plant diseases, heredity of 841
plant physiology 323
plants as affected by distilled -water 730
plants as affected by freezing 34
plants as affected by salts 426
plants as affected by smoke and dust 34
Plasmodiophoracese 145
potash 321
potash deposits in United States 125
potato diseases 51
potato powdery scab, U.S.D.A 149
Psyllidaj of New World 453
pumping machinery, Cal 89
Ribes pallidum, fertility 225
roads in United Kingdom 289
root tumors 841
rural economics 894
rural life and education 193
school gardening 395
school lunches 660
schools as social centers 297
seeds as affected by disinfectants 824
seeds, delayed germination in 824
sewage disposal 592
shade, effect on forest seedlings, Vt 838
sheep in America, U.S.D.A 567
silicates, decomposition by soil bacteria
and yeasts 121
sUkworm, zygotic constitution of 60
SimulidK, U.S.D.A 254
social center work and rural life 598
soU protozoa 420
soil sterilization 27
soils 723
spirits 339
spirochetosis in fowls 383
Spirogyra as affected by colloidal metals. 129
spore germination of cereal smuts, Minn . 642
sporotrichoses 81
spur shoot of pines 523
sterility in grapes 442
strawberries 339
sugar 334
sulphocyanid in ammonium sulphate 422
sulphur in plants 818
tarnished plant bug, N. Y.Comell 651
thermoprecipitin reaction 878
Thysanoptera 351
Tipula spp. of North America 551
tobacco black rust 150
tobacco wireworm, U.S.D.A 253
tolerance of forest trees, Vt 640
toxicity of inorganic salts 730
tubercle bacilli in circulating blood 83
tuberculosis, avian, N.Dak 582
tulips 48
Uromyces pisi 347
vaginal catarrli in cattle 286
vegetation of sand hills 425
viticulture 339
walnut aphids, U.S.D.A 754
Bibliography of — Continued. Page.
warble fly 254
water resources of Wichita region, Kan-
sas 89
wine 339
wood pulp manufacture, soda process,
U.S.D.A 715
writings of P. R. Uhler 349
writings of Wm. McMurtrie 196
zoology 66
zoology, Canadian 648
Bichlorid of mercury. (See Corrosive subli-
mate.)
Bicycle ergometer, description 764
Bighead in sheep, investigations, U.S.D.A... 883
Bile of tubercular animals, tubercle bacilli
in 481
Biliary fever. (See Piroplasmosis, canine.)
Binders, grain, motor drawn and operated.. . 188
Biochemistry, studies 201, 277
Biographical sketch of—
Salmon, D. E 697
Saunders, W 698
Storer, F. H 698
Stubbs, J. E 100
Wahnschaffe, Felix 200
Biology, experimental, studies 277
Biorisatcr, Lobeck, description 276
Biosteres spp., parasitic on fruit flies 456
Biotite as a source of potash 621
Bird-
Day, manuals 395, 495
Day, suggestions for 792
houses, construction, U.S.D.A 751
Birds-
artificial insemination in 370
common, nests and eggs of 793
common, of town and country 547
destruction of grassshoppers by 67
dispersal of weed seeds by 547
eating of alfalfa weevil by, U.S.D.A 655
feeding habits 547
game, introduction into California 846
insect-eating, peUets ejected by 452
lessons on 394
migratory, protection 847
of cacao fields and sugar plantations 648
of California 846
of Ontario 57
of Trinidad and Tobago 57
parasites of 184
relation to chestnut blight 67
studies for schools 792
value to Texas farmers 248
Bison. (See Buffaloes.)
Black knot —
description 151
description, N. J 449
Blackberries, culture, Colo 441
Blackberry crown. gaU, notes, Mont 644
Blackhead in Turkeys 79
Blackleg—
bacfllus, investigations 579
diagnosis 181, 878
diseases resembling 181
immunization 577, 883
in pigs 585
Bloater paste, creatinin content 760
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
935
Blood— Page,
cells of healthy and sick fowls and pigeons 586
cells, structural transformations of 876
cholesterol content 465
count of cattle at different altitudes 679
dried. (See Dried blood.)
meal, analyses 168, 864
preparations, immune, making 479
serum, yellow lipochrome of 374
sugar, treatise 277
tubercle bacilli in 83
Blow flies, development 456
Blue grass-
es a forage crop, Okla 829
germination tests 227
pastiu'es, management, Va 37
seeds, inheritance of germinability 834
Bluebirds, economic importance, U.S.D.A... 349
Body weight, variations in different seasons . 661
Boiler tests, conducting 590
Boilers, house heating, tests 489
Boletus —
edulis, harmful effects of 558
edulis, histidin betain in 203
scaberfuscus n.sp., description 127
Boll weevil. {,See Cotton-boll weevil.)
Boll worm. {See Cotton boUworm.)
Bombycomorpha bifascia, larval habit 752
Bombyxmori. (See Silkworm. )
Bone-
amount of in meat animals 564
charcoal, fertilizing value 139
charcoal, methods of analysis 806
dust, fertilizing value 139
granulated, analyses, N.J 569
granulated, for fowls, N.J 569
ground, analyses, N.H 126
groimd, nitrification 724
growth as affected by food poor in phos-
phorous 69
meal, analyses 366
meal, analyses, N. Y.State 663
meal, fertilizing value 518, 820
meal, utilization by oats and lupines 733
Bones, analyses, R.I 624
Booldjeeping for farmers 293, 299
Books on —
agrarianism 93
agricultural commerce in France 596
agricultural cooperation 389, 593
agricultural instruction 691
agricultural laws 293
agricultural possibilities in Missouri 789
agriculture 494
agriculture, elementary 196, 693
agricultiu-e in Belgian Kongo 789
agriculture in England 94
agriculture in New Jersey 196
agriculture in northern Africa 789
agriculture m South America and western
Europe 895
agriculture in tropical America 595
agriculture in Tunis 492
alfalfa 831
anaphylaxis 277
anatomy, pathological 276
animal feeding 468, 563
animal parasites 478, 576
Books on— Continued. Page.
animals, wanderings of 67
apples, German varieties 46
asses 470
bacteria 80
bacteria in relation to plant diseases 745
bacteriology 177
bacteriology and diagnosis 376
bacteriology and vaccine therapy 875
blood sugar 277
bookkeeping for farmers 293, 299
botany 425
bread making 657,855
building construction 386
bulb culture 743
butter 468
candy making in the home 558
carbm-at ion 785
carnations 743
caterpillars 850
cattle 468
chemical analysis 806
chemistry of plant products 803
chemistry, organic 309
chemistry, physiological 361
churches, country 391
chymology 265
climate and weather of San Diego, Cali-
fornia 21
climatic changes in arid America 509
coconuts 239
coffee cultin'e in Java 639
colics and their treatment 382
concrete construction 186
condensed milk and milk powder 375
cooking 259, 260, 557, 857
corn 331, 898
cotton 525, 735
cotton-boll weevil 457
cotton trade 690
dairy laboratory work 792
dairymg 76, 173, 395, 475, 494, 694
diet, cookery, and hygiene in schools 261
diet , uric-acid-free 361
dietetics 557, 859
dogs and cats, parasites and diseases of. . 586
drafting 592
economic associations of rural Poland 690
engines 385
engines, internal combustion 92,590
entomology 349
farm build ings 291
farm dwellings 591
farm equipment in Minnesota 93
farm management 494
farm motors 186
farming 787
fats, oils, and waxes 201
faunas of natural regions of the globe 846
feeding of farm animals 468, 563
ferments, defensive, of the animal organ-
ism 278
fertilizers 323, 517
field crops 791
flora of southeastern Washington and ad-
jacent Idaho 731
flowers 35, 143
flowers in California 837
936
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Books on— Continued.
food and hoiisohold management 298
food requii-ements, appetite, and hunger. 869
foods and candies 856
foods in the home and market 68
forest protection 143
forestry 49, 640
forestry terms 840
foxes 770
fruit culture 394
fruits of California 836
fruits of Ontario 336
fungicides 517
garden architecture 536
garden crop manuring 336
garden design 239,743
gardening 140,142,143,236,239,340,532,791
genetics 70
geogi-aphy 793
hardwoods of central Europe 538
heredity 466
home economics 495, 760
horses 169, 269, 470
horseshoeing 488, 887
horticulture 532
housing and town planning 293
hydraulics 587
insecticides 517
insects 155
insects injurious to fruit 849
irrigation and water rights law 586
land ownership ". 490
Leguminosce 523
lighting 387
lumber and its uses 840
machine design 290
man as a machine 662
markets and rural economics 894
mechanical engineering 287
microbiology 177
milk 468
milk chemistry 413
milk hygiene 676
mimicry • 57
moor culture 620
moorland pastures and meadows 830
motor cultivation 488
mules 470
natural selection 865
nitrogen, atmospheric, fixat ion 823
nutrition 262, 263
oleomargarine 176
osiers and willows 49
parasitology 177
pathology 276
pavements and paving materials 385
Penicillium 327
physiology of invertebrates 154
pigeons 76
pigs 470, 769
pine, yellow 444
Pinus 743
plant alkaloids 409
plant anatomy, physiological 728
plant bases 10
plant breeding 131
plant diseases 241, 539, 745
Books on — Continued. Page.
plant life 32
plant parasites 539
plant physiology 323
plants, tropical and subtropical 235
ponies 470
ponies, Welsh 170
poultry 270, 474, 568
poultry houses 88, 893
proteins 607
public health 387
rabbits 370, 770
rainfall, reservoirs, and water supply 61 1
rice 834
road construction 685
road transportation problems 9o
roads and pavements 90
roads, forest 185
rock gardens 636, 743
roses 143, 636
rubber 143, 144
rural development in Burma 391
rural hygiene 93
rural life and education 193
rural problem in England and Wales 295
sanitation 387
school gardening 395
seeds, impurities of 835
serum therapy 177
sheep 470, 768
silos, concrete 892
silviculture 143
slaughterhouses 166
soils 118, 719
solutions 309
sorghum, grain 834
sporotrichoses 81
starches, differentiation and specificity . . . 804
sugar 804
sugar analysis 315
therapeutic agents 478
toadstools and mushrooms 628
tractors, gas 590
trees 444, 494
trees in California 837
trees, shrubs, and bushes of Europe 143
tulips 48
tumors 280
turkeys 271
veterinary medicine 376
wage earners, standard of living 360
water analysis 785
water conservation 214
water rights law 586, 587
water supplies 383, 512
weather 19
wool 268
work of Dalmeny Experiment Station. . . 616
Boophilus annulatus. (Sec Cattle ticks.)
Borax, use against fly larvae, U.S.D.A 654
Bordeaux mixture —
analyses. Me 49
analyses, N.J 142
effect on potatoes 825
effect on potatoes, Vt 643
factors affecting efllciency 60
fungicidal value 541
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
937
Bordeaux mixture— Continued. Page.
fungicidal value, Nebr 439
physico-chemical studies, N .n 802
Borers, pin hole, studies, Ohio 852
Boric acid —
effect on growth of plants 325
effect on sugar beets 233
Boring machine for stumps, U.S.D.A 480
Boron compounds, effect on growth of sugar
beets 12G
Botanical geography, metereological observa-
tions in, U.S.D.A 014
Botany, text-book 425
Bolhijnoderes punctiventris, notes 054
Botryodiplodia—
chamxropis, studies 746
theobromx, notes 55
Botryomycosis of the udder in mares 184
Botrytis —
cincTca. {See Grape gray rot.)
sp. on strawberries 045
Bo tbin cattle, notes, Ohio 98
Bouillon cubes —
examination 056, 854
making and judging 554
notes, N.Dak 058
Bovines—
diagnosing time of parturition 876
immunization against anthi-ax 82
immunization against foot-and-mouth
disease 879
intradermal reaction in 181
Boys' —
agricultural clubs in Pennsylvania 393
agricultural clubs in West Virginia 297
clubs in Massachusetts 598
clubs in Utah 693
clubs, instructions for 298
clubs, organization 499, 793, 794
corn clubs, notes. Ark 693
corn clubs, notes, N.C 093
gardening clubs in Rhode Island 693
industrial clubs in Oregon 393
pig clubs, Ala. College 794
pig clubs in Louisiana and Georgia 598
potato growing contests in Canada 194
purposeful occupations for 499
Bracon (Tropidobracon) meromyzse n.sp., de-
scription 3.55
Braconida?, British, notes 159
Brains of domestic animals 168
Bran-
analyses 73, 108, 366, 467
analyses. Me 73
analyses, R .1 467
analyses, Tex 863
fermenting power 413
toxicity 555
Brasemopsis halysidotx n.sp., description 355
Bread-
diet, protein supply in 860
making, chemistry of, treatise 657
making, municipal, treatise 855
making, notes 298, 299
making, use of calcium chlorid in 357
scaling weight of 558
tobacco in 857
Breadfruit, seedless, propagation 142
Breakfast foods. (Sff Cereal foods.) Page.
Breeding. {See Animal breeding and Plant
breeding.)
Brewers' grains —
analyses, R. 1 467
dried, analyses 366, 766
dried, analyses, N.Y. State 663
dried, analyses, Tex 863
dried, analyses, Vt 663
dried, analyses. Wis 467
fermenting power 413
Brick—
re-pressed paving, tests 687
sand-lime, properties 91
Bridges —
concrete, forms for 590
I-beam and pile, standards for 890
law in Missouri 590
reinforced concrete , test s 91
steel highway, abutments for 890
Briquets, tests 386
British Cotton Growing Assoeiation,work of. 832
Brome grass-
as a forage crop, Okla 829
culture under dry-land conditions, Utah. 429
Bromin compounds in table salt 657
Bromus —
inermis. {See Brome grass.)
uniloides, analyses 863
uniloides, culture under dry-land condi-
tions, Utah 429
Bronchitis, verminous, in Ijovines 85
Broom corn, culture under drj^-land condi-
tions, Utah 429
Broussonetia papyri/era, proteolytic enzyms in
latex of 409
Brown rot, studies 749, 843
Brown-tail moth-
control in United States 251
parasites of 355
Bruchus chinensis. {See Co\<rpea, weevil.)
Brussels sprouts, finger-and-toe disease of 149
B rustseuchc , immunization 184
Bryobia pTa;tiosa,Te\ie\v of literature 159
Bucculatrix thurbericUa n.sp. , description 352
Buckwheat —
analyses 366
bran, analyses, N.Y. State 663
bran, analyses, Vt 663
feeds, analyses. Wis 467
growth in heated soils 216
hulls, fluorescent substance in 280
maltase content 204
meal, analyses, N.Y. State 663
middlings, analyses 366
middlings, analyses, Vt 663
nutrition, studies 729
starch, studies 828
varieties 831
varieties. Can 829
Bud moth, lesser, studies, U.S.D.A 252, 755
Buffalo-
gnats, American, synopsis, U.S.D.A 254
grass hay, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
Buffaloes —
and cattle, crossing experiments . . . 266, 566, 567
domestic, characteristics 566
Bugbane, insecticidal value 350
938
EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Building— Page.
and loan associations, law in Indiana 594
construction, treatise 386
materials, properties 91
materials, transmission of heat through. . 688
Buildings lor small farms 786
Bulb clutm-e, treatise 743
Bulbar paralysis, infectious, notes 579
Bulbs, ornamental , descriptive list 743
Bulls, mature, as sires 475
Bumblebees, pollination of alfalfa by,
U.S.D.A 134
Buprestids of Philippines 553
Burette for calibrating Babcock test bottles.
Wis 875
Burkheiser salt, fertilizing value 518
Bush sickness, prevention 381
Bushel weight determinations, accuracy. Me. 131
Bushes of Europe, encyclopedia 143
Butter-
adulterated, detection 210
analyses 359, 509
analyses. Me 576
as affected by cotton-seed products, Mo. . 370
as affected by feeding stuffs 77, 375
as affected by too acid a ferment 375
bacteria in 575
bibliography 176
effect on growth 560
factors affecting water content 375
fat. (See Fat ond Milk fat.)
from ewe's milk, composition 375
from mixed and unrai.xed milks 475
inspection in Maine, Me 77, 576
low olein content 811
making experiments, Can 675
making on the farm, Mont 675
market, of Boston 575
preservation 176
preservatives, detection 508, 811
prices in Ireland 96
role in glycogen formation 763
Siberian, on Ilambm'g market 075
sweet cream, keeping quality 175
text-book 468
wash water, iron salts in 375
Butterflies, pollination of alfalfa by,U.S.D.A. 134
Buttermilk —
as affected by boiling 505
methods of analysis 114
preservation 874
protein content 413
Cabbage —
and collards, crossing experiments, Ga. . . 438
aphis, notes, Mont 649
as affected by previous crop of sesame — 329
blackleg organism, liost range 446
breeding for disease resistance. Wis 840
calcium cyanamid for 524
club root, notes 148
club root, reduction of tellurium salt by . . 826
club root, studies, Vt 642
club root, treatment 842
creamed, food poisoning due to 855
culture for forage. Can 829
fertilizer experiments 36
irrigation experiments 732
Cabbage— Continued. Page.
leaves, fermenting power 413
maggot, remedies, N.Y.State 352, 654
radish hybrid, description 236
seeds, disinfection experiments 738
sulphur in 817
varieties 829
varieties resistant to Fusarium 446
worm, Imported, notes, Mont 649
Cacao —
black pod, notes, P.R 645
canker, studies 54, 242, 347, 750
culture experiments 638
culture experiments, P.R 637
culture in Grenada 48
culture in Guiana 391
culture in Samoa 142
culture in Venezuela, P.R 637
diseases, notes 142, 347, 540
fertilizer experiments 421
insects affecting 142
meal, analyses 467
root disease, treatment 549
rot, notes 242
shells, digestibility. Mass 766
Cacti-
analyses and feeding value 265
culture 137
for dairy cows, U.S.D.A 77
reversion in 523
spineless, culture experiments 829
spineless, for Arizona 228
Cactus opuntia, culture and uses 134
Cactus products, analyses 461
Cacus acanthi, notes, N.Y.State 650
Cadmium, assimilation by Aspergillus niger.. 224
Cxoma pseudotsugx douglasii n.var., studies. . 246
CiEsium in soils, U.S.D.A 720
Caffein in beverages 164 , 358
Cajanus indicus^ analyses 863
Cake making, principles 299
Caladiums, varieties 624
Calandra —
granaria. (See Granary- weevil.)
ory^a. (See Rice-weevil.)
Calceolaria rugosa, carotinoid content 803
Calcifarin, use in bread making 357
Calcium-
bread, notes 860
carbonate, fixation in soils 25
carbonate from causticizing plant, analy-
ses and fertilizing value 125
chlorid, use in bread making 357
cyanamid, ammonia from 822
cyanamid, application 518
cyanamid, effect on composition of beets. 737
cyanamid, effect on the eye 29
cyanamid, fertilizing value 36, 37,
517,518,524,72.5,732,820
cyanamid, fertilizing value, N.J 124
cyanamid, mixing with superphosphate . 822
cyanamid, mixing with Thomas slag and
kaiait 422
cj^anamid, oiled, fertilizing value 422
cyanamid, production 321 , 725
cyanamid, solubility in water 725
cyanamid, trade in 29
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
939
Calcium — Continued. Page,
cyanamid, transformation into ammonia. 725
cyanamid, use against weeds 532
cyanamid, use against wild mustard 524,
633, 739
feed, analyses 864
importance in animal nutrition 663
in the diet 357, 860
nitrate, effect on wheat seedlings 426
nitrate, fertilizing value. .. 517,518,732,820,821
nitrate, fertilizing value, N.J 124
nitrate for com 831
nitrate, trade in 29
nitrite, fertilizing value 821
phosphate, precipitated, fertilizing, value.
Wis 823
salts, effect on activity of lipase 264
sources for growing pigs, Ohio 268
sulphid, effect on soil micro-organisms. . . 27
sulphate. (See Gypsum.)
sulphite, insecticidal value, Oreg 408
Calf diphtheria, notes, Colo 879
California University and Station, notes 99,
397,695,795
Calla lily pollen, parasite of 641
Calliephialtes sp., in California 256
Calliphora spp., development 456
Callirrhoe spp., food plants of cotton-boll
weevil, U.S.D.A 458
CaUospcrmophilus lateralis cinerascens, rela-
tion to spotted fever 160
Calluna vulgaris, behavior on lime soils 425
Calocampa nupera, parasites of, Mass 752
Calophyllum inophyllum, oil content 234
Caloptenus italicus, notes 850
Calorimeter for large animals, description 764
Calosphxria princeps, notes 539
Caloteleia sp., notes, N.Y.State 650
Calotropis procera latex, rennet of 410
Calves —
bone content 564
brains, creatin and creatinin content 760
estimating age of 266
feeding experiments 75
feeding experiments, Nebr 866
growth on pasture 767
immunization against anthrax 82
raising and fattening in Alabama,
U.S.D.A 169
range, winter feeding, Colo 468
rearing 299
rearing experiments 566
skim milk and cassava porridge for 266
Camphor-
insects affecting 849
liniment, notes, N.Dak 658, 676
Camponotus maculatus turkestanicus, reme-
dies 155
Canada thistles —
eradication, Wis 438
host of Heterodera radicicola 642
Canals-
gate structures for, U.S.D.A 782
silting in 383
{See also Ditches.)
Canary-
disease resembling fowl cholera 879
grass seed, agglutinating properties 774
Canavalia ensiformis —
anatomical structure 314
notes, Okla 336
Cancer-
diagnosis, dialysis method 877
pathology 277
Candies, handbook 856
Candle nuts, analyses 631
Candy making in the home, treatise 558
Cane-
as a forage and silage crop, Okla 829
culture, Iowa 265
stems, dorsiventral, structure 233
sugar content as affected by heading 431
sugar, detection in honey 208
sugar, effect on secretion of diastase by
fungi 13
V. com for silage, Ohio 36
Canidiella curculionis, parasitic on alfalfa
weevil 61
Canine distemper. {See Dog distemper.)
Canned goods —
examination 509
•necessity for dating 659
Canning —
clubs, suggestion for 794
for the farm home 394
industry in United States 67
Cantaloups. (See Muskmelons.)
Caoutchouc. (See Rubber.)
Capons, feeding experiments, Ohio 472
Carabaos in Philippines 768
Caradrina reclusa, notes, Hawaii 249
Carbohydrate minimum in human nutrition. 561
Carbohydrates-
effect on plant growth 27
effect on toxicity of inorganic salts 730
in vegetables U
protein-sparing action 763
Carbolineum, use against plant lice, ants, etc. 155
Carbon —
bisulphid as a disinfectant for stored com . 849
bisulphid as a soil disinfectant 621
bisulphid , effect on micro-organisms 27
bisulphid, effect on nitrate accumulation
in soils, Mo 342
bisulphid, fumigation of potatoes with... 756
bisulphid, use against leopard moth 652
bisulphid, use In kerosene emulsion 549
determination 313
dioxid, absorption by green plants 33
dioxid as a soil disinfectant 248
dioxid, assimilation by greenhouse plants 236
dioxid, determination 313
dioxid, determination in water 806
dioxid, effect on germination of seeds 521
dioxid, effect on plant growth 521, 532
dioxid excretion during muscular work. . 561
dioxid, fertilizing value 140, 235, 519
dioxid, formation in soils 127
dioxid in incubation, Conn. Storrs 172
nutrition of plants 426
transformation in soils, Colo 818
Carbonates, soluble, reaction with metallic
salts 504
Carburation, treatise 785
Carcelia ( Exorista) pyste, notes, Mass 752
940
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Carcinoma— Page.
diagnosis 876
of the genitals, diagnosis 877
transmission by bedbugs 550
Carnations-
multiplication of floral parts in 443
treatise 743
Carotin-
fate during digestion 275
of milk fat, relation to other carotias 273
spectro-colorimetric estimation in plants. 520
Carotinoids, plant, investigations 803
Caroto-albumin, notes 275
Carpenter worm, notes 550
Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.)
Carrot fly, remedies 158
Carrots —
culture with cereals 735
fertilizer experiments 133
varieties 133
Carthamus tinctorius, oil content 234
Caseasein latexes 409
Casein—
and fat, determination in milk, Can 674
assimilation by ruminants 71
compounds, studies, N.Y. State 709
determination in milk 114
determination of peptic activity 504
isoelectric point 175
lysin content 559
r61e in glycogen formation 703
solubility in dilute acids 409
Caseinogen, density and solution volume 804
Cassava-
analyses 37
ant, studies 656
culture experiments 226
growth in calcareous soils, P.R 627, 816
meal for dairy cattle 573
silage, notes, Fla 732
varieties 624
Cassida nebulosa, notes 157
Castor-
bean lipase, act ion upon esters 710
bean lipase, extraction experiments with. 711
bean meal, fertilizing value 820
beans, Pythium debaryanum aflecting 51
beans, toxicity 80
Castration, effect on horn growth in sheep ... 867
Catalase—
determination 413
localization in marine algae 626
Catarrhal fever —
malignant , in cattle, treatment 381
malignant, in horses and mules, Ky 287
Caterpillars-
defoliating, remedies 60
treatise 850
Catocalinse in British Museum, catalogue 652
Cats, parasites and diseases of, treatise 686
Cattaloes, notes 266, 566, 567
Cattle—
and buffaloes, crossing experiments 266,566,507
barns, plans, N.C 488
Bazadaise, notes 367
beef, care and management 266
blood count as affected by altitude 679
brains of 168
Cattle— Continued. Page,
breeding, as affected by nutrition plane,
Mo 367
breeding, Dutch methods 474
breeding experiments, P.R 604
breeding in N ether lands 596, 691
charts for schools 299
dairy, feeding experiments 77
dairy, judging in Denmark 770
dairy, soiling crops for, Iowa 265
digestion experiments 767
dipping tanks, control of fluid in 776
dips, arsenical, preparation and use,
U.S.D.A 776
diseases, notes 266
diseases, notes, Iowa 272
elimination of tubercle bacilli from 84
feeding experiments 573, 766
feeding experiments, Nebr 468
feeding experiments, U.S.D.A 664
feeding in the corn belt. 111 865
feeding in the corn belt, U.S.D.A 468
feeding on phosphate-fertilized pastures. 174
Garonnaise, notes 367
immunization against African coast fever. 585
immunization against anaplasmosis 585
immunization against piroplasmosis 585
immunization against rinderpest 283
immunization against tuberculosis. . 85, 380, 779
imported, high temperature periods in,
Guam 482
in Kongo 865
in PhiUppines 768
in United States 73,167
industry in Australia 266
industry in Chile, Colombia, and Argen-
tina 666
industryin Great Britain 565
inheritance of color in 206, 470
insurance societies, mutual, in Burma. . . 593
Jersey, variation in tongue color 565
loan banks, notes 594
marketing 266
measurements, importance 168
nutritive requirements 766
of Holland, characteristics and measure-
ments 474
of northern Spain 169
of Ruanda, German East Africa 565
of Satat Girons and Aure valleys 565
origin and distribution 564
plague. (See Rinderpest.)
red, of Flanders 169
Shorthorn, color inheritance in 470
Simmental, notes 867
skin temperature and fattening capacity,
relation 866
slaughter tests at Smithfleld show 565
slaughtering on the farm 266
supply of United States 767
Swiss breeds, notes 371
text-book 468
licks, eradication, U.S.D.A 85
ticks, eradication in Alabama 483
ticks, relation to equine piroplasmosis . . . 382
(See also Ticks.)
worm nodules in 182
zebu hybrids, notes, P.R 664
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
941
Cauliflowers— Page.
carbohydrates in 11
fertilizer experiments 37
Caulleryella aphiochxtas n.g. and n.sp.,
studies Sol
Cave deposits, analyses 122
Caviar —
analyses 656
creatin and creatimn content 760
Cecidomyia destructor. (See Hessian fly.)
Cecidomyiidae —
notes 455
of Germany 158
Cedar, western red, fimgus disease of 247
Ceiba pentandra, notes 736
Celery —
bacterial rot, studies and bibliography. . . 542
blight, treatment 344
cooking 856
decay in storage 447
diseases, notes, Fla 747
heart rot, notes. Conn. State 641
soups, examination, S.Dalc 658
Cell substances, oxidizing and reducing,
detection and significance 277
Cells in milk, studies, N.Y. State 372
CeUulose —
bacterial digestion. Wis 827
decomposition by micro-organisms 14
decomposition in moor soils and peat 25
determination with nitric acid 17
digestion by sheep and pigs 667
fermentation by thermophilic bacteria. . . 310
partial hydrolysis 310
Cement —
dust, effect on fruit trees 150
paste, determination of consistency 91
Portland, thermal activities in, during
setting 91
testing 91
tile, solubility 92
Centau rea cyanus, coloration of flowers 324
Centistidea ectccdemix n.sp., description 554
Central Moor Commission, report 830
Cephalandria indica, analj^es 366
Cephalcuros virescens, notes 55
Cephalin, fatty acids of 608
Cephalonomia meridionalis n.sp., description. 355
Cephalothecium roseum, notes, Conn. State. . . 641
Ceratitis —
capitata, remedies 757
spp. in Africa 455
Ceratophyllusfasciatus —
bionomics 353
life history 552
remedies 353
Ceratopogonlnae, notes 455
Cercis canadensis, relation between ovules and
seeds 523
Cercis fruit, phj'sicochemical constants 427
Cercospora —
beticola, effect on composition of sugar
beets 436
coffeicola, notes, P.R 646
Cereal-
diseases, notes 841
foods, examination 760
rusts, investigations, Minn 146
Cereal— Continued. Page.
rusts, propagation 842
seedlings as aflected by narcotics 730
smuts, spore germinations of, Minn 642
stalk disease or foot rot, studies 542
stem rot, notes 147
Cereals-
ancient classification 830
as affected by parasitic fungi 541
as aflected by soil volume and avaUable
plant food 132
breeding experiments 830
culture, continuous, Can 226
culture experiments 732, 733
fertilizer experiments 29, 1,33, 226, 328, 733
fertilizing value 320
frost injuries 541,542
heredity of albinism in 329
history 131
maltase content 204
production in 1913 392
root systems 515, 830
seed production 524
snow mold affecting 343
stalk formation studies 227
varietal differences in 227
varieties 133, 732, 829
varieties. Can 829
variety tests, new method 830
water requirements 729
(See also Grains and specific kinds.)
Cerin, notes 312
Cerium —
effect on development of seedlings 325
salts, effect on wheat 218
Cesspool and septic tank combined, descrip-
tion 190
Cestodes parasitic in birds 184
Chalcis pandora n.sp., description 459
Changa, notes 452
Charbon. (See Anthrax.)
Charlock. (See Mustard, wUd.)
Cheese-
bibliography 176
buttermilk, manufacture. Wis 874
Cheddar, bacteria in, U.S.D.A 476
Cheddar, factors affecting texture 576
Cheddar, flavor, U.S.D.A 476
Cheddar, from pasteurized milk, Wis 874
Cheddar, fruity or sweet flavor 79
Cheddar, prevention of polyneuritis by. . 702
Cheshire, manufactm-e 375
coating with paraffin 375
control in Holland 376
curd knife, description. Wis 875
curing. (See Cheese, ripening.)
determination of acidity 613
diminution of fats in during ripening 475
dishes, recipes 656
Emmental, bacteria in 478, 772
Emmental, gassy fermentations in 477, 772
factories, plans , Mont 675
from carabao's milk, composition 374
from mLxed and unmixed milks 475
making. Bacillus bulgaricus in 772
making experiments. Can 675
making experiments. Wis 875
making, lactic ferment cultures in 375
942
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Cheese — Continued. Page.
marketing, Wis 893
methods of analysis 114, 811
mold, ripening 170
ripening, role of bacteria in, U.S.D . A 477
ripening, studies 475
Roquefort, flavor, U.S.D. A 107
skipper, bionomics and structure 552
Stilton and Wensleydale, notes, Can 670
whole milk, composition 874
Cheimatobia brumata, remedies 548
Chelidonium majus, carotinoid content 803
Chelonus —
blaclburni, notes, Hawaii 249
texanus, parasitism 458
Chemical-
analysis, treatise 806
laboratory at Goteborg, Sweden, report. . 509
Chemistry —
bibliography 196
of plant products, treatise 803
organic, text-book 309
physiological, text-book 361
studies 277
Chemotherapy, address on 177
Cherimoya, propagation by inarching, Guam . 441
Chermes, obliteration of se.xual reproduc-
tion in 59
Cherries, new, description, N.Y. State 337
Cherry —
brown rot, studies 749
fruit maggots, remedies 757
Japanese, description 236
Chestnut —
bark disease in British Columbia 845
bark disease, investigations, N.Y. Cornell 751
blight, description 153
blight, description, N.J 449
blight, dissemination by birds 57
blight fungus, longevity of pycnospores,
U.S.D. A 153
blight fungus, morphology and life history 246
blight, notes 546
blight poisoning, notes 657
blight poisoning, notes, Conn. State 657
disease, description 451
Endothia canker, histology 845
hybrids, blight resistance in 142
lands, reforestation 341
starch, studies 828
timber killed by bark disease, utilization,
U.S.D. A 144
Chestnuts —
breeding 142
dying, U.S.D. A 246
new, description, U.S.D. A 337
Chick peas-
analyses 258
anatomical structure 314
Chicken —
disease, notes 879
fat, studies 758
pox, immunization. Wis 887
soups, condensed, examination, N.Dak. . 659
Chickens —
as affected by Roentgen rays 369
Garonnaise, notes 568
(See also Fowls, Poultry, etc.)
Chicks— Page.
embryo, electrocardiogram of 173
feeding experiments, N.J 569
feeding experiments, R.I 473
hatching artificially, Mont 670
rearing, Iowa 271
scale and feather development of 369
Chickweed, destruction in vineyards 739
Chicory-
detection in roasted coffee 208
insects affecting 249
monograph 336
Childhood , rectal temperature in 563
Children—
creatin excretion in 860
feeding and care 660
food requirements 201, 403
menub for 760
Children's gardens. (See School gardens.)
Chilies. (See Pepper.)
Chilo simplex, notes 851
Chinch bugs-
burning, Okla 156
egg parasite of 354
notes, Can 156
Chinquapins-
parthenogenesis in 443
resistance to chestnut blight 142
Chionaspis —
citri, notes 58
euonymi. {See Euonymus scale.)
furfura. (See Scurfy scale.)
Chloridea obsoleta. (See Cotton bollworm.)
Chlorin —
determination in rice 110
in inland ground waters 813
Chloris —
ciliata, germination studies 222
virgata, notes 228
Chloroform —
as a soil disinfectant 621
effect on blood treated with vaselin 620
eflect on soil micro-organisms 27
extract of hays and fodders, Tex 71
Clilorophyll—
as affected by light 222
content and respiration of plants, rela-
tionship 222
formaldehyde from 222
formation in plants 519, 520
living, stability 127
notes 728
pigments replacing 128
review of Willstatter's researches on 427
spectro-colorimetric estimation in plants. 520
Chloroplasts —
photosynthetic function 427
role of yellow pigment in 128
Chlorops txniopus, notes 50
Chlorosis in com 221
Cholera, Asiatic, transmission by cockroaches
and ants 752
Cholesterol, importance in the organism 465
Choi in, isolation from oat farina 309
Chop, analyses 73
Choreutis parialis, notes 848
Christchurch Technical College, notes 898
Chromaphis juglandicola, studies, U.S.D. A. . . 753
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
943
Chromium— Page.
determination in minerals and rocks 16
in soils, U.S.D. A 720
Chrysanthemums —
growth on sterilized soils 336
spontaneous decapitation 844
Chrysolampus lycti n.sp., description 459
Chrysomelians of Ontario 15e
Chrysornphalus spp., notes 58
Chrysomyia macellaria. (See Screw-worm.)
Chrysophagus compressicornis, notes 757
Chrysophlyctis endobiotica —
notes 243
treatment 149
Chrysopids, parasites of 757
Chrysnps spp., transmission of Trypanosoma
equinum by 82
Churches, country, problems of 391
Chymology, physiological and pathological,
treatise 265
Cicada, periodical —
notes, Ohio 59
notes, U.S.D. A 351
Cicer arietinum —
analyses 25
anatomical structure 314
Cichorium intyhtis, monograph 336
Cicinnobolus sp., parasitic on apple mildew. . 544
Cigar molds and their prevention, U.S.D. A.. 613
Cigarette beetle, notes, Hawaii 249
Cimex lectularius. (See Bedbugs.)
Cimicifuga, insecticidal value 350
Cinnamomum camphora, insect enemies of. . . 849
Cirrospiloideus guamcnsis n.sp., description . . 62
Citellus columbianus, immunity to spotted
fever 160
Citric acid —
assimilation by plants 426
determination in citrates and lemon
juice 612
determination in presence of other acids. . 714
Citrus-
canker, studies, Fla 54
die-back, cause 450
diseases, notes 152, 244,646
diseases, notes, P.R 645
fruit juices, analyses 461
fruit rot, notes, Fla 750
fruits, asexual reproduction of seeds 533
fruits, culture experiments, Guam 441
fruits, fertilizer experiments, Fla 723, 742
fruits, fertilizer experiments, P.R 634
fruits, fumigation 550
fruits, handling and storing 338
fruits, insects affecting, Fla 751
fruits, oxidases in 826
fruits, production and commerce in 48
fruits, variations and hybridization in. .. 48
(See also Oranges, Lemons, etc.)
gummosis in California 449
gummosis induced by chemicals 449
gummosis induced by chemicals, Fla 749
malnutrition diseases, investigations,
U.S.D.A 237
melanose, investigations, Fla 750
root nematode, studies, U.S.D.A 449
scab, notes, Fla 750
Citrus— Continued. Page.
stem-end rot, notes, Fla 750
white fly. (See White fly, citrus.)
Citrus —
japonica, monograph 48
trifoliata, asexual reproduction of seeds. . . 533
City persons who desire to farm, suggestions
for, N.Y. Cornell 787
Cladophora sp . , carotinoid content 803
Cladosporiu m —
carpophilum, infection of peaches with. . . 449
citri, notes 539
fulvum, notes 644
fulvum violaceum, notes 748
graminum affecting wheat seed 148
herbarum, notes 347, 542, 844
sp., notes, P.R 646
sp. on chrysanthemums 844
Clam chowder, examination, N.Dak 659
Clams —
canned, industry in United States 67
creatin and creatinin content 760
examination, Me 64
handling and marketing. Me 63
Clania variegata, notes 849
Claviceps purpurea, notes 539
Clay-
as affected by hydroxyl ions 216
suspensions, coagulation by electrolytes.. 618
Clematis stem rot and leaf spot, description.. . 347
Clemson College, notes 198
Cleora pampinaria. (See Cranberry span-
worm.)
Climate —
as affected by forests 716
changes in 20, 509, 510, 717
effect on growth of date palms 326
effect on soils 214
of arid America, changes in 509
of British Columbia 316
of California, U.S.D.A 212,213
of Duluth, Minnesota 718
of New Zealand 21
of San Diego, California 21
(See also Meteorology.)
Climatology of United States, U.S.D.A. 212, 415, 615
(See also Meteorology.)
Climbers, woody, culture 140
Clostridium pasteurianum, decomposition of
silicates by 121
Clothing, dissemination of typhoid fever by.. 68
Clover —
alsike, notes. Mo 830
as a forage crop, Okla 829
assimilation of nitrogen by 523
bur, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
Chilian, notes 134
crimson, analyses 863
crimson, culture, N.C 38
crimson, radio-active fertilizers for 31
crimson, utilization, U.S.D.A 38
culture in North Carolina 132
diseases, notes 841
fertilizer experiments, Ohio 430
hay, fertilizing value 822
insects affecting 848
leaf weevil, notes 457
944
EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
Clover— Continued. Page.
liming experiments 820
pollination 134
precipitin test for 733
red, color characteristics in 330
red, notes. Mo 830
red, propagation experiments 228
red, relation of tops to roots 733
red, variation in 134
root borer, notes 848
seed, hard, germination 228
seed, inspection, Md 438
seed, viability as affected by age .-. 624
selection and breeding, Wis 829
silage and hay for dairy cows, Mont 673
sulphur in 817
sweet. {See Sweet clover.)
varieties, Wis 829
Club root, studies, Vt 612
Clysia ambiguella, notes 157
Coal-
analyses 359
prices in United States 558
Coat color. {See Color.)
Cob meal, analyses 366
Cobsea scandens, flower development in 427
Cobalt in soils, U.S.D.A 720
Coccidse —
injurious to citrus fruits, remedies 550
of Japan 157
Coccobacillus acridiorum —
description 752
destruction of locusts by 752, 753
Coccus ciridis, notes 58
Cochylis ambiguella, school chart of 395
Cockroach, American, as a carrier of cholera
vibrios 752
Cocoa —
alkaloids in 358
examination 760
Coconut —
cake, agglutinating properties 774
cake, analyses 864
fat, determination in butter 810
industry in Seychelles Islands 639
meal, analyses 864
meal, digestibility, Mass 766
palms, insects affecting 58
Coconuts-
changes in during ripening 535
culture in Burma 48
culture in Guiana 391
fertilizer experiments 421, 742
fertilizer experiments, P.R 635
macapuno, description 536
Cod liver oil, eflect on growth 560
Codling moth —
clerid enemy of 353
false, notes 752
notes 548, 848
remedies 651
remedies. 111 4,54
remedies, Mo 335
remedies, Nebr 439
remedies, U.S.D.A 252
CaHinideaferruginea u.sp., description 355
Coffee— Page.
adulterated, detection 208
adulteration in Philippines 259
alkaloids in 358
analyses 7C0, 856
biometric studies 142
borer, yellow-headed, notes 61
caff ein-free, diuretic eflect 461
candelillo, studies, U.S.D.A 450
coating, N.Dak 658
composition 165
compound containing ivory nuts, analyses 759
culture experiments, P .R 637
culture in Guiana 391
culture in Venezuela, P.R 637
disease, description and treatment 152
disease, notes, P.R 646
diseases in Dutch East Indies 540
eflect on heart, kidneys, and nerves 265
fertilizer experiments 421
fertilizer experiments, P.R ;. . . 637
food value 165
infusions, chemistry of 164
leaf blight, studies, U.S.D.A 450
notes 856
Robusta, culture in East Indies 638
root disease, treatment 549
volatile constituents 856
Coital exanthema in cattle 381
Colamin, isolation from oats 309
Cold—
eflect on cereals 541, 542
frames, construction 393
{See also Temperatm-e, low.)
Cold storage—
eflect on fish 64, 459
eflect on moisture content of butter. Can. 675
eflect on Trichmella spiralis 356
experiments with strawberries 535
law in Massachusetts 67
law in Nebraska 67
plants. Inspection, Ky 359
Colemanite, calcined, use against fly larvse,
U.S.D.A 654
Coleopliora spp., notes 454
Coli bacillus. {See Bacillus coli communis.)
Coleosporium—
inconspicuum, notes 348
oldenlandix, description 145
spp., hosts of 540
Colics and their treatment, manual 382
CoUards and cabbages, crossing experiments,
Ga 438
Colleges. {See Agricultural colleges.)
Collegiate Country Life Club of America 298
Collet otrichum—
agaves, notes 641
cradwickii, fimgus resembling, P.R 645
falcatum, notes 746
glososporioidcs, notes 152
graminicolum n.n. , studies 746
lindemuthiana, notes 542
nigrum on pepper 542
Colloids—
as protective substances for bacteria, Nev. 24
in water and sewage purification 616
INDEX OP SUBJECTS.
945
Colloids— Continued. Page.
soil, properties 514
soluble, determination in soils, Tex 801
Colocasia blight, notes 52, 641
Colocasia spp., analyses and culture 41
Color-
inheritance in cattle 266, 470
inheritance in field peas 333
inheritance in horses 266
inheritance in horses, Ky 870
inheritance in pigeons, R.I 572
inheritance in pigs 567
inheritance in pointer dogs 865
inlieritance in Rotundifolia grapes, N.C . 637
production in iris flowers 626
Colorado-
grass as a forage crop, Okla 829
Station, report 694
Coloring matter, detection in edible fats 811
Commission on-
bovine tuberculosis in New York 498
industrial training and techincal educa-
tion in Canada 401
Community-
gardens, supervising 195
improvement clubs 690
Compsilura oppugnator n.sp., description .... 456
Compsomyia macellaria, relation to myiasis
aurium 777
Concrete —
aggregates, testing 91
as aflected by hydrated lime 687
bridge, reinforced, test 91
construction, reinforced, treatise 186
destruction by moor water 290
forms for 590
overwet, tests 387
pavements, stresses on 1S6
pavements, use of hydrated lime in 387
pipes, reinforced, tests 784
protective coatings for 784
reinforced, designing and estimating for. . 290
roads, construction 289, 290
roads, cracliing 185
roads, expansion 290
testing sand for 386
Condiments, examination 509, 557
Conduits, location 90
Condylura cristata, notes, U.S.D.A 154
Confectionery stores, inspection, N.Dak 658
Conifer —
cones and seeds, insect damage to, U.S.
D.A 548
seeds, destruction by squirrels 154
Coniferous seedlings, dampiag-off 647
Conifers, creosote penetration tests, U.S.D.A. 743
Coniosporium gecevi as a cause of corncob rot,
Ohio 642
Coniothecium sp. , notes 746
Coniothyrium pirinum, inoculation experi-
ments, U.S.D.A 150
Connecticut —
College, notes 397
State Station, notes 397,900
State Station, report 396
Storrs Station, notes 300
Consomme, examination, N.Dali 659
Cookers, flreless, homemade, U.S.D.A 299
Cookery— Page.
in schools, reporton 261
oriental, book 259
Cooking —
book 259, 200, 557, 857
destruction of vitamins by 660
electric, notes 558, 856
oven temperatures in 359
utensils, enameled, danger from 260
Cooperative —
movements, success of 294
societies, by-laws for •. . . . 294
Wholesale Society, Limited, history 193
Coo t, European, as a game bird 555
Copidosoma truncatellus , parasitism 458
Copper —
determination in foods 502
in orchard soils 720
m soils, U.S.D.A 720
new precipitants for 109
salts, effect on ammonification and nitrifi-
cation in soils 120
salts, effect on wheat 218
sulphate as a soil disinfectant C21
sulphate, destruction of horsetail by.
Mass 741
Copperas. (Sec Iron sulphate.)
Coptotcrmes gcstroi, notes 156
Cordylobiaanthropoptiaga, notes 551
Coregonus sp . , analyses and curing 356
Coreopsis, cut, preservation 837
Cork-
composition 312
formation of fat in 312
stoppers, insects affecting 155
Corn —
acidity investigations, U.S.D.A 625
amylase, studies 609
analyses 306, 464, 864
analyses, Ind 431
analyses, S.Dak 470
and alfalfa hay for Iambs, 111 867
and cob meal, analyses, Tex 863
as a foodstuff 555, 656
as a forage crop, Okla 829
as a silage crop, Okla 829
bran, analyses, N.Y. State 663
bran, analyses, Tex 863
bran, digestibility, Tex 863
breeding experiments. Conn. State 331
breeding experiments, Fla 734
chlorosis in 221
chop, analyses 366
chop, analyses, Tex 863
clubs, suggestions for 793, 794
commercial grades 73
composition 431
composition at various stages of growth,
Ind 431
cracked, analyses 467
culture 791
culture , Ark 693
culture, N.C 693
culture. Wash 432
culture, booklet 898
culture, continuous, Ohio 430
culture experiments 628, 829
culture in New South Wales 831
946
EXPEMMENT STATION RECORD.
Com— Continued. Page.
culture, new method 629
culture under dry-land conditions, Utah. 429
Day annual for schools of Illinois 298
determination of soundness, U.S.D.A 525
diet, excessive, eflects 859
diseases, notes 841
downy mildew, notes 51,242
ears, monstrosity in 51
effect on color of egg yolks 474
exhibits, preparation, Kans 495
feed meal, analyses, Tex 863
fertilizer experiments 122, 331, 421, 628, 829
fertilizer experiments, Ga 432
fertilizer experiments, N.C 38
fertilizer experiments, Ohio 430
fertilizer experiments, Utah 428
fertilizer formulas for, N.C 628
for silage, rate of seeding tests, Ohio 35
for silage, varieties, Ohio 35, 226
germ meal, analyses, Tex 863
green, steaming and ensiling 467
growth as affected by lead nitrate 226
growth on cogon soils 38
head smut, studies and bibliography,
U.S.D.A 747
heredity of somatic variation in, Nebr 135
hogging down, Ohio 471
imports from Argentina, U.S.D..\ 95
insects affecting 252, 548
irrigation, Nebr 328
irrigation experiments, Utah 428
leaf blotch miner, studies and bibliog-
raphy, U.S.D.A 158
maltese content 204
many-eared variety 525
meal, analyses, N. Y.State 663
meal, analyses, R.I 467
meal, analyses, Tex 863
meal, analyses, Vt 663
meal diet of prisoners 464
meal products, analyses and digestibility. 161
mineral nutrition 221
moisture content in storage 331
mold, notes. Conn. State 641
nitrate fertilizers for 831
phytin content, N.Y. State 708
preparation for food in Belgian Kongo. . . 357
protein, utilization by man 555
ratio of tops to roots 628
root aphis, notes, S.C 250
root parasites of 842
seedjCuring, Wis 829
seed, homemade testers for, Iowa 1 39
seed, preparation for planting, U.S.D.A. . 190
seed, selecting and storing, Iowa 331
seed, testing 394
seed, viability as affected by age 624
seedlings as affected by cerium chlorid. . . 326
selection 525
shucks, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
silage. {See Silage.)
smut, description and treatment, N..T 416
soaked, loss of nutrients from 357
spoiled, relation to pellagra 858
starch, studies 828
steamed, composition and digestibility. . 467
stored, disinfection 849
Corn— Continued. Page.
stored, insect injury to 353
stored, insects affecting, Ala. College 58
stored, variations in weight 235
subsoiling experiments, Okla 131
substitutes for pigs, Ohio 868
sugar content as affected by detasseling. 44, 431
sugar, review of literature 409
tassels as affected by soil conditions 831
treatise and bibliography 331
utilization of hydrocyanic acid by 730
V. cane for silage, Ohio 36
varieties 133, 135, 525, 628, 629, 732, 829
varieties, Conn.State 331
varieties, Ga 432
varieties, Ohio 226,430
varieties, U.S.D.A 828
weevil resistance in 354
yield as affected by weather, U.S.D.A. 213,229
Comaphis populi n.g. and n.sp., description . . 351
Corncob rot, studies, Ohio 642
Cornell University, notes 197, 399, 497, 797
Cornflower color, studies 324
CoTolUum n.g. and n.spp. in Norway 327
Corpus luteum, pigments of 274
Corrosive sublimate, fungicidal value 242
Corticium vagum solani. notes 344
Cortinarius n. sp., description 127
Coryneum—
beyerinckii, relation to citrus gummosis.. 449
foliicolum, inoculation experiments
U.S.D.A 150
microstictum, notes 844
Corynothrips stenopterus n.sp., description ... 59
Cosmos, cut, preservation 837
Cost of living—
in industrial countries 261
in New Jersey 659
investigations 462
treatise 360
Cotton—
analjrses 829
anthracnose, hot water treatment 643
anthracnose, notes 344
as affected by low temperature 229
bacterial disease, notes 136
boll weevil, feeding habits, U.S.D.A 458
boll weevil, manual 457
boll weevil, notes 353
"boUies," notes 832
boUworm, notes 252
bollworm, notes, Hawaii 249
composition at different stages of growth,
Ga 433
consumption, 1906 to 1913 392
cultiure 030
culture, N.C 630
culture experiments 136, 226, 628, 733, 829
cultiue in British possessions 832
culture in Dominican Republic 41
culture in German East Africa 136
cultm-e, new system, U.S.D.A 433
distance experiments, Miss 136
Egyptian, culture in Salt River Valley,
Ariz., U.S.D.A 41
Egyptian, deterioration 526
Egyptian, mutation in, U.S.D.A 525
feeding habits, Ga 433
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
947
Cotton — Continued. Page,
fertaizer experiments. . 421, 524, 628, 629, 733, 829
fertilizer exijeriments, Ala.CoUege 40
fertilizer experiments, Ga 432
fertilizer experiments. Miss 130
fertilizer experiments, N.C 38,630
fertilizer formulas for, N.C 628
forecasting ripening of 831
grading and classification, U.S.D. A 433
hybridization experiments 226, 525
Improvement by seed selection, N.C 41
Indian, studies 52(5
insects affecting 58,548,649
irrigation experiments 230
leaf cut or tomosis, notes 243
long-staple, culture in North Carolina,
N.C 41
maturity as affected by fertilizers, N.C . . . 39
root louse, notes, S.C 250
root rot, notes, N.Mex 746
subsoiling experiments, Okla 131
trade, treatise 690
treatise 525, 735
upland long-staple, spinning tests,
U.S.D.A 631
varieties 133, 524, 525, 628, 732, 733, 829
varieties, Ga 432
varieties. Miss 136
varieties, N.C 631
wild, insects affecting 350
wild, of Arizona, description 633
wilts, notes 041
yield as affected by water level 229, 230
Cotton seed-
buying for planting, N.C 41
cake, agglutinating properties 774
cake, analyses, Tex 863
cake, cold-pressed, analyses, Tex 863
cold-pressed, digestibility, Tex 863
effect on maturity of cotton, N.C 40
feed, analyses 366
feed, analyses. Me 564
feed, analyses, N. Y.State 663
feed, analyses, R.I 467
feed meal, digestibility, Mass 766
flour as a food for man 855
germination as affected by hot water 643
germination tests. Ark 631
hulls, digestibility, Tex 863
hulls V. silage for steers, Tenn 469
meal, analyses 73,168,366,467
meal, analyses. Me 73, 564
meal, analyses, N. Y.State 663
meal, analyses, R.I 467
meal, analyses, S.Dak 470
meal, analyses, Tex 863
meal, analyses, Vt 663
meal, analj^ses. Wis 467
meal, cold-pressed, analyses, Tex 863
meal, digestibility, Tex 863
meal, fertilizing value 822
meal, fertiliziag value, Ala.CoUege 40
meal food products, recipes, Tex 66
meal for man 264
meal for man, Tex 65
meal for steers, Tenn 469
meal, organic phosphoric acid of, N. Y.
State 707
Cotton seed — Continued. Page.
meal poisoning, remedies, N.C 578
meal, toxicity 578
meal v. beef scrap for chicks, R.I 473
oU, r61e in glycogen formation 763
products as fertilizers 323
products, effect on milk. Mo 370
products in northern Europe 864
selection 226
selection, Ga 433
Cottony cushion scale —
notes 60
notes, Fla 751
remedies, La 157
Country-
homes, problems of 393
homes, sewage disposal for 786
houses, electricity for 591
houses, improvement for, cost 291
Life Club of America 298
life clubs, organization 96
life conference at Iowa College 391
County —
experiment farms, Ohio 98
farm bureau, notes, Cal 690
Cover crop, new, description 631
Cow-
champion dairy 174, 372
diseases, notes 380
manure, fertilizing value, N.J 124
testing associations, notes, Kans 76
Cowpea —
and sorghum silage, digestibility, Tex 863
hay, analyses, Ga 437
weevil, remedies 256
weevil, remedies, Okla 553
weevil, studies 254
Co^vpeas —
anatomical structure 314
as a forage crop, Okla 829
as a silage crop, Okla 829
coloration of seed coat, U.S.D.A 130
culture, Iowa 265
culture and use 832
culture experiments 829
culture experiments, Ind 37
culture in North Carolina 132
effect on nitrogen content of soils 733
fertilizer experiments .• 829
varieties 829
varieties, Ind 37
yields, Ohio 226
Cows —
cacti for, U.S.D.A 77
calving fall and spring, milk yield 770, 771
care and feeding 299
care and management, Iowa 272
correlation of conformation and produc-
tion 76, 573
feed rations for, N.J 77
feeding experiments 771
feeding experiments, Minn 173
feeding experiments, Mont 673
feeding experiments, Nev 77
grapevines for 72
in United States 73
lime requirements. Wis 864
maintenance standard, Minn 673
948
EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED.
Cows— Continued. Page.
newly lactating, detection 180
protein requii'ements, Minn 173
records. {See Daiiy herd records.)
tests, one- v. two-day S71, 872
Crab apple brown rot, studies 749
Crabs, creatin and creatuiin content 760
Crambus caliginosellus, studies, U.S.D.A 253
Cranberries —
culture, Minn 742
culture experiments 441
cultui'e experiments, Mass 740
culture experiments, AVis 835
effect on composition of m'ine 761
false blossom of. Wis 840
fertilizer experiments 441
fertilizer experiments, Mass 741
fertilizer experiments. Wis 835
improvement. Mass 741
insects affecting, Mass 752
liming experiments 442
pollination experiments, Mass 741
protection against frost. Mass 740
spraying experiments, Mass 741
Cranberry —
bogs, seepage water from. Mass 718
diseases, treatment. Mass 740
fruit worm, studies 453
spanworm, studies 453
toad-bug, studies, N.Y.State 156
worm, blackhead, studies 453
Cream —
cakes, poisoning due to 555
cost of pasteurizing, U.S.D.A 188
methods of analysis 114
preservatives, detection 811
removal of garlic flavor from, U.S.D.A... 771
ripenmg at low temperature 375
testing, Can 674
Creameries —
computer for 276
plans and management, Mont 675
Creamery —
industry in Montana, Mont 675
refuse, disposal 489
waste water, purification and disposal. . . 773
Creatin—
content of certain foods 760
distribution in mammals 765
excretion in children 860
relation to animal metabolism , 661
Creatin in —
content of certain foods 760
determination, Folin method 503
preparation from creatin 503
relation to animal metabolism 661
Cremastogaster sp., notes 853
Creolin as a disinfectant 383
Creosote —
as a milk preservative, Can 674
as a soil disinfectant 621
Cresepton as a disinfectant 383
Cresol, effect on soil micro-organisms 27
Cress seeds, disinfection experiments 738
Crimson clover. (See Clover, crimson.)
Cronarlium —
asclcpiadcum, hosts of 540
cere&rUTTi n. comb., studies, U.S.D.A 445
CronortiMTO— Continued. Page.
quercus, notes 348
quercus, notes, U.S.D.A 445
ribicola, notes 451
ribicola, overwintering on currants, N.Y.
State 54
ribicola, spore distribution of, U.S.D.A. . . 647
ribicola, treatment 50, 346
Crop-
production, effect on nitrification in soils. 119
reports, U.S.D.A 95, 190, 391, 789
rotations. (See Rotation of crops.)
yields and prices, N.Y.Cornell 295
yields in United States 895
yields, relation to bacterial activities in
soUs 121
Crops —
absorption of plant food by 617
as affected by other crops 627
fertilizer requirements, Ky 217
food requirements 215
large v. small, in relation to prosperity. . . 191
utilization of phosphates by, Wis 823
Crotalaria —
juncea as a green manure 230, 722
vitellina, analyses 863
Crotalaria seeds, germination experiments ... 230
"Crowa" fiber, tests 526
Crown gall-
notes, N.J 449
notes, N.Mex 746
Crucifers, finger-and-toe disease of 148
Crude fiber. (See Cellulose.)
Cryptogamic laboratory of Pavia, publica-
tions 746
CryptorhyncMis lapathi, studies 159
Cryptothrips floridcnsis —
notes 849
notes, Fla 752
Ctenocephalus canis, bionomics .• 353
Cucumber —
bacterial rot, notes, Fla 747
disease, studies 52
Cucumbers —
carbon dioxid for 532
growth on sterilized soils 336
insects affecting 248
Cucurbita melanospcrma, carotinoid content. . 803
Culex pipiens, outbreak in Connecticut 455
Culicidse. (See Mosquitoes.)
Cultivation —
factors in 215
mechanical, in France 187
motor, handbook 488
Cultivators —
mechanical, tests 188, 487
rotating, notes 188
Cultures, dried, preparation 773
Culverts, standards for 890
Cumbu, culture experiments 733
Cuorin, ox heart, fatty acids of 608
Curcin, toxicity 775
Curculionida; in beet plantations in Kief 655
Curd knife for cheese. Wis 875
Currant —
aphids, studies, Me 157
fruit-fly, remedies 757
fruit weevil, notes 351
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
949
Currant— Continued. Page.
gooseberry hybrid, description 236
industry in Ontario 142
mite, notes 853,854
rust, treatment 346
Currants-
culture 142
culture, Colo 441
Liibeck, partial sterility in 225
new, description, N.Y. State 337
overwintering of pine rust on, N.Y.State. 54
Current meters —
cup, tests, U.S.D.A 288
rating 587, 888
Cuscuta, destruction 835
Cutworm moths, trap for 851
Cutworms —
injurious to grain in western Canada 352
notes 155, 848
Cyanamid —
for corn 831
industry, status 323
Cyclohexane, effect on soil micro-organisms. . 27
Cylindrosporium on stone fruits, studies 544
Cymatophora sulphurea, parasites of, Mass 752
Cynodon dactylon, analyses 863
Cypress, pecky condition of 349
Cyrfotrachclus longipes, life history 61
Cystin and tyrosin, separation 807
Cystopus —
ipomaz panduranse, notes 447
spp., oospore parasite of 641
Cytoryctes cocci, relation to foot-and-mouth
disease 282
Cytospora Icucostoma, notes 539
Dacfylomyces spp. in Norway 327
Dacus spp. —
in Africa 456
remedies 757
Dxdalea unicolor in northern France 547
Daffodils-
certificated by Royal Horticultural
Society. .'. 340
classification 837
Dahlia diseases, notes 343
Dahlias —
cut, preservation 837
varieties 340
Dairies, inspection, Ky 359
Dairy-
bam at Kentucky Station, Ky 893
buildings, construction and equipment,
Ky 892
herd records, Nebr 174
herds, care and management, Iowa 272
herds, feed and production records 793
herds, management 394
industry in Hungary 376
institute at Alnarp , work of 375
instruction, committee on 492
laboratory guide 792
laws in Colorado 373
laws in Connecticut 259
laws in Massachusetts 79
laws in New York 175
management, treatise 76
products, analyses 760
80404°— 15 3
Dairy— Continued. Page.
products, statistics 165
sewage disposal 893
tests and methods. Wis 875
waste water, purification and disposal. . . 773
Dairying —
in Germany, treatise 475
in Netherlands 691
in New Zealand 173
in Nova Scotia 173
laboratory manual 694
manual 76,395
notes 573
text-book 494
treatise 173
Dairymen, computer for. .? 276
Daisy leaf spot, notes, Coim. State 641
Dalmeny Experiment Station, work of 516
Dandelions —
destruction, Can 835
lessons on 792
Darac, notes 258
Date-
palm seedlings, sex of 53c
palms as affected by climatic conditions. 326
palms, fossil fruits of in Texas 142
Dates, Babylonian, for California 238
Datura stramonium, agglutinating properties. 774
Daucus carota, carotinoid content 803
Death camas, notes 578
Defoliation, effect on composition of sugar
beets 435
Begeeriafunebris, notes 251
Delaware —
College, notes 496
Station, notes 600
Delphacidae of North and South America 550
Delphinium consolida, agglutinating i)rop-
erties 774
Dematophora glomerata injurious to grapes. - . 544
De.Tidrohium thyrsiflorum, carotinoid content. 803
Dendrolimus spp., biology and remedies 665
Dendrology, scope 342
Denitriflcation —
as affected by organic substances 223
in soils 722, 819
in soils, Colo 818
Department of Agriculture. (See United
States Department of Agriculture.)
Dermacentor venustus, life history 176
Derostenus —
diastatae, notes, U.S.D.A 158
fullowayi n.sp., description 554
Desiccator, vacuum , for soils 16
Desmodiumleiocarpum, analyses 863
Dew-
genesis 22
point, determination 22
Dewberries, culture, Colo 441
Dextrin —
determination of sugar products, etc 412
digestion by bees, U.S.D.A 255
Dextrose, effect on nitrogen transformation
in soils 722
Diachasma tryoni,'p arasitic on fruit flies 456
Diagnosis, exercises in 376
Diagnostic methods, biologic, efficacy 376
950
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Dialysis, quantitative, new apparatus for — 501
Diarrhea, white, in chicks, Conn.Storrs 484
Diarrheal diseases, relation to flies 654
Diastase —
absorption of hydrogen chlorid by 806
formation and regulation by mold fungi . 730
in tobacco plant 204
DiauUnuss'p'p., notes, U.S.D.A 158
Bibrachoides (Pteroraalus) dynaster, parasitic
on alfalfa weevil 61
DJ6roc/iys me<eorin. sp., description 355
Dicalcium phosphate, utilization by oats and
lupines 733
Bichomeris deflecta n.sp., description 352
Dickinson Coimty Cow-Besting Association,
report, Kans 76
Die^-
calcium in 357, 860
change, eSect on carbon dioxid excretion
of nursing infants 662
charts for physicians' use 557
daily, notes 861
effect on disease resistance 464
effect on organs of digestive tract 859
excessive carbohydrate, effects 361
in schools, report on 261
inexpensive, notes 360
limited, effects 264
lipoid-free, relation to beri-beri and
scurvy 761
low protein, treatise 263
of Belgian Kongo natives 557
of cartridge factory employees of Vin-
cennes 760
of Eskimos 260
of school children 494
of the masses, economic effects 462
one-sided, effect 361
prenatal , summary of data 463
relation to beri-beri 857
relation to skin diseases 463
types of, merits 462
uric-acid-free, treatise 361
(See also Food.)
Dietary-
family, planning 394
of a 99-year-old man 360
Dietetics-
history 557
in Italian tenements 360
treatise 859
Digestion-
experiments with Equidee 769
experiments with men 161
experiments with men, Tex 65
experiments with sheep , Mass 765
experiments with sheep, Tex 862
experiments with sheep and cattle 767
mechanical factors in 865
review of investigations 265
role of spleen in 361
tract as affected by diet 859
Digitalis purpurea —
agglutinating properties 774
behavior on lime soils 425
Dionea timberlakei n.sp., description 456
Bioryctria abietella, notes 849
Dioscorea, notes 334
Diospyros kali —
as affected by pollination 440
classification 639
Diphtheria —
avian, vinis of 88
serodiagnosis 877
Diplazon Ixtatorius, parasitism 458
Biplodia natalensis, notes 152
Dipping tanks —
control of fluid in 776
for sheep, construction 786
formation of arsenate in 483
Dips,.arsenical —
methods of analysis, U.S.D.A 115
oxidation 776
preparation and use, U.S.D.A 776
Dirhinus giffardi, parasitic on fruit flies 456
Dirphya ( Nitocris) princeps, notes 61
Dirt-
determination in milk ; 574
test for butter 575
Disease resistance as affected by diet 464
Diseases-
infectious, immunization 576
infectious, serodiagnosis 877
nonsyphilitic, use of salvarsan in 775
of animals. {See Animal diseases.)
of plants. (See Plant diseases.)
transmission by bedbugs 550
transmission by flies 551,852
transmission by sewage irrigation 417
treatment with enzyms 607
Disinfectants— u
and heat, combined action on soils 620
as stimulators of growth 178
determinat ion of toxicity 178
effect on germination of grain 824
Disodium phosphate, assimilation by rumi-
nants 71
Bispharagus spp. parasitic in fowls 184
Distemper, canine or dog. {See Dog dis-
temper.) •
Distillers' grains —
analyses 168
analyses, Me '.'.T!... 73,564
analyses. Wis 467
dried, analyses 73
dried, analyses, N.Y. State 663
dried, analyses, S.Dak 470
dried, analyses, Vt 663
Distillery refuse, analyses 766
Ditches — .f>'^-
determination of center 688
digging with dynamite 590,
gate structures for, U.S.D.A 782
tables for level section 384
Dodder, eradication 532,835
Dog-
distemper, treatment 378
problem In farm States 868
Dogs-
brains of 168
immunization against rabies 880
metabolism experiments 464
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
951
Dogs— Continued. Page.
nitrate of soda for 265
parasites and diseases of, treatise 586
pointer, coat color in 865
Dolichos —
hosei, notes 631
spp., anatomical structure 314
Domestic art or science. {See Homo econo-
mics.)
Dourine—
diagnosis by complement fixation 382
in mice, treatment 284
in western Canada 80
investigations 177
notes 79
treatment 282
Drafting, manual. . .". 592
Drainage —
as affected by dynamiting, P.R 635
channels, distance between 486
ditches, tables for level section 384
experiments 589
in east Prussia 732
in Indiana 783
in Java, British India, and Indo China.. . 89
in Louisiana 684
in southern Louisiana, L^.S.D.A 185
in the Ganges delta 784
investigations, Mo 783
law in Oregon 587
mole, in England 685
notes 494 , 589, 894
of alkali lands, U.S.D.A 889
of golf greens 889
of urigated lands 684 , 783, 889
of swamp lands 783
project in Hampton and Jasper counties,
S.C, U.S.D.A 684
pumping, electricity v. steam in 890
pumping machinery for 784
tile, machine for testing 384
u.se of dynamite in 589
Drainpipe deposits in swamp soils 721
Drains, pipe, renovation 685
Dried blood-
effect on maturity of cotton, N .C 40
fertilizing value, Fla 731
fertilizing value, N.J 124
nitrification of "24
notes 323
I', nitrate of soda for cotton 630
Drosophila —
ampelophila. {See Pomace fly.)
confusa, rearing on sterile media 63
Drosophila, sex chromosomes in 865
Drought —
distribution in Sicily 716
nature of and methods of combating 514
Drug-
law in Florida 259
law in Nebraska 67
standards in Australia 462
Drugs-
analyses, Ky 359
dosage 80
inspection in Georgia 358
inspection in Florida 358
inspection in Kentucky, Ky 358, 359
Drugs — Continued. I
inspection in Maine, Me
inspection in Massachusetts
inspection in Missouri
inspection in New Hampshire
inspection in North Dakota, N.Dak
inspection in Philippines
inspection in Rhode Island
inspection in South Carolina
inspection in South Dakota
Dry farming —
nitrogen and humus problem in
notes, Wash
Drijophanta eiinacci, studies
Duguetia, notes
Duodenal contents, lipolytic properties
Durra-
notes, U.S.D.A
root parasites of
Dust-
effect on plants
prevention experiments, U.S.D.A
sprays for i: sects
Dusting V. spraying for apple scab
Dusty surface beetles, notes
Duty of water. {See Water, duty.)
Dyes, use against tuberculosis
Dynamite, agricultural, tests
Dynamiting —
effect on yield of corn, Ga
effect of yield of cotton, Ga
for citrus fruit and pineapples, P.R
Dysentery, chronic bacterial. {See Johne's
diease.)
Earthquakes in Philippines, U.S.D.A
Earths, rare, in soils, U.S.D.A
East coast fever. {See African coast fever.)
Eccoptogaster rugulosus, studies, Ohio
Echinomyia fera, parasitic on gipsy moth
Eciton {Acamatus) schmitti, destructive to
Argentine ant
Eclampsia, serology
Ecological investigations, review
Economic associations of niral Poland,
treatLe
Economics, rural. {See Rural economics.)
Ectopro teases, properties
Eczema, relation to diet
E destin, lysin content
Education-
agricultural. {See Agricultural educa-
tion.)
bibliography
in relation to mental development
in rural Denmark
industrial, in Oregon
technical, in Canada
vocational, in Indiana
vocational, in United States and Canada.
Educational resomces of villages and rural
communities
Eelworms—
injurious to rice
treatment
Egg-
albumin. {See Albumin, egg.)
laying competitions at Munster Institute,
Cork
68
67
462
760
657
259
258
259
359
318
723
354
339
761
333
842
34
686
449
449
757
583
432
432
635
615
720
8.52
652
256
180
537
690
377
463
559
196
557
598
97
596
597
401
193
641
549
569
952
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Egg— Continued. Page.
laying competition m England 472
laying competitions in South Australia. . 871
production, studies, N.Y.Cornell 668
production, studies, U.S.D. A 669
substitutes, examination 760
yolk, color as affected by feeding stuffs. . 473
yolk, efJect on growth 560
yolk lipoids, chemistry of 577
yolk, osmotic phenomena of 357
yolk, prevention of beri-beri by 762
yolk, r61e in glycogen formation 763
Eggplant-
fruit rot, leaf spot, or stem blight, studies,
U.S.D.A 747
fruit rots, studies 344
wilt disease, notes 343
Eggs-
bacteriology of, Conn.Storrs 171
chemistry and bacteriology of, U.S.D.A . 570
classification 759, 770
composition, seasonal variation in, W. Va. 271
cost of production 473
cost of production, Ohio 472
double- and triple-yolked, occurrence 170
factors affecting weight, composition, and
hatchability, W.Va 270
fertUity , Ohio 472
importation from China 76, 370
incubation, U.S.D.A 173
nutritive value 65, 161
preservation 76
prices in Ireland 96
production in Belgium 65, 161
production in United States 168
relation between spoiling and age 759, 770
shipping by parcel post, U.S.D.A 370
statistics 165
supervision and marketing 357
testing, U.S.D.A 173
variations in. Me 569
variations in, U.S.D.A 669
Elachcrtus mcridionalis n.sp., description 459
Elscis guinccnds, studies 143
ElapJtidion mile, notes 58
Elasmus apantcli n.sp., description 355
Elaterid larva^, remedies 852
Elder-
cork from 312
leaves, composition 312
Electric-
cooking apparatus, description S56
paragreles, U.S.D.A 615
Electrical injury to trees 153
Electricity-
effect on germination of seeds 427
effect on plant growth ISC, 428
effect on plant respiiation 33
for country houses 591
for plowing 591
sterilization of milk by 175
use in hail protection 416
V. steam in drainage pumping 890
Electro Bordo Pulp, analyses, N.J 142
Electro-cardiogram of embryo chicks 173
Electrolytes, effect on coagulation of clay
suspensions .* 618
Elimaa appendiculata, notes, Hawaii 249
Elis— Page.
atriventris n.sp . , description 355
spp . , parasitic on May beetles 458
Elms, carpenter worm affecting 550
Empusa fZf^ons n.sp., studies 251
Emulsin in toliacco plant 204
Enarmonia batrachopa, notes. . .' 752
Encephalomyelitis, equine, review of litera-
ture 87
Endothia parasitica —
dissemination. . .■ 451
investigations, N.Y.Cornell 751
morphology and life history 240
notes 845
Energy, human, rational utilization 861
Enguieermg —
agricultural. (See Agricultural engineer-
ing.)
mechanical , reference book 287
Engines —
fuel consumption and energy utilization. 385
gas, effect of compression on 890
gas, heat balance 290
gas, indicator diagrams 688
gas, notes 180
gas, oil, and steam, handbook 385
gasoline, care and operation, Ariz 891
gasoline, fuel consumption of, "Wis 890
gasoline, use of kerosene in 187
internal combustion, in Danish agricul-
ture 187
internal combustion, mixed fuels for 386
internal combustion, power variation and
losses in 290
internal combustion, treatise 92, 385,590
oil , fuel-saving device for 385
traction, plowing experiments with 785
(Sfc also Tractors.)
two-cylinder opposed, tests 487
Enteritis-
chronic. (SfcJohne's disease.)
paratuberculous. complement-fixing anti-
bodies in 882
Enterohepatitis. infectious. (See Blackhead.)
Eniolovia microcarpum, association with
termites 58
Entomological-
accessions, notation system for 452
correspondence, filing 248
problems in West Indies 4.52
Society of British Columbia 848
Society of Ontario, report 155
Entomology-
applied, bringing to the farmer, U.S.D.A. 349
applied, in United States 248
bibliography 349
Canadian, bibliography 648
dictionary 349
economic, in Western Australia 452
high school, notes 395
paper on 155
Entomoscclis adonidis, notes 548
Enzym action —
inhibition by lime-softened water 204
studies 608,710,761
Enzyms—
effect on milk held at low temperature . . . 373
formation and regulation by mold fungi . . 730
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
953
Enzyms— Continued. Page.
in leaves of Salix caprea 310
in treatment of diseases 60"
of Linacese 010
of tobacco plant 204
protective, of the body 378
proteolytic, distribution in animal and
vegetable kingdoms 377
relation to manganese 220
role in blood reactions by ricin 773
synthetic action 608
(See also Ferments.)
Epelis truncatariafaxonii, notes. Mass 752
Ephedrus incompletus, parasitic on rose aphis,
U.S.D. A 250
Epilobium lursutum, germination in light 323
Epimecis wiltii, parasitic on spiders 355
EpitheUoma, contagious, virus of 88
Epitrix —
cucumeris injurious to tobacco 452
parvula. (See Tobacco flea-beetle.)
Epochra canadensis. (See Currant fruit-fly.)
Eremocitrus,newgenus,description,U.S.D.A. 237
Ergometer, brake type, description 764
Erianthus cdy-cong, description and use 332
Ericads, evergreen, xerophily of 728
Eriocampa adumbrata, notes 848
Eriochloa ramosa, description and analyses . . 431
Eriophyes —
ribis, notes 853, 854
sp., notes 752
Eruca saliva, oil content 234
Erynnia vibrissata, not&s 251
Esparto, notes 832
Ether-
effect on germination of seeds. Mo 335
effect on soU micro-organisms 27
forcing strawberries with 238
Ethyl-
alcohol, effect on soU micro-organisms ... 27
phosphoric acid, hydrolysis by dilute acid
and alkali 805
Eucerchysius scolytii n.sp., description 355
Eudeinis vacciniana. (See Cranberry worm,
blackhead.)
Euglobulin, solution and precipitation 804
Eulophus sp., parasitic on alfalfa weevil 61
Eumerus strigatus, notes 757
Enmicrosoma benefica —
n.g. and n.sp., description 355
studies 354
Euonymas scale, notes 548
Eupelminus meteorl n.sp., description 355
Eupeodes volucris, parasitic on rose aphis,
U.S.D.A 250
Euphorbia —
characias latex, lipases of 410
cyparissias as affected by Uromyces pisi. . 347
Euphoriana uniformis n.g. and n.sp., deseriii-
tion 355
Euphorocera claripennis, notes, Mass 752
Euproctis ehrysorrhosa. (See Brown-tail
moth.)
Eurygaster integriceps —
egg parasites of 256
studies 59
Eutermes monoceros, notes 58
Euthrips — Page.
n.spp., descriptions 549
pyri. (See Pear thrips.)
Eutypa erumpens, notes 746
Euxoa segetum, life history and remedies 157
Evaporation —
from soils 25
in studies of insects 350
in the atmosphere, U.S.D.A 615
paper on, U.S.D.A 213
Evolution, address on 727
Ewes, breeding, roughages for, Mo 367
Exanthema, coital, in cattle 381
Exoascus —
deformans, treatment 749, 843
spp., notes • 540
Exobasidium vexans, notes 55, 56
Exorista —
pyste, notes, Mass 752
( Tachina) robusta, notes. Mass ^ . . . 752
Experiment —
farms, county, Ohio 98, 495
field at Bromberg, report 732
station at Cawnpore, report 732
station at Coimbatore, report 733
station at Hmawbi, report 736
station at KoOpatti, report 733
station at TucumAn, Argentina, report. . 628
station publications, editing 105
stations, forest, administration 341
stations, organizat ion lists, U.S.D.A 599
stations, relation to agricultural colleges
and extension work 196
(See also Alabama, Alaska, etc.)
Explosives, use in clearing land, U.S.D.A . . . 288
Extension work. (See Agricultural colleges
and Agricultural extension work.)
Fagopyrism, cause 280
Fairy rings, notes 247
Farcy. (See Glanders.)
Farm —
accounting, notes 689
animals. (See Live Stock and Animals.)
buildings, corrugated galvanized iron in.. 591
buildings, permanent, economy 688
buildings, plans 291
buildings, probable duration 591
buildings, treatise 291, 591
bureau, county, notes, Cal 690
bmeaus, work of 894
conveniences, notes 291 , 388
crop smveys, importance 225
crops, fertilizer experiments 820
crops, prices in Ireland 96
crops, statistics in Denmark 390
dwellings, treatise 591
equipment in Minnesota, manual 93
homes, servant question in 490
houses, hot water supply for 189
houses, planning and adorning 396
implement shsd, plans, Tex 489
implements, notes 185
in Unstrut valley, description 191
investments by inexperienced persons,
N.Y.Cornell 787
laborers. (See Agricultural laborers.)
lands. (See Agricultural lands.)
954
EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED,
Farm— Continued. Page,
machinery. {See Agricultural machinery.)
management in black earth region of Rus-
sia 94
management in Gallatin Valley , Mont 689
management, notes, N . Y. Cornell 787
management, text-book 494
manures, notes, Iowa 122
mechanics shop, bench and tools for 792
motors, treatise 186
operators, years of occupancy in United
States 690
products. (See Agricultural products.)
tenure, years of occupancy by 690
women, social life for 788
Farmers —
and city consumers, relationship 894
associations in Netherlands 691
club house in Indiana 697
clubs, organization and work, N.C 98
cooperative exchanges, formation and
scope 389
German- American, status 294
in United States, term of occupancy 690
institutes in United States, U.S.D. A 195
insurance against accidents in Belgium . . 94
ready reference book 196
Farming —
factors of efficiency in, U.S.D. A 388
in New Jersey 390
treatise 787
{See also Agriculture.)
Farms —
beautifying. 111 48
irrigated, profits from, U.S.D. A 689
lighting plans for 185
mortgaging 192
natural history 195
reorganization 388
school, in New York City 297
small, buildings for 786
sugar beet, management in Austriarllun-
gary 689
term of occupancy in United States 690
Farragut High School, Concord, Term., notes. 597
Fasciola hepatica, biology 758
Fat-
absorption by mucosa of mammalian
stomach 465
acetyl number, determination. Mass 713
and casein, determination in miUc, Can. . 674
body, pigments of 274
chemistry of 201
cleavage in the animal body 465
crude, factors alTecting acidity 758
determination in cheese 613,811
determination in evaporated milk 115
determination in icecream 210,211
determination in piilk 209, 612
determination in milk, 111 873
determination of small amounts 610
determination, Reichert-Meissl and Po-
lenske numbers 811
diminution in cheese during ripening 475
exammation 509
formation in cork 312
formation in Phillyrea media 312
Fat— Continued. Page,
from various sources, feeding value, Wis.. 864
metabolism, hepatic functions in 69
methods of analysis 509, 806
preservatives , detec tion 508
r61e in glycogen formation 763
Fatigue, studies 167
Fatty acids. (See Acids.)
Faunas of natural regions of the globe, treatise 846
Feathers, formation and characteristics 369
Feces, fermenting power 413
Feed mills, tests 891
Feeding —
experiments, British, in 1911-12 266
{See also Cows, Pigs, etc.)
notes, Vt 663
of dairy cows, N.J 77
of farm animals 494
of farm animals, treatise 468,563
operations, Kellner's starch values in 663
Feeding stuffs—
analyses 73, 168, 366, 467, 663, 864
analyses, Kans 73
analyses. Me 564
analyses, E.I 467
analyses, Tex 863
composition, Minn 673
definitions 73
definitions, Wis 467
digestibility. Mass 766
digestibility, Tex 862
effect on butter 77, 375
effect on color of egg yolks 473
effect on color of mUk fat 273
effect on fat content of milk 673
fermenting power 413
in northern Europe 864
Inspection and analyses. Me 73
inspection and analyses, N.Y.State 663
inspection and analyses, Vt 663
inspection and analyses. Wis 467
inspection in Florida 366
inspection in New Hampshire 366
uispection in North Carolina 366
inspection in Tennessee 360
law in Georgia 73
law in New Hampshire 366
law in North Carolina 366
law in Ohio 73
law in Tennessee 366
law in Wisconsin, Wis 467
manurial values 221
methods of analysis 806
mixing, N.J 77
registration, Kans 73
starch content 809
valuation 71, 371, 864
warm v. cold. Mo 367
(See also specific kinds.)
Feeds. (Sec Feeding stuffs.)
Fcijoa sellowiana, pollination experiments... 837
Feldspar—
as a source of potash 621
production in 1913 321
Fellonic acid, notes 312
Fence posts, preservation 241
Fences, probable duration 591
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
955
Page.
Fermentation, effect on protein formation.. . 223
Fermentations, gassy, in Emmental cheese. . 477
Ferments —
defensive, diagnostic value 876
factors affecting activity and stability. . . 203
nomenclature 409
proteolytic vegetable, in latexes 409
relation to food decomposition in cold
storage 659
{See also Enzyms.)
Ferns certificated by Royal Horticultural
Society 340
Ferrets, parasites of 586
Fertilizer-
experiments at Central Agricultural Ex-
periment Station of Stockholm 123
experiments, cooperative, in East Prussia 821
experiments, cooperative, in Holland 820
experiments, directions for 28, 218
experiments in German colonies 622
experiments, interpretation 28, 319, 320
(See also special crops.)
formulas, N.C 628
formulas, tables for 323
laws in United States 323
materials, microscopic identification,
U.S.D.A 517
requirements of soils. {See Soils.)
Fertilizers —
absorption by soils, Hawaii 723
analyses 31, 323, 624, 727
analyses, R.I 624
analyses. Wis 823
application 328
application, N.C 38
catalytic, notes 320
catalytic, tests 31
drilling v. broadcasting 123
effect on coherence of soils 123
effect on composition of beets 736
effect on composition of meadovr hay 622
effect on grapes, N.Y.State 339
effect on keeping quality of cranberries,
Mass 741
effect on maturity of cotton, N.C 39
effect on ripening of pears 534
effect on strawberries 534
effect on the eye 29
effect on weight of oats 136
effect on yield of rubber 444
from loggerhead sponge and fish 622
handbook 323
importance 215
inefficiency in dry regions 421
inspection and analyses, Cal 727
inspection and analyses, Ind 323
Inspection and analyses. Me 31
inspection and analj'ses. Mo 31
inspection and analyses, N.H 126
inspection in Maryland 727
inspection in North Carolina 126, 323, 624
inspection in Pennsylvania 31
lessons on 394
licensed, Wis 467
methods of analysis 806
mineral, effect on activity of soil bacteria. 821
Fertilizers— Contmued.
mineral, effect on plant growth 27
mixed, solubility of potash in, S.C 207
mixing 29, 218
new views on 516
nitrogenous. {See Nitrogenous fertili-
zers.)
notes, N.Y.Comell 723
phosphatic. {See Phosphates.)
potash. {See Potash.)
preparation and use, Tex 823
preparation from sewage sludge 417
production and ase in 1912 424
production and use in Russia 29
radio-active, tests 31,821
residual effects 319, 516
review of investigations 723
school exercises in 599
source, availability, and use, N.C 30
treatise and bibliography 517
use 421
use, Ky 217
use agaiast weeds in pastures, Va 38 .
use in Canary Islands 517
use in Central America 723
use in China 723
use in United States 424
valuation 17, 221
{See also specific materials.)
Ferula sp. , carotinoid content 803
Fescue —
as a forage crop, Okla 829
grass ergot, notes 539
Festuca —
pratensis, germination experiments 227
rubra var. fallax, analyses 863
Feterita—
composition and food value, Okla 358
foods, recipes, Okla 358
Fetus, nutrients required for development.
Mo 370
Fiber-
crude, f See Cellulose.)
plants, culture experiments 733
plants, fertilizer experiments 733
plants of PhUipptnes 332
plants, varieties 733
Fibers from various sources, tests 526
Fibrin, role in glycogen formation 763
Ficus —
carica, proteolytic enzyms in latex of 409
coronata, latex of 13
Field-
crop diseases, notes 343, 746
crops, culture, continuous. Can 226
crops, culture in Netherlands 596
crops, Insects affecting 648, 848
crops of Agra and Oudh 235
crops, text-book 791
{See also sjKcial crops.)
experiments, error in 226
experiments, interprciation 327
experiments, plant growth studies in 704
experiments, theory of probabOities in. . 44, 220
peas. {SeeVeas.)
Filaria immitis, growth of embryos in vitro. . . 281
Finger-and-toe disease, treatment 218, 842
956
EXPERIMENT BTATIOIST RECORD.
Fir— Page.
cones, insects affecting 849
Douglas, determination of site qualities. . 537
Douglas, leaf oil of 201
dry rot, studies 547
insects affecting 155
Fire extinguishing instruction in agricultural
schools 394
Fireless cookers. (See Cookers, flreless.)
Fires, forest. (See Forest fires.)
Fish-
analyses, R.I. 624
as affected by polarized light 759
canned and cured, industry in United
States 67
cold storage of 64,459,659
dried, fertilizing value, N.J 124
fat content in relation to habitat 459
fertilizer and oil, production in Alaska . . . 727
fertilizer from 622
guano, digestibility, Mass 766
meal, analyses 467, 864
meal as a feeding stuff 366, 563
meal, composition 563, 864
meal, digestibility, Mass 766
mUt and roe, analyses 656
ponds, fertilizer experiments 29
sausage, notes 460, 759
scrap, analyses, N.Y.State 663
scrap, analy.ses, Vt 663
supplementing meat supply with, U.S.
D.A 356
Fisheries industry in Alaska 727
Fistula of the withers in horses, treatment. . . 484
Flatfish that have died in water, detection. . . 356
Flax-
culture 524
fertilizer experiments 133, 230, 332
irrigation, U.S.D.jV 828
root systems 515
seed, damaged, examination, N.Dak 658
shives, digestibility. Mass 766
varieties 133, 733
varieties. Can A 829
Flea beetles injurious to tobacco 452
Fleas —
bionomics 353
rat, life history 552
remedies 58, 351, 353
survival of bacteria In 353
Flies-
American black, synopsis, U.S. D.A 254
house. (See House fly.)
remedies 57, 58, 351
remedies, S.C 158
transmission of anthrax by 776
transmission of diarrheal diseases by 654
transmission of diseases by 551
transmission of leprosy by S.'Jl
Floods—
In Connecticut valley and Vermont,
U.S.D.A 214
in New York State, U.S.D.A 214
in Ohio and lower Mississippi valleys in
1913, U.S.D.A 214
of March, 1913, recurrence, U.S.D.A 615
relation to forests 515
Flora of southeastern "Washington and adja-
cent Idaho 731
Floricultural instruction in United States. . . 897
Florida-
National Forest, administration 744
Station, report 794
Flour-
addition of calcium chlorid to 860
analyses 65
bacterial content 855
baking quality in relation to bacteria 855
baking tests. Can 258
bleaching investigations 162
bleaching, notes, N.Dak 658
color, N .Dak 658
gluten content, decline in 855
hog, analyses, Tex 863
judging 809
mill industry in United States 65
red dog, analyses. Me 73, 564
red dog, analyses, Vt 663
red dog, analyses. Wis 467
testing 759
Flower —
bulbs. (See Bulbs.)
color and insects, relationship 57
color in Antirrhinum ttuijms, studie.s 224
coloration, studies 324
diseases, notes 746
gardening, notes • 298
pigments, notes 728
Flowers —
certificated by Royal Horticultural So-
ciety 340
culture 635
cut, preservation , 837
formation of anthocyanm in 427
French commerce in 596
identification 35
in California, treatise 837
lessons on 792
seed production 524
treatise 143
Flukes affecting sheep in Algeria 86
Flume —
semicircular steel, discharge capacity 89
use in lumbering operations, U.S.D.A . . 485
Fly-
larvse, destruction in horse manure,
U.S.D.A 653
white. (See White fly.)
Foals, draft, feeding experiments. Wis 870
Fodder plants of Java 431
Fog, prevention, U.S.D.A 213
Forties—
geotropus, notes 349
lucidus, note.-i 56
pinico'.a, notes 646
patcarius n.sp., description, U.S. D.A 247
rimosus, notes 751
semitostus, notes 242
spp., notes 845
Fomitiporia wcirii n.sp., description 247
Food-
adulterated, detection 557
adulteration 462
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
95Y
Food— Continued. Page.
alum in, U.S.D.A 556
analyses 07, 155, 358, 359, 509, 557
analyses, Ky 359
and Drugs Act, U.S.D.A : 396
and household management, text-book. . 298
care of in the home 299
careof in thehome, U.S.D.A 359
cereal. (See Cereal foods.)
changes in during cold storage 659
charts 2G0, 557
composition 760
composition and energy content 260
const ituents, value of 263
consumption, variations in different
seasons 661
contamination and protection. Me 68
cooperative buying 261
cost at Garland School of Home Making. 659
creattn- and creatinin-free, studies 760
crumbing, analyses 358
detection of poisons in 207
dissemination of typhoid fever by 68
effect on composition of urine 761
factories, inspection, Ky 359
household tests for 462,557
in the home and market, treatise 68
infant, methods of analysis 114
inspection in Boston 659
inspection in Florida 358
inspection in G eorgia 358
inspection in Indiana 67
inspection in Kentucky, Ky 358,359
inspection in Massachusetts 67
inspection in Missouri 67, 462
inspection in New Hampshue 760
inspection in North Carolina 659
inspection in North Dakota, N.Dak 657
inspection in Pennsylvania 258, 760
inspection in Philippines 259
inspection in Prussia 857
inspection in Rhode Island 258
inspection in South Carolina 259
inspection in South Dakota 359
inspection in Virginia 462
laws in Connecticut 259
laws in Florida 259
laws in Nebraska 67
laws in Wyoming 259
methods of analysis 806
monetary value 262
of Belgian Kongo natives 557
oven temperatures for 359
poisoning due to cream cakes 555
poisoning due t o creamed cabbage 855
poisoning in Alaska 360
poisoning in German army 857
prenatal, summary of data 463
preserved, handbook 856
, prices in United States 558
proprietary, analyses 760
purchase, preparation, and service on
vessels of U.S.Navy 166
relation to infection 464
relation to pellagra 858
requirements and labor, relation 862
requirements, appetite, and hunger,
treatise 8.59
Food— Continued. Page.
requirements, daily 861
requirements of children 261
saccharin in 557
standards in Australia 462
substances, isolated, experiments with... 69
substances, unknown, notes 362
supplies, conservation, bibliography 535
supplies, statistics 165
supply, future, of United States, N.Y.
Cornell 295
supply of Ceylon 760
supply, shortage 554
temperature at ingestion 462
tropical vegetable, notes 855
utensils, enameled, danger from 260
vegetable, digestibility 161
vegetable, nutritive value 161
vitamins in 558
(See also Diet.)
Foodstuffs-
examination 462
prices in Prussia 68
Foot-and-mouth disease —
in Great Britain 177
in Ireland 480
investigations 282, 878
treatment 879
Forage-
crops, analyses 863
crops, breeding 228
crops for Oklahoma, Okla 829
crops for pigs in cotton belt 169
crops for pigs in Pacific Northwest,
U.S.D.A 470
(See also special crops.)
plant diseases, notes 5.39,841
plants, breeding experiments 830
plants, development as affected by water. 524
plants, fertilizer experiments 421
poisoning in horses 87
Forcipomyia n.spp., descriptions 455
Forest-
administration in India 240, 537, 641
administration in Queensland 744
boundaries in Kodiak region, Alaska 537
conditions in France 341
conditions in Hawaii 640
conditions in Louisiana 240
conditions in Trent watershed, Ontario. . 445
cover, effect on soil temperatures 415
diseases, notes 343, 746
ecology, review of investigations 537
economics, public knowledge of 340
experiment stations, administration 341
fires, effect on mature timber 538
fires, protection against 240, 445, 744, 839
growth, effect on temperature and hu-
midity of air 415
map of British Columbia 240
nurseries, seed-bed practices in, Vt 640
planting, experimental, in Hawaii 640
protection, treatise 143
resources of Manitoba 445
seedlings as affected by shade, Vt 838
seeds. (See Tree seeds.)
societies in elementary schools of France. 97
soils. (See Soils.)
958
EXPERIMENT STATION RJECOBD.
Forest— Continued. Page.
taxation in Washington 745
taxation law in Connecticut, Conn. State. 537
trees. (See Trees.)
types, symposium on 639
working plan, Coim. State 341
Forestation —
effect on rainfall 415
in dry lands of Chile 240
in England and Wales 744
Forestry—
at National Conservation Congress 340
biblio'graphy 239
controlling soil erosion by 317
financial problems in ; 640
handbook 640
in British Columbia 240
in Connecticut, Conn. State 341
in England and Wales 744
in Tunis 492
in United States 340
in Wisconsin 444
instruction in Austria 392
instruction in schools 792
meteorological observations in, U.S. D. A. . 614
terms, vocabulary 840
treatise 49
Forests —
as affected by origin of seed 838
coniferous, of eastern North America 839
coniferous, thinning experiments 537
conversion systems 537
determination of site qualities 537
determination of stocking 538
elTect on climate 716
effect on melting of snow 510, 716
high mountain, management 49
national, grazing on 767
national, working plan for 34 1
national, yield regulation data for 639
of Atlantic plain, relation to humidity of
Central States and prairie regions 716
of Madagascar 839
of western Caucasus 49
protection in Canada 445
regeneration in North Sweden 537
relation to flood.s 515
relation to hailstorms 22
yields, determination 538
Forleule, outbreaJi in northern Bohemia 756
Formaldehyde —
as a mUk preservative. Can 674
as an oxidation product of chlorophyll... 222
determination 109
determination in fumigants 414
effect on soil micro-organisms 27
Formalin. (See Formaldehyde.)
Formic —
acid, determination 509
aldehyde as a soil disinfectant 621
Formicidaj of Guam 62
Foul brood, notes, Mich 553
Fowl cholera, studies, R.I 485, 781
Fowls —
domestic, origin 871
egg characteristics of. Me 569
healthy and sick, blood cells of 5b6
Fowls— Continued. Page.
nematodes affecting 184
reproduction in, studies 170
tuberculin test for, N.Dak 582
wattle disease of 782
(See also Poultry.)
Foxes, black and silver, care and manage-
ment 770
FranMiniella —
melanommatus n.sp., description 59
robusta, notes 59
Freezing —
effect on plants 34, 130
point of saps, depression 221
Freshets in Savannah River, U.S.D.A 213
Frogs —
common leopard, feeding habits 349
eating of alfalfa weevil by, U.S.D.A 655
in Pennsylvania 648
Frost-
effect on grafted vines 47
effect on plants 34
injuries to cereals, studies 541,542
injuries to fruits, notes 130
Frosts in Maryland and Delaware, U.S.D.A.. 614
Fruit-
bark beetle, studies, Ohio 852
buds, analyses 836
buds, development, Mo 335
cheese, preparation 31s
diseases, notes 539,841
diseases, notes, Mont 644
flies in Africa 455
flies in New South Wales 63
flies, natural enemies of 455
flies, remedies 756
fly, Mediterranean, control in Hawaii 757
fly parasites, introduction into Hawaii... 456
growers in North Carolina, list 894
growing schools in Germany 599
industry m Argentina 44, 47
industry in South America 439
juices, preparation 315
tree bark beetle, notes 249
tree chlorosis, notes, N.Mex 746
tree leaf roller, remedies 850
trees as affected by cement dust 150
trees, planting in dry lands of Chile 240
trees, top grafting. Wash 740
Fruits-
American, foreign markets for 44
aphidid pests of 250
blooming periods 533
bottling and preserving 315
canned and preserved, industry in United
States 67
certificated by Royal Horticultural
Society 340
citrus. (Sec Citrus fruits.)
culture experiments, Guam 441
culture in Guiana 391
culture in New South Wales 663
culture in Spain 836
culture in Tunis and .Vlgeria 533
culture, text-book 394
culture, treatise 140
diseased, plaster cast of 748
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
959
Fruits— Continued. Page.
effect on composition of urine 761
factors affecting regional distribution 439
French commerce in 5%
frost injuries to 130
harvesing and marketing. 898
identification 35
improvement 236
in Ontario, treatise 336
insects affecting 453, 849
irrigation experiments 732
marketing 894, 898
marketing in British Columbia 690
new, description, N.Y. State 337
new, description, U.S.D.A 337
of Agra and Oudh 235
of California, treatise 836
oleaginous, formation of fat in 312
orchard, hybridizing 636
orchard, irrigation, N.Mex 782
orchard, manuring 636
orchard, spraying, S.C 141
orchard, varieties, U.S.D.A 828
orchard, varieties for Great Britain 237
parthenocarpy in 535
physico-chemical constants 427
pome, new rust of 150
precooling and refrigeration 44
resistance to frost 130
ripening studies 311
seedless, studies 35
small, culture 142
small, cultiu-e, Colo 441
small, manuring 636
small, varieties, U.S.D.A 828
small, varieties for Great Britain 337
storage, ventilation 533
tropical and subtropical, in California 47
Fuchsias, carbon dioxid for 532
Fuel-brlquetting investigations of Bureau of
Mines 386
Fuels-
briquet tests 386
for house heating, tests 93
household tests for 462
mixed, possibilities of 386
Fulica atra as a game bird 555
Fumeric acid in fresh beef 759
Fungi-
edible, harmful effects 558
entomogenous, of Trinidad 145
heat development of. 323
mold, assimilation of nitrates by 223
mold, formation and regulation of enzyms
by 730
nutrition of 426
parasitic, effect on cereals. .- 541
parasitic, effect on woody plants 343
rust, culture experiments 540
smut, parasitism 540
soil, studies 127
wood-destroying, U.S.D.A 247
Fungicide law in Ohio 740
Fungicides —
analyses 740
analyses. Me 49
analyses, N . J 142
Fungicides— Continued. Page.
analyses, N.Y. State 340
classification and compatibility 751
inspection in Ohio 740
preparation and use 153
preparation and use, Mont 635
preparation and use, S.C 141
preparation and use, Tenn 635
treatise and bibliography 517
Funtumia elastica, tapping experiments 342
Fur industry in Alaska 727
Furfiu-ol, formation in wine 316
Fusaea, description 339
Fusarium —
batatis, notes 447
bulbigenum, notes 646
limonis, notes 152, 244
lycopersici, description 49
n.spp., descriptions, U.S.D..\ 544
nivale, studies 343
putaminum, notes 539
TubiginosuTn, notes 542
samoense, n.sp., description 347
sp., relation to citrus gummosis 449
sp., treatment 647
spp, from cankered cacao bark 750
spp. on bananas 244
spp. on cacao 242, 750
spp. on potatoes 345, 447
spp. on sweet potatoes, U.S.D.A 544
spp., notes 147
vasinfectum, notes 343
Fusicladium —
effusum, treatment 245
pirinum, description 749
Galactose of milk, fermenting power 413
Galalith, fertilizing value 518
Galega officinalis, analyses 863
Galesus silvestrii, parasitic on fruit flies 456
GaU—
flies of Germany 157
midges, adaptationin 155
Galleria mellonella, immunity to tubercu-
losis 155
Gallinacese, female, secondary male sex char-
acters in 572
Gallowaya pint, notes 348
GaOs—
insect, notes 155
of Germany 157
Game in California 846
Garbage disposal in Alaska 360
Garden-
architecture, treatise 536
crop diseases, notes 746
crop manuring, handbook 336
crops of Agra and Oudh 235
design, lectures on 340
design, treatise 743
Gardening—
and garden design, history 239
clubs in Rhode Island 693
commercial, treatise 140
courses in public schools 896
in Ohio and Kanawha River valleys, W.
Va 44
treatise 140,142,236,340,532,791
960
EXPERIMENT STATIOlSr EECORD.
Gardens— Page.
children's liome, notes 791
community, supervising 195
home, management, Va.Truck. 44
home, paper on 499
in South Australia S36
ornamental, treatise 143, 239
planting and care 693
rock, treatise 536
school. {See School gardens.)
vegetable, culture, Ga 438
vegetable, notes 494
vegetable, on irrigated farms, Nebr 336
vegetable, planting 394
Garland School of Home Making, food cost at. 659
Garlic—
bulblets, destruction in seed wheat, Ind. 739
flavor, removal from milk and cream,
U.S.D.A 771
wild, eradication, Ind 739
wild, eradication, U.S.D.A 739
Gas-
cookers, efTicieney 856
poisoning of trees by 730
prices in United States 558
Gaseous exchange—
and surface area, relation 562
as affected by one-sided diet 361
in green plants 33
Gastric —
digestion of proteins in man 161
juice secretion as affected by meat extract . 662
0 eanthemum, description 339
Gelatin— .
detection in sour cream 210
role in glycogen formation 7
General Education Board, agricultural grants. 400
Genetic research, evolutionary aspects 727
Genetics —
at Graduate School of Agriculture 305
international congress of 200
treatise and bibliography 70
Gentiobiose, notes 310
Geography, industrial and commercial, text-
book 793
Georgia —
College, notes 695
Station, notes 397,695
Oeraniums, cut, preservation 837
Germ —
middlings, analyses. Wis 407
oil meal, analyses 73, 16S, 4()7
Gibberella saubinetii on sweet potatoes, V.S.
D.A 544
Ginseng Phytophthora disease, life history.. 447
Oipsy moth-
control in United States 251
notes 548,848
parasites of 355, 652
Girls'—
clubs in Massachusetts 598
clubs in Utali 693
clubs, instructions for 298, 793, 794
clubs, organization 499
domestic science clubs in Pennsylvania. . 393
gardening clubs in Rhode Island 693
Girls'— Continued. Page.
industrial club work in rural schools 297
industrial clubs in Oregon 393
pig club work in Louisiana and Georgia. . 598
training for house servants 490
Glanders —
bacillus, morphology and biology 579
control in Canada •. 79
diagnosis 83, 282, 380, 480, 579, S79
immunization, U.S.D.A 83
in Great Britain 177
in Hawaii 177
Gliadin —
determination in florn' and gluten 208
lysin content 559
nutritive value 264
of wheat and barley hordein, relationship. 377
GUocladium spp. in Norway 327
Globulin-
determination in milk 114
senim, density and solution volume 804
Glceosporium—
malicorticis, notes 53
sp., notes ■. 55
sp. on spice bush 844
Glomcrclla —
cingulata, notes. Conn. State 641
( CoUetotrichum ) lindemuthiana, notes 542
Glomerella, culture strains of 843
Glossiiia morsitans, dipterous parasite of 63
Glucinium, assimilation by Aspergillus niger. 224
Glucose—
and maltose, comparison 762
effect on autolysis 763
effect on secretion of diastase by fimgi 13
Glucosids, relation to anthocyanin in flowers. 427
Glutelin, lysia content 559
Gluten—
biolytic cleavage 711
feed, analyses 73, 168,366, 467
feed, analyses. Me 564
feed, analyses, R.I 467
feed, analyses, Vt 663
feed, analyses. Wis 467
meal, analyses 73
meal, analyses. Me 73, 564
meal, analyses, N.Y. State 663
Glutenui, lysin. content 559
Glycerids of milk fat 804
Glycerin, effect on growth of peas 522
Glycerophosphoric acid, hydrolysis by dilute
acid and alkali 805
Glycerotriphosphoric acid of Contardi 709
Glycia, action upon esters 711
Glycine Mspida, effect on nitrogen content of
soils 733
Glycocoll, Isolation from oat farina 309
Glycogen —
available, in the human body 4G6
content of liver after protein feeding 465
solutions, effect on plant transpiration
and growth 625
sources of 703
Onathostomum hispidum, physiological inves-
tigations 679
Gnals, bloodsucking, relation to surra 777
Goat industry in TTnion of South Africa 208
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
961
Goats— Page.
Angora, notes, U.S.D. A 75
diagnosing time of parturition 876
feeding experiments 71
immimization against anthrax 82
mountain, relation to spotted fever 160
on farms in United States 167
origin and distribution 564
Goiter in rats, notes 451
Golden seal, resistance to root knot nematode. 345
Golf greens, subirrigation and drainage 889
Gonatoccrus—
anomoccrus n.sp., description 554
cximius n.sp., description 355
Gongylonema ingluvicola, notes 287
Gonioccrus sp., notes 757
Gooseberries —
culture 142
cultiu-e, Colo 441
currant mite affecting 854
new, description, N.Y. State 337
Gooseberry —
aphids, studies. Me 157
black currant hybrid, description .... 236
industry in Ontario 142
mildew, notes 545, 749
mildew, notes, Mont 644
mildew, treatment 546, 843
twig disease, new, notes 749
Gossypium harhadensc, analyses 863
Gourd fruit fly, remedies 757
Graduate School of Agricultiu'e 301
Graft hybrid In apples 140
Grafting-
factors restricting 440
note", Wash 740
Grain —
as a basis for credit in Russia 390
binders, motor drawn and operated 188
crops for silage, Okla 829
culture in western Canada 595
destruction by cutworms 352
diseases and pests in Baden 539
e.xhibits, preparation, Kans 495
fertilizer experiments 820
germination as affected by disinfectants . . 824
insects affecting 452
laboratory, state, notes, Mont 633
Markets Commission of Saskatchewan . . . 595
parasitic injury to 50
resistance to fungi 50
rust and Fusarium, treatment 242
rusts, relation to timothy rust 344
seed, preparation for planting, U.S.D.A. . 190
smuts, descriptions and treatment, N.J.. 446
smuts, parasitism 540
smuts, treatment, Iowa 344
statistics 165
testers, accuracy of. Me ■ 131
trade in France, history 295
variety tests, shape and size of plats in, Me. 131
{See also Cereals and special crops.)
Graminese, serological study 733
Granary weevil, notes 57
Grape —
anthracnose, treatment 346
court-noue, notes 151
Grape — Continued. Page.
court-noue, treatment 53
diseases and pests in Baden 539
diseases, treatment 843
downy mildew, characteristic spots of . . . 54
downy mildew, treatment 151, 152, 544
dry leaf disease, notes 844
gray rot, notes 544,749,844
juice as a nutritive and remedial agent... 358
leaf roller, school chart of 395
mildew, notes 841
Peronospora disease, studies 346
phylloxera, resistance of different vines to 550
powdery mildew, notes 746
roncet, studies '. 245, 645
stocks, diseases of 544
stocks, effect on quality and quantity of
harvest 238, 534
Grapefruit —
Cladosporium sp. affecting 645
scab, description and treatment 152
seedlings, fertilizer experiments, Fla 742
Grapes —
as affected by spraying in flowering sea-
son 534
as affected by time of pruning 534
autumn coloration 34
Chasselas, stocks for 534
direct-producing hybrid, notes 238, 637
fertilizer experiments 442
fertilizer experiments, N.Y.State 339,837
grafted, as affected by frost 47
new, description, N.Y.State 337
new, description, U.S.D.A 337
production in Spain 238
pruning experiments 534
Rotundifolia, breeding, N.C 636
sterility in ^42
wine, grafting 47
wine, improvement 47
xylophagous enemies of 849
Grapevines —
composition and digestibility 72
renovation by layering 837
Grapholitha —
(Laspeyresia) strobilella, notes 849
Icplastriana, notes 850
Grass —
land, culture in Netherlands 596
lands as affected by burning 721
lands, top dressing experiments, Me 132
mixtures for pastures, N.C 37
rusts, relation to timothy rusts 344
seed mixtures, notes. Mo 830
seed mixtures, tests 430
seeds, depth of planting 830
seeds, germination experiments 227
seeds, production 524
seeds, testing 43
Grasses—
anthracnose of, identity 746
breedmg 131, 227
composition and digestibility 863
development as affected by water 524
"digested," digestibility 667
exhibits of, Kans 495
fertilizer experiments 31, 133, 173, 821
962
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Grasses — Continued .
irrigation experiments 732
native, for forage, Okia 829
of Guam, Guam 467
of Java 431
of New South Wales, hydrocyanic acid in 520
root parasites of 842
seeding experiments 524
varieties 133
varieties, U.S.D. A 828
(See also specific kinds.)
Grasshoppers. (See Locusts.)
Gravel, abrasion test for 687
Grazing lands, stock watering places on.
U.S.D.A 366
Grease, recovery from sewage 417
Green —
fruit worm, oviposition 353
manures, effect on grapes, N.Y. State 339
manures, fertilizing value 732
manures, fertilizing value, N.J 124
manures, humiflcation 120
manuring experiments 215, 722
manuring experiments, P.R 635
manuring, notes, Iowa 122
Greenbottle fly, heredity of bristles in 551
Greenhouse-
soils, partial sterilization 336
thrips, notes, Fla 751
Greenhouses, heating 533
Gristmill industry in United States 65
Groceries, cooperative buying 262
Grocer's encyclopedia 68
Grocery stores —
inspection, Ky 359
inspection, N. Dak 657
Ground squirrels. (See Squirrels, ground.)
Groundnuts. (See Peanuts.)
Growth—
amino acids in 558
digest of data 463
nutrition factors affecting 69
of young animals as affected by Roentgen
rays 664
pathology of 280
Grugru nuts and kernels, oil content 234
Guam —
grass, chloroform extract, Tex 71
Station, report 495
GuamA ant, remedies, P.R 637
Guanidin nitrate, fertilizing value 518, 822
Guano —
deposits on Naura Island 321
industry in Peru 31,517
industry in South African islands 122
islands in Pacific Ocean 726
Peruvian, residual effects 319
Guar, culture experiments 829
Guinea grass —
composition and culture 832
culture experiments 524
Gums, chemistry of 409
Guvacin, chemical formula 309
Gymnocladus canadensis, warty roots of 546
Gymnosporangium —
blasdahanum, notes 150, 345
harseanum, notes. Conn. State 641
Gypsum, production and consumption in
United States 125
Hxmatococcus pluvialis, carotinoid content... 803
Hail-
protection, electrical devices for 416
protection from 22
Hairy root, notes, N.J 449
Halibut—
creatinin content 760
muscle, lysin content 559
Hamburger steak, bacteriological analyses ... 854
Hardwoods —
of central Europe, manual 538
second-growth, management, Vt 640
Harlem (111.) consolidated school, notes 597
Harvesters , grain, motor drawn and operated. 188
Hawaii Station, notes 795
Hay-
English, digestibility. Mass 766
fermenting power 413
fertilizer experiments 829
(See also Alfalfa, Clover, Timothy, etc.)
Hazelnuts, grafting 443
Health laws, U.S.D.A 396
Heart muscle, prevention of beri-beri by 762
Heat—
and disinfectants, combined action on
soils 620
development by plants 323
effect on avaUabUity of phosphate rock. . 823
effect on mineral constituents of soils 25
effect on peptic and tryptic proteolysis. . 107
effect on protozoa 26
effect on sap 522,627
effect on trees 348
effect on woody plants 343
transmission through building materials. 688
use against bee diseases, U.S.D.A 255
(See also Temperature.)
Heaths, reclamation in Netherlands 691
Heating-
modern practice in 387
paper on 189
plants, hot water, forcing circulation in. . 292
Hedylus spp. , parasitic on fruit flies 456
Heifers-
age for breeduig 371
factors affecting development, Mo 371
Heliothis obsoleta. (See Cotton bollworm.)
HeliotJirips hsemorrhoidalLs. (See Greenhouse
thrips. )
Helminthosporiwm spp., treatment 147,446
Helminths, pathogenic role 81
Helopeltis theivora, notes 850
Helorus sp. , notes 758
Hemagglutinins, vegetable, studies 773
Hematology of domestic animals, status 286
Hematuria, notes 176
Hemiptera, American, bibliography 454
Hemlock diseases in southern Appalachians. 646
Hemolytic complement, preservation 578
Hemorrhagic septicemia. (See Septicemia.)
Hemp-
Asiatic V. Italian 526
culture 524
fertilizer experiments 133
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
963
Page.
H emp — Continued .
monograph, U.S.D.A 332
seed, viability as affected by age 624
sexual inequality in , 526
utilization of hydrocyanic acid by 730
varieties 133
Hens-
artificial insemination in 370
feeding experiments 473
feeding experiments, W. Va 270
feeding for egg production, N.J 569
sitting, carbon dioxid under. Conn. Storrs 172
Heptane, use 744
Herbicides, preparation and use, Tenn 635
Heredity—
in beans 224
in cattaloes .566
in corn. Conn. State 331
in oats, N.Y.Cornell 434
in Orthoptcra 58, 272
in red clover 330
in Rotimdifolia grapes, N.C 637
in turnips 43
in velvet-Lyon beanhybrids, Fla 734
in wheat 234, 531
of albinism in cereals 329
of bristles in greenbottle fly 551
of color in cattle 266, 470
of color in field peas 333
of color in horses 266
of color in horses, Ky 870
of color in pigeons, R.I 572
of color in pigs 567
of color in pointer dogs 865
of germinability in blue-grass seeds 834
of milk fat percentage in cows 372
of plant diseases 841
of somatic variation in corn ears, Nebr. . . 135
of tongue color in Jersey cattle 566
of xeniain kidney beans 836
sex-linked, in poultry. Mo 368
treatise 466
Hervietia illucens, distance of flight 352
Her pester mungo as a pest in Trinidad 547
Herpotrichia nigra, notes 845
Herse convolvuli (?), notes 550
Hessian fly —
notes 57, 155
notes, Kans 455
notes, Mo 851
notes, U.S.D.A 790
Heterakis spp., physiological investigations . . 679
Heterodera radicicola —
affecting melons and cucumbers 52
attacking Canada thistle 642
Heleromicta latro affecting bananas 253
Hevea brasiliemis. {See Rubber, Para.)
Hexane, effect on soil micro-organisms 27
Hibiscus —
I, analyses 366
fa n. vars. , descriptions 535
syriacus, food plant of cotton-boll weevil,
U.S.D.A 458
Hickories-
grafting, inarch method 443
par henogenesis in 443
shagbark, grafting 443
Hickory aphis, little, studies, U.S.D.A 753
Hides, anthrax disinfection 677
Highways. {See Roads.)
Hippohosca maculata, relation to surra 777
Hippuric acid, determination 610
Histidin —
betain in Boletus edulis 203
determination 212
Hodotermes turkestanicus, remedies 155
Hog cholera —
and infectious abortion in pigs 886
bacillary, notes 679
control in Canada 886
control in Colorado, Colo 885
control in Indiana, Ind 781
control in Ohio 885
diagnosis 878
following vaccination against erysipelas. 183
immunization 86, 484, 577, 680, 885
in Great Britain 177
investigations 86, 87
investigations, Ark 680
nostrums, notes, N.Dak 657, 658
notes 79,483,484
notes, Ind 86
notes, Mich 585
notes, Mont 682
prevalence in United States 3S1
prevention, Ky 886
Hog erysipelas—
and swine plague, relation 483
diagnosis 183, 878
Hogs. (See Pigs.)
Holcencyrtus calypso n.sp., description 459
Holcus lanatus, germination experiments 227
Hollyhock rust, treatment 245
Home conveniences, notes 388
Home economics —
activities of U. S. Department of Agri-
culture 359
clubs in Pennsylvania 393
courses for high schools 692
field of 694
handbook , 760
in Harlem (111.) consolidated school 597
in high schools of Minnesota 297
instruction in Denmark 599
instruction in England 261
instruction in foreign countries 97
instruction in France 493, 899
instruction in high schools 297, 394
instruction in Louisiana 193
notes 494
papers on ' 393
reading courses in 394
schools, notes 692
syllabus 495
teaching 791
text-book 298
work in Missouri 97
Homes —
for laborers 293
hygienic surroundings 387
Hominy —
chop, analyses, R.I 467
feed, analyses 73,168,366
964
EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
Hominy— Continued. Page.
feed, analyses, Me 73
feed, analyses, N.Y. State 663
feed, analyses, Tex 863
feed, analyses, Vt 663
feed, analyses. Wis 467
feed V. corn for pigs, Ohio 868
meal, analyses 366
Homocidus spp., notes 62
Honey-
adulterated, detection 314
analyses 18,314,315
investigations 113
methods of analysis 112
plants of Guam, Guam 425
Hoplocampa brevis, notes 848
Hops-
aroma, U.S.D.A 201
composition 41, 311
fertilizer experiments 527, 735, 736
from different sources, composition 41
growth measurements 527
pollination and fertilization 735
rotational movement of stems 527
"seeded " and ' 'seedless," characteristics . 735
sexual studies 832
sterile dwarfs in 130, 332
Hordein—
lystn content 559
of barley and gliadin of wheat, relation-
ship 377
Horistothrips australix n.g. and n.sp., de-
scription 550
Hormones, role in production of secondary
sex characters 271
Horn meal, nitrification in soils 818
Hornblende, decomposition by soil bacteria
and yeast 121
Horse —
beans, culture experiments 829
beans, varieties 230
chestnuts, new, in Kew Gardens 236
diseases, notes 380
manure, fertilizing value, N.J 124
sickness, review of investigations 177
Horses-
American trotting, foreign demand for . . 169
Arab, preservation 368
brains of 168
breedmg 269,394
breeding in Netherlands 596
cost of keeping 870
exports from United K ingdom 471
feeding experiments 769
feeding experiments, Mont 668
feeding experiments, Wis 870
great producing families of 269
heredity of coat color in 266
heredity of coat color in, Ky 870
history and development 769
immunization against anthrax 82
immunization against glanders, U.S.D.A . 83
immunization against tetanus 480
improvement in Porto Rico, P.R 664
in Kongo 865
in United States 73,167
inflammation of deep air passages of 287
nervous diseases of 286
Horses — Continued. Page.
origin and distribution 564
Percheron, at International Live Stock
Show 270
stable devices for 291
text-book 470
treatise 169, 269
V. tractors for farm power 186
weights and measurements 269
wUd, of Argentina, origin 269
Horseshoeing—
history 488
text-book 887
Horsetail weed, eradication. Mass 741
Horticultural-
courses, notes 897
education, report on 239
examinations in England 791
institutions in Germany 392 .
Horticulture-
manual 532
progress in 239
Hospital, cooperative for rural districts 294
Hot- water heating systems, notes 893
Hotbeds, construction 393, 791
Hotels, inspection, Ky 359
House-
fly baits and poisons, tests 455
fly, breeding habits 455
fly, control in Cleveland, Ohio 654
fly, distance of flight 352
fly, notes 63
fly, relation to diseases 852
fly, relation to leprosy 851
fly, relation to surra 777
fly, remedies 455
fly, remedies, S.C 158
heating boilers, tests 489
servants, training 400
Household-
conveniences, notes 186, 299
management, text-book 298
power conveniences, notes 186
Housekeeping —
notes 299
school at Mahrisch-Schonberg 392
Houses-
anchoring in overflow districts, Tex 488
heating 93
modem improvements for, cost 291
screening 292
Housing and town planning, manual 293
"Huaicu," notes 285
Hudu tondli tubers, analyses 366
Human-
duodenal contents, lipoljrtic properties. . . 761
energy, rational utilization 861
Humates, soluble, effect on nitrogen fixation . 516
Humidification, artificial, in textile mills 70
Humidity —
atmospheric, as affected by forest growth . 415
determination 22
effect on alfalfa 629
effect on metabolism 362, 363
relation to plant transpiration 222
seasonal, effect on structure of tropical
phmts 221
Humulol from hops 3U
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
965
Humus — I'age.
acids, effect on soil bacteria 521
determination in heavy clay soils 110
determination in soUs, Term Ill
effect on nitrogen assimilation 120
effect on sandy soils 732
formation and decomposition 120
importance 215
Hyacinths-
bulbs, nematodes affecting 450
pollen, parasite of 641
Hybrid, graft, in apples 140
Hybridization, spontaneous, in plants 823
Hydraulic ram, notes 291
Hydraulics, treatise 383,587
Hydrocyanic acid —
formation in plants 826
fumigation of plants with 57
gas, effect on tobacco 747
in plants 520
utilization by plants 730
Hydrogen chlorid gas, effect on diastase and
invertase 806
Hydrometer for latex, description 444
Hydrophobia. (.See Rabies.)
Hydroquinone, effect on soil micro-organisms 27
Hydroxy 1 ions, effect on clay 216
Hygiene —
in rural, suburban, and summer homes. . 387
in schools, report on 261
Ilylastes trifolii, notes 848
Uylcmyia coarclata, notes 57
Hymenochsfte noiia, notes 55
Hymenoptera—
new, notes 355
of Guam 62
of India 159
parasitic on lac and sal insects 62
Hypera punctata, notes 457
HjT)erplasia, production in plants 326
Hypomyces —
ipomax on sweet potatoes, U.S.D.A 544
pcrniciosuf, notes 843
Ice—
and salt, lowest temperature with,
U.S.D.A 615
cream, determination of overrun. Wis. . . 875
cream, examination 656
cream, examination. Me 556
cream factories, computer for 276
cream, investigations. Wis 874
cream plants, inspection, Ky 359
cream, sampling 210
effect on atmospheric temperature 511
harvesting 92
house, description 93
patrol over north Atlantic Ocean,
U.S.D.A 615
sawing by electricity 291
Icerya —
puTchasi. (See Cottony cushion-scale.)
zetekin. sp., description 251
Ichneumon extrematatis, notes, Mass 752
Ichneumonidaj in British Musemn, revision. 656
Idaho University and Station, notes 795, 900
Idrissp., notes, N.Y.State 650
80404°— 15 6
lUinois— Page.
Station, notes 300, 795
Station, report 396
University, notes 197, 300, 795. 900
Immigrants—
as farmers 294
Slavic and Jewish, on Connecticut farms. 93
Immigration in different countries 490
Immunization. (See Anthrax, Tuberculosis,
etc.)
Impaliens sultani, axial abscission in 129
Inbreeding-
in animals, effects 564
in Germany 70
Incubation —
carbon dioxid in, Conn. Storrs 172
natural and artificial, U.S.D.A 173
Incubators, management, Mont 670
India rubber. (See Rubber.)
Indigo-
culture experiments 733
diseases, notes 145, 641
"psylla " disease, studies 755
Industrial-
club work in rural schools 297
clubs and contests in Oregon 393
education in Oregon 97
training in Canada 596
Infant —
feeding, charts for 557
foods, determination of fitness 413
foods, proprietary, nutritive value 461
Infants-
feeding and care 360, 557, 660
nursing, as affected by change of diet 662
pasteurized milk for 460
prenatal care 463
value of various sugars for 762
Infections —
acute , in laboratory animals 479
relation to diet 464
specific therapy of 479
Influenza —
equine, etiology 87
equine, investigations 382
equine, jjcctoral form, immunization 184
treatment 378
Inheritance. (See Heredity.)
Ino ampelophaga, notes 548
Insect-
galls, notes 155
larvse, arrest of growth 751
records, methods of taking 848
Insecticide law in Ohio 740
Insecticides —
analyses 740
analyses. Me 49
analyses, N.J 142
analyses, N.Y.State 340
classification and compatability 751
inspection in Ohio 740
notes 248
preparation and use 58, 153
preparation and use, Mont 635
preparation and use, S.C 141
preparation and use. Term 635
966
EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
Insecticides — Continued. Page.
review of investigations 848
tests 350
treatise and bibliography 517
(See also specific forms.)
Insects —
and flower color, relationship 57
as affected by evaporation 350
as affected by temperature 349
bloodsucking, geographical distribution. . 452
coUecticn and preservation 452
collection and preservation, U.S.D. A 792
destruction in stored com 849
development as affected by temperature,
N.H 847
disease-carrying, remedies 58, 351
dissemination of chestnut blight by 451
dust sprays for 449
household, remedies 394
injurious-
control by natural enemies 848
control in Japan 241
control in various countries 145
in Algeria and Tunis 848
in Arizona 155
in Baden 539
in Barbados 547
in British Guiana 547
in District of Columbia 349
in Indiana 452
in Missouri 349
in Montana, Mont 648
in Ontario 155
in Russia 155, 648
in Scotland 648
in southern India 249
in Taurida 547,548,848
in Tennessee 248
in Union of South Africa 548
in Virginia 248
international control 49,699
physiological investigations 452
remedies 57, 848
remedies, Tenn 635
to alfalfa 648
to beets 58
to cacao 142
to camphor 849
to chicory 249
to citrus fruits, Fla 751
to clover 848
to coconuts 58
to conifer cones and seeds, U . S . D . A . . 548
to cork stoppers 155
to com 648
to cotton 58,548,649
to cranberries. Mass ^ 752
to field crops 848
to fruits 63, 453, 849
to grains 452
to grapes 849
to hemp, U.S.D.A 332
to lettuce 649
to limes 58
to mustard 849
to orchards 848
Insects — Continued. Page.
injiu-ious— continued.
to peanuts 58
to pine and fir cones 849
to potatoes, Idaho 232
to rape 548
to spruce and fir 155
to stored corn, Ala.CoUege 58
to sugar beets 232
to sugar cane 452, 548
to sunflowers 548
to tobacco, Hawaii 249
to tobacco. Wis 453
to vegetables, Ga 438
to wUd cotton 350
treatise 539
lessons on 394
life history, manual 155
mounting for school work 394
phytophagous, parasitism 848
pollination of alfalfa by 831
pollination of alfalfa by, U.S.D.A 134
pollination of apples by 564
pollination or clover by 134
relation to apple blossom bl ight 346
relation to flnger-and-toe disease of plants 148
resistance to sprays 350
scale. (See Scale insects.)
studies for schools 793
transmission of Trypanosoma evansihy .. 777
tuberculosis in 155
vision in 452
{See also specific insects.)
Insemination, artificial, in birds 370
International —
Congress of Entomology 452
Congress of Genetics 200
Congress of Home Training at Ghent 393
Congress of Horticulture at Ghent 239
Congress on Rice Culture 200
Federation of Dairj'ing 376
Irrigation Congress 88
Meteorological Congress, U.S.D.A 213
Phy topathological Congress 699
Inulase in tobacco plant 204
Inulin —
behavior toward hydrolyzing agents 314
utilization by yeasts 224
Invertasc —
absorption of hydrogen chlorid by 806
action, kinetics of 108
formation and regulation by mold fungi. . 730
in tobacco plant 204
investigations 410
Invertebrates, physiology of, treatise 154
lodin, use against hemorrhagic septicemia In
cattle 780
Ions, diffusion and localization in plants 325
Iowa —
College, notes 99, 397, 496, 796
Highway Commission, organization 890
Station, notes 397
Ipidae, Canadian, economic importance 848
Ipomcea —
batatas, analyses 863
reptans as affected by seasonal humidity . 221
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
967
Page,
Iridomyrmei humilis in Texas 256
Iris —
germanica, oxidase in 626
pseudacorus, carotinoid content 803
Iron-
concentration in subsoil, U.S.D.A 720
corragated, in irrigation construction 90
determination in organic substances 809
determination in water 502
oxid, distribution in loam soils 618
phosphate, fertilizing value. Wis 823
precipitating in presence of organic matter 417
salts, effect on ammonification and nitrifi-
cation in soils 120
sulphate, destruction of dandelions by.
Can 835
sulphate, destruction ofhorsetail by, Mass 741
sulphate, destruction of moss by, AVls 836
sulphate, destruction of weeds by 532
sulphate, destniction of wild mustard by 44, 739
sulphate, destniction of wild mustard by,
Me 133
sulphate, fertilizing value 31
sulphate for cotton-seed meal fed pigs,
N.C 578
Irpex flams, notes 152
Irrigation-
bibliography 287
by "zaaidams" 782
canals, gate structures for, U.S.D.A 782
centrifugal pumps for 588
ditches, determination of center 588
effect on corn, Utah 428
effect on nitrification in soils 119
effect on soil bacteria, Nev 24
experiments, Nev 36
experiments at Bromberg 732
from tube-wells 888
in Australia 88, 185
in Bengal 684
in Canada 888
in Dutch India 288
in Java, British India, and Indo China. . . 89
iu Montana, Mont 684
in Nevada 588
in Oregon 88
in Rhodesia 588
in Russian Turkestan 812
In South Australia 383
in Tunis 287,492
in Union of South Africa 492
in United States 588
in Utah 88
in vicinity of Wichita, Kansas 88
in Victoria 296
in western Nebraska, Nebr 328
in Western States 888
law in Oregon 587
law, treatise 586
notes 383, 494
notes, N.Mex 782
overhead, for frosted cranberries, Mass. . . 740
papers on 88
pipe. (See Pipe.)
plants, small, erection and operation 888
Irrigation— Continued.
project in South Africa 418
projects, corrugated iron construction in. 90
projects, diverting dams and gates for 89
pumping for 587, 588
sun-power plant for 688
systems, loss of water in 782
systems, management 89
tracts, surveying and laying out 486
treatise 383
water. (See Water.)
Isocline spp. , descriptions and analyses 431
Isatis tinctoria, carotinoid content 803
Isodromus iceryx, notes 757
Isoguvacin, chemical formula for 309
Itonidida; of Germany 158
Ivy-
Japanese, Cladosporium disease of 347,844
volatile poison of 280
Ixodes —
angustus, life history 79
holocyclus, notes 679
Jaboticaba, description 536
Jack beans, notes, Okla 336
Jacks-
advertising in Indiana, Ind 75
licensed in Utah, Utah 471
Jam, preparation 315
Japan current and climate of California,
U.S.D.A 213
Japanese cane-
culture experiments, Fla 732
fertilizer experiments, Fla 731
Jatropha curcas, poisonous substances in
seeds 775
Jaundice, malignant. (See Piroplasmosis,
canine.)
Jelly-
making, principles 299
plant, culture experiments, Guam 441
preparation 315
Johne's^
bacillus, biology 283
disease, complement-fixing antibodies in. 882
disease, treatment 283
Johnson grass —
as a forage crop, Okla 829
chloroform extract of, Tex 71
Joints, timber, tests 488
Journal of Agricultirral Research, editorial
on 601
June grass, sulphur In 817
Juniper—
as affected by mistletoe 540
rust, notes, Conn. State 641
witches' broom affecting 56
Jute fiber, tests 526
Kafir-
corn, analyses, Tex 863
com chop, digestibility, Tex 863
com fodder, chloroform extract of, Tex. . 71
com, notes, U.S.D.A 333
com, score card for, Okla 832
head chop, analyses, Tex 863
meal, analyses, Tex 863
968
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Kainit— Fi
destruction of weeds by 532
effect on coherence of soils
effect on yield of cotton, Miss
fertilizing value 226, 530, 820, 821,
for cotton, Ala. College
imports into United States
Kaki, classification
Kale-
sea, cooking
thousand-headed, varieties
varieties, Can
Kansas —
College, notes 197, 398,
Station, notes 197, 300, 496,
Kaolin —
adsorption in
determination of absorptive power
Kapok-
culture in German colonies
fiber, use
notes
Kefir-
bacteriological characteristics
methods of analysis
Kelp —
analyses
as a source of potash
production in United Kingdom
Kentucky —
Station, list of publications
Station, notes 695,
Station, report
University, notes 398, 695,
Kerosene —
adaptation to gasoline engines
carbureter, description
Kidney worms, localization and develop-
ment in hogs
Kitchens —
heating with hot water
hotel and restaurant, regulations
Kite, meteorological, evolution, U.S.D.A
Knop 's nutrient solut ion , preparation
Knots, hitches, and splices, making
Koch expedition across Greenland, U.S.D.A.
Kola, alkaloids in
Knchneola fid, description
Kumquat —
Australian desert, notes, U.S.D.A
monograph
Labor —
manual, studies
relation to energy requirement in food. . .
Laborers-
farm. (See Agricultural laborers.)
homes for
standard of living in various countries. . .
Labradorite, decomposition by soil bacteria
and yeast
Lachnus persicx, remedies
I>actalbumin —
lysin content
relation to color of milk fat
Lactation period, metabolism during
Lactic— Page.
acid bacteria, biological properties 506
acid bacteria cultinres, dried, prepara-
tion 773
acid in wine ■ 315
acid, origin and role in muscles 167
ferment cultures Ln cheese making 375
ferment, keeping 375
Lady beetle, ashy-gray, notes, U.S.D.A 754
Lsestadia these, notes 55
Lake Huron current, U.S.D.A 615
Lambs —
feeding experiments. 111 666, 867
protehi and energy requirements. 111 666
(See also Sheep.)
Land —
clearing in Lake States, U.S.D.A 288
grant colleges. (See Agricultural coUeges.)
ownership, handbook 490
plaster. (See Gj-psum.)
tenure and settlement in New Zealand. . . 191
uses in Denmark 390
Landlord and tenant-
distribution of produce between 390
division of capital between 192
Lands-
arable, of Argentina 215
irrigated, drainage 783
of Nile delta, agricultural value 119
swamp, reclamation 516,783
wet, of southern Louisiana, drainage,
U.S.D.A 185
Lantern fly injurious to com, S.C 249
Laphygma exigua, notes 252, 849
Larch plantations in Ireland 240
Lard-
adulteration ■ 161
analyses 357
preservatives, detection 508
r61e in glycogen formation 763
Lasioderma serricorne. (See Cigarette beetle.)
Lasiodiplodia, nonvalidity of genus 445
Lasiophthicus pyrasti, parasitic on rose aphis,
U.S.D.A 250
Laspeyresia slrobilella, notes 849
Laterite, formation and composition 119
Latex of rubber plants, physiology of 128
Lathyrus sativus, anatomical structure 314
Law of minimum, notes 17,28,118,221,327
Lead—
arsenate, analyses. Me 49
arsenate, analyses, N.J 142
arsenate and soap mixtures, soluble arse-
nic in 409
arsenate, fimgicidal value. Me 151
arsenate, insecticidal value of various
forms 350
arsenate, poisoning of apples with. Me. . . 141
arsenate, use against tobacco homworms,
U.S.D.A 454
as affected by water 512
in orchard soils 720
nitrate, effect on growth of com 226
salts, effect onammoniflcation and nitrifi-
cation in soils 120
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
969
Page.
Leaf-
pigments, notes 728
surface films, effect on transpiration 825
Leather, nitrification 724
Leaves-
coloration 128
penetration by violet and ultraviolet
rays 129
respiratory coefficient 33
transpiration in 222
Lecithin —
assimilation by ruminants 71
content of different tissues 577
effect on complement-containing serams. 478
fatty acids of 608
phosphoric acid, loss in 112
synthesis 10
Leek, cooking 856
Ijegumes —
analyses 829
stachyose in 13
Legumin, lysin content 559
Leguminosge —
comparative morphology 624
serological study 733
treatise 523
Leguminous plants-
assimilation of nitrogen by 131, 523
breeding experiments 830
culture, continuous. Can 226
culture experiments 628, 733
culture in North Carolina 132
effect on nitrogen content of soils 733
fertilizer experiments 132, 62S, 733
fertilizing value of above-groimd parts. . . 320
inoculation 830
inoculation, Iowa 131
inoculation experiments 524
root systems of 830
varieties 524, 628, 733
varieties. Can 829
Lema melanopus, notes 654
Lemon-
bark blotch, notes 244
die-back, cause 450
gummosis in California 449
scab, notes 539, 645
seed, agglutinating properties 774
Lemons-
asexual reproduction of seeds 533
immunity to collar rot 244
Lentil —
seeds, disinfection experiments 738
starch, studies » 828
Lentils-
fertilizer experiments 133
prevention of beri-beri by 762
varieties 133
Leopard moth, remedies 652
Lepidosaphes —
beclcii. (See Purple scale.)
ulmi. (See Oyster-shell scale.)
Leprosy —
relation to bedbugs 550
relation to flies 851
Page.
Leptinillus validus, parasitism 60
Leptinotarsadecemlineata. (See Potato beetle,
Colorado.)
Leptinus testaceus, parasitism CO
Leptohylemyia coarctata , notes 852
Leptopsylla musculi, bionomics 353
Leptosphxria —
coniothyrium, notes, N.Y. State 649
sp., notes 147
Leptostylus—
maculata, dissemination of chestnut
blight by 451
praemorsus, notes 58
Leptothrips floridensis, notes, Fla 751
Lettuce —
bacterial rot, investigations, Fla 747
drop, notes, Fla 747
insects affecting ' 649
seeds, large v. small, Vt 634
storage experiments 533
I.«ucite—
decomposition by soil bacteria and yeast. 121
effect on activity of soil bacteria 821
L/eucocyte tube, description 209
Leucocj'tes, occurrence in milk, N.Y. State. . . 372
Leucocytic—
bacteriolysin, relation to body fluids 178
extract, therapeut ic value 377
Leukemia, transmission by bedbugs 550
Levees, tables for level section 384
Levulosans, hydrolysis 314
Lice as carriers of swine fever 884
I>ichens, heat development of 323
Light-
effect on germination of seed 222, 227, 323
effect on metabolism in white dogs 563
effect on transpiration In leaves 222
relation to chlorophyll 127, 222
Lightings
handbook 387
Installations for residences 293
plans for farms 185
Lightning—
at Mount Wilson observatory, U.S.D. A.. 615
rods, notes 572
Ligniera n.spp., descriptions 145
Lilac trunk disease, notes 750
Lilium croceum, carotinoid content 803
Lily-of-the-valley, nematodes affecting 56
Lime —
analyses 122, 424
and magnesia ratio In soils 31,218,623
carbonate from causticiztag plant, analy-
ses and fertilizing value 125
distribution in loam soils 618
effect on availability of soil organic mat-
ter, N.J 124
effect on grapes, N.Y.State 339
effect on maturity of cotton, N.C 40
effect on soils 220
effect on yield of alfalfa, Ky 228
feed, methods of analysis 806
fertilizing value 424
for cotton, N.C 630
for cranberry bogs 442
970
EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.
Lime— Continued. Page.
forfowls.N.J 569
hydrated, effect on mortar and con-
crete 387, 687
niter. (See Calcium nitrate.)
nitrogen. (See Calcium cyanamid.)
production and consumption in United
States 125
production in 1913 726
removal from soils by smelter fumes 322
requirements of farm animals, Wis 864
requirements of soils 112, 726
sterilization of soils by 519
use against finger-and-toe disease 218, 842
use in Scotland 424
wash, effect on transpiration of pota-
toes 825
Lime-sulphur mixture —
analyses. Me 49
analyses, N.J 142
and lead arsenate, studies 108
chemistry of, Oreg 407
composition 439
dilution table for, Ark 636
effect on transpiration of potatoes 823
fungicidal value 749
fungicidal value, Nebr 439
injurious effects 439
insecticidal value 409
micro-organisms in 205
preparation and use 541
preparation and use. Wash 740
use against apple scab 346
use against citrus insects 549
Limes —
culture in island of Dominica 639
insects affecting 58
root diseases of 55
silver scurf of 746
Limestone —
analyses 122
for southern soils 322
ground, analyses 424
ground, analyses, Wis 823
ground, fertilizing value, Fla 731
Liming —
effect on barren soils 819
experiments in Argentina 726
notes 322
notes, Iowa 125
Limnerium blackburni, notes, Hawaii 249
Liiiaceffl, enzyms of 610
Linimentum camphor*, notes, N.Dak 676
Linnxmyiafulvicauda n.sp., description 456
Linseed —
cake, agglutinating properties 774
cake, analyses 168, 864
meal, analyses 73, 3G6, 467, 864
meal, analyses. Me 73, 564
meal, analyses, N.Y. State 663
meal, analyses, R.I 467
meal, analyses, S.Dak 470
meal, analyses, Vt 663
meal, analyses. Wis 467
oil, role in glycogen formation 763
Liothrips montanus, notes 351
Lip and leg ulceration in sheep, Colo 880
Lipase— Page.
agglutinating properties 773
in human duodenal contents 761
in latex of Euphorbia characias 410
in tobacco plant 204
pancreatic, as affected by inorganic salts. 264
Lipochrome of blood serum of cows 274
Lipoids —
anaphylaxis production by 773
chemical and biochemical properties 577
extraction from feeding stuffs 861
in green plastids 427
necessity for in diet 762
Liquor cresoli saponatus, tests 383
Liquors-
definitions 114
methods of analysis 114
Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine,
papers 277
Lithium —
in soils, U.S.D. A 720
phosphate, toxicity toward tomatoes 218
Litomastix {Copidosoma) truncatellus, para-
sitism 458
Live stock-
breeding in Germany 70
commissioner of Canada, report 79
diseases in Hawaii 177
feeding 494
feeding, treatise 563
fish meal for 563
in New Zealand 191, 467
industry in Australia 266
industrj' in Tunis 492
industry in United States 73, 167
insurance in England and Wales 95
mineral requirements. Wis 864
parasites in West Indies 779
prices in England and Wales 790
prices in Ireland 96
pure-bred, notes, Mont 767
rations for 663
receipts and shipments at Union Stock
Yards, Chicago 74
statistics in United ICingdom 391
watering places on western grazing lands,
U.S.D.A 366
(Seeaho Animals, Cattle, Sheep, etc.)
Liver—
glycogen content 465
lipoids, chemistry of 577
of sulphur, purchase and use 846
prevention of beri-beri by 762
protein storage in 464
r61e in metabolism of fats 69
Lizards, relation to verruga 847
Lobster, creatin and creatinin content 760
Loco weed disease in sheep 781
Locusts-
carpenter worm affecting 550
coccobacillus of 752, 753
control in Kansas 249, 351
control in Turkestan 849
destruction by birds 57
migratory , in Philippines 549
migratory, notes 752
notes, Ohio 98
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
971
Loganbeiries, culture, Colo 441
Loganberry —
by-products, preparation and use, Oreg. . 414
juice, analyses 414
Loggerhead sponge, fertilizer from 622
Lolium multifloTum , analyses and culture 434
LophortyxcalifoTnicavallicola, eating of alfalfa
weevil by, U.S.D.A 655
Lophyrm—
indicus n.sp., description 62
pint, notes 554
Loranthacese, tropical, transpiration experi-
ments 324
Lucem . (S ee A 1 f al f a . )
Lucilia—
sericata, heredity of bristles in 551
sp., relation to leprosy 851
Lues, serodiagnosis 877
Lumber—
and its uses, treatise 840
camps, conservation of Ufa in 340
industry in Philippines 641
industry in Trent watershed, Ontario 445
industry in Wisconsin 444
{See also Timber and Wood.)
Lumbering operations, flumes in, U.S.D.A. . 485
Lumpy jaw. (See Actinomycosis.)
Lunches, box, planning 394
Luperus rufipes, notes 848
Lupine seed phasin, agglutinating properties . 774
Lupines—
as affected by smoke 521
assimilation of nitrogen by 523
inoculation 131,524
relation of tops to roots 733
stored , variations in weight 235
utilization of phosphates by 733
Lupinus —
albus, tropisms in alkali solutions 325
luteus, behavior on lime soils 426
Lycenid, reared in acacia galls by ants 352
Lygus pratensis. (See Tarnished plant bug.)
Lymphadenoma, transmissioQ by bedbugs. . 550
Lyperosia —
eiigua, relation to trypanosomiasis 777
irritans, transmission of poliomyelitis by. 651
Lyrosoma opaca, parasitism 60
Lysin—
content of proteins 559
indispensability for growth 558
Macacus rhesus, endoparasitic mite in lung of. 356
Macadum surfaces, raveUng 785
Macaroni, notes, N.Dak 658
Machine design, treatise 290
Machinery. (See gricultural machinery.)
Macrocystis pyrifera, analyses 823
Macroorileya acanthi, notes, N.Y. State 650
Macrosiphum injurious to peas 452
Macrosiphum n.spp., descriptions 754
MaCTOsporium^
eriobotryse n .sp . , description 746
hesperidearum n.sp., description 746
solani, notes, N.Mex 746
Macuna utilis, notes 864
Magnesia —
and lime ratio in soUs 31, 218, 623
determination in limestone 314
Magnesia— Continued.
distribution in loam soils 618
mica, decomposition by soU bacteria and
yeast 121
toxicity toward tomatoes 218
Magnesium-
carbonate, fixation in soils 25
carbonate in humid soils, Term 815
caseinates, studies, N.Y. State 709
concentration in subsoil, U.S.D.A 720
determination in water 502
importance in animal nutrition 663
phosphate, fertilizing value, Wis 823
salts, effect on activity of lipase 264
sulphate, effect on sugar beets 233
sulphate, effect on wheat seedlings 426
sulphate, fertilizing value 31
Magnetic and meteorologic phenomena, rela-
tion, U.S.D.A 615
Mahogany borer of Gold Coast 254
Maine-
Station, report 196
University, notes 796, 900
Maize. (See Com.)
Mai de caderas, relation to Triatoma infestans. 82
Malachra capitata fiber, tests 526
Maladie du coit. (See Dourine.)
Malangas, culture in Cuba 41
Malaria —
notes 551
prevention 292, 756
transmission by bedbugs 550
Malic acid, assimilation by plants 426
Malignant growths, meiostagmin reaction for. 178
Mallein—
diagnostic value 879
test, intradermal, notes 177
Mallow rust, hereditary transmission 646
Malophagus ovinus in South Australia 853
Malt-
diastase, sacchariQcation 806
extract, examination. Me 67
extract, prevention of polyneuritis by . . . 762
extracts, amylases of 410
sprouts, analyses 73, 168, 366, 766
sprouts, analyses, N.Y. State 663
sprouts, analyses, R.I 467
sprouts, analyses, Wis 467
tropon, effect on fat content of goat's milk 673
Malta fever, diagnosis 878
Maltase —
formation and regulation by mold fungi . . 730
in cereals 204
Maltose and glucose, comparison 762
Mammals —
British, history 248
correlation between number of mammse
and size of litter 764
Mammary botryomycosis in mares 184
Mammitis —
bovine leucocyte test for 209
bovine, of human origin 482
notes 676
Man-
albinism in, monograph 467
as a machine, treatise 662
digestion experiments 161
972
EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
Man— Continued. Page.
digestion experiments, Tex 65
metabolism experiments 362, 465
Mandarin blacli spot, notes 843
Manganese-
compounds, effect on growth of sugar
beets 126
concentration in surface soil, U.S.D.A. .. 720
determination in driaking water 806
d etermination in minerals and rocks 16
determination in soils 206
fertilizers, notes 220
in Kentucky soils 720
in plants and animals 220
in South Australia soils 720
phosphate, fertilizing value, Wis 823
salts, effect on sugar beets 233
salts, effect on wheat 218
sulphate, fertilizing value 31
Mangels—
as affected by spacing 633
calcium cyanamid for 524
composition as affected by fertilizers 736
culture, Ohio 35
di-y matter content 233
fertilizer experiments 133, 328, 829
from same seed ball, characteristics 633
irrigation experiments 732
liming experiments 820
radio-active fertilizers for 31, 129
varieties 133, 736, 829
Mangoes —
culture 339
pollination by inarching, Guam 441
Manihot glaziovii—
latex of 128
tapping experiments 241
Manioc. (.See Cassava.)
Mannit, extraction from asparagus juice 10
Manual training in high schools 394
Manme —
analyses 122
artificial, fertilizing value 732
barnyard. {See Barnyard maniu-e.)
effect on germination of Orobanche crenata 634
effect on in-igated corn , Utah 428
fertilizing value. Wis 893
liquid, analyses 421
liquid , loss of ammonia from 421
making experiments 767
notes, Iowa 122
organic, nitrification 723
residual effects 319
residual effects, determination 510
use 421
(See also Cow, Poultry, Sheep, etc.)
Maple-
diseases, notes 343
hard, oil injm-y to, Conn. State 641
products, methods of analysis 610, 611
sirup, adulterated, detection 610, 611
Marasmius sacchari, notes 746
Margarin preservatives, detection 508
MargaTopus annulatus. {See Cattle ticks.)
Marigold, cut, preservation 837
Market— Page.
gardeners' associations in Netherlands ... 691
gardening in Ohio and Kanawha River
valleys, W.Va 44
Marketing —
experiments, Hawaii 388
instruction in 192
Markets—
and rural economics, treatise and bibliog-
raphy 894
commissioner of British Columbia, report 690
Marmota flaviventer, relation to spotted fever. 160
Maryland —
College, notes 99, 300, 496, 600, 695
Station, notes 300,600,695
Mascarerihasia elastica, latex of 128
Massachusetts College, notes 197,
398,496,600,695,796
Mastitis. {See Mammitis.)
Mat6, alkaloids in 458
May beetle parasites, introduction into Porto
Rico 458
Mayetiola destructor. {See Hessian-fly.)
Meadow hay, composition as affected by fer-
tilizers 524, 622
Meadows-
fertilizer experiments 821, 829
moorland, treatise 830
seeding. Mo 830
{See also Grasses.)
Meal, analyses 65
Meals—
for working people in London 68
nutritive value 68
planning, U.S.D.A 359
Mealy bugs, parasites of, in the Far East 60
Meat—
and bone scrap, analyses, R.I 467
as affected by polarized light 759
bacteriological methods of analysis 854
changes in, during cold storage 659
chopped, examination 557
curing on the farm, N.C 509
determination of freshness 64
extract, analyses 160,161,656
extract, changes in nitrogenous constitu-
ents of 160
extract, affect on gastric juice secretion. . 662
food value 860
frozen, industry in Australia and New
Zealand 564
frozen, trade in 1913 258
industry in South America, U.S.D.A 367
inspection act, U.S.D.A 396
inspection in German Empire 760
markets, inspection, N . Dak 657
meal, analyses 73
meal, analyses, N.Y.State 603
methods of analysis 258,854
packing industry in United States 64
poisoning, diagnosis .' 878
production and consumption in United
States 74
ripening and decomposition 64,258
r61e in glycogen formation 763
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
973
Meat— Continued.
scrap, analyses 73,168,366
scrap, analyses, N.J 569
scrap, analyses, Vt 663
scrap for poultry, N.J 569
statistics 165
supply in United States 564
supply jsupplementing with flsh,U.S.D.A. 35C
Mechanic arts schools, notes 692
Mechanical —
colleges. (See Agricultural colleges.)
engineer's reference book 287
Medicago falcata, analyses 863
Medical cooperation, niral experiment in 294
Medicinal plants, culture experiments 536
Medicines, patent or proprietary, notes,
N.Dal£ 658
Medick, black, crossing with alfalfa 831
Megnstigmus sp., notes 849
Meiostagmin reaction, studies 178
Mclanops guercuum and Sphseropsis maloruvi,
identity 446
Melon-
diseases, studies 52
fly, remedies 757
Melons, insects affecting 248
Melophagus ovinus. (See Sheep tick.)
Membracidae of Kansas 59
Mental-
development as affected by nutrition 557
work, metabolism in 363
Menus—
for children 760
making 68
Menziesia glabella, toxicity, U.S.D.A 376
Merodon equcsiris, notes 757
Mcromyza amcrkana, parasites of 355
McTuliiis lacrymans, notes 248, 547
Mesidia gilleitei n.sp., description 458
Mesquite—
curly, as a forage crop, Okla 829
tnmk diseases of 751
Mesua fcrrca, oil content 234
Metabolism—
and vitality, digest of data 265
as affected by meteorological conditions.. 362
as affected by underfeeding and subse-
quent abundant feeding 464
crates for swine, description, Ohio 269
during mental work 363
during pregnancy and lactation period... 663
experiments with dogs 464
experiments with Eskimos 260
experiments with men 465
experiments with pigs, Ohio 268
in white dogs as affected by light 563
of bacteria in milk 873
of protein, studies 661
ofpurin 760
organic nutrients in 361
Metallic —
oxids and salts, fertilizing value 821
salts, reaction with soluble carbonates ... 504
Metals, colloidal, effect on Spirogyra 129
Meteor, train of, U.S.D.A 213
Meteoridse, British, notes 159
Meteorologic and magnetic phenomena, rela-
tion, U.S.D.A 615
Meteorological —
explorations in the Antarctic, U.S.D.A. . 615
kite, evolution, U.S.D.A 213
observations. Can 718
observations, Ky 316
observations, Mass 213, 415, 718
observations. Me 117
observations, N.Dak 615
observations, Ohio 615
observations, U.S.D.A. 212,213,615
observations at Berkeley, Cal 316
observations at Cirencester, Engbnd 416
observations at Hamburg Observatory. . 812
observations in British Isles 214
observations in-New Zealand 21
observations in Philippines 812
observations in plant-giowth studies,
U.S.D.A 614
observations in St. Croix 133
observations, notes 811
(See also Climate, Rain, Weather, etc.)
optics, progress in 1912, U.S.D.A 615
station at Berkeley, Cal., report,
U.S.D.A 615
Meteorology-
agricultural, commission for study of 415
agricultural, in Germany 19
agricultiu-al, in Sweden 20
as an exact science, U.S.D.A 212
bibliography 715
bibliography, U.S.D.A 509
C. G. S. system in, U.S.D.A 615
Meteorus mamestrx n.sp., description 554
Methyl-
alcohol, determination 115
alcohol, effect on soil micro-organisms 27
xanthin In tea 358
Methylene blue, use against tuberculosis 683
Meum mutellina, analyses 863
Mica as a source of potash 621
Mice-
destruction with bacteria 57
harvest, revision, U.S.D.A 647
white-footed, remedies 846
Michigan —
College, agricultural education in 692
College, notes 99, 300, 600
Station, notes 300, 600
Microbiology , treatise 177
Microbracon dorsator, notes. Mass 752
Microcera sp., spraying experiments with,
Fla 751
Microcline, decomposition by soil bacteria and
yeast 121
Micrococcus tetragenus, ammonifying power. . 317
Microfilariae, staining 383
M icro-organisms—
aerobic, in omasum and colon of bovines . 679
aerobic, nitrogen fixation by 721
cellulose-decomposing capacity 14
denitrifying, respiration 827
dissemination by ants and bees 849
974
EXPERIMENT STATION REOOKD.
Micro-organisms— Continued. Page.
effect on soils, Colo 818
in Baltimore milk 373
in lime-sulphur mixtures 205
(See also Bacteria.)
Microthrips piercei n.g. and n.sp., description. 550
Microtrombidium pusillum —
affecting man 480
on goats 284
Midges, gall, adaptation in 155
Middlings-
analyses 168,366
analyses, N.Y.State 663
analyses, Vt 663
analyses, Wis 467
V. com for pigs, Ohio 869
(See also Wheat, Oats, Rye, etc.)
Milk-
abortion bacillus in 79
acid-fast bacilli in 584
adulterated, detection 175
altered, methods of analysis 810
analyses 358, 462, 509, 760
analyses, Minn 672
and its products, bibliography 176
as affected by boiling 505
as affected by cotton-seed products. Mo.. 370
as affected by potassium bichromate 507
as affected by sodium citrate, N.Y.State. 710
bacteria, counting, N.Y.State 78
bacteria, metabolism 873
bacteria, reductase test for 209
bacterial content, determination 507
bacteriological examination 574, 873
bacteriological index for dirt in 574
blue, cause 374
cans, aluminum, use 375
cans, jacketing 771
carabao's, composition 374
casein-fat test for. Can 674
casein, isoelectric point 175
casein, lysin content 559
cell content, N.Y.State 372
changes in at low temperature 373, 659
chemistry, practicum 413
clean, production, U.S.D.A 771
coagulation as affected by fat content 873
colostrum, chemistry of 573
composition 505
condensed, bacteria in 375
condensed, composition and nutritive
value 772
condensed, cytology and bacteriology 771
condensed, methods of analysis 114
condensed, nutritive value 161
condensed, treatise 375
cost of pasteurizing, U.S.D.A 188
cost of production 573
creatin and creatinin content 760
determination of acidity 613
determination of quality, N.Y.State 674
evaporated, methods of analysis 115
fat as affected by PeniciUium roqueforti,
U.S.D.A 107
fat content, increa-slng 673
fat, determination of moisture content ... 508
tat, fatty acids of 175
fat, glycerids of 804
Milk— Continued. Page.
fat percentage, inheritance 372
fat pigments, relation to plant pigments. 273
fat, variations in 871, 872
fat, viscosity 209
(See also Fat.)
feeding, bibliography 174
fermenting power 413
flow, relation to fat content 174
food value 656
for infants in Saxony 573
for young animals 174
from different quarters of udder 873
goat's, composition 374
homogenized, cheese from, Wis 875
homogenized, studies 475
hot pasteurized, bottling 275
human, analyses 258
human and cow's, comparison 674
human, as affected by boiling 505
human, fat pigments of 275
human, protective power against beri-
beri ■ 858
human, protein content 413
hygiene, bibliography 174
hygiene, text-book 676
inspection, cost 79
judging, biological method 506
leucocyte test for 209
machine drawn, bacterial content 475
market, inspection 175
medicated , preparation and use 258
methods of analysis 114
micro-organisms in 373
ozonization 175
pasteurization 276
pasteiu-ization in bottles 275
pasteurized, cheese from, Wis 874
pasteurized, for infants 460
powder, treatise 375
preservatives, detection 811
product, fermented, manufacture 772
production as affected by time of calv-
ing 770, 771
production in Germany 475
production, investigations, Minn 670
production, protein requirements for,
Minn 173
production, relation to conformation 573
products, food value 656
products, methods of analysis 114
protein content 413
proteins, biologic differentiation 506
raw and boiled, differentiation 507
raw and pasteurized, nutritive value 460
reaction, Schardinger's 507
refrigeration, U.S.D.A 575
relation to septic sore throat 1 74
removalof garlic flavor from, U.S.D.A... 771
secretion as affected by pituitary extract . 272
sediment, examination 209
sediment tester, holder for. Wis 875
separation at different periods of lactation 375
serum, composition 505
skimmed. (See Skim milk.)
sour, use against diarrhea in chicks, Conn.
S torrs 484
specific heat 573
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
975
Milk— Continued. Page,
standards, bacteriological, in United
States 475
standards, practicability 373
sterilization by electricity 175
sulphur in 817
supply, improvement 275
supply of Bombay 475
tests, comparison 674
tests, errors in 873
text-book 468
variations in 373
watered, detection 209
Milking machines —
effect on cell content of mUk, N.Y. State. . 372
tests 475
Millet—
amylase, studies 609
as a forage crop, Okla 829
chloroform extract of , Tex 71
culture, Iowa 265
culture, Ohio 35
culture experiments 733
downy mildew, studies 51
exhibits, Kans 495
fertilizer experiments 733
maltase content 204
pearl, root parasites of 842
smut, notes 841
varieties 732, 733
varieties, Can 829
varieties, Ohio 36
yields, Ohio 226
Milo maize, notes, U.S.D. A 333
Mimicry, treatise 57
Mine timbers. Rocky Mountain, tests, U.S.
D.A 144
Mineola vaccina. (See Cranberry fruit-worm.)
Mineral —
requirements of farm animals. Wis 864
substances, soil, changes in, Colo 81 8
Minerals, useful, in United States 322
Minnesota —
Station, notes 398, 900
Station, report 195
University, notes 398
Mireken nuts, analyses 631
Mississippi Station, notes 197, 496
Missouri-
Country Life Conference, report 895
Station, notes 796, 900
Station, report 396
University, notes 197, 796, 900
Mistletoe—
effect on junipers 540
in Great Britain and Ireland 731
parasitism 56
Mites—
endoparasitic, in lung of monkeys 356
injurious to citrus fruits, remedies 549
predaceous, notes 656
Mohair production in United States 168
Moisture. (See Water.)
Molasses-
added, detection in sugar-beet chips 315
analyses, Me 556
beet pulp. (See Beet pulp.)
crude, analyses 864
Molasses — Continued. Page,
feed, analyses 73, 168, 366, 467, 864
feed, analyses, Wis 467
methods of analysis 806
nature and standards. Me 556
Mold fungi —
assimilation of nitrates by 223
formation and regulation of enzyms by. . 730
Molds-
effect on soils, Colo 818
in eggs, studies, U.S. D.A 670
on cigars, U.S. D.A 613
soil, composition 12
Mole-draining in England 685
Moles —
common, feeding habits 846
common, notes, U.S.D. A 154
studies 451
Molybdenum in soils, U.S. D.A 720
Mominee in British Museum, catalogues 652
Monarthrum spp., studies, Ohio 852
Jl/onf?/!aspp., studies, U.S.D. A 753
Mongoose as a pest in Trinidad 547
Monilia cinerea, treatment 843
Monochxtia mali, inoculation experiments,
U.S.D.A ■ 150
Monomethylamin, relation to flavor of coot.. 555
Monomorium, latinode, relation to Asiatic
cholera 752
Montana —
College and Station, notes 496
Station, report 694
Moonlight, effect on fish and meat 759
Moor—
culture, handbook 620
culture in Austria 118
soils. (See Soils, moor.)
Mordwilkoja vagabunda, notes 351
Mortar as affected by hj'drated lime 687
Mosaic disease of plants, studies and biblio-
graphy 52
Mosquitoes—
and malaria, notes 551
control in Mexico 756
control in New Jersey 454
destruction by bats 62
disease-bearing, descriptions 254
relation to surra 777
remedies 58,351
screening against 292,756,787
Moss, wood, eradication, Wis 836
Mosses, heat development of 323
Moth bean, description, U.S.D.A 740
Motor-
cultivation, handbook 488
plows. (See Plows.)
Motors-
electric, fuel consumption and energy
utilization in 385
farm, treatise 186
Moimtains, relation to conservation of
snow 510
Mowrah —
cake, agglutinating properties 774
meal, analyses 366
Muc in-
formation by tubercle bacilli 284
substances, chemistry of 409
976
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Mucor— Page.
mucedo, notes 55
raccmosus, notes 542
Mucuna utilis, analyses 863
Mud puppies in Pennsylvania 648
Mulberry-
blight, American and French, identity. . 347
leaves, adenin and asparaginic acid in . . . 203
Mule breeding at Poitou, France 170
Mules-
brains of 168
feeding experiments 769
in Kongo 865
in United States 73,167
text-book 470
Mung bean, description, U.S.D.A 740
Mungo bean, fertilizer experiments 421
Muriate of potash. {See Potassium chlorid.)
Musca domestica. (See House-fly.)
Muscina stabulans, relation to leprosy 851
Muscle-
chemistry of 861
chemodynamics of 166
Muscular —
paralysis following tick bite 656
work, effect on carbon dioxid excre-
tion 561
work, effect on cholesterol content of
blood and suprarenal bodies 465
work, metabolic studies 465
work, physiology of 166
Mushrooms —
and toadstools, handbook 628
diseases and deformities 842
edible and nonedible, of Nancy, France. 759
Musk ox, variation in 768
Muskmelon diseases, notes, Fla 747
Musk melons —
effect on composition of urine 761
fertilizer experiments. 111 533
insects affecting 248
Mussels, sea, utilization as food 356
Mustard—
as affected by soil disinfectants 621
fertilizer experiments 133
insects affecting 849
varieties 133
wild, eradication 44, 524, 633, 739
wild, eradication. Me 133
wild, germination in shade 235
Mutton-
dressing and preparation 75
prices in Ireland 96
Mycorrhizas of forest trees, studies 127
Myiasis—
aurium accompanying radical mastoid
operation 777
relation to cheese skipper 552
Myoma, diagnosis 877
Myrciana spp., descriptions 536
Myristic acid, determination 508
MystTOsporium aUiorum, notes 539
Myzus diapar n.sp., description, Me 157
Nagana—
in mice, treatment 284
serodiagnosis 877
Naphthalin— Page.
action in soils 620
as a disinfectant for stored com 849
Naphthol as a soil disinfectant 621
Narcissus —
autumn coloration 34
bulb disease, notes 646
flies, notes 757
Narcissus -pscudonarcissus, earotinoid content 803
Narcotics, effect on heliotropic sensitivity
of seedlings 730
National Education Association, agriculture
at 498
Natural selection, treatise 865
Nature study —
exhibits by rural schools 899
in agricultural teaching and social center
work 896
in elementary schools 193, 194, 493, 599
instruction in Denmark 598
relation to agricultural instruction 194
teaching 395, 792
Naval stores from Florida National Forest. . . 744
Nebraska-
Station, notes 100, 398, 497, 797
Station, report 495
University , notes 100, 398, 497, 797, 900
Necrobacillosis in goats 86
Nectarine tree disease, notes 539
Nectria —
cancri n.sp., description 750
ditissima, occurrence in Maine, Me 151
n.spp., descriptions 242
Nectriaceae, studies 242,343
Nematodes—
injiu-ious to golden seal 345
injurious to hyacinth bulbs 450
injurious to lily-of-the-valley 56
injurious to rice 145
injurious to sugar beets 747
injurious to tomatoes 52
intestinal, bibliography 679
intestinal , fi.xation and nutrition 679
of pharynx and esophagus of chickens . . . 287
parasitic in birds 184
parasitic in fowls 184
review of studies 154
Neocelatoria ferox n.g. and n.sp., description.. 352
NeofabreamaUcorticis, notes 53
Neopeckia coulteri, notes 845
Nephelin, decomposition by soil bacteria and
yeast 121
Nephelometer, description 114
Neptunia prostrata as affected by seasonal hu-
midity 221
Nevada —
Stat ion , notes 497
Station, report 98
University, notes 100, 497
New Hampshire —
College, notes 600, 797
Station, notes 398, 600
New Jersey Stations, report 196, 398
New Mexico —
College, notes 197,497,696,900
Station, notes 197, 497, 696, 794
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
977
New York Stale— Page.
Agricultural Society, proceedings 894
Station, notes 300
Nickel in soils, U.S.D. A 720
Nicotin, determination 613, 714
Nicotinic acid in rice bran 714
Nile river delta, fertility map 119
Nipapalm fiber, tests 526
Nitocris princeps, notes 61
Nitrate-
deposits, origin 724
industry in Chile 724
Norwegian. (See Calcium nitrate.)
of lime. (See Calcium nitrate.)
of soda. (Sec Sodium nitrate.)
production by Azotobacter 421
reduction in sterilized soils 121
reduction without anaerobic conditions. . 127
Nitrates-
assimilation by mold fungi 223
bacterial destruction 819
detection in milk 508
determination in alkali soils 206
determination in soils 516
effect on composition of sugar beets 435
effect on oat seedl ings 231, 528
formation in puddled soils 127
in Colorado soils 619
manufacture from peat 321
reduction by bacteria 324
Nitric acid —
destruction of stumps by 92
determination in presence of nitrous acid. 503
in rain water 812
manufacture 822
Nitrification —
as affected by irrigation and crop produc-
tion 119
as affected by metallic salts 120
as affected by organic substances 223
in cultivated soils 722
in fallow soils 722
in pasture soils 516
in soils 318,420
in soils, Colo 818
in soils, Oreg 818
in soils as affected by sulphur 125
in solutions 420
of organic manures 723
Nitrites —
determination in presence of nitrous acid . 503
effect on determination of oxygen in
water 411
Nitrobenzol, determination in peanut oil 413
Nitrogen —
absorption by oats 632
absorption by soils, Hawaii 723
accumulation in continuous rye culture. . 318
amino, determination 610, 808
ammoniacal, determination 109
assimilation as affected by humus 120
assimilation by leguminous plants 523
assimilation in presence of nitrates 121
atmospheric, assimilation by plants 223
atmospheric, fixation by electricity 622, 822
determination 205
determination in urine 502, 610
Nitrogen— Continued. Page,
fixation as affected by soluble humates. . 516
fixation by aerobic micro-organisms 721
fixation by grass-green algee 827
fixation in soils, Colo 818
fixation in soils, Nev 24
fixation in soils as affected by sulphur. . . 125
in dry-farm soils 318
in muscles of invertebrates 861
injurious, determination in sugar beets. . 315
lime. (Sfc Calcium cyanamid.)
loss from maniu'e, prevention 320
organic, in Hawaii soils, Hawaii 11
peroxid, effect on flour 162
transformation in Actinomycetes 324
transformation in soils 818
Nitrogenous —
compounds, inorganic, assimilation by
plants 223
fertilizers, availability 318
fertilizers, availability, N.J 124
fertilizers, comparison. . 36,517,518,820,821,822
fertilizers, effect on composition of
beets 737
fertilizers, effect on flax fiber 332
fertilizers, effect on grapes, N.Y.State 339
fertilizers, effect on yield of cotton. Miss. 136
fertilizers for oats 528
fertilizers for rye 529
substances, determination in flour 809
Nitron, use in determination of nitrates in
soil 516
Nitrous-
acid in rain water 812
oxid as an anesthetic 80
Noctuidae in British Museum, catalogue 652
Noodles, notes, N.Dak 658
North Carolina-
College, notes 696,900
Station, notes 900
North Dakota Station-
notes 497
report 694
Novius cardinalis, destructive to fluted scale. 60
Nuclein, assimilation by ruminants 71
Nun moth, studies 251, 454
Nursery —
inspection in Arizona 155
inspection in Tennessee 248
inspection in Union of South Africa 548
stock diseases, descriptions, N.J 448
Nut butter, notes 176
Nutrients, organic, behavior in cell metabol-
ism 361
Nutrition —
amino acids in 558
animal. (See Animal nutrition.)
effect on mental development 557
in children 463
investigations of Office of Experiment
Stations, U.S.D.A 359
of the masses, economic effects 462
plane, effect on breeding cattle, Mo 367
plant. (Se€ Plant nutrition.)
treatise 262, 263, 760
work of Prussian Board of Health 857
(See also Digestion, Metabolism, etc.)
978
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Nuts— Page.
diseases of 546
prevention of beri-beri by ,. 762
propagation 443
Nuttallia equi, description 382
Nysius delectus, notes, HawaiL 249
Oak-
diseases, notes 451, 841
mildew in Hungary 845
Oidium, studies 246
twig girdler, remedies 60
Odkesia sessilifolia, seed formation in 225
Oaks—
as affected by smoke 521
chestnut, Sphseropsis canker of 450
cork, yellow spot disease of 247
dying, TT.S.D.A 246
live, carpenter worm affecting 550
of central California 839
spraying with lead chromato 60
valonia, bibliography 342
Oases, irrigation 287
Oat—
amylase, studies 609
aphis, notes, U.S.D.A 753
"grey leaf" or "dry leaf," notes 243
hay, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
hulls, analyses 168
hybrids, yields, U.S.D.A 527
loose smut, description and treatment,
N.J 446
loose smut, treatment, Iowa 344
powdery mildew, stud ies, Mo 343
seedlings as affected by nitrates 231, 528
smut, treatment, Ohio 98
smuts, notes. Can 829
starch, studies 828
straw, nitrification 724
Oatmeal, analyses 467
Oats —
analyses 431, 467, 864
analyses, S.Dak 470
and field peas, seeding experiments,
Ohio 36
as a nm-se crop for grasses 524
as affected by soil volume and available
plant food 132
assimilation of soil constituents by 632
awn development in 332
calcium cyanamid for 524
correlation of characters in, N. Y. Cornell. 434
crushed, analyses 73, 366
culture, Iowa 265
culture, Ohio 35
culture experiments 44
descriptions 230
fertilizer experiments 31,
• 37, 123, 129, 217, 528, 820, 821, 822, 829
fertilizer experiments, Ohio 430
fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A 828
fertilizing value 220
germination tests 136, 733
ground, analyses, Tex 863
ground, analyses, Vt 663
growth as affected by spacing 328
growth on sterilized soils 336
heredity of albinism in 329
Oats— Continued. Page.
history 131, 230
imports from Canada, U.S.D.A 95
irrigation, Nebr 328
irrigation experiments, Nebr 36
maltase content 204
phytin content, N.Y.State 707
precipitin test for 733
radio-active fertilizer for 129
relation of tops to roots 733
rust-resistant variety, description 332
seed selection. Can 226
seed, viability as affected by age 624
seeding experiments 328
seeding experiments, Ark 631
subsoiling experiments 41
subsoiling experiments, Okla 131
sulphur in 817
tlirips affecting 351
utilization of different phosphates by 733
V. com for pigs, Ohio 868
variations in. Me 8.32
varieties 829
varieties. Ark 631
varieties. Me 832
varieties, N. Y.Comell 434
varieties, Ohio 226,430
varieties, S.Dak 435
varieties, U.S.D.A 527
varieties resistant to fungi 50
weight as affected by fertilizers 136
wild, germination studies 235, 624
Ocean spindrift and blo:\'n spray, effect on
chlorin content of inland waters 813
Octacetylgentiobiose, notes 310
Odina wodier, gums of 409
Odonata, review of investigations 452
Odontria puncticoUis n. sp. , description 159
Qi^canthus spp., studies, N.Y.State 649
(Ecodoma cephalotcs, studies 656
(Enothera lamarc'kiana, origin 523
CEnothera, mutation in 35
Ohio-
State University, notes 198, 399, 797, 900
Station, report 98
O'idium —
farinosum, parasite of 544
quercinum in northern France 546
Oil-
cake, mold fungi in 377
emulsions, preparation and use. Wash. . . 740
laws in Wyoming 259
leaf, of Douglas fir 201
of hops, chemistry of, U.S.D.A 201
orchard heating, use against wM garlic,
Ind 739
palm of tropical Africa, studies 143
plants, culture experiments 733
sprays, preparation and use 63
Oils—
acetyl number, determination. Mass 713
chemistry of 201
hardened, digest of data 856
methods of analysis 509, 806
of British tropical dependencies 234
Oklahoma College and Station, notes 300, 696
Okra wilt diseases, notes 343
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
979
Oleomargarine— Page.
treatise 176
viscosity 209
Oleoresin from western pines 744
Oligoclase, decomposition by soil bacteria
and yeast 121
Olive-
fly, remedies 757
oil, adulteration 505
oil, production in Spain 238
oil, production in Tunis 339
oil, r61e in glycogen formation 763
Olives —
culture in Tunis 339, 534
production in Italy 142
production in Spain 238
Olivine, decomposition by soil bacteria and
yeast 121
OUa abdominalis, notes, U.S.D. A 754
Onchocerca gibsoni, notes 182
Onion-
diseases, notes, Fla 747
maggot, notes 350
maggot, remedies 757
maggot, remedies. Wis 849
scab, notes 539
smut, treatment, Wis 840
thrips, notes 350
Onions-
culture, Colo 836
culture, 111 836
culture. Wash 740
culture on muck lands, Mich 533
irrigation, N.Mex 782
liming experiments 820
varieties, U.S.D. A 835
wild, eradication, Ind 739
wild, eradication, U.S.D. A 739
Oniscus ascllus, notes 758
Ooencyrtus chrysopce n. sp., description 554
Oophthora semblidis, biology 62
Oospora scabies. {See Potato scab.)
Opatrum xquale, notes 757
Ophiobolus —
herpotrichus, studies 542
sp., notes 147
Ophthalmology for veterinarians 376
Optus spp., parasitic on fruit flies 456
Optical-atmospheric disturbance of 1912-13,
U.S.D.A 615
Orange—
die-back, treatment, Fla 749
fruit scab, notes 539
leaf blotch, notes 539
seed, China, agglutinating properties 774
tree rot, notes 646
Oranges-
asexual reproduction of seeds 533
effect on composition of urine 761
hybridization 48
new, description, U.S.D.A 337
Orchard —
bark beetles, studies, Ohio 852
cover crops, tests, P.R 635
grass as a forage crop, Okla 829
grass bacterial disease, description 745
grass, notes, Mo 830
Orchard— Continued. Page,
inspection. (See Nursery inspection.)
pests, remedies. Wash 740
Orchards-
apple. (See Apple orchards.)
in Missouri 636
in South Australia 836
insects affecting 848
irrigation, N.Mex 782
manuring 636
spraying experiments. Me 151
spraying experiments. Mo 335
(See also Spraying.)
Orchestes pallicornis, remedies 456
Orchitis, tuberculous, in a horse 182
Oregon —
College, notes 198, 399, 696, 798
Station, notes 198, 300, 399, 696
Organic matter-
cleavage and putrefaction in spils 313
decomposition in soils, Colo 818
effect on nitrification in soils 722, 819
effect on nitrifying bacteria 223
in dry-farm soils 318
Ornamental plants, shrubs, and trees. (Sec
Plants, Shrubs, and Trees.)
Ornithodoros megnini on jack rabbits 176
Ornithology, Hungarian, bibliography 57
Orobanche—
crenata seeds, germination after passage
through digestive tract 634
cumana on sunflowers 153
minor, eradication 532
OrtMzema alriceps, notes 757
Orthoclase, decomposition by soil bacteria
and yeast 121
Orthoptera, Inheritance and evolution in 58, 272
Oryctes rhinoceros, notes 58
Osiers, culture 49, 839
Osmosis in soils 720
Ovarian infection in fowls —
diagnosis, Conn.Storrs 484
investigations 484
Oven temperatures for cooking, standardiza-
tion 359
Ovularia palmicola n.sp., description 746
Ox muscle, lysin content 559
Ox warble fly —
genitalia and larvae of 254
in South Africa 780
notes, Ohio 98
studies 85
OxaUc acid, assimilation by plants 426
Oxalis violacea, notes 235
Oxen-
pasturing experiments 470
skin temperature and fattening capacity,
relation 866
Oxidases —
distribution in plant tissues 626
in potatoes, U.S.D.A 748
in tobacco plant 204
of acid tissues 826
Oxids, metallic, fertilizing value 821
Oxygen-
determination 109
determination in water 411
980
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Page.
Oxyrhachys tarundus, notes 59
OxyuTus vermicularis, physiological investiga-
tions 679
Oyster-
shell bark louse. {See Oyster-shell scale.)
shell scale, notes, Ohio 60
shells, ground, analyses 424
Oysters-
canned, industry in United States 67
creatin and creatinin content 760
examination, Me 64
handling and marketing, Me 63
relation to typhoid fever 460
sold in Baltimore, bacterial content 759
Ozonium omnivorum, notes, N.Mex 746
Pachnxus opalus, notes, Fla 751
Pachymerus chinensis, remedies, Okla 553
Pachyncuron allograpfz, notes 758
Pachynhizus erosus, effect on nitrogen content
of soils 733
Pachytylus migratOTius, notes 850
Packing-house products. (See Animal prod-
ucts.)
Paddy. {See Rice.)
Paint films as coatings for concrete 784
Palm-
fruits and seed from Brazil in Missoui'i
Botanical Garden 742
kernel cake, analyses 467, 864
kernel meal, analyses 864
Kolcroga disease of 841
Nipa, paper-making material from 526
nut cake, agglutinating properties 774
nut cake, analyses 766
nut cake, digestibility 767
nut cake for sheep and cattle 766
Palmer worm, oviposition 352
Palmitic acid, determination 508
Pancreas preparations, factors affecting activ-
ity and stability 203
Panicum —
maximum, composition and culture 832
spp., analyses 863
Paniscus gem inatus, notes 355
Panolis griseovariegata, notes 756
Pansies —
cut, preservation 837
varieties 48
Papaya leaf disease, studies 55
Papayas, culture : 536
Paper pulp —
from esparto 832
from longleaf pine, U.S.D.A 144
Para —
grass hay, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
rubber. {See Rubber.)
Paracharitopus lecanii n.sp. , description 355
Paragreles, electric, U.S.D.A 615
Paranusia bifasciata n.sp., description 355
Paraphelinus tomaspidis n.sp., description. . . 458
Parascalops brewcri, notes, U.S.D.A 154
Parasimulium n.g. and n.sp., description,
U.S.D.A 254
Parasites. {See Animal parasites, etc.)
Parasitology, treatise 177
Paratyphoid, diagnosis 878
Parcel post-
eggs shipped by, U.S.D.A 370
marketing farm products by, U.S.D.A... 789
Parepyris sylvanidis n.sp., description 355
Parexorista lucorum, parasitic on gipsy moth. 652
Paris green-
analyses. Me , 49
analyses, N.J 142
Parsley seeds, large v. small, Vt 634
Parsnip soft rot, notes, Conn. State 641
Parthenocarpy and seed formation in bananas 535
Parthenogenesis, rudimentary, in pheasants. 765
Paspalum spp., analyses 431, 863
Pasteurella, studies 381
Pasteurellosis in reindeer, studies 381
Pasteurization-
effect on streptococci, U.S.D.A 574
of milk and cream, U.S.D.A 188
Pasteurizer, home, construction 771
Pastures-
fertilizer experiments 470, 821 , 829
for pigs, N.Mex 470
grass mixtures for, N.C 37
management, Va 37
moorland, treatise 830
phosphates for 174
seeding. Mo 830
Pathology —
studies 277
treatise 276
Pavements —
and paving materials, treatise 385
concrete, stresses on 186
concrete, use of hydrated lime in 387
treatise ; 90
Paving brick, wire-cut and re-pressed, tests.. 687
Pea-
blight, treatment. Wis 840
flour, agglutinating properties 774
seeds, large v. small, Vt 634
soup, examination, N.Dak 659
starch, studies 828
thrips, notes 59
Peach —
bark lieetle, studies, Ohio 852
borer, notes 848
buds, analyses 837
diseases, descriptions, N.J 449
diseases, notes, Mont 644
diseases, treatment 843
mold, notes 539
rust, treatment 53
scab, artificial production 449
stop-back, notes, N. Y.Comell 650
tip moth, notes.. ^ 653
twig moth, life history and remedies,
Wash 454
twig moth, notes 848
yellows, investigations 544
Peaches-
factors determining color and size 440
fertilizer experiments. Mo 335
new, description, N.Y. State 337
new, description, U.S.D.A 337
pruning in summer. Term 837
sell-fertility and self-sterility in, Mo 335
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
981
Peanut— Page.
cake, analyses 467, 833
fungus disease, notes 641
hay, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
meal, analyses 864
tikka disease in Bombay Presidency 243
Peanuts-
analyses 528, 833
as a silage crop, Okla 829
culture experiments 733, 829
culture in Belgian Kongo 41
effect on nitrogen content of soils 733
fertilizer experiments 421,829
for pigs, Fla 769
history and culture 833
insects affecting 58
seed selection experiments 231
shelling before planting 528
varieties 732, 829
Pear-
black scab, treatment 150
black spot, treatment 53
blight beetles, studies, Ohio 852
blight, description and treatment 53
blight, notes, 111 644
blight, notes, Mont 843
blight, notes, N.Mex 746
brusone, description 749
buds, analyses 836
disease, new, description 53
fire blight, notes, Wash 749
fruit b uds, development, Mo 335
juice, physico-chemical constants 427
psylla, notes 548
psylla, susceptibility to spray mixtures,
N.Y.State 651
rust, new, description 150,345
thrips, notes .• 548
Pears-
blooming dates 140, 533
diseased, plaster cast of 748
fertilizer experiments 534
pollination 534
susceptibility to bitter pit 244
Peas—
aphids aflecting 452
Canada field, culture, Iowa 265
canned, analyses 461
fertilizer experiments 328, 820
field, and oats, seeding experiments,
Ohio 36
field, culture xmder dry-land conditions,
Utah 429
field, heredity of violet color in 333
garden, varieties 336
growth as affected by glycerin 522
precipitin test for 733
ratio of tops to roots 628, 733
respiration as affected by electricity 33
selection and breeding, Wis 829
varieties. Wis 829
Peat—
bacterized, fertilizing value 821 , 822, 826
decomposition of cellulose in 25
fuel, preparation and use 123
humification 120
industry in United States 122
80404°— 15 7
Peat— Continued. Page.
moss, use as a litter 30, 272
mull, methods of analysis 806
straw, methods of analysis 806
utilization in Italy 321
Pecan diseases, treatment 245
Pediculi, remedies 58, 351
Pediculoides ventricosus, notes 656
Pegomya —
brassicx. (See Cabbage maggot.)
cepetorum. (See Onion maggot.)
Pellagra—
fn Province of Rome 859
relation to sand flies 455
relation to sewage disposal 893
relation to Simulium 452
similarity tozeism '. 464
studies 858
PelliculaTia koleroga on coffee, studies,
U.S.D.A 450
Pemphiginae aflecting Populus In Colorado 351
Pemphigus betx, life history 250
Penguin guano from Falkland Islands 622
Penicillium —
glaucum, cleavage of gluten by 711
glaucum, mutationin 225
glaucum, nitrogen fixation by 711, 721
roque/orti, effect on milk fat, U.S.D.A 107
roseum, relation to citrus gummosis 449
spp., formation and regulation of enzyms
by 730
Penicillium, monograph 327
Pennisctum typhoideum, culture experiments. 733
Pennsylvania-
College, notes 198,399,696,798
Institute of Animal Nutrition, notes 497
Rural Progress Association, report 788
Station, notes 198,399, 798
Pentarthron carpocapsx, biology 62
Pentosans a% a source of energy in animals.. 763
Pentose, formation in wine 316
Pepper —
chili, disease of, N Mex 745
culture experiments 336
fertilizer experiments 336
fimgus disease affecting 542
mosaic disease, characteristics 345
tree caterpillar, larval habit 752
Pepsin and trypsin, reaction between 609
Peptic-
activity, determination 504
proteolysis as affected by heat 107, 860
Peptids, determination in proteolysis, bloods,
and urine 212
Peptones —
determination in proteolysis, bloods, and
urine 212
effect on secretion of diastase by fungi ... 13
effect on toxicity of inorganic salts 730
r61e in glycogen formation 763
transformation in Intestinal canal 468
Percolation, lateral, in soils 216
Peregrinus maidis as a com pest, S.C 249
PeridcTmiura—
californicum n. sp., description 845
comptonix n.comb., notes 348
comptonix, notes, Coim.State 641
982
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Peridermium — Continued.
fusiforme and P. cerebrum, identity,
U.S.D.A 445
guatemalense n.sp., description 845
pint, studies 153
spp. notes 348
spp. on pines 845
strobi, notes, N. Y. State 64
Peridroma saucia, trap for 851
Pcrilampidea syrphi n.g. and n.sp., descrip-
tion 554
Pcrilampus —
chrysopx n.sp., description 459
sp., notes 757
Perilitus americanus, parasitic on lady bee-
tles 355
Periplaneta americana. (See Cockroach,
American.)
Perissopterus pulchellus, notes 356
Peronca minuta, parasites of, Mass 752
Peronospora —
arbor escens, notes 641
effusa, oospore parasite of 641
grisea, notes 546
maydis, notes 242
( Plasmopara) viticola, studies 346
Perphosphate, eflect on activity of soil bac-
teria 821
Persimmons —
Japanese, as affected by pollination 440
new, description, U.S.D.A 337
Pestalozzia —
sp., notes 646
uvicola, notes 844
Pests in Montana, Mont 648
Petrol, eflect on soil micro-organisms 27
Petroleum products, inspection in South
Dakota 359
Petunias, cut, preservation ^r. 837
Phanerorgamic parasites, notes 641
Phancrotoma tibialis —
notes 453
notes. Mass 752
Pharmacology, studies 277
Phaseolin, lysin content 559
Phascolus —
calcaratus, eflect on nitrogen content of
soils 733
spp. , agglutinating properties of seed 774
spp., analyses 863
spp., descriptions, U.S.D.A 739
Phasin, agglutinating properties^ 774
Pheasants-
artificial insemination in 370
habits 154
rudimentary parthenogenesis in 765
unilateral development of secondary male
characters in 271
Phenol—
as a soil disinfectant 621
eflect on soil micro-organisms 27
Phenylalanin, action upon esters 71 1
Philxmalomyia crassirostris, notes 777
Ph illyrea media, fatty acids of 312
Philoponectroma pectinatum n.sp., descrip-
tion 355
Phlebotomus vexator, feeding habits 352
Phlaophthorus liminaris. (See Peach bark-
beetle.)
Phlox, nematodes aflecting 56
Phlyctxnodes —
nudalis, notes 849
sticticalis, life history and remedies 650, 551
sticticalis, notes 165, 157, 548
Phoma—
beta", notes 344
solani, notes, U.S.D.A 747
sp. affecting potatoes 345
sp. aflecting sugar cane 539
spp., notes 244,646
Phomopsis^
citri, investigations, Fla 760
mali, inoculation experiments, U.S.D.A. 160
vexans n.comb., studies, U.S.D.A 747
Phonolite, fertilizing value 423, 519, 527
Phora spp. , destruction of Melipona bees by . . 255
Phorbia ccpetorum. (See Onion maggot.)
Phoroccra (Euphorocera) claripennis, notes.
Mass 752
Phosphate —
agricultural , fertilizing value 820
Algerian, fertOizing value 820
Bernard, fertilizing value 820
deposits in Alabama 31
deposits in Idaho 622
deposits in Naura Island 321
deposits in Tennessee 220
deposits in ynited States 323, 518
deposits in western Madagascar 623
deposits, origin 725
islands, coral, in Pacific Ocean 725
of lime. (See Calcium phosphate.)
rock, analyses, Wis 823
rock, dissolved. (See Superphosphate.)
rock, fertilizing value 139
rock, fertilizing value. Wis 823
rock for fowls, N.J 569
rock, ground, as aflected by ensiling. . 422,623
rock, ground, eflect on maturity of cot-
ton, N.C 39
rock, ground, fertilizing value, N.C 630
rock, heat treatment of 823
rock, mining and preparation 725
rock, mining in Florida 323
rock, production in 1912-13 323, 422
rock, use on poor soils, Ky 217
rock, utilization by oats and lupines 733
Phosphates-
comparison 518, 820
comparison, N.C 630
comparison. Wis 823
crude, judging 16
eflect on activity of soil bacteria 821
eflect on composition of meadow hay . . 524, 622
eflect on flax fiber 332
eflect on yield of cotton. Miss 136
for cotton, Ala.College 40
history and use 125
in animal nutrition 762
production in Algeria and Tunis 321
residual eflects 319
solubility in ammonium citrate 126
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
983
Phosphates— Continued. Page,
trade in 29
(See also Superphosphate.)
Pliosphatic slag—
effect on activity of soil bacteria 821
effect on maturity of cotton, N.C 39
effect on the eye 29
fertilizing value 139, 518, 820,829
fertilizing value, N.C 630
for grass lands, Me 132
utilization by oats and lupines 733
Phosphatids, nitrogenous hydrolysis prod-
ucts of 608
Phosphoric acid —
absorption by oats 632
absorption by soils, Hawaii 723
assimilation by plants 219
citrate-soluble, in crude phosphates 16
determination 17
determination in phosphates 3 14
determination in soils 10
determination in Thomas slag 1 12, 410
distribution in loam soils 618
effect on quality of barley 330
effect on yield of rubber 444
mobilization in soils 721
organic, of cotton-seed meal, NY. State. . 707
organic v. inorganic, for fowls, N.J 569
reaction of glycerol with 709
reverted, determination, N.Y. State 714
Phosphoric anhydrid, determination in soils. 313
Phosphorus-
availability in soils 618
compounds, assimilation by ruminants. . 71
compounds, organic, hydrolysis by dilute
acid and alkali 805
concentration in surface soil, U.S.D.A. . . 720
effect on grapes, N.Y. State 339
effect on growth of bones 69
importance in animal nutrition 663
of different sources for oats and lupines.. 733
organic and inorganic, nutritive value . . . 563
supply of United States, N.Y. Cornell 295
Phthorimxa operculella. {See Potato-tuber
worm.)
Phycis (Dioryctria) abietella, notes 849
Phycophaein, relation to color change in
brown algee 626
Phylloscelisatri, studies, N.Y. State 156
Phyllosticta—
basellx n.sp., studies 56
ftrjardf, treatment 841
hoTtorum, notes, U.S.D.A... 747
Umitata, inoculation experiments,
U.S.D.A 150
solitaria, treatment, Kans 53
Phylloxera pervastatrix, notes 550
Physcus n.spp., descriptions 459
Physiology —
bibliography 764
in veterinary ciirriculum 492
studies 277
Phytic acid-
composition and properties, N.Y. State. . 708
hydrolysis by dilute acid and alkali 805
Phytin—
assimilation by ruminants 71
chemistry of, N.Y. State 707
Phytin— Continued. Page,
effect on elimination of nitrogenous com-
pounds 561
in corn, N. Y.State 708
in oats, N. Y.State 707
studies 10
Phytodietus vulgaris, notes. Mass 752
Phytometrinae in British Museum, catalogue. 652
Phytomyza orobanchia, notes 153
Phytonomus murinus. (See Alfalfa leaf-wee-
vil.)
Phytoplilhora —
colocasix , descr iption and treatment 52
erylhroseptica, studies 543
faberi, notes 54, 242
faberi, notes, P. R 645
infestans. (See Potato late blight.)
Phytophthora —
notes 541
on ginseng, life history 447
review of literature 242
Phytosterol, detection in animal fat 808
Pie melons, feeding value 265
Pig-
clubs in the South 598
clubs, notes, Ala. College 794
diseases, law in Indiana, Ind 86
industry in Montana, Mont 682
insurance, cooperative, in Great Britain. 594
typhoid , relation to hog cholera 87
Pigeon peas —
as a cover crop, P.R 635
as a host of Cladosporium sp., P.R 646
culture experiments 733, 829
varieties 732,829
Pigeons —
healthy and sick, blood cells of 586
taheritance of color in, R.I 572
treatise 76
Pigments-
animal and plant, relationship 273
of human milk fat 275
plant, investigations 128
plant, notes 728
plant, relation to milk fat pigments 273
Pigs-
alfalfa pasture for, N.Mex 470
ammonium salts and urea for 266
atavism of coloration in 765
automatic feeder v. common trough for. . 568
brains of 168
breeding experiments 567
care and management 568
care and management. Miss 769
care and management. Wash 769
color inheritance in 567
corn and alfalfa pasture for, U.S.D.A 828
correlation between number of mammse
and size of litter 765
cotton-seed meal fed, copperas for, N.C. . 578
digestion experiments 667
feeding experiments 169, 568, 667
feeding experiments, Fla 769
feeding experiments, Minn 168
feeding experiments, N.Mex " 470
feeding experiments, Nebr 468, 869
feeding experiments, Ohio 471, 868
fish meal for 563
984
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Pigs— Continued. Page.
following cattle, U.S.D.A 468
grazing crops for 169
illustrated lecture on, U.S.D.A 694
immimization against anthrax 82
immunization against cholera, Mich 585
in Kongo 865
in United States 73,167
internal parasites, Iowa 286
liver lipoids, chemistry of 577
metabolism experiments, Ohio 268
nitrate of soda for 265
origin and distribution 564
pasture and grain crops for, U.S.D.A 470
pure-bred z;. cross-bred 568
Sapphire, notes 870
skim milk and potatoes for 75
slaughter tests at Smithfield Show 565
sore mouth disease in, Colo 880
susceptibility to blackleg 585
tests of breeds, N.Mex 470
text-book 470
treatise 769
tubercular, pathological changes in organs. 777
PUes, preservation with creosote 241
Pilobolus crystallinus, spotting of roses by,
Conn.State 641
Pimpla —
conquisitor, notes. Mass 752
instigator, parasitic on gipsy moth 652
maculator, parasitic on alfalfa weevil 61
Pimplides in British Museum, revision 656
Pin hole borers, studies, Ohio 852
Pine —
blister rust, control of Ribes generation. . 451
blister rust, notes 247,348
blister rust, notes, U.S.D.A 647
blister rust, treatment 50
cones, insects affecting 849
diseases, notes 841
dry rot, studies 547
rust, notes, Conn.State 641
rust, overwintering on currants, N.Y.
State 54
rust, studies 153
seedlings, dampiug-off, treatment 647
seedlings, evaporation studies 824
seedlings, white, development in nursery
beds, Vt 640
seeds, destruction by squirrels 154
stands, stem height in 538
Pineapple rots, notes 844
Pineapples —
cover crops for, P.R 635
culture 494
growth on calcareous soils, P.R 627, 816
Pines —
accretion in lower part of stems 538
as affected by smoke 521,730
as affected by soot 827
lodgepole, volume table for 743
longleaf, paper pulp from, U.S.D.A 144
natural and artificial regeneration 537
scfub, fungus diseases of 348
spur shoot of 522
western, turpentine production from 744
white, bark disease of 247
white, damping-ofl of seedlings, Vt 640
Pines— Continued. Page.
white, yield tables for 638
yellow, handbook 444
yellow, oil from 19
yellow, relation between stand density
and wood volume 743
Pinus, characteristics and classification 743
Pinus —
excelsa as a host of white pine blister rust,
U.S.D.A 647
excelsa, blister rust affecting 349
radiata, proliferation of spur shoots in 326
virginiana, fungus diseases of 348
Piophila casei. (See Cheese skipper.)
Pipe drains, old, renovation 685
Piper betle, composition of leaves 108
Pipes —
large, strength of 186
reinforced, tests 784
water, loss of head in due to bend 384
wood -stave, use 685
Piroplasmosis—
bovine, etiology and treatment 85
(See also Texas fever.)
canine, in Porto Rico 781
equine, parasites of 382
immunization 585
in Brazil 85
Pissodes validirostris, notes 849
Pisum sativum, relation of seed weight to
mortality 35
Pituitary extract, effect on milk secretion 272
Pityogenes hidentatus, notes 61
Plant-
alkaloids, synthesis 409
anatomy, physiological, treatise 728
associations, studies 35
bases, studies 309
bases, treatise 10
breeding at Svalof, Sweden 830
breeding experiments, Can 829
breeding, physiological correlations and
climatic reactions in 629
breeding, treatise and bibliography 131
characteristics, relation to seed weight. . . 824
chlorosis, relation to soil alkalinity 50
cultures, nutrient solutions for 425
diseases-
control 541
control in Great Britain 243
control in Japan 241
control in Malaya 50
control in Posen and West Prussia. . . 841
control in various coimtries 145
due to antagonistic stocks and scions. 740
heredity of 841
in Barbados 547, 746
in Connecticut, Coim. State 641
in Dutch East Indies 640
in Germany 539
in India 641
in Maryland 745
in Mecklenburg 343
in Ohio in 1912 49
in Samoa 347
in Taurida 547, 848
in Union of South Africa 539
international control 49, 342, 699
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
985
Plant— Continued. Page,
diseases— continued.
legislation concerning 239
lessons on 394
notes 745
relation to bacteria 745
review of investigations 145
studies, Wis 840
treatise 241,539,745
treatment 50, 541, 745
treatment, Term 635
tropical, treatise 241
(See also different host plants.)
food, effect on ratio of tops to roots C28
growth, accessory factors in 826
growth and distribution, relation to
transpiration 625
growth as affected by carbon dioxid. . . 521,532
growth as affected by electricity 189, 428
growth as affected by radium emanations 821
growth as affected by soil bacteria. Wis. . 827
growth as affected by soluble humates. . . 516
growth as affected by sulphur 623
growth as affected by toxic salts 325
growth period in Maryland and Delaware,
U.S.D.A 614
growth studies in field experiments 704
growth studies, meteorological observa-
tions in, U.S.D.A 614
inspection. (See Nursery inspection.)
lice, jumping, of New World 453
lice, notes 249,250
lice, remedies 155
(See also Apple aphis, etc.)
life, treatise 32
nutrition, accessory factors in 826
nutrition, relation to rocks and soils 621
nutrition, studies 620, 729
nutrition, sulphur in. Wis 817
parasites as affected by tellurium 826
parasites, phanerogamic, notes 641
parasites, treatise 539
physiology in agricultural courses 701
physiology, studies 221
physiology, treatise and bibliography 323
products, chemistry of, treatise 803
propagation, lessons on 394
quarantine laws of Montana, Mont 648
roots, normal behavior of 221
tissues, survival after freezing 130
Plantago alpina, analyses 8^3
Plantain, water, delayed germination in 824
Plants—
as affected by distilled water 730
as affected by radio-activity 129
as affected by smoke 521
as affected by soot 827
as affected by tarred roads 827
as affected by tellurium 826
assimilation of nitrogen by 223
carbon nutrition of 426
carotinoids in 803
castration of 44
certificated by Royal Horticultural So-
ciety 340
chlorophyll formation in 519, 520
classification, scientific basis 804
Plants— Continued. Page.
collection and preservation, U.S.D.A 394
cultivated , relation to soil salts 627
desert, of Mexico 132
distribution 522
distribution of aluminum in 129
distribution of oxidases in 626
experimental hyperplasia in 326
for the desert 132
fumigation with hydrocyanic acid 57
green, respiratory coefficient 33
growth in calcareous soils, P.R 816
growth in glycogen solutions 625
growth in heated soils 216
heat development of 323
hybrid, sterility in 225
hydrocyanic acid in 520,826
identification 340
imports, U.S.D.A 327
improvement by selection 130
localization of betain in 108
medicinal, culture experiments 536
mineral nutrition of 221
of Dade County, Florida 239
of sand dunes of Coos Bay, Oregon 744
ornamental, culture experiments 340
precipitin reaction of 733
protection against freezing 34
protection, instruction in 395
protein formation in 224
ratio of tops to roots in 628
relation between structure and physio-
logical characters 32
. relation to soils 617, 791
respiration as affected by electricity 33
root systems 514, 733, 830
sand, behavior on lime soils 425
spore-bearing, hybridization in 823
stem constrictions 343
susceptibility to smoke, Iowa 628
toxin formation in 627
transpiration of in winter 728
tropical and subtropical, treatise 235
tropical, respiration in 222
utilization of hydrocyanic acid by 730
utilization of phosphates by. Wis 823
utilization of solar energy by 221
water requirements 327, 729
wilting, studies 522, 729
Plasmodiophora brassicx. (See Cabbage club
root.)
Plasmodiophoracese, studies 145
Plasmopara viticola —
studies 346
treatment 843
Plaster-
cast of diseased fruits 748
land. (See Gypsum.)
Plastering, ex terior, specifications 387
Plastids, constitution of 427
Plathelminths, review of studies 154
Plats, experimental —
shape and size of, Me 131
size of 333, 733
Platycheirus albimanus, parasites of 62
Platymesopus erausquinii n.sp., description .. 355
Platypsylla castoris, parasitism 60
986
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOlElD.
Pleospora— Page.
disrupta, notes 539
eriobotryx n.sp., description 746
Pleuritis, autoserotherapy in 179
Pleuro-pneumonia —
immunization 883
in bovines, diagnosis 584
in bovines, review of literature. 177
in goats 286
Plowing—
by electricity in Italy 591
deep, notes, Okla 131
experiments 785
windlass and cable system 487
with power 187
Plows-
motor, calculating work of 291
motor, tests 487
tractor-drawn, notes 188
Plum-
brown rot, studies 749
butter, Servian, composition and charac-
teristics CG
Plumbing-
fixtures, water testing for 190
recent development in 190
system for residences and small institu-
tions 190
systems, local vents in 893
Plums—
efiect on composition of urine 7C1
new, description, N.Y.State 337
ripening studies 311
Plusia chalcites, notes, Hawaii -249
Pneumonia —
equine, treatment 87
(See also Influenza, equine.)
septic, in bovines, treatment 85
treatment 378
(See also Pleuro-pneumonia.)
PneumotubcT macaci, notes 356
Poa—
alpina, analyses 863
pratcnsis, germination experiments 227
Podosphsera spp., descriptions and treatment,
U.S.D.A 748
Poisons-
effect on vitality of male rabbits. Wis — 876
organic, detection in food 207
Polarized light, chemical effects 759
Polenski number, determination 811
Poliomyelitis, transmission by Lypcrosia ir-
Titans 551
Poll evil, immunization 378
Pollination, effect on fruit of Diospyros kaki. . 440
Polyarthritis in sheep 286
Polyclixtoneura elyii n.g. and n.sp., descrip-
tion -156
Polyctcnida?, viviparity in 452
Polygnotus spp., parasitism 458
Polygonum —
persicaria , eradication 532
sachalinense, analyses 863
Polyncma bifasciatipenne, notes, N .Y .State. . . 650
Polyneuritis, prevention by foodstuffs 762
Polyporus — Page.
schweinitzii, notes 845
texanus, notes 751
versicolor, notes 751
Polysphincta texana, notes 355
Pomace fly —
notes 552
rearing on sterUe media ' 63
Pomegranate rot, notes 539
Pomelos-
Siamese seedless, description 48, 837
storage experiments 338
Pomology, course in 897
Ponies —
text-book 470
Welsh, manual 170
(See alsoHoTses.)
Pontia rapx. (See Cabbage worm, imported.)
Pop factories, inspection, Ky 359
Poplar —
borer, studies 159
crown gaU, notes 845
cro^vn gall, notes. Conn. State 641
Poplars, carpenter worm affecting 550
Poppy blight, notes 641
Population, growth and distribution in
Michigan 595
Porcellio spp. , notes 758
Porcellionides pruinosus, notes 758
Pork-
cost of production 568
prices in Ireland 96
production contest in North Dakota 568
production in Pacific Northwest,
U.S.D.A 470
slaughtering and curing 269
trichinous, cold storage experiments 356
Porosagrotis delorata, notes 352
Porthetria dispar. (See Gipsy moth.)
Porto Rico Station —
notes 300
report 694
Potash-
absorption by oats 632
absorption by soils, Hawaii 723
concentration in subsoils, U.S.D.A 720
deposits at Spur, Texas 726
deposits in Great Basin, U.S.D.A 423
deposits ia Michigan 623
deposits in United States 125, 321
deposits in United States, U.S.D.A 218
determination in mixed fertilizers, S.C. . 207
determination in soils 618
distribution in loam soils 618
effect on coherence of soils 123
effect on composition of beets 736
etf ect on composition of meadow hay 622
effect on flax fiber 332
effect on growth of leguminous plants 132
effect on matm'ity of cotton, N.C 40
effect on quality of barley 330
fertilizers, application 820
fertilizers, comparison 820
fertilizing value 226, 328, 333, 527, 738, 821
from kelp 823
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
987
Potash— Continued. Page.
imports and use in United States 321
mica, decomposition by soil bacteria and
yeast 121
minerals in soils, U.S.D.A 720
salts, drilling v. broadcasting 123
salts, imports into United States 726
salts in sugar beets, studies 325
salts, trade in 29
salts, Wittelsheimer, composition and use 519
solubility in mixed fertilizers 207
sources in United States 321
statistics for 1914 30
world-wide search for 323
Potassium —
assimilation by plants 219
bichromate, effect on milk 507
chlorid, effect on activity of soil bacteria. 821
chlorid, fertilizing value 829
chlorid, fertilizing value, Fla 731
chlorid for citrus fruits, P.R 634
chlorid, imports into United States 726
effect on grapes, N.Y. State 339
effect on yield of rubber 444
hydroxid and sulphur, reaction between. 409
importance in animal nutrition 663
nitrate, effect on wheat seedlings 426
nitrate, fertilizing value 518
oxid, determination in soils 313
palmitate, use in water analysis 502
permanganate as a soil disinfectant 621
peimanganate solution, standardization . 501
phosphate, effect on wheat seedlings 426
silicate, fertilizing value. : 820
sulphate, effect on activity of soil bacteria 821
sulphate, fertilizing value, Fla 731
sulphate for citrus fruits, P.R 634
sulphate for sweet potatoes, Ga 437
sulphate for tobacco 738
sulphate, imports into United States 726
Potato-
beetle, Colorado, on Pacific coast 254
black canker, treatment 149
blackleg, notes, Conn.State 641
blight, notes 641
blight, notes, N.Mex 746
canker, notes 243
clubs, suggestions for 793, 794
diseases, notes 841
diseases, notes, Idaho 232
diseases, notes, Mich 543
diseases, notes, N.J 52
diseases, review of investigations 51
distillery refuse for sheep and cattle 766
early blight, varietal resistance to, Vt 643
flakes, analyses 766, 864
growing contests in Canada 194
late blight, spread from seed potatoes 447
late blight, varietal resistance to, Vt 643
leaf roll, notes 52,149,345,543
mosaic disease, studies and bibliography. 52
pink rot, studies 543
powdery scab, description, U.S.D.A 149
powdery scab, notes 842
powdery scab, notes. Me 243
refuse, digestibility 767
Potato— Continued. Page.
refuse , steaming and ensiling 467
rot, notes 145
scab, notes 243
scab, varietal resistance to, Vt 643
sUage, analyses 864
silage, composition and digestibility 467
stalk or sclerotium disease, notes 539
starch, studies 828
storage rot, notes 345
survey in New York 225
tuber worm, insensitivity to poisons 756
wart disease, control in Great Britain 149
wart disease, treatment 842
Potatoes-
aerial tuber on 529
analyses Co, 433, 864
as affected by potash 333 '
calcium cyanamid for 524
culture 528
culture, Idaho 231
culture, Iowa 232
culture. Wash 435
culture experiments 42, 732, 829
culture experiments, Utah 430
culture in Wisconsin 736
curly dwarf, notes, U.S.D.A 748
desirable types, Vt 643
effect on composition of urine 761
electro-culture experiments 428
fertilizer experiments 31,
30, 41, 129, 133, 328, 333, 421, 820, 822, 829, 833
for pigs 667
fumigation with carbon bisulphid 756
Fusaria of 447
green manuring experiments, Ga 438
ground, analyses 65
growth in a cave 521
insects affecting, Idaho 232
irrigation, Nebr 328
marketing. Wis 893
mutation in 137
origin 137, 833
oxidases in, U.S.D.A 748
Pearl, bastard type 833
planting experiments. Me 132
preservation with lactic acid starter 467
quarantine regulations, U.S.D.A 149
radio-active fertilizer for 129
relation of tops to roots 733
root systems 515
seed, inspection and certification 345
seed, inspection in Wisconsin 736
seed, selection and treatment 333
seedling, culture, Vt 643
spraying experiments, N.Y. State 137
steamed, composition and digestibility. . . 467
steaming and ensiling 467
storage in sand 736
surplus, utilization, U.S.D.A 149
transpiration as affected by sprays 825
V. artichokes for forage 433
varietal response to Bordeaux niixture,Vt 643
varieties 42, 133, 333, 528, 732, 733, 829
varieties. Can 829
varieties, Ga 438
988
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED,
Potatoes— Continued. Page.
varieties, U.S.D.A 829
varieties, Utah 430
varieties resistant to disease, Vt 643
yield as affected by source of seed 833
Poultry-
artificial insemination, Okla 474
breeding 569
buildings at Ohio Station, Ohio 472
Bustin Black Pretors, notes 270
care and management 769
clubs, suggestions for 793, 794
constitutional vigor in, N.Y.Cornell 668
diseases and hygiene, notes 781
diseases, treatise 88
experiments, Ohio 472
feeding experiments, N.J 5C8
houses, construction. Miss 786
houses, construction, U.S.D.A 93
houses, descriptions 291
houses, pamphlet 893
insects affecting 248
management, Hawaii 568
notes 298,340,473
notes, N.J 76
on farms in United States 167
raising in Porto Rico, P.R 664
raising in the Tropics 494
sex-linked inheritance in, Mo 368
text-book 474, 568
treatise 270
(See also Chickens, Ducks, etc.)
Power —
application to road transportation 90
for farms 291
from the sun 688
laying out and plowing with 187
Prairie-
grass, phosphorus compoimds in 864
hay, digestibility, Tex 863
Precipitation—
in northern Europe 316
in Russian Turkestan 812
(See also Rainfall, Snowfall, etc.)
Pregnancy —
diagnosis 179, 180, 278, 279, 378, 877
metabolism during 663
Preservatives —
detection in butter 811
detection in fats 508
Preserving industry in United States 67
Prickly pear. (See Cacti.)
Prionoxystus robinix, notes 550
Pristomerus vulnerator, parasitic on gipsy
moth 652
Privet—
anthracnose, notes, Conn.State 641
autumn coloration 34
Privies, sanitary, description 787
ProphanUTUS —
minuiissimus, notes 459
n.spp., descriptions 459
Prosimulium spp., notes, U.S.D.A 254
ProspaltcUa perniciosi, notes 356
Proteid. (See Protein.)
Protein—
as a factor in poultry feeding, N.J 568
chemical constitution 607
cleavage products. (See Amino acids.)
density and solution volume 804
determination, Adamkiewicz test 807
determination in milk 114,413
diet as a protection against tubercu-
losis 84
feeding, effect on amino acid content of
tissues 661
formation by tubercle bacilli 284
formation in plants 224
formol-titrametric investigations 713
gastric digestion 161
hydrolysis, tryptic, measurement 711
isolated, effect on growth of rats 69
lysin content 559
metabolism, studies 661
milk, biologic differentiation 506
minimum in dairy rations 371
precipitation 504
requirements for milk production, Minn. 173
requirements la bread diet 860
requirements in nutrition 263
resorption in the cell organism 361
role in glycogen formation 763
starvation, effect on amino acid content
of tissues 661
storage In liver 464
synthesis 10
suspensoid, precipitation by ions 607
transformation in intestinal canal 468
transformations in yeast 223
vegetable, biological reactions 377
Proteus vulgaris—
cleavage of gluten by 711
nitrogen assimilation by 711
Protozoa—
as affected by heat 26
disease transmitting, treatise 478
soil, studies 26, 420, 516
Primes—
culture in southwestern Washington,
Wash 441
effect on composition of urine 761
Prussian Chamber of Agriculture, organiza-
tion and status 193
Prussic acid. (See Hydrocyanic acid.)
Psalidium maxillosum, notes 655
Psathyrella ampelina, studies 746
Pseudanthonomus validus, notes 351
Pseudococcus —
hyacintM, bacillus resembling 127
sp., notes 350
spp., notes, Hawaii 249
Pseudomonas —
medicaginis in Utah 642
spp. , ammonifying power 317
tumc/aciens, notes 845
tumcfaciens, notes, N.Mex 746
Pseudopeziza medicaginis, notes, N.Mex 746
Pseudo-rabies, notes 579
Psila Tosx, remedies 158
Psoriasis vulgaris, relation to diet 463
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
989
Psylla— Page.
isitis, life history 755
mail, remedies 548
pyri ipyricola). {See Pear psylla.)
Psj-llidae—
catalogue 59
of New World 453
Psyllopa punctipennis, life history 755
Pteromalus —
caridei n.sp., description 355
dynaster, parasitic on alfalfa weevil 61
eurymi n.sp., description 355
Public health, handbook 387
Puccinia —
ellisiana, aecial host of, TJ.S.D. A 540
endivix, studies 746
kuhnii, -description 145
malvacearum as affected by external
stimuli 326
malvacearum, development 646
malvacearum, studies 540
malvacearum , treatment 245
phleipralen^is, notes 344
spp. as affected by host, U.S.D.A 540
spp., inoculation experiments, Minn 146
spp., viability of teleutospores 540
suaveolens on California thistle 153
mbnitens on sugar beets 842
triticina, notes, Conn. State 641
Puccinia, North American species, descrip-
tions 145
Pucciniastrum myrtilli, notes 646
Pulex irritans, bionomics of 353
PuUets—
feeding experiments, Ohio 472
ovariotomy of 572
Pulleys and belts, selection 590
Pulp-
analyses, N.Y.State 663
manufacture, soda process, U.S.D.A 715
Pulvinaria psidii, notes, Hawaii 249
Pumping—
for irrigation 587, 588
machinery for drainage 784
plants, small, notes, Cal 89
Pumpkin seeds, large v. small, Vt 634
Pumps-
centrifugal, for irrigation 588
centrifugal, operation 188
Purdue University, notes 197, 600
Purin metabolism, biochemistry of 760
Purple scale, remedies 549
Purpura, treatment 378
Pus cells. {See Leucocytes.)
Pycnometer, description 811
Pyrausta nubilalis, notes 252
Pyrethrum, insecticidal value 350
Pyridin —
effect on soil micro-organisms 27
relation to aroma of coffee 165
Pyrol, culture experiments 829
Pythium, dcbaryanum —
description 51
description and treatment. Wis 448
notes 55
treatment 647
Quack grass— Page.
creeping rootstock of 37
eradication. Wis 438
Quail-
California valley, notes 846
valley, eating of alfalfa weevil by,
U.S.D.A 655
Quarantine regulations in Canada 80
Quercetin, determination in wine 412
Quince-
blight, notes. 111 644
rust,new, description 345
Quinces-
diseased, plaster cast of 748
susceptibilty to bitter pit 244
Quinin, use against rabies 480
Quinone, effect on soil micro-organisms 27
Rabbits —
immunization against anthrax 82
immimization against fowl cholera, R.I. 485, 872
male, as affected by poisons. Wis 876
treatise 370, 770
Rabies —
diagnosis 283,580
etiology 880
immunization 880
treatment 480
virus, culture experiments 579
virus, filtrate of, studies 580
Radio-active emanations of soils 20
Radio-activity —
effect on plant growth 129
of soils of United States 418
Radiotransmission and weather, U.S.D.A ... 615
Radish-
cabbage hybrid, description 236
seeds, large v. small, Vt 634
Radishes —
carbon nutrition of 426
growth on calcareous soils, P.R 627, 816
sulphur in 817
Radium —
emanations, effect on plant growth 821
emanations of the atmosphere 20,511
in soils of the United States 418
Railroad ties, exploitation in New Mexico. . . 342
Railroads in Spain, agricultural extension
work of 400
Raimondia, notes 339
Rain —
composition 21, 416
nitrogen content. 812
transition to blue sky, U.S.D.A 213
Rainfall—
as affected by forestation 415
distribution in Sicily 716
effect on growth of trees 716
European, as affected by American tem-
peratxures 416
in Hawaii 61 6
in Rhodesia 511
in St. Paul, Minnesota 21
in Tunis 287
summaries, value 811
treatise 511
{See also Precipitation.)
990
EXPEEIMENT STATION" EECOED.
Page.
Raisins, effect on composition of urine 761
Rama fiber, tests 526
Rana pipiens, feeding habits 349
Range-
finder, description 341
plants of Guam, Guam 467
Rape —
and turnips, crosses between 528
as a forage crop, Okla 829
cake, residual efiects 319
culture, Ohio 35
culture experiments 42
insects affecting 548
seed meal, analyses 467, 864
seed oil, manufacture 42
seed, production in China 42
sulphur in 817
varieties 42
varieties, Can 829
yields, Ohio 226
Raspberries —
breeding 442
culture, Colo 441
Raspberry-
crown gall, notes, Mont 644
curl or yellows, nature and treatment 545
Rat fleas, life history 552
Rations —
balancing, Vt 663
computing 266
for farm animals 663
portable, suggestions for 68
Rats, feeding experiments 69
Ray fungus disease in South American ox
tongues 882
Reclamation Service. (See United States
Geological Survey.)
R ectal temperat ure in childhood 563
Recurvaria nanclla, studies, U.S.D.A 252,755
Red clover. (See Clover, red.)
Red dog flour. (5fe Flour, red dog.)
Redtop^
as a forage crop, Okla 829
sclerotium disease of, Conn. State 641
Reductases in tobacco plant 204
Redwater. (Se« Texas fever.)
Redwater, Rhodesian. {See African coast
fever.)
Reforestation —
of chestnut lands 341
of moimtain burns in Arizona, and New
Mexico 839
of sand hills of Nebraska 744
Refrigeration —
domestic, notes 592
in handling of milk, U.S.D.A 575
Reichert-Meissl number, determination 811
Reindeer Industry in Alaska 368
Reithrodontomys, revision, U.S.D.A 647
Remedies, new, compilation 478
Rennet —
in latexes 409, 410
in Rhizopus nigricans 34
Reservoirs —
storage, linings for 384
treatise 511
Page.
Resin industry in Tonkin 839
Resorption in the cellular organism 361
Respiration —
apparatus for ruminants, description 71
calorimeter for large animals 764
in plants, studies 33
in tropical plants 222
Respiratory —
chamber, description 764
exchange. (See Gaseous exchange.)
quotient as affected by one-sided diet 361
Restaurants —
inspection, Ky 359
unsterUized vessels in 259
Rhabdocnemis obscurus, notes 553
Rhagoletis —
cingulata. (See Cherry fruit maggot.)
fausta, remedies 757
pomonella. (See Apple maggot.)
Rhinoceros beetle, notes 58
Rhipiccphalus —
bursa, relation to equine piroplasmosis. . . 382
sanguineus, transmission of Trypanosoma
cruzi by 159
Rhipiphorothrips pulchellus n.g. and n.sp.,
description 550
Rhizoctonia sp. on eggplant 344
RMzophidium pollinis on oospores of Peron-
osporacese 641
Rhizopus nigricans —
notes 447, 645
rennet in 34
Rhode Island —
College, notes 697
Station, notes 100, 697
Rhodesian redwater. (See African coast
fever.)
Rhopalosoma poeyi, life history 355
Rhubarb, forcing experiments, Wis 835
Rhus vernix pollen, toxicity 280
Rhynchiles auratus —
egg-eating parasite of 159
studies 254
Ribes as a winter host of white pine blister
rust, U.S.D.A 647
Rihes pallidum, fertility of 225
Rice-
analyses 65,863,864
and rice cookery 394
bean, description, U.S.D.A 739
bran, analyses 73
bran, analyses, Texas 863
bran, analyses. Wis 467
bran, digestibility, Tex 863
bran, nicotinic acid in 714
by-products, notes 834
classification 137
cooking quality as affected by polishing. . 163
culture 855
culture experiments 733, 736
culture in Brazil 834
culture in Burma 529
culture in Central Provinces 137
culture in Ceylon 632
culture in Guiana 391
culture in Italy 834
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
991
Rice— Continued. Page.
culture in Uruguay 42
diseases, notes 641
fertilizer experiments 133, 733, 736
germination studies 529
grains, disintegration by caustic potash. . 834
ground, analyse? 65
growth on calcareous soils, P.R 627, 816
meal, analyses 73, 366, 467
meal, analyses, Wis 467
mUlLng industry in United States 66
milling products, analyses 163
nematodes affecting . . . , 145
new varieties from Japan 529, 632
nutritive value and preparation 855
polish, analyses 73, 366
polish, analyses, Tex 863
polish, digestibility, Tex 863
polishings, use as porridge 258
relation to beri-beri 403,555, 858
starch, studies 828
straw, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
transplanting 834
treatise 834
varieties 42, 133, 733, 736
weevil, egg laying habits 655
weevil, life history and remedies 354
weevil, notes 57
Ricin —
agglutinating properties 773
chemical and biological properties 774
Rinderpest —
antiserum, production 283
atypical, in a carabao 677
immunization 283
review of investigations 177
transmission experiments 677
virus, cultivation in vitro 677
Rivers, gaging 383
R izoberlesia tri/oUi, notes 848
Road —
drags and their use, U.S.D. A 486
engineering in Louisiana 684
law in Iowa 289
law in Kansas 289
law in Missouri 590
laws in AVashington 385
standards in Iowa 890
surfacing, sand-clay mixtures for 289
terms, glossary 90
transportation, application of power to . . 90
Roads —
concrete, construction standards for 289
concrete, contraction and expansion 290
concrete, cracliing 185
construction and repair 385, 685
construction in Scotland 90
designs and construction 590
forest, construction 185
in Montana 185
in United Kingdom, bibliography 289
macadam, resurfacing 785
preservation experiments, U.S.D. A 686
probable duration 591
sand-clay, construction and maintenance. 890
standard cross sections for 890
Roads — Continued. Page.
subcrust movement in, prevention 785
tarred, effect on plants 827
treatise 90, 685
Roaring in horses 585
Robin-
agglutinating properties 774
toxicity 774
Robinia pseudacaeia, poisonous constituent of
bark 774
RoDins, economic importance, U.S.D. A 349
Rock-
gardens, treatise 743
phosphate. {See Phosphate.)
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research,
papers 277
Rocks —
availability of plant food in 621
silicate, potash salts from 321
Rodents , remedies 846, 848
Roentgen rays —
effect on chickens 369
effect on growth of young animals 664
Roeselia antiqua, parasitic on gipsy moth 652
Rollinia, notes 339
Root-
crops, culture, continuous, Can 226
crops, seed production 524
crops, varieties. Can 829
parasites, notes 842
secretions, function of 221
systems of agricultural plants 733
systems of plants in relation to soil mois-
ture 514
tumors, notes 841
Roots-
solvent action of 729
thermotropism in 728
Rope, manila, transmission of power by 688
Ropes, knots, hitches, and splices 590
Rose-
aphis, studies, U.S.D.A.." 250
diseases, notes 844
mildew, notes 746
Roselle—
new varieties 635
seed, analyses 366
Rosellinia sp., notes 55,646
Roses^ —
black spot of 746
catalogue 536
individuality in 443
mechanical spotting of, Conn.State 641
treatise 143
Roseworthy Agricultural College, South
Australia 500
Rotation of crops —
Can 829
Ohio 226,430
U.S.D. A 828
use of fertilizers in 320
Rothamsted Experimental Station, report... 196
Royal-
Commission on Agriculture, report 490
Commission on Industrial Training and
Technical Education 596
992
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Royal— Continued.
Entomological Station of Hungary 84S
Horticultural Exhibition in 1912 239
Meteorological Society, U.S.D.A 213
Rubber—
balata, monograph 444
CastUla, tapping experiments, P.R 638
culture experiments, P.R 637
culture in Guiana 391
determination of latex content 444
diseases in Dutch East Indies 540
fertilizer experiments 421, 444
Hevea. (S«e Rubber, Para.)
industry in Brazil 444
industry in Ceylon, the Straits Settle-
ments, and Deli 241
latex, physiology of 128
Para, fertilizer experiments 444
Para, fruit rot of 56
Para, in Cochin China 342
products, examination, N.Dak 658
root rot, notes 242
seed cake for cattle and sheep 766
tapping experiments 241, 342
treatise 143, 144
Rubidium in soils, U.S.D.A 720
Rubus, hybridization experiments 47
Ruminants, respiration and assimilation in. . 71
Run-off, determination 384
Rural-
banking conditions in Illinois 788
communities, social survey for 294
community betterment work 499
conditions, improvement 895
credit. (See Agricultural credit.)
depopulation, cause 294
depopulation in England 490
depopulation in England and Wales 295
depopulation in Michigan 595'
depopulation in various countries 592
development in Burma, handbook 391
economics, treatise and bibliography 894
engineering at International Congress of
Agriculture 185
engineering station in Tunis 587
hospital, cooperative, in Pennsylvania. . . 294
hygiene, treatise 93
Improvement clubs 690
interests, organization, U.S.D.A 388
life and education, treatise 193
life, bibliography 598, 692
life clubs, suggestions for 793
population of England and Wales 295, 691
schools. (See Schools, rural.)
social center vcork, nature study in 896
social surveys, Wis 894
Russula n. sp. , description 127
Rust-
fungi, culture experiments 540
mite.notes 758
Rusts —
in India 145
physiological races, Minn 146
studies, Mo 343
(See also Grain, Wheat, etc.)
Ruta-bagas. (tSee Swedes.)
Page.
Rutgers College, notes 398,797
Rye—
amylase, studies 609
analyses 864
as affected by leaf injuries 224
as affected by soil volume and available
plant food 132
bran, analyses 467
breeding and selection, Wis 829
by-products, judging 809
culture, Ohio .' 35
culture, continuous, nitrogen accumula-
tion in 318
feeds, analyses, Wis 467
fertilizer experiments 123,
137,217,328,421,529,820
germination tests 733
grass, analyses and culture 434
grass, fertilizer experiments 822
grass, radio-active fertilizer for 129
growth in heated soils 216
heredity of albinism in 329
history 131
irrigation experiments 732
maltase content 204
meal, analyses, Vt 663
middlings, analyses 467
middlings, analyses, Vt 663
relation of tops toroots 733
starch, studies 828
straw, fertilizing value 822
V. com for pigs, Ohio 869
varieties. Wis 829
Sacbrood, notes, Mich 554
Saccharin-
determination in foods 810
use m foodstuffs 557
Saccharomycetes, utilization of inulin by 224
SatHower cake, notes 366
Sainfoin diseases, notes 841
Sakurashima, eruption of, U.S.D.A 615
Salamanders in Pennsylvania 648
Salicylic-
acid, effect on amylolytic action of malt
extracts 711
aldehyde, effect on plant growth, U.S.D.A 620
Saline deposits in Great Basin, U.S.D.A 423
Salix caprca, enzyms of 310
Salmon, D . E. , biographical sketch 697
Salmon, canned, nutritive value and recipes . . 555
Salsify soft rot, notes, Coim. State 641
Salt—
and ice, lowest temperature of, U.S.D.A . 615
bromin compounds in 657
effect on coherence of soils 123
fertilizing value 829
Saltpeter, Chile. (See Sodium nitrate.)
Salts-
antagonism 317, 627, 721
antagonism as affecting soil bacteria 317
effect on wheat seedlings 426
inorganic, effect on pancreatic lipase 264
metallic, fertilizing value 821
metallic, reaction with soluble carbonates 504
soil, relation to cultivated plants 627
toxicity toward Monilia sitophila 730
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
993
Balvarsan— Page.
use against nonsyphilitic diseases 775
use against septic pneumonia 85
Sambucus nigra, cork from 312
San borer, notes 850
San Jos<3 scale —
in Nova Scotia 251
notes, Ohio 60
parasites of 355
Sanai as a green manure 230
Sand-
clay mixtures for road surfacing 289
dunes of Coos Bay, Oregon 744
effect on swamp lands 516
flies, relation to pellagra 455
for concrete, testing 386
hills of Nebraska, ecological study 425
hills of Nebraska, reforestation 744
Sandstone, plant food value 621
Sandwiches —
examination 557
notes 760
Sanitary conditions in Alaska 360
Sanitation —
bibliography 196
handbook 387
in the Tropics 489
Sanninoidea exitiosa. (See Peach borer.)
Sap-
as effected by heat 522,627
tensile strength 626
vegetable, freezing point 221
vegetable, physico-chemical properties.. . 427
Saperda Candida. (See Apple-tree borer,
round-headed.)
Saponin, detection 713
Sarcina lutea, ammonifying power 317
Sarcoma-
diagnosis 876
in domestic fowls, investigations 287
transmission by bedbugs 550
Sarcomata, spindle-celled, in cliickens 485
Sarcophaga spp., parasitic on gipsy moth 652
Sarcoptcs scabci, infection of goats with 177
Sarothamnus scoparius , behavior on lime soils. 425
Sassafras variifolium, mucinlike substances of. 409
Saunders, W., biographical sketch 698
Sausage —
analyses 357
binder, description 460
notes, N.Dak 658
Scabies, investigation 177
Scale-
insects in Indiana 452
insects injurious to limes, remedies 58
insects of British Guiana 454
oyster-shell. (See Oyster-sheU scale.)
San Jose. (See San Jose scale.)
Scales, formation on chicks' feet 369
Scallops —
creatin and creatinin content 760
examination. Me 64
handling and marketing. Me 63
Scalopus equaticus, notes, U.S.D.A 154
Scapteriscus didactylus, notes 452
Scarifiers, motor, notes 188
Scelio semisanguineus n.sp., description 554
Schistoceros hamatus. {See Apple twig-borer.)
School — Page.
children, breakfasts for 557
children, feeding 261,463,494
children, food charts for 557
demonstration fields, notes 793
farms in New York City 297
Garden Association of America, report. . . 598
garden, Woodlawn, description 393
gardening, manual and bibliography 395
gardening, survival 97, 195
gardens ia. America 493
gardens in Saginaw, Michigan 195
gardens in Scotland 495
gardens in St. Paul, Minnesota 597
gardens, notes 394,494,499,693
grounds, planning and adorning 396
life, effect on nutrition and health 557
lunches in Gary, Indiana 360
lunches in Manila 166
lunches in Philadelphia 660
Schools-
agricultural. (See Agricultural schools.)
agricultural exhibits for 793
as social centers 297, 493
continuation, notes 599
Corn Day annual for 298
diet, cooking, and hygiene in 261
elementary, nature study in 194
forestry in 792
graded, agriculture in 298
high, agricultural clubs in 96
high, agriculture in 297, 298, 493, 692, 896
high, entomology in 395
high, home economics in 297
public, agriculture in 494,896
public, gardening in 896
public, nature study in 493
rural, agriculture in 298
rural high, address on 498
rural high, as community centers 493
rural high, in New Hampshire 692
rural, housekeeping and sanitation in 791
rural, industrial club work in 297
rural, insect specimens, etc., for, U.S.D.A 792
rural, nature study exhibits for 899
rural, nature study in 193
rural, relation to agricultural teaching... 194
secondary, agriculture in 96
secondary, extension work in 799
secondary, nature study in 395
state normal, and agricultural colleges,
relation 896
weed collections for 599
Sciaphobus squalidus, studies 853
Scilla rigidifolia fiber, tests 526
Scions and stocks, antagonism 740
Sciurus griseus, destruction of conifer seed by. 154
Scleroderma —
duarteanum n.sp., description 62
vulgare n.sp., description 127
Sclerospora —
graminicola, oospore parasite of 641
graminicola, studies 51
maydis, description and treatment 51
Sclerotinia —
cinerca, studies 749, 843
fuckeliana, notes 646
libertiana, notes, Fla 747
994
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
Sclerolinia—Cont'mned. Page.
libertiana on celery in storage 447
sderotiorum, notes 539
Selerotium associated with Rhizoctonia on
potatoes 845
Selerotium—
oryzx, notes 641
rhizodcs, notes, Corm.State 641
Scolyius rugulosus. (See Shot-hole borer.)
Score card for Kafir corn, Okla 832
Scotia saturnix, parasitic on gipsy moth 652
Scottish Agricultural Organization Society,
report 788
Screenings-
analyses 73, 366
analyses, N.Y. State 663
Screens, use in houses 787
Screw-worm, relation to myiasis aurium 777
Scurfy scale, notes, Ohio 60
Scurvy —
relation to diet 761
similarity to zeism 464
Sea mussels, utilization as food 356
Seasonings, examination 656
Seaweed-
fertilizing value 517,829
industry in France 517
Sechium cdule, analyses 863
Sedges of Guam, Guam 467
Sedimentation glass, description 811
Seed-
control stations in Europe 835
formation and parthcnocarpy in bananas. 535
law in New Hampshire, N.H 139
law in New Jersey, N.J 532
testing methods, standardization 639
weight, relation to plant characteristics. . 824
weight, relation to plant mortality 35
Seedlings —
as afiected by narcotics 730
forest. (Sfe Forest seedlings.)
mounting in culture solutions 426
Seeds-
disinfection experiments 738
examination 509
germinating power 624
germination as affected by carbon dioxid. 521
germination as affected by light and tem-
perature 222
germination as affected by radium emana-
tions 821
germination as affected by superphos-
phate 729
germinal ion in culture solutions 426
germination in electrolytic solutions 427
germination in light 222, 323
germination test in natural mediums 633
germination tests, Nev 43
growing and storing, Utah 139
hard, germination 228
imports, U.S.D. A 327
impurities of, treatise 835
in relation to number of ovules 523
inspection. Me 43
inspection, Mont 633
inspection, N.H 139
inspection, N . J 532
Seeds — Continued. Page.
inspection, N.Y.State 139
inspection in Arizona 155
inspection in North Carolina 139
large v. small in plant production, Vt 634
lessons on 394
methods of analysis 806
of Leguminosaj 523
oil, of British tropical dependencies 234
protection against rodents 846
purity tests by "count," N.Y.State 139
rest period in. Mo 335
selection. Can 226,829
stored, variations in weight 235
testing 43
testing, Mont 835
vitality, conservation 824
weed, descriptions, Mont 835
weed, dispersal by birds 547
weed, treatise 835
weed, vitality in cultivated soils 634
Selection, natural, treatise 865
Selenaspidus articulatus, notes 58
Septic tanks—
and cesspool combined , description 190
construction 893
for residential sewage disposal 787
Septicemia, hemorrhagic—
in cattle, treatment 780
structure of bacillus 879
vitality of causative organism 579
Septoglceum arachidis, notes 243
Septoria —
leucanthemi, notes. Conn. State 641
petTOselina on celery in storage 447
sp. , notes 447
Sequoia pitch moth, studies, U.S.D. A 652
Serradella—
assimilation of nitrogen by 523
inoculation 131, 524
relation of tops to roots 733
Serum—
as affected by lecithin 478
density and solution volume 804
nontoxic, preparation 479
therapy, treatise 177
Sesame-
cake, agglutinating properties 774
cake, analyses 467
cake meal, analyses 864
effect on following crop of cabbage 329
oil in margarin 811
seed, analyses 864
wilts, notes 641
Sewage-
disposal 893
disposal, bibliography 592
disposal for country homes 291, 292, 786
disposal in the Tropics 489
disposal plants, designs 190
disposal plants for farms 291
disposal, relation to pellagra 893
disposal, septic tanks for 787
efHuent, probability of decomposition in . 387
fertilizing value 316
irrigation, relation to diseases 417
methods of analysis 806
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
995
Sewage — Continued. Page.
purification, colloids in 616
sludge as a fertilizer in British Isles 417
sludge, clarification 417
sludge, fertilizing value 316
tank, rectangular v. circular 592
utilization 417
water, methods of analysis 602
Sewing, lessons in 693
Sex-
characters, secondary , in pheasants 271
chromosomes in Drosophila 865
determination in sheep 267
determination, studies 564,765
Shade, relation to evaporation and transpi-
ration in nursery beds, Vt 838
Shafting, size and strength formulas for 688
Sheep-
African woolless, in Porto Rico, P. R 664
bams, plans, N.C 488
bone content 564
brains of 168
breeding experiments, P.R 664
breeds for the farm, U.S.D.A 75
caracul, breeding experiments 367
caracul, notes 567
care and management, Mont 666
care and management, pamphlet 470
castrated, horn growth tu 867
Cheviot, in England and Scotland 768
diagnosing time of parturition 876
digestion experiments 667, 767
digestion experiments. Mass 766
digestion experiments, Tex 862
dipping tanks, construction, Miss 786
disease, peculiar, in Hawaii 177
diseases, parasitic, in Algeria 86
diseases, remedies, Mont 666
domestic breeds in America, U.S.D.A .. . 567
domestic, origin 564, 768
feeding experiments 766
feeding in Scotland 470
fertility in 267
four-homed, in Scotland 768
"half-bred," in England and Scotland. . . 768
Hebridean, notes 75
immunization against anthrax 82
in Kongo 865
in United States 73, 167, 868
industry in New Zealand 467
industry in South America and western
Europe 895
industry in Union of South Africa 268
industry in United States 868
lip and leg ulceration in, Colo 880
Manx, notes 75
nutritive requirements 766
origin and distribution 564
parasites, remedies, Mont 666
piebald, notes 75
poisoning by loco weed 781
pox, immunization 884
primitive breeds and their crosses 75
Scottish breeds, origin and development. 768
serum, complementary and antihemolytic
properties 277
sex determina,tipn in ,,„,,„ , 267
Sheep— Continued. Page.
slaughter tests at Smithfleld Show 665
text-book 470
tick in South Australia 853
treatise 76g
wild, notes ; 367
wild, of the Argali type 768
Shellfish, handling and marketing, Me 63
Shipstuff , analyses 366, 467
Shorts, analyses 366 467
Shoshone irrigation project, drainage 889
Shot hole borer, studies, Ohio 852
Shrimps, creatin and creatinin content 760
Shrubs-
culture 140
evergreen, winter transpiration in 728
for Truckee-Carson reclamation project,
U.S.D.A 835
new, in Kew Gardens 236
of central Europe 538
of Europe, encyclopedia 143
omamental, for Kansas 536
ornamental, of Dade County, Elorida 239
winter injuries 49
Sida fiber, tests 526
Signiphora —
gira ulti n.sp., description 554
n.spp., descriptions 355
nigrita, notes 355
Silage-
analyses, S.Dak 470
composition and digestibility 467
crops for Oklahoma, Okla 829
feeding, Iowa 168
for breeding ewes. Mo 367
for dairy cows, Mont 673
for fattening cattle 266
for steers, S.Dak 470
handling, Nebr 891
making and feeding, U.S.D.A 72
notes, Ky 786
notes. La 72
phosphated, notes 422, 623
V. cotton-seed hulls for steers. Term 469
Silicar—
absorption by oats 632
concentration in surface soil, U.S.D.A ... 720
distribution in loam soils 618
Silicates, decomposition by soil bacteria and
yeast 121
Silicon —
importance in animal nutrition 663
nitrogen, fertilizing value 821
Silk of spiders, use 452
Silkworm —
composition at different stages 251
dominant and recessive whites in 60
rearing 850
Silos—
and silage, notes. La 72
concrete, forms for 590
concrete, pamphlet 892
construction 331
construction, Ky 786
construction, Okla 692
construction, U.S.D.A 691
construction and filling, N.C 489
996
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Silos— Continued. Page.
descriptions, Mont 673
fiUing, Nebr 891
Gurler, construction, Mo 786
wooden hoop , construction , Tenn 489
Silver beets. (See Swiss chard. )
Silviculture, manual 143
Simulidae, synopsis, U.S.D. A 254
Simulium—
natural enemies of 851
relation to pellagra 452
Sinay beans, eflect on nitrogen content of soils 733
Sincamas, effect on nitrogen content of soils . . 733
Sinoxylon basilare, studies, Ohio 852
Siphanta acuta, notes, Hawaii 249
Siphonophora leptadenise n. sp. , notes 755
Sirup, treating. La 117
Sisal—
anthracnose, notes 641
culture in English and German East
Africa 333
fertilizer experiments 421
fiber, tests 526
Sitotroga cerealella. {See Angoumois grain-
moth.)
Skim milk—
for calves 75
methods of analysis 114
nutritive value 161
Skin-
diseases, relation to diet 463
maggot of man, notes 551
secretions, pigments of 274
Skunks, economic value, U.S.D. A 370
Slag. (.See Phosphatic slag.)
Slaughterhouses —
handbook 166
inspection, Ky 359
inspection, N.Dak 658
inspection in German Empire 760
Slaughtering industry in United States 64
Slav farmers in Connecticut 93
Smelter-
fumes, eflect on plants 322
smoke injury in southeastern Tenne.ssee . 146
Smoke—
eflect on pines 730
eflect on soil acidity 521
effect on vegetation 34,826
eflect on vegetation , Iowa 628
problem, meteorological aspect,U.S.D.A. 213
Smut-
cereal , spore germinations, Minn 642
dissemination by threshing machines 148
fungi, parasitism -540
(See also Barley smut, Com smut, etc.)
Snails, fresh and canned, production and mar-
keting 656
Snow —
eflect on atmospheric temperature 511
evaporation from, U.S.D. A 213
melting as affected by forests 716
sampler and weigher, description 510
studies in United States 510
Snowfall-
artificial, in a train shed, U.S.D. A 213
measurement, U.S.D. A 213
Snuff, use, N.Dak 658
Soap— Page.
effect on solubility of lead arsenate 409
examination 359
household tests for 462
Social-
center work, bibliography 598
life in the country 788
survey for rural commrmities 294
Soda, distribution in loam soils 618
Sodium —
borate, effect on sugar beets 233
chlorid. (See Salt.)
citrate, prevention of milk curdling by,
N.Y.State 710
importance in animal nutrition 663
nitrate as a feed for dogs and pigs 265
nitrate as a rice fertilizer 127
nitrate as a winter spray for fruit 338
nitrate, drilling v. broadcasting 123
nitrate, effect on apples, N.Y.State 338
nitrate, eflect on coherence of soils 123
nitrate, eflect on composition of beets 737
nitrate, eflect on maturity of cotton, N.C . 40
nitrate, fertilizing value 36,
37, 137, 517, 518, 725, 820, 821, 822, 829
nitrate, fertilizing value, Ala.CoUege 41
nitrate, fertilizing value, N.J 124
nitrate for com 831
nitrate for cranberries, Mass 741
nitrate for oats 528
nitrate for potatoes and sugar beets 833
nitrate for sweet potatoes, Ga 437
nitrate, production in 1913 725
nitrate, residual eflects 319
nitrate, trade in 29
nitrate v. ammonium sulphate for sugar
beets 422
nitrate v. dried blood for cotton 630
nitrite, fertilizing value 518
nucleinate, assimilation by mm in ants. . . 71
oxalate for standardizing potassium per-
manganate 501
salts, eflect on activity of lipase 264
silicates, fertilizing value 31
Soil-
acidity as aflected by sulphur 727
acidity, determination 112
acidity, investigations 618
acidity, notes 322
alkalinity, relation to plant chlorosis 50
bacteria as affected by antiseptics 516
bacteria as affected by irrigation, Nev ... 24
bacteria as aflected by mineral fertilizers. 821
bacteria, decomposition of silicates by. . . 121
bacteria, determination 731
bacteria , determination of activity 126
bacteria, effect on plant growth. Wis 827
bacteria, functions, Iowa 127
bacteria, growth 620
bacteria, notes, Colo 818
bacteria, respiratory intensity 313
bacteria, studies, Oreg 818
bacteria, variations in 26
bacteriology, methods in 420
bacteriology, studies 121
carbonates, decomposition 25
catalase, notes 313
colloids, ammonia-soluble inorganic, Tex. 801
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
997
Soil— Continued. Page.
colloids, properties 514
constituents as semipermeable mem-
branes 720
constituents, assimilation by oats 632
crusts, relation to fertilizers 123
erosion, economic waste from, U.S.D.A.. 316
erosion, measurement 24
erosion, prevention 317
fertility, determination, Ohio 226
fertility, investigations 620
fertility, maintenance 318
fertility, maintenance, Ky 217
fertility, maintenance. Mo 819
fertility, maintenance, Ohio 217
fertility, new views on 516
fertility, notes 221
fertility, notes, Iowa 122,127
flows in polar and subpolar regions 23
fungi, studies 127
granulation products, classification 418
investigations, methods 514
management, treatise 719
micro-organisms, nitrogen requirements. 313
moisture, conservation 494
moisture, conservation and use, Nebr 419
moisture, relation to root systems of
plants 514, 628
moisture, review of investigations 522
organisms, effect of toxic substances on,
Mo 342
particles, separation according to specific
weight 616
protozoa, studies 26, 420, 516
salts, relation to cultivated plants 627
sickness in wheat lands, N.Dak 148
sickness, treatment 146
solution as an index to soil fertility 620
solution, method of obtaining 317
survey in Arkansas, Ashley Co.,U.S.D.A. 813
surveyin Florida,BradfordCo.,U.S.D.A. 813
survey in Georgia, Gordon Co., U.S.D.A.. 814
survey in Georgia, Miller Co., U.S.D.A. . . 814
surveys in United States, U.S.D.A 512
tank experiments, Fla 723
temperatures as affected by forest cover . . 415
toxins, formation 620
Soiling crops for Iowa, Iowa 265
Soils-
absorptive power 514
acid, of tropical countries 419
adsorption in 814
adsorptive power, determination 119
agricultural adaptations 35, 418
alkali, improvement 317
alkali, of Nevada, analyses 215
alkali, reclamation, U.S.D.A 889
ammonification in 317,420
analyses, Nev 24
analyses as a guide to fertilizer needs 217
antagonism of salts in 317, 627, 721
as aflected by aldehydes, U.S.D.A 620
as affected by climate and weather 214
as affected by disinfectants 620
as affected by heating 25, 216, 620
as affected by lime 220
barren, studies 819
80404"— 15 8
Soils— Continued. Page.
biological absorption 313
biological analysis 216
blowing, management 25
calcareous, efleet on plants, P. R 627,816
capillary lift of, measurement 720
cellulose-destroying power 313
characterizing according to molecular
composition of sUicates 22
chemistry of 615
circulation of moistair in 26
clay, as aflected by hydroxyl ions 216
clay, improvement. Wis 723
cogon, improvement 38
colluvial, of Missouri 720
colored sandstone, of Germany 513
decalcification by smoke 521
disinfection with carbon dioxid 248
dry-farm, nitrogen and humus content. . . 318
effect on strawberries 534
evaporation from 25
fertilizer requirements 94, 218
fertilizer requirements, Ky 217
fertilizer requirements and chemical and
mineralogical composition,relation,N.C. 621
fertilizer requirements, determination... 217
forest, absorption of rainfall by 515
forest, bacteria in 521
formation and classification 719
formation of carbon dioxid in 127
greenhouse, partial sterilization 336
heated , effect on plant growth 216
humid, magnesium carbonate in. Term. . 815
hygroscopicity 16
improvement 421
inorganic composition, U.S.D.A 719
irrigated, drainage 684
judging 616
Karroo, of South Africa 418
lateral percolation of contaminating liq-
uids in 216
lessons on 394
lime requirements 112,726
loam, distribution of constituents in 618
lysimeter investigations 24
management 318
methods of analysis 312, 417, 514, 719, 806
mineralogical analysis 206
moor, as affected by lime 220
moor, decomposition of cellulose in 25
moor, drainage and cultivation 732
moor, lime requirements 726
nitrification in 318, 420, 516, 722, 818
nitrifying power, determination 26
nitrogen content as aflected by bacteria. . 731
nitrogen transformation in 722, 818
nitrogen transformation in, Colo 818
nitrogen transformation in,Oreg 818
of Argentina, analyses and description. . . 215
of Colorado, nitrates in 619
of German Southwest Africa, analyses ... 620
of Hawaii, absorptive power for ferti-
lizers, Hawaii 723
of Hungary, notes 814
of India, nitrogen content 215
of Kentucky , manganese content 720
of Knox County, Illinois, HI 23
998
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
Soils— Continued. Page.
of Luzon, analyses 619
of New Jersey, manurial requirements. . . 421
of North Carolina, chemical and mineral
analyses, N. C 621
of North Carolina coastal plain, fertilizer
needs 629
of Nyasaland, analyses 620
of Olifants River irrigation scheme 418
of polar and subpolar regions, structure . . 23
of Rutherglen Experiment Farm, analy-
ses 513
of St. Croix, analyses 133
of Sahel, analyses 814
of South Africa, analyses 119
of South Australia, analyses 720
of southeastern Manitoba 839
of Tunis 492
of United States, radio-activity 418
of Wayne County, Mich., classification. . . 619
organic nitrogen in, Hawaii 11
osmosis in 720
pakihi, of New Zealand 419
partial sterilization 27
pasture, nitrification in 516
physical analysis 418
physical properties 215
physical properties, importance in soil
judging 514
"physiological depth" of 26
porosity 486
pseudo-isotropic, heat movement in 24
radio-active emanations of 20
red, formation 513
red, properties 618
relation to plants 791
review of investigations 723
sandy, as affected by humus 732
sandy, improvement, Wis 723
sandy, lime requirements 726
sandy, methods of analysis 719
sterilization and disinfection 621
sterilization by caustic lime 519
sterilization in forcing houses . . . '. 336
sterilized, nitrate reduction in 121
sterilized, productivity 819
sulfofying po■^^•er 318
swa mp, drainpipe deposits in 721
testing, Iowa 215
treatise 118, 719
tropical, fertilizer needs 723
water capacity 313
white, of upper Weser River 513
wilting coefficients 522
wind erosion of 317
Solanaccous plants, brown rot of, description 745
Solanum —
commersonii, tubers of 529
lycopcrsicum, carotinoid content 803
n.spp., descriptions 425
tuberosum, origin 833
Solanum—
grafts between various species 740
wild tuberiferous, descriptions 824
Solar-
atmosphere, motion of, U.S.D.A 615
radiation intensities at Mount Weather,
Va., U.S.D.A 615
Solutions— Page.
lectures on. 309
nutrient, for plant cultures 425
Soot, effect on vegetation 826
Sorbus aucuparia, carotinoid content 803
Sore-
mouth in pigs, Colo 879
throat, epidemic, relation to milk 174
Sorghum—
and cowpea silage, digestibility, Tex 863
aphidid enemies of 755
culture, Ohio 35
culture experiments 733, 829
downy mildew, studies 51
exhibits, preparation, Kans 495
fertilizer experiments 421, 733, 829
fodder, digestibility, Tex 863
grain, as a forage and silage crop, Okla. . . 829
grain, culture under dry-land conditions,
Utah 429
grain, food value, Okla 357
grain, notes, U.S.D.A 333
grain, treatise 834
hay, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
hay, digestibility, Tex 863
head smut, studies and bibliography,
U.S.D.A 747
silage, digestibility, Tex 863
sugar content as affected by castration. . . 44
varieties 133, 733, 829
varieties, Can 829
varieties, Ohio 36
SoTosporium rcilianum, studies and bibliogra-
phy, U.S.D.A 747
Soup cubes, composition 656
Soups, condensed, examination, N.Dak 658
Sour grass, culture experiments 524
South Carolina Station, notes 198, 497
South Dakota College, notes 300
Sow thistle, destruction. Can 739
Sows, ovariotomy in 870
Soy-bean-
chop, analyses 864
meal, analyses 467
phasin, agglutinating properties 774
Soy beans —
analyses 529
anatomical structure 314
as a food 66
culture, Iowa 265
culture and use 832
culture and use, Wis 333
culture experiments, Ind 37
culture experiments. Me 183
culture in North Carolina 132
effect on nitrogen content of soils 733
fertilizer experiments 133
fertilizer experiments, Ohio 430
growth on calcareous soils, P.R 816
selection and breeding. Wis 829
varieties 133
varieties, Ind 37
varieties, Ohio 226, 430
varieties, Wis 333, 829
yields, Ohio 226
Spalanglaspp., parasitic on fruit flies 456
Sparrow, English, eating of alfalfa weevD by,
U.S.D.A 665
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
999
Page.
Spartium junceum, carotinoid content 803
Species, origin 35, 823
Spectrophotometry, use In analysis 502
Spelt, classification studies 327
Spcrgula arvensis —
analyses 863
eradication 532
Sperm cells of fowls, vitality and activity,
Okla 474
Sphxralcea lindhcimeri, food plant of cotton-
boll weevil, U.S.D.A 458
Sphxronema sp. affecting sugar cane 539
Sphssropsis malorum —
biological strains 445
life history 446
notes 450
Sphxropyx bicolor, notes 355
Sphxrostilhe sp., notes 55
Sphxrotheca mors-uvx —
notes 545, 749
treatment 841, 843
Sphagnum peat, fertilizing value 826
Sphenostylis stenocarpa, agglutinating prop-
erties of seeds 774
Spice, Glceosporium disease of 844
Spiders-
injurious to bees 159
silk of 452
Spinach—
finger-and-toe disease of 149
seeds, large v. small, Vt 634
Spirillosis in fowls, treatment 284
Spirits, bibliography 339
Spirochxta —
anscrina, longevity in fowl tick 586
duttoni, filterability 81
elusa n.sp., studies 81
Spirochetes—
culture 81
distribution and morphology in ticks 81
notes 81
Spirochetosis —
in fowls 383, 485, 586, 782
treatment 284
Spirogyra—
as aflected by colloidal metals 129
cultures, nutrient solution for 32
Spiroptcra spp., physiologica,! investigations. 679
Spleen, role in digestion 361
Sponge , loggerhead , fertilizer from 622
Spongospora—
solani, notes 243
subterranea, description, U.S.D.A 149
subterranea, notes 842
subterranea, notes. Me 243
Spores, method of picking up 746
Sporobolus argutus, analyses 863
Sporodcsmium sp., notes 539
Sporotrichoses, treatise and bibliography 81
Sporotrichum globuliferum , notes 251
Spotted fever. Rocky Moimtain, investiga-
tions 160
Spraying-
calendar, Mont 635
experiments, Me 151
experiments, Mo 335
Page.
SprayiQg— Continued.
injuries to blooms and newly set fruit of
grapes 534
machine, description 439
machines, motor power, spefiiflcations. . . 92
notes, Mich 533
notes, S.C 141
penetration method for codling moth,
Nebr 439
V. dusting for apple scab 449
Sprays —
combination, review of uivestigations 848
effect on transpiration of potatoes 825
Spruce-
accretion in lower part of stems 538
diseases in southern Appalachians 646
insects affecting 155
natural and artifloial regeneration 637
natural distribution 444
yield as affected by early thinning 444
Sputum-
organisms, fragmentary 38O
tuberculous, bacilli in 38O
Squalls, paper on, U.S.D.A 213
Squash seeds, large v. small, Vt. 634
Squashes, asexual reproduction of seeds 533
Squirrels —
destruction of conifer seed by 154
groimd, immunity to spotted fever 160
Stable fly-
relation to anthrax 776
relation to leprosy 851
remedies, S.C 153
Stachyose in beans and other legumes 13
Stagonospora ftaseWas n.sp., studies 66
Staining —
of microfilariae 383
of yeasts 478
Stallions-
advertising in Indiana, Ind 75
licensed in Utah, Utah 471
Staphylea fruit, physico-chemical constants . 427
Starch-
determination in rye and wheat flours ... 809
determination in sugar products, etc 412
formation and decomposition 128
liquefying and saccharifying power, sepa-
ration 609
methods of analysis 806
studies 828
treatise 804
Statistical constants, estimating probable sig-
nificance, Me 130
Stauronotus maroccanus —
coccobacillus of 753
notes 850
Steak, hamburger, analyses 854
Steam n. electricity in drainage pumping 890
Stearic acid, determination 508
Steers-
breeding, effect on gaios. Term 469
composition at various stages of growth. . . 168
fattening on pasture, P.R 665
feeding experiments, Ind 169
feeding experiments. Mo 366
feeding experiments, S.Dak 470
1000
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Steers— Continued. Page.
feeding experiments, Tenn 469
pasture experiments 74
slaughter tests at Smithifield show 565
wintering in Alabama, U.S.D.A 664
Stellaria intermedia, eradication 739
Stephanunis dentatus, localization and devel-
opment in hogs 484
Sterigmatocysiis—
nigra, notes, "Wis 841
sp., notes 539
Sterility—
in cattle 285
in hybrid plants 225
Stilbum nanum, notes 49
Stipa tenacissima, notes 832
Stizolobium spp., hybridization experiments,
Fla 734
Stizolobium, varieties, P.R 635
Stock. (See Live stock.)
Stocks and scions, antagonism 740
Stomach glands, secretory activity imder in-
fluence of meat extract 662
Stomatitis, necrotic, notes, Colo 879
Stornoxys calcitrant. (See Stable fly.)
Storer, F. H. , biographical sketch 698
Strangles, immunization 378
Straw-
digestibility 667
fermenting power 413
fertilizmg value 226, 822
humification 1 20
Strawberries —
as affected by soils and fertilizers 534
bud selection experiments. Mo 335
cold storage experiments 535
culture 837
culture, Colo 441
culture under irrigation, Tex 442
decay in transit 645
forcing with ether and warm water 238
marketing 637
new, description, N. Y. State 337
review of literature 339
varieties 47
varieties, Tex 442
Strawberry leaf spot, notes, Mont 644
Streams, measurement 383,587
Streptococci —
in butter 576
survival of pasteurization by, U.S.D.A . . 574
Streptococcic —
diseases in man, treatment 479
infections of deep air passages of horses. . 287
Streptothrix sp. , ammonifying power 317
Stresses on concrete pavement slabs, determ-
ination 186
Striya lutea, notes 842
Strongyles affecting sheep in Algeria 86
StTongylus—
micrurus, notes 85
spp. , physiological investigations 679
Strontium in soils, U.S.D.A 720
Strophanthus spp., agglutinating properties . . 774
Strumella corynenidea, description 451
Stubbs, J. E. , biographical sketch 100
Stumps— Page.
blasting experiments 589
boring machine for, U.S.D.A 486
destruction with acids 92
Stysanus spp. in Norway 327
Subirrigation for golf greens 889
Sublimoform, fungicidal value 242
Subsoiling—
effect on yield of oats 41
experiments with dynamite 589
notes, Okla 131
Succinic acid —
assimilation by plants 426
occurrence in beef 759
Sucrose, detection in maple sirup 610
Sudan grass-
as a forage crop, Okla 829
as a forage crop, U.S.D.A 737
Sugar-
analysis, treatise 315
bibliography 334
borer, notes 851
content of blood, treatise 277
determination, biological method 809
determination in bagasse 18
determination in food products 18
development in beets 737
effect on nitrification in soils 819
effect on secretions 762
experiment stations in Java, work of. . .. 530
extraction from beets 18
from corn stalks 409
humification 120
industry in Guiana 391
industry in Hawaii, U.S.D.A 391
industry in Queensland 737
invert, detection 18
of different sorts in human nutrition 762
powdered, grades of 164
relation to anthocyanin in flowers 427
resorption in the cell organism 361
supply of United States, U.S.D.A 391
treatise 804
unfermentable, formation in wine 316
(See also Cane sugar.)
Sugar beet-
bacterial disease, studies 243
diseases, notes 232, 543
diseases, review of literature 747
pulp. (See Beet pulp.)
root louse, life history 250
roots, bacterial diseases of 842
seeds, dried, germination and culture
tests with 632
seeds, selection 232
seeds, soaking in superphosphate solution. 632
seeds, valuation 42
Sugar beets-
analyses 42, 436 737, 864
animal enemies of 58, 649
as a host of Puccinia subnitens 842
as affected by defoliation and nitrates 435
as affected by fertilizers 736
as affected by lead nitrate 226
as affected by size of seed 42
as affected by spacing , 633
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1001
Sugar beets — Continued. Page.
culture 298
culture, Ohio 35
culture experiments 333
culture in Austria-Hungary 689
culture under dry-land conditions, Utah. 429
deterioration in quality 435
fertilizer experiments 123,
126, 133, 233, 328, 422, 733, 820, 821, 833
fertilizer experiments, Ohio 430
from same seed ball, characteristics 633
insects affecting 58,232,649
irrigation, Nebr 328
irrigation experiments 732
methods of analysis 806
nitrogen content, fluctuation in 633
pollination by thrips, U.S.D. A 549
potash compounds in 325
production in 1913, U.S.D. A 391
radio-active fertilizer for 31, 129
relation between weight and composition. 19
relation of foliage development to sugar
content 233
relation of tops to roots 733
review of investigations 232
second season, analyses 737
seeding e.vperiments 334
sulphur in 817
varieties 133, 829
varieties, Can 829
Sugar cane —
analyses 37, 336
anatomical structure 834
bacterial disease, description 745
buying by test 233
chlorosis, notes, P.R 644
culture and implements in Hawaii 688
culture experiments 226, 628, 733, 737, 829
culture in Louisiana 137
culture in southern Spain 737
diseases, notes 452, 539,641, 746
fertilizer experiments. . 133, 524, 628, 733, 737, 829
fields, barren spots in 819
growth on calcareous soils, P.R 627, 816
insects affecting 452,548
juices, clarification, La 117
methods of analysis 806
payment for 530
production in Louisiana, U.S.D. A 391
red rot, notes 841
sampling, experimental error in 117
seed, planting experiments 737
seed, shipment of 530
selection experiments 42
thinning experiments 42, 530
varieties 133, 336, 524, 628, 732, 733, 829
water requirements 383
Sulfoflcation in soils 318
Sulla diseases, notes 841
Sulphate of ammonia. (See Ammonium sul-
phate.)
Sulphates, determination in water 502
Sulphocyanid in ammonium sulphate 422
Sulphur —
and potassium hydroxid, reaction be-
tween 409
Sulphur— Continued. Page.
as a soil disinfectant 621
atomic, analyses, N.J 142
bacteria, purple, physiology of 32
content of soils, U.S.D.A 720
determination 109
determination of fineness 15
determination in plants 817
determination in rice 110
dioxid injurious to trees 146
dusting V. spraying with 449
effect on bacterial act ivity of soils 125
effect on nitrification in soils 818
effect on plant growth 623, 817
effect on soil acidity 727
fertilizing value 31, 218, 220, 424, 442, 530, 623
for grapes 442
importance in animal nutrition 663
in milk 817
in plant nutrition, Wis 817
judging 15
liberation from lime-sulphur, Oreg 408
liver of, purchase and use 846
methods of analysis 806
mixture. (See Lime-sulphur mixture.)
use against oak mildew 845
Sulphuric acid-
destruction of stumps by 92
destruction of weeds by 532
effect on wheat 34
industry, notes 323
Sumac, poison, pollen of 280
Sun-power plant in Egypt 688
Sunflower seed —
analyses 834
cake, analyses 467
meal, analyses 864
Sunflowers —
culture 834
gi owth on calcareous soils, P.R 816
insects affecting 548
root systems 515
varieties. Can 829
Sun's rays, absorption and utilization of
energy from, by animals 661
Superphosphate —
as a preservative for liquid manure 422
drilling v. broadcasting 123
effect on composition of prairie grass 864
effect on decomposition of green manme. 722
effect on germination of seeds 729
effect on maturity of cotton, Miss 136
effect on maturity of cotton, N.C 39
effect on quality of sweet potatoes, Ga. . 437
effect on the eye 29
fertilizing value 139, 530, 738, 820, 829
fertilizing value, Ala. College 40
fertilizing value, Kans 37
fertilizing value, N.C 630
fertilizing value, Wis 823
manufacture 725
mixing with calcium cyanamid 822
utilization by oats and lupines 733
vinasseas a fertilizer 125
Suprarenal bodies, cholesterol content during
muscular work 465
1002
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Surface area and gaseous exchange, relation . . 562
Surgery, experimental, studies 277
Surra, transmission by insects 777
Swamp —
fever, studies 177
lands, improvement 516
soils, drainpipe deposits in 721
Swedes-
fertilizer experiments 530
growth on sterilized soils 336
sulphur in 817
varieties 829
Sweet clover —
culture, Ky 227
culture under dry-land conditions, Utah . 429
Sweet corn-
disease, description 745
varieties, Conn. State 331
Sweet peas-
classification, N .Y.Cornell 443
cut, preservation 837
investigations, N-. Y.Cornell 443
large v. small seeds, Vt .' 634
Sweet potato —
diseases, new or little known 447
sphinx, notes 550
storage house, construction, Ga 436
storage house, construction, Okla 138
storage rots, treatment, Ga : 437
vine hay, analyses, Ga 437
Sweet potatoes—
as a silage crop, Fla 732
culture and storage, Okla 138
culture experiments 829
culture experiments, Ga 436
fertilizer experiments 829
fertilizer experiments, Ga 437
Fusaria afiecting, U.S.D.A 544
storage, Ga 436
varieties 829
varieties, Fla 732
varieties, Ga 430
Sweetbreads, creatin and creatinin content . . . 760
Swine-
fever, studies 884
plague and hog erysipelas, relation 483
plague, confusion with tuberculosis in
hogs 683
plague vaccines, tests 183
(See also Pigs.)
Swiss chard—
as a forage crop 137
for dairy cows 771
Sword beans as a cover crop, P.R 635
Sylvin, effect on coherence of soils 123
Symdobius albasiphusn.sp. , description 754
Sympiesis agromyzx n. sp. , description 355
Symptomatic anthrax. {See Blackleg.)
Synchytrium endobioticum, notes 149
SjTioptic charts, daily, of the northern Hem-
isphere, U.S.D.A 213
Syphilis—
in rabbits, treatment 284
scrodiagnosis 877
Syrphid fly, breeding and colonizing 756
Syrphophagus mesograptx, notes 758
Syrphus spp., parasitic on rose aphis, S.C 250
Tabanus striatus —
relation to anthrax 776
relation to surra 777
Table furnishings , origin and development . . . 856
Tabosa grass, digestibility, Tex 863
Tachina—
robusta, notes. Mass 752
spp., parasitic on gipsy moth 652
Tagetes spp., cut, preservation 837
Talpa europea, feeding habits 846
Tankage —
analyses 73, 168
analyses, N.Y.State 663
analyses, R.I 624
as fertilizer 323
fertiUzLng value, N.J 124
Tannic acid, effect on secretion of diastase by
fungi 13
Tannin —
substances in Malabar tea 114
use in preparation of tea 114
Tanymecus palliatus, notes 655
Tapeworms —
affecting sheep in Algeria 86
biological detection 281
Tar-
pads for cabbage plants, description,
N.Y.State 353
water as a soil disinfectant 621
Tarnished plant bug-
egg parasite of .5.50
studies, N. Y.Comell 650
Taro blight , description and treatment 52
Tartaric acid —
assimilation by plants 426
determination in wine 505
Tea-
alkaloids in 358
analyses 358
culture at Peradeniya Experiment Sta-
tion 837
diseases, notes 55, 56
industry in Sumatra 639
Malabar, tannin substances in 114
mosquito, notes 850
red rust, notes 49
seeds , tests 339
Teachers-
agricultural instruction for 494, 498
economic and social conditions 462
Teasels, culture 524
Technical-
education in Canada 596
instruction in Ireland 898
Telcas (?), notes, N.Y.State 650
Telenomus—
minutissimus. {See Prophanurus mm-
utissimus.)
spp. , notes 256
vassilkvi, transportation experiments 59
Telephone systems, rural, in Germany 592
Telfahia pednta, oil content 234
Tellurium, effect on plants and plant para-
sites 826
Temnostoma bombylans, notes 352
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1003
Tempera tiire— Page.
American, effect on European rainfall. . . 416
atmospheric, as affected by forest growth. 415
atmospheric, as affected by snow and ice. 511
changes in Europe and North America. . . 717
effect on alfalfa 629
effect on expulsion of ascospores of chest-
nut blight fungus 451
effect on germination of seeds 222
effect on metabolism 362
effect on rate of ammonification 127
in northern Europe 316
low, effect on decomposition of foods 659
low, effect on fish 459
low, effect on milk 373
low, in Sudan 229
lowest, witb salt and ice, U.S.D.A 615
of expired air 466
records, Guam 416
relation to insect development 349
relation to insects, N.H 847
r61e in distribution of plants 522
Tenant and landlord-
distribution of produce between 390
division of capital between 192
Tennebrionidae of Philippines 553
Tenthrcdinoidea —
immature stages 155
of Argentina 256
Teosinte as a forage crop, Okla 829
Termites-
association with ^BtotomaTnicrocarpuTn.. 58
black, of Ceylon 58
Hevea, of Java 156
remedies 155
Terracing, moisture and fertUity control by. . . 317
Tetanus-
antitoxin, standardization 880
immunization 480, 880
treatment 580
Tetranychus spp. , remedies 549
Tetrastichodes detrimentosus n.sp., description . 355
Tetrastichus —
asparagi, parasitism 458
n.spp., descriptions 355
sp. , parasitic on alfalfa weevil 61
spp., parasitic on fruit flies 456
Texas-
College, notes 198, 497, 600, 798
fever, immxmization 883
(See also Piroplasmosis, bovine.)
fever ticks. (See Cattle ticks.)
Station, notes 798
Textile-
fibers, bibliography 196
mills, artificial humid ificat ion in 70
Textiles, choosing 394
Thecabius spp., notes 351
Theobromin in tea 358
Theophyllin in tea 358
Therapeutic agents, handbook 478
Thermometer, use in cookery 359
Thcrmoprecipitin reaction, notes 878
Thermopsis lanceolata, carotinoid content 803
Thermotropism in roots 728
Theronia flavicans, parasitic on gipsy moth. . . 652
Thielavia basicola — Page.
description and treatment. Wis 448, 840
resistance of tobacco to 448
Thielaviopsis paradoxa, notes 844
Thiosulphate, determination in presence of
sulphites 15
Thistle rust, description 153
Thomas slag. (See Phosphatic slag.)
Thorium in soils of United States 418
Threshing machines —
dissemination of smut by 148
electrically driven, tests 188
Thripoctenus brut, description 853
Thrips—
injurious to oats 351
notes 155
pollination of beets by, U.S.D.A 549
Thrips —
sp. affecting tobacco in Java 249
tabaci. (See Onion thrips.)
Thrushes, economic importance, U.S.D.A ... 349
Thurberia thespesioides —
description 633
insect enemies of 350
Thymus tissue, cleavage by normal se-
rum 378
Thysanoptera—
generic names 351
locality and food plant records 550
Tick-
bite in live stock, treatment 679
bite, muscular paralysis following 656
eradication, effect on cattle industry of
the South, U.S.D.A 883
fever. (/See Texas fever.)
fever, Rhodesian. (See African coast
fever.)
Ticks-
control in Antigua 679
destruction 356
distribution of spirochetes in 81
eradication, S.C 182
notes 79
(See also Cattle ticks.)
TUe—
cement, solubility 92
drainage, machine for testing 384
Tilletiafaetens, spore germinations of, Minn . . 642
Timber-
as affected by forest fires 538
conditions around Lesser Slave Lake 839
conditions in southeastern Manitoba 839
estimation, errors in 341
joints, tests 488
mine, tests, U.S.D.A 144
of British Guiana 743
preservation 538
seasoning 840
tests 538
trade of United Kingdom 744
(See also Lumber and Wood.)
Timothy—
as forage crop, Okla 829
hay, analyses, Ga 437
notes. Mo 830
rust, investigations 344
1004
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Tin — Page.
absorption and fate in the body 362
poisoning from canned asparagus 67, 461
Tiphia spp. , parasitic on May beetles 458
Tipula spp. , of Nortli America 551
Tiqui-tiqui, notes 258
Tissues, lecithin content 577
Titanium-
concentration ia subsoil, U.S.D.A 720
distribution in loam soils 618
Toads-
eating of alfalfa weevil by, U.S.D.A 655
in Peimsylvania 648
Toadstools and mushrooms, handbook 628
Tobacco —
as affected by cheese-cloth shade 326
bacterial disease, notes 127, 539
barium and arsenic in 715
black rot, treatment, Wis 840
black rust, studies and bibliography 149
blackleg or canker, studies. Wis 448
breeding 138
cost of production 530
culture 524
culture experiments 733
culture in Ireland 530
curing, studies, U.S.D.A 115
diseases, descriptions and treatment.
Wis 448
diseases in Dutch East Indies 540
diseases, notes 841
fertOizer experiments 733, 738, 821
fertilizer experiments, Ohio 430
fertilizer experiments. Pa 438
fertilizer formulas for, N.C 628
flea-beetle, notes 452
green manuring experiments 230, 233
gummosis, disease resembling 544
hollow stalk, studies. Wis 448
hornworms, remedies, U.S.D.A 454
in bread 857
Insects affecting 452
insects aflecting, Hawaii 249
insects aflecting, Wis 453
mosaic disease, characteristics 345
mutation in 43
phyllodiniation or string leaves of, Conn.
State 641
plant, enzjrms of 204
resistance to hydrocyanic gas 747
root rot, treatment. Wis 840
seed beds, steam sterilization. Pa 437
seed , planting directly in field 233
seed, production 138
seeding experiments. Pa 438
"Stewart Cuban" variety, Conn. State... 334
thrips aflecting 249
variation in 138
varieties 733
varieties, Ohio 430
varieties resistant to root rot 448
wilt, description 745
wireworm, studies, U.S.D.A 253
Toluene as a soil disinfectant 27, 621
Toluol, eflect on nitrate accumulation in soils.
Mo 423
Tomato— Page.
blossom-end rot, notes 447, 644
clubs, suggestions for 793
disease in northern Italy 748
diseases, notes. Ark 644
diseases, notes, Fla 747
diseases, notes, N.C 644
filiform leaf, characteristics 345
Grand Rapids disease, description 745
leaf mold, notes 644
mosaic disease, studies and bibliography. 52
root knot, description 52
seeds as a cattle feed 663
sleeping disease, description 49
soups, condensed, examination, N . Dak . . 658
Tomatoes-
carbon dioxid for 532
culture 298
culture, Ind 44
effect on composition of urine 761
growth on sterilized soils 336
irrigation, N .Mex 782
irrigation experiments 732
preserved, analyses and adulteration 358
varieties 47
varieties, Ga 439
varieties. Pa 236
varieties, U.S.D.A 835
Tornadoes, prediction, U.S.D.A 213
Tortrix foTskaleana, life history 157
Tourmaline, decomposition by soil bacteria
and yeast 121
Towels, roller, relation to typhoid fever 68
Toxic —
solutions, determination of antagonism . . 627
substances, determination of minimal
lethal dose 80
Toxins —
detection in food 207
formation by plants 627
soil, formation .' 620
Toxoptera graminum, natural control 352
Tractors-
gas, treatise 590
tests 187,487,590,785
V. horses for farm power 186
Trametes—
piwi, notes 348,547,646
se<o««s n.sp., description, U.S.D.A 247
Transpiration-
eflect on plant growth and distribu-
tion 625
in leaves 222
in plants 324
in plants in winter 728
Transpirometer, recording, description •32
Tree-
crickets, studies, N.Y.State 649
diseases in Mecklenburg 343
diseases in southern Appalachians 348, 646
diseases, notes 845
growth rings and rainfall, relationship . . . 716
planter, mechanical, description 341
seeds, testing methods 639
surgery, notes 646
surgery, notes, U.S.D.A 340
INDEX OP SUBJECTS.
1005
Trees — Page,
culture 140
electrical injui-y to 153
fall V. spring planting, Mo 335
field manual 494
first grade lessons on 792
for street and yard, care 536
for Tnickee-Carson reclamation project,
U.S.D.A 835
forest, as affected by heat 348
forest, of Europe, encyclopedia 143
forest, tolerance studies, Vt 640, 838
guide 444, 494
in California, treatise 837
lessons on 394
measurements 341 , 839
measuring instrument for 341
mycorrhizas affecting 127
new, in Kew Gardens 236
of Agra and Oudh 235
of central Europe 538
of humid tropical districts, periodicity. . . 743
of Java 640
ornamental, for Kansas 537
ornamental, of Dade County, Florida 239
planting with dynamite 590
poisoning by gas 730
protection in Malaya 50
resistance to sulphur dioxid 146
shade, care 536
shade, in Newark, New Jersey 744
stem analyses 341
volume tables, frustum form factors in. . . 640
winter injuries 49
Triatoma infestans, relation to mal de caderas. 82
TrichincUa spiralis as affected by cold storage. 356
Trichogramma minulum, notes 752
Trichogrammatoidea signiphoroides n.sp., de-
scription 355
Tricholxna rosea, anlay ses 863
Trichoniscus roseus, notes 758
Trichopria capensis, parasitic on fruit flies 456
Trichosoma strumosum, notes 287
Trichostibas parvula, notes, Fla 752
Trichuris spp., physiological investigations. . 679
Trifolium —
pratense perenne, notes 134
spp., comparative morphology 624
Trioxys auctus, notes 757
Trirhabda brevicollis, notes, Fla 751
Trissolcus trinidadensis n.sp., description 554
Trollius caucasicus, carotinoid content 803
Trombidiases of man and domestic animals. . 284
Trombidiases in goats 480
Tropidobracon meromyzx n.sp., description. . . 355
Tropinota turanica, biology 159
Tropisms in lupine seedlings. 325
Track crops, marketing 894
Trucking—
in Ohio and Kanawha River valleys,
W.Va 44
in Texas, Tex 439
Trypanosoma—
cruzi, transmission by RMpicephalus san-
guineus 159
equinum, transmission by Chrysops spp.. 82
Trypanosoma — Continued. Page.
evansi, transmission by insects 777
lewisi, pathogenicity 82
Trypanosome diseases, treatment 284
Try panosomes in Canadian mammals 80
Trypodendron quercus, notes 61
Tiyposafrol, use against foot-and-mouth dis-
ease 282
Trypsin—
and pepsin, reaction between 609
digestive power 860
in latexes 409
Tryptic proteolysis as affected by heat 107
Trytophan, indispensability for maintenance 559
Tuber diseases, notes 539,841
Tubercle bacilli-
antigens in cultures of 778
as affected by antiformin 881
attenuated, prophylaxis with 583
biology 778
detection in milk 584
dissemination by cattle 84
formation of protein and mucin by 284
Gosio's vital reaction for 880
granulated, detection 777
granulated, staining 777
human and bovine, double infection with 580
human and bovine, separation 580, 778, 881
in bile of tubercular animals 481
m butter 576
in circulating blood 83
in healthy udder tissue of cows 777
in market milk 674
intraperitoneal lysis , 778
virulence in ' ' rayed caseation " 481
Tuberculin —
composition 285
effect on the healthy organism 182
from different tubercle bacilli, tests 482
passive hypersensitiveness to 482
test for fowls, N.Dak 582
test in Hawaii 177
test, intradermal, notes 177
Tuberculina maxima, use against pine blister
rust SO
Tuberculosan, notes 882
Tuberculosis —
avian, studies and bibliography, N.Dak. 582
avian, studies 581
avian, transmission to hogs 683
avian, transmission to man 581
bovine, diagnosis 379
bovine, immunization 85, 779
bovine, infectiousness 284
bovine, investigations 881
bovine. New York commission on 498
bovine, notes 80
bovine, transmission to man 285, 779
complement-fixing antibodies in 882
diagnosis 181,379,481,878,800
eradication 380, 676, 882
human and bovine, relation 182, 676
human, bovine, and avian, relation 581
human, control in England 779
immunization 380
in hogs, confusion with swine plague. ... 683
1006
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tuberculosis— Continued. Page.
in insects 155
in pigeons 881
in poultry 79
in South American ox tongues 882
notes 380
of food animals, relation to public health. 182
of retropharyngeal lymph glands 881
of the brain in bovines 881
of the mammary gland in a mare 683
of the tonsils in a heifer 182
of the udder of bovines in Sweden 482
primary pudic and vaginal, in bovines... 481
relation to diet 464
treatment 583
treatment with enzyms 607
use of protein diet against 84
Tuberculous anitgens and antibodies, inhibi-
tion reaction 481
Tubers, edible. {See Root crops.)
Tulips-
certificated by Royal Horticultural So-
ciety 340
manual 48
Tumors —
diagnosis, dialysis method 877
spontaneous, in chickens 485
treatise 280
Turbidimeter, new, description, U.S.D.A 615
Turicin—
properties 309
synthesis 310
Turnip —
flnger-and-toe disease, treatment 424
moth larvae injurious to tobacco 60
Turnips—
and rape, crosses between 528
culture, Ohio 35
fertilizer experiments 133, 829
heredity in 43
irrigation experiments 732
liming experiments 424
radio-active fertilizer for 129
varieties 133, 829
Turpentine —
industry in Tonkin 839
oU, thermal figure of 414
possibilities on Pacific coast 743
Twig borers, studies, Ohio 852
Twigs, mounting for school work 394
Twilight colors at Mt. Weather ,Va., U.S.D.A . 213
Twilights, Italian, in 1913, U.S.D.A 213
Twitch grass, destruction, Can 739
Tylenchnlus semipenetrans, life history,
U.S.D.A 450
Tylenchus dipsaci —
in the United States 746
Injurious to hyacinth bulbs 450
injiu-ious to phlox 56
Typhoid —
fever, diagnosis 878
fever, dissemination by clothing, food,
etc 68
fever, relation to oysters 460
fever, serodiagnosis 877
fly. (See House fly.)
Tyrosin— Page.
and cystin, separation 807
determination in proteins 711, 712, 807
Udo, notes, U.S.D.A 140
Iff ens nigcr, notes 752
Ulmusfvlva, mucin-like substances of 409
Ultraviolet rays —
effect on amylase 711
metabiotic action 379
penetration of leaves by 129
Ulva lactuca, sources of nitrogen for 828
Uncinula spiralis. (See Grape powdery mil-
dew.)
Underground water. (See Water.)
United States Department of Agriculture —
appropriations 1914-15 1
Bureau of SoUs, field operations 512
organization list 599
reports 195
Weather Bureau. (See Weather Bu-
reau.)
work of, for housekeepers 359
yearbook 396
United States Geological Survey, Reclama-
tion Service, report 383
University Home and School League of Uni-
versity of Texas 598
Uranium sulphate, effect on sugar beets 233
Urd, description, U.S.D.A 740
Urea —
as a feed for pigs 265
fertilizing value 518, 821
nitrate, fertOizing value 822
Uredinese of North America 145
Uredo chamxcyparidis nutksensis n.var., stud-
ies 246
UreTia lobata fiber, tests 526
Uric acid excretion, constancy in individuals. 761
Urine, composition as affected by foods 761
TjTocystis tritici, treatment 746
Uromyces—
appendiculatus, notes, N.Mex 746
pisi, studies and bibliography 347
Urtica dioica, carotinoid content 803
Ustilago —
hordei nuda, biology 50
jensenii, mycelium formation in 242
spp., spore germinations of, Mian 642
spp., treatment 841
vaillantii, life history 246
Ustulina zonula, notes 55
Utah Station, notes 300
Vaccination, technical errors in 178
Vaccine therapy, treatise 875
Vaccines, autogenous, use 378
Vaginal catarrh, infectious, in cattle 285
Vahlkampfia soli n.sT^., description 420
Vanadium in soils, U.S.D.A 720
Vanilla —
culture experiments, P.R 637
production in F rench colonies 639
Variety tests, methods 226
(See also various crops, fruits, etc.)
Varnish^
methods of analysis 509, 806
notes, N.Dak 658
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1007
Vegetable— Page.
diseases and pests in Baden 539
diseases, notes, Fla 747
diseases, notes, Ga 438
ferments, proteolytic, in latexes 409
foods, digestibility 161
foods, tropical, notes 855
growers in North Carolina, list 894
industry in Germany 635
protein. (See Protein.)
saps, freezing point 221
saps, physico-chemical properties 427
soups, condensed, examination, N.Dak. . 659
tanning materials, methods of analysis. . . 806
Vegetables —
canned and preserved, industry in United
States 67
certificated by Royal Horticultural So-
ciety 340
cooking 855
culture 635
culture, Ga 438
culture, Tex 439
culture, Va. Truck 44
culture experiments 732
culture, study outlines in 792
effect on composition of urine 761
fertilizer experiments 31, 421
French commerce in 596
harvesting and marketing 898
insects affecting, Ga 438
marketing in Holland 490,635
preparation for exhibition 693
seed production 524
storage, ventilation of 533
varieties 336, 732
(See also specific hinds.)
Vegetation —
as affected by smoke 628
as affected by soot 826
in vicinity of Leyni 35
of sand hills of Nebraska 425
Velvet beans —
as a cover crop, P.R 635
culture, continuous, Fla 732
culture in North Carolina 132
effect on nitrogen content of soils 733
hybridization experiments, Fla 734
Venereal disease, granular, in cattle, U.S.D. A 779
Ventilation —
digest of data 265
modem practice in 387
poor, effects 363
relation to respiration of fruits 533
Venturia —
inxgualis, perithecia of 449
inxqualis, studies and bibliography, Mont 645
pirina, simimer form 749
spp., treatment 749
Verbenas, cut, preservation 837
Vermicular ia circinans, notes 539
Vermingo, insecticidal value 350
Verminous —
bronchitis in bovines 85
intoxication, investigations 678
Vermont — Page.
Station, notes 198
University, notes 198, 597,900
Veronica diseases, notes 546
Verruga, relation to lizards 847
Verticillium alboatrum —
affecting okra 343
affecting potatoes 345
Vespamima sequoia, studies, U.S.D. A 652
Vetch—
as a forage crop, Okla 829
as affected by smoke 521
culture in North Carolina 132
culture under dry-land conditions, Utah. 429
diseases, notes 841
hairy, culture, N.C 43
hay, chloroform extract of, Tex 71
relation of tops to roots 733
seed, inspection, Md 433
Veterinarians, ophthalmology for 376
Veterinary —
curriculum, physiology in 492
department, Bengal, report 177
department, Burma, report 177
director general of Canada, report 79, 176
instniction in India 177
medicine, manual '. 375
questions and answers of Pennsylvania
state board 375
Vicia amcricana, morphology 624
Vicianin, decomposition by enzym action 14
Villa lloydi n. sp., description 63
Village improvement clubs 690
Vinasse as a fertilizer 125
Vine-
diseases, notes 841
growers' schools, uniformity of instruction
in 392
Vinegar —
analyses 113
cider, adulteration 113
Vines, ornamental, for Kansas 537
Vineyards-
failing, restoration, N.Y. State 339
in South Australia 836
reconstitution 47
(See also Grapes.)
Violas, varieties 48
Violet rays, penetration of leaves by 129
Violets, cut, preservation 837
Virginia —
College and Station notes 498, 799
Truck Station, notes 498
Viscum album —
parasitism 56
transpiration in 324
Vitamins —
destruction by heat 660
necessity for in diet 762
notes 362
occurrence in foodstuffs 558
role in metabolism of carbohydrates 463
ViteUin, lysin content 559
Viticulture, bibliography 339
Viviparity in Polyctenidae 452
1008
EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
Vocational education—
in Indiana 597
in United States and Canada 401
Voandzeia subtenanea, agglutinating proper-
ties 774
Wage earners, standard of living, treatise 360
Wages^
farm, increase in, U.S.D.A 190
in India 296
piece, in agriculture 894
WahnschafFe, Felix, biographical sketch 200
Walnut aphids, studies, U.S.D.A 753
Washington —
College, notes 198,498,799
Station, notes 198, 498
Washingtonia, disease of. 845
Water-
absorbed, determination in soils 313
analyses 358, 509
analyses, Ky 310
appropriation and distribution in Colo-
rado 587
artesian, in Missouri 812
bath, description 811
bibbs, discharge table for 784
conservation, treatise 214
control in irrigation, power, etc., book. . . 383
determination in cheese 013, 81 1
determination in mUk fat 508
distilled , elf ect on plants 730
drinking, passage through the stomach. . 408
duty of 587
duty of in orchard irrigation, N .Mex 782
effect on development of grass and forage
plants 524
effect on digestion of solid substances 264
effect on land 612
effect on zinc pipes 189
elevator , automatic, description 292
filtration and purification 383
finder, automatic 813
ground, chlorin content 813
ground, pollution 216
hardness, determination 502
household tests for 462
irrigation, computing for sugar cane 383
irrigation, diversion from .■Vrizona streams 89
judging 502
level, effect on yield of cotton 229, 230
lime-softened, effect on enzym action 204
loss in irrigation systems 782
measurement for irrigation, N .Mex 782
methods of analysis 502, 785, 806
mineral, analysis, Ky 316
moor, destruction of concrete by 290
pipes, loss of head in due to bend 384
pov.er development law in Oregon 587
power in the Alps 89
purification, colloids in 616
rain. (See Rain.)
requirements of plants 327, 729
requirements of plants in glycogen
solutions 625
review of investigations 716
rights law, treatise 586, 587
r61e in plants 221
seepage, of cranberry bogs. Mass 718
sewage, methods of analysis 502
Water— Continued. Page.
sterUization by filtration 512
supply, Bacillus coli communis in 718
supply, effect on alfalfa 629
supply for farm homes 291, 292
supply, hot, for private houses 189
supply lawin Oregon 587
supply, monograph 416
supply, moorland, filtration 512
supply of Alaska 360
supply of Australia 185
supply of Colorado River basin 118
supply of Dutch India 288
supply of Hawaii 616
supply of Hudson Bay basin 512
supply of Illinois 813
supply of Mississippi River basin 512
supply of Missouri River basin 117
supply of New York State 214
supply of North Atlantic coast basins 511
supply of Ohio River basin 511
supply of Russian Turkestan 812
supply of St. Lawrence River basin 22
supply of South Atlantic coast and
eastern Gulf of Mexico basins 118
supply of Tunis 287
supply of Washington 616
supply of Wayne County, Michigan 511
supply of western Gulf of Mexico basins . . 512
supply of Wichita region, Kansas 88
supply, treatise 383,511,512
systems, notes 185
table fluctuations in northern Europe 316
transportation of debris by 888
underground, location 813
warm, forcing strawberries with 238
warm v. cold, for animals. Mo 367
waste, methods of analysis 502
Watering places for live stock, U.S.D.A 366
Waterway areas, determination 384
Wattle disease in fowls 782
Waxes —
chemistry of 201
methods of analysis 806
Weather—
and radiotransmission, U.S.D..\ 615
Bureau, report of chief, U.S.D.A 212
charts, daily, of northern and southern
hemispheres, U.S.D.A 213
continuous pictures of, U.S.D.A 615
effect on soils 214
effect on yield of com, U.S.D.A 213,229
fallacies, notes 811
forecasting 19
forecasts in forest fire prevention,
U.S.D.A 213
in Ohio, Ohio 615
map, daily, for southern hemisphere,
U.S.D.A 615
map, new, U.S.D.A 213
of British Isles 214
of San Diego, California 21
of Scotland in 1913 316
relation to plant diseases 745
Review, changes in, U.S.D..\ 212
review of investigations 716
service in Asiatic Russia, U.S.D.A 615
treatise 19
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1009
Weed-
law in Iowa, Iowa 139
seeds. (See Seeds, weed.)
Weeds-
collections for schools 599
eradication 43, 139,532
eradication. Can 738
eradication, Minn 633
eradication, Va 38
eradication. Wis 438, 836
fertilizer experiments 133
germination and growth in shade 235
introduced into Imperial Valley, Cali-
fornia 36
lessons on 394
notes, S.Dak 438
preservation for school work 394
relation to drought 515
treatise 835
varieties 133
(See also specific plants.)
Weights and measures law in Nebraska 67
Weirs —
chart for 888
Cippoletti, end contractions in, N.Mex . . 782
notes 383
proportional-flow, notes 784
Wells, shallow, protection 813
West Virginia —
Station, notes 198
University, notes 198, 400, 799
Western Australian Farm School 500
Western Canada Irrigation Association, re-
port 88
Wheat—
amylase, studies 609
analyses 65, 344, 431, 863, 864
as affected by metallic salts 218
as affected by planting out of season 234
as affected by soil volume and available
plant food 132
as affected by sulphuric acid 34
bacterial disease, notes 127
baking quality as affected by climate 43
bran, analyses 366,467
bran, analyses, Me 564
bran, analyses, N.J 569
bran, analyses, N.Y. State 663
bran, analyses, Tex 863
bran, analyses, Vt 663
bran, analyses. Wis 467
bran in animal nutrition 762
bread making quality as affected by arti-
ficial drying 162
breeding 234
breeding. Wis 829
breeding experiments 531, 831
bulb-fly, notes 57
by-products, judging 809
chafer, notes 155
chaff, digestibility 667
change in weight during storage 235,257
chop, analyses, Tex 863
classification studies 327
composition. Wash 759
correlation in 738
crossing experiments 531
culture, Ohio 35
Wheat— Continued. Page.
culture, Okla 532
culture experiments 733
culture in eastern United States.U.S.D.A. 438
diseases, notes 841
effect on color of egg yolks 474
fertilizer experiments 31,
123, 133, 139, 328, 421, 733, 738
fertilizer experiments, Ohio 430
fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A 828
flag smut, treatment 746
flour. (See Flour.)
fly, notes 50
foot or stalk disease, notes 51
from trans- Volga districts, nitgrogen con-
tent 334
germinat ion in electrolytic solutions 427
germination studies 530
germination tests 733
gliadin and barley hordein, relationship . 377
ground, analyses 65
ground v. whole, for pigs, Nebr 869
growth as affected by spacing 328
growth in heated soils 216
growth in sterilized soils 336
hay, character and digestibility 364
heredity of albinism in 329
history 131
Himgarian, grain characters in 531
hybrids, repulsion in 531
improvement by selection 531
improvement by selection, Nebr 438
improvement by selection. Wis 829
irrigation, Nebr 328
irrigation experiments, Nev 36
kernel, development 234
loose smut, treatment 147
loose smut, treatment. Mo 342
maltase content 204
marketing, car supply in, U.S.D.A 790
middlings, analyses 366, 467
middlings, analyses, Me 73,564
middlings, analyses, R.I 467
milling 759
milling and baking tests 256
milling and baking tests. Can 258
mutation variety 234
of Victoria, milling and baking qualities. 256
offals, analyses. Me 564
offals, classification and standardization. 71
orange leaf rust of. Conn. State 641
precipitin test for 733
prices, movement 894
production in 1913, U.S.D.A 95
pure line, variation in 130
ratio of tops to roots 628, 733
rotation experiments 738
rust resistance in, Minn 147
rusts, notes 641
screenings, digestibility. Mass 766
seed, fungus disease of 148
seed, germination as affected by disinfect-
ants 824
seed, viability as affected by age 624
seeding experiments 328
seedlings as affected by cerium chlorid.. . 325
seedlings, growth as affected by salts. . 425,426
seedlings, growth in bacterized peat 826
1010
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
Wheat— Continued. Page.
seedlings, respiration 427
shorts, analyses, Tex 863
smut as affected by date of planting 50
smuts, descriptions and treatment, N.J. . 446
smuts, treatment, Iowa 344
starch, studies 828
stems, studies 531
stored, variations in weight 235, 257
sulphur in 817
tillering 835
t;. com for pigs, Oliio 869
varieties 133, 733, 829
varieties, Ohio 430
varieties. Wis 829
varieties resistant to fungi 50
water requiiements 328
wild and cultivated, hybrids between. . . 531
yield as affected by climate 43
yields, diminishing, N.Dak 148
Whey-
methods of analysis 114
separation of cream from 375
yeast-like organisms in 772
White-
ants. (Sec Termites.)
fly, citrus, notes, Fla 751
fly , notes 850
gnibs, remedies 549
Whitefish—
creatiniu content 760
of Masiu'ian Lakes of East Prussia 356
Willow borer, studies 159
Willows —
basket, culture 839
carpenter worm affecting 550
culture and preparation for market 49
Wind-
dissemination of chestnut blight by 451
in the free air, U.S. D. A 212
role in formation of soils 317
Windmills as a source of power 186
Wine —
adulterated, detection 412
bibliography 339
bromin absorption 412
definitions 114
grape and fruit, lactic acid in 315
industry in Argentina 47
methods of analysis 114
pentose and furfurol formation in 316
production in Spain 238
residues, methods of analysis 806
yellow coloring matter in 412
Winthemia quadripustulata, notes. Mass 752
Wireworms, notes 155
Wisconsin —
Station, notes 799, 900
Station, report 899
University, notes 600, 799, 900
Witches' broom-
cone bearing and cauliflory in 247
notes 540
Women —
farm, associations of 98
on farms in Italy — 693
place of in agriculture 98
Wood— Page,
coniferous, gross and microscopic struc-
ture, U.S.D.A 743
destroyingfungi, descriptions, U.S. D. A.. 247
distillation experiments 19
dry rot affecting 248, 547
fuel value 394
lice, economic, of British Isles 758
preservation 840
pulp manufacture, soda process, U.S.
D.A 715
stave pipe, use 685
(See also Lumber and Timber.)
Woodchucks, relation to spotted fever 160
Woodlawn school garden, description 393
Woodlots—
farm, handbook 640
management 445
Woody aster, notes 578
Wool-
industry in New Zealand 467
industry in United States 167, 868
prices in Ireland 96
shearing, packing, and storing, Mont 666
treatise 268
Workingmen. (See Laborers.)
Worm nodules in Australian cattle 182
Worms in hogs, notes, Iowa 286
Wyoming Station, notes 199
Xanthin in tea 358
Xanthohumol from hops 311
Xanthophyll —
fate of, during digestion 275
spectro - colorimetric estimation in
plants 520
Xanthosoma spp., analyses and culture 41
Xenia in beans 224, 836
Xenopsylla cheopis —
bionomics 353
remedies 353
Xerophily of ericads, relation of winter 728
Xiphidium varipenne, notes, Hawaii 249
Xylcborus —
compactus, notes 849
dispar, notes 61
sp., notes, Hawaii 249
spp., studies, Ohio > 852
Xylina antennata. (Sec Green fruit worm.)
Xylotrya sp., notes 254
Yams-
notes 334
varieties 624
Yeasts-
baker's, studies 665
decomposition of silicates by 121
effect on protein formation 223
effect on soils, Colo 818
for the Tropics 166
invertase content, increasing 410
staining, Gram's method 478
utilization of inulin by 224
Yoghomt, methods of analysis 114
YpsolopMis ligulcllus. (See Palmer-worm.)
Yuccas o f Durango , Mexico 132
"Zaaidams" in urigation 782
Zea caraffua, analyses 863
Zebu-cattle hybrids, notes, P.R 664
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1011
Zein — Page.
in nutrition and growth 559
lysin content 559
nutritive value 264
Zeism, similarity to pellagra 464
Zeuzera pyrina. (See Leopard-moth.)
Zinc—
arsenite, analyses, Me 49
arsenite, analyses, N.J 142
assimilation by Aspergillus niger 224
pipe, use in water supplies 189
salts, effect on ammoni&cation and nitri-
fication in soils 120
salts, effect on wheat 218
Zinc— Continued. Page.
sulphate, effect on growth of plants 325
Zinnias, cut, preservation 837
"Zipangu," analyses 759
Z irconia, distribution in loam soils 618
Zirconium in soils, U.S.D.A 720
Zodiacal light, Birkeland's theory, U.S.D.A.. 615
Zoocecidia of Switzerland, catalogue 656
Zoogeogiaphical elements of contiaental
regions 452
Zoology —
bibliogi-aphy 56
Canadian, bibliography 648
studies 277
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OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
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OF Nine Numbers
AND Index, $1
I«0ued i>ecember 31, 19^
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR
Vol. XXXI
ABSTRACT NUMBER
No. 9
EXPERIMENT
STATION
RECORD
WASHINOTON
GOVIRNMENT PRINTIN© GFHCl
i9U
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Sdmtijk Bwmus,
Weathbb BUEEAU--C. F. Marviii, Chief.
Bureau of Animal Industry — ^A. D. Melvin, Chief.
Bureau of Plant Industry — ^W. A. Taylor, Chief
Forest Service— H. S. Graves, J^'ore^fer.
Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.
Bureau of Chemistry— C. L. Alsberg, Chief.
Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Eatabrook, Statistician.
Bureau op Entomology — L, 0. Howard, Entomologist.
Bureau op Biological Survey — ^H, W. Henshaw, Chief.
Oppice op Public Roads— L. W. Page, Director.
Office of Experiment Stations — A, C. True, Director.
THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
AUBAMA—
College Station: Ati^rn; J. F. Duggar.«
Canebrake Station: Vhiontou/n: L. H. Moore."
Tuskegee Station; Tuakegee InttUute; O, W.
Carver.o
Alaska— S«7)feo; C. C. Georgeson.6
Arizona— Tvcson: R. H. Forbes.o
Ansjii^SAS—FayettevilU: M. Nelson.o
Caufobnu— Bcrkeiej/-" T. F. Hunt.o
CoLont.DO~ FoTtColUm: C. P. Gillette.*
CONNICTICUT—
State Station: New Haven; \„ ^ . , .
Stom Station: Storu: }^- ^- ^^^^^
Dela-ware— iVftoarJ:.- H. Sayward.o
Flobeda— OoinewiZte.- P. H. Rolfs.o
Georovl— Experiment: B. J. H. DeLoach.o
Guam— /ifand of Guam: A. C. Hartcnbower.*
Hawah—
Federal Station: Sonolulu; E. V. WUcox,*
Sugar Planters' Station: SonoHtlu: U. P.
Agee.«
TDiMCh- Motcow: J. S. Jones.*
ItUNOia— Urbana: E. Davenport,*
ISDiana— Xo Fayette: A. Goss."
Iowa— jlmw.- C. F. Curtlss,a
Kansas— Jlfan/wttoT^.- W. M. Jardlne.»
Kentccet— XeiinptoTi.' J. H. Kastle."
LotnsiANA—
State Station: Baton E&ugt; '
Sugar Station: Audubon Park,
New Orleans:
North La. Station: Cathoun;
Maine— OroTio; C. D. Woods.o
UA.nnjim>~ College Park: R. 3. Patterson."
KKSSXCUVStTiB— Amherst: W. P. Brooks.o
MicHiOAN— £(wt Lar^siiiii: R. S. Shaw.o
Unm^soTi.-- University Farm, St. Paul A
Woods."
iiiBsisarm—AgricuUuTal College: E. R. Llpyd.o
Missotmi—
College Station: Columbia: F. B. Momford.«
Fruit Station: Mountain Orove: Paul Evans.c
• OireotoT. f> Special agent
W. R. Dodson.a
F.
Montana— Boiejnan.- F. B. Llnfleld,"
NEBEA3KA— XincoZn.- E. A. Burnett.*
Nevada— £cno.- B. B. Doten."
New Hampshire— i?urftam,- J, C. Kendall."
New Jerset— J\w BruTUwick: 3. O. Llpman."
New Mexico— <5ta<e College: Fabian Garcia."
New York—
State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan."
Cornell Station: Ithaca; B. T. Galloway."
North Caeouna—
College Station: West EaUigh:\ ^ „„
State Station: Ealeigh; P" ^- Kilgort.a
North Dakota— A grtCttUural CoUege: T. P.
Cooper."
Ohio— booster: C. E. Thome."
OKhAKOUA— Stillwater: L. L. Lewis."
Oregon— Corca;Zi«; A. B. Cordley."
PENNSTtVANU—
State CoUege: R. L. Watts.o
State CoUege: Institute of Animal Nutrition;
H. P. Armsby."
Porto Rico—
Federal Station: ilfaf/ai7««*." D. W. May.»
Sugar Planters' Station: Rio Piedras; J. T.
Crawley."
Rhode IsLAKO—Kingtton: B. L. IlartweU."-
South Carolina— CT<m«on CoUege: J. N. Ha^
per."
SovTH Dakota— J5roofc(n{?s; J. W. Wilson."
Tenttessee— jKnoxp<««.- H. A. Morgan."
Itx AS— College Station: B. Youngblood."
VtAn—Logan: E. D. BalLo
Vekmokt— £«rZ»7i^on;J. L. Hills."
VmoiNU-
Blacksburg: W. J. Schoene.*
Norfolk: Truck StE>.<-ioD; T. C, Johnson."
Wasuutoton— PuZZTnan; I. D. Cardifl."
West VtaomiA—Morgantown: E. D. Sandwr*
son."
WiscoNSTN— Afodiwm.' H. L. Russell."
WyosnNQ— Xonifflte.' H. O. Knight. "
In oharg*. • Aottag director.
New York Botanical Garden Librar
3 5185 00292 4023
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